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MAY 7 1900
guiomologisty
oY AND Hecgy

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Vor Xie Nowe January 157TH, 1900.

Brunner von Wattenwyl (with portrait).

With this number we take great pleasure in presenting our readers
with a portrait of this most distinguished entomologist, and, as an
article from his pen is to follow on p. 2, the occasion seems appro-
priate for a short appreciative note.

Although we are here concerned only with his work as the most
eminent orthopterist of the day, it may interest our readers to know that
he was born at Bern, 77 years ago, and isa member of one of the oldest
Swiss families, but migrated when still a young man to Vienna, which
he has sinc3 made his home. A member of the Aulic Council, he has
held a very high official position, and visited England in the year 1879,
as representative of the Austro-Hungarian Empire on the occasion of
the International Teleeraph Conference held at London.

His first important publication upon the group on which he has
been for years the recognised authority, was Orthopterologische Studien.
Beitrage zw Darwin's Theorie her die Hntstehung der Arten, in 1861. It
was followed in the same year by ‘‘ Disquisitiones orthopteroloyicae,” in
which a large number of new Huropean Orthoptera are described, and
the genus Thamnotrizon monographed. This was one of the most
important contributions to our knowledge of the Decticidae that had yet
appeared. It was accompanied by eight plates, very carefully executed
by the author, some of which are coloured, and that extremely well.

Four years afterwards he published Nouveau Systeme des Blattaires,
which marked the commencement of a new era in the study of
Orthoptera. This volume has been taken as a model in all later mono-
graphs, and the modern classification of the Blattodea has been based
upon the system then first established.

An importent essay, entitled Die morphologische Bedeutuny der Seg-
menter bei den Orthopteren, came out in 1876, and two years later his
second great monograph was published. In this the large family of the
Phaneropteridae is exhaustively treated and the Locustodea are first
divided into a series of families. This series of treatises, which hag
done more for the systematic classification of the Orthoptera than the
works of almost any other author, included monographs of the Steno-
pelmatidae and Gryllacridae (1888), Proscopidae (1890), Additamenta
to the Phaneropteridae (1891), and Pseudophyllidae (1894).

The Prodromus der europdischen Orthopteren (1882) is a complete
encyclopaedia of the European forms, and although our knowledge hag

2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

materially increased in the last seventeen years, this work is still
absolutely indispensable to the student of this group; in it, not only
are the Orthoptera of Hurope (as politically defined) dealt with, but also
the species occurring in the neighbouring regions—North Africa, Syria,
and Asia Minor.

In working out the rich collections made by Signor Leonardo Fea,
in Burmah, he gave us, in 1898, a complete [évision and com-
pendium of cur knowledge of the group. This is, perhaps, his
most important work, and is still considered to be the basis
of the systematic work that has since been done in the Orthop-
tera. In fact, in working at any division of the order, the student
finds this Itévisfon to be indispensable. An important faunistic
work on Orthoptera collected by Professor Kiukenthal, in the Malay
Archipelago, appeared last year, and a notable philosophic study,
Observations on the Colours of Insects, was published at Leipsig in German
and Enelish the previous year. In it the author classifies the various
systems of insect coloration, and, although everyone may not entirely
agree with the views expressed therein, no thinker could read a more
suggestive work.

Among the numerous, smaller essays and faunistic papers, one of the
most remarkable is Ueber hypertelische Nachahmung bet den Orthop-
teren (1883), in which the author put forward his well known theory
of hypertely which explains, or rather, gives a name, to the lack of
explanation of phenomena which appear to the author to be inexplicable
according to the accepted theories of development.

The Brunner collection of Orthoptera is probably the finest in
existence ; it includes among other noteworthy things, the great
majority of Stal’s types of the Phasmodea. The great Swedish ento-
mologist based all his work on this group upon the specimens in
Brunner’s collection, but Brunner himself defies the student to follow
out Stal’s work in detail without the possession of his types. The fact
that Brunner is now engaged in completing a monograph of the Phas-
modea is, therefore, the more interesting. His vast collections are
contained in a great number of cabinets, and very many species are
represented also by examples in spirits.

In the summer of 1898, the writer of this memoir had the honour
of spending the day in the company of the great entomologist, and
nothing could have been more interesting than the veteran’s remi-
niscences of past collecting and past students. He mentioned a strange
story of a lapsus memoriae. A system of the Gryllodea published by
him in 1874, enlarged and developed with due acknowledgment by de
Saussure three years later, was completely forgotten in 18938, for, in his
ereat Révision (p. 193), he enthusiastically exclaims, ‘As to the Gryll-
alia, the more I study the monograph published by M. de Saussure,
the more I am convinced that it is not the system of M. de Saussure,
but that of the Creator Himself.” After this naive and unstinted
praise of his own work, as Dr. Krauss has pointed out, he adds three
genera and nineteen species to ‘the system of The Creator.’”-—Matco_m
Burr.

Note on the Coloration of Insects.*
By BRUNNER VON WATTENWYL, Hon. Fellow Ent. Soc. London.

I have devoted many years to the study of the coloration of insects,

* Translated by Malcolm Burr.

NOTE ON THE COLORATION OF INSECTS. 3

and arrived at results so interesting that I have published them in a
work entitled Observations on the Coloration of Insects, which appeared
in 1897.

My conclusion was that observed facts do not allow us to admit that
this phenomenon can be attributed exclusively to ‘ Darwinian selec-
tion,’ but that, on the contrary, primitive coloration is due to influences
which are entirely independent of the welfare of the animal, and some-
times even contrary to its needs. The adaptation to the demands of
the creature is a secondary action and this only is brought about in
accordance with the laws of selection.

Naturalists, misled by Darwin’s ingenious theory, shook their heads,
and it was especially in England that I met the most serious opposi-
tion. My opponents did not deny the facts referred to, but raised the
objection that we know too little of the various phases of the phylo-
genetic development of the species to be in a position to pronounce a
verdict upon the utility of the qualities which we observe.

I thoroughly agree that we are far from appreciating the influence
of external causes upon the modification of the species, but on a minute
examination of colour, it is impossible to admit that it is the result of
a slow and gradual modification such as selection demands.

Of the numerous examples referred to in my work, I choose one to
illustrate my point. Mastaw semicaeca, alittle grasshopper of the family
Acridiodea, and a native of the Upper Amazons, is of a dark olive colour.
The uniformity of this colour is broken up by a lateral yellow band of
equal breadth, which runs the entire length of the insect. It begins at
the head, crosses the lateral lobes of the pronotum and continues along

he abdomen, regardless of the position and arrangement of the different

organs. This band has caught the lower half of the eyes, and I
think that the visual powers of the insect are thereby impaired. An
objection could’ be raised that at a certain epoch the diminution of this
faculty was advantageous to the insect, and there are several cases of a
modification of the visual power, insects which live in caves, for
example ; but in these cases it can be shown that this result is obtained
by a gradual obliteration of the eyes. It is the natural method
responding to the action of selection. The application of a bandage is
usual in the operating chamber of an oculist, but does not ogcur in
biological genesis.

May I be allowed to adda point that is very liable to escape observa-
tion, a minute question of coloration in the front leg of Hierodula
notata, a Mantis from Borneo? The front legs are not adapted for
walking, but are used by these voracious animals as weapons for seizing
their prey. When in a state of repose there can be seen in the middle
of the under surface of the femur a black round spot. When the foot
is extended this spot is broken. One part of the black colouring is on
the femur, the other on the spines of the tibia, which, in repose, is
closed against the femur. The round black spot is formed, therefore,
by a combination of two organs in a certain fixed position. If this
spot is produced by natural selection, and if it is developed by an action
which is part and parcel of the animal, it follows that organs, entirely
distinct in their nature, are made use of to produce a black spot.
Further, if this spot had been misplaced by a single millimétre, it
would have fallen entirely; y upon the surface of the femur and its pro-
duction would have been far more simple. According to my theory
that coloration is a property emanating from an exter nal power that

4 THE ENTOMOLOGISE’S RECORD.

is independent of the animal, the operation is very simple. The spot
was applied to the creature, when the foot was in a state of repose,
regardless of the organs which it touches.

But, what is this power which is independent of the animal? What
are the laws which control it? I confess my inability to answer these
questions. Many years ago (in 1873) I gave to the facts which fall
into this class the name ‘‘ Hypertely,’”’ that is to say, ‘une dépasse
de la nécessité.”” I prefer the term which I have employed in my
recent work, and [ call this power ‘‘ arbitrariness ’”’ of creation.

These words give a name to the facts, without aspiring to an
explanation, and, I consider, with my opponents, that to-day we are
far from finding one, and that we must confine ourselves to proving
and setting forth facts, even when they fail to fall in with our philo-
sophic system. And these facts multiply. There is a great charm in
examining entomological collections with the object of seeking speci-
mens of arbitrary coloration, and I beg my colleagues to give their
attention thereto. I promise them a great number of interesting
discoveries.— Vienna. December 1899.

Three seasons among Swiss Butterflies.
(Concluded from Vol. xi., p. 315.)
By G. WHEELER.

The season of 1899 was early and prolific. Goneptery.e rhamni
appeared at the beginning of March, and from the 15th till the begin-
ning of April there were constantly fresh species on the wing. On the
15th I observed Pieris rapae and Argynnis latona, on the 17th Leuco-
phasta sinapis, Huchloé cardamines, Polyommatus dorilis, Callophrys rubt,
Brenthis dia, Huyonia polychlovos, Aglais urticae, Huvanessa antiopa,
Vanessa io, Polyyonia c-album; on the 18th Pyrameis atalanta (the last
six of course hybernated) ; after this a week of cold rain; then on the
27th Coenonympha pamphilus and Syrichthus alveolus; on the 28th
Payilio machaon and Pieris napi; on the 29th Nisoniades tayes, making
nineteen species in March; April 3rd produced Cupido minima (alsus),
and April 5th Pieris brassicae, Nomiades cyllarus, Polyommatus icarus
(alewis), Cyaniris aryiolus and Brenthis cuphrosyne. After this a break
in the weather put a stop to further appearances until the 24th, when
Colias edusa, C'. hyaleand C. paniscus were on the wing, the spring brood
of C. edusa this year being by no means scanty. The early days of May
also produced Noméades acis, Polyommatus dorylas, P. agestis and Neme-
obius lucina, one specimen of Chrysophanus phlaeas, Pyrameis cardut
(hybernated), P. bellaryus (adonis), Pararge megaera, Hrebia medusa, in
the above order, and one specimen of Cupido sebrus 3 , the only one I
have as yet seen at Veytaux. On May 19th, following the directions
of a very accurate observer, Mr. A. J. Fison, I found Brenthis selene
fairly common at ‘les Grangettes,’’ between Villeneuve and Bouveret
(only to be reached, however, from the former place, by a long détour
through Noville) ; on revisiting the same spot on June 7th I found the
species very abundant. This is a yery scarce species in Switzerland,
though abundant in two or three localities. At the end of May and
the beginning of June I found Melitaea artemis, M. parthenie, Evrebia
oeme and Coenonympha arcania var. darwiniana, at Glion, so that a visit
to Caux is no longer necessary for these species, and at the latter date

THREE SEASONS AMONG SWISS BUTTERFLIES. 5

Melitaea cinaia and M. parthenie, with its var. varia, were abundant at
Veytaux,—a curious fact, seeing that varia is as arule a mountain
variety.

Circumstances over which I had very little control caused the
greater part of this summer to be passed at Sierre, in the Rhone Valley,
and the one place in it where the mosquito is extremely rare. Our
first visit there began on June 14th, and the following day I tooka
specimen of Lycaena tolas 9 , and during the ensuing week two ¢, all
in the immediate neighbourhood of Sierre, but none of them at the
famous corner which every entomologist seems fondly to believe is
known only to himself, and to one other person to whom he has
revealed it in the strictest confidence! Itis, Iam convinced, a mistake
to imagine that this insect is confined to a few spots, for it is always
found on the bladder senna (Colutea arborescens), is a strong flier and
never remains for more than a minute or two at the same piant; it
must therefore have a wide range of flight within the very limited are&
where the food-plant grows. Chanoine Favre informs me that it is
less uncommon near Martigny. A visit to Visp on June 16th produced
M. awrelia and one specimen of var. britomartis, but nothing else of
note: Thecla ilicis var. cerri is to be taken at Sierre at this time, though
not commonly. Up to this point there were but few butterflies at
Sierre, and one was tempted to imagine that it was a somewhat barren
locality, an idea which subsequent experience showed to be most ill-
founded. A compulsory return to Veytaux, from June 27th to July
8th, did not produce any new species, though I took Limenitis sibylla
for the first time in that locality on July 1st and a remarkable specimen
of P. icarus (alexis) § , in which the first row of black spots within the
peacock eyes on the underside forewings is prolonged into a series of
dashes. This is not uncommon on the upper side forewings of
Chrysophanus zermattensis, and | have taken at Bérisal a similar ¢? of
P. dorylas, in which the 8rd and 4th spots of the under side forewings
are thus prolonged the former to such an extent as to coalesce with the
discoidal spot. On July 8th we returned to Sierre, and found the
number of butterflies greatly increased, and amongst them some (such
as Ipinephele lycaon, Lycaena arion var. obscura and Pamphila comma
which were very abundant) which one is accustomed to associate with
the mountains ; but Sierre has many mountain plants which doubtless
accounts for this fact. A drive to Montana on the 11th introduced us
to what would appear to be a grand hunting-eround and several species
seemed abundant. I took Coenonympha iphis 2, Syrichthus fritillum
var. alveus and S. carthamz, the latter exceptionally fine. But the drive
down is suited only to those who are as strong as a horse, or as round
and springy as an india-rubber ball, the road being incredibly bad.
About this time I took S. fritid (type) in the valley. It was not
until July 14th that any other new species was obtained, but on that
day I took a very fresh specimen of Lycaena meleayer in the Pfynwald,
the wocd which extends from the Rhone bridge almost to Leuk station.
I have heard more than one collector express disappointment with this
famous locality, but it has always been after a search between Sierre
and Pfyn, whereas the real happy hunting-ground is between Pfyn and
Susten, the little village in which Leuk station is situated. On J uly
18th a short walk along the railway bank towards Sion resulted in
excellent specimens of Pieris daplidice, a couple of Cupido sebrus g and

G THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

the type @ of Melitaea didyma, which I had not previously seen. A
walk in the Pfynwald, on July 19th, was memorable for the discovery of
L. meleager in some abundance in a field of purple vetch between Pfyn
and Susten, in the immediate neighbourhood of which Apatura ilia
was abundant, though mostly somewhat worn. The type @ of L.
meleager is not found in Switzerland where it is replaced by the darker
and far less handsome var. stevent, of which at this time I found only one
specimen ; later, on returning to Sierre, I took two excellent specimens
on August 14th, when the males were all much worn, I took, however,
one good § on Aucust 16th, at Sierre. It will be seen that the dates given
in Kane’s Handbock are much too early, especially if it be borne in mind
that the season of 1899 was an unusually forward one. On this date (July
19th) and subsequent days I found one or two spots in the forest where
Thymelicus actacon was common, but it was as usual extremely local.
A visit to the vetch field and to three others in its neighbourhood on
July 21st revealed the fact that L. meleayer confined its attentions to
the one in which I had previously found it; but in one of the others I
took Hveres amyntas var. coretas, and also the very small var. polysperchon,
which is certainly not a spring variety, at any rate exclusively, my own
specimens and Chanoine Fayre’s having been taken in the summer.
In the same place I took a beautifully fresh Dryas var. valestna and a
specimen of Papilio podalirius var. fetsthameliti (with nearly white
wings), another specimen of which I took at Sierre a few days later.
On July 22nd I took train to Martigny in search of Lycaena amanda,
for which I subsequently discovered I was already too late, but took Il’.
var. coretas § (worn) and Cupido sebrus 2. A farewell visit to the Pfyn-
wald on the 28rd resulted in some specimens of Apatura ilia, and one
each of Thecla spini and Spilothyrus alcacae, both of which were taken
near Leuk station.

July 24th saw a return to Bérisal, a much later one than I had
contemplated. Parnassius mnemosyne and Pieris var. bryoniae were quite
things of the past, as well as some of the blues which had been abun-
dant at this time last year. A visit to the Steinen-alp on the following
day in company with our chaplain, Mr. Fleming, was, however, very
productive, Colias palaeno ° , and the varieties euwropomene g and the
nearly white philomene 9, were present in numbers, and one or two
specimens of Pierts callidice were also obtained, though a rather high
wind rendered capture difficult ; but the great prize of the day fell to
my lot in the capture of a very handsome specimen of Aryynnis niobe
yar. pelopia, which has the upperside much suffused with black and the
underside very strongly marked ; this is, so far as | have been able to
discover unique as a Swiss representative of this variety. MZelampias
epiphron was fairly abundant, Polyommatus orbitulus and P. eros,
especially the former, were in astonishing numbers by the side of the
stream. An expedition on the following day (by diligence) to the top
of the pass showed that Colias var. ewropomene was in much finer con-
dition than on the Steinen-alp, though no ? was to be seen; it is also
much easier to catch, as it affects the comparatively even ground on
the right hand side of the road, just beyond the hospice, in which spot
it was abundant. My only other noteworthy capture was a specimen
of Il. artemis var. merope 9, just behind the hospice. JM. epiphron
was fairly abundant, but worn, and I saw a single specimen
of Pieris callidicee A second visit to-the Steinen-alp on-the 29th~

THREE SEASONS AMONG SWISS BUTTERFLIES. 7

resulted in two splendid examples of C. palaeno (type), which has far
broader and blacker borders than the much commoner var. ewropomene.
All four forms of this insect (two g¢ and two @) are tobe found at the
end of the Steinen-alp nearest to Bérisal, and on the lower part; my
experience being that (. phicomone, though to be found lower, also
extends considerably higher, than ('. palaeno, at any rate in this neigh-
bourhood. On the same day I took Mrebia pronoe yar. pitho—more
than a fortnight earlier than in 1898. High up on the alp Hrebia
mnestra was also abundant, as also M. epiphron, whose var. nelamus I
also took. Pieris callidice was also there in some numbers, principally
at the further end of the alp, where indeed all my specimens were taken.
A single specimen of Melampias eriphyle completes the list.

Part of August 2nd and 8rd were spent at the village of Simplon,
on the further side of the pass, where I was fortunate enough to fall
in with Mr. Tutt and Dr. Chapman. Here Polyomimatus donzelit was
fairly common, though not one @ was to be seen. The type ? of
Chrysophanus virgaureac, which is not found on the Brigue side of the
pass, was here in abundance. I took one specimen of Mrebia mnestra
about a mile above the village. .On August 5th I came across two
specimens, ¢, of Krebia yorye var. erynnis, high above the fifth refuge,
a spot in which Dr. Coulon informs me that he has frequently taken
both this variety and the type. This is, perhaps, too great a climb
for those who are not too strong, at any rate it was my last expedition
at Bérisal, from which we returned on August 11th to Sierre, where
Pieris daplidice was still abundant. An expedition on the 14th to the
Pfynwald (going, as usual, by train to Leuk) resulted, as before
mentioned, in two good specimens of Lycaena meleayer 2, and also a
few specimens of Satyrus phaedra 2, of which, as well as S. statilinus
3,1 had taken a specimen at Sierre on the 12th. On the the 18th I
went over to Martigny to see Chanoine Favre's collection. This fact
is worth mentioning, as it accounts for the four species in my collec-
tion which I have not taken myself, and which were given me by him.
Parnassius delius, taken at Trient, Lycaena amanda, taken at Martigny
(this species comes out in the middle of June, in company with
Argynnis daphne and Mrebia styyne (pirene), and is quite over by the middle
of July), Polyommatus orion, taken near Branson, opposite to Martigny,
in the middle of April (there is another brood in July, but Pere Favre
has taken all his specimens in April), and Aelitaca cynthia, taken near
the hospice of 8. Bernard. On August 19th I took a very worn and
torn specimen of L. boctica at Sierre, on the Colutea, and on the 21st,
following the instruction of the Chanoine, I found the same species
on the Colutea, near Branson. SS. statilinws was also present in num-
bers, though not quite so abundantly as [ afterwards found it round
the tower of La Bathiaz. On the 18th, before going to Martigny, I
had taken at Sierre a splendid specimen of Colias edusa var. helice,
another of which I was so unfortunate (or stupid) as to miss a few
days later. One move visit to Martigny, on September 1st, enabled
me to secure a pair of the comparatively new fritillary, Jelitaea bert-
salensis, which has, I think, been conclusively proved by Chanoine.
Favre to be a distinct species. ‘This insect is to be found along the
vineyard paths above the Drance, between Martigny-Boure and La
Bathicz, a fact which I in no way feel bound to keep to myself, as it,
has been published by Pére Favre, its discoverer. Between this date

8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

and the 7th, when we returned to Veytaux, I haunted a patch of
purple vetch, near the railway, at Sierre, on which Colias edusa was
abundant, in hopes of finding var. helice, but in vain ; I took, however,
several specimens of the beautiful blue ? var. of Plebetus argus known
as argyrognomon, and two specimens of the blue @ var. ceronus of P.
bellargus (adonis), as well as one specimen of Lampides boetica, in
excellent condition, thus establishing Sierre as a locality for that
species. On two of these days I was surprised to find a specimen of
Limenitis camilia (which is fairly common in the Pfynwald in July)
very little the worse for wear. On returning to Veytaux, on Septem-
ber 7th, I found a somewhat abundant brood of Cyaniris argiolus,
which I had hitherto seen in Switzerland only in the spring. Brenthis
dia was also quite fresh; this species has at least three broods, as I
have found it quite fresh in the same field at Veytaux in March, June,
and September.

The new captures this year have been P. podalirius var. feistha-
melit, C'. palaeno and var. philomene, C'. edusa var. helice, C'. virgaureae
2 type, L. boetica, HF. amyntas var. coretas, var. polysperchon, P. arqus
var. argyrognomon, P. bellarqus var. ceronus, P. meleager and var.
stevent, L. iolas, A. ilia, M. aurelia, and var. britomartis, M. berisalensis,
A. miobe var. pelopia, B. selene, M. epiphron (cassiope) and var. nelamus,
M. eriphyle, I’. gorge var. erynnis, S. phaedra 9, CU. tphis 9, S. fritil-
lum and var. alveus, besides the four species given to me, P. delius,
LL. amanda, P. orion, and M. cynthia, 31 in all.

In order to give an idea of how much may be done in a small
space, I append a list of the 73 species and varieties taken by myself
between the village of Veytaux and the top of the first field in the
Veraye gorge, the whole distance not exceeding half a mile :—P.
machaon, P. podalirius, A. crataegi, P. brassicae, P. rapae, P. napi and
var. napacae, I). cardamines, L. sinapis and var. erysimi, C. hyale, C.
edusa, G. rhamni, Z. betulae, UC. rubt, C. chryseis, C. dorilis, UC. phlaeas,
P. aegon, P. agestis, P. icarus and var. icarinus, P. bellargqus (adonis),
P. dorylas, P. corydon, P. ewnedon, CU. argiolus, C. sebrus, N. acts, CU.
minima (alsus), N. cyllarus, L. arion, N. lucina, L. sibylla, L. camilla,
LL. popult var. tremulae, P. c-album, EH. polychloros, A. urticae, V. to,
I. antiopa, P. atalanta, P. cardui, M. cinaia, M. parthenie and var.
varia, M. dictynna, M. athalia, D. paphia, A. adippe, A. latona, B.
euphrosyne, B. amathusia, B. dia, B.ino, M. yalatea, . medusa, Iv. ligea,
P. maera, P. megaera, P. eyeria, P. achine (deianira), I). hyperanthus, I.
janira, C. iphis, C. pamphilus, C. arcania, S. althaeae, S.malvae (alveolus),
N. tages, T. thaumas, P. sylranus, and C. palaemon (paniscus). It is probable
that other Theclids and also P. argus, F.medea, and S. semele might be
found there in addition, and it is certain that the nine minutes’ rail-
way journey to Glion, and the six minutes to Villeneuve, bring the
following species within reach :—J/. artemis, A. aglaia, B. selene, I.
geme and ('. arcania var. darwiniana.

Generalisations on only three years’ experience are unsafe, but I
think there can be no question that the visits of English collectors to
this country are made, as a rule, too late in the year. In a for-
ward, or even an average, season most species are past their prime
after the first few days of August, and almost all that can be taken
then might have been equally well taken a few days earlier. The vast
majority of species, indeed almost all, may be found between the

NOTES ON TEPHROSIA BISTORTATA AND T. CREPUSCULARIA. 9

middle of May and the last of July; whereas most persons choose
August as the time of their Swiss tour, a month which is, except for
those who come for mountaineering, in every way the least desirable
of the twelve. For the botanist, the entomologist, the artist, and for
all who appreciate natural beauty and grandeur, the late spring and
early summer are greatly preferable.

Further notes on Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscularia.
By L. B. PROUT, F.E.S.

As it seems to have been a special mission of the Hntomologist’s
Record for some years past to clear up the complications connected with
Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscularia, I offer no apology for the
following notes, which are designed to supplement those in Mntom.
Record, vili., pp. 76, 308.

In the first place, | sympathise with the spirit of Dr. Riding’s
“‘ protest’? (Hntom. Record, x., p. 145) against the restoration of the
name crepuscularia to Hubner’s species ; it certainly is very annoying
to find that Plebeius aegon is the true P. argus, Coremia unidentaria the
true C. ferrugata, and so on; and it is a corresponding satisfaction to
find that evidence favours the retention of the traditional use of
Linné’s name of hyale, and that a fairly good case, at least, can be
made out against Mr. Kirby’s application of the name menthastri to
our “‘ Buff ermine.” But in the case of crepuscularia, I really do not
see that Dr. Riding has any serious ground for complaint ; Stainton’s
Manual, Mr. Briggs, Mr. F. N. Pierce, and others had the name
correctly applied before I wrote; and it was only a section of the
British entomologists to whom the correction came as an innovation.
Where two usages are in conflict, surely the right one is to be
accepted, even by those who believe that in some cases the “law of
usage should override the law of priority.”

I find from some notes in Iris, x., pp. 58 et seq. (1897) that Dr.
Staudinger really understands these two Tephrosias a little better than
his Cataloy led me to think. He has not even yet forgotten that
Doubleday (in litt.) insisted on their specific distinctness, and in
the note before me he admits that this is ‘very probable; ”
this ig a great concession from an entomologist who inclines
to “lump” Caradrina alsines and C. taraxaci, Cerastis vaccinti
and C. ligula, Cidaria truncata and C'. tmmanata, Coremia ferrugata
and C. spadicearia, &c. He does not go into the question of their
distinctive characters, but remarks that in all his long series of
‘“biundularia”’ females (in Doubleday’s sense) the long ovipositor
projects more or less (often a long way), but only in one (Scotch)
specimen of his many “ crepuscularia.” Of course this is not a very
important matter, as he does not hint that the former species has
actually a longer ovipositor ; but J think even differences of habit are
not entirely without significance when found constant, or nearly so, in
a very large number of individuals. On examining my own very
limited material, I find a curious result ; the first brood bistortata and
the crepuscularia agree very well with Staudinger’s observations, but
quite a number of the second brood bistortata protrude the ovipositor
some considerable distance. Perhaps Mr. Barrett will find herein
ners aon of his theory that ‘ second brood crepuscularia is biundu-
aria.

10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

My next note is in the nature of a grumble. Why has Mr. Porritt,
in editing Buckler’s Larvae, vol. vii., misapplied one of the very few
names which I thought were really safe and reliable—the laricaria of
Doubleday? He has carefully kept the accounts of the two species
separate, but has used the name laricaria for the single-brooded species
and crepuscularia for the double-brooded (J.c., pp. 387 and 35). Lam afraid
this cannot but increase the confusion which already exists, especially
as there is little in the way of citation to guide the uninitiated as
to the application.

Concerning the “ var. gen. ii.,” I find a less objectionable name
than consonaria, Stph. (because not based on a misconception*) has
fortunately the priority. Scharfenberg, in Bechstein und Scharfenberg’s
Naturgeschichte der Schiidliche Forstinsekten (1805)—a work which has
not yet been analysed as carefully as it will require to be—describes
the second brood as a good species, under the name of baeticaria.

Concerning the dark aberrations of the two species, or of one at
least of them, some discussion has recently taken place in Societas
Entomologica, but will not disturb the synonymy. In vol. vil., p. 18
(May, 1893) Dr. Klemensiewicz describes “‘ Boarmia crepuscularia, Hb.
ab. schillei n. ab.,’’ from Italy,as an almost unicolorous dark form with
sharply-defined whitish subterminal line. Whether this really belongs
to bistortata or crepuscularia is at present uncertain, but as both had
been previously named it matters little; as, however, he cites it to
crepuscularia, Hb., and gives no definite indication from which one can
deduce that this is incorrect, the synonym should be written to ab.
delamerensis. Garbowski (/.c., p. 85), points out that the form has
already been named defessaria by Freyer (cfr. Hntom. Record, vii,
p. 80) ; and he had already used this last as a varietal name in his
Materialen zu einer Lepidopteren-fauna Caliziens, where, however, I take
it that he is probably referring to dark bistortata.

I have not yet been able to investigate the Asiatic and American
forms and species in this group. Biundularia var. lutamentaria, Graes.
(Berl. ent. Zeit., 1885, p. 401), is a July-August form, and either a
second brood of one of our British species or of a close ally. Var.
? incertaria, Steger. (Iris, x., p. 59) is a large form taken two months
earlier than lutamentaria, at the same place (Vladivostok, in Amurland),
and probably its first brood. Staudinger indicates both as having the
whitish ground colour of ‘ biwndularia”’ (i.e., erepuscularia, Hb.), and
they must be provisionally cited to that species with a ?; it is hardly
conceivable that bistortata so far south would yield its two broods so
late as the end of May and July-August respectively.

The following synonymical summary of these notes will facilitate
reference; it will be noticed that the doubts which have arisen as to
the identity of ab. defessaria, Frr., have led me to cite it with query to
both species :

No. 1. Bisrortara, Goeze (1781) =albida-biundulata, Retz. (1783) = biundulata,
Vill. (1789) =biundularia, Bkh. (1794), Esp. pro parte (cir. 1797) =crepus-
cularia, Dup. (1829) nee Hb.

Var. gen. 1. [Abietaria, Hw. (1809) nec. Hb. =]. Laricaria, Dbld.(1847) =crepus-
cularia var. A, Gn, (1857). [Abietaria, Hw., is a homonym].

* Probably the strictest workers at synonymy would not even allow consonaria,
Stph., validity as a varicial name, sceing it is a homonym and does “ not contain
the type of the conception ’—‘ consonaria, Hb. al. erat sp.,” as Staudinger’s
Catalog would say.

NOTE ON REARING LASIOCAMPA POPULIFOLIA, ESP. 11

Var. gen. 2. Baeticaria, Scharf., Bechstein und Scharfenberg’s Nat. Schidl.
Forstins., ii., p. 638, excl. cit. (1805) =? crepuscularia, Hw.(1809) nec., Hb.
=consonaria, Stph. (1829) nec. Hb. =strigularia, Stph. (1829).

? Ab. defessaria, Frr., 510. 1 (1847); Garbowski, SB. Kk. Ak. Wiss. Math. Nat.
Cl., ci., 1, p. 986 (1892). Unicolorous grey or grey-brown, with whitish
subterminal.

Ab. passetii, Mieg (1886). Blackish brown.

No. 2. Crepuscunaria, Hb., 158 (1796) =biundularia, Esp. pro parte (cir. 1797)
=laricaria, Buckl., Larv. Brit. Moths, vii., p. 37 (1897), nec., Dbld.

2? Ab. defessaria, Frr., 510. 1. (1847). Unicolorous grey with whitish sub-
terminal.

Ab. delamerensis, White (1877) =schillei, Klem. (1893). Smoky blackish.

Ab. nigra, Mieg. (1886). Black, with white subterminal.

2? Var. incertata, Stgr., Iris, x., p. 59 (1897). Grey-white, blackish markings
more prominent than in type. Amurland (Vladivostok, Bikin), end of
May.

?Var. gen. 2. lutamentaria, Graes., Berl. Ent. Zeit., xxxii., p. 401 (1888).
Smaller than type, same yellow-white ground colour, mostly weaker
marked. Amurland (Isle of Askold, Sutschan, Vladivostok), cir. 27th
July-7th August.

Note on Rearing Lasiocampa populifolia, Esp.
By L. J. LAMBILLION, Vice-President of the Ent. Soc. of Namur.

On July 23rd, 1898, a female Lasiocampa populifolia was brought
tome. This had been picked up in a gutter in the town. I was very
pleased, as it promised a chance of rearing the insect should I obtain
fertile eggs, and I placed it on a sheet of white paper, in a box used
for this purpose, and I awaited events, 7.e., eggs. Two days later 42
were laid, and I knew that part of the eggs had been previously laid,
and those I had were fertile, for the females of this species usually lay
a considerable batch. I at once sent a dozen eggs to M. l’Abbé de
Joannis, in France, asking him for advice as to rearing the larve, for
I knew that he had successfully bred the species in Kngland some
years before. On August 3rd, eleven days after the eggs were laid, the
larve hatched, and I had 26. In its first instar the larva much
resembles that of L. quereifolia. Like that, it is of a brown (almost
black) colour, but one recognises it readily by the white spot on the
8rd segment, which, however, one only sees when the larva moves.
All entomologists are agreed that this is a difficult species to rear ;
everything goes well until winter, but then, as soon as the larva
ceases to feed, it dries up, commencing from the anus, and one some-
times sees larve with the posterior half of the body quite dead whilst
the anterior part may live for some weeks. When one is able to pro-
cure eggs in June the larve are usually fullfed by the middle of
August, and the imagines emerge at the end of the same month
or in September, and one obtains the summer form, which is
much smaller than the type, but one rarely gets this chance. Usually
the larvee hybernate very small. The chance occurred once at Saint-
Servais, to M. Castin, who obtained a batch of eggs from a June @
one year when the spring was very warm, when from a hundred larvee
more than sixty pupated at the commencement of Aucust, the
imagines emerging at the end of the same month, whilst the re-
mainder of the larvee fed up slowly, but did not survive the winter.
The result, therefore, was an excellent one, for this summer form is
yery rare, and much wanted by amateurs.

12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

I had no reason to hope for similar success, the season was already
late, and I should have considered myself one of the happiest of
naturalists if a dozen of the larve had hybernated successfully ;
but even this was not to be. The dates of the four moults preceding
hybernation were as follows :—Ilst moult, August 10th ; 2nd moult,
August 18th; 8rd moult, August 26th; 4th moult, September 10th.
After the 4th moult the larve ceased to feed, although they were
supplied with poplar leaves. Until this time I had kept them on a
large branch of poplar, placed in a vase full of water and stood in a
breeding-cage. The larvee rested here and there on the branches, and
by their bluish-grey colour and flattened form assimilated perfectly
with the bark of the branches, and did not move the whole of the
winter. Knowing that heat and drought were alike injurious I placed
the breeding-cage in the garden, against a north wall, taking care to
damp it when the weather was dry. All these precautions were in
vain, and in March the larve began to fall from the branches, quite
dried up, and by the end of the month there were only four left.
Then I tried a last experiment—I planted a young poplar in my
garden in a position well exposed to the sun, placed on it one of the
remaining larve, covered it with muslin, and left it to fate. The
weather was bad, but about April 10th the sun shone on the poplar
a part of the day, and this appeared to waken the larva, which nibbled
one of the buds at the end of the branch. Seeing this I placed the
three other larve on the poplar, but it was already too late, for after
eating a little they died, whilst the first one continued to nibble the
buds, and about the middle of May, when the leaves commenced to
develop, the caterpillar ate much and commenced to grow, and at the
end of the month it moulted for the fifth and last time. This moult
was long and laborious; the larva remained eight days without feed-
ing, then it shed its skin and in a short time became very large, and I
suspected it would prove to be a ? on this account. On June 20th it
spun its cocoon, which is soft and greyish-yellow in colour. On the
23rd the pupa was formed and one could see it through the cocoon,
and I had only to await the imago. The experiment was concluded.
It is necessary to keep the larve in the sun eyen during the winter,
without this precaution they will die of hunger even by the side of the
leaves. On July 15th the imago emerged, a female, as I had pre-
dicted. The pupal state had lasted three weeks. The imago emerged
about 8.0 a.m., and I intended to take it into the woods in the evening,
in order to attract a male, but there was a heavy storm and it was
impossible to go out.

As far as | am concerned there is nothing more to add. It appears
absolutely necessary that the larve should pass the winter out of doors
on a growing poplar well exposed to the sun (a precaution necessary in
rearing all the Lasiocampids, each on the plant that nourishes it). It
is the only possible means of obtaining a successful result. I haye
since learned that M. l’Abbé de Joannis was also unsuccessful in
hybernating his larve ; he kept a part of his larve out of doors in the
winter, but not in the sun.

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS : LEPIDOPTERA. 13

Migration and Dispersal of Insects: Lepidoptera.
By do Wo TRUM, INI8S),

We have already shown that butterflies and moths have often been
observed and captured at considerable distances from land. The habit
of flying out to sea is probably much more frequent than is generally
supposed. Walker reports that at Colombo, on April 20th, 1890, the
forenoon being fine and hot, quite a number of butterflies came off and
flew about the ship, but they were wild and difficult to approach.
Among these several male specimens of Ornithoptera pompeius were
recognised (one secured), Papilio sarpedon, P. pammon, P. diphilus, P.
polymnestor, Messarus erymanthis, &. Mr. Manger has an example of
Macroglossa stellatarum taken in the Red Sea, one of Patula macrops in
the Straits of Malacca, ten miles from land, in June, 1894, an Ophideres
fullonica in the China Sea, 100 miles from land, both the latter by Cap-
tain Walker, Detlephila alecto, that came on board the s.s. Mallard in the
Mediterranean, Deilephila livornica and Chocrocampa celerio captured in
the Red Sea, Abraxas phantes off Cochin China, 100 miles from land,
in June, 1894, Huchera capitata taken in the China Sea, on the
Kara, in July, 1894, by Captain Walker, and Margarodes unionalis
captured off the coast of Algiers. We ourselves saw a specimen of
what appeared to be Pieris rapae heading straight for the coast at Folke-
stone, as we were crossing to Boulogne on July 26th, 1899, when the
boat was about halfway across the Straits, and there is a note (Hntom.
Record, xi., p. 297) of Pyramets atalanta haying been captured (many
seen) in the Atlantic Ocean, some 500 miles from the Lizard. These,
however, are more or less isolated examples, and it may be well to
review the evidence available of larger or smaller flights of lepidoptera
that have been observed on what must certainly be considered migration
flights.

Kapp observes (Naturforscher, vi., 111) that on a calm sunny day he
noticed a prodigious flight of Pieris brassicae, that passed from north-
east to south-west, the flight lasting two hours. Kahn also records
(Travels, i., 18) a flock of this species about halfway across the English
Channel. ‘Tindley writes (foy. Milit. Chronicle, 1815, p. 452) that in
Brazil, at the beginning of March, 1803, there was, for many days
successively, an enormous flight of white and yellow butterflies, prob-
ably of the same tribe as the cabbage butterfly; they were never
observed to settle, and proceeded in a direction from north-west to
south-west, no buildings seemed to stop them from steadily pursuing
their course, which, “‘ being to the ocean, at only a short distance, they
must have reached to perish.”” A migratory column of Pyrameis cardui,
of from 10ft.-15ft. in breadth, was observed in the Canton Vaud
(Switzerland), in 1836, the flight occupying two hours on its passage.

The reports of the lighthouse keepers, furnished to a committee
appointed by the British Association for the advancement of Science,
show some very definite results. Some of the extracts taken from them
are as follows :—

Hanois Lighthouse (to the west of Guernsey), the extreme westerly point of the
Channel Islands, in a direct line between the N.W. coast of France and the S.W.
coast of England. 1882.—‘‘June and July: Flights of Plusia gamma.” 1885.—
“ September 13th: Wind S.E., sky cloudy. Silver Gamma moths all evening round

lantern.’ 1886.—‘‘October 31st, 8.0 p.m. A quantity of Silver Gamma moths
also a few brown ones but smaller than the Gamma.”

14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Fastnet Lighthouse, eight miles ont at sea, on the coast of Co. Cork. 1883.—
“ November 2nd: Weather hazy; number of large moths, comparable only to a fall
‘i See of Islay Lighthouse, situated on a rock off the south-westerly point of
one of the West Scottish islands, and due north of Ireland, whence it is distant some
thirty miles. 1885.—‘‘ Night of September 7th. Hundreds of moths flying about
lantern.”

““Hligoland Lighthouse, on the east point of the island, facing Denmark, which
is the nearest mainland to it, and about thirty miles from it. 1883.—‘‘ August 6th-
7th: Wind south-east. Considerable flight of Silver Gamma moth (Plusia gamma),
but nothing to be compared with the perfect ‘snowstorm’ of this moth that passed
in the autumn of 1882, all going west. October 11th: Wind S.S.W. There was a
large flight of Hybernia defoliavia, mixed with H. awrantiaria; and also during the
nights of the last week in October repeated flights of these moths.” 1884,—“ Night
of July 2nd-3rd. Thousands of Plusia gamma. Night of July 21st-22nd. Great
numbers of Bombyx neustria, east to west. July 22nd-23rd. The same. 27th-28th.
Numerous flights passing on.”

Fiddra Lighthouse, on an island off the east coast of Scotland. 1886.—
‘August. Moths everywhere after darkness had set in; some very large and
beautiful, and so numerous that they had to be swept down with a towel.”

Would Light-vessel, ten miles off Happisburgh on the Norfolk coast. 1884.—
“June 7th, 4.0 a.m., wind §.S.E. One Death’s Head moth caught alive; several
small white moths rested.”

These records are definite enough, and, in most cases, point con-
clusively to the actual migration of several species besides Plusta
gamma.

One of the records given above is sufficiently remarkable for further
consideration. This is that which refers to the migration of Hybernia
defoliaria and H. aurantiaria. Both these species occur in late autumn
and abound in many parts of England—in fact, the former is one of
the most common of the autumnal moths on the lamps, in the suburbs
of London, during October and November—and both have wingless
females, which could not migrate long distances under any condition
whatever. H. defoliaria, in spite of its having a wingless female, has
a great range of distribution, existing in favourable spots in the
British Isles, and, extending right across the Old World to Japan,
reappears again in Vancouver Island. It thus forms another con-
necting link between the faunas of the Palearctic and of the Nearctic
areas.

The list of lepidoptera found in the small island of Heligoland
(Ent. Mo. May., xix., p. 164) gives very interesting material for
study, and the collector of the material on which the list is
based, Giitke, asserts (Heliyoland as an Ornithological Observatory,
p-. 87) that the movements of nocturnal lepidoptera are subject to
meteorological influences, that this view is supported by repeated
observations, which show that these insects travel past the island
(Heligoland) under the same conditions as migrating birds, and, for
the most part in their company, in an east-to-west direction. He
says: ‘They fly in swarms, the numbers of which defy all attempts at
computation, and can only be expressed by millions.” To illustrate
this Gitke gives the following details: ‘“‘On the night of October 25th,
1872, during a very extensive migration of larks, many thousands of
Hybernia defoliaria, intermingled with hundreds of H. aurantiaria,
travelled over the island. In the following year, on the night of July
29th, the weather being warm and perfectly calm, thousands of
Ennomos angularia, together with hundreds of Gnophria quadra, passed
in the midst of a strong migration of young golden plovyers, ringed

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS: LEPIDOPTERA. 15

plovers, and sandpipers. Again, on the night of August 12th, 1877,
during a light east wind, and very light warm rain, myriads of Plusia
gamma migrated in company with the shorebirds alre ady mentioned,
and among young birds of the wheatear, willow warbler, and other
small species. With regard to P. gamma, the author goes on to say,
that never have the migrations of P. gamma reached to such an extent
as they did during the middle of August, 1882. On the 15th of that
month, the wind was south-east, the weather fine and warm; during
the night the wind was south with a calm and warm rain. Several
small birds (the redstart, whitethroat, willowwarbler, &c.), as well as
plovers and sandpipers were migrating in numbers, and, intermingled
with these, from 11 p.m. to 3 a.m., myziads of P. gamma, like a dense
snowstorm, all travelling in a direction from east to west. Early on
the morning of tbe 16th, the wind was west, with rain, the afternoon
was fine, sunny and calm, and in the evening and during the night the
wind turned south, when there was again a strong migration of small
birds and waders, together with countless numbers of P. gamma.
These migration phenomena were repeated during the nights of the
17th and 18th, with very hght southerly and westerly winds. On the
19th, with a south-east wind and fine weather, many warblers, fly-
catchers, and like species were seen during the day. During the night
the sky was overcast, but large numbers of waders, again accompanied
by P. gammain millions, were still seen, all travelling from east to west.
During the night of the 20th, there was a thunderstorm at some distance,
which put an end to migration of every kind.” Gatke further notes here
the connection between migration and electrical disturbances of the
atmosphere, and observes that in this instance the migration of P.
gamma and that of the small birds were both interrupted by thunder-
storms. He repeats that he has long been convinced that the more
extended flights of lepidoptera are subject to the same meteorological
influences as those of birds, that in the month of July of various years
he has captured numerous species of lepidoptera not belonging to the
insect fauna of the island, the weather of these nights being invariably
such that, if it had oceumed afew weeks later, it would have conducted
hither numerous wheatears. We have already noticed the great
immigration of Hybernia defoliaria and H. aurantiaria that accompanied
a great flight of larks on October 25th, 1872, whilst on October 12th,
1883, during an exceedingly strong period of bird-migration, large
swarms of the same species of Hybernia made their appearance.

Pierids, Psilura monacha, and other lepidoptera, have been seen to pass
Heligoland in migratory flights of astonishing proportions, though less
than those of P. yamma, the numbers of which are beyond conception,
and the migration of P. gamma already referred to as taking place
between August 15th-19th, 1882, was such that, as seen from the
lighthouse, they passed from east to west in undiminishing numbers,
like the flakes of a dense snowstorm. Giitke states that he was in-
formed by Cordeaux that an enormous immigration of these insects
actually took place in England ata time corresponding with these
observations.

Giitke’s observations lead him to suppose that, in the migrations
of Plusta gamma across Heligoland, they travel from Schleswig- Holstein
and the adjacent country to Britain, across the North Sea, “400 miles
in extent. The insects, he says, always follow an east to west migra-

16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

tion, and they adhere to it with as much steadiness and precision, as
the different migratory hosts of birds which are observed here; and
that they accomplish their journey in safety is shown by the enormous
swarms of them that frequently occur on the east coast of England,
and which can only be explained as the result of an immigration.
Large numbers of Malacosoma neustria, Charaeas yraminis, and other
Species, are also represented in somewhat similar migratory swarms.

It has been suggested that these insects are attracted by the light
of the lighthouse, and consequently that itis only around the latter that
they are seen in such quantities ; this, however, Giitke considers to be
contradicted by the migrations of Hybernia defoliaria* and H. aurantt-
aria, since large numbers of them may be found in the course of the
night, as well as on the following morning, from one end of the island to
the other. Gitke further points out that it is impossible that these moths
should be guided by any sort of experience, acquired or inherited, during
the single migration of their hfe, which, moreover, is performed in the
darkness of night across a wide expanse of water, and even if they did
these would be perfectly useless, for these migrants die shortly after
their autumn migration, without having produced further offspring to
which they could commit their experiences, either by hereditary trans-
mission or personal instruction.

So far as Giitke’s observations go, the flights of these insect migrants
are composed exclusively of males. In the case of the Hybernia species,
in which the females are wingless, this is, of course, as we have already
shown, inevitable.

Gitke records the occurrence, on June 23rd, 1880, of a specimen of
Papilio podalirius (in company with Sawicola deserta, a southern bird
extremely rare in central and northern Europe), a single specimen of
this butterfly alone having been previously recorded for Heligoland.
The weather at the time was perfectly calm and warm. He considers
that the atmospheric conditions which favoured the migration of the
bird had also induced the migration of the butterfly.

*Tt must be remembered that this insect is very strongly attracted by light,
and if it were a common sedentary moth, Giitke might have been somewhat deceived
with regard to its migration.

GOLEOPTERA.

Norrs on THE DinopERUS SUBSTRIATUS OF BritiIsH coLLECTIONS.—The
insect in our handbooks (and in our catalogues since 1866) under the
name of Dinoderus substriatus, Payk., really includes three species
which are, moreover, not all of the same genus. Canon Fowler (Col.
Brit. Isles, vol. iv., p. 200) writes of Dinoderus substriatus,* Payk.,
‘“In decayed trees; very rare; Darenth Wood (where an example
was taken on the wing by Mr. G. Lewis); New Forest (Stephens) ;
Skellingthorpe, near Lincoln (Rev. H. Matthews). Of the insects
here recorded, those from the New Forest (there are two specimens in
the Stephensian cabinet) are the same species as a beetle taken by
Professor Beare, in some numbers, in his house at Richmond ; and
the one from Darenth Wood (this is in the Power collection, labelled
‘‘Darenth, Lewis’’) is another species of the same genus. ‘he

* The insect figured in Fowler (pl. 118, fig, 13) is Stephanopachys substriatus,
Payk.

OOLEOPTERA. ally)

insect taken by the Rev. Matthews, near Lincoln (which is now in Mr.
Gorham’s collection) belongs, however, to quite another genus ; it is
the true substriatus of Paykull, is a longer and darker beetle, and has
the club of the antenna perfoliate, with the two basal joints not pro-
duced inwardly, and the punctures of the elytra arranged in striae.
In ‘Some Observations on the Coleopterous Family Bostrichidaet+’”’
(Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1888, pp. 348-50) Mr. C. O. Waterhouse pro-
posed the generic name of Stephanopachys for this insect, being the
Dinoderus of many authors but not of Stephens. This name has been
adopted in the last European catalogue (1891, p. 234), where the
synonymy of two of these species is given as follows :—

** Dinoderus, Stephens—bifoveolatus, Woll., ‘ Col. Hesp.,’ 110 (siculus, Baudi.,
B., 1873, 336). Substriatus, Steph. (nec., Payk.).”

“* Stephanopachys, Waterhouse (1888)—suwbstriatus, Payk., Kiesw., 30, E. Quad-
ricollis, Frm., Ab., 1879, 83.”

There seems to have been some doubt as to which of these two
species Stephens’ description of Dinoderus refers (see Gorham Proc.
Zool. Soc., 1898, pt. i1., p. 829), but it appears to me, without doubt,
that he was talking about the former of these two insects, which
is the species in his collection. Stephens says (Mand., vol. iii., p. 252)
that the two basal joints of the club of the antenne are conic-
trigonate, and produced within, the elytra retuse posteriorly and
inclining to castaneous, and the length 14 lin., all these points could
only refer to the former of these insects. He expresses doubt as to
whether his insects are the same as the substriatus, Payk., and men-
tions that, unlike that species, the pair he has from the New Forest
have the puncta irregular and not arranged in strie.

Mr. Waterhouse (/.c.) considers that the substriatus, Steph., is the
Apate minutus, F'.; this cannot be absolutely proved, as the type is no
longer in the Banksian collection, but it appears very probable. M. P.
Lesne (Rev. d. Bostich Ann. d. France, 1897, pp. 349-50) takes the
same view, but he points out that the minutus, F., is not the same
species as the biforeolatus, Woll., and, therefore, the substriatus, Steph.,
is not the bifoveolatus, Woll. He separates minutus and bifoveolatus
thus :—

a. Ponetuation de la déclivits postérieure des elytres
trés forte, confluente, aréolaire, non distinctement
ocellée au moins aussi enfoncée que celle des
parties basilaires. Hcusson brillant :

b. Ponctuation de la déclivité postérieure des elytres
nettement ocellée, non confluente, moins enfoncée
que celle des parties dorsales. Ecussonmat .. D. minutus, F.

Mr. E. C. Rye (nt. Ann., 1863, p. 98) pointed out that the
Dinoderus substriatus of Stephens was not, as had been supposed, the
insect known by the same name to continental naturalists, but belonged
to a different genus. He, however (/.c.), erroneously attributed Mr.
G. Lewis’ capture at Darenth to the substriatus, Payk. It is the
Dinoderus pilifrens, Lesne. He separates it from the minutus, F.
(L.c., p. 822), as follows :—

a. Fovéoles médianes de Vaire postérieure du pronotum

obsolétes. Region frontale hérissée sur les cédtés
de crins dressés, denses, assez longs se ... D. pilifrons, Lesne.

D. bifoveolatus, Woll.

+ It is much to be regretted that this paper was never recorded in the Zoologi-
cal Record.

18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

b. Fovéoles médianes de laire postérieure du pronotum
bein marquées. Crins dressés de la région frontale
généralement trés courts et peu abondants.
Eeusson deux fois aussi large que long... . D. minutus, F.
I propose that the three species shall stand in the British list
thus :—
1. Dinoderus minutus, F. (substriatus, Steph.) (being the species in the
Stephensian cabinet and that taken by Professor Beare at Richmond).
2. Dinoderus pilifrons, Lesne (the insect in the Power col.).
3. Stephanopachys substriatus, Payk, (Matthews’ capture, now in Mr. Gorham’s
col.).

It is probable that all these insects are importations, D. minutus
is found nearly all over the world, and the genus feeds on roots, corn,
bamboo, and other wood, &¢. I must express my thanks to Messrs.
Gahan and C. O. Waterhouse for carefully identifying all these insects,
and to Mr. Gorham for kindly letting me see his beetle.-—Horacz
DonistHorre, F.Z.S., F.E.S., 58, Kensington Mansions, South
Kensington, 5.W.

CoLEOPTERA, ETC., IN VARIOUS LOCALITIES IN 1899.—My entomological
excursions this year outside my own district (Lea Valley and Epping
Forest) have not been numerous, but I haye nevertheless been able to
add therefrom a few good insects to my collection. The results of two
visits in May, and one in September, to the Dorking district, were :—
Chrysomela yoettingensis, not rare in moss, I was fortunate enough to
find a nearly full-grown larva, which afterwards pupated, but died
before reaching maturity ; Ceuthorrhyncus euphorbiae (crux), one swept,
there were some beautiful patches of Veronica chamaedrys in flower
close to the spot, from which no doubt the weevil came; Nitidula
rufipes and 4-pustulata, a few of each, with Dermestes murinus, &c., out
of a dead rabbit on a chalky slope; Carabus nemoralis, two or three
out of moss—this is not in my experience a very common insect ;
Cistela luperus (1) from a guelder rose blossom ; Phyllotreta nodicornis,
several swept from some plants of Reseda in a lane; Amara acuminata
(1) in moss; one each of two species of Hemiptera—Hremocoris poda-
gricus and the beautiful metallic blue Zicrona caerulea, also turned up
in moss. A day’s collecting at Darenth, on June 17th, was very
disappointing, so far as rarities were concerned, although I got a few
more or less common species I wanted—Molytes coronatus (1). was met
with crawling in a chalky lane, and a greenish aberration of Rhynchites
pubescens came out of oak, with Cryptocephalus parvulus, in plenty, out
of birch; on a mullein plant I noticed a single Longitarsus, but
as my boxes were full, I did not take it. Mr. J. J. Walker,
whom I met in the evening at Darenth village, informed me that
he had taken the rare L. patruelis in the wood that afternoon, so
that it is very probable the insect seen by me was that species. A
visit to Deal on June 25th was also disappointing as regards its
main object, Saprinus metallicus, for which I was apparently too late,
while most of the specimens of S. aeneus, the only species of the genus
which occurred, were damaged. Two of the Deal specialities turned
up, however, in the shape of Melanotus punctolineatus, of which I found
a single specimen sunning itself on a low stone wall, and Lixus bicolor,
of which four specimens ‘occurred on the golf links, at the roots of a
large plant of Mrodiwn cicutartwm, in company with the Hemipteron
Pseudophlaeus falenti. Masoreus wetterhali, Dermestes undulatus and

COLEOPTERA. 19

Hypera murina also occurred, but were all scarce. Lastly, by a visit
to the Sheppey glue and chemical works, Queenborough, at the end of
September, I obtained most of the special things met with there,
including a series of Carcinops 14-striata, three or four Gnathoncus
nannetensis, Alphitobius diaperinus, Necrobia rujipes and rujicollis; the
last three species were extremely abundant, but the majority of the
Alphitobit were damaged ; Omosita depressa, which Mr. J. J. Walker
has taken here, was not to be found. (In addition to the beetles I got
a couple of the fine earwig, Anisolabis annulipes). I also had an hour’s
search in the vicinity of the town, but got nothing worth mentioning
except a few specimens of Amara conveviuscula, at the root of Cheno-
podium growing on the sea-wall.—F. B. Jennines, F.E.S., 152, Silver
Street, Upper Edmonton, N.

ConEorrERA at Cotcuester.—I have to record the following
captures in this district (Colchester) during 1899. The long drought
made many of the species unusually scarce and others totally absent.
Among the few things I captured were Bembidiwm clarki, in ditch
rubbish ; Berosus spinosus,in coast ditch ; Microglossa gentilis, one only
in an ant’s nest; Myrmelonia funestra, humeralis, and laticollis ; Staphy-
linus stercorarius, on pathways ; Ocypus ater, in seaweed ; Trogophloeus
foveolatus, in ditch rubbish; Hister marginatus (one) and Amphotis
marginata, nants’ nests; Hlnis cupreus,in a small stream; Dolichosoma
lineare and Malachius marginellus, in flowers, &c., on the coast; Hedobia
imperialis by beating hawthorn blossom; Lyctus canaliculatus, Saperda
carcharias, one damaged; Orsodacna cerasi and lineola, rare; Zeugo-
phora flavicollis, two specimens; Mordellistena brunnea, one; Anthicus
humilis, Evirrhinus festucae, Rhynchites pubescens, Balaninus tessellatus,
and others, including a few at present undetermined, among which I
hope there may be something decent.—B. 8. Harwoop, Colchester.

CotrorTeRA In 1899.—Among other things taken early in the year,
worthy of notice, are Anchomenus livens, out of moss, at Guestling
Wood, in some numbers, and Cryphalus fagi, from the same locality,
also in plenty. Three days in Richmond Park produced some interest-
ing captures—a series of Trinodes hirtus, Dorcatoma flavicornis, Anitys
rubens and Heledona agricola*, and single specimens of Cossonus linearis,
Scraptia dubia and Athous rhombeus ! (very small); this seems to have
been quite a special year for A. rhombeus.—W. H. Bennert, Hastings.

CoLEOPTERA OUT OF Moss AT CHoBHAM IN OcTospER.—An afternoon’s
work at thick wet moss on Chobham common, on October 14th, pro-
duced the following species :—Quedius fuliyinosus, Grav., Lathrobium
punctatum, Zett., L. multipunctum, Gray., Philonthus bipustulatus, Panz.,
P. niyrita, Nord., Homalium caesum, Grav., Acupalpus dorsalis, F.,
Pterostichus minor, Gyll., Agabus sturmit, Gyll., A. femoralis, Payk.,
and many others.—T. Hupson Buarz, B.Sc., F.E.S., Kings Road,
Richmond, Surrey.

* Mr. W. E. Sharp tells us that he took this beetle in numbers, in Boleti, in
Windsor Forest this summer.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES.
A new British Fura.—lt may interest readers of the ‘ Hnto-
mologist’s Record” to know that I have received specimens of Typhlo-
psylla orientalis, Wagner (Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., xxxi., p. 591., t. x., f.

20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

30, 1898). Messrs. Brazenor Bros. sent me a series of this insect from
Brighton, and Mr. William Farren a similar lot from Boxworth, Cambs.
I have also received a pair from a weasel taken near Nairn.—N.
Cuartes Roruscuip, B.A., F.Z.S., Tring Park, Tring. December
80th, 1899.

New Psycurp Genera.—In order to legitimise as it were, certain
names that Iam using in my second volume of British Lepidoptera,
and to prevent (as far as possible) them being reduced to synonyms
prior to publication, I wish to notice the following :

(1) Genus Bruandia, n. gen. with type reticulatella, the anterior wings reticu-
lated, the costa rounded, possessing a well-defined cellula intrusa, the anterior tibial
spines short (under °64 the length of tibia) and 20 or more antennal joints.

(2) Genus Masonia, n. gen. with type crassiorella, the anterior wings without
reticulations, the median nervure not forming a cellula intrusa; the anterior tibial

spines intermediate, ‘66--72 the length of the tibia, the antennal joints usually 20
or more.

The Fumeids of which casta is the type, will retain the name F'umea,
Haw.

Among the Epichnopterygids, one separates readily the Bijugids
and Psychideids from the Epichnopterygids proper which are withont
anterior tibial spines. The species thus left appear to fall into two
genera, viz. :—

(1) Epichnopterix, Hb., with (dark) unicolorous wings and well represented by
pulla, which is the type of the genus.

(2) Whittleia, n. gen. with reticulated wings and well represented by reticella,
which may be named as the type.

The extended diagnoses of these genera will of course be published
in British Lepidoptera, vol. i.—J.W. Turr. January 1st, 1900.

FURTHER NOTE ON LUFFIA FERCHAULTELLA.—In reference to my note on
this species in Hint. Record, xi., p. 298, 1 wish to add a remarkable point
that I had not clearly before me in writing that note. It does not in
any way alter the facts then stated, but may affect some of the conclusions
that may be derived fromthem. In observing the habits of the various
Luffiid races, Mr. Bacot especially notes that whilst L. ferchaultella
from various British localities commenced oviposition immediately on
emerging from the pupa, those from Bignasco did not do so, but on the
contrary, assumed a ‘“‘calling’’ position lke those of L. lapidella; he
bred altogether six females between July 20th and 27th, as to each of
which he makes this note. But he did not note whether they ultimately
laid eggs or, still less, whether they were fertile. Still, his observation is
abundantly adequate to show that the females expected males, and that
such males must exist, however rare they may be, and that this race
cannot be so completely parthenogenetic as the English examples. It is,
nevertheless, true that perhaps some 200 cases were collected, that from
twenty to thirty, perhaps more, ?s were bred, together with swarms
of Chalcids, and that not one male appeared, and, further that in all
its anatomical points, it agreed absolutely with L. ferchaultella and not
with L.lapidella, and that in the matter of variability within the L. fer-
chaultella form, especially affecting the tarsi, it occupied an intermediate
position, between the two forms presented by different English races.—
T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.E.S., Betula, Reigate.

British Lerprorrera, Vou. I1.—Crirican Norrs.—I have been
reading your British Lepidoptera, vol. i., and think it a good work.
Perhaps you will not object to my mentioning a few points that struck

VARIATION. 21

me on reading. (1) p. 12. Concerning number of eggs laid by moths,
I think my record for Ecpantheria scribonia would have been interesting
to add, viz., 2274 (see Can. Hnt., vol. xxiii., p. 106). (2) On the tree
(p. 113) you seem to assume that the Castniidae have upright eggs.
Is there any proof of this? The American genus Megathymus, put in the
Castnians by Kirby and Druce, bears no relation to them, but is a true
Hesperid. (8) p. 117. In your characterisation of Megalopygids you
say ‘‘ seven pairs of abnormal prolegs.’’ It should be six. The anal
legs are normal without accessory pads (see Jowrn. N. Y. Ent. Soc.,
vil., p. 69). (4) p. 125. ‘“‘ The thoracic horns of Ceratomia.” I wish
authors would stop quoting these as evidences of anything whatever.
They are perfectly secondary, as I have shown, and are merely a
special adaptation. In Ceratomia the ordinary oblique lines are re-
placed by rows of teeth, and the “‘ horns”’ are only another manifesta-
tion of this peculiar converting of markings into structural characters.
(5) p. 864. ‘ C. avellana with its reversible spines on hatching.’ You
surprise me by suggesting any homology between this and the mature
structure in Doratifera. The two are as utterly different as it is
possible to imagine. Naturally this makes you get the evolution
upside down. (6) p. 365. You did not improve the synopsis by
changing the last paragraph. The presence of primitive sete and
skin spines is not contradictory to my definition of ‘‘ smooth,’’ which
refers to the absence of warts or their derivatives. The distinction
between the Hulimacodinae (better Prolimacodinae) and Cochlidinae is
really a sharp one. You do not seem to have apprehended it.
Warts in stage I; later primitive sete only .. .. Prolimacodinae.
No warts in any stage; strong and weak segments .. Cochlidinae.

(7) pp. 122 and 865. Hairs not stings. I think they are stings. The shaft
seems hollow, and on the removal of the cap on entering the skin the
poison probably escapes (see Packard’s figures). The sensation is
certainly a sting, different enough from the Lasiocampid hairs. Do not
confound Packard’s ‘‘ caltropes’”’ and the detachable spines with the
ordinary urticating spines of the horns. They are quite separate
things.—Harrison G. Dyar, Ph.D., United States National Museum,
Washington. October 21st, 1899. [This note was sent as a private
criticism, not specially for publication; but I have noted the facts
involved in the criticism in my own copy, and doubt not other
students would like to do the same.—Hp. |

NY ARIATION.

CABERA PUSARIA AB. ROTUNDARIA AND A PARALLEL AB. OF C. EXAN-
THEMARIA.—Some time since I beat a number of larve from birch, in
Coombe Wood, Surrey, which I considered to be Cabera pusaria, and
from them I bred a long series of CU. pusaria, with a fair sprinkling of
rotundaria, but as there were some decidedly intermediate forms I have
ever since considered it to be only an aberration of O. pusaria. Many
of the forms representing rotwndaria were more or less crippled, and
looked as if they had been somewhat dried whilst in the pupal stage,
from which I thought this may have produced the difference in shape
and possibly in markings also.—A. W. Mera, 79, Capel Road, Forest
Gate, EH.

Some years ago I bred a number of C. pusaria from eggs obtained

99, THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

from a typical @ , taken in Yorkshire (g parent unknown), and among
them were two or three specimens of rotundaria, so that I consider it
merely an aberration and not entitled to specific rank.—T. Mapprson,
F.E.S., South Bailey, Durham.

As bearing on the question of Cabera pusaria ab. rotundaria, I may
say that one of my sons took in the New Forest, in 1892, an aberration
of C. evanthemaria, which runs somewhat parallel to the rotundaria
form of C. pusaria. The wings are rounder and more ample in pro-
portion to their length than in the type, and are divided into three
almost equal spaces by the strongly marked transverse lines. There is
no trace of a third line. The aberration is a striking one, because the
outer transverse line is deeply shaded and the inner one, which in the
forewings is also shaded but not so deeply, has a dark blotch in it
near the costa.—J. C. Mosrrty, M.A., F.E.S., 9, Rockstone Place,
Southampton.

ABERRATION oF ZONOSOMA PoRATA.—I captured this year, in Devon,
an aberrant Zonosoma porata, in which the transverse lines on both
fore- and hindwings form distinct broad fascizw, in which the white
spots stand out in bold relief.—B. A. Bowrr, F.H.5., Langley, Eltham
Road, Lee, S.E. October 14th, 1899.

FJOTKES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

LEPIDOPTERA FROM SURREY AND Eppine, 1899.—As I had never
tried the Dorking district, and had heard a good deal about the beauty .
of the Surrey scenery, my father and I made several excursions there
during the past season. The country undoubtedly is lovely, but we
were disappointed in the insects, the best part we visited being round
Friday Street, which is, to my mind, the most picturesque piece of country
as well, with its miniature lake and pine clad hills round, and a few
old-fashioned cottages about, but as itis situated about four miles from
any railway station it can scarcely be termed convenient. Our first
expedition was April 19th, to Boxhill fora few hours, but a few Orrhodia
vaccinit, at treacle, were the only insects seen. Four days later we
worked from Gomshall to Dorking, via Deer Leap Wood and Evershed’s
Rough, but only obtained a few larvee of Runa luteolata, Cidaria russata
and Larentia didymata, the two last by sweeping the bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus) which grows in the utmost profusion, and later on in the
season at a considerable height, in Deer Leap Wood. May 14th we
spent the whole day working from Dorking, vid Friday Street and
Abinger to Gomshall. The day was warm but dull, and rain came on
about 4.0 p.m. By beating the junipers which abound near Friday
Street a large number of Hupithecia sobrinata larvee was obtained ;
they varied much, but the green variety was much more numerous than
the brown. Larve of Nola cucullatella, Diloba caeruleocephala, Metro-
campa margariiaria, Thera variata, Cheimatobia brumata, Hypsipetes
elutata and Miselia owyacanthae were beaten, whilst more Larentia
didymata were swept from bilberry. A few Pieris rapae were seen on
the wing, but Melanippe subtristata and one Scotosia dubitata were the
only other imagines noticed. May 20th-22nd was also spent at Dork-
ing. The additional larvee were Porthesia aurifiua, Boarmia repandata,
Pseudoterpona cytisarta (Gomshall), and Chestas spartiata (Gomshall),
the latter abundant, Oporabia dilutata, Hybernia defoliaria, Hypena

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 23

proboscidalis, Xanthia silago, Epunda vininalis and Anchocelis rufina
(one, at Friday Street). Gonepteryx rhamni, Pieris rapae, P. napt and
Coenonympha pamphilus were the only butterflies seen. Hepralus lupu-
linus, Anticlea derivata, Melanippe fluctuata and M. subtristata were
noticed on palings, and J'ephrosia crepuscularia (biundularia) on a pine
trunk at Friday Street. Drepana cultraria, Venilia maculata, Lomaspilis
marginata, Fidonia atomaria, Ligdia adustata, Macaria liturata, Asthena
candidata, Cabera pusaria and Ephyra trilinearia were also taken.

As we were desirous of becoming better acquainted with Epping
Forest, where we have scarcely done any collecting, we spent a whole
day there (May 31st), walking from Loughton through Monk’s Wood
to High Beech and the King’s Oak and back. The day turned out very
hot and we were fairly successful, the chief drawback being our
inability to obtain something decent to eat. A female Dasychira pudi-
bunda was taken at rest on a tuft of ling, from which we obtained a
large number of ova, but the larvee from them all died. A nice speci-
men of Nola cristulalis was boxed from a beech trunk in Monk’s Wood,
resting head downwards. Drepana binaria, D. cultraria and Ephyra
trilinearia, the former from oak, and the two latter from beech, were
beaten out in profusion, but the ‘‘ hook-tips’’ were very difficult to
keep an eye on, flying first in the sun and then in the shade, and
zigzagcine among the trees. Halias prasinana were beaten at the
back of the ‘ Kine’s Oak.” Bapta temerata and Coremia propuynata,
were taken in Monk’s Wood, whilst Ventlia inaculata, I’udonia atomaria,
Panagra petraria and Hubolia palumbaria were abundant in the open.
Euclidia mi and Phytometra viridaria (aenea), were also seen. Among
the butterflies a few good Syrichthus malvae, which were in beautiful
condition, were the only ones worth taking. At dusk Ciliv glaucata,
Odontopera bidentata and Hypena rostralis were taken, and Panagra
petraria swarmed. Larvee were very abundant, Cheimatobia brumata
being an easy first in point of numbers. The following were taken :—
Nola cucullatella, one Hylophila bicolorana, Porthesia auriflua, Diloba
caeruleocephala, Crocallis elinguaria, Himera pennaria, Metrocampa
margaritaria, Hemithea thyniaria, Abraxas yrossulariata, Hybernia rupi-
capraria, H. aurantiaria, H. defoliaria, two Chesias spartiata, Epunda
viminalis and Mliselia oxyacanthae.

On July 9th, whilst walking to North Dulwich station, en route for

Dorking I picked upafemale Zeuzera pyrina from the pavement in
fair condition. Arrived at Dorking with a small party of friends we
proceeded to Ranmore, where we spent the day. Rhopalocera were not
abundant, a few good Cupido minima being the only ones worth taking.
Hnodia hyperanthus, Thymelicus thawnas and Pamphila sylvanus
were noticed. Of moths the best were Anticlea sinuata, Scotosia
vetulata and Asthena luteata. Cidaria fulvata, Hubolia bipunctata, EH.
palumbaria, Ligdia adustata, Iodis lactearia, Pseudoterpna cytisaria,
Hecatera serena, Aplecta nebulosa, Miana furuncula, and worn Phytometra
viridaria, were also seen. Only a few minutes were available for
treacle, as visions of the disappearance of the last train haunted us,
and in that time T/hyatyra batis, in beautiful condition, Aplecta nebulosa
(several) and Lusina tenebrosa were taken. The vision of the last train
disappearing was unfortunately rather more than a vision on this
occasion, which was all the more annoying as the collecting ground
was too far off for us to care about returning to it.

24 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Cerigo matura was common at Herne Hill at light during July.

September 10th, was spent at Gomshall where larve af Macaria
liturata, Fidonia piniaria and one Thera variata were beaten from pine
and Hupithecia nanata and one small Anarta myrtilli from ling. Thera
variata, and Phlogophora meticulosa (1 of each) were the only moths
and Pyrameis atalanta and the ‘‘ Whites” the only butterflies. Treacle
only produced Noctua xanthographa, Triphaena pronuba, T. orbona and
Amphipyra pyramidea.—F. M. B. Carr, 46, Handen Road, Lee, 8...

Nores From LiansrepHan, 8. Waxes, 1899.—From August to
October this district has been visited by a perfect plague of Pieris
brassicae. The larvee have completely destroyed the cabbages in every
garden, leaving nothing but the bare stalks, acres of turnips have
likewise been defoliated, the larvee swarming over everything in all
directions, whilst walls and sides of houses now show the pup
in every niche and corner, and countless little heaps of ichneumon
cocoons. [N.B.—The parasites appear to have been equal to
the occasion.| The natives are filled with wonder at this extra-
ordinary invasion, never haying seen anything of the sort before.
On interrogating a farmer as to the cause of the destruction of his
turnip crop, he told me that it was some sort of worm that had done
all the mischief. I explained to him that these worms were the
progeny of the white butterfly, and that in their turn they would
develop into white butterflies; he answered nothing, but gave a pity- _
ing smile. It will be interesting to note the result of this excess on
the coming season. It may, indeed, be in this way that vast migra-
tions have their origin, and should such migration take place P.
brassicae will be no more in eyidence next year than usual. The
abundance of the insect, in the first place, may be due to the same
cause, viz., immigration, but on this point I am by no means sure,
indeed rather fayour the following solution. The late summer itself
has been an extraordinary one, remarkable for excessive heat and
drought, conditions most favourable to the young larve, for nothing,
in my opinion, is more destructive to exposed larve than rain, they
are either drowned outright or washed off the leaves, and being too
feeble to regain their food-plant perish in numbers. Should this
theory be correct it is easy to understand that a double- and treble-
brooded insect would increase in incredible numbers, and it is perhaps
fortunate that these combined favourable conditions occur but rarely.
I have little doubt that the vast migrations of insects may be attri-
buted to local abnormal conditions of atmosphere, &c. LP. rapae was
also excessively abundant. MZ. stellatarwm, more numerous than I
have eyer noticed it before. This insect appears to have been very
general all over the country, and this fact may have afforded ento-
mologists an opportunity for a closer study of its habits, which seem
to be but little understood. Its times for appearance are so erratic,
and the whereabouts of the larvae, to me, are a sealed book, though
always on the watch I have never yet come across the caterpillar. In
these parts there is no (ralium on the “shingle,” and the common
species of ‘‘ bed-straw’’ died down and withered up before the summer
was half over, and yet stellatarwn was to be seen every day during
August, September, and part of October. On September 5th I noted
Colias edusa, Pyrameis atalanta was most plentiful, P. cardui also
seen. <Aglais urticae has been scarce, and Vanessa to not observed.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. : 25

Chrysophanus phlaeas everywhere, continuing up to date.—C. Bincuam
Newxanp, Llanstephan, Carmarthen. TO

Lepmorrera at Tensy 1x 1899.—I spent a fortnight at Tenby in
June last, arriving there on June 12th. The first thing that attracted
my attention was Anthrocera filipendulae. Mr. Tutt wrote about this
species some time ago, and stated, if 1 remember rightly, that there
were two broods if not two distinct species, and that the first brood
was generally found inland and in fields.* The brood I found on
June 13th was confined to a small bit of the cliff, not common, but I
managed to capture a few flying over valerian. Insects were not so
common at sugar as I have known them, but they were fairly plenti-
ful. Mamestra albicolon was scarce, but in fair condition, whilst
Agrotis ripae and Leucania littoralis were fairly plentiful, the former in
poor condition, the latter just out, so that A. ripae appears to be an
earlier insect than L. littoralis. I captured a few nice aberrations of
A. exclamationis and A. corticea, but little else, with the exception of
A. trifolii, which was very plentiful in a marshy field, although I only
secured two or three confluent aberrations. Cupido minima was found
on the railway banks, but was very scarce.—(Rev.) E. C. Dosrrx Fox,
M.A., Castle Moreton Vicarage, Tewkesbury.

CoLtectiInG iN THE CaritTeRNs.—In the Hint. Record (vol. xi., pp.
98 and 192) I gave a short account of some entomological rambles in
the neighbourhood of Kimble, Bucks. I revisited my particular hunting
ground on two occasions last year (1899), and made one or two additions
to the list of insects already enumerated. On July 8th—a splendid
day—lI found Aryynnis adippe just emerging, and for the first time
discovered Pararye egerides in the beech-wood glades. On August 8rd
—again a grand day for collecting—A. adippe was pretty well over,
but I found the woods, which I had not previously explored at this
time of year, tenanted by Dryas paphia. On the chalk downs Argynnis
aylaia, rather the worse for wear, with Pamphila comma in attendance,
put in a welcome appearance, while Polyommatus corydon simply
swarmed everywhere, with the August broods of Pieris napt, Gonep-
teryx rhamni, and Polyommatus astrarche. Of Melanaryia yalatea,
however, on neither occasion did I find a trace—H. Rownanp Brown,
M.A., I'.K.8., Oxhey Grove, Harrow Weald.

AvtTuMNAL coLLEcTING.—During August last Mr. Bower paid
me a visit, and we spent most of our time (from the middle of the
month) after Micros, sugaring, however, one or two nights on
Dawlish Warren. We took several Argyresthia anderreqgiella and
Coriscium siulphurellum by beating apple-trees, with a few Peronea
eristana and Harpipteryx horridella. Peronea schalleriana and P.
comparana swarmed—surely these must be one species! Their
habits are entirely similar in every-.way, and sometimes it is
hard to tell to which a particular specimen belongs, the only
difference seems to be in colour. Has the point ever been settled by
breeding? In an oak wood, where the trees were half dead and much

* This hardly states my opinion, as I certainly do not think there are two
broods of A. filipendulae. All I know of the subject is published in British Lepi-
doptera, vol. i., pp. 526-530 and pp. 532-538. It will be seen on p. 538 that
hippocrepidis, St., to which Mr. Fox appears to refer as the ‘‘ first brood,” has

several coast habitats. It does not, however, appear to have been recorded from
Tenby.—J.W.T. :

26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S REOGORD.

covered with lichen, we found a good locality for Teleia humeralis, and
in the same place got several Sarrothripa undulanus and a large
number of Leptogramma literana. Other species taken during
his stay in this way were Carpocapsa splendidana, Teras con-
taminana, Peronea varieyana, Cerostoma radiatella, C. sylvella, C. lucella,
Paedisca profundana, P. solandriana, Tortrix corylana, Grapholitha
penkleriana, T. heparana, Peronea ferrugana, Grapholitha naevana, Teras
caudana, Aryyresthia semitestacella, A. goedartella, A. brocheella, A.
albistriae, A. semifusca, Tischeria marginea, Pteroxia mucronella (1),
Gelechia rhombella, Chelaria hibnerella, and others. Whilst we were
after Callimorpha hera we saw two or three Colias edusa and one
Eugonia polychloros. Sugaring on the Warren gave Caradrina ambiqua
in plenty, Agrotis vestigialis, A. puta, A. tritici (not common), Peri-
droma saucia, P. suffusa, Miana bicoloria, Hadena dissimilis, Mamestra
abjecta, Hydroecia nictitans, Acidalia marginepunctella, Gelechia diffinis,
Lita salicorniae, &e. Thatch produced Depressaria nervosa, D. albi-
punctella, D. chaerophylli, D. arenella, D. ocellana, D. ultimella, D.
badiana, D. applana, D. heracleana, D. propinquella, Anybia lan-
giella, Coriscium brogniartelion, and Phyllocnistis suffusella. During
September and October I had eight pup of Acherontia atropos brought
me, which were dug in a potato field here. Three emerged without
forcing on September 22nd, September 29th, and October 29th. On
the morning of November 9th I found Pyramets atalanta in the trap,
this being the second time I have taken this insect at light. I have
also, among the Rhopalocera, taken at light Pyramets cardui, Zephyrus
quercus, and Polyommatus icarus. Autumn sugaring has been very
poor this year—very few Tiliacea aurago, no Anchocelis rufina, hardly
an Orthosia pistacina or Orrhodia vaccinii to be seen. Light also was
bad, only three Asteroscopus sphinx until November 9th, and hardly any
of the usual autumn things.—K. F. C. Srupp, M.A., F.E.S., Oxton,
near Exeter.

While at Southend, in September last, I treacled pretty regularly.
Anchocelis lunosa was fairly common. Of Orthosia pistacina I took
some nice forms, and captured about ten Peridroma saucia. I took a
pretty form of Plusta gamma, smaller than the type, and very pale.
Catocala nupta appeared occasionally, and of Noctua glareosa I took a
couple.—A. Rosinson, F.E.8., Chislehurst.

AUTUMNAL EMERGENCE oF ACHERONTIA ATROPOS.—I had three Ache-
rontia atropos brought to me during the first week of October. One
had emerged but was crippled; one has since emerged and one I am
afraid is dead.—K. A. Bowxes, F.E.S., Myddelton House, Waltham
Cross, Herts.

ABUNDANCE OF MACROGLOSSA STELLATARUM AND PyRAMEIS ATALANTA.—
I noticed in the autumn large numbers of Macroqlossa stellatarum in
South Devon, and found a larva on Dawlish Warren, which fed on till
mid-October. Pyrameis atalanta was very plentiful at the end of Sep-
tember and beginning of October in the Waltham Cross district.—Izm.

PLATYPTILIA COSMODACTYLA (ACANTHODACTYLA) IN MippLesex.—In
the Entomologist, vol. xxiv., p. 94, is a record of this insect in Middle-
sex, and as it was then, apparently, the only one, further particulars
may be interesting. In ? August, 1877, when my brother and I were
collecting plants and insects in a lane in Chiswick, he stopped to
examine a plant of Gerantwn rotundifolium, which, though rather rare

CURRENT NOTES. 27

generally, used to grow in a few spots here. On this plant he found
two plume larve, which subsequently produced two dark reddish speci-
mens of the above species. These were exhibited at the last meeting
(November 23rd, 1899) of the South London Entomological Society.—
A. Sicu, F.E.S., ‘* Brentwood,”’ 65, Barrowgate Road, Chiswick.

WINTER CAPTURE OF GONOPTERA LIBATRIX.—On the night of December
25th, I was rather astonished, when a friend had entered my house, to
notice a specimen of (Gonoptera libatrix resting on the sleeve of his
overcoat. This insect was promptly bottled, and proved to be a @, in
as fine condition as if bred. The time was about 8.30 p.m., and a
thermometer hanging outside registered twenty degrees of frost at the
time of capture.—James C. Haceart, 58, St. Andrew Street, Galashiels,
December 27th, 1899.

PHIGALIA PILOSARTA ON New Yuar’s pay.—A male example of the
above species is the first insect of the year 1900 that I have had the
pleasure of taking, it was at rest on an oak-tree. The appearance of
this insect two months at least before its time seems singular.—Cuas.
B. Anrram, 54, Elgin Road, Addiscombe, Croydon. January 1st,
1900.

GFYURRENT NOTES.

The proposed officers and council of the South London Entomological
and Natural History Society for 1900 are as follows—President: W. J.
Inucas, B.A., F.H.S. Vice-Rresidents; H. S. Fremlin, M.R.C.S.,
ih C.b.) ES. and Aj Harrison, ECiS., Hl.S., F.E.S. ‘rea-
surer: JT. W. Hall, F.K.S. librarian: H. A. Sauzé. Curator: W.
West. Hon. Secretaries, Stanley Edwards, F.L.8., &c. (correspond
ing), and H. J. Turner, F'.E.S. (report). Council: R. Adkin, F.E.S.,
W. J. Ashdown, Dr. T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.H.S., J. N. Clark,
H. Moore, F.H.S., A. M. Montgomery, and J. W. Tutt, F.E.S.

A meeting of the members of the Entomological Club and their
friends was held on December 4th, at ‘‘ Wellfield,’’ Lingard’s Road,
Lewisham, when Mr. R. Adkin and Mrs. Adkin were host and hostess
for the evening. To those who have previously had the pleasure of being:
present at these delightful meetings one need hardly say that the
whole affair was an unqualified success. Among those who sat down to
supper were Professor Armstrong, Messrs. C. G. Barrett, Carrington,
Distant, S. Edwards, Enock, A. Harrison, A. H. Jones, McLachlan,
Porritt, Smith, Turner, Tutt, Verrall, and J. J. Walker. After supper
Mr. Adkin briefly proposed ‘‘The Entomological Club,” referring to
the loss the club had sustained in the death of its oldest member, “the
veteran éntomologist, Mr. §. Stevens. The earlier and later parts of
the evening were ‘spent in informal talk and the discussion of many
interesting entomological problems.

The proposed officers and council of the Entomological Society of Lon-
don for the year 1900 are as follows—President: George H. Verrall,
F.E.S. Treasurer: R. McLachlan, F.R.S. Secretaries: J. J. Walker,
F.L.S., and C. J. Gahan, M.A., F.E.8. Librarian: G. C. Champion,
Z.S. Council: C. G. Barrett, F.E.S., T. A. Chapman, M.D.,
Z.8., W. lL. Distant, F.G.8., H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S.,
K.8., F. du Cane Godman, M.A., F.R.S., A. H. Jones, F.E.S.,
W. Lloyd, F.E.S:, Hon. W. Rothschild, D.Sc., M.P., F.E.S.,

F.
F.
F.
R.
C. O. Waterhouse, F.E.S., and E. Saunders, I’.L.S.

28 REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

In the Hat. Mo. May. for December Mr. Harold Bailey records the
capture of Anitys rubens and Dorcatoma chrysomelina, at Manchester, in
a rotten oak. It is curious that these twe species often occur together.
Mr. W. H. Bennett has twice taken then. together in Richmond Park,
as also in the Hastings district. Mr. J. H. Keys records the capture
of a pair of the rare and local Carabus intricatus, in 1898, from its old
locality near Plymouth. Mr. EK. A. Newbery considers that Leptidia
brevipennis should have a place in the British list, haying as much
right to one as such things as Rhizopertha pusilla, Lasioderma serricorne,
&c. In this we quite agree with him. In mentioning the different
records he omits the one referred to in the ‘ Notes on the British
Longicornes ”’ (vol. x., p. 246). The specimens here recorded oceurred
in plenty, in company with Gracillia minuta, in a basket-work hamper,
which Mr. Bennett had for packing purposes. Mr. Bennett was only
able to trace the hamper as far as Ore, where it belonged to a green-
grocer.

Entomologists will hear with regret that Mr. J. J. Walker, one of
the popular secretaries of the Entomological Society, has been ordered
abroad. His address for the time being is H.M.S. Katoomba,
New South Wales. Capt. E. W. Brown, too, has gone with his regi-
ment to Malta. We may be quite certain that entomology will not be
neglected by either if opportunity should occur.

FREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.
"TRANSACTIONS OF THE City oF Lonpon ENromoLoGicaL AND:
Naturat History Society, 1898.— [Published by The City of London
Entomological Society, the London Institution, Finsbury Circus, H.C.
Price 2s.|.—This is certainly one of the most important volumes yet
issued by The City of London Entomological Society. Besides the.
many interesting notes in the reports of the ordinary meetings there
are several papers which are of great importance to entomologists. Of
these ‘‘ Some heredity experiments with Coremia ferrugata, Linn.,” by
Mr. Prout, and “‘ Beetle coloration,” by Mr. H. Heasler, take the first
place. The latter is of especial importance as suggesting that there
are coleopterists in this country who understand that there is some
science, apart from systematic work, to be got out of ‘ beetles,’ whilst
*¢Cicadides,” by Mr. Quail, ‘“‘Notes on the Broads,” by Mr. H.
Fuller, and ‘‘ Chrysanthemums,” by Mr. Riches, are also interesting.
The best thing in the volume will possibly, by many, be con-
sidered to be the first instalment of ‘‘The Fauna of the London
District,” compiled by Dr. F. J. Buckell, and brought up-to-date by
Mr. Prout. That Mr. Prout has seen it through press is a sufficient.
guarantee of its accuracy, and the combined names of the authors a.
sufficient guarantee of its general excellence. The ‘ Entomologist
Synonymic hist,” is followed and the species to Nonagria yeminipuncta
haye been dealt with. We have no doubt that many records for the
remaining Noctuids, the Geometrids, Pyralids, &c., will be sent to Mr.
Prout now that the list is actually in hand and partly printed. London
lepidopterists should remember that every little helps in the compilation
of any faunistic work, and that the importance of this and similar lists
depends on the accumulation of the little scraps that each individual
can add.

’

Py]

‘4
By
4

All Exchange Magazines must in future be forwarded to J. W. Tutt,
estcombe Hiil, Blackheath, S.E.

Reprints of Articles or Notes (long or, short)'appearing. in this’Magazine can be arranged |
for by Authors at a very low price, on application to Mr. H. E. Page, F.E.S.,
ss BIS COLE Road, St. Catherine’ s Perk, London, S.E.

EXCHANGE.
So he ; :
NOTICE.—The Editor will be glad of eggs, larvee and pupz# of Lepidoptera, for
description.
IMPORTANT.— Wanted, actual dates on which, and exact localities where, Psychids,

~ Pterophorids, Lasiocampids and Sphingids have been captured. Will correspondents send

dates for any year 2—J. W. Turr, Westcombe Hill, S.E.
: ExcHancre Baskets.—December 2nd, No. 2 basket.—Messrs. Atmore, Christy,
Barnes, Whittle, Walker, Richardson, Studd, Bower, Robertson, Edelsten, Ash,
Riding.’ Dec. 15th, No. 4 basket.—Messrs. Richardson, Fox, Bowles, Robertson, Horne,
Bower, Mera, Robinson, Moberly, Maddison, Studd, Riding. [Memberswho wish to be
missed must write to the name preceding their own on list, not to the Secretary].
Duplicates.—Exulans, Anachoreta (St. Leonards-on-Sea), Radiata, Eboraci, Fasciata,
and other extreme forms of Lubricipeda, Autumnaria, Fuscantaria, Populata, Caesiata,
Adusta, Chi, Janthina, Rufina, and many others. Desiderata.—Reyayana, Cerusellus,
Alpinellus, Falsellus, Dumetellus, Ericellus, Hamellus, Fureatellus, Myellus, Warring-
tonellus, Selasellus, Salinellus, Fascelinellus, Chrysonuchellus, Paludellus, Forficellus,
Mucronellus, Gigantellus, Farrella, Carnella, Cephalonica, Sinuella, Nimbella, Senecionis,
Ficella, Ficulella, Kiithniella, Pinguedinella,Cinerosella, Bistrigella, Interpunctella, Canella,
Ornatella, Abietella, Roborella, Formosella, Consociella, Advenella, Marmorella, Suavella,

- &e.—Geo. I. Porritt, Crosland Hall, Huddersfield.

Duplicates.—Edusa, Betulae, Camelina, Neustria, Anachoreta, Lacertula, Callunae,
Rurea, Meticulosa, Nupta, Ilunaria, Ornata, Mensuraria, Palumbaria, Bipunctaria,
Trilinearia, Taminata, Cinctaria, &c. Desiderata.—Numerous, especially Bombyces, ova
and pupe.—Chas. B. dntram, 54, Elgin Road, Addiscombe, Croydon.

Duplicates.—S. populi*, Dispar*, Monacha*, type to black, Camelina*, Comma,
Pallens, Impura, Pistacina, Litura, Meticulosa, Hxanthemata™: Desiderata. __Numerous.
—J. W. Boult, 28, Wainfleet Terrace, Fountain Road, Hull.

Duplicates.—Napi, Cardamines, Rhamni, Paphia, Atalanta, Semele, Hyperanthus,
Phlaeas, Aegon, Argiolus, Sylvanus, Adippe. Desiderata.—Aurinia, Cinxia, Polychloros,
. Megaera, W-album, Minima, Lucina, Actaeon.—Fred W. G. Payne, 19, Sale Street, Derby.”

Duplicates —Stellatarum, Irvorella, Unguicula*, Neustria*, Micana, Myrtilli*, Luci-
para*, Margaritaria*, Fuscantaria*, Tllunaria*, Pustulata, and a few of each of the follow-
ing :—Paphia, Aglaia, Rhamni, Edusa, Medon, Mesomella, Falcula, Lanestris, B. quercus,
Carpini, Muralis, Unca, Comes, Stigmatica, Brunnea, Baja, Festiva, N. rubi, Lithoxylea,
Piniperda, Munda, Gothica, Stabilis, Instabilis, Lithargyria, Puta, Putris, Libatrix, Saucia,
Suffusa, Tragopogonis, Plecta, Trilinea, Tenebrosa, Pistacina, Rumicis, Oleracea, Silago,
,Miniosa*, Myrtilli*, Perla, Furuncula, Promissa, Spensa, Fimbria, Thymiaria, Emutaria,
‘Immutata, Palumbaria, Gilvaria, Bipunctata, &e. Desiderata.—Numerous including
many common insects if well set on black pins, and with full data.—B. W. Adkin, Brandon
House, Morden Hill, Lewisham, S.E.

Duplicates. Good British butterflies well set, black pins. Wanted.—Specimens of
C. pamphilus, bi-pupilled or with bold marginal spots (underside) or examples from
Southern Ireland, Northern Scotland, North Wales, Lincoln and Cambridgshire or promises
of living females or larve from these localities next season.—H,. W “ood, Old Grammar
_ School House, Ashford, Kent.

Duplicates.—Grotiana, Dumetana, Janthiana, Roseana*, Fasciellus, Geminana*,
Branderiana*,, Sauciana*, Pinicolana*, Dilucidana*, Roseticolana*, Nigricostana*,
.Regiana; Trigeminana*, Salicella, Rufa, Hellmanni, Syringaria. Desiderata.—Tortrices.
—J..A. Butterfield, 35, Wrottesley Road, Plumstead, S.E.

Excuance.—I offer a large series of N. A. birds’ eges, in sets, with full data, for
diurnal lepidoptera in papers from Africa or Australian Islands ; also a number of American
Indian stone implements.—Levi JV. Mengel, Reading, Pa., U.S.A. /

Duplicates.—Can offer many fine species of Diurnals from N. America, N. S. Columbia,
Venezuela, and Central America, for Diurnals from Australia, and the Pacific islemals
‘Levi W. Mengel, Reading, P.A.

Duplicates.—Machaon*, Pruni*_ (few), Cardamines*, Palemon, Conde vars.,
Malve, W-album, Betule*, Thaumas, -Brassicse*, Aithiops;. Atalanta, Aurinia vars.,
.Bhamni*, Aglaia, Fraxini. Preserved larva, Bucephala, Vinula, Furcula, B. rubi, B.
quercts, Potatoria, L. dispar, _ Neustria, Jacobrer, Auriflua, Instabilis, Menthastri, Pisi,
-Ziezac, Antiqua, ‘Grossulariata. - Desiderata. —Ova, larvee, pup, pupa-cases, Aneelues
and y vars. at the Rhopalocera.- —H, Mousley, 10, Selbourne Ter race, Bradford.

‘MEETINGS: oF SOCIETIES, oe

Entomological Society of Rondon lene 17th, 1900 (Annual), tee Tih
The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — sonia f
Institution, Finsbury Circus, H.C.—The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30 —
‘p.m. Members are particularly requested to bring varieties and aberrations for exhibi-
tion. ,Non- members cordially invited. ‘January 16th, discussion, ‘‘The Agrotis tritici
ae February 6th; Paper, ‘The Re- classification of Lepidoptera, » by Mr. W. J.
aye
The South London Entomological and Natural History sacichy, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge.—The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
January 25th, Annual Meeting, at 7 p.m., Address from the retiring President, Mr. A.
Harrison, ¥.L.8S., F.E.S., &e. February 8th, Mr. W. J. Lueas, B.A., F.E.S., a paper,
‘‘Cockroaches: Natives and Aliens,” with lantern illustrations. February 22nd, Mr. Fred
Enock, F.L.S., F.H.S., a paper ‘‘ Another Life-history,” with lantern illustrations.
North London Natural History Society, Sigdon Road Board School, Dalston Lane,
N.E. (close to Hackney Downs Stations, G.E.R.).—Meetings first and third Thursdays in
each month, at 7.45 p.m.
Nonpareil Entomological Society, Mansfield Street, Kingsland.—The First and.
Third Thursdays in the Month.
- Bermondsey Settlement, Farncombe Street, Jamaica Road. S.E.—March 10th, 1900,
at 8.0 p.m., Lime-light lecture “ Variation and the Evolution of Species,” by J. W. Tutt,
F.E.S.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S LIBRARY OF RECENT WORKS
ON SCIENTIFIC AND POPULAR ENTOMOLOGY.

STRAY NOTES ON THE NOCTUZ.
PRICE ONE SHILLING.

(Only about a score of copies remain to be sold).

' This contribution to our knowledge of the British Nocrumers should be read by every
British entomologist. It contains detailed information, among others of the following
- points :—Varintimes and Aprrratrons—The local races peculiar to Britain—True distine-
tion between Varieties and Aberrations—Types of species—Scientific usage of the term and -
its general application—Full notes on the Orrhodias, Lewcania straminea and other species
in the British Museum—Identical North American and British species of Noctuze—Repre-
sentative North American species—The genitalia of Nocrurprs—Identical Japanese and
British Noctue—Classification of the Noctue—Arrangement of Genera—Criticism of the
various methods of classification which have been introduced into England—Want of
relationship between Cymatophoridae and Bryophilidae—Separation of Leucania and.
- Nonagria—Position of the Pluside as exhibited by our species—The position of the
Deltoides among the Noctue, and many other matters of interest with which British
entomologists should be conversant. u

RAMBLES in ALPINE VALLEYS.
Price 3s. 6d.
BOUND in CLOTH, with MAP and PHOTOGRAPHS of DISTRICT,
This bock contains a series of essays dealing with the colours of insects, and sugges-

tions as to the relation in past time between the Alpine and British fauna. Many new
facts are brought forward, and entomological problems discussed from varions standpoints.

WOODSIDE, BURNSIDE, HILLSIDE and MARSH. e,
Price 2/6. 242 pp. and 103 Woodcuts and full-page Illustrations.
A series of Entomological Essays based on the insects to be found in various well-
known entomological localities. Deals with a great many of the more philosophical
subjects now before the entomological public.

NOTES ON THE ZYGAN IDE.
' PRICE ONE SHILLING.

A few copies only. These papers contain a full and scientific account of the synonymy,
variation, distribution, and habits of several species common to Britain and the Alps,
There is also a description of a new species hitherto confounded as a -variety of Lygacna
trifolii.

7 Pe SEN oe a

GEN TLEMAN cee in Londen, who. collects ganze the summer,
will be glad to hear from persons whocan
. Set well in the Eritish Style.

‘The Speciinens would be delivered alive or fresh killed, Pyrales, Pterophori, and Crambi
a speciality. No Micros. Terms very liberal.
Apply, in writing, to Mr. J. CaNDER, Marlin Square, Abbots’ Langley, Herts.

‘Lepidoptera and Coleoptera
_ From all parts of the World.
-PRESERVED LARVA): IMAGINES (well set).
Life-histories carefully arranged and well-mounted in cases, for Museums,
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Gases to Illustrate various phases of Miiioey:
Living Lepidopterous Eggs, Larve and Pupe; Birds’ Eggs; Stuffed Birds’ :
Skins; Shells; and all other Zoological objects.

Living eggs, es and pup, of the following species in season :—Papilio machaon,
Aporia crataegi, Pieris daplidice, Thecla w-album, Apatura iris, Vanessa antiopa, Melitaea
cinzia, Acherontia atropos, Sphinx convolvuli, S. pinastri, Deilephila euphorbiae, Sesia

sphegiformis, Deiopeia pulchella, Calumorpha hera, Cerura bicuspis, Lophopteryx carme-
_ lita, Catocala fraxini, Geometra papilionaria, Lygris reticulata, &c.

The Editor of The Entomologist’s Record writes :—“I know nothing in: this particular
direction so well-suited for educational purposes as your excellently mounted ‘ Lifehistories
of Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, &c.’ One could wish that there were three or four typical

_ eases in every Primary and Secondary School in Europe. Certainly everyone engaged
in educational work, in the British Isles at least, would use these cases if they knew of
pthemie Send for List to—

ARNOLD VOELSCHOW, Schwerin, Mecklenburg, Germany.

An illustrated, exhaustive, and authoritative series of articles on the
BUTTERFLIES ofthe PALAEARCTIC REGION
By Dr. HENRY LANG
(Author of the Butterflies of Hurope), is appearing monthly in
SCIENCE GOSSIP.

The beautiful Illustrations are by a new Photographic
process, direct from authentic specimens.

Other Entomological subjects in each Number.

SIXPENCEHE MONTHLY.

- a > 3 Z » Rditor and Manages
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The British Noctuz and their Varieties.
(COMPLETE IN 4 VOLS),

Price Seven Shillings per Volume (le be had ee

The four volumes comprise the most complete text-book ever issued on the NoctvIpEs.
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varieties..of each British species, tabulated diagnoses and short descriptions of the various
phases of variation of the more polymorphic species; all the data known concerning the
_ rare and reputed British species. -Complete notes on the—lines-of development of the
general variation observed in the various families and genera. The geographical range
- of the various species and their varieties, as well as special notes by lepidopterists who
have paid particular attention to certain species. ~

ve The \first subscription list comprised some-200 of our leading British lepidopterists.
_ The work is invaluable to all working collectors who want the latest information on this
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_ works of old British authors, arranged in connection with each perl and not to be
Fe found i in any other-published work. ©

To he ree from H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

wm. FARREN, Naturalist,

23, Regent | Strect, Damibedge
‘FOR SALE,

Good specimeus of Quercifolia, Arundinis, Senex, Impar, Flammea, Ulvae,
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THE 20th CENTURY BREEDING CAGE.—Acknowledged by the leading collectors of
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pupe. Drainage perfect. This is nota toy, but a practical and ideal cage.
Size: height 12in., length 16in., breadth 10in.

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The G.K. Net ; Diameter 14 inches. The most elegant net.
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The G.K. Net Sue tas Dimensions 1 by 4 by 11 inches.

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ee ee nea R

OVA, LARVAE, AND PUP.
The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is
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Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,
etc., sent on application.
Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

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ENTOMOLOGIST,
PAST BOW RN Ee

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS,

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Label-list of British Macro-Lep:doptera, with Latin and English names (1894 edition),

1/6. Our new complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1/- ;

or on one side for labels, 2/-.
Now Rrapy.—The Exchange hist and Label List, compiled by Mr. Ed. Meyrick, B.A.,
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THE “DIXON” LAMP NET (invaluable for taking moths off Street Lamps
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SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

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are 36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors from Charing Cross).

Pip batter tr RS site

ae Oe 2 |

oo
Be es

British Butterflies.
Illustrated. Crown 8vo., Cloth, Gilt. Price 5/-.

This book consists of 476 pages, contains 10 full-page illustrations, and 45 wood-cuts.
There are figures of every British butterfly. Sometimes three or four figures of the same
butterfly to “lustrate the two sexes, underside and variation are given. The full-page
illustrations and most of the wood-cuts have been drawn by the well-known entomological
artist, Mr. W. A. Pearce.

Each British butterfly is described under the following heads :—(1) Synonymy, (2)
Imago, (3) Variation, with summarised diagnoses of all described forms, British and:Con-
tinental, (4) Ege, (5) ‘Larva, (6) Pupa, (7) Time of « appearance, (8) Habitat and Distribution.
Besides ‘these, there are Caended remarks on each of the Tribes, Sub-families, Families,
Divisions, and Superfamilies. The descriptions of the ‘“‘ Larve ” and ‘‘ Pupe ” are mostly
original; There are 282 aberrations and varieties diagnosed, of which 111 are described
for the first time.

At the end of each chapter is a brief summary civi ¢ the following information, in
tabular form, for each species:—I. Dates for finding (1) the ovum, (2) the larva, (3) the
pupa (4) the imago. II. The Method of Pupation. III. Food-plants.

The preliminary chapters consist of a series on the structure, &c., of the Kee, Larva,
Eee &¢.; also others on practical work—Collecting, Pinning, Setting, Storing, Label-

ing, &e.

To be obtained from H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

Wooo. Td. -Resenberg, lai

Traveller Naturalist,
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Every description of

Requisite for the Entomologist.

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The Young Collector’s Outfit,

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All goods manufactured by first-class workmen and of the best materials only.
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Illustrated Catalogue of Apparatus post free.

A few Copies of the following Pamphlets for Sale.

Notes on Hybrids of Tephrosia bistortata, Goeze and T. crepuscularia, Hb. - 1/-
Some Results of Recent Experimenta in Myjridisie SOT bistortata and

T. crepuscularia - - - = - 2Q/-
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SUBSCRIPTIONS for Vol. XII. should be paid in advance, and are now due.

_ ENTOMOLOGIST 5 RECORD
JOURNAL OF VARIATION

E\pITED BY

co Eee eS.

ASSISTED BY

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NEW YORE:
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Gopies may also be obtained from R. H. Porrmr, 18, Princes Street, Cavendish Square, London, W.€.
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Smatn Heaps anp Perrecr Points. WuHuirr, Buack, AND GILT.
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ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.
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ie eae ee

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x7

Vou. XII. 12, OL,

New Exoric Fieas.

Entom. Record, ete., 1900.

MAY ‘7 1900
yiamologist’s
gx © ae kay

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Wom, SOUL, IN@, Frsruary 157TH, 1900.

Bulgarian Butterflies.
By MARY DE LA B. NICHOLL, F.E.S.

Bulgaria is a very interesting district to the collector, as it has
scarcely been explored at all by western entomologists, and the higher
mountains are generally difficult of access. ‘The people are quiet and
civil, brigandage being practically extinct ; but I could not have travelled
in the remoter regions of the Rhodope alone; and the success of the
expedition is entirely due to Mr. H. J. Hlwes, to whose experience of
camping out in wild places, and amongst rough people, I owe the
pleasantest and the most original tour that I have ever accomplished.
As, however, Mr. Elwes could not leave England before the middle of
June I collected alone in the more accessible parts of the country for
nearly a month before he joined me. I had letters of introduction to
Mr. Elliot, our Minister in Bulgaria, to Mr. Freeman, our Vice-Consul
at Sofia, and Dr. Leverkiihn, the very capable head of the museum
at Sofia. This is a most interesting and well arranged institution,
and contains good local collections of the birds and fishes of Bulgaria.
Tt deserves the attention of any naturalist visiting Sofia, though the
Rhopalocera are scarcely represented there (excepting such as are
destructive to trees or plants). Prince Ferdinand has, I believe, a fine
collection of butterflies, but that remains at Vienna. From these
three gentlemen I received much kindness and useful information, and
from the Bulgarian Government I had an ‘open order,” which we
several times found useful in difficulties.

May 21st I made an excursion with a local entomologist to a
village in the valley of the Ister, on the south-eastern slopes of the
Vitoch. This is a great mountain, over 6000 feet high, rising rather
abruptly due south of Sofia—a long flat-topped mass of granite, with
slopes well clothed with wood, looking as if it ought to be good collect-
ing ground, which, however, is not the case, the list of local butterflies
being rather a scanty one. We hunted some rough dry slopes behind
the village, too much cultivated and too hardly grazed to be very pro-
ductive, and then came down into good wet fields. I give the principal
items of our bag, as it was the only occasion on which I collected
near Sofia :—Parnassius mnemosyne, Pieris napt, Colias edusa, Thecla
rubi, Chrysophanus dorilis, C. thersamon, C. phlaeas, Lycaena argiades,
L. icarus, L. bellargus, L. aegon, L. semiargus, L. astrarche, Pyrameis
cardui, Syrichthus malvae, S. alveus, and several of the commoner
Meliteas, &c.; all these tolerably plentiful.

30 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S$ RECORD.

Next day I took the train and travelled about 150 miles eastwards,
to Slivno (or Sliven), in Roumelia. There I met the well known col-
lector, Joseph Haberhauer, whom I had engaged to accompany me
during my travels in Bulgaria. He is now an old man of 72, but still
a keen collector, and probably the only person who knows anything of
the Bulgarian butterflies. He has lived for many years at Slivno, and
is well acquainted with that district; he has also collected during one
summer (25 years ago) around the Rilo monastery, in the Rhodope,
but could not give me much information as to other parts of the
country. I lodged in his house for a fortnight.

Slivno is a large rambling town of 30,000 inhabitants, built quite
in the Turkish fashion ; it is situated in a very warm corner, on the
southern side of the east Balkans, surrounded by vineyard-hills, low
and gently sloping to the south and west, but rising abruptly to a
height of over 8000 feet to the north and east. The vineyards are
mostly ill-cultivated, and many are left half wild—a state of affairs
which suits the lepidoptera remarkably well. Higher up than the
vineyards are stony pastures (over-grazed by sheep and goats) and
rough oak scrub, which covers the northern slopes of these mountains
so thickly as to be practically impassable except by the beaten tracks.
Roads there are none to speak of. The geological formation of the
lower hills is sandstone, to the west and south of the town, and water is
very scarce there. But the ridges northwards and eastwards are gneiss,
mica, or, granite, with precipitous sides, rocky gorges and abundant
springs. The Tschatalka is the most remarkable point near the town.

May 28rd I tried the vineyards near Slivno, in hopes of getting
Thats cerisyi, but it was yet too early for it, and I saw none. I got
some nice insects in a little rough valley among the vineyards, of
which the best were Coenonympha leander and Lycaena anteros ? , both
just out of chrysalis. I also took Pieris daplidice, Colias hyale, Thecla
rubi, Melitaea cinxia, M. didyma, M. phoebe, Argynnis lathonia, A.
euphrosyne, Lycaena cyllarus, L. eumedon, L. bellargus, L. argiades, L.
baton, L. astrarche, L. iolas (very common), Pararge maera (very dark
and rather small), Syrichthus malvae, S. alveus, S. orbifer, Nisoniades
tages, and many moths.

Next day, May 24th, I went up one of the sandstone hills, west of
the town, called the Turkenwald, about 2200 feet high, and found very
good collecting ground on the top and higher slopes, nice open glades
covered with rough grass, heath, and flowering plants, and well
sheltered by low trees or thick oak scrub. C. leander swa med among
the bushes; on the top Evebia medusa var. eumenis was flying in great
numbers, and L. ewmedon with its var. fylgia was common on the
blossoms of Geranium sanguineum. Besides these I took one specimen of
Melitaea trivia, two of M. cinaia 2 , in which the ground colour of the
wings was almost white, many Aryynnis niobe var. eris, Aporia crataegi,
Anthocaris belia var. ausonia, and most of the insects of yesterday’s
bag. I was also lucky enough to catch a splendid example of 1’.
cerisyt, just out of chrysalis, as I was returning to the town. May
25th was rather cloudy, so we hunted the vineyards near the town, get-
ting eight fine 7’. cerisyi—all males, a very dark form of Lycaena orion,
in great plenty, L. sebrus, A. adippe var. cleodoxa, 8. orbifer, one 8. sidae,
and some sundries. All this side of Slivno is very dry and stony.
May 26th was again more or less cloudy, so we did not go into the

- BULGARIAN BUTTERFLIES. 31

mountains, but followed up the dry, stony bed of a torrent, which in
winter pours down from the Tschatalka, to the north-east of Slivno.
This is probably the best side of the town for insects, the gorges
running down the steep and rocky flanks of the mountain are well
watered, and abound in a great variety of plants, whilst the lower hills
are more fertile than the stony vineyards to the south and west. I
got a good many T’. cerisyi here, though the sun was not bright at any
time in the day. Further up, in a pretty glen, I found a considerable
stream, forming a waterfall; and here I saw many insects, but nothing
new, excepting Thecla ilicis and Chrysophanus alciphron. Next day,
May 28th, was fine, so we started up the Tschatalka. It was a long
and rather wearisome way, through the dirty straggling town, up
through vineyards, and then along arid rocky slopes, till we reached
the steep southern spur of the mountain, all overgrown with wild lilac.
Round this we wound by a very steep path, which presently led us to
the undulating plateau which forms the top, and stretches away
for miles northward and eastward, with many stony eminences and
higher rocky points, separated from each other by nice hollows and
little valleys, full of mountain flowers, and now resplendent with
gorgeous crimson peonies. ‘The sheep had not yet come so high, and
the flowers were in full beauty. ‘The peony is the abode of a rare
black and yellow beetle, of which Haberhauer took at least a hundred,
whilst I searched a beautiful damp meadow, watered by a clear
stream, for butterflies. Fritillaries swarmed here, but none in any
way remarkable; P. mmnemosyne, EH. medusa var. eumenis, and C.
leander were plentiful, and close to the water, drinking on the damp
gravel, I found the beautiful L. anteros in some numbers, but rather
in bad order. In this meadow I also got one specimen of C. thersamon,
which I unfortunately did not keep, as it was torn, and as I had taken
it in plenty in Bosnia last year, and also near Sofia, I would not keep
a bad specimen, expecting to see many more, but I never met with
another during the whole time I was in Bulgaria. The day clouded
over about 1.30, but I got a good many more L. anteros among the
rocks of a dried-up watercourse, on the way down. Next day we again
tried the sandstone hills west of the town, but got nothing new except
L. semiargus var. parnassus (tolerably well marked) and a Sesia, which
greatly interested Haberhauer. We went after this Sesia the next day
to the same place, and got a good series of it, but very little else. It
did not, after all, prove to be so valuable as Haberhauer had
anticipated. I saw, but failed to catch, a remarkably fine A. pandora,
in the vineyards above the town.

May 30th was cold and sunless, but the 31st was fine, and we had
a good day on the lower slopes and gorges of Tschatalka, in, and just
above, the highest vineyards. We took Pieris eryane, a good specimen
of P. chlorodice, just out, one A. pandora, one Melanargia larissa, a
very dark M. galathea, numbers of M. trivia, which appears to be com-
mon on most of the Bulgarian mountains, and three very fine large S.
sidae. Thais cerisyt plentiful in the vineyards, C. alciphron, L. tolas, Spilo-
thyrus lavaterae, and many other common things. I also took a fresh
specimen of Macroglossa croatica, evidently just out. June 1st was not
such a fine day, but we had some sun, returned to the same ground,
and were lucky enough to get P. chlorodyce 9, L. semiargus var.
parnassus 9 , A. pandora, S. sidae, M. galathea var. turcica, and two 7’.

32 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

cerisyi 2 (lower down). Next day I tried the low vineyards south-
west of the town, hoping to catch a good series of M. larissa, but the
day was unfavourable and I met with no success. I took a beautiful
Chariclea treitschkit, sitting on a stalk of grass. This beautiful insect is
not uncommon at Slivno. Haberhauer rearsa great many for sale, as
wellas C. delphinti and C. victorina, and it was a daily pleasure to see them
stretching their lovely wings as they emerged from the moss in his pupa-
case. June 8rd we tried the lower slopes of Tschatalka again, in hopes
of getting more specimens of P. chlorodyce, but I only caught two, and
saw two others which I failed to secure. Itisa fast butterfly, and flies
very like P. callidice, a delightful insect to catch—if you can. It is
generally common in these little glens. Haberhauer tells me that he
has sometimes taken as many as 100 specimens during the first week
of June, but 1899 was a bad year for the locality, on account of the
devastation caused by a waterspout in June, 1898, which tore up much
of the hillside and destroyed the larve. We also entirely failed to
find S. cinarae, which is generally to be had in the same locality, but
never in any abundance. Haberhauer generally gets five or six speci-
mens in the course of the season. June 4th was my last day at Slivno.
I now rather regret that I did not stay a few days longer, as I think [
might have secured a better series of P. chlorodyce, M, larissa, and L.
semiargus var. parnassus. But I fully expected to find all these insects
again in the Rilo Dagh and Rhodope, being quite unaware of the cold
and rainy climate that prevails in these high frontier mountains of
Bulgaria, where the weather rather resembles that of the Bavarian
Alps than what one might expect to find in lat. 42°. I went to the
vineyards south-west of the town, and took seven good specimens of
M. larissa (all darker than those I got in Hercegovina), besides a few
T. cerisyi 2 anda Sesia or two. A long and wearisome railway
journey brought me back to Sofia on June 5th, and the next day was
fully occupied with arrangements for an excursion to the great
monastery of the Rilo, one of the oldest and richest foundations of
Bulgaria, situated about forty miles due south of Sofia, close on the
Turkish frontier. It takes a good two days’ journey to get there from
Sofia whichever road you may take, as you have to get round or over
the steepest and wildest mass of mountain in the whole country. We
took a carriage and drove there in two days by Dubnica and the valley
of the Struma, the road often very bad, and the hill country not par-
ticularly interesting as far as Dubnica, where we slept at a tolerable
‘hau,’ or inn. I saw no insects of any interest, except one fine specimen
of C. dispar var. rutilus, which I caught in the Struma Valley. I saw
several more of these, but did not stop to catch them. The drive from
Dubnica down the Struma to the town of Rilo was again dull, but
after turning up the valley of the Rilska (a tributary of the Struma)
we came into fine scenery, and saw a good many insects, 7. cerisyi
among them. Haberhauer had formerly taken it in quantity around
Dubnica, which he considers to be its probable western limit. On the
road I took L. amanda and one L. semiargus var. parnassus, but not as
well marked as those I got at Slivno. We followed the valley of the
Rilska about ten miles up from its junction with the Struma before we
reached the monastery, which stands about 4000 feet above the sea in
avery steep and narrow valley, cut like a trench, through a mass of
granite ridges, which rise in precipices to a height of 8000 feet close

BULGARIAN BUTTERFLIES. 33

above the convent. The highest point of these mountains is the Elenin
Vreh; it is easily ascended in four hours from the monastery, and
commands a splendid view southward and eastward over the peaks of
the Rhodope and the Perim Dagh, whilst northwards the mountains
fall gradually to the Bulgarian plain, and westwards to the rolling
hills of Servia. These mountains are everywhere intersected by very
deep valleys, which are clothed with splendid forests of beech, fir, and
other trees, wherever the sides are not too precipitous to allow of their
growth. Above the tree level creeping pine and juniper flourish,
springs are everywhere plentiful, and the streams are strong and un-
failing torrents fed by the perpetual clouds that roll up to the summits
of the northern Rhodope, alike from the Black Sea, the Adriatic, and
the Egean. During the whole of June and three weeks of July, which
I spent in this district, I never had three fine days together; however
well the weather might promise it always rained on the third day at
best. On the other hand, it seldom rained all day without stopping.
There were generally a few glimpses of sunshine at some time or
other in each day. But 1899 was a very dry summer in the Balkans,
and the harvest in the Bulgarian plain suffered seriously from the
drought, so the Rhodope might be far wetter in a bad season.

June 9th was showery, and I did not go out till the afternoon. A
beautiful meadow occupies the bottom of the Rilska valley for about
two miles above the monastery, and slopes up into the woods that
clothe the base of the precipices—an ideal collecting ground, but I did
not do much on account of the weather. Next day was rather worse
than better, and I went down the valley a couple of miles through
forest, and then up a side valley, where I found good marshy meadows
and caught C. hippothoe, just out, and M. cinaia, with ground colour
of wings almost white in the @. June 11th was another bad day,
very cold, and snow low down on the mountains; we had little sun.
In the valley I took the following :—P. mnemosyne, Leucophasia sinapis,
A. euphrosyne (very common), A. pales, M. cinaia (with females white
ground colour), M. phoebe, one L. anteros, one L. baton, one L. ewmedon
var fylgia, Pararge maera (very dark), P. hiera (dark), one C. leander,
one CU. pamphilus, E'. medusa, Carterocephalus palaemon, &. June 12th
was really fine, though the wind blew down very high and cold from the
fresh snow. We hada tolerably good day on some broken ground
about three miles up the valley where granite blocks had rolled down
from the precipices on to a sheltered meadow, at the foot of the woods ;
these were overgrown with all kinds of flowering weeds and intersected
by a tiny stream, forming a sort of natural rockwork, the best
‘butterfly corner’? we found in Bulgaria. Bag as follows: P.
mnemosyne, C. edusa (and var. helice, taken by Haberhauer), U. dorilis,
C. hippothoe, C. phlaeas, Pieris rapae and P. napi, E. cardamines, A.
pales, A. dia, A. aglaia, A. ewphrosyne, M. parthenie, Nemeobius lucina,
L. anteros (plenty), L. icarus, L. hylas, L. bellargus, L. semiargus, L.
orton, L. eumedon, EL. medusa var. psodea, C. palaemon, S. alveus, and
Pamphila comma. Next day was cold and gloriously fine, of which unusual
fact I took advantage to ascend the Elenin Vrch, but it was too early to
get butterflies so high up, all the last part of the ascent being
sprinkled with fresh snow, which spoilt the beauty of the lovely purple
crocuses. But on the way down the lower slopes of the mountain I
found M. aurinia in some numbers, also M. cinaia. June 14th was a

84 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

tolerable morning, and we went up the Rilska valley to “ butterfly
corner.” We did fairly well; I took a perfectly fresh specimen of C.
myrmidone, many M. trivia (very dark), the first Papilio podalirius of
the second brood (?), and several A. ino, besides several good moths.
The next day was too stormy to be of any good for collecting—we
made the effort and got drenched.

June 16th I started for Sofia, where I was to meet Mr. Elwes, and
now I rode eastwards to Samakoyv, on the Ister, whence I drove to
Sofia next day. The pass to Samakov is a smooth grassy notch in
the chain of granite mountains, about 6000 feet at the highest point,
and rather boggy. About a mile south of the pass, and very little below
it, a beautiful little lake lies between steep and high mountains ; this
must have once been the basin of a glacier, and forms one of the
sources of the Rilska. The way up to the lake from the south side is
very steep and beautifully wooded and on the north side of the pass
another very steep and beautiful valley, the Leva Reka, leads down to
the Ister. Itis a long eight hours’ ride, across excellent ground for
insects, but it was still too early in the year for this district, and I saw
nothing but P. hiera in the higher part of the pass. But as I came
down the Leva Reka valley, at about 4500 feet, I took two fine Hrebias,
which I could not at first make out, but afterwards found to be EH. oeme
var. spodea, also A. selene, A. pales, and a good variety of Coenonympha
davus (which has been fully described by Mr. Elwes). Then the rain
came down, and I rode into Samokov wet and weary. Next day I
drove to Sofia, met Mr. Hlwes, and made all necessary arrangements
for camping in the Rilo Dagh.

(To be continued.)

The Entomological Club Dinner.

Another of the successful meetings of the Entomological Club was
held in the “ Entomological Salon”’ of the Holborn Restaurant on
January 16th. There was a very full meeting, and the informal nature
of it appears to be much appreciated, since it gives full scope for the
renewal of friendships and for chats on matters entomological, that
would not otherwise be possible. The host on this occasion was Mr.
G. H. Verrall, and one need hardly say that one observed a strong
corner in dipterists that looked from the particular point of view of the
meeting to threaten that of the lepidopterists which always comes out
well ahead. Still for the time being students of all orders were keenly
interested in the advance sheets (excellently illustrated by Mr. Collin)
of the important work that Mr. Verrall is now bringing out on the
diptera, and which possibly will do as much for the advance of the
study of this order as did Stainton’s Manual for the lepidoptera.
Supper was served at 9.0 p.m., and those who have before partaken of
Mr. Verrall’s hospitality need no telling of the excellent way in which
things were done. Some 50 entomologists sat down and among the
members of the Entomological Club present were Messrs. Adkin, Hall,
Porritt, South, and one hon. member, Mr. Smith. The absentees were
Dr. Lowne and Dr. Mason, the latter, one regrets to say, owing to
continued ill-health. Among the many other well-known entomologists
who sat down to supper one observed Professors Beare, Meldola and
Poulton ; Messrs. Bateson, Blandford, Distant, Saunders, Tutt, Dr. T.

PHIBALAPTERYX AQUATA A BRITISH SPECIES. 35

A.Chapman, Messrs. Gahan, Kirby, Waterhouse, Champion, Jacoby, and
among the dipterists, Messrs. Adams, Bradley, Brunetti, Collin, Morley,
and Vice; Messrs. Burr and Donisthorpe who had just arrived, fresh
from the convivialities of Leicester; Messrs. Boyd, Edwards, Jones, Fenn,
Lloyd, Rowland-Brown, Barrett, and so one might continue through
the names best known in entomological circles in Britain. The
Chairman in a brief speech proposed ‘‘ The Entomological Club,” and
referred to the serious loss the body had sustained by the death of
their oldest member Mr. 8. Stevens (whose nephew we were pleased to
see present). He pointed out, that he believed he was now the oldest
member of the Club, excepting Mr. Lowne who had not attended for
several years, and hoped he might long remain so (the meeting being
in evident sympathy with this devout wish). He expressed his pleasure
at being able to welcome them in his double-barrelled capacity of host
of the Entomological Club and President of the Ent. Soc. of
London, and suggested that candidates for the latter honour had
better seriously consider before accepting office what the writing of a
Presidential address entailed. He felt that he ought to have invited
the whole of the Fellows of the Entom. Soc. of London, but its size
unfortunately compelled him to draw the line somewhere. Professor
Poulton afterwards proposed the health of the host, and expressed the
gratification of the guests in taking part in these interesting and
pleasant gatherings, and their full appreciation of the generosity that
first tempted Mr. Verrall to inaugurate them in his own liberal
manner. Mr. Jacoby again delighted his brother entomologists with
his charming violin playing, and there can be no doubt that London
and Oxford entomologists in particular are very proud of this excellent
master of his art. Mr. Brunetti also gave considerable pleasure with
an excellent performance on the pianoforte, but no one plucked up
sufficient courage to follow out the suggestion of the host for a song or
recitation, in the fashion of the good old times. Evidently entomolo-
gists have not yet quite grasped that they should treat the Entomo-
logical Salon as Mr. Verrall’s smoking-room at home for the time
being. At any rate no one came up to the necessary point to ensure
performance. We may add that this was the fourteenth time of
meeting Mr. Verrall as host at the Holborn Restaurant.

Phibalapteryx aquata a British species.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

For many years I have meant to write a short note about this
insect and somehow or other have delayed doing so, but a recent talk
with my friend Mr. Bower determined me to do so. Some eighteen years
ago, in the days when everything was valuable, and I was eager to fill
up my series, | made an exchange with a Mr. Bankhardt, I believe
of Bradford, and in return for some common southern insect, P.
astrarche, if | remember rightly, he sent me some examples of P. vital-
bata that he had obtained from the Lake district—I believe, he said, in
Cumberland, in 1882. One of these was a remarkably pale specimen
with white ground colour, and I wrote and told him that I was much
interested in the specimen and asked if he had sufficient to cive me
more. Another exchange was arranged and he sent me four pale and
three normal P. vitalbata, the pale ones being I believe all he had.

36 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

He also informed me that he took them in the game locality, at the
same time. I showed them to Mr. Tugwell and he thought so little of
them that I did not trouble to give him one, but Mr. Coverdale and
Mr. Bower, to whom I showed them, expressed some interest, and I
accordingly gave them each a specimen. A year or two afterwards I
bought Coverdale’s collection before he went abroad, and so his speci-
men came back to me. I have the four specimens now. I wrote to
several of my correspondents about these examples, and I had a variety
of opinions as to what they were, and where they came from, and then
for a time I thought little of the matter, and they rested in my
collection. ‘They were not particularly well set (although both the
pale and typical forms were similarly set, on our white entomological
pins) and I gradually replaced the typical ones with better specimens
that were set in a style I approved. As collecting slowed down and I
began to study more, I was one day overhauling the drawers of the
Geometrids at the British Museum, when I spotted the pale Phibalapterya
under the name of P. aquata. Iam not sufficiently well trained even
now to see any real distinction between aquata and vitalbata, except the
difference in the ground colour, the former being white, otherwise the
pattern and arrangement of the markings appear identical.

Mr. Bower spent an evening with me a little while since and, in
the course of our gossip, he told me that shortly before the death of
Mr. §. Stevens he was going through the latter’s collection, when the
latter pointed out a specimen of the pale insect labelled ‘‘ unique.” Mr.
Bower told him that he had a specimen from me and gaye him some
details, and states that he then removed the ‘‘unique’”’ from the
cabinet.

I have since had some correspondence with Mr. Prout about the
insect, and he informs me that there were two examples sold with the
‘‘ Tugwell ’’ collection, one of which was bought by Dr. Sequeira, but
that he does not know what became of the other. These must have
been obtained by Tugwell subsequently to my having shown him my
specimens, but the locality seems not to be known. I have no doubt
there are other examples in various collections passed over, as mine
were for so many years, as pale forms of P. vitalbata.

Mr. Prout has given me the following information of the insect :
Aquata, Hb., ‘‘ Kur. Schmett.,” fig. 410, without description ; the
figure is good, and as the species does not vary there is no need to give
a description of the figure. Rdéssler and Hering indicate the larva as
feeding on Anemone pulsatilla and A. ranunculoides, but the former says
that in the absence of the Anemone species it can easily be reared on
Clematis. Hering gives it as occurring in Pomerania, Speyer in
Waldeck, Réssler in Nassau, Bremer for eastern Siberia, Staudinger
for Amurland. The distribution from Staudinger and Wocke’s
Catalog, p. 192 reads ‘‘ Germany, Belgium, Holland, Lugdun., ? Pied-
mont, ? Sarepta, Altai.”

Some new Exotic Fleas (with plate).
By the Hon. N. C. ROTHSCHILD, B.A., F.L.S.

TYPHLOPSYLLA TRISTIS, sp. noy. (fig. 1).—The spine just anterior to the
antennal groove, in this species, is larger than in most species of the genus T'yphlop-
sylla. Immediately in front of this spine there is a series of six short bristles,
followed by a series of three longer ones. There is a single long bristle between

SOME NEW EXOTIC FLEAS. 37

these rows. At the posterior edge of the antennal groove there is a row of about
seven very small bristles, and in addition to these three long and one short bristles,
with two shorter bristles on a level with the upper long one. There are three
bristles on the hinder edge of the head. The prothorax bears three bristles just
anterior to the comb, which consists of twenty teeth. The mesonotum bears a
series of rather stout bristles at its basal edge, followed by a series of five more
bristles, the series curving laterally frontal. The posterior edge of the mesonotum
is produced at the apex into a long and a short spine, of the same colour as the rest
of the mesonotum. The episternum + epimeron of the mesothorax bears on its
lower portion three long bristles, one obliquely behind the other, further up there
are four more arranged in pairs. The epimeron of the mesothorax bears seven
bristles, three of these are arranged in a triangle. The second, third, fourth, and
fifth abdominal tergites in both sexes bear a spine on each side at their posterior
edges. In the females the tergites bear two rows of bristles, in the male, however,
the anterior row is absent, or represented by one or two bristles only. The seventh
tergite in the female bears one long and two shorter bristles on each side, apically
on its posterior edge. In the male the more ventral and basal bristle is separated
from the two others. The sternites in the males bear two bristles, and occasionally
a third shorter one; in the females there are four subapical bristles and a shorter
one near the middle. On the seventh sternite in the female there are a few more
hairs present. The tibies of the forelegs bear six pairs of bristles on their hinder
edges, those of the middle and hind legs bear seven. Each pair of bristles is
accompanied by a shorter bristle on the outer surface of the tibie. The femora
bear ventrally one thin bristle near the joint with the tibie. Length 2-6mm.

I have examined four specimens of this species from Petawrus
australis, from Victoria. The type is in the British Museum.

TYPHLOPSYLLA INGENS, sp. nov. (fig. 4).—The rostrum of the head is very long,
reaching to the end of the coxe ; each segment bears some long hairs at its distal
end. There are the two usual rows of hairs between the mouth and the antennal
groove, and in addition to these there are numerous hairs, some of them very long,
at and near the lower edge of the head. In the male there are some hairs on the
dorsal portion of the head, between the antennal groove and the hinder edge. The
antennal groove is bordered posteriorly by thin hairs, arranged in a double row of
considerable length. In addition to these there isa row of long hairs, some oblique
rows of shorter hairs, and a row of very long hairs near the hinder edge of the head.
The pronotum bears a comb of thirty spines. The meso- and metanotum, the
epimeron + episternum of the mesothorax are all covered with hairs. The meso-
notum bears two long thin spines on each side. The tergites of the abdomen bear
three rows of hairs, all the sternites the second (the actual first) inclusive, are all
densely clothed with hairs on the ventral surface. The femora and tibie are
covered with hairs, the bristles at the hinder edge of the tibie being strongly
chitinised. The bristles at the apex of the anterior tibie are as long as the first
and second tarsal joints; those of the middle tibie are shorter, being about the
length of the first and half the second tarsal joints, while those of the posterior
tibiz are only as long as the first tarsal joint. Length 4:2mm.

This species was found on Bathyergus maritimus in Cape Colony,
by H. A. Spencer. The type is in the British Museum.

PULEX MADAGASCARIENSIS, sp. noy. (fig. 3).—The second joints of the labial
palpi are twice as long as the third. There is a single large bristle before the
antennal groove, and another above the mouth. A few shorter bristles are scat-
tered irregularly over the head. Between the antennal groove and the hinder edge
of the head there is a single bristle, followed by three more close together, and then
four more arranged in a like manner. A row of short densely set hairs is placed
along the posterior half of the antennal groove. In one specimen there is a single
short spine on one side of the head only, at the anterior margin of the antennal
groove. There are two strongly chitinised genal spines on each side, and also a
strongly chitinised spine on each side of the anterior portion of the head, just above
the maxille. The pronotum bears a single row of bristles and a comb of twelve
teeth. The mesonotum bears one row of long bristles and many small hairs. The
fused episternum and epimeron of the mesothorax bears seven bristles, two of them
are longer than the others and placed just above the stigma, The episternum of the
metathorax bears three bristles placed in a row, the sternum bears a single bristle
also. The epimeron is much longer dorso-ventrally than it is broad, it bears two

38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD.

parallel rows of bristles, and an additional bristle under the stigma. The first
abdominal tergite bears two series of long hairs, the next six have a single series
only. The sternite of the second segment (i.e., first sternite) in the male bears one
hair ventrally and two laterally, while in the female there isa lateral series of six
hairs. The next five sternites in the male all bear two long hairs. In the female
the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth sternites bear from seven to nine hairs. The
seventh sternite in the female bears two long and some short hairs. The eighth
sternite in the male is, as usual, enlarged, and bears many small hairs on its
ventral surface, and three strong spine-like bristles at its apical margin. The
ninth sternite in the female has a curved row of bristles along its hinder edge. At
the posterior edge of the seventh tergite there is a long bristle with two smaller

ones on each side of it in both sexes. ‘The hinder coxe bear a transverse row of —

short stout hairs on their outer surface. The hinder edges of the tibiew are deeply
notched. They bear on their outer surface, near the hinder edge, one row of
bristles. The hind tibie bear five pairs of bristles inclusive of the apical pair, the
third and fourth pair are close together, a single bristle is placed between the fourth
and apical pair, close to the latter. The bristles of the tarsi are very stout, these’
are absent, however, on the ventral surface medially, except at the apex. The
claws are very long, being more than half the length of the fifth tarsal joint.
Length 3-3°5mm.

The type specimens found by Mr. W. D: Cowan, in Madagascar,
on Centetes ecaudatus, is in the British Museum.

CERATOPSYLLA INCERTA, sp. noy. (figs. 2, 5, 6).—A very small and pale species,
having but one comb, and that on the prothorax, consisting of 28 teeth. The
portion of the head anterior to the antennal groove is relatively much shorter in
the male than in the female. The labial palpi are very short, being about half the
length of the head. The metathoracic epimeron bears eighteen hairs in the female
and twelve in the male. All the tergites of the abdomen bear two rows of bristles ;
the seventh tergite bears one long bristle at its posterior edge. All the tergites are
much thickened internally (see fig. 6). The tenth sternite in the male is much
reduced in size. On the surface of the middle hind coxs there are long hairs, and
the second segment of the anterior tarsi is longer than the first. Length 2mm.

I have examined specimens of this insect from Nyctinomus jugularis,
Peters, found by Mr. W. D. Cowan, in Tamatave, Madagascar, and
also from Nyctinomus brachypterus, Peters, found by Mr. Hart, in
Sierra Leone. The type is in the British Museum.

EXPLANATION OF Puate II.
. Typhlopsylla tristis. Copulatory organs ¢.
. Ceratopsylla incerta. Head.
. Pulex madagascariensis. Copulatory organs ¢.
. Typhlopsylla ingens. Copulatory organs 3.
. Ceratopsylla incerta. Copulatory organs ¢.

6. Ceratopsylla incerta. Abdominal tergites showing thickening of skeleton
(diagram).

(So SSC No

Plebeius argus and Plebeius aegon.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

On the morning of August 4th, 1899, I caught at Simplon specimens of
undoubted P. argus and specimens of just as undoubted P. aegon. The
former was abundant, the latter rare, on the flowery banks on the left
side of the valley directly above the village. The difficulty of defining the
differences that exist between these closely allied species is marvellous
when one considers the ease with which the males, at least, can be
distinguished at the first glance. In comparing the males the follow-
ing superficial differences were at once noticeable. P. aegon was of a
more distinctly violet tint (¢.e., had a more pronounced tinge of reddish
in its tone), the costa of the forewings was more broadly white, the
apex rather rounder, the outer margin also rounded, and the
dark marginal border much more decided. ‘The hindwings of P. aegon

THE HYMENOPTERA OF SUFFOLK. 89

had a very black upper margin (to 2nd nervure, 7.c., to 2nd branch of
sub-costal nervure), extending to the outer margin; those of P. argus
are only dark to the first branch. The dark margin itself is most pro-
nounced in P. aeyon and the fringes of all the wings are whiter (in P.
argus the fringes appear to be quite dull grey compared with the white
fringes of P. aegon). In P. aryus the margin is represented rather as
interneural spots. On the undersides the ground colour of P. aeyon is
bright silvery-grey with bright blue bases to allthe wings; in P. arqus
the ground colour is dull grey (almost with a tinge of ochreous) and
the base of the forewings is only slghtly, of the hindwings more
strongly, sprinkled with greenish-blue. The angulated row of spots
on the underside of the forewings of P. aegon are larger, more con-
spicuously and more strongly ringed with white, whilst the direction
is different, there being a much stronger angulation in P. aegon
centrally. The discoidal spot is much nearer this row in P. aegon. On
the hindwings again the black spots are more conspicuous, compara-
tively large, and more strongly ringed with white. The marginal
orange spots are red-orange in P. aegon and yellow in P. argus. The
metallic scales in these marginal orange (yellow) spots are much
brighter and of a more brilliant blue in P. aegon than in P. argus
where they are greenish. Under a hand-lens the palpi appear to be
different. Those of P. argus have a black, pointed, terminal spine,
those of P. aegon are rather more slender, black, with a white terminal
point. The eyes of P. aegon are surrounded with blue-white scales,
those of P. argus with white scales without any blue. The tips of the
antenne show a marked peculiarity, those of P. aegon being strongly
marked with brown beneath, the long black antennal segments and
white intersegmental rings also appear to be much more sharply
marked in P. aegon than in P. argus. Ido not wish it to be under-
stood that these differences will hold in all individual specimens or for
all the races of these insects—I have many P. aegon in which the
marginal borders are ill-developed, and others in which the spots are
comparatively small—but these certainly appear to be the marked
differences in the two species where they occupy practically the same
ground at Simplon.

The Hymenoptera of Suffolk*.
By F. W. C. SLADEN.

Among hymenopterists a list of the ants, wasps and bees of Kirby’s
county is not merely of local but of national and even world-wide
interest, especially when, as in the case of the little work under con-
sideration, it is well and carefully got up by such an able and thorough
entomologist as Mr. Claude Morley, the author of ‘‘ The Coleoptera of
Suffolk,” a book uniform with the above. Since Kirby’s time various
parts of the county have been well worked by many good hymen-
opterists, and the list that Mr. Morley has been able to present is a full
one, doing great credit to the county and its collectors. The collector’s
name and the locality and circumstances of capture in the collector’s
own words are given with each species. An excellent accompaniment
to this lst is a good map of the county, showing at a glance the

* The Hymenoptera of Suffolk. PartI. Aculeata. By Claude Morley, F.E.S.,
&e. [Plymouth; J, H. Keys, 2/6.]

40 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

chief districts that have been worked over. Out of the British total of
374 species, 282 are recorded as having occurred in Suffolk. As many
as 209 of these have been taken near Bury St. Edmunds, by Mr. W.
H. Tuck. Mr. Perkins has also worked out a large list for the neigh-
bourhood of Brandon and Mr. Morley himself for the district lying
around Ipswich. In addition, there are fourteen species of bees taken
by Kirby, which have not been met with in the county since his time
(about 100 years ago). If these still exist in the county, some of them
ought to turn up, and searching for them ought to give a peculiar
interest and stimulant to the work of Suffolk hymenopterists. Halictus
laevis, taken by Kirby at Nacton, in Suffolk, is still unique in the.
collections of the British Museum.

The long list of good Fossors testifies to the high value of Suffolk as
a field for collecting these insects, especially of the barren sands in the
Brandon district in the extreme north-west of the county, and of such
first-class localities as Lowestoft and Southwold, and other sandy spots
on the coast, where, no doubt, interesting discoveries still remain
to be made. ‘The social wasps are well represented ; the hornet (V.
crabro) is generally distributed through the county. Odynerus is
represented by a list of ten species, the large antilope and the rare
gracilis being the most important. Among the bees, Kirby’s Prosopis
dilatata is the first to call for notice. Though not recorded since
Smith took it on the flowers of bramble, and bred both sexes from
dock stems at Pakefield, near Lowestoft, in 1858, it is probably still
lurking somewhere about the county and should be looked for.
Sphecodes rubicundus is an interesting species, which Mr. Tuck takes
near Bury St. Edmunds, in company with Andrena labialis. Halictus
laevigatus, sexnotatus and laevis (previously mentioned) were all cap-
tured and named by Kirby at Barham, but unfortunately they have
not been taken in Suffolk since his day. H. prasinus and punctatissimus
are good insects that have occurred recently in the county. 38 Andrenas
are recorded in Mr. Morley’s list; Mr. Morley’s ability as a collector
is shown by the fact that he has captured and re-established in the
Suffolk list, two of Kirby’s Andrenae, viz., A. angustior and A. proxima.
The latter species, of which a female fell to his net at Great Blakenham
in July, 1897, was a specially good find. Only one of Kirby’s recog-
nised Andrenae now remains to be found—the interesting and excessively
rare A. tridentata. One of the best captures of recent years was a 9
of Nomada guttulata taken by Mr. Morley, near Ipswich, in 1897.
Previously this species had been regarded as a doubtful native of
Britain, on the strength of a single specimen, from an unknown
locality, in Mr. Saunders’ collection. Ceratina cyanea has been seen
in the county once since Kirby took it at Barham. Chelostoma
(Eriades) campanularum, Kirby, continues to be widely distributed in
Suffolk. Both sexes of Megachile versicolor have been bred from an
old stump by Mr. Tuck, at Bury St. Kdmunds. Nine Osmias are
recorded, but one is surprised that there is no record of the capture of
O. bicolor, aurulenta and spinulosa in the county since Kirby took
them. A male of the somewhat uncommon Psithyrus campestris was
found by Mr. Tuck in a nest of Bombus latretllellus ; this is interesting
as throwing light on the obscure associations of P. campestris. Among
the Bombi the var. distinguendus of B. latreillellus is worthy of note; it
seems to be widely distributed in the county.

THE GUESTS OF ANTS AND TERMITES. 41

As Mr. Morley says, Suffolk is classic ground for students of the
Aculeate Hymenoptera, for no fewer than 54 out of the 158 species of
bees mentioned in his list are, and will be known throughout the
length and breadth of their distribution in Europe, by the names given
to them by Kirby, and almost all of these were described from speci-
mens captured by him at Barham, in Suffolk. The great joint author
of the ‘Introduction to Entomology” did a great honour to the
science of what Mr. Morley calls ‘‘ Anthophilology,”’ in selecting it as
his chief study, and his reason for doing this, quoted by Mr. Morley in
his preface, is interesting. It was that ‘‘in no department of the
animal kingdom is the divine wisdom so eminently conspicuous,”
and here most collectors of the present day who have dipped into the
pleasures of wild-bee hunting will be inclined to heartily agree with
our much respected predecessor.

The Guests of Ants and Termites*.
By E. WASMANN, S.J. (translated by H. DONISTHORPH, F.Z.S., F.E.8.).
‘“Wer zahlt die Vélker, nennt die Namen,
Die gastlich hier zusammenkamen ? ”’

The thoughtful naturalist finds in the study of the guests of ants
and termites many interesting biological problems, and the further he
advances in his researches, the more fully are his pains rewarded by
new and unexpected discoveries. The science which treats of Myrme-
cophilous and Termitophilous insects is a comparatively new one, yet
one may affirm that few branches of biology have yielded such
marvellous results. Ants and termites are not such inaccessible and
impatient beings as they are generally represented to be, and in every
zone, the nests of these social insects are found to contain guests
belonging to various classes of animals, whilst the relation of these to
their hosts is of various kinds. Symbiosis presents itself here under
various aspects, amongst which real hospitality (Myrmekoxenie and
Termitoxenie), and relations of friendship (Symphilie) take first
rank, and as far as we can tell are unequalled elsewhere in the animal
kingdom.

The habits of the guests of ants and termites cover such a wide
field and comprise so many different elements that it is difficult to
give a short yet comprehensive view of them. The work} published by
me three years ago on the different kinds of Myrmecophilous and
Termitophilous insects then comprised 125 of the former and 109 of
the latter ; these, however, form but a fraction of the individuals
hidden in the nests of tropical ants and jealously guarded by their
armed gaolers. New and interesting discoveries are continually
coming to light in Madagascar, India, Brazil, Cape Colony, and other
distant countries, and the description of new species alone occupies
considerable time.

In the fullest sense, Myrmecophilous and Termitophilous animals
include all the regular companions of these social insects. Chance
visitors to their nests are necessarily excluded. So great is the number

* Extracts from HE. Wasmann’s ‘“‘ Die Gaste der Ameisen und Termiten,” Illus.
Zeit. f. Ent., 1898, Heft 10-16.

+ ‘‘ Kritisches Verzeichniss der Myrmekophilen uud Termitophilen Arthropo-
den,” 1894.

49, THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

of the latter in the nests of Formica rufa and Lasius fuliginosus, that
some authorities state the number of species to be found with them at
from 100 to 150. Of these the actual number of guests does not, per-
haps, exceed a third.

The principal characters.of true guests are found in beetles be-
longing to the Myrmecophilous Staphylinidae (pl., figs. 1-3), Clavi-
geridae, Paussidae, Silphidae, Histeridae, &c., to consist of peculiar
yellow or reddish-yellow tufts of hair, found on different parts of the
body. These prove that the beetles possessing them are licked by
their hosts to obtain the pleasant secretion coming therefrom. The
presence of a broad short tongue and aborted palpi suggests that those
possessing these peculiarities. are fed directly by the host. ‘These
adaptive characters, which both point to a genuine hospitable relation-
ship, are often to be found in the same species. ‘To these may be
added a peculiar formation of the antenne, which denotes a friendly
relationship between guest and host, and serves to summon the ant at
feeding-time by tapping it with these organs. The Clavigeridae (which
form a sub-family distinct from the Pselaphidae) present an excellent
example of the combination of these three characters. They are
genuine guests, differing from the Pselaphidae in their club-shaped
antennee (consisting of fewer segments), the stunted palpi (organs
strongly developed in the Pselaphidae), and the shape of the Ist
abdominal segment, which is very large, hollow at the base, and
covered with tufts of yellow hair on the concave side. The club-
shaped antenne serve as organs of communication and allow of friendly
intercourse between the beetles and the ants; the formation of the
mouth allows the beetle to be fed by its host, whilst the peculiar form
of the 1st abdominal segment and the tufts of yellow hair are closely
related with the licking of the beetles by the ants. It is, therefore,
quite correct to look upon these three adaptive characters as the real
characteristics of the Clavigeridae, and every Claviger must necessarily
be an ant guest. This is borne out by the fact that, of the 100 dif-
ferent species of this family already described, by far the greater
number have been discovered in the society of ants, and of many the
actual host is known, especially of the Huropean species and those
from Madagascar and North America.

We find in certain Termitophilous Staphylinidae two adaptive cha-
racters, which are a proof of true intercourse, viz.—(1) the broad short
tongue and short palpi (in the subfamily Aleocharinae, and only
found in the true guests belonging to the Lomechusa group); (2) a
swelling of the abdomen, in some cases quite abnormal (Physogastry)
(pl., fig. 5), and not to be found among Myrmecophilous beetles.
The mouth-structure leaves no doubt that these beetles are fed directly
by their hosts, whilst the gigantic enlargement of the guest’s abdomen
is undoubtedly connected with their mode of life, for it also occurs
in the Termitophilous ground beetles, Orthoyonius Shauni, and by
their larvee, which, when young, are thin and slender, but gradually
acquire a long bottle-shaped form under the care of the termites. The
yellow tufts of hair, as in those of the genuine Myrmecophilous beetles,
are not present in the Termitophilous Staphylinidae with thickened
abdomen. The tastes of termites evidently differ from those of ants.
The Termitophilous beetles have not the club-shaped antenne that
facilitate intercourse between the Myrmecophilous beetles and their

NOTES ON MASONIA EDWARDSELLA, A PSYCHID NEW TO SCIENCE. 43

hosts. On the other hand, their palpi are much swollen, and this for
a time puzzled me greatly, until one day, describing the then new
Termitomorpha meinerti, whilst painting the mouth-parts with hema-
toxylin, preparatory to a microscopical examination, I suddenly noticed
on the second palpal joint a strongly developed bundle of muscle, the
contraction of which occasioned a quick and strong inward and out-
ward movement of the club-shaped third joint. The biological mean-
ing of these massive palpi then suddenly dawned upon me, and it was
evident that these serve to summon the termite at feeding-time, the
palpi, and not the antenne, being in these beetles the actual means of
intercourse.

The extraordinary formation of the antenne is, indeed, an adaptive
character of the highest biological importance in many Myrmecophila,
but the purpose served is not always the same. One form of antenna is
similar to that of the Clavicornia and has for its purpose the furthering
of hospitable intercourse. In certain Brazilian Heciton guests, which
mimic their hosts, the antenne are quite similarly shaped to those of
the ants (pl., fig. 4) and their evident purpose is to deceive the
savage host as to the true nature of its guest. In the genus Paussus,
which are true guests, the antenne are particularly formed for the
purpose of transport by which the beetles can easily be moved from
one place to another by their hosts without receiving any injury. The
antennz subserve other purposes, in some cases they serve as a means
of defence against the savage attacks of the host, e.g., the Myrmeco-
philous Staphylinidae (Oxysoma and Xenocephalus) and Paussidae
(Arthropterus), by deceiving them as to the real nature of the owner.

(Lo be continued.)

Notes on Masonia edwardsella, a Psychid new to science.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

MasonIA EDWARDSELLA, 0. Sp.—Imaco.—The specimens (4) are
(though bred) none of them in fine condition, so that this description
is probably defective. Anterior wings, 1lmm. in expanse, antenne
with 20 joints, the forewings rather square, and all the wings some-
what thickly, but loosely scaled. The general aspect is that of F.
casta, but slightly broader and shorter-winged, and the colour more
yellow, less brown. In the best scaled specimen there is a shading
towards the hind margin that does not appear to be the result of
setting, or braces, and that approaches reticulation of the ‘‘ comitella
type.” The hind margins of the fore and hindwings have a border,
half the width of fringe, which is darker than the rest of the wings,
asis also in a less degree the fringe. ‘This is not altogether the
effect of the scaling here being more perfect. The hind tibie are straw-
coloured (much lighter than in F’. easta), and the tibial spur is -68--72,
and projects beyond the tibia in a curved extremity, as is common in
many Psychinae. ‘The median nervure is simple, 7 and 8 stalked.

Casz.—The male case is very like those of M. crassiorella and M.
subjlavella, the central portion 11mm. long, made of white silk, sur-
rounded with a close cylinder of tightly packed slender pieces of plant
stems, with three or four longer and coarser pieces extending 2mm.-
3mm. beyond the free end of the case; these certainly are not grass
stems, but woody material, the fragments apparently very old and par-

44 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

tially decayed. The empty pupal-skin protrudes beyond the case from
the 4th abdominal segment, and is of a pale yellow-brown tint.
Larva.—The larva is very similar in many respects to those of the
larger Psychids (¢.g., P. villosella) in colour, but differs somewhat in
structure, the body is more even in thickness and the difference in size
between the abdomen and thorax is not so noticeable. The head is
rounded, partly retractile, prothorax has a polished corneous surface.
The prothorax is of less girth, but considerably longer than the meso-
thorax and metathorax. The metathorax, the Ist and 2nd abdominal
segments, and to a less extent the mesothorax and 3rd abdominal, are
shorter (front to back) than the remaining abdominal segments, they
are also slightly less in width (laterally); the 8th, 9th and 10th
abdominal segments are also small. ‘The segmental incisions are
distinct ; the thoracic segments not divided into subsegments; the 1st
to 8rd abdominal segments are divided into two subsegments, the
subdivisions of the remaining abdominal segments vague, 4, 5 and 6
appear to have at least three weak subdivisions. A well-marked ridge
runs along each side, the skin much puckered (less so, however, than
in the larger species—P. villosella) ; it is produced along the 38rd
thoracic segment (a character rather less marked in the larva of P.
villosella). The spiracles are distinct; on the abdominal segments
they appear to be raised or slightly stalked, this is less distinct on
abdominal segment 8, and not so at all on the prothorax; the spiracles
on the prothorax and 8th abdominal segments are placed on the
posterior portion of the segments (as in the larger P. villosella), whilst
on the other segments they are nearly central or only slightly towards
the anterior portion of the segments. The thoracic segments are
chitinous like the head, and are mottled black and white (or yellowish-
white), the mottlings take the form of alternate bars, which may be
des¢ribed as being white bars on a black ground, forming a medio-
dorsal, and subdorsal and two lateral bands on either side, although
the white has spread so much that one might just as well call them
black bars on a white ground. (I feel satisfied, however, that they
originated as whitish lines on a black ground.) The tubercles are single-
haired, the hairs fine, weak, simple, tapering, but comparatively long
(they are longer on thoracic segments and the head than on the abdominal
segments). On the abdominal segments they are placed dorsally and
arranged as in the larve of P. villosella, 7.e., they are placed in trape-
zoidal form with i nearer to the median line than ii, the posteriors (11)
bear rather larger hairs; laterally, they are also as in the larger
species, iii fairly strong, iv and v weak, close together, v very weak ;
this pair are almost directly below the spiracle, 111 a little in front (of
course well above) ; iv and v are on the lateral flange. Another
tubercle vi, with hair, is placed well below the ridge, and vii is just
above the base of the prolegs. ‘The thoracic hairs appear to be placed
exactly as in the larger Psychid (P. villosella) larvee, except that iv
and v are placed farther apart than in the larger species. The
dorsal tubercles on the anterior abdominal segments are surrounded by
large chitinous plates which get smaller as the segments recede
towards anus, although those on the 8th, 9th and 10th are chitinous,
especially the 10th which is dark. The skin of the abdominal seg-
ments is chitinous (especially 1-3) on the raised areas, independently
of the tubercles. ‘The true legs are large and strong (the third pair

NOTES ON MASONIA EDWARDSELLA, A PSYCHID NEW TO SCIENCE. 45

are the largest), the hairs on them fairly strong and conspicuous ; the
prolees weak and extending but little beyond the skin-surface ; those
on abdominal seements 3-6 have hooks arranged as in P. villosella,
but on 10 the partial ring is almost circular. There is, however, no
pit or depression in the centre of the ring of hooks on the prolegs, as
in the larger Psychids. The six ocelli are placed rather further from
the base of the antenne, and the 6th ocellus (the last of the ventral
ones) is not so far distant from the 5th as is the case in the larger
species (P. villosella, &e.). [Bacot. Described from larvee obtained at
Aix-les-Bains, by Mr. Edwards, April, 1898].

Pupa.—?. The female pupal-skin is semitransparent, pale
» yellowish in colour, the surface smooth and shiny. It consists of a
long, smooth, oval abdomen, the thorax and head being represented
by a minute black collar at the anterior end, no structural details
being obvious. The pupa is 65mm. in length, and the black collar
representing the head and thorax is less than ‘75mm. The abdominal
segments 2-6 are larger than the others; the first is smaller, and
tapers rapidly to join the minute thorax; 7-10 taper more gradually
to the anus, which ends in a blunt point; the rudiments of sexual
organs are clear and well-marked. The spiracles are distinct on
abdominal segments 2-7, and are surrounded by a slightly raised
chitinous ring. On the anterior edge of segments 4-7 dorsally is a
row of small curved spines or hooks pointing backwards, these are
darker than the ground colour of the pupa, and show up pretty dis-
tinctly under a 1’ power. On the posterior edge* of the 4th and 5th
abdominals there is a row of small frail and almost transparent spines
pointing forwards, these require some search to discover. Primitive
setee are present, but are difficult to detect owing to the reflected light
from pupa-skin ; they are placed dorsally in trapezoidal form (as in
larva), and the inconspicuous lateral setze appear to be in the same posi-
tion as in the larva. Certain portions of the skin-surface are covered
_ with minute spicules (Bacot, June, 1898).

This species is most closely allied to Masonia saaicolella, Brd., and
M. subjlavella, Mill. Indeed, we should not be surprised to find that
it was the former species, which has been absolutely lost since Bruand’s
time, but his wing measurement for M. saaicolella, 15mm., is
much too great for that of IM. edwardsella, and his suggestion that his
saxicolella might be a var. of Bruandia conitella (which has a cellula
intrusa) adds yet another difficulty to our acceptance of this species as
saxicolella. The specimens here described were bred from cases col-
lected by Mr. Edwards and Dr. Chapman at Aix-les-Bains, in early
April, 1898. - We were under the impression that some of the cases of
this species were also obtained on the rocks and walls about Antibes
and Cannes, but Dr. Chapman is positive that those from which the
examples were bred came from Aix-les-Bains. We have great pleasure
in naming this species after Mr. Stanley Edwards, whose skill in find-
ing, and energy in seeking, Psychid cases is most remarkable and
praiseworthy.

* In view of Dr. Chapman’s remarks on these spines in Scioptera zermat-
tensis (ante, vol. xi., p. 181), it is possible that they are really on the interseg-
mental membrane in this species also.—A. B,

46 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

GYOLEOPTERA.

Notes on the genus Meloe.
By the Rev. THEODORE WOOD, F.E.S.

As I have been fortunate enough to meet with five out of the seven
British species of Meloé, a few notes on this genus may, perhaps, be of
service to other coleopterists.

1. M. proscarabaeus.—This is the only species of the genus which
can be considered as at all common. It is plentiful in most districts
in March and April, sometimes abounding on grassy banks. I have
geen it running about in the hot sunshine on the cliff-side overlooking-
Pegwell Bay, with an activity almost weird ina Meloe. The next
species is the only one with which it can by any possibility be con-
fused, and from that its even thorax and deep bluish-black colour will
at once distinguish it. Its variation in size is extreme—from 12mm.-
42mm. <A well marked variety (var. cyaneus, Muls.), with purplish
head and thorax, finer punctuation, and the base of the thorax almost
straight, is found in the Isle of Man, and has also been taken near
Birmingham by Mr. W. G. Blatch.

2. M. violaceus, Marsh.—Local, and seldom common. It may be
recognised at once by its bright blue or violet-blue colour, and by the
deep transverse impression at the base of the thorax, which looks as
though it had been deen dented while soft by the thumb-nail. I have
taken it at Baldock, in Hertfordshire; on the wooded slope overlook-
ing Brothers’ Water, near Ullswater; and on the high road between
Inversnaid and Loch Katrine, in Scotland. Canon Fowler, in his
British Coleoptera, gives ‘‘early spring ’”’ as its time of appearance.
My own specimens, however, were taken between May 15th and July
5th, and I have even heard of its capture in August. In both this and
the preceding species the antenne of the male appear to be deformed,
the sixth and seventh joints being dilated, compressed, and bent some-
what strongly inwards.

3. M. autumnalis, Ol.—Very rare. I have never met with the
species, and know of no recent captures. Stephens gives Dartford,
Exmouth, and Tavistock as localities, and Dr. Power took it at Cam-
bridge, while Newman records it from Ramsgate. It is quite a small
insect, never seeming to be larger than the smallest examples of M.
proscarabaeus, and appears, as its name implies, in autumn.

4. M. cicatricosus, Leach.—A fine, sturdily built insect, with a large
triangular head. The colour is black, with a slight tinge of blue; the
head and thorax are coarsely punctured, with the interstices rugose,
and the elytra are closely set with flat shining tubercles. It is very
local, and as a rule is decidedly scarce, although Mr. Champion once
met with it near Ramsgate in great profusion. I have taken about
twenty specimens in all in the cuttings in the cliffs near Margate on
warm sunny days in March and the early part of April. It is useless
to look for it unless the sun is brightly shining. It has also been
taken at Southend, Dover, and Deal.

5. M. variegatus, Donoy.—One of our rarest and quite our most
beautiful species. Its home seems to be in the Isle of Thanet, the
only locality outside that district bemg Dover, where it has been taken
by Mr. C. G. Hall. Stephens recorded it from Thanet, but it then
disappeared until March 1882, when I met with three examples close

ORTHOPTERA. 47

to the coastguard station at Margate. I have searched for it re-
peatedly since, but without success, and the locality is now practically
destroyed. Canon Fowler credits me with captures at Ramsgate also,
but this is an error.

6. MM. rugosus, Marsh (= M. rugulosus, Brull.).—A small squat-
looking species, with a very short and narrow thorax. The antenne
are unusually long and slender. I have met with it twice, the first
time on the pathway by the side of the road leading from Broadstairs
to St. Peters, on December Ist, 1887, the second time within five yards
of the same spot at the end of April, 1895. Only a single specimen
turned up on each occasion. The former date seems a curious one.
Probably the insect assumes the perfect state in autumn, like Lucanus
cervus, and the unusual warmth tempted it out before its time. It has
been recorded from Southend, Prittlewell in Essex, Tavistock, and
Exmouth, and Mr. F. Smith seems to have taken it on one occasion
in some numbers near Margate.

7. M. brevicollis, Panz.—I have never seen this insect, except in
Dr. Power’s collection, but it seems to have been taken in several
localities in the south of England. It may be at once distinguished
from the preceding species by the diffuse punctuation, and also by the
fact that the sides of the thorax are rounded.

CoLEOPTERA NEAR SOUTHAMPTON IN 1899.—In January, 1899, Philon-
thus albipes, P. debilis, P. trossulus, P. thermarum, P. cephalotes, P.
ebeninus, P. fimetarius, P. sordidus, and P. discoideus were to be found
in a manure heap, while Onthophilus striatus, Monotoma picipes, H’phis-
tenus gyrinoides, and Leptacinus linearis were abundant in the same
locality. In June Phyllobrotica 4-maculata, Ceuthorrhynchus ericae,
Micraspis 12-punctata, and Cryptocephalus labiatus turned up more or
less commonly by sweeping a moor. Scymnus capitatus swarmed on
oak trees, and Balaninus venosus and B. turbatus were also present. By
general sweeping in July and August the following were obtained :—
Quedius cruentus ‘and @. puncticollis, Sibynia primita, and Chrysomela
hyperict. Lhynonchus bruchoides was common on Polygonia in August,
and Anthrenus varius on Umbelliferae in July.—L. M. Bucxni11.

@® RTHOPTERA.

On the Geographical distribution of European Orthoptera.
By MALCOLM BURR, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Attached to the end of Prodromus der europaischen Orthopteren,
Brunner gives a map of Europe, divided into districts according to the
distribution of the Orthoptera found within it. Although he treats of
extra-European forms, ¢.e., North African, and Syrian, in the work, these
countries are not included in the map. MHe divides Europe into five
zones as follows :

I. Includes Scotland, Scandinavia, with Denmark, and North Russia.

II. Includes Iveland, England, the Netherlands, Prussia, Poland and central
Russia, with Moscow.

III. Includes (a) the northern half of France, Switzerland, Bavaria and Austria,
to Budapest. (b) Hungary, Transsylvania, Roumania as far as the river Bug.
(c) South Russia, to the Ural.

IV. Includes (a) South of France. (b) Italy, from the Alps to Rome. (c) The
Balkan peninsula between the Danube and the frontier of Greece, without Epirus.

48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

V. Includes (a) the Iberian Peninsula. (b) Italy (south of Rome), with Sicily.
(c) Epirus, Greece (with Crete).

Now a careful consideration leads me to think that this arrange-
ment could advantageously be modified. I would unite zones HI and
IV, modifying their boundaries, and would add a further zone, including
Morocco, Algeria, and Asia Minor, and in this zone the southern half of
Spain would be included. My suggested arrangement therefore would
stand thus :

I. The northern zone. Identical with the zone I of Brunner.

II. The north central zone. This would include Ireland and England, the Low
Countries, Prussia, Saxony, Poland and central Russia, the same as Brunner’s, but
including the northern part of France down to Paris, and taking a further slice from
south Germany.

III. The south central zone. This would be divided into provinces, as follows:
(a) France, south of Paris, and eastwards to Budapest. (b) The extreme south
of France, with northern Italy, as far east as Trieste. (c) Hungary, Transsylvania,
Moldavia, and Bosnia, possibly including also Servia. (d) South Russia.

IV. The southern zone, divided as follows: (a) The Iberian Peninsula, except-
ing the extreme south, Andalusia. (b) The southern half of Italy. (c) Herce-
govina, northern Macedonia, Bulgaria, Wallachia, and north Turkey to Constanti-
nople. (d) Greece. (e) Northern part of Asia Minor.

Y. The north African zone with: (a) Morocco, Algeria, and Tunis, with
Andalusia, and the extreme south of Spain, including probably also Sicily, and
perhaps even Sardinia. (b) Syria and Cyprus. (c) Southern part of Asia Minor.

Such an attempt can at best but be provisional, but several con-
siderations have led me to incline to a modification of Brunner’s
arrangement. In the first place, the river Narenta marks a contrast
between the faunas of Bosnia and Hercegovina. Bosnia is distinctly
central European, while Hercegovina is as distinctly meridional. The
faunas of Bosnia and south Hungary are not sufficiently distinct to
warrant a separation into different zones, and Servia may have to be
included with them. In spite of the Danube forming apparently a
good natural frontier, the fauna of Wallachia is essentially meridional,
and has strong similarity with that of Asia Minor, as shown by the
occurrence of certain forms of Sophya, Callimenus. The extreme north
of Spain, in spite of the Pyrenees, may be united with southern France,
but the fauna of the extreme south of Spain is very distinct from that
of the north; it has exceedingly well-marked affinities with that of the
adjacent part of north Africa. This is shown by the distribution of
the genus Hphippigera, which is very strongly represented in southern
Spain and in Algeria. The faunas of the two northern zones are not
sufficiently rich, from a point of view of the Orthoptera occurring
there, to justify a subdivision into smaller provinces.

Y)OTES ON LIFKE-HISTORIES, LARVA, &.

Oviposition oF DasycrRra SULPHURELLA.—For the last two seasons I
have noticed a colony of Dasycera sulphurella in some old timber lying
in a yard in Chiswick. Though this insect is very common perhaps a
few notes on this colony, which I am sorry to say is now destroyed,
may not be without interest. I noticed the first specimen in 1898, on
May 16th, lying with wings outspread, in rain water which had col-
lected on the top of acask. May 28rd I saw one at rest on the timber
and noticed numerous holes in the wood. This species usually rests
something in the manner of a Coleophorid, with the antenne extended
in the form of the letter V. On June 7th three or four moths were

PRACTICAL HINTS. 49

flying about the timber at noon. This is the last note I have of them
in 1898. In 1899 I saw the first flying over the timber at midday,
May 11th, and observed specimens nearly every day up to and includ-
ing June 8th. These beautiful little moths fly chiefly in the warmer
part of the day, about noon, but I have seen them on the wing as early
as 9.15 a.m. AsI have found them quite early in the morning in
water collected on the tops of casks, with Tortricids and Tineids, where
there were none the previous day, I think they must have a period of
flight during the dark hours. On dull days they are sluggish and apt
to seek shelter, as on May 25th, when a cold east wind was blowing.
I could then find none though I saw two on the 24th and two on the
26th. I observed the moths pairing on May 28rd, at 11.0 a.m., and
boxed the pair with a small piece of the timber. The female did not
lay any eggs till three days after when she deposited about a dozen,
pushing them into the pores of the wood. On May 29th I saw another
pair 7 cop., and a third on June Ist, soon after 8.0a.m. This last
pair I observed at intervals without disturbing them. The female
began to deposit her ova between noon and 1.0 p.m., walking about
the timber to find suitable points. She inserted the ovipositor, which
was protruded 8mim., into the cells of the wood at the end of a beam
where it had been sawn across the grain, and also under the dust which
lay in places on the surface of the wood. I discovered two ova imme-
diately after she had laid them in the dust, anda third one three parts
embedded at a point where she had previously been. The ova were laid
singly, but those that were laid by the captured female were in clusters,
no doubt owing to the small piece of wood provided. The ova appeared
large for the size of the moth, somewhat cylindrical, but with the ends
rounded off beautifully, though rather irregularly pitted over the
surface, and of a very pale ochreous colour. In some cases, where
they were thrust deeply into the wood, their shape was much modified.
Six days after the ova were laid by the captured female they became
deeper in tint, and hatched after another ten days—sixteen days in all.
The young larve were very active, almost white, with a dark head, and
furnished with exceptionally long stiff hairs in the lateral areas. As I
was too occupied to attempt to rear the larvee I set them free on the
old timber.—A. Sicu, F’.E.§., Brentwood, Barrowgate Road, Chis-
wick.

PRACTICAL HINTS.
Field Work for February and March.
By J. W. TUTT, FES.

“tL —The twigs of currant bushes (cut the previous year) should be
overhauled in February and March for the larvee of Sesta tipuliformis.

2.—The imagines of Hybernia marginaria are to be found after dark
sitting on the bare twigs of hedges and the bushes in woods—hazel and
hawthorn appear to be preferred.

3.—A quantity of the common round oak-galls should be collected
in March. They will contain the pups of Coccyx splendidulana, &c.,
the larve of many species spinning up in them.

4,—In March the imago of Nyssta zonaria is to be found resting on
the bare sand on the sandhills of the Lancashire coasts. It emerges
from the pupa about 3.0 p.m. (Birchall).

50 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

5.—Full-fed larvee of Myelois cribrella may now be found in
dead thistle stems. They are most partial to those of Cnicus lanceo-
latus.

6.—Larve of Gelechia tricolorella should be sought for in spun
together tips of Stellaria holostea.

7.—Cases containing larvee of Narycia (Xysmatodoma) melanella are
to be found by diligently searching the lichen-covered trunks of various.
trees.

8.—Brephos parthenias flies freely in bright sunshine round the
tops of birch trees, in which position it is difficult to obtain, but by
standing in an open space between the trees, it is readily secured, as
in passing from tree to tree it comes considerably nearer the earth.

9.—Larve of Bucculatrix cristatella are to be found on leaves of
Achillea millefolium. Care must be taken not to shake the plants or the
larvee will fall to the ground, and then are not easily to be detected.
Later on, the most beautiful white cocoons may be found spun on the
leaves and stems of the food-plant.

10.—Larve of Coleophora lineolea, are now blotching leaves of
Ballota nigra and Stachys sylvatica. They are also found in gardens
on a species of Stachys commonly called ‘‘ Lamb’s ear.”’

N.B.—Similar series of ‘‘ Practical Hints ’’ for these months are to
be found in the preceding volumes.

FOOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

BurreRFLIES OF THE RuonE vaLLEY.—I have been greatly interested
by Mr. Wheeler’s articles ‘‘Three seasons among the Swiss butterflies,”
for the localities he speaks of have been well known to me for the last
fifteen years and more. I think that I was the first to discover
Polyommatus tolas at Sierre (this was in 1889), and I have since given
the locality to several friends. For particulars | informed Mr. Fison
of it, and he afterwards told me that he had taken three specimens
there. The curious part of the story is that I got three specimens too,
and no more, and that, both mine and Mr. Fison’s were all taken at
the ‘‘famous corner,’ where there is, in fact, only a single bush of
Colutea. Ihave several times looked elsewhere for this insect but
though I could find its food-plant, I could never discover the insect
itself at any other place. Iam glad to find that it does, as I felt sure
it must, occur, elsewhere. Mr. Wheeler is quite right about the best
part of the Pfynwald for butterflies, but as regards Apatura ilia I have
always found it most abundant alongside that long row of poplars just
on the Sierre side of Pfyn. I once in July found Cyaniris argiolus in
some abundance on bushes in a meadow near Pfyn, on the Leuk side,
and I have generally found a few Lycaena arion between the Rhone
Bridge and Pfyn. I never could find Cupido sebrus at all, 1 am sorry
to say. I once got a fine lot of Aryyniis daphne and of Chrysophanus
gordius on the zigzags going up to the Martigny bourg. Mr. Fison
was kind enough to tell me of this locality for C. gordius, but the
specimens taken there cannot be compared either for size or colour,
with those found on the Italian side of the Simplon. If Mr. Wheeler
should visit the Rhone valley again, I recommend him to go to Zermatt
and try the Riffel Alp about mid-July. He will find amongst other
things Melitaea var. merope and M. cynthia abundant. Colias palaeno

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 51

is, too, very abundant at the end of June, near the Belalp hotel.
Parnassius delius also abounds on the Hospenthal side of the Furka
pass, a short distance beyond the summit. I have, however, taken it
above the bridge, just below the hotel at Bérisal—R. B. Posrans,
Eastbourne.

Leprpoprera at WrckEeNn 1n 1899.—I was at Wicken during the
first week of August, 1899, but the weather was bad for night-work—
light, cold, and windy. I met with nothing much except the ordinary
Wicken species. Thymelicus lineola was very common on Burwell Fen,
Tapinostola hellmannt common and in good condition, Arstlonche
albovenosa occurred sparingly both as imagines and larve (about one-
third grown); Helotropha jfibrosa was just coming out, as also was
Calamia phragmitidis. The larve of Cidaria sagittata were found
sparingly on the seedheads of Thalictrum flavum. Tortrix dumetana
was abundant and just out; Stigmonota orobana was fairly common, but
worn, as also was Phowopteryx paludana. Among other species were
P. stculana, Hupoecilia rupicola, EK. notulana, Orthotaenia antiquana,
Ditula semifasciana, Catoptria expallidana, Tortrix costana, and Sericoris
fuligana. Letoptilus microdactylus was common, too, at dusk. Macro-
gaster arundinis had been comparatively common, but not a specimen
of Hydrilla palustris was taken.—J. A. Burrerrienp, B.Sc., 35,
Wrottesley Road, Plumstead 8...

LEPIDOPTERA IN THE F'RENSHAM DistRIcT, 1899.—I collected and
noted the following insects, dating from March to July 80th, 1899.—
Pieris napi, P. rapae, Huchloé cardamines, from May 8th to June 2nd,
very late in putting in an appearance. Cyantris argiolus (second brood),
July 25th. Pieris brassicae, May 28th (abundant). Gonepterya: rhamni
(plentiful throughout the season; second brood July 19th, though
numerous scarcely any 2s noted). Nisoniades tages, May 28th. Callo-
phrys rubt June 2nd, very scarce. Chrysophanus phlaeas (second brood),
July 25th. Polyommatus icarus (abundant). Coenonympha pamphilus,

—Syrichthus malvae, June 5th. Pamphila sylvanus, Pyrameis cardui, Jane
8th (poor condition). Pararge megaera (scarce), Pyrameis atalanta
(hybernated), June 17th. Kpinephele ianira, June 17th. Brenthis
euphrosyne, June 21st. Thymelicus linea (very common), July 7th.
Limenitis sibylla, Dryas paphia, Argynnis adippe, Enodia hyperanthus,
July 10th. HH. tithonus, July 17th. Satyrus semele, July 20th.
Pararge egeria appeared to be totally absent this year. Choerocampa
elpenor, June 12th, flying at dusk at rhododendrons and honeysuckle
(common). Macroglossa stellatarum, June 8rd. AM. fuciformis, (broad-
bordered), May 28th (common). Zeuzera aesculi, Hepialus hectus,
Anthrocera trifolit (common), Calligenia miniata, Lithosia mesomella, L.
complana, Huchelia gacobaeae (swarming), Arctia caia, Spilosoma lubri-
cipeda, S. menthastri, Porthesia auriflua, found hybernating larve spun
up (very small) in web under bark and in crevices on trunks of trees.
Dasychira pudibunda, Orgyta antiqua, Malacosoma neustria, Cosmotriche
potatoria, Urapteryx sambucata, Rumia crataegata, Venilia maculata,
Metrocampa margaritaria, Ellopia fasciaria, Hurymene dolabraria,
Selenia illunaria, Odontopera bidentata, Crocallis elinguaria, Amphidasys
betularia, Hemerophila abruptaria, Boarnia repandata, Tephrosia crepus-
cularia, T’. punctulata, Pseudoterpna cytisaria, Iodis vernaria, I. lactearia,
Hemithea thymiaria, Zonosoma punctaria, Asthena luteata, Hupis-
teria heparata, Acidalia scutulata, A. interjectaria, A. aversata,

52 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

A. immutata, A. emarginata, A. remutata, A. imitaria, Cabera
pusaria, Bapta temerata, Macaria lituwrata, Panayra petraria,
Fidonia atomaria, I’. piniaria, Aspilates strigillaria, Abraxas grossu-
lariata, Lygdia adustata, Lomaspilis marginata, Pachycnemia hippocasta-
naria, Hybernia leucophaearia, H. progemmaria, Anisopteryx aescularia,
Larentia didymata, L. multistrigata, L. pectinitaria, Hmmelesta affimtata,
EF. decolorata, Lobophora hexapterata, Thera obeliscata, T. firmata,
Hypsipetes impluviata, Melanthia rubiginata, M. ocellata, M. albicillata,
Melanippe tristata, M. unangulata, M. rivata, M. montanata, M. fluctuata,
Anticlea rubidata, Coremia munitata, C. propugnata, C. unidentata, C.
quadrifasciata, Camptogramma bilineata, Eucosmia undulata, Cidaria
var. centum-notata, CU. ribesiaria, C. testata, C. fulvata, C. pyraliata, C.
dotata, Eubolia mensuraria, Anaitis plagiata, Platypteryx lacertula, P.
falcula, P. hamula, Cilia spinula, Dicranura vinula, Pygaera bucephala,
Gonophora derasa, Bryophila perla, Triaena psi, Pharetra rumicis,
Leucania comma, L. pallens, Hydroecia nictitans, Xylophasia rurea, X.
lithoaylea, X. polyodon, Dipterygia pinastri (very common), Heliophobus
popularis, Mamestra persicariae, Apamea oculea, Miana strigilis, Gram-
mesta trilinea, Caradrina morpheus, C. taraxact, C. cubicularis, Rusina
tenebrosa ; Agrotis puta, a freshly emerged specimen picked up on the
erass, May 80th ; Agrotis tritici, Lycophotia porphyrea, Triphaena orbona,
T. pronuba, Graphiphora augur, Noctua plecta, N. c-nigrum, N. rubi,
Trachea piniperda, Taentocampa instabilis, T’. stabilis, T. munda, Scope-
losoma satellitia, Cosmia trapezina, Dianthoecia cucubali, Phlogophora
meticulosa, Euplexta lucipara, Hadena dentina, H. pisi, H. thalassina,
OCucullia verbasci (larve), Anarta myrtilli (and larvee), Hydrelia unca,
Plusia chrysitis, Abrostola urticae, Plusia gamma, Gonoptera libatria,
Amphipyra pyramidea, A. trayapogonis, Kuclidia mi, EF’. glyphica.—C.
Bincuam Newnanp, Llanstephan, Carmarthen. October 22nd, 1899.

