ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

^^ AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. ^V. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by
T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., k.r.s.e.

M BURR B.A..F.Z.S.,F.L.S., F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., P.K.S.

L B. PROUT. F E s. H. ST. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.s. F.m.i

VOL. XV.
JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1903.

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PREFACE. '^^tl^r

I

At the completion of oar fifteenth volume we again thank »"'
substberirnLbutors, and all those .ho ave >n any wa; hel ed

„s to mamtam the ---^/^..^'^^fhS a stronger subscription
magazine came mto ^'^f ™^"^, J^^ \„^,i, -ooj scientific material for

'"'b,>rti:n™'so'Z?if U bas'^ be la ter ten that delays have neces^
publication, bo P «"' '"i "»« ' ^ g as quickly and

:"X.?yT'po;sX', ^d tred£i:i staff alone has really suffered

""'"f^ir-SeVpte'ra-'selS, thanks to the untiring energy of Mr.
Dorho,':a„l pTofe:rr Bekre. has been specWly well mai—
«nfl Mr Burr has kept the less popular section of Orthoptera J^^ovmg
We have now, thanks to Mr. Burr, considerable material relative to
^Srthopte- ' m hand. That the contributions to our knowledge
of the Lepidoptera shows no falling oft is amply evident.

We h-we attempted as far as possible to give a good supp y ot

Xirn%^LwXcSaShrcantt ^^^^^^ ^o^
pubTXrwrn beVbliked in one of the early n-be-^
volume For our Special Index we are this year indebted to^^otessor
T nTdson Beare Messrs. M. Burr and H. J. Turner. Such detailed
LI ts always a great stram, and we are very ?^atefa indeed or
rJh kind help. The Rev. C R. N. Burrows will do the General

'"'We'^relr'et most sincerely that our friend Mr. H. E. Page, who
has for ten years acted as the honorary business treasurer for the
m4az ne and whose great labour has largely enabled us to carry it on
3 constrained, thrmigh the continuously increasing work o his
S^partrent encroaching more and more on the tune necessary to b
aiven to his professional duties, to hand over the ^^'O'k to another, it
fs to us the more regrettable, since he considers that tbe increased
labour has ltt?e to do with the actual work necessary to the proper
conduct 0 he magazine, but to the fact that a certam number of
subscnbers who seem to have no idea that the magazine is carried
on abolutely without profit-more than the receipts being spen
everyTearn^ts production) will not pay their BJ^^scriptions wi hout
continuous requests, a class of labour for which, as a rule, a profes^
Clonal man has neither time nor inclination. Our new business
teasure^ asks that subscribers will treat him well in this respect and

^r'ri , 7'i?r^L'B°Prout'^?'E"s"-: "The la™ °and%u" ^S

"'e^B'S &■• b/nf H."!;."' K^ D^nis^h'o'rprFis., etc.
°' Iifconclnsiorwe a^in thank each and every one who has in any
way contributed to the success of the last volume.

\

YoL. XIV.

Pl. I.

Fii^5. T,n hakin^ dtsh to hold n/ater

F.^.^^ire frame covered. Fif5. Breedm^ ca^e complete.

Breedin(i-cage.

Entom. Record, etc., 1903.

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Vol. XV. No. 1. January 15th, 1903.

Retrospect of a Coleopterist for 1902.

By Professor T. HUDSON BEA.IIE, B.Sc, F.R.S.E., F.E.S.
In my retrospect for 1901, I had to deplore the fact that the year
had been singularly unfruitful in additions to our catalog'ue, though
several doubtful points had been cleared up; on the other hand, 1902
has seen quite an outburst of activity, and we have added no less than
nine genuine species to our lists, and several previously unnoted
varieties. 1 propose to deal with these additions first, several of which
are remarkable and quite unexpected, especially so in the case of the
Irish records. L.emostenus complanatus, Dej. — This insect was in-
troduced by Mr. S. W. Kemp {Ent. Mo. Mai/., vol. xxxviii., p. 216),
on the authority of specimens taken near Dublin in June. The pub-
lication of this record at once elicited others. The insect had existed
for some time in our collections, being confused with P. terricola,
Herbst. It has been taken at Plymouth by Mr. Keys,' at Woolwich
by Mr. Bedwell, at Chatham by Mr. J. J. Walker, and at Strood by the
author. Bembidium argenteolum, Ahr.-— This addition was announced
in a paper read before the Royal Irish Academy on June 24th, 1901,
by the Rev. W. F. Johnson and Mr. J. N. Halbei't. The paper has
this year been republished as A Lut of the Beetles of Ireland, and
was revie-wed in our columns in September last (see p. 251). It ap-
pears that the beetle was first taken as far back as 1831, near Shane's
Castle, on the northern shores of Lough Neagh, but was confused
with B. palitdosiijii. It is clear from the records by Mr. Kemp, Mr.
Orr, and others, that it occurs all round Lough Neigh, wherever the
shores form a suitable habitat. Xantholinus ciitBKiPENNis, Fauvel. —
This was also brought forward for the first tiuie in the above Irish
list. It occurs in Donegal and Derry, and is very similar to A'. dUtavs,
Kr. ; in fact Canon Fowler suggests {Ent. llo. Ma;/., vol. xxxviii.,
p. 251) that it is not specifically distinct. It appears to me, however,
that it has as clear a title to specific rank as many others which are
admitted without hesitation. Stenus palposus, Zett. (argentellus,
Thoms.). — This is the last of the three additions due to our Irish
friends. Like B. art/cnteolinii, it occurs on the shores of Lough Neagh,
a locality already remarkable as the only place, so far known, in which
DijKchiriiiii ohscunoi occurs in our islands. This insect is allied to
S. buphtlialmns, and appears to be rare on the Continent. Quedius
OBI.ITERATUS, Er. — Though Mr. Keys [Ent. Mo. Mar/., vol. xxxviii.,
p. 117) only claims that he has confirmed this insect as British, it is,

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

in fact, a genuine addition to our catalogue, as it has never before
appeared in our lists, the only reference to its occurrence being in a
paper bv ^Ir. Wollaston on " The Coleoptera of the South of Ireland
{Znalnjut, 1847, pp. 1570-G), and, in spite of this, it does not tind a
place in the recent Irish list. Mr. Keys' note did not make it quite
clear whether he was of opinion that Q. siitnralis, Kies, was to be
displaced from our lists, but there is no doubt this is not the case.
There are undoubted specimens of (J.suturalis m our collections; it is
easily separable by the much coarser punctuation of the elytra. On the
other hand, there are probably many of the exponents of Q suturabs
standing wrongly under that name. They should be placed under Q. nb-
UtmttMs. which appears to be commoner in this country than Q.mturahs.
The little division of (JiirdiiixAo which fnmatns, uNvirortifiis, sKtnralis
iniihriinis, and nhliteratiif! belong, is admittedly a very difficult one, and
I am not inclined to place the slightest reliance on mere colour dis-
tinctions. The decisive character seems to be the nature and^ amount
of the punctuation of the elytra. Diasticticus vulxeratus, Sturm.-—
This most interesting addition to our AphnUidcw was taken by Mr.
C. Morley,near Brandon, last June, under a flint lying on the heather,
and was determined by Mr. E. A. Newbery {Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xxxvui.,
p. 253). Of the small allied species it most resembles superficially
0. porcatits, F., but is abundantly distinct. Gynandrophthalma
AFFiNis, Hellw.— Canon Fowler {Knt. Mn. Man., vol. xxxviii., p. 281)
records the capture of this addition to our Cb/thrinae by Mr. W.
Holland, in -June, 1899, in Oxfordshire. As the insect is so very un-
like any other beetle of our fauna, it is a pity it was allowed to remain
so long undetermined. No doubt careful search will be made in this
locality next summer to see if further specimens can be obtained.
DiBoi.iA cYNOGLossi, Koch.— Mr. Donisthorpe captured a short series
near Pevensey on August 11th {Knt. J'ecnnl, vol. xiv., p. 265).
Though, strictly speaking, this is only a reinstatement (as it appeared
in our lists up to 1866), still it is practically an addition, for the old
records were very untrustworthy. Rye says {Knt. Ann., 1868, p. 76) :
" It occurs in our catalogue, though with much dovht,'" and Canon
Fowler {British Coleoptera, vol. iv., p. 340) says, " It was probably on
an obscure specimen of this species (Lo?(//?>rtrs«.s i-t/iittatns) that Diboba
iifHofilossi was erroneously introduced into the British list. Coccinella
i 1 -PUNCTATA var. coNFLUENs, Douis. — This new variety, named by Mr.
Donisthorpe {Knt. Urcord, vol. xiv., p. 99), has been taken freely in Ire-
land, on the Galway and Kerry coast sandhills. Quebits cruenttjs var.
viRENs, Rottbg.— Attention was drawn to this in the Irish list, and
j\Ir. Donisthorpe {Knt. Record, vol. xiv., p. 297) gives further localities.
In addition to these genuine additions there are records of in-
troduced species to which it is desirable to draw attention. Mr.
Champion {Knt. ^[o. Mat/., vol. xxxviii., p. 88) records Cryptojdiibis
/7i«^//^r, Heer, amember of the Tebnatophib'dar iwm a London ware-
house ; and Mr. Newbery records {Knt. Ilrcnrd, vol. xiv., p. 338) Tropi-
dereshilaris, Fahrs., from a wholesale druggist's in the city of London ;
and Mr. Burgess-Sopp {Knt. Mo. Ma;/., vol. xxxviii., p. 9) states that
'J'rifionoiienn.s ijlnbubon is apparently spreading, as it has now been
taken at Hoylake, Cheshire, in a chemist's shop. It occurs freely now
in the Oldham mills.

In regard to special papers on obscure genera in our lists, the

RETEOSPECT OF A COLEOPTERIST FOR 1902. O

most admirable piece of work published this year has been
Mr. Newbery's revision of Boi/aKs, printed in the June number
of The Eiif(i)iiulitiiiM's Rrcnrd (xiv., p. 149). This paper it may be fairly
said has straip^htened out a croolved path, and made possible the
identification of captures in this genus in a way not previously
possible except on the part of those who have access to continental
collections and works of reference. It is, however, interesting to note
that Mr. Edwards {Knt. \Lo. Maij., xxxviii., p. 240) claims that Bayous
Iiif.osKn, Gyll. (which Mr, Newbery omitted in his paper on the ground
that neither he nor Mr. Champion had been able to find an authentic
specimen {Ent. Mu. Met;/., xxxiv., p. 52)), is a genuine British insect,
he having taken an example in August, 1890, at Wretham Heath,
Norfolk. I only mention this as an illustration of the difficulty of
coming to any final conclusion when writing a memoir on such a
difficult genus as Bmiom, Avhen, owing to their retiring habits, the species
must be, and, as a matter of fact are, frequently passed over ; even if
captured, the confusion into which the nomenclature of the genus had
fallen was enough to deter any one from attempting to identify and
record their captures. As a result of Mr. Newbery's paper, the follow-
ing changes were made in our catalogue in this genus. The species
called frit, on p. 240 of vol. v, of Canon Fowler's work, is split up
(see also/7«^ Mo. Mai/., xxvii., p. 81) into B.frit, Hbst.(=/j. mibcar-
inatus, Gyll.), and 1>. rlniidicaus, ?>oh. There are also two new
varieties, one of which, I regret to say Mr. Newbery has not named ;
these are B. teiuprstiviis var. /teaderi, and B. i/labrirnatris var. ?

The cold sunless summer and late spring would have been sufficient
reason for scanty records of the capture of rarities, but, on the
contrary, the records are well above the average, and a few are worth
drawing attention to. Tacln/^i jiarniliis, Dej., long a doubtful species
in our list, has been taken now at such widely separate points as
Woking, Lyndhurst , Cornwall, and Lancashire ; Ij/rtns bnnincux,
Steph., has been found at Hanwell, in an old post ; ('eHtJiorhi/nchidins
lai.vtufi, Muls. and Rey, at Woking ; Gnorinimnohilif^, L., at Towcester
and Ealing; Liitta rcsicatoria, L., at Bradfield, and in plenty at Dover
and Newmarket, in June ; ('etunia tioricola, Hbst., and I'of/nHocherns fm-
cici(lati(s, De G., at Rannoch ; H/iizotroniis ochraceiis, Knoch, in Corn-
wall, an interesting record, as it has not been taken for a good many
years; AucJionieniis A-pnnctatiis, De G., (hlontaens iDobilirorni^, F., and
Pissodt's notatns, F., all at Woking ; Prinnoci/phon st'rricnrnix, Miill., in
Epping Forest ; Aeiliits cancdiciilatm, Nic, in Berwickshire ; Meloe rii-
liosiis, Marsh., at Broadstairs and Weymouth ; Supfrda firalaru, L., in
Derbyshire and Cumberland; Otinr/n/nnis liiiiistiri, L., at Matlock;
< 'ryphaliis fai/i, Fab., in Surrey and Sussex ; Hijdropnni^ fernii/ineus,
Steph., Philnnthns sviitatus, liv., Placiiso cotnplanata, Er., and Hi/dro-
t/iassa liannoverana, F., ail in Cumberland ; Hi/drtiratiis rli/pmlis, Sharp,
in the Isle of Wight; Lom/itarxns anchnsae, Pk., from Peebles;
Perileptiia areoLatus, Creutz, Klater pomonae, Steph., and Hi/lccortiis
deriiiestoides, F., all additions to the Irish list due to Messrs. Donis-
thorpe and Bouskell ; Aei/ialia riifa in great abundance on the
l^irkdale sandhills ; Malac/iiiin iiiariiinelliiH, 01., at Peebles ; tlu-
second capture in Scotland ; Larinm^ carUnae, 01., at Rye; Maiitinu
(■hri/s(i)ithi'iiii, Koch, AiiniineriKs birrin, Er,, (iymnetrnn coUiinis, Gyll.,
and (i.IiiKdiae, Panz., all from the Southport district; these, with many

4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RErORO.

others, show that the year has been a fairly prolific one for cole-
opterists.

In rcsjard to life-histories and other problems which can only be
solved by experiment or careful observation in the field, the year has
been only fairly fruitful. In the L'nt. Mo. Mag. there have been notes
(p. 181) by Mr. J. Edwards on the pairing of Honialota Uturata,
Steph., and on the probable use of the greatly thickened femora and
corresponding tibial spines in the males of Osphi/a bipimctata, Fabr.
It has been suggested that this development was for the purpose of
enabling these insects to retain a firm hold of the leaves or branches
uf the hawthorn, but Mr, Edwards states, and my own experience in
collecting this insect corroborates his view, that be has not found
them difficult to dislodge. There can, I think, be but little doubt that
these male characters are to facilitate sexual intercourse. We find a
similar state of thmgs in the sculpture of the elytra of the female
DytiscHs, &c. Mr. Edwards' locality (East Gloucestershire) is a new
district for (hphi/a, which is now known to occur in Huntingdon,
Kent, and Gloucestershire. Other similar notes in that journal are
those by Mr. E. Saunders (p. !242) on " Antennal Movements in a
Decapitated Stag-beetle," and by Mr. C. Morley (p. 249) on " Field
Notes on Stridulation." In the Ent. Reconl (p. 100) is a note by Mr,
Donisthorpe on " The Changes of Colour during Life of a C'assida
[CoptiH-i/chi bUtvi punctata, Herbst)." Professor Poulton suggests, as an
explanation of this curious effect, the variation in the thickness of the
fiuid layers between the chitinous lamelliP of the elytra, owing to
changes of pressure, brought about by expansion and contraction of
the body. Another note by the same author (p. 185) deals with
some further proofs of protective resemblance of such insects as
■ Liiiiobius iiii.rtiis, Boh., and Hypera punctata, F,, to their environment.
Mr. Burgess Sopp (p. 239), who has been rearing that beautiful
insect, ( hri/somi'la cerealis, L., dra\vs attention to the fact that though
their brilliant colour makes them such conspicuous objects against
the white background of the drawer of a cabinet, yet when amongst
their foodplant, the wild thyme, they are singularly difficult to
find. I suspect that critics of the theory of protective resemblance
are too often misled by founding their objections on the appearance of
dead insects in a cabinet. There is a total ditterence, for instance,
between the appearance of such insects as the British species of
l\j(ionoc/u'riis as seen in a cabinet and as seen on the mossy
bark of tree-trunks and stems. In the former case they are per-
fectly conspicuous and clear, in the latter they become almost in-
visible, and such brilliantly coloured insects as ('/irysomela yraininis,
L., for example, are not at all readily seen when on their food-
plants in their native haunts. In the same magazine occurs a
very interesting note by J)r. Chaster, on '• The Habits of Acyialia
rufa, F." Owing tf) the extraordinary abundance on the Birkdale
sandhills of this nornuilly scarce insect, Dr. Chaster was able to make
a series of very striking observations on the assembling of this insect,
probably for the purpose of reproduction, and notes of this character
throw a good deal of light upon the distribution, and reasons for the
apparent rarity of many of our scarcer insects. Mr. Tutt, in con-
tinuation of his previous notes, has published further valuable papers
on "The Migration and Dispersal of Coleoptera " (p, 73), and has

RETROSPECT OF A COLEOPTERIST FOR 1002. 5

finally summed up the conclusions which may safely be drawn from
the observations so far recorded in the three papers published on
pages 262, 292, and 315. A most valuable local list, to which atten-
tion has already been drawn, has appeared this year — c/:., " A List of
the Beetles of Ireland," by the Rev. W. F. Johnson and Mr. J. N.
Halbert. This is a bulky publication, extending to 293 pages, and is
a model of what such lists should be. In a carefully-written introduc-
tion the authors discuss the main problems which arise in trying to
formulate theories as to the origin of the present beetle fauna of
Ireland ; then follows a most complete and useful bibliography and an
outline map. The list proper follows the line of those by Mr. C.
jMorley, Mr. J. J. Walker, and others, that is, not only are localities
mentioned, but also, in most cases, much information is given as to
the habitats, the mode of life, and the time of occurrence of the
various species. Personally, I have already found these additional
notes of great use ; for example, a character is given for separating
Xa)iilioli)tiif<: linearis, 01. and A', loniiirentris, Heer, worth all the other
characters put together, and yet, singularly enough, not mentioned by
most authors. The I'ratisactians of the E ntuiii(ilo(/ical Hocietij of I^andon
during the past year contain, in addition to the admirable address
of the President, several other papers of exceptional importance. Mr.
Donisthorpe has contributed an excellent memoir, " The Life History
of ('li/thra i-junietata, L.," in which all the information previously
published has been brought together, and, to this, the author has added
a considerable number of valuable original observations, especially in
regard to the egg stage. Mr. Champion, in " An Entomological
Excursion to Central Spain," gives both an interesting account of the
visit paid by him and ]Jr. Chapman in the summer of 1901 to that
country, and also a complete list of their captures in Coleoptera and
Heniiptera-Heteroptera. Lastly, in Part iii, which has been issued
this month to members, Ave have, at length, in full, the paper dealing
with " the Bionomics of South African Insects," which was contri-
buted by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall and Professor Poulton. As this paper
extends to nearly 300 pages, and is one mass of experiments and de-
ductions draAvn from them, it is quite impossible to criticise it in this
sunnuary, even if I had been able in the brief time it has been in my
hands, to read it completely once through. I have no hesitation
in affirming that it points to South Africa as the country which will
in all probability furnish the necessary material for settling some of
the most difficult problems now confronting biologists, and many
theories will either find their confirmation or their overthrow in the
results deduced from experimental work in South Africa on the lines
of that of Mr. Marshall. In the Eut. J\lo. Ma;/., vol. xxxviii., p. 61,
Dr. Sharp describes some new species of oriental LijiinicJiini (fam.
Ihjnliidae ), and, in doing so, he points out the extreme similarity
of the Oriental forms to those from the New World.

On the whole it has been a stimulating year to those anxious to see
a real scientific study of our beetle fauna, and the appearance in one
year of an English translation of Fabre's " Souvenirs of Insect Life "
and of the above paper, " Bionomics of South African Insects " must
most surely do something to turn our young workers from mere
collectors into observers and experimenters.

6 "THE entomologist's RECORD.

Retrospect of an Orthopterist for 1902.

By MALCOLM BURR, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S.

The orthopterist finds but little of note to mark the year in looking
back through the past twelve months. The most striking, or, indeed,
the only, event of interest in connection with our own fauna, is the re-
discovery of Lahidiira riparia. Pall., the giant earwig. It is recorded
by Mr. Lucas in the pages of The luttoindlonist, Miss Nellie Robertson
took it in July at Bournemouth, and ^lajor Robertson records the cap-
ture of several [Jviit. lln-., xiv., p. 3i()) ; this is apparently its favourite
region ; all our old records are for the southern counties, most of them
for the Hampshire coast. It is a cosmopolitan insect, and so variable,
that entomologists never agree as to how many races or varieties there
are, or whether they all are one species or several. It seems to be
indigenous to the Pala^arctic region, and is almost invariably found on
the sea-shore or on river-banks. In this country it is probably a truly
native species, as it is always found under natural conditions, instead
of half-domesticated and dependent on artificial warmth like the
equally cosmopolitan Anisnlahis aiinuUpes, Luc, and Aptenjijida
arac/ddis, Yers. Careful search will probably eventually prove its
existence on other parts of our south coast.

More than the usual number of exotic species have straggled to
our shores during the past year. Ai/roecia rittiprs, Redt., a Brazilian
grasshopper, and two cockroaches, Sti/l(ijii/(ia dccorata, Brunner, and
I'anchlura e.ivlcta, Klug, have all been noted in this magazine. The
two last are recorded by Mr. Eland Shaw, M.R.C.S. We hope the
year may be signalised by the return to his favourite order of this
entomologist whose synopsis of more than ten years ago did so much
to stimulate the study of orthoptera in Great Britain.

Among publications, the most striking is the appearance of a
proposed totally new system of the Dermaptera, by Verhoeli'. The
assiduous German author, after an examination of the material in
the Berlin Museum, launched in the ZooliKim-licr A)ncitic'r, an entirely
revolutionary paper, which was, unfortunately, somewhat prematurely
given to the world, as not all the genera have been dealt with. The
first memoiL' was followed by a brief article dealing with some further
genera, and more has been promised. Orthopterists must, however,
regret that the author has not more carefully matured his observations.
Many new species and several new genera are described briefly, and in
German. The species are mainly African, and apparently rare ; and, as
the types are in the I3er!m Museum, it is to be regretted that no illus-
trations are given. Some of the genera may be unable to stand the
strain of future examination, but, in spite of all drawl)acks, it is a step
in the right direction, and any change is to be welcomed that is an
improvement upon the accepted but antiquated arrangement.

As a curiosity, we may mention the blind earwig, Anholahi^ caeca,
described by Borelli, from the Argentine Republic. It is very closely
allied to the universal A. annuUpes, Luc, but no vestiges of eyes can
be seen.

Among systematic works, Hancock's " Tettigid^e of North
America" is deserving of mention. It is an important faunistic mono-
graph that is also of purely systematic value. It has been noticed in
these pages {antca, 1902, p. 230).

A FEW ORTHOPTERA EKOJI SWITZERLAND. I

A Breeding Cage {with plate).

By J. C. DOLLMAN.
The five figures sketched in the illustration to this subject, repre-
sent the component parts of a breeding-cage, which the writer, after
over a year's trial, can recommend on the score of its simplicity,
economy of construction, and efficiency of service. Fig. 1 is an
ordinary wire gauze meat-safe with tin back, top and bottom ; the
front and sides being covered with the gauze. The hook provided inside
can be removed. This item can be purchased for about six. shillings
at the size of 24 inches in height ; the back and top, inside, should be
I'ubbed with earth, or have some fabric stuck to them to facilitate the
hold of the insects when climbing to develop their wmgs. Fig. 2,
represents a framework of stout wire rod, about the substance of a slate
pencil. This is made one inch larger in width and depth than the
cage, and the legs should extend a couple of inches below the wooden
platform. This platform, on which the cage is to stand, can be firmly
held in position by wire staples round the legs, being well hammered
home. Fig. 3 is a common tin baking-dish, and should be large
enough for the four legs of the frame to stand comfortably upon its
fiat bottom. Fig. 4 shows the frame covered on the front and sides.
This covering may be either old flannel or a double thickness of stout
serge, or any material which will I'eadily absorb, and hold, water.
The material employed should be allowed to come to the full length of
the legs and to hang below the platform, so that it will rest upon the
bottom of the tin dish. Fig. 5 gives the apparatus in position. Fill
the baking-dish two-thirds full of water and stand the covered frame
in it, seeing that the bottom edge of its coverings is well down in the
water to the bottom of the dish. The breeding-cage can now be
placed on the platform, and should have an inch of space left all round
between it and the covering of the frame. The strong recommenda-
tion which this apparatus has is this — the water absorbed by the
flannel, to about one-third of its height, keeps the atmosphere damp
in and round the cage, while the open space allowed by the extra inch
permits the air to circulate freely and freshly. The result of this is
tliat, while the atmosphere of the cage is damp, there is no possibility
of producing mildew. There is no wetting of earth, moss, sand, or
whatever material the pupte may be stored in or upon, and the
conditions are possibly as near an approach to natural ones as can be
arrived at. The percentage of cripples emerging is almost nil, and
there is no anxiety as to whether this or that species wants damping,
as one glance at the flannel covering will tell one whether the dish
requires more water or not. The entire concern being very compact it
can be easily removed from one room to another, according as the
question of temperature has to be considered.

A few Orthoptera from Switzerland.

By MALCOLM BURR, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S.
During a short holiday in Switzerland, in September last, I picked
up a few orthoptera in the neighbourhood of Caux, above Montreux.
The locality is doubtless well-known to many readers of the Kntoinulo-
i/ut's llccord. We were staying at Caux. a village consisting chiefly of
two hotels, at an elevation of 1100 metres. It is a grand spot,
commanding a splendid view of Lac Leman, the Rhone valley, the

8 tHfi entomologist's record.

Savoy Alpo, and the Deiit du Midi. JJeiiind Cuux the road runs along
the side of the hills to Les Avants. On the meadows and among the
thickets that grow on the slopes by this road, I found Stciwhothrns
parall(ii(f<, Zett., and .S'. vrridulus, L., very common. N'. IhicatKs,
Panz., was there, but less common, 1 found a single PsopIiKu striihdux,
L., conspicuous in his deep black colour and crimson wings ; one
StctJioji/ii/ma fi(sciun, L., attracted attention to itself by its conspicuous
coloration, and curious rattling Hight. Its advertisement of its
presence was fatal to it, as I soon had him in my bottle, but I remem-
ber that, when I first made the acquaintance of the species, ten years
ago, in the Savoy Alps, above Aix-les-Bains, I was terrified by the
rattling clatter that it made in flight, and could only just screw up my
courage enough to let curiosity overcome timidity. I found
Plati/clcis roetiaUi, Hagenb., but not numerous. Our old friends
Thaninotrizon cinrrcux, L., and Plati/cleis i/risea, Fabr., was common
enough, and so was Jjx-uxta cavtana, which kept up a continual chorus
in the grounds of the hotel itself. Chrymchraon bracJn/ptcnis, Ocsk.,v,'a.s
abundant on the grassy slopes. It is a pity that this beautiful
little grasshopper so quickly loses its brilliant emerald-green colour and
fades to a dirty brown. In orthoptera, the tender and delicate greens
can be kept with a little care, but the more metallic or oily greens fade
in spite of everything. The two species of ('hnjaochraon, and the
various Podisiiia, when dried and faded in the cabinet are very different
from the brilliant and glittering insects that we find in their native
haunts. I'odisma al}iininii, Koll., was also common a little above
Caux, in the woods especially. I took a single Stenobvt/irus ragaii><
lower down in the valley. 1)n-tiviis nrnicirorns^ L., was, of course, to
be found nearly everywhere.

As we went higher, we found new forms. At Jaman, and again in
the dells round the Rochers de Naye, at about 2000 metres, I found
<T(iiiiiiho<rri(s sibirinis, L., in numbers, and two species that I had not
previously seen alive. One was I'lati/deis mnxsnreana, Frey, a species
closely allied to our English /'. hrnr/n/ptt'ra ; it is common enough in
the grassy uplands of Central Ivirope. The other was Orpliunia
ileiitiraiida, Charp., a great clumsy, fat, smooth, green, apterous
Phaneropterid ; our only English member of the family, fj'iitiipJn/cs
piinctatisdiiia, Bosc, gives a very poor idea of its big relation. It was
common enough chirping in the long grass, and very easy to pick up
with the fingers. It is a very widely distributed species. It occurs in
the Pyrenees, all through the Alps and the Tirol, in the hills near
Budapest, in the southern spur of the Carpathians and in the
mountains of Servia and Transsylvania, and down the Dalmatian coast
as far as Castellastua. It is strange that I had never actually seen it
before, but I have probably been too early in the season. In the late
summer, at Tiibingeu, Dr. Krauss once told me, they are so common
along the railway bank that their chirp can be heard even in passing
trains.

Notes oil Abraxas grossulariata and how to rear it.

By (Ekv.) G. it. KAYNOE, M.A.
{Concluded from p. 325.)
The exceptionally small size of this latter specimen {a}it('a,\[v., p. 825)
is undoubtedly due to the fact that it comes of a race which has been con-

KOTES OX ABRAXAS GROSSULAniATA AND HOW TO RKAR FT. 0

siderably inbred. To my miiul, size is a veiy important point in this
species. In undersized specimens the colours are often faint or bleached,
and such insects seem to me of very little interest or value. Many of the
aberrations that have from time to time been figured by different
authors are deficient in size and, therefore, unless very extraordinary,
seem to me to have been hardly Avorthy of such counterfeit present-
ment. I have not had the opportunity of seeing Oberthiir's vol. xxi
of the Etudes iV KntDiiiuloijie, entitled " Variation des Lepidopteres,"
but I believe that he therein figures some 200 aberrations or varie-
ties of A. (irdssiilanata, mostly of British origin. Barrett, in his
work, represents 19; and Mosley, in the earlier numbers of The
Xatiiralist's Journal for 1895, has 29 excellent woodcuts, yet to none
of these 250 aberrations have the authors assigned varietal names.
So far as I can ascertain, only two (or at most three) British aberra-
tions have so far ever been named, viz., ab. liitca by Cockerell, ab.
rarli'i/ata by Porritt, and, perhaps, ah. Jiavofa^tciata hy Unene {Stctt.
Knt.' Zeit.,'ld01, p. 158; Bed. Ent. Zeits., 1901, pi. vi., fig. 10). I,
therefore, deem this a fitting opportunity for describing and naming a
few of the more prominent and easily defined forms. There are
many most beautiful forms in which the markings on the forewings
are so complex, as to baffle description ; others in which the hindwings
display most extraordinary markings, but, as similarly marked hind-
wings may occur in specimens with dissimilar forewings, I have not
thought fit to differentiate aberrations merely by the markings on the
hindwings. Jjarrett justly says, regarding this species, that "to
describe all the results of the constant rearing of specimens for many
years would tax the energies of the most laborious and diffuse writer."
I will, therefore, at once proceed to describe certain striking aberra-
tions, and to assign names to all except the tw^o which have already
been called lutea and varleyata. The following is a tabular list of
the aberrations of A. ;/rossidariata : —

A. Pale Aberrations. — a. ab. ciuidida, mihi. — I have never seen this form,
which is tigured by S. L. Mosley in the Ndturalists" JouriKil for February, 1895,
p. 33, tig. 1. In the text Moriley says, '-Fig. 1 is entirely white, without any
black at all. I have only seen two — one in Mr. Gregson's collection (now Webb's),
and the other in the late J. ISidebotham's, of Bowdon."

j3. ab. lacticolor, mihi. — This being a well-known form, recurrent in Lanes.,
seems to merit a full description. Ground-colour of all wings pale creamy : black
markings very much reduced. A small black basal blotch on forewings, and three
similar equidistant blotches along costal margin, the first touching the yellow basal
blotch and the third situate at the top of the pale yellow median transverse band.
Discoidal spot (black) well-developed, and, in the pale area below^it, are three or four
other minute black specks. Tlie series of black spots inside the yellow median
band forms a broken stripe ; the outer series along the same are faint and wedge-
shaped. The usual seven spots along the hindmargin are snuill but distinct, as
they are also along the hindmargin of the hindwings. Otherwise, the hindwings
hav'e no markings but a minute black central spot, and, below it, seven very faint
black dots stretching obliquely from near the apex to a point rather below the
centre of the inner margin. There is also a single small black spot at the centre
of the inner margin. Expanse, l^'in. Always ? . Locahties — Lanes., Sussex (Arling-
ton). This form is figured on p. 99, column 1, of Newman's British Moths. Miss
E. Miller has shown me two ? examples of this aberration, b)-ed in 1902, from
larvae taken wild on blackthorn, at Chelmsford.

y. ab. chdlcitzoua, mihi. — Similar to /i, but basal blotch and median band,
instead of being pale yellow, are of a dead coppery-bronze, the median band being
very broad and handsome. Tlie hindwings of S02ne specimens show a very faint
yellow horizontal stripe starting from a point opposite the anus and extending over
two-thirds of tlie wing towards the apes. Always ? . Expanse, 2ins. Locality —
Chiswick and Lanes.

5. ab. axantha, mihi. — A form in which the yellow trHn^vcr-^p Iwnds on fore-

io

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S EECOKD.

wings are either obsolete or so washy and slight as to be hardly noticeable. I bred
about a dozen of this pretty form from one lot of Nottinghamshire larvae this year,
and have also received it from Durham. The nearest figure to it in Barrett is
tig. lb on pi. cccxxi.

e. ab. lutea, Cockerell, "Eut.," vol. xxii., 1889, p. 2. — Markings more or
less normal, but all wings suffused with bright yellow. Localities — Essex, London
District, Sussex (Angmering), and Lanes. Figured by Barrett, pi. cccxxii., fig. Id.

f. ab. fulvajjicatfi, milii. — Markings more or less normal, but with the
fulvous colour at top of the central median band extending over the pale area at
apex of forewings. I have reared a considerable number of this form from
Chiswick, Lanes, larvse.

■)]. ab. alhoiiiaryiiHitd, mihi. — Markings normal, but the series of seven black
spots usually found along hindmargin of foi'ewings and hindwings entirely absent.
Barrett, pi. cccxxii., tig. 1. ? Locality.

yiUCd. ab. inekuiozona, mihi. — A very striking Scotch form. Forewings have a
black blotch (with slightest trace of yellow) at base. Discoidal spot very black and
large, situate in large white central area. On outside of this area and inside the
very faint yellow median band is a black fascia, broader at costal margin. The
series of black spots outside the yellow band is reduced to four, which nearly
coalesce with the black fascia, and are, therefore, really situate in the yellow band.
The seven black spots along the hindmargin are strongly developed and confluen*..
Hindwing with a well-defined central black spot and two parallel series of seven
strongly -marked spots along the hindmargin, a definite white area separating the
two series. Locality — Aberdeen.

B. Dakk Aberkations. — i. ab. i-arlci/ata, Porritt. — " Black markings amal-
gamated so as to form a coijiplete uniform suffusion of the fore- and hindwings with
black, except a pure white band across them all at some little distance fi-om their
base." — Barrett. Figured by Barrett, pi. cccxxii., tig. Ig, by Newman in British
Moths, p. 100, column 1, and by Mosley in Naturaliatx' Journal, vol. iv., no. 31,
Jan. 1895, p. 9. Mosley, in loco citato, says that " This form was first reared by
Mr. Varley (at Hudderstield), in 1864, and tigui-ed in The Naturalist or that year.
He reared eleven of this form, and sold them for £1 each. The same variety has
since been bred in some numbers at Wibsey, near Bradford, and at other places.
Several have also been taken at large."

K. ab. hazeleinliensis, mihi. — The whole area of the forewings oetween the
two orange bands is filled in with brown-black, the only white markings in this
area being two minute specks on the costal margin (about the middle). Median
band of a deep orange, and broader where it meets the inner margin. A veiw
striking form. Locality — Essex (Hazeleigh).

X. ab. nhiroKpartiuta, mihi. — Markings more or less normal, but all the wings
suffused with minute lilack specks, producing a sooty appearance. Median band
generally faint, and of a dull orange. Localities — Essex, Yorks, 8. Wales.
Barrett, pi. cccxxii., fig. If.

^c. ab. xiihviolacca, mihi. — Markings normal, but whole area of all four wings
suffused with dusky or brownish-violet, often producing a scorched appearance.
Barrett, pi. cccxxii., fig. Ic and pi. cccxxi., tig. It. Localities — Lanes., Notts.

V. ab. semiviolacea, mihi. — Similar to fx, but hindwings not suffused with the
dusky or brownish- violet. Locality- — Kent (Bexley).

There ai-e no aberrations named in Staudinger's CataUxj, but there
are two local varieties, which may, of course, occasionally crop up as
aberrations. I have not come across either of these among the
numerous British specimens (or illustrations of such) which I have
seen, but it seems advisable to quote the descriptions here.

4". var. rihcdata, Stgr., "Iris," v., p. 161. — "Alls signaturis nigris obsoleti-
cribus, maculis in fascia contluentihus. From Fergana in Central Asia " (Stau-
dinger and Ilebel, CataUxj, p. S'iS).

0. var. co)is]iurnit(i. l^utler, "111. Het.," iii., p. 48, pi. 52, fig. 11. — " Maculis
nigris conliuentibus, alls posticis area basali nigra. From Japan " (ibid).

The description of var. rihedata seems too general to admit of easy
identification, whilst var. amspKuata would certainly seem to be non-
British, as none of our forms (known to me at any rate) have a black
basal area on the hindwings.

feXPERiMENTs WITH myr:\iecophiloi:s cot,eoptek.\, etc. 11

Mr. E. A. Fitch, kindly supplies the following information : —
A. (jroHsulariata is moderately subject to parasites. Many species of
Ichnenmonidae and Braconidae have been recorded, but the more
general parasites are the large black Ivkncumon triliuratus, Gmel., a
solitary parasite emerging from the lepidopterous pupa, and ( 'asinaria
vidua, Gr., whose larva spins a compact oval cocoon '■, very like coarse
brown paper, with a distinct black band towards each end. The
irregularly-clustered, sulphur-yellow, woolly cocoons of Apanteles
rxhripeK, Hal., and A. f/loineratiis, L., are well known. Several diffe-
rent species of MesocJiorus [Iclineumnnidae) are hyperparasitic on the
i'asinaria, or even on the Apanteles, or may be bred from the naked
pup* of the dipterous Tachinids. The most frequent dipterous para-
site is the variable and common K.vorhta ndnaris, Fall.

*This cocoon is figured in Entomolvgist, vol. xvii., pi. ii., tig. 11 (June 1884).

Further experiments with Myrmecophilous Coleoptera, etc.

By H. St. .J. K. DONISTHOllPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

In the Knt(i)ii()lo<iiAfs Ilecnrd, 1901, p. 349, I gave the results
obtained in some experiments with Myrmecophilous Coleoptera, and I
stated that I hoped to make further experiments in the future. The
following are the experiments I have been able to carry out in
1902 :—

AtiiiieU'^ jHiradn.rus, Grav. — Mr. Keys, having kindly sent me a living
specimen of this rare beetle which he had captured in a nest of Fonnica
fiisra, near Plymouth, I, on April 8th last, put several ants out of my
observation-nest of Fonnica riifa into a small glass-topped box with
the beetle. When it met an ant it exhibited the old defence, thrusting
the tail, which it carried bent over the back, into the ant's face, and
" twiddling " the antennte very rapidly. The ant fell back, and the
beetle was not attacked. ^Yhen held by a leg with a pair of forceps to
an ant, the ant refused to take hold of the beetle ; when both beetle
and ant were held, and the ant forced to seize the beetle, the ant im-
mediately dropped it unhurt on being set free. I then introduced the
beetle into my F. riifa nest, where it ran about amongst crowds of
ants, using the old defence, and was not hurt.

Dinarda dcntata, Grav. — The same results were obtained from
similar experiments with this beetle, which was also sent to me alive
by Mr. Keys, from a nest of F. fnsca. It carried the tail down till it
met an ant, when it bent it over its back and thrust it into the ant's
face. When an ant was forced to seize it, the ant immediately dropped
it, and ran round in a circle for some time. Introduced into the nest
it ran about unhurt.

lilaiijiilKs iiKttidatiis, Gerv.— On April 19th, I introduced a specimen
of this myrmecophilous myriapod, which I had taken in a nest of F.
iiifa, near Chobhain, the day before, into my F. i nfa nest. It was not
attacked. When an ant was forced to hold it, which was not easy, it
was dropped at once and the ant refused to touch it again, the same
result was obtained with other ants. On holding the Flanjulm to my
nose I was surprised to notice a strong smell similar to that given oft'
by Mijniu'dojiia. When let loose in the nest the creature entered the

IS THE entomologist's RECORr>.

hillock unmolested. It is, therefore, evidently protected by the
" Myrmedonia " smell. On April 25th I repeated the experiment with
a specimen taken in a nest of F. rufa at Weybridge, with the same
results.

Coccindla diatincta, Fald. — On April 21st I introduced a specimen
of this ladybird, which I had taken in a nest of F. rufa, at Pamber
Forest, into my observation-nest. The ants were unable to seize it, its
defence being to retract the legs and duck down, when the ant's jaws
slip off its shiny elytra (see Flnt. licmnl, 1900, p. 173). When
an ant was forced to take hold of the beetle's leg, it let go at once.
Another ant held on for some little time, dragging the beetle about.
The ladybird remained motionless with all the other legs retracted and
the }ello\v exudation which is excreted by the Coccinellidae was very
apparent. The ant then let go and appeared to be very upset, walking
round in circles, and was very languid for a long time afterwards.
The beetle walked away unhurt. I repeated the exjDeriment on April
25th, for Professor IJeare to see, with specimens we had taken in the
nests of F. rufa, at W(\ybridge. The same results were observed.

Atoiidis oiimijinatns, Payk. — On April 25th I introduced into ray
observation-nest a specimen I had taken in a nest of Fornika fiisca, at
Weybridge, after trying the other experiments, in small boxes, forcing
an ant to seize the beetle, etc. Exactly the same results \vere
obtained as with A. iiaruda.nis, the beetle eventually entering the nest
unhurt.

Lcptariuiis fininntnniiii, Mark. — On April 25th I introduced
specimens from F. rufa nests, at Weybridge, into my nest. The
beetles displayed the usual defence and also appeared to escape by
reason of their small size. They all entered the nest unhurt.

Mtjniiiti's piccHH, Payk. — I also introduced this beetle from
Weybridge. It was unmolested. It is too hard for the ants to bite,
and when held and an ant forced to bite at it, the ant's jaws slip off
its smooth body.

I may mention that the nest referred to above is a nest of /'. rufa,
which 1 obtained from Oxshott, on April 7th. On March 14th, I had
dug up my old nest as no ants had appeared this year. I found the
bulk of the ants and several queens in a ball all joined together by
mould, which had probably killed them. There were no living ants, but
the remains of many w^ere scattered about the nest, the work, I am
inclined to think, of the conniion wood-louse, of which there were great
numbers alive in the nest. This recalls to mind Mr. W. W. Smith's
note, in the Fnt. Mo. Ma;/., 1902, p. 182, on the displacement of ants
by woodlice in New Zealand. I think the woodlice take the oppor-
tunity when the ants are hybernating to eat them ; they are evidently
obnoxious to the ants, as I have written in my note-book, on October
20th, 1901, " A common woodlouse came up on to the hillock, it was
attacked by two ants and killed." The other living creatures in the
nesi were — I'lafi/arihrus Inijfiiiaim'ntin, in numbers; F>hmjidu>> t/nttiila-
tus, in numbers; llnhia albiiia, several; Thiircontlu'niis binrata, several;
and two Cli/t/ira cases, containing living larva', fastened to bits of wood,
hybernating. These evidently sprung from the eggs of Cli/t lira which
my ants had taken into the nest earlier in the year. I also found in
the cleft of a bit of wood in the heart of the nest, the nest and eggs
of the spider, T/ii/reusthciiKs hluvata. — November 1902.