AvTuUMNAL COLLECTING oF LEpripoprERA.—From the end of August,
1899, I found collecting unsatisfactory except for larvee of Coleophora
fuscocuprella, of which Mr. Studd and I secured, between us, some 34
examples on October 19th, three of which occurred on birch, a most
unusual food-plant for the species.—B. A. Bowser, F.E.8., Langley,
Eltham Road, Lee, S.E.

Cottectinc Leprpoptera at Matvern in 1899.—Last August was
spent with my family at Malvern. I was disappointed as far as
entomology was concerned. On July 380th we saw Hnodia hyperanthus,
Polyommatus astrarche, besides numbers of commoner things. On
July 81st I took a fresh Depressaria arenella. August 1st, in a wood on
a hill side we found several Leucophasia sinapis, mostly a little worn,
flying and settling on herbage. This must have been about 6.20 p.m.
On August 8th my hopes of meeting with Polygonia c-album were
fulfilled, but the specimen was too worn to take. As it was the first
British example I had seen at large I watched it for some twenty
minutes. No others were seen. The next day | noticed a strange
butterfly flying straight towards me down a lane near the British
Camp. When captured it proved to be Thecla w-album. There were
several fine elms in the lane. The same day I took a few of the
common but beautiful little Argyresthia goedartella by beating birches.
On August 10th, at Ledbury, a fine Catocala nupta (?) was resting high
up on a beam of the curious old market hall. Though we tried with
the aid of small stones to persuade it to show its lower wings it steadily

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 53

refused. A visit to Knightsford Bridge the next day gave us a fine
Gonepteryx rhamni; we only saw one other during our stay. On
August 12th Anaitis plagiata occurred in a wood, and on the 16th,
while passing a large ash tree, I saw what I thought was a curious
thickening of the petiole of one of the leaves. A second later the
cause of this appearance was revealed. The swellings on the petiole
were the prolegs of a fine larva of Sphinw ligustri, which was other-
wise hidden by the leaflets. It was of a greyer green than the usual
specimens one finds on privet. Polyommatus tcarus, Pararge meqaera,
and Hpinephele tithonus were abundant in the district, Satyrus semele
locally so, Aglats urticae not numerous, Vanessa io so scarce that only
one was seen. Pyrameis cardut was not seen at all, while P. atalanta
was everywhere, from the plains to the summit of the Worcestershire
Beacon. It was a fine sight to see them flashing up or down the hill
sides. Macroylossa stellatarum on fine days was well in evidence. On
dull days I saw them sitting on the rocks on three or four occasions,
but it required a quick hand to box them.—Atrrep Sicu, F.E.S.,
65, Barrowgate Road, Chiswick. November 80th, 1899.

Larva or AcIpTiLiIA PENTADACTYLA.—On June 28rd last I was turn-
ing up leaves of Tussilago farfara in the hope of finding larve of
Platyptilia gonodactyla, in a place here where that species occurs. On
the underside of one leaf I did find a plume larva just spun up, and
concluded that I had got the desired Pterophorid. It disappointed me,
however, by producing on July 7th the much more abundant Aciptilia
pentadactyla. ‘The larva had doubtless wandered from some neigh-
bouring convolvulus.—Ism.

PYRAMEIS ATALANTA IN JaNuARY.—The 9th of January was very
warm and sunny, and I saw a beautiful specimen of P. atalanta flying
around and settling upon a haystack in my orchard. It seems
unusually early for the insect to leave its winter quarters.—J. Mason,
Clevedon Court Lodge, Somerset.

Vanessips In Somerset.—It was remarkable that I did not see a
single specimen of Vanessa to last year (1899); Pyrameis atalanta was
plentiful, but the specimens small; P. cardwi occurred sparingly, and
Aglais urticae was less abundant than usual.—Isrp.

ACHERONTIA ATROPOS AND SPHINX CONVOLVULI IN SomERSET.—Last
autumn, pup of Acherontia atropos were fairly common, and an
autumnal imago with crippled wings was brought me. A few Sphina:
convolvuli were taken in the neighbourhood, although I saw none.—
Ter.

MacroGLossA STELLATARUM ATTRACTED BY COLOUR.—Macroglossa
stellatarum was the insect of the season last year. It was not uncom-
mon to see three or four specimens at one time at one geranium plant.
I had some orchids in bloom during the time the insect was out, the
flowers (rosy-purple in colour) within a foot or eighteen inches from
the glass of the roof, and it was no uncommon thing to see the moths
flying backwards and forwards outside just over the flowers, evidently
attracted by the colour, as it was impossible for any scent to escape,
in fact, the particular species in bloom has no scent.—Isw.

PaRARGE EGERIA, ETc., in Buckxs.—After reading the note (ante, p.
25) I thought it might be interesting to mention the capture
of two specimens of Pararye eyeria in a beech wood lying between
Penn and High Wycombe, Bucks. After spending three hours there,

54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

with rather poor results, I found, on coming out of the wood, this
species in a clearing near the edge, and also netted four specimens of
Syrichthus malvae there. I was much struck with the fact of
Coenonympha pamphilus, being extremely local in this neighbourhood.
I spent from June 12th-24th at Penn, and yet with the exception of
the clearing already mentioned, where I saw at the most half a dozen
examples, I only saw the species in two other places, one at a village
called Haslemere, the other between Chesham and Amersham, in both
of which localities for about fifty yards they were very abundant, and
yet there was none to be seen a little further on. I may add that on
September 17th last I found a larva of Sphina ligustri feeding on ash.
Tt went to earth the next day.—A. M. Swain, 5, Kelvin Terrace,
Sydenham. January 22nd, 1900.

SPHINX CONVOLVULI aT Penartu.—A schoolboy brought me a full-
erown larva of S. convolvuli, September 1st last. I have captured three
of these beautiful moths at Penarth.—T. L. Howr, Beaufort House,
Penarth.

AcHERONTIA ATROPOS AT PrENARTH.—Two fine pups of Acherontia
atropos were brought me by the stationmaster, who obtained them
when digging potatoes on September 12th last. I put them in my
breeding-cages and four days afterwards I found that one had emerged,
the second following two days later.—Izm.

WINTER SPECIMENS OF GONOPTERA LIBATRIX.—Haying noticed in your
issue of January.15th, 1900, an account from one of your corres-
pondents of the winter capture of Gonoptera libatrix, I thought it might
be of interest to mention that these insects are of very frequent
occurrence in this house during the winter months. On December
29th a fine ? appeared in the drawing-room at about 5.45 p.m., and
after wandering aimlessly about for a short while, finally settled on a
lady’s dress. We came across one or more specimens on an average
every three or four days; and, as_ they are always in perfect condi-
tion, I conclude that this species emerges late, and hybernates in
dwellings or outhouses—H. W. Suepuearp-Watwyn, Bidborough,
Tunbridge Wells.

EnromonoaicaL Prys.—I was interested in reading the Rev. G. H.
Raynor’s note on the above subject (Ht. Rec., x1., p. 845), as Lam not
at all satisfied with our present position. I must confess that in my
use of No. 10, wherever practicable, 1 am, in Mr. Raynor’s eyes, one
of the sinners, and, sad to say, an unrepentant sinner. Only this last
summer I set a long series of Hupithecia linariata, thereon, and if I
had sent any of them to Mr. Raynor I should have good ground to fear
that his allusion to ‘‘ the greatest error of all’? was aimed at me. But
if black pins be used, I really cannot see the clumsy effect of No. 10,
which satisfies me perfectly. ‘To use a more slender pin would be all
very well if time were no object to the entomologist; but I protest
that it takes nearly twice as long to move in safety a series of insects,
on No. 18 than a series on No. 10, and, to my mind, the bending of a
pin is one of the most serious calamities that can befall a collector. I
have eyery intention of setting my next year’s KH’. linariata (if they
emerge) on the same pin. In short, I follow the advice of our good old
friend, Dr. Knages, even more literally, perhaps, than he intended, and
pin almost everything with No. 8 or No. 10. Of course, like Mr. Raynor,
I am referring to Tayler’s pins; they are so excellent that the marvel

CURRENT NOTES. _ 56

to me is that there are any others on the market at all.—Louis B.
Provr, 246, Richmond Road, N.E. December 28th, 1899.

GYURRENT NOTES.

The eighth Annual Exhibition of the North London Natural
History Society, was held on December 30th, 1899, and January 1st,
1900, and proved a very successful gathering. The members and
visitors who were present on the later date, but especially the ento-
mologists, were much interested and instructed by a lecture on Mimicry
and Protective Resemblance in Insects, with numerous lantern illus-
trations, which was delivered by Mr. J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. Exhibits
in the entomological department were perhaps not quite so numerous
as on some previous occasions, but included some good drawers of.
British lepidoptera, by Mr. L. B. Prout and others, some well illus-
trated life-histories, by Messrs. J. A. Simes and A. Quail, and a good
show of exotic lepidoptera, among which Mr. Bacot’s cases of insects
from the Transvaal were specially interesting.

The presidential address read before the Entomological Society of
London, on January 17th, by Mr. G. H. Verrall, dealt with a large
number of highly interesting, if debatable, points bearing on such
subjects as ‘unscientific work,” ‘ priority,” ‘‘synonymy,”’ ‘‘ means
and sufficiency of publication,” &e.

We learn that our esteemed friend, Mr. S. J. Capper, F.L.S.,
F.E.S., having long since passed his presidential majority, has again
been re-elected President of the Lancashire and Cheshire entomological
society.

The Annual Meeting of the South London Natural History and
Entomological Society was held on January 26th, when a very satis-
factory report was read. The only regrettable feature was the Trea-
surer’s statement that the Council had been unable from want of
sufficient funds to publish its Proceedings in two half yearly instalments
as had been done the preceding year, although they would now be
published in one volume, with all possible speed. There is a humorous
side to a picture that shows the entomologists at Chandos Street
investing £1000, because they have more money than they require for
current expenses and publication purposes, whilst those of Hibernia
Chambers have the material and have to wait until the end of the
financial year before being able to afford the money to publish it.

The balance-sheet of the treasurer of the Entomological Society of
London shows a balance of £181 6s. 8d. for the past year. How this
flourishing condition of affairs has been brought about is evident from
the Presidential address, where we learn that in 1899, there were 300
members and £400 invested, whilst in 1899, there were 418 members
and nearly £1000 invested. In 1866, the President tells us there were
only 207 members, so that whilst there was only a permanent increase
of 93 members in the 28 years, 1866-1889, there has been an increase
of 118 members in the 10 years, 1889-1899. During the past year,
however, we learn from the Secretary’s report that there has been a
considerable falling off in the number of Fellows elected, and side by
side with this a marked falling off in the number and quality of the
exhibitions at the ordinary meetings. This latter is strikingly

56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

exhibited in the length of the Proceedings for the year, which has only
reached 35 pages against 47 for 1898, 65 for 1897, and 61 for 1896.
The Transactions, too, are smaller for 1899, and one notes them as
containing only 499 pp. and 17 plates, as against 592 pp. and 17
plates for 1889, whilst those for 1898 also contained but 444 pages
and 19 plates against 606 pages and 17 plates for 1888. The Pro-

ceedings are especially interesting to the general body of Fellows —

and should be maintained at any cost at the highest possible standard
of excellence.

It must be a matter for general congratulation among naturalists that
Sir John Lubbock has been raised to the peerage as Lord Avebury. In
the bustle and worry of a crowded life, no one has done more to raise the
level of the popular taste in those branches of natural science he so
dearly loves, and one could wish that increased leisure would allow the
Ex-President of the Entomological Society of London again to return
to the more special branches of our own science, in which, for so many
years, he was one of the most successful and hardest workers. We also
observe that he presided on January 10th-11th at the Conference
of Science Teachers which was held at the Imperial Institute, and
we may further note that at the same conference Mr. J. W. Tutt
read a paper entitled ‘‘ Object Lessons in Natural History.” It would
appear that natural science will soon have its lawful place in the curri-
cula of our technical and secondary schools recognised by those in
authority (H.D.).

There is an excellent annotated ‘‘ List of the Macro-Lepidoptera
collected within eight miles of Hull,” by Mr. J. W. Boult, in the
Transactions of the Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club, published
December 1st, 1899. In it 287 species are recorded, but the list is
more remarkable for the omission of some of what we generally con-
sider common species than anything included. One is inclined to
consider that the excuse for the exclusion of the Micro-Lepidoptera,
vtz.: ‘We experience great difficulty in getting these named,”’ is alto-
gether unworthy of a Field Naturalists’ Club whose duty it should
certainly be to name the insects of its district for the outsider. We
further observe that the Editor ‘has taken a good deal of trouble with
Mr. Boult’s list, the order and nomenclature of which haye been
reduced to that of Mr. G. T. Porritt’s List of Yorkshire Lepidoptera,
1883.’’ One expects Natural History Societies to mark progress, not
to set back (as we suspect this really means) the nomenclature used by
its more advanced and up-to-date members to a list (Doubleday’s) that
has long since been obsolete among the newer generation of lepi-
dopterists ; all of which, however, detracts nothing from the value of
the list, as a local list, which shows evidence of great care and know-
ledge of the local fauna on the part of the author who compiled it from
his own obseryations and those of his co-workers.

Our “Special Index”’ for vol. xi. (1899), consisting of no less than
28 pp. of closely printed (double-column) references, can now be
obtained from Mr. H. EK. Page, “ Bertrose,”’ Gellatly Road, St.
Catherine’s Park, S.E. Price 1s. Our last volume completed, there-
fore, consisted of 352 pp. of letterpress, 8 pp. general index, 28 pp.
special index, and 2 pp. title page. We suspect 390 pp. solid 8vo.,
-constitutes a record in the quantity of matter published by any one
monthly entomological magazine in this country in a year.

——r a

eee ee eS eS ae ee ae

» .
— oes eee

The Back Volumes (I-XI) of The Entomologist’s Record, &c., can be obtained at 7s. 6d. per
Volume. “Special Index ” to Vols. TII., IV., V., VI., VII., VIII., IX., X., and X1., price 1/-
each. Single Back Numbers of Vols. I—-XI. can be obtained at pousiz the published price, -
from H. E. Pac, F.E.S., ‘“‘ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, S.E.
REMITTANCES TO BE SENT WITH ORDER.

Forrien Supscrisers (continental and otherwise) when sending money orders
hrough the London General Post. Office are requested at the same time, to post to Mr.
Page, F.E.S., a note advising him of same.

All Exchange Magazines must In future be forwarded to J. W. Tutt,
By estcombe Hill, Blaokheath, S.E. :
Reprints of Articles or Notes (long or short) appearing in this Magazine can be arranged
for by Authors at a very low price, on application to Mr. H. E. Page, F.E.S.,.

“ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, §.E.

: N OTT C FE.

Subseribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to The Entomologist’s Record, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (including an extra shilling for the Special Index to Vol. XT1., to
save trouble) is SevEN SuHinnines, and must be sent to Mr. H. E. Paces, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St.
Catherine’s Park, London, §.H. Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Durr.
_ __. ADVERTISEMENTS of Books and Insects for Sale will be inserted at a minimum charge of Qs. 6d. (for
- four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made fora series. Particulars of Mr. .
_ H.E. Paes, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, S.E.
‘g Subseribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. H. Paes, “Bertrose,”
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed.
Articles for insertion should be sent to J. W. Turr, Westcombe Hill, $.H., except those relating to
_ Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. DonistHorpE, 58, Kensington Mansions, South Kensington,
and those relating to Orthoptera, to Mr. M. Burr, New College, Oxford.

EXCHANGE.
— $2
[Exchanges, which should consist only of the specific names of Duplicates and Desiderata, are
inserted for Subscribers without charge so long as there is available space, but they MUST NOT be
written on Post or Letter Cards, the inconvenience arising from which is very great. No exact limit is
placed on the length of lists of Duplicates, but lists of Desideratd should be as short as possible. Entomo-
logical Books wanted may also be inserted in this column.]

} [The Hditor wishes to state that the publication of Exchanges, Advertisements, etc., in this
_ Magazine, is in no way to be taken as a guarantee of the authenticity, good condition, etc., of the
_ specimens. This notice is not intended to throw doubt upon the bona fides of Advertisers, etc., but fo
free the Editor from responsibility, should the privilege be abused.] Marked* are bred. N.B.—Ex-
change Lists addressed to J. W. Turr, Westcombe Hill, S.H., must be received before the 5th of each
month for publication on the 15th.

Leen ene ee nnn ren ner reer renee ere reeee ener eeeeeeeceeeeenee ce eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeceeceeeeeeeereeeecee reece a SS
NOTICE.—The Editor will be glad of eggs, larve and pups of Lepidoptera, for
description.
3 IMPORTANT.— Wanted, actual dates on which, and exact localities where, Psychids,
_ Pterophorids, Lasiocampids and Sphingids have been captured. Will correspondents send
_ dates for any year ?—J. W. Turr, Westcombe Hill, S.H.
.. Excuance Basxers.—February 2nd, No. 2 basket.—Messrs. Woodforde, Walker,
_ Richardson, Atmore, Robertson, Whittle, Barnes, Edelsten, Studd, Ash, Riding, Bower.
: December 15th, No. 1 basket.—Messrs. Richardson, Fox, Bowles, Robertson, Horne,
4 Bower, Mera, Robinson, Moberly, Maddison, Studd, Riding. [Members who wish to be
missed must write to the name preceding their own on list, not to the Secretary].
Wanrep.— Winter Eggs and Pupe of Lepidoptera (common species) wanted for experi-

mental purposes, in February. ‘The numbers of pupm should be from 20 to 100 of each
' species; and of raas 100 to several hundred of each species:—KEees of Neustria and
_ Antiqua; Pups of Bucephala, Crategata, Betularia, Teniocampids, Lanestris. Will give
reasonable prices.—F’. Merrifield, 24, Vernon Terrace, Brighton.
_ Excuancr.—I am desirous of obtaining butterflies from the Malayan Archipelago and
the Pacific Islands. For such I offer perfect diurnals from North and South America, ;
North American Coleoptera.—Levi W. Mengel, Boys’ High School, Reading, Pa., U.S.A:
a ExcHANGE.—Can offer many fine species of Lepidoptera of the whole world and North
American and Mexican living pupe.—Wilhelm Neuburger, Berlin, S. 42, Luisen- Ufer 45,
Germany. ; ; ihe
3 Duplicate.—Chrysorrhea*. Desiderata.—Scotch species and forms.—H. W. Andrews,
9, Victoria Road, Eltham, Kent. . “ ea

____ Duplicates.—Nebulosa, Pyramidea, Suffusa, Dispar (large ¢s), Oxyacanthe, Munda,
_ Libatrix*, D. pinastri, Pistacina, Litura, L. comma, Tenebrosa, Trilinea, Dentina, Cerago,
‘Silago, Lucipara, Trapezina, Neustria, Mendica, Hectus $s, Viminalis, Curtula, Ziczac,
; Sambucata, Crepuscularia, Spartiata, Lichenaria, Falcula, Fulvata, Heperata, Tipuli-
formis. Desiderata—Ova, pupx, and offers; also pupa-cases.—H. Alderson, Hilda Vale
Road, Farnboro R.S.O., Kent.
_ Wanrep.—At once, Irish specimens of Erebia cassiope.—H., J, Elwes, F.R.S., Coles-
borne, Cheltenham.

F
ui

and other extreme forms of Lubricipeda, Autumnaria, Fuscantaria, Populata, Caesiat:

_ Duplicates.—Exulans, Anachoreta, (st Leonards-on- Sea), Tadinta, Ruan, Fasciat

Adusta, Chi, Janthina, Rufina, and many others. Desiderata.—Revayana, Cerusellu
Alpinellus, Falsellus, Dumetellus, Ericellus, Hamellus, Fureatellus, Myellus, Warrin
tonellus, Selasellus, Salinellus, Fascelinellus, Chrysonuchellus, Paludellus, Forficellu i
Mucronellus, Gigantellus, Farrella, Carnella, Cephalonica, Sinuella, Nimbella, Senecionis, —
Ficella, Ficulella, Kiuhniella, Pinguedinella, Ginerosella, Bistrigella, Interpunctella, Canella, —
Ornatella, Abietella, Roborella, Formosella, Consociella, Advenella, Marmorella, Suan, :
&e.—Geo. 1. Porritt, Crosland Hall, Huddersfield. a

Duplicates. —Good British butterflies well set, black pins. Wanted.—Specimens of |
C. pamphilus, bi-pupilled or with bold marginal spots (underside) or examples from —
Southern Iveland, Northern Scotland, North Wales, Lincoln and Cambridgshire or promises —
of living femalés or larvee from these localities next season.—H. Wood, Old Grammar
School House, Ashford, Kent.

Cuancrs or Appress.—E. R. Bankes from The Close, Salisbury, to Norden, Corfe
Castle. OC. Morley to 61, Bath Street, Ipswich.

Wanrep.—Any or all of the following numbers of The Hntomologist :—1876, January —
June; 1877, May; 1878, May-December ; 1879, January-December. Cash or exchange, —
State price.—Hy. J. Twrner, 13, Drakefell Road, St. Catherine’s Park, Hatcham, S.L. a

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.—January 17th, 1900 (Annual), February 7th.

Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C.—The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30: —
p.m. Members are particularly requested to bring varieties and aberrations for exhibi- —
tion. Non-members cordially invited. February 20th, Communications. ‘Coleoptera |
in 1899,” Mr. H. Donisthorpe. ‘CA few days at Fusio,” Dr. T. A. Chapman. March 6th,
Discussion, ‘‘ Larvee.”’ a

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia a
Chambers, London Bridge.—The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m. —
February 22nd, General Exhibits and Short Notes. March 8th, Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A,
F.H.S., ‘‘ Cockroaches: Natives-and Aliens.” Lantern Lecture.

North London Natural History Society, Sigdon Road Board School, Dalston Lane, ~
N.E. (close to Hackney Downs Stations, G.E.R.).—Meetings first and third Thursdays in ~
each month, at 7.45 p.m.

Nonpareil Entomological Society, Mansfield Street, Kingsland.—The First and —
Third Thursdays in the Month. .

Bermondsey Settlement, Farncombe Street, Jamaica Road. S.H.—March 10th, 1900, ¥
at 8.0 p.m., Lime-light lecture “ Variation and the Evolution of Species,” by J. W. Tutt, —
F.E.S.

The “SAMUEL STEVENS” Collection. q
Tuesday and Wednesday, March
27th and 28th. q

Mr. J. C. STEVENS

Begs to announce that he has received instructions from the Executors 3

To SELL by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, 38, King q
Street, Covent Garden,

On Tuesday and Wednesday, March 27th and 28th, the well-known

Collection of British Lepidoptera
and Coleoptera,

Formed by the late SAMUEL STEVENS, Esq., and the result of over 60: —
years’ collecting and breeding, consisting of probably over 100,000 speci-
mens, and amongst them some wonderful and exceptional varieties of a very ~
large number of species, and long series of many rare and extinct species —

too numerous to mention.

A GENTLEMAN residing in London, aio. collects during the summer,

will be glad to hear from persons who can
Set well in the British Style.

The Specimens would be delivered alive or fresh killed, Pyrales, Pterophori, and Crambi
fe a speciality. No Micros. Terms very liberal.
_ Apply, in ae to Mr. J. Canprr, Marlin Square, Abbots’ Langley, Herts.

Lepidoptera ama Coleoptera
From all parts of the World.
PRESERVED LARVA\: IMAGINES (well set).

Life: histories carefully arranged and well-mounted in cases, for Museums,
Schools, &e.

Cases to Illustrate various phases of Mimicry.

eine Lepidopterous Eggs, Larve and Pupe; Birds’ Kees; Stuffed Birds’
Skins ; Shells : and all other Zoological objects.

Living eggs, ine, and pup, of the following species in season :—Papilio machaon,
Aporia crataegi, Pieris dapladice, Thecla w-album, Apatura iris, Vanessa antiopa, Melitaea
cinzia, Acherontia atropos, Sphinx convolvuli, S. pinastri, Deilephila ewphorbiae, Sesia
sphegifor mis, Deiopeia pulchella, Callamorpha hera, Cerura bicuspis, Lophopteryx carme-
isia, Catocala fraxini, Geometra papilionaria, Lygris reticulata, &c. :

The Editor of The Hntomologist’s Record writes :—‘‘ 1 know nothing in this particular
direction so well-suited for educational purposes as your excellently mounted ‘ Lifehistories
of Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, &c.’ One could wish that there were three or four typical
gases in eyery Primary and Secondary School in Europe. Certainly everyone engaged
in educational work, in the British Isles at least, would use these cases if they knew of
them.” Send for List to—

ARNOLD VOELSCHOW, Schwerin, Mecklenburg, Germany.

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An illustrated, exhaustive, and authoritative series of articles on the

BUTTERFLIES ofthe PAALAEARCTIC REGION
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SCIENCE GOSSIP.

" The beautiful Illustrations are by a new Photographic
process, direct from authentic specimens.

Other Entomological subjects in each Number.

SIXPENCHK MONTHLY.

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j Editorial and business communications to

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The four volumes comprise the most complete text-book ever issued on the NocrurpFs.
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of the original figures) of every British species, the type descriptions of all known
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phases of variation of the more polymorphic species; all the data known concerning the
“rare and reputed British species. Complete notes on the lines of development of the
general variation observed in the various families and genera. The geographical range
of the various species and their varieties, as well as special notes by lepidopterists who
_ have paid particular attention to certain species.
The first subscription list comprised some 200 of our leading British lepidopterists.
The work is invaluable to all working collectors who want the latest information on this
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To be obtained from H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

FOR SALE.

GREAT number of ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS by Stalitont

Newman, Kirby, Wood, Tutt, Meyrick, Dale, and others. Also Transactions of

many Societies, including Entomological Society of London, since 1891; South London Ri

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dark green cloth. Record, from commencement, 13 vols., nine in dark green cloth, and
four in parts as published. Annals of Scottish Natural History, complete from commence-
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Library. Botanical Works, &c., all in perfect condition. Anso ror Saun, a great amount
of Entomological Apparatus, by best makers. Over 300 Setting Boards, all sizes (Watkins
and Dencaster’s make). Nets, Travelling Cases, Zinc Collecting and Relaxing Boxes, Side
Boxes with straps, Postal Boxes, Store Boxes all sizes, Killing Apparatus, Pins, &c., &e.
All in good condition. Will be sold cheap to clear.—For prices, stating wants, apply,
enclosing stamp, to Wu. Rem, Bridgend House, Pitcaple, Aberdeen, N.B.

TO NATURALISTS, ENTOMOLOGISTS, BOTANISTS, &c.

BUY OF THE MAKER.

STORE BOXES, 10x8, 2/2; 12x9, 2/10; 14x10, 3/6; 18x11, 4/4;
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WOOD COLLECTING BOXKS, 5d., 7d., 10d., and 1/3
ZING do. do. 8d., 10d., 1/3, 1/8, and 2/6.
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LARYZE BREEDING CAGES, 2/2. Double, 4/3.

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Nets, Setting Boards, Drying Houses, Exhibition. Cases, and all other Goods at equally
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REVISED PRICE LIST free per post for 4d. stamp.

All Goods Warranted Perfect. Postage should be remitted with all Orders to be sent that

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etc., sent on application.
Many Rare British Species and Good Yarieties for. Sale.

Label List of British Butterflies.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF Tak

BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA

By J. We at
Vol. Il.

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Vor Xik, No. 3: Marcu 15ru, 1900.

Digne Revisited.
By H. ROWLAND BROWN, M.A., F.E.S.

Digne has been much exploited of late years, and several articles
have appeared in this and other entomological magazines, dealing
with its butterflies. However, as my wanderings led me there at the
least frequented season of the year, some additional remarks may not
be altogether out of place. One always, I find, leaves London either
too late or too early for most of the summer insects, unless the
holidays fall in July—the golden month for the collector. Last year
‘“‘the waiting time’’ was even longer than usual, for wherever I went
there was the same story of a backward season and delayed emergence.
Indeed, my first week in the famous capital of the Basses-Alpes was
unexpectedly disappointing. With recollections of the year before at
Hyeres and in the Swiss Alps, where the profusion of insect life is

never failing, the scant array of full boxes at the end of long hours in
the sun was at first rather discouraging. But Digne is a place which
grows upon you, and it had for me, at any rate, this charm—the most
potent of all—that it was quite unlike any other locality at home or
abroad I had ever visited. When I arrived on June 8rd the spring
broods were all going over, and the cold snap which affected even the
Mediterranean littoral in the early days of April had obviously not left
the Basses-Alpes untouched. yen the cherries, which grow, wild and
cultivated, in normal seasons, so plentifully that the pigs are fed with
them, had suffered, and one proprietor, whose tree I happened to fancy,
objected on the ground that last year he had not enough for his animals,
let alone for the foreigner. However, I may say here that wherever I
went in the neighbourhood I always found the natives charmingly
polite and hospitable. No one ever dreamed of interfering with my
rambles, which led me through much enclosed land, vineyard and hay-
field, and above all it was delightful to be in a place where the butterfly-
net was a recognised and respected object of interest in the landscape.
On the border it was different, but that (as Mr. Kipling says) is another
story to be told elsewhere.

The first impressions of the mountains about Digne is that they
offer prospects of illimitable hunting. Experience soon taught me
that in June, at any rate, the higher altitudes are unproductive, while

* « Hint. Rec.,” ix., p. 221. ‘Ent. Mo. Mag.,” xxviii., p. 270; xxvii., p. 281;
xxx., p. 175. ‘‘Hntom.,” xxiil., p. 79.

58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

the same may be said of the lower slopes where the box and the broom
are conspicuously thick. Low hills with patches of oak scrub, and
the river and torrent beds, on the other hand, provided improved sport,
and it was in the latter that [ encountered the best specimens as well
as the best species. A little stream winding up through a shady ravine
at the back of the railway station, the Valley of the Vipers, on the left
bank of tbe Bléone, and a brooklet almost immediately opposite
coming from the mountains, proved the three most productive localities
of the kind, nor must I omit to mention the hills that skirt the
Torrent des Eaux-Chaudes, and best of all the lateral valley which
ascends to the right beyond the Ktablissement Thermal. These, with
La Collette, the slopes behind the old Romanesque church of Notre-
Dame, and the lower levels on the road to Les Dourbes, constitute so
far as I can discover the likeliest spots, though I came across nothing
but a few ‘dissipated Plebetus aegon and Melitaea athalia in the famous
Bois du Rocher Coupé on the road to St. Auban.

In a land where no one travels unless he be a commiés-voyageur it 1s
hardly to be expected that the train service should be rapid and com-
fortable. Once south of Grenoble the speed is not excessive, and
opportunities for enjoying the scenery of the local stations many.
Digne, as the crow flies, cannot be much more than seventy miles from
Grenoble,where the night train from Paris arrives at about nine in the
morning. But it is half-past three before the journey is over (123
miles by rail), and the omnibus from the ‘ Boyer-Mistre,” cleanest
and most comfortable of French provincial hotels, jogs leisurely up the
plane-shaded boulevard, which during various hours of the day serves
the double purpose of Champs-de-Mars and promenade. Yes! this is
Digne, the goal of my entomological ambition for the time being. I
have Donzel’s guide to the local Rhopalocera to work by, and the
notices collated by Mr. A. H. Jones, Mr. W. E. Nicholson, Mrs.
Nicholl, Mr. Tutt, Dr. Chapman, and others to stimulate the pleasures
of anticipation, and there is Miss Fountaine in the hotel to add the
experiences of a week’s previous collecting. Donzel’s list is sufficiently
comprehensive. As far as the butterflies are concerned I do not find
that any substantial additions have been made since the French
naturalist paid his first visit here in the earlier part of the century.
Land has come into cultivation, the forest area has probably decreased,
but Diene itself has not altered much, nor the character of its moun-
tains and meadows. Climbing the stony side of La Collette the first
time from the Dourbes road the net is soon busily employed with the
beautifully fresh Theclids everywhere in evidence. A new insect always
marks the entomological calendar with the proverbial white stone.
To-day itis Thecla spint and T. ilicis, with its splendid var. cerri to
remind us that we are in south-east France. Papilio podalirius is
sweeping the higher knolls, raising expectations of that more delicate
Papilio with whose 6 appearance the long journey from England has not
been altogether unconnected. LP. machaonis not far off, and presently we
find the clump of wild thyme at the forest edge alive with Chrysophanus
alciphron var. gordius, the males common enough in all the splendour
and sheen of coppery lilac, the females less frequent, and in some cases
‘throwing back’ more to the type with which we are familiar in the
higher Alps. Then it is not long before a belated Leucophasia duponcheli
arrives on the scene, though the first brood of this species is obyiously on

NOTES ON THE FUMEIDS. 59

the wane, and among the aromatic herbs Melitaea athalia, presently to be
the commonest of all the fritillaries, is already sipping sweet honey. The
sun at Digne during my visit generally shone in a blue sky until be-
tween 2.0 and 3.00’clock in the afternoon ; after that it would be hazy
until 6.0 or 7.0, when the sky cleared again. But I hardly ever found
much on the wing after midday, and as I did my setting invariably
before breakfast I took no opportunity to test the hour at which the
first flight commences. But at Hyéres in the summer months, as I
have elsewhere pointed out, you cannot go wrong any time between 5.0
a.m. and 11.0 a.m., after which-—siesta for man, beast, and insect. It is
now close on noon. Polyommatus bellarqgus, a large and brilliant form,
is everywhere, the commonest blue. An occasional Pieris daplidice
var. bellidice hovers upon the hillside, but with the exception of the
thyme and the Doryenium, earlier loved of Nomiades melanops, there is
not much in the way of flowering plants to attract the passing butter-
fly. I found here, as everywhere else on the hills, that all insects pass
up what I may perhaps best describe as ‘‘ gullies of light,” rarely leaving
their chosen track, and that for capture, instead of scouring the scarps
of burning rock, it is advisable to wait at the top of one of these
“shoots.” That dark butterfly almost tumbling up the slope is
Hrebia evias,a fine local species, but, like the rest of the spring things,
Thats medesicaste included, well-nigh exhausted —which reminds me that
I did see var. honoratii, but it had been bred by one of the local dealers
out of pupe innumerable, and he wanted thirty franes for his rarity,
for which sum he did not find a purchaser that day, at any rate.
(Lo be concluded.)

Notes on the Fumeids, with descriptions of new species and
varieties.
By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.8.

Separating from our traditional Fumeas, Bacotia sepium as allied
more nearly to the Micro-Psychids, and Proutia betulina and P. salicol-
ella as having fundamentally different antenne, we leave to the
Fumeids a group of species that may be defined as Macro-Psychids, i.e.,
Psychids with the anal hooks of the $ pupa ventral and of the 9
absent, the § imago without the subcostal accessory cell and with the
antennal pectinations scaled, and the @ araneiform.

The anterior tibial spur may be used broadly to distinguish the
Micro-Psychids and Epichnopterygids from the true Psychids, the
former having it short and the latter long. At the position of our
Fumeas, as one of the lowest groups of true Psychids, the anterior
tibial spur is in a plastic condition, as it is also, to a less extent in the
genus Bijugis, as a lower branch of the Epichnopterygids. The facts
suggest that as the Macro-Psychids developed from the Micro-Psychids,
possibly in association with the acquisition of plumed antenne, a
lengthening of the tibial spur, useful as an antennal comb, took place,
or tended to do so. This we see in Bijugis and Fumea. The effort
was a failure on the Kpichnopterygid side, and was given up. Hence
Epichnopteryx has short spurs, Psychids have long ones. It would
seem, however, that no spur was equal to the required functions (what-
ever they are), and the spur is lost equally in higher Epichnopterygids
and Psychids. In Hwmea we are provided, then, with the anterior

60 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

tibial spur as an organ varying a good deal in different species, and so
affording a specific character, whilst in the family of Psychidae it
affords a subfamily character.

The Fumeid species may be divided into two groups :

1. With short spurs (under -64 of tibia); median accessory cell; reticulate
wing markings (usually).

Of these I have verified reticulatella and comitella, and presume
from descriptions that raiblensis, rouasti, and norveyica belong to this
group.

2. With spurs over ‘64 in length; with median nervure simple; without any
suggestion of wing reticulations.

a. Species with spurs of length 65-75: (1) Crassiorella. (2) Affinis. (3) Mit-

fordella, n. sp. (4) Hibernicella, n. sp. (5) Subjlavella. (6) Edwardsella,

8. Species with spurs of length -77--81: (7) Casta with vars. nitidella, inter-

mediella, bowerella. (8) Scotica.

y. Spurs °85: (9) Germanica, n. sp.

All these Fumeas clothe their larval cases with straw-lke material
placed lengthwise on the cases, and it is supposed that the nature and
size of this material affords specific characters of value. In the first
place, I think the material is more rarely straws of grass stems than is
generally believed, and many of the cases that look most white and
straw-like and are at once taken to be covered with grass stems are
really clothed with dead stalks and pedicels of various flowering plants.
Some cases that apparently belong to the same species as straw-covered
ones are encased in leaves of fir, whilst the size of the case and of the
materials covering it depend much more on the sex of the specimen
and on the materials available than on anything else.

I doubt very much whether the larve will present any characters
of use to separate the most allied species; even the most separated
species have larye so alike that it is difficult, if not impossible, to
define them by absolute description, and for the present, at any rate, I
haye no material adequate to make any such attempt.

The want of fully correlated material is perhaps to some extent the
reason I have to make much the same confession as to specific
characters in the @s. The only definite distinction I know of is
between Masonia crasstorella 2? and Fumea casta 2 , the former having
reduced tarsal joints, the latter the full five to each tarsus.

The neuration gives a very definite division between the short-
spurred and long-spurred sections of the genus, the former possessing
the median accessory cell, in the latter the median neryure is simple.
This distinction is at least valid in the species I have examined.

T hoped to find some useful characters in the antenne and have
not been altogether disappointed, but have been obliged to conclude
that there is considerable variation in the antennz within the limits
of a species. Whether JZ. crasstorella with 21 antennal joints is or is not
the same species as one with 24, may seem to be properly decided in
the latter sense, but when we find I. crasstorella having 22 and 28 joints
to the antenne amongst specimens that it is impossible to doubt are
all the same species, it is difficult on this ground to distinguish those
with 21 or 24 as distinct. ‘he same considerations apply strongly to
the forms of fF’. casta. That the antenne are variable within the species
is confirmed by an examination of the antennal structure. The
antenna consists of a large basal jot, the second joint is also large
and globular, normally the third is the first of the clavola or flagellum

NOTES ON THE FUMEIDS. 61

and carries two very short pectinations, which are longer on the 4th
and reach full length on the 5th or 7th, dwindling again gradually to
the penultimate joint, where they are short, the last joint being simple.
In several instances, apparently of individual and not of specific
variation, however, there is intercalated between the 2nd and 3rd
joints as above described, a joint that is very short and disc-like, with-
out pectinations ; in others three and four as above described are fused
together into one long joint with four pectinate processes. Similarly, at
the extremity of the ‘antenne, the last simple joint may be of various
lengths or may be wanting, the then last joint beimg pectinated, or
sometimes it might be more correct to say that the last normally
simple joint possessed pectinations.

The examination of the antenne is unfortunately handicapped by
two circumstances. In the first place the antenne are very apt to be
damaged by mould, mites, Psoc?, or other destructive agencies to a degree
much beyond anything in most lepidopterous insects. In the second,
they can only be confidently described when removed from the specimen
and mounted in balsam or otherwise, and this is quite inadmissible in
regard to many specimens, in fact, in regard to any not one’s own
property, unless by special permission. Yet, without this, one cannot
certainly count the number of joints, as the first pectination varies a
good deal in length and in the extent to which it is visible beyond the
thick scaling of the basal joints and of the face. Asa rule, I think,
descriptions stating the number of antennal joints mean what they
profess, viz., actually all the antennal joints, and may or may not be
accurate owing to the difficulties [ have mentioned, but may be taken
as being to a high degree of probability within one of the truth. In
other cases, however, [ think descriptions merely cite the number of
visible joints, that is, of pectinated joints visible in a good specimen.
This is the case, for example, unless I am much mistaken, in the dis-
tinction drawn by Hofmann (Berliner Ent. Ztschft., iv., p. 32) between
the antennee of nitidella and affinis, where he gives the former sixteen
joints and the latter 21, when truly they have eighteen and 23 (or
more properly 24).

I have carefully measured the length of the antennal joints and of
the pectinations in a number of specimens. ‘The uniformity of these
throughout the genus is quite beyond what I expected. There are one
or two anomalies that may be of some definite meaning. The great
mass of specimens have pectinations of a leneth between -49 and -51
of amm., and the length of a joint varies from +183 to -210. The
exceptions in the pectinations are an affinis, which has them :56mm.,
and an intermediella, preserved in balsam four years ago and probably
placed under the cover glass shortly after emergence and subjected to
pressure. This may account for the otherwise anomalous figure of
‘67— the joints in this specimen are also long, 216; or it may be
that these are the correct measurements and that those taken from dry
specimens are in error owing to contraction. However this may be, it
remains that fifteen antenne, belonging to J. crassiorella, M. sub-
flavella, M. edwardsella, M. affinis, I’. tntermediella, F. casta, F.
germanica, and I’. bowerella, have pectinations, of which the largest do
not vary beyond from -49mm. to ‘538mm. in length, a difference well
within errors of measurement. The leneth of the antennal joints is
less uniform. Four M. crassiorella vary from -164mm. to 195mm.

62 THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD.

M. affinis, M. subflavella, and IF. casta vary from *200mm. to
-203mm. (except one I”. casta -210mm.), I’. intermediella -216mm.-
-227mm., I. bowerella -240mm., I’. germanica:182mm.-194mm. The
numbers are no doubt too small to found any strong conclusions upon.
In some degree these differences may be of value as specific characters,
as, for instance, in the case of I’. bowerella ; but even in this instance
we find the rule holds that pectinations are of uniform length through-
out the genus, but that the length of antennal joints varies directly
with the size of the insect and inversely as the number of joints.

Great reliance has been placed for distinguishing species on the
form, size, and colour of the wings. Perhaps I unduly depreciate
these, my first impressions having been formed by attempting to verify
some distinct characters of this sort between the I’. roboricolella, F’.
nitidella, EF’. intermediella, and M. crassiorella of our British collections,
working all the time as I now believe entirely within the limits of one
species. Apart from this, however, these characters are not very
valuable. As to colour, with the exception of the reticulate species,
and perchance of M. subflavellaand M. edwardsella (saxicolella ?), all the
species can be very black when fresh, but vary a good deal, and all
become a snuffy brown with age (especially if assisted by a little
damp). The form of the wing varies within the limits of a species to
some extent, and is very difficult to define as between different species.
In our Enelish series unquestionably the apparent form of the wing is
much more dominated by various styles of setting than by any inherent
character. All the species have a certain amount of natural curvature
of the wings and of pleating or folding at the nervures, and the extent
to which these are straightened out by pressure and flat setting, or
exaggerated or altered by drooping or bad setting, much outweighs any
actual difference of form in the appearance of the insects.

(Lo be continued.)

British Dragonflies*.
By MALCOLM BURR, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Ii is with a real pleasure that we welcome Mr. Lucas’ handsome
work on the dragonflies of Great Britain (and we observe the Channel
Islands are included), for, apart from the interest that the book evokes
by its own merit, it supplies a badly felt want in the literature of the
zoology of the British Islands. Hitherto the collector of dragonflies
has had to be satisfied with Harcourt-Bath’s brief account, unless he
were able to consult the various periodicals dealing with the subject
in various languages, or Mclachlan’s purely scientific work. It
is this lack of a complete popular account of our Odonata that has
doubtless frightened many a beginner from the study of so interesting
@ group.

In the introduction, the author cites the latest census, quoting
W. F. Kirby’s work of 1890, which enumerates 1800 species of known
recent Odonata, and suggests that, by future investigation, four times
this number might be discovered. Of these 1800 species, 89 are
British. There are further seven reputed species, always an irritating

*« British Dragonflies (Odonata).” By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. [Upcott
Gill, 1900, 8vo., pp. 1-356. With 27 coloured plates, and 57 figures in the text.
Price 31s. 6d.]

BRITISH DRAGONFLIES. 63

appendix to a faunistic work. ‘The second chapter is devoted to the
life-history, illustrated by several interesting figures, showing,various
forms of dragonfly ova, and the curious method of copulation. Then
follows an account of the classification of the heterogeneous groups
included under the name Neuroptera; and the author follows Brauer,
Packard and others, in elevating Odonata to ordinal rank. He
divides them into two groups or ‘‘ superfamilies,” the Anisopterides,
including the Libellulidae and Aeschnidae, and the Zygopterides,
containing the Ayriontdae. In two important chapters the author
describes in detail the nymph and the imago and offers tentative
dichotomic tables for the determination of the British forms; this
part is fully illustrated and the numerous figures of structural detail
will be of great value to the student. Then comes an account of the
genera and species in detail, and the information under each heading is
classified to enable the reader to find without difficulty any point
which he may be seeking. Under Sympetrum flaveolum, Linn., for
instance, we find—Synonymy, Linné’s original description, size, male
imago, female imago, immature colouring, variation, early stages,
oviposition, egg, data, habits, migration, and distribution within the
British Isles. We notice, however, that no account is given of the
foreign distribution ; this would greatly add to the understanding of
the relations of the various species inter se with regard to the Kuropean
fauna. The author, after apparent hesitation, rezards Sympetrum
striolatum, Charp., and S. vulyatwn, Linn., as distinct, the latter not
being regarded as British.

We congratulate the author upon his adherence to the strict rule
of priority; he does not shirk from changing familiar names, ¢.y., Anawx
imperator, Leach, for A. formosus, Lind.; Aeschna caerulea, Strom., for
A. borealis, Zett.; A. isosceles, Miull., for A. rufescens, Lind. ; Lestes
Gnas, NV. El Kirby, for L. nympha, Selys; Pyrrhosoma nymphula,
Sulz., for P. miniun, Harr., though he does not follow W. F. Kirby in
adopting Coenagrion for Agrion.

The special part is followed by a chapter on breeding the nymph,
full of interest, in which the author gives us the result of his experi-
ence, as also in the practical chapter dealing with the preparation of
dragonflies for the cabinet, a task which has deterred several students
from attempting to make collections, owing to the unsatisfactory
condition into which specimens usually deteriorate.

The plates are excellent, as indeed would be expected, for Mr.
Lucas is his own artist, and his talent in illustrating entomological
subjects has long been familar to all. We might suggest that in the
figure of Ischnura elegans (Plate xxiv), the abdominal blue annulus is
scarcely distinct enough. When this insect is feebly flying to and fro
among the reeds that fringe the small ponds which it loves to haunt,
it is the bright blue ring which shows up the insect before it can be
properly distinguished among the dark shaded rushes; ‘‘and in such
situations, unless sought for,’ Mr. Lucas remarks himself, ‘it is not
easily detected, its coloration being not conspicuous; ”’ the unfortunate
blue ring, however, often betrays its whereabouts.

The work is well printed on good paper, the binding is a little too
dark for khaki, and it is the excellence of the ‘“‘ get up” which has
doubtless raised the price, a thing which we all deplore.

Mr. Lucaz is to be congratulated on the production of so complete

64 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

and useful a work, one to which we have long looked forward, and
which fills a very serious gap in British entomological literature.
Bulgarian Butterflies.
By MARY DE LA B. NICHOLL, F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 84.)

We did not make a start till June 21st, but as it rained during the
greater part of every day, we did not lose our time, and when we reached
Samakoyv we had much to do in getting ponies and men to accompany
us into the mountains. It was afternoon before we left Samakov, and
we only got about three hours’ ride out of the town before dusk, when
we encamped at the opening of the fine gorge of the Leva Reka, some
seven or eight miles south of the town. Next morning was bright
but too windy for collecting, as we rode up the valley. We encamped
again about five miles higher up, as the weather looked very threaten-
ing, and we were caught by a thunderstorm before we could pitch the
tents. We stayed here the whole of the next day, hoping for fine
weather—it improved a little, and we went up a side valley to collect,
but did not get many insects for lack of sunshine. Our bag consisted of
one good Hrebia epiphron, three [. oeme (var.), one A. selene, several
A. pales and CU. davus (var.). June 25th was a tolerable morning, so
we started, intending to cross into the Rilska valley and there encamp
at the butterfly corner, three miles above the monastery. But storms
set in almost immediately, and we could catch scarcely anything. In
a lucky gleam of sunshine, I got a specimen of C’. dorilis, and on the
way down the Rilska, took some nice A. pales approaching var. yraeca,
and saw one Colias myrmidone. We arrived at the monastery drenched,
were most hospitably received, and were glad to find a dry sleeping-
place, in such wild weather.

June 26th was really fine, we went up to our “ butterfly corner ”’
and took 52 species of butterflies before 8 p.m., when it came on wet.
Lappend list, of which the most remarkable items were the very large and
dark specimens of J. trivia 2 , and of M. cinwia 2 , a CU. viryaureae almost
without white on the underside of the hindwings, and a large dark var.
of M. athalia. The list isthus: P.mnemosyne, UC. edusa, C. myrmidone,
A. crataegi, P. napi, P. rapae, 1. cardamines, L. sinapis, T. rubi, C.
vorgaureae, U. hippothoe, C. aleiphron, C. phlaeas, C. dorilis, L. orion,

L. astrarche, L. eroides, L. icarus, L. eumedon, L. escheri, L. bellargus,
L. argiolus, L. semiargus, L. cyllarus, L. aleon, L. arion, N. lucina, L.
popult, V. egea, V. atalanta, V. c-album, V. urticae, M. cinaia, M. trivia,
M. didyma, M. athalia, A. euphrosyne, A. daphne, A. aglaia, A. niobe
var. eris, EH. medusa, P. maera, C. leander, C. pamphilus, S. alceae, S.—
carthami, S. malvae, N. tages, H. thaumas, H. sylvanus, C. palaemon.
June 27th was a grey and showery day. We went up the the valley
of the Ilina Reka, and made the most of afew transient gleams of
sunshine, but did not get much, L. amanda, MM. phoebe, and C. hippo-
thoe were plentiful in the meadow along the stream, and we saw
Limenitis populi, but could not catch it. June 25th brought us still
worse weather, cold, grey, and showery, too bad for collecting. So we
explored the mountains, riding to one of the sources of the Rilska, a
wild little lake, at the head of the Coroyica in very fine scenery. Here
we got a gleam of sun, and I took our first specimens of Mrebia lappona,

BULGARIAN BUTTERFLIES. 65

then, climbing the ridge by a steep and difficult sheep track, we crossed
the pass into the Ilina Reka in a blinding snowstorm. We found
ourselves at the extreme head of the valley close to the Turkish frontier,
and soon got down into warmer regions, the valley appeared to be
excellent collecting ground, and I much regretted that we never were
able to revisit the spot in better weather. We had at least five hours’
ride mostly through splendid forest and lovely scenery, but over
almost the worst road I ever traversed, before we reached our quarters.
We considered that we never could get the pack horses with the tents
up to the head of the Ilina Reka.

June 29th was fine, so we devoted the day to ‘“ butterfly corner ”’
up the Rilska, and to some good ground which we had observed higher
up the valley. We took P. vapae var. mannii (not very well marked),
L. eroides, L. alcon, and several fine dark specimens of J. trivia Q.
Higher up, we took one /. epiphron in bad order, several /’. oeme, many
A. pales, HE. medusa, M. aurinia and CU. davus (var.), and saw several CU.
myriidone, which we failed to catch. Next day, June 80th, was again
fine, and we went into camp in a pretty little valley just over the
northern slope of the pass to Samakov, a lovely wild place, about
6500ft. high, well sheltered by rocky mountains, with a clear stream
handy. Here we remained for four days, of which three were fine,
quite the best weather we ever had during our whole sojourn in the
Rhodope. We collected and explored all around and found a good
many nice insects, although never in any great numbers anywhere—a
fact which was everywhere remarkable. We got a good number of
species, but never found swarms of anything. This may probably be
accounted for by the extraordinary climate of the Rhodope, which pro-
duces a remarkable growth of ferns and mosses, but does not favour
the Rhopalocera. The butterflies most plentiful in the higher
mountains were M. cynthia, which we took nearly everywhere above
7000ft., flying over rough grass or juniper bushes, and /’.lappona, also
very common at that elevation. About the same height we got a few—
a very few—specimens of S. cacaliae, and KM. epiphron, but both of
these were scarce. Lower down, I. oeme, C. davus (var.) and A. pales
were common, afew C. myrmidone haunted the steep slopes (where
they were very hard to catch), and P. rapae, inclining to var. manntt.
L. semiargus was literally the only “blue,” and C. dorilis (very scarce)
the sole representative of the ‘‘ coppers.” Vanessa urticae was toler-
ably common, and there were a few specimens of C’. edusa to be seen,
flying wildly across the notch of the pass. Near the lake, b. ewryale
occurred, just out of chrysalis, and I took one specimen of A. paphia,
also crossing the Pass on a high wind. Later on, we should probably
have taken /7. tyndarus on this ground—we met with it in some
abundance at our next camp on the Leva Reka—where we moved on
the 5th of July. This was 2000ft. lower down, and we stayed here
two nights getiine tolerable weather, but not finding any very
remarkable insects—L. arion, very bright and blue, appeared commonly,
A. euphrosyne swarmed in the brushwood, and we took J. dictynna, S.
serratulae and several C’. myrmidone. July 6th was again fine, and we
resolved to break camp and return to Samakov, whence we should be
able to work the mountains further to the eastwards by striking the
valley of the Marica where it comes out from the higher ground into
the foothills of the northern slopes of Musalla--the highest point of

66 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

the Rhodope (and probably of the Balkan peninsula). The difficulties
of travelling in these valleys are much increased by their extraordinary
steepness, they usually run north and south, like deep trenches cut in
the granite, separated by high and very precipitous ridges, quite
impracticable for baggage animals, so that to pass from one valley to
another it is necessary to descend to the foothills, or to cross the pass
at the head of the valley into Turkish territory, which we could not
do, because we had failed to get permission to travel in Macedonia.
Could we have worked the southern slopes, we might probably have
found better weather, and a greater variety of insects. Before leaving
camp on July 6th we hunted the mountain slopes immediately above
us, and took H. tyndarus in some numbers, it was almost exactly
similar to the specimens taken by me last year on the Bosnian
mountains, nearly approaching to var. ottomana, very large and bright,
and the under side of the hindwings much tinged with reddish-brown.
Riding down the valley we got nothing new till we reached the mouth
of the gorge, where we had formerly encamped, and here we found a
good many butterflies. P. apollo, just out, C. hyale, C. myrimidone
(type and var. alba), EF’. ligea, quite fresh, M. trivia, A. hecate 2 (rather
worn), LZ. ewmedon, L. arion, C. iphis, C. arcania, and many other
common things. We reached Samakov rather late, and found that
old Haberhauer had broken his shin, and wanted to go home and nurse
it—which was rather inconvenient, as it left us with only one man
(the cook) who could speak German and interpret for us. However,
we fortunately founda young Bulgarian, a pupil of the Anglo-American
Mission at Samakoy, who not only spoke English well, but had a taste
for natural history, and collected insects in a somewhat primitive
fashion. We engaged him as interpreter, and spent all the next day
(which was stormy) getting horses, guide, &c., at Samakov. At night
we drove up to a little, bran-new, summer lodging establishment,
about seven miles from the town, prettily situated in the forest that
clothes the southern slopes of Musalla.

July 8th was grey and stormy, and we could do no collecting till the
afternoon, when we went out along some open ridges in the surround-
ing woods, and found very good ground, and some variety in butterflies,
our best take being ZL. eroides, in excellent order. HH. ligea was just
out, also L. aegon, EH. hyperanthus, A. dia, M. galathea (rather dark),
M. aurelia, &c. July 9th was another stormy day, so we did not go
into camp, but pottered around Camkurje which is a very good place
for collecting, but the weather was too bad for us to do it justice. L.
ligea and EH. euryale were common, and we took S. sidae and many
common fritillaries, in gleams of sunshine. On the 10th the weather
looked better, so we started for the Marica valley, which we reached
after a long and lovely ride across the mountains, descending by a
steeply terraced track to our camping-place—we had great difficulty in
finding any open place large enough, and flat enough, for our tents.
We saw no remarkable butterflies all this day; and never passed any
inhabited dwelling. Our horses were stampeded about midnight,
probably by a bear, but they could not go far in the thick forest and
no damage was done. Next day broke fine and clear, and we proceeded
up the valley, which continued for miles, deep, narrow, thickly wooded,
and totally uninhabited. We passed several sawmills, but they were
deserted as the harvest was going on. It looked like excellent ground

BULGARIAN BUTTERFLIES. 67

for insects but we saw nothing but swarms of A. euphrosyne, a good
many H. ligea and HE. euryale, and occasionally a very dark specimen
of P. maera (I may here remark that I am extremely puzzled to define
P. maera and P. hiera, which I have taken in such variety that I often
cannot be certain which is which). At last we reached the frontier
gendarmerie post—a little wooden house, beautifully situated just below
the tree level; then we ascended very steeply by a track very much like
steep, old-fashioned, attic stairs, winding up and up, till we reached a
beautiful open basin, surrounded by rocky mountains, overgrown with
creeping pine and juniper. This basin was decidedly moist, if not
actually boggy, and very good ground, but of course the clouds began to
roll up and the mists to gather. Still we did our best, and got a good
many A. pales, some fine red specimens of I. ceme; FE. epiphron (very
much tinged with red) some ? specimens having a definite pale patch
running from the band of the forewings parallel to the costa, and
shading into the dark ground colour about the middle of the wing.
Then I was fortunate enough to take an Mrebia which greatly puzzled
both Mr. Elwes and me, and we almost hoped that it might prove to
be a new species. It is, however, stated to be only a local variety
(rhodopensis) of E’. gorgone, with which species the genitalia, as examined
by Dr. Staudinger and Mr. Edwards, correspond exactly.

I append a description of this butterfly, of which we managed to
secure six specimens, all males, between July 11th and July 18th. The
females were not, probably, then out, and should be looked for a week
later. All our specimens were taken in the highest part of the Marica
valley, and in the Airandere, which is a valley running parallel to it
on the east, at an elevation of 6000ft. or more. Its flight does not
resemble that of gorye, it is a more sluggish insect, and squarer in the
wings ; nor does it haunt rocks as yoryone does—we took all our speci-
mens amongst the juniper bushes that clothe the stony slopes, near
streams or boggy hollows.

Expanse 1:50in. Wings dark brown, with broad, sharply defined, rusty band,
crossed by rays on forewings and hindwings, and a very faint rusty patch adjoin-
ing the costa of forewing. Two apical eyes, large, white-pupilled, and conspicuous ;
one of my specimens has a third, very minute one. There is also a small eye
placed rather below the middle of the rusty band of forewing. In the band of the
hindwing are several small white-pupilled eyes. Underside forewing entirely rust
colour, with the band of the upperside repeated distinctly in a fainter shade. Eyes
as above. Underside hindwings dark rusty brown, with two distinctly marked
paler bands mottled with grey. Eyes of upper side repeated.

July 12th was very grey, and rain threatened, but we resolved to
stay where we were in hopes of more Hrebias, and after getting well
drenched, Mr. Elwes succeeded in catching one quite fresh, but alas!
a cripple. July 13th the weather was even worse, so we moved on,
and crossing the pass at the head of the Marica by a very rough path,
(where one of our baggage ponies tumbled down), got into Turkish
territory, and rode for about four miles along high mountain pastures,
with occasional snowbeds still hngering in the hollows, to the head of
the Airandere. Here we recrossed into Bulgaria, and descending
another very steep track we got down into another narrow granite
valley parallel to that of the Marica, and exactly lke it. It all looked
good collecting ground, but the day was hopeless, it poured steadily,
and we pitched our very damp tents by the frontier gendarmerie post,
about three hours’ ride down the valley, and above the tree level. Next

68 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

day, the 14th, the weather promised a little better, and the sun shone as
we started up to the higher level of the valley to search for the Hrebia.
But it clouded over at 8 a.m. and heavy storms set in for about three
hours. At last there was a gleam of sunshine, and I got one Hrebia,
of the new variety, and several nice KH. epip “iron, E. oeme, and FE.
euryale. Then the rain began again, and we resolved to £0 down the
valley to the lower hills, in hopes of getting our tents dry, and also
our clothes, for everything was saturated. We passed much good
eround on our way down to Kostenec, a village with a small bath
establishment ; about four hours’ ride down from the gendarmerie hut.
Here we found sunshine, and a dry camping ground in a beautiful
country, and remained Be two days, making excursions around
Kostenee and into the hills (about 8000ft. high) to the east of the
baths. We took P. apollo, C. myrmidone and var. alba (in some
numbers), L. meleager, much worn; L. arion (and a fine ab. of arion,
almost unmarked), J. erotdes, male and female, L. alcon, L. anteros
(worn), A. daphne, A. ino, A. pandora, Neptis lucilla, Apatura iris,
Limenitis populi, L. stbylla, L. camilla, M. galathea, a var. of M.
didyma, with pale ground colour of the forewing ; 7’. ilicis, EH. aethiops,
E. ligea, S. serratulae, and many common insects. On the 17th, the
weather looked better, and we rode up the valley again in hopes of
getting a good series of the Mrebia. But again the rain came down in
torrents, and again we pitched in the wet! The morning of the 18th
was fine, and at 8 a.m., we were on our ground. No sooner had we
arrived there—than thunderstorms gathered all round us, and for three
weary hours we sheltered amongst the boulders. Then came a gleam
of sun, and Mr. Elwes had the luck to get three of the coveted
butterfly—I never saw any. Then it rained all the rest of the day and
we got into camp drenched. July 19th was worse than ever, so we
determined to return to civilization and get dry, hoping to revisit the
Airandere later on, to secure some more Erebias in better weather, but
our letters necessitated an early return home, so, instead of encamping
again in the Rhodope, we drove across the Balkan, by the low pass of
Ginec, 4500ft., to Lom-Palanka, on the Danube. It is an easy two
days’ journey, and we collected as opportunity served as we drove
along. The mountains were principally limestone, with rocky and
rather barren slopes to the southwards, and fine rolling pastures on the
higher levels, a broad and fertile range of hills rather “than mountains,
with fine forests on the northern slopes. We took several interesting
butterflies, especially L. admetus and var. rippertii, L. zephyrus (a
diminutive second brood), L.arqus, NV. lucina (a second brood, just out),
Theela querctis, T. acaciae (much worn), Satyrus phaedra, E'pinephele
lycaon, swarms of Apatura ilia var. clytie, in the flats near Sofia, and
many sundries, not deserving especial notice. ‘This was the last day
of our tour, and I will conclude this lengthy paper with a correct list
of captures from May 21st to July 20th—

Papilio podalirius, P. machaon, Parnassius apollo, P. mnemosyne,
Thais cerisyi, Aporia crataegi, Pieris brassicae, P. rapae, P. napi, P.
eryane, P. chloridice, Anthocaris belia var. ausonia, Huchloé cardamines,
Leucophasia sinapis, Colias edusa var. helice, CU, hyale, C. myrmidone
(and var. alba), Gonepteryx rhamni, Thecla wlicis, T. acaciae, T. rubt, T.
quercus, Chrysophanus viryaureae, CU. hippothoe, CU. dispar var. rutilus,
CU. thersamon, C. aletphron, C. dorilis, C. phlaeas, Lycaena aryiades, L.

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS: LEPIDOPTERA. 69

aegon, L. argus, L. zephyrus, L. orion, L. baton, L. astrarche, L. anteros,
L. eroides (considered by Mr. Elwes to be a distinct species). We took
a good many specimens of both sexes, in various parts of the Rhodope,
but never saw any eros—nor had Haberhauer ever taken it in the
Balkans), L. amandus, L. eschert, L. bellarqus, L. meleager, L. admetus,
LL. ewmedon (and var. fylgia), L. sebrus, L. semiargus (and var. parnassus),
L. minimus, L. cyllarus, L. volas, L. arion, L. aleon, Nemeobius lucina,
Limenitis populi, L. sibylla, L. camilla, Apatura iris, A. ilia var. clytie,
Neptis lucilla, Vanessa egea, V.c-album, V. polychloros, V. urticae, V. to,
V. atalanta, V. cardui, Melitaea cynthia, M. aurinia, M. cinvia, M.
phoebe, M. trivia (and var. nana), MM. athalia, M. aurelia, M. dictynna,
Argynnis selene, A. paphia, A. pandora, A. aglaia, A. adippe (and var.
cleodowa), A. niobe var. eris, A. lathonia, A. euphrosyne, A. hecate, A. pales
(and var. graeca), A. dia, A. ino, A, daphne, Melanargia yalathea, M.
larissa, Hvrebia epiphron, HE’. oeme, EH. medusa (and var. eumenis), KF.
lappona, EH. tyndarus var. balcanica, I’. gorgone var. rhodopensis, FE.
aethiops, I. ligea, FE. euryale, Satyrus phaedra, Pararge maera, P. hiera,
P. egeria, P. megaera, Hnodia hyperanthus, EH pinephele lycaon, E . tanira,
7. tithonus, Coenonympha leander, C. iphis, C. arcania, C. davus
(interesting var.), CU. pamphilus, Spilothyrus alceae, S. lavaterae, Syrich-
thus sidae, S. carthami, S. alveus, S. serratulae, S. cacaliae, S. malvae,
S. orbifer, S. sao, Nisoniades tages, Carterocephalus palaemon.
We should certainly have added considerably to this list had we
been able to remain in Bulgaria for three weeks longer,

Migration and Dispersal of Insects: Lepidoptera.
; By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The normal habit of butterflies is to fly by day, yet everyone who
follows our current literature is aware that examples are occasionally
captured by night, usually attracted by light. Thus Studd notes having
captured Pyramets atalanta, September 19th, 1893, and September 23rd,
1897, P. cardui, August 1st, 1894, Zephyrus quercus, August 26th, 1897,
and Polyommatus astrarche, July 21st, 1899, in his light-trap at Oxton,
whilst Harker observes that Aylais urticae flew into a room about 10 p.m.
July 6th, 1895, at Harrow. Scudder states (Psyche, vol. viii., p. 396)
on the authority of a boy of Topeka, Kansas, that, in the autumn of
1898, Anosta are hippus was observed almost every night, and, on one
oceasion, the lad had taken Amblyscirtes vialis flying around a light.
These and similar facts, therefore, open up the question as to whether
butterflies can, and do, migrate by night, and lend considerable interest
to the following, for which Seudder is primarily responsible.

This author relates that, when spending a summer on the island of
Nantucket, the under- keeper of the powerful flash-light at Sankaby
Head, brought him a box full of ‘‘moths,” which had been fluttering
about his lantern in great swarms the previous night. On opening it,
he discovered about a dozen living specimens, not of a moth, but of
Eugonia j-album, an insect closely resembling our British FE’. polychloros.
Hundreds of these had flown into the lantern and given the keeper
considerable trouble. That they were moving from one place to
another at the time would appear certain because the butterfly had
never before, nor has it ever since, been found upon the island of
Nantucket. A similar occurrence is quoted by Scudder on the authority

70 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

of a light-house keeper on Lake Ontario, who, in 1885, reported that
he had been greatly annoyed by the large swarms of Anosia archippus,
that flew against the lantern and obscured the light.

But migrations of butterflies, so far as we know, do not usually
take place by night. They are children of the sun, their movements
are readily observed, and their migrations have been recorded by many
naturalists. In his Voyage round the world, Darwin writes: ‘ Several
times when the ship has been some miles off the mouth of the river
Plata, and, at other times, when off the shores of northern Patagonia,
we have been surrounded by insects. One evening, when we were
about ten miles from the Bay of San Blas, vast numbers of butterflies,
in bands or flocks of countless myriads, extended as far as the eye
could range. Even by the aid of a telescope it was not possible to see
a space free from butterflies. The seamen cried out that it was
‘snowing’ butterflies, and such, in fact, was the appearance. More
species than one were present, but the main part belonged to a kind
[Colias lesbia] very similar to, but not identical with, the common
English Colixs edusa. Some moths and Hymenoptera accompanied
the butterflies, and a fine beetle (Calosoma) flew on board. Other
instances are known of this beetle having been caught far out at sea,
and this is the more remarkable, as the great number of the Carabidae
seldom or never take wing. The day had been fine and calm, and the
one previous to it equally so with light and variable airs. Hence we
cannot suppose that the insects were blown off the land, but we must
conclude that they voluntarily took to flight. The great bands of the
Colias seem at first to afford an instance like those on record of the
migrations of another butterfly, Vanessa (Pyrameis) cardui; but the
presence of other insects makes the case distinct and even less intellig-
ible. Before sunset, a strong breeze sprung up from the north, and
this must have caused tens of thousands of the butterflies and other
insects to have perished.”

Colias edusa, which is indirectly referred to in the preceding paragraph,
is one of the best-known of our British immigrant species. Equally
uncertain and sporadic, also, is the appearance of its relative, C. hyale,
in Britain. Sometimes, for many years together, neither species of
these butterflies will be seen. Then will come a year, when, in May
or early June, one or both of the species makes its appearance in large
numbers. From the north of England (sometimes even from the north
of Scotland) to the south, itis then to be met with, whereyer a clover or
lucerne field is to be found, although, as might be expected, the
southern counties get the more frequent visits and the greater number
of visitors. Occasionally the two kinds will appear in the same year.
They did so in 1885, 1857, 1868, 1875, 1876, and 1892, when both
insects were in great abundance. On a few other occasions, during
the century, when one species has been abundant, the other has also
occurred, but more sparingly, although, usually, their, seasons of
abundance occur in different years. Fitch gives (Hntom., xi., pp.
53-54) the following summary of the years in w vhich the two species of
Colias have been abundant in this country: C. hyale was common in
1821, 1826, 1828, 1835, 1842 (particularly so, but no C. edusa seen),
1843 (many, also C. edusa), 1844 (several, C'. edusa much the com-
moner, as in 1843), 1847, in 1849 there were a few, 1851 (one
record), 1855 (rare, C. edusa common), 1856 (two records), 1857 (very

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS : LEPIDOPTERA. ipl

common, as also was C. edusa), 1858 (common), 1859 (one record),
1867 (one record), 1868 (very abundant, edusa was not common), 1869
(one record), 1870 (scarce), 1872 (common, not so edusa), 1875 (abun-
dant), 1876 (common). CU. edusa was abundant in 1804, 1808, 1811,
in 1825 (one), 1826 (very abundant), 1831 (plentiful), 1833, 1835 (both
species common), 1836 (common), 1839 (common, many in June),
1843 (abundant), 1844 (very common), 1845 (scarce), 1847, 1848 (one
record), 1851 (one record), 1852, 1855 (common), 1856 (common),
1857 (very common, recorded to November 18th), 1858 (very common,
particularly in June, also to November 7th), 1859 (very abundant),
1861 (scarce), 1862, 1865 (common), 1867 (several), 1868 (common,
but C. hyale much more so), 1869 (several), 1870 (scarce), 1871 (one
record), 1872 (not uncommon), 1875 (very common), 1876 (common).
In 1877, CU. edusa swarmed from Orkney (W. Tait) to Land’s End
(Miller), and from Pembroke (Barrett) to Lowestoft (Laddiman). The
spring abundance was marked about the middle of May, chiefly in the
south and west, and by the end of the first week of June the insect was
pretty well distributed. Continuous broods were developed throughout
the summer and imagines emerged in the open until November, and yet
in 1878, the only records appear to be three imagines seen on April
18th, in Reading and Oxford, three others at Ryde, Isle of Wight, on
April 22nd, one on May 18th, in one of the north London suburbs,
and in the autumn scarcely a specimen was observed, suggesting that
the few that survived the winter were not sufficiently powerful to
propagate with any degree of success. In 1879 immigrant C. edusa
were observed in May and June, but the wet weather must have
decimated the larve, as the autumnal emergence was only abundant
in a few places on the south and south-eastern coasts. The most
recent occasion on which both species appeared in the same year took
place in 1892, when, during the first week of June, the sudden appear-
ance of specimens was almost simultaneously announced from a
majority of the English counties, C. edusa being, however, much more
common than CU. hyale. These, which were without doubt immigrants
—for experience suggests that our climate is unsuited to the larve of
this species during the winter (see, Ent. Record, vii., pp. 250-253)—
soon laid their eggs, and, by the end of July, their progeny began to
emerge, and our clover-fields became quite brilliant with vast numbers
of both species. Along the Mediterranean littoral, where the climate
is so favourable to the existence of many species, U. edusa ig to be
found in abundance every year, a succession of broods occurring,
whilst the almost entire absence of cold weather does away with the
necessity for prolonged hybernation. From these centres it would
appear to spread, sometimes in vast numbers, so as now and again to
reach our shores, or even to Scandinavia, but more frequently in
smaller numbers, its dispersal being confined to the southern countries
of Kurope, where the species has the greatest chance of existence.
Bringing its southern habits to England when it immigrates, it
lays eges which in due course produce a summer emergence in
July and August, the females of this brood immediately laying their
eges as they would have done in the warmer climes from which their
parents came. The caterpillars emerge from the eggs, and for a short
time all goes on well enough, and a fresh lot of imagines may even
emerge in October and November and the females lay their eggs, but

72 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

these late larvee are exposed to the uncertainties of our winter, and a
severe frost or a few days of continued cold and wet, and the whole
brood is exterminated, although occasionally a few odd larvee appear
to survive a mild winter in a state of hybernation, in some sheltered
spots on our southern coasts. This was so in the winters of 1877-
1878, and 1892-1893 ; but the imagines that these produced appear to
have been wanting in vitality, and unable to reproduce an autumn brood.
In 1877 and 1892, when (. edusa was with us, literally in millions in
August, we saw aS many as a dozen hustling one another for the
honied delichts of a single clover flower, and although they were found
flying about the outskirts of our towns until late in November, their
progeny was practically exterminated during the few succeeding weeks;
whilst from the immense multitude of feeding larvee that must have been
in existence in November, 1877, only a few solitary imagines as we
have already stated, appeared the following year, and with the excep-
tion of a few isolated specimens none were seen in [ngland for the
next fifteen years.

It may be here worthy of mention that, in 1899, C. edusa was
comparatively scarce in England, yet it was more abundant in Ireland
than it had been for very many years, especially in the south-western
counties—arrivals were seen in early June, their progeny began to”
emerge at the end of July, and a another brood in late September
and early October (Wolfe, Lrish Naturalist, vil., pp. 218-220). Crutt-
well records a remarkable fact about the August emergence of this
flight at Renvyle, on the Galway coast, for of a large assemblage (several
hundred Specimens) which had established itself along a narrow strip
of flowery meadow land, about half a mile in length, he was unable
during seyeral days to detect a single female specimen.

That U. edusa is abundant in the Mediterranean region from Febru-
ary to May is a well-known fact. Walker says that it is on the wing at
Gibraltar all the year round (/’nt. [ec., vul., p. 258). It is recorded as
abundant at Tangier in February, at Lambessa in popEuany, along the
Riviera in February and March, &e. (nt. Rec., vii., pp. 251-3 ; vill., pp.
36-37). That the insect has a remarkable power of flight is well known,
and when the writer’s British Butterslics was published, the reviewer of
one of the leading daily papers had only two objections to offer, one of
which was that the author did not state that (. edusa was the swiftest
British butterfly, and that one of Alpheraky’s dragoons rode over two
miles before he could capture a specimen of C. aurora. Longstaff
notes CU. edusa flying over the Pass de Teyde, on Tenerife, ata height of
10,000ft., whilst in August, 1898, we ourselves saw a specimen madly
careering high over the summit of the Mont Cenis pass, travelling from
France into ee and at an elevation (above 7000ft.) quite out of the

By E. WASMANN, §.J. (translated by H. DONISTHORPE, ELS. E.E.S:),
(Continued from p. 48.)

The striking resemblances of the guests to their hosts, ‘‘ Myrme-
koidie’’ (ant mimicry), vary even more than the formations of the
antenne. Both true and pseudo mimicry are to be found in the
guests, the latter is to be found in Scydinaenidae and Anthicidae. The

/

THE GUESTS OF ANTS AND TERMITES. 73

former protects its owners from the attacks of Insectivora on account
of their resemblance to warrior ants, and is also to be found in other
species besides the true guests, ey., Clerus formicarius and the large
tropical Cicindelidae of the genera Trycondyla, Myrmecoptera, &e. As
a rule this kind of mimicry is only found in animals that live in the
neighbourhood of ants’ nests——species of bugs of the genera Systello-
notus, Alydus, Nabis, Myrmecoris, &e., are examples. These latter are,
in many cases, ant-robbers, and draw a twofold advantage from their
dwelling-place, t.e., of protecting themselves from their enemies, and
of having easy access to their prey. A third kind of mimicry exists,
the purpose of which is to deceive the ants themselves, ant mimicry, in
fact, in the true sense of the word. This kind of mimicry is only
found in the true ant guests, and is consequently a trustworthy
character by which to recognise them. This third kind of mimicry varies
in connection with the host’s S powers of sight, whether they have well-
developed eyes or are nearly blind. In the case of well-developed sight
in the hosts, the mimicry, being intended principally to deceive the
host’s eyes, begins with a similarity of colour and reaches perfection
in the imitation of the structure of the host’s body. This rests more
on deceptive reflections of light than on any real similarity of form,
which is explained by the fact that the eyes of the ants are not strong
enough to perceive shapes and forms. Lomechusa strumosa (pl., fig. 2),
occurring with the blood-red robber-ant (L’ormica sanguinea), gives us
one of the most beautiful examples of this kind of mimicry. A less
perfect example is seen in the glossy-black Myrmedonia funesta and
laticollis that live with the glossy-black ant, Lasius fuliginosus. It is
certainly not by chance that the most like this ant in colour of the six
species living with it is the one most often found. These examples
show that mimicry calculated to deceive the ant is found both in the
true guests (Lomechusa) and in the hostile lodgers (Myrmedonia). In
the former case it furthers the friendly intercourse between guest and
host, and in the latter it hides from the hostile watchfulness of the
host the rascal, whose size would otherwise make him noticeable, and
who now appears as a wolf in sheep’s clothing. This difference in the
mimicry of Lomechusa strumosa and Myrmedonia funesta is explained by
the totally different intercourse between the two species and their
hosts. The similarity is more perfect in the Myrmedonia, because it
hides itself like a murderer in the nest, and only creeps up to isolated
ants, whereas the Lomechusa is accustomed to live amongst the ants as
their spoilt pet. An isolated Lomechusa has hardly any resemblance to
an ant, being much broader and plumper, but when it sits in the midst
of ants its resemblance is so illusive that it can hardly be found. The
light which is reflected from the concave sides of the thorax appears to
the eye like the narrow back of the ant, and the rolled-up abdomen of
the beetle reflects the light in the same way as the rounded abdomen
of a fatant. Such reflections of light would be useless in Myrmedonia
funesta, as it is not in the habit of sitting in the midst of the ants. Its
mimicry limits itself to such items as are of advantage to an
isolated beetle, i.e., the glossy-black colour, narrow shape, and rolled-
up abdomen. This mimicry is intended to deceive the ants alone, as
when the Myrmedonia finds itself confronted by a stronger enemy it
protects itself in quite a different manner by rolling itself up and pre-
tending to be dead. It then looks like a small lump of earth.

74. . THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

The mimicry of guests associating with blind or nearly blind ants
tikes quite a different form, as it only seeks to deceive the sense of
touch. It begins with a similarity of structure and hair-growths be-
tween guest and ant, and develops into a close similarity of form in
the different parts of the body, more particularly inthe antenne. The
best examples are to be seen in the Heiton guests of Brazil. The
notorious ‘‘ wander-ants,”’ the terror of all small animals, belonging to
the neo-tropical regions, have in their suite a number of different
guests, especially beetles belonging to the Staphylinidae, who accom-
pany these robber-bands, either on foot or riding on the egg-clusters.
In 1891 I had already described twenty-one species of Hetton guests,
and since then several very remarkable species have been sent to me.
Mimicry plays the principal part in assisting these guests to live in
such dangerous society. Not only do they receive no harm, but they
are even allowed to help themselves to the prey and offspring of their
thievish hosts. Hight of these twenty-one species of Hciton guests
mimic their hosts. It can be proved that these are cases of true
mimicry (i.e., to deceive their hosts) by comparing them with the
mimicry of guests of clear-sighted ants. The former deceive the host’s
sense of touch in the same way that the latter deceive the host’s sense
of sight. Heciton mimicry reaches its highest state of perfection in
Keitomorpha simulans, Wasim., a guest of Heiton foreli, Mayr, and in
Mimeciton pulevx, Wasm. (pl., fig. 4), a guest of Heiton praedator, Sm.

A superficial glance would not suffice to understand this kind of
mimicry, as the similarity is not calculated to deceive the sight but the
touch. It is necessary to place each part of the mimic’s body under
the lens, and compare it with a similar part of the body of the smallest
worker-ants of the host. One will then recognise a true Hciton mimic,
whereas, to the naked eye, by the side of the glossy-black ant it looks
like a lone-legeed ruby-red flea—hence its name ‘“pulex.” The
mimicry here exhibited is so perfect that by closer observation one
would think one had a real ant before one instead of a beetle. Its
head is shaped like a small Mciton head, its thorax stretches out and is
narrowly arched like the back of an Keiton and contracted exactly in
the same place as the ant’s thorax, and on both there is a large
fissure. Then there comes an apparently unconquerable obstacle.
How is the very broad knotty-shaped first segment of the double-
ringed hind-body of the ant to he represented by a beetle that should
possess elytra in this identical spot? The elytra of the Mtmeciton are
no longer elytra because they do not cover any wings, nor have they a
suture. They form a knotty shaped roof, from under which the
narrowed base of the abdomen proceeds in the same manner as the.
second part of the abdomen of the Kciton. The abdomen is fat and.
arched like that of a well-fed ant, and the antenne are whip-shaped
and have a long first jomt identical with those of the ant. To make.
the mimicry perfect the beetle has even lost its compound eyes, which
are replaced by tiny ocelli like those of the ant. It has the long spider-
legs of the wander-ant, but this also serves it for a practical purpose,
i.e., to keep up when running in company with these capricious.
vagabonds. What is even still more astonishing is the fact that the
comb-shaped spur on the extremity of the ant’s anterior tibize is repro-
duced in the beetle by a spur-shaped hook (see pl., fig. 4). If there.
are anywhere in nature examples of true mimicry, they are to be found:

NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA IN THE SIAMESE MALAY STATES. 1/45)

amongst the guests of the genus Feciton. There is, of course, no
similarity of colouring, or at any rate only a chance resemblance, be-
tween these guests and their nearly blind hosts. The wander-ants of
the genus Mciton have only simple ocelli, instead of compound eyes,
the former being more imperfect organs of sight than the latter. The
size and shape of these ocelli, however, differ in the different species.
They are very small and flat in Meiton praedator and FE. coecum, and,
in consequence, their mimicking guests, Meitonilla, Kcitonides, and
Mimeciton, possess no similarity of colouring. The smallest worker-
ants of Hetton foreli have got comparatively larger and more arched
ocelli than the two other species. On this account I am still in doubt
whether there exists any true similarity of colouring between these
little black workers and their guests. These guests have certainly no
similarity of colouring with the big yellow warrior-ants. The question
of colouring is quite a secondary one, as the structure, hair-growths,
and shape of the body, calculated to deceive the sense of touch, are go
apparent. The case is quite different, however, with Hciton californicum
of North America. I was not a little astonished to see in a guest sent
me by Father Jerome Schmitt, O.S.B., which he had discovered with
this ant in North California, that the rust-red colour corresponded per-
fectly with that of its host. When I looked, however, at the eyes of the
latter through a lens the enigma was solved. They were comparatively
well-developed, arched, and twice as big as those of the same sized
workers of INeciton pracdator. It is, therefore, apparent that Heciton
californicum is able to see the colour of its guest, and so this element
has been changed also by the aid of mimicry.
(To be continued.)

Notes on Orthoptera in the Siamese Malay States.
By N. ANNANDALE, B.A.

The following are some general notes on the habits of the
Orthoptera made last year during the months of April to September, while
I was a member of an expedition sent out to Lower Siam under the
auspices of the Cambridge University and the leadership of Mr. W.
Skeat, of Perak, and with the kindly and most generous aid of the
Siamese Government, I hope soon to publish a more detailed account
of some of the insects mentioned, more particularly of the flower-like
Mantids and of certain of the Locustids.

Harwigs are rare in those parts. A few species may be caught
round the lamp on some evenings ; on others, apparently identical as
regards temperature and weather generally, hardly an insect of an
kind is attracted by the flame. In the plains these fertile nights are
commoner than they are among the hills or in the midst of thick
jungle. A few earwigs, mostly immature forms, may also be found
under the bark of dead trees or in rotten timber. Sometimes a dug-
out canoe on theriver isinfested by them. In one cavern of the Jalor
caves, Chelisoches morio, Fabr., abounded among the bats’ dung on the
eround; and might be taken by laying a dry object, such as a camera-
case, in the middle of the cavern. Numbers both of adults and of
larve would soon crawl upon it, if it were left in the dark for a few
minutes. The caye specimens of this common species most probably
sought the outside world in the evening, as they were only found in a

76 THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD.

particular part of the cave, not far distant from a place where the roof
had collapsed, admitting a certain amount of light and offering an
easy egress.

The walls of the same cavern were hidden in places by dense
crowds of a species of Blatta; the wingless females and larve of a
Perisphaeria mined in the bats’ guano, the winged males mingling
with the larger species on the wall. Thousands of small Stenopelina-
tidae leapt about on the floor, and sat where they could find unoccu-
pied room on the walls. All these appeared to feed on bats’ dung, and
the Locustids were the prey of enormous Pedipalpi, which crawled in the
open cave, groping for their food all round them with their feeler-legs
crossed over their backs. Outside the caves, the smaller, more lightly
built, cockroaches, were mostly diurnal, flitting about in the clearings
and the sunnier reaches of the jungle. The common house cockroach
of the country is Periplaneta australasiae. Large colonies of this
species conceal themselves in the hollows of the bamboos of which a
Malay house is principally built. But the most powerful forms, such
as Panesthia, are hidden during the day in fallen trees and branches,
into the rotten parts and crevices of which the different species of
this genus are well adapted to insinuate themselves, by reason of the
pushing power of their spiny hind legs, which are so strong that it is
extremely difficult to hold the insects between the finger and thumb.
On one occasion I found a specimen, probably P. javanica, in arounded
chamber in the very centre of a great log, with several small white
cockroaches crawling round it. “The large individual seemed to be
healthy, but only the jagged stumps of its wings remained; it is
probable that the others had eaten them off. The colourless speci-
mens were not all of the same size, and possibly they were immature
forms of the same species as the other. Some large specimens in
the Hope Collection at Oxford appear to have lost their w ings quite
as completely, only the same jagged edge remaining, but there is no
information in their case as to how the mutilation came about. A
number of forms, belonging to different genera of the Malay Dlattidae,
bear a more or less marked resemblance to wood-lice, and some may
even be mistaken for the Crustaceans. As arule, such forms are
found among dead leaves or under stones, in places which the wood-lice
also frequent. Ido not believe, however, that this resemblance is
mimetic, for it is hard to see how mimicry could benefit either party,
or both, in this case; it seems rather to be adaptive ; wood-louse and
cockroach, living under the same conditions, have developed the same
general shape of body. The cockroaches, however, which had the most
surprising habits of those which came under my notice, were certain
aquatic forms belonging to the genus Kpilampra. While we were staying
in a hill-clearing on the boundary of the States of Nawnchik and
Jalor, the gelatine on some photographic plates, which were left to dry
in a small hut built over the stream, was eaten away during the night.
Our Malay servants assured me that the damage had been done by
‘« lipas ayer,” or water-cockroaches, but I did not believe them. A few
days later one of them pointed out to me a cockroach crawling along
the sandy bottom of a small mountain rivulet, and afterwards I secured
specimens both from a jungle burn in Rhaman and from the Kelantan
river. In the river the wingless females sit on floating logs, in the
crevices of which they deposit their ege-capsules, just above the water-

COLEOPTERA. 17

line, and dive upon the least disturbance, remaining under water for
some minutes, and sneaking to the surface again beneath the shelter
of the log. They do not appear to take down much air with them, as
no part of the body looks silvery under water. I have occasionally
seen the winged males rising from the surface of the river and taking
flight, but I was never able to detect them actually in the water. The
jungle specimens were all females; they were taken either in the water
or among the matted roots with which the sides of the stream were
covered.

The best known cricket in the Malay peninsula, though very few
people have actually seen it, is the ‘‘ Singing earthworm ’”’ of the
Malays and colonists. It is a species of Gryllotalpa, which lives
in holes in the ground; whence it gives forth in the evenings a deep
organ-like note, so loud, and so musical, that, until one has had some
experience of the jungle noises, one can hardly credit it to an insect,
much less to an earthworm. Other species of crickets sing about the
houses, producing a sound like a gritty piece of chalk on a blackboard,
which is annoying at night. The number of species and individuals,
however, is limited.

Among the lalang grass (Imperatia koeniyit), which is the earliest
and most pernicious of the weeds that appear in a Malay clearing,
the orthopteran life is so rich that the general name ‘ belalane’”’ has
been bestowed on all grasshoppers and locusts by the Malays, who
have a surprising knowledge as to the facts of the biology of their
country, though their theories are at least as wild as those of some
European zoologists. They know, for instance, that a certain large
parasitic Nematode issues from the body of a Mantis. From this they
have concluded that the worm is the child of the insect. They have
further imagined that its father must be an earthworm, and they
have invented a story which, to compare little things with great, may
be likened to that of the origin of the Cretan Minotaur. None of the
species that live among the “‘lalang”’ are of any great size, the largest
not being more than two inches in length. They are mostly Acridiids,
but a few crickets, larval Mantids, and cockroaches may be found
with them, and, on the hills, certain Phasmids and also species of
Necrosia.

(To be conlcuded.)

G)\OLEOPTERA.

ScoLytus RuGuULOsuUs IN PRuNUS LAuRO-cERASUS. — That Diloba
cacruleophala and other lepidoptera eat the leaves of the common laurel
is no doubt matter for surprise, and so every now and then it comes
up for notice in the magazines, I suppose, like the big gooseberry and
the sea-serpent. That the wood and bark should make good insect
food is, perhaps, less against our preconceived opinions, but perhaps
sufficiently interesting to note, though it may have been frequently
done already. I believe I have somewhere noted Semasia woeberiana in
the bark of cherry laurel, and I think I have seen the work of Scolytus
prunt therein. I have recently seen the work of S. rugulosus in dead
branches of laurel here at Reigate.—T. A. CHapman, M.D., Betula,
Reigate. January, 1900.

A Frew Nores on Surrotxk CoLroprera.—Having had the pleasure
of a couple of days’ collecting in the Ipswich neighbourhood with Mr.

78 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Claude Morley, last September, a few notes on the results may be
useful as an addendum to Mr. Morley’s Suffolk list. The weather was
all that could be desired, and with the aid of bicycles we covered a
considerable extent of ground. Jam greatly indebted to Mr. Morley’s
able guidance for the chance of taking a number cf species new to me
in a living state. I had the good fortune to capture three species new
to the Suffolk list, viz., Apion dissimile, Sphindus dubius, and E'nne-
arthron cornutum. The first-named was swept off its usual food-plant,
Trifolium arvense, in a sandpit near the Foxhall plateau. I had had
the pleasure of making the acquaintance of this Apion only the week
before at Deal, on the same plant. The Sphindus and Mnnearthron, as
well as Cis nitidus, were bred out of some fungus which I brought
away with me. Mr. Morley also added a species new to the lst in
Trachyphloeus spinimanus, of which a single example turned up in a
crag-pit. The following species also are noteworthy : Olibrus pygmaeus,
not uncommon at roots of plants; Olibrus liquidus, by sweeping, this
has only occurred once before in the county; Nitidula rujipes, several
in the skeleton of a calf at Foxhall, rare in Suffolk ; Nitidula quadri-
pustulata, with the last ; Dermestes vulptnus, uncommon, and not pre-
viously taken at Foxhall; Dacne hwneralis, bred in some number from
a large fungus, and new to the Ipswich district ; Phyllotreta consobrina,
I swept a few of this in Bentley Woods, hitherto only taken at
Brandon; Aphthona lutescens, not uncommon at Foxhall; Psylliodes
affinis, I swept a specimen of this much suffused with black on the
elytra; Mecinus circulatus, a single specimen in a crag-pit, which par-
ticular pit, Mr. Morley tells me, is almost its sole habitat; Apion
rubens, Bentley Woods; Apion varipes, not uncommon by sweeping ;
Balaninus turbatus, one in Bentley Woods off hazel, of rare occurrence
in the county; Gymnetron melanarium, one in Bentley Woods, thus
confirming the record of Stephens and Curtis as ‘‘ found in Suffolk ” ;
it has not been taken since their time ; Ceuthorrhynchus melanostictus, off
Mentha, at Foxhall, the pupa-cases are very pretty ; Amalus scortillum,
abundant in a crag-pit.—B. Tomum, B.A., F.1.8., Stancliffe Hall,
Matlock.

Antuicus prmacutatus, Inu.—I took four specimens of this rarity
on May 8rd last at Pyle, in South Wales, on the sandhills. No two
are quite alike, but they vary from the form shown in Fowler’s figure
with a minute black dot to one with a regular black band across the
elytra. It was an ideal day for sandtraps, with a steady wind blowing,
and the following species were taken in the same way: Limonius
cylindricus (abundant), Ceuthorrhynchus asperifoliarum, Coeliodes fuliyi-
nosus, Choleva angustata, Hister neylectus, and Psanmobius sulcicollis.—
Tern.

@ RTHOPTERA.

How DOES THE EARWIG FOLD ITs wines ?—One evening in the
beginning of August last I boxed a specimen of Labia minor, and as
it was extremely active, and continually flitting about, it gave one
ample opportunity for observing the expanding and folding of its
wines. I cannot confirm the statement of Rev. J. G. Wood (Insects at
Home) that the forceps are used. I watched the operation not once
but many times. ‘The wings were shot out rapidly with a jerk, then

ORTHOPTERA. 79

as soon as the creature landed on the bottom or side of the box, they
remained a short time their full length over the back of the abdomen,
and while watching for the forceps to come into use were quietly drawn
up under the elytra. Further observation revealed the modus operandt ;
the forceps were not used at all, but the femora of the middle pair of
Jees raised so that the knees touched the hinge-joints of the costal
nervures, this allowed them to bend, the wings folding automatically
as they were drawn over the back and under the elytra. The wings
were not seized by the forceps and by them tucked away ; the insect
can and does secure its wings properly without their aid. Confined
within the limits of an ordinary glass-bottomed box and observed
indoors under a good light until I was tired of watching, the insect
being very active, so much so, that it might have been one of the
Saltatoria, I most positively affirm that in no one instance were the
forceps used. Indeed, if, as Wood says, the primary use of the forceps
is to pack the wines under the elytra, what, one may ask can be their
purpose amongst the apterous species ? Perhaps other students who
have had the opportunity, may be induced to relate their observations
upon the matter.—Harry Moors, F.E.§8., 12, Lower Road, Rother-
hithe, February 19th, 1900. [That the forceps cannot be exclusively
used for the operation of folding the wings is obvious, for about half
the known species of earwigs are incapable of flight; in many exotic
forms, too, the forceps are too complicated and clumsy to be of any
assistance for such a purpose, and are sometimes even longer than the
body. They may serve as weapons of offence or defence. According
to Kirby and Spence, Labidura riparia, Pall., when disturbed, turns its
tail over its head, giving it a most alarming appearance. The forceps
are almost invariably more simple in the female than in the male, so
they may be useful for sexual purposes.—M.B.|

OrtHopTeRA at ‘ Sucar.’’—I was staying near Torquay, south
Devon, from August 5th-16th, 1899, and ‘‘sugared”’ almost nightly
for Lepidoptera, and at the same time the following Orthoptera were
taken, which have been kindly verified by Mr. Burr. FPorjficula auricu-
laria, L., this species literally covered every patch of sugar nighily ;
Ectobia lapponica, L., several occurred ; Leptophyes punctatissima,
Bose., several taken; Meconema varium, Fab., afew; Locusta viridissima,
L., of this fine species several could have been taken every night ;
Thamnotrizon cinereus, L., several; Platycleis grisea, Fab., several.—
A. H. Hamm, 52, St. Mary’s Road, Oxford. [/. auricularia is well
known as a visitor to sugar. . lapponica is noticed by Mr. Milton
(Ent. Rec., xi., p. 8383). L. punctatissima has been taken at sugar by
Dr. Dixey, and MV. varium is a familiar visitor and was noticed by
McLachlan in 1868 and 1876, by Boswell in 1875, and recently by
Lucas. L. viridissima apparently comes with double purpose, as
Boswell records it feeding on the sugar and eating the moths attracted
to it (Hntom., 1875, p. 165). 7. cinereus has been taken at sugar by
Lucas, but P. grisea is a less familiar visitor. I am unaware that it
has been recorded before under similar circumstances.—M.B.|

How tone pors Brarra orrentauis, Linn., 2 CARRY ITS OOTHECA
BEFORE DEPosITION ?—Varlous authors say from a few days to more
than a week. On August 28rd last I boxed a 2 which shortly after
began to extrude its egg-case. Having for some time been collecting
stray notes on the ova of Orthoptera I kept the insect under close

80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

observation. The whole process lasted about twelve hours. The case
hardens gradually upon exposure, the portion still retained in the
oviduct being soft and putty coloured. It seemed to me that when
the whole capsule was ripe the ? could no longer retain it. Amongst
others, Blatchley says (The Blattidae of Indiana) that the 2 B. orientalis
carries its ootheea fora week orlonger; Phyllodromia germanica, for several
days with half or three-fourths of its length protruding, and mentions
that from one with protruding ootheca placed in a bottle at 11 p.m.
the young had emerged at 8 the following morning. JB. orientalis
takes longer to hatch (here again authors differ—from any time up to a
year). My difficulties are these (a): Can the 9 carry a fully ripe
capsule? (b) If the portion retained in the body of the ? remains soft,
can the young be as fully developed there as in the part extruded a con-
siderable time before? I have always understood that the young emerge
much about the same time as one another, but have had no opportunity
for testing it—Harry Moors, F.E.S., 12, Lower Road, Rotherhithe,
February 19th, 1900.

WW ARIATION.

ANTHROCERID ABERRATIONS WITH DARK INSTEAD OF RED spoTs.—In
British Lepidoptera, vol. i., p. 428, Inoticed those species of Anthrocera
of which aberrations with brown-coloured (instead of red) spots had
been recorded. To these M. C. Oberthtir adds A. achilleae, bringing the
total number up to six species. The specimen was captured at
Cauterets last summer.—J. W. Turr.

PARALLEL COLOUR VARIATION IN LARVE AND PupE.—I observe that
Mr. Walker asks (ante, vol. xi., p. 269) whether the brown larve of
Ennomos fuscantaria always produce brown pup, and green larve
green pupe. Ican answer it in the affirmative as to both Zonosoma
annulata and Z. porata. The larvee of 7. annulata are generally green,
but we occasionally meet with brown ones. These latter are most
common among autumnal broods, and when breeding the var. obsoleta
last autumn (a third brood) I found a third of the larvee were brown,
and their pup also are similarly coloured. Doubtless the change from
type is protective, assimilating the larve to the dying leaves of the
maple, but in this case, though the maples were already changing a
good deal, the larvee were supplied throughout with green leaves only.
A hereditary tendency to the seasonal change must, therefore, be well
established.—W. S. Ripine, M.D., F.E.S., Buckerell, E. Devon.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES.

Hyponimnas misippus, Linn., TAKEN IN THE ATLANTIC Ocran.—Of the
five specimens of Hypolimnas missipus, Linn., sent to me (and mentioned
ante, vol. xi., p. 822) as part of a swarm taken by Captain Ellis in the
Atlantic Ocean, two are males and three females. Of the latter one is
typical mistppus, while two are the var. inaria, Cr. This preponder-
ance of the variety over the type, strongly indicates that the specimens
had flown from some part of the Ethiopian region, and probably either
from the tropical west coast or from the north-east or east coast.
Thus inaria is very common at Aden, and abundant at Dar-es-Salaam.
At Ashanti on the west, it seems to be the dominant form, as five

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 81

females I have recently seen from this locality were all inaria. The
facts of its distribution, combined with a knowledge of the position of
the ship, ought to enable us to judge of the coast from which the
specimens found migrated with tolerable accuracy.—K. B. Poutron,
M.A., F.R.S., Oxford.

T]OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

DisTriBuTION OF SYMPETRUM SANGUINEUM IN Britarn.—Referring to
your note (ante vol. xi., p. 232) on the distribution of S. sanguinewn,
there is no doubt that this species is a native of Britain, and occurs com-
monly every year in the Wicken Fen ditches, and when we were at
Deal it was abundant in the broad ditch crossing the sandhills.—G. T.
Porritt, F.L.S., F.E.8., Crosland Hall, Huddersfield.

Larvm or PROUTIA BETULINA FULL-FED IN Novemper.—Between
November 12th and 26th I found near here 58 cases of Proutia betulina.
I at first thought them to be merely empty cases, but they nearly all
contain apparently adult larvee. They will, | hope, survive the winter.
—F. G. Wairtie, Southend.

ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN Hssex.—A brother entomologist living near
Southend tells me that more than 100 pup of Acherontia atropos were
taken to him by potato-diggers during the last autumn (1899).—Isp.

AcHERONTIA ATROPOS IN Norrotx.—l, too, can report the occurrence
of larvee of Acherontia atropos in this part of Norfolk in some numbers
last season. ‘The first larva was brought to me July 24th, 1899, and
produced a fine imago under natural conditions on September 20th.
Another was brought on July 28th, three others came in during
August, and are going over. I have heard of the finding of other
larve in this neighbourhood, which, however, failed to reach me.—
K. A. Armorz, F.E.5., King’s Lynn.

SMERINTHUS POPULI IN WESTERN SCOTLAND, WITH SOME NOTES ON ITS
Hasirs.—I have recently been re-reading Mr. Bacot’s paper on ‘“‘ The
genus Smerinthus,” in vol. ii. of the Hnt. Record, pp. 173-181. The
author of the paper there quotes Barrett as stating that Smerinthus
populti is not found in the west of Scotland. Ihave repeatedly taken
larve in Buteshire—the Isle of Arran, also at Bridge-of-Weir in
Renfrewshire. The last date for the former locality being August, 1899,
and for the latter locality August, 1896. I have taken the moth
flying heavily along a roadside at dusk. Its flight is slow and laboured
and closely resembles that of Acherontia atropos which I frequently saw
on the wing in India some years ago. It is strange that the larva of
S. populi, although it burrows when full-fed, generally comes to the
surface in captivity before it turns, however much earth is given it.—
H. C. Arsutunorr, Downside, Otley Road, Harrogate. Mebruary 10th,
1900.

Hae-Layinc or MacroGhossa FUCIFORMIS (THE HONEYSUCKLE BEE-
HAWK).—AJ. fuciformis is said to oviposit on the wing, vide, Buckler’s
Larva, &e., vol. 1., p. 121. I once, however, got the moth to lay in
captivity, although, on that occasion it had spent some time in a
killing-bottle and was believed to be dead when taken out. The two
eggs subsequently laid were fertile and produced healthy larvee.—Isip.

Burrerriies arounD Lucrerne 1n tate Aueust.—The following
list of butterflies taken in the neighbourhood of Lucerne during the
last week of August and the first week of September, 1899, may be of

82 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

interest. The principal ground worked was from Weggis to the top of
the Rigi, and from Vitznaw to the Rigi-Kulm, and the Bergenstock,
which is almost opposite Weggis, on the other side of the Lake of the
four Cantons. On Pilatus Kulm (6,995ft. high) the only butterflies
seen were swarms of Aylais urticae, and an almost black butterfly* of
which I was not able to secure a single specimen, as they were on a
very steep bank and quite out of reach; just below the Tomlishorn,
the highest peak of Mont Pilatus. The commonest butterfly, not
only on the mountains, but also in the immediate neighbourhood of
Lucerne, was Colias hyale, and in very fine condition, its range extended
almost to the summit of the Rigi. Argynnis lathonia was found in
one place only, on an open space in front of a pension, on the way up
the Rigi from Vitznaw, it was also in splendid condition. Huvanessa
antiopa was I think over, only two specimens were seen, one at Weggis
and the other at Andermatt, in front of the Grand Hotel. Although
the weather was splendid during the whole fortnight that I spent in
Switzerland, I think my visit was too late in the year from an entomo-
logical point of view. ‘The following were the species taken: Dryas
paphia, Argynnis aglaia, A. lathonia, Melitaea didyma, M. parthenie, M.
athalia, Polygonia c-album, Vanessa to, Huvanessa antiopa, Aglais urticae,
Pyrameis atalanta, Limenitis stbylla (much worn), Papilio machaon,
Parnassius apollo, Colias hyale, C. edusa, Pieris napi, P. rapae, P.
brassicae, Gonepteryx rhamni, Pararge megaera, P. egeria, EHrebia
medusa, Coenonympha pamphilus, Epinephelejanira, Chrysophanus dorilis,
CU. phlacas, Zephyrus betulae, Polyommatus corydon, P. bellargus, P.tcarus,
and Leucophasia sinapis.| Macroglossa stellatarum was common in the
gardens at Weggis, on the Bergenstock, and other places on both sides
of the lake.—P. Grratp SanrorD, F.I.C., F.C.8., 20, Cullum Street, E.C.

Tor PHIBALAPTERYX AQUATA OF THE ‘ TUGWELL COLLECTION.’ —I
see that in your article on Phibalapterya aquata (ante, p. 86), you speak
of there having been two specimens of it sold with Mr. Tugwell’s
collection, one of which was bought by Dr. Sequeira. I bought the
other and now have it, but there was no record to show from what
locality it came. It is smaller than the specimens of P. vitalbata,
which I bought in the same lot. I bought the lot (51) because it
contained a fine bred series of Cidaria picata. It seems to have been
a fortunate purchase if this is, indeed, a specimen of P. aquata.—J. C.
Moserty, M.A., F.E.S., 9, Rockstone Place, Southampton. February
15th, 1900.

MAcroGLOSSA STELLATARUM IN Fepruary.—A specimen of Macroglossa
stellatarum flew into a grocer’s shop on February 28th, and was
hovering over an open box of prunes, when it was knocked down by
the shopman.—W. A. Lurr, Mount Pleasant, Burnt Lane, Guernsey.
February 28th, 1900.

* Most probably Erebia glacialis var. alecto.

+ Also Pelyommatus damon, P, dorylas, Nomiades seniargus, Melitaea dictynna,
Brenthis dia, B. selene, B, pales, Argynnis niobe var. eris, Erebia euryale, Calli-
morpha hera.

PRACTICAL HINTS.
Field Work for March and April.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

1.—The trunks of oaks should be searched during the afternoon in
March and April for newly emerged imagines of Amphidasys strataria.

CURRENT NOTES. 838

2.—Anisopteryx aescularia is sometimes to be found in numbers by
searching tree-trunks in the late afternoon. It is often also abundant
on the framework of roadside lamps in the early morning.

3.—During the first fortnight of April search the honeysuckle by
night for the young larve of Pericallia syringaria.

4.—In open parts of woods, high up around the tops of young
aspens, the imagines of Brephos notha are sometimes to be seen in
March and April on hot sunny days in considerable numbers.

5.—Spruce fir cones collected in March and April should be over-
hauled for larve of Coccyx strobilana which feed up and pupate
therein.

6.—The larva of Ephippiphora nigricostana passes the winter in
the stems of Stachys sylvatica which should be collected in March and
April.

7.—The larva of Grapholitha nisana feeds in the catkins of sallow
in March and April.

8.—Butalis incongruella is much overlooked in the south of England
owing to its early appearance, we have repeatedly taken it in great
abundance in late April and early May on the chalkhills of Kent.

9.—During the first week in April sweep Calluna vulgaris on heaths
and moors for larvee and cases of Coleophora juncicolella.

10.—As soon as the sallows are in bloom, every warm evening
should be spent working those trees that are in sheltered spots. Living
females of Hoporina croceayo should be fed with moistened sugar and
given a few oak-twigs with old leaves in a large glass jar, when eggs
will be laid freely.

11.—Towards the end of March beat the bare twigs of ash, either
trees or hedgerow bushes, after dark, for larvee of Cirrhoedia werampelina.
Feed up on the large unopened buds until the trees break into leat.
By this means some 40 or 50 larvee were obtained in the spring of
1897, in Suffolk, and a nice series of imagines was bred therefrom
(James).

N.B.—Lists of some hundreds of similar ‘“ Practical Hints ’’ may
be obtained from the preceding volumes.

GY URRENT NOTES.

The Entomological Society of London is fortunate in having
obtained the services of so excellent a Fellow as Mr. H. Rowland-
Brown, M.A., as secretary, in succession to Mr. J. J. Walker. We
have no doubt that Mr. Brown will fully keep up the high reputation
of our premier society, and prove a worthy successor to the best of his
distinguished predecessors.

The President of the Entomological Society of London has appointed
Dr. T. A. Chapman, F'.Z.8., Mr. W. lL. Distant, F.E.S., and Mr.
C. O. Waterhouse, I*..5., to be Vice-Presidents for the year.

In the Annales de la Société entomologique de Belgique, M. A. Lameere
records three additions to the list of Orthoptera known from Belgium.
The first is Oecanthus pellucens, Scop., the second Caloptenus italicus,
L., and finally Stenobothrus lonyicornis, Latr. This latter species is
most interesting. Hitherto it has only been recorded from certain
marshy localities in central France. The specimen upon which M.

84 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Lameere bases this addition, has been in the Brussels Museum for
some years. It was captured at Laeken by Camille Van Volxem, and
has been regarded as Stenobothrus parallelus, Zett., var. eaplicatus,
Selys (vide, Ent. Itec., 1899, vol. xi., pp. 244-5).

Mr. Tutt would be pleased if every reader of the Hnt. Record would
kindly send on any information at his or her disposal about the following
species: Hndromis versicolor, Saturnia pavonia, Poecilocampa popult,
Trichiura crataegi, Malacosoma castrensis, M. neustria, Eriogaster lanestris,
Epicnaptera ilicifolia, Eutricha quercifolia, Cosmostriche potatoria,
Macrothylacia rubi, Lasiocampa quercis, and L. trifoliit. The facts
might be enumerated under headings—(1) Localities (with counties).
(2) Dates of capture (in any stage). (8) Food-plants. (4) Habits of
larva and imago. (5) Habitat. (6) Eges. (7) Larva. (8) Pupa. If
put in tabulated form and not included in a letter it would be of great
advantage. Those correspondents who have already sent lists, &c.,
would greatly oblige by adding the data for 1898 and 1899 to their
earlier communications. All information will be duly credited in the
work to be published to the sender.

The Council of the City of London Entomological and Natural
History Society having decided that the publication expenses of the
Transactions for 1899 shall be met by special donations as in the
previous year, it was resolved at the ordinary meeting of January 16th
last :—(1) That a special ‘‘ Publication Fund” be started forthwith.
(2) That the secretaries be requested to write to all members that the
society have decided to publish their Transactions by a voluntary sub-
scription. (8) That the president be instructed to appoint a publication
committee composed of subscribers, such committee to have full powers
in every respect. All entomologists who wish the Transactions for
1899 to be published and are willing to assist in defraying the cost
are, therefore, requested to kindly communicate, at an early date, with
the treasurer, Mr. C. Nicholson, 202, Evering-road, N.E. Many
generous donations have already been promised, and it is hoped that a
larger volume may be issued than that of 1898.

Our readers will be pleased to hear that Mr. Burr is collecting the
material for a detailed account of the British (mcluding the Channel
Islands) Orthoptera. He is in want of material—as to localities, habits,
dates of emergence, &c.—from everywhere. He hopes to start the
work definitely next autumn, to illustrate it, and to give much space
to general questions. Information should be sent to Mr. M. Burr,
Dormans Park, East Grinstead.

Many of the subscribers to The Natural History of the British
Lepidoptera, having written about the publication of Vol. II. in parts,
Mr. Tutt desires to state that Part 1 will only be sent to those sub-.
scribers who have prepaid their subscription and expressly stated that
they require it in parts. As the parts will be bound in paper, a cover
to match Vol. I. will be sent to such with Part 2, price 9d. New sub-
scribers to the work are offered, until Vol. II. is published, the chance
of subscribing for Vols. I. and II. at 80s. Copies of Vol. I alone can -
still be obtained at £1 net.

Errata.—vVol. xi., p. 333, line 9, from top, ‘‘Lieutenant”’ should read ‘“ Assist-
ant-Paymaster.”? Vol. xii., p. 41, line 10 from bottom, ‘‘ 125” should read ‘* 1246” ; -
p. 55, line 10 from bottom, for ‘‘ 1899 ” read ‘‘ 1889.—H.D.

Volume. ‘‘ Special Index ”’ to Vols. IIT., IV., V., VI., VII., VIII., IX., X., and XI., price 1/-
_ each. Single Back Numbers of Vols. I.—-XI. can be obtained at pousin the published price,
from H. E. Paces, F.E.S., ‘“ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, S.E.

REMITTANCES TO BE SENT WITH ORDER.

Forrien Susscripers (continental and otherwise) when sending money orders
through the London General Post Oflice are requested at the same time, to post to Mr.
Page, F.E.S., a note advising him of same.

Norice.—Subscribers who last month received account forms with the word ‘‘please”’
_ streck out, will understand that this was done in order to comply witha post-office regula-
| tion. —H.E.P.

Norice.—Owing to the unsatisfactory way in which the photo issued with No. 1 was.

i printed, the printer has kindly arranged to reprint it, and the same will be issued with the
_ first number that has no current plate belonging to it.— H.E..P.

Be, All Exchange Magazines muot in future be forwarded to J. W. Tutt,
estcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

Reprints of Articles or Notes (long or short) appearing in this Magazine can be arranged
for by Authors at a very low price, on application to Mr. H. E. Page, F.E.S.,

EXCHANGE.
Se

_ inserted for Subscribers without charge so long as there is available space, but they MUST NOT be

"written on Post or Letter Cards, the inconvenience arising from which is very great. No exact limit is
placed on the length of lists of Duplicates, but lists of Desiderata should be as short as possible. Entomo-
Jogical Books wanted may also be inserted in this column. ] E

NOTICE.—The Editor will be glad of eggs, larve and pupe of Lepidoptera, for
_ description.
IMPORTANT.— Wanted, actual dates on which, and exact localities where, Psychids,
_ Pterophorids, Lasiocampids and Sphingids have been captured. Will correspondents send
_ dates for any year ?—J. W. Turr, Westcombe Hill, S.E. ea,
s ExcHance Basxets.—February 2nd, No. 2 basket.—Messrs. Woodforde, Walker,
Richardson, Atmore, Robertson, Whittle, Barnes*, Edelsten, Studd, Ash, Riding, Bowérs
December 15th, No. 1 basket.—Messrs. Richardson, Fox, Bowles, Robertson, Horne,
Bower, Mera, Robinson, Moberly, Maddison*, Studd, Riding. [Members who wish to be
- missed must write to the name preceding their own on list, not to the Secretary].
a Wantep.—Winter Eggs and Pup of Lepidoptera (common species) wanted for
_ experimental purposes.. The numbers of pupm should be from 20 to 100 of each
' species; and of uccs 100 to several hundred of each species:—Kecs of Neustria and
_ Antiqua; Pups of Bucephala, Crategata, Betularia, Teniocampids, Lanestris. Will give
_ reasonable prices.—F. Merrifield, 24, Vernon Terrace, Brighton.
a Excuance.—I am desirous of obtaining butterflies from the Malayan Archipelago and
the Pacific Islands. For such I offer perfect diurnals from North and South America $
North American Coleoptera.—Levi W. Mengel, Boys’ High School. Reading, Pa., U.S.A.
a Duplicates.—Chrysorrheea*. Desiderata.—Scotch species and forms.—H. W. Andrews,
_ 9, Victoria Road, Eltham, Kent.
4 Duplicates.—Harpalus melancholicus, H. picipennis, H. rubripes, Cillenus lateralis,
_ Masoreus wetterhali, Cymindis axillaris, Lathrobium angustatum, Bledius spectabilis,
_ Onthophagus nuchicornis, O. ovatus, O. vacca, Hydrothassa marginella, Crypticus quis-
_ quilius, Phaleria cadaverina, Bryaxis waterhousci, Claviger testaceus.—d. Forsyth, 20,
_ Ranelagh Road, Weymouth.

_ Tenebrosa, Pistacina, Litura, Brunnea, L. comma, Typica, Munda*, Mendica*, Neustria*,
Hectus ¢s, Cerago, Silago, Lota, Fasciuncula, Lucipara; Anachoreta* (foreign), Sambu-
_ cata*, Pilosaria, ¢ and ¢ s*, Crepuscularia, Cervinaria*, Syringaria*, [llustraria*, Spartiata,
_ Fulvata, Tipuliformis; two each Nupta, Potatoria gs, Ocellatus, S. ligustri, Arcuosa, V.
¢-album, Tiliaria, Prunaria; three each Capsincola, Lota, Rufina, Puta; four each B.
quercis, Camelina, Rhamni, Falcula; five each Libatrix, Viminalis, Dotata; seven Artemis,
_ one each Vetusta, Chrysitis, a few also Rubiginata, Clathrata, Lichenaria, Albicillata,
_ Temerata, Mi, Adustata, Alveolus, Alsus, Mscularia gs. Desiderata.—Imagines in good
_ condition only—Deltoides, Pterophori, lists exchanged—also ova, pup, empty pupa cases,
preserved larvee, &¢.— Hope Alderson, Hilda Vale Road, Farnborough, Kent, R.S.O.
; Duplicates.—Good British butterflies well set, black pins. JWVanted.—Specimens of

ee

ae

The Back Volumes (I-XI) of The Entomologist’s Record, &c., can be obtained at 7s. 6d. per -

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[Exchanges, which should consist only of the specific names of Duplicates and Desiderata, are

Duplicates.—Nebulosa, Pyramidea, Suffusa, Dispar* (fine ¢s), Dentina, Lithoriza, ~

Va Paha sten

Ge pamphilus, bi-pupilled or with bold marginal spots (underside) c or examples from
Southern Ireland, Northern Scotland, North Wales, Lincoln and Cambridgshire or promises
of living: females or larvee from these localities next season.—H. Wood, Old Graney
School Telnaes Ashford, Kent.

Duplicates. —Dotata (Associata)*, Quercifolia*, P. populi gs, Pinastri (6), Plavicincin:
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MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE

BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA

Bak Vir e,
Volo ila

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a

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WO, Ul f 1B, 4h

NEURATION AND TIBIAL SPURS OF THE PsyCHIDs.

Entom. Record, ete., 1900.

MAY % 1900
gnromologists
as lo
w AND Vd

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Nor, SOME ENo 7 4% Apri 157TH, 1900.

Phibalapteryx aquata as a British species.
By L. B. PROUT, F.E.S.

T am naturally much pleased at the addition of another member of
my favourite family, the Larentiidae, to our British list (anted, p. 35),
and should like to add a little to what Mr. Tutt hag published. When
he approached me on the subject of this species, I had so much work
on hand that I was only able to tell him just what occurred to me on
the spur of the moment. I see from Tugwell’s sale catalogue (January
20th, 1896, lot 51) that one of the specimens of aquata to which I[
alluded was included in ‘‘ Vitalbata 5, bred by self, sine white vars.,” and
Mr. Moberly tells us that he bought this lot. 1t would be interesting
to know whether the ‘fine white vars.” (?.e., aquata) or only the typical
vitalbata with them, were bred by Mr. Tugwell himself. I presume
the one which Dr. Sequeira got, was in lot 52, where there were
‘“ Vitalbata 7, bred by self, 1 pale var.” (sold for 5s., though including
three fine pale vars. of Cidaria corylata, &c., &c.). The aquata would
probably have reached a much higher price if a whisper had not gone
round in the sale room that they were not vitalbata vars. at all, but a
‘foreign species.” In view, however, of Mr. Tutt’s circumstantial
record, there seems no reason to doubt the bona jides of Mr. Tuewell’s
examples also.

Mr. Tutt says he cannot ‘see any real distinction between aquata
and vitalbata, except the difference in the ground colour.” I must say
the two had neyer struck me as being exceptionally similar—probably
because I have never seen intermediate vars. of either—and I was
astounded when I saw the aquata in Tugwell’s cabinet posing as
vitalbata vars. But now that the resemblance has once been pointed
out to me, I confess that I can see that it is tolerably close. I may
remark, however, that aquata is a smaller insect (generally much
smaller), lacks the dorsal darkening of the abdomen, has the lines
outside the central area decidedly straighter, perhaps also a somewhat
differently shaped wing. Aurivillius says that the g genitalia differ
from those of vitalbata.

The early stages have been described by Rossler (Wien. Ent.
Monats., vi., p. 180), but unfortunately he does not give a side-by-side
comparison with those of vitalbata, and though I have several times
bred the latter, I am afraid I have no notes sufficiently minute to be
of use in furnishing any differential characters. I quote what Rossler
Says, as it may ald in making comparisons in the coming season. He

86 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

describes the egg as pale green, soon changing to dark green. Larva
slender, the same form as in the related species, but smaller, green,
more or less ‘‘scherbenfarbige”’ tinged, or violet-green, or even inclining
to brown-red. Dorsal line fine, blackish, swells in first quarter and
last third of the middle segments so as to form spots. Subdorsal
scarcely visible; in it,on each segment, two black tubercles with hairs.
On the flesh-coloured sides runs an irregular dark longitudinal stripe,
with a finer one above it. Spiracles appear as dark rings. On each
side of them stand two equal-sized tubercles with hairs, the tubercle
towards the head is higher, stands nearer to the dorsal line, and is
darker. Belly reddish, in its centre a well-developed blackish stripe,
swelling in the middle of each segment, and with two paler, irregular
ones on either side thereof. Head dark speckled.

The specimens of P. aquata in my collection (six only) are all from
north Germany, five being labelled Pomerania. In our National col-
lection, there are representatives from southern France, Burgundy,
Pomerania, Garz-on-the-Oder, Frankfort (? which), Wiesbaden, «ce.
To judge from Staudinger’s trade-lists, it must be almost as common
a species on the continent as vitalbata, but Aurivillius only gives one
record for Scandinavia, namely Scania, on the authority of Wallengren.
It will be interesting to learn whether, as our Editor suggests, other
specimens are lying undetected in our British collections.

Note on Psychidea graecella, Milliere.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Milliére in his Lconographie, li., p. 252, pl. 77, figs. 9-10, described
and figured a Psychid species as yraecella in the following terms :

Fumea graecella, sp. noy. Envyergure: 0.014m.-0:015m. Of the size of the
smallest examples of H. pulla which this species would resemble if the superior
wings were rounded at the apex and on the outer margin. This character alone,
without the less important ones, will always prevent this insect being confounded
with H. pulla. F. graecella is of a sooty black, dull and hairy; the upper
wings are somewhat elongated, wide at the outer border, the apex pronounced, with
the external edge cut obliquely. The lower wings are well developed, wide, and
rounded. The fringes of all the wings are very long and of a still more pronounced
black than the tint of the wings. The antenne are of normal length with numerous
fine pectinations ; they are, as also the head and thorax, of a deep black. The abdo
men is slender and covered with black silky hairs of no great length; it is very
faintly tinted with yellowish at the tip; this is more marked beneath. The case is
covered with small cylindrical and agglomerated straws. The case, somewhat
bulging centrally, is similar to that of comitella, Brd., or of crassiorella, Gn. I have
under examination many specimens, identical with each other, of this new umea,
which have been sent to me by Staudinger with the simple annotation : ‘‘ Species
nova, de la Gréce”’ (Milliére).

Milliere also notes that at the end of April, 1866, he found on the
east slopes of the Hstérel many cases fixed to the rocks, and that less
than three weeks afterwards many males of F’. intermediella emerged,
and amongst them two specimens which were referable to F’. graecella.

Whether Milliére was right or wrong in referring the south France
species to graecella, we are scarcely in a position to judge, as we have
seen none of Milliére’s specimens, but it would appear that, although
he originally described the imago from specimens from Greece, he
described the case from his own south France material that he referred
to this species, for Staudinger writes (Hor. Soc. Hint. Ross., vii., p.
115): ‘‘ Fumea graecella, pulla var.—My friend Milliére is the author

THE GUESTS OF ANTS AND TERMITES. 87

of this doubtful species. Dr. Krtiper caught it in creat numbers from
the beginnine*of March to the end of April on the Parnassus, but
never sent me a case thereof, perhaps never found one himself, so that
I was quite unable to send the case of this species to Milliére which
he none the less describes! His description from the Greek form
states that the forewings are ‘a pointe apicale prononcée,’ whilst the
apex of pulla is ‘arrondié.’ I do not attach much importance to this,
as the wing-form of the same species varies, and also, if this were not
so, every Pumea and Psyche known to me has in general a rounded
apex. I only find that the Greek examples are somewhat more densely
scaled, therefore of a deeper black than my specimens (of pudla) from
Germany, France, Switzerland, and, in part, from Hungary and Castile.
Fresh specimens from Castile are still darker, also somewhat smaller.”

My first sight of this insect was a specimen from Greece, sent by
Staudinger to Chapman, and I observed at once that it could not possibly
be Hpichnopteryx pulla. Chapman had already critically examined it
and discovered that it had anterior tibial spurs, and, therefore, not
only could not possibly be a form of HE. pulla, but was referable to
Rambur’s genus Psychidea. An examination of the British Museum
material showed a long series of large pulla, under the name of var.
graecella, but mixed with them three examples from Greece, exactly
like the one I had previously seen, and evidently belonging to
Psychidea. In this series are two examples from Hyeres, caught by
Yerbury, and one of these (much rubbed) has a very pointed forewing.
There can be no question | think that these two Hyéres examples are
not graecella, but I am at the same time not altogether satisfied that
they are /’. pulla. With all due deference to the opinion of such a great
authority as Staudinger I would urge that Milliere is quite right, that
graecella has more pointed forewings than pulla, and that it is
abundantly distinct. It is possible, though, that Milliére’s examples from
south France were not identical with the Greek ones, that they were
similar to the examples from Hyéres in the Brit. Mus. collection, and
that the case he describes as that of graecella is consequently that of a
species abundantly distinct from that of which he describes the imago,
very possibly not even congeneric. If the British Museum graecella
are a fair sample of the insects in the various continental collections
passing under this name, one is able to understand why most
systematists make graecella a var. of KH. pulla, as most of them are
typical MH. pulla; but there can be no doubt that the yraecella from
Greece sent out by Staudinger are an abundantly distinct species, and
one is astounded at Staudinger doubting its specific distinctness. The
anterior tibial spur is a character that will settle any doubt in a
minute. One would like to see the life-history of the doubtful Hyéres
examples solved, we rather suspect them to be distinct from H. pulla,
as they are apparently different from the examples of H. pulla
obtained at Cannes, Alassio, and elsewhere on the Riviera in March
and April.

The Guests of Ants and Termites.
By KE. WASMANN, 8.J. (translated by H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.).
(Continued from p. 75.)
Active mimicry, 7.e., the imitation of the host’s movements,
especially of its antenne, can be added to passive, 7.e., the imitation of

88 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

the host’s outward appearance. Both active and passive mimicry
assist the genuine intercourse of the guest, as well as its simple tolera-
tion. ‘The former is best exhibited by the Staphylinid genus Atemeles,
which deserves the first prize for active mimicry, as they summon
their hosts at feeding time in the same manner most generally employed
by ants (see pl. fig. 1). They not only make use of their antenne as
do other true guests (Claviyer, Lomechusa, Amphotis), but they also use
their fore feet, which they lft up to stroke the feeding-ant on the side
of the head, in the same way as does an ant asking for food. Active
mimicry in many Brazilian Heiton guests probably assists them to be
tolerated by their hosts. The shape of their antenne for example, in
Ecitomorpha arachnoides and simulans, 1s a sure sign of intercourse,
although they do not possess the tufts of yellow hair, or any of the other
characteristics of hospitable intercourse. In Méimeciton pulew it is
doubtful whether the similarity of the antenne has any connection
with hospitable intercourse. Even in the genus Myrmedonia, which
dwell with Lasius fuliginosus as hostile persecuted lodgers, I have
often seen individuals stroke the ants with their antenne, in their
efforts to appease the latter. 2

The similarity of the outward appearance calculated to deceive the
ant, even in the genuine guests, is only one of the means employed by
them to make themselves pleasant to and taken care of by the ants.
No passive mimicry is to be found in the whole family Claviqeridae,
which belong, as has been already stated, to a higher form of Symphilie.
They are always of that greasy shining red hue, sometimes darker,
sometimes leghter, which is the most usual colour of true guests. It
is of no consequence to them as far as their colour is concerned,
whether they live with black or yellow ants. The peculiar shape of
their bodies is also always the same in the whole group, and never
imitates the shape of their hosts. Their guest patent is assured them
by their aromatic charms, which give pleasure to their hosts’ sense of
taste. Even their active mimicry, t.e., the imitation of the movements
of the ants’ antenne, is much more imperfect than that of Atemeles and
Lomechusa.

Lastly we mentioned among the adaptive characters of Myrmeco-
phila and Termitophila a protected form which renders the guest
unattackable by its host. This protected form is naturally only found
in hostile and indifferently cared-for guests, so that as they are
unattackable they are left in peace. ‘Tropical American Staphylinidae,
belonging to the genus Xenocephalus, are the best examples of this
kind. They live in the company of the robber wander-ants (leiton)
and follow in their suite in the same way as the mimicking species of
Eeciton guests. Instead of deceiving their hosts with mimicry, they
hide themselys under a protecting roof, which is shaped lke a shield
and covers them completely with the exception of the ball-shaped
pointed abdomen. It reaches to the ground, completely covering the
head, antenne, and legs of the beetle, which gives it somewhat the ap-
pearance of a molluse-crab (Limulus), or of a pre-historic Trilobite. Dr.
Joeldi once saw near Rio de Janeiro such a Xenocephalus, walking quietly
and unmolested in the midst of a column of marching wander-ants.
What makes them still more unattackable, their legs are quite flat and
furnished with long spines, the head is pressed downwards under the
thorax into a nearly pointed corner, so that the mouth comes between

NOTES ON THE FUMEIDS. 89

the front lees; and the antenna, which are quite flat and rudder-shaped,
can be hidden in the cavity of the breast, so that they offer no weak
point to the jaws of the ants. Even when a Xenocephalus is lying on
its back it is not easy for the ants to attack it before it is on its legs
again. Other Heiton guests of the genus synodites in the family
Histeridae, being of a perfectly oval four-sided shape, are protected
by this in the same manner as the Xenocephalus by its tortoise-shell
form.

It may be mentioned that this oval shape, with the antenne, and legs
which can be drawn in, is common to the whole family of Histeridae
whether they occur with ants or not. This, however, is not the case
with Xenocephalus whose protective shield is specially provided to
enable it to dwell with the hordes of wander-ants, as it is not found, at
least in the same degree of perfection, in the allied non-myrmecophilous
Tachyporini. We must, therefore, consider this shield to be an adaptive
character. A new genus, Heitovenus, which was discovered by Father
C. Heyer, S.J., with Heiton coecum, in Rio Grande do Sul, has been
added to the already known genera of the Nenocephalini—Xenocephalus,
Wasm., and Cephaloplectus, Sharp—and will soon be described.

The African genus Cossyphodes belonging to the family Colydiidae,
show some splendid examples of the protected guests. The upper side
forms a long elliptical arched disc, under which the real body of the
beetle is hidden. The sides of the dise are slightly bent, and touch
the ground. The head which forms the first part of the protecting
dise is very peculiar, the eyes being marked on it like two small black
warts. All the rest of the head lies on the underside and is furnished
with its own gorge-plate. The antenne can be wrapped up on each
side under this plate. Dr. Brauns found lately Cossyphodes bewtcht,
Woll., in great numbers under stones in company with Phetdole
punctulata, Moyr., at Port Elizabeth, in Cape Colony. He wrote to me
about it as follows: ‘‘ The insect was sitting in the midst under the
ants and ran hurriedly about amongst them wherever the sun shone
on the overturned stone. ‘The ants paid no attention to it, and from
time to time it ducked itself flat against the stone when it got too
much mixed up with the crowd of ants. The protective shield is
beautifully developed and its colour is the same as that of the ants.”

It is not necessary, however, to go as far as Brazil to find good
examples of protected guests, as in the Staphylinid genus Dinarda (see
plate, fig. 2) we possess good examples. The broad flat thorax, the
elytra, keel-shaped at the sides, and other peculiarities, insure their being
at least tolerated, as they render them unattackable and invulnerable.

(Zo be continued.)

Notes on the Fumeids, with descriptions of new species and
varieties (with Plate),
By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.8., F.E.S.
(Continued from p. 62.)

In using the anterior tibial spur as a character for distinguishing
the Fumeid species, it is necessary for accuracy to mount the tibia,
take a camera sketch of it, and measure the tibia and spur, but if the
forelegs are well extended such a sketch can often be taken without
removing and mounting the limb, and to distinguish them, for most

90 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

practical purposes, a hand-lens is sufficient if the spurs be well visible
in the specimen. It is very desirable that specimens should be set
with this in view. I express the leneth of the spur more conveniently
not by its own length, but by the percentage of the total length of the
tibia that there is beyond the origin of the spur. The five principal
lengths that occur are much more easily discriminated by eye after a
little practice than their numerical difference would lead one to expect.
The chief difficulty is between the crassiorella group, with a length of
‘66 to ‘74, and the casta group, ‘77 to ‘81, and here it would always
be well to mount a specimen for examination.

Bruandia veticulatella—The male of this species, as I have
observed it in most collections, is almost identical with a specimen I
have from Staudinger. It has 22 joints to the antenne, and the
anterior tibial spur arises at -56 of the length of the tibia from its
further extremity, giving the length of the spur on the assumption
that the extremity of the spur reaches exactly the end of the tibia.
The expanse is 183mm. The wing texture and general appearance
approaches that of Bijugis bombycella, more flimsy and translucent
than in other Fumeas. The costa is more rounded than in other
Fumeas, that is the central portion, which is usually straighter than
the basal or apical portion, or even quite straight, is either very short,
or partakes of a continuous curve from base to apex. . The colour is
pale yellowish-brown, with a network of slightly darker brown (doubt-
less the darker portion was much more nearly black when the specimen
was fresh). The darker markings follow the nervures longitudinally,
and between the nervures they form transverse bands, usually not
crossing the nervures, but alternating at them. The paler spots are
fairly circular, or at least of equal transverse and longitudinal
dimensions. The dark marks in the cell do not cross the median
nervure, but alternate at it. From the cell to the fringe are, in each
intercellular space, four pale patches, and one may count thirteen dark
marks along the costa and ten along the inner margin, the two or
three basal ones in each case being ill-marked. The hindwing is
marked only by slightly darker nervures. I have bred, however, from
Cannes, some specimens that agree absolutely with this specimen in
the formula of the tibial spur, viz., °57 and -56, in the greater trans-
parency of the wings and in the roundness of the costa and apex.
They vary in expanse from 9mm. to 16mm., are very dark in colour,
and exhibit reticulation that can only be detected with difficulty.
Although I am not aware that this variety of reticulatella has been
described as such, I have very little doubt myself that that is its real
character. The only doubt I have about it is whether it is the form
described by Dr. Heylaerts as norvegica from the south of France.
If so, it would be named reticulatella var. norvegica. If not, I should
propose for it the name var. obscurella (pl. iv., fig. 27, ant. tibia of
type form, figs. 28-29, ant. tibia of var. obscurella).

Bruandia conitella.—This species much resembles B. reticulatella.
It has a more solid aspect than that species; the reticulations are
more confined to the apical portion of the wing. The costa is rather
straighter, and the usual tint is much darker. It is generally possible
to distinguish several rows of pale spots parallel with the hind-margin
and a darker shade occupying the distal margin of the cell. The most
certain character by which to recognise it is the tibial spur length of

NOTES ON THE FUMEIDS. 91

‘61 and ‘62 and the 20-jointed antenne. I have bred one specimen of
this from a Riviera larva, but have not recorded the precise locality
(ant. tibia, pl. iv., fig. 30).

Masonia crassiorella.—I am not quite sure that I have not two
species confounded under this name. It should be a large species, at
least 16mm. in expanse, and those specimens that I regard as abso-
lutely agreeing with the supposed type have 24 joints to the antennz
and a tibial spur formula of -68-:70. This form I have taken at
Cannes and have received from Staudinger. From another German
source I have received specimens with 22 joints to the antenne, and
the British specimens I have seen (Mr. Digby’s specimen and those in
Dr. Mason’s collection) agree in this. I have also specimens bred
from Locarno larvee with only 22 antennal joints and an expanse down
to 12mm. All these have fairly uniform tibial spurs, varying from
‘68-70 British, from -66-:69 the typical 24-jointed form, and -69-:72
the Locarno form. Iam unable to bring other characters into line
with these variations, and the number of antennal joints does not vary
in accord with the tibial spine. It is quite possible that my extreme
measurements may be somewhat in error, and that -67--70 is the
correct tibial formula for crassiorella. Certain specimens, however, of
the Locarno form havea decidedly broader and shorter wing, slightly
more rounded at the apex. In the absence of any distinct difference
in spur length or antennal joints (22-23) I prefer for the present to
leave them as an unnamed variety. I should define M. crassiorella as
a large Fumea, 18mm.-16mm. in expanse, with 21-24 antennal joints,
and an anterior tibial spur of -66--72, but this range of variation does
not occur everywhere, some races being of 15mm.-16mm., and with
24 antennal joints invariably, others, as the English forms, never
having 24 antennal joints, but ranging from 21-23 (pl. iv., figs. 81-34).

B.reticulatella and B. comitella haye the “ cellula intrusa,”’ that is,
the median nervure divides into two branches within the cell. M.
crasstorella and all the other species I have examined are without it.
Bruand describes (or at least figures) IM. crassiorella as possessing it,
and from an examination of a single specimen I agreed with him.
Having, however, some doubt, I proceeded to make a further examina-
tion, and proceeded with specimen after specimen without finding it,
which was only to be expected, since it does not possess it. I was,
however, rather dissatisfied with myself at having fora time fallen into
SO serious an error, and at length I discovered the specimen I had first
examined. It possesses the ‘‘cellula intrusa’’ well-developed on one side,
very minute, if existing at all, on the other. It was having fallen by
accident on this aberration that led me into my mistake. It shows
that one should not be satisfied with examining one specimen, even
when the result is to confirm a supposed well-established fact. Before
I discovered the source of my error I thought I might have taken one
of the B. reticulatella var. obscurella for an example of M. crassiorella.
How did Bruand fall into the error—by mere carelessness, by mis-
taking B. reticulatella var. for M. crassiorella, by meeting with an
aberration such as I did? I do not know, but, however much I may
feel annoyed at being led into error so easily, I am clearly not ina
position to find fault with him.

(? Bruandia) rouasti is an eastern species. The description does
not show whether it is a true Fumeid or, perchance, a Proutiid. If a

92 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Fumeid it belongs to the short-spurred group with ‘ cellula intrusa”’
(i.e., reticulatella, &c.). Norvegica is similarly conditioned. I have
not seen specimens of either of these or of razblensis.

(2 Bruandia) raiblensis—I have not met with any account of B.
raiblensis, except the original description by Mann made from three
specimens. ‘The account he gives of it would lead one to suspect it to
be a very large pale form of B. reticulatella. My Riviera specimens
show that that species varies much in size and also in tint, and may
very well have a large pale form as well as large and small dark ones.

(To be continued.)

Notes on Puate LV.

The figures are all from camera sketches. The neurations are not
to a uniform scale of enlargement, but the well-known expanse of each
species shows easily what this is. The tibiew are enlarged 28 diameters,
i.e., figs. 19-49 ; 50 and 51 are only enlarged 8 diameters.

The neurations illustrate the great variability of this character in
the Psychides, although this feature is, perhaps, less prominent in these
lower divisions. Figs. 1 and 2 are the wings of one specimen of Liffia
lapidella, neryure 3 present in one, absent in the other. Figs. 7 and 8,
Bacotia sepium: 8 is fairly typical, 7, the other forewing from same
specimen, shows the areolar cell nearly evanescent and a small branch
present, probably representing nervure 10 (Meyrick’s notation) ;
similarly fig. 10 shows a nervure absent in fig. 9 (which is the more
normal), thus illustrating a similar variability in the hind-wings of B.
sepium. Figs. 18 and 15, Proutia betulina and P. eppingella (salicolella ?),
the connate nervures figured in 15 often occur in P. betulina ; it is
doubtful if the form of hind-margin shown in 16 is more than an
individual variation.

The small figures against the tibie represent the percentage lengths
of the tibia from the point of origin of the spine to end of tibia, taken
as being the leneth of the spine. The lengths of the tibiz vary with
the sizes of the specimens, ¢.y., fig. 87, M. edwardsella, and fig. 38, A.
hibernicella, ave approximately proportional to the sizes of the species.
In figs. 24, 25, 26, on the other hand, P. betulina spur is much longer
than that of P. eppingella, though the insects are only slightly different
in size. In figs. 25 and 26 the different length of spur is individual,
the French specimen haying one short spur and one long one, like
that figured from Epping. I am sorry to add that though the different
thicknesses and curvatures of the various tibiz are sometimes due to
specific distinctions, they are more often due to the aspect they are
viewed in and their method of preparation and mounting ; but I must
add that Iam rarely able to say which element is most potent in any
individual case. I think, however, that figs. 48 and 45 probably have
really the same form of tibia. Again, fig. 89 is obviously viewed
more from below. English M. crassiorella are not so abundant as to
enable one to say anything as to why fig. 81 shows such a curvature,
but it is probably due to an individual variation or twist in setting, or
some non-essential cause.

What these sketches show is the relative signs of tibie in different
species, and especially the point in the length of the tibia from which
the spur arises. In this respect the figures may be relied on. The
calculated percentages are probably correct to two, or at most three,
points, the chief source of error here being the difficulty of always

DIGNE REVISITED. 93

being sure of calculating from the same points at the ends of the tibia,
these being irregular for articulating purposes, and not always so in
precisely the same details, or always seen in precisely the same aspect,
and in many cases not separated from the corresponding articulating
surfaces of the femur and tarsi respectively. Some obscurity is often
added by the clothing of hairs and scales. The percentage of error is,
however, small. Thus I should not suppose any M. crasstorella would
have a length of less than :65 or more than ‘61, or that I’. casta goes
below :77 or above ‘81, and any measurements outside these are pro-
bably due to errors of observation. Ihave examined a very large
number of these two species. I know of no reason to suspect greater
variability in species where I have been able to examine only very few
specimens.

Digne Revisited.
By H. ROWLAND BROWN, M.A., F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 59.)

Thais, in fact, was over for me, and although I kept a wary eye on
all occasions, only three belated females, the last on June 9th, fell to
my bag. Of the little louse-like larva already to be found upon
the Aristolochia, my companions collected a fair number, and,
judging from the hundred or so I noticed feeding in the cupboard of
the naturalist aforesaid on absolutely withered pabulum, I should
think it was easy enough to rear. On the slopes of La Collette, beside
the Theclids already mentioned, Limenitis camilla, Coenonympha arcania,
Syrichthus sao, and Spilothyrus lavaterac also turned up, the latter in some
profusion, though it was hard to get perfect specimens on the wing, and
the frantic evolutions attempted in the pill-boxes only made matters
worse, Cupido sebrus also occurred here, but its chief headquarters are
in the torrent bed of the Haux-Chauds, where it literally swarmed,
with not a few Nomiades cyllarus, somewhat knocked about, and the
males of Polyommatus escheri. Of the last-named we had a perfect feast
of beauty one day at this spot. A stream comes trickling down
from the higher slopes among a maze of hazel, privet, and clematis,
breaking up over the saxifrage-fringed bank into the main river, and
dividing among little islets of rich black mud. Upon them, when the
sun was out, the number of Lycenids sucking in the moisture was
legion. The male P. escheri in particular made a brave show, with
herds of P. bellargus, C. sebrus, N. acis, P. icarus, and C. minima. The
females, however, were more coy, and the few either taken or seen were
distributed over the grassy trefoil-covered banks, where also Lycaena
arion most abounded. About the privet blossoms—scanned by me in
vain for Laesopis roboris—Melitaea deione flitted in confusing company
with IM. phoebe, which it so nearly resembles, though it may be dis-
tinguished here, at any rate, by the lighter coloration and inferior
size of its wings. In the woods, carpeted with luscious strawberries,
Pararge egeria ab. intermedia, P. megaera, Nemeobius lucina, and the
ubiquitous M. athalia gleamed in and out of the shady walks, while
the margin of uncultivated land, gemmed with the blue salvia, clover,
hawkweed, and a fine red gladiolus, swarmed with Aporia crataeyi,
Brenthis dia, and B. euphrosyne. An occasional Pyrameis cardut,
worn to rags, would dash suddenly across the line of sight, and

94 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

the Hesperids, from Pamphila sylvanus to Thymelicus actaeon, were
everywhere, though the favourite attraction for this, as for other
‘species, was certainly a tall umbelliferous flower, the usual, but
by no means invariable, food-plant of Papilio alexanor. Some-
times we would go farther afield on cycles—the Digne cycle is a
caution—up the valley of the Bléone, where on June 7th I still found
Huchlée euphenoides, the female as well as the male, on the wing, with
Lycaena arion and Polyommatus hylas, but Everes argiades var. coretas
was practically over, judging from the one broken example I netted,
and L. iolas as well. On June 12th a German collector, Mr. Kollmorgen,
took L. arcas, but I never came across it myself, and the next day L.
meleager, in all its first splendour was brought to account, together
with a remarkable male P. corydon, in which hardly any trace of the
black margins appeared, seemingly a connecting link between the type
and the var. albicans of Spain. But the commonest of all insects was
Melanargia yalathea var. procida, high and low, wood and hillside, it
occupied every acre of the land. Then Argyniis daphne put in a wel-
come appearance by the Baths, where also I had observed Cyaniris
argiolus flying over the clematis. SS. var. serratulae, and one or two
Spilothyrus althaeae further east swelled the number of the skippers,
and on the walls outside the town Polyyonia egea tempted frequent
incursions into the vineyards and potato fields. Higher up Argynnis
adippe, a monster representative, with occasional var. cleodowa, afforded
endless opportunities of steeplechasing, and hardly less active on the
wing was A. niobe. But, curiously enough, it was only on the last day
of my visit that I took the two insects for which I had hitherto looked
in vain. J had heard that one of the first places in which Papilio
alecanor might be looked for was the valley above the bath establish-
ment. Thither on the 18th I accordingly betook myself, and no
sooner had I snapped up a couple of males of Coenonympha dorus from
the damp footpath, than I saw the glorious Digne swallow-tail almost
at my feet on a hawkweed flower. It was the only one I secured, but
after leaving I heard from Miss Fountaine that it became more
or less general as the time went on, and that C. dorus was as common
as C.arcania. My informant has also been good enough to give me
further information with regard to P. alevanor and one or two other of
the rarer insects which this year did not appear on the wing until late
in June or during July, and I cannot do better than conclude with
some quotations from her list :—Papilio alevanor: one specimen every
day in whatever locality visited ; on July 12th eight, and later, with
another net, 32, in the locality where I first took it. Parnassius apollo:
a very large form on La Collette, towards the end of June ; a little
later on Les Dourbes, but not quite so fine. P. mnemosyne: also on
Les Dourbes a little earlier. Laesopis roboris : in four distinct localities,
but always sparingly and very difficult to get fresh ; it occurred above
Villard at close upon 38300ft., and was first captured on June 27th.
Polyommatus escheri : the females became quite common later in the
month. P. admetus var. rippertii: not common this year except on a
spot about half way up the Coussons (8500ft.); first observed July 5th.
Apatura ilia var. clytie: one only, taken by Mr. Kollmorgen in the
streets of Digne, end of June. LHrebia styyne: very common on the
Coussons and Les Dourbes ; first taken July 5th. Satyrus fidia: in
several localities, but never common, and hard to catch ; first seen

NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA IN THE SIAMESE MALAY STATES. 95

about the middle of July. 8S. cordula: common everywhere through-
out July. S. actaea: later than the preceding species and much rarer.
Epinephele lycaon: fairly common in the gorges ; females not before
July 28th. Miss Fountaine also remarks that though she tramped the
Dourbes for twelve hours on July 23rd she was unable to discover
Erebia scipio, though two days earlier two specimens were secured by a
local entomologist, who said it had become much scarcer than it used
to be.

Notes on Orthoptera in the Siamese Malay States.
By N. ANNANDALE, B.A.
(Concluded from p. 77.)

Among the dry stubble of the rice-swamps in the Siamese States,
a large green and yellow Acridiwm is common, passing in Jalor and
Rhaman under the name of ‘‘ Pig Belalang.” At first I was puzzled
by what appeared to be a huge pink grasshopper, which was always
found in company with this species, and which was never seen except
on the wing. In reality the two forms were one; the wings of the
Acridium are shaded with pink at their base, and when they are in rapid
motion this colour seems to suffuse itself over the whole body, so that it
alone appears when the insect is flying. The small Humastacidae which are
found among the ‘‘lalang”’ in Kelantan, are even more brilliantly coloured,
some of them bearing no small likeness to wasps or scorpion-flies, with
their contrasts of black and yellow, and their peculiarly shaped wings.
Others, which are found leaping on the jungle floor, are hidden among
the dead leaves by their mottled brown coloration. But one of the
best concealed of all the Acridiodea is a Tettigid, that is common on
logs of wood floating in the Kelantan river. Its immensely extended
pronotum completely covers the wings when they are not in use, and,
being coloured of adark green, speckled with black, exactly harmonises
with the damp bark on the logs. This insect has three manners of
escape when disturbed ; it may dive into the water, as it often does ;
it may take to flight; or if the log is near the bank, it may leap
ashore. It is not able to stay below the surface for so long a period
as the cockroach found in the same position ; but its flight, though
never prolonged, is very swift for that of an Orthopteron, somewhat
resembling the flight of a large fly, and its saltatory powers have not
been diminished by its curious manner of life.

The small Locustodea that are found in the clearings call for no
special comment from me. ‘Their habits cannot be uninteresting, but
they are not to be observed on such a hasty expedition as ours. The
larger, jungle-haunting members of the family, though most of them
are rare, are so conspicuous that they force themselves upon one’s
notice. Once I remember coming across four females of one
of the largest and most beautiful of the Malay Pseudophyllidae—a
magnificent pale yellow-green form, nearly six inches in length, whose
tegmina were spotted with ‘‘eyes”’ of two shades of blue, whose legs
were plum-coloured, and whose cheeks were painted with the same
bright shade—seated together ona single bush in very deep jungle. On
our approach, they all flew off, each in a different direction; and three
of them escaped. ‘Their first flight was low and feeble, but each time
that they alighted, they seemed to gain fresh strength from the

96 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

momentary rest, and they soon disappeared among the upper foliage.
Compared with such an insect, the most gorgeous butterflies of the tropics
seem tawdry andcommonplace. Macroviphus sumatranus, Haar, a locust
with which one sometimes meets in the Malay jungle, is hardly less bril-
liantly coloured, if it is considerably smaller, for its tegmina are black,
spotted with gold, its head of the clearest scarlet, its femora black, and
its tibie white. The beauty of such specimens soon fades, however they
may be preserved; in spirit or formaline it vanishes entirely. A much
commoner species than either of these is Mecopoda elongata, which the
Malays call the Deer Grasshopper, because of the splendid way in
which it leaps alone among the bushes at the edge of the jungle. Its
colour varieties are almost as numerous as those of the eggs of the
cuillemot. Some specimens are green, others are brown; some are
all of one shade, others are marked with spots and patches that look
as if they had been laid on with a brush, and the extreme varieties,
ereen and brown, are found together, sometimes both on one bush.
The two tegmina of a single specimen often do not exactly correspond
with one another in their markings. For some good reason, the Malays
compare the harsh and grating stridulation of this species to the
crowing of a cock. They keep it alive in cages, feeding it on the young
shoots of the pine-apple plant, in order to listen to its song. Toa
European ear the sound is as unbeautiful as Chinese music, and it is
not made more melodious by the fact that it only commences at the
dead of night. A most remarkable form is not uncommon,
which, coloured in neutral shades of green and brown, has the power
of erecting a scarlet bladder between the head and the thorax, if it be
roughly handled. I have already referred to the Stenopelmatidae of
the Jalor caves. Specimens of the caye species are only found in absolute
darkness, and, though they have eyes well supplied with pigment, are
probably blind. The further that one penetrates into the caves the
more numerous do individuals of this Locustid become, until, at half
a mile from the entrance, the ground is alive with them, jumping like
sand-hoppers on the sea-shore, and the walls covered wherever there
is any kind of recess. They do not appear to sit on a rock which is
quite straight and vertical, but prefer to shelter under a overhanging
ledge, probably because water is continually dripping from the roof in
many parts of the cave. Several other species belonging to this
interesting family are found in Lower Siam, under the bark of dead
trees and in the deserted galleries left by termites in wood. A curious
point with regard to the structure of the cave form is that one antenna,
usually the right one, is very considerably longer, and quite perceptibly
stouter than the other. This asymmetry is probably correlated with a
certain difference of function between the two. While the insect is
resting, there is certainly a tendency for the shorter antenna to be
held bent over the back while the longer one is moved round through
the greater part of a circle. I was unable to detect anything else in
the position which the Stenopelmatid assumed in the caves, which tended
to throw light upon this curious phenomenon. The asymmetry is
even more noticeable in a single specimen of a considerably larger
species which I found in a dead tree in the jungle.

I have left myself no room to speak about the Mantodea and the
Phasmodea, which are in some ways the most interesting groups of the
Orthoptera, but perhaps this is just as well, for they need a far more

BRITISH ORTHOPTERA IN THE HOPE MUSEUM, OXFORD. 97

detailed treatment than would be possible in the present paper. Let
me only notice that marvellously beautiful Mantis, Hymenopus bicornis,
a pupa of which lived for some days in my charge. In form and
colour it was so perfectly assimilate to a flower, that I was com5'stely
deceived as to its real nature when I saw it first, and, even when I
held the inflorescence on which it had taken up its station in my hand,
I could not be certain exactly where the insect ended and the flowers
began. The very flies are deceived by the likeness, and small Diptera
do not hesitate to settle on the body of the mantis, which takes no
trouble to catch such insignificant prey, but waits until larger flies
come within its grasp.

On the British Orthoptera in the Hope Museum, Oxford.
By MALCOLM BURR, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

In the Hope collection, in the University Museum, at Oxford, there
are a number of old specimens of considerable interest, as many are
labelled in the handwriting of the late Professor Westwood, and some
in the handwriting of Stephens. Professor Poulton has been kind
enough to permit me to examine and rearrange them. The following
notes on some of the older specimens may be of interest.

Forricunaria.—Labidura riparia, Pall—One 3, two 9. ‘“ Ene-
land.” No further information on the labels. They are very probably
some of the original specimens taken near Christchurch. Anisolabis
maritima, Bon.—‘‘ Northumberland. G. Wailes. 1857, end of Sep-
tember.’’ These are evidently not some of the original examples taken
by Bold at South Shields, but those captured a few years later by
George Wailes, when he took a number of specimens for his careful
observations of the development of the antenne and abdominal
segments, recorded by him in the Zoologist, vol. xyvi., p. 5895, ina
paper that has to a large extent been overlooked, in spite of its great
interest. The insect was taken in heaps of ballast emptied by ships
returning from abroad, and it is practically certain that it was an
importation. It was first captured in 1856, and was still to be found
in 1860. It is unknown whether the species still exists there. Labia
minor, i.—Six g, ten 9. “Snowdon.” Forficula auricularia, L.—
Numerous examples. ‘Two are labelled ‘“ borealis”? in what I believe
to be Stephens’ handwriting; these are what I have always regarded
as the variety forcipata. The difference between the two is merely a
matter of the comparative length of the forceps. F’. lesnei, Fin. —One
9. ‘Kingstone,’ an old specimen. Apteryyida albipennis, Meg.—
One pair, old, and in bad condition. There is no locality attached,
but the specimens are probably some of the originals taken at Ashford
-by Westwood. In his handwriting they are labelled “F. centralis,
Westw., MS.”

BuarropEa.—Kctobia lapponica, L.—Ten gf. ‘Sunning Hill,
Berks.” H. livida, Fabr.—‘‘ Rudd. N. F.”’ This species has been
previously recorded from the New Forest. LH. panzeri, Steph.—Several
examples. Two males labelled “J.C. Dale, 1865.” One specimen, a
male, is labelled ‘“ Blatta nigripes, Mus. Steph., in Notes on habits,
B. G. C.,” but it is too pale in colour to be the true form niyripes, and
does not agree with Stephens’ own description. It is the. ordinary
typical form. There are several specimens considerably darker in

98 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

colour, approaching more nearly to the true niyripes. One dark speci-
men is labelled ‘‘ Rev. W. Kirby, lapponica.”” There is one ¢ with
ootheca labelled ‘‘ Black Gang Chine.” Phyllodromia germanica, L.—
This species is usually considered to have been introduced into England
by the soldiers returning from the Crimea, but we have distinct
evidence here that it was numerous in parts of Hneland before that
date. There are several old specimens, one of which is labelled
‘‘Infesting the kitchens of houses at Kildare, Ireland, living behind
the skirting and abounding in the crevices of the kitchen table,
destroying all kinds of paper and in many ways very troublesome,
March 1852,”’ and there is another specimen labelled in the same
-handwriting, ‘‘ Mr. Gray Dudley ; taken by him in his garden at the
foot of Castle Hill.’’ Reports of this species taken out of doors are
rare. It occurs in a wild state in woods in Prussia and Russia, so
there is no reason why it should not become settled wild in this
country, as it has become firmly established in a domesticated condi-
tion. Blatta orientalis, Li.—Several specimens unlabelled ; one ?
nymph ‘“ under bark of tree, 10ft. up, K. G.” (?=Kew Gardens). It
is rarely that this species is taken out of doors, for it seldom leaves the
warm kitchens and hot corners that it loves. It would probably be
unable to exist in the natural state in this country. There is one
crushed and mutilated nymph, mounted on card with the label “‘ Larva
of a Blatta, sent by Mr. Backhouse from Gateshead, as a flea, and
exhibited by J. O. W. at Ent. Soc. as Pulex imperator.” This is the
original type of Westwood’s famous mistake. He exhibited this
specimen at the Entomological Society (Proc. Ent. Soc., 2nd series,
iv., p. 70) in 1857, as a new species of flea, twenty times the size of
the largest flea hitherto known! He corrected his mistake in the
following year (op. cit., v., p. 60). There is also a broken ootheca with
the label ‘‘ Egg-pouch of B. ortentalis? Mr. W. Baird in acct.
amongst ent. scraps. For the parasitic Chalcididae bred see them
among Chalcididae.”’ Ihave carefully searched through the drawers
of the British Chalcididae and have been through Walker’s Monoyraphia
Chalciditum but cannot find the specimens referred to.
AcripiopEa.—Mecostethus grossus, L.—Five g and three ?. With-
out locality, labelled ‘‘ Locusta flavipes.” Stenobothrus lineatus, S.
viridulus, S. rwfipes.—Several specimens with no interesting labels. 8.
bicolor, Charp.—Many specimens without labels. One ¢ labelled
‘“crucigera,’ and another g ‘Isle of Purbeck, 1880. L. rubicunda.”’
This is apparently the pink form known as purpurascens, Fieb. The
name rubicunda has usually been referred to S. viridulus, of which a
reddish form is sometimes taken. 9S. parallelus, Zett.—Several
nymphs, and one empty nymph-skin, ‘‘ Blenheim Park, 1832.”
Gomphocerus sibiricus, L.—One g unlabelled, which is most probably.
Stephens’ type, said to have been taken at Netley. G. rufus, L.—One
S unlabelled. G. maculatus, Thunb.—One g ‘ Deyil’s Ditch,
Newmarket Heath, July 2nd, 1883. J.C. Dale.” Pachytylus migra-
torius, Li.—There are four specimens of undoubted migratorius, showing
that this species has really occurred so far west as this country. One
male is unlabelled, another ‘‘ Littlehampton, Sussex, 1846, J. O. W.”
One @ ‘alive near Oxford, J. O. W.’’ and a second ? ‘Ct. alive near
Chepstow, September 16th, 1857.’ [There are no specimens of P.
danicus, L.|. Schistocerca peregrina, Oliy.—Two specimens, one labelled

COLEOPTERA. 99

“FE, Bond, Esq., near Falmouth, a number of specimens near
Plymouth,” the other ‘‘ Cornwall, F. Bond, Esq., 1870.” A good
many examples of this locust were taken in Britain in 1869, but I do
not think any have been rezorded for the following year. Tettiv
subulatus, li.‘ Cambridge.’’ Some are labelled ‘ bipunctatus.” T.
bipunctatus, L.—About 30 specimens without labels.

LocustopEa.—Leptophyes punctatissima, Bose.—A number of
unlabelled specimens. One female ‘‘ caught October 1st, Coombe
1806, clypeata, Pz., Mr. Neale.”” One ¢, two 2, ‘‘ Miss Badcock, on a
pear tree,” another “ Hphippigera virescens, Steph., IUl., vi., 16, vill., 33.”
Ephippiyera virescens, Steph., is known to be a synonym for L.
punctatissima, but ‘ clypeata, Panz.,’’ is usually regarded as a synonym
of Thamnotrizon cinereus, Li. Meconema variun, Fabr.—One male
‘“‘ Sept. 16th, 1838, Foxley Wood, Norfolk,’ another ‘‘ Taken in second
week in November, 66, Mr. Briggs, St. John’s Coll.” This species
is one of our latest Orthoptera, and may be taken well into the winter.
One female, ‘‘ Miss Badcock, on a pear tree.” AXiphidiwn dorsale, Latr.
—One male labelled “‘ Acrida fusca,” anda male ‘ Norfolk, August
Ist, A. fusca, Pz.,’’ also four g, seven @ and two nymphs, all labelled
«fuscum.’’ Stephens obviously confused X. dorsale with X. fuscum, a
very distinct species, which is far more common and widely distributed
on the continent than X. dorsale. Locusta viridissima, L.—One male
‘« Parks, Oxford, 1848 ;’’ several unlabelled specimens. Thamnotrizon
cinereus, L.—One male ‘‘ 7). apterus,” one 2 ‘‘near Croydon,” one 9
‘“< ephippiger”? and four g and four ? unlabelled. Platycleis grisea,
Fabr.—Several specimens without labels, one nymph queried “ viridis-
sima, ex Museo D. Hill.” P. brachyptera, L.—One 3 labelled
“« brachyptera’’ and one “‘ kirbii’’ also a male labelled “ clypeatus”’ and
several nymphs “‘kirbii.”” Decticus verrucivorus, L.—A male “ bingleti,
Rey. D. Bingley,’ probably one of Curtis’ types, but of the green form,
also one female ‘“ verrucivorus.”

GryLLopEA.—Nemobius sylvestris, Fabr.—Several specimens of both
sexes, unlabelled. Gryllus campestris, L.—One male “‘ Weaver, N. F.”’
and several specimens without labels, including one of the very rare
variety with fully developed wings, projecting well beyond the elytra.
[There is also a specimen with wings projecting far beyond the apex
of the abdomen, which I refer with some doubt to G. bimaculatus, de
Geer, a meridional species. It may be an extreme form of G. campes-
tris, or may have been accidentally introduced.| G. domesticus,
several examples, unlabelled. Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, L.—Fiye 3 ,
four ?, unlabelled.

GYOLEOPTERA.

CoLEOPTERA IN CUMBERLAND IN 1899.—The species enumerated
below were taken during the past season, and, without exception, are
additions to the lists published by us in the Wnt. Record, vol. x., p. 126,
and vol. xi., p. 103. Notiophilus palustris, locally common under
stones. Dyschirius nitidus, sparingly in burrows of Bledius spectabilis,
at the Estuary of the Eden. Bradycellus placidus, rather abundant,
but local, at roots of grass, and in moss. Dichirotrichus pubescens, on
the beach, at Silloth, rare. Pterostichus aethiops, under stones in the
Pennines, scarce. Amara consularis, one specimen. A. similata, a few
in flood refuse. A. acuminata, one on a pathway. Calathus fuscus,

100 . THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

scarce on the coast. ©. micropterus, locally common under stones in
the Pennines. Lembidinmn obtuswn, at roots of grass, &c., rather
common. 2B. schiuppeli, moderately common on the banks of the
Irthing (vide, Hut. Mo. Mag., vol. xxxv., p. 205, and Naturalist, 1899,
p. 288). B. femoratum, locally common on the banks of the Eden,
near Salkeld. Tachypus flavipes, scarce by the Irthing. Patrobus
assimilis, moderately commom in the Pennines. Cymindis vaporariorum,
sparingly among the same mountains. Lebia crua-minor, one specimen
(vide, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xxxvy., p. 145). Dromius nigriventris, one on
the banks or Eden near Salkeld. Coelambus parallelogrammus, one or
two in a boggy pond. Hydroporus tristis, wumbrosus, and obscurus,
moderately common. HH. planus, one only, but probably common.
H. morio, a few in a mossy pool about 2000ft. up in the
Pennines. In this pool a reddish form of HA. pubescens occurred
with the type. A. erythrocephalus, very common. Agabus ungui-
cularis, a few in a boggy pond. A. sturmit, very common. A.
chalconatus, in fair numbers, some very small. Ilybius quttiyer, one
specimen. Rhantus exoletus, one specimen. fi. pulverosus, a few taken.
Acilius sulcatus, locally common. (Gyrinus natator, common. Orecto-
chilus villosus, under stones by the Irthing. Philydrus minutus,
sparingly. Helochares punctatus, common. Laccobius sinuatus, and
Hydraena riparia, sparingly. Sphacridium bipustulatum, a few in dung.
Cercyon lateralis, very common in putrid fungi. C. obsoletus, one in
dung. C. pygmaeus, and UC. analis, in flood refuse. Homalota curraa,
sides of streams. AH. elonyatula, linearis, circellaris, analis, fungi, and
longicornis, in flood refuse. A. yraminicola, at roots of grass. H.
immersa, under fir bark. H. wanthoptera, common in fungi. H.
sordida, and trinotata, under haystacks. H. atramentaria, in dung,
&e. Gnypeta labilis, in flood refuse. Leptusa fumida, and Bolitochara
obliqua, under fir bark. Oligota inflata, among hay. Myllaena brevi-
cornis, at roots of grass. Gymnusa brevicollis, in grass tufts. Tachinus
humeralis, common in putrid fungi. Boletobius exoletus, in fungi.
Mycetoporus lepidus, clavicornis, and splendidus, sparingly in moss.
Quedius lateralis, rather common in fungi in autumn. . nigriceps,
scarce under stones in the Pennines. Leistotrophus murinus, one in a
decayed turnip. Philonthus marginatus, common in dung, carrion, &e.
P. puellus, several in fungi. Lathrobinm atripalpe, two specimens
under stones in the Pennines, and Mr. G. B. Routledge secured a third.
Mr. W. E. Sharp’s record (Hnt. Rec., vol. x., p. 272) from North
Wales, is the only previous one south of the Scotch border. Cryptobium
fracticorne, not scarce in moss. Stilicus rufipes, under haystack. Stenus
flavipes, pallitarsis, and nitidiusculus, by sweeping. Bledius spectabilis,
common on mud banks on the Solway. Oxytelus maritimus, under
refuse on the beach at Silloth. 0. nitidulus, and tetracarinatus, by
sweeping. . sculpturatus, in flood refuse. Anthophaygus testaceus, one
swept. Acidota crenata, im moss, scarce. Lathrimaewn atrocephalum,
in polypori. Omalium pusillwm, under fir bark. O. excavatum, and
striatum, in flood refuse. Megarthrus denticollis, and affinis, in putrid
fungi. Phloecobium clypeatum, at roots of grass, and in fungi. Pselaphus
heiset, Tychus niger, Bythinus validus, Bryaxis juncorum, Huconnus
fimetarius, and Scydmaenus collaris, in sphagnum. Liodes humeralis,
under bark, scarce. Silpha tristis, in flood refuse, &e., scarce. S. opaca,
among refuse in pine plantations, uncommon. Cholera wilkini, by

COLEOPTERA, 101

sweeping and in fungi. C. longula, one in flood refuse by the Irthing.
C'. morio, in flood refuse, and at roots of grass. C. chrysomeloides, one
specimen. C. grandicollis,in carrion. C. fwmata, in fungi, scarce.
Aister unicolor, in putrid fungi. H. neglectus, and carbonarius, in dune.
Gnathoncus nannetensis, one specimen. Saprinus aeneus, and maritimus,
under shore refuse at Silloth. Onthophilus striatus, very common in
dung, &c. Adalia obliterata, in fir plantations. Halyzia 16-guttata,
one on the wing. Scymnus nigrinus, sparingly in moss. Soronia
grisea, under bark. Omosita depressa, in fungi. Meligethes lunbaris,
by sweeping. Ips 4-punctata, in fungi. Rhizophayus dispar, under fir
bark, Lathridius lardarius, and Melanopthalira Juscula, in newly cut
hay. Antherophagus niyricornis, one specimen. Atomaria fuscata,
pusilla, and analis, in newly cut hay, &&. Kphistemus yyrinoides,
among haystack refuse. Typhaeca fumata, and Dermestes lardarius, by
sweeping. <Attayenus pellio, in houses. Simplocaria semistriata, in
flood refuse. Parnus prolifericornis, sides of ponds, &e. Aphodius
erraticus, and luridus, in dung. A. conspurcatus, in flood refuse.
C(iyialia sabuleti, one by the Irthing. Geotrupes typhaeus, rather common
near Salkeld, this is probably the most northern locality from which
it has as yet been recorded. Sericosomus brunneus, one taken on the
wing. Telephorus figuratus, very common on the wing in some meadows
fringing a wood. Lthagonycha limbata, common everywhere. Hydro-
cyphon deflexicollis, sparingly by the Irthing. Hrnobius mollis, in a
flour mill. Cis nitidus, and Octotemnus glabriculus, in polypori. Leiopus
nebulosus, beaten from oak. Saperda populnea, very common among
aspen; never recorded from so far north before (vide, Science Gossip,
1899, p. 91). Cryptocephalus fulvus, by sweeping. Phytodecta olivacea
var. myricans, one from broom. Lochmaea capraeca, beaten from
various bushes. (ralerucella calmariensis, by evening sweeping.
Longitarsus atricillus, by sweeping. L. jacobaeae, from ragwort.
Crepidodera rufipes, one specimen near Salkeld. Psylliodes marcida, on
the Solway sandhills. Cassida hemisphaerica, one, from bilberry.
Microzoun tibiale, on the Solway sandhills. Tribolium ferrugineum, in
a flour mill. Rhinosimus ruficollis, and viridipennis, under bark, and
by sweeping. Pyrochroa serraticornis, several on the wing. Anaspis
fasciata, from hawthorn. Anthicus scoticus, in small numbers by the
gravelly side of a stream near Allonby, on the coast. This is where
Mr. Routledge took the specimen recorded in the Hint. Record, vol. x.,
p. 86, and is, at present, the only known English locality. Lhynchites
minutus, from birch, &e. Apion viciae, assimile, punctiyerum, aethiops,
and ebeninumn, by general sweeping. A. carduorwm, common on thistles.
Otiorrhynchus ovatus, on the sandhills at Silloth. Hwomias araneiformis,
this species was intended last year, when Barypetthes sulcifrons (which
has not yet been found) was recorded. Brachysomus echinatus, one
swept. Polydrusus tereticollis, Phyllobtus viridicollis, and P. viridiaeris,
by sweeping. Tanymecus palliatus, one on Burgh marsh. Sitones
cambricus, and puncticollis, by sweeping. Hypera suspiciosa, by sweep-
ing. H. trilineata, in newly cut hay. Dorytomus pectoralis, beaten
from birch. Cryptorrhynchus lapathi, common on osiers by the Eden.
Coeliodes rubicundus, from birch, &e. Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis, and
quadridens, by sweeping. C. euphorbiae, one swept. thinoncus
pericarptus, and Limnobaris t-albun, by sweeping. Scolytus destructor,
under bark. Hylastes ater, in fir wood.—F. H. Day and Jamzs
Murray, Carlisle. March 8th, 1900.

102 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

IAOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

LEPIDOPTERA CAPTURED IN 1899.—During a very busy year I
was only able to get a few afternoons and evenings at my favourite
pursuit, but as these proved fairly successful, the result may perhaps
be interesting to those London collectors, whose outings, like my own,
are limited to occasional half-holidays and evenings. A North Londoner
is severely handicapped by the early hour at which the G. N. Ry. Co.
runs its last train home. All the best localities lie south of the
Thames, and the late trains from these places arrive just after the
last G. N. starts home for Highgate. Thus from Chattenden, I have
to catch the 9.20 from Cliffe, instead of the 10.89 from Higham,
cutting off the best part of the evening, and similarly from other
places. Miri Hix: I generally run down to Mill Hill early in the
summer, to see how things are getting on, and on June Ist, paid my
usual visit for a couple of hours at midday. I found Thanaos tages,
Syrichthus malvae, and Euchloé cardamines well out, and Heliodes
arbuti very plentiful ; a fortnight later Adscita statices, Tanagra
chacrophyllata, Himmelesia albulata, and Timandra amataria, always
occur abundantly and generally a few Anthrocera trifolit, Emmelesia
decolorata and Asthena luteata. The railway (G.N.) cutting towards
Edgeware is perhaps the best collecting ground, until you are turned
off, and then the neighbouring meadows. Here you are also liable to
disturbance, but the diplomatic offer of a ‘‘drink”’ is all sufficient.
Cutnerorp: The following evening I went to Chineford, after Zephyrus
betulaec, and beat a few larvee from a favourite corner, where it usually
occurs. In this corner also Ligdia adustata is always common, and was so
upon this evening, but I have never come across it elsewhere in the forest ;
Ephyra trilinearia was very plentiful, and many commoner things.
CuHattENDEN: On June 9th, I managed to work in a whole day, and
spent it at Chattenden. I was delighted to find Scoria dealbata still
holding its own well. There were some numbers of them, and I could
have taken a long series had I been so disposed, but contented myself
with selecting a few specially large males—all were very large in fact.
Lithosia aureola was also fairly common, and among dayfliers—Callophrys
rubi, Cyaniris argiolus and Macroglossa fuciformis occurred. <Aspilates
strigilaria was walked up, and great quantities of Corycia taminata
beaten out, with C. temerata, Ephyra omicronaria, Asthena luteata, and
Hrastria fuscula less commonly, but yet in sufficient numbers, and a
single very fine Platypteryx hamula. Altogether a pleasant day, with
something useful at every turn. At my next visit, on July 11th,
however, the place had a very different aspect, and only two species
beyond the very commonest occurred in any numbers. One of these
was Calliyenia iminiata, which was very common in its characteristic
way, half-a-dozen or so within two or three yards, and then no more
at all, until the next colony was reached; I came across a number of
these little colonies, and could have taken a long series. Thecla
w-album, the other species referred to, was local, but abundant where
found ; in fact, on one fair-sized privet bush, | counted nine specimens
at once, and they also frequented the bramble-blossoms. Later in the
day, they showed a marked predilection for the small ash trees, and a
fair number was shaken out of these after sunset. Besides these
species a few Zephyrus quercus and Melanaryia galatea occurred, and

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 108

Angerona prunaria was not uncommon at dusk; an odd Myelophila
cribrum was found at rest on a thistle, and single Crambus pinellus and
Asthena luteata were beaten, but nothing else of note. I had in con-
nection with this day a curious experience. A specimen of Phorodesma
bajularia, faded to a pale salmon colour, which I boxed for ova, was
accidentally put in the ammonia over night, and in the morning, |
found the colour restored to a brilliant green. As the effect of the
fumes went off it quickly faded again, but was immediately restored
upon holding it over the ammonia bottle, and again fading in a few
seconds when removed. The effect was quite as rapid as that produced
by ammonia upon red litmus paper. I have always noticed that the
colour of this species is quite uninjured by ammonia, but I have never
before heard of a case of its being restored. OxsHorr: Two other
very successful evenings, spent at Oxshott, on each occasion only
haying from 6 p.m. to 9.25 p.m. between arrival and departure. On
the first occasion (June 27th), I spent half the time amongst the pines
and heather, getting a fine lot of female Bupalus piniaria, plenty of
Macaria Uturata, five Eupithecia indigata, two Acidalia subsericeata, a
single Dioryctria abictella, and plenty of Pempelia palumbella. Then
working through a small copse, and into a grassy glade through a
clump of birch trees, quite a different lot of species occurred. Here
Lomaspilis marginata simply swarmed, but I noticed no decent vars.
A fine Fucosmia undulata was the best capture, and besides this a
couple of Melanthia albicillata, three Platypteryx falcula, three
Eupisteria heparata and a finely coloured Hrastria fuscula were beaten.
Amongst the B. piniaria taken is a very curious specimen. It is
coloured as a female, with the exception of one small patch of male
colouring, but the antenne are neither simple as in the female, nor
pectinated as in the male, but about half-way between. The proportion
of females here of this species is very curious. You can get any
number in an hour or so, while my experience has always been in the
New Forest, that you have to beat for an afternoon to get one or two,
although males are plentiful enough. My second visit was exactly a
calendar month later; B. piniaria and M. liturata were still in evidence,
and Plebeius aeyon was dotted about at rest on the heather. I did not
work the pines much, but after boxing a few Scoparia dubitalis, made
straight for my copse and birches again, where I got another EF. wndu-
lata, nine very fine Platypteryx lacertula, three each P. falcula, Ephyra
pendularia, E'. punctarta and Crambus pinellus, and in a corner among
some alders, a nice lot of Hupisteria heparata. Calligenia miniata
occurred here as at Chattenden—it has certainly been a ‘“‘ footman ”’
year—and in the copse a nice specimen of Rivula sericealis—surely
rather a strange locality. While waiting for my train, [ found
Pachycnemia hippocastanaria and Lycophotia strigula (porphyrea)
common over the heather (where I had also noticed HEndotricha
flammealis very abundantly before dark) and regretted that the train
turned up sharp to time. Bxrrcuwortu: My last afternoon excursion
was made two days later (July 29th) to Betchworth for Pamphila
conma. They were very common, but how difficult to get at! Never
settling but on the bare sun-dried hillside, at the steepest part, it took
me two or three hours of the hottest work I have known to get four
specimens. This year I mean to tackle them with the aid of spiked
shoes, which would greatly assist, as many a specimen was lost, by a

104 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

slip at the critical moment. The flowery hollows were avoided by
this species, but produced an abundance of Mubolia bipunctata, and
many nice Aspilates yilvaria and Acidalia ornata. Herbula cespitalis
and Hnnychia cingulata were in profusion everywhere, with a few
Pyrausta purpuralis among them. Polyommatus bellarqus I suppose
was not out yet, as I saw none, and a single P. ayestis was the only
‘Blue ’’ seen, besides myriads of P. tcarus. Norroux Broaps :
Saturday, August 5th, found me established in my old quarters at Mr.
Bullman’s, Wicken, for a week’s fen work. ‘This visit was destined to
be cut short, as on the first evening I met Mr. W. J. Kaye, and upon
his kind invitation agreed to join him in the “ Broads,” on a campaign
against Nonayria brevilinca. Myr. Kaye has already told how we fared,
braving blank and foggy nights, until upon the fifth and last one, we
were rewarded by filling all our boxes with N. brevilinea, N. neurica,
Lithosia muscerda, Hypenodes costaestrigalis and many other nice things.
I would here mention that Mr. Kaye recorded Letoptilus microdactylus
upon the strength of four specimens taken by myself. It was, how-
ever, owing to a misunderstanding between us, as my specimens were
taken at Wicken and not in the Broads. Two of them were unfortu-
nately destroyed by a hot poker, which Mrs. Bullman dropped on
them—treatment which was too severe for this delicate species. I have
also amongst my Crambi some specimens of Crambus sylvellus and two
Calamotropha paludella, which I believe Mr. Kaye did not record.
Wicxen: Tam afraid I have already trespassed too much upon your
space, so will briefly pass over my three days at Wicken, especially as
the regular species are so well known, and all occurred much as usual.
Light was good, and treacle excellent. Tapinostola hellmanni was far
in excess of its usual numbers, and 50 to 100 could have been taken
each night. It comes to treacle very late, when other things are
going, in this way resembling Leucania litharyyria. Viminia venosa
seems to be getting scarcer, only ten specimens in all occurring.
Hutricha quercifolia was not seen, but Papilio machaon was commoner
than ever. Nascia cilialis occurred as late as August 8th, and Pyrausta
purpuralis came sparingly to ight, curiously nine out of ten specimens
being taken from the back of the sheet, a rare occurrence with most
species. Cidaria sagittata, which for some years past has been
exceedingly rare at Wicken, turned up in some numbers. Mr. Kaye
first discovered the larvee, and kindly put me on the track. I did not
hit off his spot exactly, but found another near by, where they were
even commoner. We each collected some of the largest and left many
feeding. I found them in three places, and in one of these spots there
must have been some hundreds, as upon one head of Thalictrum flavum
T counted ten, and few heads were without any at all. Hicueare :
After this I had no time for collecting, but noticed Macroglossa stella-
tarum commonly in the gardens round Highgate, during September,
and in the same month took a short series of Hugonia fuscantaria from
eas lamps. In conclusion I should like to record the extreme abundance
of Pyralis costalis round here during July and early August. It always
occurs, but last summer on favourable nights, six or eight were
frequently observed on a single lamp. Mr. Kaye tells me he has
observed the same thing, in a less degree, at Worcester Park.—RusseLu
K. James, 18, Onslow Gardens, Highgate, N.