SHERBORN S "TVDEX AXIMALTUM." 13

Sherborn's "Index Animaliuni." *

By LOUIS B. TROUT, P'.E.S.
The advent of the first part of this monnraental work of reference,
so long awaited by serioui? workers in all branches of zoology, certainly
merits some notice in Tlie KntomoloiiiM's Hcconl. When readers are
reminded that the undertaking was commenced on July 1st, 1890, and
that even after deducting the time lost through the author's unfe:)rtunate
breakdown in health, its completion has taken eight yeai's' solid work,
they will, perhaps, form some conception of the magnitude of the task
which has been set Mr. Sherborn, and which has been so admirably
accomplished by him. But this conception becomes more definite
when one looks through the voluminous " Bibliography " (pp. xi-lvi) of
the " books referred to in the compilation of this index," and remem-
bers that the " referring," has, in many cases, involved a laborious
fixing, by research in contemporary literature, etc., of the date of every
page, and still more when one glances through the 1195 closely-printed
pages of the index itself. Most heartily do we thank Mr. Sherborn for
the above-mentioned " Bibliography"!; had there been nothing else con-
tained within the covers of his book we should still have felt that he
had not laboured in vain, especially as it indicates which works contain
" no specific names," " no new species," " no systematic zoology," &c.
Mr. Sherborn simply calls it a " rough list of books," and we suppose
this refers to the abbreviated titles by which they are catalogued, as
well as to the absence of bibliographical minutiae (dates of intermediate
volumes, numbers of pages, &c.). Certainly some of the titles are a
good deal abbreviated, and one would not readily recognise what was
the scope, for instance, of " Sierstorpff, K.H., Insektenarten," which is
really (as its full title shows) a work on insects injurious to pine.
That there should be one or two slips in this part of the work, and
consequent omissions in the "Index" itself, is no doubt almost inevit-
able where the matter which had to be dealt with was of such huge
proportions. We think Mr. Sherborn is in error in saying that
Gladbach's Bcsrhridbiinn Eiirnpaisclu'r SclunettcrUniic contains "no new
species" ; Pltalaena tinea chri/scuit/icini was erected on p. 82 of this book
(1777) not (first) in Kuehn's Kilrzc Anlciinmj of 1788. By the way,
should not all the names brought forward in Gladbach's Namen and
Preiss Verzeichniss be dated 1778 (cfr., Stett. Ent. Zelt., xvi., p. 94)
instead of 1788, when they were simply reprinted by Kuehn '? Certainly
they were in circulation before 1783, «.//., in Lang's Verzeichnixs of
1782. And again, are they " nomina nuda " and not rather valid
names erected on Rosel's and Kleemann's species '? But the only
serious omission which we have noticed — involving a really large
number of names in the lepidoptera — results from our author's having
unaccountably accused Goeze, in his FJnt(imolo;/isrhe lieijtriiiie, of being

* " Index Animaliura, sive index nominum quae ab. a.d. mdcclviii, generibus
et speciebus animalium imposita sunt : soeietatibus eruditorum adiuvantibus a
Carolo Davies Sherborn confectus. Sectio prima a kalendis Januariis, jidcclviii.
usque ad finem Decembris, mdccc." Cantabrigiae, e typographic academico,
MDCcccii, 8°, lix. + 1195 pp.

+ Incidentally, too, Mr. Sherborn has earned the gratitude of all serious
students by his unflagging energy in hunting up rare books, purchasing where
necessary, and getting them placed in accessible libraries for reference by future
workers.

14 THE entomologist's RECORD.

"not consistently binomial," and so having neglected to cite his
names in the Index, or having referred to them by Jung (1791-92),
who merely quotes Goeze, We are not familiar with vols, i and ii
oithe FjUtoin. Bei/trat/i', vfhich may contain something to give colour to
Mr. Sherborn's view ; but vol. iii, with the lepidoptera, is most
emphatically "binomial," and, as the names have been accepted by all
our leading synonymists — Walsingham and Durrant, Rothschild and
Jordan, Zeller, Staudinger, Aurivillius, &c, — one very much regrets
that they are not included, and hopes they will be appended in a
supplement. That any lack of binomial nomenclature which there
may be in vols, i and ii should not suffice for the rejection of vol.
iii, is proved by the treatment of Degeer [surely not " Geer,
de," as given in the Bibliography ?] where we find " vols, iii-vii
accepted;" and that occasional inadmissibly-formed names (hope-
lessly trinomial, &c.) should not vitiate the whole, is shown by the
author's discriminating treatment of Retzius {Gen. et Spec. Ins.), in-
volving the acceptance of Sj/hiiuv ;»»«•«, PJialaoia tubulosa, Pterophordu
ftiscus, Sec, but the rejection of such atrocities as Plicdaena violacca nvjro-
itriijata. Kuehn, too, appears to have honestl,y tried, though with
somewhat indift'erent success, to use Linnean nomenclature in his
paper in the " Beschiiftigungen " of the old Berlin Society, and one
wonders whether his names Tinea scaleUa and Plmlaena aurantia ought
not to have been cited. But it seems ungracious to speak of omissions
when we are feeling so devoutly thankful for the mass of help obtained.
Suffice it to add that the plan and arrangement of the work are admir-
able in every way. All experienced students will be delighted to learn
that the main index is under specific (trivial) names, not under generic,
as with the Jnde.v Kcire)isis ; sound reasons are given for this in the
introduction, and at a time when Colonel Swinhoeis so strenuously —
and not without success — endeavouring to bring our scientific societies
to their senses in this matter of indexing, Ave trust no one will be found
to question the wisdom of this arrangement. A very important
addition, however, is not forgotten, for pp. 1073-1195 supply us with
" Part II, index to generic names, showing the trivial names associated
with each, from 1758-lHOO." On the vexed question of Linne's really
trinomial nomenclature in the Lepidoptera, Mr. Sherborn quotes what
w'e may, perhaps, call the subgeneric name in brackets — e.;/., Pajiilio
[Plebeiiis) rt/v/;(.s, Phalaena {Geowetra) aamhiicaria, &c., but in the
generic index he disposes them under their main headings, Papilio,
Phalaena, kc, thereby tacitly endorsing Linne's own statement
that these are his " genera." The first author to subsequently use
the combinations (ieoinetra xatiihtiroria, &c. {i.e., to raise (ieometra,
&c., to full generic rank), therefore, has to be also separately quoted,
and we believe this will be found indispensable in the unravelling of
the tangles of homonymy. Many other points of interest might have
been touched upon, but we trust enough has been said to show the
invaluable nature of the work before us. It is published at the price
of 25s. net, which is wonderfully cheap when one considers the
contents.

Contributions to the Fauna of Spain : Bejar, Aviia, etc.

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
Mr. Champion and myself again visited Spain last summer (1902).
Our experience of the previous year led us to desire its repetition,

CONTRIBT'TTONS TO THR FAt'N'A OF SPAIN : BR.TAR. lo

without necessarily visiting the same ground. As well as the natural
wish for some variety, we felt that Spain was a large country and
could afford us some good sport in many possible directions. We
wanted the fine weather we had enjoyed on the Albarracin Sierra, fine
without being too hot, this pointed to the great central plateau rather
than the north and west, as affording moist Atlantic weather, or the
south and east as too hot. It also suggested that high ground was
desirable, both as a matter of climate and as affording more hopeful
collecting ground. La Granja would have suited as well, except that
we thought we should like to try some place less frequented by
entomological and other tourists. We finally decided to make our
headquarters at Bejar, a town of some 10000 inhabitants, situated on
the railway from Salamanca to Plasencia and some 100 miles due west
of Madrid. It is situated in the extreme southeast corner of the
province of Leon, in the district of Salamanca, and close to the borders of
Castile and Estremadura. Its advantages, besides accessibility and
probably existent accommodation, were that it is at an elevation of
some 3300ft., and is close under the Sierra de Bejar, a mountain mass
rising to some 8000ft. This Sierra lies between the Sierras de Gredos
and de Gata. It is well separated from the latter, less definitely from
the former, of which it may be regarded as an outlier, though it is
separated by a tolerably deep valley. We found the district very
different in many respects from the Albarracin country. What,
perhaps, made it most different for us as entomologists, and different
for the worse, was the entire absence from the whole region of any
limestone formation. We came across a small outcrop at Avila on the
way home, and this is probably the nearest limestone to Bejar. Some
of the drier and more rocky slopes reminded one a good deal of places
near Cuenca, both in their aspect and vegetation, and in some of their
insects, but, broadly, the vegetation, also, was very different. The
Albarracin country was not mountainous, but rather an upland of
rough, rocky, more or less dry hills. Bejar was at the base of real
mountains, and away from these were considerable plains. In the
Albarracin sierra, away from the limestone, we had pine forests, with
Arctostaphylof; undergrowth, and, in the more open places, scrub or
thickets of Cistus, whilst on the limestone — at least, near Albarracin
itself — the vegetation had even a decided African flavour, as in such
plants as Ephedra, kc. Broom was hardly noticed. At Bejar it was
granite everywhere. No pine, no Cuius (or very little), no spice of
Africa. Oaks and chestnuts where there were any trees, where there
were not then broom — always broom — acres, thousands of acres, in six
or eight species of C'ljtisus and Genhta, and other species of those
genera that would hardly be colloquially called broom.

Wishing to meet with species, especially of coleoptera for which we
had last year been too late, we made an earlier start, setting out on
June 21st. This made us really very early, since it appeared that the
season was very decidedly a late one in Spain, as in so many other
parts of Europe. The earliness of our visit certainly told very much
against us as collectors of butterflies. Indeed, it occurred to me more
than once, in the earlier part of our excursion, that if such a note as
the present came by any chance into existence it would be a very short
one, and would take the well-known form, " On Butterflies in Spain."
" There are no butterflies in Spain.'" This would have been ^correct.

16 THE entomologist's RECORD.

of course, only for our excursion, but it would have been nearer the

truth for it than, in my character of " a mere collector," I felt to be at
all pleasing.

At Bejar we put up at the Fonda of Alvaro Herrera, the " Nuevo
Siglo," where we found tolerable accommodation and a fairly satis-
factory commissariat. The town is on a narrow ridge. The little
river Cuerpo del Hombre runs past it, and on one side aftbrds a steep,
rocky declivity under the town, a less deep valley on the other side,
and a rocky slope where this little valley joins the river below the
town, makes the situation of Bejar the same as that of so many other
Spanish towns of the same age — a narrow ridge, easily protected,
on both sides and one end, and with a level outlet only at the other.
In the case of Bejar the ground even here is steep. The old walls of
Bejar are nowhere well preserved. It is the seat of a considerable in-
dustry in the manufacture of woollen cloth. The collecting-ground
at Bejar had to be entirely discovered for ourselves, so that it is very
possible that we entirely overlooked some very desirable spots, since
we found that there was some difference in fauna and flora in almost
every fresh direction we explored. We especially failed to examine
the ground lower than the town, chiefly because, when w-e felt at
leisure to do so, a spell of very hot weather set in and made us avoid
any direction that suggested exposure to the heat. What we con-
sidered our principal objective was, no doubt, the Sierra de Bejar, in-
volving a climb of 4000 feet to 5000 feet to where there was, even at
the end of July, still a good many large areas of snow. The way
thereto was some three miles up the valley of the little river to the town
of Candelario, which is some 500 feet above Bejar, whence the ascent to
the sierra was a tolerably direct climb. Another excursion Avas over
the much lower hill opposite Candelario, in the direction of Garganta
and Banos de Bejar. The slopes of the hill immediately to the west of
Bejar were also attractive, especially as being very accessible, whilst
certain country almost as near to Bejar to the southeast afforded more
good collecting ground.

After being some three weeks at Bejar we went by diligence to Avila,
staying half way for about a week at Piedrahita, a large village under
the slope of an outlying ridge of the Sierra de Gredos. This dili-
gence journey afibrded what I may call one of the entomological sen-
sations of our tour. Just before we left Bejar a Catocala was met
with rather freely in one or two localities, easily disturbed in the
afternoon from walls, trees, &c., but on July 17th, at several points
on the way, we saw this Catocala flying literally in hundreds at mid-
day round certain oak-trees that were very numerous at most parts of
the way. In its size and general appearance in the landscape this oak
much resembles an olive, but the foliage is darker. No doubt this is
the QnercH>i f/ranniiatia, whose edible acorns are know'n as " ballotas."
The Spaniards we asked called the tree " Encinas." They grow it, pos-
sibly, for its shade, certainly for its acorns as food both for men and
pigs. The Catocala proved to be C. iii/iiipJiaea. We found it very
abundant in a small piece of rough ground with these oaks at
Piedrahita, a dozen or two flying ofl' every rock when dit-turbed. It
was, nevertheless, not easy to catch, and usually more or less damaged
when taken,

(7o be ciDiclndcd.)

OOLEOPTERA. 17

@^OLEOPTERA.

Abdera triguttata, Gyll. — On September 10th I took one exaiuple
of this beetle at Newtonmore, Invernessshire, under the bark of a fallen
fir-tree. Fowler says of this species that " It has hitherto only been
found in Scotland, in the Dee and ]\foray districts. Mr. Champion
took it in some numbers at Aviemore." My identification has been
confirmed by the Rev. A. Thornley. — James E. Black. Drecuihrr 28>v/,
1902.

QuEDius obliteratus, Er.,and QuEDius suturalis,Kies. — In answer
to my query {antca, vol. xiv., p. 266), re these beetles, Mr. Keys kindly
sent forme to see, a specimen of Q. obliteratus, and a foreign type of Q.
sutitralia. As I expected, my insect from Gravesend agrees exactly
with the latter species, it having much more strongly and coarsely
punctured elytra than (J. obliteratus. Mr. Champion tells me that he
has two specimens of obliteratus and a series of suturalis, so, as I
supposed, we possess both species as British. All the specimens in the
Power collection are obliteratus, and Mr. Gorham tells me he only
possesses the finer punctured species. I may point out that the
description in Fowler refers to the true suturalis, whereas, in Cox's
Manual, the suturalis there referred to is obliteratus. — Horace
DoNisTHORPE, F.Z.S., 58, Kensington Mansions. November 26th, 1902.

Apjiodius tessulatus, Payk. — I have long been on the look-out
for this insect, as, until this autumn, it was one of the five species of
the genus which I had so far been unable to find (the others are
nemoralis, scrota, i-maculata and liridus), and, on moving to Edinburgh,
I searched the local lists to see if I could find any clue to its localities
in Scotland. Dr. Sharp, in his Catalo(iue of the Coleoptera of ScotlamI,
says it occurs in the Forth District and is very local, it is not
mentioned in the Entomolofiia Edinensis, and Murray, in his catalogue,
gives as the only locality Arthur's Seat. Previous captures, such as
those by the Rev. T. Wood at Broadstairs, led me to suspect that, like
couspurcatus, L., it was a late autumn insect, so, early in November,
one mild afternoon, I determined to explore the higher parts of
Arthur's Seat, on which there are always plenty of sheep pasturing.
I soon came across the insect, which occurred in plenty in sheep
droppings, whenever these were in the right condition, not too dry nor
too wet. It was accompanied then by A. contaminatus, Herbst, and
A. punctatosuleatus, Sturm, both in fair numbers with many of the
dung-frequenting Homalotids, Tachinids and Cercyons. I made several
visits later in the month and found the insect was widely distributed
all over the upper parts of the hill, at heights of 500 feet and over,
and I was able to send specimens to friends in need of it. Early in
December we had a sharp spell of very cold weather;' there was
hard frost, and the hill was covered with snow for several days, the
frost lasting long enough to give skaters a brief spell of their sport on
the lochs ; when the frost gave way we had several violent gales
and heavy rain. I was anxious to see if this weather had put an end
to the insects, so, on December 21st, a fairly mild sunny day, I again
visited the hill, and was much surprised to find that, though naturally
much diminished in numbers, the insect was still present in its
pabulum, but, with the exception of three or four specimens of
Tachiuus irianjinellus, F., it was the only living thing to be found in the

18 THK ENTOMOLOraSx's RECORD.

droppings, all the other species were gone, as were the Homalotids. etc.
It must, therefore, be a very hardy insect ; it had probably been
subjected to not far short of 10° of frost for several days during the
cold spell earlier in the month. It is worth mentioning that, in the
KntonioUviia Kdinensia, of the species of the genus most allied to
tfssulatm, the following are given as occurring near Edinburgh —
iuiliiinatnf, F. " not infrequent in spring " ; stictints, Panz., "very
abundant in spring," and (■(m.^purcotus, L., " occurs very sparingly,"
while in JMurray's Catalogue we have tct^ulatiis, Payk., also given, and
its restricted locality mentioned, and as regards stirtiriiH, Panz., he
merely repeats the previous record. Apparently on the strength of this,
Canon Fowler remarks that the Edinburgh record for sfirticita, Panz.,
is a mistake. I hope this coming spring by carefully working at the
genus to settle this point. In the HntoinoUujia the distinguishing-
characters which separate stictintx from iiuiiiiiiafio^ and its allies are
very clearly and distinctly given, and, as it is said to occur in abundance,
the record is a remarkable one, for, apparently, Mui-ray himself did not
find the insect, and yet, if it were not stictim.s which was taken in
abundance, what was the insect ? I do not think it is possible that it
could have been confused with tes-vilatus. On account of their unplea-
sant habitat the species of this genus are neglected by ordinary collectors,
and it is, therefore, probable that many of the species are much more widely
distributed than the records would lead one to suppose. — T. Hudson
liEARE, F.E.8., 10, Kegent Terrace, P:dinburgh. Dnnnber^-drd, 1902.
Varieties of Aphthona nonstriata. Goeze. — Some time ago Mr,
Champion introduced the var. anu'sfeiis, \\'e\se ( Knt. Afo. Mafi., 1899,
p, 15), of this species to our list, on the authority of examples captured
by Mr. J. J. Walker and myself in South Wales. I am now able to
record it from Ireland, where it occurred commonly to Dr. Chaster
and myself last September at Athenry, co. Galway. The colour is
almost exactly the same as that of Haltica ericeti. A few specimens
also occurred of a dull bronze aberration, which seems to be included
under Weise's description of var. aenenccm, which runs " Virirlianica rel
ohsciira aiireo-ciipira." Mr. Donisthorpe tells me he took a specimen of
this aberration in co. Kerry last June.— B. Tomlin, M.A., F.E.S.,
Chester. Ih'ceuihry 1th, 1902.

:ig^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Notes on collecting Lepidoptera i\ South Devon tk 1902. —
Owing to the very Avet and cold weather that has prevailed through-
out the year, collecting has been somewhat disappointing. j\Iany
insects have been scarce, and some even have not put in an appear-
ance at all. On the other hand, others have been more than usually
plentiful {('.II., the Vanessids). Sugar seemed most unattractive and un-
remunerative, and the ivy bloom was ruined by the very heavy hail and
rain storms that prevailed during October. Delow is a list of my cap-
tures, and also the observations made on the insects that came under my
own notice during this season. Had I been able to do any night work
in the earlier and latter part of the year, I should doubtless have been
able to record many other species, but, being prevented from so doing,
I have no means of connnenting on the insects that occurred either at
sallow or ivy. Khopalocera. — Fieris hramfoe, P. rajini'. and P.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 19

naid were all very abundant, especially the first named. Encldo'e
vurdaiiiiiu'.s, about up to the average in numbers, but small in size.
L('}>ti(Ua xina/iis did not occur in either brood in the localities near
Newton Abbot and Chudleigh, where I have always met with it in
pre\ious years. Calias ediisa, one or two examples in September, in
clover fields; (/. Injale, absent altogether; (Touopteri/x rhaiiuii, two
hybernated males on ]\Iay 2i5rd, and one female in September at Uinhel-
Uferae ; Hrfntlus sclciie, IJ. nij>hrasi/nc, Ari/i/jDiis cn/laia, and Jhijas
IKijiliia, all plentiful, especially the first two; Mditaca aiirinia, which
occurs in two localities near Dawlish in small numbers, was this year
represented by two solitary individuals, both males ; Eui/onia poly-
cltlonis, Aijlais iirticac, Vanca^a io, Pijruiiieis atalauta, and P. cardui
appeared in larger numbers than they have done for several years now.
Larv;e of A. nrticae and V. iu were in abundance on nettles in some
localities. Of K. /inb/chl()n»i I found three broods of larvte — two on
elm and one on sallow — and saw two other elms where larvae had
evidently fed up undisturbed. This insect appears to be on the
increase in this district during the last few years. Melanan/ia (jalatea,
plentiful in July, near Newton Abbot and Chudleigh ; Farar(/c eijeria
and /'. iiu'i/aera, both very plentiful, females of the latter being of
large size ; J]ipparc/na semdc, Kpincphiie janira, K. tithonus and
Allodia /(;/fiera)ithiis all abundant ; ('<n')i<))ii/iiiji/ia pai)i}iliilns also.
ZcplnjiHx betnlae occurred in several spots between Dawlish and Teign-
mouth, and I beat 27 larvas from stunted blackthorn bushes during
the first week in June. Zcphi/ias (ji(erciin (and larvae) abundant on
oaks, and Callupliriis r((ii also common ; Cliri/sophanns phlaeas generally
distributed, but not in such numbers as usual ; Plebeii(.s aegun
occurred in considerable colonies on Little Haldon and elsewhere ;
P(d!/(iiiniiatiis icanm (alexis) common everywhere ; (Ujanirh on/ioliis
scarce, being hardly to be met with in the first brood, and very small
numbers of the second brood ; Si/yirlttluis vialrac, Nisoiiiades tat/t'.^, and
Paiiijdiila si/lraiuis numerous in all suitable spots. Of the former I
took two, ab. laratirac and one intermediate form. T/i)jii)eliciis thaunias
{linca) occurred in some numbers near Newton Abbot, Chudleigh, and,
ni suitable places, near Teignmouth and Dawlish. Heteroceka. —
Mandura atmpus and Ai/riKS convolculi both conspicuous by their
absence in all stages; Sphln.v lit/itstti frequent, both in the larval
stage and perfect state, at rest on fences and telegraph poles. Of
Thcrctru porcdliis I took five at rhododendron, and had three full-
grown larv* brought to me, which are now pupte in my cage. I took
seven larvae of Snicrinthtis ocellata on willow, and noticed a fair num-
ber of larvae of Aiiwrpha p(jpidi on poplars. Seda stdlatariiiii was very
scarce. I do not think I noticed half a dozen specimens all the year
through, yet this is usually an abundant species, frequenting alike
Hower-beds in gardens and hot stone walls. A friend whilst out with
me on August 11th took one Ae(/eria cijnipifonitis {adUforiiiu) at rest,
and a week or ten days later I myself took two or three moie in the
same lane. Anthnicera jilipendidae was plentiful, but numbers of
cocoons contained dead larvte and pupje. Halias pradnaxa tumbled
out of the oaks into the umbrella, whilst beating, in small numbers.
"Footmen" turned out rather well, better even than usual. CalU-
ij' Ilia niiiiiata, Lit/insi(( liiridevla, and L. tiriseola (but not the ab.
straiiiiiicida) came out pretty freely to the beating-stick, whilst /-.

20 THE ektomologist's EECORI).

DH'soiiiclld occun-ed not iiifrec^uently on some marshy ground by the
side of a wood, being found at rest on bracken fronds. L. caniola
turned up at night along the coast. Of the " Tigers " Calliwnrpha
dnminula occurred in one restricted locality ; H. hera in plenty of course ;
Kntliewonia riismla, Arctia caia, and A. rillica seen in suitable spots,
the latter being the more abundant ; larvae also of Sjtilos()))i(i pdi-
ffinosa, S. mcndica, S. lubricipvda, and S. wenthastri. T took four
CossKs cossiis (lifiniperda) at rest on fences, and had full-fed larvjp
brought to me by gardeners. I came across two broods of larv* of
Porthenia clirijwrrhoca, and took two males and a female at rest on a
wall. Larvae and imagines of P. similis were plentiful. In June I
beat a few larva of Psilnra nionacha from oaks, but they were not in
their usual number. Of Dasi/cln'ra j>i(dih>inda I took four at rest, and
found larvae numerous in fruit gardens, usually on plum-trees.
Poecilocampa poptdi occurred in small numbers at gaslamps in Novem-
ber. Larvae of Malaco^mim ni'ustria, Marroihi/lacia ri(hi, hasiocawpa
quercm, and Cosmotriche potaturia were plentiful. I obtained a dozen
or so larva of Eutricha qiiercifoUa from hawthorn hedges, finding
them on the dense closely-cut edges. Satinnia pavonia larvie were to be
found on the heather on the high ground. Of the " Hook-tips " I
took a few each of Drepana hiiiaria and /-'. taviuicida, and also a few
Cili.v (jlaiicata. Ova and larvae of Cerura riiuda and Xotodonta ::iczar
were numerous on sallows. Larva of A.yilicdia JiacicDrnis and /i.
ridens were not difficult to obtain, the first from birch and the latter
from oak, though neither were in their usual numbers. During August
and September I obtained a nice variable lot of Bri/ophila miiralis
{jllnndifcra), and, on the same walls, li. perla occurred in numbers. Of
Leiuania jiutre.scens I obtained five, and of Caradruia ainbi;/iia about
three dozen. Amongst other things I also took Triphacna jantkina,
T. fniihria and larva, Taoiiocaiiijia ;/ntltica, T. stabilis and larva, T.
tiiiniosa and larva, 7'. indrendoita (mtda) and larva ; four Kreuiohia
oclirulciica at rest on flowers of (V»/rt/^>7'rt nujra; DiantJioi'ciaconspnsa and
Hccatcra soma both at rest on walls and fences; Cucidlia verbasri and
('. i(iid)rotico larva, and imagines of ('. rliavioinillae, also at rest on
fences, (innnpteia lihatri.r Hew in to light on several evenings, and,
on August Ibth, 1 found a pair in the daytime, in cop., on a privet bush,
but did not obtain any ova. I'lnua iiaiiuua swarmed everywhere until
the middle of October, flitting about the hedges and at flowers in
gardens all day long. Amongst the Geometrids, Vropteyi/.r sambiicata
was to be beaten out of every hedge, especially nut hedges, and I have
three broods of larva hybernating from ova laid by boxed females. I
took one Kpiane apiciaria whilst beating in August ; Uiiuiia lutralata
and Venilia niacidaria were as usual plentiful, whilst the pine-woods
yielded numerous Fdlopia pmsapiaria (fasdaria), Mararia litiirata, and
swarms of llnpalux piniaria. Four Kunpmene dolobraria I found at rest
on tree-trunks ; and, of the "Thorns," Selenia bUunaria {ilhmaria),
S. tctraluuaria (^iUiistran'a), ( >dout(>jn'ra bidentata, Crorallis cUnftuaria,
Knnonuts fii^cantaria and larva, /'-'. rromria, and lliiiwra pcniiaria all
occurred, the first four rather numerously. Larva of P/ii<ialia
pcdaria had almost denuded some of the oak-trees towards the end of
May, and larva of A))iidiidasi/s strataria and^. betularia were not uncom-
mon. Larva of Geometva papUionaria were very scarce, and several care-
ful searches only produced nine. Beating by day produced plenty of

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 21

imagines of ludi.s lacteariu, Ilinwia thijuiiaria, Zonosoina porata, Z.
}iii)ictana, Astfwna liiteata, A. candidata, A. bloineri (4), Eapisteria
obliterata (6 or 7), Andalia scutulata, A. bisetata, A. rusticata, A.
intcrjectaria, A. virgulan'a, A. eniutaria, A. imitaria, A. averaata, A.
onari/inata, Tiiiiandra amataria, Cabera j/usaria, C exantbeuiata, Bapta
te)iierata, and Halia vauaria ; Acidalia marfihiepunctata was generally
to be found at rest either on a stone wall or on a stony bank ; Lyrfdia
adiistata, Ldiiui^pili-s nianjiitata, Larentia itlicata, J,, viridaria, Kuimdesia
dccolorata, J'lupitheria subnotata, E. vulgata, E. lariciata, E. rcrtaiuju-
lata, E. sobrinata, Thera rariata, T. jirtuata, Hijpsipetc.s clutata,
Mclantliia ocdlata, Melanippc unanijulata, M. sociata, M. iiiontanata, M.
i/aliata, 2J. fiuctuata (a large and a small race), Antidea dnuata (1),
A. rubidata, A. badiata, Coreinia ferrui/ata, (_'. unidentaria, Cainpto-
;iraiinita bilineata, Phibalapterijx vitalbata, Cidaria picata, C. cort/lata,
C. runsata, ('. immanata, C. prunata, C. fulvata, C. pyraliata, Eubolia
cervinata, hi. )iicnsuraria, E. bipunctaria, and Anaitis plar/iata. The
moorland yielded plenty of Panayra petraria, Eniattiri/a atuiimria, also
Xuiiieria puUcraria (4), and hosts of Eubidia /lalioiibaria. — E. A.
EoGEES, Kalret House, Buckeridge Road, Teignmouth, Devon.
December 19f//, 1902.

Notes on partial doublebroodedness in Abraxas grossulariata. —
In June this year I bred a number of Abra.vas i/rossulariata with a view
of obtaining aberrations and turned out a quantity of rejected imagines
among the currant-bushes in my garden. About the beginning of
September I noticed the bushes were nearly denuded of their leaves,
and, on closer examination, found that an unusual number of the larvfe
had fed up and were about ready to pupate. I removed about 200 of
them to a breeding-cage, and, in a few days, they spun up and pupated.
I then forced the pupa3 which commenced to emerge on November 1st,
and continued to do so until about the 20th. The specimens were not quite
so large as those of the normal brood, and presented nothing unusual in
the range of variation. I have located a number of pup^e m the garden
and am interested in observing their fate when left in their natural
surroundings, and think it probable they will survive the winter. The
greater number of the iarv* on the trees went into hybernation, but I
never noticed so many feed up as I did this year. — B. H. Crabtree,
F.E.S., The Acacias, Levenshulme. Deccmbir 5t/i, 1902.

Rearing Petasia nubeculosa. — I have now a nice number of pupie
of Petat^ia nubeculosa that I have reared from ova deposited by a ?
received last April from Rannoch. This appears to be one of the
easiest larva; possible to rear on a birch diet, with a little oak given
occasionally, provided that, in their later stages, the larva? are well
syringed each morning with a fine-nozzled syringe. This practice
holds good also for all the Prominents, and efiectually does away with
all cannibalism. — John F. Musham, Blenheim House, South Park,
Lincoln. December l^th, 1902.

Hydrilla palustris in Lincolnshire. — On June 21 st last, Mr.
Arnold and myself paid a two days' visit to the Lincolnshire coast sand-
hills, with the intention of securing a few specimens oiMaiuestra alhircdou,
and other early local species. Pyraineis cardui, freshly arrived, were
seen during the afternoon, but their swift flight made it almost
impossible to net them. The bag for the two evenings (searching the
lyme-grass with a light and sugaring on the land side of the hills)

22 THE entomologist's RECORD.

consisted of 14 Tajnnostola dipui imagines in perfect condition, most
of them at rest on the grass-stems with wings closely folded. These
we did not expect as it is a much earlier date for their appearance than
that given in books ; Practical Hints states that the pupfe are to
be found in mid-July and the imagines in later July and early August.
One solitary moth beside these we captured at the light, which Messrs.
Watkins and Doncaster have since identified as Hi/ilriUa pcduMris, ^ ,
but a very worn specimen ; it was netted flying in the radius of the
lamp light. It is an unusual occurrence for JJi/JriUa palitstris to be
taken on coast sandhills, and in Lincolnshire. What is its food-plant,
and is it confined elsewhere to fenny districts ? There is plenty of
fenland between the sandhills and the Wolds. On the sugar-patches
the only visitors were two Miaiia stiiijilis and one Apaiiica basilineaw&v.
pallida, an uncommon form in this neighbourhood. — Ibid.

Additions to the list of Lepidoptera taken at Lincoln during
1902. — Bad as the climatic conditions have been this year, may I add
as new to the district a few examples in the larval and imaginal stages
of Mimas tiliae on the elm-trees in the streets ; and, at street-lamps on
September 6tb, a nice brown form of A(/rotis tritici, agreeing with var.
cHueii/rra, St. [A. tritici in any form is rather scarce here), and, again,
on September 20th, a few examples of Mellijiia i/ilrai/o var. siiff'usa on
the same lamps. As these do no not appear to have been taken locally
before they seem worth recording. — Ibid.

Time to seek larv.« of A^AtEria culicifokmis. — I find the best
date to obtain pupje of J'](icria cidicifonnis is on or about April 26th.
Armed with a hard chisel and heavy hammer they may be readily split
out of the two year old birch stumps. Kept moist in the chipped-out
bits some will emerge about July 7th, but one will be lucky if half of
them emerge satisfactorily. — Iuid.

Notes on the life-history of Mgeria formiciformis. — I have been
investigating the life-history of Ac(/eria foriniciforiinN, and, so far as I
can discover, the larva does not here feed in osier stems as is stated in
many books, l)ut in decaying stems of Sali.r raprca, more especially in
those stems of which one side only has just commenced to decay. I
have counted upwards of fifty empty pupa-skins sticking out of the holes
in such a stem, whilst, on one occasion, I obtained fifteen pup* by
removing a piece of bark from a sallow growing by the side of a stream.
Possibly the reason why so many lepidopterists fail to find this species
in the northern counties, is that they search osier beds instead of the
sallows growing by river-beds, where it appears to be very common in
many places. I hope to make further observations this spring, and
should I be successful, will forward further details. — John R. Johnson,
10, Deckham Terrace, Gateshead. December 12t/i, 1902.

Lepidoptera in the Reading District, 1902. — The season here has
kept up its character for scarcity of insects, spring, summer, and
autumn all alike, with the exception of about oncM'eek — August 19th to
26th. The first-named date was my best night as regards numbers, the
following species being taken : — Lcitcania lit/iari/i/ria, Acro/ij/cta ntmicis,
lij/droecia Jtictitans, H. micacca, Xijlojthasia ni(>nn(/h/]i/ia, JMamestra bras-
sicae, Apaiiwa didi/ma, Miaiia fasciiinciila, J\l. bicoloria, Atfrotis puta, A.
niijricans, A. tritici, A. aqitili)ia, Noctaa jdecta, X. triannalinii, X. rubi,
X. umbro.sa, X. .laiitlmiiraiJia, Trijdiaciui iaiil/ii)ia, T. interjecta, T.
comes (orbviia), T. prunuba, Amp/iijiyra pyramidea, A. tro(jopof/(inis,

NOTKS ON rOTXECTINfr. 23

Xoi'uia tifju'cd, Mania iiiaura, Cali/ninia trapezina, (', dilliiua, C. a^nis,
Hadena oleracra and (Jonoptrra libatri.v. The following are the best of
my other captures during the season : — April IBth, Dimorp/ia n'ruirolora.
May 11th, Drcpana enltraria, P. falcataria. June 25th, Lit/insia soroy-
I'lda, Boarmia cunsortana, Tt'phroda Inridafa, Mnraria Utnrata, Zojto-
sotna porata, Enpisteria ohliterata, Melanijijic /lastata. Jnne 28th,
Bapta temerata. July 2nd, Lithosia mesumdla, tAiKierona priinaria,
Minoa inurinata, Hypsipetcs trifasciata, KraHtria faaciana. July 5th,
Melanthia albiciUnta. July 12th, Litluma cowplaua , Acronijcta Icpiirina,
Aventia fiexida. July 14th, i'raniopJinra lujastri, Ci/inatophora dirplarifi,
Lophopterj/.i- canniina, Groinetra pajdUonaria. July 16th, Coremia
(juadrifasciaria. July 23rd, Pachi/cnemia hippocastanaria. August 4th,
Melanarfiia (jalatm, Hcsjicria comma, Mfisotypevin/ata. August21st, Lit/io-
nia ijriai'ola var. strauiiuroJa. August 22nd, Noctiia castanca. September
20th, Aaphalia dilnta, Tiliacea citrafio, Aporopliijla Intnlenta, September
22nd, Tiliacea citraffo, Citria fnlvayo, <'. jiarayo, Tiliacea aiiraifn, Melli-
nia (filrago, M. circcllaris. September 24th, A(jrotis i/psih/n (sxifiisa).
With the exception of the week mentioned, sugaring has been almost
a failure. I here give a few of the nights' work : — July 23rd, a bicycle
ride of eight and a half miles out, self and friend sugared about half a
mile of trees ; vesinlt one Diptert/f/ia Ncabriuscnla. August 14th, same
place, one Xi/l<iphasia wvno(ihipha, one Noctua haia, one Amp/iipi/ra
pyramidea. August 27th, self and two friends ; we all sugared ; bicycle
ride of ten miles out to one of our best places ; one Xylophasia inonu-
(flypha, all told. — W. E. Butler, F.E.S., Hayling House, Reading.
December 2m, 1902.

Trochilium crabroniforme in Scotland. — In July, 1898, I suc-
ceeded in getting seven imagines of this species at Luffness and Aber-
lady, in East Lothian. In April, 1899, I obtained a number of larv*
in Salix caprea, near Midcalder, in Midlothian, some of those produced
the moths in the followmg July. In July 1900 I found the pupa?
common in willows at Newpark, also in Midlothian. I have seen the
borings of the larvie elsewhere, so it is not uncommon in this neigh-
bourhood. The Luffness examples were from poplar. — William
Evans, 38, Morningside Park, Edinburgh. Thcember SOth, 1902.

Aquatic rhynchota about Bolton. — The following is the result of
a very interrupted year's collecting in ponds, all within four miles of
the town hall, and to the north and west of Bolton. I commenced on
January 1st, which was a splendid day as regards weather, and turned
up two specimens of ( 'uri.va fitriata ; I only took one more specimen
during the whole season, probably because I did not fish the same
pond again; the various species of (\irixa seem very locally distri-
buted; as far as last season's experience goes ('. moesta and jyraeitsta
are both confined to a single pond; XoUmectaylatua and Cori.ca yeofi'royi.
I did no collecting whatever in Pel)ruary, as the ponds were all frozen,
April, July to October, and December were also blank months.
Velia currens, saw the first specimen on March 19th, very common ;
Gerris costae, three specimens in June ; Gej-ris odontoyaster, swarmed
in places, first taken in May ; Nepa cinerea, only took one specimen,
in 1901 took several ; Notnnecta ylauca, very common, usually along
with var. funata, but in one pond I took nine specimens of the type but
not one of the variety ; N. ylauca \a,r. funata, nearly as common as the
type ; Cori.ta yeaffruyi, common, has a habit of lying perfectly still at the

24 THE fa'tojiologtst's record.

bottom "fanning" itself with its hind-legs, much as fish do with their
pectoral fins, as soon as the sun is obscured by a cloud the movement
ceases, but is recommenced as soon as the sun reappears ; C. Idero-
(jlyplnca, only three specimens, all from one pond, one a very pale
individual with no markings whatever on' the claws, and only one or
two black lines on the corium near the apex ; C. lugiibris, C. fahricii,
C. faUenii, all very common ; C. linnaei, not common ; C. saldheriji,
fairly common ; C. striata, not cominon ; C. moesta, very common,
but restricted to one pond ; C. distincta, not common ; C. limit ata,
rare, two or three specimens ; C. aemi striata, rare ; C. praeuMa, fairly
common, restricted to one pond. — Oscar Whittaker, Morelands,
Heaton, liolton. December 21tfi, 1902.

URRENT NOTES.

In the yerliandlaniicn der k. k. zool.-bot. Gesells. in Wien, iii.,
pp. 572 et .s<'(/.. Dr. Ruggero Cobelli gives a paper on " he stridulazioni
delVAcJu'rontia atropua,'" in which he details two experiments, both of
which show that ablation of the trunk made the animal permanently
dumb, and he concludes that the sound is made by the two halves of
the proboscis being rubbed against each other. This result does not
agree with those of Moseley, Poulton and others, who find the source
of the voice in an air-chamber at the base of the proboscis, with vocal
cords, itc. The animal can vocalise when the proboscis is extended,
and when the two sides are separated. It is also the case that the two
sides of the proboscis are very closely interlocked by thin marginal
structures, which would, by Cobelli's conclusion, be the cause of
the sound. The amputation of the proboscis is a severe operation, and
Cobelli may even have removed it so radically as to have interfered
with the vocal opening, which may also have been occluded by the
bleeding so close to it. No one, certaiuly, has yet succeeded in seeing
the vibrating opening during vocalisation, but the complete
removal of the proboscis, with continuing vocal powers, is definitely
described by both Passerini and Ghiliani, so that it is impossible to
accept Cobelli's conclusions, without much further evidence in their
favour is produced.

At the meeting of the Entomological Society of London, held on
December 3rd, 1902, Mr. H. W. Andrews exhibited a male specimen
of Therinph'ctcx Itiridits, from Chattenden, July 1902. Females of this
species were taken by Colonel Yerbury at Nethy Bridge, N.B., in 1900,
but there appears to be no record of the capture of the male. He also
exhibited a male Plati/chiriis sticticus, and a female ^liemdon derins,
from Eltham and Shoreham (Kent) respectively, and three small dark
examples of Si/rji/uis balteatiix, taken near Brockenhurst, where the
form was not uncommon, in October 1902.

At the same meeting Islr. A. J. Chitty exhibited a box of insects,
taken between September 22nd and October 7th last, from a decayed
fence or hedge made of diffei'ent kinds of wood with the bark
left on. The uprights of the hedge were chiefly of birch. The
exhibit comprised about a hundred species, of which seventy-nine or
eighty were coleoptera. Four species of beetles, ri~., two species of
PoiionoclwrHs, the scarce Marroicplialits albiiuis, L., and the extremely rare
Tropideres nixeirostris, F., mimicked the surroundings of lichen-covered

CI RKKiNT NUTt;s. 25

bark, and one Arallfs tmhatiis, Boh., resembled buds. Of the rest, there
were tive species of J>r<i)inus, Amsd.rt/a fitsnila. 111., (hr/iesia niicavs,
^SLiiZ., < liitocara ti'trainn-a, Thorns., and Titratniua aiicoia, F.

At the same meeting Air. R. Adkin exhibited a hybrid Selcma
biliinaria x tetralioiaiia, together with spring and summer examples
of both species for comparison. From a pairing which took place
between a wild J lu'liniaria and a 9 ti'tralmuiria reared in captivity,
about sixty ova were obtained, about half of which hatched. The larvte
appeared to be sickly, and, in the result, only three imagines were reared,
all males, which emerged between July 30th and August 2nd. The
hybrid presented some of the markings of each of its parents, the
cresentic blotch at the apex of the forewings, and the band on the
hindwings closely folk)wing tctralunaria, but no trace of the dark spot
usually so distinct on each of the wings of that species, especially in
the summer emergence, was visible, while the " second line " of the
forewings closely followed bilnnaiia. In colour it more nearly
resembled that of the summer brood of tctraliivaria.

At the meeting of the Entomological Society of London held on
November 19th, 1902, Professor Poulton made some mteresting remarks
on what he terms " gastric education of larv;f ," /.c, the education of the
alimentary canal to become accustomed to some particular food until
the larva will refuse any other and starve rather than eat it ; although
it may be a well-known foodplant for larva^ that have been placed
upon it when quite young. He stated that Mr. Church had observed
the larvfe of a species of Cm-idlia (probably ('. verhasci) feeding upon
Buddleiii ijhthoxa which was growing against a wall in Oxford Botanical
Gardens. Mr. Church had sent roots of the same plant to a friend at
Warwick, and there, when grown in a similar position in his garden,
they were all attacked by the same species during the past summer
(1902), There are three of these plants growing about ten yards
apart, each about five feet high, surrounded by roses, and very
inconspicuous. It is possible that the eggs are laid upon the Buddleia
because of the very rough general resemblance in certain respects
between its leaves and those of Ifrbasridii. In the same manner, as
Professor Poulton suggested in 1887, the common foodplants of
SmeriufJnix nrcllata, vi:., apple and sallow may be explained by the
parent moth having mistaken the one for the other [Trans. H)it. Sor.
Lond., 18H7, p. 314). In this memoir it is shown that many young
larva?, on emergence from the egg, are able to feed upon strange species
of plants, which, later, they would refuse, if specialised to one of the
recognised foodplants. Mr, K. McLachlan said that no doubt the first
foodplant of the young larva was an important factor. Mann'stra
2>er>ii(ariae, a pest in his garden at Lewisham, as a rule attacked first
and most Aiuunnu' jain'iiica. He had this year offered them fern and
elder (which is reputed a favourite food), but nothing suited them
except the original anemone.

]\lr. Goss stated that in August 1898 and 1899, he collected numbers
of iarvfe of KioiiDrpIia t'ljifiiar feeding on liiipatims i'ulra, a North
American species of balsam, which has naturalised itself on the Wey-
bridge Canal and on some parts of the Thames. When the balsam was
exhausted he supplied the larvit' with the usual foodplant of the
species, KjdlobiuDi /lirsiitHii), because it was easily obtainable close
at hand. He also ofi'ered the larv:T Fnc/iHia, Galinvi molluifu and G.

26 THE KNT()MOI.O(iISt's RECUKO.

apariiic. The larvae refused to eat any of these plants, and nearly
three dozen died of starvation before a fresh supply of the balsam
could be obtained from Byfieet or Weybridge. Professor Poulton
expressed his opinion that unusual foodplants must be begun from
the egg, and, as an example, stated the case of Phalcra hucepliala,
which, after being given willow, refused to touch elm, there being with
this, as with other species, evidently some sort of gastric association
between the larva and its foodplant.

At the same meeting Dr. Norman H. Joy exhibited specimens of
Apatura iris from the neighbourhood of Reading, captured in 1901.
With regard to this species he said that, with Mr. Lee, he took
altogether fourteen specimens, all males, eleven of them from the three
top branches on the north side of a beech tree. No females were seen,
in fact, it appeared to be the throne of the ruling " Emperor " of the
wood. Whenever another iris came by, the one on the "throne"
attacked it, and, after a fight in which one would eventually pursue the
other out of sight, one of them would return to the perch. If this
specimen was captured the next iris coming along would take pos-
session of the throne, and so on, so that five were taken in one
afternoon oft" the same tree. When on the throne they were extra-
ordinarily confident, as more than once the chosen branch was
struck hard without disturbing them, yet, if one happened to settle
on a lower branch, the slightest movement even of the hand frightened
it away at once.

At the same meeting Professor Poulton read the following
communication from Mr. G. Frederick Leigh, of Durban, Natal. " I
have perused with great interest the abstract of the paper read by you
entitled 'Five Years' (1897-1901) Observations and Experiments on the
Bionomics of South African Insects,' etc., in the Procfedini/s of the
Entomoloijical Socicti/ nf London for this year, and, as I see no special
mention of one great enemy to insects here, perhaps it may be of
interest to give you particulars of the same. I refer to the ordinary
and very common grey South African rat, which is one of the most
dreadful pests to the breeders of butterflies and moths that I know of.
These rats seem to be particularly fond of almost any pup^, and I have
had thick wooden boxes containing pupa^ eaten right through, and the
contents all devoured. They are especially fond of Chocrocampa eson
and C'. nerii. Even more remarkable than their keenness in hunting
pupffi is the way in which they capture moths on the wing whilst
feeding. Over the verandah of my previous residence here, I had a
large honeysuckle upon the blossoms of which a great number of Sphin-
gid species used to feed. Whilst I have been watching them just at
dusk, all of a sudden I have heard a rush and down came a rat from the
roof right on to the plant, and more often than not the moth selected
for attack was captured, usually followed by a tight amongst the rats
over the prize. The moths I have seen captured in this way are
Sj)Iiinx conrolruli, yepJidc rariefjata, Clwcrocainpa csou and C cticrio.
The first named is the most successful in escaping, owing to the long
proboscis which compels it to hover at some distance from the blossom.
.V. varief/ata is probably the swiftest flier, but it is more conspicuous
owing to its dark colour. Bats are also very destructive of South
African insect-life. I have often seen them swoop down and take both
moths and beetles on the wing. CJiaran's lihalion also has a terrible

CURRENT NOTES. 27

•enemy in the larval state in the shape of a small Mantis larva. This
butterfly, instead of being rather rare, would be one of our commonest
species, as the ova and youug larvae can be found by hundreds in April
on certain small trees. After leaving them to grow in the natural
state upon tlieir foodplant, I was surprised, in the season of 1901, to
find only single larvfC here and there where there had been great
numbers of both ova and young larvae. This season I determined to
find out the reason and marked down several young trees with hundreds
of eggs upon them. After they had hatched I watched every day and
found them getting less and less numerous, so 1 paid a visit by night
with a lantern and then found the cause. On all the trees were
several larvae of a Mantis eating the young C. ethalion larvae for all
they were worth. This winter I have planted small trees in my
garden and hope to breed C. ethalion next year by protecting it in
* sleeves.' I may also mention that C. ethalion is badly ichneumoned in
the oval state."

Professor E. B. Poulton is to be the next president of the Entomo-
logical Society of London, and possibly no more popular choice could
have been made. Even those who disagree with his theories cannot
but admire his energy and the cool certainty Avith which he
advances the most remarkable views, and the fx cathedra way in which
he occasionally lectures those who disagree with him. His lectures on
the proposal to amend the byelaws have been charming, but we do
sincerely hope that he will put aside for ever the notion that Fellows
who hold a different opinion from the Council are censuring the
Council by giving effect to their own opinion. One thing is certain,
there will be some life at the meetings of the Entomological Society
of London in the immediate future.

Colonel Bingham, Mr. Burr, Dr. Chapman, Mr. Druce, Professor
Meldola, Professor Miall, and Colonel Yerbury, form, on the whole, a
very fair choice of new members on the council. It is true we are not
conversanc with any recently published work of one or two of these
gentlemen, but this possibly is our own fault. The Council has to
be careful to select for its favours, men who are now running the
entomological work of the country in its various branches and not
those who have retired from active work.

Herr Gauckler of Carlsruhe sends us a separatum from the
Ento\iiolo(iische>i Jahrbiicli, entitled " Ein Beitrag zur Eiablege der
Schmetterlinge," in which he has brought together a large number of
statistics (nearly all from his own personal observation) of the average
numbers of eggs laid by various species of lepidoptera, and the average
percentages of moths bred. His general conclusion is that the
smallest numbers are laid by Rhopalocera (with some exceptions, how-
ever, such as Pier is brassicae, Aporia erataaji, ( olias ednsa, Vanessids,
€tc.), then follow the Sphingids, Geometrids, l>ombycids [sens, lat.]
-and Noctuids, individual females in the last tAvo "families" sometimes
yielding as many as 800 ova. He considers that the Geometrids repay
the breeder best in the percentage of moths yielded.

Last November we pointed out that the alterations of the bye-laws
of the Entomological Society, proposed by a Committee of the Council,
did not meet the supposed demand for giving the Fellows at large
greater facilities for expressing their wishes in the election of Officers
and Council, but, on the contrary, very much diminished those they
then enjoyed. The special meeting of the Society on December 8rd

28 THE entomologist's record.

made vt-i-y significant and effective amendments to the proposed
alteraiions before passing them, clearly showing the real wish of the-
Society to make it easier for the unofficial Fellows to make themselves
heard. The effect of Chapter xix, as nqw adopted, is to bring the
Council- nominations before two ordinary meetings of the Society, so-
that Fellows have reasonable opportunities for comparing notes and
determining whether they feel it necessary to make any additions t&
the Couiicii's nominations, and, if so, they may do .so up to the end of the
second meeting. The whole of the nominations, those of the Council
and of unofficial Fellows, will then go to the ballot on one list at the
Annual Meeting.

The following anomalies may be noted : (1) Under the old bye-laws
erery 1^ eliow of the Society had notice of the Council's nominations,
and at least ten days thereafter to formulate his dissent. Now only
those I'V'llows who attend the meetings have such notice until too late
to take !iny action. This is a grave defect. (2) The long period
between i lie December and the annual meetings, provided under the
old In e- laws to give time for the electoral machinery to act, appears
to be i\(>\\ largely a waste of time.

The new bye-laws, even if there be only the actual number of
Fellows nominated to fill existent vacancies, provide for a ballot.
In the minds of many Fellows an annual ballot appears to be most
desirabli'. We presume the intention is to give the Council an idea of
any unpopular choice.

in relation to Chapter lii, it is pointed out to ns that bye-laws of
societies almost invariably provide for the annual retirement from the
Council o\ a specified number of members and that not to do so is a
remark.-il'lc innovation. The new Chapter iii merely says that no
Fellow shall serve on the Council for more than three years consecu-
tively. 'I'he Council for 1903 as nominated will provide no retiring
member- under this clause for 190-1 and eight for 1906. Casual
vacancies w ill possibly alter this inequality, but, in the long run, are
as likely lo aggravate as to relieve it. To get useful work out of a
regular! v-attending member of Council he ought to serve for three
ve'ars, so that next year there may be no nominations by the Council to-
the Council except by the occurrence of casual vacancies or such cases
of flagi'ivnt non-attendance as may give the Council courage to go
beyond its bye-laws, which do not preclude the Council (or the
Society), fi'om declaring twelve vacancies if it chooses. The bye-law,
bv stating the reason for retirement from the Council, seems to imply
that others are of minor importance and only to be acted on under
exceptiouiil conditions. The traditions of the Council that have
grown uj) under the old bye-law, are of course of little weight under
the new one.

The anomalies in the new bye-laws are due to th(> fact that the
new provisions in Chapter xix were unknown to the Society until a
few minutes before they Avere passed, and consequently no time was
afforded for considering their complete bearing and of bringing them
into consonance with the remainder of the code.

Erraia. -Vol. xiv., page '272, line 38. — For " Hexjjerin iinmihi " read •' Hespe-
rid sijlvavvs.'—T. .\. Lofthouse.

Errata. -Page 342, line 30. For " June 3rd " read ••-July 3rd"; also page
305, line H-J. lor -'forage" read " furze". -\V. G. Clutten.

Vol. XV.

Pt. II.

Berisal.

TnK SiMM-ox Pass lookini; towards Brigck,
(Taken fli-om above the 5th refuge.)

The Eutom. Ilecord, etc., 1903.

RETROSPECT OF A LEPIDOPTEKIST FOR 1W2. 29

Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1902.

By LOUIS B. PEOUT, F.E.S.*

For lepidopterists the year 1902 does not seem to have been a
strikingly eventful one as compared with many within their recollec-
tion. It will, perhaps, be chietly remembered — at any rate, by the
field workers — for its deplorably bad weather during the greater part
of the summer months. Low temperatures and absence of sunshine
were more notable than actual rainfall, and prolmbly more unfavour-
able to some, at least, of the lepidoptera. Undoubtedly, however,
there was also plenty of rain, and — if one may judge for all — it was
generally at most inopportune times for the collector, and many a pro-
mising excursion was marred or abandoned altogether. This being the
state of things, it is not surprising to find that lamentations over a
" poor season " bulk large in our magazines.

If one of the principal exciting causes of emigration be the sudden
increase of the species in their usual localities, it is hardly to be ex-
pected that such a season as that of 1902 will have brought us many
immigrants, always assuming that southern Europe and north Africa
have shared in the general scarcity of insect life. In any case, I can
find but few records of the "casuals" during the year, in marked
contrast to 1901, when we Avere congratulating ourselves on a good
few of I'iDitia dapliilice, Ki(va)uiesm antiojia, Hipiiotion {C/iocrncaiiipa)
nierio, Jh-iopeia jiiilclwlla, &c., and single specimens of Helinjihila
{LcHcajiiii} l-albniii and Ln/n'rina (hniinilii, with, perhaps, others equally
noteworthy. The year 1902, on the other hand, has given us very few,
indeed, of even such frequent occurrents as Ai/rius citmolndi, Maiiibdu
atropoa, Sesia stellatarinti, kc. The two species of (nlias appear to be
just lingering on in some of our south-eastern localities, but I have
heard of no signs of a fresh immignxtion. I have only noticed one record
of Euianessa antiopa, seen near Chichestei' {Ent. Rec, xiv., p. 348).
Perhaps the most unexpected record was that of a stray specimen of
Puli/ijin Hiatus hi/las at Dover, on September 7th, exhibited by its captor,
Mr. Sloper, at the Entomological Society of London, and commented
upon by the Editor of the Kntuinolniiinfs Itcconl, xiv., p. 354 ; there is
no reason to believe that this was otherwise than a purely accidental
introduction. By an equally pure accident, no doubt, a specimen of Pajnlio
)iiacJiao)i has occurred near Wellington College Station, Berks. In
dealing with such records as this, one always has to remember how many
breeders of lepidoptera we have in the country, and how often some of
the bred specimens escape or are turned loose. The attempted immi-
gration of P. rnachaon in 1900 seems to have been quite abortive. I
have only noticed a single record of Puntia daj>lidice for 1901, namely,
at Brighton {Entom., xxxv., p. 266), where, it will be remembered,
more than one occurred in 1901. A few other rarities were recorded
in the same number of the Entomologht — namely, Phyii.vna [Deilephila)
liroinica at Starcross, Hip/jotion celerio at Emsworth, .Et/eria andreni-
funiiia at Glanvilles \Vootton. The capture of the P. liru)uica is inte-
resting, in that it was taken in the larval state, which very rarely
happens with this species in Britain. One Hi/linrKs (Sjdiin.v) ijinastri
has been taken at Winchester {Ent. Jrlec, xiv., p. 243), and, perhaps,

* Read before the North Loudon Natural History Society, -January 'iTth, 1903.
February 15th, 1903.

30 THE entomologist's RECORL).

comes under the Papilii) niachaon category ; but " several Hiiipntion
celeriu " at Douglas, in one evening — May 25th — [t.c, p. 198) strikes
one as still more remarkable, and it is a pity the report does not say
whether they were captured and the identification absolutely confirmed.
Jltiiu}ihila [Lcucania) albipuncta, we are told, has strayed as far as
Suffolk {Knt. Mo. Ma;/., xxxviii., p. 263), and has continued to occur in
its earlier haunts in the Isle of Wight and South Devon, but //. ritd-
lina seems to have disappointed the hopes of those who sought it in
these localities, and to be only recorded from Canterbury, two speci-
mens in October {ibid., xxxix., p. 15) ; probably it was out so late that
collectors had given up working for it. [AtpJim/iiia twijina has also been
extremely scarce in south Devon, but HeUotJm anini/era turned up a
little more freely. Two Glaca (('crastiii) erijtiirocrp/uda have been
taken at Bournemouth (Knt., xxxv., p. 323).

Of new or unusual localities for sedentary species, several have been
recorded. A few which occur to one are south Devon for Xola cdbii-
lalis and Xonarjria apavijanii, on the authority of Mr. Porritt, and the
Isle of Wight for Aridalia (Ict/ejwraria (Knt. lice, xiv., p. 274). To
these may be added liijdrilla jiaiuxtria on the Lincolnshire coast,
not recorded till the present year {ibid.,x\., p. 21), a,n<l Fcrcnoptildta
[Camptoiirainma) jiuviata, a ? taken by my friend Mr. J. E. Gardner,
in my company, at Muchalls, Kincardineshire, on the evening of
July Blst. Probably the last-named may be somewhat of a migrant,
as it appears in so large a number of localities, though usually singly.

As for actual bona-fide " additions to the British list," they are
now very infrequent in this well- worked order, although there are, no
doubt, still some discoveries awaiting our micro-lepidopterists in the
more difficult groups, where close allies are liable to have been over-
looked or not dift'erentiated. L'oleopliora iiiilvipt')um, Zell., is claimed
"by Mr. Barrett during the year {Knt. Mu. Ma;/., xxxviii., p. 79), but the
material is at present very slight. The bulk of the lepidopterous
" additions to the British list " indexed in the K]itoiiiol();/isfs Uccord
for 1902 are, however, merely newly-named aberrations. Mr. IMousley
has been Avorking out the variation of Krebia act/uups, Mr. Edelsten
that of Hdiop/iila (?) brcciUnca, while a few other interesting aberra-
tions have been named and diagnosed, such as (Trapliij)honi {Tamin-
caiiipa) pidvendoita ab. /laip/arti, Tutt ; CuKpidia Jiicnarcphala ab. iii(/ra,
Shaw ; Aniat/wn {Xnctiia) riibi ab. Haca and ab. ochracra, S. Walk. ;
( 'jp-ldjiliora pcndidaria ab. fiubroacuta, Woodforde.

Abnormally late dates of appearance of species have been charac-
teristic of the season, and I wish I had had time to collect a series
of them, as they would be interesting and valuable ; several will be
found scattered in our magazines. My own experience of Sandown,
which I have so often visited at exactly the same time of year (mid-
July) gives me a chance of making some pretty exact comparisons, and
I should say unhesitatingly that the season 1902 was the latest since 1
commenced systematic work there — about 18h9. During the few days
Avhich I spent there (July 21st to 25th, 1902) species were still about
which I have never before seen there, such as Ununa iiiidjratica {tem-
bvoaa), Axi/lia piitris, Xi/lcna hvpaiira, Aiiiatliea {Xurtiia) frstiva, Aip'nti^
sciictKiii (first brood), Manw.stra {lladcna) dissiniilis (first brood),
lldiopliila pallcns (first brood), besides others (some in numbers),
which are usually " over " or at their " last gasp," such as Caradrina

RETROSPECT OF A LEPIDOPTERIST FOR 1902. 81

nwrpheus, Mawcatm dentina, Olivia (Miana) xtrifjilu, Afirotia rnrticea,
Xi/lf)ia fiiibli(st)-is, Pi/ryJn'a umbra, Stenia pitnctalis, etc. But my
most astonishing experiences were in Scotland, where the May and
June insects were still in evidence, often even in good condition, np
to the beginning of Angust, e.i/., Xi/lena riirea, Olii/ia fim-iinicula, Apmiiea
linnina, A. haailinea, TIcliDpInla {Lenrama) conmia, etc., lasted on Avell
into August ; tAVO BuHina uinbratu-a {tencbroHo) were noticed on July
31st ; a very fair Enpithecia sati/rata on July 30th ; a fresh Pliarcfra
t'liphoybiac var. myrivac on July 31st ; an equally fresh Diaiit/iotria
consjK'rsa on August 3rd ; and many other striking dates could easily
be mentioned.

For only a few species has the year 1902 been an exceptionally
good one. I may mention Plitsia bractea in Scotland and Ireland,
Afiornphi/lti aiistralis in the Isle of Wight, A. niijra in several parts,
(h'liroili's liclicnaria in Devonshire; Ci/nt/iia rardui and Pliisia
(laiiiiiia — unlike most of the migrants — have also abounded in the
South of England.

Of interesting scientific work done during the year, I must refer to
some further experiments in hybridisation — a held of research of
which we are only just beginning to realise the importance. Prof.
Standfuss has at last succeeded in obtaining the reciprocal cross to
the well-known hybr. hi/bridii.^ of Sjiwrint/iiis oct'llata-popiili, namely, a
pairing of Amorpha pajmli ^ with Siiicrinthiis nailata J , though he
has only as yet succeeded, after much pains, in rearing two moths
therefrom. One awaits also details from Mr. Newman of Bexley,
who has, I understand, been carrying out extensive and successful
hybridisation experiments on these and other species. It is con-
fidently anticipated that he will at least give us a statement of
results. ]\Ir. ]>acot is still persevering with the Malacosoma species,
and not without his reward. Mr. Adkin has recently paired
Kutrapela bilunaria S with K. tifrahuiaria J , and exhibited one of
.the three resultant specimens (all (J s) before the Entomological
Society of London.

The Societies, by the way, have done a great deal of work of interest
to lepidopterists. The premier Society, with the advent again of
Professor Poulton to a prominent position (as a Vice-President), has
awakened to new activity in its exhibits, etc., he having made some
of the meetings very popular and attractive with his lantern exhibitions
by the Sanger- Shepherd three-colour process. Needless to say, the
subject has been the Professor's pet hobby of protective coloration,
etc., and with him as President for 1903 we may look for further
prominence during the coming year of this interesting subject.
Mr. W. J. Kaye has also contributed valuable exhibits illustrative of
Miillerian mimicry, Mr. Merrifield has shown us a photograph of the
peculiar protective posture of the larvae of 1 lii<ivnrhroa fujrim/an'a, and
Mr. C. P. Pickett has been well to the fore with his exhibits of good
aberrations of British species. Amongst the papers, too, there has
been much of value to the lepidopterist. A long and excellent paper
by Guy A. K. Marshall and E. B. Poulton, illustrated with many
plates (7V<7u.s. Knt. S<>r. Loud., pp. 2S7-584, pis. ix-xxiii), on " The
Bionomics of South African Insects, chiefly directed to the Investiga-
tion of Mimicry and Warning Colours," strikes one as being alone
worth much more than one's annual subscription to the Society, and

32 THE entomologist's RECORD.

deals largely with lepidoptera. Dr. Chapman's papers on " Asymmetry
in the INIales of Hemarine and other Sphinges," and " On lletcrnriipiif.
paradoxa, Rmbr., an instance of variation by segregation," are in
his well-known masterly style, and his erection of the Hi/jiotianac as a
" new subfamily of Piirali((<n' " is also carefully worked out and in
every Avay satisfactory. Colonel Swinhoe has done valuable service
in working out the mass of previously unarranged material amongst
the Eastern and Australian Gcoinetyidaf, etc., in our National
Collection. One of his introductory remarks is worthy of considera-
tion : " This family " (the Gt'omHn'dac) '' is, well worth the careful
study of any biologist interested in the convergence of superficial
characters," and he adduces a few striking instances.

Concerning the smaller societies, I have only time to mention one
really first-class paper, namely, "A life history of P/n/Uocnistis suff'KiieUa,
ZelL," read before the City of London Entomological Society by Mr.
Alfred Sich, F.E.S., m January, 1902. It is altogether the fullest
and most satisfactory contribution which has yet appeared to the
literature of that intei-esting genus.

Passing to literature in general, we must, of course, first remember
the third volume of Mr. Tutt's colossal undertaking, " British
Lepidoptera." This volume is dated July, 1902, and the exhaustive
treatment of the subject by its author is best realised when we remind
ourselves that its o5S closely-printed pages are devoted solely to the
natural history of thirteen species, and the families, etc.. to which
they belong. The volume is peculiarly rich in the material which it
brings together concerning the important subjects of hybridity and
of gynandromorphism, both of which enter largely into the economy
of some of the species of which it treats — La-^ioccnupn iincrciiK, the
Satiniiiiilcs, Aniorplia populi, etc.

]\Ir. Tutt's ceaseless literary activity is further evidenced by the
fact that, notwithstanding the claims of his great work upon his time,
he has managed during the year to bring out two other books on his
favourite subject. The valuable series of articles on " Migration and
Dispersal of Insects," which has been running through the Kntn-
mnloi/ist's Uecnrd, is now completed, and has been separately published
in book form. The author's weighty " final considerations " will
probably have an influence with every future student of the subject.
The other book referred to is Part II of ^Ir. Tutt's very successful
" Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist," which should prove
a boon to many an active collector.

On the whole, however, the literary output for the year does not
seem to have been abnormally large. Several more or less important
books are " in progress," appearing in parts at irregular intervals, but
most of them make tediously slow progress, Avhich is probably in
many cases due to the shortcomings of the artists, or — as they would
tell us — to our English climate, with its lamentable scarcity of
suitable bright weather for their work. ]^>arrett's F>rit.isli J^e/iido/itrra,
Moore's [jCjiidojdcra Indira, Semper's ScliinctU'iibuii' dcr P/iilippinisc/ien
lusdii, Grose Smith's Bhopaliiccra Exotica, Kirby's new edition of
Hilbner's SavniiliDui K.nitisr/icr Srhmettedinijc, Rithl-Bartel's Palacark-
tiHcIit' (jrroxsschmctteiiinf/c, and Spuler's Scluttcttciiinijc Kuropati, have all
made some little progress ; a new edition of Kirby's liutterjiies and
Mot/is ,>/ h'.aropc has also been commenced. To Da>i Tierrekh Dr.

RETROSPECT OF A LEPIDOPTERIST FOR 1902. 33

Pagenstechev contributes a working-out of the (alluhdiclae, to
Wytsman's G<:nrra luifcctonoii the editor himself contributes T.eptocir-
rinac, Mr. Rippon a section of the I'ainUoninaf, and Pagenstecher the
Lihi/tlicidac. Of works deahng with special faunrP, wider or narrower,
only some of the principal can be mentioned. The first volume of a
large work on Belgian lepidoptera by M. Lambillion is favourably
noticed in the hjit. Fwcord, p. 224. An up-to-date local list of 100
pages for Berlin has been published by Bartel and Her/ ; Petersen
gives us a fauna of 217 pages for Esthonia ; Bachmetjew, one for
Bulgaria in the Russian Hurar. and Kroulikowsky, one for the Govern-
ment of Jaroslaw in the same journal ; Naufock's " Fauna of Lower
Austria" occupies the greater part of the annual volume of the
Vienna Ent. Ycrcin ; Tessmann discusses the lepidoptera of Staven-
hagen in the Arch. Vcr. Fr. Nat. Meckl. ; Strand continues his Nor-
Avegian contributions in the Xyt. Mcu/. Nat. ; Hagen has worked out
the Mentawai lepidoptera in Maas' Bel liehensiciinUfien Wildcn, and in
the Abh. Senck. Nat. Gca. ; and Hampson, the yoetuUaa of South
Africa in the Ann. 8. Afrc. Mus. Petersen's Lepidopteren-Fauna von
FstUnuJ is of more than faunistic interest, on account of his many
valuable notes on differentiation of allied species by the $ anal
clasps, etc. The new edition of Wallace's classic Island JAfc will also
have to be consulted by lepidopterists for up-to-date information on
geographical distribution ; and its author's application to Mr. Tutt
for assistance has further resulted in the pubHcation by the latter of a
useful list of species and forms thus far only recorded as British,
Avhich has appeared in the pages of the FntomoloriiHt's Fwcord.

New species from almost all parts of the world are still being
described by Warren, Walsingham and Durrant, Meyrick, Rebel,
Schaus, Lower, and many others, but details will, of course, be sought
from the usual sources of reference.

I notice also that several books and pamphlets have been published
on various branches of economic entomology, sericulture, etc., but
they have not interested me personally, and I am unable to supply
particulars.

Of our three principal entomological magazines, the F atom oloi fist's
Montldji maintains its high position, but the volume for 1902 does not
contain very much which will be of interest to the average lepidop-
terist. Doubtless, however, Mr. C. W. Dale's series of historical
articles on some of our rarer British Rhopalocera — " Lycaena aria "
{Noiniades sonianiiis), Li/racna avion, Papilio niarhaon, Aporia crataer/t,
etc. — will form an exception, whilst the more scientific disposed will
turn with pleasure to Dr. Chapman's paper on ('vinoptenj.v familiella,
and the few who are engaged in attempting to reduce our chaotic
nomenclature to order will have to make themselves acquainted with
Walsingham and Durrant's closely-reasoned i-epudiation of Billberg's
Fniniicratio as of any authority on the subject. In the Kntnuiidoniat^
/^^Tojv/ one finds a good deal of valuable faunistic work, both British and
foreign ; Mr. Tutt's contributions on peculiarly J'ritish forms and on
" Migration " have been noticed above ; and life-histories and variation
also come in for a good share of attention. The Knto)t\oloiiist contains
a variety of readable material, including " The Classification of
Gvacilaria and allied genera," by Dr. T. A. Chapman, "Life-History
of Vanessa antiopa,'" by F. W. Frohawk, and other articles too
numerous to mention.

34 THE entomolooist's record.

Retrospect of a Coleopterist for 1902.

By Professor T. HUDSON EEARE, B.Sc, F.E.S.E., F.E.S.
[Concluded from p. 5.)

In reg-ard to additions to our catalogue during 1902, the following,
not mentioned in the earlier part of my article, should also be put on
record — Tj-ma septcntrionis,'^' &\'?,e. When Mr. Champion introduced this
species {Knt. Mo. Ma;/., xxxiii., p. 185), he was of opinion that we did
not possess ^r/c/*.so7i/, Suffr., but Mr. Donisthorpe {Knt. lurord, vol. xiv.,
p. 240), says he is convinced that we do; he considers all the Irish
insects to be sfpti'ntrioms, Weise, and the three found near Hastings to
be I'richsnni, Suflr., and I certainly am inclined to agree with him now
that I bave had an opportunity of examining his recent Irish captures,
and comparing them with the Hastings specimens. Mr. F. B.
Jennings described {Knt. Jlecord, vol. xiv., p. 99), a blue ab. of ( 'alnsoma
imiuiffitor, L., taken in the New Forest, and suggested it might be the
ab. coeridcioii of Ragusa. In reference to Quediiis ohliteratim, Er.,
attention should be drawn to the fact that the beetle described by Cox
in his Manual as suturalis is really Qucdius obliteratua.

In regard to notes and papers dealing wnth life-histories and field
observations, in addition to those already dealt with, mention should
be made of the following — A paper by Mr. Bignell {Knt. Mo. Ma;/.,
vol. xxxviii., p. 288) on Ilistt'nniicrux iniintacinu&, Wesm., a Braconid
parasite taken along with Sinudi-ndrnn ryliudncu)u, Linn., by Mr. Keys,
and a note by Mr. Piliard in the Phit. llerord, p. 340, in which he
described a discharge produced hy Aclunui'iuis juin-i'iis, Scop., which was
similar to that of Jirachinus nrpitans, L.

At the meeting of the Entomological Society of London on November
5th, a paper by Mr. L. R. Crawshay was read, entitled " On the Life-
History of DriluN favescens, Rossi." The author had bred this insect
in numbers, securing plenty of the very rare females, and was able to
give a list of the snails upon which the beetle feeds. I hope to say
more upon this paper when I have had an opportunity of reading it ;
the part of the Transactlonii which contains it has not yet been issued
to members.

I have already made brief mention of the admirable Presi-
dential Address delivered by Canon Fowler on January 15th last, and
published in part v of the Tran^iactions of the Kntoniolofiieai Societi/ of
London for 1901. The address dealt chiefly Avith Protective Resem-
blance and Mimicry in Coleoptera ; in the preliminary remarks, data
collected by numerous observers were given to prove that Coleoptera
are beset by numerous enemies, and then the various methods of pro-
tection were discussed in detail. Special attention was devoted to the
cases of " Miillerian mimicry," and many striking illustrations were
quoted. In concluding his address. Canon Fowler dealt briefly with
objections which have been raised to these theories, and to the extreme
difiiculty in the present state of our knowledge of satisfying persistent
objectors, but he truly says " the ever-increasing mass of facts cannot
be all due to accidental circumstances," and again " we feel that we
are resting on an ever-increasing foundation of incontrovertible fact."
The mass of facts he was able to produce must surely appeal to even
the most obstinate opponent.

Though the above records show that much good work has been

RETROSPECT OF A DIPTERIST FOR l90-.>. 35

(ione, thei'e are still many problems which reqiiivti solution. Our lists,
for example, are still cumbered with a number of names which have
been introduced upon somewhat flimsy grounds, and for which no solid
justification can apparently be adduced. I myself am working at this
question, and trying to determine whether or not it is desirable that
certain names should be removed, on two grounds, first, that the
original introduction Avas due probably to some mistake, not in identi-
fication, but in locality, and secondly, that there have been no
authentic records of any capture since the insects were first introduced.
Trichii(s ab(liiiiiiji(tlis is an illustration, and there are many others.

Another set of prol)lems, waiting for some one with sutficient
leisure and patience, are those in connection with the life and habits
of certain of our more remarkable beetles ; these Avill never be solved
till the plan followed by Mr. Crawshay in dealing with l>rHiis
fiavcsccm, Rossi, is adopted. Mr. Burgess ISopp has, I know, been
dealing with the life-history of ( '/lyijsoinda cercalix, and it is to be
hoped that he will shortly publish the results of his investigations.

Retrospect of a Dipterist for 1902.

Uy J. E. COLLIN, T.E.S.

The record of the published work on Diptera during the past year
is a small one, especially that relating to the British Isles; possibly
the most important British publication was a new edition of Verrall's
LUt (if British Dijitrra, published in December, 1901, in which were
included a number of species not hitherto recorded as British, but
nearly all of which are represented in Mr. X'errall's collection. Wain-
wright has given two notes on Tachiaidae, introducing Mcriana anjeii-
tifera [Kiitoni., p. 219, pi. iii), and UeroincDiia sonlidisijiiaiiia, Zett.=
ii-idpii, B. and B. [Knt. Mo. Ma;/., p. 227). I have described four new
species of Borboridac occurring in England, and given notes upon
Aiit'tu.iriius funiKisKs, Liw-. = si/rijhuides, Frauenf. {Eut. Mo. Ma;/., p. 55,
and pp. 1 and 282), and the Hon. N. C. Rothschild has described some
new JJritish tieas [I'^iit. Mo. Ma;/., p. 225, pi. iv), which, though not
now generally recognised as Diptera, may well be mentioned here. In
the Irish Xatiiralist (vol. xi., pp. 74-93), Colonel Yerbury has given a
list of the Diptera met with in Cork and Kerry during the summer of
1901, with some interesting notes on their habits, &c.; and J. H.
Carpenter, in the Kcon. Proc. Uoy. Dublin Soc, i. (iii.), no. 5, pub-
lished an account of the injurious insects observed in Ireland during
1901, among which are some Diptera. Connold's book on British
vegetable galls should prove of interest to students of the British
(Jccido)injidac.

A special feature of the work of Continental dipterologists during
the past year has been the study of type-specimens. Meigen's types
of the so-called M}(scida(' Acahii)terac [Miiscaria koloiin'topa), and those
of the genus Chilo.sia, have been examined by Becker, who has pub-
lished his interpretation of them (Zcifschr. tiijiiieii. a. Di/)t.); hJtein has
given the result of his examination of the types of Wiedemann's and
Jaennicke's exotic Anthoinijidae in the same periodical, and of Zetter-
stedt's, Boheman's, and Holmgren's Antkoimjidae [Wicn. P'.nt. Zeit.) ;
Speiser has published a paper on the type-specimens of Bigot's Dipkra

36 The entomologist's kecokd.

jHij>i/»(ira {Zcitsc/ir. Hi/iiwn. ii. Dipt.) ; and Miss Ricardo, in continuing
her studies on the I'cuuiuninae {Ann. Xat. Hist.), has elucidated some
of Walker's and L5igot's types. The commencement of a " Catalogue
of the Diptera of the World," by Kertesz (Lipsite, Engelmaun), and a
"Monograph of the Pahearctic Sciniin/:.i(Iae,'' by Hendel (^6/*. ;.-/;.
M'icn.), are two important publications of the past year. The latter
writer has also contributed various small articles on Uiptera (]Vien.
Knt. Zeit., dr.). Pandelle has continued his " Etudes sur les
Muscides de France " {Her. Ent. Caen), Portschinsky has written upon
the Oestridae (Ann. Mus. St. Petersh.) and the CeciiUmu/idac have been
dealt with by Kieffer, Trotter, .J. Darboux et C. Houard, &c., and the
first number has been issued of a journal called " Marcellia," edited
by A. Trotter, and published at Avellino (Italy), which is devoted
entirely to articles upon " Galls and gall-makers."

The dipterological results of a short collecting trip in Egypt have
been published by Becker {Mt. Mas. Berlin), consisting of 66 pages
and one plate. Other faunistic papers are Grimshaw's " Diptera
Fauna Hawaiiensis " (Cambridge, 1901), Mutton's " Diptera brachy-
cera of New Zealand " {Trans. X. ZcaUouJ lnst.,\o\. xxxiii), Kertesz's
articles upon the South American species of Ceria and Chrysujiila
(Ternu's Fii::.), and Theobald's " Cnlicidae of India " {Proc. Boi/. Soc.
Loml.). Other writers upon the (JuUcidae include G. M. Giles, who
has published a second edition of his " Handbook of the Gnats or
Mosquitoes"; H. Polaillon, "Contribution a I'etude de I'histoire
naturelle et medicale des Moustiques " (Paris, 128 pp., 82 figs.) ; and
Stephens and Christopher's Ili'portto Malaria i'onun. of Rnij. Sue.

North x\merican dipterologists, including such names as Coquillet,
.Johnson, Aldrich, and J. B. Smith, have contributed articles upon their
fauna of Diptera in various American magazines.

Papers on the morphology, histology, Arc, of the Diptera have been
published by Meijere, " Ueber die Prothorakalstigmen der Dipteren-
puppen" {Zool.-hihr. Jena) ; Escherich, " ZurEntwicklung der Nerven-
systeias der Musciden " {Zeitsc/ir. uiss. Zoul. Lcipsii/) ; and Vaney,
" Contributions a I'etude des Larves et des Metamorphoses des Dip-
teres " (Lyons, 178 pp., -1 pis.) ; and others.

Contributions to the Fauna of Spain: Bejar, Avila, etc.

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
{('ontinueil from p. 16.)

From Avila we came home, breaking the journey at Burgos and at
St. Jean de Luz. At the latter place I took CijiioiiiiJes tnorplnns, a
butterfly I had not before seen alive, otherwise very little of ento-
mological interest was seen after we left Piedrahita. Piedrahita itself
seemed at first very unpromising, being situated beside a great plain
several miles wide and many in length, that was practically one field
of corn. We guessed one continuous patch to be something like 1000
acres. From Piedrahita we made a day's excursion to El Barco, a
village some two to three hours off, and of interest as aflbrding a
startin"' point for a portion of the Sierra de Gredos.

When we entered Piedrahita we were much interested to see some-
thin"- like a dozen Hoopoes in the poplar trees by the roadside, and in

CONTRIBUTION'S TO THE FAUNA OF SPAIN : BEJAR. 37

Piedrahita there were several nests of storks on belfries. These we
also saw on churches on the way to El Barco, and, in one field by the
way, were twenty-four of these birds. On a belfry close to my bed-
room window at Piedrahita was a great nest, where always were two of
the great white birds in the evening, but they were always gone in the
morning. Birds of many species were numerous in this region.
Perhaps the most interesting item was at El Barco. Here the old
castle has four sides and a great square court in the centre. This is
now used as the campo santo of the village. When we went in to look
at this we disturbed a dozen or two hawks, apparently kestrels ; some
took wing and others kept their stations on the walls, but all more or
less expressed their opinion of our intrusion in a deal of screaming.
It was very obvious that they were allowed to live and nest here, and
were never molested. They were indifferent to the natives, biit we
were some new and very possibly dangerous animal. Though Avila
is on the regular route of the Spanish tourist, it is also worth a visit
from the entomologist. It is a busy little place. The ancient walls,
with their towers and gates, are in excellent preservation. The
eastern end of the cathedral, forming part of the city Avails and forti-
fications of the city, is very curious. Situated 3600 feet above sea
level, it did not quite meet the hopes raised by Baedeker's statement
that it is in a plain, surrounded by lofty mountains, the nearest being
the eastern end of the Sierra de Oredos, here dwindled to a low-
looking ridge, with no point 2000 feet above Avila within ten or
fifteen miles, still the Sierras de Gredos and Guadarrama are at no
very great distance on either side. There are some limestone outcrops;
near Avila, and near one of these which we detected, 1 found Pohjoin-
inatim cori/ilon, for the only occasion in our excursion, flying sparsely.
The form is very close to the var. hixpa)ia taken last year at Cuenca
and Albarracin, but rather smaller, and, instead of a tolerably uniform
type, varies very much in the extent of the black marking. Another
insect met with here was < 'ranibns cnencalis, hitherto known from a
single specimen taken by Korb at Cuenca. This was rare, amongst
rushes growing in upland billows, no trace of it being seen amongst
rushes by the river Adaja. I found a cocoon of Xmlaria initrina in the
cathedral ; it also occurred at Bejar. This cocoon is very slight, but
has the larval hairs regularly disposed along either side so as to stand
np as a crest, a very similar arrangement to that carried to great per-
fection by some Euchromias and other Syntomids.

In ascending the Sierra de Ijejar our proceeding was to take the
post or diligence to Candelario. In the diligence there always travelled
an ancient Spanish gentleman, who was no other than the postman, and
who, for some thirty-five years, had gone daily to and fro between Bejar
and Candelario, carrying the mail in a leather pouch with the inscrip-
tion " Ayuntamiento de Candelario." He wore a more thoroughly native
costume than was to be often seen in Bejar, but such as was frequent
in Candelario. He had never been to the top of the Sierra, or to any
distance from Bejar. In Candelario itself the women all wear a
special costume and dress the hair in a special way, of neither of
which is any trace to be seen in P>ejar, or in any other place we visited.
The road to Candelario ascends the valley of the Cuerpo del Hombre,
which, for most of the way, is in a narrow gorge, the rocky sides of
which are clothed with various species of broom, especially Genista

38 THE ENTO:\rOLOGIST's RECORD.

fforida, close to Bejar, and higher np Ci/tisKs inhciffichii, v;\th lavender,
thyme, and many other aromatic plants. Here and there some oak
scrub, with, of course, chestnuts and walnuts. Near Bejar Hetcro-
iiynis parailoxa occurred on this road, and Xouiiades welanops was
perhaps the only butterfly more notable than such species as Epine-
pJu'lc janira S . From Candelario a very few yards takes one clear of
trees out on to the bare top of a low foot hill, where the bare stony
ground grew only a few aromatic plants. On this ground Titanio
polUmdis var. (inttidalis was frequent. Some 2000 feet higher up, in
a damp almost boggy spot, another specimen was taken flying wildly
at midday, that can only be ;iiittnlalis, but looks nearly twice the size
of those taken below, and actually measures 24mm. in expanse, against
17mm. for those taken below.