NOTES FROM SOUTH-WEST SCOTLAND DURING 1899.—The past summer,

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 105

though it will be well remembered for the long spell of magnificent
weather, was preceded by a spring cold and wet, when little could be
accomplished by the lepidopterist. Phigalia pedaria and Hybernia
marginaria appeared about their usual date, however, as on February
25th I picked up both in Cadder Wilderness, and on March 4th, from
several fs of the latter, I obtained a beautiful very dark almost melanic
aberration at Johnstone. This dark form is not uncommon in the
Paisley district. Larentia multistriyaria was out on March 11th, a fine
specimen being taken from a wall at Milngavie. On the 15th, the
first specimen of Hupithecia helveticaria emerged in my breeding cage,
and continued to come out intermittently till May 12th, the majority
of the specimens being of var. arceuthata. On May 18th I obtained
Tephrosia bistortata at rest, on a larch in Glen Falloch, it being the
only species of lepidoptera observed that day, as rain fell almost
incessantly, and a bitterly cold wind was sweeping down the glen.
Mr. Anderson Fergusson and I found, to our discomfort, that we were
stranded there for the whole day, there being no return train till the
evening. We, however, laboured away through all the rain, in search
of Coleoptera and were very successful, but we were pretty specimens
on reaching home. On June 10th I went to Arrochar for Scopula
decrepitalis, 1t was, however, disappointingly scarce, as only some seven
or eight fell to the net. I should have obtained many more, but the
wind being high they were carried out of reach before I could strike,
and an outflanking movement was quite out of the question, owing to
the huge boulders and deep brackens scattered over the portion of the
hillside on which I was collecting. Several Melanippe tristata, Coremia
spadicearia, and Panayra petraria were taken, and a single type of
Hupithecia scabiosata, but the capture of the day was a fine aberration
of Brenthis selene. The specimen is unusually dark on the upper
surface, while on the underside, around the transverse series of spots
parallel to the hind margin of the posterior wing, there is a suffusion
of black scales, which almost entirely obliterates the spots, with the
exception of the two central ones placed in the yellow area, these black
scales are also repeated at the apex of the anterior wines. An after-
noon at Gourock, on the 17th, produced Larentia salicata, Hupithecia
satyrata var. callunaria, H'. nanata, Mivodia schulziana, and Dicrorampha
herbosana in some numbers. On the 24th I was at Lamington, but
the only lepidoptera seen in abundance were the Pierids and Coenon-
ympha pamphilus. An evening at Crookstow, on July 7th, found Plusia
festucae, Apamea basilinea, and Hepialus velleda common, and a single
specimen of Hupithecia pygmaeata; on the 8th, Satyrus semele, and
Polyommatus icarus were out in abundance at Irvine, and a single
specimen of Anerastia lotella was captured. My holidays were spent
at Barr village, south Ayrshire, during the last fortnight of July. The
weather throughout was excessively hot, leaden grey skies and the
atmosphere very fiery. Insects are like human beings, I think, and in
weather of this nature they apparently have no inclination to exert
themselves. I never saw the Rhopalocera so abundant before,
however. In the moist hollows on the parched and dry hillsides,
Polyommatus icarus, Pieris napt, and E'pinephele janira, when disturbed,
would flutter out from amongst the rushes literally in dozens. P.
napi interested me most, as I am always on the look out for aberrations.
I obtained one ? with the yellow of the underside of a decidedly

106 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

ochreous tone and with only very faint traces of the darker scaling on
the nervures ; of 1. janira I also obtained a nice aberration. It is a ?
in which the ochreous band on the underside of the posterior wing
running parallel to the hind margin is much narrower than usual, and
is divided in two at vein 4 (Meyrick). P. brassicae and rapae were
both abundant about the village. Aglats wrticae and Pyramets atalanta
were also obtained, C. pamphilus was everywhere in evidence, and
Enodia hyperanthus occurred in a marshy field about a mile off.
Of Hepialus I only observed humuli and hectus. A single specimen
of Cleora lichenaria flew off from a lichen-covered larch, but beating
all through the wood failed to produce another. Several specimens of
Acidalia bisetata, Larentia olivata, Melanthia bicolorata, Coremia munitata,
Cidaria prunata and C. fulvata were taken, and a host of commoner
species netted. Ortholitha limitata turned up everywhere, and was
very variable. A couple of full-fed larvee of Dicranura vinula were
picked up from the road adorned in their travelling apparel, they
spun-up immediately on being put into a box. Of the Noctuids a few
each of Triaena psi, Leucania conigera, Apamea gemina, Plusia chrysitis,
P. v-aurewn, and P. iota, were taken. A single Tapinostola fulva on
the 29th of the month, which is a remarkably early date for this part
of the country. Pyrausta purpuralis and Herbula cespitalis were
occasionally met with on the hillsides. Scopula lutealis, Scoparia
dubitalis, and S. ambiqualis were very abundant, and S. murana could
have been taken from walls in plenty. Miana bicoloria was very
common in Giffnoch quarries during the first week of August. On the
12th, at Irvine, I obtained a dozen Crambus latistrius, a single specimen of
Chr spec plhonans phlaeas, and several Tortricids and Tineids. An afternoon
at Whistlefield, Loch Long, on the 26th, produced Cidaria immanata,
Larentia olivata, C anion “Hosta, and several Celaena haworthii.
Phibalapteryx lapidata was out, and in fine condition, on the Lanark-
shire hills on September 8th, and the following day on the Kilsyth
hills, I obtained a few more. Vapinostola fulva was abundant at both these
localities. In Kilsyth glen several Pyraineis atalanta were discovered
at rest on the trunk of an ash, to which they persistently returned
when knocked off. I also obtained a fine specimen of Polia chi var.
olivacea, the first of this variety I have ever taken in this district,
though I must have seen several hundreds of the type. Pyramets
atalanta was very abundant in the Clydesdale district during the
autumn months, which coincides with reports from other parts of the
country. Cheimatobia brumata was also very common at the beginning
of November on the banks of the Clyde at Cambuslang, on some trunks
I counted three and four, and even five specimens at rest.—Anp. ADIE
Dateisu, F.E.S., 21, Princes Street, Pollokshields, Glasgow.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTE FROM THE Rivrera.—The season appears to
be an abnormal one, the usual rains last October were scanty, the
winter has been dull and cold, and for the present the weather is cold
and wet. Vegetation and insects are a full month late. So far as
butterflies are concerned, the record would be not very different from -
the celebrated chapter on snakes in Ireland. On March 5th there
lay six inches of snow on the ground at 5 a.m., and this still existed
in shady corners two days later. Rain has been frequent—all day on
March 18th, and from the evening of the 19th till the forenoon of the ©
21st. Those who have not left England in search of the ‘‘ Sunny

VARIATION. 107

South” are on the whole to be congratulated. On February 27th
three Epichnopteryx pulla g were found floating in the canal. Pararge
megaera was on the wing, Pyrameis atalanta, Pieris rapae, and P. napi
seen. March 2nd, first Pieris daplidice seen, Stenopteryx hybridalis
(noctuella) frequent, Diurnea fagella on oak trees, coltsfoot in full
bloom. March 6th, first Cyaniris arygiolus and Callophrys rubi seen.
March 10th, one Anthocaris belia seen. March 12th, found a strong
colony of Lufia, sp.? at Agay, not yet half grown, some very small.
March 18th, rather a brighter day than usual; saw in the Auribeau
valley several Gonepterys cleopatra, one Papilio machaon, Pararge egeria,
P. meqgaera, two Anthocaris belia, two Colias edusa, several P. daplidice,
Callophrys rubi common, P. napt, P. rapae, P. brassicae, Polygonia
c-album, P. egea, Pyrameis atalanta, and Vanessa io. Half adozen plants
of Biscutella coming into flower, others invisible. These must have
been odd ones stimulated by some one fine day that failed to start the
mass of the plant into spring life. Various larvee have been seen; one
good capture was a 3 of Scodiona lentiscaria, found in the Estérels,
March 8rd. M. Constant has only one specimen of this species, it
occurs at Hyéres and in Spain. Chesias rufata is rare here, accord-
ing to M. Constant, a specimen was taken on March 19th. The form
here ig wanting in the brown or fulvous tint of northern specimens,
and resembles exactly in tone, and to some degree in marking, A.
playiata. The cases of Tinea vinculella (or some allied species) are also
everywhere usually very scarce, an odd one at long intervals, but here
and there plentiful on damp shady walls. With regard to this species
T note that it may often be found wnder stones, as in many of the stone
slides in the Estérels, where none make an appearance in any exposed
place. I was still more struck with the same circumstance in regard
to Fumea cases. In the Estérels and elsewhere these occurred fre-
quently wnder stones, where no exposed ones existed. These were
always empty ones of last season, it being too early this late season for
new ones. The dryness and aridity so frequent here, even at this
early date (not unfortunately this year), no doubt accounts for such
habits, but Humea in the chrysalid stage certainly classifies itself in
our ideas with the sun-loving Psychids. So that a habit of hiding at
this stage is at first somewhat startling. It is no doubt owing to some
similar habit that a search for cases, new, old, or at any stage, of M.
Constant’s Bankesia vernella, in places where he has captured the
moth, was utterly fruitless—T. A. Cuapman, Cannes. March 21st,
1900.

NZ ARIATION.,

AGROTIS EXCLAMATIONIS WITH ABERRANT CLAVIFORM STIGMA.—I took at
HKastwood July 6th last, a slightly crippled Ayrotis evclamationis with a
doubled claviform on the right fore-wing.—F. G. Wurrrie, Southend.

PROTECTIVE RESEMBLANCE.—Whilst hunting for larve at Frognal,
Hampstead, last summer, I was very much struck by the remarkable
protective marking and colouring of a nearly full-grown larva of
Amphydasis betularia, which was on a rosebush in a waste garden. Not
only was the contour and shape of the posterior extremity of the larva,
with its claspers firmly grasping the stalk, almost an exact representa-
tion of a petiole of the plant, half an inch or so distant from it, but

108 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

both insect and plant were marked with more or less reeular circular
bands of alternate pale green and rose pink. The only observable
difference between the larva and its food-plant was the comparative
thickness of the larva, which was about double the size of the leaf
stalk.—Husert §. Puiiies, M.R.C.S., F.E.S., 262, Gloucester Ter-
race, Hyde Park, W. March 20th, 1900.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES.

VITALITY OF SMERINTHUS OCELLATUS BRED IN CONFINEMENT.—1 was much
interested in M. Lambillion’s note on S. ocellatus(vol. xi., pp. 880-2), but I
am not at all surprised at the different power of egg-laying exhibited by
the wild and artificially reared females. He reared a brood of 200 (ai 0%,
of which were cripples). It is hardly possible that they could have
obtained throughout thei lives all the food they required. My own
experience is that 50-60 require considerable active work to feed them,
and artificial rearmg is apt to hurry larve when almost full-fed, as
many species, 1n natural conditions, often go on feeling after fullgrowth
is apparently obtained. Only a few of the very strongest individuals
could possibly reach maturity under natural conditions, hence the
test is scarcely a fair one.—A. Bacor, 184, Lower Clapton Road, N.E.

OTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARVA, &.

NerwLy-HATcHED LARVA OF HResra cuto.—About 38mm. in leneth,
by :4mm.in diameter, dorso-ventrally, at 2nd abdominal segment. The
lateral diameter shghtly greater. Head; Large (6mm. in height), tall,
wide, and thick from front to back. Rounded, with a rough pitted
surface that gives it a granular appearance. Colour, pale wainscot
brown. The hairs are short, stout, tapering, slightly curved and
thorny. Those on crown of head correspond with those on dorsal
area of body in that they are very short and much curved. Body: Of
even thickness, and all the segments are of about equal length.
Divisions not deeply cut, but clear and distinct, each abdominal
segment haying five almost equally well marked subdivisions, thoracic
segments only - four, the anterior of which is considerably larger than
the following ones. ‘The anal segment projects beyond anus dorsally.
The skin is rough and granular in appearance, the colour like that of
head, pale wainscot-brown, with a narrow darker mediodorsal stripe, and
three narrow laterals of the same tint. The uppermost of these might
perhaps be more correctly called a subdorsal stripe. The lateral flange
is slightly raised, and is beneath the lower of the lateral stripes, situated
on a broad band of a somewhat paler hue than the ground colour.
Tubercles: The dorsal tubercles i and 11, are small in area, but rather
tall, cone-shaped, bearing one very short, stout, tapering and thorny
hair; these hairs curve backwards to an almost horizontal position,
reminding one of those on the adult larvee of Charawes jasius, i and ii
are situated in transyerse line on the 2nd subsegment of meta- and
mesothorax, but are far apart (on Ist and 4th subsegments) longi-
tudinally, and in markedly trapezoidal position (ii much further from
median than 1) on the abdominal ones. ‘The dorsal hairs on anal
segment are much longer than those on other segments, and jut out
beyond the segment. Tubercle iis in line above spiracle, iv and

NOTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARVH, ETC. 109

v are a short distance beneath, iv first sub. and v sub. and very slightly
free. The hairs and tubercles being similar to i and 11 but the hairs
being less curved are more upright. ‘’wo marginal tubercles, each
bearing one hair, are present, and on segments that bear prolegs, they
are situated on the base of prolegs. Both true legs and prolegs are large
and strong, the latter have a curved row of eight or nine hooks on the
inner side only [Described December 10th, 1899, from larva pre-
served in spirit].—A. Bacor.

Forcinc PorTHETRIA DISPAR AND JLiyMANTRIA- MONACHA Ova.—On
December 18th, 1899, I placed about 300 ova of Porthetria dispar in a
chip box and kept them on the mantelpiece in a room where there was
a good fire all day. In little more than a fortnight the larve began to
appear, about a dozen ova hatching on January 3rd, 1900. It was
rather difficult to know upon what to feed the young larve at this time
of the year, but after trying fir and most of the plants now to be found
in gardens, they settled down to the leaves of Campanula trachelium
(Canterbury Bell), on which they are feeding well. By January 15th
all 800 eggs had hatched, while many of those larvee which had made
their appearance first were on that date undergoing their first change,
several on the 19th appearing in their new skin. I am also attempting
to force ova of Lymantria monacha, but at the time of writing’ they
have not hatched, though I began forcing them on December 380th last.
It is rather curious* to note that while it has taken only fifteen days to
hatch out ova of P. dispar, the L. monacha ova under exactly the same
conditions haye not yet hatched (February 5th), a period of 87 days.
I think the reason may be that the heat was too great sometimes and
they have become dried up. I hope, though, that they will yet hatch.
As L. monacha is known to feed on fir, I thought it very possible P.
dispar, its near relative, would likewise do so. Ido not know if this
latter insect has ever been induced to feed on fir. My attempt was
‘quite unsuccessful. On February 3rd many of the larve began their
second moult, while.some were no bigger than when newly hatched.—
C. B. Antram, Croydon. Ivebruary 5th, 1900.

FooppLants oF CaLiLimorpHa HERA.—I have about 150 larve of C.
hera (Devonshire), and find they feed well in captivity on Campanula
trachelium, which I can get more easily than groundsel, plantain, white
dead-nettle, &c.—C. B. Anrram. February 5th, 1900.

* Is this really curious? P. dispar is, so far as the evidence goes, almost cer-
tainly an introduced species, with more or less south European habits of hyberna-
tion, whilst L. monacha is a bond fide Britisher, with very different notions of
hybernation.—Ep.

GY URRENT NOTES.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society
will hold a conversazione and exhibition of entomological and other
natural history specimens, &c., at the London Institution, Finsbury
Circus, E.C., on Tuesday, April 24th, 1900. Tickets (1s. each) (must
-be previously obtained) from the Hall Porter of the Institution,
- Finsbury Circus, or from the Secretary of the Society, S. J. Bell, 150,
_ Stockwell Park Road, Brixton, 8.W. Doors open at 7.30 p.m.

Our readers will learn with regret of the death of the celebrated
Micro-lepidopterist Dr. O. Hofmann, which took place on February 22nd.

110 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

His work, justly recognised for its care and thoughtfulness, will be his
most fitting and lasting monument. ‘To us, who have recently been
so intimately concerned in working out the excellent papers on the
Psychides, written some 40 years ago, his death comes as a personal
loss, and with a deep feeling of regret that another great master has
passed from among us. We trust that his types (and those of Herrich-
Schiffer and Heinemann that are in his collection) will be obtained
for the use of future English students.

The sale of the collection of lepidoptera made by the late Mr. 8.
Stevens took place on March 27th-28th. Among the specimens were
many of Haworth’s types, and other valuable historical material. We
suspected that the British Museum authorities would have recognised
the importance of obtaining these specimens and would have taken
steps to have annexed them for the National collection at the Natural
History Museum. It would appear, however, that lepidoptera are
about the last thing that the powers that be purchase now for the
collections.

Speaking of the collections at South Kensington, one suspects that
they are intended primarily for the use of students. One is tempted
to ask whether the collection of Heterocera is, at the present time, of
the slightest use to real students. In working through the Psychids
we have found ourselves hampered at every turn (1) by the want of
material, (2) by the way in which so many species are incorrectly
named. One does not feel inclined to grumble if the official staff
cannot always name Fumeids, but one is staggered when one discovers
Frey and Zeller’s examples of Ptilocephala anyustella, H.-Sch. (=atra,
Esp.) and P. atra, Linn. (= plumifera, Ochs.), all lumped into one
series, and now that our attention is being turned to the Lachneids,
the pairing off of a fine ? Lastocampa quercis with a pale male of
Pachygastria trifolii, the interchanging of females of Lachnetis catax
and I. rimicola, and the union of Frey and Zeller’s examples of the
allied Malacosoma alpicola and M. franconica into one heterogeneous
series, are among our first discoveries. We have previously expressed
our regret that the authorities of the British Museum permitted any in-
terference with the collections of two such naturalists as Zeller and Frey,
and the injury done by their absorption in the general collection is,
scientifically, incalculable. Insects comprise four-fifths perhaps of the
fauna of the world. Their study is infinitely more intricate and
difficult than that of the Vertebrata, &c. We should be interested to
learn whether four-fifths of the money granted for purchases go to the
insect department, and if not what determines the percentage ? With
regard to the existing blanks of comparatively common species in the
collection, we gather incidentally that these are not likely to be
filled up, and the students and workers at lepidoptera will have to
struggle with the incomplete material at present there. What have
the Trustees, who are entomologists, to say in the matter? Will they
not insist that a fair share of the money that is spent goes on insects,
other than those required for the work of the official staff?

The prices fetched for some of the specimens at the sale of the
«‘ Sam Stevens’ ’’ collection were remarkably high and this was especi-
ally the case with the Rhopalocera—Pieris daplidice, £1, 12s., 14s. (for
two) ; a fine g aberration of Muchloé cardamines without central spot
and black tips to forewings, a 9 with exceptionally large central spots

CURRENT NOTES. 111

and a 2 Gonepteryx rhanni with darkened nervures, £2 7s. 6d.; a
gynandromorphous example of Colias edusa, £3 10s. ; aberrations of
Dryas paphia, £3, £4 10s., £2 10s., £1; aberrations of Aryynnis aqglaia,
£1 Is., £2 10s., £5 5s. (ab. charlotta) ; aberrations of A. adippe,
£6 16s. 6d., £3 10s., £3 5s., £3:; A. lathonia, 11s., 82s. 6d., 35s., 10s.
per pair—whilst two of Parry’s discredited A. niobe and an A. lathenia
from the same source, fetched 16s. ; aberrations of Brenthis euphrosyne
went for £4 10s., £2 5s., £6, £1; and the Melitaea athalia ab. eos
(Haworth’s type), £6 10.; Muvanessa antiopa produced 12s. (two),
18s. (two), 20s., 16s., 7s.,2s., 20s. for single specimens; an aberration
of Vanessa io, £5, one of Py ames atalanta, £5 10s., and two of P.
cardui, £6 103. and £8 respeciively; a ‘‘black”’ aberration of Limenitis
sibylla went for 87s. 6d., another for 68s., and a fine light aberration
of Melanaryia galathea, £7; an aberration of Pararge megaera, £5, and
two of Hpinephele ianira, £2 10s. and £4, whilst two of F. tithonus
reached £5 10s. and 82s. 6d.; a gynandromorphous Zephyrus quercis,
£3 15s.; Chrysophanus dispar produced, per specimen, £2, £4, £8, £6,
£5 15s., £5, £6 5s., £6, £5 15s., £4, £5 5s., £4 15s., £5, £5, whilst
aberrations of C. phlaeas went for 35s., £5 5s., £4; a remarkable
underside aberration of Polyommatus icarus for 50s., and a gynandro-
morphous example for £3; Nomiades semiargus (in sets of six) went
for 50s., 35s., 85s., and the three lots of Hesperids for 67s. ; a fine
aberration of Callimorpha dominula fetched £5 10s., and Arctia caia,
20s., 12s., 12s., 55s. (three), 35s. (three), 42s. (two), 80s. (two), 40s.
(three), 20s. (four), whilst an A. villica went up to £4 10s.; Laelia
caenosa for pairs produced 380s., 35s., 37s. 6d., 40s., 40s.; Gastropacha
ilicifolia for pairs, 42s., 42s., 60s., and Cerura bicuspis, 18s. (two), 20s.
(three), 21s. (three), 21s. (three), whilst another of Bouchard’s Killar-
ney Notodonta bicolor produced 40s. Small lots of Psychids usually
produce good prices, but these ran, 7s., 10s., 20s., 12s., 12s., 7s., 10s.,
18s. Most of the other insects ran into good figures—Avyrotis subrosea,
AOs., 75s., 84s., 60s., 90s., 85s., 85s., 75s., 75s., 75s., for single speci-
mens, and Laphyyma exiqua at, 22s. and 16s. may be mentioned, and
two Hydrilla palustris produced 87s. 6d., whilst 80s. was given for two
Crymodes exulis (Unst), and 14s. and 30s. each for Nylena zinckenti ;
Cucullia gnaphalii brought 28s. and 22s. per pair, a Micra ostrina 24s.,
and two M. parva 22s., whilst a specimen of Ophideres lunaris went
for 28s., and Catocala fraxini, 8s., 13s., 15s. and 6s. apiece; Cleora
viduaria, 85s., 42s., 45s., 47s. 6d., 50s. per pair, and whilst one
understands the 52s. 6d. (three), and 20s. (two), given for ‘‘ Williams’ ”’
Boletobia fuliginaria, we suspected no one would have given big prices
for the “cellar” specimens. Abraxas yrossulariata produced 45s.,
50s., 35s., 85s. and 42s., for single examples, and two Phibalapteryx
aquata (a second was evidently found in the collection after Mr. Bower
saw it), 25s.; Cidaria reticulata produced, 12s., 30s., 30s. and 80s. per pair,
and one asymmetrical. aberration 70s., whilst with Drepana harpagula
at 32s. 6d., 35s. and 87s. 6d. per pair, we must bring our brief summary
to a close. We understand that many lots were purchased on
commission for continental lepidopterists. Surely very rare aberrations
are worth as much to British as to foreign collectors.

Mr. Elwes and Mrs. Nicholl start for a collecting trip to the Levant
about April 15th. The former has been greatly in need of a keen
first-class lepidopterist to accompany him on this trip, especially to

112 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

collect the Heterocera, but appears not to have been able to have found
the right man. This is very regrettable, as one cannot possibly give
full attention to both Rhopalocera and Heterocera when on these trips.
It takes too much out of one to work day and night.

In the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol.
xxxv., Mareb, 1900, Scudder gives us another of his useful series of
generic revisions. This time it is the genus Derotmema, one of the
Ocedipodidae. The species of this genus are desert-haunting creatures,
living on and about sage-bush, often simulating it in colour. It is
confined to the western half of the United States. He describes four
new species, thus bringing the number of known forms of the genus
up to eight.

In the Zoologischen Anzeiyer for March 19th, Dr. Krauss discusses.
the curious tubercle which is present on the 1st dorsal segment of
Poecilocerus sokotranus, Burr. This tubercle has the appearance of a
small yellowish knob, and at first sight might be easily taken for a
foreign body of some sort, possibly a fungus. But Dr. Krauss shows
that it isa part of the animal, and probably a very important character.
He illustrates his remarks with four drawings, which show well the
remarkable open space in the suture of the elytra, which makes room
for the organ, and exposes it to the light. It is present on every
specimen which has been taken, in both sexes, but is unknown in any
other Orthopteron. Dr. Krauss suggests that possibly it may be a
luminous organ.

At the last meeting of the Entom. Soc. of London, Mr. Waterhouse
exhibited a tube which formed the entrance to a nest of a Triyona, sent
from Singapore by Mr. H. N. Ridley. It was about fifteen inches in
length, of a resinous substance, but more waxy toward the end, which
was spoon-shaped. He also exhibited a portion of the resinous mass
formed within the trees by these bees, and stated that one of these
masses sent from Penang by Mr. Ridley weighed 15lbs. The true
nest of the Zrigona consists of an irregular mass of cells filled with
honey, quite distinct from the resinous formation.

FR EVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

INTERESTING CHAPTERS FROM Inp1ana.—An interesting little work,
Gleanings from Nature, by W. 8. Blatchley, the State Geologist of
Indiana, U.S.A., contains among the fifteen chapters into which it is
_ divided, two that are very interesting to entomologists: (1) In that

entitled ‘‘ Indiana caves and the animals which inhabit them,” are
descriptions of blind beetles, cave crickets, &c., as well as an account,
of the discovery of the Tineid Blabophanes ferruginella, Hbn., in the
depths of Wyandotte Cave, interesting subjects that call for the atten-
tion of the lepidopterist. (2) ‘‘ Katydids and their kin,’ thirty-one
species of the orthoptera of Indiana being figured and numerous details
of their life-histories given. ‘The volume is well bound in silk clot!,,
consists of 348 pp., 15 full-page half-tone plates, and 100 illustrations.
in the text, and is published by the Nature Publishing Co., Indiana-
polis, Ind., U.S.A., post paid 5s. 8d.—Harry Moorgz, F.E.S., 12,
Lower Road, Rotherhithe. Mebruary, 1900.

The Back Molure: (I-XI) of The ion onelonie Tae th &c., can be obtained at 7s. 6d. per
Volume. ‘‘ Special Index ” to Vols. III., IV., V., VI., VIL., VIIL., IX., X., and XL., price 1/-
each. Single Back Numbers of Vols. I. — XI. can be obtained at pousie the published price,
from H. E. Paces, F.E.S., ‘‘ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, S.E.
REMITTANCES TO BE SENT WITH ORDER.
_ Foreren Supscripers (continental and otherwise) when sending money orders
through the London General Post Office are requested at the same time, to post to Mr.
Page, F.E.S., a note advising him of same.
All Exchange Magazines must in future be forwarded to J. W. Tutt,
Westcombe Hill, Biackheath, S.E
Reprints of Articles or Notes (long or short) appearing in this Magazine can be arranged
for by Authors at a very low price, on application to Mr. H. E. Page, F.E.S.,
“ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Perk, London, S.E.

EXCHANGE.
— > -_-4 —_

[Exchanges, which should, consist culy of the specific names of Duplicates and Desiderata, are
inserted for Subscribers without charge so long as there is available space, but they MUST NOT be
written on Post or Letter Cards, the inconvenience arising from which is very great. No exact limit is
placed on the length of lists of Duplicates, but lists of Desiderata should be as short as possible. Hntomo-
logical Books wanted may also be inserted in this column. |

NOTICE.—The Editor will be glad of eggs, larve and pupx of Lepidoptera, for

description. Notes on good aberrations of Lasiocampids will be very useful.

IMPORTANT.—Wanted, actual dates on which, and exact localities where,
Pterophorids, Lasiocampids and Sphingids have been captured. Will correspondents send
dates for any year ?—J. W. Turr, Westcombe Hill, 8.1K.

. Excuance Baskets.—April 7th, No. 2 basket.—Messrs. Atmore, Woodforde, Whittle,
Walker, Robertson, Barnes, Ash, Richardson, Bower, Studd, Riding, Edelsten. April
10th, No. 1 basket.—Messrs. Horne, Bowles, Mera, Fox, Robertson, Woodforde, Studd,
Robinson, Maddison, Riding, Bower, Moberly. [Members who wish to be missed must
write to the name preceding their own on list, not to the Secretary].

Inrormation WantTEeD.—Can any entomologist oblige me with any detail on any
one of the following points ? Where and when have cocoons of L. lanestris, M. neustria,
E. quercifolia, P. trifolii, and L. querctis been found in a state of nature? Are any
localities for M. neustria available for Lancashire and Yorkshire, and in the counties

_ immediately bordering these on thesouth? Is the abundance of this species limited by any

peculiar geological formations? Are there any Scotch records for M. neustria? Have
any lepidopterists, except Messrs. Reid and Horne, taken Trichiwra crataegi on Scotch
moors ?—J. W. Tutt, Westcombe Hill, S.E.

Excuancre.—l am desirous of obtaining butterflies from the Malayan Archipelago and
the Pacific Islands. For such I offer perfect diurnals from North and South America ;
North American Coleoptera.—Levi W. Mengel, Boys’ High School, Reading, Pa., U.S.A.

Wanrtep. Fine lepidoptera of Europe in exchange for butterflies from Russia in Asia,
Japan, China and Basses-Alps (France).—Wilhelm Neuburger, Lepidopterist, Berlin, S. 42,
Luisen Ufer 45, Germany.

Duplicates, Exotic : Ornith. Miranda ¢ ¢, Brookiana ¢ ?, Croesus ¢ , Antimachus,
Morpho Polyphemus, &¢. Desiderata.—Rare exotics. British Sponsa, Gilvago, Australis.
Many British Noctue.—W. Dannatt, 75, Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath, S.E.

Duplicates.—Gilvago, Serena, C- -nigrum, Unanimis, Anceps, Strigilis, Sulphuralis,
Nupta, Stellatarum, Rhomboidaria, Alsus, Machaon. Desideraia Batis. Festucae,
Croceago, G. flavago, Orion, Citrago, Aurago, Contigua, Genistae, Rectilinea, Dominula,
Ocellatus, T. rubi, T. quercis, Paniscus, P. comma, L. sibylla, &c.—S. Jonas, The Grange,
Gt. Shelford, Cambs.

ComMPANION WANTED TO DicNe.—To Digne late in June. Shall be glad to hear of any
entomologist inclined to accompany me.—R. B. Postans, Eastbourne.

Duplicates—Nebulosa, Pyramidea, Suffusa, Dispar* (fine ¢s), Dentina, Lithoriza,
Tenebrosa, Pistacina, ‘ines, Brunnea, L. comma, Typica, Munda*, Mendica*, Neustria*,
Hectus ¢s, Cerago, Silago, Lota, Fasciuncula, Lucipara, Anachoreta* (foreign), Sambu-
cata*, Pilosarid, ¢ and @? s*, Crepuscularia, Cervinaria*, Syringaria*, Illustraria*, Spartiata,
Fulvata, Tipuliformis ; two, each Nupta, Potatoria gs, Ocellatus, S. ligustri, Arcuosa, Vv.
c-album, Viliaria, Prunaria; three each Capsincola, Lota, Rufina, Puta; four each B.
quercus, Camelina, Rhamni, Falcula; five each Libatrix, Viminalis, Dotata; seven Artemis,
one each Vetusta, Chrysitis, a few also Rubiginata, Clathrata, Lichenaria, Albicillata,
Temerata, Mi, Adustata, Alveolus, Alsus, Auscularia ¢s. Desiderata.—Imagines in good

_ condition only—Deltoides, Pterophori, lists exchanged—also ova, pup#, empty pupa cases,

preserved larve, &c.—Hope Alderson, Htlda Vale Road, Farnborough, Kent, R.S.O.
Duplicates.—Several hundred Lepidoptera and Coleoptera from Florida and W.

rae

Indies. " Desiderata British Tepidonien « in any stages. so. nen ae Rogers, Lammas ac

Park House, Dawlish, South Devon.

Desiderata.—Larve or pupe of Caja and Grossnents Will give good aetna in |

Macros or cash.—T. Maddison, South Bailey, Durham.
Duplicates.—Larve of Abietaria (melanie forms). Destderata.—Ova, larve, or good
imagines of local species. —W. G. Sheldon, Heimath, Friends Road, Croydon.
“Duplicates. —Larve of Quercifolia. Miss Miller, The Croft, Rainsford Road, Chelms-
ford, Essex,

Duplicates.—Pupe of Unanimis. Desiderata.—Larve or pupe.—H. Sticks, South
View, Heaton, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Duplicates.—Versicolora, Ambigua (1), Gilvago, Tiliaria, Autumnaria, Solidaginis, -

Sulphuralis, Nupta, Griseata, Berberata, Sticticalis, Colonella, Nothris verbascella,
Myelois cribralis, &c.; pupe of Irregularis and Dysodea; empty pupa-cases of Psyche
nigricans. Desiderata.—Russula ?s, Bombyx trifolii, ¢s, Lunaria, Dolabraria, Erosaria,

Notata, Sagittata, Dodonea, Chaonia, Dictaeoides, Fluctuosa, Lutulenta, Lichenea,

Sobrina, Alpina, Cinerea, Agathina, Albimacula, Pyralina, Ochroleuca, Asteris, Lychnitis,
Interrogationis, Bractaea, Cordigera, Melanopa, Notha, Contigua, Craccae. ape Norgate,
Queen's Road, Bury St. Edmunds.

Duplicates. —Numerous. Desiderata.—Ova or larve only:- Prodromaria, Hera,
Dominula, Villica, Plantaginis, P. populi, Lunaria, Pilosaria, black var., Versicolora
British ; or will give cash.—L. W. Newman, 41, Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent.

Wanrrep.—lKggs of insects for photographic and photo-micrographic purposes. Will

give sender a photograph of any eggs sent. Also any other interesting entomological
details—antennee of allied species, &e.—F. Noad Clark, Paddington Infirmary, Harrow
Road, W.

Wantep.—Pupe of Betularia, and var. Doubledayaria, for experimental purposes.—
W. Bateson, Merton House, Grantchester, Cambridge.

Cuaners or Appress.—C. I’. Johnson, The Crescent, Brinnington, Stockport. Colin
Murray, to 9, Bedford Gardens, Ilford, Essex.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.—May 2nd. The Library is open daily from
one to six o’clock p.m. (except on Saturdays, when it is closed at three p.m.), and
until ten p.m. on meeting nights.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London

- Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C.—The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
_p-m. Members are particularly requested to bring varieties and aberrations for exhibi-

tion. Non-members cordially invited. April 17th, Paper: ‘‘ Phorodesma smaragdaria,”’
by Rev. C. R. N. Burrows. May Ist, Discussion: ‘‘ Nomenclature,” introduced by Mr. EB.
M. Dadd. May 15th, Discussion: ‘“‘ Pupe.”

The South London Entomologicai and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge.—The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
April 26th, Mr. E. Step, F.L.S., Paper: ‘‘ Wild Flowers at Home” (Lantern). May 10th,
Paper: *‘ British Orchids”? (Lantern). May 24th, Mr. F. Enoch, F.L.S., F.E.S., Paper:
‘Another LifeHistory ” (Lantern).

North London Natural History Society, Sigdon Road Board School, Dalston Lane,
N.E. (close to Hackney Downs Stations, G.E.R.).—Meetings first and third Thursdays in
each month, at 7.45 p.m.

Nonpareil Entomological Society, Mansfield Street, Kingsland.—The First and
Third Thursdays in the Month.

South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies.—The Congress will be held at
Brighton, on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, June 7th-9th. Particulars will follow
later.—Secretary, Dr. Abbott, 33, Upper Grosvenor Road, Tunbridge Wells.

FOR SALE.
The Entomological Collections (Lepidoptera) of the late

DR. ©. HOFMANN,

Regensburg, Bavaria. They consist of :—

1. The large Macro and Micro Collection of the deceased, containing all his Types
(Micros), a large number-of Authentic Specimens-from the late Dr. Herrich- Schaffer’ s
collection, and originals of the Heinemann-Wocke work on the Micros.

2. The large Micro Collection of. the late Anton Schmid, which passed into Dr.
Hofmann’s hands at the owner’s demise.

3. The Books, Pamphlets, and: Manuscripts, of the late Author.

Lists will be furnished and applications must be made to the widow,

. Frau Dr. O. Hormann, Taxis St. F. 75, Regensburg. _

.

- NOTICE.

fae ‘Chance ! - Last Chance!! Last Chance 1!

r . Advertiser going abroad next month.

Trans. Ento. Soc. of London, 1891 to 1899, 9 vols., £8; Entomologist,

| 1882 to 1897, green cloth, 16 vols., £2 10s.; European Butterflies and

Moths, 61 col. plates, calf oilt, 18s.; Gat. Ent. Society Library, 5s.; Young
Naturalist, 6 vols., £1; Meyrick’s Handbook, new, 3s. 6d.; Dale’s Brit.
Butterflies, cloth, 8s. Some very fine European Lepidoptera, flat set, for
sale cheap. Selections of good British Lepidoptera at 1d. or 2d. each, not
less than 5s. worth sold to anyone. _Pupz of Nubeculosa, Conspersa, Pisi

(Scotch), Myricae, and many others. lists, one stamp.—Wm. Rem,

Bridgend House, Pitcaple, N.B.

TO NATURALISTS, ENTOMOLOGISTS, BOTANISTS, &c

ae BUY OF THE MAKER.
STORE BOXES, 10x8, 2/2; 12x9, 2/10; 14x10, 3/6; 18x11, 4/4;

174 x 12, 5/8.
“woop COLLECTING BOXES, 5d., 7d., 10d., and 1/3
ZINC do. do. 8d., 104., 1/3, 1/8, and 2/6.

Answer also for relaxin g boxes).

-LARVE BREEDING CAGES, 2/2. Double, 4/3.

With tanks for keeping food fresh, 3/-. do., 5/9.
THE 20th CENTURY BREEDING CAGE.—Acknowledged by the leading collectors of
- the day to be the most perfect on the market. Specially adapted for underground
pupe. Drainage perfect. This is not a toy, but a practical and ideal cage.
Size: height 12in., length 16in., breadth 10in.
Price 5/6, or free per post 9d. extra.
Nets, Setting Boards, Drying Houses, Exhibition Cases, and all other Goods at equally
Low Prices for Cash.
REVISED PRICE LIST free per post for $d. stamp.
All Goods Warranted Perfect. Postage should be remitted with all Orders to be sent that
way. 5% discount off all orders of 20/- and upwards.

G. A. ‘TOPP, Taxidermist, 19, London Street, Reading, Berks.

A BOTLERELY NETS ,ce".,

The G.K. Net is made of the best materials.

' The G.K. Net can be mounted or dismounted in a moment.

The G.K. Net suits any stick, and may be carried in any pocket.
"The G.K. Net is every collector’s delight.

The G.K. Net Diameter 14 inches. The most elegant net.
READY Circumference 44 inches. The most practical net.
FOR USE. Depth of the net 29 inches. The most durable net.

The G.K. Net |Stee! sins) Dimensions 1 by 4 by 11 inches.
WHEN NOT £ . The Lightest, the Handiest, the Cheapest Net.

IN USE. Netofsilk.| - One Quality, one Size, one Price only.

Send postal order 6/-, and you will get the G.K. Net free of all charge from-—

GRAF-KRUSI, GAIS, SWITZERLAND.

Monday, April 23rd.
The remaining portion of the

“Samuel Stevens” Collection.

Mr. J. C. STEVENS.

Will SELL by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, 38, King
Street, Covent Garden,

2)

On Monday, April 28rd, at Half-past Twelve o’clock, the remaining portion
of the well-known ‘‘ Samuel Stevens ’’ Collection of

BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA,

Comprising Micro Lepidoptera, the supplementary Series.of Macros and the
duplicates, together with the Cabinets, Books, &ce., appertaining to the ;
Collection. 4

On view Saturday prior from Ten till Four, and Morning of Sale. Cata- |
logues had on application, post free.

An illustrated, exhaustive, and authoritative series of articles on the

BUTTERFLIES ofthe PALAEBKARCTICG REGION |
By Dr. HENRY LANG
(Author of the Butterflies of Kurope), is appearing monthly in
SCIENCE. GOSSIP.

The beautiful Illustrations are by a new Photographic
process, direct from authentic specimens.

Other Entomological subjects in each Number.

»

mie ae ae A pando ts path ao Ste

SIXPENCK MONTHLY.

: : c : cj Fditer and Manager’
Editorial and business communications to 110, Strand, W.C.

BtiABie i Bites

Lepidoptera and Coleoptera
From all parts of the World.
PRESERVED LARVA: IMAGINES (well set).
Life- histories carefully arranged and well-mounted in cases, for Museums,
Schools, &e.
Cases to Illustrate various phases of Mimicry.

Living Lepidopterous Higgs, Larve and Pupe; Birds’ Eggs; Stuffed Birds” j
Skins; Shells; and all other Zoological objects. = |

Living eggs, larvie and pups, of the following species in season :—Papilio mi
Aporia crataegi, Pieris daplidice, Thecla w-album, Apatura iris, Vanessa antiopa, Melitaea
cinzia, Acherontia atropos, Sphinx convolvult, S. pinastri, Deilephila euphorbiae, Sesia
sphegiformis, Deiopeia pulchella, Callimorpha hera, Cerura bicuspis, Lophopteryx carme-—
lita, Catocala fraxini, Geometra papilionaria, Lygris reticulata, &c. 4

The Editor of The Entomologist’s Recor d writes :—I know nothing in this particular
direction so well-suited for educational purposes as your excellently mounted ‘ Lifehistories
of Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, é&c.’ One could wish that there were three or four typical
oases in every Primary and Secondary School in Kurope. Certainly everyone engaged
in educational work, in the British Isles at least, would use these cases’ if they knew cm
them.” Send for List to—

ARNOLD VOELSCHOW, Schwerin, Mecklenburg, Germany. .

ate os | ii “

en ee Rae ae ee ee es

a Se ee ae

OVA, LARVAE, AND PUPAE.
The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is
H. W. HEAD, Gutomologist,
SCARBOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,
etc., sent on application.
Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

A few Copies of the following Pamphlets for Sale.

Notes on Hybrids of Tephrosia bistortata, Goeze and T. crepuscularia, Hb. .. 1/-
Some Results of Recent Experiments in ee yas ee bistortata and

T. erepuscularia .. ‘ ey ae pio he
The Drinking Habits of Butterflies mal Moths ae Se ae oe be 6
The Lasiocampids ae 1/-
Some considerations of Nagle Geren val Greene aeictonees to Dae Nava

of Species . ate a8 Sas AK a See iG
The Scientific Agree of isiremolon sit ) s ae 2 ao a Samal
The Scientific Aspects of Entomology (2) .. : 1/-
A gregarious butterfly—Hrebia pete ain notes on ihe Tie pido pions of ie

Mendelstrasse .. 1/-

To be obtained from H. BS PAGE, “ << Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, Fenahenk. S.E.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,

Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.
Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-,
Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zine Relaxing Boxes.
9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted
or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6,
2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6,
A/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting Bounds, flat or oval, lin., 6d.; 1din., 8d.; 2in., 10d.; 23in., 1/- ;
34in., 1/45 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses,
9/6, 11/6; corked back, 14/-. Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-,
5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1 (6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
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Phorodesma smaragdaria, Fabricius.
By Rey. C. R. N. BURROWS.

For a great many years in my early entomological life, I kept the
label belonging to Phorodesma smaragdaria amongst those of the
‘“‘unobtainables,” kept because it seemed silly to throw such things
away, but put aside in case they might turn up useful some day. It
was not, however, until I got into the marsh country, and found
myself residing at Rainham, that I began to have hopes of success.
Thomas Kedle had told me the food-plant years before, and one of my
first excursions to my river-frontage was in quest of Artemisia maritina,
but there was not a root to be found, and I found myself disappointed.
Of course everybody knows that the larva is exceptionally difficult to
find, and that the imago is but rarely taken except by those who know
the exact locality, the time of year, and the habits of the insect. The
beginner wants an introduction. My own experience teaches me that
without a friend with knowledge, the collector may entirely fail to see
even a trace of the larva, where it is actually in fairly large numbers.
I have spent hours on the river-wall searching the Artemisia most
carefully, without success, and then, just when I had to leave, got
“my eye in” and made a bag. In 1898 I made the acquaintance so
lone desired. Mr. Whittle, of Southend, gave me the introduction.
He took me to Canyey Island, and showed me, in the exact place I had
so often searched, the larva feeding. Since that time I have had no
more difficulty, and have generally managed to find enough for myself,
and for friends. The life-history of the species given by Mr. Elisha
in his paper, read before the Entomological Society of London, October
6th, 1886, and published in the Transactions, pp. 465-8, for that year,
is so complete, and so entirely bears out my observations, except in
one or two points, that I refrain from entering into this subject, simply
recommending any one who wishes to know more about it, to read that
most interesting paper.

With us the larva appears to be found only upon Artemisia maritima,
and on the saltings of the Essex coast. In the original description by
G. Koch [Stettiner entomologische Zeitung, xi., p. 265 (1851)] it is said
to have been discovered by Herr Verwalter Muhlig, feeding upon
Achillea millefolium, in the town woods of Frankfort-on-the-Main, and
inconfinement, to have eaten Potertwn sanguisorba. Such complete
divergence in habitat and food-plant seems to be very extraordinary,
and so far as I have been able to learn, has never been explained. I

114 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

cannot contradict the statement, though I cannot believe it. The
larva has been, I read, twice publicly exhibited in London, resting
upon A. millefolium, but I fancy this has been from motives of policy
rather than as a demonstration of fact. I have tried common
mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) without success, ‘‘ southernwood”’ is the
well known substitute for A. maritima, and I have found that both
these plants will be deserted for the common wormwood (A. absinthiwm).
In fact, I find that the latter plant produces finer imagines than the
better known pabula, and it was upon this that I last year reared from
the egg a partial second brood, out of doors, and entirely unconfined.
The clothing of the larva (pl. vii., fig. 5) is one of the most remarkable
points in the life-history of the species. One cannot but wonder what is the
purpose or use of this fragmentary case, so unusual amongst lepidoptera,
that I can recall only one similar, that constructed by the larva of the
nearly related P. pustulata ; but the food-plant, habits, and habitats of
these two insects are so completely opposite, that one fails to see what
needs, except of concealment, they can have in common. As a matter
of fact the use is more clear in the case of the species before us than
in that of its relation, as we can understand that P. smaragdaria
requires some sort of protection from the floods, to which its particular
habitat is periodically subjected. ‘The saltings upon which the food-
plant flourishes are below the high water mark of flood-tides, and,
therefore, at such times, the plants and the larvee feeding thereon, are
for a time (probably never more than an hour) totally submerged.
Mr. Auld in his paper (Ft. Mo. Mag., March, 1895, p. 57) mentions
this fact, and Mr. Whittle and I, one day, when the larvae were very
abundant, and our boxes full, watched for some time the rising water
gradually, but completely, covering the larvee. The bath troubled them
not in the least; thrown upon the water, the case acted like a life-buoy,
and the larvee which were upon the plants did not let go, they calmly
and resignedly held on. Here certainly comes in one of the uses of
the case. The fragments of leaf and the entwined silk imprison a
large quantity of air, and this is quite sufficient—probably much more
than sufficient—for the period of submergence. These baths must be
rather trying during the winter months of hybernation, and the coat will
then not only keep its wearer dry, but warm as well, as he sleeps low
down amongst the roots and grass. So difficult is it to remove this
imprisoned air, that, for the purpose of mounting for the microscope, I
have found it necessary to put the larvee into ether before placing in
the cells. Everybody seems to think that the fragments constituting
the coats are gummed, or stuck on to its back by the larva, by means of
some kind of marine glue or hydraulic cement. I could never believe
that, but could not say how it was effected until Mr. Bacot put me on
the scent, and the whole credit of the observation belongs to him. The
secret will be revealed by the drawing which I have made. There are
(from the time of hatching) special knobs or hooks upon the skin of
the larva, to which, by means of silken threads, it can fasten the bits
where they are most wanted. There is a strange variation in these special
hairs or knobs, in that they are not of the same character throughout the
whole period of larval life. When the larva first comes from the egg,
hairs, with either ‘‘turf-cutter”’ heads, or “‘ trumpet ”’ heads (pl. vii.,
figs. 8a-d), enable the young caterpillar easily to entangle its delicate silk,
and the minute fragments of plant-hair, dust, &e., in the form of little

PHORODESMA SMARAGDARIA, ESPERe 115

pills, which then cover the special parts of the body, and make the
little creature, when its head is drawn down, exactly resemble the
flower- or seed-heads of A. maritima. Later in life (I cannot say when,
but before hybernation) these hairs disappear, and are replaced by
curious warts, crowned with short, thick spines, and the sides closely
covered with colourless, glassy, recurved hooks, better suited to hold
firmly the large fragments now used. The position of these special
organs—if such they can be called—will be more fully specified in the
notes which Mr. Bacot has kindly provided, and may be seen in the
plate. It is easy to see that when at rest, or alarmed, the head and
thoracic segments being drawn under the abdominal segments, the
coat will almost completely cover the larva, and effectually conceal it.
Pupation is undergone in a loose, but symmetrical cocoon, composed
of rough silk and leaf fragments, very similar to, if not actually
identical with, those which have composed the coat. This cocoon is
placed rather low down upon the stem of the food-plant, and is both
difficult to find and risky to deal with. The pupa is delicate, and
before one discovers it, one is likely to do it a fatal injury. Of six
which I detected in my garden last August only one was uninjured.

I have found some difficulty i in learning what is known about the
variation of P. smaragdaria. Mr. Prout has most kindly gone into the
matter for me, and tells me that very little appears to have been
recorded. Milliere (conographie, 11., pp. 428-25, pl. elii., figs. 116-118)
describes and figures a very large form as var. gigantea. Staudinger
in his Catalogue, mentions a P. smaragdaria var. prasinaria, Evers. =
volgaria, Guénée. It is much smaller, the wings more pointed, the
white bands a great deal broader, and the hindwings whiter. It is not
uncommon in southern Russia, and appears in May. This insect
Milheére considers to be a distinct species. Beyond these there do not
appear to be any described varieties. This has rather surprised me,
because in the few of which I have been able to get particulars, there
appears to be a considerable range of difference, the reason of this
being probably that those series of which I have received details are
picked out of much larger numbers.

Of 245 specimens examined, I have found almost every possible
variation except in colour. Neither the spot, nor the lines on the
forewings are constant. ‘The former varies much in size, and is some-
times, I must believe very rarely, entirely absent. The lines are made
up of elongated blotches, or crescents, between the wing nervures,
sometimes quite detached, sometimes entirely united. The inner line
is less constant than the outer, which persists after the inner has quite
disappeared. The following is a summary of the results obtained :

1. Forewings with no spot, ab. obsoleta, n. ab. .. ae ans ob eee
2. Forewings with no transverse line, ab. alinea,n. ab.. ; Sie Ge}
3. Forewings with outer transverse line only, ab. unilinea, n. ab. 50 Hy)
4, Forewings with both transverse lines = smaragdaria, Fab. .. 158
5. Colour decided blue- ereen = ab. caerwleo-viridis, n. ab. .. vehe 2
6. Colour of a much more vivid green = ab. vir idis, Ms GND 66 1

The costal line appears to vary a little in width, and is generally
yellowish, although sometimes (? in very perfect specimens) it is
decidedly red. The base and costa of the hindwings are more or less
extensively white, or yellowish-white. Ifancy the more starved the
specimens the more extensive is this white patch. I have not

noticed that any of these variations have to do with sex.
(To be continued.)

116 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Lepidoptera at Locarno.
By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Locarno does not appear to have escaped the inclement and late
winter that affected so large a part of Europe, and during the portion
of April I spent there things were quite two or three weeks later than
in 1899. On April 6th, 1899, I saw 26 species of butterflies in a
quarter of an hour ona scrap of ground of about one-eighth of an acre.
Several days later this year the same spot had quite a wintry aspect
and no grass had begun to grow. On the 14th a couple of warm days
had given the grass a start, but a solitary Huchloé cardamines was the
only butterfly to be seen on this spot. This year there had been no
warm or even fine dry weather up to the middle of April, hence the
difference. Last year Polyommatus orion occurred everywhere during
the first half of April. This year two very small specimens were seen
for the first time near the Madonna del Sasso on April 15th, and were
so far the only Lycenids observed. The 18th and 19th were two
fairly warm days, and on the 20th P. orion was flying more freely.

Nevertheless, it would be wrong to represent butterflies as absent.
On every bright day Gonepterya rhamni was seen flying solitarily nearly
everywhere, but altogether in some numbers, but certainly less freely
on the 18th and 19th, when some warm weather began. Of other
hibernated species, Vanessa to, Aglais urticae, Eugonia polychloros,
Polygonia c-album were tolerably frequent, |. to being the most
abundant, but very closely followed by Huvanessa antiopa, which
occurred everywhere, a score or so being sometimes seen in a day’s
walk. Last year only one or two were seen, the difference being very
marked, the most abundant home being apparently in the Val Verzasca.
Unlike the English (?) specimens, with their classical white borders,
that I saw so abundantly at Grenoble some few springs back, these
were all genuine continental specimens, with straw-tinted borders, and
some specimens were very fresh and in fine condition.

Of spring emergences Papilio podalirius was the most notable
species. ‘The first was seen on April 10th, and after a few days they
were quite frequent, loving to settle and feed on the blossoms of the
peach trees, which by the 16th were in full bloom, making a most
pleasing combination of form and colour. The peach trees alone in
full bloom resulted in a most glorious effect as seen at sunset from the
Ponte Brollo. The wide valley looking up to Intragna is picturesque
enough, but the peach trees are here very abundant, and the sun
shining through the petals showed their rich colour with a most
luminous effect. Papilio machaon was also observed on April 10th, but
only one or two other specimens were seen. <Aryynnis latona was
frequent. A few specimens were worn enough to show that it had
been on the wing some time. This seems to be by far the earliest of
the Aryynnidae to emerge, occurring at Cannes in February or even
January, and always a good month earlier than Brenthis dia, which
seems to be the next species to emerge, but not perhaps clearly earlier
than B. euphrosyne. Huchloé cardamines, Pieris rapae, P.napi, Pararge
egeria, P. meyaera, and Chrysophanus phlaeas were all more or less
frequent, but P. brassicae was not specially noted, and was certainly
not common. Coenonympha pamphilus began to emerge about the
14th. Leucophasia sinapis appeared about the same date, and soon

THE GUESTS OF ANTS AND TERMITES. 117

became common. Larve of Gnophos variegata were found on rocks at
several places, and an imago was found at Ascona on the 18th. On
April 7th a stout little Oreopsychid [probably Ptilocephala atra (plumi-
Jera)| was found flying at Luino.

The snow was very low on the hills round the lake, some 2000ft.
lower than at similar dates last year. On the 17th I went to the top
of the hill behind Locarno, some 4000ft. above the lake, the last 500ft.
over last winter’s snow, still lying 2ft. deep and upwards, where I last
year took Hercyna schrankiana, flying freely in the sun, a week earlier.
My desire, therefore, to make a good bag of larve and pupe of the
Fumeas was entirely defeated, as I was three weeks or a month too
soon at each place. ‘To some extent this was recompensed by finding
cases of Acanthopsyche opacella freely at Locarno, as well as of Stand-
fussia zermattensis, as also of a Solenobia, with very large triangular
case and definitely parthenogenetic habits. Lu#fiia maggiella (n. sp.)
cases were also found at various spots in the Val Maggia. These
various Psychids will, I hope, afford material for fuller observations.
I may, however, note that even in this late season Acanthopsyche
opacella must have been emerging for some time before April 10th,
though larve are still unchanged on April 27th. 8S. zermattensis was
emerging on 15th, and obviously had been for some days, whilst half-
grown larve could still be found.

The Guests of Ants and Termites (with Plate).
By E. WASMANN, S.J. (translated by H. DONISTHORPH, F.Z.S., F.E.S.).
(Continued from p. 89.)

The instincts of the ant guests are, moreover, in harmony with the
structure of their bodies. Whereas a Lomechusa, or an Atemeles, places
itself in front of the ants with widespread legs and rolled-up abdomen,
and taps them with its antenne as if it knew it was irresistible and
attractive as a rightful guest, a Dinarda ducks down at sight of an ant
and presents its rapidly moving pointed abdomen, as if to say, ‘‘ Hold
me tight if you can.”

The Lomechusa group in the Staphylinidae comprises in the Old
World the genera Lomechusa and Atemeles, and the genus Xenodusa in
the New World. They all possess a very broad body, a concave thorax
bent up at the edges, and an abdomen rolled up to an abnormal
position, on the sides of which big yellow tufts of hair are situated.
The mouthparts also possess a short broad tongue, and more or less
shortened palpi. It is only after observing the habits of Lomechusa
strumosa, ’., Atemeles emarginatus, Payk., paradovus, Gry., and pubicollis,
Bris., for fifteen years that I have been able to determine that these
peculiarities are connected with the true intercourse of hospitality.
These beetles are fed from the mouths of their hosts, and are licked by
them with great pleasure, especially on their tufts of yellow hair. No
one, therefore, can doubt that Lomechusa minor, Rttr., from Thibet,
LL. amurensis, Wasm. (plate, fig. 8) from Amurland, and L. mongolica,
Wasm., from northern Mongolia, are true ant guests, and that their
intercourse with ants is the same as that of our L. strumosa with
Formica sanguinea, though no one has so far closely observed the life
habits of these three Asiatic species of Lomechusa. In the same way

118 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

we know that the American genus Xenodusa, which in that country
takes the place of our Lomechusa and Atemeles, belongs to the true ant
guests, and the species are fed and licked by their hosts. These facts
are likewise just as certain in the case of the just described Xenodusa
sharpt, Wasm., from Mexico, and the newly discovered X. caseyi,
Wasm., from Colorado, as if their intercourse with ants had been
closely observed for ten years.

Lomechon alfaroi, which I described a little time ago, lives in
Costa Rica with a big ant, Pachecondyla aenescens, Myra, of the sub-
family Poneridae, which has a very powerful sting. The discoverer of
this guest, Herr Anastasio Alfaro wrote on the locality label ‘‘ muerde
muy fiero’’ (it stings fiercely). It proved a real enigma to find a
systematic position for this interesting beetle. It did not appear to
belong to a quite new genus, yet none of the known families seemed
to own it. At first I thought it belonged to the E'ndomychidae as the
shape of its body was somewhat like a Lycoperdina. This similarity,
however, was only a deception caused by the beetle’s adaptive characters.
Its specific characters were hidden under them, as under a mask.
It necessitated an arithmetical operation to subtract the adaptive
characters from the appearance of the Lomechon to find the family
characters. I at last classed it in the Silphidae with a certain amount
of assurance, of which family it possessed the abdomen, underside and
legs, all the other characters were purely deceptive. Its apparent
similarity with the Hndomychidae arose from the shape of the thorax
in connection with that of the abdomen. The thorax, however,
resembled more that of a very eccentric Lomechusa or Xenodusa, on
account of its broad shell-like shape and upward bent posterior angles.
The head was like that of a Lomechusa, and antenne those of a
Xenodusa. The peculiar shape of the thorax, head and antenne were,
however, only adaptive characters, of biological, but not of systematic,
importance. This new creature from Costa Rica must be, like
Lomechusa, a true guest. It possesses big tufts of reddish-yellow hair,
which, however, are not placed, as in the Staphylinidae, on the sides of
the abdomen, as that part is completely covered by the elytra in
the Stlphidae, but inside the upward bent posterior angles of the
thorax. On account of the bunches of tufts of hair which possess
so much biological importance, as well as its resemblance to a
Lomechusa, this new ant guest has received the generic name of
Lomechon.

Another example of the biological value of adaptive characters was
given me lately by a Brazilian Staphylinid. This example is all the
more instructive, as it was not even marked “‘ Found with ants.’ In
spite of this, it was easy to determine a priori, the name of its host.
Father Badariotti, Congr. Sales., sent one from Lorena (Staat St.
Paulo) a short time ago, in the same tube with some non-myrmeco-
philous beetles—a big broad species belonging to the subfamily Quediini,
which possessed, as far as size and shape, some resemblance to our
hornet’s guest, Velleius dilatatus. Its peculiar colour and hair-growths
struck me as suspicious as soon as I took it out of the tube and pinned
it. The brown red colour and the shaggy hair reminded me at once of
the big neo-tropical leaf-cutting ants of the Atta family (Oecodoma). I
took the lens and studied it closely. The femur and tibia were flat
and shaped like leaves, and the antenne short and pressed to the sides.

CONVERSAZIONE OF THE CITY OF LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 119

The body, broad at the upper part, ball-shaped and pointed at the
apex, and the flat outspread thorax which touched the ground, all
showed it to be unquestionably a protected guest. By these means, in
spite of its large size, 15mm. long, and 6mm. broad, the beetle was
able to live amongst the stinging Atta, even should they show it but
scant affection. The extraordinary likeness which this beetle exhi-
bited in colouring and hairiness to the big-headed red-brown Atta was
evidently calculated to deceive the host. The colouring and glossiness
were intended to deceive its sight, and the hairiness its touch. In
the same manner as in the Atta, the glossiness of the head contrasts
strongly with the dull-coloured body, so with the beetle, the shiny
thorax contrasts with the rest of the body. As the ant possesses
medium-sized compound eyes, the elements in the Atta guest’s outward
appearance which were calculated to deceive the host’s sight are easily
understood. The purpose of this passive mimicry, however, was not
very clearly determined; it may have been, according to the above
mentioned facts, a twofold one ; either to make the guest more agree-
able to its host, or to defend it more easily against its hostile attacks.
-It was necessary, therefore, to find other characters to explain this
case. It hada fine yellowish golden growth of hair underneath the
bristly hair of the abdomen, which thickened into patches towards the
edges. Still more noticeable was the thick long yellowish hair on the
under jaw which was visible to the naked eye. There were also short
golden tufts of hair on the anterior margins of the seven last joints of
the antenne, and lastly a golden-yellow shiny spot on the base of the
upper-lip, which enclosed above and below a row of long bristles. These
facts was sufficient to convince us that we had here a case of genuine
intercourse, though of a lower degree. The result of all these a priori
considerations is as follows—it is certainly a true guest of Atta sexdans,
which is the only one of the genus of this shape and colour in that
country, it is also one of the protected guests, and probably is not only
tolerated because of its invulnerability, but also enjoys a low degree of
genuine intercourse on account of its tufts of yellow hairs. I was
thinking of describing it under the name of Attejus bardariottii, but
before doing so it was necessary to search the systematic literature
to find out if it was anew species or not. I generally find that the
tropical ant and termite guests which are sent to me are new species,
but in this case it was not so. In the Staphylinidae of the Biologia
Centrali Americana, by David Sharp, I found my Atta guest described
and figured under the name of Cordylapsis pilosa, F.(Smilax americanus,
Lap.).

(To be continued.)

Conversazione of the City of London Entomological Society.
By W. J. KAYE, F.E.S.

The conversazione held by the City of London Entomological and
Natural History Society, in the larger hall at the London Institution, on
April 24th, 1900, proved a complete success, and the exhibits were more
diversified and numerous than on the previous occasion three years ago.
The excellent musical programme arranged by one of the secretaries, Mr.
S. J. Bell, added largely to the success of the evening. British and
exotic lepidoptera came in for the largest share of the exhibits, In

120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

the former there was much valuable material offered for inspection.
Mr. Southey’s small box of Hemerophila abruptaria from Holloway,
contained some very fine dark brown (inclining to black) aberrations
and some intermediates. Until quite recently dark aberrations of this
species were extremely rare, and the capture, practically in London
itself, of these specimens, is particularly interesting. Mr. Prout
exhibited some of his pet ‘“‘ carpets.” The Melanippe montanata, from
Shetland, are very remarkable, the specimens having a very mottled
appearance. The Melanthia bicolorata, from Forres, exhibit an
extremely interesting phase of this species, being of unusually large
size, and very strongly marked and without the bluish tint, some ab.
plumbata were also fine. Dalston specimens of Melanippe fluctuata
again shows the action of natural selection, as a consequence of smoke
and dirt. Melanthia ocellata,from Wimbledon, with a very slender
band, was contained in the yaluable collection. Mr. James showed
the attention he had paid to the autumn Noctuids. Anchocelis lunosa
was represented by a fine series mostly taken in North London.
Curiously enough dark aberrations are rare even in London. The red
form was well illustrated in the series. Of A. pistacina five rows were
shown and practically all its forms exhibited. The dark olive-tinted
specimens struck one as being the best. Mr. Mera had a fine drawer
of Spilosoma lubricipeda, which contained, amongst others, some grand
intermediates and fasciated examples bred from strongly marked forms,
and some var. radiata with a particularly broad pale margin: Mr.
Bacot had some fine series of ‘‘ plumes,’ bred from the material
obtained for the purpose of working out the life-histories for publica-
tion in one of the future volumes of Mr. Tutt’s work on British
Lepidoptera, and his long bred series of Spilosoma urticae, showing
extensive variation, was a most interesting exhibit. In Mr. Pickett’s
exhibit the bred specimens of Sphina convolvuli, with preserved larvee
of same, attracted some attention. The larve were, we understand,
taken at Dover. One knows that S. convolvuli is invariably a migrant
and does not often feed up within our shores. Of course one also under-
stands that the migrants must oviposit, and one suspects that those larvee
Mr. Pickett had found had been exceedingly well placed for food and
warmth. Some fine Smerinthus tiliae, with bands of varying width, an
asymmetrical specimen, and one with dark hindwings were amongst
those exhibited. Mr. Turner had amongst his specimens a much-
spotted @ of Spilosoma mendica, whilst, besides other nice things,
Lymantria monacha var. eremita was noted. Mr. Clark exhibited some
very fine specimens. A series of Laelia coenosa, bred by himself from
Wicken larve, made one wonder if the species will ever be found again.
It has now been lost for just twenty years, but other species have
apparently disappeared for many years and have reappeared again, so
perhaps we may be favoured once more with the sight of this once
abundant insect. A full series of Drepana harpagula, from the Leigh
woods near Bristol, was noted in one of the drawers. It has never
yet been cleared up why this species is so local. Does it really not
occur anywhere else in these islands? Mr. May had a very full
drawer of Agrotids. The long series of Agrotis corticea, A.
lunigera, A. exclamationis, and A. seyetum, containing mostly picked
specimens from Sandown, formed extremely interesting studies in
variation. The series of A. exclamationis might well have puzzled a

OONVERSAZIONE OF THE CITY OF LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 121

tyro as to whether they were all the same species. Sandown is noted
for its aberrations of this species. Similar forms are no doubt to be
got in other localities if worked as systematically as this locality. Mr.
Kaye had a drawer of Nonagrias, with specimens of Tapinostola extrema
and Nonagria sparganii, the latter from the Dover district. Ento-
mologists in want of the latter species should pay attention to the
yellow flag, and if this were done we should then probably hear of the
insect becoming more generally distributed than it at present appears
to be. There were many other interesting exhibits of British lepid-
optera, all of which there is not space here even to notice. The
magnificent series of Hpunda lutulenta, exhibited by the Rev. C. R.N.
Burrows, must, however, be mentioned. Of the exotic lepidoptera
there was a fine show. Mr. KE. M. Dadd contributed to these with
some fine Catocalas and Vanessids. Amongst the latter was a long
series of Huvanessa antiopa from Europe and North America. Some
of the American specimens had the border much suffused, and taken
generally they had distinctly darker margins. Amongst the Catocalas,
the United States Catocala cara and C. amatrix, bred, were specially
fine. C. electa, also, which comes very close to our C. nupta, was
amonest a lot of others. Mr. Stanley Edwards gave a splendid exhibit
of Papilios, Ornithopteras, Charaxes, &c. P. adamantius was amongst
many other fine things. The Hestias also were particularly good, but
the most remarkable mimic of these unpalatable insects was absent ;
we refer to P. idaeoides, which so closely resembles Hestia idaea. P.
memnon, with a large number of polymorphic @ s, was well illustrated.
A magnificent specimen of Morpho cisseis, from Guatemala, and a speci-
men of P. gundlachianus, from Cuba, also figured in this fine exhibit.
The writer, in exhibiting foreign Sphingidae, had practically the field
to himself. Six drawers were shown, four of which contained examples
of the large genus Chocrocampa. Amongst the others Cizara ardeniae,
bred from Brisbane, Queensland, was particularly noteworthy, speci-
mens of this unique-looking Sphingid being extremely rare in collections.
Fine Lanyia zenzeroides, Angonyx testacea, and a series of Amphonya
antaeas, taken by the exhibitor himself at jasmine blossoms, were also
noteworthy. Messrs. Watkins and Doncaster had lent four cabinet
drawers of exotic lepidoptera, and umongst these were some remark-
ably interesting insects. Two drawers contained examples of butter-
flies and moths mimicking each other. Amongst some of these were
noted Sangala gloriosa, a Geometrid moth, mimicked by Hresia castilia,
a Nymphalid butterfly ; Pericopis leucophaea, a Hypsid moth,
mimicked by Didonis aganisa, a Nymphalid butterfly. Papilio merope,
which is only protected in the 2 sex, was well shown, the @ closely
resembling Amauris niavius. Another still more interesting ‘‘ pair”’
were Hpicopeia polydora, a moth so closely resembling Papilio rhetenor.

Of Coleoptera the exhibits were few but excellent. Mr. HE. A.
Newbery showed a cabinet drawer containing nearly all the British
species of the family Bembidiidae and Hydrodephayga, and formed a very
interesting exhibit. Mr. Clark had some cases of exotic coleoptera, in
which were to be found many of the most extraordinary of the world’s
coleoptera. Amonest these were Dynastes hercules, the giant Dominican
beetle, Goliathus druryi, Mormolyce phyllodes and many others. Of the
Diptera, Messrs. F. B. Jennings and H. A. Sauzé had lent some of
their fine specimens. The former exhibitor had types of the most

122 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

conspicuous species of eleven families beautifully mounted for
inspection. The exhibit of the latter was a most beautiful collection
of small cases illustrating the life-histories of many gall-flies and insects
with similar habits. Aphelotria lucida, a species new to Britain,
feeding on poplar, was noted ; this might perhaps turn out to be
Cecidomyia persicariae. Of botany and conchology, Messrs. 8. J. Bell,
F. J. Hanbury and F. B. Jennings supplied material. Mr. Jennings’
series of Helix nemoralis var. libellula, from the Lea Valley, showed the
band variation completely. Of Reptilia, we noted a fine specimen of
Alligator sclerops shown by Mr. Sauzé. Flint implements were shown
by Mr. H. A. Fuller, while etchings, photographs, &c., were also on
view, and lent by several members. The etchings of British butter-
flies shown by Mr. H. H. May were excellent. Last, but by no means
least, a number of microscopes were lent by Messrs. A. Bacot, J.
Burton, 5. Edwards, EK. W. Lane, H. H. May, C. Nicholson and J. A.
Simes, and these gentlemen untiringly saw that the visitors should
have the full benefit of their instruments.

Notes on the Fumeids, with descriptions of new species and
varieties (with two Plates),
By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 98.)

The remaining species all agree with M. crassiorella in wanting the
‘cellula intrusa.’”” They may be divided into three groups, according
to the length of the anterior tibial spurs. A group with spurs sub-
stantially the same in length as in WV. crassiorella, or slightly longer
°70-°78, containing affinis, subflavella, and two or, possibly three
unnamed species. A second group consisting of the various forms
that we may include as one species under the name of I’. casta, with
four or five varieties, not difficult to recognise, but far from easy to
separate conclusively from each other. ‘These all have spurs of length
°77-°81. A third group, with spurs °84--86, containing only one
species, germanica.

The crassiorella group possesses certain species that may or may
not be distinct from crassiorella itself :

(1) AV. affinis.—According to Hofmann this possesses five antennal
joints more than /’. casta (nitidella), therefore 23 or 24 joints. Hence
a specimen I have from Staudinger is probably truly that species,
agreeing otherwise with the description. It has a spur very slightly
longer than M. crassiorella, viz., *70, probably really the same, 24
antennal joints, and precisely the same colouring and wing form as
M. crassiorella; it is slightly smaller, 12mm.-13mm., and seems to be
more densely scaled, the basal half of the cilia of hind margin of fore-
wing looking especially dense. The greater measured length of the
antennal pectinations may or may not be a good character. I am not
prepared from this one specimen to say positively it is only a var. of
M. crasstorella, I should be even less disposed to assert it to be a good
species or more than a local race of M. crasstorella (anterior tibia, pl.
iv., fig. 35).

(2) M. mitfordella.—We have here certainly a species distinct from
any other named form I can find any account of. The specimens it is

NOTES ON THE FUMEIDS. 128

founded on are two examples in the collection of Mr. Clark and three in
that of Dr. Mason. Allare from the collection of Mr. R. Mitford, and
those in Mr. Clark’s collection labelled by Mitford ‘‘n. sp.,”’ but without
indication of where he obtained the specimens or on what ground he
considered them to be new and distinct. The specimens are faded and
not in the finest condition. In general aspect they are very like the
small (nitidella) form of I’. casta, with an expanse of about 11mm. The
form of the wing seems to differ a little from typical IF’. casta, the base
of the inner margin being much less produced in a rounded curve, the
base of the wing being consequently narrow and the costa and inner
margin are less nearly parallel, but diverge at a wider angle. The
antenne are 17- or 18-jointed (I have not mounted a specimen), and
the length of the tibial spur is ‘71 and -738, the lowest figure I have
met with in casta being ‘77. The wing form is so dependent on
accidental circumstances of setting that it is difficult to place much
reliance on it. Is this the species exhibited at the meeting of the
Ent. Soc. of London, March 4th, 1861, and noted as ‘“ Psyche ?
Apparently a very distinct species allied to P. roboricolella, but the wings
much more rounded, as in P. radiella”’ (vide, Zool., p. 7453) 2? These
examples might be regarded as very small M. crasstorella, if we could
assume a range of variation in MV. crassiorella so great as to allow of a
race of 1lmm. and at the same time allow the antennal joints to
diminish to 17 or 18 (anterior tibia, pl. iv., fig. 39).

(3) M. hibernicella.—There are two specimens from Glengariff in
Mr. Richardson’s collection which not a little resemble MM. mitfordella in
general facies, and one in Mr. Fletcher’s collection from the same
locality. These have an expanse of 18mm.-14mm. Mr. Richardson’s
differ a little in facies from Mr. Fletcher’s specimen, but I have already
noted that setting and accidental circumstances affect this more than
any real difference, and the present is I think a definite case in point,
since the three specimens are from the same locality, have the
same wing expanse, 19-20 antennal joints, and a spur leneth of -67
and ‘74. These are smaller than typical M. crasstorella, and have only
20 antennal joints at most (19 I think, but have only counted them
on the specimens), so that they seem to be too distinct a race to be sunk
as a var. of M. crasstorella (anterior tibia, pl. iv., fig. 30).

(4) M. subflavella, Mill—This is a Riviera species described by
Milliere, and he separates it from others by colour, and I think cor-
rectly, an exception in this matter to prove the rule. He very strongly
insists that the yellowish-brown colour, with rather darker hind
margin, is definitely so in freshly emerged specimens. If a variety it
could only be of M. crasstorella, from which it differs further in being
smaller and broader and shorter winged. It agrees with I. crassiorella
in haying 24 antennal joints and a tibial spur length of -72, expanse
12mm.-13mm. (vide, pl. iv., fig. 36, anterior tibia).

(5) M. edwardsella, Tutt.—These are four specimens bred by Mr.
Tutt from larvee collected at Aix-les-Bains by Mr. Stanley Edwards and
myself. They much resemble M. subflavella, but are smaller, viz.,
11mm. in expanse, and haye only 20 joints to the antenne ; the tibial
spur length is :70. The specimens are not in good condition, and
rather suggest B. reticulatella in the looseness of their scaling, but this
may be the result of want of condition. There may be some grounds
for suspecting that these are Bruand’s M. sawicolella. The latter is,

124 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

however, defined as expanding 15mm., and doubtless it also as well as
B. reticulatella has the ‘ cellula intrusa,’’ which M. edwardsella is
without. Its coloration and darkening towards the hind margin dif-
ferentiate it from M. mitfordella and associate it with M. subjlavella,
from which it differs in size and number of antennal joints (vide, pl.
iy., fig. 87, anterior tibia).

The great ‘‘casta group,” with a spur length of :77-:81, is, perhaps,
the most puzzling and difficult of all. I incline to consider them all
as one species with a number of local races and varieties. This cer-
tainly gets over the great difficulty of saying what many intermediate
forms should be called. On the other hand, it is probable from the
specimens I have examined that each colony of the species is fairly
well-defined, and does not present, except in rare aberrations, specimens
agreeing with other varieties, and it is evident that if this is so it must
be largely a matter of individual predilection rather than anything else
whether each such race is to be called a species or not. The only
eround for doubting my conclusion to call them all one species is
that there is also some ground for believing that the nitidella
and intermediella forms do occur together in some localities, and yet
maintain themselves as separate races. ‘This certainly requires
further investigation. I may say that I have put names to these forms
without sufficient certainty that | am right as to the use of the names
mitidella and intermediella. If I am wrong this can be put right, but I
have assumed nitidella to be the small form, which Bruand thought he
was dealing with under the name roboricolella, but with which he
unfortunately mixed some Proutia betulina, and so gave an account
which is incorrect whichever species we apply it to.

Fumea casta.—The name casta appears to cover the great mass of
the Fumeas in British collections, called often, with much apparent
capriciousness, roboricolella, nitidella, intermediella, and even crassiorella
and crassicolella. The definite character that unites all the formsis a
length of tibial spur of from -77 to ‘81. The antennal joints differ from
16 to 18 and 20, and the expanse from 9mm. tol5mm. There isa good
deal of variation in wing form, generally there is a good breadth basally
by the inner margin commencing at the base with a deep rounded lappet,
and the inner and costal margin making some approach to parallelism.
But not a few show a considerable approach to the form of M. mit-
fordella. It is very possible that by measuring the spurs of a number
of such specimens some would prove to be really M. mitfordella. The
several forms differ chiefly in size, but also in the number of antennal
joints :

a. ab. minor.—Exp. al. 9mm.-10mm., antennal joints 18, wings often more
diaphanous than type. I have called this an aberration rather than a variety, as it
occurs in odd specimens in different collections, and is usually probably a starveling
form rather than a distinct race.

B. var. nitidella Exp. al. 1lmm.-12mm., antennal joints 18. This is a very
definite race, and appears to be the most common and widespread form. I am by
no means prepared to assert that this form is not a true species and distinct from
the next form, only, if so, I cannot divide them with even approximate confidence
(anterior tibia, pl. iv., figs. 46-47).

y. var. intermediella.—Exp. al. 13mm.-14mm., antennal joints 18-20. This is
rarer than the last species, and is, in places, apparently a distinct race, in others
merely an aberration of nitidella. Some of the largest specimens have only 18

antennal joints and some of the smallest 20, so that I feel unable to divide the
forms nitidella and intermediella into two distinct species, defined as nitidella, 18

NOTES ON THE FUMEIDS. 125

joints, intermediella, 19-20, though I am prepared to grant that this may be so,
and that the variations in size are such as to make them overlap in this feature.
We found, however, in crassiorella a considerable variation in the number of
antennal joints, which it seemed impossible to use as a means of dividing that
species. In nitidella and intermediella the antenne present indications of being in
process of altering the number of joints in the manner I have described in speaking
of the antenna (anterior tibia, pl. iv., fig. 44).

5. var. bowerella.—This is a very definite form in one special respect. I have
met with it only in a certain number of specimens bred by Mr. B. A. Bower from
Kentish localities. Its general facies is much that of nitidella, if anything rather
smaller, 11mm. in expanse, spurs ‘77. The difference is in the antenne ; instead
of having 18 joints it has only 16 or 17. The antennal pectinations are the same
length as in so many other species, viz., ‘50mm., but they are relatively to the
antennal joints very short, i.e., the antennal joints are long, viz., -240mm., a very
constant group of nitidella having them only -202mm. in length, another specimen
-210mm., and the longest I have found in any other specimen was °227 in a large
intermediella (anterior tibia, pl. iv., fig. 48).

Fumea scotica (? var. e).—This is a very large form, and of very robust
appearance, so that it is very difficult to resist the conclusion that it
is a distinct species. It agrees with I’. casta in haying 19-20 antennal
joints and aspur length of ‘78, but in size it rivals MV. crassiorella, being
13mm.-15mm., and in apparent solidity and robustness it exceeds it.
This form comes from Rannoch and Sutherlandshire. One cannot
avoid wondering here if this is not the same as norvegica, Heyl., a
Norwegian species which Dr. Heylaerts finds to be identical with a
south French form. Dr. Heylaerts is, however, very definite that not
only the French form, but the Norwegian one also, possesses the
‘‘cellula intrusa.”’ This, of course, places norvegica in the reticulatella
group and widely apart from the specimens with which we are here
dealing (anterior tibia, pl. iv., figs. 48, 45).

Fumea germanica, n. sp.—There remains the species with spurs
of -84 to :86. This I propose to name I. germanica, as the speci-
mens were sent me by Herr Voelschow, some as internediella, some as
afjinis. They agree, however, perfectly, and are all one species. It
may be that this is generally known in Germany as affinis. It is very
different, however, from the M. affints sent me by Staudinger, and
described by Hofmann, which I have already dealt with as closely
allied to, if distinct from, J. crassiorella. We may describe it as
follows :

Fumea germanica, un. sp., does not appear to be distinguishable in
general appearance from I’. casta var. nitidella, its expanse is 12mm.,
it has 19-20 joints to the antenne, and a length of tibial spur which is
far in excess of any other species | have examined, and obvious to
the unassisted eye when compared with I’. casta, viz., ‘84 to 86.
Other internediella sent me by Herr Voelschow are referable to F.
casta (anterior tibia, pl. iv., fig. 49).

For the opportunity of making this examination of the Fumeid
species I am indebted to a number of English entomologists, who have
entrusted me with many specimens belonging to the forms and varieties
I have noted. Among them I may mention Messrs. A. Bacot, E. R.
Bankes, C. G. Barrett, B. A. Bower, Briggs, the Rev. C. R. N.
Burrows, Messrs. J. A. Clark, C. W. Dale, W. H. B. Fletcher, A. H.
Hamm, Dr. Mason, Messrs. Montgomery, L. B. Prout, N. Richardson,
S. Stevens, J. W. Tutt, F. G. Whittle, to all of whom my best thanks
are due.

126

THE ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD.

Expianation oF Prats LY.

NEvRATION (not to same scale) :

Fig. 1. Luffia lapidella aberr, (f.w.)

. Luffia lapidella (f.w.)

. Luffia lapidella (h.w.)

. Masonia crassiorella (f.w.)

. Masonia crassiorella, aberr.
(£.w.)

. Masonia crassiorella (h.w.)

. Bacotia sepium aberr. (f.w.)

. Bacotia sepium (f.w.)

. Bacotia sepium (h.w.)

OODAD NHRWOe

Fig, 10.

Bacotia sepium aber. (h.w.)

11. Bruandia reticulatella (f.w.)

. Bruandia reticulatella (h.w.)
(frenulum broken)

. Proutia betulina (f.w.)

. Proutia betulina (h.w.)

. Proutia eppingella (f.w.)

. Proutia eppingella (h.w.)

. Fumea casta (f.w.)

. Fumea casta (h.w.)

ANTERIOR TIBIAL SPUR (enlarged 23 diameters).

Miss 19. Bankesia staintoni ('38)
. Solenobia wockii (:48)
. Taleporia tubulosa (°40)
. Luffia lapidella (-50)
. Bacotia sepium (-50)
. Proutia betulina (°69)
. Proutia eppingella
(-68)
. Proutia
(-68)
. Bruandia reticulatella (-56)
. Bruandia var. obscurella (59)
. Bruandia var. obscurella (*57)
. Bruandia comitella (-64)
. Masonia crassiorella (England)
70
: ee crassiorella (Cannes)
)
)

(France)

eppingella (Epping)

. Masonia crassiorella (Cannes
(63)

. Masonia crassiorella (Germany
(67)

. Masonia affinis (-70)

. Masonia subflavella (-70)
. Masonia edwardsella (°71)
. Masonia hibernicella (67)
. Masonia mitfordella (70)
. Bijugis bombycella (:53)

. Bijugis proxima (:56)

. Bijugis pectinella (62)

. Fumea scotica (Rannoch) (:81)
. Fumea var. intermediella (Port-
land) (:80)

5. Fumea scotica
(-78)

. Fumea casta (81)

. Fumea casta (°81)

. Fumea casta (°77)

. Fumea germanica (°88)

. Canephora unicolor (-88) (en-
larged 8 diams.)

. Pachythelia villosella (-88) (en-
larged 8 diams.)

(Sutherland)

EXPLANATION OF PuatE V.

The antenne shown in this plate are:

Fig. la-b.—Portion of antenna of Luffia
lapidella (x 60diam.). There are two
pectinations to each joint arising
near its base and rather ventrally

than laterally. The pectinations are |

slightly clubbed and clothed on all
aspects with sense-hairs. The
scaling is confined to the shaft on
its dorsal aspect, four rows of scales
not very strictly arranged to each
segment or joint.

Fig. 2.—Portion of antenna of Bacotia
sepium (x60diam.). Agrees with
preceding, in arrangement of scales
and hairs, the pectinations are more
nearly lateral but still nearer the
venter than opposite each other; the
pectinations are clubbed so as to give
a special square aspect to the divi-
sions of the antenna.

Fig. 3a-b.—Portion of antenna of Proutia
betulina (x110 diam.). Similar dis-

tribution of hairs and scales as in
the two preceding, the pectinations
are longer and have little or no club-
bing.

Fig. 4.—Portion of antenna of Fumea
casta (X70 diam.). The antenna is
very like the last in general form,
but has scales instead of hairs along
the whole dorsum of the pectina-
tions, making them look thicker and
even somewhat clubbed, due, how-
ever, to the scales being rather more
abundant apically.

Fig. 5.—Portion of antenna of Acantho-
psyche opacella (x 70diam.). The
pectinations are much longer and
more flowing than in last. In Psy-
chinae such pectinations are scaled
(often hairscales) as in Fumea. In
Acanthopsychinae such scaling has
been lost and the dorsum is naked
except for an occasional tactile bristle.

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS! LEPIDOPTERA. 127

Migration and Dispersal of Insects: Lepidoptera.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The palm as a migrant among butterflies must, however, in
the Palearctic region, be awarded to the cosmopolitan Pyrameis
cardui, which is distributed throughout almost the whole of the eastern
and western hemispheres. It abounds almost every year in the sub-
tropical countries of the Old World, and hence vast flocks appear to
disperse themselves into the Palearctic regions, as well as to the south.
In Britain it sometimes appears in successive years, and is rarely
absent for more than three or four years in succession. Yet, with the
exception of an occasional individual, the autumnal progeny that
results from the spring immigrants fails to hybernate, and the species
cannot establish itself permanently in this country. The autumnal-
bred specimens, undoubtedly following the habit engendered in the
subtropical home of their parents, lay their eggs (which quickly hatch)
and attempt to produce another brood, which is killed off as larve
by the early frosts, and thus bring about, as does Colias edusa, their
own extermination.

Before discussing the migration of P. cardui it may be well to call
attention to the apparent similarity of the conditions that cause the
migration of this species and Plusia yamma. Not that migrations of
these species do not take place independently, but their repeated
simultaneous occurrence is worthy of remark. To run through this
connection historically would be largely a waste of time, and the
following records must be taken as examples of many others. Before,
however, giving any records, we may note that P. gamma, with us,
has no regular season ; it has been seen from January to December in
the imago state, and in its abundant years when a late brood of
imagines comes out well into October, the larve from these feed up all the
while food is obtainable, and die off or pupate (according to the severity
of the winter) in late November and December. Under any conditions
their continuous-broodedness results in their repeated destruction, and
here it falls in the same category as our two Coliads, Pyramets cardut,
&e. In 1879, one of the wettest and coldest summers of the century,
there was a maryellous incursion of both species in this country in
May. Thus Cambridge records that in the Bloxworth district both
species were unusually abundant in May and June, and that, in August,
they were in the greatest profusion, P. yamma rising from the flowers
when disturbed ‘“‘in swarms.” Slater records that on August 13th the
sea at St. Leonards was scattered over with the moths that were being
washed up in lines on the shore, and states that no one seems to have
observed whether the moths had come from France, or had been
drowned in attempting to leave England. Carrington observed that
the sandhills on the Essex coast were infested with the species, the
numbers being so great as ‘‘almost to pass description.”’ McRae states
that at Bournemouth P. cardui was in August swarming in thousands,
and P. gamma in tens of thousands, whilst it was quite evident that
the autumnal abundance (arising from the spring immigration) was
not confined to England, for Cox records that near the Kursaal, at
Ostend, P. yamma was in shoals, whilst P. cardui was flying by
hundreds up and down the streets and on the barren sandhills, whilst
Thwaites notes that in Saxon Switzerland the two species were as

128 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

abundant as in Eneland, P. cardué literally swarming about the cherry
and other fruit-trees planted by the road-side, whilst walking through
the clover fields caused them to rise in clouds. More abundant still
was P. yamma, which was in enormous numbers and almost put out
the lights at night if the windows were left open. Snell reports that
they were equally abundant in the Western Highlands as in the south
of England.

Hall noted P. gamma as exceedingly abundant at Deal, in the
spring of 1888, and also P. cardui, but whilst the descendants of the
former were in great force in the autumn, those of the latter were
rather rare, possibly due to the bad weather experienced in June in
that district. Barrett notes that in Pembrokeshire P. yamma and P.
cardui had been as abundant as elsewhere in 1879, that in the following
years they were absent or very scarce, and that although not a single
P. cardui was observed in the autumn of 1882,in May, 1883, P. gamma
suddenly appeared in swarms, and ten days later P. cardwi similarly
was noticed in great abundance. The P. yamma were more slate-
coloured than those bred in the country, and the specimens of P. cardut
also were pale. Here, too, as at Deal, P. gamma was abundant in the
autumn, but P. cardui rare, owing, also, to the bad weather in June.
In 1889 Carrington observed that, previous to June Ist, he had not
seen a single P. cardui or P. gamma, although he had been regularly
on the look-out, but, on that day, one P. cardui was seen, and by the
3rd hundreds of the species were everywhere as also P. gamma; the
numbers gradually lessened during the week, probably due to dispersal.
A steady south-east wind had been blowing for three days previous to
June Ist. Many active collectors will remember the great influx of
both species in 1894. Among many other observers Walker notes
(Ent. Mo. Mag., XXX., Pp. 162), in June, 1894, the sudden appearance
of P. cardui and P. gamma in considerable numbers. On the thistles,
in bloom on the sea-wall in the Isle of Sheppey, on the morning of
June 17th, he observed two or three specimens of P. cardui on each
flower, and, in the hayfields, a little way inland, Plusta gamma was
equally common, getting up out of the grass as one walked along the
path. The specimens of both species were worn and faded but not
apparently torn or broken, and their appearance suggested a consider-
able immigration, whilst during the preceding autumn P. cardui had
been rare, and P. gamma less common than usual. No examples had
been seen previously to that date on which they were first so abundant,
except a single P. cardui at Chatham, on June 14th. Bankes observes
(loc. cit., p. 210) that he noticed the sudden appearance of P. cardut
in Purbeck, in abundance, on June 4th of the same year, whilst the
preceding year it was entirely absent from the neighbourhood.

As we have already stated, these are only isolated examples of
dozens of similar records that are to be found scattered throughout our
magazines. No one has yet attempted to explain the conditions that
usually result in the immigration of these very different species at the
same time, and apparently under identical conditions.

@© RTHOPTERA.

MacroprERoUS VARIETY OF XIPHIDIUM DORSALE, Latr.—lI captured
what Mr. Burr has provisionally determined as a macropterous variety

ORTHOPTERA. 129

of Xtphidium dorsale, on the Essex coast, not far from Clacton-on-Sea,
one hot day last August. My elder son and I were together at the
time, looking out principally for Sympetrum flaveolum, of which he took
one female. The Xiphidium presented a very strange appearance on
the wing, and on netting it I found it was something quite new to
me; and not being aware that X. dorsale was only known as a
micropterous insect, I thought it was probably a fully developed form
of that species, its very long antenne and general appearance pointing
to that conclusion. Having boxed it, after showing it to my son, we
were moving on, when we disturbed another. This was also captured,
but as its antenne proved defective, we turned it down again, and
somewhat to our disappointment, could meet with no more. I have
frequently seen Xiphidium dorsale in the locality, but had not previously
found a macropterous specimen.—W. H. Harwoop, Brooklyn Villas,
Station Road, Colchester. March 23rd, 1900.

XupHipium porsALE, Larr., var.?—Mr. W. H. Harwood has kindly
submitted to me for identification a curious specimen of NXiphidium,
captured near Clacton-on-Sea, in August, 1899. At first glance it
might be taken for X. fuscum, Fab., but a closer examination shows
that it is not that species, but apparently a macropterous form of _X.
dorsale, Latr. This is a species which is normally micropterous, that
is to say, the organs of flight are abbreviated, though developed. They
are incapable of flight, and the wings abortive, but the elytra are large
enough for purposes of stridulation. In the @ they are about half the
length of the undistended abdomen, and reach about half the
length of the posterior femora when these limbs are stretched out
backwards; in the g the elytra are somewhat longer, usually almost
reaching the apex of the abdomen. But in this specimen both elytra
and wings are amply developed, and are capable of bearing the insect
upon the wing. The specimen before me is set with the wings
expanded, but when closed they would certainly reach well beyond the
posterior femora, if these were extended backwards. The length of the
elytra is given by Brunner as 6°5mm.-8mm., but in this specimen they
are 18°5mm.; Brunner does not give the length of the wings, which
are normally abortive, but in this specimen they are 195mm. In
development of the wings and elytra this example closely resembles
X. fuscum, Fabr., and X. thoracicum, Fisch. de W., but it may be
distinguished by characters which will be given below. It agrees
entirely in structure with XY. dorsale, except in that the elytra and
wings are fully developed, and in the form of the supra-anal plate of
the male. In _X. dorsale this is sulcate in the centre, slehtly depressed
and bituberculate on the hinder margin; in this specimen, the supra-
anal plate is flat, not depressed, and bituberculate, but not sulcate.
This is an important character, and may possibly prove to be sufficient
for the basis of the erection of a new species. Without seeing the
female, however, it would be rash and premature to offer a new name,
as further characters, confirmatory or otherwise, may be found in the
other sex. For the present, it must, therefore, be regarded as a
macropterous form of Xiphidiwm dorsale, Latr. Iam not aware that
this form has been before recorded, and it is certainly a rarity. Mr.
Harwood’s statement, that a second specimen was seen, is interesting,
as it shows that it may be a local permanent race, and that it deserves
to be called a variety rather than an aberration. Macropterism in

130 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

normally micropterous species is by no means an uncommon phenome-
non in the Locustodea, but it has not been before recorded for the
species in question. Apart from the development of the organs of
flight, X. dorsale may be distinguished from X. fuscwn and X.
thoracicum by the following points :
Femora (posterior) armed with two dark minute teeth near
the apex on the outer margin of the inferior sulcus.
Ovipositor quite straight 5 . A. fuscun.

Posterior femora with 3-4 small dark teeth on the outer mar gin
of the inferior sulcus near the apex. Cee es al

slightly curved . . X. thoracicum.
Posterior femora with no teeth whatever on the under or
upper surface. Ovipositor incurved.. Go 06 .. X. dorsale.

In this specimen the femora are totally unarmed. If the female
differs at all from typical XY. dorsale in the form of the ovipostor, it
should be a new species.

X. thoracicum is @ rare meridional species, but X. fuscwm is common
throughout south central Europe.—Maucotm Burr, F.Z.S., F.E.S.,
Dormans Park, Hast Grinstead.

F)OTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARVA, &e.

Forcing CaLLIMORPHA HERA LARV#.—As so many have expressed sur-
prise when I have informed them that I had full-fed larvee of Callimorpha
hera by March 1st, I venture to give the following rough notes on the
forcing of this insect, thinking they may be of interest. Dr. Cassal,
of Doncaster, very kindly sent me a nice lot of larve early in January
(then still hybernating), and I am happy to be able to say the first of
them spun up on March 22nd. By February 28rd about half a dozen
larve were in the last stadium, and by March Ist there were about
100 full-fed, or nearly so. The reason why I have been able to get
these larve so forward is owing, I feel sure, to their having been kept i in
a cupboard which was generally of the temperature of about 65°F. -70°F.,
the heat being obtained from the kitchen chimney, which passes up
behind the cupboard. The very young larve were kept in glass jars,
and were transferred to breeding cages when nearly full-fed—the food-
plant (groundsel) being planted in the cages. It is the general idea
that the larvee of the Arctiids specially require plenty of fresh air and
bright sunshine, but Iam rather forced to think otherwise, because my
larve have for the greater part of their existence been kept in this
cupboard in total darkness. The larve have been very easy to rear,
and out of about 200 certainly not more than three dozen have died—
the deaths occurring mostly during the earlier moults, and perhaps
from a little overcrowding when in the glass jars—they appeared,
however, to like crowding together in the corners of breeding-cages.
By April 7th, the whole had spun up. Ata meeting of the North
London Natural History Society, held on March 15th, Mr. Lane
exhibited a few of the full-fed larve. For a short time, when it was
difficult to get groundsel, owing to a heavy fall of snow, the larvee were
fed on Campanula trachelium (Canterbury Bell), to which they took very
well.—Cuas. B. Anrram, Addiscombe, Croydon. April 10th, 1900.

ERRATIC EMERGENCE OF ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA.—I haye had
recently an experience in breeding Abraxas yrossulariata which is quite
novel tome. On October 30th last, I found a number of larve feeding

NOTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARVH, ETC. 131

on gooseberry, and red and black currant’ bushes, in an old neglected
garden in this city. Judging from the denuded bushes there must
have been a large number of larve, most of which had disappeared.
Amongst those left there were a few which appeared to be from three-
fourths to nearly full-fed. I took eight of these and placed them in a
breeding-cage in a cold room, no fire, giving them such seanty food as
I could. Three of the larve pupated between November 7th and 10th;
one of the resulting imagines emerged on December 7th, 1899, the
other two on January 2nd, this year. The first was a male, and the
others females—all were small and rather darker than the type, though
not sufficiently so, to be of any use as varieties—the rest of the larve
are still hybernating.—T. Mappison, F.E.S., South Bailey, Durham.
March 22nd, 1900.

HiMERGENCE oF StauRopus Fact In Novemper.—It may be well here to
note that in November last, two imagines of Stauropus fagi emerged
from pup of the year.—R. B. Rozerrson, Forest View, Southborne
Road, Boscombe.

HiRRATIC EMERGENCE OF DOMESTICATED SPILOSOMA LUBRICIPEDA VAR.
RADIATA.—Late in October and during November last I bred a few
specimens of Spilosoma lubricipeda var. radiata. The emergence of
this species in confinement appears to be very erratic, as from a brood
of eggs hatching in early June about half the brood emerged in
August, a few, as already noticed, in late autumn, whilst the remainder
are now in pupa, and will probably emerge in the spring.—A. W.
Mera, 79, Capel Road, Forest Gate, HK.

Hasirs oF Porcrocampa Popuntt.—Poecilocampa populi is not
uncommon in the larval state at Bishop’s Wood, near Selby. I have
found it singly in the daytime whilst searching for insects at rest,
usually, then, in the cracks of the bark of oak and poplar. Searching
in early June, 1896, I found eight or more larve on the trunks; they
appear to be nocturnal feeders, commencing to moye before twilight
(at least they did so in captivity) and eat oak, sallow, poplar, &c.
Feeding them in a large flower-pot, they pupated during the third
week of June, on the side just above the earth, using some of the light
soil to form the cocoon, which, when completed, was of an earthy
colour, mixed up with fine particles of the pot on which the cocoons
were built. Unfortunately I lost three of the cocoons, but the four I
had left had all produced imagines by November 8th, and were all
beautifully marked females. I once took an imago at light at Sand-
burn, and frequently also at the lamps in this city.—S. Watxer, F.E.S.,
15, Queen Anne’s Road, York. April 27th, 1900.

Kees or Leprpoprera.—Hrebia ceto.—A single egg laid at the
junction of a small lateral leaf-bearing stem with a larger shoot of
? Vaccinium myrtillus. It is of large size about 1mm. along vertical
axis by ‘9mm along horizontal axis. The horizontal section is circular,
the vertical one a short oval, flattened so much at top, base, and sides,
that it might almost as correctly be called the section of a cylinder. It
is almost equally flattened at base and micropylar ends, but is a trifle
flatter and broader at base. There are seventeen coarse, roughly
marked, longitudinal ribs, but they are wanting in clearness and
sharpness of sculpturing, and give an impression of a fading, or not yet
fully developed character. Faint traces of cross ribbing can be dis-
cerned (with 1’ objective), they show clearest on ridge of longitudinal

182 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

ribs. The longitudinal or vertical ribs end at the shoulders of egg. A
slightly marked, shallow, but distinct, cell sculpturing extends outwards
from micropyle to shoulders. Surface smooth. Colour, opalescent
white, spotted with rather large dark crimson or magenta spots, each
of which is formed of a collection of irregular dots. [Described July
27th, 1899, from an ege received from Mr. J. W. Tutt.] —A. Bacor.

Cidaria testata—Large, considering the size of moth, laid singly
or in twos and threes. °8O0mm. in length by ‘65mm. in width, and
about ‘40mm. in thickness. In shape an oval, rather larger at one
end than the other, the small end flattened, giving it the appearance
of a deep bag with a flat top. This flattened end is the micropylar
one. The surface is very finely but deeply reticulated or pitted. Its
colour, shortly before hatching, is of a dull pale flesh, with dark rod-
like mottlings, and the egg has a distinct bloom on it. The shape
of the ege suggests that it is on the same line of development as those
of Ennomos, but whether it really belongs to the same stirps, or is
only a parallel development, I am not prepared to say. [Described
August 11th, 1899.|

Nonagria geminipuncta.—The eggs were laid loosely in a chip box,
but judging from their shape I should expect them to be laid in the
crevices at the junction of a leaf to the stem of a reed. They are
of a pale cream colour, and are shaped like a thick roughly circular
disc, with a milled edge (the last remnants of the Noctuid ribbing),
giving them the appearance of a clumsily made coin. About 1:125mm.
in diameter by ‘8mm. in thickness (length of micropylar axis). The
apex and base are covered bya faintly marked cell-network or reticula-
tion, and the micropylar rosette, though faint, is still clear. Round
the rim are a series of 50 to 52 vertical ribs. These ribs are faintly
continued for a short distance over the edges on the flat top and bases.
Surface smooth and glistening. [Described August 19th, 1898, from
ova received from Mr. W. Woodward.|—A. Bacor.

Novres ON THE EARLY STAGES OF Lanta y-nicRA, Fapr.mOva.—The
eggs of this reputed British species are exceedingly curious objects.*
In shape they are thickish discs 1mm. in diameter, and :44mm. in
thickness (the latter measurement being the length of the micropylar
axis). The surface is covered by a delicate and beautifully clearly
marked cell reticulation on the top, but only faintly marked towards
the base. The micropylar rosette is very clear and regular, the cells —
being much squeezed together and elongated. In colour the eggs are
semitransparent yellow, gradually darkening during development to livid,
their tint just before hatching, which occurred about July 8th. The larva
eats its way out at the side leaving the top and base intact. Larva
(First instar).—Head polished black, rounded, and of considerable size.
Body of usual Liparid shape, but somewhat more slender and lengthy
than is usual in the genus. Thoracic segments wide and somewhat
flattened, abdominals smaller and tapering gradually backwards. The
prothorax bears a small scutellar plate. The coloration roughly
speaking is very like that of Lymantria monacha. Division of segments
deeply cut. The 5th abdominal is pale coloured, and the 7th is also

* The only other lepidopterous egg I have examined that approximates to this
in shape is that of Nonagria geminipuncta, which in general appearance is like
a thick clumsily made milled coin.

NOTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARVE, ETO. 133

rather light. Hairs long, tapering, and thorny—some dark, others
light. Tubercles, dorsal abdominal tubercles are single-haired, i inner,
bears a small pale hair, ii outer, bearing a larger dark hair ; iii, supra-
spiracular, is a cone-shaped tubercle bearing three or four hairs. The
subspiraculars are difficult to determine in so small and hairy a larva,
but I think they are consolidated [Unfortunately I was unable to
complete the above fragmentary notes of the first larval stage or to
take any notes on the later ones, owing to the large amount of attention
required by some other species.]. Hasirs or Larva.—It is worth
mentioning, however, that the larva is possessed of considerable powers
of jumping when startled or touched. With a sudden jerk it flings
itself into the air covering a distance many times its own length.
This habit is present during several instars. In the second it is even
more noticeable than in the first; the distance covered being some
two inches or more. But as the larve grow larger they become less
active, and require more stimulus to start them, the jump being
proportionally lessened. In jumping the larve seem to be able to
turn round or over while in mid-air, as they always alight with their
heads facing the cause of the stimulus (with my larve usually a
small camel hair brush or pencil). I was not, however, able to detect
the action which enabled them to jump owing to the rapidity of their
movements. ‘This habit is probably of great use to them in evading
the attacks of birds, hymenopterous or dipterous parasites, spiders, &c.
The larva hybernates when about 4” long, its habit being somewhat
similar to that of Notolophus gonostigma, spinning a silk web or pad on
a leaf as if about to moult.—A. Bacor, 154, Lower Clapton Road,
N.E.

THE LARVA OF OIKETICUS oMNIVoRUS, FEREDAY.—SizE: 23mm. long,
6:25mm. in thickness, at middle, tapering to each extremity. Conour:
Head, and thoracic seements spotted and streaked with brown on a
cream-yellow ground colour. The abdominal segments are dull brown,
except at the sides where the mid-lateral swellings on each segment
form an irregular cream coloured line. SrrucrurE (under one-inch
objective).—Dorsal and Lateral views : Head—The six ocelli are
arranged in ‘“‘crescent’’ at the lower anterior area of lobe; below the
crescent are two hairs, within it are three hairs, and above it are two
hairs, besides which there are hairs along the frontal portion of lobes
and on clypeus; antenne have a broad, white, fleshy base, a narrow
white second joint, a longer brownish (chitinous) third joint, and from
the latter project two terminal processes, a long bristle, and a small
joint which likewise gives out one terminal process, and a two-jointed
process. The outer maxillary palpus is terminated by a blunt joint,
and there are four inner processes. The labial palpi are in front, and
rather more than half the bulk, of the spinneret, which is not nearly
so slender nor so long as in the Hepialidae for instance. Prothoraa:
The whole dorsal and lateral area consists of a smooth hard shield, no
definite scutellum is distinguishable, on the dorso-lateral area are
two single-haired tubercles, representative of the trapezoidals, but
reversed in position, 7.e., the anterior are remote from, the posterior
close, to the median line ; on the anterior lateral edge of segment is a
marginal series of four hairs, with two others inner to these at the
lower end of series, thus there are three hairs below the spiracular
position, and anterior to it. The spiracle isa raised mahogany coloured

134 THE ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD.

oval rim (transverse) on the posterior area of the segment, a little below
the middle. In the centre of the lateral area, above the spiracle, is a
single hair. Above the legs is a large tubercle with two hairs. At
the base of the legs are several hairs, but the first chitinous joint
appears to be destitute of hairs, whereas the remaining joints have
three or four hairs at the outer edge of each. The legs on each
thoracic segment are the same. Meso- and Metathorax—tI cannot find
hairs representative of trapezoidals, but there are, one above another,
two hairs; these, with two single lateral hairs, form a disconnected
marginal series on the anterior edge of the segment. The lateral swell-
ings (? tubercles) consist of three principal and some minor raised areas ;
the upper (supraspiracular) swelling has two hairs, the middle is with-
out hairs, and the third corresponds with that above the legs on the
prothorax, and has two hairs ; there is also a small anterior interseg-
mental tubercle with one hair. Abdominal seqments.—All the hairs
seem to rise from simple rings, not from chitinous (?) areas, as in most
larve with which I am acquainted, thus the subspiracular tubercles
(iv, v) can only be regarded as coalesced, in that they rise separately
from a common swelling (? segmental area, not tubercle) and not a
common chitinous base. On all the segments the trapezoidals are
reversed from the normal position, 7.e., anterior remote and more
lateral, posterior close and more dorsal. The supraspiracular tubercle
has only one hair, though the ring or scar of a second hair is notice-
able. The spiracle is circular, and on the lower anterior area of the
supraspiracular swelling. Below is the subspiracular swelling with two
hairs, an anterior tubercle with one hair, and a subyentral swelling
with two hairs on the lst and 2nd abdominal segments. On 3, 4, 5,
6, the subventral swelling becomes a proleg (apparently two-jointed)
with two hairs at the base; the tubercles on 7 and 8 are arranged as
on 1 and 2; on 9 the posterior trapezoidal and supraspiracular hairs
are on the posterior edge of the segment, as are the subspiracular,
which, however, still rise from a common swelling ; below these are
two single hairs. On 10, above the anal orifice at either side, are four
single hairs, two below, and two at base of claspers. Ventral view.—
The arrangement of the hooks of claspers is a semi-circle on each,
incomplete on inside, consisting of one row of strong hooks only. On
the prolegs it is a transverse oval, incomplete on the inner side, a single
row of hooks, much stronger on the anterior side than they are on
posterior side of oval. At the base of each leg on thoracic segments,
is a single hair; this also is present on all the abdominal segments.
Under a one-quarter inch objective the skin appears simply rough,
about as much so as an ordinary hen’s ege. I could detect no trace of
minute hairs, such as are present on some larve, but in the spaces
between the lateral swellings the skin has a very fine reticulation.—
A. Quatt, F.E.S.

JOTES ON COLLECTING, Ete.

SESIA CYNIPIFORMIS AND §. CULICIFORMIS NEAR Croypon.—During
the past week I have taken about 50 full-fed larvee of Sesia cynipiformis,
and during March about the same number of Sesia culiciformis larve.
Both insects are fairly common not far from Croydon.—Cuas. B.
Antram, 54, Elgin Road, Addiscombe, Croydon. April 10th, 1900.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 135

AVENTIA FLEXULA AND Hyprna rostratis.—lI have just been reading
the two most recent parts of Mr. Barrett’s work on British Lepidoptera.
In part Ixvii, he says of Aventia fleaula, that ‘it is not to be attracted
by flowers or other sweets.” On July 27th, last year (1899) I took a
specimen at sugar here in my garden, and seem to recollect having
seen this species at sugar before. In part lxvii, Mr. Barrett, treating
of Hypena rostralis, gives Humulus (hop) as its only food-plant, so also
do Stainton and Meyrick. It is quite common here, where there is no
hop-vine anywhere near, and I have taken it under similar circumstances
in several other localities—(Rrv.) G. H. Raynor, M.A., Hazeleigh
Rectory, Maldon, Essex. April 8rd, 1900. [Mr. Prout has also taken
one A. flecula at sugar, at Sandown.—Hp. |

FEMALES OF STILBIA ANOMALA AT suGAR.—-In August last, in the
New Forest, I took, with a brother entomologist, a female Stilbia
anomala at sugar. We saw no males at all, although we searched
for them at dusk. In South Devon, in 1897, I also took two females
at sugar? Has anyone ever taken a male in this way ?—F. C. Woop-
FoRDE, Market Drayton, Salop.

QuERY— WHAT IS THE FOOD-PLANT OF OXYPTILUS LETUS (DISTANS) 2—
I have found a locality for this species near this town, and should
like to breed the insect, but cannot guess the pabulum of the
larva. Is the food-plant known ?—H. A. Armorz, F.E.S., King’s
Lynn.

APAMEA OPHIOGRAMMA AND THECLA w-ALBUM NEAR Kine’s Lynn.—I
have recently seen a specimen of Apamea ophiogramma taken by a
beginner here, also a fine bred series of Thecla w-albwm, the larvee of
which were beaten from elms near the town last season.—Isip.

MIM#SEOPTILUS LOEWII AND DEPRESSARIA DOUGLASELLA NEAR
SoutHenp.—At Shoeburyness I captured, between August 12th-22nd,
last year, ina field in which there was a great deal of Erythraca
centaureum, three specimens of a plume which I now recognise as
M. loewti (zophodactylus). On a shed in the same field I boxed a
specimen of Depressaria douglasella. An example of Camptogramma
fluviata was netted among reeds at Pitsea, on September 9th, last.—
F, G. Wurrtte, 8, Marine Avenue, Southend.

DisrriputTiIon oF AMORPHA POPULI IN WESTERN ScoTLanp.—With
reference to Mr. Arbuthnott’s notes (anted, p. 81) on the occurrence of
Amorpha (Smerinthus) populi in the west of Scotland, the species not
only occurs, but is very common all over the district. Even within
the boundaries of the city of Glasgow, large numbers of the larve have
been obtained, and the insect successfully reared. Mr. E. C. Eggleton
reared a large brood from ova obtained in the West End Park. Mr.
A. Somerville obtained the species in Hill-head, I have also taken the
larve from poplars in Pollokshields, and the perfect insect has
repeatedly been brought to me by young friends. The larve, too, often
occur on willow. JI append a few localities for the Clydesdale district,
which will give some idea of how generally the insect is distributed in
south-west Scotland :

Lanarksuire : Cambuslang (A. A. D.), Lighthill (G. W. O.). Srrrninasuire
(portion): Fintry (E. C. E.). Dumparronsurre: Milngavie (G. W. O.), Bonhill
(J. S. R. M.), Garelochhead (T. J. H.). Anayrusume (portion): Dunoon (T. C.),
Kilberry (Miss M. L. C., Ent., vol. xxviii., p. 20, not in Clydesdale). Bure: Arran
(W.S, and J.J. W., Ent., vol. xv., p. 250). Renrrewsutre: Pollokshields and
Crookston (A. A. D.), Paisley (W. S. and J. D.), Johnstone (W. W.). AYRSHIRE:

136 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Kilmarnock (G. R.), Ayr (W. C, S. F.), Ballantrae (A. A. D.). WuicToxsuire
(portion) : Stranraer (A. A. D.).

—A. Apirz Dateuisu, F.E.S., 21, Princes Street, Pollokshields, Glas-
gow. April 10th, 1900.

SPRING insEcts.—Until March 13th I had only taken one Nyssia
hispidaria and five male Amphidasys stvataria (in the trap). Hybernia
marginaria has been fairly common, but HZ. lewcophaearia very scarce,
as also H. rupicapraria, whilst it has been quite the worst season for
H. defoliarvia Ihave ever known. Phigalia pedaria has been represented
so far by six or seven, as against dozens in other years, and only one
3 Larentia multistrigaria has, as yet, appeared. Neither Asphalia
flavicornis nor Diurnea fagella has yet appeared, and the sallows are
only just budding. ‘The season is very backward so far.—E. F. C.
Strupp, M.A., Oxton. March 18th, 1900.

At Selby the season has been, to date, very backward, and though
I have been out on most nights, when there has been a probability of
doing anything, I have taken nothing worth setting. Hybernia
rupicapraria has been, and still is, fairly plentiful, whilst H. marginaria
is also getting well out, but at present no good aberrations have turned
up.—(Rev.) C. D. Asu, M.A., Selby. March 16th, 1900.

WHO RACTICAL HINTS.

Field Work for May and June.
By J. W. TUTT, F-E.S.

1.—The imago of Xylomiges conspicillaris is to be found in May
and early June on old stumps, fences and gate posts, and looks just
like a splinter of the wood on which it sits.

2.—During late May and early June the reed-beds should be swept
after dark for the larvee of Leucania straminea. I have seen the larve
near the tops of the reeds in large numbers, and used to pick off those
within reach, and sweep for the more distant ones. ‘The larva pupates
in (or on) the soil, and emerges without much trouble.

3.—At the end of May the heather should be swept for larve of
Agrotis agathina. The advice of the Rey. C. D. Ash, as to rearing this
species (anted, vol. ix., pp. 96-97) seems to have proved most valuable
to those who have followed it.

4.—The larva of Taeniocampa populeti are sometimes very abundant
in June on poplars and aspens, hiding between united leaves by day.

5.—Towards the end of May tracks made by crawling larve may
be seen on the coast sand-hills at the edges of the patches of dwarf
willow (Salix repens). If one of these be traced, it will be found to
end abruptly at a small upheaval in the sand. Under this is the larva
of Ayrotis praecow (Almond). The larve are very frequently stung by —
ichneumons. Sea birds (gulls) look for their nocturnal tracks on the
sand-hills, and scratch them up for food in the daytime. Full-fed June
13th-20th (Kane).

6.—The larve of Geometra papilionaria are to be found towards
the end of May, firmly attached by the anal claspers to the twigs of
birch, alder and hazel. Their resemblance to the catkins is remarkable.

7.—The imagines of Hupithecta plumbeolata may sometimes be
obtained freely among Melampyrun pratensis, in woods and meadows,
flying at dusk in early June.

VARIATION. 137

8.—During the whole of the summer months, May-August, the
larve of Myelois pinguis inhabit the living bark of ash, frequently
pollard trees, never affecting any dead or decayed portions of a tree, nor
penetrating into the wood. It does not eat far into the bark, however
thick, and a few long black grains of frass block the entrance. This
frass is characteristic, and should be looked for when searching a tree
on any projecting bosses as well as on the spreading foot, for stray
grains of frass detected below afford a good clue to the situation of the
mine above (Buckler).
9.—The larve of Crambus salinellus should be searched for in May

and June, under stones resting on Poa grass. Turning over the stones
exposes the tubular gallery attached to the lower whitish sheaths of
the grass towards the roots, or to the stone itself (Buckler).

10.—From the beginning to the middle of June the larve of
Plutella annulatella are to be found on Cochlearia anglica.

11.—The larve of Gelechia albipalpella make conspicuous blotches
in the young shoots of Genista anglica in the early part of June.

12.—In early June the pale green larve of Hypolepia sequella may
be beaten from maple. They are exceedingly active.

18.—The larva of Penthina corticana feeds on birch and sallow, in
May and the early part of June.

14.—The larve of Anarsia genistae should be collected in May and
early June, when they are feeding on the shoots of (enista tinctoria.
The larve of A. spartiella feed on shoots and flowers of furze at about
the same time.

15.—The larve of Gelechia gerronella may be found in the early
part of June feeding on furze.

N.B.—Hundreds of similar ‘‘ Practical Hints”’ referring to a very
large proportion of the British lepidoptera, have been printed in the
preceding volumes.

X7 ARIATION.

ABERRATION OF LopHopTERYX CAMELINA.—I bred, on July 380th last,
a curious dwarfed example of Lophopterya camelina, without lobes on
the inner margin of the forewings.—F. G. Wurtz, 3, Marine Avenue,
Southend.

Aperration oF Noctrurps.—In looking through my collection, I
have noticed the following forms all taken near here: (1) Leucania
Favicolor (or very near), spotless. (2) L. pallens var. arcuata, Xylo-
phasia monoglypha var. aethiops, and Grammesia triqgrammica var.
obscura.—lpiw.

VARIATION IN WIDTH OF MARGINAL BAND OF CYANIRIS ARGIOLUS.—
Some of my female Cyaniris argiolus, which I have taken here, are
rather striking on account of the blue having a tinge of chalkiness in
the tint, whilst the black on the costa and the hind-marginal black band
of the forewings are of considerable width. This is in marked contrast
to two which I have bred this year from pupe kindly given me by my
friend Dr. Crallan, in which the band in the forewings narrows rapidly
after about the middle of the wing, in one insect to a point, and in
both specimens disappearing before reaching the inner margin. My
first bred specimen—a male—emerged on April 6th. The first cap-
tured—likewise a male—was on April 20th.—JosepH ANpDERson,
Chichester. May 2nd, 1900.

138 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

GY OLEOPTERA.

PaRNUS NITIDULUS AT CurppENHAM.—On a visit to Chippenham Fen
in August last, with my friend Mr. Donisthorpe, I was fortunate
enough to take a specimen of this rare beetle; it was in company with
P. auriculatus ; the red legs at once distinguish it from the other species.
As far as I am aware, the only record for very many years was one
made by Mr. Donisthorpe, in 1898, from the same locality, and I was
present when he took his specimen.—Franx Bovusxetu, F.E.S.,
F.R.H.S., Market Bosworth.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES.

Breepinc SpHInx convotvut1.—It has been suggested to me by
Mr. Tutt that the following details as to breeding Sphinw convolvuli
would be interesting to British lepidopterists. From August 14th-16th,
1894, I found four larve of this species, from August 12th-14th, 1895,
two larvee, and on August 16th, 1897, one larva, at Dover, at the back
of the prison. ‘Two were brown in colour and were preserved, the others
were greenish-brown in tint and worked out as follows:

1894. Larva taken August 14th, pupated August 20th, emerged October 7th.

Larvee (2) taken August 15th, one pupated August 17th, emerged October
5th (the other preserved).
Larva taken August 16th, pupated August 19th, emerged October 10th.

1895. lLarve (2) taken August 12th, one pupated August 13th, emerged Sep-

tember 30th (the other preserved).
Larva taken August 14th, pupated August 16th, emerged October 9th.

1897. Larva taken August 16th, pupated August 24th, pupa died.

The locality is now all dug away for the new harbour works. They
were bred indoors in a living-room, fed on dwarf convolvulus, two of the
larvee were somewhat small when taken, but grew very rapidly in a
week, after the habit of S. ligustri, when in its last stadium.—C. P.
Picxert, The Ravenscrofts, Columbia Road, Hackney Road, London,
N.E. April 29th, 1900.

THYREOSTHENIUS BIOVATUS IN NESTS OF Formica RuFA.—An adult
female of this minute spider was kindly sent to me recently, by Mr.
Horace Donisthorpe, by whom it was found in the nest of Formica
rufa in Guestling Wood near Hastings, while searching for other
dwellers in ants’ nests. It has long been known to domicile with F’.
rufa, and has been recorded from France, Germany and Holland, but
Mr. Donisthorpe’s capture is the first record of it in Great Britain.
The following synonymy and notes may be interesting :

THYREOSTHENIUS BIOVATUS, Camb.=EHrigone biovata, Camb., ‘‘ Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond.,” 1875, p. 215, pl. xxix., fig. 22 (from near Rouen, France) = Peponocraniwm
biovatum, Camb.-Sim., ‘‘ Araneides de France,” tom. v., p. 186 (1884) = Thyreos-
thenius biovatus, Camb.-Sim., l.c., p. 876=JValckenaera biovata, Camb. Van
Hasselt, ‘‘Catalogus Aranearum in Hollandia inventarum,’” Supplementum il.
“Overgedrukt nit deel. vanhet Tijdschr. v. Entomologie,” pp. 8, 29, 32, 1890, and
supplementum iii., /.c. xli., 1898, p. 27.

—(Rev.) O. P. Camprmer, M.A., F.R.S., Bloxworth, Dorset. April
24th, 1900.

CoMPOSITE COCOONS AND EMERGENCE OF JACHNEIS LANESTRIS.—
Referring to my notes on the habits of the larvee of this species (ante.,
vol. xi., pp. 28-34), I am now able to give particulars relative to recent
emergences of imagines. I find that I inadvertently misstated the
number of the larve comprising the nest, it should have been 200. I
placed the cocoons on moss and kept them in an unheated well-aired

CURRENT NOTES. 139

room throughout the past autumn and winter, occasionally damping
them. The results, so far, I consider satisfactory, the following
emergences having taken place: April 1st, 14 9,9 2; 4th,15 g,
eA EOLOR iGo seenito, Tle Oe Oth 8) gy, Lon) > and
1lth,3 g¢,8 ¢. The imagines commenced to appear at 9 a.m., and
continued to do so until 6 p.m., the majority emerging in the late
afternoon. Of the 58 g and72 ? whichemerged 2 3 and 4 ? only
were crippled, but the hindwings of 5 per cent. of the gs and 20 per
cent. of the 9s were imperfectly formed. As imagines in one or two
cases only emerged from the composite cocoons I opened several of the
latter. The majority contained two dead larve, others three, and the
largest as many as eleven. Owing probably to the space within the
composite cocoons being too confined the larve had failed to complete
their pupation. The formation of these cocoons | am now convinced
resulted from overcrowding of the larve. There are still remaining
about thirty of the single cocoons and half-a-dozen of the composite.
Some of the former I am satisfied from examination contain living
pupe, which may produce imagines another year, but it is very
doubtful whether the latter do. The imagines obtained were all
- normal in size and type.—A. Russet, F.E.S., Southend, near Cat-
ford, S.E.

GYURRENT NOTES.

Professor Fernald, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, sends
us a prospectus which sets forth the work required for students to
obtain a degree in Zoological and Entomological Science. The
course is evidently an excellent one, aud no doubt students of
the College who obtain this degree will be selected to fill the posts
of State entomologists and similar positions in the various public
institutions.

At the meeting of the Entom. Society of London on April 4th, Mr.
McLachlan exhibited an extraordinary aberration of Hnallayma cyathi-
gerum, Charp., taken by Mr. Morton in Glen Lochay, Scotland. The
remarkable feature consisted in the predominance of black over blue in
the coloration of the abdomen.

When available, the editor would be glad to have pupe, eggs and newly-
hatched larve (in spirit) of our British Hepialids—Hepialus humult, H.
velleda, H. sylvinus, H. hectus, H. lupulinus; also newly-hatched larvee:
of Zeuzera pyrina and eges of Cossus ligniperda. It is hoped that all
lepidopterists who obtain eggs of these species will spare at least one
or two for description. We would also suggest that systematic details
as to dates of emergence, exact duration of egg, larval and pupal
stages, and other interesting information relating to the common
Sphingids, would be very useful.

We are pleased to observe that applied entomology has been recog-
nised, in so far that Miss Ormerod has been made Hon. LL.D. of
Edinburgh University—the first woman thus honoured.

Professor J. W. Carr and the Rev. A. Thornley are collecting
insects of all orders, with a view to the publication of an ‘ Insect
Fauna of Nottinghamshire.’’ They would be very grateful for records
for the county. We have received the last year’s report of the Notting-
ham Naturalists’ Society, in which there are several interesting entomo-
logical articles, the chief of which is ‘‘ Nottinghamshire Diptera,’’ by
the Rey. A. Thornley.

140 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Collective inquiry as to Progressive Melanism in Moths.—Memo-
randum from the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society.
The committee appointed by the council of the Royal Society to

promote investigation of facts relating to ‘ variation,” ‘ heredity,”
‘* selection,’’ and other phenomena connected with evolution are
desirous of instituting a collective investigation into the progressive
melanism of certain moths, particularly Geometridae. It is well known
that in certain districts, especially within the British area, dark forms
of several species of moths have recently appeared and become increas-
ingly abundant. There is reason to believe that these dark forms are
in some cases extending into other districts and even to the European
continent. Itis to be regretted that no systematic or statistical records
of these phenomena have been kept, and it appears to the committee
that if such a record be now instituted and continued for a period of
years it cannot fail to have considerable scientific importance. The
matter is one that may conveniently be made the subject of collective
investigation, and the committee will be glad to hear from any ento-
mologist who may be willing to contribute now, or hereafter, particulars
as to the condition of these species in the district or districts with
which he is personally familiar. The returns should relate as far as
possible to specimens found in a wild state, whether as imagines, or
pupe, larve, or eggs. Information respecting specimens bred from
wild parents must be kept distinct. It is thought desirable that the
enquiry should for the present be confined to the following species:

Acidalia aversata, Amphidasys betularia, Boarmia repandata,
Camptogramma bilineata, Gnophos obscurata, Hemerophila abruptaria,
Hybernia progemmaria, Phigalia pilosaria, Acronycta psi, Agrotis corticea,
Aplecta nebulosa, Polia chi, Venusia cambrica, Xylophasta polyodon.

The schedule in which it is suggested that the returns should be
made is termed Schedule A. It is desired that the return for each
species be made on a separate schedule, and the secretary will be glad
to furnish a supply of these schedules to any one who may be willing
to assist. Since confirmatory evidence is of especial value, the
committee are desirous of receiving returns made independently by
different persons for the same district. It is of course hoped that
returns may be obtained for districts in which the dark forms are
still unknown. ‘The secretary will be glad to examine and prepare.
descriptions of any illustrative specimens lent to him for that purpose,
and in suitable cases arrangements will be made for photographing
such specimens.

Historica, Evinence.—As the changes in question have largely
taken place within living memory, it is hoped that those who have
personal knowledge of the facts may be induced to put them on record
in such detail as is still possible. Much information of a historical
character is of course already printed in the scientific journals, but a
more detailed account of the facts would be of great value. With this
object a special schedule (B) marked ‘“ Historical’ will be issued to ~
those who will fill it up.

On publication full acknowledgement will be made of all help
received. All communications should be addressed to the Secretary of
the Evolution Committee, W. Bateson, Esq., FR. S., Merton House,
Grantchester, Cambridge.—May, 1900.

Errata.—p. 109, line 1, for ‘“ first” read ‘post’; line 2, for ‘‘free’’ read —
‘‘ pre’’(-spiracular).

J

=

Sieiny

NOTICE.—Nos. 6-9 of this Magazine will be published as follows:
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_about July 25th) ; No. 9, September (5th. Will CONTRIBU-
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REMITTANCES TO BH SENT WITH ORDER.

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Reprints of Articles or Notes (long or short) appearing in this Magazine can be arranged
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Wo Trt ec EE.

Subseribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to The Hntomodlogist’s Record, &z., are
payable in advance. The subscription (including an extra shilling for the Special Index to Vol. XI1., to
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Articles for insertion should be sent to J. W. Turr, Westeombe Hill, S.E., except those relating ta
Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donistmorp#, 58, Kensington Mansions, South Kensington,
and those relating to Orthoptcra, to Mr. M. Burr, New College, Oxford.

EXCHANGE.
—— $2
[Exchanges, which should consist only of the specific names of Duplicates and Desiderata, are
inserted for Subscribers without charge so long as there is available space, but they MUST NOT be
written on Post or Letter Cards, the inconvenience arising from which is very great. No exact limit is
placed on the length of lists of Duplicates, but lists of Desiderata should be as short as possible. Entomo-
logieal Books wanted may also be inserted in this column. |

The Editor wishes to state that the publication of Exchanges, Advertisements, ete., in this
Magazine, is in no way to be taken as a guarantee of the authenticity, good condition, ete., of the
specimens. This notice is not intended to throw doubt upon the bona fides of Advertisers, ete., but to
free the Editor irom responsibility, should the privilege be abused.| Marked* are bred. N.B—Ex-

change Lists addressed to J. W. Turr, Westcombe Hil), S.H., must be received before the 5th of each
month for publication on the 15th.

NOTICE.—The Editor will be glad of eggs, larve and pupx of Lepidoptera, for
description. Notes on good aberrations of Lasioeampids will be very useful.

IMPORTANT.—Wanted, actual dates on which, and exact localities where,
Ptercphorids, Lasiocampids and Sphingids have been captured. Will correspondents send

"dates for any year ?—J. W. Turr, Westcombe Hill, S.l.

Excuancr Basxrvs.—April 7th, No. 2 basket.—Messrs. Atmore, Woodiorde, Whittle,
Walker, Robertson, Barnes, Ash, Richardson, Bower, Studd, Riding, Edelsten. April
10th, No. 4 basket.—Messrs. Horne, Bowles, Mera, Fox, Robertson, Wcodforde, Studd,
Robinson, Maddison, Riding, Bower, Moberly. [Members who wish to be missed must
write to the name preceding their own on list, not to the Secretary].

Duplicates.—Vitalbata*, Hera, Paniseus. Desiderata—Numerous, ova and lary.—
‘J.C. Dollan, Hove House, Newton Grove, Bedford Park, IW.

Duplicates.—Leucographa, and ova of Prodromaria. Vesiderata.—Numerous, imagines,
ova and larve.—Samuel Walker, Eddercliffe, Queen Anne’s Road, York.

_ Eixcnancr.—I am desirous of obtaining butterflies from the Melayan Archipelago and
‘the Pacific Islands. For such I offer perfect diurnals from North and South America ;
North American Coleoptera.—Levi W. Mengel, Buys’ High School. lieading, Pa., U.S.A.

Wantep. Fine lepidoptera of Europe in exchange for butterfiies from Russia in Asia,
Japan, China and Basses-Alps (France).— Wilhelm Neuburger, Lepidopterist, Berlin, S. 42,

- Luisen Ufer 45, Germany.

Desiderata.—lLarve or pupe of Caja and Grossulariata. Will give-gcod return in
Macros or cash.—’. Maddison, South Bailey, Durham.

_ Wanrep.—Hggs of insects for photographie and photo-microgr ic ‘purposes. i
give sender a photograph of any eggs sent. Also any other interesting entomologica
- details—antenne of allied species, &c.—F'. Noad Clark, Paddington Infirmary, Harrow
Road, W. é
Wantep.—Pupex of Betularia, and var. Doubledayaria, for experimental purposes.—
W. Bateson, Merton House, Grantchester, Cambridge. . j

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

. Entomological Society of London.—June 6th. The Library is open daily from
one to six o’clock p.m. (except on Saturdays, when it is closed at three p.m.), and —
until ten p.m. on meeting nights.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C.—The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p-m. Members are particularly requested to bring varieties and aberrations for exhibi-
tion. Non-members cordially invited. May 15th, Discussion: ‘‘ Pupe.”

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge.—The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
May 24th, Mr. F. Enoch, F.L.S., F.E.S., Paper: ‘‘ Another Life History ”’ (Lantern).

North London Natural History Society, Sigdon Road Board School, Dalston Lane,
N.E. (close to Hackney Downs Stations, G.E.R.).—Meetings first and third Thursdaysin
each month, at 7.45 p.m. :

Nonpareil Entomological Society, Mansfield Street, Kingsland.—The First and
Third Thursdays in thé Month. ;

South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies.—The Congress will be held at
Brighton, on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, June 7th-9th. Particulars will follow
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i
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE 4

BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA

By JW Tuan

Vol. a

The Second Volume of this i impor tant are Lane is being published by subseription,

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Y_4 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD
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Regeneration of Legs in Liparis dispar
Entone. Record. ete., 1900.

gnromologists
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JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Wor xclilinn) YNox 6: June Ist, 1900.

The Relationship between the Larval and Imaginal Legs of
Lepidoptera (with Plate).

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.8., F.E.S.

The Orthoptera, which we may assume, for our present purpose, to
have been the primitive insects, leave the ege with their legs, as far as
number of articulations is concerned, except perchance as to tarsal
joints, precisely of the same structure as they present in the mature
insect. In Lepidoptera this is not so, the larve have legs consisting
of a basal piece, of three chitinous joints, and a terminal claw, with
palpal appendages ; whilst the imago has eight articulated pieces in
the lee besides the claws and appendages. It even happens in some
species that the larve are without legs. This is a common condition
in Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera.

On examining the leg-structure of a typical imago of almost any
order, we find the tarsus consisting of various articulated segments up
to five, of the two long segments, the femur and tibia, and of two basal
segments, the coxa and trochanter. If we take a Micropteryx or Erio-
crania we find precisely these structures, but if we select any of the
higher lepidoptera, say Porthetria dispar, we find this structure present
only in the prothoracic legs. In the others the first or coxal piece is
soldered to the thorax, and though we may think we see its outlines,
it is doubtful whether that is so, so that the statement with which I
began, that there are eight articulated segments to the limb, is correct
as to these, but the prothoracic leg has nine.

It is to be remarked here that the larve of Trichoptera have both
coxa and trochanter well-developed, contrasting strongly with their
absence in lepidopterous larvee, and making one of the strongest points
in their claim to be a separate order from Lepidoptera. Nevertheless
the remaining three joints in the larval trichopterous leg, are remark-
ably like the three joints in the lepidopterous larva, and since in the
trichopterous larva these are unquestionably the femur and tibia and
the tarsus reduced to one joint, the close alliance of the two groups
justifies us in making the three joints of the larval lee in Lepidoptera
the femur, tibia, and tarsus.

Assuming the descent of the Lepidoptera from some Neuropteron,
and ultimately from some Orthopteron with fully developed larval
appendages, we are given two theories of how the lepidopterous larva
became so worm-like and with such degenerate appendages. One,
which I fancy is now obsolete, is that the lepidopterous larva repre-

142 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

sents vermiform stages that the Orthopteron passed within the egg.
The other is that it is descended from, and represents, the active pre-
imaginal states of the Orthopteron. That there is no retrogression in
the sense that the other theory assumed, but merely modifications of
various parts to meet various needs, modifications amounting in some
cases to temporary suppression of parts and their reduction to
imaginal discs, 7.c., collections of embryonic cells, undergoing no
development until a very late stage in the life-history—this being,
nevertheless, no retrogression, but really an advance. That this latter
theory is correct seems proved for us by the crucial examples afforded
us in the parasitic beetles, Meloé, Mylabris, Metoecus, and others, as
well as other forms such as Stylops, which is perhaps truly a beetle.
These hatch with good articulated legs, which they afterwards entirely
lose and regain as imagines. In these, therefore, the vermiform stage
is posterior to the articulate ones, and cannot, therefore, be descended
from a stage anterior to that possessing limbs.

When larval limbs are entirely absent the imaginal limbs exist in
the larva as imaginal discs. How do they exist in the typical lepi-
dopterous larva with 8-jointed corneous legs ?

It is necessary to clear the ground a little, and ask ourselves what
we definitely mean by this question, and what alternative answers may
be or have been given. On the one hand we observe that in an
Orthopteron at each moult the new leg is formed within the old one,
and is withdrawn from it at the moult, or, more accurately, the new
leg is the old one enlarged and grown, and freed from the external
chitinous sheath, which had grown too small for it. Is the lepi-
dopterous leg in this case? Is the imaginal leg really the larval leg
grown and developed ?

On the other hand, in the apod larva the imaginal leg is an
imaginal disc. Is this also the case in the lepidopterous larva, the
larval leg being got rid of as a larval appendage that has completed its
life cycle and its usefulness, the new or imaginal lee entirely develop-
ing from an imaginal disc within the body of the caterpillar ?

I believe the former is the true answer, the larval leg is the
imaginal leg also; but this answer must be modified to this extent,
that the imaginal leg is so far different from the larval one, that it is
to a ereat extent a new development, arising, therefore, to that extent,
from imaginal discs, 7.c., reserved embryonal cells, but with this im-
portant difference from the second answer I have suggested, that they
are situated each within its own segment of the larval leg, or even
more definitely, each in association with its own portion of each
segment. The imaginal tarsus arises from the actual larval structures
of the third joint of the larval leg and from embryonal cells situated
amongst them, the imaginal tibia in the same way from the larval
tibia, and so on, the trochanter and coxa being almost entirely in an
embryonal state at the base of the leg. This answer, which I support,
is that that has been long held by the few entomologists who have
paid any attention to the matter, and was believed to be supported by
certain experiments of Reaumur’s* and Newport}, as to the effect on
the imaginal structures of removing the larval legs.

* Reaumur, Mémoires des Insectes, i., p. 365 (1734).
+ Newport, Phil. Trans., 1844.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LARVAL AND IMAGINAL LEGS OF LEPIDOPTERA, 143

So far back as 1894, however, J. Gonin published a most valuable
paper on the metamorphosis of lepidoptera in the Budlletin de la Société
Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, in which, amongst a most excellent
series of observations on the development of the appendages of Pieris
brassicae, for nearly all of which I have nothing but praise and agree-
ment, he adopts with regard to the legs the second answer, viz., that
the imaginal lees entirely originate from imaginal discs within the
body of the larva. Or he may, indeed, be understood to say that the
imaginal tarsus arises from the larval leg, and some of his expressions
imply that he regards the three joints of the larval leg, not as being
respectively femur, tibia, and tarsus, but as being actually three
joints of a tarsus, the representation of tibia and upwards being within
the larval body.

The question is thus expressed by Gonin (Bull. Soc. Vaud., vol.
xxx., 94), that Reaumur has been misrepresented, and that his actual
words are, that he cut off ‘‘more than the half of three of the true
legs,’’ and found that the chrysalid had ‘‘the three legs of the side
shorter than the corresponding limbs of the other side,” and that a
larva experimented on at a younger stage showed a fresh three hmbs
in the pupa, but ‘ atrophied,” that is to say not entirely absent, and
he criticises Kiinckel for saying that it is clear that ‘‘ Reaumur, having
- completely cut off one of the true legs in some caterpillars, proved that
the butterfly that emerged was without the corresponding appendage,”’
and says that Newport denied this disappearance of the legs, and
regarded the limb as partially regenerated. He then goes on to
describe the state of matters at the date of the change to pupa, when
the greater part of the lee has so far assumed its imaginal character,
and increased in size, as to have left the larval leg, and to be pressed
together at its base within the larval skin, leaving only a portion in
the larval leg roughly corresponding to the tarsus, and, though he
seems to have a good grip of the processes by which the imaginal leg
arises, he appears in a fashion curiously illogical, considering his
actual knowledge, to believe that the condition at this date, 7.e., the
moment preceding the moult to pupa, represents the true relations of
the larval to the pupal (or imaginal) leg, viz., that the imaginal leg
arises from larval structures situated where he finds it at this late
period, when it has really by growth left its confined quarters in the
larval leg, and that the larval leg corresponds to the extremity (say
tarsus) only of the imaginal limb, and that the rest exists in the larva
merely as an imaginal disc not within the larval leg, but in the body
of the larva at its base.

Newport’s experiments, fully recorded in the Philosophical Trans-
actions for 1844, relate to Ayglais urticae, and, properly interpreted,
seem to render Gonin’s position untenable, whilst the results correspond
entirely with those of the experiments I made last year; he brings out
a point with which [ did not meet frequently enough to note it
definitely, and that is, that removal of a portion only of the leg results
in the tarsus being reproduced in an incomplete state, that is with less
than five joints. His observations on the reproduction of spines and
spurs do not quite accord with mine, but this also seems to have
occurred in the case of partial removal. Newport’s experiments were
made with a view to learn whether regeneration of amputated parts
occurred in lepidoptera; mine were chiefly with a view to test Gonin’s

144 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

position, that no part of the imaginal leg existed, or was represented,
in the larval leg, except, perhaps, the tarsus.

My position is to assert the older idea, that the three parts or
joints of the larval leg are femur, tibia, and tarsus, and that these
parts of the imaginal leg originate in those larval sections. And I
expected to find that a leg regenerated, which ought by Gonin’s
hypothesis to be, as regards the femur and tibia, the normal leg of the
imago, would not be so. Newport’s experiments, I think, suffice to
show that my view of Gonin’s position is correct, but one always likes
to verify these matters one’s self. The few experiments I made last
year on this subject, were really made rather with a view to finding
out how to attack it than with any hope of a definiteresult. They do,
however, present enough material to yield some definite results, con-
firmatory of the hypotheses I have adopted, and, I think, negativing
that upheld by Gonin.

The question is complicated by the many interesting facts of
regeneration, which would well repay further more accurate experi-
ments, and it is rather in their bearings on that side of the subject
than on that before us, that my experiments must appear so meagre
and inconclusive.

My experiments consisted in removing the whole or portions of the
third left leg of certain larve. Those I used were Porthetria dispar
and Saturnia pavonia (carpint). The latter are stillin pupa. The results
I lay before you are only those of the former species. I selected these two
species merely because I had an abundance of eggs of each. I
remoyed only one leg (though sometimes I fear injuring others,
through the struggling of the larva), as interfering less with the health
and progress of the larve. One leg also enabled a comparison to be
made with the leg of the opposite side. I selected the third leg
because it is hidden in the pupa beneath the wing, and so would not
leave an abnormal vacancy on the pupal surface, which is often fatal
in pupal existence.

I began by chloroforming my larva, with a view to proper
humanity, but found that chloroform inflicted much greater incon-
venience on the larva than to hold it firmly in the fingers and snip
off the limb. The inconvenience this caused both at the time and
afterwards was much less than I anticipated. I imagine that no
actual pain is felt in our meaning of that word. Newport gives some
details of the effects of the operation on the health of the larva and
t he healing of the wounds. ‘The preparations I show you are the two
third legs of the imagines, and the same portions of the larval skin
found with the pupa. The larval skin of Porthetria dispar does not
shrivel up very much at the pupal moult, so that by soaking it in
ammonia for some time I have been able to unravel it to some degree,
and in a few instances with very fair success.

The specimens will, to a great extent, explain themselves. That
represented in pl. vi., fig. 1 may be taken first. On the right side
(left as mounted) of the insect, the larval and imaginal legs are
normal. On the left the larval leg is a mere stump, but examination
shows that it possesses all the parts of a complete larval lee, three
joints and a claw. In this case the leg was removed in an earlier
skin, removed to its base, and we here have in the last larval skin a
regenerated leg, though of very small size. The parts are all there,

PSYCHIDES IN 1900. 145

and have only to grow at each successive moult to replace the limb of
full size. Had the amputation taken place at the first instar this
would probably have occurred. When we come to the imago we find
that the limb is complete, and has grown by aid of the two intervening
moults to a size, though obviously not very much, still less than the
other. We may reach several conclusions from this specimen.
(1) There is a regenerative centre at the base of the leg, that can
renew the larval as well as the imaginal leg. (2) It cannot be the
source of each new larval leg at each moult, or it would have given
rise to a full-sized leg, instead of a mere sketch of one. (8) It is
nevertheless sufficiently large for a full-sized imaginal lee to have
resulted, if the imaginal leg arose entirely from the basal germinal
plasm. Observe that not only the tarsus is smaller than that on the
right side, but also both the femur and tibia.
(Lo be concluded.

Psychides in 1900.
By L. B. PROUT, F.E.S.

I cannot hope that a few scrappy notes of a beginner in the study
of this interesting group will be of any value to those entomologists
who have had many years’ experience of them ; but as it is quite
probable that there are some who, like myself, have been drawn to
them by the recent work which has been done by Dr. Chapman and
Mr. Tutt, I think I may be interesting a few at least by putting on
record my observations so far as they have gone. They certainly
illustrate once again how easily one overlooks what one does not look
for, for I never saw a Solenobia or Luffia in situ until this season ; and
it seems very probable that if our collectors will only set themselves to
search for them, we shall soon add enormously to our knowledge of
their distribution; at any rate, I have had no cause to complain of the
results of my first endeavours in this direction.

A brief visit to Sandown, from April 9th-21st, did not witness much
serious collecting, but it afforded a good many opportunities for trunk-
searching. So far as I know, nothing has yet been recorded as to the
Psychids of the district—A. G. More’s list, in Venables’ Guide, does
not include a single species; I will, therefore, give a list of all localities
where I found them, though unfortunately the more difficult species
are not yet named.

Taleporia tubulosa, Retz. (pseudobombycella, Hb.). A few cases in
Centurion’s Copse, near Brading, and one in Bordwood. I also took it
a few years ago in Alverstone Lynch.

Luffia, ?sp. Very common in Centurion’s Copse, also in Youngwood
Copse, Alverstone; swarmed on some oak trees on a hill-side near
Alverstone, I took 60 off one tree, and left a large number behind, and
I noticed that several of the other trees were just as densely populated.
I take the examples from all these localities to be the same species, but
of course I may be mistaken. I also took two apparently belonging to
the same species in Rowdown Copse, Brading Down, but it must have
been singularly scarce there. I worked 100 out of the 150 or so well-
grown trees which the copse contains, as I was hoping to find Diplodoma
herminata, of which I took a single case there in 1899 ; my quest was,
however, quite fruitless, so far as that species was concerned. The

146 ; THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

only copses which I worked without finding the Luffia, were Bordwood
and Littlecastle Wood, in the former of which the favoured kind of
lichen seems comparatively scarce.

Solenobia, ? sp. A few in Centurion’s Copse, amongst the Luffas ;
three, and a few empty cases in Littlecastle Wood (‘‘ America Wood’’),
near Shanklin.

Fumea casta, Pall. (intermediella, Brd.). When Mr. H. H. May was
with me at Sandown last autumn, we were one morning seeking shelter
from a passing shower, on aseat on the beach near Littlestairs Point,
when he called my attention to two empty cases of this species spun up
on thearbour of sallow, &c., which overhung us. I therefore worked
the spot this spring, and found a dozen or so half-grown specimens of
FF. casta, all quite low down on the sallow trunks or on withered grass
stems close by; as is well known, this species does not generally go up
to any height until full-fed. Judging from last years’ cases, this is
one of the large forms of the species, and of course it is quite possible
it may turn out to be something interesting. A few typical cases of F’.
casta were also found inland, in Rowdown Copse and Littlecastle
Wood.

Since my return to London I have given a little attention to tree-
trunks in Epping Forest, as there is some mystery about the Proutias
occurring there—one or two of my specimens having been determined
by Dr. Chapman as probable betulina, though apparently not absolutely
identical with Mr. Whittle’s, while others are supposed to be ‘‘ eppingella,
nh. sp. —and more material is highly desirable. Thus far, I have only
found four, three on one hawthorn trunk, and one on another; they are
not yet full-grown, and I find they eat leaves of hawthorn and plum. The
only place where I have taken them, either this year or previously, is
near the Connaught Water, just to the eastward of the ‘‘ Red Path.”

In the same place, I found a very few larvee of a Solenobia, which
seems to me to agree entirely with my Sandown species ; also a few
empty cases of Mwimea casta.

I have already alluded to my unsuccessful hunt for Diplodoma
herminata, Geoff. (marginepunctella, Stph.). Ihave to add that I was
highly pleased last Saturday (May 5th), to pick up a larva low down
on a willow trunk on the Sale, at Hale End. I have been a good deal
interested in watching its performances. I first put it in an empty
chip box, but an hour or two later I introduced with it a specimen of
the Solenvbia just mentioned ; opening the box again a few minutes
afterwards, to put in another, I found the D. herminata watching at the
mouth of the first Solenobia case, like a cat at a mouse hole. Very
soon the occupant made its appearance, and herminata made a savage
pounce upon it; but it was wary enough to withdraw itself rapidly into
its domicile, and I then removed it out of the way of harm. On my
return home, I offered my Diplodoma the first animal food which came to
hand, namely a dead Coccinella and Fndrosis which I found in a
spider’s web; the former was apparently too hard and dry, but the
latter seems to have pleased it well, for by the next morning its case
was well adorned with pieces of the wing, quite in the approved style.

I may add that Clark and Machin in a MS. list of the Micro-
lepidoptera of the London district which now les in my hands (as
editor of the City of London Hntomological Society's Local List),
record both Diplodoma herminata and Narycia monilifera (Xysmatodoma

THE GUESTS OF ANTS AND TERMITES. 147

melanella) for Epping Forest, but no species of Solenobia nor Fumeid ;
probably F’. casta was omitted because of the difficulty of assigning a
correct name in those days of confusion amongst ‘‘ intermediella,”
“‘ yoboricolella,’ and the rest of them; I have a distinct recollection
also of seeing a Proutia in Mr. Machin’s collection a short time before
his death, and of his stating to me his conviction that it was a separate
species, but I cannot say whether the species in question was or was
not from Epping Forest.

The Guests of Ants and Termites (with Plate).
By E. WASMANN, §8.J. (translated by H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.).
(Continued from p. 119.)

The localities where this insect had so far been discovered were also
given, namely, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Columbia, Cayenne
and Brazil, to Rio de Janeiro. The biological note was as follows:
“Though this wonderful insect is widely distributed, it seems to be a
very rare species, as so few examples have been found. Its life-history
is unknown, but the late Mr. Belt told me that he had generally found
it on ant-hills.”’ I then looked up Belt’s Naturalist in Nicaragua,
and on p. 84 found the statement, that a large species of Staphy-
linus lived in the Atta nests of Nicaragua. There was hardly a doubt
that the Atta guest spoken of by Belt was the same as the one before
me. ‘The logical chain of evidence was concluded @ posteriori, and my
supposition was confirmed. According to the accepted laws of nomen-
clature laid down by the German Zoological Society, this beetle
should be named Smilax pilosus, F., since Sintlaw was the generic name
given to it by Laporte. Nordmann changed it later to Cordylaspis, as
there is a plant called Smilax. It is quite true that the same name
must not be used twice in Zoology, but a botanical name has nothing
to do with a zoological one, therefore, the beetle must be again called
Smilav. This beetle was described by Fabricius in his Mantissa
Insectorum, 1787, as Staphylinus pilosus, but a whole century has elapsed
before it has been discovered to be a true ant guest. Belt gives as a
reason for its appearance on these ant-hills that its larva feeds on the
decaying leaves of which the sloping Atta nests are constructed, but this
is very unlikely, as the larve of the Staphylinidae are carnivorous.
Bates also found the insect in Brazil, but never mentioned its connection
with ants. The fact that Smlav pilosus has so far only been found
singly can be explained by its being a true Atta guest. Atta serdens,
L., cephalotes, L., fervens, Lay, and columbica, Guer., only can be its
hosts on account of its great size, and these make gieantic nests which
stretch underground for many miles, their population consisting of
hundreds of thousands and even millions of big-headed worker-ants,
which are so well armed that their bite draws blood. It is, therefore,
very difficult to search their nests, and for that reason one can under-
stand why so little is known of their guests. Whoever cares to search
for Smilax pilosus among these species of Atta will undoubtedly find it
in large numbers.

The biological divisions of the genuine ant and termite guests can
be divided into four classes accor ding to the different kinds of intercour se
which exist between them and their hosts.

148 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

(1) The genuine guests, who receive true hospitality from their hosts, being
either fed or licked, or both (Symphilen).

(2) The indifferently tolerated lodgers, which stand in different degrees of
intercourse, and are tolerated for different reasons (Synoeketen).

(3) The hostile persecuted lodgers, who force themselves on their hosts, and
generally live on them or their offspring as beasts of prey (Synechthren).

(4) Parasites, both inner and outer, who spunge either in or on the ants, their
offspring, or their guests.

The number of true guests in the Myrmecophilous Coleoptera is
very large, although we possess an exact knowledge of the habits of
only a few species. We know a number are licked by the ants on
account of a flowing etherealised oil which they obtain from certain
organs of exudation. These organs are morphologically recognisable,
and we can, therefore, reckon the number of beetles possessing them
at 250 to 800. ‘To this élite among the ant guests we can place the
Lomechusa group in the Staphylinidae, also the Clavigeridae, Gnostidae,
Ectrephidae, most of the Paussidae and Thorictidae, the immense group
in the Histeridae (Hetaeriint), and lastly, several Nitidulidae (Amphotis),
Silphidae (Lomechon), Scarabaeidae (Cremastochilus), and Brenthidae
(Amorphocephalus). This, however, does not exhaust the list. I have
just received from Camerun a new genus of Tenebrionidae, which has
received the name Pogonoxenus, on account of its moustache-like yellow
tuft of hairs, and which is certainly a true guest. First of all among
the true termite guests must be mentioned the fat (physogastren) genera
Corotoca, Spirachtha, Termitogaster, Termitobia, Xenogaster, Termitochara,
Termitomorpha, and another undescribed genus Termitophya, just
received from Father C. Heyer, §.J.,in Rio grande do Sul, in the
Staphylinidae. In the Scarabaeidae the genera Chaetopisthes and
Termitodius belong to the true termite guests, and the larve of Glyptus
and Orthogonius in the Carabidae. The exudations obtained from the
true guests among the Coleoptera, by the ants licking them, are more
luxuries than real means of existence, as there are generally only a
small number of such true guests in one nest. They obtain a more
substantial means of subsistence from the honey-gathering plant, and
shield lice, as well as the larve of the tropical Membracidae and
Fulgoridae. These can only be reckoned among the true guests in so far
as they are bound to the society of the ants, and are not sought by them
at odd moments. The plant louse, Paracletus cimiciformis, Heyd., for
instance lives regularly in the nest of Tetramorium caespitum, and is a
so called ‘‘ honey-cow.’’ The myrmecophilous caterpillars of the
Lycaenidae are also connected with ants (symbiosis), they are sought
by the ants on their food-plant, and licked and protected by them.
The glands in the 11th segment which store the honey, must be
considered as specially devoted to this purpose. These caterpillars
often change to chrysalides in the nests or even live in them as
caterpillars, as has been noticed in many species by Dr. Brauns at the
Cape.

The indifferently tolerated lodgers belong to many different classes
of insects, such as spiders, mites, wood-lice, ke. Their number is in
about the proportion of 10-1 to the true guests. They are generally
tolerated for the reason that their hosts barely notice them, either
because of their small size, as in Ptiliwn and many species of Staphy-
linidae, or because of their slow movements and wooden-like appearance,
as in the genus JMonotoma, or because their host is unsuccessful in his

THE GUESTS OF ANTS AND TERMITES. 149

attacks, as is the case with the oval Histeridae, or on account of the
quickness of their movements as with O.ypoda and some other of the
Staphylinidae, and the extraordinarily quick Lepismids.

The advantages which the indifferently tolerated guests obtain by
living with the ants are of very different kinds. Besides a dwelling
place and the protection from enemies which they receive by living in
the houses of their hosts, they also find a suitable means of subsistence.
In many of them, as for instance the larva of Cetonia floricola and
beetles of the genera Monotoma, Corticaria, Cartodere, Ptiliun, &c.,
their food consists of the vegetable substances and decayed remnants
of the nest. The food of the Coluocera, that dwell among the corn
collecting ants consists of the provisions stored in their hosts’ granaries.
For many other guests, especially in the Staphylinidae and Histeridae,
their food consists of the dead bodies of the ants, and of their pupe,
and also the dead bodies of other insects which their hosts drag in as
prey into their nests. They live as scavengers as well as lodgers,
parasites in the widest sense of the word, at the expense of the ants,
and do not even spare the latter’s offspring when an opportunity
presents itself. The genus Dinarda is a good example of this mode of
living. In imitation of the jackal they tear to pieces the bodies of the
insects brought in as prey by the ants, also the latter’s dead, and their
empty pupa-cases. I once saw a Dinarda dentata steal an egg from a
big mass of them in a nest of Formica sanguinea, and creep with it
into acorner. I have often seen Dinarda hayensi take part of the food
of two ants feeding each other, it does so by raising itself between the
two and licking the drops of food as they fall. Ch. Janet often noticed
this method of feeding with Lepismina polypoda, and called it ‘‘ Myrme-
cocleptie.”” To the menu of Dinarda dentata we may add the soft larvee
and pupee of the Acarina that live in the nest of its host. It prevents, as
I have often noticed in my observation-nests of Formica sanguinea,
the rapid increase of Tyroglyphus wasmanni, an increase which is so
fatal to the ants; it also destroys the young of Leolaps. On August
26th, 1896, I watched a very curious scene (plate, fig. 2). A Lomechusa,
in the big I’. sanguinea nest which had stood for many years in my study,
came out of a part of the nest used by the ants as a waste bin for the
refuse from their nest, and which swarmed with mites. The upper part of
the hind body of the Lomechusa was covered with these tiny creatures,
which appeared like innumerable little white spots moving rapidly
about, and which, examined under the lens, turned out to be the larve
and pup of Leolaps myrmecophilus. The Lomechusa seemed very
uneasy, it ran nervously up and down, its agitation contrasting strangely
with its usually solemn demeanour. It then meta Dinarda dentata,
which reared up on to its back with its fore feet. It now stood quite
still, and in a few seconds the greater part of the mites were devoured
or chased away by the Dinarda.

To the hostile persecuted lodgers belong the brachyelytrous genera
Myrmedonia, Myrmoecia, Lamprinus, Quedius brevis and Xantholinus
atratus. Their large size prevents them from being tolerated, as they
instantly attract the attention of their hosts. They live as beasts of
prey on the ants and their young, but as we have already shown, thieves
and robbers are to be found amongst the tolerated guests, and even in
the true guests, which, in spite of all the care and kindness they receive,
are no better than thieves. It is these in particular who do the greatest

150 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

harm to their hosts, by devouring the brood of the latter, a greater
harm in fact than is brought about by any of the persecuted lodgers.
I can even prove that the voracity of Lomechusa and Atemeles causes a
decrease among the worker ants, which is called Pseudogyna, and
brings about the deterioration of the ants’ colony.

The fourth class before mentioned is made up of parasites in the
true sense of the word. ‘To these belong, for example, many small
Hymenoptera (Hlasmosoma, Pachylomma, Hucharis, &c.), and Pelodera
janeti. Whereas these belong to the Entoparasites, others are Ecto-
parasites, which fasten themselves on the bodies of the ants or their
offspring. A little time ago Dr. Brauns discovered a new species of
the family Tachyporina in the nest of Dorylus helvolus in Cape Colony,
and which I described as Doryloxenus cornutus. This little insect has
got shortened tarsi and tibie covered with bristles, with which it
probably fastens itself on to the larve of the ant; the anterior tarsi
instead of being provided with claws, possess an adhesive appendage.
Possibly the little Brazilian Hciton guest Mcitochara fuscicornis, which
W. Miller found on the egg masses of HNciton foreli, should be placed
among the true parasites. A dipterous larva which Professor Emery
sent me from Camerun, and which he found fastened between the
head and thorax of a big black Camponotus, can be regarded as half
Kceto- and half Entoparasitic. A third of the sponger was inside the
ant and the rest of its body outside. Ectoparasites can also be found
in the myrmecophilus Acarina, especially in the genera Tyroglyphus,
Discopoma and Antennophorus. Most of the myrmecophilous mites belong
to the genus Leolaps and are not parasites in the true sense of the
word, but feed on the dead ants and other refuse in the nest. Leolaps
oophilous, Wasm., however, sits on the egg-masses of the ants, it does
not feed on them, but is fed by the ants licking the eggs (Syntrophie).
Tyroglyphus wasmanni, Mon., which is often to be found in the nests
of Formica sanguinea, lives as larva and pupa as well as in the perfect
state, on the dead bodies of the ants and other animal substances, but
when changing they are to be found on the ants’ bodies on the masters
as well as the slaves. Very often this swarming of mites takes quite
gigantic proportions, each ant is covered by thousands of them, until
the whole nest appears to be covered with a grey crust, and finally the
entire colony is destroyed by this living disease. Less dangerous is
Discopoma comata, Berl., which according to Ch. Janet fastens itself
on to the ants when fully developed. Another myrmecophilous mite
Antennophorus uhlmanni, occupies a most extraordinary position. Janet
observed it in France in the nest of Lasius mixtus, and I have studied
it in Hollandish Limburg with Lasius niger and flavus. It sits generally
on the ant, in most cases on the underside of the head. It makes use
of this favourable position to tickle the sides of the ant’s head with its
front feet, which are like antenne—hence its name ‘‘antenne bearer ”’
(Antennophorus)—till the ant lets fall a drop of food which the parasite
licks up. ‘The ants tolerate the impudent rascal simply because they
are unable to get rid of it. Ihave often seen them make desperate
attempts to knock it off. The feeding of this euest is analagous with
that of the bee louse, Braula coeca, with bees. The connection of
Antennophorus with the ants is only a caricature of the genuine inter-
course which exists between Lomechusa, Atemeles and Claviyer, and
their hosts.

(Lo be concluded.)

NOTES ON MALACOSOMA CASTRENSIS. 151

Notes on Malacosoma castrensis.
By W,. H. HARWOOD.

Malacosoma castrensis seems to occur on all the extensive salt-marshes
on the north Essex coast, between the rivers Colne and Stour. It is
also—or was formerly—common on Merseaisland. I know nothing
personally of its distribution further south, but should think it would
have a wide range in that direction. On this, other lepidopterists are
likely to be better authorities than lam. Beyond the Stour it has
been taken in recent years on the Suffolk side at Felixstowe, and many
years ago the late Mr. N. l. Hele bred a few specimens from larve
obtained near Aldborough. These were probably the offspring of some
strageline female, which had in some way got far beyond its normal
limits, but it may occur naturally further north, as in all probability
neither the Suffolk nor Norfolk coasts have ever been properly searched
for it by anyone acquainted with its habits. Meyrick, I see, gives
York as a locality, and it would be interesting to have particulars on
this point, as one would not expect to find it so far from the Thames,
to the banks of which it was formerly thought to be exclusively confined.
The larve are polyphagous, and it is rather difficult to say what saline
plants they will not eat. Among others, I may mention that they are
partial to Artemisia maritima, Armeria maritima, Statice limontun,
Plantago maritima, Silene maritima, Inula crithmoides and Atriplex
portulacotdes, but, perhaps, Artemisia, Statice and Plantayo are the
favourites.

It is a very uncertain species, for though it seems to occur regularly
it is sometimes very far from common, and at other times very
abundant. The full-fed larvee generally conceal themselves very
effectually during the heat of the day, and come out to feed in the
evening, when numbers may be found crawling or feeding where they
might have been searched for in vain a few hours previously, but
sometimes they may be found in the earlier part of the day, and, of
course, the young broods may be found at rest on their webs at all
times.

They are especially common some seasons along the base of the sea-
wall, and this is to be easily accounted for, as the eggs are ‘‘ lacquered ”’
round the stems of grass and other plants, and when these become
sere and brittle they are frequently broken off and borne by the
incoming tides towards the sea-wall, where, sometimes, they can be
easily detected by a quick eye, I frequently find them in this way,
but generally leave them, unless the situation seems to be very
unfavourable. Some years ago a number of gentlemen, actuated by
the best intentions, published a very remarkable list of British lepidop-
tera, that stood in need of protection from the rapacity of collectors,
in which they included a number of species that are perfectly safe, and
out of which they left others that had far stronger claim to be included.
Among the former was JJ. castrensis. The most rapacious collector
can, ina favourable season, obtain quite as many larve as he can
desire, and yet produce no appreciable effect, considering the very
small area over which he can search for them, and the great number
to be found within a very limited space; but it is a great mistake to
take too many, for they require an immense deal of room to roam about
in, and if many are confined within narrow limits, instead of the large

152 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

series of fine bred specimens anticipated only a few poorly coloured
dwarfs and cripples will probably appear. In the matter of food they
are also very particular, for though it is true that they will eat several
substitute plants rather than starve, they only appear to thrive upon
their natural food, of which they require an abundant and perfectly
fresh supply every two or three days. I dig up the plants out of the
mud and replant them in pots, and, in this way, if well watered, they
keep fresh for several days.

On the continent the species is said to be be found in inland
localities, and I have been asked to suggest a reason for its being
exclusively a coast insect in this country. Ido not profess to know
the precise reason, but probably our specimens have sufficient British
common sense to learn thatif they went further they might fare worse,
but before speaking authoritatively on such a point as this, one wants to
visit the inland localities, and note the conditions that prevail there.
The nature of the soil, the chemical constituents of the food-plants and
other circumstances have to be considered, and of these I know nothing,
and leave the explanation to those who know.

It is, however, possible that the British colonies are of continental
origin, and may have resulted from eggs brought to our shores by the
tides in comparatively recent times; and in this case the earliest
settlers would have been reared on sea-side plants, and their successors,
finding favourable conditions on the coast, would have no occasion to
2o inland in search of them.

When perfect insects, as in the case of Colias edusa, C. hyale,
Pyrameis cardui and others, migrate to Britain, the chances are that,
after resting awhile on the coast, they mostly disperse inland, and lay
their eggs in all directions, where favourable conditions exist, but
when the eggs themselves are introduced, the first generation of
migrants would necessarily be reared on the coast, and in this way a
littoral habit might be established, and continue indefinitely. It is
likely enough that the eggs would endure immersion in sea water for
a considerable time without injury, for they must be regularly covered
by the high tides while still in their natural position, and apparently
this must also be the case with the larve to a less extent. All the
larve that I have seen have been between the sea-wall and the sea,
and though during exceptionally high tides, the batches of ova must be
carried much further inland, I cannot say how the young larve fare
when they find themselves under such conditions. I have never found
ichneumoned larve, but empty cocoons are far too common, their
contents having evidently been extracted by sea birds. These cocoons
must be cleverly hidden in the low herbage, as a rnle, as it seems
useless to look for them in situ. The eggs are sometimes much
ichneumoned and I send a batch of empty shells, surrounded by a
number of their former tenants. I do not know the name of the
parasite, but perhaps some of your readers will be able to help me
to discover it.

Phorodesma smaragdaria, Fabricius.
By Rev. C. R. N. BURROWS.
(Continued from p. 115.)
I have already remarked that last year I raised a partial second
brood. I have not been able to find any record of any such experience

PHORODESMA SMARAGDARIA, FABRICIUS. 153

by other collectors. I have frequently reared the insect from the egg
in captivity, and it has always previously proved difficult to pair, the
females have laid few eggs, but the resulting larve have invariably fed
up to a certain stage, and then hybernated in due course. Last year,
being slack or indolent, I let my stock come out in a glass-topped tie-
box, until there were some 30 battered specimens. I then began to be
ashamed of myself, and examination revealed a large number of eggs.
I put the box out of doors against a plant of A. absinthium, watched
the young larve feed, and remarked the rate at which they grew. On
August 18th, I counted over my stock, and then discovered several
cocoons and empty pupa shells. Closer inspection resulted in several
fatal accidents, and one live pupa—which in due course produced the
imago on August 22nd. Thata great many larve passed the usual
hybernating stage I feel certain, and I am wondering how many of the
200 which I counted in the autumn will turn up this year. I have
just looked at the bags in which they have spent the winter, but so far
have discovered very few moving.

Just a hint as to collecting will, I suppose, be expected of me. The
only imago I ever took wild I found sitting low down on the hedge,
just outside Benfleet station (perhaps it had been attracted by the
lamps). ‘This was on June 4th, 1896. The larva seems to have been
taken almost wherever the food-plant grows, from Tilbury to St. Osyth,
except at Mucking. I have never found beating into an umbrella much
good, the rubbish hides the game. The eye is the best instrument.
At the shghtest touch the larva drops into the very lowest hole near. Be
careful then when you see a larva. Further, do not despise ground
carefully searched half an hour ago. When you reach the hunting-
ground, first of all, roll on the patch of plants, then sit down and eat
your lunch, or smoke a pipe. When you are ready, go quietly and
have another look. If the day be warm, the sun shining, you will see
the larve walking about quite actively on the beaten-down patch.

It is curious to notice how proud a larva appears to be of a large
new leaf fragment just tacked on his coat. Once or twice I have come
across larve which systematically rejected clothing, I suppose they
were uncivilized and savage individuals, or suffered from the mange.
Mr. J. A. Clark, who has watched the larve carefully, tells me that
after changing their skins, and dropping therewith their coats, they
quickly reclothe themselves, and have been seen robbing their neigh-
bours, to save the trouble, I suppose, of nibbling off new fragments.
For the following notes I am greatly indebted to Mr. A. Bacot, who
has been good enough to devote time and much trouble to the
subject :

Ovum.—The egg (pl. vii., fig. 1) or rather empty shells, which being
composed of very hard horn, retain their shape unaltered, form rather
a short broad oval, much flattened on either side, measuring between
‘8mm. and ‘9mm. in length, by ‘6mm. in width, by -4mm. in thickness.
The surface is covered with a fine but clearly marked reticulation
roughly hexagonal. The gap eaten by the larva is not very regular in
position. The egg-shell is semitransparent, white to the naked eye,
but yellowish under the microscope. Mr. Bacot’s measurements will
be found to be quite in agreement with the scale upon the plate. The
eges are laid in irregular groups ufon or near the terminal shoots of
the food-plant—in a wild state—but in confinement on the leaves,

154 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

sides of the box, or even upon the earth. They are pale yellow at first,
but become slaty-grey just previous to hatching.

Larva.—lIn the first instar (pl. vil., figs. 2, 3) the crescent-topped
hairs arise from pronodunced tubercles situated on trianzular-shaped
white spots. The tubercles bearing the crescent-shaped hairs are
entirely distinct from, and additional to, the primary tubercles (i, u1,
iii, lv, v, vi, &c.). The specialised tubercles and hairs above mentioned
are situated above and behind the spiracles on the subdorsal area of
the larva, on the 1st, 2nd, 8rd and 4th abdominal segments, quite
at the extreme ventral posterior on the 5th, and on the dorsal area
of the 8th. The spiracles on the abdominal segments 1-4 are just
above the lateral flange, and the lateral flange itself is much higher up
the sides of the larva on these segments than on any others, in fact it
tends, on the seements in question, to be a subdorsal rather than lateral
flange. On the 5th abdominal segment the white spot and specialised
hair is situated on the lateral flange, on abdominal segments 1-4, both
spots and hairs are well above the flange. The much greater altitude
of the spots and hairs on these segments (1-4) being due, not only to
the raising of the flange, but to an alteration in the position of the
tubercles and hairs themselves. The white spots are not noticeable
on any segments after the 5th abdominal, but there is a distinct white
spot on the prothorax surrounding the spiracle, and another surround-
ing the base of the lateral tubercle on the metathorax, which corres- ©
ponds with tubercle iii of the abdominal segments.

(To be continued.)

Migration and Dispersal of Insects: Lepidoptera.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The migration of Pyrameis cardui occurs uniformly in the spring,
during April, May, and early June. One of the earliest recorded
migrations of the species took place at Turin at the end of May, 1741;
others are recorded in May, 1791, May, 1798, April 26th, 1851, and
again on April 26th, 1857, all in Piedmont. Near Neuchatel, in 1826,
a flight was observed which lasted for at least two hours, the stream
of butterflies being from two to fifteen feet broad, and the same flight
was noted on the same day at Granson, in the Canton Vaud. It is
described as ‘‘an immense flight of butterflies, traversing the garden
with great rapidity. They were all of the one species, flying close
together in the same direction from south to north, and were so little
afraid when one approached that they turned not to the right or left.
An interesting account of another migrating swarm of this species that
took place in the early part of the summer of 1842, when the observer
was stationed at Vido, a small island in the harbour of Corfu, records
that the first part of the column reached the island “about 9 o’clock
in the morning, and continued to advance in rolling masses of many
thousands for upwards of three hours. Though the density of the
column was at no time very great, yet it appeared to extend in breadth
as far as one could see, having the appearance of black drifting snow,
if one may so call it ; by one o’clock the flight had completely passed.
The wind at the time was blowing fresh from the south-east. In the
afternoon, on sailing up the channel of Corfu, the traces of the passage
of the flight was very evident, from the quantities of dead butterflies

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS: LEPIDOPTERA. 155

which floated on the surface of the water, and, for days afterwards,
they were to be seen drifting into the various bays in the island of
Corfu.” It was assumed, as they appeared to be taking the direction
of the coast of Italy, that they would, in all probability, strike the land
in the vicinity of Otranto.

Scigliana observed a great flight at Trapani in 1837; these flew in
a direction from south to north. Lyell, Coni, Raconi, Ghiliana, Mina-
Palumbo, and other Italian lepidopterists have recorded similar
immigrations. In 1873, Failla-Tedaldi first observed one of these
flights, but during April, 1878, this entomologist witnessed a tremendous
immigration of this species into Sicily. It commenced on the 26th,
was renewed on the 28th, and went on until May 8th. The insects
proceeded in serried columns, formed of “‘milliers’’ of specimens; each
column had a front of four kilométres or more; in Cantelbuono, where
the streets barred their way they ascended vertically, retook their
normal direction, which appeared to be directed from the north to the
south ; the flight was observed in the neighbouring districts. During
this time, the Scolymus and other plants in flower were covered with
hundreds of butterflies, and some days afterwards the larve were
obtained in numbers on several different species of plants. The
observer notes that the greater part of the specimens observed were,
worn, faded, and broken on the edges, and some of the examples were
extremely small ; the latter showed that the insects had been badly placed
(owing to their great numbers) for food, and the want of proper food-
plants on which to lay their eggs is suggested by Failla-Tedaldi as the
cause of their migration. The spring irruption was followed by an
immense number of newly emerged examples in July, evidently
descendants of the immigrants.

The year 1879, will, however, long be remembered as that in which
one of the greatest and most general migrations of this species occurred.
A vast multitude of individuals moved from south to north over all the
countries of south-western, western and central Europe, and as the
main facts were collected at the time, a very fair general knowledge of
the extent of the migration and the area affected was obtained. The
swarm almost certainly came from north-west Africa, was observed at
Algiers as early as April 15th-20th, travelling in a north-easterly
direction. From April 26th-80th, Crewe observed countless numbers
of the butterfly in the neighbourhood of Valencia and Barcelona, as
well as in Minorca, from May 1st-3rd. Towards the end of May, the
main part of the swarm appears to have crossed into France, distributing
itself over the south-eastern districts of Switzerland and north Italy,
and, on the morning of June 5th, thousands of living specimens were
found on the snow at the hospice of St. Gothard. It then spread over
Germany and Austria, being recorded from various localities from June
7th-16th. Another column appears to have crossed the Mediterranean
to Sicily, and spread itself over Italy during June. The more westerly
end of the swarm reached Strasburg as early as June 3rd-9th, Bisheim,
June 8th, Angers and Rennes, on June 10th, arriving on our southern
coasts about June 10th-13th, and spreading hence all over the country
into Scotland, whilst Belgium and the country directly north were also
inundated. There seems to have been many branch columns, although
the greatest possibly was that which passed along the Rhine valley,
where the larve later destroyed the crops of artichokes and Artemisia.

156 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

In 1880 there was scarcely a record of the insect occurring in these
countries, so completely had the species, by attempting to keep up its
southern habit of continuous-broodedness, exterminated itself.

As we have already stated, many entomologists recorded their
observations, and so a considerable amount of evidence was forthcoming.
Ritter says that he was by the edge of a forest near Nikolsburg in
Moravia, on a hot sunny day at the end of May, when, at about two
o’clock in the afternoon, he noticed a peculiar humming sound, and
immediately afterwards observed an enormous flight of butterflies,
which came in a westerly direction over an open forest park, and pitched,
as if by common consent, on the sunny wall opposite to him. Hurrying
off to bring others to witness the sight, he returned in five minutes,
but found only one or two individuals instead of the many thousands
he had left there. The swarm appeared at Treviso, north of Venice,
between May 30th and June 6th. Ninni remarks that on the 380th
there were comparatively few butterflies all of which were passing in a
north-westerly direction; on the 31st the same condition of affairs
existed, the wind at this time coming chiefly from the north ; on June
1st, with the wind west of north, they moved in a direction to the east
of north, and this direction they retained for the three following days ;
on the 2nd they came in immense numbers, flying from 5.15 a.m.
until sunset, the wind varying on either side of north; on the 3rd the
numbers though still great had begun to decrease; the prevailing wind
was from the north-east, and they were flying directly against the
wind, which had now attained greater strength ; on the 4th, with the
wind from a more southerly quarter, they moved in the same direction
as before, but were only noticed at certain points ; on the 5th, with
the wind in an easterly direction, the numbers were about the same as
on the previous day, while on the 6th with the prevailing wind from
the north-east, the flight only began at one o’clock in the afternoon,
and did not last for more than an hour and a half.