Continuing up the Sierra we next crossed a short bit of level grassy
ground, and then began the steady upward slope, at first gradual, but
soon becoming rather steep, that continued to the top. For a good
way this is over stony ground that is not screes, because it is hardly
steep enough, here and there with more grassy portions, when a
small but more or less permanent spring gave vegetation a chance, but
for the most part continuing stony to the top, the size of the boulders
increasing as we pi'oceed, with occasionally rocky outcrops, and,
towards the top, really large rocky Iwulders of many tons. Amongst
these rocks and stones there is really a very considerable, and even
varied, vegetation, but it is scattered and localised, and of small incon-
spicuous plants, so that one easily assumes that, except for the
conspicuous broom, the ground is absolutely barren. After proceed-
ing some way we reach the first scattered plants of (itnista futri/ans
and Genhta horrida, both very handsome plants. In spite of their
unattractive names they produce a grand eti'ect en masse, and nothing
can be more beautiful than a well-grown plant of either in full bloom.
Genista harrida would no doubt be entitled to its name if you
were comparing it with Ule.v eiiropaeia^, as a thing to take a header into.
At about 5000 feet these brooms become more abundant, and at 5500
to 6000 feet grow in dense masses. The G . /uirn'da does not go much
higher, but the G. jiKn/ans extends well up to 7000 feet. It is about
here (5500 feet to 6000 feet) that V'.i-eJiia sttft/ne var. hejarensis occurs,
quite freely in places, and at one (comparatively) small spot only
Heteroi/i/na parado.ra var. randelariae has its headquarters.

Except amongst these tAvo species the net is not of much use to
the lepidopterist till the summit is reached, after passing or crossing
various snow patches. The top of this portion of the Sierra consists
of various flat stretches of stony ground, with a bit of grass here and
there and some mossy growth, and little else. When soaked by the
melting snow the fine material betAveen the stones makes the surface
very soft, and, stony as it is, one sinks in almost as in a peat bog.
When dry it is more like a fairly macadamised road, with larger stones
lying about, and makes excellent walking. It Avas at the highest part
of this, Avhere some rocks and boulders protruded from the general
level, that I met with a very black and glossy Asarta, which appears
to be new, and Avhich Sir (Jcorge Hampson has christened nujrella.
The first time I ascended the Sierra it Avas flying almost freely. I
saw a score or more, but the Avind Avas Aery trying, and the insects
most active and almost inopossible to follow on the Aving, so that I

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS. 39

only took four specimens. I never saw it again. Visiting the sum-
mit a few days after, when a cahner air gave me hopes of really
making a bag, not a specimen could be seen. From this top one sees
another parallel ridge close to, and perhaps a couple of hundred feet
higher, and then a large gap in either direction to the Sierra de Gata
in the west, with its conical summits, and the Sierra de Gredos east-
wards, with higher rocky peaks and much snow.

The Sierra de Bejar thus yielded several interesting species, and
was, 1 fancy, much more productive in coleoptera. Our method of
working it, however, amounted to little more than a rush to the top
and a rush back again. Camping out, or some means of spending a
longer time near the top, would have given us much more satisfactory
results. When I investigated Heteroiij/nis paradoxa var. candelariai' I,
of course, spent the day in its habitats, and went no higher, and 1 saw
then more Erehia Kti/ipw than when merely rushing up and down. The
form of E. ^tmine flying on the Sierra de Bejar, at about 5000 feet to
6000 feet, over stony ground much covered by Cijthus. purnaux, was
very large, nearly half as large again as the common Swiss form, and
with the colours very bright and the ocelli well-developed, the undei'-
side being in the males very dark and black. As K. sti/nnr has not
been previously recorded from Spain, and as this very large form is
previously unrecorded, I propose to call this variety bcjairiisis.

(To be rontiniu'd.)

The Migration and Dispersal of Insects.

By E. J. B. SOPP, i'MI.Met.Soe., F.E.S.
We are sometimes told that, notwithstanding the vast amount of
time and trouble expended on their production, the works of eminent
entomologists appeal, after all, to but a section of the minority of the
students of animal life. No such failing, however, can be laid to the
charge of the latest of Mr. Tutt's many and varied contributions to
entomological literature. The Mijiration and Dispersal of Insects "
needs neither introduction nor commendation to the readers of this
journal ; nevertheless we should feel grateful to Mr. Tutt for having
brought together and published in a convenient and accessible form
the excellent series of instructive papers which have, at intervals, so
long contributed to the increasing value amongst scientific monthlies
oi the Knto)/iolu<iist's lleconL It is to be sincerely hoped that this
little monograph, bristling with its facts of absorbing interest to all
true naturalists, culled from various sources, and marshalled and re-
viewed by an entomologist of such acknowledged acumen as the
author, will quickly find a place in the library of every student of
nature. For the attractiveness of the subject presented to us should
procure for it a large circle of readers beyond the specialists in the
various orders — ^all of whom are catered for — students amongst the
large and ever-increasing cloud of " irregular skirmishers " with which
the main body of entomologists is being rapidly surrounded, who,
although insufficiently equipped to be able to wax enthusiastic over
subtleties in classification, varietal distinctions, and other technical

• The Mifiration ami Dispersal of Insects, by J. W. Tiitt, F.E.S. Demy 8vo.,
132 pp. Elliot Stock, 62, Paternoster Bow, E.G. 5s.

40 THE RNTOJMOLOrTTRT's RKCORD.

minntifx^, aro, nevertheless, keenly alive to the broacler questions of
distribution and habitat. Resolving the title into its component parts
two points appear cleai- to us ; firstly, that no possible doubt can
exist as to the reality of the dispersal of insects in various ways, and,
secondly, that notwithstanding the evidence of Scudder and others
and the well-known habits of certain of the migratory groups them-
selves, the claim of the existence of any true migration in insects (as
the term is understood in its application to birds) cannot be sustained.
That it is non-existent it would, perhaps, be rash to affirm, but, with
the evidence before us, we have no alternative but to return the vei'dict
" not proven." That the migratory instinct is most powerfully developed
in certain of the Derma)itera (Orthoptera), one of the loAvest hexapodal
orders, is of considerable interest and has been most happily referred to
by ]Mr. Tutt. That a habit which is purposeful, marked, and compara-
tively regular amongst the least changed and least developed of the
Insecta should often be only traceable as spasmodic and irregular
movements in the more highly organised groups appears certainly
suggestive that we witness to-day but the attenuated remains of a
custom which was probably once present to a much greater degree in
the earlier ancestors of the race. But we want more accurate know-
ledge of many present habits, more evidence as the result of organised
systematic observation, and, perhaps, the greatest value of Mr. Tutt's
brochure lies in the collection and arrangement of the numei'ous
records of insect movements that have been preserved, which cannot
fail to stimulate us to devote considerably more attention in the future
than we have bestowed in the past to the elucidation of the problems
pi'esented. Any attempt on my part to review so excellently conceived
a manual on so vast a subject would be little short of impertinence ;
but with the book before me perhaps I may be permitted to add a word
or two on a matter that may lay claim to be included under one of the
headings of its title.

The dispersal of insects by wind and water is a matter which has
often struck me as being singularly neglected by entomologists in the
compilation of local faunistic lists. How seldom do we see any com-
ment appended to the record of the capture of a species new to a dis-
trict in any of the " Insecta notabilia " appearing from time to time in
our periodicals. A short reference to recent prevailing winds or other
meteorological and physical phenomena would often prove of consider-
able scientific value, not only by furnishing a clue to the direction
from which the particular "addition " may have come, but by being
always available for consideration in relation to other observations for
the solution of problems which, by lack of any such data to work upon,
are now of necessity left unprobed. Some years ago, when rowing
from Worcester to Upton-on-Severn, a ladybird rescued from the
river and placed in the hot sun on a seat of the boat took so long to
show signs of vitality that, knowing the long period that these beetles
can remain apparently unharmed in water, I am of opinion it bad
travelled a very long distance down the stream. Some six months
after embarking on the study of entomology, in October, 1896, I
happened upon (amongst other strangers to me on the Hoylake sand-
bills) a phytophagous beetle which my friend Mr. W. 11. Sharp subse-
quently kindly identified for me as Adimouia taiuurti, L. This cap-
ture was interesting on two accounts, firstly from the fact that its

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS. H

supposed food-plant, Tanatrtuui nibjarc (Fowler, L'ol. llrit. hlds., iv.,
p. 881) is unknown in the neighbourhood, and, secondly, from its having
previously only been recorded once from the district, i\Ir. Archer
having- taken a specimen at Wallasey many years before. Systematic
search through that and succeeding autumns failed to produce another
example, until, in September, 1899, whilst strolling along the Deeside
dunes after one of the heavy w^esterly gales to -which the Hoylake
district is so prone, I was fortunate enough to pick up two more insects
on the face of the bare exposed sandhills Avhich rise from the shore.
It will be recollected that this was one of the beetles met with in such
numbers in Llyn du'r Arddu (Snowdon) by jMr. Brockton Tomlin and
myself in August, 1900, and referred to by Mr. Tutt (p. 95) ; and from
the fact of its occurring on other of the Welsh hills more adjacent to
the Dee estuary I have no doubt in my own mind that both Mr.
Archer's and my captures were wind-, or wind-and- water-borne im-
migrants from the adjoining principality. With regard to the food of
this species, I may add that my wife discovered it on wild thyme on
Snowdon, a plant on which we subsequently found it to feed readily.

To the many instances of iinexplained voluntary flight enumerated
by Mr. Tutt amongst the lepidoptera, etc., I can add that of the
characteristic sandhill coleopteron, Anoinara frMni, F. Towards the
end of July, 1897, this chafer was fairly abundant locally for a week
or ten days on the dunes above the submerged forest at Meols, and my
Avife and I daily visited the spot Avith the object of solving the mystery
of their oliserved movements. The beetles commenced to appear from
the sand and roots of starr-grass about ten a.m., reaching the culmi-
nating point of abundance each day between twelve and one o'clock.
But the perplexing circumstance was that, within a short time from
its appearance, each insect rose in the air and deliberately set ott' in a
W.N.W. direction, over the dunes and out to sea. All the insects
followed the same general direction, and chafers that were observed to
fly towards an opposite quarter might have almost been counted on
one's lingers. Whence Avent these Avould-be mariners, and for Avhat
purpose, since food was presumably abundant around them ? In the
first Aveek of August, 1899, this beautiful chafer suddenly appeared in
sAvarms, flying about an expanse of sandhills in Hoylake, now, alas !
acquired by the speculative builder. The phenomenon lasted for two
days, and, in a less degree, over the third, Avhen so numerous Avere
the insects that I several times caught three in my hand at a time.
This abnormal abundance can, hoAvever, be in no Avay regarded as
migratory, since I belicA-e, as stated by Sharp (p. 94), in referring to
the SAvarming of I'/n/lloiiertha hoiticola, Kirby, on the shores of Cardi-
gan Bay, that every individual Avas bred on the spot, and that their
phenomenal number Avould be due to a sequence of favourable circum-
stances "extending over," as he says, "perhaps more than one
season."

In concluding a somewhat rambling note, that has already far
exceeded the limits intended, I should like to suggest that, in addition
to the excellent local work in Avhich they are now mostly engaged,
Entomological and Natural History Societies throughout the kingdom
should combine to obtain material for the study of such important
questions as those which Mr. Tutt has so pertinently placed before us —
enigmas, Avhich, like those of Aveather effect on insect life, the occa-

42 THE entomologist's record.

sional phenomeucil abundance of certain species in certain districts,
and other complex and probably closely interrelated problems, can
never be successfully attacked without the prior accumulation of a
large amount of reliable facts, as the result of organised systematic
observations, carefully carried out over a Considerable extent of both
time and country, rather than by the fitful, haphazard, and fortuitous
" methods " at present in vogue.

Some genera of the Amorphid and Hemarid Sphingids.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
In British Lepidojitcra, iii., p. 386, I have noticed Bacot's sugges-
tions re the phylogeny of the Amorphid Sphingids, of which MiiimK
tiliae, Si»ryi)ithiis nvcUata and Amorji/ia ixipHliave the three representa-
tive British species. Based on these suggestions, I drew up, for use
in my Avork, the following tribal divisions of the subfamily Amor-
p/iinae : — •

1. MiMANTiDi. — Mimas (tiliae).

2. SiCHiiDi. — Sichia (quero'is), Biirroicsia. {w.^eipenni'i), Kai/eia [iitanckii).

3. S:*ii''.RiNTHiDi. — Duddia (kindenn/nini), Bcllia (caecum), Smcrintliuti (ocellata),

Nicholsonia (saliceti), CalasyniholiDi [astylus).

4. Clakkiidi. — Clarkia {disHimilis) .

5. Amokphidi. — Triptogon {modeata), Amorpha {jJopuli).

Before creating a number of new genera to illustrate my views of
the relationships of the species, 1 enquired of the authorities whether
generic names were available for the various subdivisions I suggested
making, and was duly informed that, so far as could be ascertained, I
should be perfectly justified in proposing the names Sichia, Burrowsia,
Kaijeia, Daddia, Bcllia, Xicholsania, and (Jlarkia, and I did so, naming
them after well-known lepidopterists in the City of London Entomo-
logical Society. In a recent correspondence with Mr. Kaye, I learned
that 1 had not been quite correctly informed about the matter, and
that my genus Clarkia fell before L'hijllosphingia, Swinhoe, dissijiniia
being the specific type of the latter and older genus, as well as that of
my (Jlarkia.

Both the scope of my work and the space at disposal precluded my
describing these genera at length, and I have been informed that the
genera, being without descriptions, would, by some lepidopterists, be
held to have no standing. On this rule ('?) i hope to have something
to say some day. However, to simplify matters, and in order to meet
such objections, I have recently obtained the following generic diagnoses,
and now publish them, so that the heathen may have less cause to
blaspheme.

The list published {luc. cit., p. 386), may be modified as follows : —

I. MiMANTiiu. — 1. Mimas, Hb., Verz., p. 14'2 {circ. 1822). — Mivias tiliae (type).

II. BicniiDi. — 1. Sichia : Palpi broad, very truncate when viewed from beneath,

projecting level with head when viewed from above, dark brown in strong
contrast to general straw colour of underside. Antennte in d with
exceeding strong pectinations. Forcwing with very dentate hind margin.
Ilindwing very much less so, and hardly excised between vein 6, 7 ;
beyond vein 7 evenly curved to costa. Forewing with central pale broad
fascia, and with the transverse lines not sinuate and fairly straight.
• Abdomen robust — Siclnci (juerci'ti (type).

2. Ihirrowaia : Diagnosis not yet made.

6. Kaiieia : Palpi rounded, not visible from above. Antennas with tufts of
hair forming pectinations reduced to a few bristles. Forewing short (for

ON VVINGLESSNESS IN WINTER MOTHS. 43

the tribe), tip rounded, not produced ; a moderately dentate margin ; a
fascia broad at costa narrow at inner margin. Hindvving scarcely dentate,
from anal angle to vein 4, rather shorter than beyond, with the appearance
of a portion of wing removed. The extreme anal angle slightly produced.
Abdomen slender — Kaycia )iuiacldi (type).

III. SiiKKiNTHiDi. — 1. Daddia: Palpi small, not visible when viewed from above.

Forewing long and narrow, the tip rather produced between veins H-8.
Hindwing long, with the coloured scales extending well up to vein 7. The
eye-mark at anal angle reaching margin of wing — Daddia kindennanni
(type).

2. Bcllia, : Palpi extending almost level with head and larger than in Smcrin-

thu.s. Eyes large for the insect. Antennaa in <? not robust with the pairs
of tufts at the joints consisting of thin branches. P^orewing short, greatly
excised between veins 2 and 3. Hindwing with the coloration extending up
to vein 7 (in Siiicriiithns it extends only to 6). Submedian line entire —
Bcllia caecus (type).

3. Sinerinthun, Latr., " Hist. Nat.," iii., p. 401 (1802). — Smerinthus ocellata

(type).

4. Nicliolsonia : Palpi as in S)iieri)ithus, short and rather bristly. Antennas

with the pectinations very strong in cT . Forewing tip acute, a deep
indentation between tornus and vein 4. Submedian transverse line very
sharply toothed, but the " tooth " not extending any distance across the
wing. Hindwing with margin very slightly indented, most conspicuously
so immediately below the ej'e-mark at anal angle. The eye-mark with
the " pupil " much smaller than in Snieriiitliux. Pink coloured scales
extending up to vein 7 — Nicliolionia saliceti (type).
Cala.-<yinboliis, Grote, "Bull. Buti'. Soc," i., p. 23 (1873). — GalasymboluA
<isti/lns (type).

IV. PiiYLLosrHiXGiiDi ( = Clakkiidi). — Flii/llosjiliiiKjia, Swinhoe, "Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist.," (6), xix., p. 164(18*17). 'c7((/7.i«, Tutt, "Brit. Lep.," iii., p. 380
(11)02). — l-'liyllos2)liingia disdmilitt (type).

V. A.MOi;rHii>i. — 1. Triptonon, Brem., "Bull. Acad. S. Peters.," iii., p. 474(18(51).

— Triptonoii iiKide^ta (type).
2. Axwrpha, Hb., "Tent.," p. 1 (1800). — ADwrpIia popull (type).

One other genus on which I lay stress is my L'ockrania (Uritis/i
Lep., iii., p. 503), with type croatica, placed by many with Scsui
[atellatanun), and having all its affinities Avith IL'iiiaris (facifinmis,
titi/iis). The genus is well characterised by its "thick, smooth scaling
in the imago," a most unusual Ilemarid character. Its pupa, too, is
"characteristically smoother than that of Hcmaris, the wrinkles being
very slight and almost evanescent on the abdominal segments, the
face-spines forming very Ioav mammilhe, the wing-cases very smooth,
and the prespiracular ridges very marked on the 7th abdominal."

On Winglessness in Winter Moths.

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Having taken interest for some years in various species of moths
whose females are apterous, and having satisfied myself, as nearly as
one may satisfy oneself, about such a matter, as to the advantage the
species seek to derive from their females having lost their wings, it has
occurred to me to consider how far similar causes or objects had pro-
duced the apterousness of our winter moths.

The species I had chiefly investigated were species of Xotuloji/tiis
{(Jr<ji/ia), of Psychids (macro- and micro-), and of Heterogynids. In all
these cases the apterousness is associated with one peculiarity of habit,
viz., the eggs are laid on or in the cocoon or pupa-case of the moth her-
self. It is obvious that, if this be overwhelmingly the most desirable
place for these species to lay their eggs in, wings would be not only

•44 THE entomologist's RECORb.

useless but a strong temptation to, or at least risk of, great disaster by
the female Hying away from this most satisfactory position.

We see the transition to Xotolojihus in, say , L'ltrtJutria dixpar, where
the $ almost always lays a large batch of eggs close to her cocoon and
before flying. Similar conditions are possibly dominant in the case of
other apterous moths, of which I know little, such as some Arctiids, since
in many species of moths, of which Airtia caja is one, the female usually
lays a considerable number of eggs before making any serious use of
her wings. If this first batch made its way in the world distinctly
better than later ones, then A. caja would have taken the first step to
having an apterous female.

Will these considerations help us to understand why the "winter"
moths are apterous "? Clearly, the explanation is not applicable as it
stands, since all these apterous females of the "winter" moths, though
wingless, have quite exaggerated powers of locomotion afoot, a con-
dition precisely contrary to that which obtains in other apterous
females, which have often lost their legs, as well as their wings, and,
at any rate, as in Xotoloj>ht(s antiijua, make very little use of them. In
Hetero<jipm the loss of pedestrian power has been very specially engi-
neered, in view of the necessity of the female moth preserving an
exact relationship with her pupa-case, vi::., the imaginal legs consist
merely of an organic connection with the pupa-case, which is never
severed.

Nevertheless, the explanation seems to me to be in very similar ob-
jects having to be attained, but under very different conditions. This
explanation, when arrived at, seemed to me so obvious that I think it
very likely it has been arrived at before, but if so I do not remember
to have met with it. The labour of searching out references, if any
are available, seems more than the subject is worth, especially as, in
■ case the matter is not new, an independent suggestion will be con-
firmatory. It will probably, also, be new to many as it is to me.

What are the facts ? These are tolerably well known ; yet it may
be better to recapitulate them. Confining our view to British species
of moths which appear in the winter months, we have fifteen species
whose females are apterous. How many we have whose females are
not apterous is a more difficult matter. Species that hibernate are,
of course, not in question, but the others gTade so regularly into late
autumn and early spring species that it is difficult to say which should
and which should not be included. The following, at any rate, need
to be considered: — Avijihidasy.s strataria, lUmera pcnnaria, Chciniato-
jiliila tortricella {T, liyeinana), Sciiiioscopis acellaiiella, Lacluieis lanestris,
Poecilucainpa poptili, Aateroscojins sphinx, A. nnhecnldsa and Ptilophora
plnmiijera. There may be one or two others 1 have not thought of or
erroneously excluded. These are nine species to compare with fifteen
that are apterous — an overwhelming proportion when we recollect
there are no apterous summer species outside the special cases I have
noted above. Of these nine some are, perhaps, rather early spring or
late autumn than really Avinter, or, we may say, are in a transition
state from one to the other. A. strataria, II . pennaria, L. lanestris, and S.
urdlandla are, perhaps, spring species ; A.t^pliiii.r (lassinea) is probably an
autumn one. Several of them, also, as befitting transition species, have
some difficulty in fully developing the female wings, especially the hind-
wings, as A. strataria and //. pi nnaria.

ON WiNGLESSNESS IS WINTEK MOTtlS. 45

The force of a winter appearance in producing apterousness of the
female is further seen when we note that the tifteen species belong to
at least five, possibly six, difterent groups, by which the apterousness
niust have been separately achieved, e.;/., we have the Hibernias and
Nyssias (possibly one), Anisojitery.r, L'heiinatohia, ('lni)taharhc, and
Kxapate — three or four groups of Geoinetrids and two of micros.
The only commonly received explanation of the apterousness of
these moths is that the females, if provided with wings, would be very
conspicuous on the bare twigs, and would fall a prey too readily to
their enemies. They certainly do take advantage of their apterous-
ness to hide away very successfully, but are they more successful than,
say, the male of ('. bniniata, which is practically undiscoverable
by day, even when it swarms.

I think there is little doubt that if wings were otherwise advanta-
geous— i.e., not definitely disadvantageous — the question of hiding
would have been easily solved m some other way. For purposes of
concealment and protection the wings of insects have undergone their
most numerous and important modifications, in texture, size, shape,
folding, markings, colour, etc., etc. The one, and, I fancy, the only,
reason for getting rid of wings is not that they present difficulties and
dangers, but that flight itself is definitely injurious. If flight is an
advantage, any difficulties connected with the wings are of secondary,
not primary, importance, and the wings are retained, but modified to
meet them. To explain any case of apterousness, then, we must find
some reason why Hight is injurious. iVny other dangers attaching to
the wings may, in a minor degree, be an assistance in losing them,
but by itself would not be an effective force.

The one thing the moth has to achieve is to lay her eggs in a satis-
factory situation. In the Orgyias, Psychids, etc., wings were an evil,
because they would take the moth away from the best place for laying
her eggs. This is precisely the reason that has forced the " winter "
moths to lay aside theirs.

These " winter " moths all belong to groups whose females lay their
eggs on the foodplant, somewhere or other, and there is no doubt, in
ordinary circumstances, such moths find the foodplant by scent.
During the growing season all plants, doubtless, throw off an odour
abundantly sufficient for this purpose. The moth flies from plant to
plant to lay her eggs, finding her way — usually in the dark — by scent.
But, how is it in the winter, when vegetation is dormant ? Plants
even then, probably, give off some scent, but it is, no doubt, so faint
that a moth on the wing with the ordinary powers of one of our
summer moths, would utterly fail to detect it. A moth that takes
wing in the winter will then have great, pi'obably insuperable, diffi-
culty in again finding the foodplant on which to lay her eggs.

Our true " winter " moths got over it by losing their wmgs, and so
avoidmg the probability of going right away from the foodplant. But
how is the moth to find the foodplant on foot '? It emerges from the
earth, and may tramp away anywhere. In the first place, however,
it does do it, we know it does it, and does it easily and abundantly.
Probably pupation takes place where this shall be tolerably easy, where
the ordinary upward climb a moth does on emerging shall bring it to
the stem of the required tree. Possibly at these close quarters scent is
not altogether inappreciable. A large proportion then of the moths reach

46 THE entomologist's RECORD.

the foodplant they were reared on ; a sufficient proportion fail to do
so, to provide individuals to go in search of other quarters, \\hich we
know also they succeed very largely in doing ; how, we do not quite
know, whether they have some special instincts, or whether it is pure
accident, and that the successes are only a small percentage of the
failures we do not know. It is tolerably certain, however, that many
larvte and other insects have some faculty when on the ground for
making their Avay to the nearest tree-trunk, and these moths have
probably a good share of this mother wit.

The object of the loss of the wings, then, is to keep the moths
tolerably close to the plant on which it was reared, or at least in the
thicket or hedgerow, which probably contains many other plants of
the same species. A fair or even large proportion will thus secure a
proper place for laying their eggs, and the continuation of the species
is secured. How about the winter moths with winged females, how
do they meet this difficulty '? The first question perhaps is, do they
succeed in meeting it. I have suggested that some of them are really
late autumn and early spring species, that manage their egg-laying
just before vegetation sleeps in the autumn, or innnediately it wakes
in the spring. Hiniera pennaria is clearly in training for becoming
apterous, it is on the margin, and keeps its place, partly by the
females being averse to flying, partly by not emerging whilst it is
absolute winter.

It is very possible that some meet the difficulty by a large increase
in their powers of smell. I'oei-ilocaiiipa po})uli belongs to a group in
which the sense of smell is remarkably developed, at least, so it is
usually supposed ; whilst Ptiloji/mra pluniiiicfa has remarkably well-
developed antenna' in the male, for no very obvious reason, since other
Avinter moths require no increase of male smell-sense. These antennae
"may then be a reflection to the male of the response made by the female
to the necessity for increased olfactory power. These two species are
certainly amongst the most definitely winter moths of the winged
section.

drOLEOPTERA.

Notes on Coleopteka taken in Wigtownshire. — I am writing these
notes on beetles collected at odd times in the hope that they may
prove of interest to some few, from the fact that the county is quite
unworked in that order, as far as I know, and that must be my excuse
for mentioning the very common species. My thanks are due to Mr.
Donisthorpe, the Rev. Mr. Gorham, and Professor Hudson Beare, who
have most kindly identified many of the species. The only insect
taken in January was a single XI ft us liololcucus, Fald., flying by the
roadside on the 25th. But in February more work was done. A pair
of Ptiniis fur, L., Avere taken on a window, several Ci/c/iraa m.stratit.'i,
L., among dead leaves, and JJi/j/era )uiirirnstns, F., and Lathrlniacinn
unicolor, Steph., under stones ; rotten wood produced Mi/cctoporiia lepHus,
Gr., Daptolinii.s altciiianx, Pk., and PntsiUa catialiviilata, F. On tree
stumps, Duiijtoimis iiiacidatiis, Marsh., Apiun fruinentariiuu, L., Aciduta
crenata, F., and Fdatcr halteatiis, L., turned up, and several Geotnijies
ti/phacits, L., were obtained, after a considerable amountof digging, from a
large colony on a moor. Having nothing much to do in March 1 collected
on every available day, taking, m rotten wood — Luricera piLlcorms, F. ;

COLElOPTERA. 4?

Lcistu!^ fiilriharbis, Dj. ; Aiichonicnus fidii/iudtinsj Pz.; Silji/ia atrata, L. ;
i>cijiniii brunnipex, F. ; lloiiudota linearis, Gr. ; (Jocciuflla IH-piinctata,
L. ; and Oxijtclus rutjosus, F. Under stones in fields the following
were obtained — Lcistns fcrnajincus, L. (the first seen) ; Carabus
cateniilatus, tScop. ; Dromius ineridionalia, Dj. ; Clivina fossor, L. ;
Badistcr bijn(sti(lati(s, F. ; Pristoni/cfiiDi terricola, Hbst. (several) ;
Calat/iKs cistclnidcii, Pz. ; C. xidanucciiludus, L. ; Aiiclionioiiis paruiii-
pimctatns, F. ; A. prasinus, Thunb. ; A. jimceits, Scop. ; Fterostichus
anthracinua, 111.; 1'. cKpreus, L. ; P. niadidnx, F. ; P. nif/rita, F. ; P.
!>tre)iHii!y,Vz. ; P. striola,¥ ., P. iiielanarius, 111.; Ainara ai>ricaria, Pk.
(few); A. trivialis, Gyll. ; Harpalnx lotus, L. ; H. aenean, F. ; II.
ritJicDDiis, F. ; Bradijcdliis harpalinns, Dj. ; Beinbidium i/tittida, F. ;
B. laiiijinis, Hbst. ; B. littorale, 01.; B. obtusiiui, Sturm. ; Homalota
circellaris, Gr. ; II, fatitji, Gr. ; II. lumiicornis, Gr. ; P/doeopora reptans,
Gr. (the only one seen) ; Mc'(/acronus ancdis, Pk. ; Qiiedius fidi(/inusus,
Gr. ; (xK nijipes, Gr. ; Q. niijria'ps, Kv. ; (J. picipes, Man. ; OojpuH
cnprcHs, Rossi (this used to be common, but was scarce this season) ;
Xuntholiiuis (jlabratus, Gr. ; X. linearis, 01. ; (Jthias inelanoeepiiahis, Gr.,
(J. fulripeiuds, F. ; LathrobiiDii bnmnii)es,F.; L. fidcipenne,Gv. A single
specimen of Lathnibiioii, taken under a stone in a rough moorland field
near here on March 21st, has been named by Mr. Gorham and Herr
Ganglbauer as atripalpe, Scriba, which these authorities assert is only
a variety of termination , Gr. Other captures under stones include
Crj/ptubiunt fracticorne, Pk. ; ( dopliriiin piceuni, Gyll. ; Cholera chri/su-
iiieluides, Pz. ; C. cisteloides, Vroh.; Onthophilas striatns, F. ; Aijriotes
obseurns, L.; A. lineatus, L. ; Alojihiis trii/uttatiis, F. ; Hi/pera pobpfoju,
L. ; Liosoinas oratnlus, Clair ; BanipeitJies brminipes, 01. ; B. sidcifrons,
Boh. ; Otiorlnjnchas jdcijn's, F. ; ( >. septentriunis, Hbst. ; Sitoues
hispidnUis, F. ; S. tibialis, Hbst.; Sciaji/dlus ninrieatns, F. ; Barijnotnii
obsrnrns, F. ; B. selionherri, Zett. ; Liopus ncbulosKs, L. ; ('/tri/smnela
staphylaea, L. ; C. polita, L. ; Pliaedon tiDniiltduni, Kirb. ; Aiihthona
eijanella, Kedt. ; Psi/lliodes napi, E.H. ; P. clirijsucephala, L. ; Apteropeda
tjraininis, Pz. (one) ; Cassida sannninoleiita, F. ; Treehns ndiiutns, F. ;
7'. rubens, F. ; and H;jpuc>jptiis l<in(/icornis, Pk. On stones were taken
liln/nchites niintitiis (not uncommon) ; Ajdun nii/ritarse, Kirb. (97 were
counted on one stone) ; Loni/itarsns Iiolsatica, L. ; L. uielanare/dtala,
De G. ; L. atricilla, L. ; L. brunnens, Duft. (very plentiful) ; Stenus
declaratns, FiY. ; S.Jiuia, F. ; S. sindlis, Hbst.; S. nnicolor, Fv. ; and
S. proridns var. ruijeri, Kr. In moss on oak and elm trunks Promins
4i-)naci(latus, L., was plentiful, and Sitones pnnetieollis, Steph., on sallow
blosBOin at dusk. Beating fir trees produced Ilijlobim abietis, L. ;
iStrophiisonius curyli, F. ; Mysia obiunijoiinttata, L., and Lnperus circuin-
fnsas. Marsh., this latter is new to the Scottish list. Canon Fowler says it
does not appear to occur north of the Midlands ; while, on dead
rabbits — -I'aeltinns subterranens, L. ; 7'. rujipes, De G. ; T. niari/i)tellus,
F. ; Ilonialinin rividare, Pk. ; ('hulera nii/rira)is, Spence ; (J. tristis,
Pz. ; and Ptoniophaiius sericea, Pz., occurred. On the shore near Port
William — (kypus murio, Gr. ; O. (dens, Miill. ; I'/dlunthns varius, Gyll;
Ilelops striatns, Fourc. ; Ilhizobius iitura, F. ; /Jypera jilantayinis, De
G., were found ; and on the 81st Titnarcha laevigata, L., was seen in
hundreds on the grass bordering the sea road, five or six on top of
each other. In April I added the following — Blaps sindlis, Latr,,
from Whithorn ; a dead rabbit produced idap/iylinnspubencens, De G.; and

48 THE entomologist's kecokd.

a single N. t'yijtlirdjitrrns, L., was picked up on tlie moor; Silplia nniosa,
Li., swarmed on a dead hare, and Nerrup/iurus huniator, F., and X.
vestii/atDr, Hers., were found burying moles. A glass frame on the top
of a hot-bed made up in the end of March was the haunt of beetles in
swarms — Stilicioi a(fiHis, Er. ; Philoiithiis sci/balarius, Nord. ; J\
fliscoideus, Gr. ; KumicruH tarsatits, Miill. ; Mnnotowa picij)es, Herbst ;
Anthicus/lnmlis, L., with the var. qidsqidllKs, Th., were all plentiful, and
in the garden itself VhiLontliaa ^pleiideiis, V. Under stones in fields I
found Xotiop/iiliis binnttatiis, F. ; Xi'hria breckollis, F. ; Aniara
voiiiiHunU, Pz. ; A. si)inii)es, L. ; Pterustichuti versicolor, Sturm ;
Olisthopiis rotundatus, Pk. ; Tar/n/porus ohtusus ; T. clin/somdinits, L. ;
T. pusillus, Gr. ; T. solntas, Er. ; tihter cadareriniis, E. H.; So})rinu>!
maritiiinis. Steph.; MniuKs pi/raster, Hbst. ; Otior/iijnchiis li<ineux, 01.;
(). nKjifrom, Gyll. ; 0. f<iilcatii>i, F. ; lhisvhirii(s ylobosm, Hbst. ;
and Psi/lliodes chalvomera, 111. In eow-dung were found ApJwdius ater,
De G. ; A. cojitaininatnn, Hbst. ; A. timctarius, L. ; A. prodronius,
Brahm ; Cercijoii iiielanoccphalna, L. ; C. unij)i(nctatns, L. ; Ahochara
fiiscipcs, F. ; and A. lanui/inom, Gr. ; and on the shore of Luce Bay,
among seaweed, Cerci/on Jiarljx's, F.; C. littoralis, Gyll. ; Mi/nnedonia
linibata, Pk.; CrcopJiiliis inad-illonKs, L. ; L'afhts .vantholutna, Gr.; and
Homalhun laeviiisoiluiii, Gyll. Under stones above high Avater mark,
Drowius nvfriventris, Th. ; Corticaria iioiu/ata, Gyll. ; t'onosoma liri-
dii.s, Er.; Amara ovata, F. ; Otiorhi/nchus blandiis, Gyll. ; Aleochara
fHsicipen,^., and Corj/iidjites aenciix, L., of this latter I took a fine series,
nine bronze, five blue, and one green with black legs, seven blue, one
bronze, and one green with red legs. At the end of the month Cicindela
canipestris, L., appeared on sunny days in numbers on earthy hillsides,
on the moors and slopes by the sea. In May the following were
taken — LiopJdoeHx. unbiliis, F., and Carabiis nemuralis, Miill., under
stones ; C. iiranidatm, L., among heather ; a single Aleochara snccicola,
Kr., in moss on a beech trunk ; swept up among nettles, (JocUodes
A-7)mculatits, L., ('euthorliynchus pcdlinarius, Forst,, C. qaadridens, Pz.,
and Telcphoruii limbatHn, Th.; on the moor, Sericosoiniis brunnens, L.,
Anthobiiun winutimi, F., in flowers; Prasocnrh phellaudrii, L., and
Donacia scricca, L. (a fine range of shades), on marsh mallow; in cow-
dung, !>jdtacridiiiiii acarubaeuidc^, L., Ajdiodius erraticua, L., A. rnjipcs,
L., A. Imidus, F., the black ab. was not uncommon ; Xitidiila biptis-
tidata, Li., Soronia (jrisca, L., and (hiiosita discoidca, F., on dead birds
on the moors ; Adalia bipunctata, L., among grass on the shore ; on
the high roads, Silplut opaca, L.; P/iilonthus lamiitatits, Creutz, in a
garden; and Anthononuis. pcdiciilarins, L., on a wall. Polijdrusus
cerviniis, L., was found on poplar buds ; and on stones on the shore of
the White Loch, FAaphms ciiprens, Duft., E. rijtariits, L., Hi/pera punc-
tata, F., llaltica ericeti, All., and Loiifiitarsisthoracicus, Steph. (Tjirbin^
natator. Scop., occurred in thousands in sheltered bays of Drumwalt Loch.
In June Kjmraea ac.stira, L., Mcli(/cthcs aenciis, F., Athoiis iw/er, L., A.
vittatusf, F., t'orijinbitcx cuprciia, F., ('. tc><sellatiis, L., Dolopiua vum/i-
natiis, Li., ('aiiijii/liis linearis, L., ('i/jdinn rariabitis, Thunb., TclcjdiorKu
bicolor, F., T. jiallidas, ¥., T. nisticiis, F., Malthodes dispar, Germ.,
lihino)iciti> inc(»i!ij)ecti(s, Hbst., II. jiericarjiiiis F., L'eitt/iorhijnc/tiis coil-
tractas, Marsh., Apian /tuinilc, Germ., Sitfincs lineatas, L., Letna cijanclla,
L., Crcpidodera anrata, Marsh., (Jassida riridis, L., Scyiinttis pijiiniaciis,
Fourc, were swept up among rough herbage and on the moors, to-

COLEOPTERA. 49

gether with a single Helocharea punctatiix, Shp., and P/iilhi/drus marl-
timna, Th. Adinionia cnprcae, L., occurred in abundance near Loch
Gower, and several large perch we caught were full of them. Under
stones Btp-r/nis jiilida, L., and B. ilormlis, F., and Le)iia )nelanopa,'L. ;
Neocrophnnts riispotnr, Er., on a dead adder, and two Cori/netes rnfipes,
F., on a dead gull on the moor ; Jli/lnri/iiH piniperda, L,, on young
shoots of firs ; Phi/IldbiKS ar(/nitatus, L., P. obloni/m, L., P. pi/ri, L.,
Phratora vitellinae, L., Coednella variabilis, 111., Aiiaspis frontalis, L.,
Frir/ii)iKii arriditlns, L. Orc/wstes faiji, L., and Dascillns ccrrinits,
by beating various trees ; Laiiijii/ris noctiluca, L,, J s on damp nights
in grass, <? s plentiful, buzzing round trunks of iir trees after dark.
Donacia Hwuijaut/iidi's, F., was common on water-lilies at Loch Ches-
ney ; Cassida ohsolcta, 111., on stones at White Loch; and Apltitdias
fossor, L., and Plectrdsctiis conciuua. Marsh., on a road. After this, very
little work was done in this order, all my spare time being devoted to
lepidoptera. In July ( 'arabns nitens, L., on the moor ; and Geotrapes
jiiitridariiis, (i. rerualia, L., Serica brnnnea, L., were taken at
sugar ; and Pihamjuni/cha fidra, Scop., swarmed on hemlock. In August
a pair of Dijtiscns piinctKlafas, F., were found in a pool on the moor.
In September (^ilea silpJioides, L., Howalota xantlwptcra, Steph., U.
rulayis came out of fungi in a wood. Coccinella liieroi/hjphica, L., and
its black ab. were swept plentifully from heather ; a single IJelophorns
nnbilus, F., and Hi/droporiis lepidns, 01., were taken on the margin of
a pool near a stable, in which pool PJtantiis hi.striatiis, Berg., <_'vUpii-
beU's fuscus, L., Ai/abtts biptistnlatns, L., A. chalrunotas, Pz., A. neba-
losus, Forst., ]h/iisciis nianiinalis, L., and Arilius sidcatus, L , var.
scotirtis, Steph., were also taken. In October two Qttedius fiih/idtis,
Gr., were found under stones in a field, and in November two nearly
full-grown larvff" of Mdidouf/ia ndi/aris, F., below some turf which
was being removed in a gravel pit. All the above insects were taken
mostly in the immediate neighbourhood of Corsemalzie, and I hope to
add many more before long. — J. G. Gordon, F.E.S., Corsemalzie,
Whauphill, Wigtownshire.

Coccinella 11 -punctata var. brevifasciata, Weise. — Mr. Donis-
thorpe, in the last April number (p. 99) of this journal, drew attention
to the fact that a variety of this abundant insect, with confluent basal
spots, occurred commonly on sandhills at certain places on the Irish
coast (see also p. 240 of the last volume of this journal). He stated
that it was the var, G of Mulsant, and he himself proposed the name of
(■onjiucns for it. It seems desirable, therefore, to call attention to the fact
that another very similar variety (var. D of Mulsant and brerifasciata of
Weise) has been taken (Knt. Ma. Mai/, xxix., p. 70) by Mr. Chitty on
the Culbin sandhills on the Moray coast, and apparently, also, by Mr.
Walker {E)it. Mo. Ma<j. xxxii., p. Ill), on the sandhills at Machri-
hanish Bay, in the ]\Iull of Kintyre. This variety has confluent side
spots, and ^Ir. Walker says it has a very diftereut aspect from southern
examples. It will be noticed that the Scottish localities for this
variety are very similar to those for nwfiuens in Ireland ; the type form,
also, did not occur with the variety. Both these varieties .should be
introduced into our catalogues. — T. Hudson Beare, F.E.S., 10,
Regent Terrace, Edinburgh.

Notes of coleoptera captured during 1902. — My first expedition
this year was on March 28th. On this occasion we — a party of five —

60 THE entomologist's record.

set Gilt for Oxtefl and Limpsfield Common. From a small pond I
managed to fish out with my hands a couple of Halij)lus lineatocolliti
and one Ht/drochiis an/itiatatits; I had no water-net with me or should
certainly have found more. Two Aphodjus prodrntnua, Taclii/pnrtis
Ju/pnnni)n, and one Tnc/iojitcri/x atomnria (?) completed the list. On
March 31st my father and I went to Ranmore. From a dead missel-
thrush I took one Vldhintliux rnirntatiis, Catopn sericea, two L(ithriinrii)ii
atroci'phalinn, Onioaita ilisroidca, ten Siljdia rtuiosa, and a large number
of J'ruteiiiits ()vali><. In a pond near Ranmore Church I found Ai/aliiis
nehidosita and two ('()i'laiid)iis rtDitlitois, one Siljilui atrata in moss, a
P/ii/Uotn'ta nodicomis flying in the sunshine, and a few commoner
species also turned up. A friend brought me six Criiptorrlnjnclnia
lapatlii which he had taken on osiers near Streatham on April 19th.
During the last week of April a few beetles were collected for me at
Ilfracombe, among which were Lerna melanopa, Chri/soituia nian/inalis,
Kn»pltah'nitii prii/iidat', Mi'loc prosearabeiis, and 3/. violocrits; both the
''oil-beetles" were females, and very full of eggs. Whitsuntide 1
spent at Tilehurst, near Reading, and took, among others, the follow-
ing:— l'/iaedo)i annnraciae, Anrho)iient(s albijiex (\ery common), lihchnis
viaitrus, one ( 'nssida iiohiUs, and Di'i-ynestcs )nnrini(ii with larvfP, and
Xitidida bipiixtidata from a gamekeeper's "gallows." In June I bred
a large number of Jhni/tounis Duicidatus from sallow-catkins, which my
father had gathered for breeding Xanthiids and other moths. I also
took a specimen of Mcn/dalis harbicornis and two Tnxr scaber at Sti'eat-
ham. Liiperns rujipcs, Di'poraiiff brtnlae, one Balaninns tiirbatits, one
Ch(dfra HsfclDidcs, a^nd many others were taken at Wimbledon Common
during the month. On June 26th we went to Coldharbour and Leith
Hill ; my captures included one KlaUf baltratits and Lochmea snttiralis
(on heather), and many commoner species. At Tilehurst a Mcdachins
aeneus, Ci/phon coarctatiifi, and some Ihmaciae (limbata, ruh/aris, and
tiiiiiplf.r) from the banks of the Kennett ^ were taken on June
29th. The beginning of August I spent in North Devon. At
Ilfracombe I found Traclnijddocus seabricidiis, one Ocijptis ater,
and (hdt'Diera cocndea (of which the females were far more plentiful
than the males). On August 2nd — the only wet day during the fort-
night— I was at Woolacombe, and found Laf/ita /tirta, Aeijialia arenaria,
Calat/iiis fiisciis, sind (J. innlliH all commonly on the sandhills; Jlelio-
patJu'H ijlbbti.s also turned up, but the rain soon put an end to my col-
lecting, and I had to return to the railway station, very wet, and wait
two hours for a train back to Ilfracombe. At Torrington, on August 9th,
I obtained, among others, a couple of Harpalns net/lectuH (under stones),
and Onthupa<iiis m-atn^ and (). t'racticonu's. One Oci/pus ater and a
Harpalus tardm from Woking, and some (jryninetron antirrhini from
Bexley, were the only fresh species found until November 28th, when
Ptiniifi fur turned up in a cellar in Birchin Lane, E.G. I may add
that Mr. J. E. Robson sent me some Longicornes and other things
recently, including one Muiiu/iainiiuis ftiitor, four M. sartor, and one
M. titillator, Fab., all taken by himself in timber-yards at Hartlepool.
— J. LoFTUs Henderson, 7, Pinfold Road, Streatham, 8.W.