In the early days of June, and particularly about the 7th, the
butterflies appeared all over the central portions of Kurope, moving,
asa general rule, at right angles to or against the wind, but with a
prevailing direction from the south-west to the north-east. They
passed over all obstacles without hesitation; thus on June 5th, as we
have already noticed, thousands of them were found dead on the snow
around the St. Gothard hospice, only a day or two after which they
appeared in immense swarms to the north of the Alps. That it was
not simply a superabundance of butterflies already existing in the
region, but an influx from outside, seems to be abundantly proved by
the facts, viz., that P. cardui does not normally appear upon the wing
(except perhaps a few hybernated specimens) until the middle or end
of July, whilst this invasion took place at the end of May and during
the first half of June; and secondly by the condition of the speci-
mens themselves. Wherever captured all the specimens noted were
worn and faded, indicating that they had flown for an immense distance.
M. Oberthiir, on capturing specimens of the swarm which made its
appearance at Rennes on June 10th, remarked that they belonged to a
very characteristic African type, noticeable from the fact that the
brighter parts of the upper wings are very much paler and less rosy
than in the form found in France. Indeed, he considered many to be
precisely like specimens from Abyssinia which he had in his collection.

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS : LEPIDOPTERA. 157

It is of course well known that P. cardui flies all through the winter
in the north of Africa from Higypt to Algeria, laying its eggs and con-
tinuing to raise its broods during this season, and that it is usually
very abundant in the imago state in March and April.

This migration was noticed as far north as the 50th deeree of
latitude, and an unusual abundance of the species was observed over
the whole of England, Germany, Hungary, and even as far north as
Finland, where all the early arrivals were remarkably worn and faded.
In Wiurtemberg, from June 1st to 8th, a continuous and incessant
stream of migrating individuals passed from the south and south-west,
to the north, north-east, and east. At Wettsweil, on June 7th, it was
estimated that 11,000 specimens passed an observer in the course of
the day. On the same day flights were noticed at many places in
south-west Germany, Switzerland, and Moravia, and near Ziirich
another observer estimated that 1000 passed over his head in eight
minutes. On the 9th a swarm passed Morges and Lausanne, their transit
occupying almost four hours. On the 10th they were seen at Carlsruhe,
and on this date the migration was observed by Oberthitir at Rennes,
and he calculated that the butterflies moved about 50 métres in ten
seconds ; sometimes twenty or thirty would be seen in a single minute
following one another without interruption, sometimes four or five close
together ; they flew over all obstacles, passing vertically up the walls of
houses in their way, always surmounting such obstacles and not passing
round them. On the 11th swarms were seen at Nancy and in Savoy,
at 600 metres above the sea, and also at Salzburg. On the same day
they were observed at Carlsruhe again, and at Stuttgart, and on
June 14th the commune of Wetzikon (Canton Zirich) was invaded,
the swarm being estimated at a kilometre in width, and as taking
two hours to pass, the insects flying from 2-10 métres above the
ground, and moving in a north-westerly direction. In Upper Anstria,
on June 11th, vast numbers passed incessantly from south-west to
north-east, between 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. (ninety to a hundred per
minute were counted in a breadth of one hundred paces), whilst still
more to the west, at Geneva, a swarm is reported to have obscured the
sun for several minutes, and on the 8th, at Bisheim, in Alsace, they
were also so abundant that the light was partly obscured. Still
farther west, and going back in point of time, from June 8rd-9th,
great swarms were observed flying northwards at Strasburg, whilst at
Angers, on the 10th, myriads passed from east to west against the wind,
travelling at a little distance above the ground. On the 10th the insect
appeared in great abundance in Eneland, and about the same time in
Belgium. On the 12th it was observed at Lautschitz, in Bohemia, on
the 15th at Augsburg, and again at Salzburg, passing between foun
and five o’clock in the afternoon, at the rate of about 750 butterflies
in an hour. Streams of them were noticed every day from the 10th
to the 16th, near Paris, being especially abundant on the 15th. After
this date the observations “chiefly refer to the localities in which
various parts of the migrating broods had settled.

There can be no doubt that our British visitors were part of the
great flocks that were observed in the act of dispersal at this time.
How far these reached to the south and east was not ascertained, but
a Painted Lady was seen at the time sunning itself on the bare rocks
in the Great Desert of Nefud in Central Arabia, “at least 400 miles
from any place where the larva could have fed up.”’

158 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

_ Wolfe notes an immigration on June 7th, 1899, into south-western
Treland, and for days afterwards they were in great numbers, thou-
sands having appeared to arrive simultaneously. Larvee were abundant
in July, and pup also, yet there was no great number noticeable in
August, and Wolfe suggests that some strange instinct caused most of
those that emerged to leave. The eges that were laid in August pro-
vided full-fed larve in September, so that the continuous-brooded
habit was as usual quite evident in the progeny.

Of the abundance of P. cardui in the countries bordering the shores of
the Mediterranean, Katon writes (Mnt. Mo. Mag., vol. xxx., pp. 98, 133),
that at the base of the Azures and south of the Hodna in eastern Algeria,
the Ziban, with Biskra as the chief town, forms the northern border
of the Sahara. At the end of March, 1894, a spell of cool weather
(with snow on the mountains northward) was followed at Biskra with
a rise of temperature, and P. cardui, which had not hitherto been
commoner during the winter than tortoise-shells in Hngland are apt to
be in early spring, increased rapidly in numbers daily, until the butter-
flies became as plentiful as Garden Whites in June over a cabbage plot
or Meadow Browns in a well-stocked hay-field. | A certain proportion
of this increase in population was undoubtedly due to some bred in the
vicinage, because specimens were seen brightly coloured and in fine
condition amongst the faded and worn, and a cripple was observed one
day with its wings not fully expanded. But the greater number must
have wandered hither with the wind from southern districts to loiter
in the welcome shelter of hillsides and hollows. They laid their eggs
in various places. By April 11th the species (though still very common)
was in diminished numbers, perhaps through dispersion over the
district or perhaps through emigration. By May 4th the imagines
were abundant once more, frequenting the blossoms of many kinds of
plants in the desert and crowding to the bushes of Tamarix brachy-
stylis, now in flower along the Aned Biskra above the barrage. They
were not noticed to be ovipositing, and Eaton suggests that perhaps
they were awaiting a sirocco to waft them to the highlands of Con-
stantine and Sétif, if not to Europe.

This cosmopolitan butterfly is not only a migrant in Europe, but
Bowles relates (Canadian Ent.) that the species also migrates in North
America, and instances the year 1865 or 1866 as one in which a
migration took place in the neighbourhood of Quebec. For many
years it had been quite absent in that district, until, one summer, it
suddenly became the commonest butterfly in the neighbourhood. ‘The
next year it was again absent, and it did not reappear for many years.
Franham gives (Hnt. News, vi., p. 150) an account of a swarm of Pyra-
mets cardui observed in California and Nassig, and passing from north to
south, in April, 1895. He estimated that from 9 a.m. until noon
some 200 butterflies passed per minute, in a lane about 80 rods long ;
at 2 p.m. about 50 passed in that time; but at 4 p.m. only an occasional
specimen was seen.

It is interesting to recall the fact that the common thistle on which
the caterpillars of this butterfly chiefly feed is also a notable migrant,
and to note that during recent years the thistle has widely spread, and
that great thickets of this plant are now to be found in various parts
of North America, where it has often ousted the native weeds. It
would appear that, as the boundaries of the insect’s roaming capa-

COLEOPTERA. 159

bilities are only determined by the existence of its food-plant, the
establishment of the Painted Lady as one of the prevailing species
of its race is assured. This is intensified by the fact that, although
the thistle is the chief, it is by no means the only, food of the cater-
pillar, which will thrive on many other common plants of widespread
distribution.

OLEOPTERA.
Anthonomus rufus, Schoen., an addition to the British List.

Anthonomus rufus, Schon., iil., p. 847, 21, des Loges, ‘* Ann. de la
Soc. Ent. de Fr.,” viii., 1896, p. 486. This species can only be
mistaken for A. pedicularis, L., on account of its comparatively simple
anterior tibize, but may be known from it thus:

A. Posterior femora toothed .. be ». A. pedicularis, L.
B. Posterior femora without teeth .. .. A. rufus, Schon.

M. des Loges (I.¢.) says that it is found over the greater part of
Iurope, and mentions England, but hitherto there have been no
records of its capture in this country. He says he has taken it on the
flowers of the sloe in the spring. He says that it appears to be con-
founded in collections with A. wlmi and A. pedicularis, but is easily
distinguished by its smooth and very cylindrical rostrum. This, how-
ever, does not seem to be a very reliable character, as it is evidently
sexual. I have examined several continental males, in which it was
not at all marked, and a very typical female in which it was very much
so. It cannot, however, be confused with wlmi, as I have already
pointed out, on account of its comparatively simple anterior tibiz,
and with pedicularis by its not possessing any teeth to the posterior
femora. I introduce the species on a specimen taken by Mr. W. H.
Bennett, of Hastings, in his district. I have also seen a second
specimen, taken by Professor Beare, in the same locality.—H. Sv. J.
K. Donistuorry, 1'.Z.5., F.E.8., 58, Kensington Gardens, S.W.

ANTHONOMUS RUFUS, ScHéN., at FarrnieHr.—On June 19th, 1892,
I beat a little Anthonomus from blackthorn, which seemed strange to
me. At first I thought it might prove to be 4. brittanus, but I could
not make it agree with that or any of our other species. The speci-
men went the rounds of most of our leading coleopterists, with no
definite result, and it was ultimately put on one side. There it
remained, until in 1899 I was collecting at the same place with
Professor Beare. We were looking for Cissophayus hederaec, and under
the bark of some old ivy Professor Beare took a little weevil hybernat-
ing, which I at once recognised as my old friend. I then sent it to
Mr. Donisthorpe to see if he could make anything of it, and he now
informs me that itis Anthonomus rufus, Schon., a species not previously
recorded from England.—W. H. Buyyerr, F.E.S., 15, Wellington
Place, Hastings.

CoLEOPTERA IN THE CUMBERLAND Prnnines.—Snow still lay on the
mountains, when, on May 6th, I penetrated into the Pennines to renew
my acquaintance with some of the beetles which have their habitat in
these wild, little visited regions. Iwas fortunate in having the company
of two lepidopterist friends, whose own captures, though of considerable
interest, were not extensive, and who yery kindly took to beetle-hunting,

160 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

thereby adding largely to my own captures. Leaving Carlisle at 7a.m.,
we, two hours later, were breasting the side of Castle Carrock, a long
fell with a broad top, having an altitude rather under 2000ft. This is
the most western of the Pennines in Cumberland, and is in fact detached
from the range proper by a deep valley, down which the Gelt stream
flows. Work in the mountains is largely confined to stone-turning,
and I always find that the best collecting is to be had by following the
«stone dykes’’ which divide the land, along which there are invariably
plenty of flat stones lying on the ground. Striking such a “dyke” at
the northern summit of the fell, we worked along the broad ridge to
the higher summit at the southern extremity. Bradycellus similis and
coynatus abounded under every stone, but the rare collaris only turned
up once. I have only taken it once before—on Skiddaw. Calathus
micropterus, though tolerably abundant, was not taken so freely as on
my visits last year. This is, as yet, the only place where I have noticed
it, but in this county of mountains and high moors, it is bound to
occur elsewhere. The first Carabus to turn up was catenulatus, always
a common species on these hills; then came ylabratus, always a welcome
capture, and never common—lI can neyer get more than one a day ;
then arvensis, rather a scarce insect with me, but widely spread, and
last, though choicest of all in my eyes—anitens. I had never before
seen this in Cumberland, but had it brought to me last summer from
Westmorland. Stephens, in his “ Illustrations ” records it from
Carlisle, but does not state the precise locality. I got two fine speci-
mens and the remains of a third, so hope it 1s fairly established here.
Cymindis vaporariorum was quite absent on this visit, indeed two
specimens are al! that have been taken on this fell. Olisthopus
votundatus, Patrobus assimilis and Amara lunicollis were more or less
common with other things. Pterostichus vitreus was almost a pest, and
the rare aethiops was boxed five or six times ; its congener madidus 1s
almost as rare cn this fell, while among the Lakeland mountains it
abounds, and I have not been able to detect aethiops there at all. An
hour’s work with the water-net in a mossy pool showed up several
species, the most noteworthy being Hydroporus morio, which was
common. I was especially on the lookout for Lathrobinm atripalpe,
and was fortunate enough to secure four examples, which make it
evident that it is fairly well established in east Cumberland. These
were all found under stones, where also Quedius boops, riufipes, Myceto-
porus lepidus, Philonthus splendens, &c., occurred. In dung Aphodius
lapponum was the best thing. Descending to the bed of the stream, I
was in hopes of getting other things, but after noticing Nebria qyllenhali
and Bembidiiun tibiale, a drenching rain came on, and we had reluctantly
to beat a retreat, but ere we reached civilisation we were nearly drowned,
indeed, as one of my friends remarked, the Hydroporus morio in the
bag on my back would almost fancy themselves in their natural element!
The weather among the mountains is certainly rather trying, but in
spite of all, the exhilarating exercise, the bracing air, the wild freedom,
and—the choice beetles lure one back with a magnetic influence, which,
to my mind, there is no restraining.—F rant H. Day, F.1.5., Carlisle.
May 17th, 1900.

ORTHOPTERA. 161

@®RTHOPTERA.

Note on the Geographical Distribution of the Eumastacidae.
By MALCOLM BURR, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Having recently had occasion to study in some detail the insects of
this family, I have been much struck with their geographical distri-
bution, and a few notes on this point may be of interest.

The Hwnastacidae are a family of the Acridiodea, well mazked, it is
true, but showing affinities with the Proscopidae and Pneumoridae,
both exceedingly restricted in distribution, and presenting certain
analogies with the Tettigidae. They are all very peculiar in form, and
afford some very striking examples of mimicry and adaptation to their
surroundings. About a hundred species are known to science, but
none are very common ; new species are continually coming to hand,
in fact, about two years ago scarcely more than thirty species had
been described ; they do not appear to be common anywhere, and are
rare in collections. With a few exceptions they are confined to the
tropics. Roughly speaking, from a geographical point of view, they
fall into three groups, the Oriental, the Ethiopian, and Neotropical.
We will now consider them more in detail.

The first group, Choroetypi, contains several genera in which the
pronotum is greatly compressed and elevated, recalling certain Tetti-
gidae and Membracidae. They were at first considered to be essentially
Oriental, but recent discoveries have brought to light a number of
African forms. The genus Choroetypus, Sery., is found in India,
Borneo, and Jaya. Phyllochoreia appears to be confined to the Mala-
bar coast and to Ceylon. Scirtotypus, Br., is more widely spread ;
three species are known, occurring respectively in Borneo, west Africa,
and Ceylon. The two species of Orchetypus are confined to Ceylon.
The genus Plagiotriptus, which is close to Chorvetypus, is exclusively
African, but one small species is found in Sokotra, which appears to
be a stepping stone to the Oriental region ; an intermediate monotypic
genus, Phaulotypus granti, Burr, seems to be peculiar to that island.
Thus it will be seen that, with a few exceptions, the Choroetypi are an
Oriental group.

The next group, the Hrianthi, are also Oriental, but their distribu-
tion just reaches the confines of the Australian region. Frianthus is
widely spread throughout the Oriental region, Hupatrides in Borneo,
Bennia in south China, while Adrapetes is found in New Guinea. This,
therefore, is also an Oriental group.

The Gomphomastaces comprise one anomalous genus ; four species
are known, of which two occur in the Punjab and in Kashmir, while
two others are found in central Asia, within the usually accepted
limits of the Palearctic region. In their form as well as in their dis-
tribution, they are exceptional among the Hwmastacidae.

The Hructi again are essentially Oriental ;° Fructus contains several
species found in Sumatra, Borneo, the Philipines, and Java; Mnesicles
has the same distribution, and Mastacides consists of two small
apterous forms, occurring in southern India. China is a monotypic
form occurring in southern China.

The above mentioned groups, then, may be regarded as charac-
mee of the Oriental region, although certain forms slightly overstep
the limits.

162 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

We will now consider the American species. One monotypic
genus, Morsea, Seudd., is found in California, but the other groups,
FEpisacti, Eumastaces, are essentially Neotropical. A good number of
species are known, distributed through about half-a-dozen genera, but
all are confined to the Neotropical region, extending from Guatemala
to Paraguay. They appear to be most numerous in the neighbour-
hood of the Upper Amazons, in Peru and Keuador.

The last great group, the Thericleis is again essentially Ethiopian.
About eight genera are known, all confined to tropical Africa, includ-
ing Sokotra and Madagascar. Except Cymatopsyyma flabelliferwn,
K., none are capable of flight, and many are totally apterous. Macro-
mastax is found only in Madagascar, but the other Malagasy genera
are well represented on the mainland. The only other group repre-
sented in Africa is, as we have seen, the C'horoctypi, and of that only
two genera are peculiar to the region.

To sum up, we find that (1) the Oriental region contains exclusively
the EHrucit, it has also the Gomphomastaces straggling into the Pale-
arctic region, the Hrianthi straggling into the Australian region, and
Choroetypt with two genera in the Ethiopian region. (2) The Neo-
tropical region has a monopoly of the Hpisacti and the Fumastaces,
except one genus straggling into the Nearctic region, and no other
Eumastacidae are found in the New World. (8) The Ethiopian region
has a monopoly of the Thericleis, and also has two genera and one odd
species out of the typically Oriental group Choroctypi.

Myrmecophilous Orthoptera.
By H. Sr. J. K. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

According to Wasmann all the true myrmecophilous Orthoptera
belong to the Gryllodea, though there may be some myrmecophilous
species in the Phanceropteridae. Many species of Dlattodea, such as
the North American Temnopterye deropeltiformis, Brunner, are found in
the company of ants, but it is doubtful if they are truly myrmecophilous.
The following is a list of the species that frequent ants’ nests.

MyrMECOPHILA ACERVORUM, Panz., is found in the adult state (fs
and ?s)in middle EHurope with Formica fusca, I’. sanguinea, and I’.
sanguinea with I’. fusca as slaves. It is also found with Lasius niyer,
L. alienus and Myrmica laevinodis. The quite youne larve have been
found with Tetramoriwm caespitum. Ina south Europe and north Africa
it has oceurred with Aphaenogaster testaceopilosa, Camponotus lateralis
and (. dichrous. A variety occurs in India with Lothroponera sulcata,
where also the var. flavocincta, Wasim., is found with Playiolepis lonyipes.
Mr. Burr calls attention to the fact (nt. Record, 1899, p. 187), that
Westwood recorded this insect from Netley, where it had been taken in
moss, but that further evidence is necessary to confirm it as British.
Myrmecopuina ocHracea, Fisch., is found in southern Hurope and North
America with Aphaenoyaster barbara, and its very young larye with
Pheidole pallidula. Myrmecopuinta saLomonts, Wasm., has been recorded
with Monomorium salomonis from Tunis. MyrMEcopHinsA PERGANDET,
Brun., occurs in Columbia in the adult state with Formica fusca var.
subsericea, and also with Ff. integra, I. pallidefulva, Camponotus
marginatus and C. melleus, and its larve at various stages with
Cremastoyaster lineolata, and more seldom with Aphacnoyaster tenesseensis.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 163

MyrRMECOPHILA FORMICARUM, Scudder, is taken with Camponotus laevi-
gatus, in California. MyrMEcopHILA OREGONENSIS, Brun., is found in
British Columbia, &¢., with Formica neorufibarbis. _MyrmMEcopHia
NEBRASCENSIS, Brun., has been recorded with Formica rufa in Nebrasca
(it is, however, probably not I’. rufa, as that species is apparently
unknown in North America, but one of its allies), and under stones
with F’. evsectoides, in New Mexico. MyrmecopHiia NEHAWKAE, Scudder,
isa very small species occurring with Cremastoyaster lineolata, in Nebrasca.
MyrMECOPHILA COLUMBIANA, Sauss.—Mr. Burr possesses a specimen of
this species from Columbia, but I do not know the name of its host.
MyrmecopHana FALLAX, Brun., is probably myrmecophilous, but its
host is unknown. ‘This insect which is figured in the Cambridge Nat.
Hist. Insects, pt. 1., p. 828, bears an extraordinary resemblance to an
ant, when viewed from the side. There do not appear to be any
British records of Orthoptera taken with ants.

OTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARVA, &c.

Kees or Leprpoprera.—Larentia nobiliaria.—Oval, i ordinary
Geometrid shape; length: breadth: height, as about 8:5: 4; colour
pale straw-yellow, depressed on upper surface ; eae cae very faint,
consisting of fine irregular polygonal pittings without any very definite
walls to the polygonal spaces to form a reticulation (Described
August 2nd, 1899, from eggs laid by a 2 captured at Simplon the
preceding day).

Setina aurita.—The most regular appear to be rather more than a
hemisphere in shape, with the “base almost perfectly flat (others are
somewhat irregular owing perhaps to being pushed against others at
time of laying) ; they are of delicate texture, pale brown in colour,
mottled with darker brown (=embryo) ; the surface apparently quite
smooth and shiny, with only the faintest indication of vertical
ribbing at the rounded edge of the base ; the whole egg is very trans-
parent, and shows clearly the granular contents (Described August
4th, 1899, from eges laid by female on setting-board, July 31st, and
captured at Simplon). A Nountes

NEWLY HATCHED LARVA OF AGRotIS AGATHINA.— Young larva (hatched
September 19th, 1898) whitish-fuscous ; loops, but legs on the 3rd
and 4th, though smaller than those on 5th and 6th, abdominals, and
not used when running quickly, are functional, and are used when
moving slowly ; when at rest the larva may use them or may sit up
Sphinx fashion. The crochets on prolegs on the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th,
and 10th abdominal segments are respectively 6, 8, 9- 10, 10, 9-10 ; the
crochets are smaller on prolegs of 38rd and 4th seements.—T. A. CHAPMAN,

SSCIRNTIFIC NOTES.

THYREOSTHENIUS BIOVATUS IN NESTS OF ForMICA RUFA, AND TETRILUS
ARIETINUS IN NESTS oF FE, RuFA anp Lasius FuLIGINosus.—Since my
former note (anted, p. 138) was written, I have again received 7. biovatus
(both sexes adult) from Mr. Donisthorpe, by whom they were found in
nests of the same species of ant (formica rufa) at Oxshott. Also from
the same locality an adult and an immature male of a most remarkable
spider of the family Agelentdae, Tetrilus arietinus, Thor. One of these

164 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

examples was domiciled in the nest of F’. rufa, the other in that of
Lasius fuliginosus. This spider was first described, from ants’ nests, in
Sweden, by the late N. Westring, under the name of Hahnia pratensis,
C. L. Koch. Dr. T. Thorell includes it (Syn. Murop. Spiders, p. 165)
in his genus Cryphoeca. M. Simon, however, distinguishes it from
this genus, and makes it the type of group A of his genus Tetrilus
(Hist. Naturelles des Araiynées, 2nd ed., 1898, p. 269). The palpal
development of Vetrilus arietinus (g) is among the most extraordinary
of the multitudinous forms of that part of their structure among the
Araneidea. This is its first record as a British spider.—Rry. O. P.
Camprince, M.A., F.R.S., Bloxworth, Dorset. Way 9th, 1900.

LisTRODROMUS QUINQUEGUTTATUS, GRAV., BRED FROM CYANIRIS ARGIO-
Lus.—On September 4th last I found five larve of Cyaniris aryiolus
feeding on the buds of ivy bloom, in a garden near Chalford, in
Gloucester. They all pupated on the 6th and 7th of the same month.
On April 16th one male emerged, on the 27th a female, whilst on the
latter date a third pupa produced an ichneumon. On April 28th the
two remaining pup produced similar ichneumons, all females. These
were sent in due course to Mr. Morley, and he now reports as follows :
‘<The specimens sent are Listrodromus quinqueguttatus, Gray., 9 . Graven-
horst first described the g (lchneumonoloyia Huropaea, 1., 626) under
the name Ichneumon quinqueguttatus, and the Q (loc. cit., 899) under
the name J. nycthemerus. Under the latter name Desyignes (Cat. Ich.
in the British Museum) again described the g in 1856. Wesmael
(Tentamen= Nour. Mém, Ac. Bruv., 1844, p. 146) added somewhat to
Gravenhorst’s description of the ?, and created the subgenus Listro-
dromus, which he supplemented and also figured in Bul. Ac. Brix.
Anneve, 1858-54, p. 139, pl. u., fig. 18, and surmised that quingue-
guttatus was its ¢. It appears to be a very rare insect throughout
Europe (though I cannot vouch for its continental occurrence during
the last ten years). Grayenhorst knew only one 9, which he first
described in his Monographia Ichneumonum Pedemontanae Regionis
(1820). Wesmael says it is very rare in Belgium, where he had not
(in 1853) seen a specimen for 30 years, and the three 2 2 previously
taken were from the vicinity of Brussels. Bridgman and Fitch, in
their papers on Ichneumons (Mntomologist, Xiv., p. ‘13 2), give a meagre
description, and seem to know it only from Desyignes’ specimens
(both g¢ and ¢) as British, having never met with it themselves. I
am consequently glad to find that Bignell (7rans. Dev. Ass., 1898) had
once bred it—and from the same host—on July 14th, in south Devon,
though which sex is not stated. I fear you have not also bred the ¢ —
which among other points may be distinguished by haying the
posterior tibiee for the most part yellow, not red—with the 9? This
would be most interesting.” —(Mrs.) Mary B. Repmayne, Chetwynd
Place, Lichfield. Jay 20th, 1900.

NZ ARIATION.

ABERRATION OF E\UCHLO# CARDAMINES.—I have just bred a male
Euchloé cardamines with a conspicuous black spot in the centre of each
of the lower wings. I have never noticed this peculiarity before.—
W. H. Harwoop, Station Road, Colchester. May 8th, 1900.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 165

Aperration oF LacHneIs LANESTRIS.—The imagines of Lachnets
lanestris that I have recently bred are, on the whole, most constant in
their markings, the spots in some instances are not so well defined,
but in every specimen they are present, as well as the lines, with one
exception, viz., that of a female, in which the basal white spot on the
left wing is conspicuous by its absence.—A. Russeti, I'.H.S., The
Limes, Southend, nr. Catford, S.K. May 7th, 1900.

IOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

THE FOOD-PLANTS OF Oxyprinus pistans, Z. (= Lm=tus, Z.).—Mr.
I. A. Atmore asks (ante., p. 185) whether the food-plant of Ovyptilus
distans is known. So far as I am aware, the only plant from which
this species has been actually bred is Andryala sinuata, on the flowers
of which the larvee were found by M. Milliére (cf. Knt. Mo. May., vi.,
p- 86, 1869). I have not Milliére’s description at hand, but Mr. J. H.
Leech, in his British Pyralides, p. 57 (1886), gives the larva, on
Milliére’s authority, as ‘ bone-coloured, hairy, with a small blackish
head and divided dorsal plate.” Andryala sinwata is unknown in
Britain, and the larva in England, as well as in some of its continental
localities, obviously feeds on one or more other plants. It is generally
supposed that Hieraciuwm is among the favoured genera, and such
evidence as that of Mr. Sydney Webb, who says, in the Young
Naturalist, x., p. 43 (1889), that the moth was ‘so evidently attached
to Hieracium pilosella, occurring only where that plant was growing in
patches on one hill slope,’ makes it almost certain that H. pilosella is
its food-plant in some of its haunts. Sorhagen, Aleinschmett.-d.-AM.-
Brandenburg, 3 (1886), suggests, as another probable food-plant, Ononis
spinosa, round which, be says, the imago flies in sandy spots in May
(end), June, and August. I earnestly hope that Mr. Atmore will
shortly discover the larva in his neighbourhood, and will let us know
upon what plant it there feeds—Hustack R. Bankes, M.A., F.E.S.,
Norden, Corfe Castle. May 18th, 1900.

PoRTHESIA CHRYSORRHGA IN NorTH Hssex.—It may interest you to
hear that I found a large brood of Porthesia chrysorrhoea at West
Bergholt a few days ago. This is the first brood I have seen in the
spring for many years, though I discovered a very small brood in the
autumn of 1898 near Little Horkesley Church. These, unfortunately
perished during the winter.—W. H. Harwoop, Station Road, Colchester.
May 8th, 1900.

TRIPHHNA PRONUBA IN Aprit.—While looking at some sallows at
Streatham, on April 18th this year, I saw a Triphaena pronuba. Inthe
Entomologist’s Record, 1i., p. 16, Mr. Bond-Smith mentioned that he
had observed a second brood of this species, and as it seems too early
for the emergence of this insect I thought it might be a hybernated
specimen of a second brood.—R. C. Paron, Ormley, Glen Eldon Road,
Streatham. May 3rd,1900. [The larve of many species of Noctuid
moths that should normally hybernate in this state will, in confine-
ment, feed up rapidly in autumn if exceedingly well placed, and pro-
duce, or attempt to produce, a late autumnal or winter brood. Aplecta
occulta and other species will occur to most lepidopterists.- Un-
doubtedly this occasionally happens in nature, such go-ahead indivi-
duals being, however, usually exterminated. One can readily imagine

166 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

that occasional individuals do get through, and we should rather
suspect this to be the case with the 7. pronuba observed than
that it was an autumnal example that had over-wintered as an
imago.—Ep. |

DisrriputTion or Tricutura cratarGi.—There is a single record in
the books of the South of Scotland Entomological and Natural
History Society of the occurrence of Trichiura crataegi in the larval
stage in this district many years ago. An imago was bred, and is in
the possession of Mr. Pringle, of this town; the larva was taken
feeding on heather on the Fair Hill.—J. C. Hacearr, 58, St. Andrew
Street, Galashiels, N.B. May 4th, 1900.

PRACTICAL HINTS.
Field Work for June and July.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

1.—The imagines of Psodos coracina fly by day in July in the
sun, on the grassy slopes of our Scotch mountains at a considerable
elevation.

2.—Melanippe hastata flies at noon in June, over the wettest
part of Orton Moss, it is slow on the wing, and easily captured
(Armstrong).

3.—About the middle of June (June 15th), in the evening, wet or
dry, Dianthoecia conspersa will take wing, quick in motion, but not
flying far, and dropping soon on the flowers of Lychnis flos-cuculi
(Armstrong).

4.—About June 20th search for larvee of Actebia praecor. They
feed on sallow at night, and hide themselves beneath the surface of
the sand during daytime, whence they have to be brought out by raking
about the roots of the food-plant.

5.—The imagines of Semasia spiniana fly in June in the afternoon
sunshine around and above hawthorn hedges. May often be obtained
abundantly in the morning, by beating into an umbrella.

6.—In July a visit to the New Forest should give, ameng
others, the following larve—Amphidasys strataria, Notodonta trepida,
N. chaonia, N. dodonea, Lophopteryx camelina, Stauropus fagi, Cidaria
psittacata, Panolis piniperda, whilst larve of the red form of Taeniocampa
gracilis may be obtained from bog-myrtle by searching.

7.—Kick the stems of young oaks in those parts of a wood free
from undergrowth. Then look carefully at everything that falls—
Cochlidion avellana (limacodes) comes down half falling, half flying.

8.—The egg and young larva of Lophopterya cucullina must be
searched for in the middle of July, on chalky hillsides sloping to the
north, in the densest shade of beech woods, on stunted maple bushes,
and often within a few inches of the ground. A likely bush for the
larva may be known by the blotches on the leaves, caused by the larva
having eaten, when young, the under surface of the leaf (Bernard-
Smith).
7 —During July search Ononts arvensis for the larve of Heliothis
peltiger. They prefer the flowers and green seed-pods.

10.—Collect during July and August the seed-heads of the white

PRACTICAL HINTS. 167

‘campion for larvee of Dianthoecia capsincola ; the larvee often have their
bodies hanging half-way out, and round holes in the capsules denote
the affected ones.

11.—During the first fortnight of July visitors to the south-west
coast (Lizard, &c.) should look out for Sesia philanthiformis flying along
the flowery earth-walls, and settling on the thyme and seathrift. S.
ichneumoniformis 1s also there at the same time. Both fly in the
bright sunshine, and prefer the morning sun.

12.—At the end of July collect the seedheads of the common
blue-bell (Scilla nutans) for larve of HMupoecilia maculosana. It is
necessary to open the seed-vessels to find them, as the larve give no
outward indication of their presence.

13.—In July and August collect the flower-heads of Centaurea
scabiosa on the coast between Deal and St. Margaret’s Bay. Keep i in
band-box, and you will breed plenty of Conchylis alternana.

14.—The larva of Conchylis stramineana feeds in July, and again in
September at the base of the flower heads of Centaurea nigra, eating
the young seeds, and lying curved in the cavity formed, or (if disturbed)
retreating into the stem (Barrett).

15.—The larva of Hupoecilia atricapitana feeds in July (second
brood) within the growing stems of Senecio jacobaeae, eating the pith
and stopping the growth of the central shoot so that it becomes
thickened and covered with a bunch of leaves, while the side-shoots
erow up past it (Barrett).

16.—The ereen, semitransparent larva of Gracilaria populetorun
feeds in July, making a cone of an entire birch leaf.

17._The ereen larva of Depressaria capreolella feeds in July, in the
leaves on the higher shoots of Pimpinella saxifraga.

18.—The larve of Hupithecia venosata feed during July inside the
capsules of Silene, much in the same manner as the Dianthecias.

19.—In July the imagines of Colliv sparsata (York, Wicken, New
Forest, &c.), swarm at early dusk, flying about the buckthorn bushes
with Scotosia rhamnata.

20.—The imagines of Hpione apiciaria always used to occur in
abundance late at night (11 p.m.-12 p.m.) round sallow bushes in
Wicken, in late July and early August. We used often to make up a
bag with this species on the way home.

21.—During July and August be sure to fill a linen bag or two
with capsules of Silene. They should be transferred to band-boxes
later.

22.—From solitary flower heads of foxglove in open spaces in woods,
‘the larve of Hupithecia pulchellata may be obtained in the spun up
flowers in July.

23.—After a dry, hot day in July, if there be the slightest trace of
dew, Nudaria senex may be found in its marshy haunts, just before
dusk, swarming. We have seen them in hundreds crawling up
the grass and rushes, then fluttering off, threading their way
among grass and rushes for about half an hour. After that their
flight is over.

24.—On rough heath-covered ground at a moderate elevation
where there is an abundance of bare rocks Dasydia obfuscata is found
in July, resting on the lee side of the rocks, and creeping into the
shelter of any overhanging part.

168 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S ‘RECORD.

25.—In late July and early August, cut down reeds with a yellow

central shoot for pupe of Nonayria geminipuncta.

26.—Search trunks (near roots) of poplar trees in July for newly-
emerged Trochiliwm aptforme.

27.—In collecting Ayrotis luniyera sugar the thistle-heads and
other available plants along the edge of the cliffs. Best time, from
the middle of July to the middle of August.

28.—Agrotis agathina larve full-fed on ling, June 23rd; imagines
found in copula September 23rd. Other females laid ova on September
13th (Kane).

29.—Holonota grandaevana flies at the end of June and during
July, at dusk, with a jerky flight of a few yards, very close to the
eround. They can be taken more freely by looking over the leaves of
the coltsfoot witha lantern, generally sitting on the top of the leaves
of the smallest and most stunted plants (Gardner).

30.—Crambus furcatellus was flying not uncommonly on June 21st,
on the grassy slopes between Sprinkling and Styehead tarns, and
was, in fact, found on almost every high hill ascended (Geldart).

N.B.—Hundreds of similar ‘“ Practical Hints ”’ referring to a very
large portion of the British ue picloplers have been printed in the
preceding volumes.

GIURRENT NOTES.

Lord Walsingham describes (/’nt. Mo. May., p. 106) a new Lrio-
crania, under the name of I’. jfimbriata. The species is founded on
two specimens taken by Mr. Hamm, near Wellington College station,
on April 14th and 21st, 1894. The species is very easily recognised
by its unicolorous bronzy-golden forewings and almost white cilia,
which contrast strongly with the ground-colour of both the fore- and
hindwings.

The Rev. F. D. Morice adds (nt. Mo. May., p. 107) Mllampus
truncatus, Dahlb., to the list of British Chrysids, from a specimen in
the ‘ Walcott collection,’ located in the Cambridge University
Museum. ‘The specimen is labelled ‘‘ British—Walcott,” but there
are no further data, and the precise locality is unknown.

Dr. Heylaerts (who has Milheére’s original types) confirms (Ann.
Soc. Ent. Bely., p. 189, May 14th, 1900) Dr. Chapman’s discovery
(canted, pp. 86-87) that yraccella, MAll., is a Psychidea, and not a variety
of Hpichnopterix pulla. He further names the Esterél examples of Ll’.
pulla (which Milliere incorrectly referred to P. yraecella), calling them
var. montanella. We are quite at a loss to understand his further
action of renaming Rambur’s genus Psychidea, of which nudella
(described by Rambur as pectinella) is the type. This he does, calling
it Rebelia, which necessarily sinks as a synonym of Psychidea. This
multiplication of synonyms is to be regretted, and as Dr. Heylaerts’
had our paper on the subject as early as last March, this, at least,
could readily have been avoided. Heylaerts also names GZeller’s
Bergiin specimens of KF. jndla, calling them var. montana. There
are many of these in the ‘“ Zeller collection,’”’ in the British Museum,
and these are quite indistinguishable from some of the original
examples of var. sieboldii in the same collection, before which var.
montana, therefore, necessarily falls.

NOTICE.—Nos. 7-9 of this Magazine will be published as follows:

No. 7, July Ist; No. 8, August Ist (possibly about July 25th);

No. 9, September 15th. Will CONTRIBUTORS send Articles,
Exchanges, &c., accordingly.—Tue Epiror.

The Back Volumes (I-XI1) of The Entomologist’s Record, &c., can be obtained at 7s. 6d. per
Volume. ‘‘ Special Index ” to Vols. III., 1V., V., VI., VII., VIII., IX., X., and XI., price 1/-
each. Single Back Numbers of Vols. I.—-XI. can be obtained at pousLe the published price,
from H. E. Pacer, F.E:S., “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, §.H.

REMITTANCES TO BE SENT WITH ORDER.

ForricN Suspscripers (continental and otherwise) when sending money orders
through the London General Post Office are requested at the same time, to post to Mr.
Page, F.E.S., a note advising him of same. -

Aji Exchange Mag nzines must in future be forwarded to J. W. Tutt,
: estcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

Reprints of Articles or Notes (long or short) appearing in this Magazine can be arranged
for by Authors at a very low price, on application to Mr. H. E. Page, F.E.S.,
“ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, S.E.

N oO TiC E§.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to The Entomologist’s Record, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (including an extra shilling for the Special Index to Vol. XI1., to
save trouble) is SEVEN SHILLINGS, and must be sent to Mr. H. EH. Pacs, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St.
Catherine’s Park, London, S.E. Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Turr.

ADVERTISEMENTS of Books and Insects for Sale will be inserted at a minimum charge of 2s. 6d. (for
four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series. Particulars of Mr.
H. BE. Paces, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, 8.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. H. Paes, ‘ Bertrose,”
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed.

Articles for insertion should be sent to J. W. Turr, Westcombe Hill, 8.E., except those relating to
Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. DonistHORPE, 58, Kensington Mansions, South Kensington,
and those relating to Orthoptera, to Mr. M. Burr, New College, Oxford.

EXCHANGE.
——_$ -_-¢@ —

[Exchanges, which should.consist only of the specific names of Duplicates and Desiderata, are
inserted for Subscribers without charge so long as there. is available space, but they MUST NOT be
written on Post or Letter Cards, the inconvenience arising from which is very great. No exact limit is
placed on the length of lists of Duplicates, but lists of Desiderata should be as short as possible. Entomo-
logical Books wanted may also be inserted in this column. |

[The Editor wishes to state that the publication of Exchanges, Advertisements, etc., in this

Magazine, is in no way to be taken as a-guarantee of the authenticity, good condition, etc., of the
specimens. This notice is not intended to throw doubt upon the bona jides of Advertisers, etc., but to
. free the Editor from responsibility, should the privilege be abused.] Marked* are bred. N.B.—Ex-
. change Lists addressed to J. W. Tutt, Westcombe Hill, S.E., must be received before the 5th of each
i month for publication on the 15th.
. GE VRS ve Ba ACR UO I ve A ee ea
| NOTIGE.—The Editor will be glad of eggs, larve and pupx of Lepidoptera, for
‘ description. Notes on good aberrations of Lasiocampids will be very useful.
3 IMPORTANT. Wanted, actual dates on which, and exact localities where,
__ Pterophorids, Lasiocampids and Sphingids have been captured. Will correspondents send
| dates for this or any year?—J. W. Turr, Westcombe Hill, 8.E.
: Excuance Baskets.—April 7th, No. 2 basket.—Messrs. Atmore, Woodforde, Whittle,
_ Walker, Robertson, Barnes, Ash, Richardson, Bower, Studd, Riding, Edelsten. April
i 10th, No. 4 basket.—Messrs. Horne, Bowles, Mera, Fox, Robertson, Woodforde, Studd,
Robinson, Maddison, Riding, Bower, Moberly. [Members who wish to be missed must
write to the name preceding their own on list, not to the Secretary].

Wantrep—Badly, for description, two or three eggs each of M. rubi, Potatoria, Querci-
folia, Bombyliformis, Stellatarum, Fucitormis, Atropos, or any of the rarer Hawk moths.
Fertilised eggs particularly wanted so that the larva can be described in its first instar.
Also (for description) eggs, larve, or pup of Microdactyla, Parvidactyla, Distans, Osteo-
dactyla, Tephradactyla, Baliodactyla, Bipunctidactyla, Plagiodactyla, Loewii, Bertrami,
Zetterstedtii, Acanthodactyla, Punctidactyla, Monodactyla, Fuscus (Pterodactyla), Spilo-
dactyla.—Direct to The Editor or to A. Bacot, 154, Lower Clapton Road, N. H.

' “Wantep during this season ova, larve and pup of very many species. Good value
given in exchange, either imagines, larve, or pupe.—lV. S. Salvage, Arlington, Berwith,
Sussex.

Duplicates.—Larve and ova very numerous. Desiderata.—Ova, larvee, or pup only,

Trepida, Dictaeoides, Domedarius, Carmelita, Pennaria, Lunaria, Baiularia, Papilionaria, —

&e.—L. W. Newman, 41, Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent.
Duplicates.—Sobrinata (larve), B. callunae (pup), Fimbria. Desiderata.—Imagines,

ova, larve and pupx# of many southern Noctuids.—J. C. Haggart, 58, St. Andrew Street, ~

Galashiels, N.B.

Duplicates.—_Larve T.. w-album, Citrago, Fulvago, Populeti, &c. Desiderata.—
Numerous, oya and larvee.—C. HE. Young, 8, Clifton Grove, Rotherham, Yorks.

Duplicates. —Vitalbata*, Hera, Paniscus. Desiderata. —Numerous, ova and laxvee.—
J. C. Dollman, Hove House, ‘Newton Grove, Bedford Park, W.
iE Excnaner.—I am desirous of obtaining butterflies from the Malayan Archipelago and
the Pacific Islands. For such I offer perfect diurnals from North and South America ;
North American Coleoptera.—Levi W. Mengel, Boys’ High School. Reading, Pa., U.S.A.

Wanrep. Fine lepidoptera of Europe in exchange for butterflies from Russia in Asia,
Japan, China and Basses-Alps (France).—Wilhelm Neuburger, Lepidopterist, Berlin, S. 42,
Luisen Ufer 45, Germany.

Desiderata.—Larve or pups of Caja and Grossulariata. Will give good return in
_ Macros or cash.—T. Maddison, South Bailey, Durham. —

Wanrep.—Kges of insects for photographic and photo-micrographic purposes. Will
give sender a photograph of any eggs sent. Also any other interesting entomological
details —antenne of allied species, &c.—F. Noad Clark, Paddington Infirmary, Harrow
Road, W.

Wanrep.—Pupe of Betularia, and var. Doubledayaria, for experimental purposes.—
W. Bateson, Merton House, Grantchester, Cambridge.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.—June 6th. The library is open daily from

one to six o’clock p.m. (except on Saturdays, when it is chosed at three p.m.), and
until ten p.m. on meeting nights.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C.—The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30.
p-m. Members are particularly requested to bring varieties and aberrations for exhibi-
tion. Non-members cordially invited.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge.—The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
Field Meetings.—June 4th, New Forest (L.S.W.R.) ; June 16th, Chipstead (S.E.R.); July
7th, H. Horsley (L.S.W.R.); September 22d, Paul’s Cray Common (S.E.R.). — Particulars
of Mr. S. Edwards, Kidbrooke Lodge, Blackheath, S.E.

; North London Natural History Society, Sigdon Road Board School, Dalston Lane,
N.E. (close to Hackney Downs Stations, G.E.R.).—Meetings first and third Thursdays in
each month, at 7.45 p.m.

Nonpareil Entomological Society, Mansfield Street, Kingsland.—The First and

Third Thursdays in the Month.
South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies.—The Congress will be held at
Brighton, on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, June 7th-9th. Members of Natural
History Societies admitted to Congress, Excursions, &c., on payment of 2s. 6d., and are
entitled to a copy of the Transactions. .—Secretary, Dr. Abbott, 33, Upper Grosvenor Road,
Tunbridge Wells.

The British Noctuze and their Varieties.
(COMPLETE IN 4 VOLS,),

Price Seven Shillings per Volume (to be had separately).

; The four volumes comprise the most complete text-book ever issued on the NocrurpEs.
It contains critical notes on the synonymy, the original type descriptions (or descriptions
of the original figures) of every British species, the type descriptions of all known
varieties of each British species, tabulated diagnoses and short descriptions of the various
phases of variation of the more polymorphic species; all the data known concerning the

rare and reputed British species. Complete notes on the lines of development of the

general variation observed in the various families and genera. The geographical range
of the various species and their varieties, as well as special notes by lepidopterists who
have paid particular attention to certain species.

The first subscription list comprised some 200 of our leading British lepidopterists.
The work is invaluable to all working collectors who want the latest information on this
group. Contains large quantities of material collected from foreign magazines and the
works of old British authors, arranged in connection with each species, and not to be
found in any other published work.

To be obtained from H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,”’ Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

ee ee Oe eee kee

Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
Bound in Cloth, Price 2/6.

Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for the
forms of Melanism and Melanochroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of
melanie forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin; the special value of
*‘natural selection,’’ ‘‘ environment,” ‘‘ heredity,” ‘‘disease,” ‘‘ temperature,” etc., in
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the
Entomological Society of London, says ‘‘ An especially interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects, is that which has been followed up in
Mr. Turr’s series of papers on ‘ Melanism and Melanochroism.’ ”’

British Butterflies.
Illustrated. Crown 8vo., Cloth, Gilt. Price 5/-.

_ This book consists of 476 pages, contains 10 full-page illustrations, and 45 wood-cuts.
There are figures of every British butterfly. Sometimes three or four figures of the same
butterfly to illustrate the two sexes, underside and variation are given. The full-page
illustrations and most of the wood-cuts have been drawn by the well-known entomological
artist, Mr. W. A. Pearce.

Each British butterfly is described under the following heads :—(1) Synonymy, (2)
Imago, (3) Variation, with summarised diagnoses of all described forms, British and Con-
tinental, (4) Ege, (5) Larva, (6) Pupa, (7) Time of appearance, (8 ) Habitat and Distribution.
Besides these, there are extended remarks on each of the Tribes, Sub-families, Families,
Divisions, and Superfamilies. The descriptions of the ‘‘ Larve ” and ‘“‘ Pupe”’ are mostly
original. There are 282 aberrations and varieties diagnosed, of which 111 are described
for the first time.

At the end of each chapter is a brief summary giving the following information, in

tabular form, for each species:—I. Dates for finding (1) the ovum, (2) the larva, (3) the
pupa (4) the imago. II. The Method of Pupation. III. Food-plants.

The preliminary chapters consist of a series on the structure, &., of the Egg, Larva,
_ Pupa, &c.; also others on practical work—Collecting, Pinning, Setting, Storing, Label-
ling, &c.

From H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, S.E.

2 BUTTERFLY NETS .o3i%,

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Lepidoptera and Coleoptera
From all parts of the World.
PRESERVED LARVA: IMAGINES (well set).

- Life-histories carefully arranged and well-mounted in cases, for Museums,
Schools, &e.

Cases to Illustrate various phases of Mimiecry.

Living Lepidopterous Eggs, Larve and Pupe; Birds’ Eggs; Stuffed Dine
Skins; Shells; and all other Zoological objects.

Living eggs, larve and pupe, of the following species in season :—Papilio ile
Aporia crataegi, Pieris daplidice, Thecla w-album, Apatura iris, Vanessa antiopa, Melitaea
cinzia, Acherontia atropos; Sphinx convolwuli, S. pinastri, Deilephila euphorbiae, Sesta
sphegiformis, Deiopeia pulchella, Callimorpha hera, Cerura bicuspis, Lophopteryx carme-
lita, Catocala fraxini, Geometra papilionaria, Lygris reticulata, &e.

The Editor of The Entomologist’s Record writes :—‘‘ 1 know nothing in this particular
direction so well-suited for. educational purposes as your excellently mounted ‘ Lifehistories.
of Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, &c.’ One could wish that there were three or four typical
cases in every Primary and Secondary School in Europe. Certainly everyone engaged
in educational work, in the British Isles at least, would use these cases if they knew of
them.” Send for List to—

ARNOLD VOELSCHOW, Schwerin, Mecklenburg, Germany.

An illustrated, exhaustive, and authoritative series of articles on the

BUTTERFLIES ofthe PALAEARCTIC REGION
By Dr. HENRY LANG
(Author of the Butterflies of Europe), is appearing monthly in

SCIENCE GOSSIP.
The beautiful Illustrations are by a new Photographic
process, direct from authentic specimens.
Other Entomological subjects in each Number. Lf flrs

SIXPENCE MONTHLY.

. : . - 5 eee and Manages
Editorial and business communications to 110, Strand, W.C.

WW. FF. Hy Rosenberg, FAee

Traveller Naturalist,
48a, Charing Cross Road, London, W.C.,

Every description of Requisite for |

Collectors.

Illustrated Price List post free.
Large collections of British and Exotic Insects of all orders.

25 Lepidoptera in papers, from India or 8. America... e 6d. post free..
25 Coleoptera in sawdust, from §. America 43 cae ROU ane oiar
25 Hemiptera es ee % as ae ag ia Od ne eu

Healthy pup of Deilephite tithymali, Canary Islands, 6d each.

Nets from 1s. 8d.; Pocket Boxes, 6d.; Postal Boxes from 6d.; Relaxing —
Boxes from 9d.; Cabinets from 10s. 6d. Pins from ls. per 02. ; Setting .

Boards from 5d., etc., etc.

Lee ee ae, Fe a eS A ee

OVA, LARV4E, AND PUP4E.

: The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H.W. HEAD, Gutomalonist,
SCARBOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,
etc., sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties fer Sale.

y A few Copies of the following Pamphlets for Sale.

_ Notés on Hybrids of Tephrosia bistortata, Goeze and T. crepuscularia, Hb. .. 1/-
j Some Results of pe reer ca in Hybridising Tephrosia bistortata and

4 T. crepuscularia .. : a ny ah hs Sioa
The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths ets ae 5 as cor Gil Gia
: The Lasiocampids ces /-
Some considerations of Netinall omen andl pridenial Teetoneas to the. Nature

of Species . S Be a Ae Be Be SoG
_ The Scientific nageae of reagallee ain ) Pe ie ae oe oe ey ye
: _ The Scientific Aspects of Hapnaloes (2) his 3 Wey
j A gregarious butterfly—EHrebia nerine—with nies on the Hewilopiens a of the

R Mendelstrasse .. 1/-

To be obtained from H. E. PAGE, 8 i Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, Hedehamne: S.E.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,

Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-,
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9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen, Entomological Pins, assorted
FOE mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6,
aa Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6,
_ 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d.; 1din., 8d.; 2in., 10d.; 23in., 1/-;

q 3sin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of mreca Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses,
9/6; 11/6; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-,
5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
a double tin, 1/6 to 6/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
_ 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antenne 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 34, best quality 1/4 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle,
2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zine Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist?s Com-
_ panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors,
2/- per pair; Egegdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d.; Blowpipes, 4d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
_ Animals ; Label- lists of British Butterflies, 2d.; ditto of Birds Higgs, 2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto
~ of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, ete.

3 Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latinand English names (1894 edition),
1/6. Our new complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1/- ;
or printed on one side for labels, 2/-.

Now Rrapy.—The Exchange List and Label List, compiled by Mr. Ed. Meyrick, B.A.,
F.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent “Handbook of British Lepidoptera.” Exchange
- List, 4d. each, "4d. per dozen, or 4/- per 100. Label List, 9d. each.

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q ie

a
%

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE

BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA

By JV. DUE
pu Mok Ale

The second volume of this important work has now .been completed, and by the time

that this is published will, it is expected, be in the binder’s hands, and ready for sub-
seribers very shortly. The volume is rather larger than its predecessor, and contains a
large mass of matter on the subjects treated, and is so far exhaustive that no worker at
British (or Continental) species of the families treated can afford to be without it.
Besides the material collected from a variety of sources during several years the
‘synonymy has been thoroughly overhauled by Lord Walsingham, Mr. Durrant, and Mr.
Prout, whilst the life-histories of most of the species have been worked out de novo by Dr.
Chapman, Myr. Bacot, and the author.

The introductory chapters consist of a series of essays on g‘ Metamorphosis of Lepid-
optera,” ‘‘ Incidental phenomena relating to the Metamorphosis of Lepidoptera,” ‘‘ The
External Morphology of the Lepidopterous Pupa,” ‘‘ The internal structure of the Lepid-
opterous Pupa,” and ‘Phylogeny of the Lepidopterous Pupa,’’ being exhaustive essays on
the structure of pup, the development of lepidoptera in .the pupal stage, and many
other subjects important to the entomologist per se, and the biologist.

Fach species is treated under a variety of heads: 1. Synonymy. 1. Original Descrip-
tion. «mt. Imago. tv. Sexual Dimorphism.. yv. Variation. v1. Description of named
forms. vi. Comparison with allied species. v1. Ege-laying. 1x. Ovum. .x. Habits of
Larva. xt. Larva. x1. Comparison with larve of allied species. xm. Pupation. xtv.
Cocoon. xv. Pupa. xvi. Dehiscence. xy. Foodplants. xvii. Parasites. xix. Habits
and Habitat. xx. Time of Appearance. xxi. Localities (British, arranged as county lists).
xxut. Distribution. Besides which detailed particulars of ‘‘ Hybrids,” ‘ Gynandro-
morphism,” and other important subjects are added where such have been recorded as
occurring between or in species.

The help obtained from entomologists and the facts accumulated have been greater™

than in the ‘preceding volume, and there can be no doubt that entomologists will find this —

fully up to the standard of the first. There is more original matter in this volume, and _
there can be no doubt that the monograph of the Psycuiprs will take a place as the
authoritative work on this interesting group among all who study Palearctic Lepidoptera.
A complete index, comprising references to every superfamily, family, subfamily,
tribal, specific, and varietal name has been appended. ‘The fact that this comprises some

30 eclumns of references to names dealt with will give some idea of the amount of material —

comprised in this volume.

Until July 1st subscribers hhames will be accepted at 15s. for the volume. By that .

date the book should have left the binder’s hands, and will then be £1 net, either direct
or from the publishers.

New subscribers can until that date enter their names for Vols. I. and LI. for 30s. —

After that date no copies will be obtainable except at £1 net per volume.

Orders should be sent at once to Mr. H. E. Page, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, 4

Hatcham, S.E.

DEAR SIR,—

Please add my name asa subscriber to The Natural History of the British —
Lepidoptera, for Vols. I and II of which I forward the sum of 30s., the first volume to be —

delivered at once, the second volume on publication.
NEM SGGadondonupodaaddonopaGoAdasooudc

Dzar Srr,—

Please add my name asa subscriber to The Natural History of the British —

Lepidoptera, for Vol. II of which I will send the sum of 15s. on publication.
IN Easing pans 4 ing ooD Gado rode OBOeS Sc. c

Address Tans is ed aU ala Da Se ta ae ers Ore
Mr. H. E. Pace, Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E. :

4

» Vol. XIl.

73,822

Ne,
ts

fener

THIS

Y_- ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD

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LABELS! LABELS!! LABELS!

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
abel, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

To comprise equal numbers of not more than twelve localities.
Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as
received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. |

Rannoch New Forest Shetland
15. vi. 97 4. ix. 97 5. Vv. 97

ADDRESS.—‘‘ Requisites,’’ 2, Lovegrove Place, Walnut Tree Reet
Greens ich S.E.

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PHORODESMA SMARAGDARIA, FABRICIUS,

Entom. Record, etc., 1900.

griamologists ~
w Mbt Sa MAD LY ANE) Vf
JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Wore une Noe 74 Juty Isr, 1900.

Phorodesma smaragdaria, Fabricius (with Plate).
By Rey. C. R. N. BURROWS.
(Concluded from p. 154.)

The larva in hybernating stage or one moult later (pl. vii., figs. 4-5),
The spiracles are clear and distinct in the unclothed larva; of large size,
dark mahogany-brown with raised chitinous walls; that on the pro-
thorax is rather larger than those on the remainine seements ; in
position the spiracle on the prothorax is about midway between dorsal
and ventral margins and close to the posterior margin of the segment.
On the 1st abdominal seement the spiracles are situated midway up and
towards the anterior margin, the special tubercle (fies. 4a, 5a) not quite
so far above the spiracle as in (supraspiracular), and slightly posterior
to the latter. On the 2nd abdominal segment the gpiracle is well up
towards the dorsal area, and still slightly towards the anterior margin;
tubercle iii is only a short distance above and to the front of spiracle :
the special tubercle is slightly higher up than tubercle iii and rather
more posterior than li is anterior to the spiracle. On the 38rd
abdominal segment the spiracle is slightly higher up than on the 2nd -
iii (supraspiracular tubercle) is still anterior to, and only yery slightly
above, the spiracle ; the special tubercle is slightly higher above iii
than it was on the 2nd abdominal segment, and is nearly midway
between the spivacle and the posterior margin of the segment. On
the 4th abdominal segment the positions are almost the same as on
the 3rd, but the spiracle is just a trifle lower and iui a trifle higher
above it, than on the 3rd abdominal segment, the special tubercle is
slightly more posterior. On the 5th abdominal segment there is a
very marked change—the spiracle has dropped until it is only slightly
nearer the dorsal than ventral margin, tubercle iii is almost vertically
above the spiracle, whilst the special tubercle is well below the spiracle
almost in the same plane with v (one of the subspiracular tubercles)
which is: nearly in vertical line beneath the spiracle, and well posterior
to the spiracle, and almost directly above iv. On the 6th abdominal
seoment the spiracle is almost exactly central, the dorsal tubercle ii
is well outside and only slightly behind i, tubercle iii is directly
above the spiracle and nearly in perpendicular line beneath ii,
has moved up directly posterior to spiracle, v is well below and
slightly posterior to spiracle; there is no special tubercle on this
segment. On the 7th abdominal segment the positions are not greatly

170 THE ENTOMOLOGISL S RECORD.

altered, the spiracle is shghtly higher again, dorsal tubercles 1 and 1
in about the same position, ii directly above and y directly below the
spivacle, iv is slightly beneath and slightly posterior to the spiracle, i,
ivand vy areallclose to the spiracle, whilst there is no special tubercle on
this segment. On the Sth abdominal segment the spiracle is rather
higher up towards the dorsal margin, 1 and ii are not clearly defined,
ili is directly above, and v directly beneath, iv also is beneath the
spiracle and above v, but slightly posterior to them; the special
tubercle is right up on the dorsal area, a long way from the spiracle
and posterior to it. The 9th abdominal segment is a mere slip
between 8 and 10, and might be readily passed over as a subsegment
of either. The 10th abdominal is made up almost entirely of the
anus, anal flap, and anal claspers.

From the above it will be seen that the special tubercles are
situated only upon the Ist, 2nd, 8rd, 4th, 5th, and Sth abdominal
segments. ‘The tubercles and hairs on the prothoracic sezment are in
a double row or band transverse to the leneth of the larva. On the
meso- and metathorax the dorsal tubercles approximate to a single
transverse line. On the abdominal segments 1-5, the dorsal tubercles
are in trapezoidal or oblong position, i right in front, 11 right at the
back, of the segment, the latter not further from the central line
than the former; the 1st to 5th abdominal segments are lengthened,
as is usually the case in looping larve.

The special tubercles are tall, cone-shaped, fleshy-looking pro-
cesses, bearing a stout conical spike or spine with a spreading base.
The sides of the fleshy cone are covered with horny-looking hooks,
which are probably a development of the horny studs with w hich the
skin is sprinkled.

Generally speaking, the larva of P. smaraydaria las specially
developed processes or tubercles on either side of the Ist, 2nd, 3rd, 4th,
5th and Sth abdominal segments. ‘The spiracles are not similarly
placed on all the segments, that on the Ist abdominal being about mid-
way between the ventral and dorsal areas, those on the 2, 8 and 4 seg-
ments being higher up on the subdorsal area, that on the 5th is lower,
though still higher than that on the 1st, that of the 6th is central,
and on the 7th and 8th segments the spiracles are again higher.
The skin of the larva is exceedingly rough and shagzeened in appear-
ance under the microscope, being seemingly studded with little horny
plates.

There can be no doubt but that the special tubercles or processes,
are intimately connected with the coat. The segments which bear the
tufts of fragments, are always those which have the special tubercles,
and when the coat has not been removed the special tubercles are never
visible, although the spiracles are frequently so. I have drawn a larva
at the hybernating stage, with and without the coat. A merely super-
ficial glance will convince anybody that the fragments are, as Mr.
Bacot points out, connected with the special tubercles. The only
places where this will not hold good are on the metathorax, the bottom
of the 6th and 7th abdominal segments, and the upper extremity of the
10th. Here I have fancied that there is also a special formation,
differing in design from Mr. Bacot’s special tubercle, but evidently
serving the same purpose (figs. 4b, 5b). The rough fragments of silk are
to be clearly seen entangled in the hooks of the special tubercles, after

he coat is removed.

PHORODESMA SMARAGDARTA, FABRICIUS. 171

Pura.—(Deseribed from an empty shell.) Surface dead, rugose,
- Shagreened or spiny, the dorsal area of the hinder abdominal segments
being covered with flattened spines pointing towards the anus. On
the dorsal area of the anterior abdominal segments, the surface is
shagreened, while on the head, prothorax, wing-cases, &c., the surface
is rugose to a greater or less extent. The spiracles are very large and
prominent—immediately in front of the spiracles on the 2nd, 3rd and
4th abdominal segments are the scars of a large larval tubercle giving
rise to a large flattened and twisted hair, more developed in the
specimen under examination on the 2nd and 4th abdominal segments.
Probably these are the scars or rudiments of the specialised larval
tubercles connected with the coat, Dorsal tubercles i and ii are present
on 1st to 4th abdominal segments, i bearing a fairly long hair. Of
the wings a small corner of the secondaries shows, near ‘the junction
of the primaries with the mesothorax, and a narrow slip also shows, on
the 38rd and 4th abdominal segments, extending just beyond the
primaries. The dorsal area of the anal segment is prolonged beyond the
anus, and flattened (not unlike the pupa of Papilio machaon) and bears a
small group of longish spines ending in spirally curved hooks. These
have a quantity of silk entangled in them. The pupa is pale grey in
tint, mottled, lined and dotted with dark umber-brown. The spiracles
and dorsal tubercles show up as black spots. A diffused double medio-
dorsal band is present on the anterior abdominal segments, and the wing
nervures are strongly outlined in dark umber, almost black. The wing-
cases extend to the end of the 4th abdominal segment, the tips of the
third pair of legs to the end of the fifth; the abdominal segments 5-6
are telescoped to such an extent that the spiracles thereupon are hardly
visible.

In dehiscence the mesothorax splits along the central (median)
suture. The prothorax or dorsal head-piece does the same, and also
divides from the mesothorax and ventral head-pieces. The ventral head-
or face-pieces, eyes, legs and antenna-cases, form a single shield.

Description oF PuatE VII.

Fig. I. THE EGG: a. Side view. b. Edge. c. Apex. d. Markings more highly
magnified.

Fig. WU. THe narva: First skin unclothed.

Fig. Til. Garvan wares: a. The Ist abdominal segment. 0b. Part of the same

more highly magnified, showing the ‘turf cutter and trumpet
hairs.” ¢. A hair from front of prothorax. d. A trumpet hair.
Fig. TV. Larva gust BEFORE HYBERNATION UNCLOTHED. a. The special tubercle.
b. Dises and long hairs on lower part of some segments.
Fig. VY. Larva SAME STAGE—CLOTHED. a. The special tubercle enlarged. 0, Dises
and hairs enlarged.

The food-plants of ie tea smaragdaria, Fab.
By Rey. C. R. N. BURROWS.

Since completing my paper on wae species, | have been trying
experiments with a view to clearing up in some measure the contradic.
tions between the observations of English and continental entomologists
as to the food-plants. My remarks apply, of course, to the larve in a
state of confinement.

On May 8th [I isolated eight larvee, giving them Artemisia vulyaris
and Achillea millefolium only. The latter plant it will be remembered is
that given by Herr V. Muhlig and G. Koch, as the food of the Frankfort-
on-the-Main larve. On May 10th Artemisia vulgaris was removed,

172 THE ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD.

having been slightly nibbled. On May 18th the Achillea millefolium had
been slightly nibbled, and two larvee were dead. I then introduced Achillea
ptarmica, Matricaria inodorum, Pyrethrum aureum, and a further supply
of Achillea millefolium. On May 20th the remaining six larve had
slightly nibbled the two latter plants, the others were untouched. So
far there had been no attempt to repair the clothing, the larve were
visibly shrinking and obviously starving to death. I then introduced
Tanacetum vulgare (tansy), Anthemis tinctoria (garden form) and the
double Pyrethrum of the garden. This time there was no mistake
about the taste of the larve, they fairly fell upon the tansy, and
stripped it, besides using it to repair their worn-out garments. I
could again find but little or no trace of the A. millefolium bemg more
than slightly nibbled. There is a difficulty of course in making sure
that the finely cut leaves of most of these plants are or are not eaten,
and also whether eaten or used for clothes, but I feel certain that, at
any rate, as food for larve which had been fed up on one of our well
known food-plants, of all the leaves tried, the Tanacetum alone would
take their place.

While experimenting, | was surprised to find three small larve of
P. smaragdaria, of about the hybernating stage, that is of course, very
much smaller than they ought to be, feeding wild upon plants of
French lavender. The true name of this plant, which is not a layen-
der, but belones to the Compositae, is Santolina chamoecyparissus. It
appears to me to be closely allied to the tansy, and since these larve
had chosen it of their own accord, one must conclude that it is not
altogether distasteful to them, considering that they might, had they
wished, have moved on to southernwood, Artemisia maritina or A.
absinthium, all of which are growing close by.

A few notes on Myrmecophilous Coleoptera.

(With a table of all the British species recorded with ants, according to Father
Wasmann’s method as applied to the Myrmecophilous Coleoptera of Hollandish
Limburg,*)

By H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPH, F.Z.5S., F.E.S.

I take the opportunity, whilst bringing out this table, to write a few
notes on some of our species, and as, at the same time, the translation
of Father Wasmann’s valuable paper on the ‘‘ Guests of Ants and
Termites ’’ is being published, I hope they may help to stimulate
British coleopterists to work at ants’ nests a little more. I should be
very glad if coleopterists would send me local lists of the ants’ nest
beetles that occur in their districts, giving the time of the year of
capture, and any remarks they may have made on their habits, &c.
More evidence is wanted on the species that possess two hosts, livine
with them as true guests. Records of the capture of Myrmedonia
humeralis, Quedius brevis and Atemeles emarginatus with the ant, and
the month when found, would be useful. Of the first of these species
Fowler writes (Col. Brit. Isles, ii., p. 57), “In nests of Formica rufa,
and has been recorded from nests of F’. fudiginosa, but the latter habitat
appears doubtful.” It is now, however, known to occur freely with
both ants. Wasmann says it lives with the former only in the winter
till about February, but with the latter from then till the end of the
year. ‘This is so as far as my experience goes. (uedius brevis is found

* Tijdschr. v. Entom., Xxx., Ss. 181, and xxxi., s. 242,

A FEW NOTES ON MYRMECOPHILOUS COLEOPTERA, 1738

with the same two species of ants. Wasmann records it with I’. rufa
from January to December, but with Lastus fuliyinosus from April to
October or December. I have taken it with F’. rufa in January, May
and June, and with 4. fuliginosus in April and May. <Atemeles
emarginatus has been recorded with Myrmica scabrinodis, laevinodis and
ruginodis; Formica fusca and F’. rufa with us. According to Wasmann
it goes in February from Myrmica to Formica, where the larvee are bred,
and in summer or autumn the newly-hatched beetles go from Formica to
Alyrmica, where they pass the winter. Staphylinus stercorarius is recorded
by Mr. Walker as occurring with Myrmica ruyinodis at Rannoch (fit.
Mo. May., February, 1900). Fowler mentions “a fine series taken by
Mr. Bold in nest of a Myrmica” (Col. Brit. Isles, i1., p. 251) and I
have twice taken it with Lasius flavus. Lam of opinion that it should
be considered to be a Myrmecophilous insect, and it is just a question
whether it should not be placed in Class III of the table, instead of
Class IV, where I have put it. Of course it is difficult to lay down a
hard and fast rule, and several species might be placed in either of two
classes.

Medon bicolor, Ol.—O#f this insect, Fowler says (l.c., p. 318)
“We also appear to possess as British the closely allied species J.
bicolor, Ol. The differences, however, between this and the preceding
(AL. melanocephalus, F.) ave so slight that it would hardly seem to be
more than a variety; it is proportionally broader and a little more
thickly punctured, and the head is a little less parallel; these difte-
rences, however, are extremely slight ; the elytra are very slightly
longer, and the head and thorax are evidently more thickly punctured
at the sides. This species or variety appears to be rather uncommon
on the continent; it occurs under stones and moss in company with
ants; there are specimens in Dr. Power’s collection, from the London
district which seem to agree with descriptions of this insect, and it
may be somewhat widely distributed in the midland and southern
districts.’ J have examined the specimens in the Power collection,
which certainly bear out what Canon Fowler says. I haye a specimen
which I took in a nest of Lasius flavus at Kastbourne, which thoroughly
aerees with them. It will be seen in the table that Dale records it
with Lastus flavus and Myrmica ruginodis.

Claviger testaceus, Preyss.—l took several specimens of this beetle
ina nest of Lastius alienus at Blackgang, Isle of Wight. This is the
first record here of it occurring with this ant.

On reading the description of how Cossyphodes bewichit behaved when
mixed up with a number of the ants with which it occurs (see The Guests
of Ants and Termites, ante., p. 89), Lwas struck with what I had observed
of the habits of the “ladybird,” Coccinella distincta, which occurs with For-
mica rufa, At Weybridge, where the beetle is fairly common, when it was
walking about among too many of the ants on the hillocks, it would now
and again duck down flat as described of Cossyphodes. I introduced into
the nests some of the common Coccinella 7-punctata from which C.
distincta differs very slightly. The ants which had paid no attention to
C. distincta endeavoured to attack C.7-punctata. The latter ducked down
also, and as the legs and antenne in the Coccinellidae can be packed
close to the body, the ants had nothing to lay hold of, their jaws
shipping off the smooth surface of the elytra. When unmolested again
the beetle walked on a little, and eventually got away. I am now sure

174 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

that Coccinella distincta belongs to the protected group of Myrmeco-
philous Coleoptera. Its larva no doubt feeds on the Aphidae and
Coceidae that occur in the nests of Mormica rufa.

Clythra 4-punctata.—I am inclined to think that this beetle is a
mine of Coccinella distincta, as it has a strong superficial resemblance
to a “ lady-bird,” and the Coccinellidae are known to be distasteful to
insectivora. Its habitat is the same as that of the ladybird, in the
nests of Formica rufa. Its larva is a soft fleshy grub, and to protect
itself from the ants, it constructs a peculiar case. This case which is
made of black excrementitious matter, is somewhat pear-shaped, and
is open at the narrow end, this opening being closed by the hard horny
head of the larva. On its upper side several ridges run from the mouth
of the case, the inner ones meeting and forming a series of V’s, as it is
supposed to strengthen the case. When ready to change to a pupa
the larva closes up the entrance to the case and fastens it “to a stick or
other object in the nest, it then turns round and faces the bottom of
the case, through which the perfect insect breaks its way. I have
taken this case in I’. rufa nests at Buddon Wood, Oxshott, Wey-
bridge and the Blean Woods, and have bred the beetle freely. It has
been said that these larve feed on the eges of the ants, but Wasmann
is rather of opinion that they feed on the. vegetable refuse of the nest,
which seems more natural for a phytophagous beetle larva. The
larval case of an allied species, ('. Jaeviuscula, is described and figured
by Wasmann in his ‘‘ Zur Kentniss der Bosnischen Myrmekophilen ”
(Wiss. Mitt. a. Bos. w. Her., Band vi., 1899) and as it 1s found in the
bare earth in galleries of Lasius niger var. alieno-niger and 1. alienus,
it is difficult to know what the larva can feed on.

IT now give a table classifying all our species, with the ants with
which they have occurred, according to Father Wasmann’s method.
He divides them into four classes as follows :

Class I. Consists of the regular guests of the ant.

Class II. Consists of the regular guests of another species of ant.

Class III. Consists of chance guests which are often found in numbers with

the ant.

Class TV. Consists of chance guests not often found with ants.

It will be seen by examining the table that we possess in Britain 44
true coleopterous guests ; and that Mormica rufa and Lasius fuliqinosus
are by far the most prolific in guests, the former possessing 22 true
guests, and the latter 18.

I give the authority and reference to all the species, excepting those
in Class I.

TABLE.
Wir Formica nora, L. | Ptenidium formicetorum, Kr.
Class 1.—Oxypoda formiceticola, Mark. Coccinella distineta, Fald.

Oxypoda haemorrhoa, Mann Dendrophilus pygmaeus, L.
Thiasophila angulata, Ey. Myrinetes piceus, Payk.

Dinarda miirkeli, Mann | Monotoma conicicollis, Aubé
Myrmedonia humeralis, Grav. Monotoma formicetorum, Thoms.
Notothecta flavipes, Gravy. | Cetonia floricola,Hbst.,larve and
Notothecta anceps, Er. pup,

Homalota parallela, Mann(talpa, Clythra 4-punctata,L., larve and

Heer) | pupe.

(Juedius brevis, Er. Labidostomis tridentata,L.,larvee
Xantholinus atratus, Heer and pupee (?)

Leptacinus formicetorum, Miirk. | Class 11.—Dinarda dentata, Grav.
Ptilium myrmecophilum, All. (Fowler, Col. Brit. Isles, i1., 53.)
Ptenidium kraatzii, Math. Lomechusa strumosa, F.(Janson,

A FEW NOTES ON MYRMECOPHILOUS COLEOPTERA, 175

Ent. Ann., 1857, p. 95.) Doubt-
fully British.

Atemeles emarginatus, Payk.
(Smith, F. Trans. Ent. Soe.
Lond., (1), iii., 1842, p. 151.
Donisthorpe, Hnt. Mo. Mag.,
April, 1895.)

Batrissus venustus, Reich. (Fow-
ler, Col. Brit. Isles, iii., 93.)
Dendrophilus punctatus, Hbst.
(Janson, Wnt. Ann., 1857, p. 95.
Donisthorpe, Ent. Mo. May.,

February, 1896.)

Class I1].—Homalota analis, Grav.
(Donisthorpe, Ent. Wo. Mag.,
March, 1896.)

Heterothops quadripunctula,
Gyll. (Harwood, Ent. Mo. Mag.,
March,1899. Donisthorpe, Wnt.
Recd., October, 1897.)

Xantholinus linearis, Ol. (Donis-
thorpe, nt. Mo. Mag., 1896,
March.)

Astilbus canaliculatus, F. (Scot.
Nat., i., 1871, p. 258, White.)
Xantholinus ochraceus, Gyll.
(Scott, Zoologist, xvili., 1860,

p. 7026.)

Othious myrmecophilus, Kies.
(Donisthorpe, Ent. Mo. May.,
1895, April.)

Exomias brunnipes, Ol. (Donis-
thorpe, Hnt. Mo. Mag., 1896,
March.)

Class 1V.—Aleochara ruficornis, Gray.
(Janson, Mint. Ann., 1858, p. 81.)

Oxypoda recondita, Kr. (Fowler,
Col. Brit. Isles, vol. ii., p. 35.)

Myrmedonia haworthi, Steph.
(Janson, Ent. Ann., 1857, p.
95.)

Staphylinus latebricola,
(Fowler, vol. ii., p. 252.)

Neuraphes longicollis, Mots. (Dale,
Entom., vol. xxviii., 1895.)

Scydmaenus godarti, Latr. (Fow-
ler, Col. Brit. Isles, vol. iv., p.
77.)

Scydmaenus pusillus, Mauls.
(Fowler, Col. Brit. Isles, vol.
ili., p. 78.)

Butheia plicata, Gyll. (Fowler,
Col. Brit. Isles, vol. ii., p. 84.)

Cephennium thoracicum, Mill.
(Donisthorpe, Weybridge.)

Huplectus signatus, Reich. (Dale,
Entom., xxviii., 1895.)

Euplectus piceus, Motos.(Fowler,
Col. Brit. Isles, vol. iii., p. 106.)

Hister marginatus, Er.(Harwood,
Ent. Mo. Mag., 1899, March.)

Corticaria serrata, Payk.(Fowler,
Col. Brit. Isles, vol. iii., p. 290.)

Prionocyphon serricornis, Mull.
(Fowler, Col. Brit. Isles, vol.
iv., p. 124.)

Gray.

Wrrn Formica SANGUINEA, Larr.
Class I.—Dinarda dentata, Grav.
Hetaerius ferrugineus, Prys.
Dinarda markeli, Mann(Dale,
Entom., xxviii., 1895.)

Class II.

Wits Formica rusca, L.
Class I.—Ptenidium kraatzii, Math.
Hetaerius ferrugineus, Prys.
Class II.—Homoeusa acuminata, Mots.
(Janson, Ent. Ann., 1857, p.
95,
Mn, dentata, Grav. (Fowler,
Col. Brit. Isles, vol. ii., p. 53.)
Atemeles emarginatus, Pk.
(Janson, Ent. Ann., 1857, p.96.
Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
ili., 1842, p. 151.)
Atemeles paradoxus, Grav. (Fow-
ler, Col. Brit. Isles, vol. ii., p.
54. Janson, Hnt. Ann., 1857,
p- 96.)
Claviger testaceus, Preys.(Janson,
Ent. Ann., 1857, p. 95.)
Class H1I.—Myrmedonia limbata, Payk.
(Janson, Ent. Ann., 1858, p.
80. Dale, Entom., XxXviil.,
1895.)
Glass 1V.—Aleochara ruticornis, Grav.
(Janson, Ent. Ann., 1857, p. 95.)
Euryusa laticollis, Heer (Fowler,
vol. ii., p. 164.)
Cephennium thoracicum, Mots.
(Donisthorpe, Weybridge.)

Wir Lastus runierNnosus, Latr.
Class I.—Homoeusa acuminata, Mots.
Microglossa pulla, Gyll.
Microglossa gentilis, Mark.
Oxypoda vittata, Mark.
Thiasophila inquilina, Mark.
llyobates glabriventris, Rye
Myrmedonia funesta, Gray.
Myrmedonia humeralis, Gray.
Myrmedonia cognata, Mark.
Myrmedonia lugens, Grav.
Myrmedonia laticollis, Mark.
Notothecta confusa, Méirk.
Quedius brevis, Er.
Xantholinus glaber, Nord.
Batrisus venustus, Reich.
Ptenidium formicetorum, Kr.
Dendrophilus punctatus, Hbst.
Amphotis marginata, Er.
Class I1].—Homalota nitidula, Ia.
(Fowler, Col. Brit. Isles, vol. ii.,
p. 80.)
Homalota oblongiuscula, Sharp
(Fowler, Col. Brit. Isles, vol. ii.,
p- 80.)
Homalota exarata, Sharp (Fow-
ler, Col. Brit. Isles, vol. ii., p.
104.)
Homalota vicina, Steph. (Donis-
thorpe, Oxshott.)

pears

76 fHE ENPOMOLOGIST S RECORD.
Oligota pusillima, Grav. (Fowler, Myrmedonia limbata, Payk.
Col. Brit. Isles, vol. ii., p. 174.) (Janson, Lint. Ann., 1857, p.
Oligota atomaria, Er. (Fowler, 95.) ;
Col. Brit. Isles, vol. i., p. Staphylinus stercorarius, O1.(Col.
174.) Brit. Isles, vol. ii., p. 251.
Heterothops 4-punctula, Gyll. Donisthorpe, Hnt. Mo. Mag.,

(Fowler, Col. Brit. Isles, vol. il.,
p. 225.)

Quedius mesomelinus, Marsh.
(Donisthorpe, Ent. Record,1899,
October.)

Xantholinus linearis, Ol. (Donis-
thorpe, Oxshott and Walton.)

Othious myrmecophilus, Kies.
(Fowler, vol. ii., p. 296. Donis-
thorpe, nt. Mo, MWag:,
February, 1896.)

Ptenidium turgidum, Thoms.
(Dale, Hntom., xxvili., 1895.)

Ptenidium gressneri, Er.(Fowler,
Col. Brit. Isles, vol. 111., p. 141.)

Melanophthalma fuscula, Hamm.
(Donisthorpe, Oxshott.)

Class 1V.—Oxypoda longipes, Mauls.
(Dale, Entom., xxvili., 1895.)
Myrmedonia haworthi, Step.
(Fowler, Col. Brit. Isles, vol. ii.,

p- 59.)

Myrmedonia limbata, Payk.
(Fowler, Col. Brit. Isles, vol. ii.,
p. 56.)

Euryusa laticollis, Heer (fowler,
Col. Brit. Isles, vol. il., p. 164.)

Leptinus testaceus, Mull. (Fowler,
Col. Brit. Isles, vol. i1i., p. 9.)

Scydmaenus pusillus, Miils.
(Donisthorpe, Hnt. Mo. Mag.,
February, 1896.)

Cephennium thovacicum, Mill.
(Donisthorpe, Oxshott.)

Hister marginatus, Ey.(Harwood,
Ent. Mo. Mag., March, 1899.)

Abraeus globosus, Hoff. (Fowler,
Col. Brit. Isles, vol. iii., p. 214.)

Corticaria serrata, Payk.(Fowler,
Col. Brit. Isles, vol. ui., p. 290.)

Caenoscelis pallida, Woll.(Fowler,
Col. Brit. Isles, vol. iii., p. 329.)

Warr Lasrus Friavus, De. G.
Class I.—Claviger testaceus, Preys.
Prichonyx miirkeli, Aube
Trichonyx sulcicollis, Reich.?
Hetaerius ferrugineus, Preys.
Class 1.—Oxypoda haemorrhoa, Mann
(Dale, Entom., xxvili., 1895.)
Homoeusa acuminata, Mots.
(Donisthorpe, Mickleham.) (In
nest mixed with LD. wiger.)
Class I1I.—Astilbus canaliculatus, F.
(Bunt. drn., 1857, p. 95, Janson.)
Class 1V.—Clivina fossor, L.,(Crowther,
Fut. Wo. Mag., xv., 1819, p.
19.)

|

1896, February,and 1895,April.)

Othious imyrmecophilus, Kies.
(Donisthorpe, Hunt. Mo. Mag.,
1896, February.)

Medon bicolor, O1.(Dale, Entone.,
Xxvili., 1895. Donisthorpe,
Hastbourne.)

Bychinus glabratus, Rye (Fowler,
Col. Brit. Isles, iii., p. 89.)

Wir Lasius nicer, L.
Class I.—Claviger testaceus, Preys.
Class Iil.—Astilbus canaliculatus, F.
(Donisthorpe, Hut. Io. Mag.,
1896, March.)

Wirn Lasius BruNNEUS, Latr.
Class I.—Batrisus venustus, Reich.

Wirn LaAsrus aLrenus, Forsr.
Class 1.—Claviger testaceus, Preys.
(Donisthorpe, Blackgang, Isle
ot Wight.)

Wire MyrMica scABRINODIS, Nyn.
Class I.—Atemeles emarginatus, Payk.
Class I1].—Astilbus canaliculatus, F.

(Donisthorpe, Guestling.)
Class 1V.—Myrmedonia limbata, Payk.
(Donisthorpe, Mickleham.)

Wire Myruica LAByINopis, Nyu.
Class I.—Atemeles paradoxus, Gray.
Atemeles emarginatus, Payk.

Wire Myreuicas RuGINODIS, NYL.
Class I.—Atemeles emarginatus, Pk.
Class [V.—Myrmedonia collaris, Pk.

(Dale, Mitom., xxvili., 1895.)

Staphylinus stercorarius, Ol.
(Walker, Hint. Mo. Jag.,
February, 1900.)

Medon bicolor, O1.(Dale, Entom.,
XxVIll., 1895.

Bryaxis haematica, Reich. (Dale,
Entom., XSvili.. 1895.)

Wit 'PAPINOMA BRRADTICA, Larn.
Class I.—Myrmedonia plicata, Er.

Wires Trrrimorium CcAmsprrum, L.
Class I1.—Trichonyx mitrkeli, Aube
(Dale, Entom., xxviii., 1595.)
Class 1V.—Bythinus glabratus, Rye
(Dale, Entom., xxvili., 1895.)

_Wirn Leprornorax ackvorum, F.
Class I11.—Astilbus canaliculatus, F,
(Donisthorpe, Fairlight.)

Wa bES 22 Te

OSE ee LE eR oe nn Pe ca

va ee

i cea beets

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LARVAL AND IMAGINAL LEGS OF LEPIDOPTERA. 177

The Relationship between the Larval and Imaginal Legs of
| pe (with Plate).
By IT. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 145.)

Before further discussing the general question, we may look at some
more of the specimens. We may take that represented in plate vi., fig. 2
next. Here the amputated larval limb is replaced by an amorphous nodule
of considerable size. ‘The basal structures seem to be fairly intact, and
on Gonin’s theory ought to have supplied us with a leg, but the imago
has no leg at all beyond the trochanter and a round nodule, which
we may call the femur. I do not know at what date this specimen
was operated on, but I believe immediately on entering the last moult.
IT always operated immediately after a moult so as to give plenty of
time for healing to take place before the next moult. In all my
specimens the trochanter is present in fairly normal condition, showing
that in amputating the leg I interfered with the femur and all beyond,
but not with the trochanter and coxa, which are not represented in the
larval lee.

In plate vi., fig. 8, the larval parts show that the right lee

has been interfered with as well as the left. It is regenerated to much
the same stage as the left leg was in fig 1, and the imaginal
leg is correspondingly well developed, though very probably smaller
than the original leg would have been; but on the left side we have a
stump that results from injury during the last larval stage, there are
some remains of the first larval joint, crushed and sisiell, and
attached to it a black mass of dried crust, such as resulted from the
immediate closing and scabbing of the wound. No regeneration could
take place during larval life, and what did take place at the pupal
moult appears to have occurred, not from the base of the leg, but from
the crushed remains of the first larval jomt. We have in consequence
a very small representative of the imaginal leg, a complete trochanter, a
femur half the length of that of the other side, a tibia to a still smaller
scale, but still showing the tibial spurs, the tarsus cannot be said to
-have more than one joint, but that carries the claws, very small but
fairly well developed. In this ee the whole larval injury is
concentrated on the first joint, the base being uninjured, therefore if
the imaginal leg originated in this base, independently of the larval
leg, we ought to have had a limb perfect as to its femur and tibia at
any rate, even if we choose to accept the view of Gonin that the larval
leg represents the tarsus.

In plate vi., fig. 4, we have an instance in which I failed to
demonstrate the condition of the larval leg, it was, at any rate, much
damaged and difficult to recognise, but some minute trace of a cicatrix
of larval leg probably existed. In the imago we have an example, the
only one that seems tolerably free from doubt, of a modified trochanter.
The femur and tibia are represented by very amorphous pieces, not

inited in a normal manner, the tibia, however, showing spurs, whilst
the tarsus is in one piece, with indications of possible division into
two or three joints and of the terminal hooks. ‘The whole appendage,
howeyer, is yery small and crippled, clearly a very abortive attempt
at regeneration, and in no wise a normal, or any w ay near a normal,
attempt to produce a limb from the usual centre for its development.

* Read before the South London Entomological and Natural History Society.

178 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

That represented in plate vi., fig. 5, is a very similar specimen,
but here the base of the larval lev is clearly seen to be uninjured,
whilst no trace of the leg itself can be confidently recognised. In the
imago the leg parts are complete, though they are very much smaller
than on the opposite side, the terminal tarsal joints being very small
and only one claw being clearly visible.

IT take it that in fig. 4 the amputation of the larval lee was
made so high up as to injure without destroying the regenerative
centre, whilst in fig. 5 this centre remained intact, and we see in
the imago how much it was possible for it to accomplish in the one
moult from larva to pupa. I imagine that the moult from pupa to
imago does very little to the further development, the pupa being in
reality rather an immature imago than a previous stage in the definite
sense in which the larva is so, and, therefore, the development of a
regenerated part may take place at the pupal moult, but not at the
imaginal.

No. 9 (an example not figured) is of some interest, as im this
case the amount of larval regeneration that has taken place is much
less than in pl. iv., fig. 1, yet the imaginal parts are not much less fully
developed than in that specimen. The laryal leg is represented by
basal parts perfect, femur (first joint) well represented, but further
joints are represented only by some wrinkled chitin at its extremity.
This is not, however, mere crust or scab, but is obviously tissue,
formed at a moult that has occurred since the injury, and no doubt,
therefore, does really represent the further joints, and may, when the
larva was alive, have been more distended, and really showed the
several parts, but beime soft has collapsed at moult, and not un-
ravelled itself in my manipulations.

In plate vi., fig. 6, amputation preceded the last larval moult,
the lee base is normal, and the leg itself represented by a small capsule
that has the base of a larval femur very recognisable as its only very
definite feature. On Gonin’s view we ought here to have a well-
developed leg. We have, however, a very small and somewhat
anomalous structure. The trochanter, as usual, is normal, and the
tarsus is complete though very small; but the femur and tibia are
represented by one curved piece, basally, no doubt, femur, apically
tibia, both because it possesses a tibial spur and because it articulates
with the tarsus. The specimen of the larval skin has the leg-piece
folded under, and so it is not obvious at once as in some of the other
specimens that have been more successfully displayed.

These specimens demonstrate that on a larval leg being amputated
there arises from the structures at its base a new larval leg. At first
of very small size, and with the several parts represented by very small
chitinous scraps, but still often perfectly recognisable as the several
parts of a complete leg. If this process began early enough in larval
life, no doubt by the last larval instar a fully formed larval leg would
be reproduced, practically identical with that of the other side. This
I have still, however, to prove experimentally, but what we find
proved is, that if by the last larval instar a leg has been reproduced
with all its parts, no matter how small they may be, then the imago
possesses a perfect limb, though smaller in size than its neighbour.

If the larval leg at the last instar is imperfect as to parts, then the
regenerated leg will be extremely small, the parts being as it were

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LARVAL AND IMAGINAL LEGS OF LEPIDOPTERA. 179

outlined but not fully grown, just as the larval leg is at its first
appearance when reproduced after amputation. There is another
alternative, and that is that the imaginal leg may be wanting beyond
the trochanter. My experiments are too few to determine which
distinguishes these cases.

If the parts are entirely wanting in the imago, it is clear that the
larval parts that correspond to the imaginal part, whether as partially
formed or merely germinal material, must have been removed. And,
further, that the mere basal germinal material that gives rise to the
regeneration of the limb, has either been removed, or, more likely, has
not been afforded its proper stimulus. In the other case, if the
imaginal limb is present, but of reduced size, it is clear that the
proper larval source of the imaginal limb has been removed, and that
it has been re-supplied by regeneration.

If certain portions are of full size, either the larval parts to which
they correspond have not been removed, or they have been removed
so early in larval life that regeneration has had time to become
complete.

It may be said that if regeneration can re-form the whole limb from
germinal material at the base of the limb, then it is obvious that
Gonin’s hypothesis of germinal material existing there is admitted.
But this is not so. Gonin’s hypothesis is that the germinal material
for the leg exists there, and that it is employed to form the imaginal
limb in ordinary. Whereas the true hypothesis is that this regenera-
tion plasm is not used in any way, and does not develop into anything,
unless required for its proper function of supplying an amputated
limb. ‘This becomes evident if we consider the case of a lobster or a
cockroach, where regeneration takes place when a limb is lost, but
where there can be no doubt the limb is not grown from the base de
novo at each moult, in ordinary circumstances.

1 think we may reasonably conclude from the facts observed :
(1) That the old idea, that the larval leg is the imaginal leg, is sub-
stantially correct, and that the result of the comparison with trichop-
terous and other larve, showing that the parts present in lepidopterous
larve are the femur, tibia, and tarsus, is supported by them. (2) That
there is germinal material at the base of the larval leg, which would
under ordinary circtunstances be functionless, but on the loss of the
lee by accident or injury, comes into action and reproduces the lost
limb, larval or imaginal, as the case may be, but the reproduced hmb
is a diminutive sketch of the lost himb, and can only reach a size to be
functional after further moults. (3) That the progress made in the
regeneration of the lost part is disclosed at each moult, remaining as
it were suspended in the mtervals; but there is little doubt that its
real progress takes place during these apparently quiescent intervals.

It will, I think, be safe to conclude that M. Gonin’s hypothesis is
quite erroneous.

Expranation oF Puarr VI.

The Plate represents the third pai of legs of certain imagines of
Porthetria dispar, accompanied by the same legs of the larval skin cast
at the pupal moult, the left leg having been removed during the last
larval or some preceding instar. In fig. 3 the right larval leg has also
been removed. J urther details in text.

180 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

The Synonymy of ser:e of the Emerald Moths.
By LOUIS B. PROUT, F.E.S.

Although, fortunately, the specific names of several of our Emerald
moths are established beyond the possibility of cavil, there are others
which have already suftered untold tortures at the hands of synonymists,
who, however, have not yet succeeded in placing them in a really
satisfactory state. As I have now at hand the whole of the material
necessary for a revision of them, | venture to submit, as briefly as
possible, the results of my investigations, worked out on the basis of
the ‘‘ Merton Rules’ of nomenclature.

1. Metrocampa marygaritata, Linn.—Though not related to the true
Himerald family, the popular name of this species justifies my mentioning
it under this heading. Many writers have tried to unite the margaritaria
of the Mauna Suecica (1761), with the margaritata of the Systema
Naturac, Edit. xii. (1767), and this union has been sanctioned by
Werneburg and Staudinger; but it is quite inexcusable, as Speyer
pointed out in the Stett. Hnt. Zcit., 1888, p. 209. The former
(maryaritaria) had a yellow Roman B in the middle of the superiors,
and Speyer shrewdly suspected that ‘‘Hab. Holmi Cl.” was a mistake,
and that it was an exotic; but being apparently unacquainted with
Clerck’s Icones, he was unable to follow up the question further. In
1764, Clerck (pl. 51-2) figures his maryaritaria, a species which is
identified by Aurivillius (Recens. Mus. Ludov. Ulr., p. 180), as probably =
Glyphodes crameralis,Gn., andis called Morocosma maryaritaria by Lederer
(Wien. nt. Monats., vu., p. 404) and Aurivillius; Clerck or Linné
evidently made some mistake as to the source whence it was obtained,
as the species really comes from Amboina.

As the name maryaritata is not identical with maryaritaria, and the
latter is not a true Geometer but a Pyralid, there is no adequate
reason for abandoning the former appellation for our Metrocampa, but
its origin is to be dated from 1767, when it was erected as a new
species, and not as haying any connection with maryarttaria, Linn.,
‘¢ Mauna Suecica,’’ Cl., ‘‘ cones.”

I may remark here that I have, after mature consideration, decided
against applying the Merton Rule (or rather, Recommendation), No. 23,
retrospectiv ely; the rule in question expressly stipulates that ‘in the
future’? generic names homonymous in derivation, but differmeg in
suffix, should be avoided, and I therefore construe the recommendation
concerning species in the same hght—‘‘ In the case of species, words
identical in meaning but differing shghtly in form should jin the
future.—L.B.P.| be avoided. I do not, therefore, regard Phalacna
Geometra prunata, Linn., as invalidated by P. G. prunaria, and so on
in many other cases.

2. (reometra (Lodis) vernaria (Schitt.), ‘“‘Schmett. Wien.,” p. 97
(1775).—This name cannot possibly stand. Tiveryone knows that
vernaria, Schiff. (the Clematis Emerald), rests on an erroneous deter-
mination of the vernaria of Linné, which the authors of the Vienna
work definitely cite. Whether or not vernaria, Linn., was a synonym,
as Staudinger asserts, does not affect the question, and his acceptance
of vernaria, Schiff., is quite inconsistent with his rejection of Geometra
(Cidaria) transversata, Thnb., nec Rott., and other similar instances.
The following names have to be considered in connection with the

THE SYNONYMY OF SOME OF THE EMERALD MOTHS. 181

synonymy of the Clematis Emerald. The Linnean description reads
as follows:

“Ph. G. vernaria. Pectinicornis, alis viridibus: strigis duabus albis repandis,
antennis apice setaceis. Praecedenti [lactearia] simillima, sed alae pallide vires-
centes strigis duabus, albis, repandis: altera versts postica. Subtus tota pallidior.
Accedit ad Ph. viridatam. Hab, in Dalekarlia, C. Blom.” (Linn., 7. S., ed. ii.,
p. 323).

Volutata, Fb., “Syst. Ent.,” p. 635 (1775).—Wernebure argues
that this represents the species now under consideration, but Staudinger
denies this with a ‘‘ certo,’’ and as the first author who dealt with the
name, ?.c., Borkhausen, plausibly determined it for viridata, Linn.,
and his determination has never been proved erroneous, it seems to me
inadmissible to take up the name volutata for our Clematis Hmerald ;
yet Wernebure’s view obtained a little support from a source which oe
was apparently not able to investigate, for Fabricius (*‘ Spec. Ins.,”” it,
p- 262) cites, though with a ?, ‘‘ Harris,” tab. 8, fig. 8, i.c., of int
‘‘Hxposition,’’ where the Clematis species is represented. The Fabrician
description reads as follows

“Ph. volutata. Seticornis, alis omnibus viridibus, strigis duabus albis. Hab.
in Germania. Corpus et alae viridia. Strigee due lineares, anteriore obsoletiore :
subtus striga unica obsoleta”’ (Fab., Syst. Ent., p. 635).

Hruginavia, Bork., ‘‘ Kur. Schmett.,” v. 43 (1794).—This is
quite certainly =vernaria, Auct. (nec Linn.), but it rests on a reference
to aeruginaria, Schift., which is just as certainly not this species;
Schiffermuller was too good an entomologist to have named a non-
variable species like this twice, and, moreoyer, he places his aeruginaria
between putataria and lactearia, which would have led to the suspicion
that it was a green lactearia, even if Treitschke had not later (on the
evidence of the Vienna collection) stated this to be the case. *.Mruyi-
naria, Bork., must, therefore, be set aside as invalid.

Chrysoprasaria, isp., v., figs. 1-4 (1794).—Here at length we come
upon an admissible and by no means inappropriate name w hich should
henceforward be adopted for the species ; it may or may not be prior
to Borkhausen’s ae ee iad, but the question is of no importance.

§ Lucidata, Don., 11., p. 67, pl. xevii (1794).—This was erected in
the same year as the coer but as it collides with Phalaena lucidata,
Fb., ‘Spec. Ins.,” i., p. 259 (1781) it cannot be adopted, even if it
can be shown to haye priority

3. Geometra (Hemithea) strigata, Mull.—I haye a strong suspicion
that this species is the true vernaria of Linné, but as his description i is
defective, and has led Werneburg and Staudinger to determine it for
ereen lacteavia (the earlier name having been founded on faded, colour-
less examples), I do not venture to restore it—especially as its
application also to chrysoprasaria, isp., tends to deepen the confusion.
Linné’s type specimen of vernaria, which bears the appearance of
being authentic, is certainly a small strigata, Mull. The other names
to be considered in connection with this species are:

Voridata, Linn., ‘ Syst. Nat.,” edit. x (1758).—Werneburg argues
at great length that this is really = strigata, Mull., but his arguments
are so weak that I will not even waste space in quoting them.
Seopoli in 1768, Schiffermuller in 1775, and a host of others, rightly
recognised Linné’ S species, and his type is still extant, confirming the
Canister pion: Viridata, Linn., nee Wrnbe. , therefore, stands for the
species so named by Tr., Gn., Stgr. et auct.

5)

182 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

§ Strigata, Mull., “ Faun. Frid.,” p. 51 (1764).—Unfortunately this
name is invalid, for Scopoli published another strigata among the
Geometers the year previous (=pusaria, Linn.).

Vernarta, Fb., ‘ Syst. Ent.,”’ p. 620 (1775).—Apparently not per:
sonally known to Fabricius, but founded on Linné and on Roesel’s
fieure. It agrees in the main with strigata, Mull., and perhaps
strengthens the possibility at which I have already hinted in dealing
with vernaria, L., but how little claim Fabricius has to be regarded
as an authority on this particular name is shown by the fact that
“vernaria, Linn.,” in the Banks collection (probably named, or at
least sanctioned by Fabricius) is a Metrocampa margaritata |

*“Thymiaria (Schiff.), “‘ Schmett. Wien.,” p. 97 (1775).—Thynviaria,
Linn., cited by Schiffermuller, was founded on a mixture of Thalera

jimbrialis, Scop., and Henithea strigata, Mull., and even though
Linné’s types belong to the latter, the name was founded on the
conception derived from Frisch’s thy me species (=/imbrialis, Seop.),
and a sufficient case can therefore be made out for the application of
Merton Rule 24, ‘‘ A name which involves a false proposition
may be changed.”

Aistivaria, Hb., “ Btr.,” 1., pt. 4, p. 22, pl. ui. R. (1789). —This
name is in every way sal eateanibte and was in general use on the
continent until the modern ¢ra of priority-law. It should without
doubt supersede strigata, Mill., unless the doubtful claims of vernaria,
Linn., can be accepted.

4, (reometra (Nemoria) viridata, Linn.—lI have already pointed out
that the accepted synonymy of this species has been upset by Werne-
burg for nought; I may add that it is not clear why he renames it
prasinata ; even if his assumption that it was not the true viridata of
Linné had been well-founded, I do not see anything against the
employment of Hubner’s name of cloraria (fig. 352).

I subjoin a summary of the sy nonymy as eiven in this article ; the
remainder of the specific names stand as in Staudinger’ SC latalogue.

1. Metrocampa margaritata, L., “S. N.,” xii. (1767), nee margaritaria, L.,
“B.S.” (1761), Cl. |) Sesquistriataria, Knoch (1781). (I have added the earliest
av callable synonym in case the name margaritata should need to be rejected),

2. Iodis * vernaria (Schiff.), “‘ Schm. Wien.” (1775), nee Linn. * Alruginaria,
3kh. (1794), nee Schiff. Chrysoprasaria, Esp. (1794). § Lucidata, Don. (1794),
nec Fb. * Volutata, Wernbg. (1864), nec Fb.

3. Hemithea ?vernaria, Linn. (1761), nom. dub.; § Strigata, Mill. (1764), nec
Scop. * Thymiaria (Schiff.), “* Schm. Wien.” (1775), nec Linn. Astivaria, Ab.
1789).

Me iu Nemoria viridata, Linn. (1758). |) Cloraria, Hb. (21804). || Prasinata,
Wernbg. (1864).

Migration and Dispersal of Insects: Lepidoptera.
By J. W. TUTT, F-.E.S.

So far as one is able to get at the real facts (¢.v., apart from the
opinions of observers) one is able to conclude that the movements of
Anosia archippus, in North America, are very similar to those of
Pyraneis cardui in Europe. Like the latter, it appears to have its own
subtropical (and tropical) permanent home, and more or less each
season, but more particularly in occasional seasons, to send out large
numbers from these centres in northerly, easterly and westerly
directions, reaching well up into Canada and the North-west Territory,

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS: LEPIDOPTERA, 188

where it becomes exceedingly abundant in the autumn months. This
irregularity in abundance is equally marked in both species, 1868, 1871,
1892, and 1899 were among the abundant years for 4. archippus. Moffat
says that near London, in “Ontario, he has seen “specimens arrive in
the spring in a sorely faded condition, indicating age and exposure to
the weather, followed by others that were comparatively fresh as if
they were younger and less travel-stained than the first. Then, again,
the first arrivals are sometimes in fairly good condition, as if they had
not been long upon the wing; whilst other specimens haye been seen
haunting a partic ular locality for weeks, and, as far as could be judged
by their gradually fading colours, they were the same indiy iduals.”
He has also “ seen them flying plentifully for six or eight days and
then begin to pair, indicating ‘that these particular individuals had not
laid egos before reaching that locality ;” further, he has ‘‘ seen fresh-
looking specimens flying at the time the new brood was emerging from
the chrysalis, and so fresh as to give rise to a difference of opinion as
to whether they were previous arrivals or bred on the spot.’ Lastly,
he had “ seen quite small caterpillars on the milkweeds when others had
passed into the mature state,” all of which has conyinced him that
there is ‘‘ more than one wave of migration northward during the
breeding season.’ All these irregularities of habit will be certain to
strike one who has studied the subject, as being readily paralleled
during a series of years by the eae of Colias edusa and
Pyrameis cardut, and their progeny in our own country.

The species belongs essentially to the tropical and subtropical
regions of the American continent. It is found all over the West
Indies, as well as on the mainland, and extends south as far as
Patagonia. During the winter no specimens are seen aboye 30° N.
lat., in North America, and, at this latitude, but rarely; the only
individuals that appear to get through the winter seem to be those
that are well within the subtropical and tropical areas. The species
is most probably continuously-brooded in the most fayourable districts
of its permanent winter home, and Edwards says that there are three
or more broods in a season in Virginia; whilst in the more northerly
part of its summer range —Hudson Bay district, and the basin of the
Athabasca—one, and occasionally an attempt at a second, brood
appears to be its maximum. Moffat states that it is quite clear that
it cannot survive the winter in any stage of its existence in Ontario,
or northward of it, and that each recurring winter sweeps the country
clear of this particular species, and it has to be restocked every spring
by immigrants from the south. Riley suspected that fertile females
started northward in early spring, when the Asclepias was ready to re-
ceiye their ova, and travelled some distance before they had finished
ovipositing, when these would naturally perish; then he supposed
their progeny continued to advance and carry on the work of producing
ova to stock the milkweeds as they came north, so that there might
be several broods required in a season to reach the northern limits of
its food-plant. Scudder claims, on the other hand, that it is a lone-
lived insect, that a female starting northwards may travel for weeks,
depositing her eggs as she goes, a few at a time, until she reaches the
northern limit of the growth of the food-plant, and further asserts that
the insect leaves its winter quarters later in the season than other
butterflies, that it is ‘‘ single-brooded,” that it ‘‘continues upon the

184 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

wing until July and August, laying eggs all the time, so that the
insect may be found in its earlier stages throughout most of the sum-
mer,” and that ‘‘the perfect insect lives a full year, mingling on the wing
with its own progeny, and witnessing the decay and renewed growth
of the plant which nourished it.” He also holds that no A. arehippus
born northward ever lays eges the same season. All of which tends
to show that whilst the fact that the species migrates is well known,
no sufficiently accurate observations by trained naturalists are forth-
coming to say actually what its mode of migration reallyis. Edwards’
statement that there are several broods in West Virginia—eges laid
during April produced butterflies at the end of May, eggs laid on June
1st produced imagines by June 25th, eggs deposited by this brood
produced butterflies towards the end of July, whilst eggs laid July
29th-80th, produced imagines which began to emerge on August 20th,
and the final brood was from eggs laid August 30th, the butterflies
commencing to appear on September 29th (Canadian Hntomologist, xi.,
p. 289)—suggests continuous-broodedness of the most pronounced type.
A note from Abbot’s MSS. indicates pupa of A. archippus on Ao
25th, that emerged May 11th (Canadian Entomologist, iy., p. 74), 8
that there is probably a brood before the earliest one mentioned SF
Edwards, or the first brood is earlier in some years than in others.
Lintner gives the species as triple-brooded in New York. It is unfortu-
nate that Scudder, who has written so much about this species, is utterly
at variance on this point with the observations of almost every other
American entomologist. His account, published in Psyche for July,
1875, of the habits of this species, and just referred to, was so improb-
able, that one is hardly surprised at Edwards’ careful working out of
the real facts of its life-history (Psyche, December, 1878), in which he
showed that the hybernating females came early from their winter
quarters, began to lay eggs at once, and died directly after, and it is
much to be regretted that Scudder repeated his statements as to its
life-history and habits in his later work in 1881. As Edwards
remarks (Canadian Entomologist, xiii., p. 214), if Seudder’s life-history
of the insect had been even approximately accurate, it would be « sort
of Metheusaleh among butterflies, and instead of designating this
phenomenal butterfly “The Monarch,” it would be the soneds thing
to dub it ‘‘ The Patriarch.”

However little definite information there is about the spring migra-
tion of A.archippus, a great number of observations have been recorded of
a habit that is certainly unknown in any of our most observed Palearctic
migrating species. This is the habit of swarming in the autumn. In
some seasons the species has, at this time of the year, been observed
in vast flocks, moving from place to place, and on these movements a
theory has been based that the species returns to its subtropical haunts
to winter. Scudder writes of this return journey as if it were proved
beyond question of dispute. Moffat says: ‘‘ That it migrates southward
in the autumn in immense bodies, sometimes numbering millions, is
well known, and has been frequently observed ; therefore, it must
return in the spring, but by scattered individuals, to take up the
territory it vacated in the fall,” and again he writes: “ A longer term
of life in the mature state than is allotted to butterflies oenerally, to
enable it to fulfil its seasonal functions, seems to be required, for, if
the same individuals that leave the north about the end of August or

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS: LEPIDOPTERA. 185

beginning of September, pass the winter in the south, and then return
northward in the early spring to deposit their eggs for the summer’s
brood, it would give them a much longer active life in the mature
state, than falls to the lot of butterflies that hybernate in this region.
Whether any of those passing the winter in the south, reach the far
north the following season, is yet open to question.” Without
discussing the doubtful logic of the first of these quotations, except to
say that, even if we believed the species did actually reach the south,
where it could hybernate, after leaving the northern regions where
the autumnal examples were born, we do not understand why it must
of necessity return ‘‘in spring, by scattered individuals,” and we would
ask whence, if not from those ‘‘ passing the winter in the south,” Moftat
surmises those that ‘‘reach the far north the following season’ do
come. Possibly he believes that not the original emigrants themselves
but their progeny reach so far north. The analogy of Pyraimets cardut,
Colias edusa, C. hyale, and other migrating Palearctic species, leads us
to suspect that it is the emigrants that reach to the northern hmit of
the range of the species. It may be well now to consider in some
detail the observations relating to the autumnal swarms of this insect
that have given rise to the view that a return journey is accomplished.

Saunders reports (Canadian Hntomologist, i1., pp. 156-157) that
on September 1st, 1871, while driving along the Lake Shore Road, on
the borders of Lake Erie, a mile or two south of Port Stanley, some
eroups of A. archippus, numbering probably hundreds of individuals,
which had rested at night on the trees adjoining the hotel at Port
Stanley, were gyrating in a wild manner at all heights, some so far up
that they appeared but as moving specks in the sky, others floating
lower, over the tops of the trees, in an apparently aimless manner.
At about nine o'clock the same morning, however, passing a eroup of
trees forming a rude semicircle at the edge of a wood facing the lake,
the leaves of the trees attracted attention. ‘They seemed possessed of
unusual motion, and displayed fitful patches of brillant red. On
alighting, a nearer approach revealed the presence of vast numbers—I
might safely say millions—of these butterflies clustering everywhere.
When disturbed, they flew up in immense numbers, filling the air,
and after floating about a short time gradually settled again. There
appeared to be nothing on the trees to attract them. Reed observes
(loc. cit., i., p. 19) that in 1868 the species literally swarmed at
Amherstburg, reminding him of a similar occurrence in Toronto about
seven years previously. Peabody notes (loc. cit., xil., pp. 119-120)
that at Racine, Wisconsin, during the first week of September, 1868,
A. archippus appeared in great numbers and gathered in several
swarms about trees in the vicinity. The day was cloudy, but without
rain. Shortly after noon the swarms seemed to gather and settle
upon an oak tree in the garden, the southern aspect of which they
covered to such an extent that the green of the leaves was quite
obscured by the brown of the wings of the butterflies. They remained
until after nightfall, but were gone in the morning. Another observer
on September 19th, 1868, reports that at St. Joseph, Missouri, he saw
‘‘millions of these butterflies (A. archippus) filling the air to a height
of three or four hundred feet for several hours, and flying from north
to south.’’ Thaxter writes (oc. cit., xi1., p. 88) that while spending the
winter of 1875-1876 in Apalachicola, Florida, he found a swarm of

186 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

A. archippus in a pine grove not far from the town. The trees were
literally festooned with butterflies within an area of about an acre, and
were clustered so thickly that the trees seemed to be covered with
dead leaves. Upon shaking some of the trees a cloud of butterflies
flew off, and the flapping of their wings was distinctly audible. They
hung in rows (often double) on the lower dead branches, and in
bunches on the needles. Towards evening the flock received additions
every moment, and, a net full being caught and liberated, all but
three returned to the flock. During his visit two more flocks were
observed not far from the first but neither was so large. He
also observes that he had seen 4. archippus flocking at the Isles of
Shoals, New Hampshire, in very much the same manner, after having
flown nine miles from the mainland.’’ One remark made by Thaxter, vvz.,
that he ‘often observed examples of A. archippus, in cottu,” is suggestive
that the species would not hybernate, as there is as yet we believe,
no record of a butterfly pairing in autumn and then living through
the winter. It occasionally happens, however, among hybernating
moths. Mundt reports (loc. cit., xi., p. 239) that, on September 7th,
1879, at Fairbure, Illinois, while walking through a grove, he saw a
large number of 4. archippus hovering about and settling upon some
limbs of a hickory, and on the next day, before sunset, he found the
butterflies in still larger numbers on two branches of the tree. After
dusk he visited the grove with a long step-ladder, box and lantern, and
took 51 males and 74 females, all of them being perfect. He adds
that ‘‘ the weather had been pretty cold for several days, with shght
frost at night.” Moffat records (loc. cit., xi1., p. 37) them as “ con-
gregating in immense numbers, with their wings closed, and not
noticeable unless disturbed, very few beg on the wing. Their
favourite restine-place seemed to be dead pine twigs, which would be
drooping with their weight. In going to and from the woods I have
seen several of them at once coming from different directions, high in
the alr, sailing along in their own easy and graceful way, eal con-
verging to the one spot. There were thousands, perhaps hundreds of
thousands of them. The following year they were remarkably scarce,
and it was three years before they were again even moderately plentiful.”

On the emergence of Listrodromus quinqueguttatus, Grav., with a
description of its pupa.
By CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S.

My friend Mr. R. M. Prideaux, to whose generosity I owe many
cood insects, sent me, upon the 11th of May last, two pup of Cyaniris
argiolus, each containing a single pupa of Listrodromus quinqueguttatus,
Grav., from last autumn’s ivy-feeding larve. The similarity of the
parasitic pupa to its imago is to be seen in the tumidulous scutellum
and the neuration of the wings, which, though of the same colour as
the cells, is much elevated and inflated. In colour it is yellowish-
white; the mesonotum and mesosterna are black, with the interpec-
toral line pale. ‘The eyes are nigro-castaneous, and the ocelli and
mandibular teeth, of which the upper is shghtly larger than the lower,
are castaneous and widely distended. All the limbs are detached and
visible, the antenne wings and legs being enclosed in separate
sheaths, and the organs neatly folded upon the breast. The thorax is

ON THE EMERGENCE OF LISTRODROMUS QUINQUEGUTTATUS, GRAY. 187

of a somewhat more sordid colour than are the head, wings, and
abdomen. There is no trace of lateral abdominal spiracles, and those
of the butterfly’s pupa, in which the parasite’s ecdysis takes place, are,
like the whole interior of the chrysalis, thickly covered with a silky
coating, which would indicate a somewhat incomplete respiratory
system. Its length is 7mm. Shortly before emergence the imago can
easily be traced, since most of the markings, and especially the flavous
outer-orbital, are plainly visible. The pale marking on the three
basal segments is, however, not represented. The tumidulous post-
petiole is, nevertheless, very distinct, though the antenne, palpi, face,
and wings are still enveloped in their white covering ; the first of these
are flavous throughout at this stage, excepting the scape,.which is
piceous. The abdomen has now undergone considerable modifications,
and its contour is quite changed. Nearly all the imaginal colouring is
present, excepting those points already noticed.

As far as Iam at present aware, Listrodromus quinqueguttatus con-
fines its parasitism to Cyaniris argiolus, since it has been thence bred
by Marshall in August, from larvee on Syringa in July (ef. nt. Mo.
May., Xxxiii., 235), by Bignell, and, quite recently, by Mrs. Redmayne
(antea, p. 164), and Mr. Prideaux.

Pupa oF LISTRODROMUS QUINQUEGUTTATUS, GRAV., ¢?.

Fig. 1 represents the pupa, and Fig. 2 the abdomen, shortly
before emergence.

There was no trace outwardly of any emergence at 12 noon—at 2.0
p.m. however, I heard a gnawing noise which could be distinguished at
the other end of the room; it was similar, though scarcely as loud, as that
produced by Trichiosoma when emerging.—This continued intermittently
till 4.0 p.m., when I found an irregular, jagged hole had been effected
through the C. aryiolus pupa, at about the apical third, through which
the flavous orbits of the parasite were plainly visible.—At 4.30 p.m.,
the hole was much enlarged, and both antenne protruded.—At5.15p.m.,
the two front legs and the head were through it, and the insect was
furiously struggling to lever up the cap, which had been (apparently)
insufficiently cut round, with its prothorax, and biting the shell about
its mouth, with occasional rests of a few seconds’ duration —At 5.80 p.m.
this was continued, and several attempts were made to bring the man-
dibles on to the cap, but, these proving futile, the shell upon the breast
continued to be demolished —At 5.40 p-m., I raised the operculum,
fearing the struggle for freedom might be lasting too long for the

188 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

insect’s innate moisture to hold out, and it, as yet, appeared to be
unable to escape for some time. The wings were somewhat crumpled,
when it immediately emerged, but a few passes of the posterior tibie
reduced them to their normal horizontally-folded position upon the
back ; the antenne, palpi, wings again, and the posterior legs were
successively rubbed dry (cf. Stone, Zoologist, xx., p. 7974) and, after a
short walk, the wings were again attended to. ‘The posterior tibize
were next cleaned by the intermediate tarsi.* These processes were
throughout accompanied by much waving of the antenne vertically—
never horizontally. Then there wasa sudden, short flight, followed by a
fall; two short walks; more attention by means of anterior tibiz to palpi
and antenne ; and the posterior tarsi were then cleansed beneath by one
another. Another walk with the antenne waving, and wide apart,
but with never a tremor of the wings. The antenne and palpi are
not yet comfortable, so the anterior tibiz are again in requisition, the
antenne being held deflected by crossed tibiae while they are cleaned
near their bases by the ligula. Then the Listrodromus appeared
prepared for all contingencies, and met—the boiling water !

* In this section the females are provided with pectinated tarsal claws, the
uses of which, I think, have not been explained—perhaps this is one of them.

WOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Spring Leprmoprera.—Marxet Drayton.—The season has this
spring been as bad as was last autumn. On April 2nd Asphalia
flavicornis was hardly out, but on the 5th I obtained 25 in an hour,
sitting on birch trunks, and the next day nine more. After the
first two or three days after emergence they seemed to give up the
habit of sitting on the stems, and to hide in other situations. On the
7th Brephos parthenias was well out, and I managed to take 80 in fine
condition, but females were still in very small proportion, only about
ten per cent. During the last evening or two Taeniocampa stabilis has
been numerous at a sallow in my garden, but the wind has been so
rough that I have not gone out with the tray into the woods, and the
bloom is hardly fully out yet. Cucullia chamomillae has been inter-
mittently emereing ever since Christmas in my breeding-cage, which
was left in a room in the house without a fire; altogether six have
thus come out before due time. I have now put them out-of-doors
and the regular emergence has just started.—F. C. Wooprorpg,
Market Drayton. April 16th, 1900.

SourHenp.—A visit during Easter week to a wood near here, for
larvee of Sesia culiciformis, was not a success, but larve of S.
cynipiformis were found in nearly every oak stump—some fifty larvee
in all were taken.—F. G. Wuirtir, Marine Avenue, Southend. April
19th, 1900.

Yorx.—The sallows here were in bloom late this year, and none
seemed ready till about April 11th, and then the nights were very
cold, a nasty snarling wind persistently blowing made it as unfavour-
able as possible for night work. By the 18th the weather became
warmer, and I was tempted to Sandburn to try the bloom, but only
for an hour or so. I managed to find a fair lot of Panolis piniperda,
with a few of the commoner Teniocampids. The following night

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 189

found me at Bishop Wood, Selby, to meet the Rey. C. D. Ash and Dr.
Cassal. Mr. Hewett appearing also made up a quartette, chiefly in
quest of Pachnobia leucographa. The sallow bushes here are mostly
very large and high, really trees in one or two instances, standing
about fifteen feet “from the eround, which makes the use of large
sheets a necessity. Umbrellas and trays ave of little use. The four
of us combined our sheets, which made a good display, and we were
able to have them in the most suitable positions. The first shake at
dusk brought down lots of moths, but by no means so great a number
as I have seen on the sheets on such an apparently favourable night.
P. leucoyrapha was in fine condition, Taentocampa gracilis scarce, as it
usually is with us, 7. populeti rather scarce and in poor condition, and
little beside. The other bushes were all tried in turn, and in the end
our united bag of P. leucographa appeared to be twenty-four, which
was considered a poor one. On the evening of the 27th I went again
to the wood, this time alone. The night was warm, and long before
dusk the trees were alive with moths, which, however, were difficult
to box, as they rose up very soon after falling on the sheets, but
the result of the night’s work was very good-—between 40 and 50 P.
leucoyrapha, and a lovely pink 7’. gracilis, the first I have netted alive
im my collecting experience. 7’. opima was present, but only one
specimen was taken. I followed up my success by going again the
next night, but I was not so fortunate, although I had a fairly eXoror|
time. P. leucographa was most abundant, and another 7. opima fell
into the sheet in response to the repeated shakings of my boy
assistant, who had to climb the tree to shake with effect.—S. WaLkEr,
York. April 27th, 1900.

Lynpuurst AND BovurnemoutH.—Kyerything has been very back-
ward this spring. I spent from April 12th-17th at Lyndhurst, but
only took a few Vaeniocampa miniosa, Panolis piniperda and Xylina
socia, at sallows (one of the latter of which has laid a few eggs), with
a few larve of Cleora ylabravia and C. lichenaria, by beating.
Tephrosia bistortata also was found on larch trees. Since my return I
have taken several Tephrosia crepuscularia (biundularia) on larch, but
I never knew the two species to occur at the same time in any
numbers.—(Masor) R. B. Roserrson, Forest View, Southborne Road,
Boscombe. April 80th, 1900.

Reaprive.—I am pleased to say this season has opened fairly well.
The lamps produced during February and March Hybernia rupica-
praria, H. marginarta (proge maria) and Anisoptery« aescularia in abun-
dance, and there were quantities of Hybernia leucophaearia on trunks
and palings throughout February. Nyssia hispidaria was very scarce on
oaks in early March. On March 13th a few Cymatophora flavicornis
were found on the birch stems, and on March 17th I sugared for Dasy-
campa rubiginea and got two males only ; plenty of Tephrosia bistortata
were found on the larch trunks on April 8rd, and I may here remark
that Major Robertson’s record (supra) of T. crepuscularia seems
very early, I have never taken it here before May 10th. Amongst my
T. bistortata this year are some very light ones, hardly to be separated
from true 7’. crepuscularia (biundularia). have never seen an early 7’.
crepuscularia With 7. bistortata, but have taken late 7. bistortata with
T. crepuscularia many times. On April 12th I took a female Endromis
versicolora, and imagines also appeared in the breeding-cage a few days

190 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

later ; my pupe were kept out-of-doors, spun up in chopped heath, in
large flower pots, covered with muslin, all the winter. I never bring
them in, neither do I those of Stawropus fagi. On April 28th I took
two wild male Lophopterya carmelita, on old birch trunks, but failed
again this year to obtain a wild female. Stawropus fagi is late this
year and after searching large beech woods all to-day I have only
obtained nine males, inclusive of two large and very black ones. The
females should be out in a day or two now, after this rain. Alto-
gether my bag was a good one on this date, for I obtained also two
Notodonta trepida, two Lophopteryx camelina, twelve Drepana unguicula,
two dozen Cyaniris argiolus, eight Huchloé cardamines and Pararge
egeria, with other small fry. The sallows were late owing to cold
nights and winds, but they paid well for a visit, and Taentocampa
munda, Panolis piniperda, T. gracilis, T. miniosa, T. populeti, T.
stabilis, T. instabilis and T. pulverulenta were in great abundance.—W.
Barnes, 7, New Road, Reading. Jay 8th, 1900.

Ler.—tThe only species worthy of notice in this district, so far, are
Cyaniris argiolus and larvee of Plusta moneta. Of the former one
expects to see a few examples each season, but this year it has been
positively common, and during the first week of the month it was to
be seen daily in considerable numbers. Finding a larva of the latter
in my garden on the 8th, I visited that of a friend in which I took four
in 1899, and secured twenty-six. These varied greatly in size, some
being barely one-eighth of an inch long, whilst one was nearly fullfed.
I fear this insect must now be regarded as a garden pest, it really
does considerable mischief when it attacks the Aconitum. The leaves
of this plant not being convenient for it to form a home from as are
those of the Delphinium, it spins together the ends of the shoots, eats
out their centres, and so causes the plants to be without bloom until
fresh growth has been made.—B. A. Bower, F.E.S., 33, Eltham
Road, Lee, S.E. May 16th, 1900.

Oxton.—This spring sallowing was very unproductive, but from
ova of Zonosoma porata, obtained last July, I have bred more than 60
specimens, though none approaches that captured here by Mr. Bower
last August. Unlike other districts from which reports have been
made, Cyaniris argiolus has been very scarce this year, or the high
winds prevented it showing itself. Little has been captured in the
traps, the only insect worth recording being a black g Tephrosia
bistortata, on April 22nd. It is a large specimen, in finest condition,
with rich ochreous fringes, similar in colouring to a black Diuwrnea
fagella captured here last year.—. F.C. Srupp, M.A., F.E.S., Oxton.
May 25th, 1900.

LEPIDOPTERA IN THE GUILDFORD DistRict.—Bank-holiday, June 4th,
was an ideal day for collecting, and lepidoptera were exceedingly
plentiful. A run down to the Surrey downs, in the neighbourhood of
Guildford, produced many interesting species. The commonest,
probably, were Callophrys rubi and Cyaniris argiolus, some of the
examples being, however, somewhat worn; HMuchloé cardamines was
also abundant and very fresh. I found Nemeobius lucina, of which I
brought away eleven, and I let quite as many escape as not being up
to standard. Polyommatus astrarche, P. icarus, Cupido minima (one
only), Syrichthus malvae, Brenthis euphrosyne, Pararye megaera and P.
egeria were also on the wing, and in fine condition, whilst Hugonia

PRACTICAL HINTS, 191

polychloros and Gonepterya rhanni (plenty) represented the hyber-
nators. Macroglossa fuciformis also was taken, and the regular down
species Huclidia mi, and H. glyphica were in abundance, with a few
Phytometra viridaria (aenea). Vuchelia jacobaeae and Ematurga
atomaria were also abundant and several Venilia maculata were
observed.—K. P. Picxerr, The Ravenscrofts, Columbia Road, Hackney
Road, London, N.E. June 7th, 1900.

Larve or ZEPHYRUS QuERcts.—I went to Abbott’s Wood to-day.
On the whole larve were scarce except those of Zephyrus quercis,
which were in swarms.—H. M. Epsusrey, F.E.8., Forty Hill,
Enfield, N. June 9th, 1900.

CALLOPHRYS RUBI IN Surron Parx.—I found Callophrys rubi in
abundance on Monday last, June 4th, in Sutton Park.—(Mrs.) Mary
B. Repmayne, Chetwynd Place, Lichfield.

PRACTICAL HINTS.
Field Work for July and August.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

1.—The larvee of Hupithecia venosata are to be found in seeds of
Stlene inflata, in July, those of Hupithecta linariata in seeds of Linaria
vulgaris, in July and August, those of Hupithecia pulchellata in flowers
of Digitalis purpuralis, in July and August, those of Hupithecia
plumbeolata on flowers of Melampyrum pratense, in July and August.

2.—The larve of EHupithecia valerianata feed on flowers of
Valeriana officinalis in July.

3.—The fullfed larve of Anarta myrtilli may be swept from
Calluna vulgaris in July and again in September (Newman).

4,.—The larve of Malacosoma castrensis can be reared readily on
chrysanthemums ; cover a plant with a muslin net, leave them until
they spin up, then clip off the cocoons and put in a breeding-cage
(Button).

5.—The imagines of Acidalia emutaria fly most freely at dusk,
and may be found almost throughout June and July; there are two
distinct broods (June and August) in the Isle of Wight, in the marshes
fringing the Yar.

6.—The larve of Yylina semibrunnca are to be found on willow
and ash in July (Croydon and Hackney Marshes) (Machin).

7.—The plants of Typha latifolia, with yellow central leaf, want
cutting down in August for larvee of Nonayria arundinis.

8.—The larve of Hupithecia tsogranmata are to be found in flowers
of Clematis vitalba in August; a little black spot distinguishes the
affected flowers.

9.—The larve of Mupithecia pimpinellata feed on seeds of Pinpi-
nella saxifraga in August and September.

10.—The larve of Hupithecta subnotata feed on the flowers and
seeds of Chenopodiwn in August and September.
11.—Larve of Fuclidia mi occur on sandhills feeding on sea

marram-grass ; drop off when disturbed and twist into grotesque
attitudes and feign death ; the white mottled colour and shape exactly
imitates the exuvie of snails (Helix nemoralis) (Kane).

192 THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD.

12.—Hadena pisi feeds on ling, Myrica gale, and bracken. Calo-
campa vetusta feeds sometimes on Miyrica gale (Kane).

13.—In early July the green larve of Peronea caledoniana feed
upon Myrica yale (Pears).

14.—The second brood of Platyptilia yonodactyla feeds in July and
August ina loose web on the underside of the leaves of coltsfoot
(Tussilago farfara).

15.—The larva of Chauliodus chaerophyllellus makes large brown
blotches on the leaves of Heracleum sphondylium during the summer
and autumn months.

16.—In hunting for Ayrophila trabealis, a switch for the purpose of
brushing the herbage is of great advantage (Bond).

N.B.—Some hundreds of similar ‘‘ Practical Hints ’’ have been
printed in the preceding volumes.

AOTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARVA, &c.

NotE ON THE LARVA OF GLYPHIPTERYX FUSCOVIRIDELLA.—On June
4th, 1898, I saw four imagines of this common species round a patch
of Luzula campestris, in a meadow here. It struck me then, consider-
ing the known food-plants of other species of the genus Glyphipterya,
that Luzula would be a very likely food-plant for G. fuscoviridella.
On April 14th, 1900, I noticed that many of the young leaves in the
patches of Luzula campestris, in the same meadow, were quite brown.
On digging up some of the plants I found the stems bearing brown
leaves had been attacked by some internal feeding larva. One stem,
with partially brown leaves, when split open, disclosed a stout whitish
larva, resting head upwards in the interior. Among the roots of a
neighbouring stem 1 found another similar larva, already surrounded
by an open net-work cocoon. On April 18th I searched again and
found a third larva, head downwards, in a stem of Luzula. The first
larva pupated without forming any cocoon, and is now, I fear, dead.
The third larva, after living some days out of sight among Luzula,
planted in a flower pot, came to the surface, and was subsequently
attacked by mould. The larva in the cocoon had pupated when I
again looked at it on April 17th. Exactly four weeks afterwards it
produced a fine imago of Glyphipteryx fuscoviridella. The following
description of the larva was made :

The larva is stout and fairly cylindrical in section. The head is very small.
The body gradually increases in bulk, to the 3rd or 4th abdominal segments, when
it somewhat abruptly decreases to the 9th abdominal. The colour of the head is
pale shining amber, that of the body very pale ochreous, becoming pinkish-brown
on the dorsal area. The usual tubercles are small, but furnished with a stout
bristle. The legs are whitish, banded with ochreous, and the weak prolegs very
pale ochreous. The spiracles are black, connected by a thin smoke-coloured line.
The plate on the Ist thoracic segment is large and pale ochreous. The 8th
abdominal segment has three blackish horny dorsal spots, the central one of which
is transversely elongated. The 9th abdominal is armed anteriorly with a dark
horny ochreous dorsal band, and a very strong dark ochreous suranal plate with
central depression, and four or more points each bearing a bristle.

There can be no doubt, I think, that the larva of this species feeds,
at least in the spring, on the inner pith of the young shoots of Luzula
campestris. Probably it also attacks L. pilosa. The end of March
would be the best time to search for the larve. The chief causes why
the larva of this species has hitherto remained undetected appear to

CURRENT NOTES. 193

be, firstly, the absence of any incentive among collectors to breed the
species, owing to the ease with which the imago can be captured, and
secondly, the difficulty of guessing at the right pabulum among the
great variety of plants generally growing in the localities haunted by
this species.—Aurrep Sicu, F.E.S., 65, Barrowgate Road, Chiswick.
May 23rd, 1900.

GY URRENT NOTES.

At the meeting of the Ent. Soc. of London, on May 2nd, the Rev.
Theodore Wood exhibited a specimen of Carabus auratus, L., taken in
either June or September, 1898, by Mr. Ferrand, of Littlefield House,
Exmouth, on the Haldon Hills, in the neighbourhood of that town.
Mr. McLachlan also exhibited an example of Rhinocypha fulgidipennis,
Guerin, a brilliant little dragon-fly of the subfamily Calopteryginae, a
native of Cochin China, which, so far as he knew, had not been
captured since prior to 1830. It had been in M. Guérin’s hands, and
Mr. McLachlan had received it from M. René Oberthiir.

At the same meeting Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited various speci-
mens illustrating Acanthopsyche opacella ; fresh females showing the
six nearly complete rings of silky wool with which she is clothed ;
specimens preserved in cop., showing the exact position of the male
moth in the female case, and the position of the two moths in relation
to the temale pupa-case. It was incidentally mentioned that the
inflation of the male abdomen with air was observed to be the main
force employed in advancing the male abdomen into position, and
that observation of the immature wing threw considerable light on
the real neuration in this species.

At the same meeting Mr. Barrett exhibited specimens of Heterocera
destructive to the fruit crops of South Africa. Among them Sphingo-
morpha montetronis, Butl., known as the Fruit Moth in Cape Colony—
a bold and powerful insect, with a sucking tongue strong enough to
pierce the sound skin of a peach or fig. The presence of a light does
not appear to disturb it, so that examination of its methods can be
readily made, when it can be seen that it does not take advantage of
the natural opening into a fig, or of a crack or other injury to a peach,
but deliberately pierces a hole which afterwards shows as a small round
spot, from which decay invariably results. It seems a matter of
indifference to the moth whether the fruit has fallen, or is on the tree,
ripe or unripe. With regard to Achaea lienardi and Serrodes inara,
the two species are restless and timid, and, therefore, more difficult to
observe. In the present season, however, both have been extremely
abundant, and have been seen at apparently uninjured fruit, so that it
seems they are capable of equal destruction, and this is the more
probable, as all the species alike are provided with somewhat saw-like
teeth toward the tip of each section of the sucking apparatus.

Mr. W. A. Luff has now given us an up-to-date list of The Insects
of Alderney. It occupies 23 pp., and includes all the orders that have
been worked, and the additions, made by Mr. E. D. Marquand recently,
are highly suggestive of what still remains to be done before it can be
really said that the fauna of the Channel Islands is known. Hitherto
Mr. Luff has worked almost alone, helped only in Guernsey by the

194 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Rev. F. E. Lowe, and incidental lists furnished by casual
visitors. Of the Lepidoptera, Sesia musciformis is abundant, S.
ichneumoniforiis was captured, and many Callimorpha hera were seen,
whilst amongst the Coleoptera, Rhizotroyus aestivus, not yet recorded as
British, has been taken, several specimens of a curious aberration (with-
out a yellow stripe on the elytra) of Cryptocephalus vittatus, another non-
British species, were captured, as also were Necrophorus yermanicus,
Meloé brevicollis, &e. Among the Hymenoptera, Andrena flessae has not
yet been recorded as British, and a curious dark-underside form of
Bombus smithianus is of especial interest, the southern ones being
usually pale beneath, although the Scotch ones are nearly black. The
only dragonfly that has been captured is Sympetrum fonscolombti, but
there are many other interesting species in the list, which well deserves
the study of all interested in the geographical distribution of species.

The members of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union went for their
first outing this year on May 19th, when the country around Hornsea
Mere was investigated. At the meeting held in the evening, under
the presidency of Mr. G. T. Porritt, eleven new members were elected,
and the officials of the various sections sent in tbeir reports.

FWEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

PRockEDINGS oF THE Sour Lonpon EntomonocicaL Socrery,
1899.*—This is an interesting volume of 120 pages including a good
index. It begins with a full paper by Dr. Chapman on the evolution
of the lepidopterous antenna. Like all this author’s work it is full
of accurate observation and careful reasoning. Differing from Dr.
Jordan, Dr. Chapman’s view is, that the primitive lepidopterous
antenna had sense-hairs with scales regularly distributed amongst
them, and from this various lines of evolution started, the main line
having a strong tendency for scales to disappear ventrally and hairs
dorsally, the final tendency being to the usual form in the obtect
Heterocera, of hairs ventrally, and two rows of scales dorsally. There
is a suggestive paper by Mr. Tutt on “‘ Metamorphosis,” a subject of
permanent interest, affording scope for much speculation ; it isaclear
exposition of the opinions most prevalent at the present time. There isa
wide range of subjects—if not embracing, like Father O’Flynn’s learning,
everything from Theology down to Conchology—still justifying the title
of Entomological and Natural History Society. Mr. Scourfield discourses
on the water fleas, and the presidential address of Mr. Harrison gives
what is known up to date on Telegony, the theory based on Lord
Morton’s experience with the foal of a chestnut mare whose first
husband was a quagea, a theory on which doubts have been increased
by the ‘‘ Pennycuik”’ experiments of Professor Ewart with zebras and
horses. Another question of the day, that of malarial fever and
mosquitoes, is included in the presidential address. It seems that a
particular kind of mosquito, the Anopheles, and a human being must
co-operate to preserve the life of the interesting organism which causes
malaria, so that if you can exterminate one of these species malaria
will be done for. The Anopheles will, of course, be the one to go, and

* Published at the Society’s Rooms, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge, S.E.
Price 2s. 6d.

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 195

would therefore seem to be in a bad way, more especially as it is
found that a little kerosene dropped on the surface of the puddles he
frequents puts an end to him. The “mere collector’’ will perhaps
take note of this, in order that he may lay in a store of the Anopheles
before it is too late; we are afraid, however, that it will be long before
the species will be extinct. There is a pleasant account by Mr. Adkin
of summer days by the seaside, including an important observation of
the immigration of Picris rapae. We are glad to learn from this paper
that Polyommatus corydon and LP. bellaryus are as abundant as ever on
the Sussex downs. Hermit crabs and land shells are among the objects
observed and noted, as are many rare plants; and most of the orders
of insects have their part in the Proceedings of this society—Lepidop-
tera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Odonata, Hymenoptera, and
Diptera. There were 23 meetings in the year, at which, apart from
the exhibition of specimens—in itself a sufficient raison d’étre for such
a society—biological questions of importance were discussed, and the
society may be congratulated on its success and usefulness. Some of
the papers published by it are distinctly valuable from the point of
view of science, and the interchange of ideas and opinions at the
frequent meetings of the society cannot fail to bring recruits to the
ranks of those who, as members of the chartered Entomological Society
and other leading scientific societies, have done so much to promote
biological knowledge in recent years.—F.M.

Tue Naruran History or tHe Brirish LeEpmoprera (Swan Son-
nenschein and Co., Paternoster Square, E.C.).—The second volume of
this important work described by Mr. Merrifield (Hntomologist, April,
1899) as beimg ‘‘in comprehensiveness and fulness of detail, on all
points of interest to the biologist, the systematist, and the collector
. . . . Without a rival,’ has now been published. It consists of
584 closely printed demy 8vo. pages, on good paper and well bound in
cloth. It has an index consisting of 30 columns of references merely
to the names of the species dealt with and referred to, and the whole
book contains, not only a complete reswmé of the families dealt with
culled from all possible sources, but a large mass of original matter
written by the author and those entomologists whose help he was
fortunate enough to obtain.

The book consists of two parts: (1) The introductory part (100
pages) containing chapters on ‘‘ Metamorphosis in Lepidoptera,’
‘* Incidental phenomena relating to Metamorphosis in Lepidoptera,”
‘‘The External Morphology of the Lepidopterous pupa,’ ‘The
Internal Structure of the Lepidopterous pupa,” and ‘ Phylogeny of
the Lepidopterous pupa.’’ (2) The systematic part (469 pages)
dealing with the species. In this section each species is described
under a series of headings—Synonymy, Original description, Imago,
Sexual dimorphism, Gynandromorphism (descriptions of all known
forms), Variation (with original descriptions of all known forms),
Comparison with allied species, Egg-laying, Ovum, Habits of Larva,
Larva, Variation of Larva, Comparison of Larva with those of allies,
Cocoon, Double and Composite Cocoons, Variation in colour of
Cocoons, Parasites, Food-plants, Habits and Habitat, Pupal Habits
and extended duration of Pupal stage, Time of appearance (details for
phenological work), Localities (county lists for the British Islands),
Distribution (classified lists under the countries in which the species

196 THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD.

occur). The headings just enumerated are those under which Lachneis
lanestris is described. In addition to most of these there are other
headings in the Psychids—Case, Puparium, Dehiscence of Pupa, &e,
There are also full details of the superfamilies, families, subfamilies,
tribes and genera under which the species have been described.

The feature of this volume will be considered, undoubtedly, the
very full and complete monograph of the Psychides. This exceedingly
interesting group has been hitherto practically unknown to British
lepidopterists, and such authors as have dealt with it have largely
copied their descriptions and notes from the continental authorities,
with the result that a very large proportion of the little that has been
published about them in Britain is erroneous. In this work almost
every British species of the Micro-Psychina, as well as the Macro-
Psychina, has been worked out in detail and there is no doubt that
British lepidopterists will now be far ahead of their continental
brethren in their knowledge of this group, especially as in the Micro-
Psychina the author has given a summary of the whole of the known
Palearctic species. A full consideration of their position with regard
to other superfamilies and inter se has been given, and the whole group
has been so thoroughly overhauled that the work will be invaluable to
continental as well as British lepidopterists.

The superfamily Lastocampides or Lachneides has been similarly
treated. The whole of the family has been considered historically
and the positions of the various authorities discussed. With the
exception of a few instances, the author finds himself in agreement
with Aurivillius as to the names to be used, but the life-histories have
had to be worked out de nove, on modern lines, to determine the
characters on which the classification of the group should be based.

The work has been so arranged as to make the facts of the greatest
possible use to the synonymist, the systematist, the biologist, phenolo-
gist, and the students of variation and distribution. At the same
time the collector has unequalled lists of food-plants, dates of
appearance, full county lists, full account of the habits (larval and
imaginal) and habitats, mode of pupation, &c., in such detail as has
never been offered before.

Help has been obtained from a very large number of our best.
lepidopterists at home and abroad. Lord Walsingham, Messrs.
Durrant, Kirby, and Prout are almost entirely responsible for the
synonymy, Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. Bacot for the life-histories,
descriptions of larve, pupe, &c. Some 250 local and county lists
have been overhauled and put together for the localities, which form a
really good series of county lists. Special help has been obtained
from those who know any species particularly well, whilst considerable
help has also to be acknowledged from Messieurs Oberthur, Dupont,
and Dr. F. J. M. Heylaerts, of Breda.

As the work can only be continued by the goodwill of subscribers,
it is hoped that every entomologist who is anxious that we should
have a series of books on British lepidoptera, that shall be far in
advance of anything before offered to the entomological public, and
form a real work of reference, based on the lines of modern science,
will support this undertaking, not only by becoming a subscriber
but also by inducing his friends to do so.—H. E. P.

Erratum.—Page 178, line 19, for ‘pl. iv.,” read ‘‘ pl. vi.”

All Subscribers to THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BRITISH LEPI-
ERA, by J. W. TUTT, F.E.S., should now have received their copies of
ME II. If any one has given notice that he wished to become a sub-
er and has been overlooked, application should be made for a copy at
subscription price on or before July Ist, after which all copies will be sold at £1

y

pet per volume.

NOTICE.—Nos. 8 and 9 of this Magazine will be published as
follows: No. 8, August Ist (possibly about July 25th);
No. 9, September 15th. Will CONTRIBUTORS send Articles,
Exchanges, &c., accordingly.—Tuer Kprtor.

the Back Volumes (I-X1) of The Entomologist’s Record, &c., can be obtained at 7s. 6d. per
ume. ‘‘ Special Index” to Vols. III., 1V., V., VI., VII., VIII., IX., X., and XI., price 1/-
each. Single Back Numbers of Vols. I.—-XI. can be obtained at poupiE the published price,
from H. EH. Pacr, F.E.S., ‘ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, S.E.

REMITTANCES TO BE SENT WITH ORDER.

ForeicN Susscriprrs (continental and otherwise) when sending money orders
ough the London General Post Office are requested at the same time, to post to Mr.
age, F.H.S., a note advising him of same.

All Exchange Magazines must in future be forwarded to J. W. Tutt,
é Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

Reprints of Articles or Notes (long or short) appearing in this Magazine can be arranged
for by Authors at a very low price, on application to Mr. H. E. Page, F.E.S.,
“ Bertrose,”’ Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, S.E.

NN OTIC E.

Subseribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to The Entomologist’s Record, &e., are
ayable in advance. The subscription (including an extra shilling for the Special Index to Vol. X11., to
e trouble) is SEVEN SHILLINGS, and must be sent to Mr. H. E. Pacn, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St.
atherine’s Park, London, 8.H. Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Turr.

; ADVERTISEMENTS of Books and Insects for Sale will be inserted at a minimum charge of Qs. 6d. (for
four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for aseries. Particulars of Mr.
. H. PaGE, ‘ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, S.E. 2
Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. EH. Paan, “ Bertrose,”
ellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, 8.H., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed.

__ Articles for insertion should be sent to J. W. Turr, Westcombe Hill, S.E., except those relating to
oleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. DonistHorPE, 58, Kensington Mansions, South Kensington,
and those relating to Orthoptera, to Mr. M. Burr, New College, Oxford.

NOTICE.—The Editor will be glad of eggs, larve and pupx of Lepidoptera, for
description. Notes on good aberrations of Lasiocampids will be very useful.
IMPORTANT.—Wanted, actual dates on which, and exact localities where,
Piterophorids, Lasiocampids and Sphingids have been captured. Will correspondents send
dates for this or any year ?—J. W. Turr, Westcombe Hill, S.H.

ExcHancr Baskets.—June 2nd, No. 2 basket.—Messrs. Ash, Christy, Whittle, Wood-
orde, Atmore, Walker, Barnes, Robertson, Edelsten, Studd, Riding, Bower. April
Oth, No. 1 basket.—Messrs. Horne, Bowles, Mera, Fox, Robertson, Woodforde, Studd,
obinson, Maddison, Riding, Bower, Moberly. {Members who wish to be missed must
rite to the name preceding their own on list, not to the Secretary]. Who is detaining
No. 1? a8
_ WantEp—Badly, for description, two or three eggs each of Potatoria, Querci-
olia, Bombyliformis, Stellatarum, Fuciformis, Atropos, or any of the rarer Hawk moths.
ertilised eggs particularly wanted so that the larva can be described in its first instar.
o (for description) eggs, larvee, or pups of Microdactyla, Parvidactyla, Distans, Osteo-
lactyla, Tephradactyla, Baliodactyla, Bipunctidactyla, Plagiodactyla, Loewii, Bertrami,
etterstedtii, Acanthodactyla, Punctidactyla, Monodactyla, Fuscus (Pterodactyla), Spilo-

actyla.—Direct to The Editor or to A. Bacot, 154, Lower Clapton Road, N.E.

Wantep during this season ova, larve and pups of very many species. Good value
given in exchange, either imagines, larve, or pupse.—W. S. Salvage, Arlington, Berwith,
‘Sussex.
| Duplicates.—Sobrinata (larvee), B. callunae (pups), Fimbria. Desiderata.—Imagines,
‘ova, larve and pup of many southern Noctuids.—J. C. Haggart, 58, St. Andrew Street,
Galashiels, N.B.

___ Duplicates.—Larye T. w-album, Citrago, Fulyago, Populeti, &e. Desiderata.—
Numerous, ova and larvee.—C. EH. Young, 8, Clifton Grove, Rotherham, Yorks. x
oS: Duplicates.—Vitalbata*, Hera, Paniscus. Desiderata.—Numerous, ova and larve.—

J. C. Dollman, Hove House, Newton Grove, Bedford Park, W.

_ Excuancr.—I am des
the Pacific Islands. For such ] perfec rth
_ North American Coleoptera.—Levi W. Mengel, Boy igh School, Reac 8
Wantep. Fine lepidoptera of Hurope in exchange for butterflies from Russia in
Japan, China and Basses-Alps (France).—Wilhelm Neuburger, Lepidopterist, Berlin
Luisen Ufer 45, Germany. ed :
Desiderata.—Larve or pupe of Caja and Grossulariata. Will give good vet
Macros or cash.—Y. Maddison, South Bailey, Durham. :
Duplicates.—Larve of P. populi— Miss E. Miller, The Croft, Rainsford R
Chelmsford. 3 ‘i
Duplicates.—Many ova, pup, and larvee, including Ilustraria, Biundularia, Hamul
Prodromaria, Palpina, Ziczac, Curtula, Reclusa, &e. Desiderata.—Ova, larve, or p
only, of many species, especially Salicis, Dromedarius, Dictaeoides, Trepida, Luna
Munda, Pennaria, Lacertula and Coryli—L. W. Newman, Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent
Wantrp.—Hegs of insects for photographic and photo-micrographic purposes. 7
give sender a photograph of any eggs sent. Also any other interesting entomolog
details—antenne of allied species, &e.—F. Noad Clark, Paddington Infirmary, Har
Road, W.
Wanrep.—Pupx of Betularia, and var. doubledayaria, for experimental purpose
W. Bateson, Merton House, Grantchester, Cambridge. 4 i
WantEep.—harve, pup or pupa-cases of any species of Sesiidae, for a forthcomi
paper, also notes relative to this genus. Postage and all expenses paid, and specime
returned if necessary.—K. W. Lane, 9, Teesdale Street, Hackney Road, N.E. ¢
Cuance or Appress.—W. E. Sharp from 13, Broughton Road, Halting, N. to Ledsi
Shakespeare Road, Elthorne, Hanwell, W. S.J. Bell from 150, Stockwell Park Road
17, Wiltshire Road, Brixton. ;

s of obt: g butterfli

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. |

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. Lon
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C.—The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at ‘
p-m. Members are particularly requested to bring varieties and aberrations for exh
tion. Non-members cordially invited. d

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hiber
Chambers, London Bridge.—The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 pn
Field Meetings.—July 7th, E. Horsley (L.S.W.R.) ; September 22d, Paul’s Cray Comm«
(S.E.R.).—Particulars of Mr. 8S. Edwards, Kidbrooke Lodge, Blackheath, S.B.

North London Natural History Society, Sigdon Road Board School, Dalston L
N.E. (close to Hackney Downs Stations, G.H.R.).—Meetings first and third Thursday:
each month, at 7.45 p.m.

Nonpareil Entomological Society, Mansfield Street, Kingsland.—The First
_ Third Thursdays in the Month.

CHARLES BAUDREXLER,

Practical Entomologist,
Rotteweil a/N, Wurttemburg. 4

Lepidoptera: Great assortment of Ova, Larve, Pupze & Imagines.

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insularis, 1s. 5d. Youne uarv# (per doz.): Anth. monacha, 10s. Imacrnes (each) : Atropos,
2s.; Flavia, 3s.; Ornithoptera trogane, e. 1. sup. 3 2, 50s.; ligdius, $ ?,50s.; &c. om
A LARGE ASSORTMENT ALWAYS ON HAND.

doptera anda Coleoptera
From all parts of the World.
PRE SERVED LARVAl: IMAGINES (well set).

Life- histories carefully arranged and well-mounted in cases, for Museums,

Schools, &e.
Cases to Illustrate various phases of Mimicry.

Living Lepidopterous Eggs, Larve and Pupe; Birds’ Kees; Stufted Birds’

Skins; Shells; and all other Zoological objects.

Living eggs, ae and pupe, of the following species in season :—Papilio machaon,
Apori ia crataegi, Pieris daplidice, Thecla w-album, Apatura iris, Vanessa antiopa, Melitaea
cinxia, Acherontia atropos, Sphinx convolwuli, S. pinastri, Deilephila euphorbiae, Sesia
sphegiformis, Deiopera pulchella, Callimorpha hera, Cerura bicuspis, Lophopteryx carme-

Ss _ Uta, Catocala fraxini, Geometra papilionaria, Lygris reticulata, &c.

a pe eS

The Editor of The Entomologist’s Record writes :—‘‘ I know nothing in this particular

direction so well-suited for educational purposes as your excellently mounted ‘ Lifehistories

of Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, &c.’ One could wish that there were three or four typical
eases in every Primary and Secondary School in Europe. Certainly everyone engaged

in educational work, in the British Isles at least, would use these cases if they knew of

them.”’ Send for List to—
ARNOLD VOELSCHOW, Schwerin, Mecklenburg, Germany.

An illustrated, exhaustive, and authoritative series of articles on the

Pei ELE S ofthe PALARARCTIC -REGI@N
By Dr. HENRY LANG
(Author of the Butterflies of Hurope), is appearing monthly in
SCIENCE GOSSIP.

The beautiful Illustrations are by a new Photographic
process, direct from authentic specimens.

Other Entomological pulnicers in each Number.

SIXPENCE MONTHLY.

C < 2 5 . > =) Fiditor and Manages
Editorial and business communications to 110, Strand, W.C.

The British Noctuz and their Varieties.

(Complete in 4 volumes. Price 7/- per vol.).
The four volumes comprise the most complete text-book ever issued on the Noctumes.

‘It contains critical notes on the synonymy, the original type descriptions (or descriptions

of the original figures) of every British species, the type descriptions of all known
varieties of each British species, tabulated diagnoses and short descriptions of the various
phases of variation of the more polymorphic species; all the data known concerning the
rare and reputed British species. Complete notes on the lines of development of the
peneral variation observed in the various families and genera. The geographical range
of the various species and their varieties, as well as special notes by lepidopterists who

have paid particular attention to certain species.

Each volume has an extended introduction. That to Vol. 1 deals with ‘‘ General
variation and its causes” —with a detailed account of the action of natural selection in
producing melanism, albinism, &c. That to Vol. Il deals with ‘The evolution and
genetic sequence of insect colours,’”’ the most complete review of the subject published.
That to Vol. III deals with ‘‘Secondary Sexual Characters in Lepidoptera,” explaining
so far as is known, a consideration of the organs (and their functions) included in the term.
That to Vol. IV deals with ‘“‘ The classification of the Noctue,’’ with a comparison of the
Nearctic and Palearctic Noctuides.

The first subscription list comprised some 200 of our leading British lepidopterists,
and up to the present time some 500 complete sets of the work have been sold.
The treatise is invaluable to all working collectors who want the latest information on this

- group, and contains large quantities of material collected from foreign magazines and the

works of old British authors, arranged in connection with each species, and not to be
found in any other published work.

-Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.
(Demy 8vo., bound in Cloth. Price 2/6).

Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for the
forms of Melanism and Melanochroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of
melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin; the special value of
“natural selection,’ ‘‘ environment,” ‘‘ heredity,” ‘‘disease,” ‘‘ temperature,” etc., in
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the
Entomological Society of London, says ‘‘ An especially interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects, is that which has been followed up in
Mr. Turr’s series of papers on ‘Melanism and Melanochroism.’ ”

British Butterflies.

(Illustrated. Crown 8vo., Cloth, Gilt. Price 5/-).

This book consists of 476 pages, contains 10 full-page illustrations, and 45 wood-cuts.
There are figures of every British butterfly. Sometimes three or four figures of the same
butterfly to illustrate the two sexes, underside and variation are given. ‘The full-page
illustrations and most of the wood-cuts have been drawn by the well-known entomological
artist, Mr. W. A. Pearce.

Each British butterfly is described under the following heads :—(1) Synonymy, (2)
Imago, (3) Variation, with summarised diagnoses of all described forms, British and Con-
tinental, (4) Egg, (5) Larva, (6) Pupa,(7) Time of appearance, (8) Habitat and Distribution.
Besides these, there are extended remarks on each of the Tribes, Subfamilies, Families,
Divisions, and Superfamilies. The descriptions of the ‘‘ Larvee ” and ‘‘ Pupe”’ are mostly

original. There are 282 aberrations and yarieties diagnosed, of which 111 are described.

for the first time.
At the end of each chapter is a brief summary giving the following information, in
tabular form, for each species:—I. Dates for finding (1) the ovum, (2) the larva, (3) the
_ pupa (4) the imago. II. The Method of Pupation. III. Food-plants.
The preliminary chapters consist of a series on the structure, of the Ege, Larva,
Pupa, &c.; also others on practical work—Collecting, Pinning, Setting, Storing, Label-
ling, &e.

To be obtained from H. E. PAGE, ‘ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE

BRITISH LEPIDOPTE

By J Wo. Ode
Vols. | and Il. |

Demy 8vo., strongly bound in Cloth.
Vol. I consisting of 560 pp. Vol. II of 584 pp.

Price £1 each Volume (net).
§

This is undoubtedly the most thorough and comprehensive work ever published on

the British Lepidoptera, and will undoubtedly be the standard work on the subject for
many years, and a book of reference for all students and collectors. No class of entomolo-
eists—synonymists, systematists, biologists, phenologists, students of variation, of geo-
eraphical distribution, of gynandromorphism, etc.—can possibly do without it, and the
extended lists of named forms (which give an enhanced yalue to the aberrations and
local races in collections), the complete lists of food-plants, British localities, and dates of
appearance will be an endless source of time-saving labour to the lepidopterist who collects
and breeds his own insects.

Lord Walsingham (£nt. Mo. May., July, 1899) says—* The work is something more than its title
would lead us to expect, and if other volumes should succeed it, compiled on the same lines and with
equal elaboration and attention to detail, we may expect a fund of information, for collectors as well
as students, such as has never before been brought together in so accessible and convenient a form.”

The Annals of Scottish Natural History, July, 1899, says—‘‘ The author shows himself to be, at least,
a master in the arts of compilation and condensation. Upon all the subjects treated we find a great
mass of information, collected from every conceivable source, and presented in such a concise manner
as to save the student a vast amount of time and trouble in searching for any particular fact. . . .
There cannot be much omitted from this important work for the future investigator to turn his attention
to, so fully does the author enter into his subject.”

Professor Fernalde(Canadian Entomologist, June, 1899) writes—‘‘ The first volume on the British
Lepidoptera is a model and gives promise that when the entire work is completed little will he left to
pe desired.”

Mx. Merrifield (Entomologist, April, 1899) states that ‘‘In comprehensiveness and fulness of detail,
on all points of interest to the biologist, the systematist, and the collector, this volume is, as regards
the particular subjects treated, without a rival.”

Dr. T. A. Chapman (Entomologist, March, 1899) says—“ The present work covers a quite unoccupied
field. . . . There can be no doubt the work marks an important step forward in the treatment of
British Lepidoptera, recognising more fully than any previous treatise, that a complete study of all the
stages of insects not only structurally but physiologically, in their habits, changes, variations, distribu-
tions, &c., is now essential to further progress.. The work is produced in a very satisfactory torm, and
I have no doubt that its merits will secure it a reception that will induce the author to proceed with
the remaining volumes.”

Drar Sir,—
Please forward to me The Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, for
Vols. I and II of which I forward the sum of 40s.

Nam ey eer ee), ARO ARES Nis ah isda ah 8 a

BANG (ab atsiopmenis Meremrn ee Ree ee SIE it be

DraR StrR,—
Please forward to me Vol. IL of The Natural History of the British Lepit-
doptera, for which I send the sum of 20s..

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SEP 1 1900

guismologists
o Peay

JOURNAL oF VARIATION.

ow eXeliseNion Gh) . _ Aucust lst, 1900.

AND

Field Meeting of the South London Entomological and Natural.
History Society, May 1900 (with photograph).

Some twenty-eight years ago the South London Entomological and
Natural History Society first came into existence, and the late Mz,
J. R. Wellman was, from 1872-1874, its first President. From 1872
until now it has been a moghessure institution, full of lite and virility,
and much of its strength has undoubtedly heen due to a well-organised
band of excellent entomologists, who, at weak periods, haye provided
the sinews of war, and during strong ones have placed its finances on
a sound basis, and nursed it until it has now undoubtedly become one
of the strongest societies of its kind in the country. When one looks
through its list of members one is not surprised at the success achieved,
and the list of past presidents contains the names of many men well-
known in the annals of entomological science. The wayin which old
members haye supported the society after thei more active period of
work has been passed, is worthy of all praise, and only one past. presi-
dent, Mr. A. B. Farn (1875-1876), is missing from the current roll of
membership, except those that have passed the bourne whence no
traveller returns—J. R. Wellman, J. T. Wilhams, W. H. Tugwell,
and, dearest of all old friends, J. Jenner Weir. Mr. J. P. Barrett,
who has disappeared from active work for a score of years, appears in
the current roll of members as having been elected 1 in 1900, yet he was

Secretary of the Society in the “ seventies,’ ’ President in 1877, so that
a is at once one of the oldest and youngest of members.

One of the features of the summer work of this Society is the
organisation of a series of field meetings. One of these was held at
Oxshott, on May 19th, and our photograph is reproduced from
one taken at the end of a pleasant day by that prince of photo-
eraphers, Mr. IF’. Noad Clark, to whom we are greatly indebted for the
original. Seeing ‘that the photograph included so many entomologists
with whose personal appearance our proyincial readers would be sure
to wish to be acquainted, we considered we could not do better than
have a reproduction made for the magazine. The ‘“ Carl Hentschel
Co.’ has done its share of the work satisfactorily, and we have no
doubt the printer will do his.

Of the members present many of the younger ones have still to win
their spurs as entomologists in the strict sense, although their keen-
ness as collectors leaves little doubt that this w ill come in due course.
Of the older hands there are several to whom entomologists generally

198 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

owe much, and the South London Entomological and Natural History
Society still more
First and ParmeronOs) of these is Mr. R. Adkin, F.E.S., to whom the
Society undoubtedly owes more than to any other individual member.
Three times its President (1886, 1887, 1897), and for several years its
Treasurer, he stands facile princeps of all those who have worked for
the advancement of the Society, and as a keen lepidopterist will be
known to all our readers. Second only to Mr. Adkin, in his solicitude
for the Society’s welfare, is Mr. R. South, F.H. Se twice President
(1885 and 1886), the editor of The Hntomoiogist, and responsible for
much—yvyery much—of the systematic work that has been done on the
lepidoptera of Japan. Next come Mr. S. Edwards, F.Z.S., F.L.8.,
TRE tislo, Malo, CaGo, ual Whe, Isl, di, “Wlummer, r.E.S., the twin
Secretaries for many years past. No work that these two men can do
for the Society is too great, and the generosity of Mr. Edwards is
phenomenal. Besides the presentation of an excellent lantern to
illustrate the lectures given and papers read, almost every really
valuable work on natural history that is too expensive for the Society
to purchase, finds its way to the Society’s bookshelves, thanks to Mr.
Edwards, and in this he is ably seconded by Mr. N. F. Warne, one of
the members of the well-known firm of book-publishers in Russell-
street. The present President, Mr. W.J. Lucas, B.A., F'.E.S., a first-
class all-round naturalist, will be best known to our readers by his
recent excellent work on British Dragonjlies, whilst Major Ficklin,
keen lepidopterist and excellent raconteur, and Mr. W. West, L.D.S.,
who adds microscopy to his loye for entomology, represent the past
presidents, having been in office in 1880 and 1884 respectively. Dr.
T. A. Chapman needs no introduction to our readers; an unlimited
capacity for hard work, a scientific training that can be attained only
by entomologists who follow medicine as a profession, an omnivorous
reader, a logical reasoner, and a profound thinker, these are among the
factors that have wnited in placing him in the very first rank of the
entomologists of his time, and a giant among the pigmies that sur-
round him. His refusal to occupy the presidential chair for the
current year was a great disappointment to all the members, but we
trust that ere long he will be prevailed upon to add his name to an
honourable list. ‘Dr. Iremlin, who has still to make the name in
entomology that he has made in bacteriology, is the prospective Presi-
dent for 1901. Mr. A. Cant, F.1.S., the prince of setters, Mr. J. H.
Carpenter, F.E.S., keen on the elucidation of all details of the life-
histories of our British butterflies, Mr. R. Ficklin, one of the original
finders of Drepana harpagula (sicula) in Leigh Woods, and Mr. W. J.
Ashdown, an exceedingly keen coleopterist, w ill also be known to most,
and if we have to regret the absence of Messrs. A. Harrison, T. W.
Hall, W. West (Greenwich), H. A. Sauzé, H. Moore, A. M. Mont-
gomery, E. Step, and other active members of the Society from this
photograph, we still trust that some future occasion will give us the
chance of obtaining another contaiming at least some of “those who
have done so much for the Society. By this means we hope that
these entomologists may become something more than names to those
who have not vet had the pleasure of attendine one of the mectings,
and thus coming into personal contact with them.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN LEPIDOPTERA. 199

The connection between Primary and Secondary Sexual Characters
in Lepidoptera.
By J. W. TUTT, FES.

Not the least interesting of the various points discussed in Dr.
Wood's recent paper on certain Lithocolletids (/’nt. Mo. Mag.) is the
final chapter on the biological aspects of the male genitalia. The
working theory advanced is certainly far-reaching in its application,
and one suspects that some first class entomologist will ere long put it
to the test of practical application.

One is, indeed, astonished that there should be the remarkable
yariety which Dr. Wood shows to exist in the structure of these
organs among such small insects, and that closely allied species
should present such wide differences is also sufficiently striking, and
one is inclined to agree with the author that this variation is not
solely to prevent unnatural unions. It is not, however, this particular
view of the subject to which we wish to refer, but rather to a side
issue growing out of one of the points raised by Dr. Wood.

Dr. Wood concludes that ‘‘ much of the variation that we find in
the male appendages is of a neutral character, neither useful nor hurt-
ful to them as clasping organs.” . . . and that “all this amazing
fertility of shape is dependent i in some way upon the presence of the
reproductive glands or testes, for it can scarcely be doubted that could
they be removed at a sufficiently early date in the life of the larva,
the transformation of the last laryal segment into the armature of the
imago would not occur, much as the emasculation of the deer preyents
the devel opment of its horns.’ He then goes on to sugeest that the
office of the reproductive glands (esate or Ovaries) is tw ofold: (1) The
production of spermatozoa or ova. (2) The control of the development
of the soma. ‘These two functions are rarely in full activity at the
same time . . . . and the organs may be capable of discharging
one set of functions and incapable as regards the other. He SAYS:
“The functions then of the reproductive glands are twofold; on the
one hand they supply germ-matter that resides within them with the
means of developing and multiplying ; and, on the other hand, they
modify and even originate those parts of the soma which are lumped
together under the name of the secondary sexual characters. Now,
the more minutely we investigate and classify our insects the more
commonly do we come upon instances in wie the only coarse and
tangible characters by which one species may be distinguished with
certainty from another « closely allied to +t; lie in these secondary sexual
structures; in fact the structures constitute for us the specific
characters. Hence the conclusion seems meyitable, that many of the
characters that go to form a species have their start in some primary
change in the reproductive glands and that these organs are not
merely passive agents concerned in the nourishment of the germ-matter,
but S themselves take an active and creative part in the genesis of
species

see i have been studving the Lachneids (Lasiocampids) 1 have
been brought face to face w ith the necessity of forming some sort of
Opinion as to the cause of the external peculiarities of gynandre-
morphism, and some time since I came to the conclusions that Dr.
Wood has so ably formulated. I have already stated, im the second

200 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

volume of The Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, p. 446, the
view that the modification of the sexual organs themselves is
the cause of all the peculiarities of the secondary sexual structures—
antenne, wing-colour, wing-shape, &c. Popularly, specimens that
present a combination of the external secondary sexual characters, are
termed gynandromorphous, but the actual experiments in which it has
been proved that the modification of the secondary sexual characters
have been really accompanied by the modification of the primary
sexual organs are very few indeed,and gynandromorphism is, as arule,
applied to all individuals that exhibit a combination of the secondary
characters recognised as belonging to different sexes, without the
slightest real knowledge that the primary sexual organs haye under-
gone any modification, much less whether such modification is really
the motive force that has developed the secondary sexual peculiarities
exhibited.

A superficial examination of many specimens, however, leads one
to suppose that such is the case, and that the modification of the
sexual organs in the slightest degree brings about, as we have just
stated, a corresponding difference in the secondary structures, and that
the mixed characters shown even by the same wing in some very
aberrant examples, are due to the development of certain male genera-
tive structures among those of the female (or vice versa), and it may be
that the development of testicles on one side of an insect and ovaries
on the other, resultsin those perfectly symmetrical specimens which show
antenne, wings, legs, &c., with male characters on the one side and
female characters on the other, At any rate it is quite certain that
the external parts of the sexual organs follow a modification parallel
to those of the secondary sexual organs in many such specimens.

It would be exceedingly interesting if all those lepidopterists who
possess specimens that show modification in the direction here
indicated—either as to antenne, legs, or wings, where these differ in
a species as secondary sexual characters—would record such. One is
convinced that there are many specimens in our cabinets showing
externally greater or less signs of gynandromorphism, which have not
been detected owing to the partial and piecemeal and sometimes
apparently insignificant nature of the structures involved.

One important feature of Dr. Wood’s paper, however, 1s his
attempt to show by what means or through what channel the close
relationship between the primary and secondary organs is effected.
He states that until recently no other explanation was possible except
the one that it was due to the agency of the neryous system, some
stimulus or impression being conyeyed from the reproductive glands
to that part of the nervous systcm presiding over the development cf
any particular secondary character, in consequence of which the latter
takes on its proper growth and form. He considers, however, that
the comparatively modern discovery that the glands of the body,
besides the functions of producing their ordinary secretions which find
their way into the duets, have also the power to preduce what may be
termed “ internal’ secretions, which pass back into the blocd, where
they probably act as highly specialised focds necessary to the well- being of
the organism, helps us, and it is in this direction that he would explain
the phenomena presented by the relationship known to exist between
the primary and sexual organs, and instead of the ‘“nerve-bond ”’

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN LEPIDOPTERA. 201

between two correlated parts, he would substitute a ‘‘food-bond,’’ or,
in other words, a chemical one, and he adds: ‘‘To revert to the
illustration already borrowed from the stag, if the influence be purely
nervous, as 1s commonly believed, the path by which it is conveyed all
the way from the testes to the horns over the intricate and interlacing
lines of the sympathetic system is hard to conceive, but substitute a
food-bond, and the connection is at once obvious and easy of com-
prehension.”’

After showing that in plants structure largely depends upon food,
and that the profound modification of the plant protoplasm in the
formation of galls, is possibly due to the fact that the peculiar
substance injected into the tissues of the plant plays the part of food,
‘not however in the ordinary sense of nourishing, but rather in that
of combining and uniting with the protoplasm or one of its con-
stituents, after the manner of a chemical agent, and so altering its
molecular constitution and affinities as to change it into something
altogether different from what it was before.” He then concludes :
‘of such a kind is the nature of the ‘food-bond,’ which I would
suggest may underlie some of the phenomena of correlation, that is,
certain substances are secreted by the controllmeg organ, which
combine chemically with the protoplasm of the correlated part and
endow it with new capabilities.”

Tf we are unable to accept this view, it is not because we do not
fully appreciate the exceedingly clever suggestion made by Dr. Wood
to explain a difficult subject, but because we are unable to apply his
reasoning to definite cases that have come under our notice.

Take for example, first, the case of those bilaterally gynandro-
morphous examples of lepidoptera—Tvrichiura crataeyi, Lasiocampa
quercus, Malacosoma castrensis, J e known to all
entomologists, and several of which we have deseribed at length in our
recently-published second volume of The Natural History of the British
Lepidoptera. In these the external portions of the sexual organs are
on one side male, on the other female, presumably the internal
portions of the organs are so also, and as a result the side which
possesses the seminal glands presents all the secondary sexual charac-
ters of the male—antenne, legs, shape of wings, markings, colour
(both of head, wings, and thorax)—-whilst the side which possesses
the ovaries presents all the secondary sexual characters that dis-
tinguish the female. So complete is the division that a central line
divides the insects into two distinct halves, male on one side female
on the other. I cannot understand a food-bond that is not diffused
throughout the whole system. Are we to understand that the internal
secretions from the ovaries of an individual such as I have described
can be absorbed only by one side of the insect, and similarly that the
internal secretions of the seminal glands can only be absorbed by the
opposite side ?

A second class of gynandromorphous individuals differs widely from
the first. These appear to have the ovaries developed in part on coe
side of the insect and similarly the seminal glands. Such individuals
will present the general characters of a male or of a female, according
as the male or female genital organs are best developed, with sundry
areas and structures on either side of the insect showing characters of
the opposite sex to that which is generally exhibited by the insect.

202, THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Thus the general appearance of the insect may tend to be male, with
the whole “(or part) of the antenne, wing-markings, colour, legs, &c.,
showing characters normally associated with the female sex. In such

a case as this, how can the food-bond act ? It is difficult for me to-

see how it is possible for a portion, say of an antenna or wing to
absorb certain food-elements in the blood, even in the direction
indicated by Dr. Wood, to the exclusion of the other parts of the same
structure, nor must it be overlooked that whereas the genital organs
undergo no histolysis, the fat-body from which the nutriment for the
building up of these structures is largely obtained, does undergo this
process before the histogenesis of many of the imaginal tissues at least
can take place.

Perhaps Dr. Wood or some other biologist can help me, but at
present Tam groping in the dark. JI no more lke the nerve-bond
~than does Dr. Wood, as an explanation of the phenomena, yet it
seems to me that at present it is safer than the ‘‘food-bond,”’ so far
as I understand it. I cannot conclude this short note without thank-
ine Dr. Wood for his very clever and interesting biological survey of
the subject, and I suspect that it is 1 who am at fault and that Dr.
Wood’s theory is more sound than it appears to me to be.

Further notes on the Fumeas.
By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S. ‘

Since writing my previous note on the Fumeas (anted, pp. 59-62,
89-938, 121-125) I have had an opportunity of critically examining
the specimens of this group in the rich collection of M. Constant. It
contains several interesting forms, which illustrate very well the
great necessity there is for greater attention to these rather neglected
little moths.

The series of six specimens representing Masonia subflavella is
calculated to throw grave doubt on the real distinctness of that species.
It consists of one specimen that may be M. subflavella (or M. crassio-
rella), one that is certainly a form of M. crassiorella with 22 antennal
joints, whilst the four remaining specimens are the form I have
called Bruandia reticulatella var. “abacnmalle. and which may be the
French form to which Heylaerts has given the name norveyica. These
specimens of M. Constant’s have 22 antennal joints and a spur length
of *58.

In the series of M. crassiorellais a remarkable specimen marked “ D”’
that did not strike me as being DB, reticulatella var. obscurella, yet had
some features of that form. I am not prepared to name it as a distinet
species till further specimens are forthcoming, but I think it is a new
species. Its expanse 1s 15mm., 1t is more definitely reticulated than
B, var. obscurella is, it appeared to have a simple median vein, but this
is not perhaps certain, as [ may have made my note to that effect
without makine quite sure, fearing to damage the ie lt has
22 antennal joints and a very short tibial spine of length - This is
short for B. reticulatella, but is probably within the ee variation
possible for that species.

Amongst the Fumea casta (internediclla) are two specimens taken
at Cannes, which may be a variety of M. subflarella, but are more
probably a distinct species. They expand 18mm., have 21 joints to

THE SEPARATION OF THE PAPILIONIDES FROM OTHER BUTTERFLIES. 203

the antenne, simple median, and a spur length of -69. Their appear-
ance 1s remarkable, they have not the brownish-yellow of M. subslavella,
but a dark leaden or dove colour, with a smooth velvety texture or
surface, and very notable white cilia. The specimens are marked “B.”
I would name them ciliella.

The afinis taken by Rebel in Dalmatia, are dark, have only 22
joints to the antenne, these are certainly not identical with the M.
afinis with 24 antennal joints, but may be a local race or variety.
Amongst them are one or two with pale cilia, and the velvety appear-
ance and dove colour of ec7lie/la, these ave, however, large, being 15mm.
in expanse.

There is also a pretty little series named Bruandia reticulatella
taken by Rebel, in Dalmatia. They are not very recent specimens,
but are very fresh as regards the blackness of their colouring.
M. Constant had not a typical 8. reticulatella with which to
compare them. They are distinctly smaller than the type, viz., 12mm.,
and the reticulations are very marked and distinct, but somewhat
obscured towards the base in some specimens. I could not very
easily make out the divided median. The colour of the wings is a very
dark smoky, almost black, dull and unpolished. The tibial spur is -61
and ‘60 in two different specimens. This is long for B. reticulatella. T
have, however, measured a B. var. obscurella as °59. I do not see sufficient
ground for separating these from BD. reticulatella, but they have a very
different facies from G. var. obscurella, and it is hard to believe they are
the same species; nevertheless, I am equally unable to say that B. var.
obscurella, is more than a variety of B. reticulatella. The ? has 11 to
13 antennal joints (counting difficult), 5-jointed tarsi, more hair on the
sides and dorsum than fF’, casta var. nitidella. The case varies in size
and materials, and is like that of a short thick F. casta.

Is the separation of the Papilionides from other butterflies
warranted ?
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

We have just received, thanks to the author, another of Pro-
fessor Grote’s papers on the classification of the butterflies, en-
titled Phylogenie und Begrenzung der Tagfalter-Familien. It
is now well known that the author divides the butterflies into
two superfamilies—Papriionipes (consisting only of the Papilioni-
dae, Tetnopalpidae and Parnastidae) and Hespertapes (including all
other butterflies, the Meyathymidae, Hesperiadae, Lycaenidae, Nemeo-
budae, Libytheidae, Nymphalidae, Pseudopontiadae, Dismorphiadae,
Pierididae). The great pecuharity by which the Paprmroniwes differ
from all the other butterflies is in the anal nervure of the forewing,
which, in this superfamily, reaches the inner margin, whilst in the
Hesperipes (i.¢., all other butterflies) it is either bent up towards the
anal nervure, or is absent. In this latest work by Professor Grote the
anal nervure is called A,, whilst the supplementary anal nervure (that
on which so much stress is laid) is called A, in the Paprironrpgs, and
A, in the other butterflies. Now we wish to suggest that this naming
involves a false proposition, and that A, and A, are homologous, in
other words, that A,=A,. Dr. Chapman informs us that a study of
the development of this nervure in the Papilionid and Pierid pup

2.04 THE ENVOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

suggests that this is so. It je, of course, a very important fact that A,
in the Papilionid imago reaches the inner margin of the wine, whilst
A, in the other butterflies does not, and the difference im direction of
this nervure is sufficient to give considerable importance to the charac-
ter in any system of classification ; but if, as we suggest, the nervures
A, and A, are homologous, will the character bear the weight that
Professor Grote seeks to put on it? In other words, does the mere
direction of this nervure imply so much as the author asserts? The
value which the author asserts that this difference warrants is an
exceedingly great one, so great that in his “ Stammbaum ”’ he makes
the Papinronipes have an entirely different origin from the Hxspr-
RIADES, Which he derives through the Temes from the Microprmry-
GIDES, whilst the Papmronrmes come from an undefined and unknown
source, quite distinct, however, so far as one can judge, from that
postulated for the other butterflies. We wish to suggest that the
character that our author brings forward does not justify these con-
clusions, and, until Professor Grote can show us that the evolution of
nervure A, is different from that of A, and that A, differs from A, in
reality and not as a mere matter of terms, he must forgive us for not
accepting his conclusions. What is now wanted is a series of carefully
prepared diagrams, illustrating the point that Professor Grote urges,
viz., that A, and A, are not homologous, made from the pups during
development. We suspect that such a set will show, on the contrary,
that they are homologous, and that the great difference urged by the
author as existing between the Papinronipes and all other butterflies,
has, in fact, no existence. Further details based on the imagines
will not push the matter any further. The opinion that there are
theoretically ‘‘four anal longitudinal nervures to the fore-wings of
butterflies, of which the Parrmronixs have lost the third, and kept the
fourth, whilst the Hrsprrtapes have lost the fourth and kept the
third,” has been repeated in a large number of journals—German,
American, and English. To repeat this statement again and again will
not convince us that the A, of the HesperiapEs and A, of the Pariiro-
NIDES are not homologous. What we want are fresh facts based on the
pupa—and to be learned only during pupal and imaginal deyelop-
ment.

The Guests of Ants and Termites (with Plate).
By E. WASMANN, 8.J. (translated by H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.).
(Concluded from p. 150.)

There exists, as I have already mentioned, many intermediates
between the tolerated and the genuine euests, as also between the
tolerated and the hostile guests. Smilax pilosus is an example,
uniting the qualities of a protected species to the yellow hairs of a true
guest. It even appears, according to Dr. Brauns’ observation on the
Micro-hymenoptera, that there is a connection between true Parasitism
and Symphilie. In many cases, therefore, it remains doubtful to
which of the four classes an insect is to be placed even when its life-
habits are known. Just one word about Hetaerius ferrugineus and its
allies. What seems easier at first sight than that a small Histerid, which
already possesses in its oval shape a kind of protection, should force the
ants to receive itas a lodger, and which would be tolerated because of its

PHE GUESTS OF ANTS

AND TERMITES. 205
bemg unattackable, and that finally the ants, taking pleasure in licking
it, would elevate it to the rank of a true euest. But it is not as simple
as it appears. In my observation-nests I have had a number of
Hetacrius for more than five years, and I have come to the conclusion
that it would be better for this species to be merely tolerated. It is in
truth licked by the ants, but this is not to its advantage, as the ants
do not feed it. It is often in great danger. Formica sanguinea and
pratensis play with it for a quarter of an hour at a time, like a cat plays
with a mouse, trying to get hold of its jaws, so it is often hurt. Once
a Hetaerius was so badly used by a Formica sanguinea that it was half
killed and nearly devoured. Whilst licking the wounded beetle the
ant’s greed had been awakened.

So as to give before we finish a systematic review of the classes,
orders and families of the guests of ants and termites, I have added to
this treatise a table taken from my Writischen Verzeichniss der myrmeko-
philen und termitophilen Arthropoden.

(Where the Termitophila are not

mentioned, the family possess only Myrmecophila.)

Insecta.
(Myrmecophilous 1177, Termitophilous
105.)
CoLEOPTERA.
(Myrmecophilous 993, Termitophilous
87.)
CICINDELIDAE (0).
CARABIDAE.
Myrmecophilous Carabides (3).
‘Termitophilous Carabides (5)
STAPHYLINIDAE.
Myrmecophilous Staphylinides
(263).
Termitophilous Staphylinides
(59).
PSELAPHIDAE.
Myrmecophilous
(113).
Termitophilous Pselaphides(5).
CLAVIGERIDAE (89).
PaussiwaE (169).
GNOSTIDAE (2).
EcTREPHIDAE (7).
SCYDMAENIDAE (32).
SILPHIDAE.
Myrmecophilous Silphides(35).
Termitophilous Silphides (1).
TRICHOPTERYGIDAE (14).
ENDOMYCHIDAE (9).
CATOPOCHROTIDAE (1).
CRYPTOPHAGIDAE (2).

Pselaphides

LATHRIDIIDAE.
Myrmecophilous Lathridiides
(80).
Termitophilous Lathridiides
(1),

Cucusipar (7).

CoLyDIIDAE ).

NrripULm a8 (5).

THORICTIDAE (40).

HisTpRIpDAr.

Myrmecophilous and termito-

philous Histerides together
(128).

Termitophilous Histerides
alone (7).
SCARABABIDAE.
Myrmecophilous Scarabeeides
(17).
Termitophilous
(6).
ANTHICIDAE (1).
Creripar and CaNTHARIDAE (?)
ALLECULIDAE (2).
'TENEBRIONIDAE (6).
CURCULIONIDAE.
Myrmecophilous Curculionides
(4).
Termitophilous Curculionides
(1).
BRENTHTDAE (1).
CERAMBYCIDAE (1).
CHRYSOMELIDAR.
Myrmecophilous
lides (7).
Termitophilous Chrysomelides
(22).
ERoryYnipAk (1 ?).
CoccINELLIDAE (2 ?).

Scarabeeides

Chrysome

SrrePsrPrera (1).

HYMENOPTERA.
(Myrmecophilous 39, Termitophilous 6.)
ForRMICIDAE.

Myrmecophilous
(22).
Termitophilous Formicidae(6).
AMPULICIDI and CraBRONIDAE (1?).
PEZOMACHIDAE (2 ?).
BRACONIDAE, CHALCIDIDAR,
PIDAE (14).

Formicidae

Procrorrt-

LEPIDOPTERA.
Myrmecophilous Lepidoptera (26).
Parasitical caterpillars (4).
Honey-bearers (22).
Termitophilous Lepidoptera (2).

206 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD.

DIPTERA. CocerDar.
Myrmecophilous Diptera (18). Myrmecophilous Coccides
Termitophilous Diptera (2). (8).
Ona Temntopivlons Coccides
Myrmecophilous Orthoptera (Os
(7). THYSANURA.
Termitophilous Orthoptera (?). | (Myrmecophilous 20,Termitophilous 1.)
PopURIDAE.
Nevroptera (?). Myrmecophilous Podurides (8.)
Termitophilous Poduvides (1).

Psrvupo-NEUROPTERA.
Myrmecophilous Pseudo-Neuroptera (1).
Termitophilous Pseudo-Neuroptera (4).

LEpismipab (12).

Myriapopa (?).

RHYNCHOA. ARACHNOIDEA.
(Myrmecophilous 72, Termitophilous 3.) | (Myrmecophilous 60, Termitophilous 4.)
HETEROPTERA. Pseudo-Scorpionina and Scorpionina(?).

Myrmecophilous Heteroptera
(39). ARANEINA.
Termitophilous Heteroptera Myrmecophilous ee (26).
(1?). Termitophilous spiders (3).
Homoptera.
Myrmecophilous Homoptera ACARINA.
15). Myrmecophilous Acarinids(34).
Termitophilous Homoptera(1). Termitophilous Acarinids (1?).
PHYLOPTHIRES.
PsyLuIDAk (1). CRUSTACEA.
APHIDAE (9). Tsopoda (9).

Migration and Dispersal of Insects: Lepidoptera.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Dr. Hamilton, writing from Brigantine Beach, New Jersey, in 1885,
reports: ‘‘ The multitudes of this butterfly that assembled here the
first week in September is almost past belief. Millions is but feebly
expressive. Miles of them is no exaggeration. On the island is a
strip of ground from 150 yards to 400 yards wide, and about two and
a half miles in length, overgrown with Myrica cerifera (bayberry).
After three o'clock the butterflies, coming from all directions, began to
settle on the bushes, and, by evening, every available twig was
occupied. To see such multitudes at rest, all suspended from the
lower sides of the limbs, side by side, as is their well known custom,
was something well worth seeing. One evening, I travelled more than
half the distance of their encampment, and learned that it extended
the whole length and breadth of the bushes. In the morning they
eradually separated, and did not appear unusually numerous during
the day, but in the afternoon they came again as described. I found
them on the 2nd, the day of my arrival, as related above, and this was
repeated daily till the 6th, the forenoon of which was rather calm and
sultry. A storm of wind and rain came on about 2 p.m., continuing
until! midnight. The next afternoon few came to camp, the great
army had disappeared. But how? when? where? During the next
few days they appeared again in considerable numbers, about as
numerous as they had been observed in former Septembers, but
insignificant when compared with those that preceded. The males
and females were about equal in numbers. Not a single stalk of their
food-plant (Asclepias) grows on the island.”

On September 23rd, 1886, Dr. Ellzey reports (Insect ‘Life, 1., p.

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS: LEPIDOPTERA. 207

221) that at West River, Maryland, about 7 o’clock in the morning,
his attention was called to the fact that ‘‘ the whole heavens were
swarming with butterflies.’ There was ‘“‘an innumerable number of
them at all heights, from 100 feet to a height beyond the range of
vision except by the aid of a glass. They were flying due south-west
in the face of a stiff breeze. Observations upon the flight of
individuals, between points of known distances apart, showed that the
rate of movement was not far from twenty miles an hour. Where
they originally came from or whither they went we could not tell.

They undoubtedly came from beyond the bay, which, in that place, is
fourteen miles across, and they must have been early on the wing.

By 11.30 a.m. the numbers had declined, and it was evident that the
bulk of the flight was over, but for several days a great many
individuals, evidently following the migrating movement, were
observed.’ Two days later (September 25th, 1886) a report from
Maryland (Baltimore County) states that a vast ‘multitude of the same
butterflies were seen ‘“‘in migratory movement.” ‘They were seem-
ingly exhausted in flight, and settled on the trees in such multitudes
as to give them the appearance of an autumnal frost. Andras reports
that in September, 1887, about the heads of the Saskatchewan River,
shrubs and small trees were covered with them in countless numbers.

In the cool (almost frost) of the evening they could be shaken to the
ground in a helpless, chilled condition, but were lively enough when
the sun warmed them. He further adds that “the Cree and Blackfeet
Indians say the wind from the south brings them there.” Another
report from Hampton (New Hampshire), by Scudder, states that, on
September 2nd, 1888, when only a stone’s throw from the water,
continuous streams of A. archippus passed towards the south-west,
following the line of the sea-coast, with the wind about north-west.
It was calculated that some fifteen hundred passed the observer in a
very short time. In 1892, a year in which this species appears to
have been exceptionally abundant, in Ohio and Northern Indiana, the
following report relating to the appearance of the insect was sent to
Insect Life : 6 On September 19th, in the afternoon, a multitude of
butterflies visited Cleveland on their way south. ‘There were swarms
upon swarms of them, and, for a while, they completely filled the air.
They were of the large brown variety of the Milkweed butterfly, and it
is supposed that they were started by the storms in the east. Such
migrations, although not unusual im the south and west, are very
uncommon in this part of the country.’ Dx. Neal also reports (loc.

cit., V., p. 197) that, on October 4th, 1892, he saw a swarming or
migration of A. ame ineate, near Okhahoma, Texas, finding « hundreds
of these butterflies roosting at 3 p.m. They were as thick as the
leaves on the shrubs. At 9 a.m. next morning they took to the air,
and, as far as one could see east and west, from 40 to 200 feet above

the ground, the butterfiies were flying to the south, apparently one
every few feet : often a cloud of several hundreds would pass almost
in a solid body, enough to cast ashadow. At 2 p.m. they diminished n
numbers and flew lower down. From the best information that could be
obtained this swarm extended twenty miles east and west, and were in
motion steadily southward from 8 a.m. to3 p.m. On October 6th, a
smaller swarm was seen, from 10 a.m. until 3 p.m.” The observer
adds that ‘‘no one here recollected seeing such a migration before.”

208 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Commenting upon this report Riley says: ‘“ The swarming in the spring
and fall of this large cosmopolitan butterfly has been frequently
noticed and often discussed in entomological periodicals. It migrates
to the north in the spring and to the south in the autumn. It seems
to have been more than usually abundant this summer in this country,
and, as a result, its migrations this autumn have been more frequently
noticed than usual. We noticed, in the Cleveland Plaindealer of
September 20th, a most interesting account of the passage of immense
swarms over that city. The head lines of the article are so charac-
teristic of American journalism that they will bear repeating :—
‘MANY MILLIONS. = Swarns of Butterflies Invaded Cleveland, and
Everybody Gazed at the Wonderful Sight—A Beautiful Vision of
Orange Yellow—Strange Fhght of the Insects from North to South—
Mistaken for Cholera Germs—Imimigrants Who Disregarded Mayor
Rose’s Proclamation.’ ’

One other observation may be added, that of Bowles, who states
that he has himself seen the shores of Lake Ontario, near Brighton,
strewn with hundreds of their dead bodies, cast up by the waves, and
which no doubt had formed part of a swarm, which from weakness or
some other cause had perished while flying across the Lake.

From these and similar observations it has been concluded that
the swarming of this butterfly 11 autumn is analogous with that of
birds before commencing their flight southward, and that, after swarm-
ing, the butterflies return to the subtropical lands whence their
grandmothers and greatgrandmothers set out in spring. It 1s admitted
that the climate is such, in the northern territories to which the
species annually spreads, that the butterfly cannot possibly exist in
the winter, and Riley, who first propounded the return theory, himself
confesses that ‘“‘ under the most favourable conditions a large majority
perishes.’’ As we have said, Scudder accepts the theory as fact, and
practically writes as if it were proved beyond question of dispute. or
ourselves, although we know of no exact analogy among butterflies of
a similar swarming habit, yet, in every other res spect the similarity
between the habits of this species and our own European migrating
species, Pyramets cardui, Colias edusa, &¢., 18 $0 great, both as to the
continuous-brooded habit, and also as to Dr. 'Thaxter’s observation that
the males and females in the autumnal swarms pair, that we are
inclined to doubt the conclusion. It has never yet been shown that
the journey has been successful. The swarms are somtimes noted as
eoing in a different direction from that assumed by the theory, and
much more evidence is necessary before even an approximation to
success can be admitted. For ourselves, we doubt whether the return
journey has ever been successfully made, and we consider that
there is altogether insufficient direct evidence to warrant the asser-
tion that the autumnal swarms of Anosia archippus migrate from
the more northern parts of its summer range in America, to
the south, in order to winter there. Some of the quotations which
we have just reviewed, and others mentioned by Riley (Third Ann.
Rept. Insects of Missouri) and Scudder (Butterflies of New England)
show distinctly that the swarms do sometimes fly more or less
from north to south, or from north-east to south-west; but the
general opinion that one is compelled to form, after reading most of
the notes relating to the autumnal swarming of this species is, that

ORTHOPTERA. 209

the large congregations of butterflies that then collect will, given fine
calm weather, stay long (in swarms) in one place, and the evidence is
altogether insufficient to show that these go south-west rather than in
all (or any) directions apart from weather conditions. Ellzey
(supra) states that the swarm he observed at West River, Mary-
land, on September 23rd, 1886, was ‘‘ flying due south-west in the
face of a stiff breeze,’ and Neal (supra) that the movements
observed in October, 1892, in Texas were to the south, whilst one of
Riley’s swarms, in April,” at Manhattan, Kansas, came rapidly “with
a strong wind from the north-west.” Moffat (Cais JEAitis, Fillo, FOr

37) notes the constituent elements of the swarms as dispersing by
day, and coming up to the roosting-place from different directions
towards night, which suggests that in favourable weather they remain
in a fixed locality.

* Surely at this time of the year the flight should haye been going to the
north-west, not coming “ from” the north-west.

(RTHOPTERA.

The distribution of Orthoptera found in Great Britain.
By MALCOLM BURR, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

The few following notes on the Tiepean distribution of the
Orthoptera of our fauna may be of interest to the student of this order.
When the relations of our few species to each other, and when their
foreign distribution are considered, the list of our species has much
ereater significance and interest.

Forfieula auricularia, L.—The common earwig is as abundant
throughout Europe as it isin England. The var. forcipata, Stephs.,
does not appear to be at all rare. The species oceurs also in Asia
Minor, and in northern Africa, and in Madeira. It has been imported
into North America, and does not appear to be a great rarity in the
eastern States. Several other species uniting aweularia with the
following are found in southern Kurope.

Forgicula lesnet, ¥in.—Finot first described this species in 1888,
when it was considered a great rarity. It was supposed for some
time to be confined to northern and central France, but recent collecting
has shown that it is common in the northern part of that country,
and is local but widely distributed in Hnegland, especially in the
southern counties. De ‘Sélys does not include it in the list of Belgian
species, and M. Lameere has informed me that it is unknown to him.
Jt has been found also at Madrid and in Galicia.

Apterygila albipennis, Meg., is a characteristic central European
form. I have taken it in numbers in the forest of Fontainebleau, and
it is common in Switzerland, Austria, and central Europe generally.
Its most northern points of distribution are Norfolk and Ashford, and
its most southern is Granada. Jt is found also in the Riviera, and in
Greece at Athens and Corfu.

Apterygida arachidis, Yers., 1s a cosmopolitan species, and even its
original home is unknown. With us it only exists under artificial
conditions.

Labidura riparia, Pall—This is another cosmopolitan form, but is
worthy of consideration as it is very likely indigenous in this country.

210 |. THE ENTOMOLOGIST § RECORD.

It seems to have been originally a Palearctic species, and is to be
found on river-banks, and amone the shinele of the coast in southern
France, also along the Mediterrenean Sea, in Asia Minor and the
Transcaucasus, and again in Korea. It is to be found also in nearly
every port in the world, and in South America has developed some
remarkable varieties. It varies considerably in size, colour and form,
and most forms have been described as separate species.

Anisolabis maritima, Bon., is a species with similar habits to the
last ; it is also probably P aliearctic in origin, but is now cosmopohtan.
[ts occurrence in England is purely artificial. It was discovered in
numbers nearly fifty years ago, near South Shields, among heaps of
refuse consisting chietly of ballast from ships returning from abroad.
Tt is uncertain how long the species maintained its hold there, and
whether it is still in existence there.

Anisolabis annulipes, Luc., is also cosmopohtan, and an introduced
species with us. [The genus Anisolabis is represented throughout the
world. |

Labia minor, L., is the typical species of a large genus with a world-
wide distribution. 1. minor is essentially Palearctic, and is common
throughout Europe. It occurs in North America, but is there an
introduced form.

Hetobia lapponica, li., occurs throughout Europe from the Volga to
Lapland. Ihave taken it in Wallachia, and in the mountains of
Bosnia and Hercegoyina. In Lapland it destroys the dried fish of
the natives. With us itis local but not rare. Ii is not a native
of southern Europe proper except in the mountains. It has been
taken on Mount Etna.

Ketobia panzert, Stephs., is connnon in Belginin, Holland, france
and the south of England. It is rare in Germany and has been taken
sparingly in Dalmatia and Verrol.

Hetobia livida, Faby.—The distribution of this species is similar to
that of I’. lapponica, but more southern. In the north itis rare, but
occurs in Germany. It is common throughout central Kurope, and
abundant in the south.

The genus Hetobia contains about half a dozen species ; those
which do not occur with us are essentially southern in distribution. A
closely allied genus, dpAlebia, contains many more species and 1s more
widely distributed. It is not yet known to be represented in this
country, though some of the commoner forms might turn up (e.7., 4.
maculata, northern France, Belgium, Switzerland, or 4. punctata with a
similar distribution). No other cockroaches are indigenous in this
country.

Mecostethus yrossus, L., is the only species of the genus. It is more
or less common in the marshes throughout the whole of northern
Europe, as far as Lapland.

Stenobothrus is w large genus, containing about fifty species,
distributed throughout the the Palearctic region. No true. species of
the genus occurs outside its boundaries, though extremely closely
allied forms occur in North America. Brunner divides the genus into
five groups or subgenera, of which four are found in Britain. T hough
it may be sometimes considered hard to distinguish our species, it is far
more difficult to discriminate the European forms, which are so nuimer-
ous, and which come between our familiar species in the system.

ORTHOPTERA. 211

Of the first section (Stenobothrus, sensu strictiore, Bol.), we have only
S. lineatus, Panz. With us it is move or less local, but it is found
throughout Europe, except in the extreme north. The other members
of this section are purely southern.

Of the second section (Omocestus, Bol.), we have no representative.

Of the third section (which together with section 4= Stauroderus,
Bol.), we have two closely allied forms, S. viridulus, L., found through-
out northern and central Europe, and S. rujipes, Zett., with a similar
distribution, but rarer in the north, and not penetrating so high in the
mountains as the former. Very closely allied to the latter is S.
haemorrhoidalis, Charp., which is found in central Europe. It may
possibly occur also in our southern counties.

Section 5 of Brunner, included by Bolivar in the same subgenus
as the last species, includes S. bicolor and S. biguttulus. Of these the
former is perhaps our commonest species, while the latter remains to
be discovered. SS. bicolor is equally common throughout Europe, but
S. biguttulus less so; 1t is to be found, however, from Scandinavia to
the Alps, and might well be a native of this country. This subgenus
Stauroderus contains a large number of species, occurring chiefly in
the south and east of Europe, which are not known in Great Britain.

The last part of section 5 (Chorthippus, Fieb., Bolivar) contains
at least two British species. S. parallelus, Zett., occurs throughout
Hurope from Norway to Greece, and is perhaps in Britain our commonest
srasshopper. Its near ally, S. lonyicornis, is found in central France,
and should be looked for in our southern counties also. S. elegans is
very local with us, though abundant where it does occur; on the
continent it is widely distributed, but does not seem to be common.
It has been recorded as occurring in Belgium, Berlin, Sweden, Austria,
and in the south, Istria, Croatia, Hungary, Transsylvania, Servia, Mol-
davia, and Bosnia. A closely allied species with a wider distribution is 8.
dorsatus, Zett., which would be more naturally expected to be a native
of England than S. elegans; it is common in most places throughout
northern and eastern Hurope. Another member of the same group is
S. pulvinatus, Fisch. de W., which has been found in Jersey and in the
north of central France. ‘The small genus Gomphocerus is represented
by G. rufus and G. maculatus, both being common in north and
central Europe.

Nospecies of Ocdipodidae, Acridiidac, Pamphayidaeand Pyrgomorphidae
are found in England, though all are more or less well represented in
Europe. Of the large family Tettigidae, we have but two known in
Britain, both of which are w idely distributed in Kurope; another
Species 0, fuliginosus is known from Sweden and Lapland, and should
be sought for in Scotland.

The largest family of the Locustodea is the Phaneropteridae, of
which there are two distinet types, the apterous and the winged forms.
In Britain we haye only the common wingless Leptophyes punctatissina,
Bose., but it is quite conceivable that some forms of Barbitistes or
Orphania nay some day turn up in our hills and forests.

The Meconemidae are a restricted family, and we are not likely to
have anything more than the common “M. varium, which is widely
distributed in central Europe.

The eenus Platycleis contains a laree number of species, some with
very restricted distribution. Our three species are well spread over

912 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Europe, but one other P. bicolor, Phil., a native of central Murope,
might yet turn up. JL. grisea is common throughout Europe; LP.
brachyptera 18 common in northern and central Europe, but does not
occur in the south; P. roeselii has a similar distribution, but is rarer
in the north, and is further spread in the south ; Brunner gives
Croatia, Istria, Mehadia and Seryia, and I have taken it in Bosnia, as
far as I know, the most southerly point of its occurrence.

Thamnotrizon includes about twenty species, most of which are
confined to the southern and eastern parts of the continent, but 7.
cinereus ig common throughout northern and central Hurope.

Decticus verrucivorus, Li., is even commoner and more widely
distributed than the last species, and it 1s surprising that it is so rare
in Britain, it is numerous in Sweden in the north, and in the south I
have taken it abundantly in the plains of Wallachia. The other two
species of the genus are essentially meridional.

Locusta viridissima, L., is common from Sweden to Sicily; I have
taken it in numbers near Stockholm, and again in the south. An
allied species, J). cantans, occurs in the mountains of central Europe,
and might possibly be taken in our hills. 4. caudata is even # finer
species than L. viridissima, but is raver and is found only in the south
and east of Hurope.

Xiphidium is a very large genus, found throughout the world in
temperate and tropical zones. The commonest European species is
X. fuscum, which strangely enough is not known in this country. I
have taken it in Germany and in Dalmatia, but it is not found in
Scandinavia nor in Belgium. _Y. dorsale ig a much rarer species, but
is commoner in the north than X. fuscwn, and occurs in Sweden and
Belgium, where the other is unknown.

Ne inehows sylvestris, Fab. is with us confined to the New Forest,
but it is abundant in all woods in central Europe. Why it has not
been discovered in other parts ot England is a mystery, ‘and there is
no reason why it should not be found in many other localities. The
other three European species of the genus are southern.

Gryllus campestris, L., is found throughout E urope except in the
extreme north; with us it is distinctly local, but occurs in a few sandy
places. In the “* Hope collection” at Oxford, there is a specimen with
fully developed wings, which may be a variety of this species or the
allied bimaculatus, which is unlikely, as the latter is purely a southern
form. It may be distinguished from G. campestris by having the head
not broader than the pronotum. The long-winged variety of G.
campestris 18 a rare form, and should be carefully sought.

Gryllotalpa is a genus which is also very w idely distributed through-
out the world. Our species 1s common in all Europe, and in some
places is even a nuisance. The variety with short wines (G. cophta,
de Haan), should be carefully looked for,

On 4 FEW ORTHOPTERA FROM SurroLK.—Mr. Claude Morley has been
so kind as to send me a few Orthoptera from Suffolk. There is nothing
very rare among them, except Stenobothrus elegans, Ch arp., which is a
very locally distributed species. My only justification in writing the
following note lies in the fact that few if any Orthoptera haye been
eroomieal from Suffolk, so that the chief interest lies in the localities.
Stenobothrus viridulus, L., Barnby Broad, August Lith, 1898, g and

COLEOPTERA. ALS}

2. Lowestoft district, August 21st, 1898, g. This is a common
Species, occurring in open grassy places throughout the country.
Stenobothrus riufipes, Zett. There is a pair of this species, unfortunately
without localities attached ; it is less common and widely distributed
than its near ally, the above. Stenobothrus bicolor, Charp. This is
perhaps our most abundant grasshopper. Mr. Morley sends a number
of examples from the Ipswich district, from Felixstowe, October 31st,
1899, and Foxhall Heath, September, 1899, numerous examples,
including the green form mollis, Latr., and the red form purpurascens,
Charp. There isa very immature specimem from Felixstowe links,
taken as early as June 4th, 1895, and from Ickineham Plains, June
12th, 1899. Stenobuthrus eleyans, Charp. One female from the
Lowestoft district, August 9th, 1898. This is a very local species,
found in but a few districts, though where it does occur it is usually
extremely abundant. Stenobothrus parallelus, Zett. Ipswich, Sep-
tember 10th, 1897, and Bramford, July 31st, 1896. One of our
commonest species. Gomphocerus maculatus, Thunb. Ipswich district,
Foxhall Heath, August 15th, 1897; Lowestoft district, July 12th,
1895. Tettiv subulatus, L. Ipswich district, June 12th, 1900.
Thannotrizon cinereus, Li. This is the only Locustid in the collection.
It is extremely immature, and chiefly interesting on account of the
early date of its capture. No locality is attached, but the date is May
10th, 1900. At this period the majority of our Orthoptera are being
just hatched out, though but few appear before the later half of the
month. May 10th is the earliest record in my knowledge of the
capture of this species.—M. BURR.

HiGEs oF CLYTHRA quapRipuncrata.—([I received from Mr. Tutt
nine or ten eges, with a request for a ‘‘ good description ”’ of them,
and with them a note from Mr. Donisthorpe to Mr. Tutt, asking him
to do what he could with them. I have no further information about
them except that they are Clythra.| Half a dozen of the egos are
naked, long ovoid, apparently circular in cross section. The length is
12mm., the greatest width ‘56mm. The colour is a yellowish-white,
somewhat opalescent, with clearer and more transparent contents
towards the ends in some specimens. ‘Two specimens possess a curious
coating or capsule, and one other has a shred of similar material
attached. When magnified so as to look an inch or two long, one
cannot resist the idea that here is a larval case, or cocoon, clothed
with the brown glumes or bracts that fall from the leaf-buds of trees
when they open in spring. A full third of the ege protrudes from
the case, the margin where the ege g protrudes lies closer to the ege than
do the projecting bract-like bodies forming the rest of the case, and
looks as if it consisted of six or seven such bodies apphed rather closer
to the eee, or as though the top of the egs had been covered by a con-
tinuous membrane, and had aor SO far as it had, by this shtting

open into six or seven flaps. The “ bracts’”’ are thin and ‘membranous,
projecting in various directions, rather away from the open end
£ the case, but unlike bracts are not all to regular pattern,
and are like irregular torn pieces of membrane of various sizes and
Shapes. Their total projection is "12mim. from the surface of the egg.

914 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

They appear to be of greater area than could be accounted for by sup-
posing they represented the shrivelling of a continuous coat of the egg,
resulting from the egg protruding through a rupture at the end. But
that this case or capsule has some such origin looks very probable.
This is, therefore, an egg that has a cocoon from which it emerges.
A later investigation, after moistening the eges, shows that the case is
really a capsule from which the egg is escaping, the bract-lke
processes are double, that is, are folds of the retreating ege-covering.
The summits of these folds are curved, with the concavity towards the
open end of the case, and in’ one place two rows of these folds, consist-
ing of three in front of each other in each row, form a very regular
pattern, each member of which is very like a bract, say of oak, in
form. I shall be much interested to hear from Mr. Donisthorpe how
this cocoon is provided for the egg, and what is probably its use.—
T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F'.Z.5., Betula, Reigate. June 28rd, 1900.

FuRTHER NOTE ON CLYTHRA : THE NEWLY-HATCHED LARVA.—June 28th.
Two of the larvee mentioned in the above note have emerged, one
from a naked egg, one from one of the clothed ones. The clothed egg
has a larva that looks very much as if the clothing were to form the
first larval case, the head and legs protruding from the ego, of which
a portion is still visible just beyond the margin of the clothing. This
is either really so, or I have happened just to catch it as it was
emereing. Two more eggs show the larva very plainly within the
transparent shell, the others are unchanged. The larva is very like a
miniature cockchafer grub, in having the abdominal segments acutely
bent forwards. ‘The head is large, the antennee short and stumpy, of
two joints, the first so thick and the second so square at the end as to
look like the two basal joints of a lepidopterous antenna with the
remainder broken off. The mouth-parts are well seen. The legs are
very long, more than half the length of the body; the coxe, femora,
and tibize being very long ; the tarsi are represented by a good claw only,
which is, however, not a claw, but a joint, as it carries a hair or two.
—Isip.

LEPTINUS TESTACEUS NEAR ['aveRSHAM.—COoLEOPTERA IN THE BLEAN
Woops.—On May 12th last I had the good fortune, while looking in
the mouth of a rabbit burrow in a wood, on the chance of obtaiming
Aleochara cuniculorum, Kr., to come across a stray Leptinus testaceus.
Further search revealed a mouse hole andrun. Adjacent to and in and
about the leaves at the top of the run, Mr. Donisthorpe and myself
were able each to take a nice little series of this interesting beetle. The
spot which has since been overgrown by herbage is not more than a
quarter of a mile from my house. I hope to be able to look it up again
in the autumn. Mr. Donisthorpe was with me with a view to a visit
to the Blean Woods, but these have not been very good this year.
May 13th was apparently too late for myrmecophilous beetles, only
the commoner Staphs being obtainable, and a second visit paid by
myself in June produced hardly anything worthy of notice, except
Gontoctena rujipes, Gyll., and Nemeodius lucina. The whole place was
then overrun with Mormica rufa, and along the tracks nests occurred
every few yards. ‘They swarmed on the bushes and trees, and it is a
wonder that anything not myrmecophilous should be able to exist
with them. Eyen specimens of Balaninus villosus, HWbst., taken by

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 915

me, showed traces of their attacks, antenne and legs being sadly
deficient.—A. J. Currry, M.A., F.E.S., Huntinefield, Faversham,
Kent.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES.

THE GENERIC NAME Sr1ona, Dup.—The necessity of a thorough
historical revision of the generic names used for the Heterocera, after
the method followed by Scudder for the butterflies, is patent to every-
one who commences to look into the question, and if I have only
within the last twelvemonth become awakened to that necessity, this
is simply because I had not earlher examined our literature from this
point of view. ‘To illustrate the nature of the slip-shod work which
has been allowed to find acceptance in our nomenclature (though
indefensible under any conceivable code of rules) I may take the case
of the generic name Siona, proposed by Duponchel in 1829-30, for a
mixed genus, but with specified type dealbata |lineata, Scop., Ster.,
Cat.|. Stephens, in 1831 (Jl. Haust., 11., 244) very properly accepts
the name for dealbata, in place of the preoccupied Idaea, Tr. (Stph.
restr.), which he used in 1829, but by an unfortunate typographical
error he gives it as Scoria, and, although he corrects this to Stona in
the same volume (p. 828) and in his List Anim. Brit. Mus., p. 210
(1850), and Curtis, in 1838, repeats the type citation of dealbata for
Stona, yet later authors manage to ignore this, perpetuate the
erroneous Scoria for dealbata, and make quite a new restriction for
Stona, Dup., namely to nubilata and decussata! Needless to say, the
name Scoria must be dropped, as indeed it was dropped by its inad-
vertent author nearly 70 years ago, and we must write Stona lineata
(=dealbata) ; while for Siona, Stgr., Cat. (nee Dup.) we must
substitute Schistostege, Hb.—lL. B. Prout, 249, Richmond Road, N.E.

Copunation oF Hepranus HEcTUs.—On the evening of June 27th
I saw a female Hepialus hectus seated on the underside of a hornbeam
leaf. Two males were observed flying around sher for some time,
when at last one of them copulated with her, immediately hanging
head downwards without any of its legs attached to the leaf.—I. M.
B. Carr, Terminus Hotel, Hailsham, Sussex. June 28th, 1900.

CROsS-PAIRING OF SMERINTHID spEcIES.—The following are a few
notes on an experiment I have been trying with the hawk-moths,
the following of which I have paired :

(1) Male Smerinthus ocellatus with female S. populi.

(2) Female S. ocellatus with male S. populi.

(3) Male S. ocellatus with female S. tiliae.

(1) On May 28th I bred one male and one female Simerinthus ocellatus.
They were about to pair, when I took the female away and placed a
female S. populi in its place, the male S. ocellatus flew round the cage
and paired immediately. They were together 48 hours, after which
S. populi commenced laying, and im six days had deposited about 90
egos. On June 10th I noticed several eges had become depressed and
sunk in on the surface so that they were evidently infertile, the other
ova of this batch remain as they were laid. The ova are bright apple-
green and oval in outline. (2) On June 3rd I bred a female and a
male Smerinthus ocellatus. When about to pair, I removed the male S.
ocellatus, and placed a male S. populi (recently bred) in the cage with
the 2 S. ocellatus; they paired almost immediately, but were only

216 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

together about an hour, after which S. ocellatus started laying, and in
five days laid 56 egos. These eggs are different in colour and shape
from those laid by S. popwi, bemg a light pale green tinged with
pinkish and more elongated. On June 14th some of the ova were slightly
depressed. (8) On May 29th I bred a male Smerinthus ocellatus ; 1t
began to fly about (as if in search for a mate) so I placed a female S.
tiliae (bred the same afternoon) with it and both flew about the cage
furiously, but the S. ocellatus darted at once on the S.tiliae and they were
paired for half an hour when S. tiliae began struggling and they parted.
I left them in the cage for five days, but still the @ S. tiliae laid no
eges. Ithen killed the S. ocellatus, and later, on the same evening,
the @ S. tiliae laid one egg. From June 3rd till June 14th eight
eges were laid, all on the underside of lime leaves. I hope these will
hatch, especially as I have never heard of these two species pairing
before. I will report later as to the results ——C. P. Picxerr, The
Ravenscrofts, Columbia Road, Hackney Road, London, N.K. June
14th, 1900.

Hasits or certain Hrepras.—We have already described (Proc. Sth.
Lond. Ent. Soc., 1898, pp. 64-5) the great difference that exists in the
habits of the sexes of Mrebia nerine. This would appear to be pretty
general among many Erebid species. On August 8rd, 1899, a walk
up the road from Simplon to the first refuge showed a number of
males of HMrebia mnestra settling on the bare road, and with them
swarms of Hrebia goante, I’. pitho and I. tyndarus. Not a single
female I. mnestra came to the road that we could discover, and the
females of the three commoner species named, also insisted on keeping
to the flowers of the slopes and roadsides, and rarely followed the
habits of the other sex. The males will often sit three or four (or
more) in a little heap, heads together, reminding one much of the
eregarious habits of those of /. nerinc on the rocks of the Mendelstrasse.
Dr. Chapman observed a pairing between the sexes of . goante. ‘The
male wags seen to walk up to the female two or three times, without
appearing to make much progress, when suddenly and without any
apparent further courtship the insects suddenly paired. If . yoante
be disturbed when paired, the male always appears most anxious to
get away, and hurries off as rapidly as possible, carrying the female.—
J. W. Torr.

MotTHs ATTRACTED BY, AND DROWNED IN, THE DRAININGS FROM A
MANURE HEAP.—On August 2nd, 1899, Dr. Chapman and myself took
a walk to the pastures stretching to the right hand, about a mile or
two from the village of Simplon, going towards the summit of the
pass. These slopes form a remarkably good collecting ground, and on
this particular day we saw Colias phicomone and C. hyale haunting the
same ground. The abundance of Syrichthus alveus here is almost
incredible, the ?s distinctly sprinkled with yellow, and the males
flying early in search of the newly emerged 9s, which hide among
the erass, whilst Polyommatus corydonis nearly as abundant. Brenthis
pales is common, this species extending quite down to the village. The
common Erebias are melampus, tyndarus, pitho and geante, whilst f.
euryale is comparatively rare. I may here note that of three females
of this latter species captured, not one was like the others, and one of them,
although evidently a female, presentsnone of the characters of the under-
side that distinguish the latter sex, but is exactly similar in this

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 217

respect to the males. But the purpose of this note is to state that, as
we were returning, we came across a little pool about a yard across and
a foot or so deep, filled with the drainage from a manure heap. On
such pools it is a common experience to see a dozen or more dead
moths floatmg, but on the surface of this pool there was such a
mass of dead lepidoptera as we had never before seen. Dr. Chapman
thought 2000 a very moderate estimate, and they appeared to consist
largely of Cidaria tmmanata, C. populata, Larentia caesiata, L. verberata,
Cidaria pyraliata, Boarmia repandata, Hrebia tyndarus and I. goante.
There were of course odd examples of many other species, but those
named constituted the bulk of the victims. We noticed as we were
examining the pool, two or three examples of Hrebia yoante and
Polyommatus corydon settle on the surface, and it was clear that they
rose with difficulty, especially the specimens of F’. goante. This was
apparently due to the stickiness of the surface, which clogged the
scales, and so prevented the insects from rising again. Once thoroughly
soaked, they appeared to sink a considerable distance below the surface
into the viscous mass. We have seen small numbers in tan-pits,
in the water surrounding gas-tanks, and similar places in Eneland,
and in the Cogne valley we once observed large numbers of moths,
principally Larentia caesiata and Cidaria populata, drowned in the
roadside puddles that had been formed by a heavy storm. These and
many similar observations we have already recorded in our paper on
“The drinking habits of butterflies and moths,’’ but such a number
of drowned insects, that had evidently fallen victims to their appetites,
we had never before seen in such a limited space.—Isip.

OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

SMERINTHUS OCELLATUS TWO YEARS IN THE PUPAL STAGE.—On June
10th I bred a fine female of this species which had lain in pupa for
two years. The larva was taken at Brimsdown in 1898, and the pupa
when discovered to be likely to lie over was carefully isolated. The
imago has a slight tendency towards melanism, but is otherwise
typical. The pupa has been kept in a cage which has not been damped
for the past eighteen months, and the earth itself is very hard.—E.
W. Lane, 9, Teesdale Street, Hackney Road, London, N.E.

THE Foop-Prants OF Oxvprinus DISTANS.—I have just come across a
note written some time since by Mr. F. Norgate, who bred this species
from pups, which he found in the flower-heads of what he now
believes to be Crepis virens, but which he thought at the time was
ieracium umbellatum. One would suspect that Mr. Norgate, or some
other of our Hast Anglian lepidopterists, could give us a life-history
of this insect without much trouble. It is surprising that the life-
history of a species that has been freely captured for many years, by
crcl lepidopterisis, should so far have escaped us. ‘The life-history
of Oxyptilus parvidactylus is practically blank, at least no British
lepidopterist has given us an account of it, and the life-histories of
Aciptilia tetradactyla, and A. balivdactyla are also wanting in many
particulars, although they are among our commonest species.—J. W.
Tur.

Psycurpes iy 1900: a Correcrioy.—I find my ‘ Solenobia? sp.”
(antea, p. 146) is Narycia monilifera (Xysmatodoma melanella); the

218 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

first example, a 3 , emerged yesterday, from one of the Epping Forest
cases. As neither Dr. Chapman nor Mr. Bacot would venture to pro-
nounce upon the cases, I do not feel ashamed of my ignorance of
them, except in so far as I suppose I ought to have examined their
occupants critically, and that the time of year at which I was taking
them ought to have made me suspicious. On a visit to Epping Forest
in company with Dr. Chapman, on May 26th, we found 39 of these
cases, and the larve were at that time on the poimt of spinning
up. My companion suggested to me on that occasion that they might
perhaps prove to be Narycia, as they seemed rather too scattered for a
Species possessing a wingless 9. I may add that since writing my
last note I have found cases identical with these on pine trunks, at
Westerham and Oxshott; a 9 N. monilifera emerged from one of the
latter yesterday.—Louts B. Prout, F.E.S. June 22nd, 1900.

CymMaTopHora ocuLaRIs IN Kent.—I have the pleasure to report the
capture of a female C. ocularis, drymg her wings on the trunk of a
Lombardy poplar, at 6.45 p.m., on June 20th, 1900, in this district —
L. W. Newman, Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent.

ASSEMBLING OF ARCTIA viILLICcA.—Arctia villica is by no means an
abundant species in this neighbourhood, but by diligent search this
spring I discovered as many as five larve. One of these emerged in a
glass-fronted cardboard necktie box, in the north-west corner of my
study, on June 17th. I noticed the imago during that afternoon, but
forgot to kill it before dark. After sitting out in the garden until half-
past nine I happened to come into the room, quite oblivious of the
‘“cream-spot’s’”’ presence, when I heard two large insects, which I
thought for the moment must have been hawks, buzzing about in
great excitement on the upper part of a window facing south, the lower
part of which was open. They proved to be males of A. villica. I now
lighted my lamp and placed it on the table near this south window
(still leaving the female A. villica confined in the box of her birth, in
the north-west corner), but as an experiment I also opened the window
facing due west, and awaited eventualities. At 9.45 a third male A.
villica arrived, and entering the room by the lower sash of the south
window was promptly captured by me and cyanided. At 9.55 a fourth
suitor arrived and met with similar treatment. After this no more
came, although I watched till 10.45. There seems to me httle doubt
that all these four males came up against the wind.—Rev. G. H.
Raynor, M.A., Hazeleich Rectory, Maldon, Essex. June 22nd, 1900.

Comms rome IN THE ISLE OF Man._On June 21st, about 11 a.m.,
IT saw a number of Colias cdusa flying about in a grass field close to
the railway station, at Peel Road. This insect 1s looked upon as rare
here, a few odd specimens only turning up from time to time. I have
taken it occasionally at Laxey, Castletown, and Sulby. Is this looked
upon as an edusa year?—H. SHoRTRIDGE Vino f.E.S., Sulby
Parsonage, Isle of Man. June 23rd, 1900. [Myr. Eaton records halt
a dozen of C. edusa (both sexes) near Branscombe, on June 12th, in
fine condition. He also noted Pyramets cardui at the same time amd
place. Mr. Prout saw both species at Chattenden on June 11th,—Ep.|

ReEaRING SESIA PHILANTHIFORMIS.—I haye recently bred a number
of Sesia philanthiformis (musciformis) from thrift, gathered from the
rocks during May, and as I have been somewhat successful I venture
to give briefly the means resorted to, which may proye useful to those

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 219

breeding the species. Having procured the small withered tufts of
thrift, which either contained full-fed larvee or pupe, I placed them in
a large glass receptacle securely fastened, on a shelf in a cool ereen-
Thome, amd took care that they should ian plenty of sunshine ; ‘T also
sprinkled a little water over the thrift each morning. In former years
when trying on several occasions to obtain imagines from pupe, I
haye invariably failed owing, I believe, to my having kept them too
dry, and haying placed the box containing them too much in the
shade. Sunshine and moisture are, in my opinion, most essential in
breeding the species from pupe.—Isn.

Sravropus racr ar Dormans Park.—On June 18th I caught a fine
male example of Stauropus fagt in my bed-room at 11 p.m. “T noticed
it flying, then it suddenly disappeared, I eventually found it sitting on
my chest, when | promptly bottled it. The species was quite new to
me, and I believe is new to the district.—M. Burr, F.Z.S., F.E.S.,
Dormans Park, Kast Grinstead. June 19th, 1900.

Hasits OF THE LARVA OF KurricHa QuERcIFoLIA.—I have for many
years taken /’. quercifolia in the larval stage in early spring. To find
the wild larvee, I search early in April low down on the stems of
blackthorn. They are always on the young wood, and where a hedge
has been cut down, or on a bank where there are young suckers among
grass, one usually meets with success. The most unlikely-looking
places are generally the best. In Kent it appears to be widely
distributed, I have taken larve this spring in six different places. I
have occasionally found it on apple, once on dogwood, but the most
common food-plant in nature is the blackthorn. The larve keep very
low down during the day, feeding at night, and, in captivity, 1 water
the food daily, the larvee appear not to keep healthy otherwise.—L. W.
Newnan, 7, Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. June 21st, 1900.

LeprpopterRa AT GU visit to the Guildford
district on June 16th turned out rather badly, the weather being
unsatisfactory, Cyaniris aryiolus and Callophrys rubi were still out,
Polyommatus icarus and P. astrarche were frequent, and some nice
splashed examples of the former were taken. Nemceobius lucina was
over, only one example seen. Prenthis selene was not yet out, and only
one B. euphrosyne was seen, but we observed Pararye egeria, P. megaera
and Mugonia polychloros, whilst Huchelia jacobaeae were swarming.
Macroglossa fuciformis was in good condition, and several other
interesting insects captured, although certainly not in the numbers
that they evidently would have occurred with more favourable weather
—C. P. Pickerr, The Rayenscrofts, Columbia Road, Hackney Road,
N.E. June 19th, 1900.

Cotias HYALE AT ’uppENHAM.—The most interesting recent capture
is that of Colias hyale, in absolutely perfect condition, at Tuddenham,
on June 13th.—W. J. Kaye, F.E.8., Worcester Court, Worcester Park,
Surrey. June 23rd, 1900.

CLEoRA vipuaRiA IN New Forest.—I have myself recently examined
a worn specimen of Cleora viduaria, taken by George Gulliver, at the
beginning of July, 1898, in the New Forest.—Ism.

220 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

PORACTICAL HINTS.

Field Work fer August and the autumn months.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S

1.—In late July and August the imagines of Hremobia ochroleuca are
to be found seated in the middle of a flower of Centaurea scabiosa in the
afternoon.
2.—The larva of Hecatera dysodea is to be found stretched at full
length over the blossoms and seed-heads of the garden lettuce during
August.
3.—Larve of Ptilophora plumigera buried in a dry sandy soil, after
three weeks the pupie were removed and laid on a perfectly dry surface,
with a littlemoss thrown over them; they were subject to a high tempera-
ture during the latter part of summer and autumn, without any
moisture whatever, yet all emerged well (Gascoyne).
4.—The full-grown larve of “Botys terrealis live in July on Solidago
virgaurea, they eat the flow ers, often strip the entire spike, spimmning a
slight web among the flowers, out of which they wriggle when
Gabgeatr ee (Newman).
5.—In July and early August the httle Coenobia rufa (de: spectd)
hes rapidly through the low herbage i in damp places when quite dusk.
6.—For collecting, the wind should be south or south-west, dark,
hght rain, sheht breeze, and the result will be good, but if one point
to east or north no good; north-west if any wind, no eood, if calm a
little may be done ; south or west, still and warm are breeding nights,
sugar little or no good; north or east, with a light wind, little
good, with a strong wind, no good. No time is good just before rain,
but sultry weather - just before a thunder storm is good, but not after,
in general entomologise after rain and not before (Harding).
7.—On the sea coast, beneath the plants of Atriplex littoralis and
Salsola kali, the larvee of Agrotis ripae may be obtained in large num-
bers, resting when young on the stems and leaves of the food-plant,
but afterwards tunnelling under the sand, where they hide during the
day. They are best obtained from the middle to the end of August,
when they are nearly full grown, and can generally be found simply
by passing the fingers through the sand.
8.—The larve of Goniodoma limoniella ave to be sw ept from flowers
of Statice limoniwn in September, when they use an empty flower for a
case. When full-fed they bore into the stem, dropping the flower, and
close the hole with silk. The larve hybernate in the boring, and in
May the old stems of S. limonium should be collected for them; they
pupate in June and the imagines emerge in July (Fletcher).
9.—In early August search the Stachys in woods and by hedges
for larvee of Amblyptilia cosmodactyla and A. acanthodactyla.
10.—Towards the end of August the larve of Cucullia asteris are
frequently very abundant on sea starwort.
11.—Towards the end of August the imagines of Ayrotis agathina
fly for about three-quarters of an hour at dusk, and can then be netted
by the aid of a lantern. They do not fly fast and are very quiet in the
on
9.—A 2 of Camptoyramma jiuviata taken in August or Septem-
ber aa be kept for eggs. The larve feed up well on knot-grass
and dock, and will emerge in November.

CURRENT NOTES. YvoOT

13.—Towards the middle and end of September, when the ordinary
autumnal sugaring is generally considered finished, Mpunda lutulenta,
Aporophyla australis, and other local species often occur freely in coast
districts.

14.—Through September the larve of HMeterogenea cruciata (asella)
should be searched for on beech in the New Forest, «e.

N.B.—Hundreds of similar ‘‘ Practical Hints’ for each month of
the year are to be found in the preceding volumes.

Restoration oF GREEN Contour tN Leprporrera.—It may interest
some of those lepidopterists who are fond of trying exper iments for
the improvement of their specimens, to learn that Herr G. Lippe, in
the ‘** Mitteilungen des Mulhauser Kntomologen-Vereins’ for March,
1898, recommends the fumes of muriatic acid for the restoration of
the colour of faded green lepidoptera, and states that he has repeatedly
found it successful with Hylophila prasinana, I. bicolorana, Jaspidea
celsia, and especially with Geometers. If this really restores a perfectly
natural ereen, it will certainly be a boon to collectors; I have just
spoiled a couple of beautiful 1. prasinana by leaving them too long in
a rather damp evanide bottle.—Louts B. Prowr.

EG) URRENT NOTES.

We haye recently received from M. de Bormans, a new paper on
Forsicularia, entitled ‘* Quelques Dermapteres du Musée Civique de
Génes”’ from the Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., (2), xx., (xl.), April 18th, 1900,
pp. 441-467. ‘Two new species of Lorcipula are described, of which
one is from Bolivia, the first of the genus known fromthe New World.
A new and yery distinct Labidura is described under the name L.
tenuicornis, and two new Lsalis, one from the Old and one from the
New World. The curious genus (onolabis is enriched by two new
forms, one from the Caledon river, in South Africa, and the other
from Sumatra. We observe that de Bormans restores the spelling
Spongiphora, for the more usual Spongophora. A number of other new
species are described, including three Chelisoches. One of these, C.
doriae, Was confused by the author with C. superbus, Dohrn (Ann. Soe.
Ent. Bely., 1883, p..878), a mistake elitielh he now corrects. <A
remarkable new Mecomera from Mentawei, in Sumatra, is also included.
A valuable feature of the paper is that dichotomic tables are established
for the genera Forcipula and Gonolabis; this is the first time that
this has been done fox any one entire genus of this group, and greatly
-sunplhifies their study.

The first number of the ‘* Occasional Memoirs of the Chicago
Entomological Society ” (vol. 1., no. 1, March, 1900), includes a paper
by J. lL. Hancock, in which he describes six new species of Lettigidar
from Madagascar, establishing five new genera, to which he gives the
names Tsies rus, Notocerus, Hybotettia, Oaynotus and € ryptotettia. The
article is based on 39 specimens, captured by Mocquerys in the Bay
of Antongil, in northern Madagascar. Other articles in the volume are
“A new species of Gomphus,” by J. Tough (G. cornutus, Winois), and
an interesting paper by J. G. Needham, on the ‘‘ Insect drift on the
shore of Lake Michigan,” illustrated by photographs. Huis estimate

222, THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD.

is tabulated, and gives a surprising result. Of Orthoptera of all sub-
orders, quantities drifted to the shore, mostly alive. All the Tettiyidac,
well known for their swimming powers, escaped ; of the Locustodeu,

none survived, but of (Gryllodea and Acridiodea, half only were killed-
Many dragonflies drifted along, and none survived. Of a number of
C Tact bala, Scarabaeidae, Chrysomelidac and (arabidac, a good many
were dead, but of the surviv ors, only five per cent. were killed. Of the
Diptera, Bombylidac and Muscidae were all drowned, but of the Asilidac,

sixty per cent. escaped. All Hymenoptera reached the shore already
dead. In Hemiptera, all the Pentatomidae were dead before approach-

ing the shore, but of the Belostomatidar, themselves aquatic, ten per

cent. were killed, mostly by accident, as the majority were more or less
injured. Of u quantity of caddis- flies, apparently of the genus
Grlossosoma, Which approached the shore mostly alive, ten per cent.
were killed. The volume is concluded by an article on ‘‘ The Areyn-
nids of North America,’ by A. J. Snyder.

The Rey. F. D. Morice (nt. Mo. May., Jaly, 1900) advises ento-
mologists when collecting Hymenoptera to ‘* abandon cyanide and use
only pure sulphuric ether without alcohcl.” He says: ‘‘ Hymenoptera
so killed, not only preserve absolutely their natural colours, even those
delieate yellows which cyanide and ammonia almost always turn to
brown or red, but die in natural positions—not cramped and distorted
like the victims of the other methods—and are, eyen so obliging
usnally as to open their mandibles and extend the whole cibarial
apparatus so that 1 can be examined without any preparation of the
specimen. These adyantages and the perfect cleanness of specimens
killed by ether seen to me much more than enough to repay the
slight extra trouble and expense involved in using it. The one objec-
tion to ether is its rapid evaporation, but this can be met by carrying
a small phial in the waistcoat pocket, from which a few fresh drops
can be supplied to the collecting-bottle from time to time as required,
and this should always be done as a coup-de-grace to finish off any
possible surviyors in the bottle when one returns from an expedition.
Then if the bottle be kept well-corked and unopened for an hour or so
the result is almost sure to be satisfactory.”

At the meeting of the Entom. Soc. of London, held on June 6th,
1900, Sir G. F. Hampson exhibited specimens of a moth belonging to the
subfamily Hydrocampinae of the Pyralidae — Oliygostima araealis,
Hampson, from Ceylon—where his correspondent, Wie, dio Iealle, We
met with a swarm on an island in a river which he estimated <
20,000. When disturbed the buzz made by their wings was Ae
audible, and after three waves of the net 236 specimens were bottled
from round its edges, the net still appearing quite full; as in the
30 specimens sent the sexes were in almost even proportions, this was
not a case of male assemblage. He also exhibited denuded wings,
showing the neuration of Diacrisia russula, Tyria jacobaeae, ¢ dlliimecsiea
here and C, dominula, the two former being typical Arctiadae and agree-
ing with the definition of that family in fie ‘costal vein of the hindwing
anastomosing with the subcostal to half the length of the cell, w hilst
in the two Jatter and also in the eight or ten other known species from
the oriental region the costal vein does not anastomose with the sub-
costal, but only connects with it at a point. He contended that the
genus Callimorpha should therefore be removed from the Arctiadae and

CURRENT NOTES. 223

placed in the Aypsidae, where it is closely allied to Nyctemera, Cal-
larctia and other genera, and that the fully developed proboscis, the
non-pectinate antennie, the smoother scaling, the more diurnal habit,
and the larve being scantily clothed with hair all bore out the correct-
ness of this association.

At the same meeting Dr. Chapman exhibited a portion of a stem
of Ferula communis from the Ile St. Marecuerite, near C annes, showing
pupa-cases of Lozopera francillonana, The larva feeds in the flower-
heads and seeds, and burrows into the stem for hybernation. It does
so anywhere, but in the majority of cases under the protection of the
ereat sheathing petioles at the lower joints. As many as 30 or 40
and even 50 holes of entry may often be counted immediately above
one node. When the larva pierces the stem it is full grown, and the
entry holes are as large as or larger than those of exit. Dr. Chapman
doubted whether it eats any of the material when it is freshest at the
date of entry. The burrows in the stem are full of bitten but
undigested material. These burrows proceed in all directions, but
most frequently upwards, for several inches, often as much as eight or
ten inches, and then approach the surface, and the burrowing appears
to go on all the winter. In F ebruary and March larve may be found
that have not completed their burrows. On completion the burrow
approaches the surface, and the opening is of full calibre, but a
delicate film of tissue is left to be ruptured by the emerging pupa. A
number of vacant holes were also visible, being the exit of an ichneu-
mon, which affects a large majority of this Tortricid. The species
was believed to be Chelonus inanitus, Nees. The heads of several dead
ones that failed to emerge successfully were to be seen at some of the
holes. Dr. Chapman said he had placed a black circle round four
holes as prepared by the larva of the Tortricid for eme reence, that were
still intact, and in two of these it was to be noted that the diaphragm
was, as he had described, the cuticular tissue of the plant; in the two
others, however, this had been damaged, and here the larva had made
a silken diaphraem fortified with chips of the stem tissue. In the
neighbourhood of the node especially the holes of entry were to be
seen packed tightly with frass, which appeared to be uneaten material.

At the same meeting Mr. F. Enock exhibited living specimens of
male and female Ranatra linearis, Linn., from Epping, together with
the peculiar forked eggs, which he had observ ed laid by the Ranatra,
as it rested upon the upper surface of the leaf grasping the edges with
its claws. The short anterior legs are held well up close together, in
‘a line with the body, the head raised about an inch from the leaf,
while the tip of the abdomen (and ovipositor) is pressed against the
leaf—a downward and forward movement being given. The ovipositor
is thus forced through the leaf, then partially withdrawn and the egg
extruded and forced into the hole as far as the forked filaments, which
prevent it from going right through the leaf. The eggs are frequently
laid in the half-decayed stems of aquatic plants. The peculiar
Prestwichia aquatica, Lubboek, has been bred from the eges of Ranatras

At the same meeting——Mr. Merrifield exhibited a number of pup
of Aporta crataey?, and called attention to the want of correspondence
between the markings on the pupal and those on the imaginal wing.
On the latter, as is well known, there are no spots, only darkened
neryures, the darkness spreading out a little on the outer margin, but

224 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

on the former there are black spots, some of them forming an oblique
black row across the wing, a series of black marginal spots, and no
darkened neryures, and, when the imago is about to emerge, so that
its markines show through the transparent pupal wine, it is seen
that its nervures run between the black marginal spots on the pupal
wing, which in no way correspond with the broadening out of the
marginal terminations of the dark nervures on the imaginal wings.
There is great variety in the black markings on the pupal wing; ‘in
some they are few and small, in others they expand and unite so that
more than half the wing is black. The ground colour of the pupa
varies from bright greenish-yellow to whitish- erey. As might be
expected of an insect whose larva pupates by ‘preference on stems
screened by foliage, its colour is not very ereatly affected by its sur-
roundings. On comparing some which had had yellow or orange
surroundings with others which had had dark ones, 1t was shown that
the former tended to yellow ground colour, and the latter to grey,
having also an increase of the dark spots with which the thorax and
abdomen are thickly strewn. Mr. Merrifield also exhibited some
enlarged coloured photographs of the green and dark forms of Papilio
eaealira obtained by causing the ileives to pupate on green, yellow or
orange surfaces, and on dark ones respectively. In answer to Mr.
Jacoby he stated that though, when the pupa first appeared, it was
always of the green form, it had also, if it was gomeg to be a dark one,
from the moment of its appearance a very few minute subdorsal and
sublateral dark spots, and a little darkening of the anal end. The
darkening began to spread in an hour or two, and at an ordinary
temperature was complete in much less than 24 hours. Whether the
pupa was to be ereen or dark was determined by the surroundings to
which it had been exposed before it had cast off the larval skin, and if
it was going to be a dark one, the dark colouring came on exactly the
same in complete darkness as in light.

On June 28th the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union had a delightful
outing in the Colne, Holme and Meltham valleys. That this was
largely due to the excellent arrangements carried out under the mature
guidance of the exceedingly popular President, G. T. Porritt, F.L.5.,
-F.E.S., goes without saying. <A large number of. well known
“sae ienona lieteg were present—the Rev. W. W. Fowler, Dr. H. Corbett,
Messrs. W. Tunstall, 5S. L. Mosley, W. Denison Roebuck, J. H.
Rowntree, representing among others the entomological section.
Associate members were present from all parts of the county, as well
as from the adjacent counties, and after the various outings, a return
was made to Crosland Hall, the residence of the President, where the
members were most hospitably entertaimed by Mr. and Mrs. Porritt
and their family. The satisfaction of the party was complete, and as
the Rev. W. W. Fowler remarked when proposing a yote of thanks to
the President and to Mrs. Porritt for their hospitality, “ everything
had contrbuted to their enjoyment, and they were all dehghted.” To
southerners the virility of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union is a matter
‘for wonder, but there can be no doubt that such sturdy Yorkshiremen

as Mr. Porritt have largely contributed to this end.

Dr. Corbett records (Nat., p. 222) the simultaneous appearance of the
co-migrants Pyramets Cardi and sPLisia gamma at Doneaster, on June
17th, 1900.

ENATURAL HISTORY OF THE
TISH LEPIDOPTERA —
By i OW BUTE
Vols. ! and 11.

Demy 8vo., strongly bound in Cloth.

Vol. I consisting of 560 pp. Vol. II of 584 pp.
Price £1 each Volume (net).

4 This is undoubtedly the most thorough and comprehensive work ever published on
_ the British Lepidoptera, and will undoubtedly be the standard work on the subject for
_ .™Many years, and a book of reference for all students and collectors. No class of entomolo-
- gists—synonymists, systematists, biologists, phenologists, students of variation, of geo-
graphical distribution, of gynandromorphism, ete._-can possibly do without if, and “the
extended lists of named forms (which give an enhanced value to the aberrations and
local races in collections), the complete lists of food-plants, British localities, and dates of
__ appearance will be an endless source of time-saving labour to the lepidopterist who collects
- and breeds his own insects.

Lord Walsingham (H#nt. Mo. May., July, 1899) says—‘* The work is something more than its title
would lead us to expect, and if other volumes should succeed it, compiled on the same lines and with
equal elaboration and attention to detail, we may expect a fund of information, for collectors as well,
as students, such as has never before been brought together in so accessible and convenient a form.”

— ‘The Annals of Scottish Natural History, July, 1899, says—‘‘ The author shows himself to be, at least,
a master in the arts of compilation and condensation. Upon all the subjects treated we find a great
mass of information, collected from every conceivable source, and presented in such a concise manner

_ as to save the student a vast amount of time and trouble in searching for any particular fact.

_ There cannot be much omitted from this important work for the future investigator to turn his attention

_ to, so fully does the author enter into his subject.”

' Professor Fernald (Canadian Entomologist, June, 1899) writes—‘‘ The first volume on the British
Lepidoptera is a model and gives promise that when the entire work is completed little will be left to
be desired.”

’ Mr. Merrifield (Entomologist, April, 1899) states that ‘‘In comprehensiveness and fulness of detail,
on all points of interest to the biologist, the systematist, and the collector, this volume is, as regards’
the particular subjects treated, without a rival.”

Dr. T. A. Chapman (Entomologist, March, 1899) says—‘ The present work covers a quite unoccupied’
field. . . . There can be no doubt the work marks an important step forward in the treatment of
British Lepidoptera, recognising more fully than any previous treatise, that a complete study of all the
stages of insects not only structurally but physiologically, in their habits, changes, variations, distribu-
_ tions, &c., is now essential to further progress. The work is produced in a very satisfactory form, and
Ihave uo doubt that its merits will secure it a reception that will induce the author to proceed with
the remaining volumes.”

A

Drar Sir,
Be Please forward to me The Natural History of le British Lepidontre for
~ Vols. I and II of which I forward the sum of 40s.

INGMe ys esr Cine ea Nes seen ASAE Ae Bes ca rece a

Dean Sir,—
Please forward to me Vol. Il of The Natural History of the British Lepi-

doptera, tor which I send the sum of 20s.. :

INaIMeype ee NAGS Nae Rae pear lane Cea ateen
ING ESSR hee ais sey ees Fea ere aS
. EB. Pace, Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E. a x

a

according! Vy p—Tir eee

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Ce Bertrose,” Gellanly Road, St. Cathengne: s dais Fondon, S.E

NOTICE.

- Subseribers are kindly requested to observe that subseriptions to The Hntomologist’s Record, &c., are
-payable in advance. The subscription (including an extra shilling for the Special Index to Vol. XI1., to —
save trouble) is SEvEN SHILLINGS, and must be sent to Mr, H. H. Pacu, ‘‘ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St.
Catherine’s Park, London, 8.E. Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Tur.
ADVERTISEMENTS of Books and Insects for Sale will be inserted at a minimum charge of 2s. 6d. (for
four lines). longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series. Particulars of Mr.
H. EB. Pacr, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Cathevine’s Park, London, 8.E.
Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. E. Pach, “ Bertrose,’*
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed. —
Articles for insertion should be sent to Ti: W. Turr, Westcombe Hill, $.E., except those relating to
Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. DoNISTHORPR, 58, Kensington Mansions, South Kensington,
and those relating to Orthoptera, to Mr, M. Burr, New College, Oxtord.

NOTICE.—The Fiditor will be glad of eggs, larve and pup of Lepidoptera, for —
description. Notes on good aberrations of Lasiocampids will be very useful. All eggs ©
during ent and, September should be sent to Mr. A. Bacot, 154, Lower Clapton Road, —
London, N

IMPORTANT. —Wanted, actual dates on which, and exact localities where,
Pterophorids, Lasiocampids and Sphingids have been captured. Will correspondents send —
dates for this or any year?—J. W. Turr, Westcombe Hill, S.E.

Excusancr Basxrrs.—June 2nd, No. 2 basket.—Messrs. Ash, Christy, Whittle, Wood-
forde, Atmore, Walker, Baines, Robertson, Edelsten, Studd, Riding, Bower. July
20th, No. 4 basket.—Messrs. Woodforde, Bowles, Horne, Studd, Mera, Bower, Fox, “]
Robertson, Maddison, Robinson, Moberly, Riding. {Members who wish to be missed
mustwrite to the name preceding their own on list, not to the Secretary]. 4

Wantrep—Badly, for description, two or three eggs each of Potatoria, Bomby- © —
liformis, Stellatarum, Fuciformis, Atropos, or any of the rarer Hawk moths. Fertilised —
egos particularly wanted so that the larva can be described in its first instar. Also —
(for description) eggs, larvie, or pup of Microdactyla, Parvidactyla, Distans, Osteo- —
dactyla, Tephradactyla, Baliodactyla, Bipunctidactyla, Plagiodactyla, Loewii, Bertrami,
Zetterstedtii, Acanthodactyla, Punctidactyla, Monodactyla, Fuscus (Pterodactyla), Spilo-
dactyla.—Direct to 1. Bacot, 154, Lower € ‘lapton Road, N.E.

Duplicates.—Festiva, Triplasia, Corylata, Thalassina, Bidentata, Bipunctata, Apici
aria, Testata, Obscurata, Xanthographa, also ova or larvee of Erosaria, Menyanthidis, ©
Tlunaria (second brood), Villica, Ocellatus, Pudibunda, Consonaria, Fuscantaria, Coryli,
Lunaria, &e. Desiderata.—Numerous. —C. N. Williams, Penarth.

Duplicates.—Rectilinea, Contigua, Nigricans, Cordigera (few fair), Fimbria, Fascelina,
A. ligustri, Scoliaeformis, Blandina, Impluviata, Suffumata var. piceata. Desiderata.—
Otters requested. Good Noctuids specially wanted, well set and on black pins.—James C-
Hagart, 58, St. Andrew Street, Galashiels, N.B.

Duplicates.—T. w-album (i imagines of the year). Desiderata.—Numerous, preferably
oya, larve and pupse.—C. FE. saanuan 8, Clifton Grove, Rotherham, Yorks.

Waxren.—Four or five fresh pairs of M. artemis from Ireland, and the same from |
Scotland, must be good specimens. Purchase or exchange.—H. ne Elwes, Colesborne,
Andoversford, R.S. 0. Gloucestershire. :

Waxtep during this season ova, larve and pups of very many species. Good value
given in exchange, ‘either imagines, larve, or pupe.—wW’. S. Salvage, Arlington, Berwith,
Sussex.

Excuance.—I am desirous <0 obtaining butterflies from the Malayan Archipelago and
the Pacific Islands. For such I offer perfect diurnals from North and South America ;
North American Coleoptera.—Levi W. Mengel, Boys’ High School, Reading, Pa., U.S.A.

Wanrep. Fine lepidoptera of Europe in exchange for butterflies from Russia in Asia, —
Japan, China and Basses-Alps (France).— Wilhelm Neubur ger, Lepidopterist, Berlin, S. 42,
Luwisen Ufer 45, Ger manny:

Har a hotographie and photo- or omen purposes. Wil
of any ges sent. ISO. ae gabe Sat has s entomological

“Wanrep. —Pupe of Betularia, and var. donnicdawanin for experimental purposes.— ‘

. Bateson, Merton House, Grantchester, Cambridge. gs)
Wantep.—Larvee, pup or pupa-cases of any species of Sesiidae, for a forthcoming ~~

yer, also notes relative to this genus. Postage and all expenses paid, and specimens

urned if necessary.—H. HW. Lane, 9, 7 ‘eesdale Str eet, Hackney Road, N.E.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

¥ The City of London Entomological and Natural Histery Society. — London ~
"Institution, Hinsbury Circus, E.C.—The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m. Members are particularly requested to bring varieties and aberrations for exhibi-
tion. Non-members cordially invited.
The South London Entomologicai and Natural History Society, Hibernia

Chambers, London Bridge.—-The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p-m.
‘Field Meetings.—September 22d, Pauls Cray Common (S.E.R.).—Particulars of Mr. 8.
Edwards, Kidbrooke Lodge, Blackheath, S.E.
North London Natural History Society, Sigdon Road Board School, Dalston Lane,
_ N.E. (close to Hackney Downs Stations, G.H.R.).—Meetings first and third Thursdays in
_ each month, at 7.45 p.m.
4 Nonpareil Entomological Society, Mansfield Street, Kingsland. —The First and
Third Thursdays in the Month.

CHa RLES BAUOREXLER,

Practical Entomologist,
Rotteweil a/N, Wurttemburg.

ee : Great assortment of Ova, Larva, Pupz & imagines.

Ova (per doz.): Aporia crataegi, 1d.; Parnassius apollo, 5d.; Colias ge one, 5d.;
- Limenitis populi, Is.; Sphinx convolvuli, Is. 2d.; Deilephila livornica, ; D. ner, 3s.;
- Smerinthus quercus, = 5d.; Ocnoe. parasita, 38. 5d.; hemigena, 3s. ae zoraida, Bog

~ Lasiocampa ilicifolia, < 8 Haxpyia bicuspis, 2s. 5d.; Urop. ulmi, 1s.: Gluphisia crenata,
_ 2s.; Acronyeta cuspis, 2 ; strigosa, 1s. 5d.; Agrotis cinerea, Ds.: Catephia alechymista,
--9s.; Arctia maculosa, 38.; Peele: matronula, 38.5 Arctia flavia, 1s. 5d., Dasychiva abietis,
9s.; Bombyx alpicola, Sd.; Orgyia ericae, 5d.; Notodonta tritophus, 1s.; querna, 1s.;

q Stauropus fagi, Sd. Larva (living, per doz.): Acherontia atropos, 8s.; Deilephila livornica,

_5s.5 nerii (very large), 6s.; Smerinthus erento 3s. 5d.; Pheretes matronula, 6s.; Aretia

- flavia, 6s.; Dasychira abietis, 6s.; rubricosa, 2s.; luctuosa, “As. ., &e. Pups (per doz): Atropos,
9s.; Ligustri, Is. 5d.; Vespertilio, 68.5 Hippophaés, 20s.; Galii, 4s.; Dahlii, 15s.; Luctuosa,

| .6s.; Abietis, 12s.; Bicuspis, 18s.; Trilophus, 5s. (10 doz., 40s. iB Cymatophora fluctuosa,

_ 6s.; Plusia ain, 10s.; P. bractea, 10s.; Lasiocampa suberifolia (4s. each), 30s. (per doz.):

| Miselia bimaculosa, “4s. ., and many others. Ova or Exotics: Platysamiia gloveri, 2s.;

-eolumbia, 1s. 8d.; hybrid gloveri x columbia, 3s.; californica, 1s. 2d.; angulifera, 1s. 3i

-insularis, Is. 5d. Youna LARV# (per doz.): Anth. ae 10s. IactNes (each) : Atropos,

~2s.; Flavia, 3s.; Ornithoptera trogane, e. 1. sup. > ¢, 50s.; ligdius, ¢ ?,50s.; &e.

“se A LARGE ASSORTMENT ALWAYS ON HAND.

‘ An illustrated, exhaustive, and authoritative series of articles on the s
BUTTERFLIES ofthe PALAEARCTIC REGION
f By Dr. HENRY LANG
(Author of the Butterflies of Europe), is appearing monthly in
SCIENCE GOSSIP.

The beautiful [ustrations are by a new Photographie
4 process, direct from authentic specimens.

Other Entomological subjects in each Number. -

- SIXPENCE MONTHLY.

Editorial and business communications to 110, Strand, W.C.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British ‘Lepidoptera.

(Demy 8vo., bound i in Cloth. Price 2/6).

.

Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for the
forms of Melanism and Melanochroism ;, contains full data respecting the distribution of ©
melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin; the special value of
“natural selection,’ ‘‘ environment,” ‘‘ heredity,” ‘disease,’ ‘‘ temperature,” etc., in —
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the —
Entomological Society of London, says ‘‘ An especially interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects, is that which has been followed up in —
Mr. Tort’s series of papers on ‘ Melanism and Melanochroism.’ ”

The British Noctue and their Varieties.
(Complete in 4 volumes. Price 7/- per vol.).

The four volumes comprise the most complete text-book ever issued on the NocrurpsEs..
{t contains critical notes on the synonymy, the original type descriptions (or descriptions —
of the original figures) of every British species, the type descriptions of all known —
varieties of each British species, tabulated diagnoses and short descriptions of the various —
phases of variation of the more polymorphic species; all the data known concerning the
rare and reputed British species. Complete notes on the lines of development of the
general variation observed in the various families and genera. The geographical range
of the various species and their varieties, as well as special notes by lepidopterists who
have paid Lee attention to certain species. j

Each yolume has an extended introduction. That to Vol. I deals with ‘‘ General —
variation and its causes” —with a detailed account of the action of natural selection in
producing melanism, albinism, &c. That to Vol. If deals with ‘‘ The evolution and
cenetie sequence of insect colours,’’ the mest complete review of the subject published.
Vhat to Vol. IIT deals with ‘“‘ Secondary Sexual Characters in Lepidoptera,” explaining
so far as is known, a consideration of the organs (and their functions) included in the term.
That to Vol. IV deals with ‘‘ The classification of the Noctux,” with a comparison of the ©
Nearctic and Palwarctic Noctuides.

The first subscription list comprised some 200 of our leading British lepidopterists,
and up to the present time some 500 complete sets of the work have been sold.
The treatise is invaluable to all working collectors who want the latest information on this
group, and contains large quantities of material collected from foreign magazines and the
works of old British authors, arranged in connection with each species, and nob to be.
found in any other published work. i

To be obtained from H. E. PAGE, ‘ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

Lepidoptera and Coleoptera
From all parts of the World.
PRESERVED LARVA: IMAGINES (well set).
Life-histories carefully arranged and well-mounted in cases, for Museums,.
Schools, &e. )

Cases to Illustrate various phases of Mimicry. |

Living Lepidopterous Eges, Larve and Pupe; Birds’ Eggs; Stuffed Birds’ —
Skins ; Shells : ; and all other Zoological objects.

Living eggs, larvee :
Aporia cratacgi, Picris daplidice, Thecla areal, Apatura tis, vine antiopa, Melitaea, —
cinvia, Acherontia atropos, Sphina_convolvuli, S. pinastri, Deilephila ewphorbiac, Sesia
sphegiformis, Deiopeia pulchella, Callinorpha hera, Cerura bicuspis, Lophopteryx carme-
lita, Catocula fraxini, Geometra papilionaria, Lygris reticulata, &e.

The Editor of Lhe Entomologist’s Record writes :—‘‘ I know nothing in this particular
direction so well-suited for educational purposes as your excellently mounted ‘ Lifehistories
of Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, &e.’ One could wish that there were three or four typical
cases in every Primary and Secondary School in Europe. Certainly everyone engaged

in educational w ork, in the British Isles at least, would use these cases if they knew of
them.” Send for List. to—

“ARNOLD VOELSCHOW, Schwerin, Mecklenburg, Germany.

OVA, LARVAE, AND PUP.
The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

A. W. HEAD, ©ntomalogist,
SCARBOROUGH.

Luli List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,
: ete,, sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

A few Copies of the following Pamphlets.

Notes on Hybrids of Tephrosia bistortata, Goeze and T. crepuscularia, Hb. .. 1/-
' Some Results of Recent Experiments in Hybridising Tephrosia bistortata and
T. erepuscularia .. a a ae ay ae Ne; Hil he fie
~ The Drinking Habits of ens flies and Moths if ee, as a aya LAD)
phe Lasiocampids : 1/-
Some considerations ot Nata Genera and incidental references to the Nature
s of Species . . Si AE vie se bu yea) LG
The Scientific Aspect of Entomology (1 ) qi ae ee ee ee: Bi yies Yfoes
The Scientific Aspects of Entomology (2)iiey. ay a He a Ae yylyfe
A gregarious butterfly—Evrebia nerine—with notes on the Lepidoptera of the
. Mendelstrasse .. oe Ay ne ie Bs a be Beane bp
| The Nature of Metamorphosis .. ee My i Be a ai meee it ie

WATKINS & DONCASTER, .-

7 Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

4g Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Volding Nets, 3/6, 4/-,
- Umbrella Nets ‘(self acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d. 1j-, 1/6. Zine Relaxing Boxes.

—-9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. «Entomological Pins, assorted
By. Or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Vin, with brush, 1/6,

4 pr Sngaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6,
16/3 Setting Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d.; 1$in., 8d.; 2in., 10d.; 24in., 1/- ;
a 14: 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses,
0/6, 11/6; corked hace 14]. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-,
_ 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 18. Botanical Cases, japanned,
- double tin, 1/6 to 6/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
_ 2/6 to 1). emedt for replacing Antennee 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per
iz. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 34, best quality 1/4 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle,
Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
_ Zine Killing Box, 9d. to1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist’s Com-
aDion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors,
/- per pair; Egedrills, 2d., 3d., 9d.; Blowpipes, 4d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals ; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d.; ditto of Birds’ Hggs, 2d., 3d., 6d.: ditto
of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, ete.
Label-list of British Macro- Lepidoptera, with Latin and English names (1894 edition),
‘1/6. Our new complete Canalonue. of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1/- ;
_ or printed on one side for labels, 2
»~ Now Reapy.—The aes ie and Label List, compiled by Mr. Ed. Meyrick, B.A.,
|. £.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent ‘Handbook of British Lepidoptera.” Exchange

2

List, $d. each, "Ad. per dozen, or 4/- per 100. Label List, 9d. each.

THE “DIXON” LAMP NET (invaluable for taking moths off Street Lamps
SNe without climbing the Lamp Posts) 2/6.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Cf every description of Insecrs, Birps’ Hees, Coins, MicroscopicaL OssEects, Hossins, &c.
Catalogue (96 pages) sent on application, post free:

LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS’ AND BIRDS’ EGGS (British, European, and Exotic.)
Birds, Mammals, etc., Preserved aud Mounted by First-class Workmen.

. c22._36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors from Charing Cross).

: Wier. Fl Rosenberg, Hezaae
Traveller Naturalist, |
48a, Charing Cross Road, London, W.C.,:

Every description of Requisite for
: Collectors.

Tilustrated Price List post free.
Large collections of British and Exotic Insects of all orders.

25 Lepidoptera in papers, from India or S. America... 2s. 6d. post free.

25 Coleoptera in sawdust, from 5S. America oh boa oad i
25 Hemiptera ae iho a ine = seo ES OGL: Ho Aiea meee

Healthy pup of Deilephila tithymali, Canary Islands, 6d each.

i Nets from 1s. 8d.; Pocket Boxes, 6d.; Postal Boxes from 6d.; Relaxing
Boxes from 9d.; Cabinets from 10s. 6d.; Pins from 1s. per oz.; Setting
Boards from 5d., ete., ete.

The Young Collector's Outtit

Containing :—Net, Pocket Box, Relaxing Box, Larva Box, Three Sctting
Boards (various sizes), Store Box, Mixed Pins, Killing Tin, Settme Needle,
Chip Boxes and Eee Drill, 10/6 post free

NIN 3! NEV
: ZV BUTTERFLY NETS .J30im..
i The G.K. Net is made of the best materials.
i The G.K. Net can be mounted or dismounted in a moment.
| The G.K. Net suits any stick, and may be carried in any pocket.
| The G.K. Net is every collector’s delight.

The G.K. Net | Diameter 14 inches. The most elegant net.
&

READY Cireumiference 44 inches. The most practical net.
| FOR USE. Depth of the net 29 inches. The most durable net.
I
| The G.K. Net St! ™s- — pimensions 1 by 4 by 11 inches.

f t \

, WHEN NOT L The Lightest, the Handiest, the Cheapest Net.
i iG

IN USE. “Net of silk.) One Quality, one Size, one Price only.

Send postal order 6/-, and you will get ihe G.K. Net free of all charge trom-—

H GRAF-KRUSI, GAIS, SWITZERLAND.

V7, ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

EiprreD BY

PVE TORE BES:

ASSISTED BY

: T. HUDSON BHAREH, B.SC., F.E.S., F.R.S.E.
M. BURR, F.Z.S., F.E.S. T, A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
L. B. PROUT, @.z.s. H. St. J.K. DONISTHORPE, f.,z.5., FE, Be

ae
SEPTEMBER 15th, 1900.

PRICE SIXPENCE (£1).
_ (WITH PLATE)
Subseription for Complete Volume, post free

(Including SPECIAL INDEX),
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BE FORWARDED TO

HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S.,

““BERPROSE,” GELLATLY Rosp, St. CATHERINE’S PARK.
Lonpox, §.E.

LONDON:
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Parrrnoster Row, H.C.
BERLIN:
R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,
11, Canusrrassz, N.W.

NEW YORK:
Ph. HEINSBERGER, 9, First Avrente,
New Yor, U.S.A.

Bie > TER also be obtained from R. H. Porrur, 18, Princes Street, Cavendish Square, London, W.C.
fkINS & Doncaster, 36, Strand W.C. _H. Guaisuer, 63 & 65, London Street, Greenwich.

GRESMA M : ASSETS $7,250,000.

Established 1848. lal RE
oe ee a OFFICE

NOVEL and ATTRACTIVE forms of ASSURANCE, APPEAL-
ING SPECIALLY to those who desire to combine INVEST-
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PROSPECTUS containing full Table of Rates for the above, and other
new features, on application to

JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secretary. |
ST. MILDRED’S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.C.

“The Gresham Life Assurance Society, Limited.

D. F. TAYLER & Co., Ltd.,
Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

SmatL Heaps AnD Prerrect Points. Warr, Buack, AnD GinT.
ee EE Eee

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

THE PRACTICAL CABINET MAKERS.

J. T. CROCKETT & SON,

MAKERS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.
Store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, ete.
Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.
SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS, :
With drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing i

insects.
‘Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.
All best work. Lowest possible terms for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given.
The Trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms—7a, PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Cireus).
Factories—34, RIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.
The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from. Great advantage in dealing with the makers,
All Goods at Store Prices.

LABELS! LABELS!! LABELS!

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
abel, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

( To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.
+ Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as\ [|
received. Remittance in full must accompany each order.

Rannoch New Forest Shetland
15. vi. 97 4, 1x. 97 5. V. 97

ADDRESS.—‘‘ Requiziges 2, ees Place, Walnut Tree Road
Greenwich, S.E.

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‘STIL “AC

“OOGT “970 ‘plonay “Mlopusy

‘10940 “Iq “uve T, “HAA
‘Aopieg ‘Aq Tesseg iq ‘Avan e¢ ‘toddep ‘e's ‘yee dq ‘ysanqxoy *¢ rome “pO
“SUIPILM “UW sroddeg *H ‘IONLV AA “HO ‘uosey “OD WL “UBUISIOUO “oT D

‘ayoo’y “H “YSQUAy AA IOH “HM ‘d0AIGTAD “AEG 90ULg “AH
‘UBULIAL “YY *PRIISMIN “YW “ODIAV “fC UlyUOT, “H
“199SQO MA “AA “UOSIAITH “VW “qe, “U a0.1081d "N ‘ul

“ALYY NACGUY+) > ALWIDOG TVOIDGTONOLIN GY WUIHSAHY) INV CaLHSVONWY] WH,

TDC BONN

OCT 4 1900

gniomologists
oY

JOURNAL oF VARIATION.

Wor, Che No: 9: September 157H, 1900.

Feta

AND

The Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society :. Garden
Party (with plate).

On Saturday, June 28rd, Mr. 8. J. Capper, F.L.5., F.E.S., gave a
garden party to the members of the Lancashire and Cheshire
Entomological Society and other entomological friends, at his residence,
Huyton Park, Liverpool. There was a large gathering, and the visitors
fully appreciated the kindness of their host. Ever since the founda-
tion of the Society, now twenty-three years ago, Mr. Capper has been
the President, and has been associated with men whose names stand
high in the elucidation of our insular insect fauna. All the older
lepidopterists know of the keen rivalry that existed between the
Lancashire and southern collectors, and are also well aware how well
the northern men held their own in field work, especially in the
working out of the life-histories of the Micro-Lepidoptera, whilst the
younger entomologists have also been well to the fore, as the lists for
the county, compiled by Dr. Ellis, fully show. Just how much of the
excellent results shown by the Lancashire lepidopterists is due to Mr.
Capper it would be difficult to say, but year after year he has, by
sympathetic help, by kind instruction, and by a liberal generosity,
aided all the recruits who have joined the ranks of the Society, and his
large collection, probably unequalled in the northern counties for its
richness in bizarre aberrations and local forms and races, has been at
the service of all who wished to consult its contents. His educational
collections are also widely known, and the young (and old) entomologists
of Lancashire and Cheshire have always found in Mr. Capper a generous
helper and friend. We understand that at the present time Mr. Mosley
is engaged in painting the best marked aberrations in the collection,
and that some 400 have already been done, but we do not know yet how
these are to be published so that they may be of general value to
science, and so that the students of variation may be able to gain the
ereatest possible good from the specimens thus reproduced from this
collection. One could wish that wealthy amateurs like Mr. Capper,
Mr. Webb, &c., would publish figures of the best aberrations in their
collections for general use. Perhaps photography will enable them to
do this cheaply ere long.

A glance at our photograph will show the strength of the
Lancashire and Cheshire entomologists. A society that contains names
like those of Dr. Ellis, the compiler of the Lancashire and Cheshire
lists of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, Mr. R. Newstead, one of the first

226 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

authorities in the world on the Coccidae, and equally well known for
his wide and exact knowledge of economic entomology, skilled observers
such as Mr. C. H. Walker, Rev. R. Freeman, Dr. Bailey, Mr. F. N.
Pierce, &c., must be considered strong. Probably next to the
President, the Society owes most to its indefatigable secretary, Mr.
Pierce, and his authority on the genitalia of Lepidoptera remains
unchallenged. Messrs. Crabtree, Prince, Tait, Arkle, Locke, Wilding,
Roxburgh, and Drs. Cassel and Cotton, will be known to most of
our readers as active coleopterists or lepidopterists, and, indeed, one
might almost exhaust the list of names if one were to enumerate one’s
old friends and correspondents.

That these gatherines do much to foster the spirit of unity which
enables work to be followed out much more thoroughly and successfully
is certain. Year by year, the old Adam, that led men engaged in
similar branches of work to look upon each other as rivals and to hide
their knowledge from each other, is dying out, and a system of co-
operation between lepidopterists in this country has led to results
totally impossible under the old conditions. One is not so certain
that one can say quite as much of the coleopterists who do not seem
to trust each other so freely in imparting knowledge as do their more
numerous brethren studying the butterflies and moths.

Nor must we forget, in our estimation of the success achieved by
these friendly gatherings at Mr. Capper’s house, how much is due to
the kind hospitality and care bestowed on the guests by Miss Capper,
who insists on making each and every of the visitors feel thoroughly
at home. We write with a very full remembrance of the generosity
and kindness of the President and his eldest daughter, and our last
word is to wish that the Lancashire and Cheshire Society may always

have as excellent a President as their present one, and that the latter ©
may long remain the President of the Society to continue directly and —

indirectly his support of our favourite study and to foster with his

sympathy the love of entomology in all the young recruits to our ranks —

in his district.

Lepidoptera in the Hautes-Alpes: Abries.
By J. H. and J. W. TUTT, F.E:S.

Mountains reared upon the mountains,
Forests stretching far and near,

Swift, wild streams that ceaseless murmur
Songs of rest to human ear,

Scenes of beauty, silent, peaceful,
Whispering dreams for many a year.

Little appears to be known about the insects of the Hautes- Alpes) |

and the district appears to be rarely visited by English tourists. The
guidebooks are neither very accurate nor illuminating, and it would
appear to be largely a terra incognita to all except a few of the wealthy
residents of Marseilles and the larger towns of Provence, who have

long since appreciated its charms, and now regularly spend a part of |

the summer months in these wild and altogether delightful valleys.
The district we selected this year in which to spend part of our usual |
holidays was that known as the Queyras district, so-called from the -
Chateau Queyras, which is splendidly placed on an isolated rock, and
near which an important village, with apparently good inns, has now |

|
{

LEPIDOPTERA IN THE HAUTES-ALPES: ABRIES. 227

sprung up. The valley is drained by the Guil, the limpid waters of
which, in the river’s upper course, present a striking contrast with
those of the muddy Ubaye that drains the valley in which Larche and
Barcelonette are situated. The valley, so far as we were ablo to inves-
tigate it, swarms with insect life, and it is possible that, when attention
has been drawn to this delightful spot, some other entomologist with
longer leisure will visit the place and supplement our poor list with his
captures. We say ‘“‘ poor ”’ advisedly, as, during the time (August 9th-
16th) that we were in the valley, we did a great deal of walking and
little real collecting. We should say that July would be decidedly a
better month than Aueust throughout the valley.

It may be well, therefore, in view of the possibility of further
investigators visiting this beautiful district to point out the route taken.
Train to Grenoble (via Lyons or Chambéry), where one changes for
Veynes, this ride taking one over one of the most remarkable alpine
railways of which we know. At Veynes, one changes again for Mont-
Dauphin-Guillestre, a few stations short of Briangon, so that the latter
part of the route skirts the south-western and southern borders of the
Dauphiné Alps. Here a diligence meets the train, and a five to six
hours’ ride up the valley brings one to Abriés, where we stayed at the
Grand Hotel d’Abriés, an excellent establishment from every point of
view—new, large, well furnished, comfortable, with all modern sanitary
arrangements, and a first-class cuisine. Our surprise at finding this
excellent hotel was great, as it was quite unmentioned in the guide
books (Baedeker, &c.), although it had been opened three years.
Nothing that we could say would be too high praise for the treatment
we received whilst here, or the success attained by the proprietor in
making his guests thoroughly comfortable. The inns mentioned in
Baedeker and Murray appear to be very poor indeed; by comparison
with the Grand Hotel they are quite unthinkable.

The ride through the valley is something to be remembered. It is
indeed a picturesque and romantic drive that will long live in the
memory, characterised by its—

Deep, deep gorges, where the torrents
Breathe their murmurs from the gloom,
And the clashing of the waters

Rises from a hidden tomb.

One sees in the Alps occasionally some fine caiions, but those between
Guillestre and the Chateau-Queyras would require a lot of beating.
The defiles are, both at the entrance of the valley, and again near La
Chapelue, of the grandest possible description, only in the former case,
the road leads high along the side of the mountain, and one looks
down here and there into the bed of the torrent which is often hidden,
whilst in the latter case the road runs along by the side of the river,
and the almost perpendicular rocks rise on either side of the narrow bed
to a height of from 200ft.-800ft., often, however, overhanging
considerably and presenting a scene of wild grandeur rarely to be
witnessed even in these regions.

The more open slopes that occur between these defiles are clothed
with sweetest scented lavender, and from the blossoms clouds of H’rebia
neoridas and Polyommatus escheri take wing, whilst, from the clumps of
Eupatorium, Callimorpha hera takes its stately flight when rudely

928 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

disturbed in its repose by the rush of the passing diligence. Satyrus
alcyone, deep-coloured Gonepteryx rhamni, swift-flying Colias hyale and
C. edusa, Melanargia galathea, not in the best condition, Hpinephele
lycaon and apparently Hrebia ligea, are all noted in abundance before
La Maison du Roi is reached, and already it is quite evident that
Polyommatus damon is to be the “‘blue”’ of the valley, as, indeed, it
afterwards proved to be, occurring in countless thousands in both sexes
everywhere. It appears impossible to name the Fritillaries as one
passes them, but one is certain of the road-loving Aryyinnis lathonia,
that fans its wings so delightfully, Dryas paphia, Argynnis adippe and
A. aglaia, as also the bright-tinted males of Melitaea didyma, whilst the
females of the latter are evidently exceedingly variable. Parnassius
apollo, too, very large fellows, come lazily flying down, and swift-winged
Pieris daplidice cannot be mistaken, nor can large full-coloured Papilio
machaon; the skippers of the valley are evidently Thymelicus lineola,
Pamphila comma and Syrichthus alveus, whilst S. sao is worn and
evidently over. La Maison du Roi is an inn apparently exceedingly
well placed for working the nearer end of the valley, and in a most pictur-
esque position, and here we might add that the valley would be a perfect
paradise for the photographer. Our great regret, however, is that we
were not sufficiently well-versed in geology to unrayel the many
geological problems presented by the valley, and there were many times
when we would have given much to have had a really good geologist
for a companion. The inn, La Maison du Roi, does not look, however,
especially inviting, although one knows from experience that many
alpine inns are much more comfortable inside than their outward
appearance would lead one to suspect.

We have said before that the valley is full of insects—Orthoptera,
Lepidoptera, and in particular Diptera, some of which can, on
occasion, bite most furiously, and a friend’s satisfying description,
‘beautiful beast,’’ was frequently indulged in as one squeezed the
life out of a persistent green-eyed gad-fly, with the greatest satisfaction.
Our journey up the valley i in the afternoon and evening, 4p.m.-10 p.m.,
and our journey down in the morning, 8a.m.-1 p.m., proved to the hilt
that the statement was literally true, but what insects these wild and
romantic valleys really hide we do not know, dozens of species of
Rhopalocera must be hidden in the sequestered nooks that one sees every-
where, and these, only a prolonged stay or previous knowledge is hkely
to discover. All we can say is that the ground is wild, rough, and
almost everywhere uncultivated, and that Chateau Queyras would
appear to be a really good centre for the middle part of the valley.
_ There is one remarkable village between Chateau Queyras and
Abriés, called Aiguilles. Everyone knows the squalid and unsavoury
nature of the average cottage of an alpine village. Here, side by side
with cottages of the poorest description, large mansions have been
built by natives, who, having emigrated to America, have made a
considerable fortune in ‘‘ cheese,’ and then returned to their native
village, where their money makes them people of importance, and
erected themselves those modern dwellings that look so strangely out of
place in this little hamlet. At least twenty of these are to be found in
this one small village.

Our centre, as we have said, was Abriés, a village 5,085 feet above
the sea, and it was here that our walks were taken and our collecting,

LEPIDOPTERA IN THE HAUTES-ALPES! ABRIES. 229

such as it was, was done. It may be well to note the places where
insects were observed abundantly. Almost as soon as one leaves the
village, on the road towards the Italian frontier, one finds a mass of
tangled vegetation covering the waste ground by the river side—willows,
Hippophaes and barberry among the shrubs, thyme, trefoils,
dwarf epilobium, scabious and Centaurea among the flowering plants,
may be noted. ‘This spot should be visited, for, here, not only do
the regular insect inhabitants of this part of the valley dwell, but visitors
from the high Alps—Colias palaeno, C. phicomone (many), Pieris
callidice—are to be taken. Among the willows Huvanessa antiopa
is already on the wing, and on the nettles by the roadside the deserted
larval nests of Pyrameis atalanta are abundant, although a single
imago only showed that the perfect insects had not yet fully emerged ;
Aylais urticae was the only other Vanessid, and this species was found as
larve, pupe and imagines. Here and there one can get from the
roadway to the rough slopes and gullies, and one finds insects on these
also in great abundance. Papilio machaon was occasionally seen,
usually worn and tailless; Parnassius apollo flew everywhere, even
about the roads, and was frequently observed about the front of the
hotel. Aporia crataegi was one of the commonest insects when we
arrived, but the way in which it almost completely disappeared during
our stay was most remarkable. A single Pieris callidice, as we have
said, was unexpectedly taken not a quarter of a mile from the village ;
Pieris rapae and P. napi ab. napaeae were abundant, but P. brassicae
was scarce, and P. daplidice only observed some distance lower down
the road than the hotel, although Colias edusa and C'. hyale covered
the ground where (. phicomone, in considerable abundance in both
sexes, and a single ('. palaeno were taken. That C. phicomone naturally
lives at this level in the neighbourhood of Abriés is certain as the
species was observed egg-laying on the waste flats. Leucophasia sinapts
was not seen, although we suspect that it must occur; it was possibly
over. Gonepteryx rhamni males were particularly brightly coloured,
no females were seen, so that the species was evidently not fully out.
Melanargia galathea, common down the valley, does not appear to reach
so hich as this. The Fritillaries were in great abundance. Argynnis
lathonia everywhere, A. adippe abundant below the hotel, but
beginning to go over, whilst Dryas paphia was quite scarce and not
in good condition. Argynnis aglaia and A. niobe in thousands
everywhere, in beautiful condition, varying much in size, the latter
also presenting beautiful examples with the silvery spots of the under-
side of the hindwings particularly brilliant. Near the hotel many of
the A. niobe were no larger than Brenthis euphrosyne, whilst others were
of large size and full colour, so that possibly the larve of the small
ones had been badly placed for food. A. amathusia was not uncommon
near the river. Aelitaea didyma was in the very pink of condition,
the males bright red, sparkling like “‘ coppers’ in the sun, whilst the
females showed a splendid range of variation, many being almost
black in the ground colour, the fulvous limited to small areas on the
hindwings ; none appeared to have the brighter fulvous colour of the
females found at Aix-les-Bains and other localities at a low altitude.

(To be continued.)

230 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

The relationship of Philea (irrorella), Cybosia (mcsomella), and
Endrosa (aurita).
By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

The second volume of the British Museum Catalogue of Phalaenae is
as striking a monument of industry on the part of Sir George Hampson
as phe first. It contains those families that are allied to the Arctiadae,

, the Lithostanae and Nolanae. Though I believe the reasons
wean this association of the Nolanae to hold good, my high estimate
of the value of the work is not affected.

Having no special knowledge of these groups to enable me to test
the soundness of the classification within the groups, I have looked
up the little group of Mndrosa, Philea and Cybosia, with which I
happen to be familiar. The first point to strike one is the accuracy of the
characters laid down for each genus and species, short and condensed,
and implying much work compressed into small space, and giving one
some idea of the labour involved in the whole volume, and if equal
accuracy obtains elsewhere, the value of the work is certainly great.
The next point is that these three genera are separated and defined,
and their order and phylogeny determined chiefly (apparently) by the
one fact that the point of origin of vein 2 of the hindwings yaries a
httle.

In Philea it is from the middle of cell, in Cybosia from beyond the
middle of cell, andin Mndrosa from well beyond the middle of cell. The
other characters are of minor importance or very inconstant. It is
true, for instance, that vein 8 of the hindwing usually rises nearer the
end of cell in Hndrosa (aurita) than in Philea (irrorella), but 1 have
specimens of aurita with it quite as far back as is usual in wrvorella.
The g genitalia are almost identical, probably quite so if one took a
long series. Those of Cybosia (mesomella) are quite different. Revert-
ine to vein 2 of forewing, this also like 8 of hindwing varies much in
positionand length, theaverage position is as stated, but many specimens
overlap. The only constant differences between awtta and irrorella
are in the density and length of the hairs and scaling, and a greater
breadth of the palpi in aurita. But these are certainly not generic
differences, and do not admit of their being separated by Cybosia
which is structurally distinguishable in antenne and various other
particulars.

In the phylogeny given, however, Philea gives rise to Cybosta, and
Cybosia to Hndrosa, ain yet Cybosia is more distinct than are the other
two genera. Not only, for instance, are ¢rrorella and aurita so close
as to belong really to one genus, possibly distinct from that containing
mesomella (Cybosia), but it would be possible to say something as to
their even being races of one very variable species. The curious
auricular (?) development of the 5rd trochanters in Mndrosa and Philea,
which is wanting in Cybosia, is not alluded to, but is a strong proof
that Cybosta cannot be wedged between them.

The Sagacity of Larva of Galleria mellonelia (cereana), Linn.
By R. HAMLYN HAMLYN-HARRIS, F.R.M.S., F.Z.5., F.H.S., &e.
It is a matter of no small interest to note how the larve of certain
species of insects show a decided instinct for self-preservation. Among
many, more especially among imagines, we are in possession of varied

BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 231

and interesting cases of sagacity, in fact we might almost say their
name is legion, but the following experience may be somewhat
unusual considering the subject under consideration, and in any case
will be another contribution to the biology of the Wax moth.

Some time ago I had collected three larvee of the above species
from my experimental apiary for microscopical examination, and
had put them into a cardboard box in order to rear pupe, I also gave
them a small piece of artificial comb to feed on. However, two of
them spun their threads directly underneath the comb, whilst the
third was thereby entirely shut off from the store of food, and directly
the larva approached the other two she was instantly driven away.
This continued until the first two sallied forth to pupate elsewhere.

It may be a subject worthy of note to record that I did all I could
to coax this unbefriended grub to throw in her lot with the others, but
everything was of no ayail, until ultimately she took possession of the
empty passages and dey oured the remaining portion of food, by which
time one of the others had actually pupated. What was my surprise on
examining the box a day or two after to find that the larva had torn
open the puparium, and turned the chrysalis out of its resting-place—
thus making room and opportunity for herself to undergo that same
period of rest.

The conclusion I have come to as an explanation of this proceed-
ing—the whole of which lasted no more than a week—is that the
larva, through some means or other, was prevented from spinning
quantities of threads, and that she had therefore learnt by natural
instinct how to overcome that difficulty ; or could it be—that a spirit
of revenge had seized hold of her—revenge at being excluded from the
liberal board ? How was it she knew her strength and ability directly
her foe lay helpless, haying undergone that process for which end she
herself was straining every nerve to bring about that like change ?
and did she not know that she would thus be secure and unmolested
until the time should come for her to enter into that much longed for
bliss of the imago state ?

Naturally all my sympathies are with the first view being the
most likely, the more so as we know cases-—such for instance as
recorded by the then Sir John Lubbock—of spiders unable to spin
more than a certain number of webs, and even if the glands and the
organs directly in relationship thereto, were in no way injured—is
not this possible, especially as throughout the whole proceedings this
larva showed herself incapable of spinning? I think, also, that we may
read in thisinteresting case, the way adopted by nature, through natural
instinct, teachine the feeble to help themselves, suggesting to the
helpless a way of “selt- SRE SeENE On for the perpetuation of its species.

British nenidena
By WILLIAM BATESON, M.A., F.R.S., F.E.S., &e.
It is pleasant to write a few words in appreciation of the second
volume of Mr. J. W. Tutt’s British Lepidoptera. Of the great utility
of this work there can be no doubt whatever, and the punctual appear-

* A Natural history of the Been Lepidoptera. By J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. Vol II,
pp. 584-+-viii. Published by Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Paternoster Square.
Price 20s. net.

232 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

ance of Vol. II will be a matter of general congratulation amongst
naturalists.

Mr. Tutt’s work aims at being in the first place a complete collec-
tion of all that is as yet known of the natural history of the species dealt
with. These books are no mere compilation, but in the fullest sense
original treatises. No pains have been spared to get together every-
thing that relates to the structure, distribution, variation, life-history
and habits of each form in its several stages. Many of the facts thus
given are new, a large part being the results of the author's own
direct observation. Moreover, much of the information here published
has been communicated privately to Mr. Tutt by his numerous
correspondents, and the mass of facts given at first hand is thus
greatly increased. ‘This is especially the case in regard to the life-
histories, which in very many instances have been worked through in
minute detail by Mr. Tutt and his coadjutors expressly for this book.
Owing to the wide appeal which the author has made to living
entomologists for such personal records, and to his laborious researches
into the literature already printed, the books probably represent the
sum of existing knowledge on the subjects contained.

It is a special charm of Mr. Tutt’s treatise that the reader has a
comfortable sense that his author is giving him no scamped work.
Hiverything capable of verification has been verified, and nothing is
repeated in slovenly fashion unchecked. For such a work not only
professed entomologists, but all naturalists who from time to time
require precise information as to lepidoptera, will be grateful to Mr.
Tutt, and his books will be required in every working library of
natural history. Nothing of the kind has hitherto been attempted,
and by reference to them much searching and weary correspondence
will be avoided.

The present volume deals with the Psychides and part of the

Lachneides. Whether the views adopted by Mr. Tutt on questions
of classification and the hke are sound or not can, of course, only be
judged by specialists, but it will be evident to any student of zoology
that he has attacked these problems in a most fruitful way, and that
in each of the numerous discussions of special questions he has pro-
vided a marshalling of the facts which will help succeeding students.
Several sections of this kind are introduced relatine to general
~questions of the morphology of lepidoptera, especially the nature. of
metamorphosis and the structure of pupex. In addition to these there
is an important chapter written by Dr. T. A. Chapman on the
phylogeny of the lepidopterous pupa, a subject on which he is the
recognised authority.

In connection with the significance of larval moults, reference is
made to the interesting observations of Chapman on variation in
number of moults in Arctia caia, but there appears to be no account
of Dyar’s remarkable evidence relating to similar variations. Accord-
ing to Dyar’s observations on several species, the larva—as measured
by the width of the head—increases in size at each moult in a definite
geometrical ratio, and when stages are added or omitted the ratio is
halved or doubled accordingly. It is most desirable that further
investigation of this curious phenomenon should be made, and it
would have been well to direct the attention of students to the subject.
It is noticeable that while morphologists, in reasoning based an

SOME DIARY NOTES ON THE SEASON'S COLLECTING. 233

developmental histories, have constant occasion to postulate inter-
calation or suppression of stages, almost no variations of this kind
have yet been systematically observed. Those instances recorded in
lepidoptera offer an unusually good field for research.

When an author has done so much for his readers it is a thankless
task to find fault. Still one cannot help reflecting what a magnificent
book this might have been if the mass of material here brought
together had been fully digested and arranged. It is no doubt
impossible for a very busy man to carry out such a task, and we are
erateful for what is already done. But on turning over the pages it is
sad to find a profusion of matter relating to questions of general
scientific importance buried in the systematic chapters of both volumes,
where probably they will never be seen by those who would most
value them. To urge that these should have been extracted and
printed together with the chapters on general morphology apart from
the course of the systematic work is a counsel of perfection. Mr. Tutt
will, however, greatly increase the gratitude of students if he will in
the next volume provide a copious subject-index, which, though an
arduous task for any one else to perform, would cost him comparatively
little labour. So long as merely the names of the insects are indexed
as they occur, half the author’s labour is in vain.

As another practical point it may be urged that the references
should be more freely repeated. In a good many cases references to
publication of notes or observations of a special character are not given
with sufficient emphasis, and are only to be found by working through
the profuse lists given under the heading ‘‘ Synonymy.” To remedy
this is doubly important im a work where so much is taken from
manuscript and other private sources. After a long hunt for the
original source of a statement here given with a name of an authority
affixed, it may prove at last that the statement was privately com-
municated to the author. In all such cases it should be plainly
indicated that the authority was manuscript or verbal. This need not
lengthen the book, and on the other hand space might be saved by
cutting down some of the long lists of localities, which, in the case of
generally distributed species are hardly worth the considerable trouble
they must have taken to prepare. It will be understood that these
remarks are made in no unfriendly spirit, but simply in the hope that
we may lose none of the benefits which Mr. Tutt’s industry has con-
ferred upon us.

Some Diary Notes on the Season’s Collecting.
By W. J. KAYH, F.E.S.

The first insects noted during the year were Phiyalia pedaria,
Hybernia rupicapraria and Anisoptery« aescularia, Which were seen on
eas lamps on February 26th, at Worcester Park. On March 38rd
Amphidasys strataria appeared in the breeding-cage, and the weather
appeared so favourable that an outing was made a week later to
Wimbledon Common, in company with Mr. May. Asphalia flavicornis
was unusually common, something like twenty specimens being secured
after a search of about two hours. Textbook directions for fmding
this insect recommend that bushes in preference to trees should be
searched. This is no doubt sound advice, as the larve certainly prefer
the bushes to feed up on. But once the imagines have had a flight

934 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

they settle anywhere it would seem, as some were seen on aspen, and
some even on oak, besides on the trunks of large birch trees. On April
7th, an evening visit to Wimbledon resulted in some larve of Aplecta
tincta and Triphaena jimbria, one worn A. flavicorivis and some fairly
fresh Larentia multistrigaria were also seen. At Oxshott, on April
22nd, Panolis poniperda was over, as likewise was L. multistrigaria, but
Pachnobia rubricosa was in good order and fairly numerous. One
AXylocampa areola was caught “flying round a sallow, and the net was
also serviceable in securing some very fresh Hupithecia nanata. A fine
pinkish-coloured Taeniocampa gothica was taken (more by accident, it
must be said), for renewing purposes. On May 2nd, Cyaniris argiolus
appeared in the garden at Worcester Park. As at many other places
this year the species was noted for the first time. The sudden appear-
ance of this insect in many places in the southern and midland (I have
not heard if northern also) counties, where previously it was almost
unheard of, is peculiarly interesting. One is tempted to enquire
whether the species maintains an existence regularly, but in such
scanty numbers as to pass unnoticed, in all these recently observed locali-
ties, or whether there has been a dispersal or migration from anywhere.
Our Editor will probably attack this species in his excellent articles on
‘‘ Migration and dispersal’ as soon as the facts can be made known.
On May 17th a visit was paid to some aconite plants—growing at
Surbiton—for larvee of Plusta moneta. Hight very young larve, as was
supposed, were taken from the spun-together young shoots. But it
was soon apparent that all the eight were not Plasia larve. In less
than a week one had spun up and revealed itself to be a Tortricid. Three
only of the eight turned out to be P. moneta. Subsequent visits gave
similar results. The Tortrices proved, on hatching, to be Sciaphila
viryaureana. A day at Horsley on May 27th gave the following results :
Nemeobius lucina, very fresh, hardly fully out. Drepana cultraria, six
3s somewhat worn. Callophrys rubi, evidently going over. Huchloe
cardamines, fresh. ‘Two or three fine Bapta bimaculata and an odd
specimen or two of Melanippe sociata, Phytometra aenea, Strenia clathrata
and Iidonia atomaria. Back towards Hffingham some larve and
cocoons of Plusta imoneta were met with. On June 4th Ptilodontis
palpina flew into my room. I rarely get more than one or perhaps
two in a season here. On the following evening I was much pleased
to know that Clostera curtula still exists in the neighbourhood, a fine
3S came to light. Ayrotis puta and Grammesia trigrammica also turned
up. On June 6th, at Horsley again, Polyommatus astrarche, Hnnychia
cingulata, Hi. nigrata and bapta hamacwllata were the best species noted.
Huclidia mi and I. ylyphica were flying together, the former being
much the commoner of the two. On this date a specimen of Cidaria
sagittata, hatched from the Wicken contingent of larve taken the
previous August. This specimen, and another that hatched on the
20th, are the disappointing result produced by twenty larva. On the 9th,
quarters were secured at Wicken for a week, the particular insects to
be searched for being Hydrilla palustris and Hadena atriplicis. Diligent
work failed to give either. Of the usual insects obtainable at this time
of year a fairly good account can be given. Mr. Dixon, who had joined
me for the week-end only, had noticed a very large buckthorn bush in
flower, and also that during the day the Hymenoptera were greatly
attracted to it. I had heard that Colliv sparsata flew round such bushes

SOME DIARY NOTES ON THE SEASON'S COLLECTING. DAB

at dusk, and we accordingly both went in search of this little species as
soon as the sun was down. Many insects soon began flying, many of
which were noticed to be Noctuids. As soon as it was dark I lit an acety-
lene lamp with which I had provided 1myself, and as the light was directed
upon the bush by one of us, the other netted and boxed Meliana flammea,
five, Apamea unanimis, seven, Newria reticulata, one, Hadena dissimilis,
one, besides some Colliv sparsata and other commoner Geometrids. The
following night the same insects were taken, but A. wunanimnis was “off”
and I. flammea much more “on.” Arsilonche venosa was taken the
following evening singly. The extraordinary scarcity of this insect in
Wicken now, after having been so abundant in 1895, is attributable, one
is inclined to think, probably, to the parasitic Hymenoptera which attack
this species having got in the ascendancy. In the year quoted, when
larvee (and imagines) were so abundant, not more than 7 or 8 per cent.
produced moths. Since that time the species has got scarcer and
scarcer until now when there are actual doubts as to whether the
insect is going to maintain itself in Wicken.

On Monday, the 11th, Chippenham was visited. Thoughts of a
round number of Plusia orichalcea larvee betook themselves when the
tall figure of Mr. Farren loomed in sight. An out-of-the-way corner
gave me two larvee, and I considered myself lucky. The same evening,
in Wicken, Hydrelia wncula appeared. Four specimens were taken.
On the 14th A. wnanimis completed my series, and besides Hadena
dentina in abundance, a solitary specimen of Leucania obsoleta was
secured on the sugared reeds. Netting produced Nascia cilialis and
Herminia cribralis, probably the first of the season, as on the previous
evenings they were absent. The work of the day was devoted to a run
over to T'uddenham. Just previous to a severe thunderstorm a fine
specimen of Acontia luctuosa was secured, and also the specimen of
Colias hyale (already recorded, nt. Iec., anted, p. 219). Nearly every
night gave one specimen of Newria reticulata onthe sugar. But the
12th produced three. On the 15th an annual visit was made to
Leicester, where my good friend Mr. Dixon acted as host and euide to
old collecting grounds. Next morning a journey was made to a wood
near Uppingham, for Carterocephalus palacmon. The local skipper was
found, but in such poor condition and in such few numbers that
showed we were quite a fortnight too late, notwithstanding the back-
ward season. ‘This butterfly does not seem to be affected by the
seasons much, if at all, the last week in May seeming to be its
stereotyped time for appearance. Later in the day a ‘“‘hark back’’ was
made to Owston Wood. Larve and pupe of Thecla w-album were
unusually plentiful, and on tree-trunks Melanthia albicillata was quite
tie commonest imago. The choosing of fir-trunks for a resting
place seems odd, unless this insect has an instinct that it may be
mistaken for a bird-dropping. Quite a variety of Geometrids were at
rest on tree-trunks. Cidaria silaceata, C. suffumata, C. corylata, C.
mnanata, Lobophora hevapterata (going over), Tephrosia crepuscularia
(one), gave a goodly bag for the day’s work. At dusk, round the maple
bushes, Asthena luteata was plentiful, and as both of us were in want

of this little species the few remaining boxes were quickly filled, and a
race for the train ended the day.

(To be continued.)

236 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Migration and Dispersal of Insects: Lepidoptera.
By do Vivo OU, aS,

Whatever interest may attach to what we may term the internal
migration of Anosia archippus within the Nearctic region, much greater
interest is felt in its movements to distant parts of the world. Its
wandering habits have led it to seek other shores, and during the last
half century it has practically encircled the globe. Before, however,
dealing with this, one may note that Walker observes (nt. Mo. May.,
xxil., p. 217) that at Monte Video the well-marked form erippus occurs
in December, and that in 1881, at Callao, A. archippus was one of the
commonest butterflies of the district, and was especially abundant in
January and February, and scarcest in July, though one could make
sure of seeing the imago on the wing almost any day throughout the
year. Apart from the range of the southern var. crippus, the insect
would appear to cover in America about 90° of latitude, since
Walker records it from Bolivia and the Amazon district, and specimens
have been captured at Moose Fort 50° 20’ N. lat. and at Hsquimault,
in Vancouver Island, at about the same latitude.

No doubt can exist that it was originally an American insect, and
it appears to have reached the Hawauan Islands, some 2000 miles from
its American home, about 1850, contemporaneously with the introdue-
tion of its food-plant, the Asclepias. In 1857 it appears to have
reached Ponapé, one of the Caroline Islands, about 2000 miles from
the Hawaiian Islands. In 1863 it was taken in the Friendly Islands ;
in 1867 in Tutiulla, one of the Samoan Islands, and in 1869 was
observed in two others, Upolu and Sava. In 1868 it was seen in
the Pacific Ocean, 500 miles from land. In 1870 it was found in the
Society Islands; Miskin first recorded it from Australia in 1870, when
it appeared in Queensland ; in 1872, it was noted at Melbourne, but
has now spread throughout all the warmer parts of the island, and has
also been taken in Tasmania. Walker records it as having occurred
in thousands in the Sandwich Islands, in 1873, and notes it as being
the commonest butterfly in the Marquesas, where it was unknown
before 1860. In the Society Islands and the Cook and Hervey Islands
it is common, and has even reached the remote little island of Oparo
or Rap-a far away to the southward; it is also established in the Malay
Archipelago. He further notes that, in 1883, during the cruise of the
‘‘ Kinefisher’’? among the South Sea Islands, this was usually the
first butterfly observed, and in some of the islands was exceedingly
abundant considering how recently it had been introduced. Mathew
says that it is found through the Samoan, Friendly and Fiji Islands,
being especially abundant in the latter, has reached the North Island
of New Zealand, as well as Norfolk Island, whilst in New Caledonia,
where it became very abundant, it has practically exterminated itself
by the destruction of the food-plant (an introduced weed) by the larve. In
the New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, and New Guinea, it has become
common, and Semper has recorded it for Celebes, whilst Kirby says
that it has been taken in Java, and a specimen was captured on April
19th, 1889, in the Straits of Malacca, between Penang and Singapore.
So much for its westward migration.

With regard to its spread in an casterly direction, we may first
state that it is abundant in the West Indies and has, for some years

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA. 237

past, been established in the Bermudas. In 1864 it was taken
in the islands of Fayal and Flores in the Azores, and in 1877,
Grassal took it in France, at La Vendée. In the previous year,
however, it had occurred in the British Islands, at Hayward’s
Heath (Crallan), at New Close near Keymer (Wood), near Neath
(Llewelyn), and in 1876 or 1877 an example was taken at Poole
(Eaton) ; King has several specimens taken, in or about 1880, on board
a. vessel in mid-Atlantic on its voyage out, some 200 to 800 miles from
the British shores whilst flying about the rigging of the ship. In
1881 a specimen was captured at Snodland, in Kent (Hawes), and in
1884, at Ventnor in the Isle of Wight (Westropp), whilst in the
autumn of 1885 about a dozen specimens were recorded from Dorset
(Cuttell), Devon (Hellins), Cornwall (Anderson, &c.), and the Isle of
Wight (Billings). In 1886 more were captured in the south of
England, at Swanage (Mowlem), Bournemouth (McRae), near the
Lizard (Jenkin), in Pembrokeshire (Wilkinson), whilst others were
reported from Guernsey (Luff), Gibraltar (Walker), and about 1890 a
specimen was captured off the coast of Portugal some 60 miles from
the Cape of St. Vincent (Harker). In 1890 another example was
seen at Eastbourne (Clarke), and in June, 1896, a specimen was
observed at Lymineton (Waldo). The insect, however, has not yet
made any permanent settlement in these islands, nor on the Huropean
continent.

It would appear that in all those countries in which A. archippus has
settled, its food-plant is some species of Asclepias, mainly Asclepias
curassavica. The seeds of this plant are, Walker says, eminently fitted
for dispersal, being very minute and enveloped in a great quantity of
light cottony down, whilst the great hardiness of the butterfly, its
almost complete exemption from the attacks of enemies, joined with
its well known migratory propensities and habit of assembling in
swarms render its chances of wide dispersal and ready adaptation to a
new home especially favourable. Mathew states that he has often
seen 4. archippus “flying at a ereat height above the ship, sometimes
more then 200 miles from the nearest land. During a cruise between
New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands, they were to be seen every
day, often in numbers. They looked as if a steady migration was
taking place, and the south-east trade wind, which was blowing
strongly at the time, was greatly in favour of the butterflies accom-
plishine their journey in safety.” Walker further adds that he has
seen Danais chrysippus (misippus), 2 much smaller and less powerful
insect than A. archippus, flying about the ship when she was 700 miles
from the nearest land (the African coast) still strong on the wing and
apparently in good order.

Walker concludes that it is not difficult to imagine one of the great
migrating swarms of A. archippus being blown out to sea from the
Californian or Mexican coast, and travelling with the north-east trade
wind, the greater number by far perishing en route, but a few stragglers
of the host reaching the Sandwich Islands. ‘This may have occurred
many times before the introduction of a suitable food-plant, the
butterfly necessarily failing to establish itself, but once the <Asclepias
was introduced it would soon be quite at home. ‘Thence it would
have no such tremendous expanse of ocean to traverse in order to
reach new lands, the scattered islands between the Sandwich group

238 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

and those in the South Pacific, though small and mostly barren, might
serve as stepping-stones in its progress. The distances between these
Islands, though great enough, are nothing like the first great step
from America | to the Sandwich Islands, and not more than the heht
or downy seeds of the Asclepias could be carried by the agency of winds,
&e. It is significant, too, that the Pacific specimens all agree with
the North American forms, the larger pale spots in the black apical
portion of the forewings being tawny, not white as in those from the
Peruvian coast of South America. The same remarks may apply to
its dispersal across the Atlantic, but owing to the much more stormy
character of this ocean, and the less steady winds, the chances of the
butterfly crossing a given extent of ocean in safety are less favourable.
Walker concludes his excellent paper (loc. cit., p. 223) with a list of
the localities from which the species has been sent or in which it has
been observed, and which is much too long to be repeated at length here.

In the history of the distribution of these insects—Anosia archippus,
Pyrameis cardui, Colias edusa and C'. hyale—we see, then, a fight
carried on in nature against climate and other powerful forces, by
butterflies of strong flight and great activity, with marvellous powers
of endurance, and with great energy and reproductive ability, in which
the excess of fecundity is, to a great extent, wasted, and thus we observe
how it is that such species are prevented from becoming pests, as they
most certainly would do if the whole of their progeny had to be
supported within the comparatively narrow limits in which they are
able to exist throughout the whole year.

GY OLEOPTERA.

THE EGGS or Ciyrura 4-puncrata.—The eggs described (ante., p. 213)
by Dr. Chapman were laid by a specimen of Clythra 4-punctata I had bred
from a pupa-case taken in the Blean Woods. I puta male and female
in a glass-topped box. Soon after copulation the male died. The
female laid twelve eggs and then died. I sent these eges to Mr. Tutt,
as I was just off to Scotland, and was afraid if I left them at home the
young larve might hatch and die, and if I took them with me the eggs
might get damaged. In writing to Mr. Tutt to ask if the eggs hatched,
before I had seen Dr. Chapman’s second note, I suggested that the

beetle might lay the eggs in nature on, or in, the ant hillock, and that !

all the eggs might then have capsules to serve the young larve as a
protection till they had had time to make cases for themselves. Dr.
Chapman evidently takes the same view of the use of the capsule.—
Horace Dontstuorer, F.Z.S., F.E.S., South Kensington.

CoLEopTeRA at Curppincrotp.—Having run down to Chiddingfold
for a night on June 16th, I took the opportunity to visit my Quedius
kraatztit stream, although it was later than I have taken the beetle
before. It was evidently nearly over as only one or two specimens
were seen, I took a fine male, however. Other species were Detnopsis
erosa and Platambus maculatus, a very variable series of the latter being
taken. I noticed a specimen of Drusilla canaliculata in the porch of
the cottage where I stayed, which was running about with something
in its mouth ; this proved to be the dead body of an ant, and is very
interesting as pointing out what its food may be and why it often
occurs with ants.—Isip.

COLEOPTERA, 239

CoLmorTERA IN THE CoLcHESTER pDistRict.—The best things taken
here during the past month or two are Gnorimus nobilis (one on
hawthorn), Conopalpus testaceus, Orsodacna lineola (casually when after
lepidopterous larvee), Newraphes angulatus (one), Cryptocephalus
6-punctatus, C. lineola, Harpalus subulicola, Haplocnemus nigricornis
(one beaten from Scotch fir), Telephorus fuscus, and 7’. lateralis, and
Aleochara lata. Quedius brevis and Amphotis marginata (two), with
Lasius fuliginosus. Uhave not seen Hister marginatus this year, but
my brother took one running on a pathway in a wood near here.—
Bernard SuirHh Harwoop, Colchester.

ConzortErRA at Dover.—Mr. H. Douglas Stockwell, a Dover
lepidopterist, has just sent me (for examination) a few Coleoptera he
has come across in that neighbourhood. They were as follows : Carabus
nemoralis, Mull., C. monilis, F°'., Tovotus meridianus, Panz., Clythra
quadripunctata, Li., Pyrochroa serraticornis, Scop., and Molytes germanus,
L. The last is a very local and usually rare insect and is our finest
weevil.—T. Hupson Brare, B.Sc., F.E.S., Kine’s Road, Richmond.

Nores From THE Hastrnes prsrrict.—On April Ist and 2nd I had
two days’ collecting in this district with Mr. Donisthorpe and Mr.
Bennett. On account of the long spell of dry, cold, north-east winds,
everything was very backward, and beetles were exceedingly scarce,
and it required very hard working to secure anything at all—what we
did get, however, was good. On the Ist we cycled to Winchilsea and
back; under flood refuse and under decaying reeds in the ditches we
obtained, amongst other things, Oodes helopioides, F'., Anchomenus
puellus, Dj., Conurus immaciulatus, Steph., and Quedius scintillans, Gr.;
on the way back, at Guestling Wood, out of moss we got Atemeles
emarginatus, Pk. (2 with F’. fusca), Caenopsis fisstrostris, Walt., and
Plinthus caliginosus, F., while Cryphalus fagi, Fab., were dug out of a
small beech bough. The next day was devoted to a visit to the stream
at Bodle Street (just outside the limits of the Hastings’ district) here
again insects were extraordinarily scarce, but we got most of the
specialities—the water-net, however, had to be used very vigorously
before this result was secured—ineluding, Deronectes 12-pustulatus, OL.,
and latus, Steph., Hydroporus lepidus, Ol., Hydraena pulchella, Germ.,
riparia, Kuy., and nigrita, Germ., Potaminus substriatus, Mull., and
Elmis volkmari, Pz. In May I had another day in the district with
Mr. Bennett. I went down on the afternoon of May 19th, and before
evening secured a fine series of Tachys bistriatus, Duft., under stones,
at Eicclesbourne reservoir. ‘The evening was devoted to watching the
wonderful popular outburst of joy at the relief of Mafeking, a sight
never to be forgotten. On the 20th we cycled to Winchilsea and then
on to Rye and Camber, returning direct from the latter place to
Hastings in the early evening. Iwas exceedingly lucky in having a
most beautiful day, and in securing many species new to me. At roots
of grass at the side of a ditch at Winchilsea, Panayaeus crux-major, L.,
Badister unipustulatus, Bon., and B. pellatus, Pz. (this in profusion), and
Oodes helopioides, F., were found. At Rye, in the old locality, on the
banks of a ditch, Bledius crassicollis, Lac., was taken, and along with it
Deleaster dichrous, Gr., Bagous tempestivus, Hbst., and Tanysphyrus
lemnae, F'., the two latter in plenty. At Camber a week earlier Mr.
Bennett had turned up two very local insects, and these we again
secured, one was Bidessus unistriatus, Schr., found sparingly in the

YAO. ~ THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD.

clear shallow water near the edges of the ponds; the other was
Bembidium fumigatum, Duft., this latter was quite common; I have
only once before taken it (sparingly) at Dagenham, in Essex; these
two insects were new records for the district. With B. fiumivatum occurred
B. varium, Ol., and DB. tricolor, Bedel, and also Anchomenus puellus, Dj.,
in the utmost profusion; the water-net brought up Coelambus parallelo-
grammus, Ah., Berosus spinosus, Ster.,and B. affinis, Brull. But to our
disgust only one specimen of 2. spinosus was secured. Working the refuse
round the edge of the ponds we obtained Bagous frit, Hbst., Hubrychius
velatus, Beck., and Litodactylus leucogaster, Marsh. Sluicine the mud
by the side of a ditch secured a fine series of Heterocerus fusculus, Kies.
A most successful day was finished up by securing that very local
insect Ptinus germanus, F., in rotten timber fences.—Ism.

OMOPHLUS ARMERIAE, Curt., Ar Wrymoura.—After a few seasons’
unsuccessful search, perseverance was rewarded, and I am pleased to
record the rediscovery of Omophlus armeriae in this district. I was
able to take this very local and rare insect in some numbers. It is
noteworthy how considerably the males predominated over the females
in number.—A. Forsyrtu, 20, Ranelagh Road, Weymouth.

@ RTHOPTERA.

A ¥ew OrtHopTtERA FROM NortHern Prrsta.—In 1897 Miss
Chawner, of Lyndhurst, very kindly gave me a small collection of
Orthoptera, captured by Miss Sykes at Kermanbalk, in northern
Persia. All the specimens come from the same locality. ‘The
collection works out as follows :—Forricunarta.—Anechura bipunctata,
Fabr.—One ¢. This species is found in all the mountains of central
and southern Europe, sometimes at a great elevation, and extends as
far east as Samarkand and Kashmir. Buarropra.—Periplaneta tartara,
Sauss.—The original description is in Russian, and consequently I
have some hesitation in definitely referring the three specimens to this
species. It has been previously captured at Askabad (Redt.) and
Kokan, in Turkestan (Sauss.). Heteroyamia aegyptiaca, Linn.—One ¢.
This species is widely distributed through eastern Hurope and western
Asia. Manropra.—ZJris oratoria, L.—One @. AcripiopEa.—Truxa-
lidae. Hpacromia thalassina, Fabr.—One@. Stauronotius maroccanus,
Thunb. Two ¢@s. In spite of its name, this species is common in
the Mediterranean subregion; it is S. maroccanus, which caused such
damage in Cyprus, and led to energetic measures being taken for its
extermination. O¢edipodidae. Oecedipoda gratiosa, Sery.—Oneg , one?.
This beautiful species is common and widely distributed in Asia Minor,
Persia and ‘Turkestan. Sphingonotus satrapes, Sauss.—One ¢ ;
previously recorded from Turkestan (Redt., Sauss.) and Persia (Sauss.),
and also from Seir, in north-western Persia, where it was taken by
Mr. R. T. Gtinther (Burr, Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., xxvu., p. 417.
1899). Acridiidae. Acridiwun aegyptiwn, L.—One $. Schistocerca
peregrina, Oliv.—Iwo 3 3, two larve. This species has a very wide
distribution. It infests northern Africa, and also the north-west
provinces of India. Pamphagidae. Tropidauchen securicolle, Sauss.—
One @. This is quite the most interesting specimen of the collection.
It is somewhat smaller than the type of de Saussure, and the pronotum
has the crest less strongly arched, and it approaches more nearly to

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. DAT

T. cultricolle, Sauss., but it differs so distinctly in the form of the
prosternal spine, with which it agrees entirely with TY. securicolle, that
itis to the latter species that I refer it. De Saussure gives the length
of body of the female as 58mm., and of the pronotum as 25mm., but
in the specimen before me, the body is only 46mm., and the pronotum
14mm., which are about the dimensions of 7. securicolle. It may
possibly be a new species, falling between these two, but I do not
wish to base a novelty upon a single female. 1. secwricolle has been
recorded from Syria, and 7. cultricolle from Turkestan, Aschabad.
Locustopra.—Locustidae. Locusta caudata, Charp.—One ? ; common
in south-eastern Europe and south-western Asia. GryLLopEa.—
Gryllus desertus, Pall.-—One 3, one @ ; recorded from Asia Minor
and Turkestan. Common in south-eastern Europe. Gryllus frontallis,
Fieb.—One 2. Common in south-eastern Europe, and also recorded
from Syria and Turkestan. Gryllus domesticus, Li.—Two 2 s.—
M. Burr, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES.

THE MULTIPLICATION OF IDENTICAL SPECIFIC NAMES WITHIN THE SAME
Faminy.—I should like to say a word as to the multiplication of
identical specific names within the same family. The rule no doubt
stands that the same specific name must not occur twice in the same
genus, but this rule originates in reference not to our present genera,
but to Linnean genera, that is, we may say to superfamilies, when
applied to the lepidoptera. Amongst the Lithosians mentioned by Sir
George Hampson in the second volume of his Catalogue, there are more
than 80 instances of names being repeated in the first half of the
alphabet; often the same name is repeated several times as, bicolor (8),
caerulescens (4), fasciata (6), grisea (4), &e. The author is as frequently
responsible for these repetitions as any one else. No doubt he
does this in good and numerous company. I neyertheless consider
that it is wrong, and that some of the care insisted on not to repeat
generic names should be applied to specific names within wider limits
than are now recognised. It seems to be utterly forgotten that the
species 1s in some deeree a natural entity, whilst the genus is much
more a matter of opinion and convenience, not to say caprice. It isa
label of classification, whilst the specific name distinguishes an actual
separate thing.—T. A. Carman, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.8., Betula,
Reigate.

THE TYPES OF THE GENERA GortynA anp Ocuria.—l have just
discovered, too late for use in the ‘“‘ London Fauna List” of the City
of London Entomological Society, that Professor Grote, in fixing
micacea aS the type of Gortyna (Ent. Record, vi., p. 29) has
overlooked one authority, whose action fortunately enables us to
retain the familiar use of this name and of Hydroecia, Gnu. Samouelle
(Entom. Compend., p. 252 [1819]) indicates flavayo (ochracea, Hb.)
and rutilayo (wnbra, Hin.) as types of Gortyna, while Hubner’s
restriction to micacea can hardly date back further than 1522 (the
portion of the ‘“ Zutrige’’ published in 1822, is cited freely in thig
portion of the ‘‘ Verzeichniss’”’). Therefore Samouelle’s action has
priority, and the further restriction of later authors to ochracea is perfectly
legitimate. As regards the name Ochria, used by Professor Grote for

2492, THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

ochracea, its type (according to Merton Rule 48) is awrayo, Fb., as its
jist use by Stephens in his 1850 list (p. 125) is for subgenus ¢ of
Xanthia (aurago alone). As it is not yet proved that awrayo is con-
generic with citrayo, Li. (personally I have very grave doubts as to this
union), we shall do well to use (provisionally) the name Ochria for
aurago and to retain Tiliacea, Tutt, for citrago, and not to sink Tiliacea
before Ochria until further information is available.—Lours B. Prout,
F.E.S., 246, Richmond Road, N.E. July 6th, 1900.

Cross-PAIRING OF SMERINTHUS POPULI AND 8. oceLLatus.—tI tried
this season the experiment of cross-pairing S. popili and S. ocellatus.
I had no trouble to get them to pair as they copulated freely when ag
and ? were isolated. Three females laid about 500 ova, but not a
single one hatched.—H. Aupmrson, F.H.S., Hilda Vale Road, Farn-
borough. July, 80th, 1900.

NZV ARIATION.

BLACK ABERRATION OF XYLOPHASIA MONOGLYPHA (poLyopon) At Tiny.
—It may be worth recording that last night, while sugaring here, I
took Xylophasia monoglypha (polyodon) quite black. I thought these
aberrations were only taken in Scotland. Has it ever been recorded
for the eastern counties before ?—W. J. Cross, Ely. July 6th, 1900.
[In British Noctuae and their Varieties, vol. i., p. 74, a few southern
localities are given for ab. infuscata, White, including Tenby, Sheerness
and Deal. The ab. aethiops, Staud., has been recorded from Sligo, the
Lancashire coast, Glasgow and Aberdeen, but from no more southern
localities. We may add that our knowledge as to the causes of certain
forms of variation are much hampered by want of records of the
distribution of various forms of common or comparatively common
species, and until our collectors have determined the geographical
range of the various forms, generalisations bearing on their origin are
almost sure to be at fault.—Ip. |

GyYNANDROMORPHOUS EXAMPLE oF Dryas papHta.—A fine specimen
of Dryas paphia, which was captured near Lyndhurst, New Forest, on
July 28th, seems to be worth recording. The right wings are those
of a ? var. valesina, the left wings ordinary type of g with the
exception of a dark splash resembling valesina-colouring on the fore-
wing. I should be pleased to learn whether this peculiar form of
eynandromorphism has ever occurred before. The specimen is now
in my cabinet.—W. FI. Urwicx, 34, Great Tower Street, London.
August 17th, 1900. [For similar aberrations see Wiskott, Die
Lepidopteren-Zwitter seiner Sammlung, pp. 17, 18, where two are
recorded—left wings ? ab. valesina, right wings g typical paphia.
There are also we believe some British records.—ED. |

ABERRATION oF Arctia cata.—l bred this year a very fine aberra-
tion of Arctia cata from a wild larva collected with many others a few
miles from here. The forewings are entirely dark brown with the
exception of four minute white streaks near the base, the hindwings
and body are nearly black, the usual red of the remaining ground
colour being replaced by a dull ochreous-yellow. ‘The specimen
emerged on July 13th, and is a female, rather undersized, but perfect.—
B. H. Crasrrer, F.E.S., The Acacias, Levenshulme, Manchester.
Awjust 18th, 1900.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 243

ABERRATIONS OF CALYMNIA AFFINIS AND XYLOPHASIA POLYODON.—I took
a nice specimen of C. affinis a night or two ago, without the usual
white marks. I also captured the first black NXylophasia polyodon I
have ever taken near this town, I got it in my garden. It will be
interesting to note if the number of the black aberrations increases, as I
generally see 500-1000 of the ordinary form at sugar every year.—R.
Freer, M.D., F.E.S., Rugeley, Staffs. July, 29th, 1900.

YJOTKES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Conias EDUSA AND C. HYALE IN 1900.—A sinele female of C. edusa
was seen at Reigate, June 11th. Subseqently I netted three females
from south Devon (near Salcombe) on July 13th, 14th. One of
these was almost unrecognisably wasted, died soon after capture, with
only a very few ova left in her abdomen. The other two specimens
were fresh-looking examples, one of which laid eggs freely, when
confined over clover, which hatched in six days, previously changing
in colour from straw to scarlet and subsequently to leaden-coloured,
just before hatching. These early summer appearances, especially
the Surrey examples, may perhaps be the heralds of an abundant
second appearance in August. On the south Devon coast early
examples of C. edusa are not infrequent, in some years, but my only
record for 1899 was one male specimen, near Dartmouth, June 28th.
—R. M. Pripeaux, Reigate, Surrey. July 24th, 1900.

Colias edusa was seen careering at a rare pace through Hither Green
railway station about 11 a.m. on July 27th. Another was seen in the
street just outside the station.—J. W. Torr.

My son caught a fine specimen of Colias edusa in a clover field here
on the 14th inst., also two rather worn specimens of Pyrameis cardut.
—A. H. Rypon, Awbrook, Lindfield, Sussex. August 15th, 1900.

It may interest lepidopterists who are following the reports of the
above insects to know that on August 19th, in a fallow field in the
Croydon district, C. hyale was flymg very commonly. I captured
fifteen specimens, and eight more were seen. They were flying at
the flowers of ragwort and thistle. Colias edusa also put in an
appearance during the day, four being taken and about eight
observed ; these, curiously enough, were all males. Most of the
specimens appeared to be only just emerged, though occasionally worn
ones of both species were met with.—EK. W. Lang, 9, Teesdale Street,
Hackney Road, London, N.E, August 22nd, 1900.

On August 12th I had the pleasure of netting two fresh specimens
of our great rarity Colias hyale at Addington, and hope this is a
new locality for the insect. The next fourteen days or more should
be accountable to me for a few more specimens. Colias edusa at the
same time was flying about in good numbers. Apparently the time has
come round again for this insect to be common among us.—C, B.
Antram, 54, Klein Road, Croydon. August 14th, 1900.

I took three specimens of Colias edusa at St. Anne’s-on-Sea on
August 15th (one male and two females) and saw several others. They
were flying over ragwort flowers close to the sea. I had one or two
good nights at ragwort flowers with the Agrotids, Agrotis cursoria being
particularly fine, variable, and abundant.—B. H. Crasrres, F.E.S.,
The Acacias, Leyenshulme, Manchester. August 18th, 1900.

DAA THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Walking across Blackheath on Monday afternoon, the 138th inst.,
a fine female Colias cdusa crossed my path.—W. West, 8, Morden
Hill, Lewisham Road. August 15th, 1900.

SUGARING IN THE IstE or Man.—t have sugared the trees in this
earden almost nightly for the past three weeks. Insects have been
very scarce, and the following are the only species which turned up at
the sweets. Triaena pst (two), Leucania comma, L. pallens, L. impura,
Aaylia putris (three), Xylophasia monoglypha (light, dark and inter-
mediate forms, some almost black), Mamestra brassicae, Apamea gemina,
Miana strigilis, Agrotis eaclamationis, Noctua plecta, N. festiva, Triphacna
orbona, T’. pronuba, Naenia typica (one), Mania maura, Huplexta lucipara
and Phlogophora meticulosa. Throughout June and the first fortnight
of July flowers proved very attractive to certain species, amongst those
which occurred in numbers at red valerian were Choerocampa porcellus,
Habrostola triplasia, H. wrticae, Plusia gamma, P. iota, P. pulchrina,
P. festucae, P. chrysitis, and Cucullia wnbratica—H. SuHorrrmes
CruarKe, F'.H.$., Sulby Parsonage, Isle of Man. July 80th, 1900.

Nores rrom HarmmsHam anp Axzsorr’s Woop.—A week spent at
Hailsham (June 28rd-July 1st) produced good results among the
lepidoptera. Among the butterflies one or two worn specimens of
Gonepteryx rhamnt were still on the wing, and a few Pieris napi and
one male Huchloé cardamines were noticed. Argynnis aglaia was just
coming out towards the end of our stay, and the two specimens taken
were in beautiful condition. One specimen of Brenthis euphrosyne and
two . selene were netted, all more or less worn. Melitaca athalia
was not uncommon in two localities in the neighbourhood of
Melampyrun pratense, and most of the specimens taken were in good
condition.. An occasional Aglais wrticae was met with and a few
Pyrameis atalanta were also noticed. Epinephele janira and Coenon-
yinpha pamphilus vied with each other for the proud distinction of
being the commonest butterfly. Polyommatus icarus and P. astrarche
were both noticed in very bad condition, and as may be imagined, a
single example of Callophrys vubi was no better. Pamphila sylvanus,
which was common and in good condition, completes the list of
Rhopalocera noticed. Day work among the moths was fairly good.
A single specimen of Macroglossa fuciformis was taken at the flowers of
the cow-wheat. Three females of Cochlidion limacodes were beaten from
oak, beech and hornbeam, and a single freshly emerged Calligenia
mintata from hazel. A few Lithosta sororcula (aureola) were beaten
from oak, but they were a bit “off colour ”—they did not fall or
flutter down like many of the ‘‘ footmen,” but flew straight out. A
female Arctia villica was found on the top of a thorn hedge and a fine
male of the same species was disturbed from bracken. The Geometrids
noticed were Rumia crataegata, Venilia maculata (faded), Metrocampa
margaritaria (very abundant), Hurymene dolabraria (a few), Boarmia
repandata, B. roboraria (a much worn male), Tephrosia extersaria (a few,
mostly worn), Jodis lactearia (very common), Phorodesma bajularia (one,
fine), Hemithea thymiaria (scarcely out), Hphyra porata and #. pune-
taria (both common, but worn), Asthena luteata (a few), A. candidata,
Lupisteria heparata (among alders, very local), Acidalia trigeminata
(three), A. aversata (common), Cabera pusaria (very abundant), C.
exanthemaria, Lomaspilis marginata, Larentia pectinitaria (very bad),
Melanthia ocellata, Melanippe unangulata (one, very fine), M. subtristata,

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 245

M. montanata, Camptogramma bilineata, Eucosmia undulata (one),
Cidaria corylata (a few worn specimens), Tanagra atrata (local, but
very common where found). Of the Deltoides a few Zanclognatha
griscalis were taken, whilst Pechypoyon barbalis was common but worn
out. Among the Pyralides, Hydrocampa nympheata was common in
the neighbourhood of ponds, two specimens of Botiys fuscalis were
netted, and single examples of DB. lancealis and Aglossa pinguinalis were
also taken. Duskine produced Hepialus hectusin plenty, one Calligenia
miniata, one Drepan: a falcataria, a fair number of Angerona prunaria
(males) which began to fly very early—before sunset in fact, among
about a score of specimens netted the variation was considerable- and
single examples of Phorodesma bajularia, Acidalia marginepunctata, A.
trigeminata, Hupisteria heparata, Macaria notata and Rivula sericealis, also
a number of common insects noted under day-work. In the hedges, when
coming home during the evening, Xylophasia polyodon, Rusina tenebrosa,
Noctua festiva and Rumia crataegata were all to be seen commonly.
Treacling was only moderate, but afew nice things were taken :—
Choerocampa elpenor (one), Gonophora derasa (a few), Cymatophora
duplaris (two), C. or (about a dozen), Moma orion (three), Triaena (? pst
or tridens), Craniophora ligustri (three), Leucania comma, L. pallens, L.
impura, Xylophasia lithoxylea, X. polyodon (a pest), X. hepatica (a few),
Dipterygia pinastri (one), Mamestra anceps (a few), Miana strigilis, M.
fasciuncula (one only), Grammesia trigrammica (very few), Caradrina
morpheus, Rusina tenebrosa, Ayrotis segetum, A. exclamationts (by far the
commonest moth at treacle), A. corticea (four), Triphaena pronuba
(common), Noctua plecta (one), N. triangulun (two), N. brunnea (two),
N. jestiva (common and varied), Dianthoecia cucubali (one), Phlogophora
meticulosa, Huplexia lucipara (one), Aplecta nebulosa, Hadena dentina,
HT, oleracea, A. thalassina (two), Hurymene dolabraria (two), Tephrosia
extersaria, Boarniarepandata, Metrocampa margaritaria, Cabera pusaria,
Todis lactearia, Ephyra pendiularia (two, worn), /’. porata (worn), Acidalia
aversata, A. trigeminata, Camptogramma bilineata, Lomaspilis marginata
and Pech ypogon Habel (worn). Indoors the light attracted Sphina
ligustrt (one), Cerura vinula (one), Spilosoma menthastri, S. lubricipeda,
Grammesia trigrammica, Caradrina morpheus, C. blanda (? or alsines),
Agrotis exclamationis, Noctua festiva, Leucania pallens, Timandra
anataria, Camptogramma bilineata, Coremia (2 ferrugata) and Larentia
pectinataria (worn). The following larvee were taken :—Gonepteryx
rhamni (from very small to full-grown), Aglais urticue, Lasiocampa
quercus (three), MJalacosoma neustria (abundant), Lachneis lanestris
(ten odd larvee, no nests), Tvichiura erataeyt (two), Porthesia
chrysorrhoea (one), P. stmilis (abundant), Arctia catia, Cerura
vinula (from freshly emerged to full grown, also ova), Drymonia
chaonia (two), Asphalia ridens (two), A. flavicornis (five), Amphidasys
prodromaria (about a dozen), Abraxas grossulariata, various Hyber-
nias, Anticlea derivata and A. badiata (about half a dozen of
each), Anisopteryx aescularia, Taentocampa stabilis (very common),
T’. instabtlis, T. gothica, Anchocelis pistacina, Diloba caeruleocephala,
whilst Hbulea crocealis was common in spun-together heads of
Pulicaria dysenterica. Odonata were, 1am sorry to say, neglected—
the Sussex marshes towards Pevensey are always swarming with
dragonflies. The following species were, however, noticed :—Ischnura
elegans, Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Agrion puella (very common), Anax

246 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

imperator (three), Libellula depressa, L. quadrimaculata, Platycnemis
pennipes and Brachytron pratense—F, M. B. Carr, 46, Handen Road,
Lee, S.E. August 21st, 1900.

LEPIDOPTERA CAPTURED DURING JuLy.—On July 14th, I took a trip
to Oxshott, the following being alist of insects taken: Plebeius aegon
just coming out, Fidonia atomaria (in good condition), Huthenonia
russula, Ginapniios obscurata, (one only of each species). Towards evening
L ycophotia strigula (por phyrea) came out, and in nice condition, also
Lithosia mesomella. On July 18th I went in the evening to Stoke
Wood, Oxshott. Treacle was a failure, although plenty of insects were
on the wing. The commonest being Th ypsipetes elutata, flying at about
10 o ‘clock. Angerona prunaria, some six specimens taken, others
somewhat worn, Selenia illustraria, Porthesta similis, Uropter syiearmbenT?.
Zonosoma pendularia, Hemithea thymiaria and Phorodesma bajularia,
both species worn. On July 21st the afternoon was spent at Oxshott.
Plebeius aegon was now fully out, plenty of females being observed. I
walked to Stoke Wood, where I found Epinephele tithonus and Enodia
hyperanthus just out, one specimen of Argynnis adippe, Gonepteryx
rhamni, larve of Euchelia jacobaeae everywhere, whilst L. strigula
(porphyrea) and Lithosia mesomella were taken on the heath in the
evening. On July 28th P. aegon was quite passé, and KH’. tithonus and l.
hyperanthus worn ; Zephyrus quercus was flying round the tops of oaks
in Stoke Wood, four, five and six being visible at atime. On the heath
in the evening L. strigula was worn, one faded Geometra papilionaria,
and three faded Pseudoterpna cytisaria were netted, one Drepana
lacertula, one D. falcula, two Ciliv spinula, Gnophos obscurata and
Acidalia aversata. Larvee of Sinerinthus ocellatus and Cerura vinula
about half-fed, on sallow, were found on the outskirts of Stoke Wood.
It is a fine wood and well worth a visit. I may add that my hybrid
ova (ante., pp. 215-6) all went wrong. Not one hatched.—C. P. Picxerr,
The Ravenscrofts, Columbia Road, Hackney Road, London, N.E.
July 80th, 1900.

HEMEROBIUS NITIDULUS AT YorK.—Among some Neuroptera, &c.,
sent me alive by Mr. William Hewett, and taken by him at Sandburn,
York, on May 14th last, were a good number of Hemerobius nitidulus.
It is probably common enough, but has not previously been recorded
from East Yorkshire, Mr. B. Morley, too, sent me a number of the
apparently local Stenophylax vibex, which he took at Skelmanthorpe,
Huddersfield, in the spring of this year.—Geo. T. Porrirr, F.L.5.,
F.H.S., Crosland Hall, Huddersfield. August 11th, 1900.

ACRONYCTA LIGUSTRI AND EUPITHECIA FRAXINATA IN NORTH YORK-
sHIRE.—Havine several hours to wait at Leyburn, on my way to
Arkengarthdale, on August 4th last, I strolled down the road between
that place and Middleham. I soon found that larve of Mupithecia
fraxinata and Acronycta ligustri were plentiful on the ash-trees by the
roadsides, and as ash seemed to be the prevailing tree for many miles all
over the district, probably these two species would be found to be
common throughout it. Both were readily found without the aid of a
beating-stick on the small trees and the young growth which is so
often found springing from the base of the large trees. No doubt the
A. ligustri will prove to be of the dark olive form which occurs in
other parts of Yorkshire. As practically nothing seems to be known
of the entomology of that part of our large county it may be worth

NOTES ON CCLLECTING. 247

while to place the foregoing on record; also to add that the lively
Triphaena janthina occurred about the ivy on the ash-trunks.—Isip.

Noroponta cHaontA AND N. popon®A NEAR Croypon.—I have bred
one Notodonta chaonia and three N. dodonaea from larvee taken last year
at Farley, near Croydon. I also took the imago of the latter species
at rest on a tree-trunk this year. Is not this a new locality for N.
chaonia? perhaps also for the more common of the two species, N.
dodonaea ?—C. B. Anrram, Croydon. August 13th, 1900.

Forcing CanimoreHa HERA.—Following up my notes on the
“ Forcing of Callimorpha hera”’ (ante., p. 180), April 7th, saw the last
of the larve change into the pupal stage, the first imago appearing on
May 8rd. For about three weeks the perfect insects continued to
emerge in twos and threes per diem; quite 50 per cent., however, of
the pup failed to produce imagines, owing I am afraid to my having
kept them too dry, and there was also a fair number of cripples ; 20
per cent. were of the yellow aberration, and out of forty specimens only
two were of the intermediate form.—Ism.

FinpinG LARV® oF CH@ROCAMPA PORCELLUS BY LAMPLIGHT.—On
July 81st, my friend Mr. E. Field and myself started at dusk to go to
the village of Cherryhinton to look for the larve of Choerocampa
porcellus by lamplight. After a brisk walk we reached our destination,
and having lit our lamps we set to work upon the piles of Galiwm
rerum. Some little time had been spent in a fruitless search, when
my friend found a larva of at least three inches in length, and after
that we kept on finding them at varying intervals, the majority
having brown skins, but a few with green ones. At eleven o’clock we
struck work, and on counting our captives we found the united take
of larve to be forty C. porcellus, three Macroglossa stellatarum and two
Anticlea sinuata.—H. Crisp, 31 Union Road, Cambridge.

SMERINTHUS OCELLATUS AND CERURA VINULA TWO YEARS IN THE PUPAL
stacr.—Referring to Mr. Lane’s note (ante., p. 217) on Smerinthus ocel-
latus being two years in the pupal stage, I can instance a similar case.
On June 11th, 1898, I took eight eggs of S. ocellatus at Hythe, Kent,
which produced imagines in June 1899, except one, which remained
over the second winter in pupa and emerged on May 29th last, in fine
condition. A similar thing happened also with a specimen of Cerura
vinula which emerged early this spring from a pupa bred from an egg
found with others (which produced their imagines in due course in
1899), on the banks of the Thames at Barnes, on July 6th, 1898.—
H. Asie Hitt, F.Z.8., F.E.S., 9, Addison Mansions, Kensington,
W. August 1st, 1900.

DEILEPHILA LIVORNICA IN THE IsLE or Man.—On the evening of the
11th inst. a specimen of D. livornica was seen by Mr. William Garrett,
of Douglas, hovering over flowers of Silene maritima in the same
locality where several were seen and captured last year, as recorded
in the Ent. Record, vol. xi., p. 166.—H. Suortrmer Crarke, F.E.S.,
Sulby Parsonage, Lezayre, Isle of Man. July 16th, 1900.

PLUSIA IOTA ON THE WING DURING THE DAy.—I noticed a number of
Plusia iota flymg about in the garden to-day about 12 o’clock noon,
some of which I caught whilst hovering over flowers of blue lobelia
which are now in bloom. Is this usual? The sun was shining
brightly at the time. [ have frequently seen specimens of Plusta gamma
flying over flowers in the sunshine, but never P. cota.—Inip.

248 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

MacroGLossa STELLATARUM IN THE [ste on Man.—Macroglossa stella-
tarum is very plentiful here at present. I saw ten specimens one
evening last week hovering over flowers of red valerian in this garden.
—lIsrp.

HreparcHIA SEMELE AT TREACLE.—It may be of some interest to your
readers to record the capture of two specimens of Hipparchia semele, on
July 25th and 29th, in a treacle trap I have hanging up in my
carriage drive, whilst on August 15th a third example was caught in
the same manner. Strange to say I haye not this year yet seen a
single specimen in the fields. Is the taste of Hl. semele for sweets
generally known? On August 2nd I caught, in the same trap, a fine
specimen of Mugonia polychloros and numerous examples of Pyrameis
atalanta. This has been a great year for Aylais wrticac, and Vanessa io
has been seen here for .the first time in some abundance. For moths,
treacle and leht have, as usual in this district, failed.—A. H. Rypon,
Awbrook, Lindfield, Sussex. August 15th, 1900.

Foop-puants oF CucuLLia LycHnitis.—l am rearing a number of
larve of C. lychnitis, taken off Verbasewn nigrwn in Sussex, and I find
they take readily to and do well on both Verbascwm thapsus and
Scrophularia aquatica.—Prrcy C. Rem, F.H.8., Peering Bury, Kelve-
don. August 11th, 1900.

Lepripoprera at Farnporouecu.—On July 26th a female Mutricha
quercifolia came indoors to light, the first example of the species that
I have ever seen in this district. I placed her in a muslin sleeve and
obtained a good supply of ova. A male Stawropus fayi was taken on a
small birch in the wood near here, and some 500 yards from any beech tree
that Iknow. I took Pyyacra curtula larvee last season on the aspens near,
and have had about a dozen imagines emerge in my breeding-cage. I
also captured a g Boarmia consortaria on the fence here on June 20th,
the species being quite new to the district—H. Auprrson, F.H.5.,
Hilda Vale Road, Farnborough. July 80th, 1900.

Lrepmoptera In ANGLESEA.—CourtsHIp or HepiaLus HUMULI.—
PatRInG oF SESIA MUSCIFORMIS.—I spent my holiday in Anelesea, and had
atrocious weather. It might be a good place, but at the time sugar was
absolutely of no use, and there was very little sun. I got, inter alia, Sesia
musciformis (plentiful), Plebeius aegon (very common, I obtamed some
nice females), Chariclea wnbra, Pseudoterpna cytisaria, Hecatera serena,
Dianthoccia conspersa, Mamestra albicolon, Hubolia palumbaria (very fine
and dark). Icame across an amusing instance of the courtship of
Hepialus humuli. A male was hovering, as usual, when a female flew
close up to him, apparently saluting him, and then hung herself up on
an adjacent grass-stalk. The male took no notice but went on hoy ering
and after waiting for about a minute the female left her perch and
repeated the salutation, hanging herself up again; this time the male
jomed her and they paired. It would appear that Sesia MUscLforimas
chiefly fly from 11 a.m.-3 p.m., but I have seen odd ones, ? s, between
6p.m.and8 p.m. They pair about 12 (noon), and seem to remain
paired for a short period, I was not able to actually time them. When
these paired couples are disturbed the ? carries the f and progresses in
large hops or short flights exactly like a grasshopper, of which latter
there was any quantity about, and I two or three times caught pairs
which jumped on or into my net. They were easy enough to distin-
euish on the wing, flying steadily and not very fast. Insects appear

NOTES ON COLLECTING. YAY

to be common here just now, and Iam repenting not having taken my
holiday later, but I had hoped to get Dianthoecia var. barrettii.—R.
Freer, M.D., F.E.S., Rugeley, Staffs. July 29th, 1900.

LeprpoprERA IN YorKSHIRE.—I have just returned from the neigh-
bourhood of Ingleborough, Yorks, where I have been for a short
holiday, but have not much to report. The weather was very dull and
cold for the greater part of the time (June 30th to July 11th) and butter-
flies conspicuous by their absence. The nettles everywhere—even high on
the moors—were black with larve of Aglais urticae, and one or two worn
specimens were seen on the wing. I had fair sport over beds of nettles
at night, and took a nice series of Habrostola triplasia, Xylophasia rurea
(typical form) Apamea yemina, and Hepialus velleda, in nice variety,
at dusk. Pyrausta purpuralis were in fine condition near the top of
Ingleborough, and two @ Nemeophila plantayinis were taken at rest.
Larentia caesiata were abundant on the rocks and variable. A few
specimens of Nudaria mundana were taken from walls near Malham.
On June 8th, 17th, and 21st, I bred Smerinthus ocellatus, fed on crab
(Chilwell), whilst on July 22nd and several following days Macroglossa
stellatarwn has been flying in my garden—a very early date for it
here. I may mention that I took a number of larve of Lastocampa
var. callunae from the heather at Ribblehead, which are now feeding
up on plum.—D. H. Pearson, Chilwell, Notts. July 27th, 1900.

Lrprportera IN THE SouTHEND District, 1900.—I cannot at present
give my full list to date, but I have pleasure in contributing a few
notes on the best insects observed. Porthesia chrysorrhoea : At Great
Wakering, on May 13th, I found a nest of young larvee on blackthorn.
The moths emerged as follows: July 26th,4¢s,19; July 27th, 235,
19; July 28th, 163s, 129s; July 29th, 9d s, 249s; July 30th,
83s, 69s; July 81st,3¢s,29s; August Ist,1¢,19; August 2nd,
4¢s; August 6th, 1¢,19; August 10th, 1?,and on August 25rd,
1¢. Inall44gs and 54@s. It is as long ago as June, 1876, that
T last saw larve of this species. They were then abundant on
hawthorn near the Canterbury Road close to the village of Herne.
Sesia ichneumoniformis: This insect is reputed common in the South-
end district. Being desirous of removing the reproach of not
possessing an Essex specimen, I swept the Lotus on the slopes near
here almost daily in July, until the eighth of the month, when I took
my first; July 10th, another; July 13th, three. In sweeping for this
Sesiid I was fortunate in getting several larvee of Hremobia ochroleuca
which I knew directly, having so often looked at the excellent figure
in Buckler, vol. vi., plate 87, fig. 1. The moths emerged between July
25th and August 14th. Cucullia asteris came out well between July
12th and August 38rd, I feared that I had made a serious mistake in
not exposing the pupe to the weather (having kept them in the green-
house all the winter); but I think from the number bred that every
pupa must have yielded its moth. Sptlodes palealis emerged July 17th-
August 16th. Several taken in bred condition July 16th-25th. There
is considerable variation in the darkening of the nervures at lower outer
edge of cell, in a few specimens the interspaces are very dark the
whole forming a blotch. Adult larve were found this year on July 29th,
several of them showing the purplish colour described by Mr. Porritt
Entomologist, vol. xii., p. 18. Mr. Herbert Williams, of Southend,
obtained a few larve last year, but not breeding any moths opened a

250 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

cocoon and showed me on Saturday last, August 18th, the contents—
a larva still alive. Colias hyale is here. The first was taken July 19th,
in fine condition.—F. G. Wurrrtz, 8 Marine Avenue, Southend,
Essex. August 24th, 1900.

FO RACTICAL HINTS.

Field Work for September and October.
hr da We MONE, Taha

1.—In the third week in September the larvee of Notolophus gono-
stigma may be beaten from oak and birch in Sherwood Forest (Porritt).
2.—In September Calluna vulgaris should be swept for larve of
Kupithecia minutata and I’. nanata.
3.—Ragwort bloom in September sometimes gives an abundance
of imagines of Noctua glareosa.
4.—The larvee of Hupithecia subfulvata are to be found on leaves
and flowers of Achillea millefolium in September and October, and
those of Hupithecia trisignata and I’. albipunctata on seeds of Angelica
sylvestris also in September and October.
5.—The larve of Amphidasys betularia, Dasychira pudibunda,
Notodonta camelina, Acronycta leporina, &e., may be beaten from mixed
erowth in September.
6.—The larvee of /upithecia satyrata and . absynthiata are to be
found on flowers of Senecio jacobaea in September and October.
7.—The carpet-like layer of needles and moss at the foot of a
pine-tree wants rolling back, when the pup of Panolis piniperda are
readily found at about a foot from the tree (Norman).
8.—In September the larve of Hupithecia assimilata may be
searched for on or beaten from hop.
9.—During October and November the most successful field work
in suitable weather is undoubtedly pupa-digging. Those who
prosecute this mode of work regularly usually get very gratifying
results. At the same time work well under moss on trunks for
cocoons spun up there. The ash-feeding larve are particularly fond
of moss in which to spin up.
10.—Beating thatch always pays the Micro-collector in the autumn
months; large numbers of local Depressariac and other species are
more readily obtained in this than in any other manner.
11.—The larva of H’mmelesia unifasciata feeds on the capsules and
seeds of Bartsia odontites. They are full-fed in September and
early October.
12.—The larvee of Stiymonota rosaeticolana should be collected in
October when they are feeding in the rose-hips. Care should be
taken to provide them with cork in which they can spin their cocoons.
N.B.—Hundreds of similar ‘ Practical Hints’ for each month in
the year have been published in the preceding volumes.

GY URRENT NOTES.
A very enjoyable meeting of the Hntomological Club was held at

the Great Eastern Hotel, Liverpool Street, E.C., on Thursday, July
19th, when Mr. G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., F.E.S., was the host. Dinner

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 951

was served at 7 p.m., and Messrs. R. Adkin, B. W. Adkin, C. G.
Barrett, J. T. Carrington, F. J. Hanbury, J. Jager, W. J. Lucas,
R. McLachlan, R. South, J. W. Tutt, and G. H. Verrall were among
the guests. Letters of regret were read from the members Dr. P. B.
Mason and Mr. T. W. Hall for their absence on account of ill-health.
The host proposed ‘“‘'The Entomological Club,” dwelt on the fact
that the meetings were to be considered rather social than scientific,
and trusted that every one present would thoroughly enjoy himself.
This the guests evidently did, indulging in informal chat and re-
counting many strange entomological reminiscences. One _ will
never be able to estimate the value of these social evenings when
opponents in discussion and men of entirely different lines of thought
meet on common ground and forget their differences on the neutral
plane such meetings afford.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union held another field meeting on
August 4th and succeeding days in order to explore Arkengarthdale,
a part of Swaledale. The headquarters were at Reeth, and at the
meeting on Monday night, under the presidency of Mr. G. T. Porritt,
F.L.S., F.E.S., three new members were elected, and reports of the
work done were read. The wet weather prevented the entomologists
from doing any very serious work.

Mr. Green observes (Hunt. lo. May., August) that the gregarious
larvee of various species of Centrotus are assiduously attended by ants
which emit a fluid from an extensile 3-segmented organ at the
extremity of the body. When the insect is undisturbed, this organ is
withdrawn into the large conical segment which apparently terminates
the body, but is extruded immediately upon application by the attendant
ants.

Mr. Gerald Strickland states (Hint. Mo. Mag.), that the rubber
solution supplied for repairing pneumatic tyres is an excellent adhesive
for fastening antenne, wings, &c., on broken insects.

Mr. Claude Morley confirms (Hnt. Mo. May., August) the
Braconid Helcon annulicornis, Nees, as British, haying captured a
@ specimen in Brantham Dale, Suffclk, on July 6th, 1899.

FREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

A Hanppook oF THE GNats oR MosQurroEs, GIVING THE ANATOMY
AND LIFE-HISTORY OF THE Cuxicipar, by Major Geo. M. Giles, I.M.S.,
M.B. Lond., F.R.C.S. London: Bale Sons, and Danielson, 1900,
pp. vui+874.—Good English works on Diptera are not too
abundant, so that though the present work is intended chiefly for
the use of those who wish to study gnats in connection with the
whole subject of the causation and prevention of malaria and filariasis,
its value to the naturalist is clear and definite. The book gives us
first a series of chapters on the anatomy, life-history, and classification
of the Culicidae, extending to 115 pp. The author does not say that
he gives us here any original material, but we gather in looking through
it, as well as from a definite statement to that effect, that he has gone
over and verified the various facts collected from authorities quoted.
These chapters should be useful not only to the investigator of tropical
diseases, but to the ordinary entomological student. In the systematic

952, THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

part of the work descriptions of 242 species are gathered together from
various sources, and the author thinks that very ‘few have escaped him.
He is careful also to tell us that very possibly it will prove that some
of these are not distinct, but are synonymous, due perhaps in some
degree to carelessness of describers, more often to the insufficient
description of earlier students. It might have been well had these
been carefully elucidated by the author, but this would hardly have

been possible, consistently with the aim of getting together at once all
the material the author could find as a basis for “Gunther work, rather
than providing a finished monograph of the group. If we regard it as
what it proposes to be, a collection of the known material for the use
of the student of medicine in the field, we must congratulate the
author on haying produced a work with such well digested arrange-
ment. Of the 242 species, 72 are given as European and 24 as
British. Of the latter several are genuine mosquitoes (i.e., blood-

sucking gnats), but our weather is rarely hot or dry enough to give
them a taste for anything beyond their natural food of vegetable juices.
Tt is for this reason that they are rarely very troublesome in this
country, and not because the insects themselves are absent. We are
inclined to suspect, however, that it is very much due also to the com-
parative rarity of the insects. One rarely sees Culex pipiens, or especi-
ally C. annulatus, without finding them ready to bite, but then they
usually appear by ones and twos, and not in swarms.—T. A. C.

‘THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE Crry or Lonpon Entomonocican anp NaTuRAL
History Society, 1899, demy 8vo., pp. 1-80.—Price 2s. [Published at
the Society’s Rooms, London Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C.] .—
The Transactions of the City of London mtomological and Natural History
Soctety for 1899 consist of three parts: (1) The proceedings at the
meetings, (2) Original papers, and (8) The continuation of the Fauna
of the London District. The first part contains a laree number of
incidental notes and observations on the species exhibited by the
members, most of them of great value, more particularly to field
naturalists, whilst here and there (e.., p. 11, “The Coleoptera of
Weymouth,” Donisthorpe) one finds important abstracts of papers not
printed in full. The papers in the second part are most valuable ;
‘* Notes on Spilosoma lubricipeda,”’ by A. W. Mera; ‘ Poisonous plants.
in relation to medical jurisprudence,” by F. Bouskell, F.E.S.; “ The
hifehistory of Oporabia autumnata, Bkh.,” by L. B. Prout, F.E.S. ;
** Variation in broods of Aaylia putris, Cucullia wmbratica, Spilosoma
urticac, and Malacosoma castrensis,” by A. Bacot; ‘‘Some marsh
beetles of the Lea Valley,” by F. B. Jennings, F.E.S. Mr. Prout’s
paper is particularly important to all lepidopterists, and no one should
miss it who is at all interested in the Geometrids. ‘The Fauna of
the London List,” is carried on throughout the Noctuids, Deltoids and
a part of the Geometrids. The nomenclature used will probably be to.
a large extent that finally accepted under the now generally recognised
laws of priority, and we should be glad if correspondents would as.
far as possible keep entirely to the revised nomenclature as investi-
gated by Mr. Prout and here published. The Transactions should
certainly be in the hands of all lepidopterists.

ErRATUM.—). 213, line 33, for 12mm. read 1:°2mm.

RITISH LEPIDOPTE

(by J VV LEE.
Vols. | and il.

Demy Svo., strongly bound in Cloth.
Vol. I consisting of 560 pp. Vol. II of 584 pp.

Price £1 each Volume (net).

PRESS OPINIONS.

“The second volume of Mr. Tutt's great work fulfils the promise of the first, and supplies some
chapters which were wanting to complete matters of ageneral character. That most striking of all the
attributes of insects, metamorphosis, is in this second volume, treated at length, the observations and
theories of the well known leading authorities on the subject being stated and discussed. . . . ‘There
is a Separate chapter on phenomena incidental to metamorphosis, such as the passing, sometimes, of
several years in the pupal stage and the impossibility in such cases of forcing. The external morphology
of the pupa has a chapter to itself, the author correcting some common errors as to the structure and
significance of the different parts, and setting forth the view that the pupais the modified representative
of the ancestral form of insect, from which the larva on the one side, and the imago on the other, have
been developed. Professor Poulton’s views are discussed very fully, and in some cases combated. Many
interesting questions are treated in a separate chapter, on the internal structure of the pupa, including
the formation of the wings and scales upon them. The chapter on the phylogeny of the lepidopterous
pupa is by Dr. Chapman, andit is unnecessary to say that it is characterised by great fulness of original
observation and carefully thought-out conclusions. The introductory chapters occupy 100 pages, the
rest of the volume is taken up with descriptions of species and all that belongs to them in the same
copious style as in the first volume. The 30) pages occupied with the Psychides, present all that is
known of the British species, with very full references to many others, and a complete catalogue of the
species of the Palearctic region. Vast labour has been devoted by the author and his coadjutors to this
part of the work, a study of which is indispensable to all who desire to be fully informed in this obscure
and difficult subject. . . . Nothing but a lengthened study, such as there has been no time to give
it, could do justice to the work, and when we think of the amount of attention necessary to assimilate
its contents, we are filled with admiration of the labour that must have been devoted to its production.”
My. F. MpRRIFIELD, F.H.S., The Entomologist, August, 1900.

“Tt is pleasant to write a few words in appreciation of the second volume of Mr. J. W. Tutt’s
British Lepidoptera. Of the great utility of this work there can be no doubt whatever, and the punctual
appearance of Vol. IL will be a matter of general congratulation amongst naturalists. Mr. Tutt’s work
alms at being in the first place a complete collection of all that is as yet known of the natural history
of the species dealt with. These books are no mere compilation, but in the fullest sense original
treatises. No pains have been spared to get together everything that relates to the structure, distribu-
tion, variation, life-history and habits of each form in its several stages. Many of the facts thus given
are new, a large part being the results of the author’s own direct observation. Moreover, much of the
information here published has been communicated privately to Mr. Tutt by his numerous correspon-
dents, and the mass of facts given at first hand is thus greatly increased. 'This is especially the case in
regard to the life-histories, which in very many instances have been worked through in minute detail
by Mr. Tutt and his coadjutors expressly for this book. Owing to the wide appeal which the author
has made to living entomologists for such personal records, and to his laborious researches into the
literature already printed, the books probably represent the sum of existing knowledge on the subjects
eontained. It is a special charm of Mr. Tutt’s treatise that the reader has a comfortable sense that his
author is giving him no scamped work. Everything capable of verification has been verified, and
nothing is repeated in slovenly fashion unchecked. For such a work not only professed entomologists,
but all naturalists who from time to time require precise information as co lepidoptera, will be grateful
to Mr. Tutt, and his books will be required in every working library of natural history. Nothing of the
kind has hitherto been attempted, and by reference to them much searching and weary correspon-
dence will be avoided. The present volume deals with the Psychides and part of the Lachneides.
Whether the views adopted by Mr. Tutt on questions of classification and the like are sound or not can,
of course, only be judged by specialists, but it will be evident to any student of zoology that he has
attacked these problems in a most fruitful way, and that in each of the numerous discussions of special
questions he has provided a marshalling of the facts which will help succeeding students. Several
sections of this kind are introduced relating to general questions of the morphology of lepidoptera,
especially the nature of metamorphosis and the structure of pups. In addition to these there is an
important chapter written by Dr. T. A. Chapman on the phylogeny of the lepidopterous pupa, a
. Subject on which he is the recognised authority.”—W. Barsrson, M.A., F.R.S., September, 1900.

Dear Sir,—
Please forward to me Lhe Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, for
Vols. I and II of which I forward the sum of 40s.
Name ..... Sasa ia soak Ciebaligierarataie Stet chanarek ck Soe Tees

Dear Sir,— Wy
i Please forward to me Vol. II of The Natural History of the British Lepi-
_ -doptera, for which I send the sum of 20s.. :

INANE sce ele cisl'stel ape ic, ose vies elsvelencrn © scones shete operate
INMATES ys a risidre Gctienlons aig she tniee oe dee ereiees eee orn
Mr. H. E. Pacz, Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

¥ NOTICE. ae a8
The Back vole: (I-XI) of The Entomologist’s Record, &c., can be Giteised at 7s. 6d. p
Volume. ‘Special Index” to Vols. III, 1V., V., VI., VIL., VIIL., IX., X.; and XI., price 4. ‘
each. Single Back Numbers of Vols. 1_-XI can be obtained at povrrx the published price,
from H. E. Pace, F.E.S., ‘‘ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, S.H.

REMITTANCES TO BE SENT WITH ORDER.
ForricN Suspscrisers (continental and otherwise) when sending money eae
through the London General Post Office are requested at the same time, to post to Mr
Page, F.H.S., a note advising him of same. ve

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to The Entomologist’s Record, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (including an extra shilling for the Special Index to Vol. XT)
is SEVEN SHILLINGS, and must be sent to Mr. H. H. Paeu, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s
Park, London, 8.H. Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Turt.
ADVERTISEMENTS of Books and Insects for Sale will be inserted at a mfmimum charge of Qs. 6d. (for
four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series. Particulars of Mr.
H. HE. Paes, ‘ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. EH. Pacn, “Bertrose,”
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed.

Articles for insertion should be sent to J. W. 'Turr, Westcombe Hill, 8.H., except those relating to
Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. DonistHorRrPE, 58, Kensington Mansions, South Kensington,
and those relating to Orthoptera, to Mr. M. Burr, Dormans Park, Hast Grinstead.

All Exchange Magazines must in future be forwarded to J, W. Tutt,
Westeombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E

Reprints of Articles or Notes (long or short) appearing in this Macrame can be arranged
for by Authors at a very low price, on application to Mr. H. HE. Page, F.E.S.,
“ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, S.E.

NOTICH.—The Editor will be glad of eggs, larve and pupx of Lepidoptera, for
description. Notes on good aberrations of Lasiocampids will be very useful, or eggs.
and larves may be sent direct to Mr. A. Bacot, 154, Lower Clapton Road, London, N.

IMPORTANT.—Wanted, actual dates on which, and exact localities where,
Pterophorids, Lasiocampids and Sphingids have been captured. Will correspondents send
dates for this or any year?—J. W. Turr, Westcombe Hill, 8.E.

~ Wanrrep.—For publication. Localities for any of the following: L. quercis, L. trifolii,
C. potatoria, E. quercifolia, H. ilicifolia, 8. carpini, E. versicolor, S. populi, S. ocellatus,
8. tiliz, C. elpenor, C. porceilus, C. celerio, D. nerii, D. euphorbizx, D. galii, D. livornica,
S. pinastri, S. ligustri, 8. convolvuli, A. atropos, H. humuli, H. velleda, H. sylvinus, H.
lupulinus, H. hectus, C. cossus, Z. pyrina, M. arundinis, &c. Also exact dates of capture,
food-plants, position of pupz found in nature, mode of oviposition, exact dates of egg-
laying, exact duration of egg, larval or pupal stage. Peculiarities of habits, variation, and
other details.—J. W. Tutt, Westcombe Hill, S.E.