:^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Vagaries in the emergence of Eupithecia absynthiata. — I have,
during the past year been breeding Knpithnia absijnthiata from ova

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 61

obtained from a female taken here on August 10th, 1901. The first
emerged on July 15th and on July 26th, 1902, then at intervals till
August 28th, when no more emerged till one on November 12th, and
there are still some living pupte. — E. F. Sttjdd, ]\I.A., F.E.S., Oxton,
Exeter.

Orrhodia erythrocephala at Boscombe. — Two Orrhodia cri/thro-
cephala were taken here last autumn, one by myself on October 14th,
the other by Mr. Hooker on November 7th (not the 4th as previously
stated). — (Major) R. B. Robertson, Forest View, Southborne Road,
Boscombe.

Larger size of bred Nonagria xeurica. — Last summer I visited
the Norfolk Broads, hoping to unravel the pupal habits of Xdnai/ria
nriirica. It is a mysterious little creature, and, as a full-fed larva, quite
evades my efforts, and, in confinement, I lose many just at this stage.
I am rather surprised at the very large size of the imagines I have bred,
much lai'ger than those I used to capture on the wing. Bred Leiicanki
brt'cilinca, I thought, smaller than captured ones, but this years'
results are fine and large. — E. A. Bowles, M.A., F.E.S., Myddelton
House, Waltham Cross. Decewher nOth, 1902.

Notes on the season 1902 in the North of Ireland. — Seeing
the numerous unfavourable reports of the past season in English
localities, I beg to send my experiences, hoping they will be of interest.
Notwithstanding the cold spring and early summer months, insects
were very abundant on any favourable days. On May 1st insects were
in great force at sallows on the mountains near here, the following
being noticed or taken — Pacltnnbia nihricom, Taeniuranipa stabilifi, T.
instahilis, T. uracilis, also hybernated (Vilocaiiijia e.rolcta , Sropdasoma
satellitia, and (Jryhadia raccinii, the only common insect that was scarce
was Tamwcaiiipa notliica. During May I also took ( 'iilan'a sitpiiuxtta
and ab. piccata, and Larentia )inilistrii/aii(i. On May 23rd I went to
Churchill to work for Biipabm piniaria. It was a very cold day and
the ground was covered with hail, but in spite of the weather I took B.
pinaria in numbers, also Tcphroda crepusndaria (biiDulidaria) at rest
on fir-trunks, and beat out Mavaria litinato, Tliera tariata, Drepana
faleataria, and D. lacertinaiia from birch. Whenever the sun shone
i 'allophrj/s ri(bi was seen flitting among the birch trees. Another
visit paid to Churchill on the 29th produced Anarta ini/rtilli and
Xerneophila plantaiiiuis. Sugar did not pay at all in June, but the
flowers of Luihni.sjins-encnU were very attractive, the following insects
being seen or taken at them — Dianthoecia euciihali, J >. eonapcrsa, Plttsia
chryxitis, J', fcstucae, P. iota, P. pidchrina, and one lovely P. bractea,
and at the flowers of rushes, Xoctua Jrrunnca, Apaniea (/einina, Mauirstra
pisi, and ^[. braftsirar. The following Geometrids were also taken —
Eiinih-lcsia decoluraia among campion, E. albidata among yellow rattle,
Melanthia albiriUata and Cidaria silaccata. Sugar did not pay much
better in July, but, by working rushes and flowering grass, a good many
common insects wei-e taken, among others — Leucania comma, L.
imjittra, L. pallem, L. lithariitjria, Xoctua briinnea, X, c-nif/riim, X.
plerta, X. rnbi, X. festiva, Aijrotu sej/etum, and A. exclamationif, 'whilst,
among the Geometrids, the following were noticed — P!itim(desia alche-
millata, Fbibalapteri/r lifinota, and Afipilatfs stritiillaiia. At sugar, in
August, Vuninia riimuis, Thi/att/ra batis and (loiiojihora (brasa occurred,
but searching heather bloom paid much better, the following insects

52 THE entomologist's record.

being noticed or captured — Afimtift o;iothina. Lycophotia strigula, Noctita
fllarcosa, X. jilecta, A', ilahlii, X. .rantJitifirapha, Tn/phaena iant/iino and
T. orhnna. On the mountains near here Pliisia intcrroiiatiomn occurred
quite commonly at the flowers of the marsh-thistle, also Hahroatola
tripartita and //. triplasia, and at rush flowers Charaeas iiraminia,
Apanwa (li(hpim, Celaena hanorthii, Citria fiavago, Coremia munitata,
Lareyitia roesiota, Ktnvwlma alchemillata, Eui^troma tcstata, K. pnpulata
and var. vinaanario. A visit paid to the Magilligan sandhills, 40
miles from here on August 28th produced Afiri)tis vcstiip'alis, A. citrKoria,
A. tritici, Peritlroma sainia, Actrhici jjrarco.r, all from ragwort flowers,
also Xortiia t/Iarcosa, X. daldii, Stilhia numnala, and a single Lciicania
littoralis ; at the end of the month the following were taken at light —
JlyiJroecia nictitans, H. micacca, Xenronia popularis, ('irrhoedia xeram-
pelina, Cahjmnia trapczina. During September Vanciim io and
Fi/ranii'is atalanta were very abundant, with a single P. eardui. The
usual ivy-frequenting insects were abundant, also Cidaria siterata, of
which I secured a nice series. At electric light appeared Uimera pen-
naria, also later Hybernia aurontiaria and II. defoliaria. Poecilocampa
popidi also put in a welcome appearance at lamps here, the first speci-
men was taken on November 22nd, the last on December 20th, I
have also taken the following larvfe here this season — Ainorjdio populi,
Snierinthiis ocdlata, ]>rt>pa)ia falcataria, P). laccrt/inaria, Ceriira
riiuda, Xotodonta drornedariits, X. ziczac, LopJwpteryx cawclina, Leio-
catiipa dictacoide^, (Uo^tera piyra, Tryp/iaena jimhria, and a great many
common Noctuid larvfe, — T, Greek, Lassan, Cookstown, Co. Tyrone,
Jammry 12tl,, 1903.

Note on Emergence of Pceciu)campa popi'li. — A brood of Poecilo-
cmnpn jmpidi, of which the ova were laid on December 1st and 2nd,
1901, commenced emergence on November 1st and the last emerged on
December 15th, The larvje were all treated in the same way, sleeved
out till nearly full-fed on sallow. The pupje were kept out-of-doors,
but under a roof, and were all in one cage. The emergence was very
intermittent, on one day a dozen or so emerged, and then, after an
interval of four or five days, or even a week, another would come out.
After a week's interval, during which I thought the emergence was at
an end, twelve and ten appeared on November 29th and 30th
respectively, and then, after a fortnight, the last, a ? , emerged on
December 15th, Between GO and 70 altogether emerged, one or two
only being cripples, but sevei'al managed to spoil themselves, jMostly
they emerged between 3 p,m.- 1 .30 p.m., and commenced flying almost as
soon as their wings were dry, at early dusk, but some emerged between
7 p.m. and 8 p.m., and some, I think, in the early morning, but of this
I am not quite sure, as I did not always look late at night. Some of
the 2 s were very large and very few of the brood were undersized. —
F. C. WooDFORDE, B.A., F.E.S., Market Drayton, .January Ut, 1903,

Date of appearance of Eupisteria heparata. — With regard to
the time of appearance of Piipisti'rio heparata {antca, pp. 344-345), in
this district the imagines generally begin to appear about June 20th,
and continue till about -Tuly 10th-15th, and those in my breeding-
cages appear about the same date. In the New Forest 1 took some
from May 25th-31st, I may add that Asthi'na blonwri in this district
seldom appears before July 1st, and then only in very early seasons ;
July 15th-25th is about its noruial time, — ^Ibid,

NOTES ON CULI.F.CTINU. 5B

Extended duration of pupal stage. — With reqard to the habit
of pupfe lying over, is not this habit due greatly to climate '?
Do any species lie over whose period of emergence is between June
21st and August 30th, a period when the temperature is usually
favourable ? Certainly the species most liable to remaining in
the pupal stage over twelve months are those which emerge in
winter, spring, and early summer, such as Lor/uirtx laneKtn'fi, Petasia
nubeculosa , Staiiro/nis f(i(/i, etc. If some of the pupie go over every
season, the chances of some individuals coming out in favourable
weather would be considerably increased in an uncertain climate like
ours. — Ibid.

Forcing Acidaliids. — Acidalia iiiiitiiria. — About August 19th last^
I obtained from a $ ^. iuiitaria a batch of eggs, the larva' from which
I reared and from which I obtained imagines at the end of September
and October. I kept the larv* in bottles on the kitchen mantel-
piece, feeding them on knotgrass, till they were about two inches
long, when one or two pupated. I then put them in a flowerpot
with soil in a rather cooler place. Those larviv that pupated
in the bottle were left there and kept in the kitchen, and emerged
in the last week of September (all had pupated by the middle
of that month). Those kept in a cooler place were still pupfe
on my return home on October 18th. I then put the flower-pot on
the kitchen mantelpiece, and, within a fortnight, the rest emerged, about
three dozen in all. Acidalia continuaria. — With the same treatment a
brood of A. (■(iiitii/iiaria, of which the ova were deposited at the end of
September, emerged the first week of December, eighteen in all. Tliese
were fed on chickweed. Acidalia nisticata and A. diliitaiia. —
Small broods of A. ni^itieata and A. dilntaria {/lolosericafa) ti'eated
in the same way, emerged in September, so I conclude the Acidaliids
are not difficult to force through. — Ibid.

The time of appearance of Asthena blomeri. — I am much obliged.
for Mr. Bower's answer to my query (anfea, p. 845), as to the time of
emergence of Kiipistrria hcparata in the southern counties, and for his
list of dates. As I said before, it is most constant in its appearance here
towards the end of May and by mid- June is over. Asthoia bloiiuri also
seems to appear much later in the midlands than here. I have seen it
in plenty at Sledmere, on June 7th, but never later than the first Aveek
or two in July. Whilst visiting Mr. Woodforde at Market Drayton, I
saw some, apparently fresh, on July 28th, and I believe Mr. Woodforde
said that the species was not really over, so that evidently these two
species emerge much earlier in this part of the country than in some
others. — S. Walker, 15, Queen Anne's Road, York.

Extended pupal stage. — It may be well to add to the records
(anteii, p. 341), that I had last June a specimen of Laji/idptcrj/.f
curnllina emerge, which had been in the pupal stage two years. — Ibid.

Cerura bicuspis in the Cromer district. — On September 10th, 1902,
I took, in the neighbourhood of Cromer, a nearly full-fed larva of < '.
bicuspis on alder. I searched well for others but was not rewarded with
a further find. For want of better accommodation the larva was kept
in a tin box, and supplied with fresh alder leaves, upon which it fed
well for nearly a week. On September 17th it ceased to feed, shrank
a good deal in size, and spun up during the night on a piece of dried
wood. Prior to pupation, it did not change to any extent in colora-
tion, as would have been the case with a larva of ( '. rimda. I returned

54 THE KNTOMOLOGISTS RECORD.

to London on September 20th, having, as luck would have it, to travel
in a railway carriage which oscillated violently throughout the
journey ; I am, consequently, somewhat apprehensive as to the effect
which this shaking up may have had upon the larva during its pupa-
tion.—-A. Russell, F.E.H., The Limes, Southend, near Catford, S.E.
January 2ith, 1903.

Theretra porcellus at Cromer. — While at Cromer in September,
1902, I took about a dozen larvae of Theretra porcellus. Most of them
were full-fed and were found well down in the l)edstraw upon which
they had been feeding during the previous night. — Ibid.

Date of appearance of Tapinostola elymi. — I can corroborate
Mr. Musbam's observations as to the emergence of T. eh/ini on the
Lincolnshire coast about the middle of June, as, on the only occasion
on which I have come across the species^at Mablethorpe, on June
19th, 1H96 — 1 found it so abundant that I took fifty specimens during
that one night. They were mostly quite fresh, but a few of them
must, from their condition, have been out a week or ten days. — (Kev.)
(r. H. Raynor, M.A., Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon, Essex. Janihtnf
23rcl, 1908.

Mellinia (hlvago near Lincoln. — I was interested to read of Mr.
]\Iusham's capture of this species at Lincoln, but it is not new^ to that
neighbourhood, as I used to take it commonly at Panton during my
residence there from 1S91 to 1H96. I fancy it is of much wider distri-
bution than is gener:i,lly supposed, as I have found it almost every-
where I have collected among wj'ch-elm [riiitKs iiiontana-pcmhda). —

llilD.

IS> R A C T I CA L H I NTS .

Field Work for Middle of February to Aliddle of March.

1. Pearly in Mareli the imagines of Amplnisa iralL-i'rana may be
found on Scotch and north of England moors. The males Hy freely
in bright sunshine, but the females are exti-emely sluggish, and,
therefore, require to be diligently searched for.

2. When the hybernated females of Peronea fcrnuiana are taken
they are well worth retaining for ova, the moths appearing in July
l)eing more given to vai-iaiion than those occurring in the autumnal
•emergence.

B. Roots of .//".'/" '■'V'^f'/'^' dug in localities where I'tiitliiini l'iili;iaiia
occurs and planted in seed-pans or shallow boxes will, in due course,
yield imagines of this moth.

i. Last year's stems of [miKitieiis n<i[i-iiie-taii'jrri-, if kept exposed
to all weathers, should produce imagines of I'enthi.na jiastreniana.

."). Stems of (hiohri/rhin satira collected in the Deal district wull
supply larvfe of (Tra/i/iolit/ia caccana.

B. Phaeodes crenaiia may be taken in early March on north of
England and Scotch moors, flying freely in the sunshine from 10 a.m.
to 1 p.m.

7. Roots and stems of ( 'eiitaiireu iiiijra should now be gathered
for larva' of l\j'Jujtiiii>liiin< lirsiana. 'V\\e roots may be potted very
closely together.

* " Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist," Pts. I and II, each contain
some rioO practical bints similar to these. Interleaved lor collector's own rjotes.
Price 6s. each part.

CURRENT XOTKS. bO

H. Where the stems of Arti'uiisia ruhiaris are broken ott' and the
holes in centre covered with silk, larv;e of hliihippiphora foeneana may
be judged to be present in the roots. The imagines are easily reared
from potted roots.

9. KphipplpJtora iii;iri.co^taiia can be bred in numbers by collecting
dead stems of Stac/n/s siilratiea and enclosing them in any suitable
receptacle.

10. Fallen cones of spruce fir will, in due season, give plenty of
4 'orvi/.r strobilana if gathered and confined in hat-boxes or small tubs.

11. Hfuaiiiiene rhnhriana appear about the middle of March, flying
in the sunshine amongst oaks, and during dull weather uuxy be obtained
by beating.

1*2. Larvfc of Kiipoecilia scyrillami occur in shoots of sallow, be-
traying their presence by causing gall- like swellings to arise. The
imagines may be reared by placing the tenanted shoots in damp sand.
A keen lookout must be kept for the moths, as they are active, and
very soon injure themselves.

13. Old and prostrate stems of h'lipattiriiim cannabinioii may now
be gathered if a supply of Eupoccilia Dqiicola be required. The stems
should be kept out of doors, or any larvae they contain may otherwise
perish.

W^ AR I A T 10 N.

Abraxas grossl'lariata ar. lacticolor. — Mr. Prout, who has recently
had an opportunity of referring to the figure in the Berl. Ent. Zti'ts.,
{1901, pi. vi., fig. 10), of Huene's ah. jlaro/anciata, assures me that it
corresponds in every, respect to my ab. lacticolor. The latter name
must therefore give way to the former, which has at least a year's
priority. — (Rev.) G. H. Eaynor, M.A., Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon.
Jannarii Slsf, 1903.

Plebeius ^gon ab. unipuncta, Mous. — It may, perhaps, interest
some of your readers to know that there are four male examples of this
rare aberration in my collection from Erivan, Armenia, where the form
■occurs amongst the type. I have not yet observed the critical basal
spot in European specimens. — Ernst Krodel, K. Postexpeditor I. CL,
Wiirzburg, Bayern, Germany. Januarn Vdth, 1903.

NocTUA RUBi AB. FLAVEscENs. — The brood of yellow Xdcttia vuhi
referred to {antea,\'o\. xiv., pp. 171-2), were successfully reared, although
I did not get so many larv* through the winter as I had hoped to do, but
all that pupated emerged, and, without exception, were all yellow in
•colour and fine specimens. Thus, from two yellow parents, there was
not a single reversion to the typical form. I tried to pair some of the
latest emergences but failed, my failure being attributed, perhaps
wrongly, to the inbreeding.— S. Walker, 15, Queen Anne's Road,
York. Nnrcinbev lit/,, 1902.

@^URRE NT NOTE S.

Ereiherr C. von Hormuzaki announces {Sac. Knt., xvii., pp. 138-9),
the form of Zipjacna [Anthrocem) trifolii, Esp., from the mountain
plateau of Lutschina (Bucovina) as a local race worthy of being
separately named in the interest of precision in the study of geographi-
cal distribution, and proposes for it the name of var. orientalis. It is
•characterised by its large size, its strikingly small spots (sometimes

56 THE entomologist's RECORD.

reduced to mere dots) and the broad black margin of the hindwings,
sometimes reachinp: to their middle.

A proposed new Entomological Exchange Club for the British Isles
is under consideration by the City of London Entomological and
Natural History Society, and suggested rules, on similar lines to those
of the long-established and very successful l^otanical Exchange Club,,
are published in the Kut(molo<jii<t for January (vol. xxxvi., p. 16).
"We understand that Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.8., Caracas, Ditton Hill,
Surbiton, is anxious to enter into correspondence with lepidopterist^
who may be interested in the proposed movement, and invites further
suggestions for carrying it into eft'ect.

Herr W. Neuburger describes [Soc. F.nt., xvii., p. 155) a new al)er-
ration of (innjilirla riibricollis as ab. ttaricolli^^, Neubr. Its collar is
bright yellow instead of red, and the ground colour of the forewings
is more brownish (less black) than in the type. He has received a
number from Dr. Ed. Fleck, from Az.uga, Roumania.

The Ofiicers and Council of the Entomological Society of London
for 190;-? are : — President, Professor Edward I>. Poulton, M.A.,
D.Sc, F.R.S. ; Treasurer, Mr. Robert McLachlan, F.R.S ; Sec-
retaries, Mr. Herbert Goss, F.L.S., and Mv. Henry RoAvland-
Brown, IM.A. ; Librarian, Mr. George C. Champion, F.Z.S. ; and
as other Members of Council, Colonel Charles T. Bingham, F.Z.S. ;
Mr. Malcolm Burr, B.A., F.L.S. ; Dr. Thomas A. Chapman, F.Z.S. ;
Mr. Arthur John Chitty, M.A. ; Mr. Hamilton H. C. J. Daice, F.Z.S. ;
the Rev. Canon Fowler, M.A., D.Sc, F.L.S. ; Professor Raphael
Meldola, F.R.S. ; Professor Louis Compton Miall, F.R.S, ; the Rev.
Francis D. Morice, M.A. : Dr. David Sharp. M.A. , F.R.S. ; Colonel
Charles Swinhoe. ^I.A., F.L.S. ; and Colonel John W. Yerbury, R.A.,.
F.Z.S. It was announced that Professor Pouhon, the new President,,
would appoint the Rev. Dr. Fowler, Professor jNIeldola, F.R.S., and
Dr. D. Sharp, F.R.S., as Vice-Presidents for the Session 1908-1904.

At the annual meeting of the Entomological Society of London,,
held January 21st, 1903, Canon Fowler, the retiring President, in the
first part of his address, dealt chiefly with many facts that have
been recently brought forward with regard to cryptic coloration and
mimicry, more especially as aft'ecting the order coleoptera ; the facts,.,
he says, are indisputable, but the hypotheses founded upon them are, he
considers, perhaps, sometimes pressed too far. In the second part,,
the question of the origin of the coleoptera was discussed. Canon
Fowler states that there is no satisfactory evidence of the appear-
ance of the Order in the Paheozoic period, but the leading families
are found in the Lias, as completely ditt'erentiated as at the present
time ; in fact, many of the genera and even the species of coleoptera
are almost identical with those now living and appear to have altered
but little from the time at which they existed side by side with the
gigantic extinct saurians and the pterodactyles ; the whole question
of the origin and history of the insects generally is of the first
importance in the history of evolution.

The Hon. Secretary of the New Forest Natural History Society,
which is under the Presidency of the Hon. John Scott Montagu, M.P.
of Beaulieu, makes appeal to entomologists who visit the Forest tO'
become members. Copies of the rules, etc., can be obtained from Mr..
E. Morris, lirockenhurst.

Ekk.vtfm. — rrt;_;e"21, line H4. for "probable" read iinprobiible. — 15. H. Cr..\BTP.EE..

Vol. XV.

Pl. III.

A New British Flea : Ceeatophyllu.s londiniensis.

Thii Eiitoin. liecord, etc., 1903.

MY I^'IKST IMPRESSIONS OF SWISS KUTTKRFLIES. 5t

My First Impressions of Swiss Butterflies (li'/f/( I 'late).

By W. G. SHELDON,

I suppose most of us have indulged in fancies, more or less vivid,
that we should like, given time and opportunity, to increase our know-
ledge of that most charming group the Rhopalocera, by extending our
researches from the very small number of species found in these
islands to those w'hich occur in the Continental districts that are so
far accessible as to be reached during an ordinary spring or summer
holiday. At any rate, my thoughts had run that way for very many
years ; a fortnight spent on the Riviera during the spring of last year,
and a short acquaintance with such gorgeous species as Gonoiitcryx
(■It'upatra and Eiiddd'c euplwnuides, settled the matter once for all, and,
instead of spending my summer holidays, as I had planned, in the
Hebrides, I promptly made arrangements to pass them in Switzerland,
where it is, of course, well known, that considerably more than half of
the slightly under 800 species of butterflies that have yet been detected in
the entire European area are to be found. Accordingly, accompanied
by my son, I left London on June 24th last, having planned an expe-
dition that would allow of seventeen days' collecting, returning to
England on July 18th. One's thoughts of Swiss butterflies naturally
centre in the small district comprising the upper Rhone valley and
the mountains south of it, where are to be found nearly all the species
that occur in the entire country, in most cases, in the greatest profu-
sion, and, after reading up all the articles in the magazines that dealt
with the localities we wished to visit, and availing myself of some very
valuable information from Dr. Chapman, I wrote to the Rev. George
Wheeler, to ask the order in which certain localities should be visited,
so that we might best obtain one or two species w'e were particularly
keen on. Mr. Wheeler not only very kindly answered my queries, but
took a great deal more trouble in giving us the benefit of his unique
experience, with the object that we should obtain the greatest possible
number of species in the time at our disposal, and it is entirely owing to
thisthatthe large numberof ll'i species wasobtained or observed, which,
I fancy, constitutes something like a record. We are also much in-
debted to Dr. Chapman for very kindly naming the more doubtful
specimens. We enjoyed throughout magnificent weather, and, with the
exception of one day during the whole of which the rain poured inces-
santly, and one other day, which was showery, we had bright sunshine
and blue cloudless skies from morning to night. These conditions,
with the grand scenery one was amongst, and with the — to an English
collector — extraordinary abundance and beauty of insect life, made
the experience a most enjoyable one, and we both look forward in the
hope that others may follow at no distant date. The season in the Rhone
valley was an average one, and species were up to date and plentiful.
In the mountains, however, the cold spring had left its mark, and many
species we might have reasonably expected to come across in numbers
were represented by odd specimens or not at all. We arrived late on
the evening of June 25th at Aigle, and spent the night at the Hotel
Beau Site. The next morning, after the usual unsatisfactory break-
fast, we unpacked our apparatus and commenced operations in the
woods around the Grand Hotel, a mile or so at the back of the town.
Proceeding along a lane, a lively brown butterfly was soon spotted,
Makch IGth, lUOo.

58 THE entomologist's record.

and the younger and more active of us made the lirst capture, which
proved to be a Paranjc wm^ra, unfortunately, with a wicked split in one
wing, which made it quite unfit for the cabinet. Going into the
woods, I netted a fine Carterocephalua ijalaemon, the only specimen seen
by us in Switzerland, and saw one or t\vo worn Ncineobiiis ha-ina.
Insect life, however, in the thick woods Avas scarce, but presently we
came to a portion that had been cut down the preceding winter, and
things improved considerably. Pararge maera was here in numbers ;
huge Ajioria rrataei/i came sailing by, easily recognisable by their flight
from the " cabbagers " seen at home. It was my first experience of J.
emt.ae;/( at large. Then, threading its way here and there, the tired-
looking, gentle flight of Lqitidia sinapis was unmistakable. These,
with numerous Argynnids, contemptuous of one's best efforts with the
net, sundry Melitaias, odd specimens of Paian/e et/eria, and the rays
of the almost vertical sun pouring down upon us, made things quite
warm enough. Getting tired of it after a while, we moved on until
we came to some small meadows of uncut grass, where there seemed
to be almost more butterflies than flowers. Mdanar(jia ijalatca in hun-
dreds, KiiiHt'iihelc jnrtina, of course, in swarms, Argynnids again in
dozens, and, thanks to the attractions of the flowers, more tractable ;
they proved to be Arfjijmii.s niohe ab. eris, A. (uilaia, and A. adippr.
Plenty of Brenthis euphrosi/ue, Pulyomiiiatua alciis, and a few CoUas
Iti/ale. The farmer's house was near by, and for a time we gingerly
skirted round the outside of the meadows, netting all we could from
the path, but presently I happened to spy a Papilio podalirins in the
middle of the field. This was too much for my patience, and I reck-
lessly plunged in amongst the good man's grass, while my son made
for a cloud of Melitaea part/icnie, which haunted a corner of the same
meadow. Our sport was soon put an end to by the owner, who very
■promptly and properly expostulated with us on the wickedness of our
proceedings, and we had to travel. We soon came across another
meadow, but the owner was evidently no friend of the brethren of
the net, and a shrill whistle warned us what we might expect if we
had the temerity to work his grass. Lunch time was now approach-
ing ; we made for the hotel, and during the afternoon left for Martigny,
where we had arranged to stay three clays.

Martigny is an ideal centre for collecting Khopalocera. It is a
small town with a few thousand inhabitants, situate in the Rhone
valley, at a point where the river turns in its course almost at right
angles. The valley itself is wonderfully rich in the lowland species,
many of which are found in great numbers, whilst the mountains
around, which are easy to work from the routes over the Great St.
Bernard and to Chamonix, contain most of the alpine species found
in Switzerland. The morning of June 27th opened bright and fine,
and after an early breakfast we walked under the cliffs as far as
the small village of Vernayez — about two miles — and back. That
walk I, at least, shall pack away in my memory, and it will not be
forgotten so long as I retain my faculties. There is a path leading
just under the clift's ; at first it passes over some rough ground,
then along meadows, with hedges of privet and w^ild rose ; presently
one comes to woods growing up the sides of the undercliti', whilst on
the right is a marshy tract of country strikingly like a Norfolk fen,
with its willows, its dykes, and reedbanks, and undergrowth, amongst

MY I'IKST IMPRESSIONS OF SWISS liUTTERFIilES. 59

which ai-e many plants known in England, such as the loosestrifes,
yellow and purple, vetches. Sec, and, mixed with all this, one comes
across patches of cultivation. The Khone valley is here about a mile
wide, and the mountains come down sheer on either side, almost like
a wall several thousand feet high. Butterflies swarmed everywhere,
and more wonderful to me than the number of specimens, even, was
the number of species. Altogether we saw 55 species, of which no
less than 35 are represented on the British list. When one considers
that this constitutes more than one half of our native butterflies, and
that at home about a dozen species is the best one can hope to
obtain in a day at any time of the year, one realises the difference
between collecting in Great Britain and in these more favoured re-
gions. Immediately we left the main road, on the rough slopes, Krebia
>^tij<inc appeared in some numbers, with the peculiarly slow flight of
the genus, and with it was the fine copper, ('hrijsiiiilianns alcipliron
var. f/(irilii(s, which was common in both sexes, and of which we
secured as many as we wanted ; Paranje maera, P. meijaera, Pajiilw
jiodaliriiis, and P. machaon, with the whites — Pier is bramcae and P.
rapae. A little further on Aporia crataei/i was in swarms, each small
blackthorn bush having its contingent of females depositing ova, and,
amongst the grass in the meadows, Melanatujia (jalatea, Kpincphdc
jiirtina, and Knodia hi/perantliiis were flying in countless numbers, and
with them were numerous blues, including Plrbeiiis an/its, P. aiyaii,
['(di/oiii Hiatus astrarclie, F. icanis, P. euniedoit, P. bellar;/t(s, P. Injlas,
Xoiiiiades seimarnus, Lycaena arion, and ('uenoni/iiipha juviiphihis, whilst,
drinking at the damp places, were again the two before-mentioned
Papilios, Miditaea parthenie, M. at/talia, ^L dictijitna, j\f. jiliocbe, and
the fiery M. didijiiia. In the clearings of the copses the Argynnids
were found, including An/i/nxis niobe var. cris, A. adippe, A. cvjlaia,
and, most welcome of all, the local A. daphne, with its lovely purple
underside. But there were other species than the Argynnids here, in-
cluding Liinenitis cam ilia, of which my son netted tw^o examples. One
does not soon forget his first sight of L. cam ilia in flight, and, after
turning it out of the net into the collecting- box, one comes to the con-
clusion that it is indeed " a thing of beauty and a joy for ever."
Then there was the fine Satri/ms herurione, our old friend I'olipionia
c-albuiii in good condition, a battered Kucanesm antiupa, Aijlais
Kvticae, Vanessa io, a,nd Pijraiiieis cardiii; also worn Ci/aniris anjiolus,
Xeiiieubitis lucina, Leptidia si)iapis, Pnchlnc curdain.ines, (ionoptenjx
r/iaiiini, Calloplirys rabi, Pararye ei/eria, Anp/nnis latJuniia, and
Brenthis eiiplirusyne. Passing the woods and nearing Vernayez, the
rough slopes again appeared, and on them were, in small numbers,
Sjjric/ithiis carthaiiii, and a few Spilotlu/nis lavaterae, and, in the marsh
itself, < 'oenoni/Dijdia iphis and C. satyrion were not uncommon. In the
afternoon we walked through the vineyards at the back of the Tour de
la Batiez, and secured a short series of the local Miiitaea berisalenxis,
with some more Si/yichthus carthaiiii.

On the morning of June 28th we walked across the meadows in
the direction of Branson, crossing the Rhone at that village, and made
for the spot famous for producing the very local and rare Lijcaena iidas.
On the way across the meadows one sees why so many of the Lyctenids
occur in Switzerland. The herbage is mainly composed of vetches and
other papilionaceous plants, some of which we knew, but the great

60 THE entomologist's record.

majority were strange to us. We picked up in plenty L'lcbeim avf/iifi
and P. at>i/on, with odd specimens of Polifonniiatus fnjlas and a few
worn Colias eilnsa. After crossing the Rhone, Sati/rus semele, a fine
dark form, much larger than ours, appeared ; S. Jwrinionc, and Arfji/nnis
■niohe var. erh, A. adipjie, and others. Walking on, we came to a crazy
wooden bridge, crossing a swift sluice, which would form a strong
temptation to those of suicidal tendencies, and found ourselves amongst
the little copse of Cnllutea arbore^iccns, the foodplant of Lycaena iolas.
Early as we thought ourselves we were forestalled ; a collector from
Geneva was in possession of the ground. He showed us his captures,
which included two or three L. inlas ; it, however, was not fully out,
and, after waiting an hour or so and no more appearing, we left our
friend to his sport and returned to the hotel. During the afternoon
we again visited the locality for ]\l. bfrisalensis and netted a few more
of that species, and also a Thecla ilicis.

June 29th being again very fine, my son decided to visit the Val de
Forclaz, which, we had been informed, was the haunt of Limenith
jxipuli and ArascJniia lera}ta, whilst I was keen on renewing my ac-
quaintance with the path to Vernayez. I found here much the same
species as on the previous visit, considerably fewer in quantity, owing to
the high wind. I, however, obtained a very peculiar aberration of
Melitaea dicti/nna, female, in which the whole of those portions of the
wings that are black in the type are of a grey tint — an instance of
bleaching, I presume. During the afternoon I paid another visit to
the CoUiitea, on the chance of linding an odd Li/caena iulaa, and after
waiting some time managed to net two very ragged examples. Return-
ing to the hotel, 1 found there my son, who reported that he had seen
numerous lAxienitu Camilla in a gorge, where it, however, had been
impossible for him to catch any. He had a good number of Krebia
ceto and some sundries, but had not seen either Limenitu popidi or
Arasehnia levana.

On June 30th we left for Zermatt by the early train. This in-
volved waiting some hours at Visp, but we occupied the time profit-
ably by collecting along the road towards Brigue. Immediately
after leaving the village, by the side of a swamp, we found the fine
blue, PohjohimatHs e^cheri, quite commonly — males only — and about a
mile further on one comes to a grassy knoll, noted for producing Melitaca
aurelia, of which species we captured a few examples, together with
some M. jjarthe.nie and Arrfi/nnin aijlaia, also Melitaea dictynna, M.
jihoebe, and M. didi/nia. Of the journey from Visp to Zermatt, and
from thence up to the Riffel Alp Hotel, some 7500 feet, from a
tourist point of view, one could write a volume, but it is, I think,
sufficient to say that, for a similar experience alone, I would willingly
travel much further from home than Zermatt.

The morning of July 1st broke, as usual, bright and cloudless, and
we sallied forth to enjo}' our first experience of Alpine collecting.
Immediately on leaving the hotel numbers of a Pierid were to be seen
scudding along at a most unheard-of rate. After several futile efforts,
my son captured one, and proved them to be Picn's callidice. We at
once set to work in earnest, and, before the morning was well advanced,
had netted quite a long series, including several females. An Erebiid
next demanded attention. This proved to be Krebia lappvna, in good
condition, and fairly plentiful. Apart from the difficult nature of the

ilY FIRST IMPRESSIONS OF SWISS BUTTERFLIES. 61

ground it frequented, E. lappona was an easy species to negotiate, and
we did well with it. I then came across an odd specimen each of
Melitaea anrinia var. merope and the striking male of M. ci/nthia; my son
also snapped up a fine female ( 'olias phicoiinine, whilst Si/rirht/uis fritlllnm
var. alreus, and S. nialvae were in some numbers, the latter indistin-
guishable from our British examples. We walked up the Riffelberg
to the Gornergrat, 10300 feet, but the whole mountain was still
covered with deep snow. This was a great disappointment, for had
the season been normal, one might have expected here some of the
best collecting of the holiday. I did see one Erebiid at the Gorner-
grat, which, I suppose was K. hipjiona, as it was too early in the season
for E. (ilacialis. July 2nd was a broken day, cloudy and showery,
and we could only, during a fairly long walk, meet with one Polijom-
niatus orhitnlnn and one P. ctiiiwilon. In the afternoon we left for
Loeche and the Pfynwald.

On July 3rd, the rain and clouds had cleared off. After breakfast we
crossed the Rhone at Loeche and walked towards Varen. Here, along
the roadside, a truly magnificent Satyrid was in some numbers —
Sati/rns artaea var. cortliila, males only, jet black, with a wondrous
bloom, and with white pupilled ocelli, somewhat resembling a huge
Enodia hj/peranthiis. Flying with this specieswere JJiriithisitio, Anit/nnis
latona, Brenthis dia, Poh/nunia c-albinii, and some MelittBas, several
of which Dr. Chapman, to whom I submitted them on my return
home, pronounces undoubted Mditaea beri.salensis, and others inter-
mediate between that species, or variety, and M. athalia. The locality
from which these specimens were obtained lies amongst vineyards,
and is very similar to the well-known one for 3/. berisnleiisis at
Martigny.

It is greatly to be deplored that we English collectors have so
little reliable literature dealing with these puzzling species of Melitaea,
or forms, whichever they are. I allude, of course, to Melitaea
athalia, M. parthenie, M. berisalensis, M. anrelia, 2f. asterie, M. dictijnna,
and M. deione. My personal experience only extends, at present, to
}[. athalia, M. anrelia, M. parthenie, M. berisalensis, and M. dictynna.
The latter, so far as the localities I collected in enabled me to judge,
appears distinct as a species, but, in the absence of other evidence, I
should consider the others to be forms only of one species, and I think
that is the general opinion. One must not forget, however, that our
knowledge only applies to one stage — the imago — and that we English,
who only pay fleeting visits to the haunts of these ]\Ielitjeas, are almost
if not absolutely ignorant of them in the oval, larval, and pupal stages,"'-

* That this is so is simply a disgrace to our Enghsh collectors. If each would
do his share in getting and describing material to supply the laeunte in our know-
ledge of the early stages of these species the matter would be easy. We have our-
selves obtained a large number of eggs of European Khopalocera and described
them, in spite of the temptation to be off the next morning to the mountains,
collecting more and ever more imagines. Suppose a dozen of us, during the summer
of 1903, set seriously to work to describe the ova of only six hitherto undescribed
species — those who stay a long time might easily do more — our knowledge of the
oval stage of the central Alpine llhopalocera would soon be as complete as our know-
ledge of the imagines. We are doing, really, in spite of the increased numbers in
which we visit the Continent, very little towards getting a knowledge of the fauna.
The Swiss entomologist who stood all day at a patch of Collnteu to catch all the L.
iolaff he saw, would have been much better at work trying to find a ? laying its eggs
and getting a description thereof, afterwards giving a full account of the larva.— Ed.

62 THE entomologist's record.

and that we have species of our own, such as Cularia trmuata and
C. immnnata, which are certainly distinct, but which cannot, in all
cases, certainly be differentiated in the imago state. What is wanted
is a monograph embodying the researches of those lepidopterists who
live on the spot where these species occur, and who have studied them in
all stages. Polj/o)nniatus esc/icri, again, was not uncommon around the
manure heaps in the village of Loeche, and with them was taken one
female Xomiailcfi ci/llanifi, with inferior wings, underside spotless, and
three spots only on the superiors. The afternoon was devoted to a visit
to the famous Pfynwald. I cannot say it was a success ; the special
species we came for, Apatnra ilia, was not in evidence. We obtained
plenty of Mditaea part/ienic, more Ari/ynnis lathnnia than were observed
elsewhere, a few male Drtjas paphia, and very little else.

On .July 4th we took train to Sierre, where Sijricht/nis i(irt/niiiii w&fi
very abundant, and with them were a few S. sao, specimens of Papilio
inac/uion and Pi/ranwis cardni, Pieris daplidice, and one Sati/nis var.
coriltda, female, was hustled out of a willow thicket on the banks of
the Rhone. It was the only female taken, and the only example of
the species we saw at Sierre. Mr. Wheeler had advised us to try for
Mclitaca maturna at Nione. We, however, missed our way, and only
got as far as Chippo. Here my son netted the only specimen of
Erebia liijea we were destined to take, and we found ( 'hri/sophamis var.
(p/rdiiis not uncommon, but worn.

On .Tuly 5th we journeyed on to Berisal, where we had arranged to
stay a week. We did some collecting at Brigue on the way, under
the cliffs along the banks of the Rhone. Here we found Brentkix dia
in some numbers and variable, also Melitaea parthenie, with some
remarkably ani-dia-YxVQ forms, An/i/nnis niohe var. eris, Pnhpionia
c-alhinii, Mditaca didi/ma, I'/tifiiieliriis thanwaa and T. lineola, Lycaena
arion, Spilot/ii/nis laraterae, ( 'alias liyale, and my son netted a fine
i 'alias var. hdice. Most readers of this magazine who take an interest
in European rhopalocera are well posted up in the species that are to be
taken at or near that glorious spot, Berisal ; glorious both for its col-
lecting and for the truly magnificent scenery amidst which the hotel
is situated.

The season was a very backward one at this height — about 5000
feet — and we were a fortnight too early for many species we might
have expected to be right for, conseijuently they were obtained in small
numbers only. However, there were others that, in an ordinary season,
we should have been too late for, and as we are looking forward to
another visit next year at a somewhat later date, they Avill probably be
obtained then. The views which have been reproduced on pi. ii,and
which accompany this article, are from negatives taken by my son,
and will give a general idea of the locality and the ground collected
upon. The upper one is a view of the hotel. The road over the Sim-
plon Pass was made by Napoleon Buonaparte. At intervals of about
two miles he built refuges, where travellers could obtain shelter and
refreshment. The third refuge, counting from Brigue, was formed
at J^erisal ; this is now used as a restaurant in connection with the
hotel, and is the building at the extreme left of the photograph. The
others represent the remaining portions of the hotel. They appear to
have been added at different times, and (onu, as a whole, a most de-
lightful rambling old place. We found the proprietors most obliging,

MY FIKST IMPRESSIONS OF SWISS BUTTERFLIES. 63

the cuisine excellent, and the pemio)i terms could not be considered
anything but moderate. The meadow in front is the chosen haunt of
l'icri.'< najii var. brijojiiac and swarms of Paniasfiiiifi vnicino.'^i/ne. We
found staying here Mr. E. F. S. Tylecote, and had the pleasure of his
company and experience in most of our collecting. The second view
is taken from above the fifth refuge, and looks down the pass towards
the Ehone valley at Brigue. This is one of the best localities for
collecting in the district, and is the haunt of I'anwKsiiis dcUnx, the
beautiful ('oUcni palaeno, ('. phieoDtoiw, Mclitaca ci/ntliia, llrcnthis pales,
I'lill/oiiiiuatHH plinrtcs, and many other Alpine species.