Fixcuancr Baskers.—Sept. Ist, No. 2 basket.—Messrs. Woodforde, Walker, Christy,
Robertson, Whittle, Atmore, Barnes, Studd, Ash, Bower, Riding, Edelsten. July
20th, No. 4 basket.—Messrs. Woodtorde, Bowles, Horne, Studd, Mera, Bower, Fox,
Robertson, Maddison, Robinson, Moberly, Riding. [Members who wish to be “missed
must write to the name preceding their own on ist not to the Secretary]. The names
of one or two new candidates for admission would be welcomed and room made as
opportunity offered.

Duplicates.—Rectilinea, Contigua, Nigricans, Cordigera (few fair), Fimbria, Fascelina,
A. ligustri, Scoliseformis, Blandina, Impluviata, Suffumata var. piceata. Desider ata.—
Offers requested. Good Noctuids specially wanted, well set and on black pins.—James C.
Hagagart, 58, St. Andrew Street, Galashiels, N.B.

Duplicates. —Exotic butterflies, g eratuitous distribution for surplus duplicates—send
blank post card.—]V’. Dannatt, Donnington, Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath.

Duplicates.—Miranda, Brookiana ¢ and ¢, Napoleon, D. antimachus and others
from Peru, Borneo, Queensland, exchange for other exotics.—IV. Dannatt, Donnington,
Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath.

Duplicates. “_Sponsa, Gilvago, Rhomboidea. Desiderata.—Nocture.—W. Dannatt,
Donnington, Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath.

Duplicates—Sibylla*, Polychloros*, Muralis. Desiderata.—Numerous.—John Peed,.
Rose House, Worcester.

Duplicates.—Vespertaria* (both sexes), Apiciaria, Fuscantaria*, Betularia* and var..
Doubledayaria*, Ulmata, pale and other vars., Albicillata*, Vetulata*, Papilionaria*, Hera™*,
Loniceree (York and the ld ree Filey forms). Desiderata.—Numerous.—S. Walker, 15,
Queen Anne’s Road, York.

Duplicates.—L. muscerda, N. canne*, N. brevilinea. Desiderata.—S. musculosa, Tie
vitellina, L. albipuncta, L. sparganii, N. concolor, N. hellmanni, C. erythrocephala, or -
offers.—H. MW. Hdelsten, Forty Hill, Enjield, Middlesez.

Duplicates. —Gnaphalii* (one), Bicuspis* (two), Scolizeformis*, Alpina*, Nubeculosa*,

e ene Fl
2 Sempron! and good varieties, algo of Dia ian. Caia and
ssularia —T. Maddison, South Bailey, Durham.
_Duplicates.—Machaon*, Cardamines*, Aithiops, gs and ¢ s, undersides and vars. fine,
Selene, Corydon vars., Tamia Brassice, iil the above in fine condition well set-on blacks
‘pins. Desiderata. —Arion, Athalia, Cinxia, Urtice vars., Tiphon, thiops vars., Epiphron. —
—H. Mousley, 10, Selborne Terrace, Br adford. Oe:
ey, Duplicates. —Machaon*, Lineola, Arundinis, Hellmanni, Alni*, Phragmitidis, Syrin-
Shin, Smaragdaria*, Cilialis, §. pallida, Dumetana, Sauciana, Derasana, Grotiana,
- Minutana, Schiffermillerella, Croesella, Rufimitrella. Desiderata.—Very many local
_ Tortrices and Pyrales.—J. A. Butterfield, 35, Wrottesley Road, Plumstead, SE.
__ Duplicates.—Aglaia, Paphia, Artemis*, Galatea, Sibylla, W- album*, Aig on, Argiolus, —
_ Chrysorrhea*, Falcula*, Hamula*, Palpina*, Camelina*, Ziczac*, Curtula*, Reclusa*,
_ Ilustraria*, Luctuosa*,. ‘Syringaria*, Prunaria*, Fuscantaria*, Angularia*, Lichenaria*,
_ Vernaria*, Porata*, Omicronaria, Serena, &c. Ova: Fuscantaria, Angularia, Tiliaria.
Larve : Quercifolia, Papilionaria, Vernaria, Syringaria, Prunaria. Pupe : Ocellatus,
Lacertula, Falcula, Palpina, Camelina, Ziczac, Curtula, Reclusa, hybrid Curtula g*x

- Reclusa ? , hybrid Curtula ¢ * x Reclusa ¢ , Ilustraria, Abruptaria, Porata, Omicronaria,

. &e. Desider ata.—Very numerous. Cardamines, Hyale, Edusa, Selene, Ginxia, Cardui,

| Blandina, Betule, Pruni, Lucina, Paniscus, &c., pups and ova especially Tiliz, Elpenor,

- Porcellus, Lunaria, Trepida, Dictiea, Dicteeoides, "&e—L. W. Newman, 41, Salisbury Road,

E oe Kent.

Duplicates.—Fine Hamula*, Lacertinaria*, Falcataria*, Camelina*, Geminipuncta*,

- Curtula*, Irrorella, Senex, Ornata, Fasciaria*, Sobrinata, Obscurata, Russata*, Punctaria,

- Tnornata*, Emarginata, Hippocastanaria, Crepuscularia*, Unifasciata*, Rubidata, Nupta,

P Popaleti*, Pinastri*, Chenopodii*, Fimbria*, Ditrapezium*, Megacephala*, Impudens, fine

4 and well set Cuprella.. Desiderata. —Numerous, fine condition only.—H. H. Taylor, 5,
1 Be eel Muswell Hill, N.

Duplicates.—Kges of Fuscantaria and Angularia. Desiderata.—Kggs of Hrosaria and
- ‘Tiliaria. —IV. Hewett, 10, Howard Street, York.

WantEep.—Hees ‘of insects for ‘photographic and photo-micrographic purposes. Will
give: sender a photograph of ane eggs sent. Also any other interesting entomological
. Noad Clark, Paddington inemary:; Harrow
- Road, W. Abi
a WANTED. —Pupe of Betularia, and var. doubledayaria, for experimental purposes.— =
| W. Bateson, Merton House, Grantchester, Cambridge.
: Wanrep.—Four or five fresh pairs ‘of M. artemis from Treland, and the same from
Scotland, must be good specimens. Purchase or exchange.—H. J. Elwes, Colesborne,
| Andoversjord, R.S.O. Gloucestershire.
: ExcHancs.—I am desirous of obtaining butterflies from the Malayan Archipelago and
_ the Pacific Islands. For such I offer perfect diurnals from North and South America ;
North American Coleoptera.—Levi W. Mengel, Boys’ High School, Reading, Pa., U.S.A.
Wantep. Fine lepidoptera of Kurope in exchange for butterflies from Russia in Asia,
Japan, China and Basses-Alps (France).—Wilhelm Neuburger, Lepidopterist, Berlin, S. 42,
_ Luisen Ufer 45, Germany.
v Wanrrp.— Works upon the insects of South Africa. Exchange other entomological
_ works, or apparatus, or state lowest price.—W. Reid, St. Andrew’s Road, Rondebosch, Cone
- Town, South Africa. ;
4 CHancres or Appress.—W. Reid, from Pitcaple, Aberdeen, to St. Andrew's Road,

Beondcbosch, Cape Town, South Africa. EH. H. Taylor, from 5, Hlsenham Gardens, South-
- fields, to 5, Queen's Parade, Muswell Hill, N.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

The Entomological Society of London.—11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square,
.—Wednesdays, October 3rd, 17th, November 7th, 21st, December 5th, 1900, and
January 16th. 1901 (Annual).

__ The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
fnstitution, Finsbury Circus, E.C.—The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m. Members are particularly requested to bring varieties and aberrations for exhibi-
tion. Non-members cordially invited.

-The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
bhambers, London Bridge.—The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
ield Meeting.—September 22d, Paul’s Cray Common (S.E.R.).—Particulars of Mr. S.
wards, Kidbrooke Lodge, Blackheath, S.E.

___ North London Natural History Society, Sigdon Road Board School, Dalston Lane,
N.E. (close to Hackney Downs Stations, G.H.R.).—Meetings first and third Thursdays in

each month, at 7.45 p.m. September 15th, Half-day Excursion to Epping Fo:
- October 4th, Pocket-Box Exhibition and Microscopical Evening. October 13th, Visit to —
the Horniman Museum, Forest Hill—leader, the Curator. November Ist, ‘* Notes on the —
Natural History of the Guildford District,” E.B. Bishop. November 15th, Discussion— —
“The Extinction of Species,’ G.-O’N. Waddington. December 20th, Annual General
Meeting.

- Nonpareil Entomological Society, Mansfield Street, Kingsland—The First and
Third Thursdays in the Month.

Entomological Books for everyday use and reference.

IMPORTANT NOTICE to Lisrantans anp Enromonoaisrs: The stock of several of Mr. |
Tutt’s earlier works is now almost exhausted. ;

The British Noctuz and their Varieties.

By J. W. TUTT, FES. a \

(Complete in 4 volumes. . Price 7/- per vol.).
Vols. 2, 3 and 4 will be supplied separately, but Vol. 1 only with complete sets).
y P

Complete sets of this popular reference work can now be supplied. For some
time past Vol. Ihas béen unobtainable, but copies are now in stock. All British Lepi-
dopterists should obtain copies of this valuable work.

The four volumes comprise the most complete text-book ever issued on the Nocrurpas.
It contains critical notes on the synonymy, the original type descriptions (or descriptions
of the original figures) of every British species, the type descriptions of all known
varieties of each British species, tabulated diagnoses and short descriptions of the various
phases of variation of the more polymorphic species; all the data known concerning the
rare and reputed British species. Complete notes on the lines of development of the
yeneral variation observed in the various families and genera. The geographical range
of the various species and their varieties, as well as special notes by lepidopterists who
have paid particular attention to certain species.

Each volume has an extended introduction. That to Vol. 1 deals with ‘‘ General
variation and its causes’’—with a detailed account of the action of natural selection in
producing melanism, albinism, &c. That to Vol. II deals with ‘‘The evolution and
genetic sequence of insect colours,” the most complete review of the subject published.
That to Vol. IIT deals with ‘‘Secondary Sexual Characters in Lepidoptera,” explaining
so far as is known, a consideration of the organs (and their functions) included in the term. —
That to Vol. IV deals with “‘ The classification of the Noctue,’’ with a comparison of the —
Nearctic and Palearctic Noctuides. is

The first subscription list comprised some 200 of our leading British lepidopterists,
and up to the present time some 500. complete sets of the work have been sold. 4
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JAIN.

Tintom, Record. Vol_X1T. 1900.

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JOURNAL oF VARIATION.

Vou. XII. No. 10. OcrosEerR 15TH, 1900.

AND

Migration and Dispersal of Insects: Lepidoptera.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Besides the two species of Coliads (C. edusa and C. hyale) and
Pyrameis cardui, to which reference has already been made, Pieris
daplidice, Argynnis lathonia and Huvanessa antiopa, also, can only be
considered to be British species, so far as the immigrants themselves, and
the direct progeny of these immigrants are, for the rest of the summer
months directly following their arrival, able to exist here. The
appearance of these species in this country is very uncertain, and their
numbers always much fewer than those of the three first-named species,
although in some years they are moderately abundant. It were
_ perhaps useless to trace the years in which these species have occurred
commonly in Britain. Generally, in such years, a few examples in the
early summer are followed by an unusual abundance in autumn;
suggesting that the former are the inmigrants and the latter British-
bred. At any rate these species exemplify well that particular group
of insects that repeatedly become extinct in the higher temperate
regions, and would never be seen in these districts were it not for the
occasional influx of immigrants. Stephens, in 1835, noted (Illus.
Haust., 1., p. 45) that ‘till about the middle of the last century few
specimens of HF. antiopa had been observed, but about 60 years since,
it appeared in such prodigious numbers throughout the kingdom that
the entomologists of that day gave it the name of the Grand Surprise.
Of late it has again become infrequent; the last time that it occurred
in plenty, according to Donovan, being in 1789 and 1803, a few only
having been captured subsequently. At the present day (1835) it still
appears to occur occasionally throughout England, as Mr. Backhouse
informs me that it has been found repeatedly near Seaton, Durham,
and often floating on the river Tees.” Wailes, on the authority of
Backhouse, states that ‘‘ about 1820 he saw vast numbers of this
species strewing the seashore at Seaton-Carew, both in a dead and living
state.’ We may here point out that Hewitson notes (Mnt. Jlo.
May., ix., p. 161) that, on one occasion whilst crossing from Boulogne,
he saw an example of this species midway in the Channel. In the
year 1819 it was specially common in Durham and Suffolk, and in
1846 in all the eastern and southern counties from Hampshire to York-
shire and also in Ayrshire ; it was not uncommon in 1859-1860, but
the greatest year for this species was 1872, when some hundreds were
taken, its range extending, on this occasion, from Southsea and Doyer to

954 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Forres in Morayshire, and it occurred as late as November 4th at Wey-
bridge, a few hybernators reappearing in the following spring, although
they evidently failed to perpetuate their race here. In the same year
(1872) the species occurred in extraordinary numbers in Holland (Ent.
Mo, Mag., x., p. 20) where the insect is usually scarce, and there is no
doubt that the simultaneous abundance in Holland and Britain was due
to the same cause. Stainton considered that the species migrated from
the Continent vid Scandinavia, other entomologists suggested that they
came vid Holland, but no direct evidence was forthcoming as to the
course taken by the migrants. We know the species was common in
Holland, was it also common in Scandinavia ? One would suspect that
the Dutch and British immigrants belonged to the same flight, whether
that flight came from the north, or south, or east. The species was
rather common again in 1880, a few in 1889 and 1900, but in other
years only single examples have been recorded.

Apart from the butterflies which are regularly exterminated here by
conditions, of which, at present, we have no real knowledge, there are
others, which, regular inhabitants of our islands, have at irregular
periods, their numbers greatly increased by immigration. Such are
the two common species, Pieris rapae and P. brassicae, of which many
flocks have been observed when on their migration journeys. We
have ourselves seen Pieris brassicae (1887) come inland over the
Straits of Dover in vast swarms, extending along the coast from Deal
to the South Foreland. Other observers have witnessed similar
occurrences on the Sussex, Lincoln and Norfolk coasts. The arrival
of one of these migrating bodies is very characteristic of most. One
sees at first a few butterflies coming towards, although at some distance
from, the land, rising and falling, and occasionally even resting, upon
the water. Soon the advance guard reaches the shore, whilst others
rapidly come in. There seems never to be a crowd, or a very great
number gathered together in a small space, but, ike huge white snow-
flakes, they follow on continuously and without a break, and they are
spread over a very considerable area. Many are in almost perfect
condition, others considerably worn and often ragged. As soon as
they arrive they appear to gather on almost every flower within a few
hundred yards of the shore. The immigration we witnessed, however,
soon dispersed inland, and, in the course of a few hours or so, very
few remained in the immediate neighbourhood of the original landing-
place. There are many interesting records of the observations made on
Pieris rapae and P. brassicae when they have been actually crossing
the sea. On July 5th, 1846, a large flight crossed the English
Channel to Dover, and it is stated (Zoologist, iy., p. 1448) that such
was the density and extent of the cloud formed by the living mass,
that it completely obscured the sun from the people on board the
continental steamers, and the decks were strewn in al! directions with
the insects. The flight reached England at noon, and dispersed itself
inland and along the shore. During the sea-passage of the butterflies,
the weather was calm and sunny with scarcely a puff of wind stirring,
but in an hour or so after they reached terra firma it came on to blow
ereat guns from the direction whence the insects came.’ Another
account of the same flight adds that ‘‘ every vessel that came into the
harbour had the rigging and deck completely covered with them, and
the pier was so thickly strewn with butterflies that you could not walk

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS: LEPIDOPTERA. 250

without treading on them.’ Crompton records (Hint. Mo. Mag., vil.,
p. 18) that at the end of August, 1849, he was crossing from Havre by
steamboat, and that ‘‘about midday the vessel seemed to plunge into a
swarm or snow-shower of common White butterflies, and so continued
for nearly an hour. They literally covered us, circling round and
playing up and down the vessel, and I was struck with the fact that
they seemed to keep up with the vessel’s speed—about eight knots an
hour—as well as to flutter up and down. LHither they flew at our
pace easily, or were assisted by the air carried along with us in the
calm. Gradually they thinned off, and a breeze arising, disappeared.
At the same time an exhausted pigeon fell on board, and, a thunder-
storm on the English coast coming in sight, our pleasant Sunday
trip closed with a beauty of a different kind. I noticed in the papers
a few days afterwards a paragraph about a large flight of white butter-
flies having crossed the Channel and landed on the Hampshire coast,
and thought I had seen them on their passage.’’ Another observer
who was on an excursion in a fishing-boat in the North Sea, near the
mouth of the Weser, in July, 1872, writes: ‘‘So longas the boat was in
the river, or at its mouth, only an occasional Cabbage White was to be
seen crossing the river, and soon disappearing, but, when once out at
sea the boat was enveloped in a swarm of these butterflies, so thick as
to resemble a snowstorm. ‘The weather was hot, and the surface of
the sea undisturbed by any wind. Many of the insects were to be
seen poising themselves with erect wings on the surface, others were
lying flat on it, as if dead, but flew away rapidly if disturbed. They
were accompanied by dragonflies (l’schna) which evidently preyed
upon them, and also by small flies and ichneumons.’* It is further
recorded by Dr. Schulte, that, in a dead calm off Nordeney, in the
Baltic Sea, he steamed for three hours and for a distance of thirty
miles, through a continuous flock of Pieris rapae; he was at the time
some thirty miles from the mainland, and only five miles less than
that from the nearest island. ‘The shore was afterwards found to be
strewn with their dead bodies. In July, 1864, on a still, hot day,
with hardly a breath of air, Thorncroft records (/ntom., u., pp. 289-
290) a large immigration of P. brassicae and P. rapac, at Shoreham.
He was “‘ on the pier about 3 p.m., when the flood-tide set in with a
gentle breeze, and then came a host of the above named butterflies,
with a few of P. napi. There must have been hundreds arrive within
a very short space of time.” He expresses his surprise at ‘“ their
alighting and settling on the sea, with expanded wings, and the ease
with which they rose again, the same butterfly settling and rising
as many as four or five times within a distance of a hundred yards,
and with apparently as much ease as on land ; they all came direct in
from the sea from a south-westerly direction, and seemed to aim for
the entrance of the harbour between the piers, though there were
plenty of them came on shore on each side of the piers. ‘The shore
was covered with a coarse sort of Italian rye-grass, on which they were
resting when we returned home, and, in walking through the tall
grass, they rose in myriads.’ Robson gives (Vouny Naturalist, 11., p.
29) an interesting account of an immigration of Pieris brassicae that

* One wonders much what ichneumons were doing amongst a swarm of the
imagines of the Pieris.

256 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

he witnessed in June, 1867, at Hartlepool. He first observed an
unusual number of white butterflies in the street, about 9 a.m., and
their numbers steadily increased ; by noon they were flying in hundreds,
and at 2 p.m. there were thousands of them to be seen at once, all
flying in one direction, viz., from east to west. They continued to pass
in undiminished numbers till towards 5 o'clock, when a sudden
thunderstorm and very heavy rain came on. Such of the butterflies
as did not obtain shelter were quickly driven to the ground where they
were pelted to death by the rain, and floated in hundreds along the
flooded channels. When the rain ceased the day was too far advanced
for flight to be resumed, and next day, although there was a large
number about the streets, they flew in a desultory manner and entirely
without the steady purpose-like flight of the day before. Enquiry
elicited that fishermen had seen the flight coming in from the open sea
(where many had settled on the boats) which was perfectly smooth,
and one or two had noticed that they rested on the water and rising
again therefrom had pursued their flight. Robson calculated that the
denser portion of the column was about 100 yards wide, although
stragglers extended much further on either side. The length must
have been yery great, for the butterflies continued to advance from
9 a.m. until 5 p.m., and had not commenced to decrease in numbers
when the storm dispersed them. Cordeaux reports (Hntom., vil., p.
161) that on the morning of June 4th, 1874, “very large numbers of
Pieris brassicae and P. rapae, the latter, however, very greatly pre-
dominating, came into the North Lincolnshire marshes from the
Yorkshire coast of the Humber (which, at this point, is from four and
a half to five miles across). For an hour that I was near the sea
embankment they were constantly passing inland, flying, too, against
a rather stiff south-west breeze. Lookine towards the centre of the
river with a strong glass I could distinguish flights of them far away,
flickering in the blaze of sunlight against the grey background of water,
like falling snowflakes. [remember a very similar immigration of white
butterflies in the dry summer of 1870.’ Our own observation (supra)
of the immigration of P. brassicae between Dover and Deal, took place
in 1887, and the abundance of this species and P. rapae in the autumn
of that year in Britain was extraordinary. Barrett records (Hnt. Mo.
Mag., Xxiv., p. 85) that towards the end of May, 1887, when walking
along the top of the cliffs from Hunstanton to Old Hunstanton he
came upon multitudes of P. brassicae (and to a less extent P. rapae)
flying about the level ground on the top of the cliff, and settling in
dozens on the flowers, without appearing to be in any such numbers
inland. As there were no fields of cabbage, turnips, &c., in the
neighbourhood, he suspected that he had come upon a flight of
immigrants immediately after their arrival. Adkin gives (Proc. Sth.
Lond. Ent. Soc., 1899, p. 47) interesting details observed by himself
and his daughter on July 27th, 1899, between Eastbourne and Beachy
Head. On this morning, although white butterflies had not previously
been very common, he noticed great numbers of Pieris rapae, large in
size but poor in condition, fluttering over the furze on the upper part
of the slopes, for the whole length of the down, the butterflies being
left behind when the summit of the Head was reached. On returning
to Eastbourne his daughter remarked that she had during the morning
seen large numbers of white butterflies all flying in from the sea, and

THE GIANT FLEA: HYSTRICHOPSYLLA TALPAE, 257

he has little doubt that the great numbers of specimens he had himself
observed on the cliffs belonged to the swarm that his daughter had
seen arrive that morning.

The habit which butterflies have in calm weather of settling on the
sea when migrating, has been observed by many entomologists.
Pocklington records (Hntom., vi., p. 152) that in May, 1872, he
watched several Pieris brassicae flying far from the shore in Boston
Deeps (Wash), and observed one of them apparently fall in the sea,
when, to his surprise, as the wave arose upon which it had alighted,
the butterfly mounted with it and flew away uninjured and apparently
refreshed by its resting there. The habit is important, as helping to
explain the physical ability of certain species to travel what would
otherwise appear to be almost impossible distances. A too frequent
resting, however, would appear to be fatal, for it has been recorded
more than once that, when thus resting, although they are able to
rise a few times with ease, yet the scales soon get wet and then the
insect has some difficulty in rising again, and when the power fails it
necessarily perishes. We have already detailed (supra) occurrences
when large numbers of lepidoptera have come to grief on one of
their voyages, but this must not be taken as in any way disproving
the general fact of their ability to rest on the surface of the
water. This failure has been noted in such strong-winged
species as Anosia archippus, Pyrameis cardui and others, and it
is probable that the attempt to rest once too often is sometimes the
cause of the large number of dead lepidopterous insects which are
occasionally observed floating on the surface of the water at various
times and in different places. The ability, however, that butterflies
have to rest in this manner has led to the suggestion that the butter-
flies, which periodically migrate between Ceylon and India, avail
themselves of the habit whilst crossing.

The Giant Flea: Hystrichopsylla talpae (with plate).
By the Hon. N. C. ROTHSCHILD, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S.

Entomologists, particularly coleopterists, from time to time come
across the giant flea (Hystrichopsylla talpae). This insect would
probably escape notice altogether were it not for its phenomenal size,
it is in fact the largest species hitherto recorded, being no less than
5:5 mm. in length. During the last few years I have received several
specimens of this insect from British entomologists, and as a slight
recompense for their kindness I have endeavoured to give an accurate
ficure of one of the strangest British insects.

The Siphonaptera, though possibly the most succinct and highly
specialised group of insects found in Great Britain, have hitherto
received but little attention from Enelish entomologists. The
accompanying figure, drawn by my friend Dr. Jordan, will no doubt
interest those entomologists who have captured specimens of H. talpae,
and may possibly induce others to give attention to this very interest-
ing family of parasitic insects. Hystrichopsylla talpae was originally
described and figured by Curtis*, and has been figured again by

* Brit. Ent., iii. (1826), no. 114, Fig.

258 THE ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD.

Taschenberg+. Dr. Sharp also figures this flea in his recent work on
insects}.

The giant flea is parasitic on several insectivores and rodents, and
occasionally on other mammals. Mr. J. J. Walker to whom I am
indebted for some fine specimens, obtained it in the deserted nests of
the field mouse. I have received specimens from Talpa europaea,
Sorex vulgaris, Crossopus fodiens-ciliatus, Mus sylvaticus, Hyperdaeus
glareolus, Mustela vulgaris, and Mustela erminea.

EXPLANATION OF PuaTE X.

A. Hystrichopsylla talpae.

B. do. ¢ End of abdomen.

C. do. ¢ Ninth segment.

D do. g Ninth tergite from the inside.
E do, g Ninth sternite partly fused.
F do. ¢ SHighth sternite.

+ Die Flohe, Taf. iii., fig. 21 (1880).
t Cambridge Nat. Hist., Insects, ii., p. 523, fig. 250 (1889).

Lepidoptera in the Hautes-Alpes: Abries.
By J. H. and J. W. LULL, FES.

Melitaea phoebe was abundant, and its rapid mode of flight is more
like that of Argynnis lathonia than any other species we know, whilst M.
parthenie, few, but in good condition, occurred on the wastes near the
river. We suspect the M. varia found on the upper heights of the Créte
de Reychasse must be a form of this species. The blues also were very
abundant. First and foremost Polyommatus damon, then P. corydon, P.
astrarche, P. hylas, P. escheri, P. eros and Plebeius argus, all of which
swarmed at the puddles and runnels of water and rose absolutely in
‘clouds’? as we disturbed them. There must frequently have been
three or four hundreds in a single little congeries, and with these,
Thymelicus lineola, which abounds everywhere in these mountains, but
was going over here, although quite fresh at Larche and even at
Barcelonette, Pamphila comma, Syrichthus alveus, and S. sao, the last
in very poor condition. On the slopes Spilothyrus malvarwm and S.
althaeae were captured, neither in the very best condition. Occasionally
Polyommatus icarus was observed, perhaps half-a-dozen altogether.
Among the Satyrids, Satyrus cordula was in abundance, and in very
good condition, the males intensely satiny-black in colour, the females
brown with large well-developed ocellated spots. One is puzzled, con-
sidering the apparent laziness of the females, to explain how it is they
are frequently found, even in the earlier days of the appearance of the
species, in such poor condition. The wings of both sexes are, however,
of such a delicate texture that they split readily at the slightest provo-
cation, and contact with the net is sufficient to ruin them. The insect
occurred throughout the valley on every waste slope, and often up to
a very considerable elevation. Hipparchia semele was abundant only
by the side of the river, at Abriés, but on the roadsides towards
Aiguilles becomes almost common; the males appear to be unusually
dark, but the females much less distinctly of the aristaeus form than in
many subalpine localities. Hpinephele lycaon was exceedingly abundant,
and Coenonympha iphis also, but the latter quite disappeared at this level
during our stay, whilst Pararye macra was not uncommon by the road-

LEPIDOPTERA IN THE HAUTES-ALPES : ABRIES., 259

sides. Hrebia euryale, of an unusually small form, was in great
abundance, and exhibited some variation in the size of the ocellated
spots, the general tendency being towards the suppression of the pupil
and to a lessened size. KH. neoridas was very common ; previously we
had looked upon this as a species belonging rather to low than to high
altitudes, but here, although in swarms throughout the lower part of
the valley, it went up to considerably more than 6,000 ft. elevation,
asit also did at Larche. fH. tyndarus was, as usual, everywhere, even
in the village, whilst in one of the gullies, just above the hamlet, a
single worn F. stygne showed that this insect also occurred here and
was over, and we suspect that this was possibly the case with many
other species. It was certainly so with Chrysophanus hippothoe, a few
worn examples of which only were seen the first day or two of our
stay, and but few C. gordius could be picked from the many worn
ones that haunted the wild thyme as being fit for setting. On the
other hand, (. virgaureae was in abundance and in the very finest con-
dition, although some of the males were noticeably small; the females
appear to be unusually bright and without the dull shading so notice-
able in the specimens of some localities. As we have said, most of these
species occurred in even greater abundance on the waste slopes get-at-
able from the road than on the wastes at the level of the road itself,
and on the slopes one noticed in addition Cupido minima, large and
mostly worn, and Nomiades semiargus, some in the very finest condition.
Worn specimens of what appear to be Cupido sebrus were also found,
but their state precludes absolute certainty in naming them. The only
Theclid seen was Thecla spint, which was not uncommon on the
wild thyme with C. gordius and generally in good condition.
Occasional examples of Polyommatus orbitulus, P. donzelii, and other
visitors from the higher pasturages were now and then observed, usually
in poor condition compared with those taken at higher elevations.
The usual alpine moths were abundant about the town, and we were
very pleased to take a few fine 77iphosa subaudiata at light, an insect
we had not seen since we captured it at Mendelpass in the Tyrol.
Thera simulata, Anticlea berberata, Gnophos obfuscata, G. furvata, G.
glaucinaria, Hypsipetes sordidata, beaten from the willows, Acidalia
mutata, A. flaveolaria, with black margins to the wings, Acidalia
decorata, very like A. ornata, Cleogene lutearia, Sciaphila argentana,
Hubolia mensuraria, Cidaria populata and a species very near H,
bipunctata, were usually more or less abundant, whilst Mnnychia
punicealis, HE. cingulalis, and KE. cespitalis flew about the flowers
everywhere with the common alpine Pyrales. The beautiful
Psecadia bipunctella came to light, as also did a very ordinary looking
Bryophila perla, whilst a species of Hupithecia was not uncommon on
mo;t evenings. In the early morning Lithosia lutarella, of almost
English pygmacola form, flew freely among the Hippophaes but Setina
aurita was confined to higher altitudes on the mountains. The
Anthroceras that occurred were interesting from the fact that
practically typical A. lonicerae of very normal appearance were accom-
panied by large examples of the var. major which, however, rarely had
a tendency to develop the peculiar characteristics of var. imedicaginis
like those of Pré St. Didier and elsewhere, but what interested one
most was, that specimens with a small very faint sixth spot were
occasionally taken 7m copula with typical five-spotted examples, and that

260 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

this occurred in both sexes, i.e., five-spot males with six-spot females,
and six-spot males with five-spot females. We certainly incline to look
on these six-spotted examples as the result of a cross between A.
lontcerae and A. transalpina, which was not uncommon on the same
ground, although we have no proof of the supposition. A. carniolica
was over, and A. achilleae but rarely seen. The absence of A. exulans
on all the higher slopes that we explored was very unexpected. #

But the high alps were much more to our taste, and so far as we
explored them we had no cause to complain of a single day’s sport.
Everywhere there was an abundance of lepidoptera, and the only
difficulty that occurred was in the rapid selection of what one wanted
as one covered the ground, and one frequently felt that one was
spending insufficient time in the most promising spots to find out
what really was there. ‘Two localities in particular we would suggest
as being exceptionally good. One of these is the ascent to the Pointe
de la Lauze, the other of the Créte de Reychasse. The Pointe de la
Lauze is reached by means of a zig-zag course through a great larch
forest. Directly opposite the Grand Hodtel a path leads to a
little bridge crossing the Guil, and once over the bridge one finds one-
self at once on the zig-zags that lead direct to the peaks aboye. The
whole fauna of the forest gives one the impression at first blush of
being purely subalpine—C/eogene lutearia, Acidalia flaveolaria, Larentia
verberata, Sciaphila argentana, and other characteristic common subalpine
species fly out at every step, and every flower-head holds Anthrocera
lonicerae var. major, A. transalpina, E'rebia euryale, Parnassius apollo,
Gnophos obfuscata and similar species, whilst Argynnis niobe and A.
aglava meet one everywhere. But when one reaches an opening—and
the openings in a larch forest like this form a veritable paradise for
the lepidopterist—one is less sure of the distinct alpine fauna,
and is astonished at the mixture to be found. Brenthis pales, Colias
phicomone, CU. palaeno, Erebia euryale, FE. tyndarus, EF’. epiphron,
Chrysophanus hippothoe var. eurybia, Plebeius argus, Polyommatus
orbitulus, P. eros, P. eumedon, Melitaea partheniec, Coenonympha iphis,
Argynnis niobe, A, aglaia, &c., meet one at every turn, and Papilio
machaon, as usual, seeks the high knolls, but mixed with these more
or less subalpine species one sees a brilliant Gonepterya rhamni flying
across the clearing, or Colias hyale skimming along, together with an
abundance of Aporia crataegi, Pieris rapae, P. napi, Chrysophanus
virgaureae, Polyommatus astrarche, P. corydon, P. hylas, P. damon,
Nomiades semiargus, Cupido minima, Melitaea didyma, M. phoebe,
Brenthis amathusia, Arqynnis lathonia, Erebia neoridas, Satyrus actaea,
Pararge maera, Epinephele lycaon, Syrichthus alveus, Thymelicus lineola,
Pamphila comma, and probably many other species unnoted. These
species at least were in all the large clearings in the forest, and the
myriads of Larentia caesiata and Cidaria populata disturbed as we walked
along were more than bewildering, and quite prevented one picking
out the apparently rarer Cidaria tmmanata, a few of which were obtained
by promiscuous waving among a crowd of startled moths, Hypsipetes
sordidata also being occasionally netted in this haphazard way. Some-
thing useful occurs at almost every step, and here and there the wealth
of wild flowers is delightful, but presently one strikes the path that
the cows take to the pastures every morning, the larches begin to thin
out, the alpine rohododendron, with many bunches of its gay blossom

LEPIDOPTERA IN THE HAUTES-ALPES : ABRIES. 261

still in their first beauty, becomes frequent and here and there forms a
dense scrub, and then one hears the stream that rushes away down to
Ristolas. A big Parnassius flops near you—P. delius, by its denser
and less transparent appearance-—and soon the nets are busy for these
are large and in fine condition, but one keeps climbing and then the P.
delius are left behind. We hesitate as to whether we shall stick to the
right, z.c., follow the course we have pursued to the present or bear to
the left, and, by following the cowpaths cross the stream. He who
hesitates is lost! We have no doubt now that we should have followed
our own path and come out on the slopes above the larches on the side
of the stream by which we had ascended, but we took the cowpaths, and
after following the course of the stream some time, crossed the latter,
higher up than by the recognised paths. The marmot screamed its shrilly
welcome from the rocky slopes leading up to the rugged peak above us,
and the clouds began to gather on the mountains. Soon the sun went in
and we had to wait for the gleams of sunshine to show us what insects
were there. In these short periods we soon learned that on these steep
short pastures, now well above the topmost larches, the highest alpine
fauna had come. Setina aurita fluttered actively as soon as the sun
showed itself, and the slight hollows were soon filled with Psodos
trepidaria. The little grey Pyralid—Hercyna alpestralis—buzzed quickly,
dropping like a stone as the clouds covered the sun again. ‘The
absence of the sun was soon felt; insensibly, we pulled our coats
around us and trudged on. A moment’s break, the sun peeped out
on the steep and treacherous skrees, and Hrebia gorge was fluttering
everywhere; we step on the skrees, and away goes a large black
butterfly, Hrebia glacialis, and then another, and another. Evidently
we had hit an excellent place for these species but the sun was covered
by another bank of clouds, and the butterflies disappeared as if by
magic. We climbed on and at last reached the first cairn. It was
now 1.80 p.m., and we had been six and a half hours on our journey.
Selecting a point of vantage, we swept the horizon. Faraway to the east
the snow-clad peaks of the Dauphiné Alps—Les Ecrins, La Meije,
and other old friends. Directly south the huge Monte Viso and all
its attendant peaks, to the north other old friends—the peaks round
the Mont Genéyre pass and Briangon—and to the south-west the
peaks of the Embrunnais, whilst almost at our feet, some 3,000 feet
below lay the Guil, and the villages of the upper valley between
Abriés and the Italian frontier. But the highest peaks are more or
less buried in cloud, continuously changing, and opening up ever and
anon vignettes of beauty in a new direction. A sharp ridge separates
the basin of the stream that we have ascended from that that falls on
the other side. We step over the ridge and immediately come upon
an abundance of edelweiss that is growing everywhere. This limita-
tion of its distribution struck us as being very peculiar, for not a plant
was to be found anywhere on that side by which we had ascended, whilst
on the opposite (southern) slope, within five yards of the crest, it was
in profusion. We rested for a time, and then commenced the descent
for it was clear that the sun would shine no more on these higher
pastures until the late afternoon, although it was brilliant enough
in the valley. We picked up several odd things on our way
down, but we made no zig-zags and went straight down the slopes,
walking, slipping and sliding in a most delightful manner. Soon we

262 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S REOORD.

left the frigid zone and entered the temperate, the temperate soon

became subtropical, and by 3.80 p.m., when the hotel was won, and

the sun poured its hot streams on the glaring road, we were glad to

rest and lunch, and count up the treasures of a most enjoyable day.
(To be concluded.)

GFOLEOPTERA.

Coleoptera of the Rochester District.*
By H. Sr. J. K. DONISTHORPH, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

We have now in our hands Mr. Walker’s complete list of the
Coleoptera of the Rochester district, which has been published in
Vol. ii. of The Rochester Naturalist. We do not hesitate to say that
this list, which comprises the large number of 1615 species, is one of
the best local lists of Coleoptera that has ever been published. Not
only is the material it contains of a very satisfactory character, but
the notes on the habits of species, dates, and methods of capture, are
just what renders such a list of value, not only to the local collector,
but to every coleopterist who takes an intelligent interest in the fauna
of his country. It is also noteworthy that nearly the whole of the
1615 species have been captured by the energetic compiler, a fact,
however, which is not surprising to those who haye experienced the
pleasure of collecting with Mr. Walker and know his untiring per-
severance in the field. It is perhaps worth while to call attention to
some of the 120 specially rare species which are marked with a double
asterisk *** a number which only includes a small proportion of the
rarities in the list :—Drypta dentata, Rossi.—‘ Four examples of this
rare and beautiful insect were taken in moss at Chattenden in March
and April, 1874.’’ Conosoma bipunctatum, Gray.—‘‘In very rotten
damp beech-wood, Cobham Park, May, 1875.” Quedius longicornis,
Kraatz.—‘‘ One example of this exceedingly rare species was found by
me at Cobham Park, under a small logalmost buried in dead leaves,
February 18th, 1899.” mus hirtus, Linn.—‘‘ A single example of
this very rare and conspicuous beetle, the finest of our native
Staphylinidae, was taken by Mr. W. Chaney, in 1869, running on the
pathway at Darland Hill.” Philonthus fuscus, Gray.—‘‘I took a single
example of this exceedingly rare species in Cobham Park, under a
flake of hornbeam bark, August 18th, 1889.” Trichonyx sulcicollis,
Reich.—‘‘ One example of this fine and rare species was taken by me
at Cobham Park, by sweeping, July 29th, 1889. Pediacus der-
mestoides, Fab.—‘‘ Under oak bark and in chinks in newly-cut oak
wood, Cobham Park, rare.’ Mycetophagus quadriguttatus, Mull.—
‘‘ In decayed ash tree near the Mausoleum, Cobham Park, rare, June,
1894; also in cut grass, June, 1898.” Heptaulacus villosus, Gyll._—
«This very rare insect was taken by Dr. D. Sharp, and myself,
in the utmost profusion by sweeping in a very limited grassy spot on
the south side of Cobham Park, on June 20th, 1889. It has since
been found in the same place, in 1896 and 1897, but very sparingly.”
Prionocyphon serricornis, Mull.‘ One specimen of this rare insect
was taken by me on July 19th, 1897, at Cobham Park, in very rotten
wood-mould in the stump of a large ash tree.’ Grammoptera analis,

* «The Coleoptera of the Rochester District.” Rochester Naturalist, vol. 2.
Published by the Rochester Naturalists’ Club, Mathematical School, Rochester.

PRACTICAL HINTS. 268

Panz.—“ By beating elm at Chattenden; one example, May 28th,
1898.” This longicorne is almost confined to the New Forest.
Bruchus canus, Germ.—‘‘ On sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa), Halling
Downs, scarce.” Cassida fastuosa, Schall.—‘‘ A few specimens of
this rare and beautiful insect have been taken in a very restricted
space at Chattenden Roughs in moss, in early spring, 1874 and 1897 ;
also one example by sweeping ragwort in the same spot, August,
1872.” Procus armillatus, Fab.—‘ A single specimen of this fine and
extremely rare weevil was taken by me in a dry tuft of grass on
Darland Hill, March 11th, 1897.” The few preceding extracts will
serve to show what very fine species the list contains, as also the
method employed in dealing with them. [very coleopterist who has
not yet got this list should endeavour to do so as soon as possible.

MyrMEDONIA COLLARIS, Payk., witH Myrmica LAEVINODIS aT WICKEN.
—Whilst searching for beetles with Messrs. Bouskell and Chitty last
month, under piled bundles of cut sedge in Wicken Fen, the latter
found a single specimen of Myrmedonia collaris. As further search
under those and other bundles near drew blank, I moved on to try and
find a more suitable place and came across two small heaps of loose
cut hay which I found to be full of Myrmica laevinodis. 1 concluded
that here, if anywhere, we should be successful. In this I was right,
as we were all three able to get a nice series of the beetle out of them.
I would note that where the ants were most abundant I found the
most Myrmedonia, and there also occurred in some numbers what I
consider was without doubt the larva of the Myrmedonia. Myrmedonia
collaris is generally considered not to be a true myrmecophilous beetle,
Fowler says (Col. Brit. Isles, vol. il., p. 56), ‘‘it does not, however,
appear at all certain that this and the preceding are necessarily
associated with ants,” and Wasmann (Myr. wu. Ver. Art., 1894, p. 74),
‘Tt is not to be considered a regular myrmecophilous insect.’’ I
consider this record goes far to support its claim to be a true ant
guest, especially on account of the presence of the larve. It is often
recorded singly, or a few specimens at a time, in damp places, etc.,
(see Fowler loc. cit. and Bedwell, Morley’s Suffolk List, p. 23) but I
think that if search were made for the host near the spot as I did, that
it is probable greater numbers would be taken, as in our case.—Horace
Donistuorre, F.Z.8., F.E.S., 58, Kensington Mansions, South
Kensington, S.W.

Emus uirtus iy ALnperney.—Mr. KE. D. Marquand captured a fine
specimen of this rare beetle at the Blaye on July 9th, it looked like a
wasp on the wing and was flying to a small heap of cow-dung, This
is the first record of its capture in the Channel Islands—W. A.
Lurr, Guernsey. September 5th, 1900.

BMRACTICAL HINTS.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
Field Work for October.

1.—In October, the larve of Coleophora salinella should be
collected from Suaeda maritima growing on the coast salterns.

2.—By collecting the seed-heads of wild marjoram in November, and
keeping them exposed to the weather during the winter, I bred a fine
series of Gelechia subocellella the following year (Elisha).

264 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S REOORD.

3.—A small trowel is, on the whole, the best implement to use for
pupa-digeging, a pupa-digger haying the disadvantage of maiming
most of the pupe it happens to touch, though it is most useful in pulling
away the grass round trees. A bark-ripper is objectionable, on the
eround of the havoc it makes with trees, yet it can be used to
advantage for picking off small pieces of bark (Hunter).

4,.—The larva of Uropterya sambucata hybernates well either in the
open air or under cover, in a shed or outhouse ; if in the open air a
strong muslin bag tied toa branch of Prunus spinosa, in a sheltered
position, forms a good winter cage, if under cover twigs should be
placed in a bottle of water and the larve secured by a muslin bag tied
round the neck of the bottle, the larve should be supplied with fresh
food so long as a vestige of green leaves is obtainable (Grapes).

5.—The larve of Plusia chrysitis may be wintered on Lamium
album planted in a large-size flower-pot secured by muslin tied round
the rim and to a central support. On the approach of winter the
larve cease to feed, secrete themselves in the folds of the fallen leaves
where they remain throughout the winter; they reeommence feeding
very early in the spring (Grapes).

6.—The larve of Aplecta nebulosa should be hybernated on Rumem
planted in a circular wooden vessel a foot or two in diameter, and
covered with muslin tied tentwise to a central support (Grapes).

7.—The larve of Cerigo matura should be wintered on Poa, or
coarse grasses, growing in a garden seed-pan filled with mould and
protected by a muslin cover. It is advisable to examine the receptacle
for predatory insects occasionally (Grapes).

8.—During the winter, larve of Kphippiphora foeneana and
Dichrorampha simpliciana were obtained in the roots of Artemisia
vulgaris and larvee of Coleophora murinipennella on seeds of Luzula
pilosa at West Heath, Hampstead (Elisha).

9.—During the autumn months the stems of Impatiens noli-me-
tangere should be collected for the larvee of Penthina postremana which
emerge the following May (Hodgkinson).

By J. A. BUTTERFIELD, B.Sc.

10.—Collect diseased hips from wild rose. ‘The larve of Stigmonota
roseticolana emerge from them from the middle of September to the
middle of October; place in the jar with the hips a few moderate-
sized pieces of rotten wood, and cover well so as to prevent larvee from
escaping. When all have buried themselves in the rotten wood, place
out-of-doors during the winter, bringing them in again in May. The
imagines should be reared in plenty in June.

11.—In October dig up whole plants of ragwort where they are
known to contain larve; plant in shallow boxes, a dozen or two in
each box, and place in garden through the winter; if brought indoors
in June Ephippiphora trigeminana, Hupoecilia atricapitana, &c., will be
bred.

12.—Cut off shoots of mugwort six or eight inches from the ground
and plant them in seedling boxes, two or three dozen in each; place
in garden through the winter and bring indoors in June when
Ephippiphora foeneella, Dichrorampha simpliciana, &c., will be bred in
July.

13.—Roots of wild carrot, yarrow, thistles, &c., yield very good

CURRENT NOTES. 965

results in the same way, and they are all plants that defy extermina-
tion.

14,.—Collect fallen and diseased acorns; place in a shallow box
containing leaf mould and dead leaves. Stand out of doors during
the winter until June, Carpocapsa splendana will be bred in plenty.

15.—Beech mast collected and treated in the same way (as in 14)
will yield Carpocapsa grossana.

16.—Collect heads of teazle in October (in the better cultivated
parts of the country they are destroyed before spring); tie in bundles
and suspend out-of-doors during the winter; put im a band-box in
June, Hupoecilia roseana and Penthina gentiana will be bred.

17.—Collect upper two-thirds of stems of wild parsnip, and treat in
came way (as in 16) for Conchylis dilucidana. Take care that the
stems are placed out of the reach of earwigs.

18.—Collect flowering heads of yarrow, and keep in bags (made of
the material in which Australian mutton is imported); they will
produce Conchylis smeathmanniana (I have also bred in this way a
species of Hupoecilia that I am not quite satisfied about).

19.—Golden-rod, aster, tripolium, Anthemis, &c., collected and tied
up in similar bags, and treated similarly give good results.

N.B.—Some dozens of similar ‘‘ Practical hints”’ will be found in

the preceding volumes of this magazine.

GFURRENT NOTES.

In the Ent. Mo. Mag. for September Mr. Champion records the
capture in some numbers, under pine bark and fallen needles, near
Woking, of Anchomenus quadripunctatus, De. G. This is practically an
addition to our list, as it formerly rested on the authority of a single
specimen, and has been left out of our latest catalogues.

Mr. Perkins records (Hnt. Mo. Mag., August) a series of Odynerus
tomentosus as being in the Walcott collection of the University
Museum at Cambridge, and as the collection is supposed to be entirely
British, he adds the species to our list. The species is at once distin-
guished from any other of our known species by the g having the
antenne formed as in the subgenus Ancistrocerus, but in neither sex
is there a raised transverse line between the two faces of the basal
abdominal segment; there are four abdominal bands in either sex,
the basal one not dilated at the sides; immediately beneath the post-
scutellum the propodeum has on either side a short tooth or projection.

After considerable hesitation, Mr. J. W. Tutt consented to edit the
“Proceedings of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies ”
for 1900, and the volume has just been issued under the title of The
South-Eastern Naturalist. It is a demy 8yo. volume of above 100
pages, and will have considerable interest to entomologists not only on
account of the two valuable papers read by Mr. Merrifield, F.E.8.
(one of the vice-presidents of the Union), at the Congress and herein
published, but also on account of the full report of the discussion on
these papers included. The whole of the papers are by first-class
scientific men, and comprise: ‘The structure of the lower green-

* To be obtained of Dr. G. Abbott, 33, Upper Grosvenor Road, Tunbridge
Wells, Kent. Price 2s.

266 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

sand in the neighbourhood of Folkestone,” by H. C. Sorby, LL.D.,
F.R.S.; “On instincts which in some insects produce results corre-
sponding with the moral sense in man,” by F. Merrifield, F.E.S. ;
“The colour of pupe in relation to their surroundings,” by F.
Merrifield, F.E.S.; ‘Dust: its living and dead constituents,”
by H. Gabbett, M.D.; ‘Science at the end of the eighteenth
century,’ by A. W. Brackett; ‘‘The skin of liquids,” by C. H.
Draper, D.Sc., B.A.; ‘*The Raised Beaches of Brighton and their
microscopical contents,’ by IF’. Chapman, A.L.§8., F.R.M.S8.; ‘‘ The
protection of wild birds in the south-eastern counties,’ by J. H.
Allchin. The important paper contained in the volume, however, is the
Presidential Address by Professor G. B. Howes, LL.D., F.R.S., &c.,
the Secretary of the Linnean Society. Well thought-out papers on
the general and broad principles underlying the study of natural
history, of the weight, accuracy, and undoubted ability exhibited in this,
are rarely met with in the lesser publications, and every entomologist
who is a naturalist in the wider sense should certainly read it. We
recommend this publication particularly to our wealthy provincial
naturalists as being entirely worthy of their generous support.

Mr. King records (Ent. Mo. Mag., August) the capture of Somatoch-
lora metallica 11 some numbers at Loch-en-Ang and other lochs in
Strathglass. It first appeared on June 16th (1899), but was much
more abundant in July and August.

Lord Walsingham gives (Ent. Mo. May., August) a review of the
Tineid genus Meessia. He determines the Dorset species (that has
been for some time standing in British collections) as not being
identical with the Meessia vinculella, H.-Sch., of the continent, and names
the British species Meessia richardsont. At the same time, he asserts
that the true Meessia vineulella, H.-Sch., does occur in Britain, there
being a good specimen in the collection of Mr. Bankes, which was also
taken in Dorsetshire.

Mr. Eaton adds (Ent. Mo. Mag., August) the little black Trichop-
teron, Beraea articularis, Pict., to the British lst, from specimens
captured on Haven Cliff, near the mouth of the Axe, on a wet grass
slope moistened by a dribbling spring. Wallengren placed the species
in the genus Hrnodes created for it, and Mclachlan thinks that the
genus should stand.

We are pleased to inform our readers that Lord Walsingham has
acquired the Micro-Lepidoptera of the late Dr. O. Hofmann, so that
the collections of Frey, Stainton, Zeller, Hofmann, &c., are all now
available for scientific entomological students. As these will ultimately
go to the national collection and become public property and so be
available for future reference so long as the collections exist, entom-
ologists generally owe Lord Walsingham a deep debt of gratitude for
his action.

Mr. Saunders notes (nt. Mo. May.) the capture by himself and Mr.
Morice of Nomadaatrata(brevicornis)on August 4thand 13that West Clan-
don, and near Chobham, on Scabiosa arvensis and S. succisa. This species
was erroneously sunk by F. Smith asa variety of N. germanica (= ferru-
ginata), and so has to be reinstated in the British list. The same
entomologist adds Pompilus sanguinolentus to the British list, a 9 of
this species having been taken by Dr. Sharp between Holiday Hill and
Emery Down, in the New Forest, on July 18th last.

LIFE-HISTORIES. 267

Mr. Marshall states (Ht. Mo. Mag.) that the damage recorded by
Barrett as being done to fruit in Natal, and described ante., p. 198, is
not done by the moths at all, the offender being a Trypetid, the moths
only being attracted by the exuding juice.

Lord Walsingham alters (Hnt. Mo. May.) the specific name of
Phalonia erigerana to Phalonia sabulicola owing to the similarity of
erigerana to erigeronana, the latter a Conchylis named by Riley in 1887.

Mr. W. C. Boyd observes (Ent. Mo. Mag.) that a 4 per cent.
solution of formalin is perfectly satisfactory in preserving female
Psychids, the shape, size, and colour being exceedingly well retained.

Whilst we were at Chambery we looked up the collections which the
Société Histoire Naturelle de la Savoie keeps, and which the members
kindly throw open to the public. The society, founded in 1844, is,
we believe, largely aided by the local authorities, those of Chambery,
we were informed, granting 1,000 francs and those of Aix-les-Bains
200 francs annually. We had expected to find a collection of
Lepidoptera of a very high order, as it is well-known that several
eminent entomologists aided many years ago in its formation, but the
careless exposure of the specimens in cases on walls in the full glare of
the light has ruined what was evidently, a half century ago, a truly
good representative collection of the lepidoptera of the district, and
one finds now nothing but bleached specimens—Pericallia syringaria,
Ennomos autumnaria, Boarmia roboraria, in fact, all the Geometrids,
as well as Arctiids and Noctuids, are white as silver. The butterflies,
too, are often wrongly named. WMrebia goante is placed as LI’. gorge, a
male Satyrus cordula pairs off with S. dryas under the name of bryce,
and soon. One always wishes when one goes into a district for the
first time that a good local collection may be available for reference.
This rarely is so, but when there has been, and it has been allowed
to go to ruin, one is more than disappointed.

WLOTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARVA, &c.

Larva or LITHOSIA GRISEOLA AB. STRAMINEOLA.—On October 2nd,
1898, I made the following note of some still-feeding larve of L.
griseola ab. stramineola.a—About 4' long; head, black and shining ;
short dark-brown bristles on each segment; colour blackish with
reddish markings between the segments and on either side of the black
dorsal line, so that the body presents a sort of mottled black and red
appearance ; a distinct red blotch on pro- and mesothorax and another
on the anal segment; the dorsttm is almost without hairs, the latter
appear to spring from the lateral tubercles; the lateral line blackish
with very faint indications of paler markings; the ventral surface
light brownish-black.—H. M. Eprtsren, F.E.S., Forty Hill, Enfield.

Larva or CaLLicENIA MiniATA.—On October 2nd, 1898, I made the
following note of some hybernating larvee of Calligenta miniata :—
Length about 6:°25mm. Head shining, yellow; body covered with
long dark fawn-coloured hair tussocks, placed on each segment, hairs
about 1*5mm. in length, the thorax covered with bristles; the body
yellowish in colour, the ventral surface paler than the dorsum and
lateral parts of body. The hybernating larva rests under pieces of
bark, &c., lying on the surface of the sand, which leads one to suspect
that it may be a ground-feeder in nature.—Ibip,

268 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD.

EiGG-LAYING AND FOOD-PLANTS OF MacroruyLacia RuBI.—The eggs of
M. rubi are, in this district, ordinarily laid in a more or less cylindrical
eroup round a stout grass stem, generally a few inches from the base, and
June rarely passes without my noticing afew such clusters. On these
chalkhills the larva prefers the lesser burnet as a food-plant, refusing
bramble for it, but locality appears largely to modify its habits, for in
September, 1897, the larvee were abundant at the tops of the tall Devon-
shire hedges near Dartmouth, where I repeatedly saw them select hazel
as a food-plant. I also found them feeding at large near Wiesbaden
on bramble and dwarf sallow.—R. M. Prinzavux, 103, Reigate Hill,
Reigate. June 29th, 1900.

Eiee-Layine or MacroGossa STELLATARUM.—From July 10th to July
20th, this species was abundant on the south Devon coast where I
repeatedly had the opportunity of watching it egg-laying on Galiun
mollugo while hovering on the wing. The insect selects the top of a
flowering spray as a rule, carefully examining it before depositing an
ege. Rejected sprays, on being subsequently searched, were found to
have been previously bespoken for the purpose. I have never found
two eggs of this species laid on the same panicle of the plant, though
ova of Anticlea rubidata, and probably those of the genus Melanippe,
were commonly found near those of M. stellatarwn. The green
globular ege of the latter, though large, is not a very conspicuous
object amongst the masses of round buds of the Galiwm, on which it
is deposited usually ; but I have occasionally found it laid on one of
the upper whorls of leaves. The egg period lasted only seven days ;
the newly-hatched larva hangs by a thread when disturbed.—R. M.
Pripeaux, Reigate, Surrey. July 24th, 1900.

Foop-PLANTS AND MODE OF FEEDING OF LARV® OF CALLOPHRYS
RuBI.—On June 11th, last year, when examining twigs of Rhamnus
catharticus, 2 few Lycenid ova were detected, usually, but not
invariably, deposited at the base of the calyx. These were hastily
assumed to be those of Cyaniris argiolus, Rhamnus being a recorded
food-plant of the latter species, and the initial mistake was well
supported by the method of feeding of the young larve, which cleared
out the contents of the immature berries of the buckthorn by means
of holes drilled in the sides, precisely in the manner of C. argtolus
when feeding on ivy. Subsequently the larvee revealed themselves as
being those of Callophrys rubi, taking as readily to the berries of
Cornus sanguinea, when a change of locality rendered the buckthorn
unprocurable. I have frequently reared this species on Leguminoseae
such as clover and Lotus, under which conditions they fed from first
to last entirely on the flowers. An examination of the same buck-
thorn bush, this year, has again revealed the presence of C. rubé ova,
so it seems to be a food-plant regularly selected by the parent insect.—
R. M. Pripeavux, Reigate, Surrey. August 14th, 1900.

MopkE OF EGG-LAYING OF CYANIRIS ARGIOLUS, WITH A NOTE ON THE
MODE OF FEEDING OF THE LARVA.—Ova and larve of this species were
commonly found on immature ivy-umbels, during August of last year,
the succeeding butterflies being unusually abundant this spring in
the Reigate and Dorking district, the first recorded specimen being
seen at the latter place on April 2ist. Many of the eggs found last
summer developed minute parasites, and two pupx out of about two
dozen, kept during the winter, produced the Listrodromus mentioned

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 269

by Mr. Morley (Ent. [ec., ante., p. 186). Eges of the species were
found here, and in south Devon, laid upon holly twigs on which they
are deposited far more indiscriminately than those of the second brood
on the ivy-umbels, the base of the calyx being chosen, however, in
most cases. ‘The older larve, it was found, were just as well content
to eat the young leaves at the top of the holly-spray, as to mine out
the contents of the green berries, but, in my experience, the leaves of
the ivy are never touched, either in captivity or at large, by the larve
of C. aryiolus. The butterflies of the second brood are again (Aug 14th)
very common hereabouts.—Ipip.

WOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Lepipoptera At SELBY AND Bricuton.—Up to date (June 5th),
everything has been very late and I have done little collecting. I have
seldom seen Teniocampids so scarce as they were this spring, and here
Thad but one night, not a favourable one, and only got two dark
Taeniocampa opima. The nights have been so persistently cold that
searching and sweeping for larve have been really disappointing work.
Agrotis ayathina are very backward, and I have had hard work to fulfil
promises to some of my friends. On May 8th I went for ten days’
holiday to Brighton, intending to work some of my old Sussex
localities. However, the weather effectually stopped that, as it was
bitterly cold with a fierce north-east wind and leaden sky the whole
time, and beyond getting a few larve of Sesia asiliformis from oak
stumps, I did literally nothing. Since my return I have been
diligently searching for our dark form of Cuspidia menyanthidis,
but at present have only taken three, and a few HMupithecia
indigata. On Saturday I spent a long day at Bishop’s Wood with
Messrs. Porritt and Tunstall. Here again we found everything very
backward—Lomaspilis marginata and Acidalia remutata were only just
out, and neither Cidaria silaceata nor Melanthia albicillata were to be
seen. larye were scarce and small, and we failed to get either
Taentocampa populeti or Tethea subtusa, indeed, I never saw the wood so
destitute of insect life at this time of the year. Adela viridella was the
only species really abundant. Larvee of Cleoceris viminalis were fairly
plentiful in shoots of sallow, but many of these were still quite small.
—(Rerv.) C. D. Asu, B.A., Skipwith Vicarage, Selby. June 5th, 1900..

Leprpoptera at Market Drayton anp tn NortH Waes.—
Following up my notes (ante., p. 188) there appears at present to be
every prospect of an abundant season, though insects are very late,
some remarkably so, while a few only have been up-to-date. Taenio-
campa gothica in a fresh state on May 23rd, Anticlea badiata on May
30th, and Calocampa exoleta on June 5th, are very unusual as far as
my experience goes. Nola cristulalis (confusalis) was fairly numerous
on oak-trees on May 23rd-24th, and five Macaria notata showed
themselves. On June 1st [ went into North Wales. A visit to the
Anthrocera minos colony on the 2nd produced no result, and another
visit on the 8th only produced two specimens, but a third visit on the
13th showed them in large numbers. The weather was very disap-
pointing, cold on the whole and frequently very windy. Sesia
philanthiformis (muscifornis) was not flying during the first week,
but I found a considerable number of pupe by examining the

270 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

dead thrift plants. As far as I could see healthy living plants
were quite untouched. The simplest way of amassing a quantity of
pupe is to pull up the dead thrift, and if traces are seen, 7.e., with a
burrow in the stem, to put the whole piece into a bag without further
examination. As the stuff is very light, a large bagful can be carried
without difficulty. This insect likes bare rocks and not grassy slopes,
and it prefers an almost perpendicular cliff. It only moves in bright
sunshine, and it is of no use to try to take it, if there be any wind.
On a still day it is very hard to see, and follow with the eye, as it flies
very quickly and is in colour and size like a gnat. I saw either the
insect itself, or traces of its presence wherever the thrift was growing
on the rocks. Sugaring up to the 9th on the sandhills produced only
two Mamestra albicolon, one or two Heliothis marginatus and Leucania
littoralis, with plenty of Hadena dentina, and on June 5th a Calo-
campa exoleta, which, being supplied with cotton wool, laid during the
night a large batch of ova and then died. The ova were white but in
two days became brown, and the larvee emerged on the 19th. Some
of them are now feeding on groundsel and sow-thistle. During the
next week Agrotis ripae came, but not in large numbers. The whole
week only produced about twenty-five. Unlike its congeners—
Peridroma saucia, P. suffusa, and others—it does not come freely to
sugar in a wind, and when at all rough always comes to the sugar on
the lee side of a post, and generally low down, but I found it came
more freely to reed-heads sugared and stuck into the sand just above
high water mark, below the line of vegetation, in the least windy spots.
This species comes to sugar all through the night if not too windy,
and on one occasion I took four and saw two others between 1.30 a.m.
and 2.0 a.m. On other nights I obtained odd ones, several times,
between midnight and 1 a.m. Mamestra albicolon, Leucania littoralis and
Heliothis marginatus later appeared in larger numbers, especially the
first. ‘Two or three Hecatera serena appeared after the 16th. Red and
white campion, and sea-campion flowers attracted Choerocampa porcellus
in some numbers, and about thirty were bagged, Dianthoecia conspersa
and Plusia festucae also came, but dusk work was on the whole disap-
pointing. In one spot Hupithecia venosata of an unusually large size
was common. On two or three evenings I visited the spot where I
had taken Dianthoecia var. barrettii, but saw no sign of it, and
altogether I took less than a dozen D. conspersa. The flowers seemed
to be not nearly so attractive to Diantheecias this year as last, and I
think the want of heat prevented the flowers fully developing their
scent. Ihave noticed in some very hot seasons the flowers of Aira
caespitosa covered with insects, whilst in some other years not an
insect seems to be attracted. One or perhaps two D. conspersa, and
one Choerocampa porcellus per evening were not very encouraging after
former experiences. This only refers to the sea-campion on the rocks.
In the meadows the red campion seemed very attractive, but chiefly to
Choerocampa porcellus, Plusia festucae and Dianthoecia capsincola.
During the first week of my visit, as there were very few other insects,
I caught and examined large numbers of Polyommatus icarus which
were swarming on the sandhills. I found no noteworthy variation in
any male specimen, but a few of the females were remarkable,
especially one which had both primaries and secondaries entirely bright
blue, excepting a slender black band on the hind margin of the

NOTES ON CCLLECTING. 971

primaries and the row of spots on the secondaries. On the 18th I took
a specimen of Brenthis selene, in which the black marks of the
primaries were almost obliterated, making it conspicuous even on the
wing.—F’, C. Wooprorpe, Market Dray ton. June 23rd, 1900.
Leprpoprera at Reapinc.—I was collecting beech leaves last week
when I found a fertile 9 Stawropus fagi that laid well, so I packed her
off direct with the eges to Mr. Bacot for description. It is a most
unusual time to take wild females of this species in this neighbourhood.
The time for the second brood is in October and November, and we
never find any of the first brood after early June. This evening I
have again arrived home with a full bag—Dryas paphia, Argynnis
adippe, A. aglaia, Limenitis sibylla, &c., in large numbers and in first
rate condition, but I only saw four examples of the second brood of
Leucophasia sinapis, and Tam afraid that this insect is being worked
out. I captured the var. valesina among the D. paphia; itis rare in
this district. I veally started this morning for wild bees but the heat
was so great in the sandpits that I could not continue working for
them.—W. Barnes, 7, New Road, Reading. July 24th, 1900.
Leprpoprera in THE Norrotx Broaps.—A visit to the Broads in
June after Senta ulvae was more or less a failure, only few specimens
being taken by the three of us after a week’s hard work ; one of these
was the ab. bipunctata. The weather was about as bad as it could be,
and things would not come to light, though we had two big lamps and
a moth trap, which was nearly burnt up owing to the oil in the lamps
catching fire, so we hurled in all the wet stuff we could grab, and put
it out at last. Phibalapteryx Uignata was the most plentiful insect we
saw; Leucania flammea was scarce and in bad condition, whilst amongst
others caught at the light were Spilosoma urticae, Arsilonche albovenosa
(including a ? which laid well), Hydvelia unca, Nylophasia rurea, Noctua
plecta, Apamea unanimis, Lobophora sevalata, Collia sparsata, Hupithecia
valerianata, Acidalia inmutata and a good many micros, which I have
not yet named. Larve of Calamia phragmitidis were swarming, and
we collected some from which I have bred a long series, one or two
quite pink. Papilio machaon was on the wing, and we found some ova and
afew very young larve. A fine Sesta formiciformis and a pupa of
Plusia festucae were also bagged, whilst larvae of Cosmotriche potatoria
were in swarms, and those of Taentocampa gracilis abundant. A second
visit in July was exactly the opposite as regards insects. They simply
swarmed, and it was as much as three could do to box them’ off two
lamps. Leucania brevilinea was in grand condition, also Calamia
phraqmitidis, and Lithosia muscerda was plentiful, but getting a bit worn.
LL. griseola and var. stramineola were plentiful, L. complanula (a few),
whilst Cosmotriche potatoria was in such abundance as to be a positive
nuisance at the lamps. We also took Notodonta ziezac, Noctua bata,
Toxocampa pastinum, Leucania straminea (worn), L. impura, Coenobia
rufa (im great numbers), Hydrelia unca (very plentiful), P. lignata
(second brood), Geometra papilionaria, Epione apiciaria (with one nice
aberration), and Acidalia emarginata, whilst Nudaria senea was scarce,
with Strenia clathrata, Coremia unidentata, Acidalia immutata, A. bisetata,
Chilo phraymitellus, C. yigantellus, and many more. We gota nice lot
of pupe of Nonagria cannae, and larve of Papilio machaon were very
common,and occurred everywhere, whilst those of Arsilonche albovenosa
were also obtained, only a few larvee of Halias chlorana were to be found

972 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

on the sallows, as also those of Saturnia carpint and Notodonta ziczac.
Imagines of iE ghaystialns microdactylus and Orthotelia sparganella were
captured. It was noticed that Spilosoma menthastri came regularly to
light about 11.80 p.m., and once also a S. witicae. The pupa of P.
festucae, obtained on our first visit, now produced an imago. Taken
on the whole it was a very successful visit, and we returned well
satisfied.—H. M. Eneusten, F.E.S., Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex.
August 28th, 1900.

LeprpopTera in JuLy anp Aueust.—During July larvee were exceed-
ingly abundant at Chingford and Tottenham, especially Porthesia similis,
Leucoma salicis and Malacosoma neustria. A nice series of Dicycla oo
was bred from larve beaten from an oak at Chingford, whilst Zephyrus
betulae was very common in Epping Forest this season (one collector
took over 80 larvee by beating in three visits). From August 11th to
August 27th I was at Folkestone. One of the most noteworthy
insects that has appeared there this season is Papilio machaon, of which
I saw two specimens, and Austin had caught one. My other captures
among the Rhopalocera w ryx rhamnt, Melanargia galathea,
Pieris rapae, P. napi, P. brassicae, Colias edusa, C. var. helice, C.
hyale, Argyninis aglaia (worn), Aglais urticae, Wana to and Pyrameis
atalanta were common, the larye of the latter almost everywhere ;
P. cardui also was abundant, it is some years since I saw it as
abundant at Folkestone as it was this year. Hpinephele tithonus
(worn), J’. jantra (one with almost white hindwings), Mnodia hyper-
anthus (worn), Pavrarge megaera, Hipparchia semele, Thymelicus
thawnas, Pamphila sylvanus, P. comma, Polyommatus tcarus, C. minima
(second brood), Cyantris argiolus (second brood), Polyommatus bellargus
(second brood), P. astrarche (second brood), one an aberration with
the underside white with suffused black dots, Plebeius aegon (three
worn, at Dover), Polyommatus corydon, several underside aberrations,
one orange female aberration, one blue female, one female with spotless
underside, and Chrysophanus phlaeas. Noctuids were plentiful at dusk,
and the number of species too numerous to mention in detail. Larvee of
Macroglossa stellatarum were abundant on the yellow bedstraw, and the
larvee of Choerocampa porcellus were fairly common on the cliffs and
readily found with a lantern at dusk as they crawled up the bedstraw to
feed on the top shoots; of some three dozen larvee captured, five only were
of the green form. Larvee of Sphinw Uigustri have been rare this year; I
took tw 0 larvee of Acherontia atropos in a potato field facing the cliffs, but
although I searched the whole tield I obtained no more. On August
11th, 12th and 18th I observed that Plusia gamma was in countless
numbers on every flower, a sight never to be forgotten. They swarmed
at dusk round privet blossom, in the Marine gardens, where they
fought furiously to get at the bloom. By the end of the week they had
almost entirely disappeared and only a few stragglers were observed
during the rest of my holiday. —C. P. Picxert, The Ravenscrofts,
Columbia Road, Hackney Road, London, N.E. September 3rd, 1900.

PARTIAL DOUBLE-BROODEDNESS oF ANGERONA pRUNARIA.—'o-day, I
found a female A. prunaria that had emerged in a breeding-cage. It
was from a larva that had fed up rapidly during the summer, some 150
larvee of the same brood being at the time of its emergence in the same
cage, just preparing to hybernate.—Ism.

AUTUMNAL LEPIDOPTERA AT Marker Drayron.—Sugar has been

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 273

useless here since August 18th, but light was good from August 24th
to September 1st, including Luperina cespitis (numerous), Trichiura
crataegt (three), and Hpione apiciaria—all of which are usually rarities
with us. About a dozen Colias edusa have been taken or seen in the
district, I took a perfect male to-day (September 12th), I have also
had fourteen larvee of Acherontia atropos brought to me, the first of
which pupated on August 7th, the last on September 14th.—F. C.
Wooprorpe, Market Drayton, Salop. September 12th, 1900.

KUVANESSA ANTIOPA AT CHELMSFoRD.—Il have to record the capture
of a nice $ specimen of Huvanessa antiopa, with a white border, by my
father, on September 7th last. It was first noticed by an employé of
my father’s about a week before the date of capture. Nothing more
was seen of it until September 7th, when my brother called my atten-
tion to it as it was alighting on a hedge, by the side of which were
some ripe melons that had been cut and thrown there, and the strong
scent from them most probably attracted the insect. While going for
the net the butterfly rose, and flew off, but after some little chasing it
was eventually captured from a pear tree by my father, about 1.20 p.m.
Can your readers tell me whether /. antiopa has been recorded from here
before ?—EnizasetuH Miturer, The Croft, Rainsford Road, Chelmsford.
September 10th, 1900. [Specimens are recorded (Ent. Mo. Mag.) as
being captured this year on August 30th at Lowestoft (Smith), on August
19th at Huntingdon (Beauford), on August 25th at Newlands, Sussex
(Brown) ; in The Entom.—two examples, in week preceding September
7th, at Lindfield (Houghton), August 18th at Herne (Single), September
5th at Yattendon, Berks. (Gull), August 30th at Streatley (Day), August
81st at Hornchurch (Thompson), September 12th in the New Forest
(Smallpiece), September 11th at Bexley (Andrews).—Ep. |

Papitio MAcHAON IN GurERNsEY.—I have the pleasure to record the
capture of a fine @ specimen of Papilio machaon for the first time, to
my knowledge, in Guernsey. Dr. Bishop saw one on Delancey Hill on
August 21st, he had no net with him, but fortunately was able to
secure it under a straw hat. It was given to the Rev. F. K. Lowe,
who very kindly presented it to me for my Guernsey collection. <A
specimen was seen by Rey. F. E. Lowe at Icart Point on August 13th,
and Mr. R. V. Sherring, F'.L.5., saw two specimens on August 17th.
Other specimens have been reported as seen in various parts of the
island.—W. A. Lurr, Mount Pleasant, Burnt Lane, Guernsey.
September 5th, 1900.

LampipES BorticaA IN GuEeRNsEY.—On July 24th the Rev. F. E.
Lowe saw a rather worn male of L. boctica on flowers of the blue lupin.
No other specimens have been seen up to the present (September 2nd),
but Mr. Baker has succeeded in finding several larve on their food-
plant—Colutea aborescens. This plant is not a native of the island,
but is to be found in several gardens and nurseries. From these
larve several fine specimens have just been bred.—Ieip. [Later, on
September 11th, Mr. Luff captured an example in his garden, and
observed several others flyimg on this and the preceding days.—Kp. |

Rare Nocrum 1x Gurernsey.—Leucania albipuncta.—tl have taken
two fine specimens of this rare species at sugar during August, and
the Rey. I’. E. Lowe informs me that he has also taken several. C.
nupta is rare with us, and I was pleased to see a specimen at sugar in
company with a fine Callimorpha hera. On looking through a few

O74. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

insects captured by Mr. Le Messurier, I was delighted to see two speci-

mens of Polysphaenis sericina. This fine Noctuid is figured in The |

Lintomologist, for April, 1876.—Ierp.

DEILEPHILA Livornica IN Somerset.—On May 9th last I caught a
specimen of Deilephila livornica in my surgery. Unfortunately it had
flown into the gas and damaged the right upper wing badly.—
Mark R. Taytor, The Cottage, South Petherton, Somerset. August
23rd, 1900. [Another is recorded as captured, June 22nd, 1900, at
flowers of red valerian, near Croydon (Gower).—Ep.|

Cyaniris arciotus at Harrow Wratp.—This butterfly has appeared
in some profusion in our district, but although isolated specimens
have occurred from time to time, I do not think until this year it has
been generally abundani, and I never remember to have seen it in our
garden before. ‘The first example put in an appearance on May 19th,
and there were several males a few days after flying about the ilex
trees. Stragelers of the second brood also turned up in August,
curiously enough all females, but both sexes were in profusion the
first week in August, after five consecutive wet days, on the road between
Harefield and Chalfont St. Giles (Bucks). C. argiolus is not common
as a rule in this corner of Middlesex, but it has been observed in
Cassiobury Park, near at hand, at Harrow Weald in the rectory
gardens, and I have found it in Burnham Beeches.—H. Rowzanp
Brown, M.A., F.E.8., Oxhey Grove, Harrow Weald. September 7th,
1900.

AUTUMNAL EMERGENCE OF MacroGLossa sTELLATARUM.—When at
Folkestone, from August 15th-27th, I took many laryee of Macroglossa
stellatarum. I was much surprised to find two imagines had emerged in
the breeding-cage on September 16th. The pupal period appears
to have been very short, only a month from the the larval to the
imaginal stage. I have since bred fourteen examples, and several
more look as if about to emerge.—C. P. Proxnrr, 52, The Ravenscrofts,
Columbia Road, Hackney Road, London, N.E. September 24th, 1900.

Leprpoptera at Torrennamu.—l was collecting on September 13th
in the neighbourhood of Tottenham, and took three Catocala nupta
from the trunks of willows. Pyrameis atalanta was very common,
both in the larval, pupal and imaginal stages; many of the larvee were
only about one-half grown.-—Isip.

PorTHESIA CHRYSORRHOHA AT CuicHEester.—After having entirely
disappeared in this locality since 1877, when the larvee were abundant
on a whitethorn—Crataequs oxyacantha—hedge by the canal, a male
Porthesia chrysorrhoea was taken on a lamp here on July 21st. This
is the only specimen, however, of which I have heard.—Ism.

SPHINX CONVOLYULI aT CuicHester.—Hitherto I know of only one
Sphinw convolvult taken here this season. It was captured by a lady
on her bed one day last week.—Isip.

Papilio MACHAON LARV® IN Kent.—On July 17th [found a beautiful
larva in my garden on carrot, and shortly afterwards another not quite
so large. Both were spotted and striped with green, black and white,
the segments near the head being much thicker than the others. Two
days later | found another larva dead, but although I examined the
carrots growing in all the allotments around [ had no further success
I put them down at once for Papilio machaon, although I was quite
unacquainted with the larva, and saw no trace of the protective

NOTES ON COLLECTING. - 275

osmateria mentioned as characteristic of it. The larve pupated on
July 20th and 23rd respectively, one on the muslin and the other on
the stem of a leaf. The imagines emerged from these pupe in due
course, the first on August 11th, the second on the 13th, both males.
I also had a fine large 2 brought me to set for Mr. Arthur Lubbock,
which was caught in his stable only a couple of fields away.—H.
Auperson, F.E.8., Farnborough, Kent. |Mr. Gervase F. Mathew
stated in the Daily Mail of August 20th, that he turned out over
fifty Papilio machaon in a marshy place where the food-plant grows,
afew miles from Dovercourt in the summer of 1899, and surmises
that a specimen captured at Ipswich might be one of the progeny.
Single specimens are recorded in The Lntomologist, from Kent, between
Broadstairs and St. Peter’s, on June 10th (Mann), on the outskirts of
Blean Woods in the middle of May (Browne), a specimen bred from
a larva taken in a kitchen garden at Lyndhurst, the larva pupating July
17th, the imago emerging August Ist, an imago at Ringwood, August
31st, 1900 (Fowler), from Hooe, August 18th, 1900 (Iurner), near
Hythe, August 15th, 1900 (Hutchinson).—Ep. |

Reartne Macroenossa stenLATaruM.—Whilst at Margate I took, on
July 22nd, several full-fed larvee of M. stellatarum feeding on Galium
verum and G. mollugo. They pupated almost immediately, and
imagines emerged from the pupe on August 17th, 18th and 19th. I
also took some small larvee with a view of studying their habits whilst
breeding them. For want of greater facilities IL kept the larve in
small well ventilated tobacco tins, the lids of which were kept closed.
The result was not satisfactory, as the larvee did not feed up well, and
were inclined to pupate prematurely. Asa result also, I presume, of
the absence of light, the larvee changed in colour to a deepish black.—
A. Russett, F.E.S., Southend, near Catford, S.E. August 28th,
1900.

ACHERONTIA ATROPOS NEAR CHELMSFoRD.—Two pupex of Acherontia
atropos have been brought to me recently. They were dug up ina
potato field near here.—Euizaserae Miniter, Chelmsford. September
10th, 1900.

ACHERONTIA ATROPOS NEAR PeEreRBoroucH.—A few days since,
I received a full-grown larva of Acherontia atropos taken near Peter-
borough. It has since changed to a pupa on the surface of the earth
in the flower-pot on which I placed it—T. M. Corram, Threadneedle
Street, H.C. September 10th, 1900.

ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN Kent.—A. atropos is evidently widely
distributed in the Bexley district this year. I have seen oyer a dozen
larvee and heard of many more.—L. W. Newman, 4, Salisbury Road,
Bexley, Kent. September 2nd, 1900.

ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN Kent.—lI had a full-fed larva of Acherontia
atropos brought to me on August 6th, and two more a few days later ;
several others have been taken in the district.—H. AupErson, F.K.§.,
Hilda Vale Road, Farnborough, Kent.

ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN Kent.—I took five nearly full-fed larve of
Acherontia atropos from a potato patch adjacent to Margate on August
1st last. They were placed in a large biscuit tin, and after feeding
sparingly two went to earth on the 5th, two on the 7th, and the
remaining one on August 9th. Previous to doing so they wandered
round and round the tin for two or three days, refusing food, and

276 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

shrinking somewhat in size. Four of the larve were of the normal
ereen type, the fifth of a slightly different hue. They each measured
nearly 5’ in length. I will report later as to the success I meet with
in obtaining the perfect insect, but, having to return to town on
August 11th, Lam afraid the shaking up which the larve got during
the railway journey home may not have conduced to their successful
pupation. Whilst on the subject of A. atropos I may mention that I
obtained a perfect insect on November 12th, 1899, from the pupa of
the larva taken by me at Broadstairs on August 30th, 1899, and
recorded in the Ent. Record, vol. x1., p. 807. I attribute my success
in this to having followed the excellent advice given by Mr. Gervase F.
Mathew in the Hntomologist, vol. xxix., p. 828, as to the best means
of successfully forcing the pupe.—A. Russext, F.E.S., Catford.

ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN THE NORTHERN COUNTIES OF HNGLAND AND
SOUTHERN ScorLanp.—We are in receipt, from Mr. Mousley, of a number
of cuttings from the Yorkshire Post, relative to the appearance of
Acherontia atropos in the northern counties. The following are the
localities noted: A larva in early August at Hovingham Hall (Worsley),
a full-fed larva at Great Cotes, on August 16th (Quirk), a larva at
Boston Spa, on August 19th (Prince), five larvee, one measuring 74inches
at Louth (Renton), two larve at Ripon (Smith), many larvee (fifteen
mentioned specifically) at Beverley, variable in colour and markings,
those with dark brown stripes on Lycium barbarwn (Boyes), an imago
at Keighley, August 30th (Longton), an imago at Horsforth on August
30th (White), in Dumfriesshire (Service). The padding in which these
facts are wrapped must be considered as belonging to the first class of
newspaper entomology, e.y., we learn from Mr. Paul that ‘the paradise
of the insect in this country is in the fens of Norfolk and Cambridge,
where the relative humidity of the air is always very high, and where
solonaceous food is abundantly provided for them on the great breadths
of potatoes raised there.’ Mr. Boyes denies that A. atropos visits bee-
hives, states that Htiber was blind and obtained his information second
hand, and suspects that all he wrote was the result of the fertile
imagination of his servant Francois Beurnens. There are many other
curious things.—J. W. Turr. [Records from The Naturalist: August
26th, larvee at Netherton (Fawcett), several in the Ulverston district
(Petty), two near Ripon (Fawcett), an imago, June 23rd, at South
Leverton, Notts., and a larva that pupated July 27th (Thornley).—
Kp. |

PoLyGoNIA C-ALBUM IN THE Lonpon pistrict.—On August 14th,
while driving through a lane in Charlton, I noticed a newly emerged
specimen of Polyyonia c-album. It was quietly reposing on a nettle by
the hedge side, so dismounting, I examined it for some time. Though
Kent is of course a hop county, this is, I believe, the first recorded
instance of its presence in this particular part of the county. I could
easily have captured it, but, having no net, refrained.—Jos. I’. Green,
F.E.S., West Lodge, Blackheath.

Commas EpusA AnD C. HyaLEe In 1900.—I saw both C. edusa and C.
hyale on the wing at Margate at the end of July, and took a few
recently emerged imagines of each. Subsequently the weather became
very dull and wet, and it was not possible to judge whether either of
the species occurred in any quantity.—A. Russexu, F.E.S., Catford.

When I saw Colias edusa flying in the garden on August 8th, and

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 277

my brother, Colias hyale in the Priory Park, close to this city, on
August 14th, I was confident that both species of the genus Colias
might be expected in some numbers. This has turned out to be the
case. Having obtained the courteous permission of Edwin Habin,
Ksq., to hunt in his clover fields, through the indefatigable exertions
of my brother, Mr. Frederick Anderson, I became possessed of 40
Colias hyale. Running in clover, and keeping an eye on the butter-
flies, which rarely settle, is by no means an easy task, as my friend,
Mrs. Fogden, of Apuldram, discovered when she captured four Colias
hyale on August 18th in her clover field, and kindly sent them to me.
In this case certainly the ordinary attire of ladies does not tend to
facilitate movement. In comparison, Colias hyale has this season been
more abundant than the showier Colias edusa, for which reason,
doubtless, only two of the variety helice have been noticed—one
captured on August 17th, the other on August 31st. It is somewhat
remarkable that up to the time of writing (September 4th, on which
date he captured a 2 hyale) my brother has this year taken 40 Colias
hyale, whereas in the great edusa year of 1877 he caught 40 C. helice
var., and some in the garden. Exceptin the great distinction of sex,
colour of sulphur in the male, and dingy white in the female, I have
detected little or no variation in the specimens of C. hyale. I have in
my cabinet, however, a male in which the two spots in the lower
Wings are large and very conspicuous, being of a brilliant orange; a
truly splendid colour.—JosepH Anprerson, Alre Villa, Chichester.
September 4th, 1900.

On August 28th a young friend brought me a specimen of Colias
edusa which he had taken (with his hat) at Beeston, Notts.—Dovenas
H. Pearson, Chilwell, Notts. September 4th, 1900.

Mr. Mousley sends us a number of cuttings from The Yorkshire Post,
from which it would appear that Colias edusa was captured in early
July at Stonefield, Dewsbury (Ridgway); C. edusa and C. hyale at Ely,
on August 20th (Campion); several C. edusa at North Cave, East
Yorkshire, during week ending August 22nd (Tomlinson); C. edusa in
the Cleveland district of Yorkshire (Withington); C. edusa, between
Fairhaven and St. Anne’s, near Blackpool (Denison); several specimens
of C. edusa, including one var. helice,on Yorkshire coast, during week
ended August 25th (Stevens); C. edusa at Ripon (Watts). In The
Naturalist are recorded: C. hyale, at Bridlington (Corbett) ; C. hyale
and C. edusa, in the Ripon district (Fawcett) ; C. hyale and C. edusa,
near Beverley (Lowther).—J. W. Turr.

Since 1894-1895, Colias edusa has not been specially abundant in
Belgium. One meets with it every year, principally in the upper part of
the country, and particularly in the valley of the Meuse. In the two
years mentioned above, they flew in millions in the lucerne fields, at
Jambe, near Namur. This year it has been particularly rare in the
neighbourhood, but I am imformed that it was very abundant in the
Belgian Ardennes, especially at Libramont, from July 1st to 27th or
thereabouts. Colias hyale is never rare in this country although never
very abundant. This year on each of my outings in the valley of the
Meuse and its tributaries, I was able to take a dozen. The imagines
appear in Belgium towards the end of May, and continue to be seen up
to September. C. edusa appears in June and continues on the wing
until August. It is much easier to capture than C. hyale.-—L. J.

278 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Lampitiion, Vice-president de la Soc. Ent. Namuroise, Namur.
September 4th, 1900. [It would be most interesting if Mr. Lambillion
could be induced to collect exact data as to the first appearances, last
appearances, breaks in the continuity of appearance, and abundance (or
the reverse) of these species, in many localities in different parts of
Belgium, for a few years.—Eb.|

During August Colias edusa has been very abundant in Guernsey,
Alderney and Sark, artd several specimens of the var. helice have been
captured. A few specimens of C. hyale have also been taken, but they
have been far less common than C. edusa.—W. A. Lurr, Mount
Pleasant, Burnt Lane, Guernsey. September 5th, 1900.

It is certainly a Colias year locally, if not generally. My first
sight of a specimen for eight years was at Deal, on August 38rd, when
during the only gleam of sunshine I had on a three days’ visit I
netted two fine C. hyale on the Kingsdown cliffs. The following day
I went to Littlehampton, but wet weather continuing until the 12th I
did no day collecting. On that day, however, I set out on my bicycle
for a Colias hunt, and came across them close to Poling Woods, in a
stubble field, with a thick undergrowth. That morning I netted eleven
C. hyale and six C. edusa, a proportion between the species which held
good in this particular field during the next week. None were seen
elsewhere on that day, but during the following week both species
occurred sparingly throughout the neighbourhood, and in about equal
quantities, but whilst in my original stubble field they daily increased
in numbers, C. hyale continued to outnumber C. edusa by about two to
one. Many male C.edusa were getting worn by the 20th, when I returned
home, but nearly every C. hyale was equal to bred. ‘The latter species
was not nearly so strong on the wing as C. edusa, and, consequently,
much easier to catch, and it also ceased flight for the day muchearlier. I
rarely saw it moving after 3.80 p.m. or3.45 p.m., when it could be walked
up in some numbers, but C. edusa flew freely for another hour, getting
wilder in its flight as the day progressed. Only eleven female C. edusa
occurred in all (including one var. helice), six of them on the last day,
but C. hyale females were common, including a dozen or more fine,
white specimens, and as many intermediate forms. A number of
specimens found at rest in the late afternoon in the stubble field were
invariably settled down on the stubble, and not on the clover, in which
position they were almost perfectly concealed unless searched for very
closely, the colour of the undersides exactly harmonising with the
straw. On my journey up to town, although fine enough, I could not
detect a single specimen on the London side of Arundel, and hearing
from a friend this morning that he cannot find either species at
Mundesley, on the Norfolk coast, I should judge that the distribution
is not nearly so general as in 1892. I have seen no sign of a specimen
yet near London.—Russeut EK. Jamus, 18, Onslow Gardens, Highgate.
September 5th, 1900.

A male Colias hyale was observed on Reigate Heath, August 8th, 1900,
the only one seen, although I have not hunted for them. Two males
of CU. edusa were seen between Dorking and Guildford, August 11th,
1900, and a female on Mickleham Down, August 18th, 1900. This
? laid ova, larve from which are now feeding. On August 19th
I found an egg at Reigate, then in the scarlet stage, which hatched
August 28rd, 1900; two imagines, sex unknown, were seen on the

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 279

chalk hills near Reigate, September 4th, 1900.—R. M. Pripzavx,
Reigate Hill. September 7th, 1900.

I saw two male Colias edusa on September 6th, near Easingwold,
about twelve miles north of York.—S. Waker, Eddercliffe, Queen
Anne’s Road, York. September 9th, 1900.

' On August 19th, I went to Herne Bay with a friend, where we
eaptured ten specimens of Colias hyale (both sexes), but only saw two
C. edusa. On September 8th I went to Boxmoor, in Herts, with my
uncle, Mr. A. Cottam, but the sun, although shining hotly before we got
to the field, suddenly clouded over, and we only saw two C. hyale, both
of which we took. I may add that when my uncle was at Bridgwater
he captured several C. edusa, and in one clover field on one morning,
he took thirty, including ten females, of which three were ab. helice.—
T. M. Corram, Threadneedle Street, E.C. September 10th, 1900.

Colias edusa has been moderately common in this neighbourhood
during the autumn.—N. M. Ricuarpson, Monte Video, near Wey-
mouth. September 11th, 1900.

During August I have been travelling in the southern part
of the dept. of Finisterre; the weather was rarely very fine,
although in Cancale just previously it had been superb. I am
particularly interested in Colias edusa and C.hyale. Both species are
this year very rare in Brittany. In Finisterre I have seen very few
C. edusa and no C. hyale. At Cancale I was out every day, and here,
neither species was at all abundant, C. hyale even rarer than C. edusa.
T saw perhaps, on an average, from six to eight C. edusa and two to
four C. hyale each day. The former is extremely common some years,
but this year, as I have said, C. edusa is rare. In my garden Argynnis
fathonia, Pyrameis cardui, P. atalanta, Polygonia c-album, Colias edusa,
C. hyale, Lampides boetica, Polyommatus icarus, P. astrarche, Chryso-
phanus phlaeas, Gonepteryx rhamni, Pararye egeria, P. meqgaera,
Coenonympha pamphilus, Hipparchia semele, Pieris rapae, P. napi, and
Syrichthus malvae have been flying. I do not remember having seen
any other Diurni, between September 2ndand 14th. The best Noctuid
that I have taken was Heliophobus hispida, and I have seen fubolia
peribolata.—C. Oxsertutr, F.E.S., Rennes. September 15th, 1900.

During a visit to Burgess Hill, in Sussex, extending from July 17th
to September 10th, I saw a fair number of Colias edusa and C. hyale.
The species were always seen together, either on clover in the weald
or on the downs. The dates on which C. hyale were taken are as
follows :—Auegust 10th, two; August 11th, two; August 13th, one;
August 14th, one; August 15th, two; August 16th, three; August 17th,
three; August 18th, one; August 24th, one; August 25th, three;
September 3rd, three (including one white specimen); September 4th,
one; September 6th, one. C. edusa was seen in fairly large numbers
on all these dates. On September 17th, two examples of CU. edusa were
seen in Belmont Road, Tottenham.—J.C. Dotuman, Bedford Park,
W. September 17th, 1900.

I observed Colias edusa and C. hyale first on Saturday, August
18th, when Mr. Mera came to see me, and captured fourteen C. hyale
and two C. edusa. Ihad seen none earlier, and from the fine condition
of the C. hyale I should suppose they had just appeared. I went out
myself on August 21st, and took sixteen C.hyale with one C. edusa.
On August 29th I took thirteen (. hyale and five C. edusa, on the

280 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

30th, fifteen C. hyale and three C. edusa, on the 81st, eleven C. hyale
and five CU. edusa, on September 5th, two C. hyale, and finally, on
September 15th, three C. hyale all worn, and eight C. edusa, all g's and
perfectly fresh. In all, therefore, my lucerne field produced between
August 18th-September 15th, seventy-four CU. hyale and twenty-four
C.edusa. The latter species has appeared here for the last three years
in small numbers.—(Rery.) C. R. N. Burrows, Mucking. Sep-
tember 18th, 1900.

I have to record that at Ringwood during August Colias edusa and
C. hyale were not uncommon. My captures were as follows :—C. edusa—
August 14th, seven; August 15th, two; August 18th, thirteen ; August
20th, sixteen, August 21st, four, August 22nd, four, August 25th,
twenty; and in addition on August 18th and August 25th a specimen
of C. var. helice. C. hyale—August 18th, two; August 20th, eight ;
Aueust 25th, ten; whilst on August 17th, at Swanage, I took two C.
edusa on the cliffs. The Ringwood specimens were taken almost
entirely in clover fields, a few CU. edusa being found in stubble fields,
and one U. hyale by the roadside.—W. Buoomrietp. September 18th,
1900.

I have to record that Colias edusa was common at Lancing, in
Sussex, from August 18th to September Ist, whilst on September 16th,
at Mapledenham, I took one example of C. edusa and one U. hyale.—
KH. M. Dann, 3, Colina Villas, Green Lanes, Wood Green, N. September
18th, 1900.

On September 13th, I knocked down a specimen of Colias edusa
when out shooting near here.—H. Auperson, F’.E.S., Hilda Vale, Farn-
borough, Kent. September 18th, 1900.

Colias hyale and Acherontia atropos have both been fairly abundant
in this district this autumn.—L. W. Newman, 41, Salisbury Road,
Bexley, Kent.

I saw specimens of Colias hyale and C. edusa in a field of lucerne on
Beachy Head, in the second week in June. On July 30th I sawa
freshly-emerged C. hyale at Worcester Park, Surrey. On August 29th
I saw a number of C. edusa on railway banks at Whitstable; whilst
the same day U. hyale was very common in a field of lucerne at Mar-
gate, more plentiful than the Pierids, and I took eight freshly
emerged. I had to take my opportunity when getting these, as a
hostile man was working in the field, and, of course, my quarry
usually kept to the middle or the other side of it. There were no
('. edusa observed in the field. On August 31st C. hyale and C. edusa
were common at Folkestone, but were going over. On September
6th I saw C. hyale and C. edusa on railway banks at Sidcup, and the
latter was also observed at Crayford on the same day, and at Eltham
and New Eltham on July 7th.—C. W. Cotrurup, 127, Barry Road,
Kast Dulwich, S.E.

On August 13th, 1900, in a clover field at Upper Deal, two Colias
edusa and five C. hyale were captured, and on the 14th, other examples
of both species. On the 18th, at St. Margaret’s-at-Cliffe, also in a clover
field, C. hyale was taken, and at Kingsgate near Margate on the 24th,
seven C. hyale, but many more specimens were seen than those
captured, both at Deal and Kingsgate, C. hyale, however, always in
much greater abundance than C. ednsa.—H. A. Savzk, 11 Venner
Road, Sydenham, 8.H. September 19th, 1900.

4 D

i
ik

E NATURAL HISTORY OF THE

By I. Ww TUT.
Vols. | and Hl.

Demy 8vo., strongly bound in Cloth.
Vol. I consisting of 560 pp. Vol. II of 584 pp.

Price £1 each Volume (net).

PRESS OPINIONS.

“The second volume of Mr. Tutt’s great work fulfils the promise of the first, and supplies some
chapters which were wanting to complete matters of ageneral character. That most striking of all the
attributes of insects, metamorphosis, is in this second volume, treated at length, the observations and
theories of the well known leading authorities on the subject being stated and discussed. . . . There
is a separate chapter on phenomena incidental to metamorphosis, such as the passing, sometimes, of
several years in the pupal stage and the impossibility in such cases of forcing. The external morphology
of the pupa has a chapter to itself, the author correcting some common errors as to the structure and

significance of the different parts, and setting forth the view that the pupais the modified representative

of the ancestral form of insect, from which the larva on the one side, and the imago on the other, have
been developed. Professor Poulton’s views are discussed very fully, and in some cases combated. Many
interesting questions are treated in a separate chapter, on the internal structure of the pupa, including
the formation of the wings and scales upon them. The chapter on the phylogeny of the lepidopterous
pupa is by Dr. Chapman, and it is unnecessary to say that it is characterised by great fulness of original
observation and carefully thought-out conclusions. The introductory chapters occupy 100 pages, the
test of the volume is taken up with descriptions of species and all that belongs to them im the same
copious style asin the first volume. The 30) pages occupied with the Psychides, present all that is
known of the British species, with vevy full references to many others, and a complete catalogue of the
species of the Palearctic region. Vast labour has been devoted by the author and his coadjutors to this
part of the work, a study of which is indispensable to all who desire to be fully informed in this obscure
and difficult subject. . . . Nothing but a lengthened study, such as there has been no time to give
it, could do justice to the work, and when we think of the amount of attention necessary to assimilate
its contents, we are filled with admiration of the labour that must have been devoted to its production.”
Mr. F. Merririep, F.E.S., The Entomologist, August, 1900.

“Tt is pleasant to write a few words in appreciation of the second volume of Mr. J. W. Tutt’s
British Lepidoptera. Of the great utility of this work there can be no doubt whatever, and the punctual
appearance of Vol. II will be a matter of general congratulation amongst naturalists. Mr. Tutt’s work
aims at being in the first place a complete collection of all that is as yet known of the natural history
‘of the species dealt with. These books are no mere compilation, but in the fullest sense original
treatises. No pains have been spared to get together everything that relates to the structure, distribu-

- tion, variation, life-history and habits of each form in its several stages. Many of the facts thus given

are new, a large part being the results of the author’s own direct observation. Moreover, much of the
information here published has beon communicated privately to Mr. Tutt by his numerous correspon-
dents, and the mass of facts given at first hand is thus greatly increased. This is especially the case in
regard to the life-histories, which in very many instances have been worked through in minute detail
by Mr. Tutt and his coadjutors expressly for this book. Owing to the wide appeal which the author
has made to living entomologists for such personal records, and to his laborious researches into the
literature already printed, the books probably represent the sum of existing knowledge on the subjects

- contained. It is a special charm of Mr. Tutt’s treatise that the reader has a comfortable sense that his

author is giving him no scamped work. Everything capable of verification has been verified, and
nothing is repeated in slovenly fashion unchecked. For such a work not only professed entomologists,

_ but all naturalists who from time to time require precise information as co lepidoptera, will be grateful

’

to Mr. Tutt, and his books will be required in every working library of natural history. Nothing of the
kind has hitherto been attempted, and by reference to them much searching and weary correspon-
dence will be avoided. The present volume deals with the Psychides and part of the Lachneides.
Whether the views adopted by Mr. Tutt on questions of classification and the like are sound or not can,
of course, only be judged by specialists, but it will be evident to any student of zoology that he has

attacked these problems in a most fruitful way, and that in each of the numerous discussions of special

questions he has provided a marshalling of the facts which will help succeeding students, Several
Sections of this kind are introduced relating to general questions oi the morphology of lepidoptera,
especially the nature of metamorphosis and the structure of pupz. In addition to these there is an
important chapter written by Dr. T. A. Chapman on the phylogeny of the lepidopterous pupa, a

- subject on which he is the recognised authority.”—W. BaTEson, M.A., F.R.S., September, 1900.

DEAR Sir,— ;
Please forward to me The Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, for
Vols. I and II of which I forward the sum of 40s.
Namie. Reaisaimecdue as SPREE Sot
INGO reESSyts Nessie sen ores sae aoe sree

DraR SrR,—

doptera, for which I send the sum of 20s..
/ INGE AUB rte Lae Fs aye sins hore aeva Neal s debe sean Renee

IAA OSSp pee a spent ite SPH Are gt a
Mr. A. BE. Paes, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

RITISH LEPIDOPTERA —

Please forward to me Vol. Il of The Natural History of the British Lepe

ST Re

The Back Ticinenge (I-X1) of The utonagets Bicone &e., can ie obtained at
Volume. ‘Special Index ” to Vols. III., IV., V., VE., ve VIIL., IX., X, and XE, 1/-
each. Single Back Numbers of Vols. 1—-XT can be obtained at DOUBLE the panied price,
from H. E. Paes, F.E.S., ‘‘ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, 8.E,

REMITTANCES TO BE SENT WITH ORDER.
Forricn Subscripers (continental and otherwise) when sending money “orders
through the London General Post Office are requested at the same time, to post to Mae
Page, F.E.S., a note advising him of same.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that SRESOHIRCIOTE: to The Entomologist’s Record, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (including an extra shilling for the Special Index to Vol. Xl)
is SEVEN SHILLINGS, and must be sent to Mr. H. H. PaGs, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s
Park, London, 8.E. Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Torr, Pe

ADVERTISEMENTS of Books and Insects for Sale will be inserted at a minimum charge of Ys. 6d. (for
four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series. Particulars of Mr.
H. EH. Paas, ‘ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, S.E

Subseribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. H. Pacs, ‘“ Bertrose,”
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed. a

Articles for insertion should be sent to J. W. Turr, Westcombe Hill, 8.E., except those relating to
Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. DonisTHORPE, 58, Kensington Mansions, South Kensmetons
and those relating to Orthoptera, to Mr, M. Burr, Dormans Park, Hast Grinstead. =

Ali Exchange Magazines must in future be forwarded to J. W. Tutt,
estcombe Hiii, Blackheath, S.E.

Reprints of Articles or Notes (long or short) appearing in this Magazine can be arranged -
for by Authors at a very low price, on application to Mr. H. E. Page, F.E.S.,
‘“‘ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, S.E.

NOTIGE.—The Editor will be glad of eggs, larvee and pupx of Lepidoptera, for~
description. Notes on good aberrations of Lasiocampids will be very useful. Eggs
and larve may be sent direct to Mr. A. Bacot, 154, Lower Clapton Road, London, N
Wanted, actual dates on which, and exact localities where,
Pterophorids, Hepialids, Cossus, Zeuzera, Lasiocampids and Sphingids have been captured.
Will correspondents send dates for this or any year ?—J. W. Turr, Westcombe Hill, 8.H. —

Hetp Wantep.—If any entomologist has sufficient leisure and knowledge of the
language to overhaul the series of the Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, and to summarise the
references to Lasiocampids, Sphingids, Hepialids, &c., found therein during the coming ~
winter I should be glad to hear from him. Also wanted, someone with leisure to search
the earlier volumes of the Z oologist for notes and records.—J. W. Tutt.

Wantep.—For publication. Localities for any of the following: L. querctis, L. eo
C. potatoria, E. quercifolia, E. ilicifolia, S. carpini, E. versicolor, S. populi, S. ocellatus,
S. tiliz, C. elpenor, C. porcellus, C. celerio, D. nerii, D. euphorbie, D. galii, D. livornica,
S. pinastri, S. ligustri, 8. convolvuli, A. atropos, H. humuli, H. velleda, H. sylvinus, H.
lupulinus, H. hectus, C. cossus, Z. pyrina, M. arundinis, &c. Also exact dates of capture,
food-plants, position of pups found in nature, mode of oviposition, exact dates of egg-
laying, exact duration of egg, larval or pupal stage. Peculiarities of habits, variation, and
J. W. Tutt, Westcombe Hill, S.H.

ExcHANGE Baskrets.—Sept. Ist, No. 2 basket.—Messrs. Woodforde, Walker, Christy,
Robertson, Whittle, Atmore, Barnes, Studd, Ash, Bower, Riding, Edelsten. July —
20th, No. 4 basket.—Messrs. Studd, Woodforde, Horne, Bowles, Bower, Robertson,
Fox, Mera, Robinson, Maddison, Riding, Moberly. [Members who wish to be missed
must write to the name preceding their own on list, not to the Secretary]. The names
of one or two new candidates for admission would be welcomed and room made as
opportunity offered.

Duplicates.—S. ligustri, S. populi, Elpenor, Griseola, Neustria, . Versicolor, Fagi,
Cuculla, Anachoreta, Pigra, Perla, Bondii, Puta, Triangulum. Stigmatica, Ianthina,
Litura, Cerago, Aurago, Diffinis, Affinis, Capsincola, Chi, Oxyacanthe, Verbasci, Libatrix,
Luctuosa, Prunaria, Autumnaria (Alniaria), Marginepunctata (Promutata), Linariata. —
Desiderata.—Muscerda, Quadra, Harpagula, Fluctuosa, Orion, Auricoma, Scolopacina, —
Capsincola, Agathina, Ashworthii, Ochroleuca, Iregularis, Atriplicis, Bractea, Chryson,
Interrogationis, and many others,—W. E. Butler, Hayling Road, Reading. 4

Duplicates.---Cinxia*, Aithiops, Bellargus, Cucullatell: dies Australis, Bicoloria, Taraxaci,
Ambigua, Suffusa, Saucia, Depuncta, Ditrapezium™*, Sobrina, Interjectaria, Trigeminata,
Bimaculata, Obliterata, Juinariata*, Isogrammaria*, Bicolorata and ab. plumbata,
Galiata*, Tersata*, Rhamnata*, Latistrius. Desiderata.—Fluctuosa, Ridens, Orion,
Leporina, A, ligustri, Flammea, Saponariz, Subtusa, Cesia, and many commoner species.
—Louis B. Prout, 246, Richmond Road, NL.

Duplicates. —Elymi (fine), Cassiope,/ Obscutata.— Chas. H. Crass, 12, Eastbourne Gros
South Shields. og

Duplicates.—Betule, Edusa, Hyale, Avcuosa, Advena, Corticea, Dentina, Gilvacom
Ocularis, Ophiogramma, Prunaria. Desidcrata.—Culiciformis, Dromedarius, Orion, Ridens.

nbridge. pes
Ee Dunas aes Chi*, cd var. sligecan. E. autumnaria* (Dover), Pulchellata*
(Hebrides), Luctuosa, Tiliz*, Gracilis, Pendularia*, Ornata, Taminata, Sutfusa, Sinapis,
Rubricaria, Cambricaria, Elutata (fine bilberry forms), Caesiata, Capsincola*, Citrago*,
c. Desiderata.—Very numerous to extend.—W. G. Sheldon, Heimath, Friends’ Road,
_ Croydon.
7 Duplicates.—Megacephala*, Rumicis, Psi, Umbratica, Geryon, Statices, Gemina, L.
_ comma, Elymi, Umbrosa, Ochracea*, Literosa, Capsincola*, Hectus, Pectinitaria, Populata,
Petraria, Ulmata, Trifasciata, Lariciata, Affinitata, Candidata, Ocellata, Heparata,
Tristata, Fumata, Vetulata*, Antiqua*, Illunaria* [summer brood], &c Desiderata.—
Hyale, Helice, Valesina, Sesiids (except Tipuliformis), Atropos, Pygmeola, Helveola,
€ribrum, Quercifolia, Crategi, Dodonwa, Sphinx, Fluctuosa, Orion, Leporina, Alni,
Ocularis, Ridens, Contigua, Pinetaria, Sulphuralis, Ripe, Cinerea, Hellmanni, Brevilinea,
Sobrina, Sagittata, Auroraria, Erosaria, Abietaria, Croceago, and many others. —T. Ashton
% Lofthouse, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.
_ Duplicates—Blandina (Scotch), W-album*, Suasa*, Xerampelina*, Triplasia*,
~ Occulta*, Ypsilon*, Marginatus*, Capsincola*, Subnotata*, Vetulata*, Prunata*, Amataria*,
Badiata*, Wavaria*, Phragmitidis, Gemina, Ravida (few), Littoralis, Lithargyria, Triline-
aria, Cesiata, Rubiginata, Lutosa. Desiderata.—Fen insects, Sesiids, Notodonts, many
good Noctuids and Geometrids.—John Porter, 60, Tadman Street, Hessle Road, Hull.
Duplicates.—A gon (fine Norfolk), Artemis* (Cumberland), Chrysorrhea*, Pygmeata,
_ ‘aminata, Cervinaria*, Villica*, Monacha*, Piniperda*, Chi, var. olivacea*, bred.
_ Desiderata.—Hyale ¢s, Aigeria, Cassiope, W-album, Betulae ¢s, Artaxerxes.—M. d.
Pitman, 11, Park Lane, Norwich.
‘ Duplicates.—Vetulata*, Betularia*, and var. Doubledayaria*, Inornata*, Hera*,
-Lonicere*, Ulmata, Albicillata*, ova of Tiliaria and Erosaria, pupe of Trilinearia.
Desiderata.—Numerous—ova and pupa. Imagines: Argiolus, Egeria, T. rubi, Rhamni,
€omplana, Msculi (males), Nictitans, &c., black pins only for renewal.—S. Walker, 15,
Queen Anne’s Road, York.
Duplicates.—Humiliata (few, Isle of Wight), Sobrina, and many other good southern
and northern species. Desiderata.—Formiciformis, Chrysidiformis, Muscerda, Sororcula,
~ Mutarella, Rubricollis, &c. Send lists.—J. P. Mutch, 357, Hornsey Road, London, N.
i: Duplicates.—Vespertaria*, Evrosaria*, Populetit, Ulmata, and vars. Blomeraria,
_ Sparsata, Albipunctata, add var. angelicata, Suasa*, Rubricosa*, Anachoreta*, &e.

: Desiderata.—Numerous.—R. Dutton, Fishergate, York.
oe Duplicates.—Atropos (three, one fine, two poor), Convolvuli (two fair), Hera, Fuliginosa*,
_ Hellmanni, Neurica (three), Rurea var. combusta (three), Ambigua, Puta, Saucia, N. rubi,
Macilenta (two), Lota, Pistacina (vars.), Lunosa, Flavicincta, Paleacea, Affinis, Nebulosa,
Connexa. Desiderata.—Straminea, Arundinis, Sublustris, Petasitis, Scolopacina, Pinastri
_ (Scabriuscula), Abjecta, Ophiogramma, Morpheus, Agathina, Ditrapezium, Gracilis,
‘Croceago, Oo, Chrysozona, Templi, Contigua.—Rev. I’. E. Lowe, St. Stephen’s Vicarage,
Guernsey.
Duplicates.—Hamula*, Inornata*, Geminipuncta*, Ivrorella, Lacertinaria*, Falca-
' taria*, Senex, Camelina*, Porcellus, Punctaria*, Impudens, Megacephala*, Nupta, Saucia*,
ia Pinastri*, Chenopodii, Flavicornis, Lunosa, Fimbria*, Machaon*, Io*, Alveolus, Semele,
.&e. Desiderata.—Menyanthidis, Albovenosa, Straminea, Pubris, Aquilina, Interjecta,
Sobrina, Paleacea, Glauca, and very many others.—H. H. Taylor, 5, Queen’s Parade,
Muswell Hill, N.

Duplicates.—H. extensaria* (a few), Pendularia*, Sparsata*, Subnotata*, Lafauryana*,
Fascelinellus, C. alpinellus, Teucrii, Verbascalis, Subbaumanniana, Ericetana, Bifasciana,
Internana, Atmoriella, Pedella, Illigerellus. Desiderata.—Sinuata, Lapidata, Picata,
_ SBombyliformis, Pruni, Obliquaria, Subsequa, Nigrocincta, Peltigera, Armigera, Pulveralis,
_ Margaritalis, Ericellus, Myellus, Mucronellus, R. marmorea, Umbrana, Purpurana,
_ Turbidana, Geyeriana, Salopiella, and offers.—H. A. Atmore, King’s Lynn, Norfolk.

Duplicates. —Contiguaria. Leucophra, Exulans (fair), Ambigua, Saucia, Radiata,
-Eboraci, and other extreme forms of Lubricipeda, Anachoreta (St. Leonard’s-on-Sea),
Antumnaria (Dover), Fuscantaria, Menyanthidis, Betulella, and many others. Desiderata.
_ —Formiceformis, Apiformis, Galii, Asellus, Deplana, Ccenosa, Ilicifolia, Rotundaria,
Circellata, Prataria, Conspicuata, Taeniata, Pygmeata, Innotata, Constrictata, Dodoneata,
Coronata, Stevensata, Quadrifasciaria, Reticulata, Bicuspis, Auricoma, Concolor, Sparganii,
Caliginosa, Pyrophila, Conspicillaris, Satura, Semibrunnea, Gnaphalii, Armigera, Flexula,
Dentalis, Terrealis, Stachydalis, Palealis, Margaritalis, Unionalis, Literalis. Pulveralis.—
Geo. T. Porritt, Crosland Hall, near Huddersfield.

Duplicates.—Rectilinea, Contigua, Nigricans, Cordigera (few fair), Fimbria, Fascelina,
A. ligustri, Scoliseformis, Blandina, Impluviata, Suffumata ver. piceata. Desiderata.—
Offers requested. Good Noctuids specially wanted, well set and on black pins.—James C.
Haggart, 58, St. Andrew Street, Galashiels, N.B.

Duplicates.—Gnaphalii* (one), Bicuspis* (two), Scolieformis*, Alpina*, Nubeculosa*,

Gothicina*, fine vars. of Filipendule, Grossulariata*, and Ulmata. e
mille, Vitellina, Semibrunnea, and good varieties, especially of Diurni, Noe’
-Grossulariata.—T’. Maddison, South Bailey, Durham. ea ag ah er
_ Duplicates—Machaon*, Lineola, Arundinis, Hellmanni, Alni*, Phragmitidis, Syrin
_ garia*, Smaragdaria*, Cilialis, S. pallida, Dumetana, Sauciana, Derasana, Grotiana,
Minutana, Schiffermillerella, Croesella, Rufimitrella. Desiderata.—Very many local
Tortrices and Pyrales.—J. A. Butterfield, 35, Wrottesley Road, Plumstead, S.E. “a
Duplicates.—Aglaia, Paphia, Artemis*, Galatea, Sibylla, W-album*, Aigon, Argiolus, —
Chrysorrhea*, Faleula*, Hamula*, Palpina*, Camelina*, Ziczac*, Curtula*, Reclusa*,
Mlustraria*, Luctuosa*, Syringaria*, Prunaria*, Fuscantaria*, Angularia*, Lichenaria*, 4
Vernaria*, Porata*, Omicronaria, Serena, &c. Ova: Fuscantaria, Angularia, Tiliaria. _
Harve : Quercifolia, Papilionaria, Vernaria, Syringaria, Prunaria. Pup: Ocellatus,
Lacertula, Falcula, Palpina, Camelina, Ziczac, Curtula, Reclusa, hybrid Curtula gx
Reclusa ?, hybrid Curtula ¢ x Reclusa¢, Illustraria, Abruptaria, Porata, Omicronaria, —
@c. Desiderata.—Very numerous. Cardamines, Hyale, Edusa, Selene, Cinxia, Cardui,
Blandina, Betule, Pruni, Lucina, Paniscus, &c., pups and ova especially Tiliw, Elpenor,
Porcellus, Lunaria, Trepida, Dictza, Dictzoides, &e.—L. W. Newman, 41, Salisbury Road,
Bexley, Kent. ;
_ Wanrep.—Pupe of Betularia, and var. doubledayaria, for experimental purposes.—
W. Bateson, Merton House, Grantchester, Cambridge. Ke
Excuanen.—I am desirous of obtaining butterflies from the Malayan Archipelago and
the Pacific Islands. For such I offer perfect diurnals from North and South America ;
North American Coleoptera.—Levi W. Mengel, Boys’ High School, Reading, Pa., U.S.A.
Wantep. Fine lepidoptera of Europe in exchange for butterflies from Russia in Asia,
Japan, China and Basses-Alps (France).—Wilhelm Neuburger, Lepidopterist, Berlin, S. 42,
Iuisen Ufer 45, Germany.
Wanrrep.—Ichneumons of every description.—C. Morley, 68, Orford Street, Ipswich.
Cuancrs or Appruss.—J. C. Moberly, to Woodlands, Basset, Southampton. J. H. A-
Jenner, to 209, School Hill, Lewes. Claude Morley, to 68, Orford Street, Ipswich.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

The Entomological Society of London.—11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square,
W.—Wednesdays, October 17th, November 7th, 21st, December 5th, 1900, and Januay\
16th. 1901 (Annual).

The City of London Entomological and Natural Histery Society. — London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, K.C.—The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p-m. Members are particularly requested to bring varieties and aberrations for exhibi-
tion. Non-members cordially invited. :

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia.
Chambers, London Bridge.—The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
October 25th, Mr. H. S. Fremlin, M.R.C.S., F.E.S., a Paper, ‘“‘ The Nature and Culture of
Bacteria.” November 8th, a Special Exhibition of Varieties. November 22nd, Mr. Hy.
J. Turner, F.E.S.. a Paper, ‘‘ Desultory Days at Dawlish in August.” December 13th,
Dr. T. A. Chapman, F.Z.S., F.E.S., a Paper, ‘‘ Some Wing-structures in Lepidoptera.”

North London Natural History Society, Sigdon Road Board School, Dalston Lane,
N.E. (close to Hackney Downs Stations, G.H.R.).—Meetings first and third Thursdays in
each month, at 7.45 p.m. November Ist, ‘- Notes on the Natural History of the Guild-
ford District,” EK. B. Bishop. November 15th, Discussion—‘‘ The Extinction of Species,”
G. O'N. Waddington. December 20th, Annual General Meeting. i

Nonpareil Entomological Society, Mansfield Street, Kingsland.—The First and
Third Thursdays in the Month.

British Moths.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Price 5s. (bound in cloth) 368 pages, 12 full page coloured plates and 61 wood cuts.
This handbook to the British Moths supplies a great want, especially to the less advanced field
naturalist. It consists of 22 chapters: ‘he Study of Hntomology—Moths or Heterocera—
The Sphingides—The Saturniides—The Bombycides—The Cheloniides—The Drepanulides
—The Pseudo-Bombycides—The Noctuides—The Geometriform-Noctuides—The Geome-
trides—The Deltoides—Other families of the Obtectae—The Incompletae—ThePterophorides.
—The Hepialides—The Zeuzerides—The Tineides—The Cochliopodides—The Zygaenides.
—Proto-Lepidoptera—Apparatus, Pinning and Setting Insects, Killing Insects, Rearing’
Insects. The book is full of sound practical hints for the field worker. It contains.
excellent tables showing the time when the egg, larvee, pupee and imagines may be found, —
the food-plants and mode of pupation. It also gives a short account of the relationship of
the superfamilies to each other, and is thus particularly useful to those who are commene-
ing the study of the Lepidoptera from a scientific standpoint.

To be obtained from H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, Hatcham,S.E.

TREE Nie Re ey OTT eS Pl ea

A

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H.W. HEAD, Gitomologist,

SCARBOROUGH.

Full Last of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,
etc., sent on application. ;
Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties fer Sale.

An illustrated, exhaustive, and authoritative series of articles on the

BUTTERFLIES ofthe PALAEARCTIC: REGION
By Dr. HENRY LANG
(Author of the Butterflies of Hurope), is appearing monthly in
SCIENCE GOSSIP.

The beautiful Illustrations are by a new Photographie
process, direct from authentic specimens.

Other Entomological subjects in each Number.

SIXPENCE MONTHLY.

. . 5 O = G Fditor and Manages
Editorial and business communications to 110, Strand, W.C. Aa be

WATKINS & DONCASTER,

Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets,
Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-; 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-,

Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zine Relaxing Boxes.

9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted

or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6,

2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6,
A4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d.; 1din., 8d.; 2in., 10d.; 24in., 1/-;
3gin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses,
9/6, 11/6; corked back, 14/-. Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-,
5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
double tin, 1/6 to 6/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antenne 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 33, best quality 1/4 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle,
2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zine Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist’s Com-
panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors,
2/- per pair; Egedrills, 2d., 3d., 9d.; Blowpipes, 4d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d.;- ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto
of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Eiggs, etc.

Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English names (1894 edition),
1/6. Our new complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1/- ;
or printed on one side for labels, 2/-.

Now Reapy.—The Exchange List and Label List, compiled by Mr. Ed. Meyrick, B.A.,
¥.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent ‘‘ Handbook of British Lepidoptera.” Exchange

List, 4d. each, 4d. per dozen, or 4/- per 100. Label List, 9d. each.

THE “DIXON” LAMP NET (invaluable for taking moths off Street Lamps
without climbing the Lamp Posts) 2/6.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Brrps’ Hees, Corns, Microscorican OssEcts, Fossins, &e.
Catalogue (96 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS’ AND BIRDS’ EGGS (British, European, and Exotic.)
Birds, Mammals, etc., Preserved aud Mounted by First-class Workmen.

Adurers—36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors from Charing Cross).

- British Butterflies.
- (Illustrated. Crown 8vo., Cloth, Gilt. Price 5/-).

This book consists of 476 pages, contains 10 full-page illustrations, and 45 wood-cuts. —
There are figures of every British butterfly. Sometimes three or four figures of the same
butierfly to illustrate the. two sexes, underside and variation are given. The-full-page
illustrations and most of the wood-cuts have been drawn by the well-known entomological
artist, Mr. W. A. Pearce.

Each British butterfly is described under the following heads :—(1) Synonymy, (2)
Imago, (3) Variation, with summarised diagnoses of all described forms, British and Con-
tinental, (4) Egg, (5) Larva, (6) Pupa, (7) Time of appearance, (8) Habitat and Distribution.
Besides these, there are extended remarks on each of the Tribes, Subfamilies, Families, —
Divisions, and Superfamilies. The descriptions of the ‘‘ Larve ” and ‘‘ Pups ” are mostly
original. There are 282 aberrations and varieties diagnosed, of which 111 are described
for the first time. P

At the end of each chapter is a brief summary giving the following information, in
tabular form, for each species:—I. Dates for finding (1) the ovum, (2) the larva, (3) the
pupa (4) the imago. II. The Method of Pupation. III. Food-plants.

The preliminary chapters consist of a series on the structure of the Egg, Larva,
Pupa, &c.; also others on practical work—Collecting, Pinning, Setting, Storing, Label-
ling, &e.

From H. E. PAGE, “Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, S.E. ,

VIENNA 1893. GENEVA 1896.

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Puate XI,

A

2. Polyommatus corydon.

4. Polyommatus icarus. 5. Plebeius gegon. 6. Nomiades semiargus.

irons td

7. Cupido minima. 8. Cyaniris argiolus. 9. Callophrys rubi.

Eees or LEPIDOPTERA
Entom. Record, etc., 1900.

gntd shes 2.
ee, "ig

JOURNAL oF VARIATION.

Nor, i Now. Novemeer -l5rH, 1900.

Photographing the eggs of Lepidoptera (with plate).
By F. NOAD CLARK

The illustrations of lepidopterous ova ecinpied in Plate XI have
been reproduced from photographs made with the microscope from
freshly-laid specimens, kindly supplied me by Messrs. Prideaux,
Montgomery, Tutt, and Dr. Chapman, to whom Iam much indebted.
Those of the Lycenids lend themselves admirably to photography,
in that they are of small size, and the surface markings are more
or less in one plane of focus. The spherical surface of the larger
oya renders photography more difficult, and in some cases, such as the
Areynnids and larger moths, almost impossible.

Under casual observation, the several species of Lycenids appear
to present but little difference from each other, but careful examination
will show that really marked differences exist in most of the species.

This is especially noticeable between those of Polyommatus icarus and
I Y

P. bellaryus, Nomiades semtarqus, Callophrys rubi, &c.
The method of photographing these eggs is comparatively simple.

The ultimate result is much enhanced if the ova are mounted ina

suitable manner; for instance—a white ege should have a dark back-
ground, and vice versa. Whenever possible, the egg should be photo-

eraphed in siti, that is, as laid in the natural state, either on leaf, bud,-

or flower calyx, &c. In-some of the examples illustrated they have
been detached from their natural support, and, tor the sake of contrast,
placed on a spot of asphalt varnish. It is absolutely necessary that the

eggs should be photographed in a plane exactly at right angles to the
axis of the microscope, otherwise some of the eggs (if in a group) will.

certainly be out of focus, and consequently blurred in outline.

The objective I use is a 2-inch, and I make it an invariable rule to’

photograph all ova at precisely the same magnification, ‘so that the
results will give a correct idea of their ele size. Thus, the ege of
Cupido aii is seen to be the smallest of the genus in actual size, as
its name implies. Lilumination is effected by means of an ordinary
bull’s-eye condenser, focussing obliquely the light from a good paraffin
lamp. Exposure of the plate ’ varies from one- half to two ‘minutes.

Until a lens. is invented which will give an image of a spherical '

object, representing more than one plane “of focus, we shall have to be
content with the present capabilities of micro- objectiv es. The obtaining
of this, I fear, is far distant, but at any rate photo-micrography in its
present state of perfection, gives us a correct and satisfactory means of

282, THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD.

reproducing many beautiful objects in nature, and produces results
unattainable by other means.

I much regret being unable to illustrate eges of Lycaena arion,
some continental specimens of this species, sent me by Dr. Chapman
from Switzerland, haying been injured during transit by post. At the
time of writing f am photographing ova of Zephyrus quercus, which are
quite different in appearance from those of Callophrys rubi, and more
nearly resemble those of Polyommatus corydon.

EXXpuANATION oF Puate XI.

Fig. 1. Eggs of Chrysophanus phlaeas, July 8th, on Rumex, from Mr. Prideaux.

Fig. 2. Eggs of Polyommatus corydon, August 12th, on Lotus?, Abriés, from Mr.
Tutt.

Fig. 3. Eggs of Polyommatus bellargus, June 11th, on Hippocrepis, from Mr.
Prideaux.

Fig. 4. Eggs of Polyommatus icarus, June 13th, on Ononis, from Mr. Prideaux.

Fig. 5. Eggs of Plebeius aegon, July 17th, on Erica cinerea, from My. Prideaux.

Fie. 6. Eggs of Nomiades semiargus, July 31st, on red clover, Guarda, from Dr.
Chapman.

Fig. 7. Eggs of Cupido minima, June 27th, on Anthyllis vulneraria, from My.
Montgomery.

Fig. 8. Eggs of Cyaniris argiolus, May 29th, on holly, from Mr. Montgomery.

Fig. 9. Eggs of Callophrys rubi, June 11th, on Rhamnus catharticus, from Mr,

Prideaux.

Four Weeks’ Collecting in Scotland.
By LOUIS B. PROUT, F.E.S.

To the entomologist who has worked only within a comparatively
restricted area, there is something particularly charming about a first
visit to a really distant collecting ground, with a fauna which is quite
new to his experience. ‘The fact that I enjoyed this pleasure during
my recent holiday, with the added charm of the genial companionship of
my valued friends, Mr. J. A. Clark, Dr. Sequeira and Mr. J. P. Mutch,
during the first fortnight, must be my plea for writing a short note
which I am fain to confess contains nothing in the nature of discovery
or original observation. The morning of Friday, July 27th, found us
in Aberdeen, where we were hospitably welcomed by our kind friend
Mr. Arthur Horne, and later on in the day we proceeded to our
- destination, the village of Stuartfield, which is reached by a pleasant
drive of two or three miles from Mintlaw Railway Station on the
Great North of Scotland Railway. At the ‘‘ Commercial Hotel”’ at
Stuartfield we were so fortunate as to find in the proprietor, Mr. James
Mutch, not only an attentive and obliging host, but also a naturalist of
considerable ability and exceptionally intimate lnowledge of the
country, to which we owe a great measure of the success of our
holiday. On Colonel Ferguson’s great estate of Pitfour, where we had
obtained permission to collect, Mr. Mutch was particularly at home,
and we had only to ask for bilberry, ragwort, heaths, sandhills, or
what not, in order to be taken to an ideal spot for the object of our
quest. With these advantages, it is not surprising that we made a
good bag, notwithstanding adverse conditions of weather, which quite
spoiled our sport on one or two occasions. A mere dry list of names
of our captures would hardly prove very interesting, but I may
mention that sugar in the woods proved very attractive, our patches
being often literally smothered with moths, fighting for a drop of the
coveted dainty. Of course the majority were such things as

FOUR WEEKS’ COLLECTING IN SCOTLAND. 983

Xylophasia monoglypha and Triphaena pronuba, but there was
considerable variety of species, and we were pleased to take nice series
of Noctua sobrina, fine varied forms of Triphaena comes, including the
true var. curtisit, Newm., and also such deviations therefrom as rufa
and nigrescens, Tutt, &c. (Hntom., xxil., pl. vi., figs. B—KH),
Dyschorista suspecta in every conceivable variety, and occasional
specimens of several local species. Not infrequently among the
crowds, specimens were observed in copuld, and I noticed one
abnormal pairing, viz., between Xylophasia monoglypha and Noctua
baia; of course, cases of this kind are of no scientific interest, but as
curiosities they are worth putting on record. But the thing which
impressed me most on the Pitfour estate was the marvellous attractive-
ness of the flowers of the common rush, particularly to Geometers. I
am not exaggerating when I say that at dusk the air around the
favoured plants appeared to be filled with a cloud of moths, mainly
Cidaria immanata, C. populata and Hypsipetes furcata (elutata), and
I shall never forget the sight that greeted the eye when our lanterns
were turned on the bloom, after the visitors had had time to settle.
I suppose the abundance of these species in this particular locality
must be something exceptional, even for Scotland; for I understand
that Mr. Horne, with his wide and varied experience of Scotch collect-
ing, has not found it altogether equalled elsewhere. Of course
selection of forms was impossible, as the Geometers named sit with the
wines tightly closed over their backs, but, by boxing large numbers,
we succeeded in securing magnificent varied series, particularly of
CO. immanata, which was just emerging. Larentia didymata was hardly
less common, and a sprinkling of L. olivata, L. caestata, Corenia
munitata and other species lent further variety to the sport. By day
there was not very much to be done, chiefly on account of the
unfavourable weather ; the dearth of butterflies was very marked. We
did best on the moors, where nice series of L. caestata, &c¢., were
obtained ; also larve of Saturnia pavonia, but very few other larve,
excepting those of the polyphagous Notolophus antiqua which were in
countless thousands feeding on the ling.

On the return of my companions to London, on August 11th,
I left Stuartfield for pastures new ‘in the famous neighbourhood of
Forres.”” Having had full instructions from my kind friends, Messrs.
J. P. Mutch and A. Horne, I had no trouble whatever in finding the
collecting grounds, and was soon busy amongst Hrebia aethiops,
Melanthia bicolorata ab. plumbata and other interesting insects. I
obtained eges from several forms and grades of the ‘“‘ pluinbata”’ type,
and hope to get some interesting results next year; but unfortunately
this species seems to lay very sparingly, and most of the batches of
egos are very small. By the way, what can have induced Guénée to
make bicolorata a ‘* Melanthia’”’? The comparatively unpolished egg
with granulated surface and flattened end, the slender larva with
double anal point, the mode of pupation and build of pupa, and even
the superficial appearance of the imago, all point rather to an affinity
with “ Cidaria”’ (im Guénée’s sense). Unfortunately I found that
sugar was not working nearly so well at Forres as in Aberdeenshire,
and the average number of visitors generally did not exceed one or at
most two per tree. Under the circumstances, it 1s perhaps not
surprising that I did not meet with some species which I was told

284 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

should be in swarms, such as Noctua dahlii, and, indeed, it is rather
more surprising that amongst so few insects I was able to get fine
series of N. depuncta and Huperia paleacea, both of course new
acquaintances to me. A very few Aplecta occulta turned up, but I
failed to obtain ova. As for Triphaena orbona (subsequa), a species
which is always associated with the name of Forres, I did not take one,
and had it not been for a visit to the sandhills at Findhorn, where one
was disturbed by day, I should have returned home without a single
example of that species. This visit to Findhorn also added a few other
new species to my Scotch list, namely, Ayrotis simulans (which we had
vainly sought in Aberdeenshire), A. cursoria, some nice forms, and
Dasydia obfuscata, one female. The form of Melanippe galiata in this
locality, with its ochreous-tinted ground colour, pleased me greatly,
and I was careful to obtain a batch of eggs. Iam inclined to think that
this pretty moth is second only (among the Geometers) to a few of the
Boarmiids (¢.g., Gnophos obscurata and perhaps Boarmia repandata, &c.),
and to Cidaria immanata, in its tendency to geographical variation, and
that most of our collections hitherto have done it less than justice.

My stay at Forres was limited to 18 days, and on Friday, August
24th, I was obliged to take my leave of Scotch collecting, but as I
reckoned that I had made acquaintance with more than 20 species
which I had never before seen in their natural habitat, besides many
interesting local varieties and aberrations, I felt that I had good reason
to be satisfied with my holiday, and I promised myself that it should
not be many years ere I again selected ‘‘ bonnie Scotland” for an
entomological campaign.

The pupa of Libythea celtis.
By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

T have wished.to obtain this pupa for a long time, but always without
success. Why it should have been so difficult to obtain I do not know,
as it is now supplied to me atacost of 3d.each. The pupa is an
interesting one as not being precisely similar to any other pupa I have
seen. It is described as green, these I have are slaty-grey as a general
effect, but variously coloured and marked. The effect is as of a pale
dull flesh-colour with darker markings, the whole overlaid with a
“bloom.” This appears not, however, to be so, as the ‘‘ bloom ”’ does
not rub off. Some figures show it as a long straight pupa, something
like a green Pieris napi pupa, hung up by the tail.

The actual pupaisshort and stumpy, reminding one of that of Pararge
egeria as to proportions. Edwards’ figure and description of the pupa
of Libythea bachmanni would not be far out for that of L. celtis. The
figure of that species given by Scudder brings out well the perhaps
most characteristic point in the pupal structure, viz., the projection of
the 2nd abdominal segment dorsally with the ridges running from it.
The pupa is clearly and simply a Nymphalid, with no Lycenid (or
Erycinid) tendency whatever, and no more Pierid character than any
other Nymphalid has.

In my paper on pupe of butterflies, read at the City of London
Entomological Society in 1894, and published in the Ent. Record, I
was misled by published descriptions and figures into considering that
L. celtis had certain Pierid characters, and especially that it had a single

THE PUPA OF LIBYTHEA CELTIS. 285

nose-spine. The front of the pupa of L. celtis is very much of the type of
those of Pararge egeria and Argynnis aglaia; a transverse, rather sharp
ridge runs between the eyes, and just outside the glazed eye this ends in
rather a sharp point, whilst there is a waved rise interior to this, with a
depression in the middle line, so that there exists clearly the outer double
spine thatis so marked in the Vanessids, &c., whilst the inner pair are
also indicated. At the angulated spine in front of the eye, the ridge of
the nose-spine is continuous across the eyes and antenna with the
wing ridge that continues to the spine on the 2nd abdominal dorsum.
The whole line of this ridge, therefore, forms a complete circle round
the pupa, in some it is a little waved, in others it is so straight that it
all lies in one plane. This ridge is the most characteristic item in the
pupal facies. Another marked peculiarity is the curving forwards of the
abdominal segments, in some little degree by attitude, but chiefly by
the narrowness of the fronts of abdominal segments 5, 6 and 7, so
that, in some cases, possibly assisted by a little contraction by drying
(though the pupe are alive), the suspensory button on the anal seg-
ments almost touches the ends of the appendages on the 4th abdominal
segment. The 8th and 9th segments are practically evanescent
ventrally, but fairly well-developed dorsally. The total result is that
the cremastral spine projects ventrally or even slightly forwards instead
of posteriorly. The actual cremastral surface, with its armament of
abundant minute reddish hooks, has the appearance of being on the
back of the 10th segment instead of at its end, owing to the dorsal
surface of that segment being extremely short, unlike its condition in
Vanessa, Pieris, &c. This whole structure is very like that of Argynnis
aglaia, where the ventral sides of the abdominal segments are shortened
so as to bring the cremaster to the front of the pupa, and where the
hooks are similarly apparently dorsal by the shortening of the dorsum
of 10. The cremastral surface in LL. celtis is more like that in the
Vanessids than in any other related subfamily, being narrow and
straight in an antero-posterior line. ‘The similarly shaped surface in
Pontia is transverse. The general surface of the pupa is free from any
hairs and neither in this nor any other respect does it suggest any
Lycnid character or affinity.

The pupa is 13mm. long, of which 8:4mm. only are occupied by
the abdominal segments 5-10. Viewed laterally the smallness of these
sesments is seen to be quite as great as this measurement shows. The
depth of the pupa (back to front) beimg Gmm. at the hump on 2nd
thoracic, little over 8mm. at 5th abdominal. The dorsal spine on 2nd
abdominal is nearly as high as that on 2nd thoracic, at least there is a
difference of less than Imm. in the thickness of the pupe at these two
points. The ‘“ waist” at 1st abdominal segment is made very marked
by the following spine, the depth of the depression is quite Imm. A
ridge or keel runs dorsally the whole length of the pupa from the 1st
thoracic to the last segment, and it is this that forms the spine of the
2nd thoracic ; on the 8rd thoracic and the 1st abdominal it is a slight
ridge on a flat surface, and is so also on the the 2nd abdominal to the
spine, behind the spine it quickly subsides, and on the later seements
is rather a white line than a ridge.

The spine of the 2nd abdominal is formed by the dorsal ridge, meeting
the ridge, that is so far as I know peculiar to Libytheinae, which starts
from the ridge of the nose-spine, appears on the eye outside the glazed

286 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

eye as a white mark, does not affect the antenna in crossing it, but
appears on the mesothorax as a definite ridge, where it is probably
identifiable with Scudder’s ‘basal wing tubercles,’ runs down the
inner margin of the wing behind Poulton’s line, raises a sharp ridge
across the hindwing at level of thoraci-abdominal incision, just raises
corner of abdominal segment 1, and passes as a very marked ridge to
the 2nd abdominal spine. The space on abdominal segment 2 in front
of them is a sloping surface facing forwards, greenish in colour and
with the dorsal ridge just indicated. The interseemental subsezment
is ill-marked, but quite distinct on abdominal segments 2 and 3. There
is little movement of the abdominal segments, 5 and 6 being free, the
checking of antero-posterior movement is decided but not absolute if
the pupa be moved artificially. Actually the pupa itself only uses
lateral movement, which it does extremely actively. Apart from the
dark line of the dorsal ridge in front of the abdominal spine and the
white line it forms behind it and the white line of the Libytheine
ridve, there are many dark marks and shadines which vary a good
deal in different pupe. The 3rd and following abdominal segments
have on either side two black spots near the middle line, almost like
trapezoidals ; between these and the spiracle is a little group of three
spots.

The dark wing-shadings are especially marked alone the costa,
basally along the anal margin, and interruptedly along the middle of
the wing and at the apex; some specimens suggest that these marks
may invade nearly the whole wing. ‘The wing-surface is rough, with
a broad steep slope outside Poulton's line at the hind margin, vein le
(ist anal) is very prominent and often marked by a white line whilst
la and 1b may be made out. Perchance what I have called 1c (1st
anal) may be 1b (2nd anal), as it is very unusual for 1c to be visible
at all on a butterfly pupa. ‘The wing apices are separated by the tips
of the antenna and of the maxille. The 2nd lee reaches down three-
quarters of the distance to this point, and the first fully half, both
reach up to the eyes, so that the first is separated from the antenne.
Above the broad bases of the maxilla the cheeks nearly meet in the
middle line by a triangular process of which the apex is not marked off
as mandibles, some small tubercles between these are probably
labrum.

The figures of this pupa in the works of European authors are very
defective. That of Esper is very poor but correct so far as it goes.
Hiibner gives it a definite single nose-spine, and omits the girdling
ridge. Boisduval’s figure is good, except that he gives a very definite
nose-spine. Ochsenheimer does not figure it but says it has no nose-
spine. Praem’s figure is poor. Hofmann’s resembles it in no respect,
being a straight Pieris pupa with long nose-spine. Many authorities
agree in making it green, whilst mine are distinctly grey. The proba-
bility seems strongly to be that it is a dimorphic pupa of the type so
well investigated by Mr. Merrifield. —June, 1900.

British Lepidoptera—Mr. Bateson’s review.
By W. J. KAYE, F.E.S.

Mr. Bateson in the September number of the Hntomologist’s Record,
has reviewed Mr. Tutt’s second volume of British Lepidoptera. In so

BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.—MR. BATESON’S REVIEW. 287

far as the review is favourable probably the vast majority of the
subscribers will be with him. In the last two paragraphs, however,
opinion is likely to be greatly divided, and it would be well to know
the views of others. Mr. Bateson here opens up the question as to
whether certain general biological questions included in the systematic
part of the work, should not have been ‘fully digested and arranged,”’
and then dealt with in separate chapters. I suspect that Mr. Bateson
here refers more particularly to the details relating to gynandromor-
phism, hybridity, and such-like questions. Considerable material
relating to the former is dealt with in the chapter on the ANTHROCERIDES
in vol. i, and, again, in vol. ii, much detail is gone into relating to the
Lacuneies. The reviewer would have, I take it, these details collected
together in a general chapter on gynandromorphism. Now, however
desirable this may be, it is necessary to ask: (1) Whether such special
matter relating to a special group can consistently and with satisfaction
be divorced from that group? (2) Whether the material is yet avail-
able on which to found a general chapter on this subject of sufficient
importance to class with the other general chapters in this work ?
Would it not be better done when the detailed material of a number of
other superfamilies (including the butterflies) has been worked
through? The amassed material must of necessity be so much greater
and the generalisations obtained be more valuable and far-reaching.
Mr. Bateson goes on to say that ‘‘it is no doubt impossible for a very
busy man to carry out such a task”’ (the task of digesting and arranging
in a special chapter). One suspects that if it were the general wish of
his subscribers, Mr. Tutt would not find it impossible, and, indeed,
would overcome the difficulty. The question uppermost in the author’s
mind was doubtless whether the one or the other course was the more
valuable, and, as one of the subscribers, I am certainly inclined to
uphold the course the author has chosen. We shall all no doubt be
sreatly interested in such a general chapter, with all the scientific
results obtained, if one be published in a future volume, but there can
be no harm in knowing beforehand the units that are to build up the
whole.

Another general biological problem possibly included by Mr.
Bateson in his criticism would be that of hybridism. There is much
material relating thereto already in the chapters on the ANTHROCERIDES
and Lacunerpes. Here again the same general remark holds good.
The amount of material that is sure to be forthcoming when such
groups as the Sphingids, Saturniids, and Notodonts are worked through,
is certain to be very great, and we can confidently expect that very
much will then appear that has never yet been seen in print. One
enquires also, whether the author should exclude the considerations of
the material at hand when he was studying those superfamiliesjust named,
and reserve it till he feels safe in dealing with it in connection with
similar material that he may in future collect in his study of other
superfamilies ? Should we not rather be thankful that such general
matter as has already been worked out, is where it can readily be
found, than stored away awaiting development, and so, in no small
measure, risk the possibility of never being published at all?
Would it not have been better to have asked that when a
convenient time had arrived such subjects as ‘‘ gynandromorphism ”’
and ‘‘hybridism,’’ and other general biological problems, should haye

288 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

a separate chapter ‘in addition to the details being included in their
proper systematic position? In the general chapter on the PsycuipEs
it would surely have been strange if no mention or reference had been
made to parthenogenetic reproduction, yet, in vol. i, there is a general
chapter on ‘‘ parthenogenesis,’ and it would surely be unwise not to
mention the phenomenon in the different superfamilies as they are in
turn treated. One surmises that Mr. Tutt chose to write a general
chapter on ‘‘ parthenogenesis”’ before he said anything about it in the
systematic portion of the book, because he felt in a better position to
tackle this biological question, but we should not be impatient because
similar chapters on hybridism, gynandromorphism, &c., are not to be
found in vol. ii.

There is another point raised by Mr. Bateson, viz., whether a certain
section of the book could not be increased at the expense of another.
Reference to the preface to vol. ii shows that the author was fully aware
that this criticism would be forthcoming. Mr. Bateson would surely
not, considering our scanty knowledge of the details of the distribution
and localities of our species, really seriously suggest, especially after
reading what the author says about the distribution of Malacosoma
neustria, that the full local lists should be cut down to increase the
space for references! The author very tritely explains in the Preface,
that his answer to any criticism involving an increase in the size of the
book, would be that he “cannot get a quart into a pint pot.’ We take
it that Mr. Tutt by this wishes to convey to us that his printer will not
print any more pages for the same money. The volumes are, without
any increase, quite stout enough, and none of us can grumble that
there is not enough printed matter for the price. In any considera-
tion as to whether the local lists could be cut down, it must surely
be admitted that the author is likely to be the best judge of the wishes
of a large majority of the subscribers. Speaking as one of them, I
would suggest that the consensus of opinion would be almost
entirely against such an idea. To the active working entomologist
they are invaluable, and as the author has enlisted the subscriptions of
alarge number of such entomologists one can easily surmise what
their verdict would be. If the author does not object to criticism, it
would be interesting to know from the subscribers what their opinion
is. Apart from the difficulty of knowing what to discard and what to
retain, from the scientific point of view, my own strong personal con-
viction is that the full lists should be retained for the benefit of
collectors, for whom the book is intended, as well as for students, as the
title-page tells us. The sympathetic remarks of Mr. Merrifield in the
Iintomologist, and those of Mr. Bateson on the general contents of the
book must be most gratifying to the author and some compensation for
the close time spent in its production.

GJ OLEKEOPTERA.

Coleoptera at Rannoch in June.
By T. HUDSON BEARH, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.E.S.

Mr. Donisthorpe and I left for the North by the 8.80 p.m. express
from Euston on Friday, June 22nd, and arrived at Struan station about
8 a.m. on Saturday morning. Our luggage was to go by the mail cart
to Kinloch Rannoch, and we were to cycle over, but an unfortunate

COLEOPTERA. 289

mishap to his cycle made it necessary for Mr. Donisthorpe to take a
seat in the mail cart also. Crossing the lonely moor which lies between
Struan and Rannoch, and where the steepness of the road compelled a
general dismount, we turned over stones by the wayside, but nothing
beyond Harpalus latus, L., and a few other common things rewarded
our efforts. After breakfast, at the Bunrannoch hotel (which was our
headquarters during our visit), much relished after the two hours’ ride
across those fresh and breezy moors, we started out and devoted the
rest of the day to the mountains south of the village. The lower
slopes yielded nothing, but on the higher levels under stones we
obtained the following—Nebria gyllenhalti, Sch., Calathus melanocephalus
var. nubigena, Hal., Pterostichus vitreus, De}., with quite black aberra-
tions, Patrobus assimilis, Chaud., Tachinus elongatus, Gyll., Bradycellus
placidus, Gyll., B. collaris, Payk., B. cognatus, Gyll., Patrobus septen-
trionalis, Dej., this last insect was very difficult to secure; in fact,
collecting these hill-frequenting Carabs is very hard work and requires
an unlimited stock of patience. One scrambles painfully up through the
heather, breaks one’s back and tears one’s fingers turning over stones,
often deeply imbedded, and in nine cases out of ten without finding a
single insect to reward one for the labour of lifting them. Coming
down from the higher levels we found our way back through a lovely
olen, with very steep birch clad sides, here we beat off the birches
Hlater niyrinus, Ubst. (taken again later on close to the lake side),
Deporaus megacephalus, Germ., Anthophagus testaceus, Gr., and other
commoner things, The 24th opened very inauspiciously, pouring wet
and very cold, but as time was limited we determined to venture out
and to make our way to the famous Black Wood. We of course cycled
there, and, on the way, just past Carie glen, noticed a new pine post
wire fence on the lake side of the road. Onthis fence the keen eyes of Mr.
Donisthorpe spotted an <Astynomus aedilis, L., as we rode by, so we at
once stopped and carefully searched the fence from end to end, it proved
very productive, not only on this occasion, but during the rest of our
stay, for we never failed to pay one or more visits every day, in fact,
but for this fence, we should have come away without several of the
Rannoch specialities we were most anxious to secure. On it, besides
Astynomus, a fair number (though the local people told us the insect
was over and that we should get none), we got Asemwm striatum, L.,
Rhagium indaygator, L., in great numbers, Pissodes pint, L., Clerus
formicarius, Li., Corymbites cupreus, var. aeruginosus, Germ., C. impressus,
f.,and others. In'the wood we got very little, as everything was soaking
with wet, but managed to find under lichen, on a fallen tree, Pytho
depressus, Li., and in a rotten log under the bark, Rhyncotus ater, L.,in
plenty, with the dark var. of Quedius cruentus, Ol., and Liodes ylabra,
Kug., with plenty of Quedionuchus laevigatus, Gyll., under bark of all
the fallen logs. The 25th, Monday, was another dull day with showers,
we tried first some felled pine trees in a field close to the village, here
under the bark we got Ips quadripustulatus, F., Rhizophagus nitidulus,
F., Li. dispar, Pk., Nudobius lentus, Er., Tomicus acuminatus, Gyll.,
Homalium pineti, Th., and Trypodendron lineatum, Er., in profusion.
This latter insect required no digging out of the hard wood, as is
supposed ; it occurred in plenty in its burrows in the bark itself, and
was therefore easily obtained by breaking the latter up. In addition,
Lpurea aestiva, L., and K. angustula, Er., and other things turned up

290 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

under this bark. Beating tops of pines, which had been cut off and
were lying in the grass, produced Rhinomacer attelaboides, F., Krnobius
nigrinus, Sturm, Magdalis phleymatica, Herbst, &e. The afternoon
was spent in the Carie glen, sweeping, beating, and working the
numerous nests of #’. rufa, but the whole work was very unproductive.
We were evidently too late for the ants’ nests, and, though we found
numbers of empty Clythra cases and a few of those of Cetonia aenea also
empty, and the larvee of the latter insect, we got nothing else coleop-
terous. The small moth Myrmecocela ochracella, Testr., was found in
the ant hillocks. The only things worth mentioning from sweeping,
which was singularly unproductive all through our stay, probably from
absence of sunshine, were Halyzia 16-quttata, L., and Rhaygonycha
elongata, Fall. Tuesda;, the 26th, was given up to another day on the
hills, this time on the north side of the Loch, here we found most of
those which had turned up on the first day, and, in addition, we got
under small shingle by the side of a mountain torrent Cryptohypnus
dermestoides, Hbst., and its variety (?) 4-guttatus, Lap., in plenty, and
one specimen of Oxypoda rupicola, Rye, with Byrrhus fasciatus, F. In
deer dung on these hill slopes we obtained Aphodius lapponum, Gyll.,
A. putridus, Cr., and A. depressus, Kug. On the moors here we tried
our only water-beetle work, on the whole with poor success, though we
secured a few of the northern forms, viz., Agabus congener, Thunb., A.
bipustulatus var. soliert, Aub, Hydroporus morio, Dj., and H. marginatus,
Duft., Agabus guttatus, Pk., was common, and a specimen of Lthantus
bistriatus, Berg, turned up. On Wednesday, 27th, largely acting on local
advice, we cycled to the west end of the Loch and tried the saw-pit there,
but got practically nothing. On our way back, sweeping flowers produced
Dascillus cervinus, i., Telephorus obscurus, L., and Tropiphorus mereurt-
alis, F., &e.; we then paid another visit to the Dall saw-pit, where Mr.
Donisthorpe was lucky enough, knocking down a flying insect, to
secure Saperda scalaris, L., a beautiful insect when thus freshly
emerged; under chips at the pit I got Tvrechus rubens, F., and Ips
4-pustulatus, F. While resting and eating our lunch at the edge of
the Dall saw-mill stream, we saw and took HHydrocyphon deflexicollis,
Miill., in plenty, it was flying in the sunshine and settling on the dry
tops of the stones lying in the stream. Thursday, the 26th, our last
complete day, was devoted toa search for Trichius, but though we were
on the spot where it annually occurs in fair numbers we were evidently
too early for it, we found, however, in rotten birch stumps, what were
evidently its larvee in fair numbers; another visit to Dall saw-mill
produced F'ros aurora, F., fairly common under chips, and I took a
specimen of Sphaerites glabratus, F., several specimens of Hallomenus
humeralis, Pz., turned up under bark, and a few common things.
General collecting during our visit under stones near the Loch side
produced Otiorhynchus blandus, Gyll., O. maurus, Gyll., O. muscorum,
Bris., and Carabus arvensis, Hbst.; sweeping and beating at various
spots on the lower levels secured Helodes marginata, F'., Campylus
linearis, L., a blue var., Corymbites quercis, Gyll., with the var. ochrop-
terus, Steph., Sericosomus brunneus, L., 2, Telephorus figuratus, Man.,
and ab. scoticus, Shp., Rhagiwn inquisitor, F., R. bifasciatum, F., Elater
balteatus, L., &c., while sluicing at a sandy spot in a small bay on the
Loch produced Bledius subterrancus, Kr. Cetonia aenea we did not meet
with, we tried to find » Cossus-infected tree in the Black Wood where we

COLEOPTERA. 291

had great hopes of coming across it, but somehow managed to get astray
and did not hit the tree, so we had to come away without this insect
and Trichius, although almost all the other specialities were found in our
six days’ work. On Friday morning after I had left, Mr. Donisthorpe
managed in the two or three hours he had for working, before starting
to catch a later train at Struan, to find Quedius xanthopus, Er.

ASPARAGUS BEETLES IN Canapa.—lIn the report (On the experimental
farms) for 1899, presented by Mr. W. Saunders to the Minister of
Agriculture, there is included, as usual, an interesting report by the
entomologist to the Department, Mr. James Fletcher, dealing with
insect plagues of the year 1899, and the remedies suggested. It
appears from this report that the two asparagus beetles—Crioceris
asparagt, L., and C. 12-punctata—have at length worked their way up
from the United States into Canada; in the former country they were
introduced in 1856 and 1881 respectively, and since then have spread
over the eastern states, often causing immense damage to the asparagus
crops. Much injury was caused in the invaded districts of Canada last
season, and it is to be feared they must now be expected as an annual
plague to be watched for and guarded against. In this country we
have only C. asparagi, and it does not appear to often occur in
numbers sufficient to cause any serious injury to the asparagus crops.—
T. Hupson Brarz, B.Sc., F.E.S., King’s Road, Richmond, Surrey.
September 28rd, 1900.

NorEs ON THE COPULATION oF Hypropuinus prceus, L.—On August
14th, 1899, I took a dozen specimens of Hydrophilus piceus 11 Wicken
Fen. I brought home seyeral pairs alive and kept them in a glass
bowl in my study, feeding them on cabbage, lettuce, vegetable marrow,
&c., which they devoured greedily. All soon died off, except a single
pair which have lived till this month, the 2 dying on the 14th,
having existed for over twelve months in captivity. I may mention
that most of the others which died had one or both of their antenne
bitten off, the cause I suspect of their death, and the handiwork of this
¢. It was not till July 22nd of this year that copulation was noticed,
when I then made the following notes. The anterior lees of the 3
clasp the rim of the elytra of the ? , with the large claws, about one-third
from the anterior margin. The head rests on the middle of the back
just below the scutellum, the intermediate legs rest on the back of the

?,and the posterior legs are drawn up under the body. The $ rubbed
the back and sides of the ? rapidly with the intermediate legs as if with
the intention of exciting her, the posterior legs being moved at the same
time and with sufficient force to jolt both beetles considerably, stridulat-
ing loudly. The stridulation of this beetle has not been recorded
before. I was unable to ascertain how the noise was made. Mr. Gahan,
who has paid considerable attention to the subject of stridulation in Cole-
optera, and to whom I gave specimens of the male to examine, thinks
that some small ridges he found on the underside of the pronotum
may be the cause, though not like ordinary stridulating organs. The
penis which is three-pronged, and very large, has to be bent round
considerably to reach the female organ. It is first exserted and then
as it is pushed out further it twists once completely round and is then
further advanced till it reaches the female organ, untwisting again
when it resumes its original position. True copulation (penetration)

292 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

was not noticed, as though the pair were observed for hours, the ?
apparently would not allow the g to accomplish the act. She tried
hard to escape, Swimming rapidly round and endeavouring to jerk the
3 off, sweeping away the penis when in position with her posterior
legs. The g occasionally applied the claw of the posterior lee to the
posterior part of the 2. In this case the ? evidently exercised consider-
able choice, the g being apparently distastefnl to her. It is perhaps
worthy of record as a case in favour of “ sexual selection.’”’—Horacr
DontstHorps, I’.Z.8., F.E.8.,58, Kensington Mansions. September, 1900.

RTHOPTERA.
Ortho tera collected near Innsbruck.
By MALCOLM BURR, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

During a short stay in the hills above Innsbriick, towards the end
of July last, 1 took a few species of Orthoptera. Undoubtedly the
most interesting form taken is Stenobothrus longicornis, Latr. This
species has hitherto only been taken in north central France, and in
Belgium. Its occurrence in the Tirol shows that it only requires
search, and careful discrimination from the closely allied 8. parallelus,
with which it is almost always confused. As has been before pointed out
(nt. ec., xi., pp. 244-245) it has been amalgamated by authors with
its ally, and separated by Finot. It has since been shown by M.
Lameere (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belqy., 1900, xliv., p. 7) to occur in Belgium.
Its capture in the Tirol shows that it is widely distributed, and it is
almost certain to be a native of this country. The collection works
out as follows :

Forricunaria : Lorjicula auricularia, L.—Amras (2070ft.), in the
valley near Innsbriick.

Acripropga : JMecostethis grossus, L.—Very numerous in a marshy
field above Amras, at about 2600ft. Chrysochraon brachypterus, Ocsk.—
Fairly common about Igls (2900ft.). Stenobothrus lineatus, Panz.—
Very numerous around Igls; less so on the Patscherkofel, up to about
5000ft., July 22nd. S. niyromaculatus, Kr.—One 9 at Igls, July 28rd.
S. morio, Fabr.—Fairly common around Igls. 8. apricarius, L.—
Common around Iegls. 8. viridudus, L.—Numerous on the Patscher-
kofel at about 4-5000ft. S. rujipes, Zett.—Fairly numerous around
Igls. SS. bicolor, Charp.—Common at Igls, Amras, and on the
Patscherkofel. S. biguttulus, L.—One ¢? at Igls, July 28rd. 8.
parallelus, Zett.—Amras, Igls, common, var. alis perfectis explicatis,
Igls, 1h; Amras, 4 gs,19. This form, which is by no means
common, was found with the following. S. longicornis, Latr.—Iels,
238s; Amras, 44s, 19; this species, referred to above, occurred in a
marshy spot, together with the variety above mentioned of S. parallelus,
Locusta cantans and Mecostethus grossus. tis instructive to find this
form in exactly the same locality as the fully-winged variety of S.
parallelus, which is a kind of intermediate form between it and the
typical S. parallelus. The distinction, which is about as subtle as that
between S. bicolor and S. biyuttulus, is most noticeable in the ° , where
the valves of the ovipositor are very long and marked ; the difference
in the neuration which is slight, may well vary to some extent.
Gomphocerus stbiricus, L.—Very numerous on the Patscherkofel at about
1500ft. G. maculatus, Thunb.—Common on the hills at the back

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 293

of Igls. Stethophyma fuscum, Pall—Not very common on a restricted
spot near Iels. Of the several specimens found only one was perfect.
All the others, of both sexes, had the elytra and wings so mutilated,
by some cause or another, as to be entirely useless; a certain number
of Acari were found upon them. Oedipoda caerulescens, L1.—Only very
immature specimens, fairly common on the Lanserkopfe (8050ft.).
Podisma alpinum, Koll.—The type form was very common on the
Patscherkofel, just above Heilingwasser.

LocustopEa: Barbitistes serricauda, Fabr.—One immature, Amras,
July 24th. Leptophyes albovittata, Koll.—One immature ¢, Vill,
below Igls, at about 2600ft. Locusta viridissina, L.—Common round
Igls. L. caudata, Charp.—One ? near Igls, in grass by the roadside.
I was unable to findthe g, though I searched with somecare. L. can-
tans, Fuessly.—Fairly common round Schloss Amras, and extremely so
in aswampy clearing in the woods at a higher elevation. Platycleis grisea,
Fabr.—Iels, not numerous. P. roelesiit, Hagenb.—Common at Amras,
in the fields; much less so at Tels. P. brachyptera, L.—One @ Iels.
Thamnotrizon apterus, Fabr.—This fine insect was very numerous in a
deep gorge near Innsbriick. I took it first a ttle below Vill, and from
that point downwards it was common. 7’. cinereus, L.—Very common
on the Lanserkopfe.

GryLLopEa: Gryllus campestris, L.—The field cricket could be heard
chirping, but we only took one specimen, and we were able to catch
him as both his hinder tibiee were missing.

ScrIENTIFIC NOTES.

Cossus orc, STRECKER, AT THE T'1npuryY pock.—In the last week of
June, Mr. R. J. Theakston gave me a living specimen of what appears
to be, from the single specimen in the British Museum collection,
Cossus orc, Strecker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Phil., 1893, p. 282, or a
closely allied species. It is a female, and laid a fair number of
unfertilised ova. He had obtained it from a workman who had it in a
matchbox and was exhibiting it toa friend. Enquiry elicited the fact
that it was taken amone some wood that was being unloaded in the
Tilbury dock, the wood having come originally from America. I have
hitherto delayed noting the capture as inability to get to the Natural
History Museum, South Kensington, since I became possessed of it,
has prevented me from naming it. The eggs are very different from
those of Cossus liyniperda, and one suspects a series of not very closely
allied groups included in the Cossidae owing to the superficial similarity
of the imagines and the somewhat allied habits of the larve.—J. W.
Tutt, Westcombe Hill, 8.E.

GLYPTA LUGUBRINA, SUPPOSED TO BE PARASITIC ON HBECATERA
DYSODEA.—I was yesterday searching lettuce heads for larve of H.
dysodea, and, noticing numbers of the enclosed ichneumon on the
wing, [ watched them for nearly an hour. I never saw one in the act
of stinging a larva, although there were several lying fully exposed,
but I noticed many of them ovipositing in the flowers and seed-vessels
of the lettuce plants themselves. Is this usual? I had always
thought that ichneumons found some living host in which to
oviposit, but though I opened several of the flowers and examined
them under a glass, I could find no lepidopterous egg or larva of any

294 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

sort.—Prrcy C. Re, Feering Bury, Kelvedon. July 30th, 1900.
[The Ichneumonid you send is undoubtedly the species referred to
Glypta lugubrina, of Holmgren (Mon. Pim., p. 41), by Bridgman in
Tr. Nov. Nat. Soc., v., 71, since it is identical with specimens so
named by him in my collection. He says (l.c. 68) that the central
abdominal segments are less transverse and the mesopleura and
metathorax are much more finely and sparingly punctate than in G.
mensurator, Gr., with which Holmgrén synonymises it. It is, how-
ever, probable that Bridgman later considered them identical, since he
records only G. mensurator, Gr., from Norfolk, in 18938. Mr. Bignell
has not met with it in South Devon, though I should suspect it to be
widely distributed and not uncommon throughout the country. The
Glyptae are, I believe, invariably parasitic upon micro-lepidoptera—
generally upon Tortrices. G. lugubrina has been bred by Mr. G. T.
Porritt from Hupoecilia hybridellana, and on the 138th of last July
Miss Alderson kindly sent me from Worksop a gf G. ceratites, Gr.,
which had emerged during the morning of the 11th, ex. Vortria
xylosteana, fed upon yew. G. lugubrina (luguorina, sic) is figured in
Knowledge, v., 245. The specimen you send belongs to Holmgrén’s
var. 1=‘'Coxis rufescentibus fusco-maculatis, segmentis mediis
abdominis lateribus rufis.”’ I never heard of an Ichneumonid
ovipositing in vegetable matter, and suspect the presence of an animal
host despite the observations of Mr. Reid, with whom I have corres-
ponded upon the subject.—Ciaupe Morey. |

CHANGE OF COLOUR IN PUPA OF APATURA IRIS JUST BEFORE EMER-
GENcE.— When in the New Forest at the end of May last I became the
fortunate possessor of two larve of Apatura iris, which were found by
my brother feeding on Salia caprea. They fed up well on Salia cinerea
which I had growing in my garden, and became pup, the first on
June 15th and the second on June 17th. The imagines, both 3's,
emerged, the first on July 8th and the second on July 10th. Twenty-
four hours prior to the perfect insect emerging the pupa changed in
colour from a whitish-ereen to a most beautiful bluish-green. I[
cannot find any reference to this change in colour in any of the notes
I have read on the pupa of A. iris, but presume it is usual.—A.
Russetu, F.E.S., Southend, near Catford, 8.E. August 28th, 1900.

Hasirs or Contras HYALE.—While on my holidays at Folkestone,
August 11th-27th, I was very pleased to see Colias hyale turn up after
a few years’ absence. During my stay I took 41 specimens and saw
over a hundred. I found their flight commenced about 9.80 a.m., and
from then until about 1 p.m. I never observed them to settle at all. They
flew very swiftly up and down the face of the cliffs, making it difficult
to catch them. From 1 p.m. till about 3.30 p.m. their flight was
much less strong, and they settled at intervals, and it was, therefore,
much more easy to secure them, whilst after 3.30 p.m. I did not see
any on the wing. I did not observe any to pair, although they would
occasionally fight with the ‘‘ common whites.”” One thing in particular
I noticed with regard to their distribution, and that is, they seemed to
occur more freely in one dip of the cliffs called ‘‘ the horseshoe ”’ (a
nice sheltered cliff in the shape of a horseshoe) than elsewhere.
Whilst the sun was gradually rising to its zenith C. hyale flew on the
west side of the hollcw directly opposite the sun; at noon they
preferred the north side, whilst in the afternoon they shifted to the

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 295

east side. So constant was this that in the morning I saw them only
on the west side, and particularly noted that I did not see one on the
east, whilst at noon none appeared on the south slope, and in the
afternoon they appeared only on the east side, the west being now
deserted. In each case they preferred being directly opposite the sun.
There was one hollow that led down to a field of sainfoin, whilst
beyond this was a field of clover, and here I found that C. hyale
distinctly preferred the sainfoin but Colias edusa (which was quite as
common as C. hyale) preferred the clover. Of the latter species I also
took a long series.—C. P. Picxerr, The Ravenscroft, Columbia Road,
Hackney Road, London, N.E. August 30th, 1900.

THE SYSTEMATIC PosITION oF NoNAGRIA BREVILINEA.—Why is this
species—brevilinea—classed with Nonagriidae? The larva is not in
the least ike a Nonagrud larva, and I should say the insect is much
more a Leucania than a Nonagria. Can anyone explain ?—H. M.
Kpensten, F.E.S., Forty Hill, Enfield. August 2nd, 1900. [We
suspect that Mr. Hdelsten is referring to the position out-of-date
authors have given this species—Newman, &c.—but surely the
Leucaniid affinities of this species are now well recognised. If Mr.
Edelsten will refer to The British Noctuae and their Varieties, vol. 1.,
p. 87 (1891), he will find the insect described as Leucania brevilinea,
and in our little work British Moths, p. 185 (1896), we state: “ L.
brevilinea was supposed to be a Nonaygria by Newman, but has since
been determined to be a Leucania.’’—Ep. |

Nore ON THE CRY MADE BY THE LARVA OF ACHERONTIA ATROPos, L.
—The plaintive cry that the imago of Acherontia atropos makes when
disturbed is well-known, but entomological savans are not at all agreed
as to the manner in which the cry is produced. Some consider it to
be due to the rubbing of the tongue against the head, or of the palpi
against the tongue. Others attribute it to air escaping by the stigmata
from the base of the abdomen, or to the passage of air contained in a
cavity of the head being liberated from the tongue. The following,
if not a contradiction of the above theories, is at least a modification
thereof. At the end of last July, M. Naniot sent me a fine larva of
A. atropos to preserve for our forthcoming exhibition. What was our
surprise, at the moment of operation, to hear this mysterious cry,
common in the imago, made by the larva. On this occasion it
appeared evident that the cry came from the buccal organs of the insect,
and the larva seemed to open its mouth each time the cry was heard.
A complete anatomical study of the larva ought to show us certainly
if this noise is a true cry, analogous with those of the higher animals
and which is made by the insect under stress of great excitement, or
is only produced by the rubbing of one organ against another, a view
scarcely admissible. Mr. F. Castin assures me that this cry is well-
known to those who rear the larvee but has not been explained, whilst
Mr. F. Andernack read a note at the last meeting of the Société
Entomologique de Namur, on the cry of the perfect insect.—L.
J. Lampmuron, 25 Rue Pépin, Namur, Belgium. September 11th,
1900.

NoTE ON HYBRID CLOSTERA CURTULA X PIGRA AND OC. PIGRA xX
curtuLA.—The hybrid C. pigra g x curtula 2 would appear to be
generally triple-brooded, at least, last year a number came out in
October, and this year the larve haye already pupated, and one can

296 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

reasonably expect a certain percentage of the imagines shortly. The
hybrid C'. curtula 3 x piyra 2 are, on the other hand, quite small
larve at the present time and will not produce imagines, one suspects,
until next year. Nearing these hybrids is very interesting work, and
one observes several peculiarities in them, e.y., both forms of the
hybrids mentioned above laid ova within two or three days of each
other, and the larvee were thus available for comparison, when it was
distinctly noticeable that the larve of C. pigra S x curtula 2 are
very like those of C. piyra; they have fed up very quickly, as do the
larvee of C. curtula, whilst the larve of the hybrid C. curtula 9 x
pigra Q are also very like the larve of C. pigra, but they are feeding
up slowly, like the larvee of the latter species. It may be worth noting
that whilst the larve of C. piyra 3 x curtula Q are, as stated above,
this year, very like those of CU. pigra, they were in 1899 very like the
larve of C. curtula. I had six pairings of C. pigra § x curtula @
but only two of the females laid at all freely, the others laid from
12 to 20 ova each, and these were nearly all infertile. On the other
hand I only obtained two pairings of C. curtula 3 x pigra 2, but
both of these females laid freely, and most of them produced larvee ;
the latter, however, are so small that one feels doubtful as to how
many will reach maturity—L. W. Newman, 41 Salisbury Road,
Bexley, Kent. September 19th, 1900.

TRIPLE-BROODED AND DOUBLE-BROODED SPECIES oF LeprpopTERA.—I
have several partial third broods of various species now emerging:
Drepana hamula, which appears to bealways, ina state of confinement,
triple-brooded, and D. wnguicula, which is so to a less extent. With
me a third brood of Clostera curtula always emerges in October or
September, whilst Pterostoma palpina, Notodonta ziczac, and Lophop-
teryx camelina are always double-brooded, every pupa of N. zicz<e,
nearly all (some 150) of those of P. palpina, and more than half of
those of L. camelina, having emerged in July, when pairings were ob-
tained, followed by fertile ova and larve in due course, all having now
pupated except a few L. canelina. I find these second-brooded larvee
feed up remarkably quickly, some being only 28 days from ova to full-
fed larvee. I suspect the hot weather that we experienced at the time
influenced them largely. Last week two specimens of Cerura bifida
emerged from cocoons which had only been spun up a little over a
week, the first instance in which I have had late examples of this
species.—Izip.

NY ARIATION.

GyYNANDROMORPHOUS Dryas PAPHIA ¢ AND VALESINA 2 .—Following on
our Editorial (ante., p. 242) concerning this fine gynandromorphous
form, we may note that Weir records (Hntom., xi1., p. 206) a gynandro-
morphous A. paphia with the wings one side ? valesina, on the other side
of the normal colour of the male. He also notes another example taken
by Gulliver, the left wings 3, the right wings 9, but the upper edge
of right forewing of the usual tawny colour, and one-third of the hind-
wing also thus coloured, so that in the same specimen both gynandro-
morphism and dimorphism existed. Both were taken in the New
Forest in July, 1880. The former was figured Hntom., 1882., pl. 1.,
fig. 5.—J. W. Torr.

VARIATION. 297

Variation oF CosmoTRICHE pPoTaTorTA.—I have bred a very fine
series of Cosmotriche potatoria during the last season from larvee found
in this district. The males vary in colour from the typical form to
very pale yellow, whilst some of the females are of a very peculiar
shade of straw colour.—F’. Guenny, F.E.S., The Orchard, Walsoken,
Wisbech. October 18th, 1900.

ABERRATIONS OF HREBIA HTHIoPS.—I spent three days, August 6th,
&e., after Hrebia aethiops this year, and 1 now have a fine series, and
am very much interested in the many aberrations and varieties it
presents. I was fortunate enough to get one ¢ with six ocellated
spots on the forewings and some fine ab. ochracea; in fact, the latter
far outnumbered the type. I also obtained some dark males and
females with scarcely any bands, only rings round the spots.—H.
Moustey, F'.E.S., 10, Selborne Terrace, Bradford. August 80th, 1900.

REARING THE RED ABERRATIONS OF ‘l'HNIOCAMPA GRACILIS.—It may
interest some lepidopterists to know that I have this year reared a few
Taeniocampa gracilis from eggs laid in captivity last year by moths
hatched from larve taken in the New Forest the year before. Those
emerged this spring are of the red New Forest form, and the dark
colour has persisted in spite of the insects being reared for a genera-
tion away from their natural home, and not on their natural food. I
had always expected this would occur, but some entomologists have
expressed a contrary opinion, and have averred that the darker
coloration was simply caused by the food-plant (Myrica gale), and that
if they were reared on dock, &c., they would revert to the pale greyish
colour. This has now been proved not to be so.—W. M. Curisty,
M.A., F'.E.S., Watergate, Emsworth.

TRIPHENA JANTHINA VAR. LATIMARGINATA, R6ser.—As this is a
species little liable to variation in Britain, the following description of
a well-marked local race from Germany seems worthy of translation
and reproduction in the Record. The original description will be found
in the Entomologische Nachrichten, vol. xxvi., July, 1900, p. 204:

‘“‘ Of this new Noctuid variety from the Harz, eleven picked examples lie before
me. They are, without exception, somewhat smaller than equally picked specimens
of the typical form, as figured in Hofmann’s work (‘ Die gros.-schmett. Juropas,’
2nd edit., 1894, pl. 32 , fig. 7). The forewings are darker, and the orbicular and
reniform | spots are more sharply marked ; the hindwings are on the upper and
under side of a deeper yellow, the black margin is much broader and continued on
the upper side both on the costa and on the inner margin to the black base, so that
in most specimens there is only a spot of yellow colouring left on the upper side.
The fringes of the hindwings are in most specimens blackish at the apex and
more striking than is the case in many examples of the type. On the under-
side of the forewings the inner portioa is intensely biack and the outer edge a
darker yellow, in many specimens reddish-brown. The body is on the upper side
darker and on the under side a deeper yellow.”

T. B. Fiercuer, F.E.S., 78, Thornlaw Road, West Norwood, S.E.

A YELLOW ABERRATION OF NocTUA casTANEA.—I have found Noctua
castanea a very uncertain insect at sugar. In ten seasons I have only had
one in which the species came reoularly to sugar all through, viz., in 1891.
That year I took with Mr. Bowyer, of Haileybury, eight or nine of the
yellow form, but up to this year I have never seen 16 again. This year,
from August 13th-18th, the species came freely to sugar and I got at
first about 80 or 40 a night, and on each night, except the 16th, one
yellow one. On the 19th the weather became colder and the lng
blossom became attractive, and during the next week nothing came to

298 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

sugar at all. Our most numerous form is the red, some being very
dark, and even the grey ones have a pink tinge. I have neyer here seen
the grey form, common in the New Forest without a trace of pink in it,
never theless here and, as far as I can learn, nowhere else, occurs the
entirely distinct and most striking yellow form. The nearest yellow to
it in an insect that I can find is that of a male Muthemonia russula. I
should be much obliged if any lepidopterist would tell me if he knows of
its occurrence anywhere else.—I’. C. Wooprorpn, Market Drayton, Salop.
September 8rd, 1900. {We know no form of this species that in any way
agrees with Mr. Woodforde’s description. In british Noctuae and their
Varieties, vol. u., pp. 104-105, we describe, besides the type—castanea,
Esp.—var. neylecta, Hb., var. laevis, Haw., and var. pallida, n. var.
The latter has a distinct ochreous tint in it, it is described as ‘‘ whitish-

ochreous” but is rather ‘“‘ greyish- ochreous.” This and a form from
Morpeth—erey in tint, w ith quite grey (not red or reddish) fringes we
consider to be the rarest forms we know. Our ignorance of the
distribution of the rarer forms and races of the Noctuids is so profound
that they really may be not at all rare if more lepidopterists. would
carefully examine their series and report as to the distribution of the
various forms.—Ep. |

Y40TES ON LIFE- HISTORIES, LARVA, &c.

Novr oN GLYPHIPTERYX EQUITELLA.—On April 21st, 1900, I searched
the patches of stonecrop (Sedum acre) growing on the top of a wall here,
and found one larva of Glyphiptery. cquitella. Four days later I took
several more in the same place. They were found generally head
downwards in the interior of the shoots of the stonecrop, but one or
two rested with the head in the top of the shoot. The attacked shoots
appear grey instead of green on account of the larva eating out the
interior and leaying only the cuticle of the leaves. These hollow
leayes remain in position after the larva has left the shoot, being held
together, I beheve, by the silk spun by the larva. An entirely grey
shoot is often tenantless, but a shoot with two or three grey leaves is
almost sure to contain a larva. I have not yet founda larva on the
outside of the plant, but from the ease with which they burrow into a
fresh shoot, I imagine they sometimes change their abode. This is
effected possibly at night. The larvee appear to be of two types, the first,
which I presume isthe female, is larger and of a brighter yellow than the
other variety. Inthe latter (the male (2) larva) are tw o conspicuous purplish
bodies, which I take to be the testes situated in the dorsal area about
the 5th abdominal segment. In order to breed this species itis a good
plan to keep the Sedum containing the larvee in an air-tight vessel. As
soon, howeyer, as the larve come out of the shoots to pupate they
should be placed in a drier situation and furnished with pieces of cork
or other material of which they can make use in forming their cocoons.
As I did not adopt this plan till some pupz were attacked by mould,
and as I sent several of the caterpillars away, I only bred two imagines.
These both apne on the morning of June 16th.—Aurrep Sic,
F.E.S., 65, Barrowgate Road, Chiswick, Middlesex. October 25th,
1900.