One of my first visits was to the second refuge for Plebeius var.
li/ci(las. On the way down the Ganter valley I saw, for the first time,
PaniassiKs apollo — once seen never forgotten ; that lazy, yet powerful
and most graceful, flight ; rising and falling and floating, travelling at
a great pace, with hardly the flap of a wing. The species was common,
and with it W'ere plenty of Aporia cyatai'fii (at this height in grand con
dition) , Mi'litaea d idi/iiia andYiu . aljnna, J,J. phoebe, Erebiaceto, E.euryalt',
Nomiades aeiniarf/us, Polyowinatun esclieri, J', lit/las, P. icarna, P.
aatrarclie, and Plebeius aeymi, and a few Erebia erias, Mclitaea partlienie
and var. varia, JI. dieti/nua, Ari/ynnis lat/ionla, A. aiilaia, Satijnis semele,
etc. Arrived at the li/ridas ground, I found the inseet fairly abundant,
and had no difficulty in securing a series. On the morning after our
arrival we turned out before breakfast into the meadow adjoining the
hotel for Pamassins inneiii(isi/ne, which, at that early hour, w^as flying
in numbers and in good condition, and with these were a few Pieris
var. bnjoiiiae. I5etween Berisal and the fourth refuge, and at the
latter place, we found Pararue hiera not uncommon and in fair order,
Pieris var. bryoniae, Ueneis aello, Papilio iiiacJiaoii, Palt/oinDuxtns
eumedon, Lijcaena alcnn (one female), and Erebia ti/ndanis ; whilst in
the flowery meadows between the Ganter bridge and the second refuge,
above the road, the brilliant L lin/sophanus hippotho'e var. eiirybia oc-
curred, with Papilio podaliriiis, and hosts of ParnassiKs apollo. We
made one expedition to the Steinenthal, a locality so well known to
Mr. Wheeler. The Steinenthal is a ravine which has its lower outlet
leading into the Ganter valley. The entrance is a very steep path
leading up a gorge, which does not show on the view of Berisal given,
but the Steinenthal itself is at the dip in the profile of the mountains
in the centre of the view. The mountain on the left hand with a
considerable growth of larch and fir is the lower portion of the Stein-
enalp. We expected to find Lyeaena alcon and Pohioiiniiatiis orbitnlus
at the entrance to the gorge and in the Steinenthal valley itself, but
not a specimen was seen. l\rebia erias was not infrequent in the gorge,
and in the Steinenthal a few Syricthns fritnlliwi var. alveus were
netted. I made at once up the side of the Steinenalp and climbed to
the top — a very steep pull of, I suppose, nearly 2000 feet — imagining
I should then find the alpine Coliads. Nothing, however, was flying
on the peak except a few PirriH callidice and a pair of Papilio marhaon.
Returning, I found (Eneis aello common on the steep side of the alp.
Seeing ip'. aello here, however, is a very dift'erent matter from catching
one, and I got very few specimens. I did, however, net a fine fresh
PWebia innestra. Returning to the Steinenthal, I found that Mr. Tyle-
cote had been more successful with the Coliads, having taken a fine
C.palaeuo, whilst my son had obtained a few ('. pJii('n»io)ie, all males.

64 THE entomologist's RECORD.

His best capture, however, was a i\ne (/.cdiim var. helicc, which was
flying high up the side of the tSteinenalp ; surely a strange locality
for this, being well over 7000 feet. We had a successful day at the
fifth refuge. We worked the ground shown in the second photograph,
above the road. Here the great creamy, lazy-flying ParnasKius delitis
was in some numbers, including one female, which fell to my son.
Then the Coliads were in evidence. ( 'tdiaa phicoinoni' was fairly abun-
dant. I made a wild overhead shot at something that was coming
down hill at express speed, and found, to my great delight, that I had
netted a fine male C. palaeno. The first sight of the lovely crimson
fringe of this charming species is not easily forgotten. We also ob-
tained specimens of Bimthis palfs, Polyoinmatua pliercteA, C/iri/sophaniis
var. curyhia, Erehia yorni', E. tyndarw^, Melaiiipias epipliron, AntJto-
cJiaria helia var. siiiijdonia, and Cotmoni/iiip/ia arcania var. dartviniana.
Brenthis fnphronijne was abundant.

Our last day in the district was spent at the top of the Simplon
Pass. ( 'olias jdurounmc was abundant — all males, however— and of
(.'. palaeno we netted a dozen fine specimens, halt of each sex, and in-
cluding a perfect yellow female, var. nrrdandi,! believe. Brcnthis pales
was frequent, also Mditaea aiirinia var. uierope, and M. parthenie var.
varia. My son took two fine Parnassiufi delim. Pieris callidice was
common, and we obtained specimens of Erebia lappona, E. (jorge, E.
tyndanis, Li/carna avion var. obscnra, L. alcon, PolyommatuH orbitulus,
P. o]itilete, not, however, in good order, and Cnenonympha var. dar-
uiniana. Breiithiti eujihrosyne, was, however, the most abundant
species seen, and was quite fresh.

The next day, July 12th, we left Brigue by the early morning train,
getting off at Aigle, with the object of obtaining, if possible, Apatura
iris along the Le Hepey road. We were not successful in this, al-
though each of us did see one specimen, but we found many other
things we were in want of. The most abundant species seen was,
undoubtedly, Theela iliris, which was sucking the flowers of lime trees
and also wild thyme in great numbers, and was in good condition.
Satynis hertnione was abundant, sitting on rocks or in the road, and
the males of ]>ryas paphia made a good show. We obtained about a
dozen of a much wanted insect, Paranje achine, in good condition, and
amongst other species taken were Pclyyonia r-alhum, Parnassins apollo
(common), lAwenitis syhiUa, T/iynieliciis thainnas, PaiiipJdla syhaniis,
and Aryynnis adippc. The brilliant Polyowntatus dniiion was just ap-
pearing, and we bagged two perfect males ; the same remark applies
to our old friend /'. rorijdon, of which we obtained three or four
males.

After dining at Lausanne we travelled straight on to London, ar-
riving on the evening of .July IHth, having spent, certainly, the most
enjoyable and interesting entomological holiday of my experience.

A New British Flea: Ceratophyllus londiniensis. {With Piatt).

By Hon. N. CHARLES ROTHSCHILD, M.A., F.E.S.

Ceratophyllus iDtidiiiiensis, sp. nov. — This species is allied to C.fdsciotun and
resembles that insect in the absence of the eighth sternite in the male. It ditfeis,
however, in being much smaller and paler, and having more lateial bristles on the
hind libia. The sexual apparatus of the male, moreover, and the seventh and eighth
abdorahial segments of the female are abundantly distinct from those of C. fasciatus.

sherborn's "'index animalium." 65

The ninth tergite of the male is diawn in tigure A. The manubrium (M) is shorter
than that of C. faxciattift. The process (P) is boot-shaped and bears at the apex three
bristles, of which one is longer than the process. The " movable finger " (F) is
much longer than that of C. fdscititns. It bears, as in that species, two long ventral
bristles and a few small ones in addition. The two long bristles have a diiTei'ent
position from those of ('.fuscintiiK, being much more proximal in position. The
distance between the second bristle and the pointed apex of the finger is, in fact,
more than twice as great as the distance from one bristle to the other. The ninth
sternite (ix st.) is deeply sinuate ventrally. It bears many hairs, which are very
small, with the exception of one or two on the proximal lobe close to the sinus. The
seventh sternite of the female is drawn in tigure B. the drawing representing the
sternite flattened out in one plane. This sternite is mesially sinuate, the two lobes
being truncate, while each side bears about nine bristles. The eighth tergite of
this species bears fewer hairs than that of C. fasciatus, there being only two long
bristles on each side below the stigma. Length, ^ , 1-9 mm. ; ? , '2*5 mm.

A large series of this insect was received in May, 1900, from South
Kensington, London, taken from Ji».s DitificidHtt. I originally considered
it to be identical with ( 'cratophyUiis consimilis, of Wagner, but Dr.
Wagner states that a phooograph of the sexual apparatus of a male of
the present species, differs markedly from the same portion of his
type.

Explanation of Plate III.

Fig. A. — Clasper and ninth sternite of d; M = manubrium ; P = process; F =
finger.

Fig. B. — Seventh sternite of ? .

Sherborn's " Index Animalium."

By LOUIS B. PROUT, F.E.S.

In reply to ray notice (antca pp. 18-14), Mr. Sherborn has sent me
the following important communication : —

" I am much interested in your excellent notice, in which you give
critical notes of real value to me, in that they raise points which are
often evaded, and on which it is difficult to secure agreement among
entomologists. Generally speaking, your notice raises the simple
question, whether the binomials of a multinomial author should be
accepted, I think not, for the reason that, because the author finds
two words happen by accident to express his ideas of a diagnosis for
a certain form, it does not in any way show that he understood the
Linnean view of nomenclature as set forth in the tenth or twelfth
editions, I think, also, it should be urged that we cannot have one
set of rules for the lepidopterologist and another set for the coleop-
terologist, any more than we can have one set for the entomologist and
another for the mammalogist. In all the cases of binomials used in
multmomial books I tried to get opinions (as you will see from the
papers I sent you on Goeze), and it was most difficult to get any one
to give a definite opinion. For that reason it was often left for me to
decide on the whole, not a part, of a work from the evidence avail-
able. May I deal with your points seriatim ?

1. Gladbach, Bexclireibunff, 1777. — If you accept '• I'halaena tinea chnjsan-
thetni,'" on p. 32, why not accept " Siihinx culiciforiniii mm aiuiulo rubra " on p. 61?

2. I did not realise that Gladbach's Namen was published in 1778. Perhaps
you are right, but he may have used his binomials with the same freedom in 1778
as he did in 1777.

3. Goeze, K)tiom. Beytrage. — I had done all the slips for the lepidoptera in
this book, but found that the coleoptera portion had quadri- and quinque-nomials.
As it was left to my discretion (see correspondence) I had no option but to decide
against it.

66 THE entomologist's record.

4. Geer, Charles tie. We do not say " of Salisbury " but " Salisbury." See
Linnstrom, H. — Svensk Bok-Lexicon, 1883, where he is catalogued as Geer. I do
not think this is quite a parallel case with Goeze.

-5. Retzius. — I was, and am still, very doubtful about this book, and on the
whole am inclined to regret its inclusion.

6. Kuehn, Beschfiftvj. Berlin, iii., 1777. — I find that he uses the names : —

fig. 8. Pentadactyla aurantia.
fig. 7*9. ocella fiava.
tig. 10. Phalaena marmorea.
I do not think we can quote his Tinea acalelht in the face of such a jumble.

7. It has always been a mystery to me why any person should doubt Linnaeus'
views as to his genera of lepidoptera. They are clearly " Plialaeiia^'' and
" Pdpi/io," and nothing else (but Sphinx). In his Sij.^t. .V<U. (editio duodecima
reformata), at the end of Tom. I, pars 2, we find "'Nomina generica," "Nomina
trivialia Papilionum," and "Nomina trivialia Phalaenarum," each of which is
definite enough. Graelin also takes no heed of the " phalanges" of the genera of
LinuEEUs, in his index. On this matter consult the divisions made by Linnaeus
of his genus (Iri/llns in the 10th ed. of the Si/st., compare it with those in the l'2th,
and afterward with his divisions of his genera Cicada, Salino, Siniia, etc. We
must treat these things as a whole and not from one standpoint. I have been
amused more than once to find that those who have argued over Linnaeus' genera
of Lepidoptera had not known that he had given an index to his book.

I am very pleased that you have raised these questions, and if
you think this reply is of any interest I shall be glad if you care to
print it as an expression of opinion."

I need only add that I think it will be well if all will agree to the
principle of rejecting all incidental binomials in " multinomial books,"
and I shall be quite ready to relinquish Gladbach's " Beschreibung "
and Kuehn's " jumble "; but I am still by no means convinced that
we have any right to set aside Goeze's third volume. The " corre-
spondence " which Mr. Sherborn most kindly submitted to my inspec-
tion seems far from decisive, or, at least, it does not touch the claims
of vol. iii, which does not seem quite on a footing with the earlier
volumes, if one may judge by the opinions of some prominent coleop-
terists. Goeze's work is very valuable as providing a true binomial
nomenclature for many of the species so excellently described by
Degeer and other early authors, and, therefore, forms a far sounder
basis, in many cases, than the poorly-diagnosed species of Fabricius
and many other writers of the period.

Notes on the Habits of Hyles (Deilephila) euphorbiae.

By H. LEONARD SIGH.

On ^lay 'i^rd, 1901, I received seven pupjp of foreign origin from
Yorkshire. From one pupa two parasitic larva? had emerged through
round holes, one situated in the wing-case and one in the abdomen.
From the remaining pupa' six imagines emerged; in one or two cases,
however, the hindwings did not fully expand. Dates of emergence were
as follows : — July 8th, one S , wings expanded and dry by 8.15 p.m. ;
July 12th, two <? 3 , both dry by 8 a.m. ; July ITth, one 3 ; July 18th,
one 3 , dry by 10.30 p.m. ; July 21st, one § , dry by (5 a.m. This,
though a 2 , emerged from the smallest pupa. The proboscis of this
pupa was dark brown, apparently owing to an injury, and the moth's
tongue was imperfect. It could be coiled up, as usual, but the apical
third was almost black, and this portion of the two halves would not
unite.

As the moths emerged I placed them in a large case, constructed

NOTES OX THE n.VBITS OF HYT.KS (dKTLEPHILa) ET'PHORBI.T: . 07

by stretching " dairy " cloth over a wooden frame. In this I placed
some Euphorbia pcjihis planted in a box, and some bottles containing
flowers smeared with honey, on which the moths fed freely. This
case was kept in the open on dry nights, but during the day and on
wet or rough nights it was placed in a shed. The imagines appeared
to be strictly crepuscular in their flight, feeding on the wing or knocking
themselves to pieces against the case from 6.30 p.m. till about 9.15 p.m.
I frequently looked at them at 10 p.m. or 10. oO p.m., but they were then
always resting, generally in a corner, and. as a rule, in a very drowsy
condition. They would then even allow themselves to be touched, but
clung very firmly to their resting-place, sometimes only with one or two
legs, the rest drawn up close to the body. They probably flew again
at dawn, but, on several occasions, I noticed that some of them were in
the same situation and position on the following morning as they had
been in when I left them the night before. Some even, on occasions,
were disinclined to fly during the evening, merely crawling away when
disturbed by the flight of another. It was a very pleasing sight to
watch the males on the wing sucking the honey from the flow^ers.
They w^ould sometimes make use of one or two legs to steady them-
selves while hovering above the flowers, but usually the legs hung
straight down. When the tongue was inserted in the flowers it was
often bent at almost a right angle, being nearly straight for the first
half of its length and then taking a sudden bend downwards to the
flower. The thorax of the moth was almost always above and over
the top of the flower — nearly perpendicular to it. The moths would
sometimes remain at the same flower for two or three minutes. Whilst
hovering, the humming of the wings w^as distinctly audible. If, while
hovering, a moth was obsei'ved in profile with the base of the nearer pair
of wings on the same level as the eye of the spectator, the underside
of the wings alone was observed, as though the Avings, while vibrating,
passed through only 45 degrees of the circle on each side of the per-
pendicular. The moths knocked the scales oft' the back of the thorax
by flying up and down the sides of the case wnth the dorsum pressed
closely to the cloth covering, or by suddenly rising up and striking the
top of the case in their efforts to escape. They also wore dow-n the
wings to mere stumps, but they could fly as long as the stumps were
of equal size, and not less than an inch in length.

The female flew very little, though her wings were fully expanded.
One morning I found her in close proximity to one of the males, as
though they had just paired. On July 19th a male died, and a second
one on the following day. Thus, when I placed the female in the case
there w-ere three males present. On August 1st the female died. I
then set free one male, which w^as still in good condition ; the other
two by this time were unable to fly. The female might, perhaps,
have lived longer, but owing to the defective tongue she was unable
to feed.

A day or two later I discovered that the female, ignoring the spurge
plant, had laid two ova side by side on the bottom of the case. One
of these hatched on August lOth, and the little black larva was found
crawling on the outside of the cage. It had not eaten the eggshell.
The first change of skin took place on August 17th. The larva still
remained dark, but exhibited some yellow lateral patches. It reminded
me strongly of a very dark larva of Celerio {Deilephila) tjalUi, butthehorn

68 THE entomologist's record.

was larger and rougher. On August 26th it again changed its skin, and
by its appearance suggested that it had skipped over the third stage
and was now in its fourth. During this period the larva became much
lighter in colour, and showed yellow and yellow-whitish mottlings ;
it also possessed the red dorsal line. The next, and last, change took
place on September '2nd. The larva then appeared in its black and
red contrast, still retaining the yellow patches, the yellow and red-white
marks on the sides of the segments, and the large red blotches below
the spiracles. The caudal horn red for two-thirds of its length, with
the last third black. The larva ceased to feed about the twelfth day
from the last moult, becoming slightly duller in colour, and it began
wandering round the jar in which it was placed, together with some
earth and moss. It made an attempt to go down on the darkest side
of the glass jar. Subsequently, the weather being cold, I placed the
jar in the warm kitchen, and after two days (September 19th) I found
the larva had spun up under the moss, again in the darkest place.
The next day I saw that it had pupated. On October 7th, the imago, a
male, was found emerged, the rapid development being, no doubt, due
to the warm situation. I kept it alive on sugar and water till
October 21st, when it came to grief in the sticky compound.

The only spurge I could give the young larva was Kiijthorhia peplm,
on which it chiefly fed throughout the larval stage. It always pre-
ferred rather withered sprays, though I always gave it the option of
eating fresh leaves. During the third and fourth stadia I gave it some
Euphorbia exit/iia, which it also ate in a withered state, but after a time
it went back to I"^. peplus. During the last stadium I found some
K. Iiclinscopia, which appeared to suit the larva's taste the least of the
three species offered. I think the larva could scarcely be brought up
on this species, but probably on FJ. ea-u/iia. The larva ate vigorously,
but always the slightly withered leaves, though I added fresh food at
least twice a day.

Notes on the Life=history of Callimorpha hera.

By A. RUSSELL, F.E.S.
On September 26th, 1901, Mr. Barnes of Reading kindly presented
me with about 60 larvfe of Callimorplia Jiera, part of a brood which
had hatched out from ova deposited by a female taken at Dawlish on
the 13th of that month. When I received the larva; they were about
one-sixth of an inch in length, greenish-yellow in colour, and slightly
hairy. I kept the larv.'e in a cool room in small glass bottles covered
with muslin and fed them upon lettuce leaves. Within about a
fortnight of their coming into my possession the larvfe moulted for the
first time, altering very little in appearance. Towards the end of
October they underwent a second moult, disclosing, at this stage, a
dorsal band of bronze. Theii- favourite spot for moulting was almost
invariably on the muslin at the top of the bottle, though one or two of
them, when moulting, affixed themselves to the side of the bottle for
that purpose. The larvie, so far as I could judge, underwent a third
moult about the middle of November, a few of them succumbing to
the operation. From this date until Christmas the larvae, with the
exception of a few which appeared to be hybernating, fed sparingly
upon the lettuce leaves with which they were supplied. Many of the

NOTES OX THE LIFE-HISTORY OF CALLIMORPHA HERA. 69

larvic having died during the period last mentioned, and several of
the survivors presenting an unhealthy appearance, I deemed it
advisable to make some changes ; I accordingly removed the larvne
to a -warmer room and fed them upon dandelion leaves instead of
lettuce leaves. The changes proved highly beneficial and the death
rate was immediately reduced. Under the new conditions, the larvfs,
now unfortunately reduced to 80 in number, commenced to grow
rapidly, and by January 26th, 1902, the majority of them measured
five-twelfths of an inch and four of the others fully half an inch in
length, one larva having remained very small in size. The appear-
ance at this stage, just prior to the fourth moult, was as follows : — Form
cylindrical, ground colour brownish-black, dorsal band orange-yellow ;
running parallel with the dorsal band, and upon each side of it, were
two rings on each segment situated one behind the other, each ring
being formed by a thin white line. These rings were in close proximity
to each other, in such a way as to form a pair, the one in front being
smaller than the one behind, and, from the rings, hairs protruded. On
the sides were similar single rings and two white spots or marks on
each segment. By February 9th the larvae had completed their fourth
moult, diamond-shaped yellowish tufts or warts appearing in the
spaces formed by the rings described above. Two or three of the
larvfB had by this time grown to three-quarters of an inch and one to
nearly one inch in length.

On February 16th I thought it desirable to give the larvae more
space, and accordingly removed them to larger glass bottles, having
gauze instead of muslin coverings. The removal was a delicate task
as it was difficult to tell whether some of the larv* were merely resting
or were fixed up for a further moult. The only way to test this was
to try the effect of a camel hair brush upon them ; if upon being
touched they immediately rolled into a ring and fell to the bottom of
the bottle there was, of course, no risk attached to their removal, but if,
on the other hand, they obstinately refused to move, great caution
becaiMe necessary and the larvfe had to be carefully watched to see if
they moved about later of their own accord.

The later moults appeared to take a comparatively long time, riz.,
from eight to ten days. I fortunately had an opportunity of watching
one of the larvae complete what I judged to be its fifth moult, which
took place on February 16th. The operation of shedding the old skin,
which took fully five minutes, appeared to be an extremely troublesome
one to the larva. After having successfully got rid of its old skin it
remained for eighteen minutes with its anal segments elevated ; it
then commenced to move about but very soon affixed itself to the gauze
at the top of the bottle, where it remained stationary for a considerable
time. The following is a description of this larva taken shortly after the
moult : — Generally it presented a very handsome appearance, the
ground colour being velvety-black, or nearly black, the head and legs
shining black, the belly and claspers mouse colour ; the dorsal band
became brilliant orange and the tufts or roots, which, in the previous
moult, had filled the spaces formed by the rings, bright yellow. The
single tufts or warts on the sides appeared to be three in number and
to slant backwards from a point between the two tufts on the dorsal
line. On the sides, also, were the two white spots already mentioned ;
the spiracles were black. A few hours after the completion of this

70 THE entomologist's RECORD.

moult the orange dorsal band and yellowish tufts became less brilliant
in tone, the ground colour of the body less velvety, the body itself
harder in texture.

When placed where the rays of the sun could reach them the
larVfB, otherwise of a sluggish disposition, became quite lively and
fed a trifle voraciously, but my subsequent observations led me to
conclude that the larvie were undoubtedly night feeders. The dates
upon which the larvie were afterwards inspected by me and the notes
made at such times are given below : —

February 28rd. — ^The larva which had remained small in comparison
with the others, as well as another larva, were found to be dead, thus
reducing the number of survivors to 28. The larvae remained very
sluggish, but if roused would, like the larvae of Arctia caia, roll into a
ring and shortly afterwards crawl away at a rapid rate.

March 2nd. — Removed the larv*, the majority of which were now
li inches in length, from the bottle they were in and placed them
upon a growing plant of dandelion enclosed in a good sized gauze-
covered cage standing in an airy room at the top of the house. The
bottom of the box up to the level of the flower-pot was filled with
cocoanut fibre and on top of this moss was placed. I now had a better
opportunity of seeing the larvae feed which they generally did at night-
time. Upon examining them by candle-light 1 found some of them
moving freely about whilst others were feeding. When aware of the
light those that were moving about ceased to do so, and some of
those that were feeding stopped feeding.

March 9th. — Two more larv* died within the preceding seven days.
April 5th, three further deaths, leaving 21 larvte, and the survivors
continued to remain dormant during the greater part of the day,
resting either on the gauze or framework but always well towards the
■ top of the cage. At night-time they would descend to their food-plant,
and, when it became quite dark, commence to feed. I noticed that they
had a marked preference for the unopened flower-buds of the dandelion,
into which they would bore for their food. The larvte by this date
had grown to Ih inches in length, but had not altered materially in
appearance.

April 20th. — Found that three more of the larvte had died since last
inspection. I judged that by this time the larvai were practically full-
fed, and I, therefore, placed upon the moss a good supply of dead oak
and chestnut leaves, Mr. ]\Iontgomery having informed me that the
larvte required dead leaves in which to spin up.

April 27th. — I could find seventeen only of the larvte on this date, tmd
concluded that the remaining one had gone down for pupation. I did
not ascertain that it had tictually done so for the reason thtit the larvte
seemed to be of such a delicate disposition that interference with them
at any critictil period generally meant disaster. Judged by subsequent
events I believe the larva referred to htid died.

May 4th. — Found seventeen larvte still feeding. Noticed upon
examining them one night during the week that as many as four
were feeding on the same flower-head of dandelion, roughly speakmg
one from each quarter of the compass ; their heads being close to one
another. So slowly did they txppear to be feeding that I could not
observe, while watching them, any material diminution of the flower-
hetid upon which they were feeding.

KOTES OX THE LIFE -HISTORY OF CALLIMORPHA HERA. 71

May 7th. — Another larva had disappeared by this date, the remaining
sixteen having the appearance of being fully grown, some of them
measuring 1§ inches in length. May 23rd. — Fourteen larvjc still up.
May 30th, eight larva> only to be seen. June 3rd. — All but one larva had
gone down. June 5th. — Remaining larva had disappeared.

The following is a note made at the time of a full-fed larva : —
Length 1^- inches, form cylindrical, head and legs shining black,
colour of body dull black, broad dorsal band orange, relieved on second
segment by some indistinct warts ; on third, fourth, and anal segment
by a single yellowish tuft or wart on either side of dorsal band, and on
the remaining segments by a pair of yellowish tufts or warts on either
side of the dorsal band. On the sides were single tufts or warts similar
to those on the back and two white spots or marks on each segment ;
spiracles black, belly and claspers mouse-colour tinged with violet.
At the end of June 1st, I searched for the resulting pupye and found
that thirteen of the larvas had apparently successfully pupated ;
the remaining four of the seventeen, which I thought had pupated,
were found to be dead, two of them having died in an attempt to
change to pupte. In every case but one the larv« had sought to
pupate either in the aperture caused by the folding of a leaf or between
two leaves. The larva which had taken exception to this course
had endeavoured to spin up in the moss but had not been successful
in doing so. There was little attempt at a cocoon ; the larva content-
ing itself with spinning a flimsy transparent web through which the pupa
could be distinctly seen. The dimensions of the pupa were about those of
Maiiie-stra brasaicae, which they generally resembled excepting in colour,
which, in the case of C. liera, was a of bright reddish-brown. Attached
to the anal end of the pupa was the cast-off skin of the larva. Of the
thirteen apparently living pup* only ten produced perfect insects, all
of the typical scarlet form. These emerged from their cocoons on the
following days in July: — 13th, three; lith, two; loth, one ; 16th,
two; l8th, one; 2±th, one. Eight of the insects emerged the first
thing in the morning, or at all events before 7 o'clock ; one emerged
at 11 a.m. and one at noon. After emerging, the insect remained
quiet for more than an hour drying its wings, then it becomes very
restless and active. In comparison with a caught specimen, which
was given to me in 1898, four of the insects were smaller, Ave of them
nearly approached the size of the caught specimen, and one was fully
as large.

Generally I do not regard my attempt to rear C. hera larvie as
satisfactory. I only succeeded in obtaining ten perfect insects from
about 60 larvae, and of these ten one-half only tipproached the size of
the caught specimen. Possibly I might have done better if I had
submitted the larvte to outdoor instead of indoor treatment, especially
in their later stage, but I was deterred from doing this owing to the
plague of ants which infested my garden last summer.

I am afraid that my descriptions of the larvie are by no means so
complete as they should be, and it is quite possible that some inaccuracies
may have crept into them. I must, however, crave indulgence on the
ground that I could only examine the larvte at stated times, and my ex-
perience was that, however stationary a larva was prior to being examined,
immediately the lens was fixed upon it it would become restless and
commence to crawl about, which renders an accurate description uf it

72 THE entomologist's record.

very difficult. Again, in the matter of moults, I believe there was a
sixth moult which I must have missed, but really after the earlier
moults the larvae, first one and then another of them, seemed to be in
a constant state of moult, and it was difficult to follow any particular
individual. Undoubtedly I should have been in a position to have
observed these points more accurately if I had confined my attention
to a small instead of a lar^e number of larvae.

Contributions to the Fauna of Spain : Bejar, Avila, etc.

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

(^('(i)i(iti(l('(l from p. 89.)

One of the interesting butterflies met wdth was a very hne form of
Pleheiiis [Lijccwna] ari/us, L. (the old aei/on of our British lists). It
was very abundant in one small piece of ground southeast of
Bejar, about July 9th, but was hardly seen elsewhere. As with
several other species taken at Bejar, it varies from the usual form
chiefly by its large size, measuring 86mm. in expanse, very decidedly
exceeding any other variety I have seen or heard of. Like the
ordinary from it varies within somewhat wide limits. It is usually
dark violet, with a well-marked black border, and the veins dark and
widening to the border. The hindwing has frequently a well-marked
series of black spots, connected with, or separate from, the very
narrow black border, and with a strong tendency to a white band.
Just within this border the underside is almost white, with the usual
markings very distinct, but rarely with any metallic colouring in the
marginal eyes. The 5 is also large, colour from nearly black to a
very brown tint. Fringe rarely all white, more usually only so at
apices of all wings, and may be fuscous nearly throughout. The
orange marks may be almost wanting on forewings, or may be well-
marked to apex. On some, the orange bands on hindwings are com-
pleted to a circle by & white or blue line, apparently corresponding with
the white band on <? . The underside is much paler than that of the
type, the paler marginal colour usually forms a white marginal line
just outside marginal ocelli, and usually a white band just internal
to them. Metallic nuclei are more frequent in ? than in ^. Lyctenids
were certainly rare, I'dbjoiiniiatits astrarchc was everywhere, sometimes
in some numbers; Xontiades iiwlanojis, rather a large and variable
form was often met with ; Laiiijndcs boetka turned up frequently lu
odd specimens, i'ubioiniiiatns icctiKs, ('upido niitdnia, and y.oiiiiades
sc)iiia);ius were also seen, but rarely, and I'lebnus arf/its [acr/on], in the
line form already mentioned, was abundant in one locality, but with this
exception blues were seldom seen. There were no I'ldiinvunutm
(■(in/doii, P. Injlas, P. caclwri, P. daiiioii, I', udiiietiis, or P. hellaiyns —
the want of limestone was probably a large factor in the defect of this
exhilarating little group of butterflies. Whenever there was oak
scrub, Thrcla spiiii and T. iliris occurred occasionally in some num-
bers, T. sjiiiii being apparently the more abundant. Except
Chrtjuojilianiis /ddaeas and C. ilurUis, (J. i/ordinH was the only copper
captured, these were frequent, fine large fellows, up to 45mm.
Si/riihthi(s sao, a very large form, 29mm. (22niiu.-26mm. being
normal) in expanse, colour beneath a little less brilliant than usual,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FAUNA OF SPAIN : BEJAR. 73

but otherwise fairly typical. Ari/i/nnix latlumia was fairly common ;
and A. aglaia and A.niobe var. eris frequent, the latter species was of very
ordinary size and appearance, unlike the small form taken last year
at Puerto de la Losillo. Coeiioni/inji/ia iji/tididcs occurred in several
damp rushy spots, but only once at all freely, and then want of sun-
shine, except for a few minutes, prevented the insect from flying, so
that few were taken. Its habits, in frequenting damp rushy places,
and its appearance persuade me that it really lielongs to the tiiplion
group, and is not close to either iphi>i or anania, though ijilns is, I
suppose, nearer to tijjihon than either is to anania. Melitaea athalia
was often common in forms not apparently of special interest. The
common Mdanariiia var. laclwsi.t, was always in evidence, and I find I
have brought home only one specimen of M. japijuia, of which 1 saw
others, but it was certainly not common. Satyrus alci/onc was begin-
ning to come out as we left, and one specimen only of S. circc was
seen and taken at Piedrahita. It is clear, therefore, that these species
were nearly a month later in emerging than we found them the
previous year at Cuenca, and more, I think, owing to the lateness of
the season than to any dift'erence in the localities themselves.

I should now like to be able to give a clearer account of an obser-
vation that puzzles me a little in regard to the (Joliaa occurring at
Bejar. C. edusa was constantly seen, and my impression was that C.
In/alc was even more frequent ; as a rule I never captured either
species, but once or twice when nothing else was forward, it occurred
to me that a specimen of C. hi/ale ought to appear in my bag as a
memorandum. On each occasion when I did so what I took was a
specimen of C. var. helice. It did not occur to me at the time to
follow this up by a number of captures, so that all I can now say is
that I brought home three C. var. hdirc and no C. Jn/ale. I feel certain
I saw C. Ill/ale, and even turned several bad specimens out of my net.
All that my specimens warrant me in saying is that C. var. Jidice is
certainly common there.

The Catorala ni/mphaca may deserve another word or two. The
specimens brought home are for the most part of tolerably uniform
size, colour, and markings, varying little from 51mm.-53mni. in
expanse. There are three dwarf specimens, 41mm., 44mm., and
48mm. respectively. Along with them are four specimens, 40mm.,
39mm., 39mm., and 38mm. in expanse, which, in the field, I took to
be also dwarf specimens. These prove, however, to be Catocala nj/nt-
liJiaiiojia. It is curious I should take these two species together, in
view of the remark of M. Godart (1824) that these two species always
occur together. He unites them as one species under the name of
niiHiphaea, but the figure he gives is an excellent one of ninnphaiiivja.
Hampson unites {InsccU of India) this species Avith an Indian form,
which has a considerably difterent facies, and since he says (no doubt
describing the Indian form) that it has no fan to middle tibia\ there
can be little doubt that the Indian species is distinct. ( '. nipnphaea has
very well-developed fans, of a tint varying from nearly black centrally
to white at the apices of the hairs. C. nyinpluuioija has less copious
fans, of a pale fulvous colour.

( 'alliwiirpha jacohaeac was frequently seen both as larva and imago,
the latter differing, apparently, in no way from British examples, but
the larvcU uniformly like those seen last year at Tragacete, with the
black ring broken up into sections.

74 THE entomologist's RECORD.

The common lavender at Bejar was one of which I do not know
the name. It is so lil\e Lavandula ^taeclias that I took it for that species,
and it may be a variety of it. A good many insects are apparently
attached to it. We found several species of larvae on it, but failed to
rear any. A very interesting one of these was a little Nnla, easily
obtained in quantity by sweeping. Its colour was a purplish-brown,
exactly matching the llower-heads of the lavender, and the food of the
larva was the purple leaflets with which the flower-heads are crowned.
These might have been easily reared had one been able to give them
a little attention, and an adequately spacious cage ; several pupated,
but unhealthily. The species may be Nola thi/)iiida, or it may be
something else.

Larvfe of LaMocaiiipa (juen-va were met with in various places. I
fear I did not pay much attention to them, and several I tried to keep
in tins finally died miserably. I fancy there is a low ground form
and a Sierra one. The last must necessarily, I imagine, be L. var.
vibarni. It was sometimes abundant on CytisuH piny/ans, at 6000 feet
and upwards. The sizes varied greatly, and I have little doubt the
life-cycle of this form is the same as that of our L. var. callunae. I
was able to bring home two sound cocoons, from which I have hopes
that Mr. Bacot will next spring secure imagines. Once an imago
was seen on the wing (Sierra, July 14th). I sent a Lasiocampid
larva to Mr. Bacot, as it was something quite outside my ken. Mr.
Bacot is of opinion that this is Fac/nji/astria cver.wmuni. If this is so
it is very interesting, though not perhaps surprising, as there are now
a good many species known to occur in Spain whose better recog-
nised habitat is somewhere in Asia. Half-grovvn larva3 of Macrothi/-
lacia rnbi were seen on July 15th.

Near Bejar we met with that curious neuropterous insect, AV-
iiiojitera bijicnnis (liinitaiiica). It Avas by no means uncommon in one
small region, near a little stream running at the bottom of a rather
deep valley with steep sides. It occurred down near the stream, but
also, and quite as freely, in the dry upper regions above the valley,
where the chief vegetation was the Larandula, resembling stuechas. I
was unable to find it in some places, but failed entirely to satisfy my-
self as to whether it preferred damp or dry ground, flat or precipitous.
It only flew, apparently, towards evening, when it would make a sort
of slow hopping or jumping flight, rising and falling as if leaping
over the vegetation and frequently settling. At times, however, it went
straight ahead in a businesslike way, and, especially, was easily able to
show a clean pair of heels if alarmed, sometimes vanishing so rapidly
as to be almost mysterious ; its flimsy, ephemeral aspect, however,
and the failing light no doubt assisted it in these disappearances.

The larvM' of An-tia latrcillei were quite common ; some went into
pupa, and one specimen was reared (forced) February 14th, 1903. The
larva is well figured by Milliere. Xoiiiioih-s wclanojis was frequent in
several places, and odd specimens occurred at many diflerent spots
during the first half of June. Most of them were a httle worn, but,
even so, this seems a very late date to compare with April in the south
of France. The lateness of the season may have exaggerated the
discrepancy, but the main cause is probably to be found in the eleva-
tion of the region. Certainly it was the first (and only) brood. Our
date for HcteKujijnis paradoxa compares similarly with those recorded

SOME GENERA OF THE EUMOKPHID SPHINGES. 75

for it in the Sierra Nevada and those of H. penella in southern France.
The N.melanop^weve rather variable in the extent of the dark border to
the wings, and were of large size, but did not exceed large specimens
from Cannes. Mr. Prout has the geometers taken during the excur-
sion, and I have sent examples of the micros to Mr. Durrant. Mr.
McLachlan has given an annotated list of the dragonflies in Ent. Mo.
Mag., 190B, p. 7^

As a note to our 1901 excursion, I may record that I sent young
larvaa of Ih/les nimea from Tragacete to Mr. l>acot, and in the spring
of 1902 bred (K zoraida from larv:T9 taken at Albarraein.

The butterflies taken or seen are as follows: — Papilio machaon,
Thais inedcsicaste (?), Aporiacrataegi, Pieris brassicae, P. mpae, P. napi,
Pontia (Japliilire, LcpUdia sinapis, Colias hjale, (J. edusa, Lib)/t/u'a celtis,
Pyramehatalanta, At/laisurticai-, Pohjijouiac-alhnm, Mditaea aKrinia,M.
phoebe, M. didi/nia, M. at/ialia, Brenthix cuphrmyne, hmria latlionia,
Arfiynnis aijlaia, A. var. erh, Dryaa paplda, D. pandora, Mclanarijia
lachesia, M. japyyia, Erebia styyue, Satyrus cirre, S. alcyone, S. seiiiele,
Parar(ie meyaera, P. maera, Epiiirphele jurtina, E. lycaon, E. titlionns,
E. ida, E. pa^iphae, Cncwmymplta iphioides, C. arcania, C. dorm, C.
pamjihilm, TJiecla spini, T. iliris, ( lirysophanus yordius, C. phlaean, C.
dorilis, Laiiipidea boeticus, Plebriits arf/ns, Polyorniiiati(i>- astrairhe,
P.icariis, P.corydon, Cupido mim)niis, Nowiades semiaryKS, X. iiiclanops,
Ci/dopidea vwrp'heits, Adopaea thaiiwns, A. actaeon, Aiiyiades xylranus,
(.'archanidiis aWiaeai', Hesperia sao, H. alveus.

Some Genera of the Eumorphid Sphinges.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
In the last number {antea p. 42) I gave reasons for describing
certain Sphingid genera that 1 had used in British Lepidoptera, vol.
iii. For the same reasons I am publishing the diagnoses of certain
Eumorphid genera, which I have already used in vol. iv, now going
through the press.

The Phryxids comprise those Eumorphids which have hitherto
been lumped together under the name Deih'phila (a name that has
lapsed for reasons given {op. cit., vol. iii., p. 356). The groupings
here given are those suggested by Mr. Kaye {in litt.), whose views I
have largely followed in my work. I may state that so far as the
genera belonging to this tribe are concerned we find, as a rule, in
each genus, a central species of wide distribution, around which, or
from which, a few highly- specialised local sedentary species appear to
have sprung. We thus have Hyle>t or " the i'liphorbiae-gvou^," Cderio
or " the //rtZ/«-group," &c. So far as the material in the British
Museum and his own collection goes, Kaye has been able {in litt.) to
formulate the following groupings in the tribe, based entirely on
imaginal characters :

1. Head large, prominent, projecting ; forewings long, pointed, with an oblique
streak running from apex to close to base ; nervures clearly marked by light scales;
abdomen very tapering ; front tibia with very strong spines and some weaker ones
— Phryxus (livornica, lineata).

2, Head not prominent, nor markedly projecting ; forewings not so long as m
1, and less pointed; forewings with oblique band from apex to near base, givmg
off two or more short teeth or branches ; spines on front tibia nearly all of uni-
form medium size— Celerio (nallii, chamaenerii, cupharUarum, zygophylli,
? opheltcf).

76 THE entomologist's record.

S. Head closely set on shoulders, neither conspicuously large nor projecting ;
forewings with a more or less well-defined fascia, very broad at inner margin, with
a dark di=coidal blotch that nearly always lies within the fascia ; spines on front
tibia weak — Hyles (eiipliorbiae, centralasiae, dahlii, mauretanica, tithymali, annei,
roherti^i, nicaea, costata, calverleyi).

4. Head and tibial spines as in 3 ; forewings with an oblique conspicuous line
dividing the wing into a lighter and a darker portion ; fascia spreading over almost
the whole of costal half of wing area ; discoidal spot distinct, black, sometimes an
indication of a dark blotch — Tchneria, n.g. [hippophae>t (type of genus), hifjuttata,
bienerti).

•5. Head very broad, but not very projecting ; forewings rather short, less
pointed than in preceding sections, almost devoid of markings ; a dark line some-
times present, extending from near apex to beyond middle of inner margin and
much curved at nervure 2 ; spurs on front tibia in four longitudinal rows and of
almost uniform size — Thaomas {cespertilio).

6. An+ennae very long and very stout in c? ; forewings very dark ; hindwings
deep orange, with dark border reaching to margin — Hawaiina, n.g. (calida [type
of genus] , icilxoni).

Tdi-neria is named after my friend Mr. H. J. Turner, to whom I
am greatly indebted for much generous help in my entomological
work. Hawaiina is named from the locality whence comes calida. I
have not considered it necessary here to discuss possible modifications
due to Weismann's study of the larvjp, and which are fully dealt with in
my book, the sole reason for the publication of this paper being to
legalise the names of the new genera described.

Among the Eumorphids (sens, strict.) are some other genera, which
must be treated similarly. Two of these may be described as follows : —

1. Head broad, palpi very rounded; antennae fairly long extending in the
<? to half the length of costa ; forewing with costa curved at base for a short

distance and continued straight to about nervure 7, then strongly curved to apex,
which is much pointed (and rather produced in ? ); outer margin to nervure .5 nearly
straight, and strongly indented thence to tornus, below nervure B falling away con-
siderably ; inner margin very strongly curved inwards from tornus for half the
■length, then outwards to base ; hindwing with the costa greatly curved, the apex
sharp (especially in ? ); from apex to nervure 4 nearly straight, then much curved to
anal angle, which is very sharp and acute ; nervures 3, 4 from lower angle, 5 equi-
distant from 4 and 6 ; discoidal cell very short ; 6, 7 from upper angle ; nervure 8
sharply upcurved soon after leaving base, and approximating very closely to 7 well
beyond cell ; abdomen of ? with well-developed lateral tufts from the 4th to last
segment — Cluriiia, n.g., syriaca (type of genus).

2. Head rather broad, but not projecting; palpi fairly pointed ; legs long and
rather slender, with well-developed spines on all the tibiae ; forewing with costa
straight to well beyond origin of nervure 7, then greatly curved to apex ; hind
margin slightly excised to nervure 6, then slightly curved to termen ; inner margin
considerably upcurved for a short distance, but not to half the length of wing ;
nervure -5 slightly nearer 4 than 6 ; nervures 7, 8 stalked, the interspace very
great immediately before margin ; upper discocellular straight, lower greatly
curved inwards ; nervure 3 from well before end of cell, 2 from middle of cell ;
hindwing with costa flatly curved to near apex, then strongly curved, tip of wing
acute ; inner margin straight to nervure 3, where it is angled, thence straight to
inner angle ; nervure 8 straight to origin of nervure 7, where it is rather angled,
and thence straight again to just before reaching margin ; nervures 0, 7 on a short
stalk ; discocellular forming a flattened S shape ; nervure 5 equidistant from 4
and (J. Larva in early instarswith a complete row of eyespots (Piepers, Tijdachrift,
vol. xi), in adult instar with only eyespots on 1st and 2nd abdominals (Meldola,
Weismann's Studies, A'C, transl. p. 194) — Fiorina, n.g., japonica (type of genus).

@^OLEOPTERA.

Aphoditjs tessulatus, Payk. — To-day is the first opportunity I
have had since December 21st, of visiting the part of Arthur's Seat,
where, in November and December last, I took this insect freely (see p.

COLEOPTERA. 77

17), and since then we have had a spell of severe weather with very
heavy snow, the hill was well covered for a fortnight, and, in addition,
the weather has been exceptionally wet since the frost departed. A
mild, bright, spring-like week tempted me to explore this fine hill once
more, and I soon found the insect was still in its pabulum and
apparently none the worse for the weather of the past two months, it
was the only insect found, the droppings were, however, full of larvae
in all stages of development. I shall be much interested to see
whether, having now found it throughout late autumn and winter, it
persists into spring and summer, for there must be, I imagine, a
succession of broods to keep an insect like this going for such a long
period. The most curious fact up to the present, is its apparent in-
difference to frost, snow and heavy rains in such an exposed and bleak
situation as the steep slopes of this isolated hill. — T. Hudson Beare,
B.Sc, F.E.S., 10, Regent Terrace, Edinburgh. Februanj lUh, 1903.
CoLEOPTERA IN ScoTLAND. — Collecting during autumn and winter
is not a very enticing occupation, and scanty leisure makes it almost
an impossibility, the chances are against the weather being fine enough
for out-door work on the few occasions I am free from my duties. On
September 26th, in Dalmeny Park, by sweeping near the seashore, I
obtained Sitones pnncticollis, Steph., Psi/Uindt's napi, E.H., Halyzia
18-guttata, L., Apian onopordi, Kirb., and SiDiplocaria aemistriata, 111.;
and out of fungus Gi/rophaena (jentili.s, Er., and Oxypoda alternans, Gr.
On December 31st, again at Dalmeny, the following were found under
bark, Rhuwsimus rujicollis, L., R. planirostris, F., and Droiidus
i-macidatus, L. As the weather remained very fine and bright, I went
out to the Park again on January 2nd, and took under the bark of a
felled beech, BoUtochara dhliijita, Er., in plenty ; Hoiiudimn vile, Er.,
and Ilhi^op/iaiiiifi dispar, Pk. ; and, by sifting dead leaves, Stenns im-
pressus, Germ., ('onosoma liridmii, Er., and Tac/n/ponis ohtiisus, L. I
have now taken all three species of RhinoaiinKs in this district, though
only planiroatris was supposed to occur in the Forth district. — Ibid.

CoLEOPTERA IN THE NEIGHBOTTRHOOD OF PeEBLES. DuHng 1902 I

had not many opportunities of collecting at Peebles, most of my
collecting being done whilst away from home, but the following notes
may be of interest: — Lristotrophus ncbidosits, F., running on a road, in
late October; Dianons raeridescenfi, Gyll., in wet moss; Aiiatliidiuin
nitjri prune, F. (June loth), under bark of felled tree, ten specimens,
this is new to the district ; Bi/rrhKn fasdatns, F., June 23rd, on pave-
ment), one specimen ; Kbnis parallelnpipediis, Miill. (June 14th), on
stones in a small stream ; Athous niyer, L. (July 18th), on North
British Railway platform — this appears to be rather a scarce insect
here; ( 'oryiiibites nipreus, F., on a road; ('. acnens, L. (June 10th),
under stones on a hillside ; C ctipreus var. aenii/inosiis. Germ. (June
28rd), on flowers in a garden, and (HiorrJn/nrhus sulcatum, F., in July,
in my house. — James E. Black, Nethercroft, Peebles,

Pselaphus dresdensis, Herbst, IN CuMBEBLAND. — A loug anticipated
visit was made to Newton Regny Moss, near Penrith, by Mr. Britten
and myself, on August 31st last, and we had the pleasure of adding
the above rarity to the Cumberland list of coleoptera. Six specimens
were found in thick moss growing on the drier parts of the ground.
P. heisei, Herbst, also occurred sparingly. The time of the year was
not the best for beetles, but, among our captures, the following, now
recorded for the first time from the county, are of interest : — Kraesthctus

78 THE entomologist's record.

rnficapillus, Lac, E. laei-iuscidus, Mann, Stenns latifrons, Er., S.
fascijtes, Grav., -S'. vafelliift, l^v., Mi/llaena diibia, Grav., and TmiidjiJiloeiis
eorticiiiiis, Grav. We also made our first acquaintance with (ii/rinus
viinutKs, F., which was common in small pools. This species has
previously only been recorded for Cumberland from Sty Head, many
years ago by T. Blackburn. — Frank H. Day, F.E.S., 17, Thirlmere St.,
Carlisle. February l^th, 1903.

:^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Lepidoptera in the Southend district in 1902. — I found very
little to do here until the end of May, the most interesting insects during
that mon*:h being, Xcpticida J^oslactdla, FAacldsta m'l/rella, LitJiocollctis
toniiinella and Knpoecllia viactilomna. GlypJiipteryx riscfieriella was
common at various flowers on June 2nd, more examples of E. vuiculo-
sana were taken, and EtiMoe cardautineH was observed ovipositing on
yellow rocket. On June 4th E/daeodes lactana began to emerge and
Emvudeiiia afjinitata and E. decolorataweveneiied.; on June 5th Ephyra
uiincrovaria was knocked out of alder (one example only), and ^}nlonota
servillana and Elachista taeniatella were taken. A case, which I made
out to be that of (Joleojilwra siccifolia, occurred on June 8th, and Litho-
colleths lanteUa was netted. I visited Thundersley Common, where
there is a nice lot of buckthorns, on June 9th, and found a few P/iuxd/i-
teryx sicidana, empty eggs and larvae of (innepteryx rhaiiini, which fed up
and commenced to emerge on July 22nd, and a fine Xepticida aryniti-
jiedella which was boxed from a buckthorn leaf ; Xeinotois inctaxella was
flying at Coombe Wood, Thundersley, on June 18th, and Hadena
t/talassina came to sugar ; Xylojihasia Jwpatica at sugar and Hypsipetet^
rmpliin'ata was netted on June 20th ; Cymatophura or emerged on .June
24th ; Emmeleda alhidata, very worn, was netted overyelloAv rattle, and
a larva of Coenonympha paniphiliis was swept near Benfleet ; Xaryn'a
tiionilifera emerged on June 29th. July yielded Eoarmia repandata, on
the 3rd ; Sciaphila riryaureana from ragwort on July 5th ; Gelechia senec-
tella crept up on July 6th from some moss which had contained a lot of
larVtP of Scoparia inerciirella ; Xepticida anoniahila was bred on July
7th, and a very large DyscJiorhta fis.v'pimeta on July 8th ; Anarsia
spartiella, EbuU'a ri'rbascalis (out of wood sage), and Lycoplmtia striyiila
were found on Thundersley Common on July ISth, Ditida si'uiifasciana
and Eidxjlia jdinnharia on July loth ; LitlioadU'tis alnifoliella on July
16th (mines were common in October), and Lita acnminatella netted ;
July 19th, La)))))rot(>>i atrdla knocked out of furze and a few ' 'hortndes.
arcuosa netted on Thundersley Common. A moth, half of which had
been devoured by mites, Avas found on July 20th, in a fold of muslin
that covered a bell-glass containing bark and lichen, enough of the
moth remains to shew that it was once a fine Scardia hdeti. Cerostoma
vittella emerged on this date. EupAstrria ohliterata was flying over
alder on July 22nd, and a few large (Eeophora kindcrniannidla were
bred from broom on July 26th. Ettrosjin'a undidata, netted at
Thundersley on July 19th, had deposited by July 27th, 96 ova, nearly
all of which were on the underside of sallow leaves. Lycojdtotia
striyida occurred in Southend on July 27th, a very unexpected capture;
Clcodora cythdla, one or two on bracken ; Xcphopderyx spisKicella, out of
OBk;Tinea //(/»<'Z/fl,inanouthouse,on July28th; a fine ? Sciaphila sinttana

NOTES ON COLLECTING. ^9

at Coombe Wood, Thundersley, July 29th ; Cri/ptitblabes l)i.stri>/ct and Ce-
rostoma lucella on July 30th, on which date several E. ericinella occurred
flying over heath on Thundersley Common. In early August, larvte
of Noiiai/ria anni(U)iis occurred among a few rushes at Thundersley ;
on August 3rd, Bhodophaea siiavella emerged, larvae found May 18th,
in a bunch of withered leaves of hawthorn at Eastwood ; the hairy
cases of L'oleoiihora alhicosta were found on furze at Thundersley, on
August 4th, and a vagrant Zeplujrns quercm was found on potato ; on
August 10th, lortri.c cori/lajia was bred from ash; Xartua haia came
to sugar on August 15th, and Triphaoia/imbria on August 21st ; larvte of
Diantlwecia capsincDla were found on seeds of campion, on August
26th, and at Fobbing, on September 7th, when in quest of larvte of
P/iorodesiiia amaraijdarla for a correspondent, I found close to the
church a full-fed larva of Mimas tiliae which had either crawled, or
fallen, from one of the churchyard elms, while on a fence close by was
Notolojihns antiqna, a very large $ , with a mass of eggs ; hirvae of
Eiipistcria oblitcrata were beaten from alder at Thundersley, on Sep-
tember 17th, pupa^ of Xonai/ria arnmlinis were found on September
21st, and the first moth emerged on September 25th ; I'aedisca
sordidana was bred from alder on September 30th, and larvte of
Da-tijcliira pudibunda, Ephyraporata and Drepana falcataria were beaten
at Thundersley, on October 12th. I found sugar very unproductive
right through the season, and should not have made so many additions
to my local list, had it not been for the bicycle, of which, as an aid to
the collector, I have a high opinion. — F. G. Whittle, Marine Avenue,
Southend. Januarij SOt/i, 1903.

Early Emergences. — It may interest your readers to know that I
had two ? Si'lcnia lunaiia emerge on January 28th, also that, from
January 31st to February 3rd, I had larvae of Lymantria uioiiacha hatch
each day. Having no other food -plant available, I have put the larvfe
on fir. — Ernest A. Rogers, Kabul House, Buckeridge Road, Teign-
mouth, Devon. Ecbrnari/ 8rd, 1903. [We presume these have been
kept indoors all winter. — Ed.]

Early appearance of Cyaniris argiolus. — I saw a <? ('ijaniris
anjiolHs settle on a holly bush in my garden (within a yard of me)
yesterday, February 20th, 1903. This, I think, beats by some weeks
the appearance of this insect in that abnormally early spring of 1893.
— Thomas Peed, M.A., Rose House, Worcester. Febrnarij 21st, 1903.

Plusia moneta in the London district. — In July, 1897, 1 captured an
imago of Plnsia moneta in my garden at Southend, Catford, and that,
I believe, was the first recorded appearance of the insect in what may
properly be termed the London district. Although I had been on the
look out for this species ever since, it Avas not until last summer that I
met with any success. On searching the delphiniums in my own and
neighbour's gardens at the end of May and commencement of June
last, I found the following larvte and cocoons : — May 30th, ten larvae ;
June 4th, two cocoons ; June 18th, five cocoons ; I also took a cocoon
from a friend's garden at Croydon on July 6th. Of the ten larvse,
nine were small, and were found in the flower-buds of the delphiniums.
Unfortunately I had no opportunity of attempting any full description
of them at the time, but I did observe that they were of a dirtyish
yellow ground colour, mottled with darker markings, and were gener-
ally maggoty in appearance. I was not sure at the time that they

80 THE entomologist's record.

were larvjp of P. hmnrta, but hoped that they were. The odd larva
was at least a moult in advance of the others, as it had changed to a
ground colour of apple-green. I made some descriptive notes of the
larvjB while rearing them, but find that these notes are so fully in
accord with Mr. Ealeigh Hmallman's clear information on the subject,
which appeared in the Knt. Jlrmrd for September, 1902, that it would be
mere repetition to reproduce them. I do not think, however, that any
mention was made by Mr. Smallman of the colour of the head of the
adult larva, which is palish yellow. I may also add that the larvte are
most easy to rear. Each larva remains at the back of a delphinium
leaf until it has eaten it completely away, and then it travels to a fresh
leaf and attacks that. Finally, when full-fed, it spins up upon the
underside of a complete leaf. The larvae which I had taken, with the
exception of one, which somehow or other escaped from the breed-
ing-cage, became full-fed and spun up on the following dates — June
9th, one ; June 12th, one ; June 15th, two ; June 17th, two ; June
30th, one ; June 22nd, two. The dates and time of appearance of the
imagines were as under : —

From cocoons taken on June 4th . . . . . . 2 .June '27th about 9 p.m.

(1 „ 30th ,, 9 „

1 July 1st ,. 10 „
From cocoons taken on June 18th .. •• "1 " -"^^ " 10 a.m.

1 ,, 4th ,, 10 p.m.
1,1 did not emerge.
From cocoon taken at Croydon on July (Hh . . 1 July 7th about 10 p.m.

1 June 30th ,, 9 ,,

1 July 1st ,, 10 „

From cocoons taken on May 30th. . . . . . -! o " ,..i. " o "

•2 ,, 7th ,, 8 „
\2 ,, 8th „ 10 „
All the cocoons found by me in a state of nature were bright
yellow in colour, while those spun by the larvft? in my possession were
either white or very pale yellow. The change in the coloration of the
cocoons spun by the larv;e, may have been due to the fact that the
larvfe were reared indoors. — A. Russeli-, F.E.S., Southend, nr.
Catford.

J^RACTICAL HINTS*.

Field Work from Middle of March to Middle of April.

1. — The larviB of I'acdisra (ippri'ssaiia are now to be obtained in
tubes formed of silk interwoven with particles of their excrement on
the terminal buds of several species of r'u/ndiis. The shoots with
attacked buds if stood in damp sand will yield imagines freely.

2. — Ste(ian(i]iti/clu( iii/niiiacana should be worked for from the end of
March. The males fly round spruce firs in the sunshine after mid-
day. The females, being very sluggish, require to be beaten from the
trees, and a sharp look-out must be kept for them, as they invariably
fall to the ground, and so require to be intercepted with a net in their
descent. Hitherto this species has been recorded only from Cambridge-
shire and Norfolk.

* " Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist," Pts. I and II, each contain
some 1250 practical bints similar to these. Interleaved for collector's own notes.
Price 6s. each part.

VARIATION.

81

8. — Hi'iixinh')ie jhnhriana flies freely in the bright sunshine during
March and April in oak woods. In dull weather it may be beaten
from oaks, appearing to have a preference for resting in the higher
parts of the trees. It is as well when collecting this moth to stand in
the centre of a riding, as then one obtains a clear view of the insect
against the sky. Under such a condition it is easily seen, which is
not the case with a dark background.

4. — About the middle of April, larvsp of Talcpon'o t.i<bitlnsa are to
be found wandering over palings, tree trunks, etc., searching for
suitable places to affix their cases for pupation. If these are collected
and enclosed in a box, the sides of which have been roughened, they
will very shortly attach themselves, and in due season produce moths.

5. — The made-np cases of Solenobia incimspiciiella may now be
gathered off lichen-covered tree trunks, fences, walls, etc.

G. — During April the larvfe of Pai/cJwidea verJiiielldlo are to be
found in their burrows amongst the spores on the underside of fronds
of Aspleniiim ruta-iinimria, A. tricli())nanrfi, Srnhiiinulriinii ndijarc, and
AtJijiriitiii cctcracJi.

7. — Those who are not averse to early rising may now spend some
very profitable hours by searchiny- the moss on old walls before the
dew has evaporated. By so doing, the probabilities are that their energy
will be rewarded by a good supply of larvie of liii/otro/i/ia lUmiestica
and II. ajt'ims. These larvfp are easily reared if kept in seed-pans on
moist patches of their food-plant.

8. — From about the middle of April, hita actliinjis is to be obtained
in heathy places. Like other black moths that frequent heath and
moors, it is always to be found most freely on those parts where the
heather has been burned to encourage young growth for the benefit of
grouse.

9. — Lita fratcniella larvfp occur during the early part of April in
the drawn -together leading shoots of StcUaria ulvjinom, S. (iraiiiinea,
and Cerasfiii))! triralf. Railway-banks and commons are the most
likely places for them to occur. After having found one tenanted
.screwed-up shoot, it is best not to open others, as by so doing the larvae
will not have the chance to wriggle out and escape.

10. — liiitaJis inconiiniella is well out by the middle of April, and
should be looked for in heathy places. It is almost useless to work
for it except on absolutely calm and bright sunny days. On such
occasions (unfortunately rare at this season) it flies abundantly for
about two hours before noon.

11.— Larva- of Larerna pabuliroldla maybe searched for early in
March, mining in the leaves of Kpilohiutn. pcdnatre, /lirsntitm, and
viovtonuni. The best way to rear moths is to dig up the plants
having mined leaves containing larviP and plant them in flower-pots
or seed-pans.

'W' A R I A T I 0 N .

Dark aberration of Syrphus kaltb:atus, Deg. — During a week's stay
at Broc ken hurst, from September 27 th to October 3rd last, I noticed
several small dark specimens of Si/rphus baltcatits, amongst other
Diptera, but, as it is such a common species, I only took two or three of
the darkest I came across, all 2 s. When I came to compare them
with my other specimens at home, I saw they were more distinct than

82 THE ENTOMOLOOflST's KECORD.

I had thought at the time, and, accordingly, exhibited them at a meet-
ing of the Entomological Society of London, where I gathered that
the form was known (Verrall, Brit. Flies, vol. viii., p. 391, "I
have seen a curious melanic form, in which the abdominal markings
were practically lost "), but that my specimens were unusually dark.
Except in the abdominal markings, they do not differ appreciably from
typical specimens, but, in the darkest, the whole abdomen is a shining
black, above and beneath, with the following exceptions : — The 2nd
segment has the basal spots faintly distinguished, and, quite separate,
two narrow spots, which are broad at the side margins and taper off
towards the disc ; the 3rd segment has about the middle fifth of the
front margin yellow, and a small yellow spot just beneath ; the ith
segment has similar, but smaller and fainter markings, and a faint
orange hind margin. The other two specimens have the yellow
markings slightly more developed, though in no case, except on the
2nd segment, do they reach the side margins. In all three the mar-
ginal pubescence is normal. As Mr. Verrall mentions {loc. cit. ) no
locality, I conclude that he does not consider this a permanent variety,
but only an occasional form. There is an apparent tendency in some
species of Diptera towards darker coloration m the smaller specimens,
and, perhaps, the cold dull summer may have had some effect on the
colouring of these dark examples. Several other specimens (<? and
$ ) of iS'. halteatiis taken this summer and autumn have all the black
bands strongly marked, but I have not sufficient material to make a
comparison with other seasons. — H. W. Andrews, F.E.S., 9, Victoria
Road, Eltham. Januarii 1th, 1903.

(gfURRE NT NOTES.

The Officers and Council of the South London Entomological and
Natural History Society, elected for the current year are as follows : —
President, E. Step, F.L.S. ; Vice-Presidents, F. Noad Clark, and J.
H. Carpenter, F.E.S.; Treasurer, T. W. Hall, F.E.S.; Hon. Curator,
W. West; Hon. Librarian, H. D. Sauze; Hon. Secretaries, S.
Edwards, F.L.S., and H. J. Turner, F.E.S. ; Council, R. Adkin,
F.E.S., T. A. Chapman, M.D., H. T. Fremlin, F.E.S. , A. Harrison,
F.L.S. , (i. W. Kirkaldv, F.E.S., W. J. Lucas, B.A., and H. Main,
B.Sc.

The Entomological Club held its last meeting in the Entomo-
logical Salon of the Holborn Restaurant on the evening of
January 20th. The host was Mr, Verrall, who, with his usual
lavish hospitality, had invited a large number of guests, many of
whom were present. Among others, we noticed Professors R.
Meldola and E. B. Poulton ; Drs. T. A. Chapman, F. Dixey ;
Revs. E. A. Eaton, W. W. Fowler, F. Morice ; Colonels Bingham,
Swinhoe, Yerbury ; Messrs. Adams, Adkin, Andrews, Barker, Borrer,
Bouskell, Boyd, (Rowland-) Brown, Burr, Cant, Carrington, Carpenter,
Champion, Chitty, Clark, Collin, Cornish, Distant, Donisthorpe, Ellis,
Fenn, Frohawk, Gahan, Goss, Harrison, Jacoby, Janson, Jones, Kaye,
Kemp, Kirby, Kirkaldy, Lloyd, Lucas, Main, Morley, E. B. Nevinson,
B. G. Nevinson, Porritt, E. Smith, South, Step, Tutt, Turner, Tuck,
Wainwright, C. O. Waterhouse, E. A. Waterhouse, Tathom.
From 6.80 p.m. -9 p.m. a conversazione was held, when many

CURRENT NOTES. 83

friendships were renewed and fresh ones made ; matters of interest to
entomologists (not always entomological) were discussed till supper
was announced, and an adjournment made to the liberal spread pro-
vided by the host. The toast of " The Entomological Club " was
proposed by the host, and " The Host " by the Reverend Canon Fowler.
Responding to the latter, Mr. Verrall said that the excitement of
twelve months since had largely subsided, but he warned the Council
that any feeling on the part of the more active members that they
were neglected in the nominations to the governing body would soon
develop fresh troubles. He himself was in favour of an annual ballot,
and hoped that it would become a regular institution under the new
rules. Mr. Jacoby again delighted his fellow-entomologists with his
splendid violin-playing, whilst Mr. Rowland-Brown, in response to the
host's appeal that the guests should themselves add to the entertain-
ment of the evening, sang a song capitally. Altogether, a most
pleasant and enjoyable evening was spent.

At the meeting of the Entomological Society of London, held on
February 4th, 1903, the Rev. F. D. Moriceexhibited, with drawings of the
abnormal parts, a hermaphrodite of tJiicera low/icornis, Linn., showing
one $ antenna normal, and one <? antenna remarkably shortened and
with the joints greatly dilated. The clypeus and labrum, one half white
(the S' character), and the other half black, as in the $ . In the
abdomen and legs the J character predominated, but one half of the
apical segments and genitalia seemed to be J" . In a discussion which
followed on hermaphroditism. Dr. Sharp stated that Father Wasmann
had announced the discovery that, in certain dipterous parasites of the
Termites, the individual commences as a male and ends as a female — -
a phenomenon entirely new to entomology, though paralleled in some
other groups.

At the same meeting Dr. Chapman exhibited living larvae of
Crinnpterijx fainiliella in their cases on Cistiis salrifoUus. The grand-
parents were collected just two years ago at Cannes. These laid their
eggs out-of-doors at Reigate, and the larvs fed out-of-doors during the
winter, 1901-1902 ; they were kept indoors during aestivation and till
the moths emerged last autumn. These again laid eggs out-of-doors,
and the larvte have fed in the open until now (February 5th), and are
f ullgrown in their penultimate instar. The species is a Mediterranean
one, and could hardly be expected to do so well in England. At home,
however, it affects the cooler and more shaded places, and does not
occur where its foodplant is fully exposed in a southern aspect.

He also exhibited living specimens of Orina tristis var. .wiarai/dina
collected eight months ago (May 31st), at Pino, Lago Maggiore. Some
have died, others been given away, escaped, etc., so that only these two
(both males) remain alive. In conjunction with Mr. Champion, he
also read a paper on the life-history of Xanopliyes durieiii, a small
curculionid, that causes gall-like swellings on any part of Cotijlcdon
(//;//fe///f/^s /), generally close to the root of the plant. Many larvae
often occur in one gall, but from spots on the gall, each egg appears to
be laid separately, so that the gall is not strictly a large gall, but a
congeries of small ones fused together. The galls were common at l^)ejar,
the beetles emerging during July and August, when also Apian sedi
emerged from the plants. These galls ought to be looked for in Corn-
wall and other suitable localities.

84

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

At the same meeting, Mr. H. J. Elwes exhibited two cases of
arctic butterflies. The first contained specimens from a collection
formed by ]\Ir. David Hanbury on the arctic coast of North America,
in the region where the Parry expedition ^Yas lost. Of the butterflies
observed, fifteen species in all, two of them had not been taken since
they were first described by Curtis sixty years ago. Among them was
Ciilias huothii. This species, in comparison with (olios hecJa, Lef., is
undoubtedly distinct in l)oth sexes, l)ut it is most remarkable that the
male, in coloration and markings, appears to approximate more closely
to the characters usual in the females of other members of the genus.
The collection contained nothing new. but included the rare and
curious Arfn/iniis im/ooha. Butler, hitherto taken only in Novaya
Zemlya (r/'. ]\Iarkham's I'nlar Tlfcnnvaixsanre, p. 851), which j\rr.
Elwes believed to be nothing more than a high arctic form of A.
fn'mia, Thnb. ; a remarkable aberration of A. charideo, Schn., in
which the black netting marks were resolved into smeared black lines ;
IlirntJiu pali'ii, for the first time from this i-egion, precisely similar to the
form taken on the east of the Lena river in Siberia, and Coenonipnpha
tiplion closely resembling the form from Kamtschatka. The second
case contained specimens collected between Jakutsk and Verkhojansk,
north-eastern Siberia, at about the same latitude, 67 % as the preceding
exhibit. They included many species which occur in the western
Pahearctic region, such as A/mria crataeiji, Trii>/n/sa phrijne, ('omio-
iij/iii/i/ia i/i/ris, Jireiit/tis svlfn,', 1>. inn, Mditaea jihoebe, etc., and most
remarkable of all, Ncptis Inrilla. ParjiaxsiKs ileliiis, was also present,
and Mr. Elwes said that this was the first Paniossiiis he had seen
from within the arctic circle, whilst Cnlion riluiensis, Men., an insect
peculiar to Siberia, showed remarkable aberrant female forms.

At the same meeting, Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse gave an account of a
nest of a bee, Triijona rolliva, recently received from Malacca. The
whole resinous mass weighed 401bs. A section of the nest which was
exhibited showed the cavities in the resin filled with pollen. The
central portion of the nest was constructed of more waxy material,
and honey-combed with numerous cells containing the immature bees.
The bees were still alive when the nest arrived, and among them males,
as well as workers, were found. Specimens were exhibited, as were
also males and a worker of the much smaller species, Tiit/ujia niji-
coniis. Smith, received at the same time from Singapore, and sent by
Mr. H. N. Ridley.

We are pleased to learn that Mr. W. F. Kirby has completed the
rearrangement of the collection of Orthoptera in the Natural History
Museum, and that his working Catalogue of the Order, is now in the
press, and will, it is hoped, be issued in the course of the present year.

In order to get the matter for British Lcpidoptera well in hand, we
should be glad of all possible observations, &c., on the Hepialids,
Zeuzerids and Cossids, that our readers have already made, or are able
to make. Eggs, newly- hatched larvae, and pupa*, dropped in formalin
for future reference, will be particularly useful, as will also all tabulated
data relating to any stage. The exact time taken for the change of
colour in the newly-laid Hepialid eggs (all species), and exact details
of such change is particularly wanted. Material obtained this spring
— until mid-May — should be sent to Mr. A. W. Bacot, 154, Lower
Clapton Road, N.E., as we hope to be abroad during this time.

Voi.XNT

Pl. 4.

E C.Ktught del.

West, Newman lith.

Or^yia aurolimbata..

J^rU-cm.Jf^o^rd ric. ID 03.

LEPIDOPTERA OF THE VAUDOIS VALLEYS BOBBIE, AU PRA.

85

Lepidoptera of the Vaudois Valleys— Bobbie, Au Pra,

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
There are some places that cue visits for entomological purposes
that leave lingering memories of satisfied longings much beyond any-
thing to be accounted for by the immediate results of the visit from
an entomological point of view. A sense of rest, a fulness of satis-
faction with "one's surroundings, rough comfort, intellectual enjoyment
in what one sees, and other details accumulate now and again, causing
one to regret the termination of a visit all too short and fleeting.
Such a feeling still clings to me with regard to Bobbie (a little village
some miles up the Pellice valley, beyond Torre and Villar, and nest-
ling at the foot of the ascent that leads, finally, by the Col de la Croix,
into France, and directly on to Abries) and Au Pra, a little mountain
hamlet, that lies at the final ascent of the Col de la Croix. Ten
days in the second and third weeks of August, 1901— August 9th to
18th— were spent at Bobbie, idling on the slopes within easy reach of
the village, catching such insects as came in my way, and occasion-
ally taking a long stretch away up to the lovely falls of the Pellice
and the old fort of Mirabouc, away through the walnut trees, on into
the pines, until even these thinned out in the final ascent to the little
isolated hamlet of Au Pra. There were a good many lepidoptera around
Bobbie— such species, however, as would have driven our real hunters
mad with ennui at having nothing to catch. Still, here are my cap-
tures, such as they are, ready to be distributed in the cabinet, and now I
look at them with satisfaction, as they call up memories that strongly
hint that, with health and strength, I shall probably see Bobbie agam
some day. Avfji/nnis adippe ab. cleodoxa loved the village, and so did
Leptidia miapis^ which collected in large swarms round the puddles
with Pieris napi ; five or six of each at a stroke could often be netted
easily, Fararqe maera patronised the roads, and Porthetria dispar
danced here, there, and everywhere. On the trees around was Satyrus
hermione, crafty and wary, and difficult to catch. Up at the second
bridge, where the Eupatorium grows in large clumps, was a capital place
for lots of common species, particularly Caliimorpha hera ; sometimes
a score or more were to be seen on one large clump, with quite a
number of Pi/mmeis atalanta and Polyijonia c-album, the latter much
interesting me by its habit of sometimes resting with its wings flattened
horizontally out, whilst Dnjaf^ paphia and Argynnh «(%/»(; kept up a con-
siderable flutter among the swarms of Epinephele jnrtina (jamra) and
other insects that congregated there. On the way up to the bridge one
always passed some examples of Parar<je maera, keen and active, as usual,
but although one saw an occasional Polyowniatns hylas, P. corydon, P.
astrarche, and Plebeius an/yrotinoinon {aryus) before one started climbing
the steep, sharp stones that commence directly the bridge is crossed, it
was not until one had got beyond the next hamlet (where, by the bye,
liniophila muralis occurred on the walls) , that these species became really
abundant and were joined by P. icarus, P. cro^, with an occasional F.
ischn-i. Here, on the path, wherever a rivulet crossed the gro^na,
the blues and Syrichthus alveus were usually in abundance, and, with
them, Pamphila comma, not at all common. The fields on either side
are the haunt of Chrywphanns var. gordias, the males worn, in August,
the females rather better. Much commoner were C. virgaureae and C
phlaeas, but evidently Mditaea phoehc, so common at Torre, was rare
Apkii. I.JTU, 1903.

86 THE bntomolo&ist's recobp.

here, only two or three specimens being observed. To the right, just
before the next cottages, a rough piece of ground swarmed with in-
sects : Dryas paphia and ab. valesina most abundant, Argynnis adippe
and ab. deodnxa also common, A. lathonia abundant, and A. afjlaia not
rare, but not so abundant as a mile or so higher up the valley. On
these slopes, too, were a number of species going over, among other?
Melitaea didyma, M. athalia, and Chrywphanus var. eurybia, whilst, on
the other hand, C. dorilis was only just coming out. One beautiful
specimen of the large black form of Polyoinmatus orion only fell to the
net here — a most interesting insect, and not known to me in nature
before this summer. This slope, too, provided a number of Syvtoima
phegea, a species widely distributed, however, all over the district, and
flying most freely in the morning sun, although on the wing all day,
or so long as the sun lasted. Litluma ((riseola, L. lurideola, L.caniola,
and Kniydia var. Candida, also, were on this slope, and a large number
of interesting Micros — Pyransta puiiicealis, Aciptilia batiodactyla,
Amhlyptilia acanthodactyla, Mimaeseoptilus bipunctidactyUis, Oxyptilua
distans, Eupoecilia rupicola, Crambus falaellus, Scoparia cembrae, Stenio
punctalU, Crai)d)n.s alpinellus, Nemotois scabiosellus, Kbulea xerbascalh,
Endotricha Jlanimealia, Uithyia carnella, Pkoxopteryx lundana, Diasemia,
Literalh, Cledeobia aiujuatalis, and several other species difficult to name
offhand, whilst Acidalia ornata, Larentia olivata, Lythria purpuraria,
Eubolia waeniata, E. mensuraria, E. bipinictata, &c., were frequently
disturbed. Here, too, Ayrophila trabealis and Miyioa euphorhiata were met
with but only in single specimens. Anfhroccra tran>ialpina seemed to be
the only " burnet" in this part of the locality. Patnpliila aylvanm was
going over, and /'. comma not yet well out, whilst two worn Tkyme-
l.uus thauiiia.s'weve observed, and Polyonimatus astrarclw was of the dark
•mountain form. Spilothyms vialrarmti was rare, but S. akacae still
more so, only a single specimen falling to the net. On the other hand,
Syrichthus alirAis was common here. Melanaryia yalathea was nearly
over; Polyoimnatua baton only showed up as one specimen, in bad
condition, and P. mchayer one fine example, apparently just out of
pupa. The absence of Erebia aethiops at Bobbie was considered
unaccountable, until, one lovely morning, crossing the river and
climbing up the rough rocky slopes opposite, the wooded ground at
the top was struck, and swarms of this species were encountered.
These slopes provided such feasts of blackberries as the native spirits
that haunted these mountains of old must themselves have loved. On
the slopes, too, several interesting insects were observed. Besides
numbers of the larger Argynnids, Aryytmis var. cleodoxa and A. aylaia,
Hipparchia semele, Pararge maera, &c., several other interesting species
were observed. Papilio viachaon toyed safely on the rough ground,
and Agrius convolvuli, at midday, was observed sucking the nectar from
the flowers of a giant Salria, in company with swarms of Sesia. atella-
tanwi and an occasional ('haraia-> grajnhiis. A single Colias hyale,
also, was taken, but this species appeared rare throughout the valley.
There, too, Anthrocera piirpuralis, A. transalpina, and a few A. medi-
r.aginis were discovered, and many other interesting species. At night a
few species came to the lamp in the dining-room at the inn, of
W'hich P'achygaxtn'a trifoiii — males, of deep red tint, with single pale
yellow'ish tran verse line and white discoidal spot — was the most as-
sertive, although Porthetria di.tpar and Spiloaoina fuiiginosa (the bright
red southern form), and 5. menthastri made scarcely less fuss. Good

LEPIDOPTERA OF THE VAUDOIS VALLEYS — BOBBIE, AU PEA.

8?

sport could be obtained with Euvanessa antiopa in the woods going up
to the Pellice falls — i.e., you saw a good many, struck at most, and
missed nearly all you tried for. A single ^ example of Tephrosia
histortata, of exactly the same form as that we capture in the " second
brood " in our southern woods in England, was very acceptable. On
the flats about half way between Bobbie and the falls one began to get
at the more alpine species. Erebia (joante began to appear, and Argyn-
nis niube was abundant, but it was not until the falls were reached that
Setina aurita and Erebia euryale began to appear, and Parnassius
apollo to becoiue more numerous, and the more lowland fauna was then
left rapidly behind. Erebia tyndarus soon became common, and E. yoante
and Paniasfiuis apollo continuously increased in numbers, whilst every
runnel had swarms of PvlydUDnatiis vurydon, P. c^cheri, P.hylas,P. icarus,
and P. astrarche, intermixed now with P. eras and P. damon, which was
not a common species in the valley. With them was a single P. bellaryua,
whilst, in one or two spots, Plcbn'iis arym^ ( acgon ) and P.aryyrognomon
(arytis), both of most typical form, were captured at the same puddles, and
then, right away up the long stretch to the final zigzags before reaching
Au Pra, the same fauna was to be met with . At the falls I took a single 3'
specimen of Epinephele lycaon, the only one 1 had seen in the valley,
although I kept a sharp look out for the species, nor did I see another until
the day I returned to Bobbie, w^hen I captured a 2 in almost the same spot
as the c? had been taken some days before. Besides the species already
named, I took on my journey between Bobbie for Au Pra : Papilio
machaon, Ilipparchia semcU', H. alcynne, Melanaryia yalatea, Argynnis
var. ch'odoxa, A. aglaia,A. niobe, l'yratnrif< otalatita, I\ cardui, MeUtaea
didyiiui, fjCjitidia sinapis, Chry.wphaniis vnr. gordiiiH, ('. dorilis, Polyom-
iriatns orbitubis, P. mrleagrr (worn), Spilothyriis iiialraru)i), irnnoptera
libatrix [n,t rest on a rock), Anthrocera p^rparalix, Calliinorp/ia licra, iSyn-
toniis j>hcgea, Bryophila iirnralis (in the first hamlet beyond Bobbie),
Porthctria dispar (both sexes, ? s resting on the rock), and Agrius amvol-
ruli (on the wing). At Au Pra, at an elevation of some GOOO ft., one is in
a typical high alpine district. Lying in a basin scooped out by the Pellice
in its upper course, and now^ little more than a brawling alpine stream,
the village consists of an inn, the Albergo delle Alpi (where
rough but fairly comfortable quarters are to be obtained), and the fron-
tier gendarmerie and customs' stations for travellers coming over the
Col de la Croix from Abries. Away to the south are Monte Viso and
its great outliers, the latter footing it to the Pellice stream, whilst to
the north and west are the Hautes-Alpes, leading away into France by
various routes. Here a few enjoyable days were spent — from about
August 18th to 22nd— exploring the mountains. The fauna, of course,
was purely alpine. Most of the collecting was done between GOOOft.
and 7500ft., and the best locality proved to be up the pathway directly
behind the hotel. The species I captured were not numerous. Only
three Erebias — Erebia gaante, of a rather small form; A'. tyndariLs,
well ocellated ; and E. euryale, the two former common, the last-named
distinctly rare ; Pararge maera, large and well ocellated J s ; Argyn-
ids niobe, very abundant ; A. aglaia, less so ; Itmoria lathonia, fairly
common ; Polygonia c-album, several ; Vanessa io and Pyraineis cardui,
rather scarce ; Brenthis pales and Colias phicomone, not uncommon,
but in very poor condition ; Pieris napi, large white males, no females
seen; Coenoni/uiplui panip/iilus, a, single large pale example: ' 'An/.su-

88 'ini entomologist's RECoR^.

phanua nnjaureac, common on the slope, the 2 s particularly yellow :
whilst the blues comprised I'uli/oiinnatus curydon, F./iylas, /'. icarns, P.
escheri, P. astrarche, P. eros (the most abundant blue), PUbeius argyrog-
nomon (argun), of rather large size, and P. arfjus (aef/nn) ; Sjfriehf,hiii<
alrrus and Pa»iphila comma were both common up to almost TOOOt't.,
and were accompanied by a single Spilot/iyrus althacae and one Syricht/nis
mo. These, with Parnassiua apollo, appear to comprise the whole of the
butterflies captured. The Parnai^aiiis apollo captured in the valley belong
to a small race, with characteristic deliiis features, and are to be referred
to the more or less intermediate form, already treated of by Dr. Chap
man (antra, vol. xiii., pp. H79-380). Among the moths /1//777/S tv)/?ro/'?v///
Avas twiceswept down, as it flewswiftly across my path in the early after-
noon sun, whilst Setina aurita was occasionally taken. In one locality,
among acres upon acres of the Alpine rhododendron, t'idonia brinmeata
and Cidaria populata, with its dark aberration, were in particular
abundance, whilst Clenyene lutearia was equally common. A single
example of Avhat appears to be Acidalia deijeneraria was interesting, as
also was Melanippe moatanata. Several Gnojihos ? rjlandnaria , Larentia
caesiata, Exholia bipunctata, Thcra ftii)iulata, and one Bryophila pcrla
came in to light, whilst Scotndalutcaiis, Pionaea forjicalh, and Endotricho
tia.mme.alh arealso among the captured. Kmmeleda alvhemillata , Acidalia
fiaveolaria, Larentia ? ci/anata, Aciptilia baliodacti/la, O.ryptilus sp. '?,
Miw.aeiie.optiluii fuscua, Crambiis i-adiellus, C conchellm, as also Aphelia
oascana, Sciapltila aryentana, ('atopttia cana, Dichrorhampha pcti-
verana, (jdechia dijfinis, Boty^i alpinaliii, and B. aerealh occurred,
with a few other species that I cannot, unfortunately, name offhand.
A journey, on August 20th, over the Col de la Croix was, entomo-
logically, a failure, although the walk was delightful. Besides
two examples of an Ayrotis, only the following species of butter-
flies were seen, and these but rarely, viz., Parnasaim apollo, Ar-
gynnis niobe, Pamphila comma, Krcbia yoante, E. tyndaruit, BrentJm
palex, Coliaii pJiic.omone, Pyrahieis cardid, Polyom matiis eros, P. corydon,
P. escheri, and Issoria lathonia, the latter the commonest, and taken
right at the top of the Col, at 7611ft. elevation, where it flew rapidly
to and fro on the roadway, evidently quite at home. I netted what I
believe was a specimen of Mclainjn'as cpipkrou, but the uneven and rocky
character of the ground made escape somewhat easy. To some of
those collectors who visit the more productive regions of Switzerland
this will, perhaps, seem a poor list. I felt inclined to be a little dis-
appointed with the collecting myself now and again, but, as 1 have
already said, now that the insects are before me and I look back upon
the enjoyable time I spent in the Vaudois valleys, I certainly place
it among one of the most satisfactory entomological trips I have made
on the Continent.

Notes on various Coleophorids.