Kaas or Lepmoprera.—Cleogene lutearia.—Oval in outline, with
one end rather broader than the other ; pale yellowish-grey in colour

LIFE-HISTORIES. 299

when first laid, surface very shiny, and (with a two-thirds used as a
hand lens) looks almost smooth; a faint reticulation, however, is
visible, but a higher power is needed to make out the nature thereof.
(Described August 4th, 1899, from eges laid quite loosely on the same
day by a female captured at Simplon. )

Eimydia candida (2 cribrum var.).—Rather more than half a sphere ;
the surface very finely and minutely reticulated; not very shiny ;
colour orange-yellow ; the micropylar area does not appear to be even
slightly depressed [Laid (and described) August 4th, 1899, side by
side in short regular rows, by a 2 caught at Simplon]. On the 6th
they had become reddish-brown, and by the 7th purplish-brown ; the
surface very bright and shiny; by the 9th the darkening had increased,
having become chocolate-brown in tint, whilst the surface shone like
silver; a small circular apical area represents the micropyle, and
forms a minute rosette, which has not the same polish as the rest of
the surface of the ege.

Lithosia griseola.—An unfertilised ege of LL. yrisecla, received from
Mr. Bacot, is dark reddish-brown in colour, the surface strongly pitted
at the shoulder, becoming regularly reticulated polygonally below the
shoulder, with a deep apical micropylar depression, at the bottom of
which is a minute central cellular structure (the micropyle), surrounded
by radiating lines, extending up the sides of the depression.—J. W.
Tur.

Hylophila prasinana.—l-Omim. in diameter, almost exactly or all
but a hemisphere, very similar in shape to the ege of an Acronycta.
When laid very pale greenish or colourless and quite transparent. At
the summit is the micropylar cup 0-13mm. in diameter very nearly
smooth, but with a central cell surrounded by a circle of petals reaching
very nearly half-way to margin of cup. The margin of the cup is a
raised ridge, rather sharp, formed by the first circle of secondary ribs,
and is thus seven or eight angled. From the seven or eight angles
start the primary ribs to the egg margin. Inside the rim of the cup a
few lines of ribbing can be made out but so faintly that the impression
that the interior of the cup is smooth is nearly correct. The ribbing
is doubled at once by an intermediate rib arising from the centre of
the first secondary rib below the cup. The seventh secondary rib,
below this again starts another intermediate rib, so that if there
were seven primary ribs at the top, these would become 14 and then 28.
Asa matter of fact there is some variation. A specimen actually
counted as 13 and not 14 and in another 32 marginal ribs counted.
There may be more or less than 7 ribs starting at the top and these do
not always afford a new rib in the interval. Half-way down the eee
however, when the 14, became 28, there is almost absolutely no
variation in the intermediate rib being found. ‘The secondary ribs
towards the margin below the last increase of ribs are 7 and then
follows a slightly swollen flange in which the egg rests, this is part of
the egg and not a eluey extraneous material. The primary ribs are
high ‘and very sharp, the valley between them hangs in a catenary
curve to a depth of about one-third its width, the secondary ribs are
equally sharp, crisp, narrow, but hardly rise above the surface. When
the ege matures it becomes yellowish and separates from the shell
sufficiently to have a colourless marginal zone, whilst the top of the ege
down to the marginal ribs becomes of a rich chocolate-brown, with

800 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

irregular margin and numerous spots of the basal egg colour. The
ribs show up bright and glittering over this, and the micropylar rosette
becomes much more evident, and can be counted to contain about 15
petals. In another specimen when the margin was raised a little
from the surface, 10 secondary ribs were counted from last added ribs to
base, and below this two more secondary ribs appeared, but without the
primaries being at all raised though present.—T. A. Cuapman, M.D.,
F.E.S., Reigate.

YWOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Leprmorrera at Boscompe anp In THE New Forest.—l col-
lected assiduously during June and July, and went out nearly
every day, whilst several day excursions were made _ to
Brockenhurst, Lyndhurst, Holmsley and Ringwood. I went in
strongly for larva-beating in May and June, and took among other
things—Lymantria monacha, Cymatophora videns, Cleora lichenaria, CU.
glabraria, Apatura tris (one), Aephyrus quercus, Nola striqula, N.
cucullatella, Hylophila quercana, Sarrothripa revayana, Poecilocampa
popult, Catocala sponsa, C. promissa, Drymonia chaonia, Boarmia
roboraria, Hemithea thymiaria, Ennomos angularia, Lithosia quadra, &e.
Day-collecting in the New Forest produced Lithosia aureola, L. meso-
mella, Li. helvola, L. complana, L. complanula, L. rubricollis, Ginistis
quadra, Calligenia miniata, Kulepia cribrum (not so plentiful as usual
at Ringwood), Nemeobius lucina, Cyaniris argiolus, Macaria alternata,
M. liturata, Acidalia bisetata (two or three good aberrations) Hupisteria
heparata, A. emarginata, Corycia temerata, C. taminata, Zonosoma
porata, Z. punctaria, Z. trilinearia, Z. omicronaria, Hurymene dolobraria,
Eipione advenaria, Cochlidion limacodes (these were swarming for about
five minutes, and then entirely disappeared—lIs this usual ?), Tephrosia
extersaria, Hadena contigua, H. yenistae, Krastria fuscula (common)
Stauropus fagi (one 2), Boarmia roboraria, Nola strigula, &e. I had
two or three week ends also at Lyndhurst with Mr. Finzi, and tried
sugar every night, but the result was nil. Ihave also tried it here,
and got absolutely nothing. Light is very good but I am severely
handicapped with my moth-trap, owing to the gaslamps in the neigh-
bourhood. I had one day at Swanage and took a few Thymelicus
actaeon, Melanargia galathea, &e. On picking some apple-blossom for
table decoration, I found a larva of Porthetria dispar which Dr. Crallan
identified for me and now has. Colias edusa was seen several times
in June, also Pyrameis cardui, so I suppose it will be an ‘ edusa year”’
(I took a ? last autumn at Christchurch). Since July, there has been
little to report; sugar has been an utter failure, and light but little
better, the only insect appearing in any quantity being Luperina
testacea, of which I obtained some nice black aberrations. Acidalia
ochrata was taken near Bournemouth on July 19th, and Papilio
machaon seen September 1st, both new to the Bournemouth list.
Caradrina ambigua is very scarce this year (only seven taken) whilst
Agrotis obelisca, Triphaena subsequa, Leucania albipuncta, Agrotis puta,
&¢., species which occurred in my garden last year, have been entirely
absent. Huvanessa antiopa was seen at Holmesley one day last week
by a porter and chased down the line, but he failed to catch it.—(Magor)
R. B. Rozertson, Forest View, Southborne Road, Boscombe. September
138th, 1900.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 301

Lepipoprera at Market Deayton.—Following up my notes (ante.,
pp. 269-271) I may add that insects since the middle of June have been
more numerous than I ever remember to have seen them before. On
June 20th an hour’s walk in the woods produced nearly 50 Macaria
notata, whereas in ordinary seasons ten per hour is a fair average.
Unfortunately half of them were a little worn. On the 23rd, in another
wood, a couple of hours resultedin 40 Asthena sylvata, a dozen in a day
being my previous maximum. Jenusia cambricaria and Hupithecia
debiliata have been unusually numerous, as also Acidalia fumata.
Noctuids were abundant at sugar on the only two occasions tried, viz.,
on June 20th, when Aplecta tincta was the most numerous species, and
again some three weeks ago when Xylophasia monoglypha was beginning
to swarm. Last Saturday, I tried a duplex lamp in a peat moss.
Acidalia immutata swarmed at it, but were a little worn, and among
others two Geometra papilionaria, one Leiocampa dictaeoides, and one
Drepana falcula were attracted, Noctuids only waltzed around without
coming within reach. Insects have come out well in the breeding-
cages, especially Cymatophora duplaris and Notodonta dromedarius, also
Zonosoma porata, of which species every pupa produced an imago.
Some species are very late. Many larve of Cucullia chamomillae are
now only about an inch in length; those of Plusia iota and P.
pulchrina ave unusually scarce, whilst those of Habrostola triplasia
are more abundant than usual and I secured ova. Two large black
examples of Amphidasys betularia paired in the breeding-cage, and I
have now about 500 larve feeding.—F. C. Wooprorpr, Market
Drayton. July 24th, 1900.

Leprpoprera in tHE Norrotk Broaps.—I have just returned from
Norfolk, where I have made three short stays; the first in mid-June
was not very productive, and Senta ulvae, my chief quarry, was scarce,
as the nichts were unfavourable to its flight. Arstlonche albovenosa,
Meliana flammea, Spilosoma urticae, Leucania pudorina, Hydrelia unca,
Phibalapteryx lignata, &c., were the species that came to light. In the
first week of July thunderstorms so cooled the air that absolutely
nothing but gnats (of the most venomous kind and formidable size)
flew at dusk or to light. Ayria auwroraria occurred by day, but the
wind was too high to make it worth looking for. The last visit at the
end of July and beginning of August produced some good nights, and
Leucania brevilinea, Lithosia muscerda, Nonagria cannae (pup) have
rewarded persistent working at last—K. A. Bowzes, M.A., F.E.S.,
Myddelton House, Waltham Cross. August 9th, 1900.

Lepmorrera In Westcomer Parx.—'l'wo species struck me as being
exceptionally abundant from July 20th-28th in Westcombe Park, viz.,
Cyaniris argiolus, second brood, which often flew about the waste ground
like Polyommatus icarus, and Hecatera serena, which came into the gas-
lights night afier night. The beautiful little Pyralis fimbrialis also
came in to light freely —J. W. Turr.

Leproprera at Castine Moreron.—The season here has been a
very late, but at the same time a fairly good one. Geometrids in June
were abundant, Minoa euphorbiata, Zonosoma omicronaria, and Asthena
luteata being much more common than usual, whilst such species as
Acidalia remutata and Asthena candidata were almost a nuisance. In
July insects came rather freely to light. It is perhaps worthy of note
that Cidaria dotata, usually scarce here, was abundant, whilst on the

302 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

other hand Cidaria pyraliata, generally common, was only conspicuous
by its absence, and up to July 16th, when I left home, sugar was never
really productive, although several species put in an appearance
occasionally, some of which I had not seen for years; among other
species there appeared Aplecta advena, Craniophora ligustri, Hecatera
serena, Hadena yenistae, Mamestra anceps, Noctua festiva, and Agrotis
corticea. Normally common species such as Ayrotis erclamationis, A.
segetum, Miana striyilis, M. fasciuncula and M. furuncula were very
scarce.—(Rev.) E. C. Doprér Fox, M.A., Castle Moreton, Tewkesbury.
August 31st, 1900.

LEPIDOPTERA NEAR SaLispury.—Collecting in the Salisbury district
was much more interesting than usual this year because of the capture
of two new insects. On August 5th, my son found a fine Acherontia
atropos larva on a kidney-bean stalk, resting. On the 7th he found
another, on potato; on the 15th several more in different gardens and
allotments, and another was brought in from a bean stalk. On the
15th my son netted two fine specimens of Colias hyale, and also took
C. edusa in a valley between two high spurs of the downs. On the
16th two more were taken, and two on the 23rd, all in perfect
condition.—(Mrs.) M. E. Cown, Aberceri, Spencer Park. Wandsworth
Common. September 20th, 1900.

AcHERONTIA aTROPos AT CarnrortH.—The larvee of 4. atropos have
again been very common in this district, nimeteen larve, two pupe,
and two imagines having been brought in by boys, and I had larve,
pupe, and imagines, all alive at the same time. I was unfortunately
unable (owing to a broken ankle) to look for them at the time, but I
suspect that, had they been searched for systematically, a large number
might have been taken. I heard of many being killed, and one lady,
fearful that a larva in her garden should sting some one, despatched it
with the tongs.—H. Murray, Carnforth. September 22nd, 1900.

ACHERONTIA ATROPOS AT SanpwicH.—A friend gave me a crippled
imago of Acherontia atropos on September 21st, which had emerged
the preceding day froma pupa, the larva of which he had fed up. The
larvee appear to have been very plentiful in the district this year.—C.
W. Coururvp, 127, Barry Road, East Dulwich, §.H. Sept. 22nd, 1900.

ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN THE Mucxrine pistRictr.—This species has
been somewhat freely taken as larva and pupa this year about Mucking.
I have not bred a specimen yet, but hope to do so before long. ‘Two
larvee were brought in which had been found feeding on Lyciwn
barbarum in hedges. ‘This is the first occasion amongst the hundreds
which have passed through my hands, on which this has been the
food-plant although stated to be so by Stainton and others.—Rev.
C. R. N. Burrows. October 3rd, 1900.

SPHINX CONVOLVULI AND ACHERONTIA ATROPOS AT WrymourH.—lI have
had one specimen (imago) of Sphina convolvuli, and several larve of
Acherontia atropos brought me this year.—N. M. Ricuarpson, B.A.,
F.E.S., Monte Video, Weymouth. October 10th, 1900.

ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN CameBs.—Acherontia atropos has been
exceptionally abundant here this year. Up to the present I have quite
150 pupze—lI suspect a quite unusual number for a collector to get in
one season. Which is the best way to force the pupe? At present
I am keeping them in a moist heat of 80°F.-86°F.—F. Guienny,
F.E.S., The Orchard, Walsoken, Wisbech, October 18th, 1900.

NOTES ON CCLLECTING. 303

NorE oN THE ABUNDANCE oF Papririo MACHAON IN NoRTHERN
France.—About a mile from the cliffs near Le Portel, a fishing village
west of Boulogne, in the midst of farm land, where the wheat had
nearly all been carried, on August 19th last, | came across two patches
of vetches and one of clover, where all the butterflies of the neigh-
bourhood seemed to be congregated, chiefest of which was Papilio
machaon, and in numbers sufficient to be called abundant. Although
strong on the wing, they were not flying so wildly as one usually
experiences, and their flight being over a restricted area, the chances
for netting were thereby ‘increased. At one time I had four around
me within striking distance, I caught neither, though I eventually
bagged five. Ido not think they were bred in the immediate neigh-
bourhood; the land hes high, with no indication of marsh; every-
thing was parched, hardly a green leaf even on garden trees—they
were probably immigrants. With regard to those specimens which
have been either seen or taken in the southern counties this summer, the
suggestion that they had rather crossed the channel from the continent
than made their way southward from the Fens seems to me the more
reasonable. May they visit us a little oftener? A few hours with
machaon anywhere marks a red letter day, and the sport they afford
does one good even to remember.—Harry Moorn, F.E.S., 12, Lower
Road, Rotherhithe. October 1st, 1900.

Papinio macHaon at Carron.—A young entomological nephew
writes me, that while playing in a cricket match at Catton, Norfolk,
on September 8th, 1900, P?. machaon flew over his head. As he has
seen and taken a great number in the south of France he would not be
mistaken in the F. Green, F'.L.S., F.E.5., West Lodge,
Blackheath. [Other examples are recorded from East Grinstead,
August 20th (Frohawk); near Martley, August 31st (Frohawk) ;
Teme Valley, August 31st (Hdwards).—Ep.].

Cuorrocampa NeRI NEAR Wrymourn.—A specimen of Choerocampa
nerii was brought to me alive in a cardbox on September 24th last, by
a little boy, and, strange to say, was almost uninjured. It was caught
at rest by Mrs. New, a resident in the village of Chickerell, about half
a mile distant from my house, who, knowing my tastes, kindly sent it
tome. It is a beautiful specimen, a female, and 42 inches across the
wings. ‘This is the first hawk moth, rarer than Atewomita atropos or
Sphinw convolruli that I have either caught or had brought to me
during 380 years’ collecting.—Nernson M. Ricwarpson, B.A., F.1.5.,
Monte Video, near Weymouth. October 10th, 1900.

CHorrocampa NERU IN Kent.—A fine female of this rare species was
captured by Master Guy Wickham, in his father’s dining-room at
Willow Groye, Yalding, about 6.30 p.m. on September 18th ‘last. The
window was open and a Jamp burning on a sideboard at the far end of
the room; there were some plants of Nicvtiana affinis in the garden
outside. Unfortunately it was very much damaged, as the boy had
only a small ‘“‘ sea-side’”’ net and no killing-bottle, so the moth took a
deal of hunting before it was caught, aml had to be killed lke a
butterfly by severe pinches under the thorax !—(Carr.) §. J. Rem,
P.E.S., Yalding, Kent. October, 1900.

Hewioruts scurosa AND APLECTA occuLTA IN SoutH Drvon.— Whilst
I was collecting with my son, F. Capel Hanbury, in a clover-field near
Dartmouth, on September 4th, a much worn male specimen of Heliothis

304 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

scutosa flew up from the ground, eluded us for a time, and was eventu-
ally taken by my son whilst buzzing among the clover. <Aplecta
occulta was taken by me on August 31st, whilst sugaring on the coast
at some little distance from any woods, in the company of Mr.
Eustace R. Bankes. Iam not aware that this species has hitherto
been recorded from any of the south-western counties of England, and
it appears to be at all times very rare in the south. The specimen
being a female, and the southern form much paler than the Scotch
specimens, I determined to sacrifice it on the chance of getting eggs.
I kept her in a muslin sleeve, and well fed for about a week, and she
laid about 200 eges. Unhappily they have proved to be infertile, and
the specimen is of course worn almost past recognition.—FREDERIcK J.
Hansury, F.L.8., F.E.S., Stainforth House, Upper Clapton, N.H.
September 24th, 1900.

PAaCHYTHELIA VILLOSELLA TWO YEARS IN LARVAL STAGE.—You will be
interested to know that three of my larvee of Pachythelia villosella are
still on the move, though now inclined to hybernate, I have had these
larve since May, 1899.—(Mrs.) M. EH. Cown. September 20th, 1900.

DIANTH@CIA CAPSINCOLA EMERGING AS A SECOND BRooD.—In July |
collected some larvee of Dianthoecia capsincola in Yorkshire, feeding in
seed-heads of campion. These were kept in a cool passage, and three
emerged on July 19th, 2ist and 24th. Is not this unusual, as both
Newman and Stainton give the following August (and June) as the time
for the imago? ‘The same thing occurred last year, but as I was not
expecting them I did not note the exact dates of emergence.—Dovexas
H. Parson, Chilwell, Notts. September 4th, 1900. [We suspect 90 per
cent. of the pup of D. capsincola go over the winter and emerge the
following June. A few of a brood will often emerge after being
pupe only some two or three weeks.—Hp. |

ACANTHOSOMA HAMORRHOIDALE IN Lonpon.—My friend Mr. Malcolm
Burr has been good enough to give me a specimen of Acanthosoma
haemorrhoidole, Linn., captured by Mr Hubert Roose in the School of
Mines. I have taken this species from birch on Wimbledon Common,
but otherwise I do not know of any records from the London district
nearer than Esher and Epping Forest.—G. W. Kirnatpy, F.E.S§.

Breepinc Ginistis quapra.—This has been a ‘‘ quadra’”’ year
in the New Forest. It has fallen to my lot to breed 21 specimens
out of 25. The remarkable point about them is that they all came out
nearly together. On July 15th, five ?s and one ¢ ; on July 16th,
three ?s and three $s; on the 17th, five $s; on the 18th, two gs;
and on the 19th, two gs. They did not seem particular as to the
time of the day at which they emerged, but the bulk of them came out
early in the morning.—J. C. Moserry, M.A., F.E.8., Woodlands, ~
Bassett, Southampton. September 28th, 1900.

RuMiA LUTEOLATA IN SEPTEMBER.—At 10 a.m. in the Court woods,
Clevedon, on September 18th, I observed a fresh specimen of Mumia
luteclata at rest in the path, and, in the same woods two days lator, Mr.
Mason and myself watched two more specimens fly from the und ‘rwocd
which we were beating. I never saw specimens of the autumn
brood before.—C. J. Warxiys, F.H.8., King’s Mill House, Pa nswick.
October 8th, 19900.

CatocaLa FRAxINtT AT ExtHam.—A §Specimen of Catocala fraxint
was taken on treacle at Eltham, Kent, on September 8rd, 1900, by

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 305

Mr. G. Grey and his brother, both members of the North Kent N.H.
and Scientific Society, and was exhibited at the last meeting at the
Polytechnic, Woolwich.—A. 8. Poors, 47, Griffin Road, Plumstead.
October 17th, 1900.

MacroGLossa STELLATARUM aT Itrorp and WimpiEpon.—On
September 29th I saw a specimen of M. stellatarwn on the wing at
Tford, and on October 1st two others at the same place, whilst on
October 2nd I noticed three specimens between Wimbledon and
Raynes Park.—C. P. Picxrrr, 52, The Ravenscrofts, Columbia Road,
Hackney, N.E. October 4th, 1900.

AUTUMNAL EMERGENCE OF MacroGLossa sTELLATARUM.— Yesterday
morning, October 22nd, I discovered a newly-emerged specimen of
Macroglossa stellatarum just inside my drawing-room window, which
was opened about three or four inches, I have never before seen one of
these insects in Paddington but suppose they do occur here as in
most places.—Husert C. Purtiies, M.R.C.S, F.E.S., 262, Gloucester
Terrace, Hyde Park, W. October 22nd, 1900.

Cucuttia aBsintHit IN Norta Drvon.—I discovered a few larvee of
Cucullia absinthit on Artemisia absinthium at Lee, and a single larva of
the same species at Croyde. I had previously searched for the larva
at Croyde on its food-plant, for a number of years, but without
success.\—C. Barrierr, 18, Henleaze Avenue, Westbury-on-Trym,
Bristol. October 2nd, 1900.

Hasits OF THE FEMALE OF Sti~BrA aNomaLa.—What are the habits
of the female of this species? By diligent searching for this sex at
. Saunton, north Devon, on the gorse, heath and grasses upon which
the insect rests, I was able to secure only one specimen, whereas some
fifty males were netted or seen, the latter at rest, or flying from about
10 p.m. during the first week of September.—Iziw.

CoLIAS EDUSA AND C. HYALE In 1900.—On June 17th, I saw several
specimens of Coltas edusa in north Cornwall.—s. G. His, Folkestone.
September 1st, 1900.

From August 15th, Colias edusa has been plentiful in the neigh-
bourhood of Folkestone, of the var. helice I have only captured two
specimens.—Ixip.

On June 12th a specimen of Colias hyale was captured at Folkestone
by Mr. W. 8. Judge. Since August 16th C. hyale has been abundant
in the same neighbourhood. ‘Those I have taken show a great deal of
variation, one or two specimens being without any spotting on the
apex of the forewings.—Isp.

Colias hyale appears to be widely distributed in Kent this
autumn, and was in fine condition from August 15th to September
1st.—L. W. Newman, 41, Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. September
2nd, 1900.

Between August 22nd and 25th, especially on the 24th, Colias
hyale was extremely abundant in lucerne fields between Birchington-
on-Sea and Westgate. It would not have been difficult to have captured
over a hundred specimens, or perhaps double that number. I only
kept two dozen myself, whilst a young companion captured between three
and four dozen. During the same period about half a dozen Colias
edusa and the same number of Pyrameis cardui also appeared. On
August 31st I captured one Colias edusa at Kingsdown, near Walmer,
and saw one specimen of (’. hyale—Husert C. Puiurps, M.R.C.S8.,
F.H.S., 262, Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Park, W. September 2nd, 1900.

306 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

In the Daily Graphic of August 25th Mr. J. EH. Whiting (writing
from Hampstead) records that on August 20th he took, in less than
three-quarters of an hour, near Croydon, 20 specimens of Colias
edusa, of which 15 were var. helice. We suspect Mr. Whiting cannot
distinguish between C. hyale and C. var. helice.—Ep.

Isaw two male Colias edusa yesterday flying ina lane near Alne
about 12 miles north of York.—S. Waker, York. September Tth,
1900.

Colias edusa has been and is still fairly common; I have also taken
one CU. hyale and others have also been captured as well as C. var.
helice.—(Masor) R. B. Rozerrson, Forest View, Southborne Road,
Boscombe. September 18th, 1900.

On September 8rd, I saw C. edusa at Christchurch, Hants, and on
September 16th, at Parndon, in Essex.—A. Bacor, Bow House, Clapton,
N.E. September 18th, 1900.

Whilst in northern France during August I saw several examples
of Colias edusa, particularly between Grandville and Avranches, on two
separate cycle journeys. Others, again, were seen when I made a
circuit vid Coutances. They were never in any great numbers at any
one place, but were seen flitting along by the roadside, much as Gonep-
teryx rhamit does in Kent; I did not, however, have the opportunity
of going into the fields, where they may have been much more
abundant.—H. Auprerson, F.E.S., Hilda Vale Road, Farnboro’, Kent.
September 20th, 1900.

A number of specimens of Colias edusa and C. hyale have been
recently caught here, C. hyale being more plentiful than C. edusa.—
Epwarp Ransom, Sudbury, Suffolk. September 20th, 1900.

Colias hyale and C. edusa have both been noticed in the clover
fields around Chislehurst. I saw a specimen of the former on the
golf links just outside my garden.—A. Rosriyson, B.A., Sylvanhoe,
Chislehurst. September 18th, 1900.

I have seen U. edusa sunning itself in my garden, but did not
disturb it.—J. C. Mosrrty, F.E.S., Woodlands, Basset, Southampton.
September 20th, 1900.

While travelling yesterday by train from Lille to Paris, I several
times noticed Colias hyale dashing about on the railway banks, from
which I gather that this butterfly is this year numerous over here, as
in England.—Jos. F. Green, F.L.S., F.E.S., Hotel Continental,
Paris. September 21st, 1900.

I have not personally seen anything of C. edusa species in Cumberland
this season, but a friend of mine at Maryport writes that one has been
taken there and another seen.—F. H. Day, F.E.S., Carlisle.
September 22nd, 1909..

There have been many Colias edusa in the Carnforth district during
thelast month; onemale wascaptured inthe street this week and brought
tome. It is some time since the species was taken here.—H. Murray,
Lowbank Villas, Carnforth. September 22nd, 1900.

It may be interesting to note that we have taken three Colias hyale
and two C. edusa here, in our own field, within the last fortnight.
Both species appear to be fond of settling on the blossom of Centaurea
nigra. C. edusa is always scarce in this district and we have not taken
C. hyale before.—(Miss) E. Mimuer, The Croft, Rainsford Road,
Chelmsford. September 24th, 1900.

PRACTICAL HINTS. 307

At the meeting of the Nonpareil Society, on September 20th, Mr.
Bates stated that he took twenty-four examples of Colias hyale in a
lucerne field between Dagenham and Hornchurch, in Essex, during the
second week of August. Mr. Lusby at the same time reported several
C. hyale at Gravesend during August.—C. P. Picxerr, 52, The
Ravyenscrofts, Columbia Road, Hackney Road, N.E. September 24th,
1900.

Colias edusa has been common at Oxton with the ab. helice occur-
ring fairly frequently, about one in ten; also one C. hyale, which
almost escaped notice as a poor helice.—K. F. Srupp, M.A., F.E.S.,
Oxton, near Exeter. October 5th, 1900.

Colias edusa has been abundant in the neighbourhood of Braunton
and Morthoe this summer.—C. Barrrierr, 18, Henleaze Avenue,
Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. October 2nd, 1900.

I saw a specimen of Colias edusa at Chippenham, Wiltshire, on
September 24th.—Ism.

I captured two male Colias hyale on August 12th on the Old Fosse
Road, near Cotgrove, Notts, whilst afew days later four other examples
were captured in the same locality. On the same date (August 12th),
and in the same place, I also took 19 C. edusa, whilst a few days later
a friend took 58, other captures bringing the total up to 80. The
weather was generally sunny, with the wind westerly.—G. Hrnprrson,
57, Arnold Road, Old Basford, Notts. October 4th, 1900.

On August 19th last I watched with great delight two specimens
of Colias edusa flying about in a clover field near Painswick. I had
not observed this interesting species here for many years. I may add,
that the common Pierids are stillin evidence and have been seen in our
garden as late as yesterday, October 8th.—C. J. Warxins, F.E.S.,
King’s Mill House, Painswick. October 9th, 1900.

PRACTICAL HINTS.
Field Work for November.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

1.—From the saltmarshes at Southend and Canvey I obtained,
during the autumn and winter months, larve of Coleophora salinella
on Atriplex portulacoides and Suaeda maritima; those of Coleophora
tengstroemella on Chenopodium ; of Coleophora artemisiella on Artemisia
maritima ; of Semasia rufillana in seed-heads of Daucus carota; of
Conchylis francillonana and Argyrolepia zephyrana in the stems of D.
carota; in the heads of teasel, larvee of Mupoecilia roseana and Penthina
gentiana were abundant; larvee of Conchylis diluctdana in the stems of
wild parsnip; Gymnancycla canella on Salsola kali; cases of Coleo-
phora argentulella plentifully on seed-heads of yarrow, whilst the larvee
of Dichrorampha petiverana were in the roots. All these in due course
produced imagines (Elisha).

2.—-Machin used to breed Conchylis dipoltana from seed-heads of
yarrow collected at Southend in the autumn.

3.—The slight earthen cocoons of Hupithecia abbreviata are some-
times spun at the root of a hawthorn tree where they may be found
‘during the winter.

4.—The pupe of Hybernia leucophaearia are usually found at tree-
roots among tufts of grass.

308 THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD.

GY URRENT NOTES.

In the Ent. Mo. May.. for October, 1900 (p. 230), Dr. Sharp has:
some notes on ‘‘Some undescribed species of Trogophloeus with a new
Genus.” In these notes he describes a species new to Britain taken
by Mr. J. H. Keys, near Plymouth, and for which he proposes the
name of 7. anglicanus. He mentions that M. Fauvel who has seen the
species, is of opinion that it is identical with a species 7’. wnicolor
found in New Zealand. This is undoubtedly the case, as we have
examined specimens at the British Museum, shown to us by Mr. C. O.
Waterhouse, who also thinks they are the same species. In the course:
of his notes Dr. Sharp proposes the two following suggestions for its
occurrence in Britain. ~ “ 1 imeline, ~however,. . 424.) so ache
conclusion that we have here to do with two species almost identical
in structure and general characters, produced independently in the two
Antipodes of the world, but under very similar conditions.’ This.
appears to us extremely doubtful. Later on he writes—* It may be
suggested that it was introduced many years ago and has become
naturalised at Plymouth. Should this species not be found elsewhere
in HKurope we shall perhaps have to adopt this view.’’ This seems a.
much more reasonable idea. It would be interesting to know which ©
view Dr. Sharp really takes.

Among the species of Coleoptera recorded by Mr. Champion (i.c.
p. 285) as having been taken by Colonel Yerbury this summer, in
Scotland, we note Pachyta sevmaculata, Linn., caught at N ethy
Bridge. This is a very interesting capture and confirms the species as.
British, it having rested until now on two specimens taken at.
Aviemore.

At the meeting of the Entomological Society of London, held
October 8rd, 1900, Mr. M. Jacoby exhibited an ichneumon, Rhyssa
persuasoria, taken by him at Blandford, parasitic on Sirex, and Colonel
Yerbury said that he had met with the same species in some numbers.
in Scotland. One female observed in the act of oviposition had thrust.
her oyipositor, which is of about the consistency of a human hair,
through an inch of fir trunk.

At the same meeting Colonel Yerbury exhibited :—(1) A rare saw-
fly, Xyphidria camelus, taken in Scotland this year at Nethy Bridge.
The species is mentioned in the old books as extinct in the United
Kingdom, and Mr. Waterhouse said there were no modern specimens
in the South Kensington Museum collection. (2) Rare diptera from
Scotland including (a) Laphria flava, two males from Nethy Bridge ;
(b) Chamaesyrphus scaevoides, new to the fauna of Great Britain, from
the Mound, Sutherland, where it was common on Umbelliferae under
fir-trees in a damp wood, one female-also being taken on the path up.
Cairngorm, near Glenmore Lodge; (c) Microdon devius; (ad) Chilosia,
chrysocoma, at mountain-ash blossom, Nethy Bridge ; and (e) Stomphas-
tica flava, two males from Golspie, September, 1900.

At the same meeting The Rey. D. Morice exhibited a remarkable
hermaphrodite of the bee, Podalirius (= Anthophora) retusus, in which
the male characters were confined to the left side of the head and.
genitalia, the right side of the thorax and the abdominal segments.
The antenne and hind (pollinigerous) lees were those of a female, and.
the genitalia half of each sex.

Roe: ba OS ne 1tB ao AL a ew Asti 7

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NOTICH.—The Editor will be glad of eggs, larvee and pup of Lepidoptera, for

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IMPORTANT. Wanted, actual dates on which, and exact localities where, -

Pterophorids, Hepialids, Cossus, Zeuzera, Lasiocampids and Sphingids have been captured.
Will correspondents send dates for this or any year?—J. W. Turr, Westcombe Hill, 8.1.

Wantep.—For the purpose of distribution for use in natural science lessons in
elementary schools. Perfect, named (preferably), common examples of all orders—setting
immaterial—common dragonflies, butterflies, moths, beetles, orthoptera, diptera, hemiptera,
hymenoptera—also preserved larve. The common honey-bee, wasps, cockroaches, &c.,
will be farticularly useful. Will all friends and correspondents take this as a personal
appeal, and address all consignments (well packed), to—Mr. J. W. Tutt, Pedagogical
Lecturer in Natural Science, School Board Offices, Victoria Embankment, W.C.

Herne Wanrep.—The Editor has obtained help for the references to Lasiocampids,
Saturniids, Endromids, Sphingids, Hepialids and Cossids, to be found in the Zoologist. A
volunteer is still wanted to overhaul the series of the Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung for
references to the same groups, and to provide summaries of the facts recorded.—J. W.
Tutt. :

WanrtEep.—For publication. Localities for any of the following: L. quercts, L. trifolii,

- ©. potatoria, E. quercifolia, E. ilicifolia, S. carpini, HE. versicolor, S. populi, S. ocellatus,
S. tiliz, C. elpenor, C. porcellus, C. celerio, D. nerii, D. euphorbiz, D. galii, D. livornica,
S. pinastri, S. ligustri, S. convolvuli, A. atropos, H. humuli, H. velleda, H. sylvinus, H.
lupulinus, H. hectus, C. cossus, Z. pyrina, M. arundinis, &c. Also exact dates of capture,
food-plants, position of pupe found in nature, mode of oviposition, exact dates of egg-
laying, exact duration of egg, larval or pupal stage. Peculiarities of habits, variation, and
other details.—J. W. Tutt, Westcombe Hill, S.E. :

Excuancr Basxpts.—Oct. 29th, No. 2 basket.—Messrs. Studd, Walker, Robertson,
Christy, Woodforde, Whittle, Ash, Atmore, Richardson, Bower, Edelsten, Riding. Sept.
20th, No. 4 basket.—Messrs. Studd, Woodforde, Horne, Bowles, Bower, Robertson,
Fox, Mera, Robinson, Maddison, Riding, Moberly. [Members who wish to be missed
must write to the name preceding their own on list, not to the Secretary]. The names
of one or two new candidates for admission would. be welcomed and room made as
opportunity offered.

Duplicates.—K. extensaria* (a few), Pendularia*, Sparsata*, Subnotata*, Lafauryana*,
Fascelinellus, C. alpinellus, Teucrii, Verbascalis, Subbaurnanniana, Hricetana, Bifasciana,
Internana, Atmoriella, Pedella, Illigerellus. Desiderata.—Sinuata, Lapidata, Picata,
Bombyliformis, Pruni, Obliquaria, Subsequa, Nigrocincta, Peltigera, Armigera, Pulveralis,
Margaritalis, Ericellus, Myellus, Mucronellus, R. marmorea, Umbrana, Purpurana,
Turbidana, Geyeriana, Salopiella, and offers.—H. A. Atmore, King’s Lynn, Norfolk.

Duplicates.—Bellareus, Sylvanus, Malve, Tiliz*, Tipuliformis*, Miniata, Mendica*,
_ Pyrina, ¢ and ¢, Salicis*, Dispar*, Monacha*, Lupulinus, Perla, Megacephala, Aceris,

he ie Sts Oe Ol a ae Lng

DB Peal week

e
_ Flavago iSideo rcellaris, folii nopod al
Parthenias, Sambucaria, Strataria, Abruptaria, Rho: daria, Gr
Marginata, Sordidata, Bubiginata, Sociata, Fulvata, Comitata* 5 Desiderata.—S
—=Colin Murray, 9, Bedfor d Gardens, Ilford, Essex. :
Duplicates.—To collectors of continental hatte tee Delin (four), Mnemosyn
Phicomone, Gordius (very fine), Arcania (few), Iphis (few), Galatea var. procida, L.
boetica, 1} Meleager (two), Amanda, Escheri (very fine), Orion, Hylas, Eumedon, Argus, Eros
(three), Lycidas, Orbitulus, Arion and‘ var. obscura. * Desiderata. —Polyxena, “Rumina,
Medesicaste, Daplidice, Huphenoides, Telicanus, Optilete, Ripperti, Dolus, Donzelii, Sebrus, —
Melanops, Egea, and almost any not Swiss.—Rev: F. H. Lowe, .St. Stephen's Vicarage,
Guernsey.

Duplicates.—Wuphrosyne, Io*, Atalanta”, Eipiphron, Medea (Yorkshire), Davus, —
Carpini*, Callune, Perla, Fulva, Chi, Protea, Maculata, Zonaria, Cambrica, Strigillaria,

Marginata, Rupicapraria, Albicillata, Immanata, Pectinitaria, "Fumata, Multistrigaria.’
Black pins. Pups Callune. Desiderata.—Numerous.—H. ’Phillipson, Dairy Place,
Saltaire.

- Duplicates.—Pruni (types), W-album, Octogesima (two), Stigmatica, Lutulenta, Diffinis,

Gilvago, Lunosa, Luctuosa, Argentula, Lichenaria, Syringaria, Subciliata (faix), Bimaculata,
_Quadritasciaria (types), Fuscantaria*. Desiderata. —Numerous.—Philip Gardner, Con-
ington Hall, Cambridge,

Duplicates.—Harpalus caspius, H. melancholicus, H. neglectus, H. picipennis, H.
sabulicola, Pterostichus gracilis, Chleenius nigricornis, Pogonus luridipennis, Masoreus
wetterhali, Cymindis axillaris, Bryaxis waterhousi, Claviger ‘testaceus, Omoplus armeriz.
—A. Forsyth. 20, Ranelagh Road: Weymouth.

Duplicates. —Machaon*, Chlovana*, Chrysorrhoea*, Corydon, Adonis, Galathea,.
Taminata. Desiderata. —Healthy. pup of Pieris. brassice.—H. EH. Page, “ Ber trose,””
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine’s Park, London, S.E.

Duplicates. —Contiguaria*, Mendica*. Desiderata. —Numerous, especially Hupithecien,
or other good local species.—L. S. Brady, 498, Ecclesall Road, Sheffield.

Duplicates. —O. darsius, O. ruficollis, P. ambrax, Buchenor, Hector, H. cytherea, C-
elegans, Huploea, &e. Desiderata. —Very numerous, in papers only. — John’ W. Moore, -
aie Calbourne, ” Vicarage Road. King’s Heath, Birmingham.

Duplicates. —Ochracea*, Capsincola*, Literosa, Umbrosa, Abjecta (types). Gemina, L.
comma, Umbratica, Camelina: Rumicis, Psi, Megacephala*, Chi, Nigricans, Flavago*,.
Testacea, Comes, Exoleta, Litura, Pistacina vars., Velleda, Hectus, Stabilis, Instabilis,
Gothica, Antiqua*, Vetulata*, Statices, Heparata, Ocellata, Trifasciata, Candidata, Lari.
ciata, Ulrhata, Petraria, Populata, Viridaria, Ilunaria* (second brood), Olivata (fair),
Cambrica. Desiderata. _Hyale, Valezina, Sesiidse (except Tipuliformis), Atropos, Querci-
folia, Plumigera, Orion, Leporina, Ridens, ‘Auroraria, Ripe, Lunigera, Cucullata, Amataria,
hactearia, Hrosaria, Pastinum, Anomala, Bractea, Lychnitis, Absinthii, Atriplicis,
ichenea, Oo, Retusa, Caesia, Conspersa, Cuculla, Straminea, Fagi, Helveola, and many,
others. yeh Ashton Lofthouse, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesborough.

Duplicates.—W-album*, Comma*, Lineola, Stellatarum, Mesomella, Hera, Radiata,
Ligniperda*, Chryscrrhea*, Carpini*, Pinastri, Strigilis (black), Puta, Saucia*, Plecta,
Chi, Umbrosa, Ianthina, Fimbria, Pyramidea, Pistacina, Satellitia, Upsilon*, Affinis,
Nebulosa, Chenopodii, Verbasci,. Libatrix, Porata, Crepuscularia, Piniaria, Citraria, Dotata
(Associata). Desiderata.—Many species, list sent if desired.—J. C. Dollman, Hove House,
Newton Grove, Bedford Park, W,

Duplicates. 3154 Sernloley Populi*, Neustria, Filipendule, Lubricipeda’*, Auriflua*,
Salicis*, Camelina, Viiezac* , Fulva, Megacephala*, Haworthii, Comes*, Oleracea, Thalas-.
sina, Verbasci*, Typica*, Chi, Pilosaria, Ceesiata, Impluviata, Populata, Fulvata, and,
Pyvraliata, Desiderata. —Hyale, Megeera, Pruni, and very many to renew.—IV. G. Clutten,
10, Hallwell St., Burnley. ‘

Duplicates. “ Sordidana*, Udmanniana, Caudana, Corticana, Nevana, Solandriane,
vars., Virgaureana”*, Ictericana*, Dubitana, Comparana, Betuletana, Letana, Bilunana,
Subocellana, Prelongana, Pflugiana, Zoegana, Sponsana, Costana*, Octomaculana, Lech-
eana, Simulana, Arcuana, Betulella*, Cruciana*, Podana*, Falsellus (fair), Niveus, |
Nymphwalis (suffused and dark forms), &e. Desiderata.—Other Tortrices.—J. Harrison,
7, Gawber Road, Barnsley.

Duplicates.—Ochrata (few), Ichneumoniformis. (few), Musciformis, Chlorana (few),
Chryssorhea*, Dominula*, Aluiaria (autumnaria), Miniata, Obscurata, Badiata*, Muralis,
Sublustris, Rubricosa*. Desiderata.—EKixulans, Minos, Formiciformis, Crabroniformis, —
and numerous others.—S. G. Hills, Public Library, Folkestone.

Wantrp.—Pupex of Betularia, and var. doubledayaria, for experimental purposes.—
W. Bateson, Merton House, Grantchester, Cambridge.

ExcuancE.—lI am desirous of obtaining butterflies from the Malayan Archipelago and

hneumons of every ae —C. Mor Ae 68, Or. aa Str ect, Tp

Wanrep- —Buckler’s Larvae, &e., and Barrett’s British Lepidoptera, second hand.—

Walker, Eddercliffe, Queen Anne? s Road, York: :

~ Wanrep.—Buckler’s Larvae of British’ Butter flies dnd Moths, vols. iii. to end inclusive.
—H. Rowland Brown, Oxhey Grove, Har row Weald.

MEETINGS OF Corea

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_ W.—Wednesdays, Nov. 2ist, December 5th, 1900, and January 16th. 1901 (Annual). i
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18th, Holiday Notes from Hunstanton—Mr. S. J. Bell. a
The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia | ‘
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November 22nd, Mr. Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S.. a Paper, ‘“‘ Desultory Days at Dawlish in
August.” December 13th, Dr, T. A. Chapman, F.Z.S., F.E.S., a Paper, ‘‘ Some Wing-
-struetures in Lepidoptera. ” oe
; North London Natural History Society, Sigdon Road Board School, Dalston anes
_ NE. (close to Hackney Downs Stations, G.E.R.). —Meetings first and third Thursdays in
each month, at 7.45 p.m. November 15th, Discussion—‘‘ The Extinction of Sites es
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S Nonpareil Entomological Society, Mansfield Street, Kingsland. —The First and
Third Thursdays in the Month.

4 . Entomological ApparatuGSs

2 Ww. OE EL. Rosenberg, FZ. Si.
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im Brice List of British Lepidoptera and Illustrated Catalogue of Apparatus post free.

i British Moths. ae ae
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; Price 5s, icouud: in cloth) 368 pages, 12 full page coloured plates and 61 wood cuts. ;

This handbook to the British Moths supplies a great want, especially to theless advanced field
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_ The Sphingides—The Saturniides—The Bombycides—The Cheloniides—The Drepanulides.
—The Pseudo-Bombycides—The Noctuides—The Geometriform-Noctuides—The Geome-
trides—The Deltoides—Other families of the Obtecte—The Incomplete—ThePterophorides
—The Hepialides—The Zeuzerides—The Tineides—The Cochliopodides—The Zygenidey
_ —Proto-Lepidoptera—Apparatus, Pinning and Setting Insects, Killing Insects, Rearing
Insects. The book is full of sound practical hints for the field worker, It contains
xcellent tables showing the time when the egg, larve, pupxe and imagines may be found, .
_ the food-plants and mode of pupation. It also gives a short account of the relationship of

the superfamilies to each other, and is thus particularly useful to those who are commene-
_ ing the study of the Lepidoptera from a scientific standpoint.

To he Spinel from H. E. BAGH, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S. E.

BRITISH H LEPIDOPTERA
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Demy 8vo., strongly bound in Cloth.
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Price £1 each Volume (net).

PRESS OPINIONS.

“Mhe second volume of Mr. Tutt’s great work fulfils the promise of the first, and supplies some:
chapters which were wanting to complete matters of ageneral character. That most striking of all the
attributes of insects, metamorphosis, is in this second volume, treated at length, the observations and
theories of the well known leading authorities on the subject being stated and discussed. . . . There
is a separate chapter on phenomena incidental to metamorphosis, such as the passing, sometimes, of
several years in the pupal stage and the impossibility in such cases of forcing. The external morphology
of the pupa has a chapter to itself, the author correcting some common errors as to the structure and
significance of the different parts, and setting forth the view that the pupais the modified representative
of the ancestral form of insect, from which the larva on the one side, and the imago on the other, have
been developed. Professor Poulton’s views are discussed very fully, and in some cases combated. Many
interesting questions are treated in a separate chapter, on the internal structure of the pupa, including
the formation of the wings and scales upon them. The chapter on the phylogeny of the lepidopterous
pupa is by Dr. Chapman, and it is unnecessary to say that it is characterised by great fulnessof original
observation and carefully thought-out conclusions. The introductory chapters occupy 100 pages, the
rest of the volume is taken up with descriptions of species and all that belongs to themin thesame
copious style asin the first volume. The 300 pages occupied with the Psychides, present allthatis
known of the British species, with very full references to many others, and a complete catalogue of the
species of the Palearctic region. Vast labour has been devoted by the author and his coadjutors to this
part of the work, a study of which is indispensable to all who desire to be fully informed in this obscure
and difficult subject. . . . Nothing but alengthened study, such as there has been no time to give
it, could do justice to the work, and when we think of the amount of attention necessary to assimilate
its contents, we are filled with admiration of the labour that must have been devoted to its production.” ~~
My. F’. MeRRIFIELD, F'.H.S., The Entomologist, August, 1900.

“Tt is pleasant to write a few words in appreciation of the second volume of Mr. J. W. Tutt’s
British Lepidoptera. Of the great utility of this work there can be no doubt whatever, and the punctual
appearance of Vol. II will be a matter of general congratulation amongst naturalists. Mr. Tutt’s work. —
aims at being in the first place a complete collection of all that is as yet known of the natural history
of the species dealt with. These books are no mere compilation, but in the fullest sense original
treatises. No pains have been spared to get together everything that relates to the structure, distribu--
tion, variation, life-history and habits of each form in its several stages. Many of the facts thus given
are new, a large part being the results of the author’s own direct observation. Moreover, much of the
information here published has beon communicated privately to Mr. Tutt by his numerous correspon-
dents, and the mass of facts given at first hand is thus greatly increased. This is especially the case in
regard to the life-histories, which in very many instances have been worked through in minute detail
by Mr. Tutt and his coadjutors expressly for this book. Owing to the wide appeal which the author’
has made to hving entomologists for such personal records, and to his laborious researches into the
literature already printed, the books probably represent the sum of existing knowledge on the subjects.
contained. It is a special charm of Mr. Tutt’s treatise that the reader has a comfortable sense that his
author is giving him no scamped work. Hverything capable of verification has been verified, and
nothing is repeated in slovenly fashion unchecked. For suck a work not only professed entomologists,
but all naturalists who from time to time require precise inforiaation as to lepidoptera, will be grateful _
to Mr. Tutt, and his books will be required in every working library of natural history. Nothing ofthe
kind has hitherto been attempted, and by reference to them much searching and weary correspon-
dence will be avoided. The present volume deals with the Psychides and part of the Lachneides.
Whether the views adopted by Mr. Tutt on questions of classification and the like are sound or not can,
of course, only be judged by specialists, but it will be evident to any student of zoology that he has.
attacked these problems in a most fruitful way, and that in each of the numerous discussions of special
questions he has provided a marshalling of the facts which will help succeeding students. Several
sections of this kind are introduced.relating to general questions of the morphology of lepidoptera, .
especially the nature of metamorphosis and the structure of pupze. In addition to these there is an
important chapter written by Dr. T. A. Chapman on the phylogeny of the lepidopterous pupa, a
subject on which he is the recognised authority.”—W. Batrson, M.A., F.R.S., September, 1900.

ee OS a

Drar Siz,—
Please forward to me The Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, for
Vols, I and II of which I forward the sum of 40s.

IN ATIRE Wie iats: ote erates isles iw ieis te eta erelanehctareinieteeele

AGOTeSS ose 5 ei Sie eet ee ake clara Siete enero tens lomeee eee

Dear SIR,—
Please forward to me Vol. II of The Natural History of the British Lepi-
doptera, for which I send the sum of 20s.
Name cece cece ners cr nccecesseresenscscos
Address! Geiiraey. sale aris aielete mieteta stevelowieletersiete
Mr. H. E. Pace, ‘ Bertrose,’’ Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

Se Ee Se es

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‘BUTTERFLIES ofthe PALAEFARCTIC REGION
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ae

JOURNAL oF VARIATION.

Wor Xe No: 12: Decemeber 157TH, 1900.

Over Three Passes—the Splugen, the Stelvio, and the Brenner—
with some notes on the Butterflies by the way.
By H. ROWLAND BROWN, M.A., F.E.S.

After an exceptionally wet June, the prospect of a little tour
abroad in search of butterflies was more than usually pleasant this
year, but it is a fact that when I left England on July 3rd for Bale, I
also left the best of the weather behind me, and rarely did I come
across any heat which might be called abnormal during the ensuing
five weeks. True, we had some baking days on the approaches to the
Stelvio, and the nine hours’ diligence ride from Sondrio to Bormio—a
distance of 41 miles—for the most part, along a sweltering plain, will
live long in my memory for the leisurely discomfort of the overloaded
coach and the myriad flies. My wanderings led me, however, into
many pleasant spots over the Splugen, the Stelvio, and the Brenner,
and at Trafoi and Brenner I found hunting-grounds full of possi-
bilities which I had unfortunately too little time to develop. July 4th
found me at Thusis, and the next day I unfurled my net and started
on foot for the village of Splugen, an enjoyable walk through the Via
Mala and much picturesque scenery. The first insects to greet me in
the morning were early Hrebias—ligea, euryale, and stygne—all in
grand condition, while in the town itself Papilio machaon was making
a brave show by the most unsavoury of the many puddles left by
yesterday's rain. My subsequent experience of this splendid insect
confirms the observations of Wocke recorded in Frey’s Leptdopteren
der Schweiz, for I found it flying in the Chiesa valley on the one side,
and high on the Stelvio, a good 500ft. or more above Franzenshéhe,
the Austrian customs’ house, 7,180ft. above the sea level. Individually,
I could detect but little difference between the Alpine examples and
the fenland form from Cambridgeshire. Perhaps the colouring was a
little paler, but certainly in size my mountain specimens exceeded the
largest British-caught in my cabinet. Once out of the Via Mala the
country opens out, with little bits of marshy ground and green
meadows beside the road to tempt frequent deviations and excursions
from the beaten track, and an eyer beautiful retrospect of pine-clad
hills and misty distance. Looking over my diary it would seem as
though each separate day on the march produced one insect con-
spicuously more abundant than the rest. Here it was Plebetus argus,
spangling the road wherever there was alittle moisture collected, or
flitting restlessly over the reedy hollows; on the other side of the pass

310 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

it was Parnassius apollo, apparently wanting on the Swiss slope, though ~
when I left the village next morning the road to the summit was

wrapped in a thick fog, which only cleared when the summit was

attained and the frontier crossed. ‘The northern face, moreover, was

the only locality in which I found Lycenids really abundant, and this

a matter of specimens rather than species. The first week of July is

perhaps a little early for Alpine “blues,” but Lycaena arion was every-

where to be seen, mostly of the dark aberration approaching the var.

christt of the Simplon. Polyommatus hylas, Nomiades cyllarus, and ~
Polyommatus icarus, with Chrysophanus var. eurybia, fine and fresh,
completed the list, while of the fritillaries, Melitaea dictynna,
Argynnis adippe, and A. lathonia were fairly abundant, and on every
rock where a sun bath was to be enjoyed Pararge maera had taken up
its position. Unfortunately, the next day the sky became overcast in
the morning, and though I had six hours to wait at Chiavenna for the
train to Sondrio, I could do little collecting. Judging, however, from
a brief climb among the chestnut woods, cut short by a shower of
what seemed to be hot water, I should say that this, the junction of
the roads from the Engadine and the Oberalp route, was a first-rate
place for the entomologist. Polyommatus orion, newly emerged, was
in force on the sedums along the low stone walls, a brilliant Melitaea
didyma, with Leucophasia var. diniensis, fluttered on the outskirts of
the forest, and on every bramble-blossom Syntomis phegea contested for
the superiority with one or other of the Anthrocerids. My object in
traversing the Splugen was to reach Chiesa—a small Italian village
situated in the Val Malenco about ten miles north of Sondrio. I had
no idea of what this valley might produce, but the description in
Baedeker read temptingly, and so I directed my steps thither on the
7th. From every other point of view than that of the bug-hunter the
expedition was a success, but, for some reason or other, the Val Malenco
was at this time of the year singularly destitute of even the common
species. At Sondrio, P. podalirius was to be seen in the streets, and
again P. orion was common enough, but no sooner did I begin to
ascend than the butterflies became scarcer and scarcer with the notable
exception of Melitaea athalia, certainly the insect of this walk. The
three days’ spent at the very comfortable Albergo Olivo, in Chiesa, were
rather against collecting, but a walk to the Palii Lake (6,320'), passing
the asbestos mines, should have yielded a fair bag, though I only saw
Coenonympha satyrion, Chrysophanus var. eurybia, Nomiades semiargqus,
and afew worn Hrebia ceto, while near the village a specimen or two of
Eugonia polychloros was in evidence. My first week, in fact, showed
a very poor return for a good deal of hard collecting, and finding
Chiesa barren of results I packed my boxes and headed for the
Stelvio. There is an appetising catalogue of species occurring on this,
the highest carriage passin Hurope; you may read of them in Dr. Frey’s
Swiss hand-book, which includes this corner of Italy and part of the
Austrian Tyrolas well. Suffice it to say, that I came across pretty well all
the butterflies recorded therein, and a few beside. Bormio, or, rather,
the Nuovi Bagni di Bormio where I put up, is surrounded by somewhat
sterile hills, gradually merging into the highly-cultivated Valtellina.
Thad not realised that I had struck one of the best localities for
Erebia nerine var. reichlini until just above the hotel I found the road
and the hot limestone slopes teeming with this splendid butterfly, the

OVER THREE PASSES—THE SPLUGEN, STELVIO, BRENNER. ole

sight of which was an ample compensation for many blank days, and an
earnest of Hrebiidi to come without end. Other species, all in pro-
fusion and of quite exceptional size, were Thecla spini and Chryso-
phanus gordius, while Melanargia galathea, black as procida, and
Melitaea athalia, with Syricthus alveus var. serratulae, and S. carthamt
literally swarmed. I had to start early to avoid the fierce sun on the
zigzags of the upper road, and it was not until I was nearly at the top
of the pass that the morning was sufficiently advanced for collecting.
Curiously enough, the Italian side hardly produced a single specimen,
but once over, or, rather, on the summit, and the game began to show.
That walk from the top of the Stelvio (9,055ft.) to Franzenshohe and
on to Trafoi I shall not soon forget. There was my old friend Hrebia
glacialis swooping over those innocent-looking shoots of loose stones,
and, on the built-up masonry by the wayside, Mrebia gorge var. triopes.
Every golden hawkweed carried its Pieris callidice, unblemished and
untorn, while an occasional Hrebia mnestra (evidently only just coming
out) turned up on the higher windings of the road. I find the words
‘“‘ Trafoi—ereat!’’ in my notes; and great it was, a feast for the eye
with its giant snow peaks and silver glaciers, its rushing streams and
scented pine woods. My only regret was that I could not stay longer
than the allotted five days, for I found among other inducements the
new Post Hotel, where a sympathetic landlord gave me the run of his
meat cellar for a dark room, and took a friendly interest in my pill-
boxes. Now, I have often taken H’rebia glacialis in a mild sort of way
on the higher mountains of Switzerland, chasing battered specimens
and working up long miles of moraine in the pursuit, but by accident
I came across my quarry, not ‘‘in single spies, but in battalions,”
beneath the shadow of the mighty Ortler. A pleasant path winds up
from the river opposite the hotel through the forest, where for the
first time in my life (a red-letter day for the collector) I chanced upon
two Brenthis thore in the pink of condition, among a number of B.
selene equally fresh on the wing. Once out of the woods there was
not much to be netted save an occasional Syricthus, which I still hope
may be andromedae, and I was actually going to turn back when I
noticed a hut on the track to the Ortler lower down than the Payer-
hitte, where climbers spend the night before the greater ascent.
Half an hour of unproductive plodding brought me to a wide, stony
valley with only the scantiest vegetation, and there flying over the
stones I beheld my H. glacialis everywhere. I have just measured the
largest—a female—she is close upon two inches from wing to wing,
and the rest are in proportion. All specimens taken on this
side of the valley appear to be of the ab. alecto, but though
Kane gives Stelvio for ab. pluto, it did not appear to occur on
this particular ground. The only other Hrebia hereabouts was H. var.
triopes, but judge of my surprise when a full-blown Gonepterya rhamni
flashed out in this desert. ‘‘ Solitary specimens,” says Frey, “at
considerable elevation . . . . the Daubensee on the Gemmi
(6,791ft.),’’ but this must have been over 8,000ft., and it appeared
then to be flying downwards. Pieris callidice also turned up in some
quantity, with an occasional Colias phicomone, and on the way back
P. var. bryoniae. Among other unexpected high-flyers I may also
mention Callophrys rubi, on the Stelvio Road, at 7,000ft., and a
remarkably small race of Pararge maera even higher, within a few

812 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

minutes’ walk of the head of the pass. Frey mentions about 65
species as occurring on the Stelvio, and I need not recapitulate them,
as, with the exception of Polyommatus amanda, Erebia oeme and FE. var.
hippomedusa, I think I came across all of them, as well as A. thore, A.
amathusia and Polyommatus pheretes, which are not included. With
regard to the latter, I may add that both here, at Cortina, and on the
Brenner, it was the commonest Lycenid, and that the females,
usually accounted scarce, were in almost as great profusion as the
males. P. eumedon, a large type, and P. donzelii were also well
represented.
(Lo be concluded.)

Some Diary Notes on the Season’s Collecting.
By W. J. KAYE, F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 285).

Following the Leicester excursion, the lights were again put
into use at Worcester Park, and on June 19th, Hadena genistae,
and a single Neurta reticulata (the latter seen for the first time
in the neighbourhood) were the most select of the visitors. Sugar
applied the same evening gave disappointing results: Heliophila-
(Leucania) comma and Miana fasciuncula were common and in fine
condition. M. strigilis and Rusina tenebrosa (all 9s) were worn, and
these practically were the only insects attracted. June 20th-22nd was
given to a flying visit to Lyndhurst. Owing to incessant rain, collect-
ing was impossible. ‘The only things noted being a couple of full-fed
larvee of Lastocampa quercis, and a worn Boarmia consortaria on a
pine-trunk. At Worcester Park, on the 24th, Habrostola triplasia was
taken, and on the 27th, at sugar, Tapinostola arcuosa, Noctua festiva,
Heliophila impura and H. comma were again the best that the ‘‘ sweets”’
produced. Cidaria associata turned up at light after having been
absent, or apparently so, from this locality for a very long time. On
the 29th lodgings were secured at Bude. On the very limited sand-
hills on the same evening, Mamestra albicolon came to sugar. Weather
again interfered with collecting, and Saturday, 30th, was a complete
blank. Next evening a small patch of marshland was tried, and
Hadena dentina, H. oleracea, and Apamea gemina turned up in numbers,
but of the better class there was no representative. Choerocampa
elpenor was netted at a blossom of yellow flag in the same spot as one
was similarly taken the previous year. On the evening of July 2nd
the marram grass was sugared on the sandhills for Heliophila littoralis.
Two specimens were taken by this means, but the acetylene lamp used
was much more attractive. Six more H. littoralis and three Agrotis
ripae were taken as they flew up. Two pairs of Mamestra albicolon were
found in cop. on the marram grass. These produced fertile ova, but
something went wrong with the full-fed larve, only six going into
pupa. ‘The morning of the 8rd gave promise of being fine, and a
pilgrimage was made to the haunt of Lycaena arion. Three specimens
were secured and then the sun was obscured, and for the rest of the
day remained so, and thebag remained at three. On the sand-hills
the same insects as before were taken. On the 5th Agrotis vestigialis
appeared. Day work when possible was given up to going after L.
arion. On July 6th Leucophasia sinapis was taken in a lane in fine

SOME DIARY NOTES ON THE SEASON'S COLLECTING. 313

condition. This shows how late a season we had, for the two L.
sinapis taken were too early to belong to a second brood, and must
have belonged to the first brood of the season, even in this western
locality. LL. arion was, let us hope, not fully out, for eleven specimens
in a week’s hard work does not promise well for the continuance of the
race! At Worcester Park, on July 8th, Agrotis corticea came to light.
On the following day Trochilium tipwlifornmis was seen on the currant
bushes in the garden. On July 7th Drepana falcataria emerged, the
imagines forming a second brood bred in captivity, from eggs laid on
May 8rd. At Oxshott, on the 12th and 13th, g's of Plebeius aegon were
plentiful but no?s. Larentia viridaria was still about and EHndotricha
flammealis and a belated ? of Bupalus piniarius were about the only
other lepidoptera moving. On the 15th at the same place P. aegon
was fully out, both gs and @¢s being readily obtained. At home a 9
Zeuzera pyrina was found at rest, and at dusk Dilina tiliae was seen
hovering at honeysuckle. On the 16th some nice insects came to
light, two of which reported themselves for the first time in this
district—Spilodes palealis (one) and Greometra vernaria (one) being very
unexpected in this heavy clay locality. The chalk formation is some
three miles distant. Besides these two species, Dipterygia scabriuscula,
Agrotis strigula and Pyralis glaucinalis were the best. The following
evening Aaylia putris put in an appearance. Although not generally
described as such in text books, I think this species must be local.
Several entomologists say they have had the same difficulty in pro-
curing a series as myself. On July 20th sugar was applied for
Calymnia difinis, which used to occur plentifully in the neighbourhood
but not a sign of one was seen, in fact sugar here has been a total
failure this year. Habrosyne derasa (one) was the only insect save for
one or two worn Agrotis eaclamationis. ‘ Light’’ again came to the
rescue. Heliophila conigera (common), Malacosoma neustria, Pyralis
costalis (abundantly), Acidalia interjectaria, and another fine specimen of
Spilodes palealis are the insects noted as taken. On the 22nd, at light,
single specimens of the following came in besides some commoner
things—Ptilodonta camelina, Miana literosa, Tethea subtusa, Scotosia
rhamnata and Cnaemidophorus rhododactylus. Last year a worn speci-
men of the last species was taken, but its condition made determination
at the time uncertain. On the 25th, Aaylia putris, Agrotis tritict,
Jaspidia perla and Pyralis glaucinalis, the last commonly, were attracted
by the illumination. On the 25th, at Effingham, Hurymus (Colias)
hyale and E’. croceus (edusa) were seen. The 26th showed a specimen
of Cyaniris argiolus at Isleworth, thus pointing out that the second
brood was well up to time. For the month of August there is very
little to be recorded, collecting coming in for second place. A week
spent at Tenby was attended with great storms of wind and rain, and
what with a temperature not reaching 60°, if entomology had first
thoughts very little could have been done. Saturday was the only day
on which the sun remained out. On this day, near Pembroke, in a
particular lane the number of Maniola tithonus and M. janira observed
was quite phenomenal. The former species predominated in point of
numbers, but both species absolutely swarmed. It struck me at the
time that the cause might have been brought about by all the fields of
mowing grass, clover, lucerne, &c., having been cut and that the
lepidoptera had all congregated to this lane, where there was still an

314 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

abundance of flowering plants. On August 17th and 21st Cyaniris
argiolus was seen at Worcester Park. On the 29th half a dozen
Acidalia dimidiata hatched from pup, the eggs of which were found
on July 25th on lettuce. A run was made over to Wicken again on
August 80th for two days. At this late period of the year there is neces-
sarily not much to be done, but those who want Hyboma strigosa will, if
their patience lasts, beat out, perhaps, one larva from hawthorn after six
hour’s work. Bailey had taken something like half a dozen, but I was
unrewarded. Wicken is probably the limit of its range as one is there
off the chalk, to which formation the species is attached. A few larve of
Hecatera chrysozona were still about on the lettuce seeds, and Manduca
atropos was being found fairly commonly in potato fields. Something
like three dozen larvee and pup had already been secured by different
individuals. It is quite probable that this species breeds in and around
Wicken yearly, as besides potato there is a large quantity of Lyctum
barbareum grown in the cottage gardens, and should a few larvee feed up
and pupate at the roots of this, the large conspicuous chrysalis would
escape the inevitable detection to which it is exposed when ensconsed
at the roots of potato. Upon my return home a large number of
Acidalia dimidiata had emerged, in fact all the pupa-cases were empty,
which goes to show that the second brood was not a partial, but a
complete one.

On the generic name Micropterix (Micropteryx), Hub.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Although the proper use of the name Micropteryx was fully cleared
up in The Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, vol. 1., pp.
129-180, it is still so generally misapplied by some lepidopterists that
a brief summary of the principal facts may be advisable. Hubner, in
the Verzeichniss, p. 426 (1826), founded the genus Micropteria for the
three species mucidella, Hb., podevinella, Hb. (=aruncella, Scop.), and
pusilella, Hb. (=calthella, Linn.). The first species is an Elachistid,
and leaves aruncella and calthella as representatives of Micropteria,
Hb.

In 1889, Curtis separated the British Micropteryeid and Eriocraniid
species from Lampronia under the name of Hriocephala, and cited ‘ cal-
thella’’ as the type. This made Friocephala synonymous with Micropteria,,
Hb., for Stephensin 1835 had constituted calthella the type of Micropteryx.
Stainton, however, maintained (Trans. Hnt. Soc. Lond., 1850, pp. 20
et seq.) the name Lriocephala for the ‘“calthella” group, but, in 1851,
Zeller (Linn. Ent., v., pp. 822-8) reverted to the original use of the
name Micropteryx and kept it for the ‘‘calthella”’ group, creating
Eviocrania for the “ purpurella” group. This division was main-
tained by Snellen (De Vlind. van Nederland, pp. 1065 et seq.) in 1882.

Kirby properly sinks (Lloyd’s Nat. Hist. Lep., v., p. 815) Eriocephala,
Curt., as a synonym of Micropterivx, but states that the type of the
latter genus is aureatella, a species not included in Hubner’s genus.
This is undoubtedly incorrect as calthella had been fixed as the type by
Stephens. It is quite evident that Meyrick’s use of the name
Evriocephala for the calthella group, and Micropteryx for the purpurella
eroup, is equally erroneous. Chapman, in his important papers on
this group in the Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1898 et seq., commenced by

HYPOLIMNAS MISIPPUS CAPTURED AT SEA. 315

calling the calthella group Micropteryx, but afterwards changed it to

Hriocephala. The general erroneous use of these terms has since been

in the direction here indicated. Lord Walsingham and _ others,

however, have in their recent work made the necessary correction.
The facts, so far as we have discussed them in The Natural History

of the British Lepidoptera, vol. i1., give the following conclusions :
Superfamily .. MICROPTERYGIDES.

Family .. MiIcropreryGIDAg,

Genus .. Micropterix (Micropteryx), Hb., ‘‘ Verz. bek. Schm.,’” 426
(1826) [Type: I. calthella].

Species .. calthella, L., seppella, Fab. (included by Hiibner).

The British species of the genus are—calthella, L., seppella, Fab., arun-
cella, Scop., mansuetella, Scop., thunbergella, Fab., aureatella, Scop.
Superfamily .. HRIOCRANIIDES.

Family .. HERIOCRANIIDAE.

Genus .. LHriocrania, Zell., “Linn. Ent.,” v., 322-3 (1851) [Type:
E. purpurella].

Species .. Sparrmanella, Bose., fastuosella, Zell., subpurpurella, Haw.,
chrysolepidella, Zeller, semipurpurella, St., purpwrella,
Haw.

The British species of the genus are—purpurella, Haw., semipurpurella,
St., wnimaculella, Zett., sparrmanella, Bosc, subpurpurella, Haw.,
fastuosella, Zell., sangit, Wood, fimbriata, Walsm., &c. Snellen, in
the Vlind. Ned. Micr., 1063-4, 1067 (1882) omits chrysolepidella,
which, Durrant says, thus ceases to be an available type.
The generic synonymy, therefore, works out as follows :
1. Micropteryx, Hb., ‘‘ Verz. bek. Schmeti.,” 426 (1826); Stephs., “ Ill. Br.
Ent. Haust.,” iv., (361) 423 (1835); Kirby, ‘‘ Lloyd’s Nat. Hist.,” Lep., v.,
p. 315. LHriocephala, Curt., ‘‘ Br. Ent.,”’ expl. pl. 751 (1839).

2. Eriocrania, Zell., ‘‘ Linn. Ent.,” v., 322-3 (1851). Micropteryx (Eriocrania),
Snellen, ‘‘ Vlind. Ned. Micr.,” 1063-4, 1067 (1882). Micropteryx, Hein.,
Meyr., &c.

The immense strides that have recently been made in general
entomological knowledge by the great majority of our lepidopterists,
who would have been contemptuously styled ‘‘ collectors’ a few years
ago, by the old school of systematists, leave me with less compunction
in discussing this matter in a short article. We all understand now
that the nomenclature relating to genera must of necessity be in a
state of flux as knowledge advances, and that, however inconvenient
changes may be, a fixity of generic nomenclature would of necessity
represent a condition of stagnation in our onward march, a condition
that we should all certainly most seriously deplore.

Hypolimnas misippus captured at sea.
By Professor EDWARD B. POULTON, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z,8., &e.

Referring to the notes on this species in vol. xi., p. 822, and vol.
xul., p. 80, of The Hntomologist’s Record, I am now, owing to the kind-
ness of Captain E. P. Ellis, able to supply a full account of the
circumstances under which he made the interesting capture of three
females (two of the variety inaria) and two males, over 500 miles from
land. The notes sent me by Captain Ellis were made by him on
the sailing ship Winefred on a voyage from Australia, and are as
follows :—

‘‘ May dth, 1893. In 00° 36’ N. lat. and 26° 42’ W. long., a swarm of butter-
flies about the ship ; they appear to be all of one kind.”

316 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

“‘May 9th, 1893. Iu 3°56’ N. lat. and 27° 20’ W. long. Butterflies all over
the ship; the sailors knocking them down with their caps from one end of the
ship to the other,”

Captain Ellis also informs me that during these days the ship had
passed through the region of the doldrums with calms and rain squalls
between the N.E. and §.E. trade winds. ‘To the best of Captain
Ellis’s recollection and opinion all the butterflies belonged to one
swarm and were of the same kind on both occasions. The ship was
then nearly on the line between Cape St. Roque and Sierra Leone, and
580 miles from the former, 960 miles from the latter. Although the
African coast was far more distant than the South American, I cannot
doubt that the insects came from the former. Indeed, I put down
tropical West Africa as first among the suggestions thrown out in my
note (vol. xii., p. 80). The only other possibility is tropical South
America, a country in which H. misippus has comparatively recently
established itself and is spreading rapidly. The insufficient observa-
tions that have been made in South America do not justify the belief
that the inaria form of the female is present in lareé proportion,
while two out of the three females captured at sea belonged to this
variety—a proportion entirely consistent with our much more exten-
sive series of observations upon this species in West Africa. Further-
more, the species is not sufficiently abundant in South America to
render it probable that these vast swarms can have come from there.
The observation throws much light upon the comparatively recent
intrusion of the species into South America, and its even later
spread to the Canary Islands, and goes far to explain its extraordinarily
wide distribution in the Old World.

Tam making a special study of this most interesting species, and
should greatly value the help of any of your readers on two points. (1)
Any information which may lead to the establishment of the inclusive
dates between which the late Thomas Belt was at the Montes Aureos,
Brazil. (A specimen in the British Museum from the Godman-Salvin
collection was collected there by Belt, and is, as far as I am aware, the
earliest recorded example from the New World.) (2) The capture of
large series of the species, especially of females, in any of its American
localities. These are British Guiana and Brazil in South America,
and the Island of Trinidad, Southern Florida in North America, and
many West Indian Islands. The specimens are best sent in “‘ papers,”
with exact dates and localities written upon each. The African form
of the female is said to be slightly darker than the Oriental, corres-
ponding with the darker richer colouring of its model, Limnas chrysippus,
and, however this may be, the proportion of the znaria form of female
differs greatly in different parts of the geographical range. A
sufficient series of New World females, carefully examined and com-
pared, may be expected to throw lght upon the direction of recent
lines of migration.

The specimens brought by Captain Ellis are in the Hope Depart-
ment, where they can be seen at any time.—Oxford University
Museum. November, 1900.

Tortrix pronubana in Guernsey.
By Rev. FRANK HE. LOWH, M.A., F.E.S.
In 1898 I was able to record the appearance in Guernsey of Tortrix
pronubana, which had hitherto, I think, been known only as a

THE EGG OF COSSUS ORC, STRECK. 317

continental species. Since then I have made further acquaintance
with this bright little moth, and as several entomologists have asked
questions by letter, I think you may like to have the scanty information
at my disposal. 7’. pronubana makes its appearance at the extreme
end of August*, and continues up to the end of the first week of
October — weather permitting. To any but collectors of the
Tortricids it might escape attention, I should think by being mistaken
for a small Tortriv pyrastrana, but though very variable, it is roughly
distinguishable from that species by its black band, especially decided
in the male, the under wings being very like those of Triphaena pronuba
in miniature. The yellow underwings are also of a much more coppery
and fiery orange, but the two sexes are very dissimilar, as in 7’. pyras-
trana. So far as I know, too, the latter is over before 7. pronubana
comes on. Another curious difference is that while 7. pyrastrana
comes freely to sugar in my garden, 7’. pronubana, though abundant
within two yards of several sugaring places, has never been seen by
me at the sweets, though I have found it at rest by the aid of a lantern
on the Huonymus hedge close by. This appears to be its food-plant, for I
bred a @ from a pupa found in a twisted shoot thereof on September
29th, and many empty pupa-cases were observed. The imago also is
usually observed hovering over or resting thereon, and last year I found
egos by the side of a female which had evidently just laid them on
the leaf of this plant. The eggs make a bright triangular shaped
splash of vivid green, almost exactly the colour of the brighter tints of
this evergreen. The customary time of flight of the imagines is from
8 a.m. to 10 a.m., in the bright sunshine. It appears most probable
that it only wants looking for at these hours on the sunny side of some
of the Huonymus hedges, now socommon in the south of England, to
be found to be a truly British subject. On September 20th and 21st
last, between 8 a.m. and 9 a.m., I observed the males flying in dozens
round the hedge, and soon discovered several females, some already
paired. I have never netted a female, but always found them by
searching on the upper side of the slightly curved fully developed leaves
of the Huonymus, but out of the direct glare of the sun. I fancy it
flies very seldom, neither have I observed the species to fly at dusk
when I am putting on the sugar as I often see others of this family.
In conclusion let me say that 1 hope these remarks will be regarded
leniently as the opinions of an amateur, as I have made no study of
Tortricids, and profess no knowledge of their habits.

The species is no. 731 in Staudinger and Wocke’s Catalog (1871),
p. 288, and is there placed in group H (Heterognomon, Led.) of
Tortriv, Li., between T. viridana and 7’. insolatana, and ‘‘ Kur. meridi-
onalis’’ only is given for its distribution. Tortria pyrastrana (or rather
podana, Scop.), with which it is here compared, is placed in this
Catalog, p. 285, in group A (Cocoecia, Hb.), between 7’. piceana and T.

testaceanda.

* Occurs in April on the Riviera where we have taken it not uncommonly.—Ep.

The egg of Cossus orc, Streck., with some notes on the eg¢ of
C. ligniperda.
By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
Some ova of Cossus orc, Str., were received from Mr. Tutt. They

818 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

were obtained from a female found at Tilbury Dock (anted, p. 398).
These eggs are of large size and very similar in general appearance and
texture to those of Cossus ligniperda. ‘They are especially alike in
haying their sculpture marked out by the addition of a dark material,
probably a cement to retain the eggs in the crevices in which they are
naturally laid. In these eges the sculpturing is so bold that the pig-
ment filling the hollows marks out the pattern more conspicuously.
In those of C. ligniperda the sculpture is less bold, and is apt to be
obscured by the pigment, yet the general effect is much the same.
The difference between the two eggs is also great; that of C. ligniperda
has all the appearance of an upright egg, with a somewhat flattened
base, and its sculpture is ribbing of a character not absolutely different
from that of a Noctuid. The egg before us has only one character of
an upright ege, viz., its tranverse section, 7.e., the section at right
angles to the micropylar axis is everywhere circular. It has no
flattened base, but in form both ends are tolerably alike. The longi-
tudinal section through the micropyle would be an ellipse were it not
slightly sharpened towards the ends, and perhaps rather fuller towards
the micropylar side of the equator.

The egg is no less than from 2°3mm. to 2°5mm. in length, and
from 1:‘7mm. to 1-8mm. in diameter, varying a little in size in
different specimens. ‘The sculpturing is a network of very bold, broad
raised lines or ridges, which are fully a fourth in width of the spaces
between, and apparently equally high. The pattern is very irregular,
and is as often of squares as of good hexagons, but the line of ridge
often goes straight past six or eight cells, and in so far presents a step
towards the passage from network to ribbing. The cells of the net-
work are much larger towards the micropylar end, and the change takes
place rather rapidly a little above the equator. They are even smaller
towards the nadir, over which they are continuous. The diameter
of a cell some way above the equator is about -12mm., and at an equal
distance below ‘O7mm. ‘The micropylar rosette is a circle of narrow
radiating small cells ‘2mm. in diameter, and followed immediately by
the general coarse netting.

The question as to whether the great differences between this egg
and that of C. ligniperda imply want of near relationship is interesting
and difficult. No doubt it does imply want of near relationship, but
probably less than the same difference would in more evolved families.
We do not refuse to the Acidalias a position with the Geometrids,
because they have eggs that in some cases are really upright, recognis-
ing that there is a constant tendency for flat ee@gs to specialise into
upright ones. Such a tendency would act more readily no doubt lower
in the series, so that we must probably conclude that the Cossids have
flat eges, tending to develop into upright ones, which is largely
expressed in C. ligniperda and possibly leads on to the egg of Castnia,
which is upright in form.

Lepidoptera in the Hautes-Alpes: Abries.
By J. H. and J. W. TUTT, F-.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 262.)

Another delightful trip, and probably the most successful entomo-
logically, was that to the Créte de Reychasse. For this one starts by going

LEPIDOPTERA IN THE HAUTES-ALPES: ABRIES. 319

towards the village, crossing the bridge, going at once along the left
bank of the river coming down from the valley to the left, past the
church, and following the mulepath that leads up to a cottage high above
the valley, and which one sees from the hotel. To do this one must
start in the early morning, not later than 6.0 a.m. or 6.30 a.m., and
must not loiter by the road, at least not in the first part of the
journey. The steep slopes one passes almost at the commencement of
the journey are well worth a day’s exploration, but we could not find
the time. We observed here large numbers of Parnassius apollo,
Satyrus actaea, Melitaea didyma, very dubious Anthrocera lonicerae, and
many other species. In the early morning, too, the smaller fry was
in considerable numbers, and a species of Coleophora was in amazing
abundance flying about the Gnaphaliwm. The ordinary common
alpine plumes, too, were in considerable plenty—Mimaeseoptilus copro-
dactylus, Aciptilia tetradactyla, &c.—and many common Geometrids.
The object, however, was to get ahead as quickly as possible, and
hurrying rapidly up through the fields, the cottage was passed, and we
soon struck the larch wood by keeping to the path, and disturbed almost
immediately vast numbers of Cleogene lutearia, Acidalia flaveolaria,
Larentia verberata, Cidaria populata, &c. whilst from the larches,
millions of Paedisca occultana were dislodged as one brushed the lower
branches or for a short distance forced one’s way through them. One
suspects that a steep climb anywhere to the left would bring one
quickly to good collecting ground, but we could hear the cowbells just
above us, and we surmised that the slopes might be grazed too closely
to afford many insects. So we went on through the wood and soon struck
the water that is carried along the side of the mountain in order to irri-
gate the meadows through which we had just ascended. Wherever the
morning sun broke through the trees, a small open space would give an
abundance of wild flowers, and here H'rebia euryale, Plebetus argus, Argyn-
mis aglaia, &e., were in great numbers, and Chrysophanus virqaureae,
Nomiades semiargus, &¢., in less abundance. Two or three paths cross
the stream but we forged right on until we were in the adjoining valley,
when other villages came into sight below and were left behind. Presently
the swift stream that has worn this huge valley sent its hum to us,
and later we see it as it breaks through the rocks, in its turbulent rush,
after leaving the less rapidly descending slopes at the foot of the Créte
de Reychasse and the Col Bouchet. Then we had to climb the slopes to
the right to skirt the fall and cross the stream higher up, yet still some
considerable distance below the Col. One cannot help noticing here
that the larches have been practically defoliated by the larve of
Paedisca occultana. Facing one as the stream is crossed is the Créte,
and the slopes of this mountain to its summit swarm with alpine
insect life. In the bed of the stream and high up the slopes Parnassius
apollo, very like and at first mistaken for P. delius, flies in the greatest
abundance, and Brenthis pales is everywhere, Argynnis lathonia occa-
sionally, A. niobe and A. aylaia in great abundance still, as also
Erebia tyndarus. E. ewryale has almost entirely been left behind,
and Melampias epiphron soon appears, with Colias phicomone in great
abundance, and a few C. palaeno, strangely enough worn, whilst C.
phicomone is, in the greater number of cases, in excellent condition.
Pieris callidice flies swiftly by, but the slopes are much too steep to
hope to capture it. Melitaea didyma still occurs, although one must

320 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

have reached almost 7000 feet, and two or three Chrysophanus alciphron
are netted in poor condition. Polyommatus damon is still abundant, but
P. orbitulus becomes our particular quarry, both sexes being repeatedly
netted, whilst unexpectedly a few very ordinary P. icarus are captured.
There is no diminution in the large numbers of insects as we climb the
next two or three hundred feet, and Syrichthus alveus, Thymelicus lineola,
and Pamphila comma repeatedly buzz at the flowers and tempt capture.
Melitaea parthenie soon becomes frequent, and at last Posodos trepidaria
and Hercyna phrygialis suggest that a falling off may be expected, and
so it happens. As we leave the hot sunny slope up which we have
climbed, and turn along the topmost ridge, although several of the
Species cross our path they are not in such great numbers as hitherto,
and we work slowly along, picking here and there such specimens as
we want, but climbing rapidly all the time. Then as one faces the
last steep grassy slope, a black Mrebia glacialis starts in front,
but the species is apparently almost over here and, at last, a long
sloping ridge leads quite to the summit of the mountain, and whilst on
the one side of the ridge are the steep rough skrees where E’rebia gorge
abounds, on the other is a slightly sloping mountain pasture, on which
Colias phicomone, very small and in very fresh condition, is the promi-
nent feature, unless, indeed, the brilliant carpet of yellow Hieracia is
not much more attractive to the all-round naturalist. Once on the
summit, in spite of the sun, the air is quite keen, but the outlook is
charming. A peep away over the Col Bouchet among the great mass
of alpine peaks that stretch away beyond the Italian frontier, now buried
in cloud, and then standing up clear-cut against the blue sky, comprises
a scene of beauty long to be remembered, the massive rocks reminding
one somewhat of the choicer parts of the Tyrolean Dolomites—

Rocks—that rise in silent grandeur
Far into the azure sky,

Or that pierce the snowy circlet
Where the fleecy clouds do lie.

Larve of Deilephila euphorbiae.
By FREDERIC MERRIFIELD, F.E.S.

The larvee of Deilephila euphorbiae are extremely abundant in the
Vals-Platz, the valley of the Lugnetz, an affluent of the Vorder-Rhein
in the Grisons, where I spent the last two or three weeks of August.
Varying greatly in colour, and to a less degree in markings, they tend
to gather into three groups, the most common one, in which the
predominating colour is reddish, very much the colour of red vulecanised
indiarubber, another form, in which yellowish-ereen prevails, and a
third form in which the ground colour is mainly blackish. The
conspicuous feature in which all three agree is the subdorsal row of
large light-coloured spots, varying from white to yellow, usually cream-
coloured ; all the other markings, except perhaps the reddish colour of
the dorsal line and head, &¢., in most of them, go for nothing on a
casual glance. ‘They le on and across their food-plant, the fine-leaved
Huphorbia cyparissias, or sometimes on a grass bent rising out of it,
and are very sluggish except occasionally when crawling from a patch
of their food-plant, nearly eaten down, to another. The subdorsal
situation of these spots is undoubtedly in this and other larve which
feed exposed on ground not covered with a dense vegetation, that

LARVAE OF DEILEPHILA EUPHORBIZ. 321

which is best adapted for conspicuousness in any usual position. The
larvee so invite attention as to suggest inedibility, and an experiment I
tried confirms the suggestion. The very obliging landlord of the
Thermes Hotel readily agreed to shut up for a few hours eight or ten
chickens that he had, varying in size from three parts to full growth,
so as to make them a little hungry, and I threw among them sixteen
larvee, mostly full grown or nearly so. The fowls, which were in a
confined space about eight feet by four, on bare ground, in general took
no notice of them, though the caterpillars made themselves very
conspicuous by crawling as well as by their colours, even when the
birds trod on them as they often did. One of the fowls, however,
attacked a large larva, giving it five or six pecks, but then desisted. I
am almost sure it was this fowl—certainly it was one of the only two
brown ones—that almost immediately afterwards visited the water-
trough in which it dipped its beak many times, a thing I did not see
done by any of the others. Another fowl pecked once or twice at a
larva, but did not return to the charge. I tried the fowls again later,
with similar general results. I may mention that I had collected
many of the larve in the hotel grounds over which the fowls often
wandered, so that the larvee could scarcely have been unknown to them.
I could not try the experiment with lizards, as these were exceedingly
searce at Vals-Platz, and I did not see more than three in all my walks
there. The larve were in thousands, distributed over the hillside from
4000 to 5500 feet above the sea, perhaps higher. Possibly the scarcity
of lizards in this valley, which is a cool and humid one, having a general
inclination towards the north, may make it a successful breeding-ground
for the insect. I had written thus far, when I referred to Weismann’s
Studies in the Theory of Descent, and found there that though a lizard
would not eat the somewhat similar larva of D. galii (a species found
by me in this valley in small numbers) it at once attacked and
swallowed a large larva of D. euphorbiae; and it seems possible that
the scarcity of lizards and the distastefulness of these larve to birds—
at all events to some birds—may have a connexion with their abundance
in this locality. Of wild birdsthere was the scarcity usually observable
in Switzerland. I saw none but redbilled choughs in large numbers,
but not seen by me lower than about 6000 feet, and a few other crows
and hawks including one or two kestrels. One would like to know what
it is that prevents D. ewpyhorbiae from increasing to an overwhelming
degree. Suppose a pair produces not less than 150 eggs, it must happen
that, taking one year with another, 148 die before becoming parents.
The larvee seem hardy and are easily reared. I have not found them
attacked by insect parasites nor by disease, nor haye I heard that they
are so. The perfect insect is known to fly far, and doubtless large
numbers take flight into the neighbouring regions where lizards
abound; possibly this may be one of the means by which their numbers
are kept down. May I venture to suggest that books which aim at
giving a complete description of insects, by describing their lives and
habits as well as their structure, should, at least in dealing with the
dominating types, endeavour to give not merely what they feed on, but
what feeds on them and to what extent—their effective enemies, as well
as their commissariat—facts of cardinal importance in judging of the
causes which lead to their prevalence or to their disappearance? Without
full information as to the destructive as well as the productive forces,

822, THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S REOORD.

we have only half the materials for tracing the means by which the
strugele for existence of any species is carried on, the conditions of
the long warfare, and the circumstances which decide the ultimate
issues,

Lepidoptera at Burgess Hill, Sussex.
By J. ©. DOLLMAN.

The following list, though it may not contain any very specially
rare species, may possibly be of interest as a record of a locality not
much known. The insects mentioned were seen or taken between
July 26th and September 10th. In a clover field between Burgess
Hill and Hassocks Gate, on the London Road, a female Papilio
machaon was netted on August 11th. It was a large insect, but much
worn and broken. There is a large sheet of water with a reedy bank
and a mill stream in the vicinity which may be explored. Colias edusa
and Colias hyale were both found on August 10th in the clover field
mentioned. C’. edusa was in fairly large numbers, and continued to be so
all through August, both in clover fields and on the adjacent South
Downs up to September 10th, the day of leaving the locality. A pair
was taken on September 5th and ova obtained. C.hyale was found
frequently in this and other clover fields in the neighbourhood up to
the date of my leaving, and the insect was taken on the following
dates: August 10th, 11th, 18th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 24th,
25th, September 3rd, 4th, 6th, 7th—24 in all. This butterfly does
not appear to locate itself for long in this district upon the clover fields
where it is bred, but after a day or two will betake itself to the downs
and there flies strongly and warily on the slopes. With reference to
the capture of this insect in the open on the downs it will be found
that if three or more persons be engaged it may be headed off
cautiously, and on being approached from three points at once will not
attempt a headlong escape, but seems to get confused and takes refuge
on the ground, from which it may be taken with comparative ease.
After adopting these tactics not one specimen escaped capture. While
on the clover it does not seem ashy or cunning thing, and can be
taken without much trouble as it flies along the edges of the field. It
is altogether a different creature in the open on the downs. Neither
C. edusa nor C. hyale seem to resort to a soaring flight as a means of
escape, and one seldom sees either species flying at an altitude of more
than five or six feet from the ground. Gonepteryx rhamni was well out
and numerous early in August on the clover, and in fine condition.
Argynnis aglaia was flying on Ditchling Beacon in fairly good
numbers, though worn and faded, in August. Vanessa io was
numerous in the same place, but suddenly disappeared at a day’s
notice, still in perfect condition, the same thing was noticed with Pyra-
meis cardut, though the insect had not been plentiful like the preceding
one. P. atalanta was present sparingly, and Pararye megaera fairly
numerous, and from a female of the latter species ova were obtained and
larvee bred. The larvee thrive well on common couch-grass. Satyrus semele
was in great strength on the downs in the neighbourhood of Ditchling
Beacon, and in all conditions, from the newly-emerged insect to the
worn-out example, in the middle of August. Hpinephele tithonus, swarm-
ing on every roadside, was out for some time, and frequently on the

LEPIDOPTERA AT BURGESS HILL, SUSSEX. 323

road between Burgess Hill and Hassocks Gate. Zephyrus betulae was
to be seen flitting over the growth and trees by the plantations at the
roadside. Z. querctis was observed occasionally, and also Chrysophanus
phlaeas, though the latter insect was not abundant. Of the Lycenids
Polyommatus astrarche, P. tcarus, P. bellargus, P. corydon, and
Cyaniris argiolus were all fairly common. Ova were obtained from C.
argiolus, P. corydon, and P. icarus, and the larve from the last-named
bred from the egg. Thymelicus thaumas, Pamphila sylvanus, and P.
comma were found, the latter in numbers on Ditchling Beacon, and
early in September this insect could be seen buzzing amongst the
herbage on the downs depositing ova, and, if followed, the egg was to
be obtained by searching carefully. Macroglossa stellatarum was seen
once or twice only in the garden at Burgess Hill. Porthesia auriflua
and Notolophus antiqua were to be found, and one male Malacosoma
neustria was boxed from a sallow bush at the roadside while searching
for larvee of Cerura vinula and C. furcula. The larve of both of
these were found, the first in abundance, in all. stages. One
Cosmotriche potatoria was taken at the window, attracted by light, at
the end of July. One larva of H’nnomos erosaria and one of F. tiliaria
also were taken. The locality abounds in sallow growth, but not once
did a larve of Notodonta ziczac fall into the beating-tray. Two
Ptilodonta palpina larvee were discovered, and hosts of full-fed Phalera
bucephala from both oak and birch trees. One specimen of Bryophila
muralis (worn) was taken at sugar, but this was probably a visitor
from some other locality, as Burgess Hill does not possess the old
moss-grown stone walls which one associates with the presence of this
insect. This appearance of it was ten miles from the sea-board. B,
perla, both at rest and at sugar, was abundant. One larva of Apatela
aceris was seen crawling on a fence between Burgess Hill and Hassocks
Gate. Leucania lithargyria came sparingly, and between August 20th
and 30th two specimens of Leucania albipuncta were taken at sugar,
the first, a female, in worn condition, the second, a male, almost
fresh. Li. pallens was common at sugar towards the end of Aueust.
Hydroecia nictitans and H. micacea were fairly common, while
Xylophasia monoglypha was most abundant, as usual. X. lithoaylea
was absent, and one X. sublustris was taken. One Charaeas graminis
was boxed from a thistle-head on Ditchling Beacon, and one Luperina
cespitis netted in the same place. . Ceriyo matura came to sugar.
Mamestra brassicae was, of course, very evident, and with it Apamea
didyma. Miana strigilis and M. literosa were fairly common, whilst
Agrotis puta came freely to sugar, and showed some handsome dark
females. Peridroma suffusa was not found freely, and P. saucia only seen
once, whilst only three Agrotis seyetum appeared. A. nigricans and A.
tritici, were present, while Noctua plecta was most numerous and in fine
condition. One or two Noctua rubi appeared in the middle of August.
N. c-nigrum and two N. baja were common, while N. xanthographa
took the lead of everything in numbers. The Tryphaena group were
well to the fore. 7. jimbria and TY. ianthina common, especially the
latter. Among the former were some of the dark forms. T’. comes
and 7’. pronuba were abundant, and one each of J’. interjecta and T.
subsequa were taken at sugar. Amphipyra pyramidea and Naenia typica
appeared pretty freely, while Mania maura, though worn, was in
numbers. Comparatively few Amphipyra tragopogonis were present,

324 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S REGORD.

Of the ‘‘ Sallows ’’ not many were seen as the time was early for them.
Citria fulvago and Mellinia circellaris, however, put in an appearance,
also one Anchocelis lunosa, very fresh in condition. One worn g Tethea
retusa was taken at sugar, and Calynnia trapezina and C. affinis were
occasional visitors. One ? Hecatera serena, very late in August, and
much worn, was seen, and Phloygophora meticulosa was strong in
numbers. Hadena oleracea frequently came, and Gonoptera libatrix
also. Plusia gamma was always to be seen, day and night, and
Catocala nupta, in fine condition, was a constant visitor to sugar. Of
the Geometrids the following were seen or taken: one Urapteryx
sambucarta late in July, half a dozen Hpione apiciaria, taken both with
the net and at sugar. This insect’s appearance was extended over
August and into September. Rumia luteolata, Selenia bilunaria, and
Crocallis elinguaria were present sparsely, and also Boarmia rhombot-
daria. One § Geometra papilionaria was taken near Hayward’s Heath
early in August, and Zonosoma porata with Z. annulata were freely
found in certain hedgerows of stunted oak and maple. 7. punctaria
was taken once at sugar, and on three or four occasions 7%. porata was
taken in the sameway. The larvee of Hupisteria obliterata were beaten
from alder trees, fully fed, near Hassock’s Gate in August, and
Acidalia bisetata was found on the wing. <A. marginepunctata was
boxed once while at rest in a chalk pit on the downs, A. imitaria,
early in August, was netted at dusk and also taken at sugar, one in
each manner. <A. aversata was now and then to be seen, and A.
emarginata was fairly common in certain hedgerows early in August,
though much worn. Timandra amataria came to sugar and the net
sparingly at the end of August and in the beginning of September,
and Cabera pusaria was taken in both ways also. Aspilates citraria
was twice taken on the downs and ova obtained. Abrawas grossulariata
was freely present everywhere, but of the ordinary type and rather
small in size. One 2 Larentia didymata was netted in mid-August,
from which ova were procured. Hypsipetes elutata was twice taken, in
very fresh condition, at sugar about the middle of August. Melanippe
procellata could be found fairly common in the clematis bushes fringing
the downs. J. fluctwata was a common visitor at sugar, and Coremia
designata was taken several times at the same bait. C. ferrugata was
seen but once. Camptogramma bilineata teemed in every hedgerow, but
the clematis, though growing strongly near downs, yielded no
Phibalapteryx vitalbata. Cidaria russata was seen only two or three
times, while Hubolia bipunctata and Anaitis plagiata were to be had
always when looked for on the slopes of the downs.

Lepidopterological notes from Orta in Piedmont and neighbourhood.
By Rey. FRANK E. LOWE, M.A., F.E.S.

The editor’s request for notes of any given locality seems to con-
stitute a direct duty to comply, even if the collector be conscious of
having little of interest to relate. Such at least is my feeling in
connection with a five weeks’ stay at Orta Novarese during a period
extending from May 12th-June 16th last. Difficulties are increased by
the fact that I have not yet had time to arrange my captures and to take
them out of their travelling cases—far less to put in order the rough
jottings of my diary. But even an incomplete list of insects may serve

LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL NOTES FROM ORTA IN PIEDMONT. 325

a purpose, and suggest the possibilities of a district to those who are
meditating a visit. If then I may be allowed to aim at nothing higher
than a hasty and very incomplete account of the butterflies which came
in my way, I am glad to make an effort to relate my experiences, after
arriving at Orta, late in the evening of May 11th, at the Hotel
Belvéderé on the summit of Sacro Monte. We had expected great
things, and to find the insect fauna much more unlike our Swiss
catalogue than proved to be actually the case. Though nature was
still in its spring attire and the pheasant-eyed narcissus filled all the
meadows, it was too late for many of the earlier things. [am not now
to write of flowers, but it is impossible to pass over without a word of
grateful recollection, the exquisite display in the fields and woods, and
also in the gardens, of the most luxuriant growth it is possible to
conceive. Except where the vine was cultivated, the Spanish chestnut
reigned almost alone, but, whatever its merits, I do not think it is pro-
ductive of many good insects, especially in the carlier part of the year. On
the Sacro Monte there is a wood of very fine pines with a mixture of
beech and oak and a grand row of clipped hornbeam, forming an avenue
up the main ascent. Of course, though Orta was our temporary home,
many expeditions were made to neighbouring places, as Valle Strona,
Val Anzasca, and Crevola, and as far as possible, without overburdening
my notes with localities and dates, I will notice what captures or
observations refer rather to these places than to Orta.

The Sacro Monte itself, a sort of small private elevated park attached
to the hotel, is excellent ground, but the best places in the immediate
neighbourhood, so far as I learned to know them, were, first, about a
mile below Orta, just over the railway on the road to Carcegna, and,
secondly, in the valley behind the viaduct at Pettenasco. These three places
had between them, more or less abundantly, every species, except Liby-
thea celtis, which I took, unless it may be Argynnis var. cleodoxa. But as
I neclected these spots for more distant rambles towards the end of
our stay, A. var. cleodova and many more things with which I did not meet
may be there. With this preface I will plunge at once into a detailed
list of what I saw.

Hesprripes.—Spilothyrus althaeae was generally distributed in the
locality and more particularly in the Strona valley. It is a vexatiously
difficult insect to secure. SS. lavaterae was very fine in most places
towards the end of our stay. Syrichthus carthamv fairly abundant, and
quite ordinary in form; S. fritidlwm? var. alveus, I think, was present at
Orta; S. sao was fine but not common; S. malvae, abundant; Nisoniades
tayes, more or less generally distributed, and very common at Varallo;
Thymelicus thaumas, and Pamphila sylvanus, abundant, but for P. comma
we were, I suspect, tooearly. In the Anzasca valley I took one Cartero-
cephalus palaemon, a very dark and dingy form.

Lycmnipes.—Among the blues I had hoped for great sport, and
many new forms, but results led to the opinion that the Rhone valley
is much more interesting in this respect, but better thines would have
been done no doubt a month later. My first anxiety was to obtain
Polyommatus orion; 1 found the first on May 16th, abouttwo milesup the
Val Anzasea, but by no means in good condition; it appears, however,
to have a continuous succession of emergences, and from first to last
I managed to get together a fairly long series of good specimens—but
all very much smaller than some from Crevola, taken by a friend in

326 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

July. It is present all over the district ; I took one excellent one at
Orta, it is abundant in the Val Anzasca and Val Strona, and, on the
Simplon route, I have found it all the way from below Crevola, directly
the road begins to rise from the plain, up to Varzo. It very rarely,
however, fliesover the roads as do other blues, and never, that I observed,
suns itself on the patches of moisture with Nomiades semiargus and the
rest. ‘To obtain it, it is necessary to ascend to the little flowery plat-
forms which always line the sides of the rocks above the carriage way.
P. baton, one only of this little beauty was obtained at Orta, near the rail-
way. On this sameground P. bellaryus was plentiful (the males generally
with well-marked black dots on upper side of underwings, not so usual
in Rhone valley) the female—with a few ab. ceronus—was quite as com-
mon as the male, Plebeius aegon, and later P. argus, the latter having
remarkably dark undersides, and large metallic spots, many of the
females being specially noticeable. The males of P. aeyon, in early
May, on the Sacro Monte, were very fine, rich in colour, very deeply
bordered with black, throwing into bold relief the white fringe—and, on
the underside, bases well powdered with blue—the orange band of the
hindwings broad and brilliant, but never continued more faintly on the
primaries as in most specimens of P. argus, its place on the upper
wing (underside) being taken by a smoky suffusion. LP. astrarche was
common and with very pronounced red borders not the allous-like
form so common in Switzerland. Nomiades cyllarus was scarce, and
in fine condition at Orta during the first few days of our stay—in all I
took four males and three females, and one of the latter in Val Strona—
Polyommatus icarus showed no pronounced pecularity, unless it was
that it was not obtrusively common, the females were generally of the
brown tone with very strongly defined red bands on both wings, some-
times well powdered with blue at the base, but this colour did not spread
over the whole surface, as is generally the case here in Guernsey,
especially in the autumn brood, after the manner of P. ab. ceronus.
Nomiades semiargus was not so common, as it probably would be later in
the season, but was large and very fine in colour. P. corydon was to be
taken at Cheval on Foomae 6th, whilst Cyaniris argiolus was common all
round, and Cupido minima at Varallo and Orta. Among the coppers,
we had abundance of Chrysophanus dorilis—of the very finest—the
females very yellow and clear in markings and colouring above and below,
so different from my Aigle specimens that I thought [ had got some-
thing new. C. phlaecas was present in fair numbers but in the
commonest forms, although occasionally Itooka magnificent female with
a great increase of the caudation of the hindwings, and much suffused
with black, approaching var. elews. C. ale Aon var. yordius was just
appearing as we left, in the Strona Valley. With the Theclids I had
no luck, only very fine specimens of Callophrys rubt appearing. Most
of these had the white spots of the underside very slightly represented.
Erycrnipes.—Nemeobius lucina, the size and rich colouring of some
specimens obtained at Pettenasco, on June 5th, surpass anything in my
experience of the species, the largest being just one and a half inches
across.
Papitrontpes.—Papilio podalirius was very ragged on our arrival,
as also 1. machaon, of the latter a new brood began to appear at the
beginning of June, but not var. awrantiaca, of which I had vainly
dreamed! Parnassius apollo appeared of course in due season, and P.

LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL NOTES FROM ORTA IN PIEDMONT. S27

mnemosyne Was in exquisite condition and very abundant just below
Ponte Grande on May 19th, which to me was surprisingly early. On
going again, June 12th, I could not find one.

Preripes.—Besides the typical Pieris brassicae, P. rapae, and P.
napt, there was at Orta a large female form of the latter, closely akin
to ab. napaeae. Huchloé cardamines was everywhere, and Leucophasta
sinapis very common, but presenting no marked peculiarities. (Gonop-
teryx rhamni was sometimes seen, but, alas! not G. cleopatra. An early
brood of Colias hyale was not uncommon at Orta, one of which I secured
as being of the richest colour I have ever seen, and with the black spot
in the centre of the forewings remarkably dark and large. Aporia
crataegi, of course, was abundant, and one specimen from Orta, a male,
is very beautifully shaded with smoky-black all round the outer border
of the forewings—ab. suffusa, Tutt. Many others approach this form,
but none equal this particular specimen.

LisytHemes.—To obtain Libythea celtis was an ambition which was
to be gratified. At Crevola, on May 26th, I took one battered specimen
and saw no others, and feared that I was to be indebted to friends for
this species, but, on June 12th, in the Val Anzasca I took, in con-
junction with one Carterocephalus palaemon and several good Polyom-
matus orton, one perfect L. celtis. The next day I went again and it
rained persistently, and my only capture was one Macaria alternata.
It was not until June 15th I could take train again for Piedimulera.
Starting up the valley I soon saw and missed JL. celtis almost in the
village. Going further, and beyond the tunnels, I was more fortunate,
and took five specimens which leave little to be desired in the way of
appearance. This same day P. orionwasveryworn. <A. var.cleodova was
well out, and I secured an aberration of Coenonympha pamphilus, of which
more anon. JL. celtis when out seems to be a sure find in the neigh-
bourhood of its food-plant. wherever it occurs, and never to wander far
from it. Though wild cherry is given as another pabulum of this
species it would seem to be only so by accident and where C.
australis 18 In possession, as the wild cherry is to be found generally
over the lower alpine area, but not L. celtis.

Nympuatipes.—Many miles I tramped through chestnut woods in
the surrounding hills and valleys of Orta for Neptis lucilla, but either
it was not there, or it knew that I was, forI saw none. Again prob-
ably we were too early. Of the Vanessids, Polyyonia c-album was
common, and Aglais urticae bright but quite normal. Vanessa io,
Huvanessa antiopa, Pyrameis atalanta, and P. cardut, all with wings
which had seen much service, not a specimen of ‘cabinet rank’ among
the lot. Melitaea cinxia was fine, close to Orta, and M. phoebe was
abundant, and mostly worn by May 16th, but I brought back a small
series because they are so much lighter in colour and generally smaller
than the splendid fellows of Bérisal and St. Nicholas in July, and the
still grander forms in the same month at Iselle, two of which latter,
captured last year, I should almost venture to label var. occitanica, Ster.
Possibly the spring brood is less brilliant than the midsummer contin-
gent. At the same date J. didyma was well out, and of the most
brilliant colour. The females very handsome and inclining to the type
form rather than to var. alpina, but scarcely ‘‘ clay cold yellow”’ as
Kane describes the type, which is a form I have not seen, or colour
terms represent very different ideas to different people ; but the

328 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Melitaea of the district was undoubtedly athalia; this abounded in its
brightest garb, with strongly defined black rays. M. parthenie was
probably present, but I have brought none home. Brenthis euphrosyne
was common, as also Aryynnis leather. Of the larger fritillaries, A.
aglaia was the first to show up on June 11th in the Strona valley, followed
on the 14th by Dryas paphia, Argynnis adippe and var. cleodowa. Of the
Satyrids, Melanargia galatea were nearly all very dark, of the var.
proctda form. Piedmont is given as a locality for M. syllius, but any
expectations I had formed were doomed to disappointment. The
HKrebiids had not begun to arrive before we left on June 17th, with the
exception of two Mrebia evias, taken June 6th at Crevola, I do not think
I saw other of this genus. Satyrus semele was out in mid-June and
also S. actaea var. cordula. Pararge maera and P. megaera were present
together and of fine colour, P. eyeria was of our ordinary English form,
egerides. Epinephele tantra abounded, and at Orta I took a very
nice male with dark cream-coloured underwings. Hnodia hyperanthus
was not uncommon round Orta. Of the Genonymphids, Coenonympha
arcania and C. pamphilus were very numerous, especially on the Sacro
Monte. The first was of a very rich form, many lacking the apical spot on
the underside of the forewings, ab. obsoleta, Tutt, in which case, too, the
metallicline was generally absent. Thedark outer border of CU. pamphilus
varied much, a few specimens approaching very nearly to ab. lyilus,
Ksp., with the eye-spots, underside of hindwings, pupilled white, but
not well defined, but one specimen I am inclined to regard as the
ereatest prize of the whole holiday—it is rather large, of a soft cream
colour all over, with a slight opalescent glaze, well-defined but not
very dark borders to all wings, the apical spot large, but faint above,
clear and beautifully pupilled on the reverse. This I captured, as
mentioned above, in the Val Anzasca—it is in excellent condition.

I must not burden this long account with any further lists of moths
observed, though I think an “expedition devoted to Geometrids and
Crambids, in this locality, would richly reward the diligent man.
Saturnia pyri and Sphina pinastri were common both at Orta and
Varallo, and the little Heliaca tenebrata at Orta.

@ RTHOPTERA.

A Few ORTHOPTERA FROM STARNBERG.—At Starnberg, a village on
the lake of that name, a short distance south of Munich, I took a few
Orthoptera on July 17th-18th. The season was early and I had no
time to collect carefully, but yet found Chrysochraon brachypterus,
Ocsk., in numbers; although dirty brown when dried, when alive it is

very beautiful, of a brilliant golden-green waich shows up very
distinctly in the grass and heather in which it is found. I took also
Stenobothaus a ee Zett., S. lineatus, Panz., S. viridulus, L., 8.
bicolor, Charp., Locusta viridissima, L., larva, Tettia bipunctatus, L.,
Decticus verructvorus, L., very common, and Platycleis roeselii, Hagenb.,
Was numerous in grassy fields.—M. Burr, F.Z.8., F.H.S., Dormans
Park, Kast Grinstead.

MEcONEMA BREVIPENNE, YERS., IN A RAILWAY CARRIAGE.— While
travelling from Iiume to Vienna on the night of August 15th-16th,
I was surprised t to find a Meconema brevipenne, °Yers., oe crawling on the

ORTHOPTERA. 329

seat of the carriage near Wiener Neustadt. The species does not occur
naturally so far north, and must certainly have entered the train when
we were passing through Croatia or Slovenia. It is a flightless insect,
and how it could have made its way into the compartment is a mystery,
and, in spite of its frailty, it must have survived the night in a crowded
carriage. Its occurrence in the Trieste-Vienna express affords a clue
to the explanation of rare Orthoptera far out of the bounds of their
natural distribution. I. brevipenne is fax from being a common form,
but occurs in some numbers in the Riviera, Italy, the South Tirol, and
Krauss has taken it at Trieste, whence the train came, at Fiume, and
also at Laibach, a town through which we had passed during the early
part of the night.—Ism.

Tue Locust pest in THE Dosrupsa.—tlIn the Bulletin de la
Société des Sciences de Bucarest, An. ix., No. 4, 1900, M. Montandon
discusses* the locust pest in the delta of the Danube. Although the
eminent rhynchotist has not before published observations upon
Orthoptera, he has diligently collected insects of this ‘order, and
amassed a basis for an account of the Orthoptera of Roumania.
Acting upon the instructions of the Ministére des Domaines, he studied
the locusts in the Dobrudja, and the work in question is his report. The
species which came under his notice was Pachytylus migratorius, L., but
it was not so much an invasion as an unusual abundance of the insect
in its natural home. The young larva hatches from the egg towards
the end of April, and reaches maturity between July 15th, and August
15th. The best time to attack them is when they are quite young
and feeble. They are then found in quantities together and may be
isolated into companies by little ditches, and then crushed wholesale.
When older, they are more independent; they separate more from
each other and are strong and active enough to climb or leap over
obstacles. The favourite breeding-place in the Dobrudja is a belt of
old sand-dunes, rarely more than a few kilometres broad, where the
females can easily deposit their ova in the soft ground. M. Montandon
combats the theory that migrating swarms return to breed in their
original haunts, and favours the opinion that they propagate their
kind in any suitable spot. As to means of extermination, the author
deprecates the offering of rewards for eggs, by weight, as being waste
of labour which might be better employed elsewhere. He strongly
advocates the absolute protection of birds which prey upon the locusts.
As an example he cites Pastor roseus, which greedily devours these
insects, but being shy, has been frightened away from the country by
the noise of guns. Instead of being one of the most familiar birds of
the district, it is now almost unknown. M. Montandon, therefore,
very rightly recommends the prohibition of shooting in infested places.
It is known that the ova hatch intermittently from the beginning of May
till the middle of June. It is often asserted that they hatch soonest in
dry grounds, but the author affirms, from his experience, that while
the larve are very young in the dry upland parts, near the swamps and
in marshy grounds they are far more developed. On the occasion of
the recent plague, troops of soldiers were despatched to collect and
destroy the larvee, but they arrived too late, when the insects were already
strong and active. The author, therefore, further recommends that

* Les Acridiens dw Delta du Danube, par A, L. Montandon,

330 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

in future troops should be sent the moment the eggs begin to hatch.
As the grounds infested are desolate and barren, far from any village,
the commissariat becomes an important question. A thousand men,
with officers, should go thoroughly equipped with food, fuel, tents
and water, to conduct a regular campaign against their tiny but
innumerable enemies.—M. Burr, F.Z.S., F.E.S., Dormans Park.
October 10th, 1900.

GFOLEOPTERA.

CoLEOPTERA IN THE MOUNTAIN DISTRICTS oF CumMBERLAND.—In the
June number of this magazine (antea, p. 159) I published some notes
on collecting in Castle Carrock Fell in May. Since then I have had
several fairly successful trips to other of the mountains of Cumberland,
and I purpose here to mention some of the species with which I have met.
Whit-Sunday was one of the few really fine days we have had in the
north this year, and it was a party, full of expectation, which, in the
early morning, drove up to the village of Ousby from Langwathby on
the Midland Railway, to sample the insect fauna of Cross Fell, the
highest point of the Pennine range, which, in all probability, had
not before been explored by an insect hunter. The coleopterists
of the party were Mr. Harry Britten and myself. Cross Fell lies in
the south-eastern corner of Cumberland, and reaches an altitude of
2930ft. Late in the season though it was, there was still a lot of
snow lying about. We ascended the Fell from its western side,
following the course of a small stream, which we ultimately found
had its source high up on the left shoulder, near some old ore workings.
Not far from the foot of the mountain the stream crosses a rough cart-
track, broadening out into a pool, and here our first noteworthy
capture was made, viz., Hydroporus davisti, Curt., which was tolerably
common, but not easy to get, owing to the shallowness of the water,
which prohibited the use of the water-net, so that captures had to be
made with the hands. H. rivalis, Gyll., also occurred, with Haliplus
lineatocollis, Marsh., and commoner things. Pursuing our course we
soon came across Vorymbites cupreus, F., on the wing, mostly var.
aeruginosus, F'., which was in hundreds almost to the summit, all but
one or two, however, being males. By working the thick moss in the
stream, some nice things occurred, as Stenus guynemeri, Duy., and
Quedius auricomus, Kies., neither species, however, in any number.
Other species, occurring contemporaneously with these, were Lesteva
pubescens, Mann, L. longelytrata, Goeze, Myllaena brevicornis, Matth.,
Elmis aeneus, Mull., and Hydraena gracilis, Germ. In pools near the
summit, Agabus congener, Payk., and Hydraporus morio, Dej., were
obtained, with a lot of common things. Very few Geodephaya
were to be had by stone-turning, except Nebria gyllenhali, Sch., and
Patrobus assimilis, Chaud. A nice weevil, however, Otiorrhynchus
maurus, Gyll., was a gratifying capture, and though only four perfect
specimens were found, judging by the quantity of dead and broken
remains we saw, it must be common on this mountain. Probably we
were too late for it. I visited this locality again three weeks later, but
my collecting was spoiled by a heavy rain-storm, the like of which one
only experiences in these remote regions. However, a nice series of
A. congener, Payk., was obtained, and A. arcticus, Payk., Henicocerus

COLEOPTERA. 331

exsculptus, Germ., and Homalium dopterum, Steph., added to the
previous list. Telephorus obscurus, L., was not found on either visit,
though specially looked for. As yet I have only taken it on Bleaberry
Fell, near Keswick. I spent July 8rd and 4th, in the Lake district
with a lepidopterist friend, being quartered at Seathwaite, at the foot of
Sty Head Pass, the famous haunt of Melampias epiphron. My time was
occupied in working the ground round Sty Head and Sprinkling Tarns,
the wood near the base of Green Gable and the rough slopes of Stake
Pass, where the River Derwent rises. This district has the reputation
of being the wettest in England, and it fully kept up its reputation
while I was there, consequently my list of captures was not extensive.
Carabus glabratus, Payk., was almost common and ran about among
the grass actively. C. arvensis, F., C. catenulatus, Scop., and C.
violaceus, Li., also, were tolerably common, some of the latter being
without the violet margins. Pterostichus vitreus, Dej., was common
enough, and one P. aethiops, Panz., the first I have taken among the
Lake mountains, was obtained. TVaphria nivalis, Panz., occurred
sparingly and was always immature. Agabus congener, Payk, and A.
arcticus, Payk., were not uncommon in small pools, but had to be
persistently worked for, and a good many were imperfect. Hydroporus
morio, Dej., was present in limited numbers, H. obscwrus, Sturm, being
more ‘frequently 1 in evidence. Three Or Tophagus fracticornis, Payk.,
were taken in dung, Aphodius lapponum, Gyll., of course, being
abundant. Dascillus cervinus, L., and Podabrus alpinus, Payk.,
occurred about brackens, as also did Phyllopertha horticola, Li., in
immense numbers. ‘To the dalesmen it is known as the “bracken
clock.” Hoplia philanthus, Fuss., was equally abundant, affecting
the little mounds made by a species of yellow ant—Lastus flavus,
I think. One or two specimens, indeed, were found inside the
mounds, which suggests that the species has myrmecophilous pro-
clivities. Corymbites cupreus var. aeruginosus, F., occurred under
stones, all females this time. On the sloppy ground contiguous to
Sty Head Tarn a few beautiful Donacia discolor, Panz., were found.
Running nearly parallel with the Pennines, but about ten miles to the
west, are a short range of low hills, known as the Lazonby Fells,
which nowhere reach a greater altitude than 1000ft. They really
form one extensive anaordarnd|, with here and there a patch of fir wood
and a little birch. In company with Mr. Britten I have spent several
days here during the past season, and among the beetles taken, the
following may be mentioned : Bembidium nigricorne, Gyll., abundant on
bare places among the heath, but very local and only taken in April
and September. “Trechus secalis, Payk., common under stones near
a small pond. Calathus fuscus, F., not uncommon in a corner
between two walls, surely a strange place for this maritime species.
Dytiscus punctulatus, F., several. Placusa complanata, Er., under fir
bark among the burrows of Lhyncophora. Trow sabulosus, L., and
Omosita dleurresen, L., common in dry carrion. Corymbites tessellatus,
F’., a few swept. Sericosomus br unneus, Li, not uncommon on the
wing in the sunshine. Pissodes pint, L., common under fallen fir
branches. Cymindis vaporariorum, U., was met with in some numbers
by Mr. Britten in the early spring, but has not been seen since.—
Frank H. Day, F.E.S., 6, Currock Terrace, Carlisle. October 18th,
1900.

382 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

‘“ NOTES POUR LA CLASSIFICATION DES CotkortERES”’ (by Aug. Lameere,
Professeur 4 Universite de Bruxelles. Ann. dela Soc. Hntom. de
Belgique, Tome xliv., 1900).—These notes are the first real attempt at
a natural classification of Coleoptera, and although we are not prepared
to admit all the innovations which occur in this paper, we do not hesitate
to say that on the whole we agree with it, and welcome it as a step in
the right direction. As M. Lameere says himself, a zoologist entirely
ignorant of entomology and approaching the study of insects atthe present
day, would deplore the absolutely rudimentary state of their classifica-
tion ; whereas, in other groups of animals, naturalists have for some
time past based* their classification on genealogy, the only natural
mode of classification, entomologists, with a few rare excep-
tions, do not seem to realize the immense progress outside their
domains, and perpetuate the errors of the past. This, alas! is
undoubtedly true, so far as coleopterists are concerned, although the
leading lepidopterists are not likely to assent to such a sweeping
assertion. As long as arbitrary and unnatural characters are
used for classificatory purposes, or species are divided on one
character alone (which must in itself be arbitrary and unnatural,
as the workings of evolution cannot be tied down to any one
character) classification will remain practically in the state in which
Linné left it. M. Lameere truly says that, in spite of such improvements
as have been made, the classification of Coleoptera remains perhaps
the most difficult problem in systematic zoology, and points out
that his notes are intended to direct the attention of specialists to
this subject. This is an end to be devoutly hoped for, as many
coleopterists appear to think that the alpha and omega of the study of
Coleoptera is to form a collection, others, the description of new species,
whilst all the interesting problems presented by the life-histories of
beetles, their habits, courtships, parasites, mimicry, dwelling-places, &c.,
are as nothing to these great objects. They think that, because the
older collectors collected in a certain way they must do likewise, strike
out no new lines for themselves, present all difficulties to the autho-
rities by reputation pro tem., never try to sift or find out truths for
themselves, follow like sheep in each other’s footsteps, and, in fact, as
M. Lameere says, perpetuate the errors of the past. A friend of ours,
a coleopterist, who like ourselves, only keeps such beetles in his own
private British collection as he takes himself, was accused of being
selfish (when he gives away every insect he takes, except a small series)
and unscientific! When he explained that he could always study
whatever insects he wished in the museums or in friends’ collections,
and that if it were absolutely necessary to have a type collection he
could buy one to-morrow, he was told that he had better study some
other order. This could only mean that the one object of any yalue
was to amass a collection no matter how, and that the experience and
knowledge obtained in the field was worth nothing. However,
‘‘revenons nous & nos moutons.” In these admirable notes the thing
that strikes one at once is the amount of study displayed and the

* This calls to mind Professor Poulton’s words in his learned address to the
Zoological Section of the British Association at Liverpool in 1896: ‘‘Since the
appearance of the ‘ Origin of Species’ the zoologist, in making his classifications,
hag attempted as far as possible to set forth a genealogical arrangement.”

COLEOPTERA. 333

clearness and distinctness with which the conclusions contained therein
are stated. This notice is not intended as a translation, and space will
not permit of our going into the reasons for the conclusions reached,
and the many alterations from the existing order which one finds. We
can only recommend coleopterists to study them for themselves, but to
give a few extracts is necessary. M. Lameere suggests that the
ancestor of Coleoptera should have had the following characters:

I.—(1) Complete metamorphoses. (2) Four malpighian tubes. (8)
The mouthparts adapted for biting. (4) A large and free prothorax.
(5) All the tarsi five-jointed. (6) A pad between the tarsal claws. (7)
Three ocelli. (8) Hight visible segments to the ventral surface of the
abdomen. (9) All the coxe conical and projecting. (10) The antenne
with eleven similar joints.

IJ.—This ancestor was a Neuropteron of the Planipennes group ;
it should have lived under bark, or bored into trunks, and with
such habits the usefulness of the transformation of the upper wings
into elytra is evident. He then proceeds to divide the Coleoptera into
three suborders, to which he gives the names, Cantharidiformes,
Staphyliniformes, and Carabiformes, which are separated by the
neuration of the wings. ‘These again are subdivided, as is shown in
the table appended, facts and arguments being presented in the notes
to support their position. We have not here whole groups of families
which have no connection whatever with each other, bundled together
under such names as ‘“‘ Polymorpha,”’ &c., as has occurred in a recent
scheme of classification.

One point, however, will no doubt meet with considerable opposi-
tion, and that is the Pulicidae being placed in the Staphyliniformia,
from the general source of which M. Lameere considers that they are
derived. In the Ann. de la Soc. Entom. de Belgique, tome xli.,
1899, he remarks :—“‘‘ As for the fleas, regarded nearly unanimously
as Diptera, I have no doubt they are Coleoptera of the group Staphy-
linoides sensu Ganglbauer. Heymons has demonstrated definitely
that they are not Diptera . . . . butin proving that the unpaired
appendage of the mouth is only the labrum, he has removed the last
barrier which hinders their being considered beetles; they have, in fact,
eleven-jointed and not three-jointed antenne, contrary to all the
descriptions, and this character leaves no doubt as to their parentage.”

M. Lameere gives at the end of his paper a table of his scheme of
classification which we here reproduce :—

COLEOPTERA.
STAPHYLINIFORMIA. CARABIFORMIA.
Silphiinae. Rhysodidae.
Clambinae. Carabidae.
Sphaeriinae. Paussidae.
SER Hydroscaphinae. Omophroninae.
Silphidae. Scaphidiinae. Haliplinae.
Corylophinae. a0 Amphizoinae.
Trichopteryginae. Djs cin a: Hygyrobiinae.
Scydmaeninae. Hydroporinae.
Histeridae. Dytiscinae.
Staphylinidae. Gyrinidae.
Pselaphidae.
Platypsyllidae. CANTHARIDIFORMIA.
Pulicidae. Teredilia,

Lymexylidae.

334 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

CANTHARIDIFORMIA. Clavicornia.
Teredilia. FO eee eerie
aa ( Anobiinae. phaeritinae.
Esnoloncla. | Ptininae. Nitidulidae. Trogositinae.
: ( Lyctinae. Nitidulinae.
LOS MVO NDS. lBesiareinne. Byturinae.
Cupesidae. Mycetophagidae.
Derodontidae. a (Sphindinae ?
ih enti , Cisidae ? | Cetiawe.
alacodermata. : :
( Cantharidinae. Hrotylidae. | ad ie
Cantharididae. - ry re Phalacridae.
EAT DUNC Colydiidae.
\ Drilinae. Lathridiidae.
| ee Endomychidae WRyeS ee uANe:
Melyridae , ee nae: : y : ; Endomychinae.
ie Cee ae: Coccinellidae.
erinae. +
Cucujidae. | COTE
Sternoxia. Helotinae.
Dascillinae. f Phytophaga.
773 ; Chelonariinae. Brenthidae.
Dascillidae. Bhneaciane ® Crambycidae.
| Cyphoninae ? Chrysomelidae. :
Cebrioninae. Bruchidae. | Bruchinae.
Perothopinae. eke Anthribinae.
Eucneminae. Curculionidae.
Elateridae. | Cerophytinae. __,, Heteromera.
Soleniscinae. Tenebrionidae.
Elaterinae. Melandryinae.
Throscinae. Melandryidae. | Mordelliinae;
Buprestidae. | joe
Stylo :
Macrodactylia. Lagriinae.
( Psepheninae. [Pythinve,
Parnidae. Parninae. ‘ee Pyrochroinae.
| Elmidinae. Lagr lidae. Meloinae.
__ Brachymera. Pee amet
Dermes ste: (Byrrhinae Lamellicornia,
Eyles: | Notodendrinae ? Lucanidae. | ee ae
eas " Scarabaeinae.
ene { Helophorinae. Scarabaeidae. Melolonthinae.
Eiydrop bila | Hydrophilinae. Dynastinae.

CotrorterA at Rovcuton, Norrotx.—I spent a fortnight from
August 18th at a farmhouse in the village of Roughton, about four
miles from Cromer on the Norwich Road, and did a little collecting at
odd times, but as I did no really serious work my captures were neither
numerous nor very striking. Off the gorse and heather on a common
between the village and Cromer, I swept Luperus nigrofasciatus,
Goeze ; Coccinella hieroglyphica, L., and Strophosomus retusus, Marsh.,
but sweeping, as a rule, produced nothing. By shaking over paper,
dry grass, and refuse lying under the hedges in a field belonging to
the farm I obtained the following :—Otivrhynchus scabrosus, Marsh.;
O. raucus, F.; O. muscorum, Bris.; Hypera variabilis, Ubst.; H.
polygoni, L.; Sitones hispidulus, F.; S. crinitus, Ol.; with many
common species of Apions and other weevils. In the same way were
procured Harpalus puncticollis, Pk.; H. punctatulus, Dutt; Amara
bifrons, Gyll.; A. apricaria, Pk. ; Notiophilus substriatus, Wat. ; Lebia
chlorocephala, H.H.; Helophorus nubilus, F.; Quedius picipes, Man. ;
Stilicus subtilis, Er.; Chrysomela staphylaea, L., &c. <A single

NOTES ON CCLLECTING. 335

specimen of Taphria nivalis, Pz., was picked up running on the road
just at dusk one evening. Mr. Edwards records only one specimen as
having been taken (in a similar way) in the county up to 1893, at
Lakenham. Stilicus subtilis, of which two specimens were taken at
different times, is not given in Edwards’ list for the county of
Norfolk, so I presume this is a fresh record ; for several others there
are only a few county records; L. nigrofasciatus is given for Mouse-
hold Heath only, and as not common; my locality is north of this,
and it was by no means uncommon, I secured my series in a very few
minutes.—T. Hupson Bears, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.E.S., King’s Road,
Richmond, Surrey. November 3rd, 1900.

Bemprpium stomores, Ds., 1~ YorKksutre.—l found a specimen of
this scarce Bembid, on the banks of the Wharfe in the woods of
Bolton Abbey, Yorkshire, on September 12th.—Isrp.

PROBABLE MYRMECOPHILOUS HABITS OF THE GENUS AsTILBUS.—In the
Deutsche. Entom. Zeitschr., 1894, p. 274, Father Wasmann writes ‘On
May 3rd, 1893, I found at Linz an Astilbus running on a path ina
field with a dead Myrmica laevinodis in its mouth.” This record will
call to mind a similar capture made by myself at Chiddingfold, and
recorded ante., p.238.—H. Sr. J. K. Donistuoreg, F.Z.8., 58, Kensington
Mansions, South Kensington. November 22nd, 1900.

ABERRATION OF TELEPHORUS RUSTICUS.—I have in my possession a
$ specimen of Telephorus rusticus without the black spot on the thorax,
which I took in cop., with an ordinary ? in the New Forest in June,
1891.—A. J. Cuirry, M.A., F.E.S. November 22nd, 1900.

a

YJ OTES ON COLLECTING, Ktc.

Leprpoptera at Wicken.—On August 20th, I joined my cousin,
Mr. F. H. Pilleau, at Soham Station en route for Wicken, for a couple
of days’ fen collecting. My cousin, who has recently revived an
interest in butterflies, which has lain dormant for some years, and
who had never seen Papilio machaon alive, was most anxious to meet
with this species in its native haunts, more especially as he had a few
days previously been informed by a lady at Felixstowe that she had
recently seen six specimens of Papilio machaon which had been taken
by a gentleman staying in her house, at a place called Bawstead Ferry,
near Felixstowe, where my cousin was spending his summer holiday.
On arriving at Wicken enquiries elicited the information that P.
machaon was still about, but that it was nearly over and not in good
condition, which I had myself expected. We, however, determined to
do our best. It was too late that day to think of butterflies so after a
stroll through the fen and the casual capture of one Plusia chrysitis,
a consultation with my old friend Bailey, and a good dinner, we
determined to try what sugar would produce, and, led by Bailey, started
out to sugar the trees and posts in the drove. The first thing we
noticed on getting to the fen, was that a thick white fog was rising all
round—a bad omen—which was realised, inasmuch as, comparatively
speaking, there was not very much about. A fair Catocala nupta was
the first thing bottled off the sugar, and then a specimen of Tapinostola
hellmanni was secured. Agrotis nigricans, Amathes xanthographa, A.
c-nigrum, A. rubi, and A. umbrosa were in large numbers, and I
secured a very pretty series of A. c-nigruwm to replace my former

3836 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

ancient specimens. Calamia phragmitidis also turned up, but in small
numbers, with afew Heliophila impura, and, of course, several Triphaena
pronuba were in evidence, with a sprinkling of 7. subsequa (comes), but,
the fog coming on thickly, we soon beat a retreat to our lodgings and
beds. The next day was unsettled but commenced fine, and we soon
set out for the fen with visions of P. machaon before our eyes. These,
however, for some time seemed doomed not to be realised, butin the mean-
time my cousin netted several nice Hamadryas io and Colias rhamni with
an occasional Aglais wrticae and one Vanessa cardui. I saw a
specimen of Hurymus hyale right in the middle of the fen, but was
unable to get within striking distance. Then I missed the first P.
machaon which appeared, and soon afterwards came across a nearly
full-fed larva of the same species. The clouds which had been
threatening for some time began to close round the sun and the air
became heavy, as though a thunderstorm was coming on, and just in
the last few minutes of sunshine I succeeded in netting a splendid
female P. machaon, quite fresh from the pupa; then down came the
rain and we had to beat a hasty retreat to the shelter of a neighbouring
cottage, and then home again. ‘The afternoon, which was wet, was
devoted partly to setting and partly to inspecting Mr. Bailey’s captures
during the season, which included one Hydrilla palustris, the only one
I believe taken this season. After dinner we again sallied forth to try
our luck with sugar, and light also this time, as the night was more
promising, and the result amply justified our doing so. Sugar
produced many more specimens than the previous night though the
species noticed were much the same, and we soon got the lamp to work
and were busy netting and bottling off the sheet or lamp. When at last
we determined to turn in I found I had the following species in my box:
Tapinostola hellmanni, common, Calamia phragmitidis, Heliophobus
popularis, Cidaria testata, Ennomos alniaria (tiliaria), Amathes umbrosa,
A. c-nyrum, A. rubt, Acidalia immutata, Strenia clathrata, Pterostoma
palpina (one), Agrotis nigricans, common, T'riphaena subsequa (comes),
Lithosta griseola with one of the ab. stramineola, besides which many
other common species were noticed both at the light and at sugar.
The next day was fine, but very windy, and although we had at first
intended to return that morning, we determined to have another try
for P. machaon, with the result that we were able to secure some very
fine specimens during the morning, one of which, captured by my
cousin, measured just upon four inches across the wings. We netted
and saw a great many battered specimens, but were able to secure a
few very fresh ones. That evening was spent chiefly in setting our
previous captures and the next morning saw us again at Soham
railway station where we parted to join our respective families, my
cousin to Felixstowe, and myself to Hythe, very well pleased with our
visit to the fen. It was five years since I had been there, and the
memories of former visits were not among the least enjoyable of my
experiences this time. I should add that the enjoyment of our visit
was very greatly enhanced by the comfortable quarters, excellent food
and cooking, and untiring attention, provided for and bestowed upon
us by my old friends Mr., Mrs. and Miss Aspland, at the Post Office.
I may also mention that many larvee of Acherontia atropos have been
found in the Wicken reighbourhood this season. I have since heard
from my cousin that he afterwards twice visited Bawstead Ferry and

NOTES ON COLLECTING. Sor

found Eurymus edusa along the coast and cliffs in great numbers, but
most difficult to get near. Although unable to come upon any
Eurymus hyale there, his little boy, aged six, a few days back, secured
one (without net) in a road at West Hampstead just off the Edeware
Road. I have, in accordance with the Editorial suggestion, antea p.
252, used the synonymy worked out by Mr. Prout in the ‘‘ London
List” (Trans. City Lond. Ent. Society, 1899 and 1900).—H. Arsiz
Hirt, F'.Z.8., F.E.S., 9, Addison Mansions, Kensington, W. October
4th, 1900.

Lprpoprzra in THE York pistricr._-The season seems to have
been good so far as my limited time has permitted me to get out and
work. I hada couple of turns for Epione vespertaria larve in June,
and found them fairly common, and about full-fed by June 21st.
The first emergences took place on July 7th—both sexes. Mr. Ash
and I spent two pleasant evenings in the middleof July, and they both
proved good for Ll’. vespertaria, which were flitting freely about between
10 and 11 o'clock. Geometra papilionaria and Acidalia inornata
were also rather common on the same nights. Abraxas ulmata
aberrations were curiously scarce this year, only one of the leaden-blue
form, I believe was seen. I took some very nice aberrations, however,
on a second visit with Mr. Ash, one, a great beauty, with ‘the wings
slightly suffused, the nervures being white, giving it quite a radiate
appearance.—S. Watxer, York. September Tth, 1900.

Lepipoprera at Oxton.—I do not think Callimorpha hera was as
common this year as last, but its range has certainly become extended,
and I have taken it here this season, between five and six miles from
its headquarters at Cofton, and also in the lanes adjoining. Ache-
rontia atropos also seems fairly common as I have had five pups and
two larvee dug here up to date. Argyresthia anderreggella and Teleia
humeralis were again taken commonly in August, in the same localities
as last year, but Coriscium sulphurellun and iLawteorr amma literana, which
were so common last year, have been very scarce. Sugaring on Aucust
20th, in Dawlish Warren, with Mr. Bower, we took Lithosia caniola which
T have not seen there previously myself. Has anyone else? Only one
Caradrina ambigua came to sugar, so I suppose it was scarce here this
season, as well as in other places. Later on we took twenty Acidalia
marginepunctata sitting on grass-stems, and could have taken many
more, but had come to an end of our boxes. In July I took about
twenty HMupithecia togata in a fir wood here, also a few H. debiliata,
and about thirty Nemotois minimellus, a new insect to me. On the
whole I should say the season here has been fairly good, but insects
have had to be worked for, and certainly the light traps have not paid
as well as usual, except for Lithosia sororcula and Notodonta trimacula,
whilst many things one ordinarily looks for have hardly occurred or
been entirely absent.—H. F. C. Srupp, M.A., F.H.S., Oxton,
Exeter. October 5th, 1900.

Lepipoptera AT Marker Drayron anp Cannock Cuasze.—Again
following up my notes (ante., p. 301) I have to record that the
attractiveness of sugar until August 8th was very marked—Noctua
brunnea, N. baia, Dyschor ista suspecta, Cleoceris viminalis, Triphaena
junbria, "Noctua castanea, and N. dahlii were all very numerous, whilst
Triphaena pronuba and Xylophasia polyodon were perfect pests; I did
not, however, see many dark specimens of the latter species, only two

338 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

could be said to approach black. Hypenodes costaestrigalis was
commoner than I have ever before seen it and I set some fifty
specimens. Of species hitherto unrecorded for North Staffordshire, I
took two, viz., Agrotis obscura and Pyralis glaucinalis, whilst Xylophasia
scolopacina was taken, a species, of which only one example had
hitherto been recorded. Besides Venusia cambrica and Eupithecia
debiliata, Hucosmia undulata was in much greater numbers than usual.
From August 9th-12th I visited Cannock Chase for Stilbia anomala
and Melanthia bicolorata, which, strange to say, were both below their
average numbers. As sugar towards the end of August was of little
use, I used, as I have before noted (ante., p. 273), a strong light in a
peat-bog with much success, and obtained—on August 28th, three
Luperina cespitis, one Hptone apiciaria, and numbers of Noctua rubi
and Phibalapteryx vittata; on the 29th, one Trichiura crataegi, one 2
Ennomos tiliaria and many P. vittata and N. rubi (unfortunately on this
night I was obliged to leave the spot at 9 p.m., before L. cespitis began to
fly); on August 80th, a very cold night and rather starlight, only a few
P. vittata and N. rubi occurred, and moths ceased to fly at 9 p.m.; on the
31st, wind west and very rainy, twenty-two L. cespitis, two T’.. crataeqi,
and many N. rubt and P. vittata; on September 1st, wind north,
twelve L. cespitis, eight or ten P. vittata and N. rubi, but nothing
came after 11 p.m., whilst nearly all the L. cespitis appeared to be quite
freshly emerged specimens. With the exception of one specimen
the insect has not been recorded from here before, and the date strikes
me as being very late. For attracting the moths, I used a large duplex
petroleum lamp in square glass box, something like a street lamp, and
no upright sheet. Many of the insects settled or fluttered on the
class and were easily boxed. On the ground in front, I had a large
white sheet on which most of the L. cespitis dropped and waited to
have the box put over them; they then immediately walked up and
rested on the side of the box. Most of the N. rubi, too, were quite
fresh specimens, and certainly belonged to a very late second brood.
Of the Plusias all but P. yamma have been unusually scarce this year in
this neighbourhood. I may further add that since my note («ntea,
p- 278) [have had two larvee of Acherontia atropos brought to me, one on
October 5th, and one on October 10th. The latter does not seem
healthy, as, though it has turned colour, it has not yet gone down,
and seems sluggish ; I expect it has been hurt. The former is still small,
and feeds on jasmine, as potato leaves are now hard to get. On the
evening of October 9th it poured, but sugar was exceedingly good for
moths:—Highteen Calocampa exoleta, six Misclia oayacanthae ab.
capucina, two Anchocelis macilenta, A. rufina abundant, and in all
manners of condition; Orrhodia vaccintt swarming, a few Scopelosoma
satellitia, and two quite fresh Peridroma saucia, a species I have only
taken here once previously. We get no really good autumn moths, even
Calocampa vetusta has only been taken three times. Larva-beating has
been profitable, in two days I obtained over 70 larvee of Hadena con-
tigua, besides about a dozen of those of Letocampa dictaeotdes, a great
many Cymatophora duplaris, a fair number of Notodonta dromedarius,
N. camelina, Hypsipetes implurviata and Hupisteria heparata, whilst
Amphidasys betularia larvee were especially abundant.—F’. C. Wooprorps,
Market Drayton, Salop. October 10th, 1900.

AurumnaL Lepipoerera in Guernsey.—On July 24th I watched

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 309

Lampides boetica, a rather worn male, for some time at flowers of large
blue annual lupin, and later, from September 8rd to 14th, I observed
a few in the garden, but never more than three at a time. On
August 8th I first noticed Colias edusa, and took one Vanessa io, a very
scarce insect here. On August 11th, Colias hyale appeared, and on
the 18th, Papilio machaon caused a sensation by flying wildly about
the cliffs at _Icart Point. A few days later it was captured and two
others were seen. On the 14th, C. hyale was more numerous, and by
this time C. edusa was swarming everywhere, and still visits my
garden up to date (October 10th). I secured two very fine U. var.
helice on the 18th and had my pick of any number of the normal
form. A larva of the bright ereen form of Acherontia atropos was brought
me found feeding on jessamine, and later, from potato, two of the yellow
aberration, but none, I fear, were healthy, though they are now pupe.
Callimorpha hera has been very abundant, but I have only seen
one Sphinx convolvuli this year. At sugar I had some success, con-
sidering the limited range of work—a few young trees and some tarred
palings in my garden of less than half an acre. I began to sugar in
the last week of July. I will only mention with dates either the rarer
species or such appearances as seem in any way exceptional as to time.
Mania maura was very abundant from July 26th-August 19th, and
was still out on August 30th. Of Leucania albipuncta I was fortunate
enough to take seven specimens, all in first-class order, one each on
the following dates: August 2nd, 28rd, 24th, 25th, 26th, 29th, Sep-
tember 17th, which gives a pretty extended period on the wing. Calymnia
affinis appeared first on August 8th and then on to the 15th. Dryophila
muralis, Peridroma saucia, and Cidariaprunatawere captured. I first took
the second brood of Caradrina ambigua on August 19th (afterwards it was
out in hundreds, lasting until September 24th), when I last observed
it. Agrotis segetum reappeared in wonderful variety on the same date,
and Aygrotis puta became very common, having first shown itself on
August 4th. Pertdroma saucia by this time was common, P. suffusa
hardly less so, whilst Noctua rubi began to come to sugar. Of
Leucania putrescens I took two—one on August 24th, the other, not so
good, on the 81st. Of Agrotis lunigera I secured four stragglers from
August 29th to September 28th. On September 5th and following
days L took two or three Acidalia virgularia freshly emerged, which
was so late as to suggest a second brood, and on September 28th a
very beautifully fresh Leucama vitellina g was the crowning prize,
followed on October 8rd by an aberration of Polia flavicincta, which is
a very remarkable contrast to the very dark form which commonly
obtains here. The ground colour of the upper wing is so light a grey
as to be nearly white, the central band in dark grey is very complete,
and the dark, wedge-shaped marks of the ante-marginal ornamenta-
tion very strongly defined in the same tone, tipped with orange, but
already I fear the orange markings here and round the central band
show a tendency to fade. The hindwings are white with darker
nervures; the specimen is a male.—(Rev.) Frank E. Lows, M.A.,
F.E.S., Guernsey. October 10th, 1900.

Lepmoptera at HNFIELD.—Since my previous note (ante., pp. 271-272)
I have nothing much to report in the way of captures except the
abundance of Colias hyale in clover fields near Saffron Walden. Colias
edusa was scarce in this locality. Larve and pupe of Acherontia

840 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

atropos have also been found in fair numbers. Sugar was rather good
for a fortnight or so at the end of August and beginning of September.
Amongst others, I took Peridroma saucia, P. suffusa, Tiliacea citrago,
Citria fulvago, C. flavago, Mellinia gilvayo, and M. ferruginea, all in
plenty, two Asphalia diluta, whilst Anchocelis lunosa was very common.
—H. M. Hpetsren, F.H.S., Forty Hill, Enfield. October 22nd, 1900.
Lepiportera IN Kent anp Devon.—This season will be memorable
for the number of butterflies seen in this corner of Kent: Cyaniris
argiolus was common in both its broods; Aryynnis aglaiain the utmost
profusion; Melanargia yalathea, common, after several years of scarcity,
Polyommatus corydon, P. bellargus, and Cupido minima more prolific
than usual, and now Colias edusa, and its var. helice, and C. hyale are
brightening the clover fields. During a recent visit to Oxton several
insects, which do not occur in my district, proved interesting. These
were Peronea cristana, Argyresthia anderreqgella, Coriscium citrinellum,
Cerostoma horridella, and Teleia humeralis. The Argyresthia and
Cerostoma occurred in fair quantities, the Peronea and Coriscium only
as odd specimens, but the Teleia was far from rare and varied to an
enormous extent, some examples being nearly black whilst in others
the predominant colour was white, there being many intermediate forms.
We also secured Leptoyramma literana, Zelleria hepariella, Psori optera
gibbosella and several common species. All the foregoing were obtained
by beating trees and bushes; searching tree-trunks, asis usually the case
inthis part of Devonshire, proved fruitless. Thatch yieldedafew Coriseium
brogniardellun and a nice series of Depressaria albipunctella, as well as
several of the commoner Depressariae. Hrgatis brizclla was flying
freely over thrift in the afternoon at Dawlish Warren, in which locality
Gelechia diffinis visited our sugar in numbers. Near home again the
street lamps have been much more productive than usual, but this may
be due to their having been recently fitted with incandescent mantles.
These mantles have one great fault, z.c., if the glass of the lantern is
broken, and the moths get inside they are generally wasted. The
most interesting insect taken was Mellinia gilvago which, as far as I
can learn, is a new species for the immediate neighbourhood. Hnno-
mos fuscantaria and I. erosaria were both fairly numerous, though
unfortunately in poor condition, and the latter all males. One night
five Hutricha quercifolia were taken, but no more appeared afterwards.
When in search of Colia hyale, three Spilodes sticticalis were netted,
which is I believe also an addition to our district. Sugar on the three
or four occasions it could be tried, proved most attractive, record
captures being made of Leucania pudorina, Epunda lutulenta and the
sight of a perfect example of Dipterygia pinastri and Huplexia lucipara
in the middle of September was rather a surprise.—B. A. Bowrr,
F.E.S8., Langley, Eltham Road, Lee, 8.H. October 15th, 1900.
Lepmoprera at LynpHurst anp BournemoutH.—As an extension
of my notes (ante.,p.300) I may state that during July and August sugar
was practically useless and light not much better. Ispent several week-
ends at Lyndhurst and took many Geometrids by dusking, the best
being Acidalia inornata, A. trigeminata (I am now breeding this from
ova obtained), Zonosoma omicronaria, Bapta temerata, B. taminata,
Epione advenaria, Illopia prosapiaria, Angerona prunaria, Hyria auro-
varia, Phorodesma baiularia, andalso Lithosia complana, L. complanula,
L. helvola, Ginistis quadra, Calliyenta miniata, and Cybosis mesomella (I

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 841

captured all these species of ‘‘footmen”’ on the samenight). One Acidalia
ochrata,as noted, was takenin Bournemouth, on July 19th, by the Rey.
ii. Hallett Todd, and identified by myself; this I think is a new locality.
The other remarkable insect, far away from its favourite haunts, was
seen about half a mile from this house on September 4th, viz., Papilio
machaon. Colias edusa has been fairly common, with a few examples of
the var. helice, but C. hyale has been rare, only five or six being taken.
I have bred a good many imagines from larve beaten in the spring,
among others, one female Apatura iris, Lymantria monacha, common,
Zephyrus quercus, common, Hnnomos angularia, Cleora lichenaria, C.
glabraria, dinistis quadra, Boarmia roboraria, Nola strigula, Catocala
promissa, C. sponsa, Metrocampa margaritata, Nola cucullatella, and
Hylophila revayana. Vhe only insects that my moth-trap has produced
worth mentioning are, as I have before stated, some nice black aberra-
tions of Luperina testacea, but after my last note was written (Sep-
tember 13th) sugar paid much better, and I have taken Leucania
albipuncta (two), L. vitellina (two), Caradrina ambiyua, Hpunda lutu-
lenta, EH. nigra, Xylina petrificata, Triphaena subsequa, Noctua ylareosa,
N. neglecta, whilst Triphaena fimbria, Peridroma suffusa, P. saucia,
Xylina rhizolitha, Anchocelis lota, A. macilenta, and Mellinia. ferruginea
have all been more or less common, with A. lunosa in endless variety
at lieht, whilst an H’nnomos erosaria, a few Kpione apiciaria, Luperina
cespitis, and Laphyyma exigua were also taken at ight. Imay further
mention that at sugar I took some grand aberrations of Orrhodia
spadicea and O. vaccinii. For sugaring purposes I have lately been
using, with satisfactory results, a mixture of black treacle, beer,
methylated spirit, and essence of jargonel.—(Masor) R. B. Rosertson,
Forest View, Southbourne Road, Boscombe, Hants. October 27th, 1900.

Lepiporrera at Burniury.—I did not commence the season till after
the big storm about the middle of February, when a few mild days
occurring I searched for the darkaberration of Phiyalia pilosaria, but was
unsuccessful although some intermediate forms were found; they
appeared from February 14th to March 24th, being quite common on
the latter date. On April 20th I tried sugar, but found very little
doing, one Calocampa exoleta beige the best. On the 21st Anticlea
badiata, Larentia multistrigaria, and Hybernia progemmaria were flying
at dusk. May was very cold on the whole and little could be done,
larvee of Larentia caesiata were plentiful on the 19th, but Plusia larvee
were very scarce. From June Ist to the 16th Hy;sipetes trifasciata
could be found by searching the alder trunks, while from the 7th to
14th Simerinthus populi were emerging in the garden, and were found
on the trunks or small branches of the poplars. On June 9th a visit
was paid to the moors where Acronycta menyanthidis (one) and Hadena
glauca were obtained from the rocks, and Lidonia atomarta abundant
on heather. On June 16th I caught the first Venusta cambrica, also
Notodonta camelina and Larentia salicata. Another visit to the moors
on July 18th produced Phycis carbonariella, Chortodes arcuosa, Lycophotia
striqula, Cidaria populata, and Larentia caesiata. On July 19th I took
Cidaria pyraliata in the woods, and at dusk Apamea unanimis and Melan-
thia ocellata. Inearly July Hepialusvelleda was fairly common, but few of
the ab. gallicus, while H. hectus also occurred. On July 9th at dusk Melan-
ippe yaliata were flying, also one Cilix ylaucata. On July 21st V. cambrica
were common but worn, and a single Sesia bembeciformis on a willow

342 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

bush. Towards the end of July Plusias were plentiful, and a visit to
the nettle beds on the 26th produced Plusia iota, P. pulchrina, P.
chrysitis, P. gamma, and one Habrostola triplasia, while, at the same
time, at dusk, Cidaria fulvata, C. pyraliata, Acidalia aversata and its
var. spoliata were common. In August, I was not able to do anything
till the 18th, when Hepialus sylvinus on ferns, Charaeas graminis on
thistles and ragwort, and C. populata on bilberry, were found on the
moors. From August 25th-29th Polia chi was very common, but
only one ab. olivacea occurred; it is singular that, near Halifax,
on the other side of these moors the ab. olivacea occurs much more
freely. Harly September found Celaena haworthii fairly common on the
1st and 8th, also a few Cidaria testata (a dark form). On the 8th,
Vanessa io was in splendid condition, Nonagria fulva was common, and
one Cloantha solidaginis was observed resting ona post. September 15th
produced one Anchocelis rujina, afew Hydroecia nictitans on heather, and
Oporabia filigrammariaon rocks, whilst the same species on the 22nd, but
worn, were almost the only imagines left, although larvee of Hadena
pist were rather plentiful. During the season the following appeared
in the breeding-cage : March 24th, one Taeniocampa leucographa, bred
from larve found on Orchis mascula at Bungay, Suffolk. April 7th,
Hadena pisi from Burnley. April 21st, Hmmelesia decolorata, and E.
affinitata from Lychnis diurnaea found at Scarborough. April 30th
Notodonta camelinaonoak at Burnley. May 8rd-4th Hypsipetes trifasciata
from alder at Burnley. June 11th-15th, Callimorpha hera from
South Devon. July 7th, Noctua baia, Naenia typica and Graphiphora
augur from dock, &c., Burnley. I may add that no less than ten fresh
species to the district have been captured, viz., Calocampa exoleta, Habro-
stola triplasia, Cilix yglaucata, Hepialus hectus, Larentia salicata,
Cloantha solidayginis, Bryophila perla, Trochilium bembeciformis, Vanessa
io, Hypena proboscidalis. I have done practically no work at sugar,
so naturally Geometrids have been to the fore.-—W. G. Crurren,
10, Hallwell Street, Burnley. October 31st, 1900.

Leprpoprera at Rys.—I was at Rye, Sussex, for a month, during
July and August. I sugared for ten days and got nothing, and even
Agrotis tritict and A. valligera on the sandhills appeared to be gone.
After the first three weeks I left, and my son then had a really good
time. He took quite 150 mothsa night on sugar, but mostly common
species although some proved useful to fill up gaps. I saw Colias edusa,
and since then my son has taken Colias hyale. Both species were,
however, much more plentiful near Christchurch, Hants.—J.
Henverson, 2, Birchin Lane, H.C.

Lepmoprera at Newsury, Berxs.—During three days (June 4th,
5th and 6th) I made the following captures at Newbury, Berks :—
Nisoniades tages, Syrichthus malvae, Pamphila sylvanus, Cyaniris argiolus,
abundant, Nemeobius lucina, Leucophasia sinapis, in fine condition,
Brenthis selene, B. euphrosyne, Pararge egeria, going over, Macroglossa
stellatarum, M. bombyliformis (the broad-bordered bee-hawk), common
at rhododendrons but not so plentiful asin 1899. From July 15th
to the 22nd I captured :—Thymelicus thaumas, Plebetus aegon, Gonepterya
rhamni, in swarms, Dryas paphia, Argynnis adippe, Hugonia polychloros,
Limenitis sibylla, in fine condition and abundant on the 15th, but going
over on the 22nd, Hipparchia semele, Enodia hyperanthus, an excellent
series. From August 18th-20th, Colias edusa was to be found in every

NOTES ON CCLLECTING. 343

clover field in the district, of the ab. helice one only. C. hyale was
much rarer, I succeeded in taking eight, three gs, five 9s. Pyramets
cardui was also more abundant than for many years, as were also P.
atalanta and Vanessa io, Zephyrus quercis and Polyommatus cerydon
were common but worn.—M. F. Hopson, Grove House, Rosslyn Hill,
Hampstead. November 2nd, 1900.

Lepipoprera at Hampsteap.—Smerinthus populi may be seen most
evenings in May and June flying around the electric arc lamps on
Haverstock Hill and Rosslyn Hill. They make huge circles around the
light, then suddenly drop with an audible smack on the roadway, when
they can be easily boxed. S. tiliae does not seem to be so readily
attracted by the lamps, but may be found at rest on trees and palings.
Zeuzera pyrina literally swarmed again during the third week of June,
so numerous were they that numbers were picked up each night, crushed
by the passing traffic; the females, however, were extremely scarce. Of Am-
phidasysbetularia, two dark formsoccurredon June 9th. Cossusliyniperda,
a dead elm tree on the Spaniards’ Road yielded a large number of full-
fed larvee. One was found on September 11th in willow. Catocala
nupta was very common, and it was interesting to note its regular
appearance each morning, on the stuccoed east side of the house, never
before 9 a.m. and never after 12 (noon). FHutricha quercifolia, young
larvee on willow on August 14th. Smerinthus ocellatus larvee were also
found on August 24th.—Isip.

A NIGHT’s suGaRING IN Monx’s Woop.—On the lovely evening of
July 5th I set out for Monk’s Wood, Huntingdonshire, on a sugaring
expedition, catching the 6 o’clock train from Cambridge to Huntingdon,
and the 7 o’clock from Huntingdon to Abbott’s Ripton. I arrived at
“‘The Fox Hotel,’ where I had arranged to meet my friend Mr. E. H.
Field at 8.20 p.m. The hotel is merely a strongly built shed with a
board nailed on the front on which is the name painted in large red
letters. During my walk through the wood I observed Angerona prunaria
flying in great numbers, although it was broad daylight. I found Mr.
Field seated on a plank outside the hotel killing his captures, and
learned from him that this species had been flying since 7 o’clock.
We first of all dusked in the ridings for about forty minutes
and netted many species, viz., Angerona prunaria, Phorodesma
baiularia, Hemithea thymiaria, Numeria pulveraria, Selenia illunaria,
Pericallia syringaria, Ypsipetes elutata, Melanthia rubiginata, Melanthia
albicillata, Cidaria immanata, Calligenia miniata, Lithosia mesomella,
Cidaria pyraliata, Cidaria fulvata, Anaitis playiata, Cabera pusaria,
Zonosoma annulata, Iodis lactearia, Lomaspilis marginata, Metrocampa
margaritaria, Larentia olivata, &c. Having retired to the hotel and
killed these we separated and painted our respective series of patches at
a considerable distance from each other, and, after a short delay, I
lighted my lantern, and began to box my guests. ‘These I found in
large numbers, and by 11.30 p.m. I had filled all my boxes, and then
took my way towards my friend’s patches, and found him about to
leave, also with full boxes. We returned to the shed, and, by the
flickering light of a candle, my friend chloroformed the captives and I
pricked them with the acid. Our captures comprised the following
species :—Caradrina alsines, Aplecta advena, Mamestra anceps, Noctua
festiva, Noctua brunnea, Cymatophora ocularis, Gonophora derasa,
Leucania comma, Agrotis exclamationis, Hadena dentina, Plusia chrysitis,

344 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Agrotis corticea, A. segetum, Leucania coniyera, and Evrastria fuscula.
Setting out again we found that the night had grown as dark as pitch,
and the air much cooler, but on reaching my round I captured a fine
series of Aplecta nebulosa, and also Aplecta herbida. This time I filled
my boxes very quickly, and returned to my friend’s patches, and waited
until he had filled his, we then repaired to the shed, and killed our
takings. On this round we had taken the following fresh insects :—
Thyatira batis, Cerigo matura, Xylophasta polyodon (very dark specimens),
X. hepatica, Aplecta herbida, A. nebulosa, Boarmia repandata, Gonoptera
libatria, Miana fasctuncula, Triphaena pronuba, X. sublustris, Noctua
triangulum, N. plecta, Hadena pisi, and X. lithoaylea. As soon as we
had killed these we set out once more, but found the arrivals to be
considerably fewer, in fact when I had filled my boxes dawn was
breaking and there was no need of a lantern to see to box the insects,
I repaired to the hotel and found Mr. Field already there ; this time
we had only taken one fresh species, viz., Agrotis obscura. Having pinned
the insects we rested upon the rough planks, but found sleep impossible,
for the birds kept up an incessant chirping, and the morning air was
exceedingly cold. Having boiled some water on our little spirit stove,
and made tea, we partook of a hearty breakfast, and soon after-
wards turned our attention to larva-beatinge with fair results.—E.
Crisp, 31, Union Road, Cambridge. October 380th, 1900.

Leprportera in SourH Drevon.—I spent my holiday this year in
South Devon, but did little entomologically. On July 17th between
Exmouth and Stareross I found Anthrocera trifolii in abundance in a
field near the railway; the confluent form appeared to be fairly common,
much more so than at Tenby, the specimens, however, rather worn, a
condition that might be expected at this date. At Torquay, where I
arrived on the 18th, I obtained Leucania putrescens both at sugar and
flowers, and also noticed Ayrotis luniyera and A. lucernea, as well as
commoner things.—(Rev.) E. C. Dosrén Fox, M.A., Castle Moreton
Vicarage, Tewkesbury. November 1st, 1900.

Leprpoprera at Martow 1n 1900.—Of the insects observed by me
during the past seagon several are, to the best of my belief, new to the
locality. In partigular Lithosta sororeula on a tree trunk, May 27th,
Polyommatus bellarqus, from June 4th-17th, all the females being of
the ceronus form. Schoenobius forficellus, from July 4th-8th ; Phycts
ornatellaand Spilodes palealis, on July 28th; andasolitary Thecla w-album
sitting in a road in a beech wood on July 27th. Amongst lepidoptera
not strangers to the place, Bapta bimaculata was seen on June 2nd,
and Oxyptilus parvidactylus was to be found amongst thyme at the end
of July. Mimnaeseoptilus phacodactylus, which swarmed in 1899, was
searched for in vain, but Vanessa io was fairly common after an absence
ofeightyears. Both broods of Cyaniris aryiolusand Polyommatus astrarche
were unusually abundant, Dryas paphia was very scarce, and Pararge
meyaera still scarcer, in fact only one specimen of this once abundant
butterfly was seen. Colias edusa § was common from August 12th
to the middle of September, C. hyale did not appear until three weeks
later and was in very poor condition, it seemed to prefer stubble to
clover fields:—A. H. Cuarxe, F.E.S., 109, Warwick Road, 8.W.
November 5th, 1900.

Norrs on AcHEronriA aTRopos.—Referring to my note (ante., p. 275)
recording the finding of five nearly full-fed larvee of A. atropos at Margate,

- NOTES ON COLLECTING. 845

on August 1st, I am glad to report that the whole of the larve success-
fully pupated. The weather keeping very open, I somewhat deferred
removing the pup from their habitations for the purpose of forcing
them. An imago, a male, emerging crippled on the evening of
October 18th, I removed the remaining pupe on the following day.
Pending the getting of my forcing apparatus ready, I placed the pup
on earth in two wooden boxes, having gauze coverings at the top, and
removed them to the kitchen, the weather having turned very cold.
The pups, beyond being very lively, showed no signs of an early
emergence of the perfect insects, and I was rather surprised, upon
taking a final peep of them at midnight, to find, in one of the boxes,
two imagines, a male and a female, on their backs on the earth, kicking
violently. How long they bad been in this position I cannot say, but
possibly for some little time. They had apparently emerged and failed
to do what imagines of other species had found no difficulty in doing,
that is to climb up the rough wooden sides of the box to the gauze
covering at the top. This may have been due to the hooks at the end
of their legs with which the species is provided not being suitable for the
‘purpose. The two imagines which had emerged, immediately clung
to my finger as 1t was offered to them in turn, squeaking while doing
SO. They fancied my rough coat for holding to, but, after some
little trouble, and several minutes’ delay, I sueceeded in getting them
to secure a good hold on the gauze. I observed that until they had
managed to get a firm hold, their wings did not commence to grow.
When I left them at two in the morning neither of the insects had
entirely completed their growth nor folded their wings. The remain-
ing two pup I placed in my forcing apparatus, and obtained perfect
insects from them. ‘The first, a female, emerged on October 24th,
during my absence from home, and apparently between 7 and 9 p.m.,
as at eleven o’clock I found it with its wings folded. The remaining
one, also a female, emerged on the following day at 10.15 p.m., I was
at home at the time, and observed that, as it came up from the moss
in the pot, and climbed up the twigs to the gauze to secure a hold, it
squeaked almost as loudly as a mouse does. It was quite two hours
after emergence before the insect had finished growing its wings and
~ drying them, and it was not until 12.15 a.m. on the following morning
that it had folded its wings. ‘Two of the pupze measured 21’ in
length, and the remaining three 22’. I had rather bad luck with the
male imago which emerged on October 19th. I placed it in the
killing bottle at 8-30 a.m. on the following (Saturday) morning, and on
my return from town at 3 p.m. I found it still alive, the killing-bottle
having almost entirely failed to act. The insect, moreover, had exuded a
whitish fluid, by rolling in which it had completely spoiled its Wings.
After removing it from the killing-bottle it almost entirely recovered
~ from the effects of the cyanide. This left me with three perfect
specimens, all females, two of which measure 5" across the wings, and
the third 53’. Although I have referred to the squeaking of the
insect I am by no means satisfied that this is a correct term to use.
The noise emitted appears to me to be produced by a movement of the
joints, or some of the joints, of the legs. The curious thing about it
to my mind is that apparently the insect can emit the sound or not as
it pleases, and it generally does so if alarmed.—A. Russexn, F.E.S.,
Southend near Catford. October 28th, 1900.

346 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

ACHERONTIA ATROPOs At Bextey.—I had a larva of A. atropos,
brought me on October 19th, which appears to me to be a very late
date. It was found in a potato field, but all the potato-haulm was
dead ; I was able to get sufficient, however, from my garden for it, and
it went down to-day.—L. W. Newman, Bexley, Kent. October 30th,
1900.

ACHERONTIA ATRopos in Gurrnsey.—A fine female Acherontia
atropos was brought to me to-day to set for a lad.—(Rey.) F. K. Lowe,
M.A., F.E.S., St. Stephen’s Vicarage, Guernsey. October 25th, 1900.

AcHERONTIA ATRopos AT HampsrEap.—On August 8th a full-fed larva
of A. atropos was brought to me; on the 10th I found two more on a
small potato patch. I also heard of several others being found in the
neighbourhood. On the 26th a young friend picked up a freshly
emerged @. One of the larve buried on the 21st, next day it re-
appeared on the surface of the mould in a shrunken condition, and so
it remained for fourteen days before casting its skin. The pupa was
at first of a pale yellow colour, but within three days it had assumed
its normal tint.—M. F. Hopson. November 2nd, 1900.

ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN HssEex.—I have some three dozen pupe of
Acherontia atropos this year; the first emergence took place October
12th.—(Rev.) C. R. N. Burrows, Mucking Vicarage, Stanford-le-
Hope. October 15th, 1900.

AcHERONTIA ATRopos aT Pont-pE-L’ArcHE (HureE) 1x 1900.—I had
a larva brought to me in September last which pupated satisfactorily
and emerged in October; a second larva, being disturbed during the
time it was changing to a pupa, dried up without completing the
change. Seven imagines were obtained, one eack on September 16th
and 80th, and five others between October 1st and 20th. The species
is found every year in this district, but generally I obtain only one or
two examples (usually brought by peasants or children). The pupa
is generally found in September, when the potatoes are being lifted.
At St.-Jean-de-Luz, in the Basses-Pyrenees, I took an imago flying at
night in a room on August 29th, 1899, that is, a month earlier than
the usual time in Normandy.—lL. Dupont, 3, Rue de l’Orangerie, Le
Havre. November 22nd, 1900.

Caraprina amprcua IN Norra Devon.—I captured a specimen of
Caradrina ambiqua on a heath flower at Saunton, north Devon, during
the first week of September.—C. Barrierr, 18, Henleaze Avenue,
Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol.

EnNnomos aurumNnarta at Ramscare.—On September 19th I took
a male and female of Hnnomos autwnnaria on hawthorn at Ramsgate,
both very much worn, but the female has since laid a batch of eggs.—
C. W. Coururup, 127, Barry Road, East Dulwich, 8.H. September
22nd, 1900.

Unusua visitors at suGAr.—On September 8th, I had a card
from a friend asking me whether I had ever taken Dianthoecia cucubali
at sugar, as he had been surprised to find a specimen at sugar the
previous evening. I had never done so, but, by a curious coincidence,
that very evening one specimen of this (to me) most uncommon insect
paid a visit to my sugar, and paid heavily, too, for he got captured.
Plusia gamma is constantly attracted by my bait, but it was not until
September 22nd last. that I took Plusia chrysitis im this way.
Stenopteryx hybridalis, which one is more accustomed to associate with

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 347

bright sunshine, has this year been frequently at the sweets, possibly
its older name noctuella may refer to this habit of night prowling.
Thera variata has swarmed at sugar also this year, and is still coming.
I have been more accustomed to beat it out of fir-trees than take it
thus. I do not usually associate the Geometrids with this form of
attraction, but have notes in my diary which tend to show that a con-
siderable number of them appear to be quite eager to share with the
Noctuids, e.g., Timandraanataria, Zonosoma porata, Z.punctaria, Z.omi-
cronaria, 4. pendularia, Melanippe fluctuata, Metrocampa margaritata,
Acidalia promutata, A. rusticata, A. aversata, A. inornata, A. emarginata,
&e. Ihave often asked whether entomologists have noticed the much
greater frequency of Anchocelis lunosa at sugar now than formerly. In
my youth we used to take it only, if my memory serves me, at light,
and very poor specimens these were. In 1892 I note its visits to the
sugar with a mark of surprise, and this year, in spite of the bright
light of the signal-box behind my garden, the insect has been rare
there, though exceedingly and unusually abundant at sugar.—(Rev.)
C. R. N. Burrows, Mucking Vicarage. October 3rd, 1900.

AUTUMNAL SPECIMENS OF LirveENrTIS sipyLLA.—For the second time
IT have taken in Normandy a freshly-emerged specimen of Limenitis
sibylla in September. Can these have been examples of partial second
broods induced by the warm summers of 1899 and 1900 ?—L. Dupont,
3, Rue de ’Orangerie, Le Havre. October 6th, 1900.

JOCHEERA ALNI IN SEPTEMBER.—On September 14th two specimens
of Jocheaera alni were brought tome. They were both taken sitting
on one tree. Is this not a very late date? Ihave taken odd speci-
mens here before, but in the month of June.—H. Murray, Lowbank
Villa, Carnforth. September 22nd, 1900.

Lapnyema Exicua IN SoutH Drvon.—I spent the first fortnight of
September in South Devon, the only good insect that came to sugar
during the time was iLepslrnad extgud. A.W. Mera, 79, Capel Road,
Forest Gate, Essex. November 2nd, 1900.

Commerc, NERIU IN Lonpon. ays few weeks ago, Mr. Ashmead
of Bishopsgate Street, E.C., showed me a fine specimen of Choerocampa
nerti, jast brought to him to set, it was found crawling up a lamp post
in Queen Victoria Ste H.C:— 2G. SANFORD, EI Ge HeClSs, 20, Cullen
Street, Fenchurch St., London, E.C. November 19th, 1900. [Can
our correspondent not furnish us with exact details, 7.c., precise date of
capture, the nameand address of captor, condition of insect, &c.? Another
isrecorded (Hnt.) from Teignmouth on October 23rd by Mr. Evans.—[p. |

Contras EDUSA AND C. HyALE In 1900.—Towards the end of August
last I was in the Isle of Wight, when Colias edusa and C. hyale were
common in the fields round Parkhurst Forest, C. edusa more so than
C. hyale. also found both species common along the coast from
Sandown to Ventnor, especially along the underchiff. During July I took
C. edusaina field near Upper W arlincham Station (L.B.8.C. Ry. ).—Ibip.

Oolias hyale was common at Penn, Bucks, in August, and was also
observed at Beaconsfield and Loudwater.—A. M. Swat, 5, Kelvin
Terrace, Sydenham. November 22nd, 1900.

We have had C. edusa in Cumberland this year. At Maryport a
few were taken and one was seen four miles from Carlisle on the banks
of the Eden near the Solway Firth. My brother got one also at
Monkwearmouth, Durham.—G. Winxmson, 29, Arthur St., Carlisle.

348 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Coztas EDUSA AND C. HyaLeE In Normanpy.—In Normandy, Colias
hyale appears first in May and again in August and September but it
is much more common in the autumn than in the spring, in fact, I
have but rarely taken it in May. Colias edusa, which appears in the
spring in Algeria and in the south, is very rare in Normandy at this
season of the year, I saw it on June 12th, 1898, on the dunes by the
seashore near Trouville, but I have never taken it in the spring at
Pont-de-l’Arche, where I have collected continuously for many years ;
it occurs, however, in August and September and sometimes emerges
at the end of July. At Havre it appears late, and I see it every year
flying at the foot of the cliffs on fine days at the commencement of
October, whilst in 1898 I saw one as late as November 6th. It is true
that the locality is perfectly protected against the wind by the clifis,
and is exposed to the south. As to the ? var helice it is extremely rare
in Normandy, and I have only once taken it in this district viz., Pont-
de-l’Arche in 1879, in fact, (’. edusa varies scarcely at all, whilst C.
hyale varies enormously.—L. Dupont, 3, Rue de l’Orangerie, Le Havre.
November 14th, 1900.

Cotas epusA IN Mippiesex anp TouratneE.—Colias edusa has turned
up here in Middlesex again this year apparently in some numbers.
During my absence from home several specimens haunted the garden
in July, and others were taken by friends quite close. I noticed that,
in the October number of the Hntom. Record, p. 279, M. C. Oberthur
remarks that, in the southern part of Finisterre and in Brittany, both
C. edusa and O. hyale have been rare. On September 18th in a lucerne
field just outside Tours to the east, by the banks of the Loire, I found
C. edusa swarming with countless hosts of Pieris brassicae; in fact,
since 1877 in the Isle of Wight, I never remember to have seen so many
together or in such fine condition. Very little besides was on the wing
and the only other insects I came across were a few battered Vanessa 20
which haunted the asters in the grounds of the Paris Exhibition. In
Touraine the drought and heat were exceptional I understand during
the summer months and the garden crops largely destroyed. The C.
edusa met with at Tours were, therefore, probably a second brood.—H.
Rowianp Brown, M.A., F.E.S., Oxhey Grove, Harrow- Weald. .
November 15th, 1900.

UnusUAL TIMES OF APPEARANCE OF SpHinerps.—I captured
(August 29th, 1899) a specimen of Smerinthus populi flying in the
evening around a lamp at St.-Jean-de-Luz (Basses-Pyrenees). As to
Macroglossa stellatarum, it occurs regularly at Le Havre, and I captured
one February 7th, 1899, in my own room. It appears to be common
everywhere throughout the country in spring and autumn.—t.
Dupont, 8, Rue de l’Orangerie, Le Havre. November 22nd, 1900.

Rumia LUTEOLATA IN SepremBeR.—Referring to the note (anted,
p. 804) on the autumnal appearance of Rumia luteolata, I may state
that I saw the autumn brood of this species in Norwood this year for
the first time. ‘The earliest was seen July 18th and the next not until
September 6th, after which a few others were observed every evening
until the 14th—A. M. Swain, 5, Kelvin Terrace, Sydenham.
November 22nd, 1900.

Leprpoptera at Norwoop anp SypEenHam.—It may be worth noting
that Leiocampa dictaecides was common at Norwood during August,
and that two specimens of Vanessa iv were captured, one August 17th

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 349

and another on September 17th. Plusia gamma has, I think, been
the commonest moth at Sydenham this year; I saw it in dozens
during July, August, and September, more sparingly during October,
and yesterday (November 21st) I saw one resting on a fence in Norwood.
I have found larve and pupe on scarlet-runner beans, mignonette,
sunflower, and Virginia-creeper.—Ixip.

PoLyoMMATUS BELLARGUS IN Bucxs.—In a note supplementary to
my paper on collecting in the Chilterns (Mnt. Rec., vol. xi., p. 192) I
stated that P. bellargus appeared to have died out in the locality named.
This year I visited the spot on June 9th, and found the butterfly in
question in some profusion, the females largely preponderating; a
rather remarkable instance I think of recurrence, for, though I have
been over the ground often before, I have never seen this particular
“blue” there. I may mention that, in addition to Argynnis adippe
already noted, I took A. paphia and A. aglaia here, both somewhat
the worse for wear, on August 8rd, 1899, as well as Pamphila comma in
a like condition. These bring up the list of the Rhopalocera for this
particular part of the chalk downs to a total of thirty-one.—H. Rowianp
Brown, M.A., F.H.S., Oxhey Grove, Harrow-Weald. Nov. 27th, 1900.

AN ENTOMOLOGICAL GHOsT.—GrRoup or LaNcasHIRE AND CHESHIRE
ENTOMOLOGISTs.—Almost from the beginning of time scientists have
been credited with having dealings with the devil, and entomologists
have not been free from the implication, for it is hardly a
century ago since a certain Lady Glanville got into trouble
on account of her entomological propensities. Nevertheless it is
unusual to find entomologists returning to mother earth to visit
their old friends after their departure, yet this is what has recently
happened to one well known old Lancashire collector. Always curious
in his beliefs, such as the flatness of the world, &c., he would also
amuse his friends by promising to revisit them after he was gone, and
give them surprises when they were gloating over some new addition
to their collection, or feasting their eyes on some unique variety, and
now, to their horror, this promise has been fulfilled, for, although dead
some 18 months, we have distinct evidence of his being among a circle
of his friends last June. In the September number of the Mntomolo-
gist’s Record was published a reproduction of a group of entomologists
present at Mr. Capper’s garden party, and the names were placed under
the various portraits. There is one face, however, that is nameless,
yet it is there and this is the likeness of the poor old man, now long
since dead, looking somewhat sadly over the shoulder of Mr. Webster
(sce Plate IX.), evidently unhappy that he has not been recognised and
unable to make his presence known. Although somewhat shadowy, as
behoves adeparted spirit, the features are all there, clear and distinct—
the eyes, nose, mouth, and well-known stubby beard, whilst, partly
shaded by the overhanging leaves, his grey hair just peepsout. I leave
those who knew old Gregson to decide whether the photographer has
done him justice in his spirit form, merely adding that there was no
one else visible to the naked eye present, that thenegative is absolutely
untouched, and that the representation is even more pronounced and
distinct in the silver print than in the plate that is re-produced there-
from.—F. N. Pierce, F.E.8., The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool. October
17th, 1900.

350 THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Tur cry or AcHERONTIA ATROPOs.—Professor Poulton informs me
that with the aid of a stethoscope (for both ears) ending in a fine tube
he was able at once to locate the sound produced by Acherontia atropos.
When the tube is placed against the part from whence the cry comes,
one is deafened by sound, anywhere else over the body it is very faint.
He adds that the noise is produced by air blown into the proboscis
from a cavity in the head which opens by a fine aperture into its base.
Hence the sound is still made, though fainter and different, when the
proboscis is cut off. Professor Poulton, after he had used his stetho-
scope, read H. N. Moseley’s paper on the subject (Nature, vi., pp. 181-
158), and found that the conclusions arrived at were identical with
hisown. Isee this has been a great year for A. atropos. I may mention
that the larvee were very common on potato at Carlton Colville this sum-
mer.—Horacr Donistuorpe, F.Z.S., .E.S., 58, Kensington Mansions,
South Kensington, 5.W.

PRODENIA ORNITHOGALLI, GUEN., BRED IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—Afriend
near here sent me on July 5th last, a Noctuid larva, much like that of
Mamestra brassicae. It was found in a case of bananas (probably from
the West Indies). On July 12th, after eating a little dandelion leaf,
it commenced spinning a slight cocoon among the leaves, and on
August 18th a finely-marked Noctuid emerged, different from anything
I had previously seen. The moth proves to be P. ornithogalli, Gn.
—C. J. Warxins, F.E.S., Kine’s Mill House, Painswick, Gloucester.
October 8th, 1900.

ASSEMBLING SMERINTHUS OCELLATUS, ETC.—-T'he males of Smerinthus
ocellatus are attracted very readily. On one evening last summer I had
three or four females emerge in an outside cage, when a male flew in at
the window. Requiring a male to pair with the females I went to the
cage and found quite a score of males trying to get into it; this was at
1.30 a.m. I had no trouble in selecting a dozen of these with my
fingers. Next evening I isolated several females and found that though
there was no male attracted by midnight, and only two by 1 a.m., yet,
between the latter time and 1.45 a.m., they arrived very rapidly, and I
took many, most, however, in poor order. I obtained males of Sphinw
ligustvi in the same way, as well as males of many other species—
Notodonta ziczac, Ptilodonta palpina, Smerinthus tiliae, Cerura vinula,
Amphidasys betularia, many, and it was remarkable that from 1 a.m.-
1.30 a.m. seemed to be the time usually selected for pairing.—L. W.
Newnan, 41, Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. October 80th, 1900.

ARIATION.

PoECILOCAMPA POPULI WITHOUT BASAL MARKS.—A specimen of Poecilo-
campa populi appeared to-day without a basal transverse yellow band,
although the other transverse line is very distinct, and the fringe very
distinctly chequered.—(Mrs.) M. Ei. Cowz, Aberceri, Spencer Park,
Wandsworth Common. November 1st, 1900.

CHANGE OF COLOUR IN PUPA OF APATURA IRIS JUST BEFORE
EMERGENCE.—Referring to Mv. Russell’s note (antea, p. 294), I may say
that I have for several years bred Apatura iris from larvee taken in the
New Forest, and have found it to be the invariable rule that the pup
turn to purplish-blue colour a day or two before emergence. The

CURRENT NOTES. 851

empty pupa-skin, after the imago has left it, is of a pale green colour,
much like the fresh tint of the wings of Metrocampa margaritaria.—
J. C. Moprrty, M.A., F.E.S., Woodlands, Bassett, Southampton.
November 20th, 1900.

GY URRENT NOTES.

Mr. H. J. Elwes and Miss Fountaine exhibited, at the meeting
of the Ent. Society of London, October 8rd, 1900, a collection of
lepidoptera from Greece, taken this season in the Morea and in
the Parnassus region. Mr. Elwes remarked that the country about
Athens was much dried up and overrun with goats and herds, and that,
therefore, the lepidopterous fauna there was poor. On the south side
of the Gulf of Corinth, however, the Pieridi were well represented, and
out of eight European species seven were taken in three weeks. The
spring and summer broods of Pieris kruepert this year were flying
together—an unusual occurrence, possibly due to the rainy spring.
Among otner notable species, albinos of Colias heldreichi (female) were
taken, Gonepteryx rhamni var. farinosa, and Chrysophanus ottomanus, while
Mr. Elwes further expressed his opinion that a Lycznid taken and
generally assumed to be a var. of Nomiades seniargus was a distinct
species. Miss Fountaine mentioned in connection with these exhibits
that Colias heldreicht swarmed on Mount Kelmos from 4000 to 7000
feet; and Mr. Elwes remarked that Miss Fountaine was the first
British collector known to have captured this insect.

There is an old-world flavour about the record by Lieut.-Colonel
Haworth-Booth (a grandson of A. H. Haworth, the renowned author
of Lepidoptera Britannica), in the Naturalist, p. 800, of the capture of a
disabled Choerocampa porcellus at Hull on July 17th last, the recorder
observing that this is ‘‘ according to Donovan (pl. cecxiv) one of the
scarcest of the British Sphinges.”’ Donovan must have written this at
least a century ago, and the species is now known to be quite abundant
in many parts of Yorkshire.

Hntomologists will be grieved to learn that Auguste de Bormans
has been obliged to give up work. For many years he held the unique
position of being the only serious student of the Lorficularia, upon
which group he is the highest authority, but for some time past his
health has been failing, and a serious illness in the summer has left
his right side paralysed. His retirement will be a great loss to students,
though his greatest work is at this moment in the press. His collection
of Forficularia has been acquired in part by the British Museum, and
in part by Mr. Malcolm Burr.

Brunner yon Wattenwyl has published in pamphlet* form the main
points of his great work ‘‘ Observations on the colours of Insects.’’+
In a handy little brochure, of 14 pages, with five plates, the author
gives an outline of some of the more striking colour arrangements and
patterns of the insect world. Though of course, less complete, especially

* “Die Farbung der Insekten,” mit 5 Tafeln, von Karl Brunner von Wattenwyl
(Vortrage des Vereines zur Verbreitung naturwissenschaftlicher Kenntnisse in Wien,
xxxlx Jahrgang, Heft 11, Vienna, 1899.)

+ ‘‘Betrachtungen tiber die Farbenpracht der Insekten,”’ mit 9 Tafeln in
Buntdriick, Leipsig, 1897. English Trans. by Edward J. Bles, B.Sc., King’s
College, Cambridge, 1897.

852 THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD.

from an illustrative point of view, it is more convenient than the some-
what unwieldy proportions of the larger work. His remarks are very
suggestive and well worth study.

In Psyche, vol. ix., p. 97, Scudder discusses the Orthoptera-fauna
of New England. In his list of 1862, 78 species were included; to-day
98 are known. It is instructive to note that, of the names given in
1862, no less than three-quarters have been changed to suit the
requirements of modern nomenclature. Only two earwigs are included,
one is an accidental visitor, the otheris Labia minor, L., now well-
established, but doubtless originally imported from Europe.

Mr. Mclachlan records (Hnt. Mo. May.) Bertkausia prisca, Kolbe
(a genus and species of Psocidae new to Britain), as being captured on a
mossy boulder in the vicinity of Lynmouth. The specimen is somewhat
large, apterous, the antennz 13-jointed, the legs very long with
2-jointed tarsi. Mr. McLachlan also adds (nt. Mo. Mag.), Agrion
hastulatum, Charp., to the British list, the addition being based on a
g example taken by Colonel Yerbury at Aviemore on June 28th. The
exact locality is ‘‘ the backwaters of the Spey, between the bridge at
Aviemore and the mouth of the stream which runs down from Loch
an Hilan.”

Mr. Saunders notes (Hnt. Mo. Mag.) Crabro carbonarius, Dahlb.,
as an addition to the British list. This, too, was taken at Aviemore on
June 28th by Colonel Yerbury. Mr. Saunders also adds (Hint. Mo.
May.) Nabis brevis, Scholtz, to the list of British Hemiptera, a
specimen being taken by sweeping, on low-lying, somewhat marshy
ground, along the canal between Byfleet and Weybridge.

In the Canadian Entomologist, pp. 286 et seq., Professor Fernald
discusses the little-understood family—Choreutidae. He shows that the
generic name Hemerophila, Hb. (with pariana as type) belongs to this
group, Simaethis, Leach, and Gauris, Hb., falling as synonyms. He
maintains Choreutis, Hb., with myllerana, Fab. (scintilulana) as type,
and sinks Porpe, Hb., as being synonymous with Choreutis. He follows
Guénée in maintaining Orchemia, Gn., for diana. For the other
species he uses Brenthia, Clem., with pavonicella as type, Walsing-
hamia, Riley, with diva as type, and Setiostoma, Zell., with vanthobasis
as type. [Was not Hemerophila, Hb., proposed for the Geometrid—
abruptaria ?—Ep. |

We have received a most interesting brochure Les Zygénes de la
Normandie, 1900, by L. Dupont. It gives a general review of our
knowledge of the group, and a detailed account of the species inhabiting
the territory dealt with—Zygaena (Anthrocera) minos, Z. achilleae, Z.
lonicerae, Z. trifolii, Z. palustris (trifolii-major), 4. filipendulae, 4. trans-
alpina, Z. carniolica, Z. fausta, Z. hippocrepidis, Stephens (nec Hubner).
For the latter, in order to distinguish it from 7. var. hippocrepidis, Hb.,
M. Dupont suggests the name %. stephensi. One is struck with the
large number of species to be taken in Normandy compared with those
found in Britain, a fact the more remarkable when one considers how
similar Normandy is in many respects to some of our southern counties.
It is a work to be obtained by all serious students of this intensely
interesting superfamily, and is published at Hlbeuf—Imprimerie-
papeterie Allain, 1, 8, and 5, Rue St. Jacques.

Our readers will learn with regret that the veteran entomologist,
Dr. Otto Staudinger, died on October 13th last at the age of 70. He

CURRENT NOTES. 358

will be best known probably by his ‘‘ Catalogue of the European
Lepidoptera,” of which the first edition was published in 1861, the
second in 1871, whilst the third edition was at the time of his decease
almost ready for press, and we understand that itis sufficiently forward
for Dr. Rebel, who is responsible for the Micro-Lepidoptera, to publish
without unnecessary delay. Dr. Staudinger was one of the pioneer
lepidopterists who first worked little known districts of Europe and
later sent collectors to those parts of Asia included in the Palearctic
area, and thus did much towards giving us a fairly complete knowledge
of the fauna of outlying districts of the Palearctic reeion. His descrip-
tions of these collections, scattered through the Romanoff Mémoires, the
Stett. Hnt. Zeitung, the Hor. Soc. Ent. Rossicae, &c., are of the utmost
importance, and his careful work and wide knowledge give them a special
value, rarely obtained by others who have followed in his footsteps.
From 1884-1888 he was largely occupied in the publication of his
Hxotische Tagfalter in Systematischer Reihenfolger, &c. During the
latter part of his life, however, he has been an invalid, and his large
business at Blasewitz has for some time been under the direction of
his son-in-law, Herr Bang-Haas. We suspect no lepidopterist was so
widely known or had so large a circle of correspondents.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union held its 39th annual meeting at
Middlesborough, October 27th, the representatives of the Union being
cordially welcomed to the town by Colonel Sadler, M.P., whilst the
local arrangements under Mr. T. A. Lofthouse were everything that
could be desired. The President, Mr. G. T. Porritt, F.L.8., F.E.S.,
occupied the chair. The officers for the ensuing year were elected, the
Rev. W. Fowler, M.A., of Liversedge, being chosen President. Mr.
Porritt then delivered an interesting address on the work of the Union,
and a hearty vote of thanks was passed to the President for his address.
The retiring President is to be heartily congratulated on such a
successful year of office.

A most enjoyable meeting of the Entomological Club was held on
October 31st, at Stanhope, The Crescent, Croydon, when Mr. T. W. Hall,
F.E.S., was the host. Of the members, Dr. Mason and Mr. South were
unable to be present, and Mr. Lowne appears never to accept now the
invitations of his fellow-members. ‘The members who sat down to
supper with the host included Mr. G. T. Verrall, F.E.S., the genial
President of the Entomological Society of London, Messrs. Porritt,
F.L.S., F.E.S., and R. Adkin, F.E.S., and Mr. Smith, one of the
honorary members, whilst among the guests were Dr. T. A. Chapman,
Dr, Fremlin, Messrs. 8. Hdwards, A. Harrison, W. J. Kaye, W. J.
Lucas, and J. W. Tutt. The meeting was of the usual informal
character, and was largely devoted to gossip of current entomo-
logical subjects and to the examination of Mr. Hall’s collection of
lepidoptera.

We understand that by the time the December number of this
magazine is published, Mr. Verrall’s long expected work on the British
Diptera will be obtainable trom the publishers. A glance at occasional
sections as the work has gone through press leads us to predict a great
measure of success for this much-needed work.

Other examples of Muranessa antiopa recorded are as follows: Hat-
field, October 10th, Huntingdon, August 19th, Beddington, August
81st (teste Frohawk), Holt, August 3rd (Woodhall), Beckenham, August

3854 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

31st (Thompson), Bridgwater, three seen (Corder), Stutton Hall,
September 4th (Nash), Merton, September 6th (Durrant), near
Dunmow, one taken another seen, September 20th (Ruffel).

At the meeting of the Entomological Society of London, held on
October 17th, 1900, Mr. A. J. Scollick exhibited a specimen of
Cethosia cyane, a species confined to India and the Malayan region,
which had been taken this year on the wing near Norwich. It was
suggested by Mr. Distant that this was a case of accidental importa-
tion, probably in the pupal condition.

At the same meeting Mr. H. Rowland-Brown exhibited specimens
of Mrebia glacialis, taken this year on the Stelvio pass, showing
transitional forms to the var. alecto. He said that the typical form
and the variety were not found flying together, but on opposite sides
of the valley. Dr. Chapman observed that the darker specimens
approached to the form of LH’. glacialis, formerly known as melas, found
in the neighbourhood of Campiglio. Specimens of HF. glacialis also
exhibited from Saas Fée and Hvyolena showed marked inferiority in
size and brilliancy of colour.

Dr. Sharp records (Hnt. Mo. Mag.) the capture of a new British
dipteron, Leucophenga (Drosophila) maculata, Duf. The species has ‘‘the
head between the eyes pure white; the thorax varies in colour according
to the light—in some positions it appears to be brilliant white, and in
others of a leaden hue; there is a pure white stripe on each side
between the wing and the eye; the abdomen is pallid but each seement
is marked with large black spots; the legs pale yellow.” Mr. Grim-
shaw records the capture (by Mr. Ord, at Strathblane, on June 19th,
1899) of another new species, Hyetodesia aculeipes, Zett., easily dis-
tineuished from all other British Anthomyids ‘‘by the remarkable
appendage with which the hind tibia of the male is furnished.”

In La Feuille des jeunes natwralistes, November, 1900, pp. 12-17,
M. Oberthiir has a most interesting article ‘‘ Variations des Lépidop-
téres de la Faune anglaise,” with two plates. The author curiously
understates the number of British students of the Palearctic fauna—
Mrs. Nicholl, Miss Fountaine, Drs. Chapman and Lang, Messrs.
Brown, Jones, Buckmaster, Kane, Lemann, Nicholson, Leech, Lowe,
Postans, Merrifield, &c., should surely be added to those mentioned.

In the Ent. Mo. Mag. for November, Dr. Sharp in recording
Coleoptera collected by N. Annandale, Esq., in the Faroé Islands and
Iceland describes a new species of Bembidium, B. islandicum, from the
latter locality. In the same number Dr. Cameron records the re-
occurrence of Actocharis readingi at Plymouth, in the same spot where
Troygophloeus anglicanus was captured.

Mr. Edwards notes (Hint. Mo. Mag.) two Hemiptera not hitherto
recorded as British, viz., Typhlocyba cruentata, H.-Sch., taken in August
last by Mr. E. Saunders on an old paling under sycamore trees at
Clandon. (2) Typhlocyba candidula, Kirschb., found by Mr. W. West
on white poplars at Blackheath, Lewisham, Lee, and Brockley. The
Rey. Canon W. W. Fowler, adds Orochares angustatus, Er., to the
British list. Its inclusion is based on a single insect taken by Piffard
about twelve years ago, in November, hybernating at the roots of rushes
in a disused clay pit at Bennett’s End, Liverstock Green, Herts. It
was at the time of capture verified by Mr. O. Janson but not recorded.
Mr. Beaumont records a Braconid new to the British list, viz., Blacus
armatulus, Ruth., taken at Appledore.

CURRENT NOTES. 355

Another meeting of the members of the Entomological Club and
their friends was held at 4, Lingard’s Road, Lewisham, $.H. on
November 27th, Mr. R. Adkin being the host. The gentlemen present
included Messrs. Verrall, Smith, McLachlan, C.G. Barrett, H. Rowland-
Brown, 8. Edwards, A. H. Jones, J. Jiiger, W. J. Lucas, H. J. Turner
and J. W. Tutt. Tea was provided at 6.30 p.m. by Mrs. and Miss Adkin,
after which a most enjoyable evening was spent, supper being served
at 8 o'clock.

At the meeting of the Entomological Society of London, held on
November 7th, Mr. George S. Saunders exhibited specimens, from
Devonshire, of Pieris rapae and Plusta yamma caught by the proboscis
in flowers of Arauwjia albens, Don., a climbing plant of the natural
order Asclepiadaceae ; and explained the nature of the mechanism by
means of which the insects were entrapped by the flowers. Mr.
Gahan remarked in reference to the capture of insects by Arawia
albens, that the statement met with in some books to the effect that
insects were only captured by it in countries where the plant was
introduced and not in its native country, was wrong. ‘The specimens
exhibited by Mr, Janson at a meeting of the Society last year, came
from Buenos Ayres, one of its native places. The subject had recently
been discussed in France by MM. Marchand and Bonjour, whose
account appeared in the ‘Bulletin de la Soc. des Sciences Nat. de
l'Ouest de la France,” for 1899. These authors concluded that insects
were captured only by immature flowers, the anther-wings, in the
cleft between which the proboscis of the insect is caught, being at that
time stiff and resistant; but when the flowers are ripe the anther-
wines become less rigid and do not offer sufficient resistance to the
withdrawal of the proboscis, which carries with it the pollinia ready
to be transferred to the stigma of the next flower which the insect
visits.

At the same meeting the Rey. F. D. Morice mentioned as a fact of
some interest, that in a nest of Formica sanguinea at Weybridge, in
which he found males and workers of that species, he found also males
and females as well as workers of the slave-ant, Formica fusca, an
experience somewhat different from that of Huber and Darwin, who
stated that workers only, and never males nor fertile females of the
slave species, were found in the nests of IL’. sanguinea.

The President of the Entomological Society of London at the
meeting on November 21st suggested from the chair that Fellows
living in or out of London should, by letter, communicate to the
Secretaries the names of any Fellows that they considered should have
a seat on the Council. He further stated that he would like to see the
election of Council and Officers arranged so that the whole body of
Fellows should take a more direct part in the election. ‘The President
further hinted that representative members residing out-of-town would
be especially welcomed. ‘To do this the number of Fellows serving on
the Council should clearly be increased. There are at present only 15—-
of whom 5 are really fixtures, and 5 of the others have to retire each year.
The specialisation of work makes it very necessary that the Council
should be as representative as possible, but, at the same time, as the
work of the lepidopterists is, at present, much more specialised than that
of the students of any other order, and the Fellows who are lepidopterists
outnumber the Fellows studying all other orders by about 5:1, some

356 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

general average of representation should if possible be devised. It is
perhaps worthy of note that the average attendance at the meetings
always appears to be higher when a lepidopterist is in the chair, and
record meetings generally occur when Mr. Merrifield, Mr. Elwes, Dr.
Dixey, Professor Poulton, or some well-known lepidopterist is on the
warpath. The friendly selection of a long list of well-known Fellows
by outsiders, that might be added to the list chosen by the Council,
in order to obtain a popular election at the next general meeting
might perhaps prove a step in the right direction.

YLOTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARVA, &.

Hees or Lerrmorrera.—Hubolia plumbaria.—Leneth -75mm.,
width -6mm., height about :-25mm., oval in outline with a deep oval
depression occupying almost the whole of the upper surface, pale
yellow in colour, covered with a reticulation of large polygons
(chiefly hexagonal) the lines of the network not very coarse. The
base of the ege is equally reticulated with the sides, but the mesh of
the reticulation becomes much smaller around the micropyle, which is
placed centrally at one end, and consists of a stella of small radiating
cells (Described July 20th, 1898, from eggs sent by Mr. Clutten).

Calligenia miniata.—Kiges laid on July 27th, 1898, at Aix-les-
Bains, matured very rapidly, and by August 8rd were grey in colour,
with the upper parts blackish-grey. This dark part under a lens
proved to be the heads of the contained embryos which were already
practically mature. The nine-pin-like appearance of the eggs of this
species has been already referred to.

Melampias epiphron.—Pale yellow in colour; tall compared with
width (8 : 2); the tranverse section circular; about 14 or 15 ribs from
base, some not reaching the top, distinct, but not very sharp and no
creat depth between them, transverse ribbing very indistinct, the
micropylar area flattened, the ribs appear to anastomose on the edge of
the micropylar area, which although flattened is not depressed; base
smooth, its shape forms a truncated cone, with the apical diameter
almost as wide as the basal (Described August 12th, under hand
lens from egg laid August 11th, by 2 caught on the slopes above Villa,
near Hvolena, by Dr Chapman).

Aciptilia tetradactyla.—Long axis horizontal, length : breadth :: 3:
2; laid on lid of box; pale-green in colour; almost regularly oval in
outline, although rather broader at micropylar end; somewhat plump,
surface apparently quite smooth, and no trace of a depression on
upper surface; exceedingly minute, no means of judging size
(Described with hand lens, August 2nd, 1899, from eggs laid same
day by moth captured at Simplon).

Acidalia flaveolaria.—laid on its long side; very pale brownish,
even when first laid, becoming slightly darker afterwards; broadly
oval in outline; length: breadth :: 5 : 4; the ends somewhat
flattened, one (micropylar) end appearing to be rather more so than tke
other ; the upper surface slightly depressed, the whole surface covered
with a fine polygonal network arranged in longitudinal ovals, the reticu-
lation very marked (but not coarse as in A. humiliata), the hexagonal
spaces deep owing to height of ribs; about eleven to width of egg and

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 357

fourteen to length, and so arranged that whether the egg be looked at
from any position (but especially the upper or flat side), they appear
to form concentric ovals which are less marked centrally (Described
under hand lens, July 30th, 1899, from eges laid same day at
Simplon).—J. W. Turr.

Late Larvae or Cerura FrurcuLta.—It may be of interest to state
that at the end of last September I took four very small larvee of this
species on sallow. These I sleeved on some sallow growing in the
garden. One of the larve died on October 22nd, after feeding up
fairly well, and another on November 4th. The third I found on
November 11th spun up, and the remaining larva, which I removed
into the house on the last mentioned date as it appeared to have
suffered somewhat from the effect of the frosts on the two previous
nights, fed until November 18th, when, although apparently
immature as regards size, it spun up, finishing its pupation on
November 20th.—A. Russeux, F.E.8., Southend, near Catford.
November 24th, 1900.

FREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Fauna Reent Huneartan.—II1., Arthropoda, Orthoptera, pp. 1-47,
and one map. Budapest, 1899.—This is a continuation of the mono-
eraph of the fauna of Hungary, which celebrates the thousandth
anniversary of the establishment of the kingdom. The Orthoptera,
sensu stricto, are by Julius Pungur. The literature quoted consists
of a list of 122 papers, mainly in Magyar. ‘he census of species is as
follows :—Frficularia, 7 species; Blattodea, 11; Mantodea, 3; Phas-
matodea, 2; Acridiodea, 59; Locustodea, 76; and Gryllodea, 15;
making a grand total of 173 species. We notice that Pungur retains
Apterygida albipennis, Meg., in the genus Chelidura, from which it
must undoubtedly be removed, and also that he does not follow
Scudder in restoring Podisma for Pezotettix. The most interesting
species included is Bacillus redtenbachert, Pad., a rare form, hitherto
only known from Zenge, in Croatia. The Thysanoptera are worked
out by Joseph Jablonowski, who records 87 species. Of Apterygoyonea,
by Emeric Vellay, there are 70, and of Pseudo-Neuroptera, by Alex-
ander Moesary, there are 148, distributed as follows :—Termitidae, 1 ;
Psocidae, 21; Perlidae, 25; Mphemeridac, 42; Libellulidae, 22; Aes-
chuidae, 15 ; Agrionidac, 22. The true Neuroptera are treated by the
same author, and 244 species are included in the list.—M. B.

BritisH LEPIDOPTERA.—I am very glad to see the sympathetic note
written by Mr. W. J. Kaye, upon the second volume of British
Lepidoptera (antea, pp. 286-288). I, for one, should be very sorry to
see the local lists cut down.—-J. C. Mosrruy, M.A., F.E.S., Wood-
lands, Bassett, Southampton. November 20th, 1900.

Errata.—p. 286, line 9 from bottom, for ‘“‘Praem” read “ Praun.” p. 274,
line 3, for ‘‘ Noy.” read “‘ Nor.”’

Current Notes at 27, 55, 83, 109, 139, 168, 193, 221, 250, 265, 308,

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD»

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XII,

—|=HH00teo ==>

PAGE.
CoLEOPTERA .. ae oe 16, 46, 77, 99, 138, 159, 213, 238, 262, 288,

Firnp Work for February and March, 49; March and April, 82; May and June,

136; June and July, 166; auc and the autumn months, 220; September
and October, 250; October, 263; November

Norzs on Lire-Historizs, Larvm, Etc. .. 48, 108, 130, 163, 192, 267, 298,
ORTHOPTERA .. ae es a 47, 78, 95, 128, 161, 209, 240, 292,
Practica Hints 66 ae .. 49, 82, 136, 166, 220, 250, 263,
Reviews AND NoricEs oF Booxs <é -» 28, 112, 194, 251,
Screntiric Notes AND OBSERVATIONS ‘19, 80, 108, 138, 163, O15, 241, 293,
VARIATION uy ae .. 21, 80, 107, 137, 164, 242, 296,

ABERRATIONS AND VARIATION. OF:

ADDITIONS TO THE BR

Abraxas ulmata, 337; Acidalia bisctata,
300; dAyrotis exclamationis, 120; Anchocelis lunosa, 120; A. pistacina,
120; Anthocaris belia, 30; Anthrocera achilleac, 80; A, lonicerae, 259;
A. trifolii, 25; Aporia crataegi, 327; Arctia caia, 242; Argynnis adippe,
30, 94; A. niobe, 8, 30; Brenthis pales, 64; Bupalus piniaria, 108 ;
Caberia examthemaria, 21; Cabera pusaria, 21; Calymnia affinis, 243 ;
Chrysophanus alciphron, 58; C. dispar, 32; Cidaria immanata, 283;
Coenonympha arcania, 328; C. davus, 34, 64,65; C. pamphilus, 328 ;
Colias edusa, 7, 111, 841, 848; C. heldreichi, 351; C. palaeno, 6; C.
myrmidone, 68; Cosmotriche potatoria, 297; Cuspidia menyanthidis,
269; Cyaniris argiolus, 137; Deilephila euphorbiae (larvee), 320; Dryas
paphia, 242, 296; Dyschorista suspecta, 283; Ennomos fuscantaria, 80;
Enallagma cyathigerum, 139; Epunda lutulenta, 121; Hrebia aethiops,
297; EH. epiphron, 67; E. glacialis, 311; L. gorge, 7; E. medusa, 30, 31;
E. nerine, 310; EH. oeme, 64; EH. pronoé, 7; EH. tyndarus, 66; Euchloée
cardamines, 110,164; Kveres amyntas, 6; Fumea casta, 124; Gonepteryx
rhamni, 111, 851; Grammesia trigrammica, 137; Hemerophila abruptaria,
120; Hypolimnas misippus, 80, 315; Lachneis lanestris, 165; Leucania

favicolor, 137; L. pallens, 137; Lophopteryx camelina, 137; Luperina

testaced, 300; Lycaena eumedon, 30, 33; L. semiargus, 31, 32; Malacosoma
castrensis, 151; Melanthia bicolorata, 120; MM. ocellata, 120; Melitaea
cinzia, 30, 83; M. didyma, 327; M. phoebe, 327; Noctua castanea, 297 ;
Papilio podalirius, 6; Pararge egeria, 93; P. maera, 67; Phorodesma
smaragdaria, 115; Pieris daplidice, 59; P. rapac, 65; Plebeius argus, 8 ;
Poecilocampa populi, 350; Polia flavicincta, 339; Polia chi, 342;
Polyommatus admetus, 94; P. bellargus, 326; P. icarus, 5, 270; Psyllodes
affinis, 78; Smerinthus tiliae, 120; Spilosoma lubricipeda, 120; S. wrticae,
120; TLaeniocampa gracilis, 297; Telephorus rusticeus, 335; Tephrosia
bistortata, 10; JZ’. erepuscularia, 11; Triphaena ianthina, 297; Xiphidiwm
dorsale, 128, 129; Xylophasia monoglypha (polydon), 137, 242, 243, 337,

330
351

mi ae at po aE
Novtes oN COLLECTING .. 22) on $1, 102, 134, 165, 188, 217, 243, 269, 300,

335
356
328
307
357
350
350

344; Zonosoma egogtllene 80; Z. porata ee a 22, 80

“Agrion haustulatwm ,Charp., 35 De Arne harncnns
quadripunctatus, De. G., 265. Anthonomus rufus, Schoen., 159 ; Bertkausia
prisca, Kolbe, 352; Cethosia cyane (introduced), 354; Blacus armatulus,
Ruth, 354; Chamaesyrphus scaevoides, 308; Cossus orc, Strecker (intro-
duced), 293; Crabro carbonarius, Dahlb., 352; Dinoderus minutus, F.,
18; Dinoderus pilifrons, Lesne, 18; Drosophila maculata Duf., 354;
Ellampus truncatus, Dahlb., 168; Hriocrania fimbriata, Walsm., 168;
Hrnodes (Beraea) articularis, Pict,, 266; l’uwmea casta ab. minor, Chapm.,
124; var. bowerella, Chapm., 60, 125; HMumea scotica, Chapm., 60;
Hyetodesia aculeipes, Zett., 354; Leptidia brevipennis, 28; Luffiia
maggiella, Chapm., 117; Masonia hibernicella, Chapm., 60; JMasonia
mitfordella, Chapm., 60; Meessia richardson, Walsm., 266; Nabis brevis,
Scholtz, 352; Nomada atrata, 266; Odynerus tomentosus, 265; Orochares
angustatus, Hr., 354; Phibalapteryx aquata, Hb., 35; Phorodesma
smaragdaria ab. alinea, Burrows, 115; ab. caecruleo-viridis, Burrows,
115; ab. obsoleta, Burrows, 115; ab. unilinea, Burrows, 115; ab. viridis,
Burrows, 115; Pompilus sanguinolentus, 266; Prodenia ornithogalli, Gn.

INDEX, 359

(introduced), 350; Stephanopachys substriatus, Payk., 18; Typhlocyba
cruentata, H.-Sch., 354; JT. candidula, 354; Typhlopsylla orientalis,

Wagner, 19; Xiphidria camelus (reintroduced) . 308
Hees :—Acidalia flaveolaria, 356 ; Aciptilia tetradactyla, 356; Callophrys rubi,
268, 282 ; Calligenia miniata, 356 ; Calocampa exoleta, 269 ; Chrysophanus

pitas "989 : Cidaria testata, 132; Cleogene lutearia, 298; Clythra
quadripunctata, 213, 238; Cossus ligniperda, 317; C. orc, 317; Cupido
minima, 282; Cyaniris argiolus, 268, 282; Dasycera sulphurella, 49 ;
Emydia candida, 299; Erebia ceto, 131; Lubolia plumbaria, 356;
Hylophila prasinana, 299; Larentia nobiliaria, 163 ; Laria v-nigra, 132 ;
Lithosia griseola, 299; Macroglossa stellatarum, 268 ; Melampias epiphron,
356 ; Nomiades semiargus, 282; Nonagria geminipuncta, 132; Phorodesma
smaragdaria, 153; Plebeius aegon, 282; Polyommatus bellargus, 282; P.
corydon, 282; P. icarus, 282; Ranatra linearis, ee Setina aurita, 163 ;
Tortrix pronubana ie 9 Bly
GENERA, SPECIES, VARIETIES AND ABERRATIONS + NEW TO Screncn :—Anthro-
cera stephensi, Dupont, 352; Bembidiwm islandicum, Sharp, 354; Bruandia,
Tutt, 20; Bruandia reticulatella var. obscurella, Chapman, 90; Cera topsylla
incerta, Roths., 38; Epichnopterix pulla var. montana, Heyl. (=var.
sieboldii), 168; var. montanella, Heyl., 168; Evrebia rhodopensis, Nicholl,
67; Eriocrania fimbriata, Walsm., 168; Fumea casta ab. minor, Chapm.,
124 ; var. bowerella, Chapm., 60, 125; Fumea germanica, Chapm., 60 ;
Fumea scotica, Chapm., 60; Afasonia, Tutt, 20 ; Masonia ciliella, Chapm.,
203; Masonia edwardsella, Tutt, 43; Masonia hibernicelia, Chapm., 60 ;
Masonia mitfordella, Chapm., 60; Meessia richardsoni, Walsm., 266 ;
Phalonia sabulicola, Walsm. (to replace Phalonia erigerana, Walsm.), 267 ;
Phorodesma smaragdaria ab. alinea, Burrows, 115; ab. cacruleo-viridis,
Burrows, 115; ab. obsoleta, Burrows, 115; ab. unilinea, Burrows, 115;
ab. viridis, Burrows, 115; Pulex madagascariensis, Roths., 37; Rebelia,
Heyl. (falls as synonym of Psychidea), 168; Siona (to replace
Scoria, St.), 215; Typhlopsylla ingens, Roths, 37; Typhtopsylla tristis,
Roths, 36; Whittleia, Tutt j 20
Larva -—Acherontia atropos, 275; Aciptilia pentadactyla, 53: Acronyetaleporina,
250; Agrotis agathina, 136, 162, 168; A. praecox, 136, 166; A. ripae, 220 ;
Amphidasys betularia, 250; ‘Anarsia genistae, 137; A. spartiella, 137:
Anarta myrtilli, 191; Aplecta nebulosa, 264; Botys terrealis, 220; Buc-
culatria cristatella, 50; Callimorpha hera, 130; Calligenia miniata, 267 ;
Callophrys rubi, 268; Ceriaomatura, 264; Cerura furcula, 357; Chauliodus
chaerophyllellus, 192; Cirrhoedia xerampelina, 83; Clythra quadripunc-
tata, 214; Coccyx strobilana, 83; Coleophora juncicolella, 83; C. lineolea,
50; C. murinipennella, 264; C. salinella, 263; Conchylis alternana, 167 ;
C. stramineana, 167; Crambus salinellus, 137; Cuwcullia asteris, 220;
Cyaniris argiolus, 268; Dasychira pudibunda, 250; Deilephila euphorbiae,
320; Dianthoecia capsincola, 167; Dichrorampha simpliciana, 264 ;
Diplodoma herminata, 146; Depressaria capreolella, 167; Emmelesia
unifasciata, 250; Ephippiphora foeneana, 264; E. nigricostana, 838; E.
trigeminana, 264; Erebia ceto, 108; Euclidia mi, 191; Hupoccilia atri-
capitana, 167; Eupithecia abysnthiata, 250; E. albipunctata, 250; LE.
assimilata, 250; E. isogrammuta, 191; EH. linariata, 191; E. minutata,
950; EH. nanata, 250; E. pimpinellata, 191; EH. plumbeolata, 191; E.
satyrata, 250; EH. subfulvata, 250; EH. subnotata, 191; EH. pulchellata,
167, 191; E. trisignata, 250; EH. valerianata, 191; EH. venosata, 167,191;
Eupoecilia atricapitana, 264; H. maculosana, 167; EHutricha quercifolia,
219; Galleria mellonella, 230 ; Gelechia albipalpella, 137; G. gerronella,
137; G. swbocellella, 263; G. tricolor ella, 50; Geonianre papilionaria, 136 ;
Glyphipterys equitella, 298; G. fuscoviridella, 192; Goniodoma limoniella,
220; Gracilaria populetorum, 167; Grapholitha. nisand, 83; Hecatera
dysodea, 220; Heliothis peltiger, 166 ; Bln OME Nee cruciata, 221;
Hypolepia sequella, 137; Laria v-nigra, 132 Leucania straminea, 136;
Lithosia griseola ab, stramineola, 267 ; Lophopterys cucullina, 166; L.
camelina, 250; Lozopera francillonana, 223; Macroglossa stellatarum,
275 ; Malacosoma castrensis, 191; Masonia edwardsella, 44; Myelois
cribrella, 50; M. pinguis, 137; Narycia monilifera, 50, 146, 218; Nonagria
arundinis, 191; N. geminipuncta, 168; Notolophus gonostigma, 250;
Oiketicus omnivorus, 133; Papilio machaon, 274; Penthina corticana, 137 ;
P. postremana, 264; Pericallia syringaria, 83; Phibalapteryxr aquata, 86 ;

360

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Phorodesma smaragdaria, 154, 169; Platyptilia gonodactyla, 192; Plusia
chrysitis, 264; P. moneta, 190, 234; Plutella annulatella, 137; Porthetria
dispar, 109, 143, 177; Proutia betulina, 81, 146; Ptilophora plumigera,
220; Saturnia pavonia, 144; Sesia tipuliformis, 49; Sphinx ligustri, 53 ;

Stigmonota roseticolana, 264; Taeniocampa populeti, 136; Uropterys
sambucata, 264; Xylina semibrunnea, 191; Zephyrus quercus

PUPmz: Apatura iris, 294 ; Aporia crataegi, 224; Listrodromus quinqueguttatus,

186; Libythea celtis, 284; Masonia edwardsella, 45; Phorodesma smarag-

daria o alzfil
REVIEWS AND Notices. OF Booxs :—Betr achtungen iiber “die Far benpr -acht der
Insekten, von Karl Brunner von Wattenwyl, 351; British Dragonflies,
by W. oe Lucas, B.A., F.E.8., 62; British Lepidoptera (vol. i.), by J. W.
Tutt, F.H.S., 20; (vol. ii.), by J. W. Tutt, F.H.S8., 195, 231, 357;
Coleoptera of the Rochester District, by J. J. Walker, F.L.8., F.H.S., 262;
Die Firbung der Insekten, yon Karl Brunner von Wattenwyl, 351; Fauna
Regni Hungariae, by Julius Pungur, and others, 357; Gleanings from Nature,
by W. 8. Blatchley, 112; Handbook of the Gnats or Mosquitoes, by Major
George M. Giles, I.M.S., M.B., 251; Hymenoptera of Suffolk, by Claude
Morley, F.E.S., 39; Insects of Alderney, by W. A. Luff, F.E.8., 193; Les
Acridiens dw Delta du Danube, par A. L. Montandon, 329; Les Zygénes
de la Normandie, par L. Dupont, 352; List of the Macro-Lepidoptera
captured within eight miles of Hull, by J. W. Boult, 56; Notes pour la
Classification des Coléopteres, par Aug. Lameere, 332; Occasional Memoirs
of the Chicago Ent. Society (vol. i.), 221; Proceedings of South London
Entomological Society, 1899, 194; Quelques Dermapteres du Musée Civique
de Génes, by A. de Bormans, 221; Transactions of the City of London
Entomological and Natural History Society, 1898, 28, and 1899, 252;
The South-Eastern Naturalist, Edited by J. W. Tutt, F.E.S., 265;
Variations des Tare de la Fauwne ee par Cc. Oberthiir,
¥.H.S. . O6 oc ate ac c ae .. 354
Abnormal pairing of Xylophasia Autumnal butterflies in a garden
monoglypha and Noctua baia 283 at Rennes, 279; collecting of
Abundance of Geometrids at flowers lepidoptera, 25, 52; emergence
of rush, 283; Macroglossa stella- of Macroglossa stellatarwn 274,
tarum, 26; Pyrameis atalanta .. 26 305; Saas of Limenitis
eG opacella, Copulation sibylla o¢ . 347
Os e6 wh .. 193 | Aventia flexula at sugar a6 . 135
é Bh arte
Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale a 304 | Balance- sheet of Ent. Society of
Acherontia atropos, Autumnal emer- London - 55
gence of, 26; ery of, 350; cry Bembidium stomoides in Yorkshire 335
made by larva, 295: Motes on Breeding Gnistis quadra, 304 ;
rearing, 344; in 1889, 53, 54, 81; Sphinx convolvult . 138
in 1960, 275, 276, 302, 314, 339, 346 | British flea, A new. 19
Acronycta ligustri in North York- British Orthoptera in the Hope
TM op aa ve. ow OG) a Seen ao Wi
Adhesive for mending broken Brunner von Wattenwyl (with
antenne, &e. .. a 5 D5il portrait) : One
Agrotis ripae, Habits of imago of.. 270 Bulgarian butterflies oo 29, 64
Anchomenus quadripunctatus at Butterflies at light, 26, 69 ; of
Woking _ 965 Lucerne, 81; of the Rhone Valley,
Anosia archippus, Distribution of 182, 236 50; of the Splugen, Stelvio and
Anthicus bimaculatus in South Brenner - 309
Wales 78 | Callimorpha to be referred to
Anthonomus rufus at ‘Fairlight 159 Hypsidae .. _. 223
Anthrocera jilipendulae and A. Carabus auratus in the Haldon
hippocrepidis, St., Note on 25 Hills : +, 168
Appearance of migrating species of Caradrina ambigua i in’ North Devon 346
lepidoptera, Sudden 224 | Catocala fraxini at Eltham . 304
Asparagus beetles in Canada 291 | Cave species of Stenopelmatidae .. 96
Assembling of Arctia villica, 218 ; Centrotus larve attended by ants.. 251
Smerinthus ocellatus and other Choerocampa nerti near Weymouth,
species . 350 303; in Kent, 303; in London
Asymmetry in antenne of Steno- and Teignmouth. . _. 347
pelmatids .. .. -. 96 Choreutidae, The family discussed 352

Colour-change in pupa of Apatura
tris. .. 294,
Colour: variation of larve and pupe,
Parallel, 80; of Be Rae elon-
gata 5%
Colias edusa and C. “hyale i in 1900
218, 219, 243-244, 276-280, 305-

307, 322, 339, 347: in Normandy,
348; in Touraine ae oe
Composite cocoons of Lachneis

lanestris
Conversazione of the City of London
Ent. Society

Copulation of Blea hectus, 215:

of Hydrophilus piceus, Notes on 2

Cossus orc, Streck., at the Tilbury
dock ve ae a a

Council of Entom. Society of
London, Suggestions for election
of members‘of ..

Courtship of Hepialus humuli

Crosspairing of Smerinthws ocellatus
and S. populi, 242; of Smerinthid
species

Cucullia absinthii in } i North: Devo on :

Cyaniris argiolus, Abundance of
234; at Harrow Weald ..
Cymatophora ocularis in Kent

Damage to fruit in Natal by a
Trypetid sh

Daytfiying habit of Plusia iota

Deilephila livornica in the Isle of

Man, 247; in Somerset .. Sa
Diary notes on the season’s collect-
ing. 233,
Digne revisited 57,

Dinoderus substriatus of British
collections, Notes on us

Distribution of Amorpha (Smerin-
thus) popult in western Scotland,
81, 135; of Orthoptera found in
Britain, 209 ; of Sympetrum
sanguineum in Britain, 81; of
Trichiura crataegi

Double-broodedness of Angerona
prunaria, Partial, 272; of Dian-
thoecia capsincola

Drifting insects on Lake Michigan |

Eggs of the Cossids

166

304
221

. 317

361

PAGE.

INDEX.
PAGE.

‘Classification of Coleoptera 332 | Egeg-laying of Callophrys rubi, 268;
Cleora viduaria in New Forest 219 of Cyaniris argiolus, 268; of
Coleoptera in the mountain districts Dasycera sulphurella, 48-9; of

of Cumberland, 159, 330 ; in Macroglossa fuciformis, 81; of

Cumberland in 1899, 99; at Macroglossa stellatarum, 268; of

Roughton, 334; at Rannoch, 288; Macrothylacia rubi, 268; of

of Rochester district .. 262 Ranatra linearis .. Bt
Collecting in Scotland 282 Emergence of Lachneis lanestri 18. oe
Collection of Dr. O. Hofmann Emus hirtus in Alderney

acquired 266 | Ennomos autumnaria at Ramsgate
Collections of Lepidoptera at South Entomological Club dinner, 34 ;

Kensington Museum 110 Meeting Oiloo aoXls 250, 353,
Coloration of insects 2 | Entomological note from the

Riviera

Entomological pins.

Entomological Society of London,
Officers “for 1900 . .

Entrance-tube to nest of a Tri igona 1

Errata : 84, 252,

Erratic emergence of Abravas gros
sulariata, 1303; Stauropus fagi,
131; Spilosoma lubricipeda var.
radiata

Eupithecia
Yorkshire . :

Euvanessa antiopa, appearances i in
1900 : oo © Ay

Exhibition of North London Nat.
Hist. Society

Exotic fleas, New

fraxinata in North

Females of Stilbia anomala at sugar

Finding larvee of Choerocampa por-
cellus 55

Flight of Acherontia atropos, 81; of
Smerinthus popult

Folding of the earwig’s wings ;

Food-plants of Callimorpha hera,
109; of Cucullia lychnitis, 248;
of Hypena rostralis, 135; of Oxyp-
tilus distans (laetus), 135, 165,
217; of Phorodesma smaragdaria

Forcing Callimorpha hera larve,
130, 247; eggs of Porthetria dispar
and Lymantri ia monacha :

Formica fusca ¢sand ?s in nests
of I’. sanguinea ..

Fumeids, Notes on the, 59, 89, 122;
further notes on a : ;

Garden Party: Lancashire and
Cheshire Entomological Society
(with photograph) 225,

Generic name Siona ,

Generic position of Melanthia (2)
bicolorata .

Geographical distribution of Euro-
pean Orthoptera, 47; of the
Humastacidae :

Ghost, An entomological

Glypta lugubrina, supposed to be
parasitic on larve of Hecatera
dysodea

Guests of ants and termites (with
plate) . 41, 72, 87, 117, 147,

204

362

PAGE.

Gynandromorphous Dryas paphia
g and valesina ? , 242,296; Poda-
lirius retusus

Habits of certain Erebias, 216; of
Colias hyale, 294; of Hrebia
glacialis, 311; of larva of Hwtricha
quercifolia, 219; of Poecilocampa
populi, 1381; of Sesia musciformis

248,

Helcon annulicornis confirmed as
British

Heliothis scutosa in ‘South Devon..

Hemerobius nitidulus at York

Hipparchia semele at treacle

Hybernating larve .

Hybrid Clostera cur tula x pigra, and
C. pigrax C. curtula

Hypolimnas misippus captured at
sea .

Hystr ichopaylla talpace:
Flea

8
The Giant
Identical specific names within the
same family
Jocheaera alni in September
Jumping powers of larva of Laria
v-nigrum ..
Killing Hymenoptera

Lampides boetica in Guernsey

Laphygmaexigua in South Devon :

Larval moults
Lasiocampa populifolia, Rearing .
Lepidoptera at Burgess Hill, 322
attracted by, and drowned in, ane
liquid of a manure heap, 216;
captured in 1899, 102; entrapped
by flowers, 355; in the Hautes
Alpes: Abries 226, 258
Lepidopterological notes from Orta
Leptinus testaceus near Faversham
Lighthouse records of migrating
lepidoptera
Listrodromus quinqueguttatus bred
from pupa of Cyaniris argiolus,
164; Emergence of :
Local collection at Chambery
Locust pest in the Dobrudja :
Luffia SCH ne Further note
Only.

Macroglossa stellatarum at Ilford
and Wimbledon, 305; attracted
by colour, 53; in February, 82;
in the Isle of Man, 248 ; Rearing
GE oc

Macropterous variety of Xiphidium
dorsale

Markings of wings ‘of pupa and
imago of Aporia crataegi

Masonia edwardsella, a Psychid new
to science . a0 :

. 308

, 318

324
214

13-15

sal86
. 267
. 329

20

275

THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD.

PAGE.

Meconema brevipenne in a fallway
carraige 4

Meessia, “Review of the genus

Melanism in moths, Collective
enquiry as to progressive

Meloé, Notes on the genus..

Micropteriz, The generic name

Migration and dispersal of insects :
Lepidoptera 13, 69, 127, 182, 206,

236,

Migrations of Pyrameis cardui

Myrmecophilous Coleoptera, 172;
Orthoptera :

Myrmedonia collaris “with Myr mica
laevinodis . : 66 o0

Nomada atrata reinstated in the
Briéish list

Nonagria brevilinea,
position of

Notes from south- mest Scotland i in
1899, 104; of the season’s col-
lecting, Diary, 2335 oL2e om
Malacosoma castrensis, 151; on
Suffolk Coleoptera, 78; on the
Fumeids 89, 122,

Notodonta chaonia and N. dodonaea

Systematic

near Croydon
Obituary: Dr. O. Hofmann, 109;
Dr. O. Staudinger sis ae
Odynerus — tomentosus POSES
British
Omophlus armeriae at Weymouth..
Ootheca of Blatta orientalis

Orthoptera added to the Belgian
list, 83; at sugar, 79; collected
near Tnnsbriick, 292 SIRNA
northern Persia, 240; from Starn-
berg, 328; in the Siamese Malay

240
79

States o6 Se 75, 95
Outing of Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union 4.0 194, 224
Ovipositor of Rhyssa persuasoria.. 308
Pachyta sexmaculata in Scotland 308
Pachythelia villosella, two years in
larval stage : op .. 304
Papilio machaon, Abundance in
Northern France, 303; Appear-
ances in 1900, 273, 274, 303, 322, 339
Papilionides epee from other
butterflies . . ve . 203
Pararge egeria in Bucks 53
Phalonia sabulicola to sepia P.
erigerana .. 267
Phibalapteryx aquata as British
35, 82, 85
Phigalia pilosaria on New Year's
day : o | Atl
» Phorodesma smaragdari ia, Notes o on
(with plate) 118, 152, 169
Photographing eggs of Lepidoptera 281
Platyptilia cosmodactyla (acantho-
dactyla) in Middlesex .. a5 AO

INDEX.

PAGE.

Plebeius aegonand P. argus, Com-
parison of . :
Plusia gamma and Pyrameis cardui
migrating together
Poecilocampa popu without basal
marks :
Polygonia c- -album in the London
district
Polyommatus bellargus i in Bucks .
Porthesia chrysorrhoea at Chi-
chester, 274; in north Essex ..
Preservation of Psychid females .
Primary and secondary sexual
characters of Lepidoptera, Con-
nection between ..
Probable myrmecophilous
of the genus Astilbus as
Protective coloration in Mastax
semicaeca, 3; in Hierodula notata,
3; of Huwmastacidae, 95; of a
Tettigid, 95; Hymenopus bicornis,
Ys sha larve of Amphidasys
betulari WG oo ae 0
Psychid genera, New oe sig
Psychidea graecella, Note on 86,
Psychides in 1900, 145; acorrection
Publication fund of the City of
London Ent. ppeely
Pupa-digging E 250,
Pupation of Lozopera ifr ancillonana
Pyrameis atalanta in January

” thalbiis

Rare Coleoptera, 28, 262; Noctuids
in Guernsey, 273; sawflies and
Diptera in Scotland

Rearing Sesia philanthiformis

Relationship between larval and
imaginal legs of Lepidoptera
(with plate) 141,177; of Philea,
Cybosia and Endrosa

Restoration of green colour in Lepi-
doptera

Retarded emergence - in Smerinthus
ocellatus and Cerura vinula

Revision of the genus Derotmema ..

Rhinocypha fulgidipennis captured

Rumia luteolata in September, 304,

Sagacity of larva of Galleria mello-
nella

Sale of the “Sam Stevens” collec-
tion o 110,

Scolytus rugulosus it in Prunus lauro-
cerasus

Sesia cynipiformis ‘and S.
formis near Croydon

cu igs

38

77

. 134

363

PAGE.

Smerinthus ocellatus two years in
pupal stage ; 60
Somatochlora metallica in Scotland
South London Ent. Society ; Field
Meeting(with photo) 197 ; Officers
of, for 1900 :
Sphingids, Unusual time of appear-
ance :
Sphingomorpha monteironis said to
damage fruit, 193; corrected
Sphina “convolvuli at Chichester,
274; at Weymouth, 302; in
Somerset, 53; and at Penarth ..
Spring insects, 136; lepidoptera,

266

27

. 267

54

188-191

Stauropus fagi in Dormans Park
Stilbia anomala, Habits of female
Stridulation of Mecopoda clongata
Sugaring in the Isle of Man, 244;
in Monk’s Wood . ‘
Swarming of Anosia ar urchippus,
of Oligostima araealis
Swiss butterflies, Three seasons
among ..
Synonymy of some of the Emerald
moths :

207;

Tephrosia bistortata and T. Ri
cularia, Notes on 6

Tetrilus ar vetinus in nests of For mica
rufa and Lastus EE

Thatch-beating

Thyreosthentus biovatus in 1 nests of
Formica rufa 138,

Tortrix pronubana in Guernsey ..

Triphaena pronuba in April

Triple-brooded and double- brooded
species of Lepidoptera

Trogophloeus, Notes on some unde-
scribed species of..

Tubercle on the first dorsal segment
of Poecilocerus sokotranus

Types of genera Gortyna and Ochria

Vanessids in Somerset

Visitors at sugar, Unusual

Vitality of Smerinthus ocellatus bred
in confinement od

Winter capture of Gonoptera libatrix
OM,

Years of abundance of Colias edusa
and C. hyale in Britain .
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, 251,

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, &e.

Portrait of Brunner von eae ee

o6 oe

Pu. I.

Pu. Il. New Exotic Fleas .. :

Pu. III. The guests of Ants and Termites

Pu. IV. Neuration and tibial spurs of Psyehids ..
Pu. V. Antenne of Psychides BN

| 346

219
305
96

. 343

112
241
53

108

54

71
353

To be ee opp ges PAGE.«

36
72

864 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

PAGE
Pu. VI... Regeneration of legs in Liparis dispar (Porthetria) .. oc .. 141
Pu. VIL. Phorodesma smaragdaria, Fabricius .. 169
Pu. VIII. Field-meeting of South London Entomological ‘and Natural History
Society .. ao U7
Pu. IX. Laneashire and Cheshire Entomological. Society : Garden Party .. 225
Pu. X. Hystrichopsylla talpae .. a te Se #6 ar oo MOST
Pu. XI. Eggs of Lepidoptera a ae A oe so Meal
Woovcor. Pupa of Listrodromus quinqueguitatus 2 er oe o6 30 LUST
TINIE EO WO CAT TASTES.
PAGE. PAGE.
Abbott’s Wood ee ve 44a Hale indie ie ate .. 146
Abriés ee she 226, 258, 318 Hampstead .. is .. 343, 346
Anglesea a a ake .. 248 Harrow- Weald an oe .. 274
Bérisal 6 Hastings .. SH ae -. 239
B a : of ce "> 2 | Hautes-Alpes es 226, 258, 318
etchworth . vi Bo oo LOB |) Terris 234
Blean Woods _ 2: Li oo milél y ie ‘e ‘a -
Boscombe .. abs Be .. 300 | Ingleborough ae des .. 249
Bournemouth Be -. 189, 340 Innsbriick .. oe ne -. 292
Brenner, The ie a4 .. 309 | Ipswich Ba ate ae oo Ue
Brighton .. an ate .. 269 Isle of Man .. ie -. 18) 244
Bude .. a9 an a oo Bly z
Bulgaria hy rs ok 29, 64 Kent ie S06 O60 06 So 340
Burgess Hill.. an ee .. 322 y
Burnley ne eh e .. 841 re eG hy: 4 = i ne
Cannes 3 if. Aut SOG Leicester .. oe is .. 235
Cannock Chase A fe so S/ Leyburn 2.0 a a9 -. 246
Castle Moreton if 55 ae oll Llanstephan 30 90 -. 24
Chattenden .. ae oy, so JO Locarno -: “: + .. 116
Cherryhinton ae Ae .. 247 | Lucerne .- . + eo {SL
Chiddingfold ah of .. 238 | Lyndhurst .. -: -. 189, 340
Chiesa Ae a oY. .. 310
Chilterns .. ie 30 25, 349 Malvern : 52
Chingford .. i .. 102, 272 | Market Drayton 188, 269, 272, 8 , 337
Chippenham i: ae .. 235 | Marlow .: B44
Chobham .. ie sh LG Mill Hill... . a .. 102
Colchester .. ry ats 19, 239 Monks’ Wood Ph Be 5a BIS}
Croydon 0 ae Mh .. 247 Morea .: “- OG .. 351
Cumberland (Pennines) .. 99, 330 i
New Forest .. ae bic .. 300
Darenth ue oe ine 50 (KS) | N@wwiowAy) 6 Sit i .. 842
Dawlish a ae Be oo OS Norfolk Broads fe 104, 271, 301
Deal .. ate ue a: 18, 278 | Normandy .. is ie .. 348
Digne oe 38 3c 57, 93 | North Wales aie 20 .. 269
Dorking a0 ite “y 18, 22 ; Northern Persia .. EG .. 240
Dover — a er neon Norwood ar. ae ae >. B48
Enfield ae an so Gey) Orta .. ae sie ee .. 324
Epping Forest ice ae so OB Oxshott ae ee .. 1038, 234
Hssex coast . ne AiG oo sil Oxton 25, 90, 136, 246, 337, 340
Exmouth .. aa we .. B44
Pembroke .. ss 3 so Olle}
Farnborough se ee et Saree Pont-de-l’Arche Bie so BYR, Bi5s)
Folkestone .. Ss 56 ee Pyle .. ae ae Se baw Ue
Forres . a a .. 283
Frensham dist. x a oo ol Queenborough oF ap byae VL
Gomshall .. my me so 4 || Weraneelt =. - =i ae .. 288
Guernsey ... oe .. 316, 338 | Reading ss oe co dis), Wl
Guestline .. at 25 seg allG Rennes BA ag so AGS)
Guildford .. oe .. =190, 219 | Rhone Valley ae ee 4, 50
Rhodope, Mts. Pr ag 64-69
Hailsham .. ae 6 .. 244 | Richmond Park .. Se 30 dl)

INDEX. 365
PAGE. PAGE
Rilo Dagh .. ae a 32, 64 Stelvio, The.. a Ae oo BLO
Rochester .. bys ae 262 Stuartfield .. is a3 282)
Roughton .. ay a .. 334 Suffolk By ae ae 39, 212
Rye .. ee Se a: .. B42 Sydenham .. re at .. 348
Salisbury .. it Ae 23802 Tenby os ass ae ae BS
Samakov .. ae En ao Oe Tottenham .. ae os. 225 O74
Sandown .. oi ae .. 145 Touraine .. BS Us .. 348
Selby co dae, BEG Trafoi et Ss o oo Sulal
saan Malay States se 75, 95
Simplon 2 oP = Bont Vals-Platz .. a0 ce .. 820
Slivno te ae te oo 6a) Veytaux Be Be Be SS
Sofia .. es oe a3 OS
Sondrio = ae ae so Blo Weymouth .. Be AS .. 240
Southend A 26, 188, 249 Wicken 51, 104, 234, 263, 314, 335
Splugen, The Me He so ell) Wimbledon .. ws is .. 234
South-west Scotland so GE 18S) Worcester Park We 233, 234, 312
Starcross .. Pe oes 1. O44
Starnberg .. ole oe .. 324 WORE o6 are .. 188, 246, 249, 337
IMsst! Ola (CONMIMRIUE WIL ONS.
PAGE. PAGE.
Alderson, Hope, F.E.S. 242, 248, 122; W4i 163, 177, 2025) 214
275 (twice), 280, 306 ee 230, 241, 251. 284, 300, 317
Anderson, Joseph . 137, 277 Chitty, A. J., M.A., F.E.S. 215, 335
Annandale, N., B.A. AR 75, 95 Christy, W. M., M. ‘A. FE.E.S. oo CUNY
Antram, C.B. 27, 109 (twice), 130 Clark, F. Noad ae 3 .. 281
134, 243, 247 (twice) Clarke, A. H. .. d44

Arbuthnott,H.C. .. .. 81 (twice)
Ash, (Rev.) Cyril D., B.A.. 136, 269
Atmore, H.A., F.H.S. 81, 135 (twice)
Bacot, A. 45, 108, 109, 132 (twice),
133, 136, 306
Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., F.E.S, 165
Barnes, W. F 190, 271
Bartlett, C. 305 (twice), 307 (twice), 346
Bateson, William, M.A., F.R.S.,
F.E. S. 3 We 140, 231
Beare, (Professor) T. “Hudson, B. Sc.,
F.R.S.E., F.E.S. 19, 239, 240,
288, 291, 335 (twice)
Bennett, W. H., F.E.S. 19, 159
Bloomfield, W. Z .. 280
Bouskell, Frank, Ke E. S., F. R.H.S. 138
Bower, Benjamin A., F. E. S. 22

52, 190, 340

Bowles, E. Augustus, M.A., F.E.S.
26 (twice), 301

Brown, H. Rowland, M.A., F.E.S.
25, 57, 79, 93, 274, 309, 348, 349

Brunner von Wattenwyl, Karl Hon.

18 IBS {coe a ae were 2
Bucknill, L. M. 4 en AY
Burr, Malcolm, F.Z,. ae 1s E. Sb dL,

47, 62, 97, 130, 161, 209, 213, 219,

241, 299, 328, 329, 330, 356
Burrows, (Rey.) C. R. N. 113,
152, 169, 171, 280, 302, 346, 347

Butterfield, J. A., B.Se. 51, 264
Cambridge, (Rev.) O. P., M.A.,
F.R.S., F.E.S. . 138, 164
Carr, F. M. B. 24, 215, 246
Chapman, T. A., M.D., F.Z.8.,
Wolds. AO), BB) Ty SB, WO, ING,

Clarke, H. Shortridge, E.ES. 218,
219, 244, 247 MaKe 248
Clutten, W. G. ae . 342
Colthrup, CAAWiehare 302, 346
Cottam, Thomas M. f O75, 279
Cowl (Mrs.) M. E. .. 302, 304, 350

Crabtree, B. H., F.E.S. 242, 243
Crisp, E 66 .. 247, 344
Cross, W. id Sis Be ye 242
Dadd, E. .. 280
Dalglish, io Aale, F. E. Ss. 106, 136

Day, FrankH.,F.E.S. 101, 160, 306, 331
Dollman, J. C. ai 279, 822
Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K., F.Z.S.,
F.H.S. 18, 41, 56, 72, 84, 87,
117, 147, 159, 162, 172, 204, 238
(twice), 262, 292, 334, 335, 350
Dupont, L. 346, 347, 348 (twice)
Dyar, Harrison G., Ph. D... co Al
Edelsten, H. M., F.E.S. 191, 267
(twice), 272, 295, 340
cue (Asst. eee) TBs.
B.N., F.E.S. . 297
Forsyth, i Nahas .. 240
Fox, (Rev.) H.C. Dobrée-, M.A. 25,
302, 344
Freer, R., M.D., F.E.S. 243, 249
Glenny, F., 18, E. Ss. 297, 302
Green, Jos. E., F.L. S., F.E. S. 276,
303, 306
Hagegart, J. C., F.E.S., 27, 166
Hamlyn - Harris, R. Hamlyn

F.R.M.S., F.Z.8., F.E.S. .. 230
Hamm, A, Efe j go) 29)
Hanbury, Frederick Ver BLS,

JACI a0 0° .. 304

366

mate
Harwood, Bernard Smith . 239
Harwood, W. H. 2129) i165, ne 165
Henderson, G. on 3 =. OOF
Henderson, J. -. 342
ent ep rele Ainslie, F, Z. S., 19 E. S. 247, 337
Hills, S. G. 20 305 (thrice)
Hopson, M. F. 343 (twice), 346
Howe, T. L... 54 (twice)
James, Russell E. 5 104, 278
Jennings, F.B., F.H.S. .. aap ALD

Kaye, W. J., F.H.S. 119, 219 (twice)
233, 286, 312
Kirkaldy, G. W., F.E.S. .. .. 304
Lambillion, L. J. .. IT, 2785 295
Lane, HE. W., F.E.S. oo | | PALA, REIS
lowe, (Rev.) F. E., M.A., F.E.S.
316, 324, 339, 346

Luff, W. A. 82, 236, 273 (twice), 274, 278
Maddison, T., F.E.S. 226) Poi
Mason, J. 53 (four times)

Mera, A. W. 50 Mil, IB, BOB, BEY
Merrifield, Frederic, F.E.S. 195, 320
Miller, (Miss) Elizabeth 273, 275, 306
Moberly, J. C., M.A., F.E.S. 22, 82,

304, 306, Sil, 356
Moore, Harry, F.E.S. 79, 80, 112, 3038

Morley, Claude, F.E.S. 186, 294
Mousley, H., F.E.S. ac oo PON
Murray, James so AOL,
Murray, H. .. ube 302, 306, 347

Newland, C. Bingham, F.E.S. 25, 52
Newman, L. W. 218, 219, 275, 280,
296 (twice), 305, 346, 350

Nicholl, (Mrs.) Mary de la B.,
F.E.S. ; 29, 64
Oberthiir, Charles, F.E. S.. so BAY)
Page, Herbert ID Baloo. oc oo UGG
Paton, R. C.. .. 165
Pearson, Douglas H. 249, 277, 304

Phillips, Hubert $.,M.R.C.S. .E. E.S.
108, 305 (twice)

Pickett, C. P. 188, 191, 215, 219,

246, 272 (twice), 274 (four times),
295, ae 307

Pierce, F.N., F.E.S. og . 349
Poore, A. 8. .. 805
Porritt, George da ab S., & E.S.
246, 247
Postans, R. B. aa oo «Bl
Poulton, (Professor) Edward B.,
M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., F.L.S8., &e.
81, 315
Prideaux, R. M. 243, 268 (thrice),
269, 279

Prout, Louis B., F.E.S. 9, 55, 85,
145, 180, 215, 218, 221, 242, 282

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

PAGE.
Quail, Ambrose, F.E.S. .. so JIB
Ransom, Edward .. See .. 306

Raynor, (Rev.) G. H., M.A. 135, 218

Redmayne, (Mrs.) Mary B. 164, 191

Reid, Percy C., F.E.S. .. 248, 294

Reid, (Capt.) Savile, F.E.S. .. 303
Richardson, Nelson M., B.A., F.E.S.

279, 302, 303

Riding, W. S., M.D., F.E.S. .. 80
Robertson, (Major) R. B. 131, 300,

306, 341

Robinson, A., B.A... a 26, 306
Rothschild, (Hon.) N. C., B.A.,

lbs, IAS, INS AO, BG, Bsr
Russell, A., F.E.S. 139, 165, 275,

276 (twice), Bae 345

Rydon, A. H. ae , 248
Sanford, P. Gerald, F. I oe F. a ce

2, 347 (twice)

Sauze, H. A. Me .. 280
Sich, Alfred, F.E. on 27, 48, 53

(twice), 193, ee

Sladen, F. W.C. .. :

Studd, E. F.C., M.A. ROI, F.E.S.

26, 136, 190, 307, 337

Swain, A. M. . 54, 347, 348, 349

Taylor, Mark R. .. os .. 274

Tomlin, B., B.A., F.E.S. 78 (twice)

Aut, Jo JEL, 56 ae 226, 258, 318
“UMUI, Do WiYon HalBtsl, 16}, 20. Ws, Bir/,
28, 34, 35, 38, 43, 49, 55, 69, 80,
82, 83, 86, 109, ‘127, 1B, 139,
154, 163, 166, 168, 182, 191, 197,
199, 208, 206, 216, 217, 220, 221,
225, 226, 236, 243, 250, 252, 253,
258, 263, 265, 276, 277, 293, 296,
299, 301, 307, 308, 314, 318, 351,

356

Wreral@lics \Wo 1M, INGIDS, ou ~- 242
Walker, S., F.E.S. 131, 189, 279,

306, 337

Walwyn, H. W. Shepheard-, M.A. 54
Wasmann, Pére H.,8.J. 41, 72, 87,

117, 147, 204
Watkins, C. J.,. F.E.S. 304, 307, 350
West, W. .. pn EL
Wheeler, Gare 4

Whittle, F. G. 81 (twice), 107, 135,
137 ace 188, 250

Wilkinson, G. .. 347
Wood, (Rey.) Theodore, M.A.,
Tags 6 46
Woodforde, F. ic 135, 188, 271, 273,
298. 301, 338

A “Special Index,” with references to every species mentioned in this volume is
published separately.

The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation.

wore rn

VOL. XIl.

wenn ern rrr

> EC wee IN| ee

By G. B. ROUTLEDGE, F.E.S.

Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera.

The other orders arranged by Species.

PAGE. PAGE.

Aleocharinae 42

BNORIRIN Ec Alleculidae .. 205

' Alphitobii 19

aE nuCDHOFUS my Alphitobius diaperinus 19
: 5 Amalus scortillum .. 78

COREE, DISEOVO LEI: tay Amara acuminata .. 18, 99
: apricaria . 334
Discopoma 150 bien 384
Leolaps 149, 150 consularis aie 99
convexiuscula 19

: lunicollis .. 160
myrmecophilus, Leolaps 149 aT ae a 99
F : Amorphocephalus .. 148
oophilus, Leolaps .. 150 Amipliizetaz 2 Ban
a Amphotis a 88, 148
pytoglyphus. . ae marginata. . 19, 175, 239
ahlmanni, Antennophorus. . 150 | Anaspis fasciata . -- 101
Anchomenus livens. . Beer es)

: : : puellus an 239, 240
pemanal,-Tyroelyphus Oy quadripunctatus .. 265
Anitys rubens 19, 28

ARACHNIDA. Anobiidae 339
Anobiinae 333

Agelenidae ae .. 163 Antherophagus nigricornis so ligil
arietinus, Tetrilus . 163, 164 | Anthicidae 6 PADS
Anthicus bimaculatus 78

biovatus, Thyreosthenius .. 138, 163 humilis 19
scoticus 101

Cryphoeca . 164 Anthonomus. . 159
brittanus .. 159

pratensis, Hahnia(=arietinus, Tet- pedicularis -. 159
rilus) 9! G4 rufus .. 159
ulmi .. 159

Anthophagus testaceus 100, 289

COLEOPTERA. Anthrenus varius Dey
Anthribinae .. 334

Abraeus globosus .. 176 | Anthricinae .. 334
Acidota crenata -. 100 | Apate minutus 7
Acilius sulcatus -. 100 | Aphodius conspurcatus 101
Actocharis readingi. . .. 354 depressus .. ee 290
Acupalpus dorsalis .. re oo l®) erraticus 101
Adalia obliterata ; oo all lapponum .. 160, 290, 331
Aigialia sabuleti .. 101 luridus Be .. 101
Agabus arcticus 330, 331 putridus 7299)
bipustulatus var. solieri. . . 290 | Apion.. 78, 334
chalconotus .. 100 aethiops ; . 101
congener .. 290, 330, 331 assimile Se oo Ail
femoralis .. ae 56 co | WY) carduorum . 101
guttatus as ae .. 290 dissimile 78
sturmil .. sé ais 19, 100 ebeninum . 101
unguicularis : -- 100 punctigerum 101
Aleochara cuniculorum .. 214 rubens 78
lata .. 239 varipes 78
ruficornis .. ~. 175 viciae 101

ii. SPECIAL INDEX.

Aphthona lutescens 78
Arthropterus 50 43
Asemum striatum .. 289
Astilbus oo Bats)
canaliculatus 175, 176
Astynomus .. 50 PSY)
aedilis He i -. 289
Atemeles .. 88, 117, 118, 150
emarginatus 117, 172, 173, 175,
176, 239
paradoxus TI, alga, PG)
pubicollis .. 00 Oe. dull)
Athous rhombeus 19
Atomaria analis 101
fuscata 101
pusilla 101
Attagenus pellio 101
Attejus bardariottii. . 119
Badister peltatus 239
unipustulatus 239
Bagous frit .. 240
tempestivus a 239
Balaninus tessellatus oo | L®)
turbatus 47, 78
venosus 35) (AG,
villosus 214
Barypeithes sulcifrons Se Loi
Batrissus venustus . 175, 176
Bembidiidae. . 50 Pil
Bembidium .. 354
elarki 19
femoratum 100
fumigatum 240
irricolor 240
islandicum 354
nigricorne. . 331
obtusum 100
schuppeli . 100
stomoides .. 335
tibiale 160
varium 240
Berosus affinis .. 240
spinosus 19, 240
Bidessus unistriatus | 2. 239
Bledius crassicollis . 239
spectabilis. . 100
subterraneus ‘ 290
Boletobius exoletus. . 100
Bolitochara obliqua 100
Bostrychidae 334
Bostrychinae oe 334
Brachysomus echinatus sq OI
Bradycellus cognatus 160, 289
collaris 160, 289
placidus 99, 289
similis ite oo JUG)
Brenthidae .. 148, 205, 334
Bruchidae Se .. 334
Bruchinae 334
Bruchus canus 4 263
Bryaxis haematica .. 176
juncorum .. 100
Buprestidae .. 334
Byrrhidae 334

Byrrhinae 334
Byrrhus fasciatus 290
Bythinus glabratus. . 176
validus Se 100
Byturinae 334
Caenopsis fissirostris 239
Caenoscelis pallida. . so dlng
Calathus fuscus Ge), Baill
melanocephalus var. nubigena . 289
micropterus 100, 160
Calosoma 9 oo 0
Campylus linearis .. 290
Cantharidae. . 205
Cantharididae .. 334
Cantharidiformia 833, 334
Cantharidinae 6 334
Carabidae 70, “148, 205, 222, 333
Carabus 160
arvensis 160, 290, 331
auratus Bib 193
catenulatus 160, 331
glabratus .. 160, 331
intricatus .. oo As
monilis 56 MEY)
nemoralis . 18, 239
nitens GO
violaceus .. 331
Carabiformia c 333
Carcinops 14-striata 19
Cartodere : 149
Cassida fastuosa 263
hemisphaerica 101
Catopochrotidae 205
Cebrioninae .. 334
Cephaloplectus oo &Y)
Cephennium thoracicum 175, 176
Cerambycidae .. 205
Cercyon analis 100
lateralis 100
pygmaeus .. 100
obsoletus .. 100
Cerophytinae 334
Cetonia aenea oo AY)
floricola 149, 174
Ceuthorrhynchus asperifoliarum . . 78
assimilis .. : 6.0 101
ericae : : DW Ay,
euphorbiae (crux) 18, 181
melanostictus don 1 US
quadridens 101
Chaetopisthes 148
Chelonariinae a 334
Choleva angustata .. 78
chrysomeloides 101
fumata 101
grandicollis 101
longula 101
morio 101
wilkini 56 100
Chrysomela goettingensis o.0 18
hyperici 60 47
staphylea .. 334
Chrysomelidae 205, 222, 334
Cicindelidae. . 46 we 73, 205

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE

Cis nitidus .. 78, 101
Cisidae . 334
Cisinae ae . 334
Cissophagus hederae 159
Cistela luperus 18
Clambinae 333
Clavicornia .. 43, 334
Claviger 142, 88, 150
testaceus .. 173, 175, 176
Clavigeridae. . 42, 88, 148, 205
Cleridae bye .. 205
Clerinae 4 oo att
Clerus formicarius . Ps 73, 289

Clivina fossor

Cythra ar 213, 214, 290
4-punctata . 174, 213, 238, 239
Coccinella .. ae ag .. 146
distincta (labilis).. 173, 174
hieroglyphica .. 334
laeviuscula 174
7-punctata 173
Coccinellidae 173, ‘174, 205, 929, 33
Coelambus parallelogrammus 100, 240
Coeliodes fuliginosus so | 08
rubicundus 101
Coluocera ae so dl4lg)
Colydiidae 89, 205, 334
Conopalpus testaceus a. 239
Conosoma bipunctatum 262
Conurus immaculatus 239
Cordylapsis .. 147
pilosa 119
Corotoca 148
Corticaria .. 149
serrata 175, 176
Corylophinae : .. 333
Corymbites cupreus 56 .. 330
var. aeruginosus .. 289, 330, 331
impressus .. ys :. 289
quercus oe 291
var. ochropterus .. 290
tessellatus. . 331
Corynetinae .. 334
Cossonus linearis 19
Cossyphodes .. aa teh)
bewicki 89, 173
Crambycidae .. 334
Cremastochilus 148
Crepidodera rufipes. . 101
Crioceris asparagi .. 291
12-punctata 66 AU
Cryphalus fagi 19, 239
Cryptobium fracticorne .. 100
Cryptocephalus fulvus 101
labiatus 47
lineola 239
parvulus 18
6-punctatus 239
vittatus P 194
Cryptohypnus dermestoides 290
4-cuttatus. . : O0 290
Cryptophagidae 205
Cryptophaginae , ne . 334
Cryptorrhynchus tapathd ae 101
Cucujidae .. 205, 334

Cucujinae

Cupescidae
Curculionidae
Cymindis vaporariorum
Cyphoninae ..

Dacne humeralis
Dascillidae
Dascillinae .. Be
Dascillus cervinus ..
Deinopsis erosa
Deleaster dichrous ..
Dendrophilus punctatus
pygmaeus .
Deporaiis megacephalus
Dermestes lardarius
murinus
vulpinus
undulatus ..
Dermestidae. .
Derodontidae
Deronectes latus
12-pustulatus

so DOR,
100, 160,

290,

Dichirotrichus pubescens ..

Dinarda
dentata
hagensi
maerkeli
Dinoderus
bifoveolatus
minutus
pilifrons
siculus F
substriatus, Payk.
substriatus, Steph.
Dolichosoma lineare
Donacia discolor

89, 117,

149, 174,

174,
ic
17,
16,
17,

Dorcatoma chrysomelina ..

flavicornis :
Doryloxenus cornutus
Dorytomus pectoralis
Drilinae
Dromius nigriventris
Drusilla canaliculata
Drypta dentata
Dynastes hercules ..
Dynastinae .. D0
Dyschirius nitidus ..
Dytiscidae
Dytiscinae
Dytiscus punctulatus

Ecitochara fuscicornis

Hcitomorpha arachnoides ..

simulans ..
Ecitonides
Keitonilla
Ecitoxenus ..
Kctrephidae ..
Elater balteatus

nigrinus
Elateridae
Elaterinae
Elmidinae
Elmis aeneus

73,

148,

iv. SPECIAL INDEX.

cupreus ao ll)

volkmari .. .. 239
Emus hirtus 262, 263
Endomychidae 118, 205, 334
Endomychinae 334
Ennearthron 78

cornutum . oo US
Ephistemus eyrinoides 47, 101
Epuraea aestiva oo Ask)

angustula .. 289
Eremocoris podagricus 18
Hrirrhinus festucae. . 19
Ernobius mollis 101

nigrinus 290
Eros aurora .. 290
Hrotylidae 205, 334
Erotylinae 65 BBY
Eubrychius velatus. . 240
Eucinetinae . 334
Bucneminae. . : ‘ 334
Euconnus fimetarius 100
Euplectus piceus 175

signatus og hz)
Euryusa laticollis 175, 176
Eutheia plicata oo Ales)
Exomias araneiformis 101

brunnipes.. 175
Galerucella calmariensis .. 101
Geodephaga.. 330
Geotrupes typhoeus 101
Glyptus a6 .. 148
Gnathoncus nannetensis a 19, 101
Gnostidae 148, 205
Goliathus druryi oo UML
Gonioctena rufipes .. 214
Gracillia minuta 26
Grammoptera analis 262
Gymnetron melanarium 78
Gymnusa brevicollis 100
Gynepta labilis 100
Gyrinidae 333
Gyrinus natator 100
Haliplinae 333
Haliplus lineatocollis 330
Hallomenus humeralis .. 290
Halyzia 16-guttata .. 101, 290
Haplocnemus nigricornis .. . 239
Harpalus latus 289

punctatulus 334

puncticollis 334

sabulicola .. 239
Hedobia imperialis .. 19
Heledona agaricola. . 19
Helochares punctatus 100
Helodes marginata .. 290
Helophorinae 334
Helophorus nubilis . 334
Helotinae 334
Henicocerus exsculptus 331
Heptaulacus villosus 262
Hetaeriini 148
Hetaerius are 5S .. 205

ferrugineus od 175, 176, 204

PAGE.
Heterocerus fusculus 240
Heteromera . .. 3384
Heterothops quadripunctula 175, 176
Hister carbonarius . 50 NOL
marginatus we LOE 115, 176, 239
neglectus .. fe 78, 101
unicolor .. 101
Histeridae 42, 89, “148, 149, 205, 533
Homalium caesum .
excavatum 100
iopterum .. 331
pineti 289
pusillum .. .. 100
Homalota analis . 100, 175
atramentaria 30 50 .. 100
circellaris .. 100
currax : 100
elongatula.. 100
exarata 175
fungi 100
graminicola 100
immersa .. 100
linearis 100
longicornis 100
nitidula 175
oblongiuscula .. 175
parallela (talpa) . 174
sordida es 100
trinotata .. 100
vicina 175
xanthoptera : 100
Hoplia philanthus .. -> doll
Homoeusa acuminata 175, 176
Hydraena gracilis .. .. 330
nigrita .. 239
pulchella .. .. 239
riparia... -. 100, 239
Hydrocyphon deflexicollis . 101, 290
Hydrodephaga as 60 ll
Hydrophilidae 334
Hydrophilinae c 334
Hydrophilus piceus. . 291
Hydroporinae c 333
Hydroporus davisii . . 330
erythrocephalus .. 100
lepidus 239
marginatus 290
morio 100, 160, 290, 330, 331
obscurus re LOO aa
planus 100
pubescens .. 100
rivalis 330
tristis 100
umbrosus .. 100
Hydroscaphinae 333
Hygrobiinae .. 333
Hylastes ater 101
Hypera murina i)
polygoni 334
suspiciosa.. 101
trilineata .. 6 Se 101
variabilis .. ae Ss 334
Hypocephalinae 334
llybius guttiger .. 50 100

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.
Ilyobates glabriventris .. 175
Ips quadripunctata .. . 101
quadripustulatus .. 289, 290
Labidostomus tridentata .. 174
Laccobius sinuatus .. .. 100
Lagriidae .. 334
Lagriinae .. 334
Lamellicornia .. 334
Lamprinus .. . 149
Lampyrinae .. .. 334
Lasioderma serricorne oo | «AS
Lathridiidae. . 205, 334
Lathridius lardarius : .. 101
Lathrimaeum atr ocephalum .. 100
Lathrobium atripalpe 100, 160
multipunctum so Ag
punctatum 19
Lebia chlorocephala 334
erux-minor c 100
Leiopus nebulosus .. 101
Leistotrophus murinus 100
Leptacinus formicetorum .. 174
linearis 47
Leptidia br evipennis oo | BS
Leptinus testaceus . 176, 215
Leptusa fumida .. 100
Lesteva aaa 330
pubescens . 330
Limnobaris t- album 101
Limonius cylindricus 78
Liodes glabra 289
humeralis . 100
Litodactylus leucogaster 240
Lixus bicolor 6 18
Lochmaea capraeae. . 66 OI
Lomechon 118, 148
alfaroi .. aie ae .. 118
Lomechusa 42, 73, 88, 117,118, 148,

149, 150
amurensis. . eee lally/
minor IAL
mongolica.. a6 vo Llale/
strumosa .. omleli(emela(:

Longitarsus .. ax oo alts}
atricillus .. 101
jacobaeae .. 101
patruelis 18

Lucanidae 334

Lucaninae .. 334

Luperus nigrofasciatus 334, 335

Lycinae O00 .. 334

Lycoperdina 118

Lyctinae 334

Lyctus canaliculatus 19

Lymexylidae 333

Magdalis phlegmatica 290

Malachiinae . : 334

Malachius marginellus 19

Malacodermata 334

Mazoreus wetterhalii 18

Mecinus circulatus .. .. 18

Medon bicolor 173, 176
melanocephalus .. .. 178

v.

PAGE.

Megarthrus affinis .. 100
denticollis. . 100
Melandryidae 334
Melandryinae : .. 334
Melanopthalma fuscula 101, 176
Melanotus punctolineatus . els
Melelonthinae 334
Meligethes lumbaris so L@il
Meloé.. : 46, 142
autumnalis a 46
brevicollis 194
cicatricosus 46
proscarabaeus 46
var. cyaneus 46
rugosus (rugulosus) 47
variegatus 46
violaceus .. 46
Meloinae 334
Melyridae 334
Melyrinae 334
Metoecus 142
Micraspis 12- -punctata ao 4all
Microglossa gentilis 19, 175
pulla 50 -. 175
Microzoum tibiale .. oo Oil
Mimeciton 74, 75
pulex a ae ede:
Molytes coronatus .. 18
germanus .. 50 Bab)
Monotoma 148, 149
conicicollis 3 LTA:
formicetorum 174
picipes 47
Mordellinae .. ; 334
Mordellistena br unnea 19
Mormolyce phyllodes 121
Mycetaeinae. . 334
Mycetophagus quadr iguttatus 262
Mycetophagidae re 334
Mycetoporus clavicornis .. 100
lepidus : 100, 160
splendidus 100
Mylabris .. 142
Myllaena brevicornis 100, 330
Myrmecoptera 73
Myrmedonia. . 73, 88, 149, 263
cognata ; . 175
collaris : 176, 263
funesta 56 dG). WB, IeS
haworthii .. ie is 175, 176
humeralis.. » 19S 172) 174s 175
laticollis . 19, 73, 175
limbata 175, 176
lugens .. 175
plicata 176
Myrmetes piceus 174
Myrmoecia 149
Necrobia ruficollis .. ie oo dl)
Nebria gyllenhali zie 289, 330
rufipes : oo «alg
Necrophorus germanicus O00 194
Neuraphes angulatus 239
longicollis o6 .. 175
Nitidula quadripustulata 60 18, 78

Nitidula rufipes
Nitidulae
Nitidulidae ..
Nitidulinae .
Notiophilus palustris
substriatus
Notodendrinae
Notothecta anceps .
confusa
flavipes
Nudobius lentus

Octotemnus glabriculus
Ocypus ater .
Cidemerinae
Olibrus liquidus
pygmaeus ..
Oligota atomaria
inflata
longipes
pusillima ..
Olisthopus rotundatus

Omalium vide Homalium .

Omophroninae
Omophlus armeriae
Omosita depressa

Onthophagus fracticornis ..

Onthophilus striatus
Oodes helopioides
Orectochilus villosus
Orocharis angustatus
Orsodacna cerasi
lineola
Orthogonius..
shaumi
Othius myrmecophilus
Otiorrhynchus blandus
maurus
muscorum.
ovatus
raucus
scakrosus ..
Oxypoda
formiceticola
haemorrhoa
recondita .
rupicola
vittata
Oxysoma .
Oxytelus maritimus
nitidulus ..
sculpturatus
tetracarinatus

Pachyta sexmaculata

SPECIAL INDEX,

"19, 101,
47,
19,
175,

290, 330,

174,

Palpicornia, Br ae a, Macr odac-

tylia
Panagaeus crux- major
Parnidae
Parninae
Parnus auriculatus .
nitidulus ..
prolifericornis ..
Patrobus assimilis ..100,
septentrionalis

160, 289,

Paussidae
Paussus ;
Pediacus dermestoides
Perathopinae
Phalacridae .. 4
Philonthus albipes . :

bipustulatus

cephalotes. ,

debilis

discoideus

ebeninus

fimetarius

fuscus

marginatus

nigrita

puellus

sordidus

splendens .

thermarum

trossulus .. me
Philydrus minutus ..
Phloeobium clypeatum
Phyllobius viridiaeris

viridicollis

Phyllobrotica 4- maculata . é

Phyllopertha horticola
Phyllotreta consobrina
nodicornis. . :

Phytodecta olivacea
var. nigricans ..
Phytophaga . .
Pissodes pini
Placusa complanata
Platambus maculatus
Platypsyllidae
Plinthus caliginosus
Podabrus alpinus
Pogonoxenus
Polydrusus tereticollis
Potaminus substriatus

Prionocyphon serricornis ..

Procus armillatus
Psammobius sulcicollis
Pselaphidae ..
Pselaphus heisei
Psepheninae. .
Psylliodes affinis
marcida ..
Ptenidium formicetorum
eressneri ..
kraatzii
turgidum ..
Pterostichus aethiops
madidus é
minor
vitreus
Ptilium :
myrmecophilum ..
Ptininae
Ptinus germanus
Pyvrochroa serraticornis
Pyrochroinae
Pythinae 0
Pytho depressus

PAGE,
42, 43, 148, 205, 333
43

. 262
.. 334
. 334

47
19
47
ay
47

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

Quediini : ts . 118
Quedionuchus laevigatus 56 289
Quedius auricomus . 330
brevis 149, ‘172, 174, 175, 239
boops 160
cruentus 47, 289
fuliginosus oo _ lg)
kraatzii 238
lateralis 100
longicornis 262
mesomelinus 176
nigriceps . 100
picipes 334
puncticollis 47
rufipes 160
seintillans.. 239
xanthopus.. 291
Rhagium bifasciatum 290
indagator .. 289
inquisitor . 290
Rhagonycha elongata 290
limbata 5 101
Rhantus bistriatus .. 290
exoletus 100
pulverosus.. 100
Rhinomacer attelaboides 290
Rhinoncus bruchoides 47
pericarpius a 101
Rhinosimus ruficollis 101
viridipennis 101
Rhipiphorinae O° 334
Rhizopertha pusilla eo OS
Rhizophagus dispar 101, 289
nitidulus .. .. 289
Rhizotrogus aestivus 194
Rhynchites minutus .. 101
pubescens .. ils ile)
Rhyncophora .. dal
Rhyncolus ater 289
Rhyzodidae .. 333
Saperda carcharias.. 9
populnea .. 101
scalaris .. 290
Saprinus aeneus 18, 101
maritimus.. -. 101
metallicus.. 18
Scaphydiinae Ns Be 06 BEB}
Scarabaeidae .. 148, 205, 222, 334
Scarabaeinae Me .. 334
Scolytus destructor . 101
pruni Oe
rugulosus .. 77
Scraptia dubia Soe)
Scydmaenidae 72, 205
Scydmaeninae : 56 Gis!
Scydmaenus collaris 100
godarti .. 175
pusillus ae 175, 176
Scymnus capitatus .. yen AG
nigrinus 60 oo Oil
Sericosomus brunneus 101, 290, 331
Sibynia primita 00 .. 47
Silpha opaca ay 100

Vii.
PAGE.
Silpha tristis 50 100
Silphidae 42, 118, 148, 205, 333
Silphiinae 333
Simplocaria semistriata - 101
Sitones cambricus .. 101
crinitus 334
hispidulus.. 334
puncticollis 101
Smilax 147
americanus .. 119
pilosus 147, 204
Soleniscinae . .. 334
Soronia grisea : 101
Sphaeridium bipustalatum 100
Sphaeriinae .. : 333
Sphaerites glabratus | 290
Sphaeritinae 334
Sphindinae .. 334
Sphindus 78
dubius 78
Spirachtha . Be 56 .. 148
Staphylinidae 42, 43, 74, 88, 117,
118, 119, 147, 148, 149, 205,
262, 333
Staphyliniformia 50 SE
Staphylinus .. 147
latebricola.. 175
pilosus ae .. 147
stercorarius 19, 173, 176
Stenus flavipes if 5. a0)
guynemeri 330
nitidiusculus 100
pallitarsis .. .. 100
Stephanopachys oo akg
quadricollis oo kg
substriatus, Payk. ie}, 7, aS
Sternoxia : .. 334
Stilicus rufipes .. 100
subtilis : 334, 335
Strophosomus retusus .. 334
Stylopinae 334
Stylops 142
Tachinus elongatus 289
humeralis 100
Tachyporina O60 150
Tachypus flavipes .. 100
Tachys bistriatus 6 239
Tanymecus palliatus . 101
Tanysphyrus lemnae j .. 239
Taphria nivalis. 331, 335
Telephorus figuratus 101, 290
ab. scoticus -. 290
fuscus -. 239
lateralis .. 239
obscurus 290, 331
rusticus ot .. 334
Tenebrionidae 148, 205, 334
Termitobia .. & .. 148
Termitochara 148
Termitodius 148
Termitogaster 148
Termitomorpha 148
minerti 43
Termitophya 148

Vili.

Thiasophila as
inquilina ..
Thorictidae ..
Throscinae .. ‘
Tomicus acuminatus
Toxotus meridianus

Trachyphloeus spinimanus

Trechus rubens
secalis
Tredilia
Tribolium fervugineum
Trichius
Trichonyx mavkeli .
suleicollis .
Trichopterygidae
Trinodes hirtus
Troginae
Trogophloeus
anglicanus
foveolatus..
unicolor
Trogostinae ..
Tropiphorus mercurialis
Trox sabulosus
Trycondyla .. :
Trypodendron lineatum
Tychus niger
Typhaea fumata

Velleius dilatatus

Xantholinus atratus

glaber

linearis

ochraceus . .
Xenocephalini
Xenocephalus
Xenodusa

caseyi

sharpi
Xenogaster

Zeugophora flavicollis

DIPTERA.

aculeipes, Hyetodesia
annulatus, Culex
Anopheles

Asilidae

Bombylidae ..

chrysocoma, Chilosia
Culicidae

devius, Microdon

flava, Laphria
flava, Stomphastica

lucida, Aphelotrix ..

maculata, Leucophenga
Muscidae O00

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.
.. 174
. 175

148,

205

. 334

. 289
. 239

-. 290

78

-. 331

333,

334

eel Ou!

290,
176,

-. BB4

291

. 176

262

. 205

ug)

-. 308

308,

; 308

354
19

_. B34
-. 290
.. 331

"989

73

-. 100
eo

. 118

149,

174

60 Arts)

175.

_.43, 88,

ais
_ 118
_. 148

194,

persicariae, Cecidomyia
pipiens, Culex

scaevoides, Chamaesyrphus

HEMIPTERA.

Alydus
Aphidae

Belostomatidae
brevis, Nabis

candidula, Typhlocyba
caerulea, Zicrona
Centrotus

cimiciformis, Paracletus
Coccidae

coeca, Braula
cruentata, Typhlocyba
Fulgoridae

linearis, Ranatra

Myrmecoris .
Membracidae

Nabis..
Pentatomidae

Systellonotus

HYMENOPTERA.

acevorum, Leptothorax

aenescens, Fochocen dys ae :
. 162, 173, 174, 176

alienus, Lasius
Ampulicidi ..
Ancistrocerus ac
angustior, Andrena..
annulicornis, Heleon
antilope, Odynerus ..
aquatica, Prestwichia
armatulus, Blacus ..
atrata, Nomada

Atta ..

aurulenta, Osmia

barbara, Aphaenogaster
bicolor, Osmia
Braconidae ..
brunneus, Lasius

caespitum, Tetramorium ..

californicum, Eciton
camelus, Xyphidri ia

campanular um, Chelostoma (Exi-

aces)
campestris, Psithyrus
carbonarius, Crabro
cephalotes, Atta
ceratites, Glypta ..

118, 119, 147

162, 176

SPECIAL INDEX.

Chalcididae .. .. 205
coecum, Eciton 75, 89
columbica, Atta 50 Lay
crabro, Vespa . 40
Crabronidae 205
cyanea, Ceratina 46
dichrous, Camponotus 162
dilatata, Prosopis 40
Kciton . 43, 74, 75,88, 89
Elasmosoma 6 69 .. 150
erratica, Tapinoma.. 176
Eucharis 150
exsectoides, Formica, 163
fervens, Atta oa dlety/
flavus, Lasius 173, 176
flessae, Andrena ». LOA
foreli, Kciton 75, 150
Formica .. 173
Formicidae .. 205
fuliginosus, Lasius 42, 73, "88, 163,
164, 172, 173, 174, 175
fusca, Formica 162,173, 175
var. subsericea .. 162
cermanica, Nomada 266
eracilis, Odynerus .. 40
cuttulata, Nomada.. 40
helvolus, Dorylus 150
inanitus, Chelonus .. 223
integra, Formica 162
labialis, Andrena 40
laevigatus, Camponotus 163
laevigatus, Halictus 40
laevinodis, Myrmica 162, 173, 176,

263, 335
laevis, Halictus ee)
lateralis, Camponotus 162
latreillellus, Bombus 40

var. distinguenda .. 40
lineolata, Cremastogaster .. 162, 163
longipes, Plagiolepis .. 162
lugubrina, Glypta .. .. 293, 294
luguorina (lugubrina), Glypta 294
marginatus, Camponotus .. 162
melleus, Camponotus 162
mensurator, Glypta 294
mixtus, Lasius 150
Myrmica 173
neorufibarbis, Formica .. 63
niger, Lasius 162, 174, 176

var. alieno-niger .. 174
nycthemerus, Ichneumon (=quin-

queguttatus, Listrodromus) 164
Oecodoma 118
Pachylomma . 150
pallidefulva, Formica . 162

ix.
PAGE.
pallidula, Pheidole .. .. 162
persuasoria, Rhyssa .. 308
Pezomachidae .. 205
praedator, EKciton 74, 75
prasinus, Halictus . .. 40
pratensis, Formica .. .. 205
Proctotrupidae 205
proxima, Andrena .. 50 40
punctatissimus, Halictus .. 40
punctulata, Pheidole 89
quinqueguttatus, Listrodromus
164, 186, 187
retusus, Podalirius . . 308
rubicundus, Sphecodes 58 40
rufa, Formica 42, 138, 163, 164,
172, 173, 174, 214, 290
ruginodis, Myrmica 173, 176
salomonis, Monomorium 162
sanguinea, Formica 73, 149, 150,
162, 205, 355
saneuinolentus, Pompilus .. .. 266
scabrinodis, Myrmica 173, 176
sexdens, Atta ey AG
sexnotatus, Halictus 40
Sirex . 308
smithianus, Bombus- 194
spinulosa, Osmia 40
sulcata, Bothroponera 162
tenesseensis, Aphaenogaster 162
testaceopilosa, Aphaenogaster 162
tomentosus, Odynerus 265
tridentata, Andrena 40
Trigona : 112
truncatus, Ellampus. 168
versicolor, Megachile 40
LEPIDOPTERA.
abbreviata, Eupithecia 307
abietella, Dioryctria 105
abjecta, Mamestra .. 2 co | ANG
abruptaria, Hemerophila 51, 120,
140, 352
absinthiata, Eupithecia .. 250
absinthii, Cucullia .. 305
acaciae, Thecla es 68
acanthodactyla, Amblyptilia 220
Acanthopsychinae .. 126
aceris, Apatela (Acronycta) .. 323
achilleae, Anthrocera 80, 260, 362
achine (deianira), eS 8
Acidalia .. 318
acis, Nomiades vide ? semiargus, N.
Acronycta : . 299
actaea, Satyrus » 995 260, 319, 328
var. cordula 28 .. 328
actaeon, Thymelicus . 6, 94, 300
adamantius, Papilio j 121
adippe, Argynnis 8, 25, 51, 69, 94,
111, 228, 229, 246, 271, 310,
328, 342, 349

xX. SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

adippe var. cleodoxa 30, 69, 94,
325, 327,
admetus, Lycaena .. 2s 68,
var. rippertii

adustata, Ligdia
advena, Aplecta
advenaria, Epione ..
aegon, Plebeius (Polyommatus) 8,
9, 29, 38, 39, 58, 66, 69, 103.
246, 248, 272, 282, 315, 326,
aescularia, Anisopteryx 52, 83, 189,
233,
aesculi, Zeuzera vide pyrina, Z.
aethiops, Hrebia 68, 69, 283,
ab. ochracea
affinis, Calymnia
affinis, Masonia

943, 324,
60, 61, 62, 122

342
245
297

5 Ae

339

125, 126, 203,

affinitata, Emmelesia wa 52,
aganisa, Didonis .. ae ‘
agathina, Agrotis 136, 163, 168,

220,

agestis, Polyommatus vide astrarche,
12

aglaia, Argynnis 8, 25, 33, 64, 69,
82, 111, 228, 229, 244, 260,
271, 272, 285, 319, 322, 328,
340,
ab. charlotta .. be ne
albicillata, Melanthia 52, 103, 235,
269,
albicolon, Mamestra 25, 248, 270,
albipalpella, Gelechia ac
albipuncta, Leucania 273, 300, 323,
albipunctata, Eupithecia ae
albipunctella, Depressaria. . 26,
albistria, Argyresthia 56
albovenosa, Arsilonche 51, 104, 235,
271,
albulata, Emmelesia : bee
alceae, Spilothyrus . . 6, 64,
alciphron, Chrysophanus 31, 64, 68,
var. gordius
alcon, Lycaena 64, 65, 68,
aleyone, Hipparchia (eaivees)
alecto, Deilephila
alexanor, Papilio .. 20
alniaria (tiliaria), Ennomos (Eu-
gonia) : 323, 336,
alni, Jocheaera (Acronycta)
alpestris, Hercyna .. .
alpicola, Malacosoma
alsines, Caradrina ..
alternana, Conchylis ne
alternata, Macaria .. so. ahOKD),
altheae, Spilothyrus 8, 94, 258,
alveolus (malvae), Syrichthus 4, 8,
23, 29, 30, 51, 54, 64, 69, 102,
190, 279, 325,
alveus, Syrichthus 29, 30, 33, 69,
216, 228, 258, 260,
var. serratulae .
amanda, Lycaena (Polyommatus) 6,
7, 8, 32, G4, 69,

..9, 245,

58, «

342

5 dahil

269

PAGE.
amataria, Timandra 102, 245, 324, 347
amathusia, Brenthis (Argynnis) 8,
229, 260, 312
amatrix, Catocala .. oe so PHL
ambigua, Caradrina 26, 300, 337,
339, 341, 346
ambigualis, Scoparia eLOG
amyntas, Everes .. a 20
var. coretaS .. oe G, «&
var. polysperchon s0 OG s
anceps, Mamestra vide sordida, M.
andereggiella, Argyresthia 25, 337, 340
andromeda, Syrichthus . dll
angularia, Ennomos vide querci-
naria, Eee
angustella (atra), Ptilocephala 110
annulata, Zonosoma 80, 102, 300,
301, 324, 340, 343, 347
var. obsoleta 80
annulatella, Plutella 1137
anomala, Stilbia 135, 305, 338
antaeas, Amphonyx O06 oo LPL
anteros, Lycaena 30, 31, 33, 68, 69
Anthrocera .. ‘ 80, 259, 352
Anthrocerides : 50 .. 287
antiopa, Euvanessa 4, 8, 82, 111,
116, 121, 229, 253, 273, 300,

327, 353
antiqua, Notolophus (Orgyia) 51,

283, 323
antiquana, Orthotaenia .. Seow
apiciaria, Epione 167, 271, 273, 324,

338, 341
apiformis, Trochilium F 168
apollo, Parnassius 66, 68, 82, 94,

228, 229, 260, 310, 319, 326
applana, Depressaria 00 oo | AG
aquata, Phibalapteryx 35, 36, 82,

85, 86, 111
araealis, Oligostoma 222
arbuti, Heliodes vide tenebrata, H.
arcania, Coenonympha_ .
var. darwiniana 4, 8, 66, 69,
93, 94, 328
ab. obsoleta ; .. 328
areas (erebus), Lycaena oo OE
archippus, Anosia 69, 70, 182, 183,
184, 185, 186, 207, 208, 236,
237, 238, 257
var. evippus re . 236
Arctiadae : 222, 230
arcuosa, Tapinostola. (Chortodes)

312, 341
ardeniae, Cizara sq eit
arenella, Depressaria 26, 52
areola (lithoriza), Xylocampa . 234
argentana, Sciaphila 259, 260
argentula, Coleophora 90 -. 307
argiades, Everes (Lycaena) 29, 30, 68

var, coretas : 94
argiolus, Cyaniris 4, 8, 50, 51, 64,
94, 102, 107, 137, 164, 186,
187, 190, 219, 234, 268, 269,
272, 274, 282, 300, 301, 313,

314, 323, 326, 340, 342, 344

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

argus, Plebeius 8, 9, 38, 39, 68, 69,
258, 260, 309, 319,
var. argyrognomon
Argynnidae .. 68
Argyresthia ..
arion, Lycaena 8, 50, 64, 65, 66, 68,
69, 93, 94, 2 2, 310, 312,
var. christi
var. obscura
artemis, Melitaea, vide aurinia, M.
artemisiella, Coleophora
aruncella, Micropteryx 314,
arundinis, Macrogaster vide cast-
aneae, M. .. es a
arundinis (typhae), Nonagria
asiliformis, Sesia ie
assimilata, Kupithecia
associata, Cidaria 5
asteris, Cucullia 6 ©6PPXO);
astrarche (agestis), Polyommatus 4,
8, 25, 29, 30, 35, 52, 64, 69,
104, 190, 219, 234, 244, 258,
260, 272, 279, 323, 326,
ab. allous :
atalanta, Pyrameis 4, 8, 13, 24, 26,
51, 53, 64, 69, 82, 106, 107,
rl, 229, 244, 248, 272, 274,
279, 322, 327,
athalia, Melitaea 8, 58, 59, 64, 69,
82, 93, 244, 310, 311,
ab. eos ..
atomaria, Ematurga (Fidonia) 23,
52, 191, 234, 246,
atra (plumifera), Ptilocephala 10,
atrata, Tanagra 0
atricapitana, EKupoecilia
atriplicis, Hadena .. si
atropos, Acherontia (1) (Manduca) 26,
53, 54, 81, 272, 273, 275, 276,
280, 295, 302, 308, 314, 336,
337, 338, 339, 340, 344, 346,
augur, Noctua 52,

167,

aurago, Tiliacea (Xanthia) 26, 2

aurantiaria, Hybernia
aureatella, Micropteryx 314,
aurelia, Melitaea 5, 8, 66,

var. britomartis ats 5,
aureola, Lithosia
aurifiua, Porthesia vide similis, P.
aurinia, Melitaea 4, 8, 33, 65,

var. merope .. 0.0 6
aurita, Endrosa (Setina) 163,

14, 15, 16,

230,
259,
aurora, Colias
auroraria, Hyria vide muricata, iE,
australis, Aporophyla
autumnaria (alniaria), Ennomos
267,
autumnata, Oporabia
avellana, Ceratomia
avellana (limacodes) ( (testudo), Coch-
lidion (Heterogenea) 166, 244,
ayersata, Acidalia 51, 140, 244, 245,
246, 324, 342,
var. spoliata .. O0 00

102, 2

326
8

og AKG)

340

313
310
5)

307
315

> Ug
. 269
. 250
. 312

249

300

347
342

xi.

PAGE.

backmanni, Libythea
badiana, Argyrolepia ae ye
badiata, Anticlea 245, 269,
baia, Noctua 271, 283, 323, 337,
bajularia, Phorodesma vide pustu-

lent, 125 bo a0 20
baliodactyla, Aciptilia (Leioptilus)
barbalis, Pechypogon
barrettii, Dianthoecia
basilinea, Apamea .. :
batis, Thyatira nen Zon
baton, Polyommatus (Lycaena) 30,

249,

belia, Anthocaris
var. ausonia .
bellargus (adonis), Polyommatus 4,
8, 29, 30, 33, 59, 64, 69, 82,

93, 104, 195, 272, 281, 282,

323, 326, 340, 344,

.. 8, 326,
341,

var. ceronus
bembeciformis, Sesia
berberata, Anticlea .. see 5%
berisalensis, Melitaea at 7,
betulae, Zephyrus 2, 102, 272,
betularia, Amphidasys 51, 107, 140,
250, 301, 338,
betulina, Proutia (Fumea) 59, 81,
92, 124, 126, 146,
bicolor, Notodonta .. Se we
bicolorana (quercana), Hylophila
93, 221,
bicolorata (rubiginata), Melanthia
52, 106, 120, 283, 338,
ab. plumbata S20}
bicoloria (furuncula), Miana 23, 26,
106,
bicuspis, Cerura (Dicranura)
bidentata, Odontopera
bifida, Cerura (Dicranura) . .
Bijugis 50 6.0
bilineata, Camptogramma, 52, 140,
245,
bilunaria(illunaria),Selenia 51, 324,
bimaculata (taminata), Bapta 102.
234, 300, 340,
binaria (hamula), Drepana 23, 52,
103,
bipunctaria (bipunctata), Ortholitha
(Eubolia) .. 23, 104, 259,
bipunctella, Psecadia a oe
bisetata, Acidalia 106, 271, 300,
bistortata, Tephrosia 9, 10, 105, 189,
abietaria, Hn. nec Hb. ..
albida- biundulata
baeticaria .
biundularia, Bkh.
biundulata :
consonaria, Steph. nec Hb.
crepuscularia, Dup. nec Hb.
ab. defessaria .. ee
strigularia, Steph.
ab. passetii
laricaria
biundularia, Tephrosia vide crepus-
cularia, T.

23,

10,

. 284

26
341
342

217

. 245

270

. 105

344

326
107

30, 68

xii.

PAGE
blanda, Caradrina vide taraxaci, C.
boetica, Lampides 7, 8, 273, 279, 339
bombycella, Bijugis 90, 126
bombyliformis, Macroglossa 342
brassicae, Mamestra 244, 323, 350
brassicae, Pieris 4, 8, 13, 24, Fil, 68,

82, 106, 107, 116, 143, 229,

254, 255, 256, 257, 272, 327, 348
Brenthia : 352
brevilinea, Nonagria (Leucania) 104,

271, 295, 301
brizella, Ergatis bi .. 340
brockeella, Argyresthia so AG
brongniartellum, Coriscium 26, 340
Bruandia é ie 20
brumata, Gheimntobia 22) 33, 106
brunnea, Noctua 245, 337, 343
bryce, Satyrus se oo HAT
bucephala, Phalera (Pygaera) 52, 323
cacaliae, Syrichthus 65, 69
caeruleocephala, Diloba 22, 23, 77, 245
caesiata, Larentia 217, 249, 260,
283, 341
caia, Arctia 5, Wi) 232, 249° 245
c-album, Polygonia (Grapta) 4, 8,

52, 64, 82, 107, 116, 275, ea 327
caledoniana, Peronea F 56 1
Callarctia : a6 sig we 22a
callidice, Pieris 6, 7, 32, 229, 311, 319
Callimorpha. . a .. 222

calthella, Micropteryx 314, 315

cambrica (cambricaria), Venusia
140, 301, 338, 341

camelina, Lophopteryx (Ptilodonta)

137, 166, 190, 250, 296, 313,

338, 341, 342
camilla, Limenitis .. 8, 68, 69, 93
candida (? cribrum var.), Emydia 299
candidata, Asthena.. 23, 244
canella, Gymnancycla Sol BTL
caniola, Lithosia so BBY
cannae, Nonagria 271, 301
capitata, Euchera .. oa sali}
capreolella, Depressaria .. oo daz
capsincola, Dianthoecia 167, 270, 304
cara, Catocala ae oll
carbonariella, Phycis s/o .. B41
cardamines, Euchloé 4, 8, 33, 51,

64, 68, 102, 110, 116, 164,

190, 234, 244, 327
cardui, Pyrameis 4, 8, 13, 24, 26,

29, 51, 52, 53, 69, 70, 98,

111, 127, 128, 152, 154* 156,

157, 158, 182, 183, 185, 208,

218, 224, 238, 248, 253, 257,

272, 279, 300, 305, 322, 327,

336, 343
carmelita, Lophopteryx oo aligyi)
carniolica, Anthrocera 260, 352
carthami, Syrichthus 5, 64, 69,

311), 325
casta, Fumea 43, 60, 61, 62, 93,

122, 123, 124, 125, 126,-146,

147, 202, 203

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.
casta var. bowerella 60, 61, 62, 125
var, intermediella 60, 61, 62,
124, 125, 146, 147, 202
ab. minor 50 oA .. 124
var. nitidella 60, 61, 62, 122,
123, 124, 125, 203
castanea, Noctua ..297, 298, 337, 341
var. laevis aie .. 298
var. neglecta so 2s
var. pallida . 298
castaneae, Macrogaster oo fll
castilia, Eresia oo lmiL
Castnia . 318
Castniidae ae day Pal
castrensis, Malacosoma (Bombyx)
84, 151, 191, 201, 252
catax, Lachneis 110
caudana, Rhacodia (Teras) 26
celerio, Choerocampa 13
celsia, “Jaspidia bo af ao Pps
celtis, Libythea ..284, 285, 325, 327
Ceratomia He os ee OAL
cerisyi, Thais 30, 31, 32, 68
Cerostoma .. 340
cespitalis, Herbula (Ennychia) 104,
106, 259
cespitis, Luperina ..273, 323, 338, 341
ceto, Erebia .. 108, 131, 310
chaerophyllata, Tanagra videatrata,
chaerophyllellus, Chauliodus 192
chaerophylli, Depressaria . . a5 AG
chamomillae, Cucullia . 188, 301
chaonia, Drymonia.. . 166, 245, 247, 300
chi, Polia 5 .. 140, 342
var. olivacea 106, 342
chlorana, Earias (Halias) .. oo Beil
chloridice, Pieris .. so Hil, Bw, CS
aoe be oo Ui
Choreutidae . 352
Choreutis : 352
chryseis, Chrysophanus 8
chrysippus (misippus), Danais 237
chrysippus, Limnas Ae 56 GilG
chrysitis, Plusia 52, 106, 244, 264,
335, 342, 343, 346
chrysolepidella, Hriocrania 315
chryson (orichalcea), Plusia .. 235
chrysorrhoea, Porthesia 165, 245,
249, 274
chrysozona (dysodea), Hecatera
220, 293, 314
Cidaria : oe .. 283
cilialis, Nascia 104, 235
ciliella, Fumea .. 203
cinarae, Syrichthus 32
cingulata (cingulalis), Ennychia
104, 234, 259
cinxia, Melitaea 5, 8, 30, 33, 64, 69, 327
circellaris (ferruginea), Mellinia
324, 340, 341
cisseis, Morpho ae 121
citrago, Tiliacea (Xanthia) _ 249, 340
citraria (ochrearia), Aspilates 324
citrinellum, Coriscium -. 040

SPECIAL INDEX.

clathrata, Strenia
cleopatra, Gonepteryx
c-nigrum, Noctua (Amathes) 52,

Cocoecia

Cochlidinae ..
coenosa, Laelia
Coleophora ;
comes, Triphaena vide orbona, T.
comitella, Bruandia 48, 45, 52, 60,
86, 90, 91,
comma, Leucania (Heliophila) 244,
245, 312,
comma, Pamphila 5, 25, 33, 103,
228, 258, 260, 272, 320, 323,
325,

111,

comparana, Peronea
complana, Lithosia..
complanula (lurideola),

51, 300,
Lithosia
271, 300,
Conchylis ..
conigera, Leucania (Heliophila) 106,
313,
948°

consortaria, Boarmia ny
166, 248,

conspersa, Dianthoecia
conspicillaris, Xylomiges
contaminana, Teras
contigua, Hadena :
convolvuli, Sphinx 53, 54, 120,
138, 274, 302, 303,
coprodactylus, Mimaeseoptilus ..
coracina (trepidaria), Psodos 166,
261,
95,
258,

cordula, Satyrus (Hipparchia)

Coremia
Coriscium j
corticana, Penthina_ ‘
corticea, Agrotis 25, 120, 140, 245,
302, 313,
corydon, Polyommatus 8, 25, 82,
94, 195, 216, 217, 258, 260,
272, 282, 323, 340,
var. albicans
corylana, Tortrix o0 o6
corylata, Cidaria . 85, 235,
cosmodactyla (acanthodactyla),
Platyptilia (arebigetlie) 26,
Cossidae ‘ :
Cossus :
costaestrigalis, Hypenodes. .
costalis, Pyralis (Asopis)
costana, Tortrix
crameralis, Glyphodes “ie
crassiorella, Masonia (Fumea) 20,
43, 60, 61, 62, 86, 90, 91, 92,
93, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126,
crataegata, Rumia vide luteolata,
crataegi, Aporia 8, 30, 64, 68, 93,
223, 229, 260,
ab. suffusa

323, 339, :

300, :

104, :
104, :

crataegi, Trichiura 84, 166, 901, 245, 273

crepuscularia (biundularia), Teph-
rosia 9, 10, 11, 23, 51, 189, 235,

338

xii
PAGE.
=biundularia : ie
=laricaria, Buckl. nec Dbld. 11
ab. defessaria .. eo. dual
ao. delamerensis 10, 11
var. incertata .. 10, 11
var. lutamentaria 10, il
ab, nigra 11
cribralis, Herminia. 235
cribrella (cribrum), Myelois (Myelo-
phila) : . 60, 103
cribrum, Eulepia hi .. 300
cristana, Peronea .. Es 25, 340
cristatella, Bucculatrix . oo 40)
cristulalis (confusalis), Nola 23, 269
croatica, Macroglossa 31
croceago, Hoporina.. 83
crocealis, Ebulea : 245
cruciata (asella), Heterogenea 221
cubicularis, Caradrina vide quadri-
punctata, C.
cucubali, Dianthoecia 52, 245, 346
cucullatella, Nola 22, 23, 300, 341
cuculla (cucullina), Lophopteryx .. 166
culiciformis, Sesia .. : , 188
cultraria (unguicula), Drepana 23,
eo 234, 296
cursoria, Agrotis 243, 284
curtula, Pygaera (Clostera) 234,
248, ar 296
cyane, Cethosia ae 354
Cybosia = 230
cyllarus, Nomiades 4, 8, 30, 64, 69,
93, 310, 326
cynipiformis, Sesia.. Ss 134, 188
cynthia, Melitaea Uy S DO, GS, GY)
cytisaria, Pseudoterpna vide prui-
nata, P.
dahlii, Noctua aS oo etek, BEI!
damon, Polyommatus 82, 228, 258,
260, 320
daphne, Argynnis 7, 50, 64, 68, €9, 94
daplidice, Pieris 5, 7, 30, 107, 110,
228, 229, 253
var. bellidice AF 50 BY)
davus, Coenonympha 34, 64, 65, 69
dealbata, Siona vide lineata, S.
debiliata, Eupithecia 301, 337, 338
decolorata, Emmelesia 52, 102, 342
decorata, Acidalia : 2.) 209
decrepitalis, Scopula 105
decussata, Siona .. 215
defoliaria, Hybernia 14, i, 16, 22,

23, 136
deione, Melitaea é As oo SB
delius, Parnassius .. 7, 8, 51, 261, 319
delphinii, Chariclea xe oo ay
Deltoides .. He fe .. 245
dentina, Hadena 52, 235, 245, 270,

312, 343

deplana (helvola), Lithosia . 340

Depressaria .. re .. 250, 340

depuncta, Noctua . ne .. 284
derasa, Gonophora (Habrosyne)

(Thyatira) . 92, 245, 313, 334

xiv.

PAGE’

derivata, Anticlea vide nigrofasci-
aria, A.

Derotmema .. 2 9 17
designata, Coremia . so 2B Hey Bye!
dia, Brenthis (Areynnis) 4, 8, ae

66, 69, 82, 93, 116
diana, Orchemia 5 BoP

dictaeoides, Leiocampa (Notodonta)
301, 338,
dictynna, Melitaea .. 8, 65, 69, 82,
didyma, Apamea .. nO,
didyma, Melitaea 6, 30, 64, 68, 82,
228, 229, 260, 310, 319,
var. alpina
didymata, Larentia..
diffinis, Calymnia ..
diffinis, Gelechia
dilucidana, Conchylis
diluta, Asphalia
dilutaria, Acidalia vide interject-
aria, A.
dilutata, Oporabia vide nebulata, O.
dimidiata (scutulata), Acidalia 51,
diphilus, Papilio .. ase 2.0
dipoltella (dipoltana), Conchylis ..
Dismorphiadae : 90 :
dispar, Chrysophanus 4
var. rutilus ae ats 32,
dispar, Porthetria (Ocneria) 109,
141, 144, 179,
dissimilis (suasa), Hadena .. 26,
distans, Oxyptilus vide laetus, O.
diva, Walsinghamia
dodonea (trimacula),

22, 52, 283,

26,
265,

Notodonta

166, 247,
dolabraria, Furymene 51, 244, 245,
dominula, Callimorpha Talal,
donzelii, Polyommatus wills 259,
Dor atifera ate

348
310
323

327
327
324
313
340
307
340

314
13
307

. 203
epelalel!

68

300
235

. 352

337
300
222
312

21

dorilis, Chrysophanus (Polyommatus)

4, 8, 29, 64, 65, 68, 82,
dorus, Coenonympha : ve
dorylas, Polyommatus 4, 5, 8,
dotata, Cidaria ne 52,
douglasella, Depressaria
dromedarius, Notodonta
dryas, Satyrus
dubitalis, Scoparia ..
dubitata, Scotosia (‘Triphosa)
dumetana, Tortrix .. a
duplaris, Gymatophora 245, 301,
duponcheli, Leucophasia ...
dysodea (chrysozona), Hecatera 220
edusa (croceus), Colias (Eurymus)
4, 8, 24, 26, 29, 33, 64, 65,
68, 70, 71, 72, 82, 107, 111,
127, 152, 183, 185, 208, 218,
228, 229, 238, 248, 244, 253,
272, 273, 275, 276, 277, 278,
279, 280, 295, 300, 305, 306,
307, 322, 337, 339, 340, 341,
342, 344, 347,

par, helice 7, 8, 33, 272, 276,

326
94
82

301

. 135

338

. 267

106
22
51

338
58

314

348

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

277, 278, 279, 280, 305, 306,
307, 339, 340, 341, 343,

edwardsella, Masonia 43, 45, 60,
61, 62, 92, 123, 124,
egea, Polygonia . .64, 94,

egeria, Pararge 8, 51, 53, 69, 82,
107, 116, 190, 219, 279, 284,

285, 328,

ab. intermedia . . ate Se
egerides, Pararge .. fee 25,
electa, Catocala ae 3
elinguaria, Crocallis 5026}, Syll,
elpenor, Choerocampa 51, 245,

elutata, Hypsipetes vide furcata, H.
emarginata, Acidalia 52, 271, 300,

324,
emutaria, Acidalia .. ai
Endrosa
Endrosis
Ennomos : ui
Epichnopteryx se a 20,
epiphron (cassiope), Melampias

(Hrebia) 6, 7, 8, 64, 65, 67, 68,

69, 260, 319, 331,
var. nelamus

eppingella, Proutia .
equitella, Glyphipteryx
Erebia
Hrebiidi
ergane, Pieris
erigerana, Phalonia
erigeronana, Sonne
Eriocephala .

ee
92, 126,
_. 34, 67,
ee csr

HKriocrania 141, 168, 314,
Eriocraniidae
Eriocraniides Ne rn ae
eriphyle, Melampias ae Up
eroides, Polyommatus (Lycaena) 64,
65, 66, 68,
eros, ae ae ee 00 Gy 258,
erosaria, HEnnomos . 323, te
Erycinides :

erymanthis, Messarus
escheri, Polyommatus (Lycaena) 64,
69, 93, 94, 227,
Eulimacodinae
eumedon, Polyommatus (Lycaena)
8, 30, 33, 64, 66, 69, 260,
var. fyleia 08 30, 33,
euphenoides, Euchloé S08
euphorbiata (murinata), Minoa
euphorbiae, Deilephila
euphrosyne, Brenthis (Argynnis) 4,
8, 30, 32, 33, 51, 64, 65, 67,
69, 93, 111, 116, 190, 219,
229, ie ae
Kupithecia .. :
Kupoecilia ..
euryale, Hrebia 65, 166, 67, "68, 69,
82, 216, 259, 260, 309,

eurybia, Chrysophanus
evias, Erebia 59:
exanthemaria, Cabera 91, ie

exclamationis, Agrotis 25, 107, 120,
244, 245, 302, 313,

314, é

320, i

348

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.
exigua, Laphyema .. 111, 341, 347
exoleta, Calocampa 269, 270, 338,

341, 342
expallidana, Catoptria 51
extersaria (luridata), Tephrosia 244,

245, 300
extrema, Tapinostola 5g JPAL
exulans, Anthrocera 260
exulis, Crymodes 111
fagella, Diurnea .. 107, 136, 190
fagi, Stauropus 131, 166, 190, 219,

248, 271, 300
falcataria (falcula), Drepana 52, 103,

245, 246, 301, 313
fallonica, Ophideres 13
fasciaria, Ellopia vide prosapiazia,

E.

fasciuncula, Miana 245, 302, 312, 344
fastuosella, Eriocrania 5 Bul)
fausta, Anthrocera . 352
favicolor, Leucania .. BY
ferchaultella, Luffia 20
ferrugana, Peronea.. ce ao AS
ferrugata, Coremia . 9, 28, 245, 324
ferruginella, Blabophanes -. 112
festiva, Noctua 244, 245, 302, 312, 343,
festucae, Plusia 105, 244, 270, 271, 272
fibrosa (leucostigma), Helotropha 51
fidia, Satyrus : os oo | OME
filigrammaria, Oporabia .. 342
filipendulae, Anthrocera 25, 352
fimbria, Triphaena 234, 323, 337, 341
fimbrialis, Pyralis .. 301
fimbrialis, Thalera . 182
fimbriata, Hivioerania 168
firmata, Thera ws eer oe
flammea, Meliana .. 235, 271, 301
flammealis, Endotricha 103, 313
flavago (ochracea), Gortyna 241
flavago(silago), Citria(Xanthia) 23, 340
flaveolaria, Acidalia 259, 260, 319, 356
flavicincta, Rolie 339
flavicornis, Asphalia 136, 188, 189,

233, 234, 245
flexula, Aventia .. 135
fluctuata, Melanippe 23, 52, 120, 324, 347
fluviata, Camptosramma .. 135, 220
foeneella (foeneana), Ephippiphora 264
forficellus, Schoenobius .. 344
formiciformis, Sesia 271
francillonana, Conchylis (Lozopera)

223, 307
franconica, Malacosoma 110
fraxinata, Eupithecia .. 246
fraxini, Catocala oo. alii, ax04!
fritillum, Syrichthus oC 5, 8

var. alveus 5, 8, 325
fuciformis, Macroglossa 51, 81, 102,

191, 219, 244
fuligana, Sericoris .. Sc so Oil
fuliginaria, Boletobia ea le
fulva, Tapinostola .. . 106, 342
fulvago (cerago), Citria (Xanthia)

324, 340

XV.

PAGE.

fulvata, Cidaria 23, 52, 106, 342, 343

fumata, Acidalia 301

Fumea . 59, 86, 87, 107, 126, 202
furcata, Hydriomena 22, 246, 259,

260, 283, 324, 343
furcatellus, Crambus 4G Gs
furcula, Cerura (Dicranura) 323, 357
furuncula, Miana vide bicoloria, M.
furvata, Gnophos is . 259
fuscalis, Botys 245
fuscantari ia, Ennomos (Eugonia) 80,

104, 340
fuscocuprella, Coleophora .. so a4
fuscoviridella, Pea ae: 60 JIG
fuscula, Erastria 102, 103, 300, 344
galatea (galathea), Melanargia 8, 25,

31, 66, 68, 69, 102, 111, 228,
229, 272, 300, 311, 328, 340
var. procida 94, 311, 328
var. turcica 6 Re oo all
galiata, Melanippe .. 284, 341
ealii, Deilephila oo Gul
gamma, Plusia 13, 14, 15, 26, 52,
127, 128, 224, 244, 247, 272,
324, 338, 342, 346, 349, 355
Gauris fe BE ap .. 352
gemina, Apamea 106, 244, 249, 312
geminipuncta, Nonagria 28, 132, 168
gemmaria (rhomboidaria), Boarmia 324
genistae, Anarsia 6 oo UB
genistae, Hadena 300, 302, 312
gentiana, Penthina.. 265, 307
Geometridae .. 140
germanica, Fumea 60, 61, 62, 122,

125, 126
gerronella, Gelechia 137
gibbosella, Psoricoptera .. .. 340
gigantellus, Schoenobius ea) oo AOA
gilvago, Mellinia 340
gilvaria, Aspilates .. Se .. 104
glabraria, Cleora 189, 300, 341
glacialis, Erebia 261, 311, 320, 354

ab. alecto 82, 311, 354

ab. pluto Sf 311
glareosa, Noctua 26, 250, 341
glauca, Hadena we .. 341
elaucata (spinula), Cilix 23, 52, 246,

341, 342
glaucinalis, Pyralis (Asopis) 313, 338
glaucinaria, Gnophos ; -. 259
gloriosa, Sangala_ .. 50 oo UML
glyphica, Euclidia .. 52, 191, 234
Glyphipteryx co diy
enaphalii, Cucullia . 5s og ALi
goante, Hrebia 216, 217, 267
goedartella, Argyresthia 265 752
gonodactyla, Platyptilia 53, 192
gonostigma, Notolophus (Orgyia)

113, 250
gordius, Chrysophanus 50, 259, 311
gorge, Hrebia ~ 67; 261, 267, 320

var. erynnis 50 » &
var. triopes 311
gorgone, Hrebia .. ae 67

Xvi.
PAGE.
var. rhodopensis 67, 69
Gortyna i .. 241
gothica, Taeniocampa 234, 245, 269
gracilis, Taeniocampa 166, 189, 190,

201, 297
graecella, Psychidea . 86, 87, 168
eraminis, Charaeas 16, 323, 342
grandaevana, mpi pelphers (Halo-

nota) 168
erisealis, Zanclognatha ‘ . 245
griseola, Lithosia 271, 299, 336 |

ab. stramineola 267, 271, 336
grossana, Carpocapsa ; 265
grossulariata, Abraxas 23, 52, 111,

130, 245, 324
gundlachianus, Papilio oo leit
halterata, Lobophora 52, 235
hamula, Drepana vide binaria, D.
harpagula (sicula), Drepana 111, 120, 198
hastata, Melanippe .. : oo AGS
haworthii, Celaena .. ~. 106, 342
hecate, Brenthis (Argynnis) 66, 69
hectus, Hepialus 51, 106, 139, 215,

245, 341, 342
heldreichi, Colias .. 351
hellmanni,Tapinostola 51, 104, 335, 336
helveola, Lithosia .. 340
helveticaria, Hupithecia 105

var. arceuthata 105
helvola, Anchocelis 23, 26, 300, 338, 342
Hemerophila 352
heparana, Tortrix .. 26
heparata, Hupisteria vide obliter ata,

EK.
hepariella, Zelleria.. .. 340
hepatica, Xylophasia 245, 344
Hepialidae oodles}
Hepialus : .. 106
hera, Callimorpha 26, 82, 109, 130,

194, 222, 227, 247, 273, 337,

339, 342
heracleana, Depressaria ya26
herbida, Aplecta vide prasina, A.
herbosana, Dichrorampha. . .. 105
herminata (marginepanctella), Dip-

lodoma : .. 145, 146
Hesperiadae . a oF, .. 203
Hesperiades . . is a =. 203, 204
Hesperides : : .. 325
Heterognomon 317
hexapterata, Lobophora vide hal-

terata L.
hibernicella, Masonia (Luffia) 60,

123, 126
hiera, Pararge 33, 34, 67, 69
hippocastanaria, Pachyenemia 52, 103
hippocrepidis, Anthrocera (Hb.) .. 352
hippocrepidis, Anthrocera (Steph.

nec Hb.) .. o6 25, 352
hippomedusa, Er ebia : 312
hippothoé, Chrysophanus 33, 64, 68,

259, 260

var. eurybia .. 260
hispidaria, Nyssia .. 136, 189

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.
hispidus, Heliophobus 06 AY)
horridella, Cerostoma 25, 340
hiibnerella, Chelaria Se so. AS
humeralis, Teleia 26, 337, 340
humiliata, Acidalia ae .. 306
humuli, Hepialus 106, 139, 248

hyale, Colias (Eurymus) 4, 8, 9, 30,

66, 68, 70, 71, 82, 152, 185,

216, 219, 228, 229, 235, 238,

243, 250, 253, 260, 272, 276,

277, 278, 279, 280, 294, 295,

302, 305, 306, 307, 313, 322,

327, 336, 337, 339, 340, 341,

342, 344, 347,

Hybernia ; c 15,

hybridalis, Stenopteryx vide noc.

tuella, S. .

hybridella(hybridellana), Bupoecilia
Hydrocampinae 0
Hydroecia ..

hylas, Polyommatus 33, 94, 258,

260,

hyperanthus, Enodia 8, 23, 51, 52,

66, 69, 106, 246, 272, 328,

Hypsidae O00 We ac

janira, Epinephele 8, 51, 69, 82, 105,
106, 111, 244, 272, 313,
icarus (alexis), Polyommatus 4, 5,
8, 26; 29; 33) oll, 53; 64, 82)
93, 104, 105, 111, 190, 219,
244, 258, 270, 272, 279, 281,
282, 301, 310, 320, 328,
var. icarinus ..

ichneumoniformis, Sesia 167, 194,
Idaea . fe ai tks

idaea, Hestia
idaeoides, Papilio

ilia, Apatura 45 W658)
var. clytie ae mee 69,
ilicis, Thecla 5 Bille, SSI,
var. Cerri : R
ilicifolia, Epicnaptera(Gastropacha)
84,

illunaria, Selenia vide bilunaria, 8.
illustraria (tetralunaria), Selenia. .
imitaria, Acidalia i 52,
immanata, Cidaria 9, 106, 217, 235

260, 283, 284, «

var. centum-notata ..
immutata, Acidalia.. 52, 271, 301,
impluviata, Hydriomena (Hypsi-
petes) vide trifasciata, H.
impura, Leucania 244, 245, 271,

312,
inara, Serrodes St
incongruella, Butalis ae
indigata, Eupithecia . 103,
ino, Brenthis 8, 34, 68,
inornata, Acidalia .. 337, 340,
insolatana, Tortrix .. ae ets
instabilis (incerta), Taeniocampa

52, 190,
interjecta, Triphaena te

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

interjectaria (dilutaria), Acidalia
intermediella, Fumea
io, Vanessa (Hamadryas)
53, 82, 107, 111, 116,
272, 322, 327, 336, 339, ao

343, 344,

iolas, Polyommatus (Lycaena) 5, 8,
30, 31, 50, 69,

iota, Plusia 106, 244, 247, 301,
iphis, Coenonympha _ 5, 8, 66, 69,
258,

iris, Apatura 68, 69, 294, 300, 341,

irrorella, Philea (Setina)

isogrammaria (isogrammata),
pithecia a0

Eu-

jacobaeae, Huchelia (Tyria) 51, 191,
219, 222,
j-album, Hugonia ..
janthina, Triphaena
var. latimarginata
jasius, Charaxes
juncicolella, Coleophora

247, 297,

krueperi, Pieris

lacertinaria (lacertula), Drepana 52,

103,
Lachneides .. ae 196%
lactearia, Iodis 93, 51, 180, 244,
245,

laetus (distans), Gaseuing 135, 165,

Lampronia ..

lancealis, Botys “a

lanestris, Lachneis (Eriogaster) 84,
138, 165, 196,

langiella, Anybia .. oe 3

lapidata, Phibalapteryx

lapidella, Luffia .-20, 92,
lappona, Erebia . 64, 65,
Larentiidae .. Ne wh ae
larissa, Melanargia . . : on es
Lasiocampides

latistrius, Crambus. . 4
lathonia (latona), Argynnis 4, 8, 30,
69, 82, 111, 116, 928, 229,
253, 258, 260, 279, 310, 319,
lavaterae, Spilothyrus 31, 69, 93,
leander, Coenonympha 30, 31, 33,

64,
lentiscaria, Scodiona : ve
leporina, Apatela (Acronycta)
lesbia, Colias ne 66
Leucania oe
leucographa, Pachnobia 189,
leucophaea, Pericopsis .. 56
leucophaearia, Hybernia 51, 136,

189,

libatrix, She aaa 27, 52, soe 324,
Libytheidae oy D0
Libytheides ..
Libytheinae ..
lichenaria, Cleora
lienardi, Achaea

-.106, 189, 300,

313
126

Xvii.

PAGE.

ligea, Erebia 8, 66, 67, 68, 69, 228,
lignata (vittata), Phibalapteryx 271,
301,

139, 293, 317,
318,

ligula, Cerastis (Orrhodia).. ®),
ligustri, Craniophora (Acronycta)
245, 246,

53, 54, 138, 245,
272,
Ortholitha
52, 106,

ligniperda, Cossus

ligustri, Sphinx

limitata (mensurayria),
(Eubolia)
limoniella, Goniodoma Sie
linariata, Kupithecia 54,
linea, Thymelicus vide thaumas, T.
linearia (trilinearia), Zonosoma 23,
102,
lineata (dealbata), Siona 102,
lineola, Thymelicus 51, 228, 258,
260,
lineolea, Coleophora
literana, Leptogramma
literosa, Miana
lithargyria, Leucania
Lithosianae . a6
lithoxylea, Xylophasia 52, 245, 328,
littoralis, Leucania (Heliophila) 25,
270,
23, 24, 52, 1038,
13,
247,
loewii (zophodactylus), eco
tilus a ae
lonicerae, Anthrocera 259, 260, 319,
var. major on © 58),
var. medicaginis j o
lota, Orthosia (Anchocelis)
lotella, Anerastia ..
lubricipeda, Spilosoma 51, 120, 245,
var. radiata 120,
lucella, Cerostoma .. Sc
lucernea, Agrotis
lucidata,, Phalaena, . ae
lucilla, Neptis es ye 68,
lucina, Nemeobius 4, 8, 33, 64, 68,
69, 93, 190, 214, 219, 234,
300, 326,

"26, 337,
, Bagy
104,

liturata, Macaria
livornica (lineata), Deilephila

luctuosa, Acontia
lucipara, Euplexia .. 52,
Luffia Be
lunaris, Ophiodes ae on
lunigera, Agrotis .. 120, 168, 339,
lunosa, Anchocelis 26, 120, 324, 341,
lupulinus, Hepialus cA 23,
lurideola (complanula), Lithosia
271,
lutarella (pygmaeola), Lithosia
lutealis, Scopula :
lutearia, Cleogene
luteata, Asthena 23, 51, 102, 103,
235, 244,
luteolata (crataegata), Rumia 22,
51, 244, 245, 304, 324,
lutulenta, Epunda 121, 221, 340,
Lycaenidae . : 148,

244, 245,
107, 145,

259, 260, 298, :

309
338

XVili.

PAGE.
Lycaenides .. .. 825
lycaon, Epinephele 5, 68, 69, 95,

228, 258, 260

lychnitis, Cucullia .. ae .. 248
machaon, Papilio 4, 8, 58, 68, 82,
104, 107, 116, 171, 224, 228,
229, 260, 271, 272, 273, 274,
275, 300, 303, 309, 322, 326,

335, 336, 339, 341

var. aurantiaca : .. 326
macilenta ,Oxthosia (Anchocelis) 338, 341
macrops, Patula .. no 118}
maculata, Venilia .. 23, al, 191, 244
maculosana, Hupoecilia 50. AST
maera, Pararge 8, 30, 33, 64, 67,

69, 258, 260, 310, 311, 328
maggiella, Luffia .. go ably
malvae (alveolus), Syrichthus 4, 8,

23, 29, 30, 51, 54, 64, 69, 102,
190, 279, 325, 342

malvarum, Syrichthus . 258
mansuetella, Micropteryx .. . 815
margaritaria, Morocosoma . 180
margaritata, Pyralis? . 180

margaritata (margaritaria), Metro-

campa 22, 23, 51, 180, 182, 244,
245, 341, 343, 347, 351
sesquistriataria . 182

marginaria (progemmar ia), “Hyber-
nia 49, 52, 105, 136, 140, 189, 341

marginata, Lomaspilis 23, 52, 103,
244, 245, 269, 343

marginatus, Heliothis vide umbra,

Chariclea ..

mareinea, Tischeria : 26
marginepunctata ,(promutata),
Acidalia 26, 245, 324, 337, 347
Masonia are ae go) 740)
matura (cytherea), Cerigo 24, 264,
323, 344
maura, Mania 244, 323, 339
medea, Erebia sis =e 8
medesicaste, Thais .. bes 50 BY)
var. honoratii .. go GY)

medusa, Hrebia 4, 8, 33, 64, 65, 69, 82

var. eumenis 30, 31, 69
var. psodea.. a6 do. 68)
Meesia . 266

megaera, Pararge 4, 8, 51, 153: 69,
82, 93, 107, 7a, 116, 190,
219, 272, 279, 322, 328, 344

Megathymidae . 203
Megathymus 3 sq pal
melampus, Melampias (Erebia) . 216
melanella, Narycia (Xysmatodoma)

50, 147, 217
Melanippe .. 268
melanops, Nomiades Se so) GY)
Melanthia 283
melas, Erebia 354

meleager, Polyommatus (Lycaena)
5, 6, 7, 8, 68, 69, 94
var. steveni.. 6557 8
Melitaea ee 66 . 328

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.
mellonella (cereana), Galleria 230
memnon, Papilio 121
mendica, Spilosoma 120

mensuraria, Kubolia vide limitata,
Ortholitha

menthastri, Spilosoma 9, 51, 245, 272
menyanthidis, Cuspidia (Acronycta)
269, 341
merope, Papilio go eal
mesomella, Lithosia (Cybosia) 51,
230, 246, 300, 340, 343
meticulosa, Phlogophora 4, 244,
245, 324
mi, Euclidia.. 23, 52, 191, 234
micacea, Hydroecia.. 5 yl, Bs}
microdactylus, Leioptilus 51, 104, 272
Micropterix .. F . _ 814, 315
Micropterygidae +. ald
Micropterygides .. 204, 315
Micropteryx .. 141, 314, 315
miniata, Calligenia 51, 102, 103,
244, 245, 267, 300, 340, 343, 356
minima (alsus), Cupido 4, 8, 23, 25,
69, 93, 190, 259, 260, 281,
282, 326, 340
minimellus, Nemotois oo GBT
miniosa, Taeniocampa 189, 190
minos, Anthrocera .. 269, 352
minutata, Eupithecia .. 250
misippus, Hypolimnas 80, 315, 316
var. Inaria > SONI Slo 36
mitfordella, Masonia 60, 129, 11283,
124, 126
mnemosyne, Parnassius 6, 29, 31,
82, 33, 64, 68, 94
mnestra, Hrebia Sols PANG, Bill

monacha, Psilura (Lymantria) 15,

109, 132, 300, 3

var. eremita oo AD)
moneta, Plusia .. 190, 234
monilifera (melanella), Narycia 50,
146, 147, 217, 218
monoglypha (polyodon), Xylophasia
52, 140, 242, 243, 244, 245,
283, 301, 323, 337, 344
var. aethiops 6) day, AE
montanata, Melanippe 52, 120, 245
monteironis, Sphingomorpha . 193
morpheus, Caradrina 52, 245
mucidella, Elachista 55) Bullet
mucronella, Pteroxia ae oo. 2X8)
multistrigaria, Larentia 52, 105,

136, 234, 341
munda, Taeniocampa no, AIS)
mundana, Nudaria.. 50 BES)
munitata, Coremia . 52, 106, 283
muralis (glandifera), Bryophila 323, 339
murana, Scoparia .. 106
muricata (auroraria), Hyria 301, 340
murinata (euphorbiata), Minoa 301
murinipennella, Coleophora 264
muscerda, Lithosia. . 104, 271, 301
musciformis, Sesia .. 194, 248
mutata, Acidalia a5 Pay!)
myllerana, Choreutis 352

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

myrmidone, Colias 34, 64, 65, 66,

var. alba Ae 66,
myrtilli, Anarta ooh, GP,
naevana, Grapholitha o6

nanata, Hupithecia 24, 105, 234,
napi, Pieris 4, 8, 23, 25, 29, 33, 51,
64, 68, 82, 105, 107, 116, 244,

255, 260, 272, 279, 284,

var. bryoniae .. 6,

var. napaeae 8, 229,
Narycia Bie

nubilata, Siona St Se
nebulata (dilutata), Oporabia
nebulosa, Aplecta 23, 140, 245, 264,
neglecta, Noctua vide castanea, N.
Nemeobiidae
neoridas, Erebia
nerii, Choerocampa
nerine, Erebia
var. reichlini

nervosa, Depressaria
neurica, Nonagria ..
neustria, Malacosoma (Bombyx) 14,

16, 51, 84, 201, 245, 272, 288,

997, 259,
303,

313,
niavius, Amauris ae a
nictitans, Hydroecia 26, 52, 323,
nigra, Hpunda 10 a
nigrata, Hnnychia .. i a
nigricans, Agrotis 323, 335,
nigricostana, Ephippiphora
nigrofasciaria, Anticlea DB,

niobe, Argynnis 94, 111, 229, 260,
var. exis 30, 64, 69,
var. pelopia

nisella (nisana), Grapholitha

nobiliaria, Larentia

noctuella (hybridalis), Nemophila
(Stenopter vx) 107, 346,

Nolanae ; 06 fe of

Nonagria

Nonagriidae . .

norvegica, Fumea 60, 90, 92, 125,

notata, Macaria 245, 269,
notha, Brephos Ae ie
notulana, Hupoecilia

nudella, Psychidea .. a6 oie
nupta, Catocala 26, 52, 121, 273,

274, 324, 335,
Nyctemera aye oO ee
Nymphalides
Nymphalidae

nympheata, Hydrocampa ~

obelisca, Agrotis
obeliscata, Thera 40 fo
obfuscaria (obfuscata), Dasydia

(Gnophos).. . .167, 259, 260,
obliterata (heparata), Huspisteria

51, 103, 244, 245, 300, 324,
obscura, Agrotis so BBE
obscuraria (obscurata), Gnophos

140, 246,

obscurella var., Bruandia .

xix.

PAGE.

obsoleta, Leucania .. mle 3)

occulta, Aplecta ..165, 284, 303, 304

occultana, Paedisca : .. 319

ocellana, Depressaria ae so | AG

ocellata, Melanthia 52, 120, 244, 341
ocellatus, Smerinthus 108, 215, 216,

217, 242, 246, 247, 249, 348, 350
ochracea (flavago), Gortyna 241, 242
ochracella, Myrmecocela ee 0
ochrata, Acidalia 300, 341
Ochria P aot 242
ochroleuca, Bremobia oe 2205 249
octogesima (ocularis), Cymatophora

218, 343
oculea, Apamea vide didyma, A.
oéme, Hrebia 4, 8, 64, 65, 67, 68,
69, 312
var. spodea Se ae a4
oleracea, Hadena 245, 312, 324
olivata, Larentia 106, 283, 343
omicronaria, Ephyra vide annulata,
Zonosoma
omnivorus, (Hceticus 133
00, Dicycla oF se so BIZ
opacella, Acanthopsyche 117, 126, 193
ophiogramma, Apamea 135
opima, Taeniocampa 189, 269
or, Cymatophora 245
orbifer, Syrichthus . . : 30, 69
orbitulus, Polyommatus 6, 259, 260, 320
orbona, Triphaena 24, 52, 244, 283, 323
var. curtisil 5A .. 283
var. nigrescens. . 285
var. ruta so Oes
ore, Cossus .. 293% Bill7
Orchemia 352
orichalcea, Plusia vide chry son, P.
orion, Moma.. 245
orion, Polyommatus 7, 8, 30, 33, 64,
69, 116, 310, 325, 327
ornata, Acidalia 104, 259
ornatella, Phycis 344
ornithogalli, Prodenia 56 350
ornithopus (rhizolitha), Xylina 341
orobana, Stigmonota 51
ostrina, Thalpochares (Micra) 111
ottomanus, Chrysophanus .. 50 BSL
oxyacanthae, Miselia Si), Bs
ao. capucina . 338
palaemon, Carterocephalus 4, 8, 33,
64, 69, 235, 325, 327
palaeno, Colias 6, 7, 8, 50, 229, 260, 319
var. europomene 56 G, 7
var. philomene ue G 8
paleacea, Cosmia (Euperia) 284
palealis, Spilodes 249, 313, 344
pales, Brenthis (Argynnis) 33, 34,
64, 65, 67, 69, 82, 216, 260, 319
var. graeca 5 64, 69
pallens, Leucania 52, 244, 245, 323
var. arcuata 4 ae oo IBY
palpina, Pterostoma (Ptilodontis)
234, 296, 323, 336, 350
paludana, Phoxopteryx 51

xX.

PAGE.

paludella, Calamotropha
palumbaria, Eubolia
palumbella, Pempelia
palustris (trifolii-major),
cera oe
palustris, Hydvilla
pammon, Papilio ..
pamphilus, Coenonympha. 4, 8, 23,
33, 51, 54, 64, 69, 82, 105,
106, 116, 244, 219, 327,
ao. lyllus a O60
pandora, Dryas (Argynnis) “Sil, 68,
paniscus, Carterocephalus vide
palaemon, C.
paphia, Dryas (Argynnis) 8, 25,
51, 65, 69, 82, 111, 228, 229,
242, 271, 296, 328, 342, 344,
var. valezina 6, 242, 271,
Papilio : 60 Ye
papilionaria, Geometra 136, 246,
271, 301, 324,

"93, 248,
: mehroe
51, 111, 234,

Papilionidae
Papilionides ..
parallelaria (vespertaria),
pariana, Hemerophila
Parnasiidae ..
Parnassius 00
parthenias, Brephos 60 50,
parthenie, Melitaea 4, 5, 8, 33, 82,
258, 260, 320,

208, 204,
Epione

var. varia :

parva, Thalpochares (Micra)
parvidactylus, Oxyptilus .. 217,
pastinum, Toxocampa O0
pavonia (carpini), Saturnia 84,
144, 272,

?

pavonicella, Brenthia
pectinella, Bijugis ..
pectinella, Psychidea
pectinataria, Larentia vide viri-
daria, L.
pedaria, Phigalia 27, 105, 136,
140, 233,
peltigera, Heliothis. .
pendularia, Ephyra 103, 245, 246,
penkleriana, Grapholitha ae
pennaria, Himera
pentadactyla, Leioptilus (Aciptilia)
peribolata, Eubolia . :
perla, Bryophila (J aspidia) 52,
259, 318, 323,
Peronea :
persicariae, Mamestra
petiverella (petiverana),
ampha : as Si aS
petraria, Panagra . 23, 52,
petrificata, Xylina vide socia, X.
phaedra, Satyrus 7, 8, 68,
phaeodactylus, Pi reonttes
Phalaenae : ae
phantes, Abraxas
phegea, Syntomis
pheretes, Polyommatus : ;
phicomone, Colias 7, 216, 229, 260,
311, 319,

Dichror-

. 104

356
103

. 852

336
13

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

philanthiformis(musciformis),Sesia
167, 218,
Philea

phlaeas, Chrysophanus 4, 8, 25, 29,
33, 51, 64, 68, 82 106, 111,
116, 272, 279, 282, 323,
var. eleus
phoebe, Melitaea 30, 33, 64, Bae 93,
260,
var. occitanica . .
phragmitellus, Chilo
phragmitidis, Calamia
phrygialis, Hercyna
picata, Cidaria
piceana, Tortrix
Pierides
Pieridi
Pierididae
Pieris $6 255, 285,
pigra (reclusa), Pygaera (Clostera)
295,
pilosaria, Phigalia vide pedaria, P.
pimpinellata, Hupithecia .. .
pinastri, Dipterygia vide scabrius-
cula, D
pinastri, Sphinx ..
piniaria, Bupalus (Fidonia) 24, 52,

“51, 271,

b]

pinellus, Crambus ..
pinguinalis, Aglossa
pinguis, Euzophera (Myelois) :
piniperda, Panolis (Trachea) 52,
166, 188, 189, 190, 234,
pisi, Hadena 52, 192, 342,
pistacina, Anchocelis (Orthosia) 26,
120,
pitho, Erebia
plagiata, Anaitis 52, 53, 107, 324,
plantaginis, Nemeophila :
plecta, Noctua 2, 244, 245, 271,
323,
plumbeolata, Eupithecia 136,
plumigera, Ptilophora
Plusia 234,
podalirius, Papilio 8, 16, 34, 58, 68,
116,
var. feisthamelii a6 6,
podevinella(aruncella), Micropteryx
polychloros, Eugonia 4, 8, 26. 69,
116, 191, 219, 248, 310, 326,
polydora, Epicopeia
polymnestor, Papilio :
polyodon, Xylophasia vide mono-
glypha, X.
pompeius, Ornithoptera
popularis, Neuronia (Heliophobus)
217, 259. 260,
283, 319, 341,

populata, Cidaria

populeti, Taeniocampa 136, 189,
190,

populetorum, Gracilaria :

populi, Limenitis . .64, 68,

var. tremulae ..
populi, Poecilocampa 84, 131, 300,

.. B17
+. 327
| 351

269
230

326
326

327

.. 327
oo Ua

336

.. 320

82

203
286

296
191

13

2, 336

342
269

. 167

69
8
350

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

populi, Smerinthus (Amorpha) 81,

135, 215, 216, 242, 341, 343, 348
populifolia, Phyllodesma (Lasio-
campa) . 11
porata, Zonosoma (Ephyra) 22, 80,
190, 244, 245, 300, 301, 324, 347
porcellus, Choerocampa 247, 270,
272, 351
Porpe.. : . 302
porphyrea, Agrotis vide strigula, 18
postremana, Penthina 264
potatoria, Cosmotriche (Odonestis)
51, 84, 271, 297, 323
praecox, Actebia (Agrotis) .. 136, 166
prasina, Aplecta .. .. 344
prasinana, Hylophila (Halias) 23,
21, 299
proboscidalis, Hypena 23, 342
procellata, Melanippe sis . 324
prodromaria, Amphidasys vide stra-
taria, A.
profundana, Paedisca 26
progemmaria, Hybernia vide mar-
ginaria, H.
Prolimacodinae fay od
promissa, Catocala . : 300, 341
promutata, Acidalia vide margine-
punctata, A.
pronoé, Erebia
var. pitho o6 tek al
pronuba, Triphaena 24, 52, 165,
166, 244, 245, 283, 317, 323,
336, 337, 344
pronubana, Tortrix.. 316, 317
propinguella, Depressaria . 26
propugnata,Coremia vide designata,
C.
prosapiaria, Ellopia 51, 340
Proutia .. 147
proxima, Bijugis 60 .. 126
pruinata (cytisaria), Pseudoterpna
22, 23, 51, 246, 248
prunaria, Angerona 103, 245, 246,
272, 340, 343
prunata, Cidaria vide ribesiaria, C.
prunata, Geometra . 180
pseudobombycella, Taleporia vide
tubulosa, T.
Pseudopontiadae fk .. 203
psi, Triaena (Acronycta) 52, 106,
0, 244, 245
psittacata (siterata), Cidaria .. 166
Psyche : 87, 123
Psychidae 60, 288
Psychidea 87, 168
Psychides .. 92, 145, 217
Psychinae re 43, 126
pudibunda, Dasychira 23, 51, 250
pudorina, Leucania 301, 340
pulchellata, Eupithecia .. 167, 191
pulchrina, Plusia 106, 244, 301, 342
pulla, Epichnopteryx 20, 86, 87,
107, 168
var. montana .. .. 168
var. montanella 168

xxi,

PAGE.

var. sieboldii . 168

pulveraria, Numeria a .. 348

pulverulenta (cruda), Taeniocampa 190
punctaria, Zonosoma 51, 103, 244,

300, 324, 347

punctulata, Tephrosia : 51

punicealis, Pyrausta (Ennychia) .. _ 259

purpuralis, Pyrausta 104, 106, 249

purpurella, Hriocrania .. 314, 315
pusaria, Cabera 21, 22, 23, 52, 244,

245, 324, 343

ab. rotundaria .. 21, 22

pusaria, Geometra .. ae .. 182

pusilella (calthella), Micropteryx.. 314
pustulata, Phorodesma 108, 114,

244, 245, 246, 340, 343
puta, Agrotis 26, 52, 234, 300, 323, 339
putataria, Geometra 180
putrescens (impudens), Leucania

339, 344
putris, Axylia 244, 252, 313
pygmaeata, Eupithecia .. .. 105
pyraliata, Cidaria 52, 217, 302, 341,
342, 343
Pyralidae a6 .. 222
pyramidea, Amphipyra ..24, 52, 323
pyrastrana, Tortrix : .. 317
pyri, Saturnia ye 60 .. 328
pyrina (aesculi), Zeuzera 23, 51,
139, 3138, 343
quadra, Ginistis (Lithosia) (Gnoph-
ria) 14, 300, 304, 340, 341
quadrifasciata, Coremia 52
quadripunctata, Caradrina . 52
quercana,Hylophila vide bicolorana,
H.
quercifolia, Hutricha (Gastropacha,
Lasiocampa) 11, 84, 104, 219,
248, 340, 343
quercinaria (angularia), pene
(Eugonia) .. 4, 300, 341
querctis, Lasiocampa 84, 0 201,
245, 312
var. callunae .. . 249
querctis, Zephyrus 26, 68, 69, 102,
111, 191, 246, 282, 300, 323,
341, 343
radiatella, Cerostoma 26
radiella, Psyche .. 123
raiblensis, Fumea .. ae 60, 92
rapae, Pieris 4, 8, 13, 22, 23, 24,
33, 51, 64, 65, 68, 82, 106, 107,
116, 195, 229, 254, 255, 256,

260, 272, 279, 327, 355

var. mannii oe .. 65
Rebelia atte .. 168
remutata, Acidalia, . 52, 269, 301
repandata, Boarmia 22, 51, 140,

217, 244, 245, 284, 344
reticella, Whittleia .. in co AX)
reticulata, Cidaria.. 111, 235
reticulata (saponariae), Neuria 235, 312

xxii.

PAGE.

reticulatella, Bruandia 20, 60, 90,
91, 92, 123, 124, 125, 126, 203
var. obscurella.. 90, 91, 202, 203

retusa, Tethea . 324

revayana, Sarothripa vide undu-
lanus, 8.

rhamnata, Scotosia 167, 3138

rhamni, Gonepteryx 4, 8, 23, 25,

Bly Gi (otsh, A, TUL | Tilo},

191, 228, 229, 244, 245, 246,

260, 272, 279, 306, 311, 322,
327, 336, 342, 351
var. farinosa .. dol
rhetenor, Papilio 66 Ja

rhizolitha, Xylina vide ornithopus, Xe

rhododactylus, Cnaemidophorus .. 313
rhombella, Gelechia et so 28

rhomboidaria, Boarmia vide gem-

maria, B.

ribesiaria, Cidaria .. 52, 106, 339
richardsoni, Meesia .. 266
ridens, Asphaha .. 400

rimicola, Lachneis . . Bs ag Jl
ripae, Agrotis 25, 220, 270, 312
rivata, Melanippe .. we 52
roboraria, Boarmia 244, 267, 300, 341
roboricolella, Fumea 62, 123, 124, 147
roboris, Laesopis .. ae 93, 94
rouasti, Fumea ao ne ), Gil
roseticolana, Stigmonota .. 250, 264

roseana, Hupoecilia 265, 307
rostralis, Hypena 23, 135

rotundaria, Cabera a Di 22,
rubi, Callophrys (Thecla) 4, 8, 29,
30, 51, 64, 68, 102, 107, 190,
191, 219, 234, 244, 268, 281,

282, 311

rubi, Macrothylacia Pome) 84, 268
rubi, Noctua (Amathes) 2, 323,

335, 336, 2 8 339

rubidata, Anticlea .. ‘ 268
rubiginata, Melanthia vide hes
lorata, M.

rubiginea, Dasycampa a6 oo SY)
rubricollis, Gnophria (Lithosia) .. 300
rubricosa, Pachnobia : . 234
rufa (despecta), Coenobia .. 220, 271
rufata, Chesias 5 bo Lay
rufillana, Semasia . . B07

rufina, Anchocelis vide helvola, A.
rumicis, Pharetra (Acronycta) .. 52

rupicapraria, Hybernia 23, 136,
189, 233

rupicola, Eupoecilia om et

rurea, Xylophasia .. 52, 249, 271

russata, Cidaria vide truncata, C.
russula, Nemeophila one)

(Diacrisia) De 222, 246, 298
rusticata, Acidalia .. 5 BEY
rutilago (umbra), Gortyna. . . 241
sabaudiata, Triphosa . 259
sabulicola, Phalonia : e261
sagittata, Cidaria 51, 104, 234

salicata, Larentia .. 105, 841, 342

SPECIAL INDEX.

salicis, Leucoma 272
salicolella, Proutia . 59
salicorniae, Lita ao 2X8
salinella, Coleophora 263, 307
salinellus, Crambus 137
sambucata, Urapteryx 51, 246, 264, 324
sangli, Kriocrania .. 315
sao, Syrichthus 69, 93, 998, 258, 325
sarpedon, Papilio 3:3 oe ils}
satellitia, Scopelosoma .. 52, 338
satyrata, Eupithecia .. 250
var. callunaria . 105
satyrion, Coenonympha .. .. 310
saucia, Peridroma (Agrotis) 26,
270, 323, 338, 339, 340, 341
saxicolella, Masonia 45, 62, 92, 123
scabiosata, Hupithecia .. 105
scabriuscula, Dipterygia 52, 245,
313, 340
schalleriana, Peronea oes ea)
schrankiana, Hercyna 117
schulziana, Mixodia 105
scintilulana, Choreutis 352
scipio, Erebia 95
scolopacina, Xylophasia 338
Scoria ; ate .. 215
scotica, Fumea 60, 125, 126
scribonia, Ecpantheria peed ale
scutosa, Heliothis so SUB, att
scutulata, Acidalia vide dimidiata,
sebrus, Cupido 4, 5, 6, 8, 30, 50,
69, 93, 259
segetum, Agrotis 120, 245, 302,
323, 339, 344
selene, Brenthis (Argynnis) 4, 8,
34, 64, 69, 82, 105, 219, 244,
271, 311, 342
semele, Satyrus 8, 51, 53, 105, 248,
258, 272, 279, 322, 328, 342
var. aristaeus .. .. 258
semiargus (acis), Nomiades. 4, 8,
29, 33, 64, 65, 69, 82, 93,
111, 259, 260, 281, 282, 310,
319, 326, 351
var. parnassus .. scowl, BA (3g)
semibrunnea, Xylina oo digil
semifasciana, Ditula ol
semifusea, Argyresthia 26
semipurpurella, Kriocrania 315
semitestacella, Argyresthia 26
senex, Nudaria oo) 6G, Baal
sepium, Bacotia 50 18); vee 126
seppella, Micropteryx . 315
sequella, Hypolepia. . : 137
serena, Hecatera 23, 245, 210, 301,
302, 324
sericealis, Rivula 103, 245
sericina, Polysphaenis way) scaotdle4t
serratulae, Syrichthus 65, 68,69, 94
Sesia .. ot a ee Bil, By
Setiostoma - 352
sexalata, Lobophora 271
sibylla, Limenitis 5, 8, tly 68, 69,
82, 111, 271, 342, 347

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.
siculana, Phoxopteryx o4 .. Ol
sidae, Syrichthus 30, 31, 66, 69
silaceata, Cidaria . Se 23051269
silago, Citria (Xanthia) vide
flavago, C.
Simaethis see .. 352
similis (auriflua), Porthesia. 22), 23,
51, 245, 246, 272, 323
simpliciana, Dichrorampha 264
simulans, Agrotis 284
simulata, Thera a: 50 4534)
sinapis, Leucophasia 4, 8, 32, 52,
64, 68, 82, 116, 229, 271, 312,

313, 327, 342
var. diniensis : oo Gl)
var. erysimi LS

sinuata, Anticlea 23, 247
Siona (Scoria) 215
Siona (Schistostege) : 215
smaragdaria, Phorodesma 113, 114
115, 152, 153, 169, 170, 171, 172
ab. alinea é Si og Lila)
ab. caeruleo-viridis ai ts3
var. gigantea 115
ab. obsoleta 115
var. prasinaria (volgaria) 115
ab. unilinea 115
ab. viridis 115
smeathmanniana, Conchylis 265
Smerinthus .. : ae 81
sobrina, Noctua 283
sobrinata, Kupithecia nan eee
socia, Xylina.. x 189, 341
sociata, Melanippe .. 22, 52, 234, 244
solandriana, Paedisca : 26
Solenobia 117, 145, 146, 147, 217
solidaginis, Calocampa (Cloantha) 342
sordida (anceps), Mamestra 245,
302, 343
sordidata, Hypsipetes vide furcata,
Hydriomena
sororcula (aureola), Lithosia 244,
237, 344
spadicea, Cerastis vide ligula, C.
spadicearia, Coremia , 105
sparganella, Orthotelia 272
sparganii, Nonagria : 121
sparmannella, Hriocrania .. 315
sparsata, Collix 167, 234, 235, 271
spartiata, Chesias , 23
spartiella, Anarsia .. 137
Sphingidae .. a 38 121
sphinx (cassinea), Asteroscopus .. 26
spini, Thecla .. 6, 58, 259, 311
spiniana, Semasia . .. 166
spinula, Cilix vide elaucata, C.
splendana, Carpocapsa , 265
splendidulana, Coccyx bo ay
sponsa, Catocala 300, 341
stabilis, Taeniocampa 52, 188, 190, 245
staintoni, Bankesia. . : 126
statices, Adscita (Procris) (Ino) 102
statilinus, Satyrus .. 7

stellatanum Macroglossa 13, 24, 26,
61, 03; 82, 104, 247, 248, 249,

xxiii.
PAGE.
268, 272, 274, 275, 305, 323,
342, 348
stephensi, Anthrocera .. 802
sticticalis, Spilodes .. 340
straminea, Leucania 136, 271
stramineana, Conchylis .. 167
strataria (prodromaria), Amphi-
dasys 82, 136, 166, 233, 245
strigata, Hemithea (Geowmetra) 23,

51, 180, 181, 244, 246, 300, 343
aestivaria . Ps?
strigata oo. dey
thymiaria a .. 182
vernaria so LER
viridata .. : . 180

strigilis, Miana 52, D442 5, 302, 312, 323
strigillaria, Aspilates ae 51, 102
strigosa, Hyboma (Acronycta) .. 314
strigula (porphyrea), Lycophotia
(Agrotis) 52, 103, 246, 313, 341
strigula, Nola : 300, 341
strobilana, Coccyx .. 83
stygne (pirene), Hrebia 7, 94, 259, 309
subflayvella, Masonia 43, 45, 60, 61,

62, 122, 123, 124, 126, 202, 203
subfulvata, Eupithecia .. 250
sublustris, Xylophasia 323, 344
subnotata, Kupithecia oo alii
subocellella, Gelechia 50 PAG
subpurpurella, Hriocrania .. . 315
subrosea, Agrotis .. 111
subsequa, Triphaena 284, 300, 333,

336, 341
subsericeata, Acidalia oo JOE}
subtusa, Tethea 269, 315

subtristata, Melanippe vide sociata,

M.
suffumata, Cidaria . 5 2B}
suffusa (ypsilon), Peridroma(Agrotis)

Or

26, 270, 323, 339, 340, 341
suffusella, Phyllocnistis ye 026
sulphurellum, Coriscium .. 25, 337
sulphurella, Dasycera 60 eo (48
suspecta, Dyschorista 283, 337
syllius, Melanargia .. 328
sylvanus, Pamphila 8, 23, ‘61, 64,

94, 244, 272, 323, 325, 342
sylvata (ulmata), Abraxas. . 337
sylvata, Asthena 301
sylvellus, Crambus .. .. 104
sylvella, Cerostoma .. ae 20
sylvinus, Hepialus .. 139, 342
Syrichthus 311
syringaria, Pericallia "83, 267, 343

tages, Nisoniades 4, 8, 30, 51, 64,
69, 102, 325, 345
taminata, Corycia vide bimaculata, B.

taraxaci (blanda), Caradrina 9, 52, 245
Teinopalpidae a .. 203
Teleia oc 6 .. 340
temerata, Bapta 23, 52, 102. 300, 340
tenebrata (arbuti), Heliodes 103, 328
tenebrosa, Rusina 23, 52, 245, 312
tengstroemella, Coleophora . 307

Xxiv.

PAGE.
terrealis, Botys ms bie .. 220
testacea, Angonyx .. se oo lL
testacea, Luperina .. .. 300, 341
testaceana, Tortrix . 317

testata, Cidaria 52, 106, 132, 336, 342
tetradactyla, Aciptilia 217, 319, 356
tetralunaria (illustraria), Selenia .. 246
thalassina, Hadena .. se 52, 245
thaumas, Thymelicus 23, 51, 64,

272, 323, 325, 342
thersamon, Chrysophanus 29, 31, 68
thore, Brenthis “ so.) ality By
thunbergella, Micropteryx .. 315
thymiaria, Hemithea vide strigata, H.
Tiliacea 6 242
tiliae, Smerinthus (Dilina) 120, 215,

216, 313, 343, 350
tiliaria, Ennomos vide alniaria, E.

tincta, Aplecta te .. 234, 301
Tineides ote ate os .. 204
tipuliformis, Sesia .. oo 4K) Bis}

tithonus, Epinephele 51, 53, 69, 111,
246, He ae 322
togata, Eupithecia .. . 337
Tortrix : 5 Bly
trabealis (sulphuralis), Agrophila . . 192
tragopogonis, Amphipyra .. 52, 323
transalpina, Anthrocera .. 260, 352
transversata, Geometra (Cidaria) .. 180
trapezina, Cosmia (Calymnia) 52, 324
treitschkii, Chariclea Be oa. 6
trepida, Notodonta .. .. 166, 190
trepidaria, Psodos vide coracina, P.
triangulum, Noctua. . is a 344
tricolorella, Gelechia ae 50
tridens, Triaena (Acronycta) .. 245
trifasciata ee Hypsipetes
338, 341, 342
trifolii, Anthrocera 25, a 102, 344, 352
trifolii, Pachygastria (Lasiocampa)

84, 110
trigeminana, Ephippiphora .. 264
trigeminata, Acidalia 244, 245, 340

trigrammica (trilinea), Grammesia
52, 234, 245
var. obscura .. 137
trilinearia, Ephyra vide linearia,
Zonosoma
trimacula (dodonaea), Notodonta
166, 247, 337
tripartita (urticae), Habrostola 52, 244
Triphaena .. 323
triplasia, Habrostola 244, 249, 301,
312, 342
trisignaria (trisignata), Eupithecia 250
tristata, Melanippe. . = 52, 105
tritici, Agrotis 26, 52, 318, 323, 342
trivia, Melitaea 30, 31, 34, 64, 65, 66, 69
var. nana 0 $0 OO
truncata (russata), Cidaria 9, 22, 324
tubulosa (pseudo-bombycella), Tale-

poria .- 125, 145
tyndarus, Erebia 65, 66, 216, 217,

259, 260, 319

var. baleanica .. ee so @Y)

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE

var. ottomana . 66
typhon (davus), Coenonympha 34,

4,65, 69

typica, Naenia 244, 323, 342

ulmata, Abraxas vide sylvata, A.

ultimella, Depressaria os oo | AG
ulvae, Senta. . a .. 271, 301

ab. bipunctata .. 20 oo AML
umbra, Chariclea 248, 270
umbratica, Cucullia . 244, 252
umbrosa, Noctua (Amathes) 335, 336
unangulata, Melanippe 2, 244
unanimis, Apamea .. 235, 271, 341

uncea (uncula), Hydrelia 52, 235, 271, 301
undulanus (revayana), Sarothripa

26, 300, 341
undulata, Eucosmia 52, 108, 245, 338
unguicula, Drepana vide cultraria, D.

unicolor, Canephora Be og dite
unidentaria, Coremia 5 Obey Ail
unifasciata, Emmelesia .. . 250
unimaculella, Eriocrania .. .. 31d
unionalis, Margarodes He 96.) Ue}

urticae, Habrostola vide tripartita, H.
urticae, Aglais 4, 8, 24, 53, 64, 65,
82, 106, 116, 143, 229, 244,
245, 248, 249, 272, 327, 336
urticae, Spilosoma 120, 252, 271,
272, 301

vaccinil, Cerastis 9, 22, 26, 338, 341
valerianata, Kupithecia 191, 271
valligera, Agrotis vide vestigialis, A.
Vanessa Sn ae at .. 285
varia, Melitaea at oe .. 258
variata, Thera PO Ama
variegana, Peronea.. : ee 2G
variegata, Gnophos 50 oo lily
y-aureum, Plusia vide pulchrina, P.
velleda, Hepialus 105, 249, 341
ab. gallicus.. Fis .. 341
venosa, Arsilonche vide albovenosa, A.
venosata, Eupithecia 167, 191, 270
verbasci, Cucullia .. ah Son Oe
verberata, Larentia 217, 260, 319
vernaria, Todis (eceehe ys 51, 180, 313

aeruginaria F oo Iet)
chrysoprasaria .. oie .. 180
lucidata .. S\0 We .. 180
volutata .. ie ae .. 180
vernella, Bankesia .. He .. 107

versicolor, Endromis 84, 189

vestigialis, Agrotis .. 26, 312, 342

vespertaria, Epione vide parallel-
aria, E.

vetulata, Scotosia .. De oo eb)
vetusta, Calocampa .. 192, 338
vialis, Amblyscirtes ae co (oY)
victorina, Chariclea 50 32

viduaria, Cleora os one 219
villica, Arctia 111, 218, 244
villosella, Pachythelia (Psyehe) 44,

, 126, 304
viniPali le moeereananda) 33, 269, 337

vinculella, Meesia (Tinea) .

PAGE.

107, 266

vinula, Dicranura 52, 106, 245,
246, 247, 323, 350

virgaureae, Chrysophanus 7,
68, 259, 260, 319

virgaureana, Sciaphila
virgularia, Acidalia
viridana, Tortrix
viridaria (pectinataria),

Larentia

8, 64,

52, 244, 245, 313

viridaria (aenea), Phytometra

viridata, Nemoria (Geometra)

cloraria
prasinata .
viridella, Adela

vitalbata, Phibalapteryx 3: 35, 36, 82,

vitellina, Leucania. .

23,

191, 234

85, 324

339, 341

vittata (lignata), Phibalapteryx

v-nigra, Laria

271, 301, 338

w-album, Thecla 52, 102, 135, 235, 344

Walsinghamia
Whittleia

wockii, Solenobia
woeberiana, Semasia

xanthobasis, Setiostoma
xanthographa, Noctua
xerampelina, Cirrhoedia
xylosteana, Tortrix..

zenzeroides, Langia
zephyrana, Argyrolepia
zephyrus, Lycaena..

zermattensis,- Chr ysophanus

68, 69

zermattensis, Standfussia (Sciop-

tera)

ZiCZac, Notodonta 971, 272,

zinckenii, Xylina
zonaria, Nyssia
Zygaena

NEUROPTERA.

nitidulus, Hemerobius
prisca, Bertkausia .

vibea, Stenophylax..

ODONATA.

Aeschnidae ..
Agrion
Agrionidae
Anisopterides

caerulea (borealis), Anax ..

Calopteryginae
Coenagrion ..
cyathigerum, Enallagma

depressa, Libellula .
dryas (nympha), Lestes
elegans, Ischnura

296, 323

45, 117

SPECIAL INDEX.

XXY.

PAGE.
flaveolum, Sympetrum .. 63, 129
fonscolombii, Sympetrum .. . 194
fulgidipennis, Rhinocypha. . . 193
hastulatum, Agrion .. 352
imperator (formosus), Anax 63, 246
isosceles (rufescens), Anax 63
Libellulidae . 63
metallica, Somatochlora .. 266

nymphula(minium),Pyrrhosoma 63, 245

pennipes, Platycnemis .. 246
pratense, Brachytron .. 246
puella, Agrion . 245
quadrimaculata, Libellula.. . 246
striolatum, Sympetrum 63
vulgatum, Sympetrum 63
Zygopterides. . 63
ORTHOPTERA.
acervorum, Myrmecophila. . . 162
Acridium : so | OS
aegyptiaca, Heterogamia .. 240
aegyptium, Acridium F . 240
albipennis, Apterygida .. 97, 209
albovittata, Leptophyes . 293
alpinum, Podisma .. . 293
annulipes, Anisolabis . 210
apricarius, Stenobothrus .. 292
apterus, Thamnotrizon .. 293
arachidis, Apterygida . 209
auricularia, Forficula 79, 97, 209, 292
var. borealis 56 so WY
var. forcipata .. dc 97, 209
australasiae, Periplaneta 76
bicolor, Platycleis .. 55 IR, BS}
bicolor,Stenobothrus 98,211,213, 292, 328
var. purpurascens 2.0 98, 213
var. mollis 5 Mile
bicornis, Hymenopus co Ot
biguttulus, Stenobothrus .. 211, 292
bimaculatus, Gryllus oh 99, 212
bipunctata, Anechura . 240
bipunctatus, Tettix .. oe 99, 328
brachyptera, Platycleis 99, 212, 293
brachypterus, Chrysochraon 292, 3828
brevipenne, Meconema 56) ae, a4)
caerulescens, Oetipede 293
Callimenus oe .. 48
campestris, Gryllus.. 99, 212, 293
cantans, Locusta .. 212, 292, 293
caudata, Locusta .. 212, 241, 293
*centralis, Forficula Q7
cinereus, Thamnotrizon 1), 88),
212, 213, 293
columbiana, Myrmecophila . 163
*crucigera (bicolor), Stenobothrus.. 98

XXVi.

PAGE.
danicus, Pachytylus oS
deropeltiformis, Temnopteryx . 162
desertus, Gryllus 2. -. 241
domesticus, Gryllus 99, 241
doriae, Chelisoches . ae oo Beil
dorsale, Xiphidium.. 99. 129, 130

var a 128, 129, 212
dorsatus, Stenobothras jo. call
elegans, Stenobothrus 211, 212, 213
elongata, Mecopoda 96
Ephippigera. . 48
Epilampra oe
Eumastacidae 95, 161
fallax, Myrmecophana 163
flabelliferum, Cymatopsygma 162
*flavipes, Locusta O10 98
formicarum, Myrmecophila. 163
frontalis, Gryllus 241
fuliginosus, Tettix .. 211
fuscum, Stethophyma a oo FASB}
fuscum, Xiphidium 99, 129, 130, 212
germanica, Phvllodromia .. 80, 98
geranti, Phaulotypus a6 dil
gratiosa, Oedipoda .. a6 .. 240
grisea, Platycleis 79, 99, 212, 293
grossus, Mecostethus 98, 210, 292
gryllotalpa, Gryllotalpa .. 77,99, 292

var. cophta .. , oo Il
haemorrhoidalis, Stenobothrus 211
*imperator, Pulex .. 98
Isophya 60 48
italicus, Caloptenus- 83
javanica, Panesthia 76
lapponica, Ectobia .. 6 (My Oty ZUO
lesnei, Forficula .. 97, 209
lineatus, Stenobothrus 98, 211, 292, 328
livida, Ectobia 97, 210
longicornis, Stenobothrus "83, 211, 292
maculata, Aphlebia. . oo eal)
maculatus, Gomphocerus 98, OAL,

213, 292

maritima, Anisolabis 97, 210
maroccanus, Stauronotus .. .. 240
migratorius, Pachytylus 98, 329
minor, Labia 78,97. 210, 252
morio, Chelisoches .. Ay UL 3)
morio, Stenobothrus . 292
nebrascensis, Myrmecophila Selos
nehawkae, Mymecophila aeelG3s
nigromaculatus, Stenobothrus + 292
notata, Hierodula 3
ochracea, Myrmecophila .. 162
oratoria, Iris. . .. 240
oregonensis, Myrmecophila no AGB}
orientalis, Blatta 79, 80, 98
panzeri, Ectobia 97, 210
var. nigripes oy wks

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

parallelus, Stenobothrus 98, 211,
213, 292, 328
var. explicatus.. .. 84
pellucens, Oecanthus cio. Sh
peregrina, Schistocerca .. 98, 240
pergandei, Myrmecophila .. . 162
Perisvhaeria me eG
Pseudophyllidae so OH
pulvinatus, Stenobothrus . oo MHL
punctata, Aphlepia .. 210
punctatissima, Leptophyes “19, 99, 211
redtenbacheri, Bacillus .. -. 357
riparia, Labidura --79, 97, 209
roeselii, Platycleis 212, 293, 328
*rubicunda, Locusta 98
rufipes, Stenobothrus 98, 211, 213, 292
rufus, Gomphocerus 2.0 98, 211
salomonis, Myrmecophila . . 162
satrapes, Sphingonotus .. 240
securicolle, Tropidauchen.. 240, 241
semicaeca, Mastax .. Arey 5}
serricauda, Barbitistes .. 298
sibiricus, Gomphocerus 98, 292
sokotranus, Poecilocerus vo Lie,
Stenopelmatidae -. 96
subulatus, Tettix : 99, 213
sumatranus, Macroxiphus.. oo | BIS
superbus, Chelisoches bo eel
sylvestris, Nemobius 99, 212
tartara, Periplaneta 240
tenuicornis, Labidura 221
thalassina, Epacromia .. 240
thoracicum, Xiphidium 129, 130
varium, Meconema. . oo, DOs 2hlit
verrucivorus, Decticus 99, 212, 328
*virescens, Ephippigera .. co 98)

viridissima, Locusta 79, 99, 212,
293, 328

viridulus, Stenobothrus 98, 211,
212, 292, 328

SIPHONAPTERA.
incerta, Ceratopsylla 00 .. 38
ingens, Typhlopsylla 37, 38
madagascariensis, Pulex .. 37, 38
orientalis, Typhlopsylla 19
talpae, Hystrichopsylla 257, 258
tristis, Typhlopsylla 36, 38
THYSANURA.
polypoda, Lepismina .. 149
TRiCHOPTERA.

articularis, Beraea .. -. 266
Ernodes . 266
Glossosoma .. 222

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