By HENllY J. TURNEK, F.E.S.
For the last two or three years I have taken an especial interest in
the economy of the Coleophorids, and, during the coming season, I
hope to be able to give more time to their systematic study. I know
there are other lepidopterists equally interested in the group, and
possibly some mutual help with material, and a checking of observa-
tions made, ought to be arranged, so that an advance in our know-

NOTES ON VABIOUS OOLEOPHORmS. 89

ledge of the group might be chronicled. Among other things, I
understand that details relating to the mode of egglaying, the length
of the oval stage, and the size and appearance of the egg are wanted
for most species, whilst a detailed description of the larva (newly -
hatched and in each succeeding instar) is also required for many
species. For future reference larva> (in each successive stage) and pupa)
can be dropped into formalin, but all such material should be most
carefully labelled with the specific name, stadium, date, and locality.
Again, variations in tho shape of the case as the larva increases in
size, should be carefully noted, and drawings made. J>y these means,
and with sufficient patience, complete life-histories of some one or
more species might be worked out by most of us during the approach-
ing season. In describing ova three things appear to be necessary :
— (1) The shape and thf position of the micropyle. (2) The surface
sculpture if any. (3) The changes in colour uncier«:one and the dura-
tion between the changes. In describing larvae (particularly those
newly hatched), the exact position of the tubercles— i and ii (dorsal), iii
(supraspiracular), iv and v (subspiracular), vi (marginal), vii (at base
of prolegs) — wants carefully noting, and then comparison should be
made with the corresponding tubercles on the three thoracic segments ;
the number of subsegments, secondary setie, etc., should also be
chronicled. So far my attention has been directed rather to detecting
localities in the neighbourhood of those parts of London nearest to my
home, and 1 append herewith a list, with brief notes, on some of the
habits of the species I have so far discovered.

CoLEOPHORA lineolp:a. — This species J have found in numerous
places around London. In Lewisham and Brockley it was especially
abundant a year or two ago ; frequently one inight find as many as three
cases on one leaf of llallota nipra. This plant is the only one on which
I have found the species. For some years it was naturalised in my
garden, but the plant was cut down in early autumn, and since then the
species bas disappeared. Thelarvffi are always restless and difficult to
breed if kept on cut stems of the food, but it becomes an easy matter to
get imagines if the horehound be already growing. There is no need to
cover it up, as the larvae fix their cases on the harder stems to pupate.
This is a capital species for one to begin the study of this interesting
genus. It is easy to procure, its foodplant is common under most
hedges, and the imagines are comparatively large, and so easier to set
than some of the smaller species.

C. FUSCEDiNELLA.— Almost any elm hedge or tree will ,t;;ive this
species. It is exceedingly abundant everywhere round London on elm
and alder. Beyond the suburbs one frequently finds it on hazel. This
insect, like most of the tree-feeding species, can be successfully reared
on twigs placed in clear glass bottles which have had the bottoms cut
oft". A cork, bored to receive the stems of the twi,<;:s, is inserted in the
neck, the bottle is inverted and stood in a jam-jar of suitable size, so
that the shoulder rests on the rim of the jar. The protruding stems
of the t^Yigs should reach the water in the jar, but it is important that
the neck of the bottle be clear above the water, or the sand which
should surround the twigs in the neck of the bottle will become
sodden. It is advisable to cover t1ie sand with a layer of moss.
The bottom of the bottle, now the top of the breeding arrangement,
must be covered with muslin, held in place by an indiarubber ring or

90 THE ENTOArOLOrTlST's RKCORD.

carefully- tied stl•i^<,^ The larvit, in an appai'alus like this, generally
keep well to their food, and only get restless when it gets stale or the
water has evaporated below the ends of the twigs. In changing, it is
necessary to fit up a second apparatus, and cut off the small pieces of
the leaves on which are the cases, dropping them on top of the twigs
of the second bottle. In a short time the larva? will have transferred
themselves and their cases to a new leaf, and the abandoned pieces cnn
then be readily i-emoved, in case mould may ensue. When collecting
the cases of this species, one frequently meets with small and curiously
curved cases. These are the cases of the very young larviP, and are
soon abandoned after the leaves develop in tht; spring. They are in-
variably situated at the base of the leaves, near to the midrib and
margin.

C. LAKicELLA.— This is an abundant species where any quantity of
larch grows — in fact, in places it is quite a pest, disfiguring the young
growth. It is one of the smaller species of the genus, and from the
nature of its foodplant, very easy to breed, but from its size very
difficult to set well. ] have taken it at West Wickham, Box Hill,
Guildford, and often on isolated larches in other places.

C. ALBiTARSELLA is not SO common a species. The first cases I found
were in Lewi sham, in a lane hallowed by the researches of Stainton,
Douglas, and Scott, and now, alas, nearly obliterated by the demons —
bricks and mortar. Here it was in abundance on ground ivy, but I found
it difficult to breed, as I had no plant potted ready to receive the larvae.
Another difficulty met with in this species is that, like many of the
herbaceous-feeding members of the genus, the larv*, when full-fed,
wander, and pupate on fences, woody stems, &c. This necessitates
close covering of the foodplant, and also facilities in the way of suitable
objects on which the larva? may fix themselves. This species must be
kept out of doors, and, if possible, under the shelter of a hedge, to
imitate the position of its usual habitat. With the tree-feeding species
one can get them through if taken in the spring without placing them
out.

C. PALLiATELLA. — This, to me, is a most attractive little species, both
in the imaginal and larval stage. It is said to feed on oak and sallow,
but I have only found it on the former. The first time I met with it
was in Epping Forest while beating, its large irregular case with two
more or less loose flaps being a most conspicuous object in the beating-
tray. It seems somewhat sparingly distributed, occurring at Oxshott,
West Wickham, Westerham, &c.

C. BADiiPENNELLA. — This local spccies I met with last year for the
first time, near Southend, Kent. It was restricted to a short length
of elm hedge, under the shelter of a thick wood, above a moist ditch,
and protected from the full sun by a belt of trees on the opposite side
of the lane. I found it quite easy to breed indoors in the apparatus
described above.

C. NioRicELLA IS a vcry common species on the hawthorn hedges
around London and in Epping Forest, on isolated thorn and sloe bushes.
It falls into the beating-tray in numbers when working for spring
larvjE.

C. CjKSpititiella is, perhaps, the commonest .species- -at any rate,
it is rarely that one can look over a clump of rushes without finding the
whitish cases in abundance. This species is a seed-feeder, and, by

XOTES ON VARIOUS COI.KOPHORIDS. 91

putting a bunch of the seeJ-beads with stems, in the bottle apparatus,
and placing outdoors, any number can easily be bred. In fact, I have a
bottle into which a bunch of seed-heads was put in January, 1902, which
still contains living larvae, the offspring of imagines which emerged in
the summer during my holidays, and which were not taken out. It
has stood out in all weathers continuously. I only found a small per-
centage of the larvffi of this species left the seed -heads to pupate,
although it is stated that several of the closely-allied species, feeding on
various kinds of Jimcus, leave their foodplant for the winter, and are
scarcely obtainable after the autumn. In January I have found the
eases of this species by no means yet half grown.

C. viMiNETELLA. — This spccics I havo met with sparingly at Brock-
ley, on a variety of willow, and on Salix caprea. The cases always
seem to be low down, and early in the year one can find them on the
young growth near the main stem. It is one of the double-coloured
irregular cases, and the blotches are very inconspicuous ; in fact, the
leaves must be separately investigated to get any number of larvae.

C. iBiPENNELLA is a fairly common species on birch trees, but I have
found it somewhat difficult to breed ; no doubt, owing to my difficulty
in getting suitable food. The larva3 must have country-grown birch ; the
harsh, bitter, London-grown twigs are useless, for the lai'va; will
scarcely touch them. I hnd, as a foodplant, birch does not keep well, and
wants renewing at least twice a week for Coleophorid larvre. As soon as
the larva? leave the foodplant and roam about the bottle you may be
pretty sure something is wrong with it. The cases of this species are
usually found on the upperside, although occasionally one or two are
found on the underside of the leaf. Like C. fuscedinella, the young
cases are curiously curved and keeled, and are found in a similar posi-
tion on the leaves. The larvae, too, leave their cases and build others
as soon as the leaf begins to show.

C. ONOSMELLA is essentially a chalk species, almost wholly confined
to an exclusively chalk plant, Echium vulgare. The cases are woolly
and conspicuous, and remind one much of those of C. lineolea. They
occur, as a rule, under the radical leaves, and require specially looking
for. I have found it at Box Hill, Chatham, and Folkestone.

C. ANATiPENNELLA, the type of the genus, as given in Hiibner's
" Tentamen," 1806, p. 2, is said to be common on various trees in the
districts around London, but I have only found it sparingly on oak at
Oxshott.

C. GENISTA is a most abundant species, wherever its foodplant, the
spiny Genista anrflica, grows. Its case is a variegated one, and the
imagines are most easy to breed. The older portion of the case is brown
with age, the middle portion is generally of a faded green, being coloured
by pieces of the early spring food, while the newest portion is yellow,
formed from the debris of the flowers upon which the larva finishes np
its growing stage.

C. LUTiPENNELLA. — This species I have never yet bred, but have
taken some numbers of the imagines on wet days by trunk searching,
both in Epping Forest and at Byfieet.

C. soLiTARiELLA I failed to find until last year, when I paid a visit
to Northwood with Mr. R. South. There I found two small colonies,
and subsequently bred a short series. By the bye, the name saUtari-
dla is a misnomer, for I understand it always occurs in colonies, The

92 THK KXTOMOLOOIST's RECORD.

bottle apparatus also worked satisfactorily with this species ; it was
only necessary to change the foodplant, Stellaria holostea, somewhat
frequently, as the leaves quickly got eaten or dry. Amorig the cases of
this species I took one case of ('. olivaceella, from which I bred my
only specimen of that specie?.

C. MURiNiPENNEixA. — At Kickmansworth, in company with Mr.
South, I met with C. murinipennella in great abundance, flying over a
meadow near a wood. This was the first time I had met with the
species. The date was May 31st.

C. GRYPHiPENNEi.LA. — I havc not met with this species round
London, but Mr. Day, of Carlisle, sent me a number of cases, with
larvaB. As this was before I had adopted the bottle arrangement 1
was not very successful in breeding them.

I should have said that my method of rearing is really an invention
of Mr. A. M. Montgomery, as described in his admirable paper in the
Proci'ediniis South Land. Ent. Socictij, 1901, p. 5, and specially intended
for the keeping of larvae when of small size. This method, I find, is
equally suitable for the so-called micro larvie, provided the water does
not touch the neck of the bottle and render the sand too sodden.

Aphodins stnrmi, Harold: A British Insect.

By FRANK BOUSKELL. ¥.¥..^., F.R.H.S.

Whilst working at the variation of the genus Aphodim, amongst a
number of forms sent me for examination, was one from Mr. J. H.
Keys taken by him near Plymouth. It seemed to me to be something
not yet included amongst our British species, and, after carefully
working at the insect, and making comparison with European speci-
mens, I came to the conclusion that it was Aphodiua sturml of Harold.
However, to make certain, I forwarded the specimen to Herr Reitter,
who confirmed my determination. Hence, we have an interesting
addition to the British list. The synonymy is as follows : —

Ap}wdiu>! sturmi, Harold, Col. Hefte, pt. vi., p. 106, 1870. Bujiis, Sturm,
lux., i, 144, 42, pi. xiv., fig. d, D. lllif/eri, Muls., Lamellicorne^, p. 27].

Sturm's description reads as follows : —

Aphodins ru/un, tab. xiv., fig. d, D. — Rcithlichgelb, langlfch, etwas plattged-
ruckt ; der hinterkopf schwarz mit einer qnerlinie ; die Flugeldccken gekerbt,
gefurcht. Lange lA linnen.

I am indebted to Mr. Donisthorpe for the following free trans-
lation : —

AphodiuH rufiix, pi. xiv., fig. d, D. — Ileddish-yellow, longish, somewhat
flattened ; the hind part of the head black with a croas line ; the elytra indented,
furrowed. Length 1^ lines.

A full description is given by Mulsant and Key in the Hist. Nat.
Coleop., Laniellicnnies, p. 272. It comes next to A. lu;f>;m, and
superficially it is not unlike A. nitidulus, but may at once be distin-
guished from that insect by its size, which is only one-half, and also
by the first joint of the posterior tarsi being equal in size to the three
following joints, whilst in A. nitidnlns it is only equal to the two
following joints.

The distribution appears to be : Austria, Hungary, Russia. France
rare.

It is to be hoped that careful search by the energetic collector who
found it will be rewarded by future specimenB.

INDEX ZOOLOGICUS. 98

Index Zoologicns.*

By L. B. PROUT, F.E.S.

Almost contemporaneously with the first volume of Mr. Sher-
born's great Index Aninialiiim (antea, pp. 13-14), another important
and long-awaited work of reference has been given to the zoological
world. This is ^Ir. Waterhonse's Index Zooloi/icHs, which indexes all
the new generic names brought forward from the year 1880-1900, i.e.,
from the date at which Scudder closed his Nomenclator Zoologicus
(1879) to the end of the century, and also adds some thousands of
earlier names which had been overlooked by Scudder.

This is a book to accept and to use rather than to formally
"review," and the object of this notice is to contribute a small supple-
ment of names which have still escaped detection ; but it may be
stated that the enormously laborious work seems to have been very
carefully and conscientiously done, both by compiler and editor, espe-
cially in the abstracting and collecting of the names from the volumes
of the Zoological Record. Necessarily, no attempt has been made to
distinguish between valid names and invalid, as that must admittedly
be left to the specialist. The present writer heartily endorses the
protest against the worrying " emendations " which have so compli-
cated the work to be done, especially those which are employed with-
out a clear and unequivocal indication of their nature. By the
way, there is a short series of " emendations " by Unger in the Arch.
Ver. Fr. Naturfi. Meckl. for 1856 (Heft x., Abth. i, pp. 53-63) almost
on all-fours with the (in-)famous lot by Sodoffsky, but which seems to
have escaped notice; he repeats some of Sodofl'sky's {e.g., Phanessa
for Vanessa), and is also responsible for : — p. 56, Cltaraxits vice
Charaxes ; p. 58, Lithcsia vice IJthosia ; p. 59, Mawersa vice Mames-
tra ; p. 60, Mefhgmna vice Mgthimna, Charadrina vice Caradrina,
Nonacria vice Nonagria ; p. 61, Heliotis vice Heliothis, Manes vice
Mania, Amphidasea vice Amphidasis, Aspilata vice Aspilates, Zerena
vice Zerene.

Our supplementary list to Mr. Waterhonse's (almost entirely lepi-
doptera) stands at present as follows (a few were handed to him in
time for insertion, but the majority of those now given were noticed
too late, or their omission was not suspected) : —
Agrostobia, Boie, Isis, 1835.
Argns, Lam,, Hist. Nat., etc., iv, 1817.
Aricia, " R. L.," Jena. Allg. Lit. Zeit.,

i, 1817.
Auge, Oken, Lehrb. Zool., i, 1815.
Chelone, " R. L.," loe. cit.
Chimadia, Speyer, Isis, 1839.
Chlenoniorpha, Motsch., Et.. ix, 1860.
Chrysoptera, [Zinek.,] Allg. Lit. Zeit.,

iii, 1817.
Deileptena, Guer., Voy. Coquille, Atl&s,

1831.
Deltote, " R. L.," lac. cit.
Dicranura, Latr., in Regne Aiiim.,

nouv. ed., v, 1829.
Diptychis, Feld., 1874 (wrongly entered

in Z.R. as Dyptychia).

Purcula, Lam., Hist. Nat., etc., iii,

1816.
Hapala, " R. L.," loc. cit.
iBodynamia, H.-S., Auss. Scktiiett., i,

1850.
Lagopus, "R. L.," loc. cit.
Lampetia, Curt., Guide, 1830.
Lamprotes, " R. L.," loc. cit.
Laspeyresia, " R. L.," loc. cit.
Luceria, Heinem., Schni. Deutsch., i,

1859.
Mimas, Hb., Verz., 1816-26.
Odonptera, Latr., in Cuv., nouv. ed.,v,

1829.
Ophiogenes, ''R. L.," loc. cit.
Ophiosogonia, H.-S., Auss. Schmett., i,

1856.

• Compiled for the Zoological Society by C. O. Waterhouse, edited by Dr. D.
Sharp. London, Zoological Society's House, 1902.

94 THE exto.mologist's record.

Oreae, " E. L.," loc. dt.
Orthogramma, " R. L.," loc. cit.
Philea, (Dalm. in) Zett.. I7is. Lapp.,

1838.
Procerata, Latr., in Rtqne Aniiu., nouv.

ed., V, 1829.
Psilogaster, " R. L.," loc. cit.
Pterapherapteryx, Curt., Br. Ent., fol.

34, 1825 (suppressed in 2nd ed.).
Pterodonta, " R. L.," loc. cit.
Sora, Heinem., Schm. Deutsch., i, 1859.

Staurophora, "R. L.," loc. cit.
Trichiocercus, Stph., III. Hamt., iv,

app., 1835.
Uria, Kirby and Spence, Intr. Ent.,

ed. 5, iii, 1828,
Uriata, Kirby and Spence, op. cit., iv,

1828.
Vokiera, Latr., in Repne Anim., nouv.

ed., V, 1829.
Xantholeuca, Stph., op. cit., iii, 1831.
Xylites, " R. L.," loc. cit.

The identity of " R. L.," who contributed an important review ol
Ochsenheiraer's work to tlie JenaLscJie AUijetneine Literatur-Zeitung for
1817, vol. i, has not yet been discovered, bnt most of the generic
names which he proposes appear to be valid.

Hiibner's Tentameu names, and many of Walker's, which were
some of the chief omissions from Scudder, have been carefully added,
so far as we have been able to test them. Likewise some which Zeller
(in Asfassiz) quoted to Stephens have been rightly referred back to
their founder Haworth. But, on similar grounds, of accuracy of date,
the following should also have been given : — Acherontia [Lasp.,] Jena.
All(]. Lit. Zeit., 1809 ; Cnpido, Schr., Faun. Boira, ii, 1, 1801 ;
Ddlephila [Lasp.,] Jena. All;/. Lit. Zeit., 1809 ; Euryhia, Oken, Lehrb.
ZooL, i, 1815; Geometrina, Motsch., Et., ix, 1860 [not '77];
Lampetia, Boie, 7.s/.s, 1835 ; Trichetra, Westw., Gener. Synops., 1810.

Probably further additions will be discovered from time to time,
and it is much to be hoped that they will be made known, and that all
may ere long be gathered together in some conveniently accessible
supplement. As the above have only been cited from the point of
view of the Index Universalis, it has not been thought necessary to
given an exact reference as to page, etc. ; details can readily be added
by specialists using the works named.

PosTCRiPT. — While the above has been in the press the following
additions have been unearthed or recollected : — Aernaiita, Berge,
ScJwiettt'rUnyshiieh (1812) ; Ceraphron, Thienem., Lehrb. Zool. (1828) ;
Ceratiinii, id. ibid. ; Draromirns, id. ibid. ; Ismene, Savigny, Memoires,
etc. (1816) ; Laphyra, Stph., Ent., i (1812) ; Lyndia, Sav., loc. cit. ;
Macrosonia, de Haan, Uijdr. Nat. Wet., i (1826) [Lindenia, de Haan,
which is without date in Agassiz, is also here] ; Minya.'i, Sav., loc. cit. ;
Spkyrie/ithi(s;, Thienem., loc. cit. ; Striyina, Sav., loc. cit. There are
also naisspellings, etc., in the older nomenclators, which the present
would have beon a convenient opportunity to correct ; for instance,
O.vicesta, Hb., is wrongly given in Agassiz as Oxiccate; and a more
serious instance, we believe, is found with the name given as Aylayen,
White, but which was surely published as Ayaglex, as also cited by
Newman in Entom.. i.. p. 351.

Notes on the Life-history of Coenonympha corinna.

By ARTHUR W. BACOT, F.E.S.
Ova (received from T. J. Fletcher, Esq., who took the parent on
May 3rd, 1902, in Aranci Bay, Sardinia). — The ova are laid singly on
blades of grass. A superficial view suggests that they are shaped like
a short, stout barrel, but a more careful examination shows that the
nadir is larger and more rounded than the top (micropylar end), which

:_,

NOTES ON THR UPE-HISTORY OF 0iE\O\YPMPHA CORINNA. 95

is flat. Under a hand lens they appear pearly white, flecked with pale
red, or flesh colour. Heisifht, -8 mm. ; diameter at equator, about ^
up from base, -7 mm.; at the top, between -4 mm. and -5 mm. The flat-
tened top has a slight pimple at centre. About 28 rather weak longi-
tudinal ribs run up the sides ; these turn over the edge, but fade on
the top, which is covered by a faintly marked hexagonal cell network.
The longitudinal ribs also fade out IdoIow the equator, the base being
covered, like the top, with a cell network. Faint traces of cross rib-
bing between the longitudinal ribs are also present.

Jja^wa.^ First instar (June 15th). — Body slug-shaped, tapering
towards head and anus ; colour, a delicate pale green, with a duller
tendency on dorsal area, and clearer pellucid-looking medio- and sub-
dorsal stripes ; beneath these are two narrow, faint, whitish lateral
stripes, and a broad and much stronger white spiracular band. Head
black, with a very rough surface ; a few scattered hairs are present ;
these are short, but very stout and tapering to a point. Body : the pro-
thorax is constricted, giving the larva the appearance of having a
neck. The segments are poorly marked, but the subsegmental divi-
sions are clear ; as a result, it is very difficult to discern exactly where
the segmental incisions occur. Anal plate prolonged into two back-
ward jutting processes, each of which bears a longish hair. With this
exception the body-hairs are very short and stout, of glandular form, and
so transparent that they are difficult to see. There appear to be seven
subdivisions to the abdominal segments and five to the meso- and meta-
thorax. The 2nd subsegment of the abdominal segments is equal to any
two of the others, and the 3rd is also rather larger than the remaining
subdivisions, while the division between the 2nd and 3rd is so weak
that the two are liable to be mistaken for a single large subdivision.
Tubercles i and ii on abdominal segments are set trapezoidally, but on
the meso- and metathorax they are, I think, in transverse line, but, owing
to the transparency of the sets, it is extremely difficult to locate the tuber-
cles at all. Final instar. — My attention was so much occupied during
June and July that I had no opportunity of further examination until
July 27th, when I found that the two surviving larvfe of five had
spun up, and one had already pupated. The other is now about 1 1 mm. to
12-5 mm. long, slug-shaped and tapering, especially towards anus. Colour
bright green, especially vivid on dorsal area, shading ofl' to a duller
and paler hue on ventral area. The dark, clear mediodorsal line is
narrowly bordered by pale yellowish-green. There is also a narrow,
yellowish subdorsal and a broad yellow lateral (spiracular) stripe.
The head is of the usual rounded and thick or deep-looking Satyrid pattern,
with a very rough and granular-looking surface ; colour green, with
numerous very short, pointed, bristle-like hairs scattered on its surface.
The body has a coat of spicules, and also bears very short, pointed
secondary hairs, with raised bases. The secondary hairs and spicules form
two perfectly distinct characters, the spicules being very fine and forming
a complete coat, while the secondary hairs are sparse and scattered,
and very much larger, although still very short. The scutellum on the
prothorax is very much roughened by the large size and greatly raised
bases of the secondary hairs that occur on it. These coats of hairs
and spicules give the larva a very rough and shagreened appearance.
The anus is forked, ending in two short, pointed processes. Spiracles
oval, with brown slightly raised, chitinous rims ; those on the pro-

96 THF. KNTO^FOLOGIST'S RECX)RD.

thorax and 8th abdominal segments much larger than the others, the
7th slightly so. Subsegraents on abdominal segments are six, the
1st being equal to two of the others ; the mcso- and metathorax have
five. On the shorter and smaller abdominal segments- — say 6th or
7th — there appear to be fewer subdivisions.

Pupation. — To pupate, the larva spins a pad of silk, find attaches
itself by its anal claspers, hanging down with its head and thorax curved
up like a Vanessid. The bend is a gradual one, and occurs at the Ist
and 2nd abdominal segments.

Pupa. — The pupa is Onim. long, opaque, pale whitish, mottled and
striped with pale olive-brown. The effect is to give to the unaided eye
a fictitious appearance of transparency. The wing-cases are large
and long, the abdomen short and tapering very rapidly. The meso-
thorax large, rising in a prominent curve dorsally, while the meta-
thorax is constricted, forming a waist dorsally. Two perfect imagines
emerged. The pupal cases I forwarded to Dr. T. A. Chapman for
examination.

Notes on Spanish Geometrides collected by Dr. Chapman in 1902.

By L. B. PROUT, F.E.S.

The following notes may serve as a supplement to Dr. Chapman's
interesting account of his second visit to Spain, which has been ap-
pearing in the Record. As in previous instances, he has presented
the whole of the Geometrides to me, expecting, probably, that I
would work them out, which has, of course, been a pleasure even
more than a duty. They are a very interesting lot, especially as illus-
trating a fauna which is by no means too well known to us in Britain,
but also on account of some nice aberrations, variable series, etc. For
convenience of reference, I follow the general example of accepting,
in the main, the nomenclature of Staudinger's Catalog (3rd edition).

The 169 specimens collected represent 31 species, the Acidaliinae
being again well to the fore (compare Ent. Bee, xiv., p. 193) with
eighteen species, the Larmtiinae follow with eight species, then Boar-
niiinae with four, and, lastly, Oeonwirinae, represented only hy Pseud o-
terpna coronillaria, Hb. — two (? s from Bejar.

The largest, and, perhaps, on the whole, the most interesting, part
of the collection came, as might be expected, from the neighbourhood
of Bejar, our friend's headquarters, but the samples from Piedrahita
(nine species, 22 specimens) also include a few things which make one
covet more material. From Avila, it will suffice to say that the
Doctor brought five Ar'ulalia orhrata, Scop., and one nice ^ Stenha
(Bhodomeira) sacraria, L.

The Acidalias from Bejar please me greatly, and most of the thir-
teen species deserve special mention on some account. Nice little
series of A. ynacilrntaria, H.-S., and A. litif/iomria , Bdv. (both new to
my collection), show them both to be somewhat variable as well as
local species. Then there is one specimen of the difficult A. derersaria,
H.-S., according to Staudinger a " Darwinian species," according to our
national collection a var. of A. inornata, Haw. There are twelve fine
A. sericeata, Hb., some very large in size. A. rolmhwta, Stgr.
(thirteen specimens), only, thus far, reported from Castile, and J.
lutuhidaria, Stgr. (two specimens), also only known from a few locali-

KOTES ON SPANISH GEOMETfilDES. 9*?

ties in central and southern Spain, are, again, quite new to me, and
the latter is not yet represented at the i3ritish Museum. It was only
made known as a species so recently as 1892, yet it is distinguishable
at first glance from the allied A. intcrjrctaria (Jmrommnxa, Goezc) by
its bright ochreous colouring. The two specimens differ much in size
and somewhat in the strength of their markings. Of the two A. inar-
f]inepunctata, Goeze, one is unusually pale, and may be compared with
our British chalk form (but weakly marked), the other is rather dark.
Of the allied A. subnintata, one of the two is one of the gems of the
collection, having a very handsome and striking dark border (the
whole area behind the " elbowed line") ; the other is a little worn, but
shows a tendency in the same direction, which tendency is also some-
what adumbrated in the only two Spanish specimens m the national
collection (Leach coll.), so that one would almost suspect a local race
here ; it will probably be worthy a distinctive name, whether as var. or
ab. The two A. decomta, Schiff. (violata, Thnb.), are somewhat of
the same pale type which puzzled me at first in the Tragacete collec-
tion {Eiit. Rec, xiv., p. 200) ; one has a particularly clear white ground
colour, but its borders are fairly normal in their darkness.

The other most notable things from Bejar are the series of Ehodo-
strophia calabra, Pet. {-aria, Z.), Lythria sauifuinaria, Dup., Flelio-
thea discoidaria, Bdv., and a nice form of Enrranthis [Atkroolopha)
pemiigeraria, Hb. The latter (1 <? , 2 ? ) is a tine dark form, super-
ficially suggesting the allied E. {A.) chrydtaria, Hb., but differing
therefrom in the run of the lines and in the presence of dark brown
colouring on the inner margin and costa of the hindwings.

The Rhodostruphia calabra (5 c? , 11 ? ) vary a little inter .se, but
seem to all belong to the var. (ab.) tabidaria, Zell., though not a very
extreme development thereof.

The Lythria sanyuinaria (9 J , 10 ? ), a species which Staudinger
regards as the Darwinian representative of L. purpuraria. in southern
France and the Iberian peninsula, are distinctly variable, and one of
the females comes close to the spring brood form {vernalis, Stgr,). It
is possible, considering the belated spring we had in 1902, that it
really belongs thereto. Br. Chapman has no exact date attached to
it, and he tells me that the species was about during most of the time
of his sojourn at Bejar.

The singular and distinct little Heliothea discoidaria, Bdv. (placed
in the (Enochrominae in the Meyrick-Hampson system), is represented
by fifteen specimens, with a curious preponderance of $ s (12, to 3 <? s).
They show no appreciable variation, excepting a little in the size of
the discoidal spots.

Among the Piedrahita collection the most noteworthy species are
Acidalia lateolaria. Const. (8 ^ , with the margins before the fringes
very dark), and A. decorata, Schiff'. — one exquisitely chaste 3" , with
the ground colour clean white instead of cream colour, weakly marked,
yet with the first and second lines clearly cut. The three Rhodo-
strophia vibicaria, CI., are of the usual southern variety, striyata,
Stgr.

The following complete list of the Bejar and Piedrahita species may
be useful for reference: — Bejar — Acidalia ochrata, rnacilentaria, litigio-
saria, serlccata, moniliata, robiyinata, Intalentaiia, interjectaria,
humiliata, deversaria, marginepunctata, submutata, and decorata ;

98 tHE ENTOJIOLOGISt's RECORr;.

Zonosoma porata, Elwdostrophia calahra var. tabidaria, Rhodometra
■^acraria, Ljfthria sanijuinaria, Odezia atrata, Caiiiptoi/raryinia hilineata,
Eapithecia innotata (or an exceedingly close ally — the single specimen is
worn), Gyinnoscelia puDiUata, Steijmiia triinacvlata, Anthoiiu'trn pluniu-
laria (a nice series, 6(? and 6$), FJnrranthis penniijeiaria, Heliuthea
discoidaria. Piedrahita — Acidalia luteolaria, ochrata, scriceata, riisti-
cata, and decorata ; BModustropliia vibicaria var. strujata, Lythria
sanguinaria, Ortholitha coelinaria, Lygris {Larentia,) pyraliata {dotata,
Stgr., Cat., nee L.).

On labelling insects.

By A. RUSSELL, F.E.S.

The possibility that a knowledge of my method of labelling insects
may prove of use to fellow entomologists induces me to acquaint your
readers with it. My method diflers from that which I believe is
usually adopted, in that, on my labels, is printed above the locality, the
letter "I." Most insects are taken in the perfect state, and the label,
as printed, when attached to a particular insect, indicates that that
insect was acquired in the imago or perfect state. But, as will be
seen, the letter " I " is readily convertible into other letters, e.y., " E,"
"L" and " P," signifying respectively, egg, larva and pupa. It
follows that, supposiiag an insect which requires to be labelled is the
result of rearing from ova, that fact is duly recorded by changmg the
initial "I" on the label into " E." Similarly, the "I" can be
changed into "L" to indicate that an insect was originally acquired
in the larval state, and into " P " to show that an insect was originally
obtained in the pupal state. My labels, as printed, are shown by the
following example : —

_l

HI

1
CATFORD,

3

KENT.

<

190

Of course, where a long series is bred from a single parent, oi-
where captures of a large number of the same species are made on the
same day, or in the same month, it may be preferable to continue the
method generally in use, and record the fact on a special slip. In
cases, however, where a few insects only of a particular species are
reared or captured, it is possible that my method of labelling may
commend itself to others.

It is, I think, a distinct advantage to be able to tell at any time the
brief history of an insect. For the purpose of reference I always affix
my labels to the pin /'arc downivardti. This certainly involves the
removal of an insect from its place in the cabinet when it is required
to be known in what state the insect was originally obtained, but, on
the other hand, this mode of affixing the label has this advantage,
viz., that a collector when showing his prizes may, or may not, as be
pleases, disclose the localities from which they were obtained.

In conclusion, 1 may say that I find it convenient also to have
labels printed with the words KntomoloiiLst's Record, Kntomoloyi&t, etc.,
on them. l>y the use of these labels an insect may be identified with
any particular insect which has been described or recorded in one or
other of the entomological magazines.

THB STINGLESS BBES of north A.ND SOUTH AMERICA. 99

The Stingless Bees uf North and South America considered in
the Light of Domestication.

By E. HAMLYN-HARRIS, D.Sc, F.R.M.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Id the same way as the introduction and domestication of Apis
dorsata, known as the Giant Bee of India, has been considered (antea, xiv.,
p. 2), so also do I desire to draw the attention of beekeepers to the same
subject in connection with the stingless bees of America, in the hope
that, by the consideration of these species in comparison with Apis
melUjica, some progress may be made towards the bettering of the bee-
industry and obtaining a more prolific and profitable race of bees.
Various attempts have from time to time been made in the direction
of lieeping these bees in a state of domestication, but without success,
e.g., Drory, amongst others, narrates l\eeping Melipona in wooden
hives. Although the stingless bees are very industrious and the queen
is very fertile, yet there are so many considerations which must be
primarily overcome before we can attribute any financial value to
them, that it will be to our advantage to discuss the matter more fully.

It is a generally recognised fact that the species of the genera Melipona
and Triijnna are vastly inferior to Apis meUifica, and we would here state
the reason for this conclusion. In order to do this, however, it is neces-
sary to look a little into the natural history of these bees, and to learn
something of their ways and habits. The bees in question are small
squat bees of varied colours, and build, in their natural state, in (1)
hollow trees, (2) in cracks or gaps in river-banks (perpendicular), and
(3) in the nests of termites. They do not confine themselves to these
places, but these three mentioned are, doubtless, the more ordinary
nesting-places. When they take possession of a nest of termites the
bees close up all entrances with the exception of one, and, in some cases,
make funnel-shaped openings. No wax is used for this purpose, biit a
kind of propolis and other vegetable stuffs, as well as clayey soil, are
worked up for the purposes of construction. The nests are variously
built, Drory mentioning no fewer than eleven varieties. Each nest
consists of a number of brood cells and honey-cells, which are quite
distinctive. The honey and pollen are stored in large irregular cells
of wax, the shape of a bird's egg, to be found in the proximity of
the brood nests, as certain cells are technically called. The combs are
placed mouth downwards, and consist of a single tier. The dift'erence
in the nests consists, to a great extent, in the arrangement of the
interior :

A. Brood cells and honey cells coated with a covering consisting of scales of
wax, and of a dark brown colour.

B. With only the brood cells covered in the way described under A, whilst
the honey cells are separated from the brood as is the case, for instance, with
Melipona sciUellarif! (Abehtra uruffa of the natives).

C. The brood cells are arranged in bundles like grapes, whilst round these
are placed the honey cells, which arc built into the nests by wax bands, r.g.,
Triijona cilipes.

As regards the brood nest. The eggs are laid, as is the case with
the majority of wild bees, on a mixture of pollen and nectar, whilst the
beekeeper will call to memory the fact that, in the case of Apis tndlijica,
pollen is not given to the larva as food until it is in a position to consume
it, a difference which must be noted. When the larva pupates the
cells are closed, not as in the case of the honey-bee with a mixture of

loo

tHE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD*

wax aod piopoiis, but by the turning in of the upper part of the cell.
Then again, in contrast to Apis viellifica, the stiugless bees destroy the
cells after the imagines have hatched out, the ruins of thecelis being placed
on a rubbish heap, although they may be used for some other purpose.
The mass of refuse is only removed by degrees when the heap becomes too
large to remain. The honey cells undergo a similar fate, for they are
pulled down when empty and built up again. Miiller suggests the
presence of fungi as an explanation of this peculiar, and apparently
unnecessary, procedure. The increase of stocks is obtained artificially
by the natives.

There is a great difi'erence between the various species in — (1)
Character. (2) Size. (8) Scent. (4) Mode of flight. (5) Build of nest.
Some are easily awed and frightened, others are exceedingly vicious,
and never say " die." The latter attack larger bees and wasps, killmg
them by biting them in two. When they are attacked, or attack man,
they emit a strange and obnoxious scent, producing often sickness
and even giddiness. Some are bad thieves and steal the gathered
pollen, or propolis, from one another, even ofl" their opponent's legs.
As regards the bite, which can be very severe, a burnmg and throb-
bing sensation commences after some hours, and next day a blister,
surrounded by a darkened line, appears, the latter remaining often
for weeks, in the case of the bite of Trit/ona flavcolu. Smoke will not
pacify them, but being placed for several hours in a cold cellar will
often have the desired eliect. The habits of the bees we have been
discussing refer to those of various species of wild bees of North and
South America, which are indigenous to these countries, whereas Aph
mellifica is not. The latter has, however, to some extent, displaced the
stingless bees, and has maintained itself wherever it has been intro-
duced, especially in civilised countries. It has not only done this,
.but it has yielded to the beekeeper and others rich harvests of honey,
and has increased to no small degree the character of the flora of
those parts. Living in many cases in America in a wild state, side
by side with the native bees, A}>is meUifica is said by Drory to be
afraid of Tri(f<ma but to live peaceably with MeUpona. The honey of
the latter bees is also vastly inferior to that of the honey-bee, and it is
a question of some importance as to how honey keeps without formic
acid. Doubtless the wax, which is not, as in the case of Apis nielli fica,
secreted by the ventral plates, but dorsally, is not nearly so good or
useful as ordinary bees-wax ; this is shown by the fact that Apis
meliijica is cultivated by the priests for the purpose of getting bees-
wax.

I feel sure that if the reader has followed me carefully he cannot
fail to sec tliat domestication under these circumstances is quite out
of the question. I believe that we have shown that the beekeeper
cannot benefit to any extent, financially or otherwise, by keeping the
stingless bees, but that, on the contrary, better results can be obtained
by cultivating Api>i wdlifica, and keeping up a high standard and
healthy race, and this ought to be our aim.

Genera of the Humorphid and Daphnid Sphingids.

B>- .1. \V. TUTT, F.E.S.
in continuation of my previous notes {antea, pp. 75-76) on this
subject, I now offer (thanks to Mr. Kaye) the descnpLions of three

PBACTICAL HINTS.

iol

more genera, one of them, Idlina, an Eumorphid geuud, the two
others Daphnid.

Head rather prominent and projecting. Antennae of almost uniform thick-
ness throngbout in both i and ? , the tip very pointed and sharply hooked. Legs
long and slender, with closely compressed hairs on tibiae; spines on tibiae most
developed on median pair. Forewing long and narrow, straight, to just before
apex ; outer margin almost straight ; inner margin very slightly curved after
leaving tornus. Hindwing long and narrow, the tip particularly so; costa very
strongly arched near base ; outer margin evenly curved to nervure lb, where there
is a sharp, short, tooth-like projection ; upper discocellular greatly curved inwards,
the lower nearly straight. On the underside of forewing there is no patch of long
hairs on the lower half of cell. Larva with subdorsal row of eyespots developed on
abdominal segments 1-8, those on segments 3-8 poorly developed (Weismann,
Studies ill. Theory of I te-scent , transl. p. 195) — Lilina, n.g.,piiiaftrina{ = bigecta = silhe-
tcnsis :^ intcrsrcta) [type of genus] .

Head large for the size of the moth. Antennas very strongly hooked, the hook
very fine and pointed, and terminating in a long bristly hair. Abdomen slender.
Palpi rather short. Legs fairly long and slender, with well developed spines on all
the tibiiu ; the spurs long, but not so stout as in Daphma. Forewing with costa
straight, to well beyond nervure 7, then flatly curved to apex. Outer margin slightly
excised to nervure"?, thence flatly curved to tornus. Inner margin considerably
upcur%'ed immediately beyond tornus and downcurved before base. Hindwing
rather long and narrow, and only very bluntly pointed ; the costa rising abruptly
from base to about the length of cell, flatly curved to just before apex, and thence
very strongly arched. Outer margin curved to nervure 3, and thence to nervure lb,
curved inwards. Nervui-es 6 and 7 stalked. Discocellulars almost in straight line —
Bffiia, n.g., torenia (type of genns).

Head long, very projecting ; antennse with a long produced tip. Forewing
with costa slightly arched to well beyond nervure 7, thence strongly curved to apex
which is very acute and prolonged. Outer margin greatly excised to nervure 6,
where it is bluntly angled, thence straight to nervure 3, again bluntly angled and
straight to tornus. Inner margin greatly upcurved from tornus and strongly down-
curved before base. Hindwing broad and short ; the costa boldly curved and
immediately before apes particularly so. Nervures ft and 7 from upper angle of
cell ; nervure 8 almost evenly curved from base. Legs short and stout with
moderate spurs. Spines on tibiae weak and obscured with hairs. Abdomen short,
stumpy, with a broad fan-shaped anal tuft in t? — Indiana, n.g.,bha(ja(tyipe of genus).

Htructurally this genus {Indiana) appears to agree rather with the
Philampelids than the Daphnids. It may be the Old World represen-
tative of the Philampelids (Kaye, in litt.).

J^RACTICAL HINTS*.

Field Work from Middle of April to Middle of May.

1. — Spihnota pauperana may be taken in its very restricted haunts
during the latter part of April, and, in backward seasons, until the
middle of May. It is not a free flier, and is most readily obtained
by beating rose, on the bloom of which its larva feeds. A fairly mild
and calm day must be selected when working for the species, as with
an east or north wind it is well nigh impossible to induce a moth to
move.

2.— Catkins of sallows and aspen, which easily tall when the bushes
or trees are shaken, should be collected, and will, in due time, give a
'varied series of Grapholitha nisana. The catkins should be placed in

• " Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist," Pts. I and II, each contain
some 1250 practical hints similar to these. Interleaved for collector's own note?.
Price (is. each part.

l02 TfiE ENT6M0L0GISTS KECORft,

a box or small tub and kept out of doors, but not exposed to rain, oi*
they may decay, and so destroy any larvifi or pupte they contain.

8. — Coccyx argniana should be searched for in dull weather on
fences or oak trunks, but on sunny afternoons may be found flying
round the tips of oak branches.

4. — If the main terminal shoots of Pinus sylvestrU are carefully
examined, it will be observed that, in some, the centre bud is very
much shorter than those surrounding it. This dwarfing is caused by
the larva of Retinia tnrionana. On breaking off these abortive buds
its pupa will be found inside. Needless to say, it is only young trees
that can be conveniently worked.

5. — The males of Stiijmonota internana sometimes fly in little
crowds round bushes of lilex etiropaeus in the bright sunshine, from
11 a.m. to 3 p.m. The females are sluggish, and are hest obtained
by beating them from the bushes.

6. — Many species of the genus Rn'ocrania may be found flying in
the midday sun round their respective foodplants,and, on sunless days,
may be beaten from them.

7. — The larvie of Nematois schi/fermillercUus, in fchoir curious
saddle-like cases, are now to be found feeding on Ballota uii/ra. After
carefully searching the plants it is advisable to examine the ground
under them, as the larvae loosen their very slight hold on the slightest
provocation. Should cases not be found at once, search should be
continued, for it would not follow that the species was absent from the
district, as when it occurs freely it is often confined to one spot.

8.- — Swawnierdammia spiniella larvJB occur in white silken webs at
the junction of twigs of I'rvnna covinuinis.

9. — The terminal shoots of IJefiprri^ )iiatronali!> are drawn together
by larvje of J'liitella porrectdLa about the end of April, often doing
considerable injury to garden varieties. Later in the season, pupge are
to be found in their silken hammocks on the under surfaces of the
leaves.

10. — On bright, sunny days Tinaipti.a wficidluni may often be found
flying in quantities at the end of oak twigs.

11. — Anp/rest/iia praecocdla occurs towards the end of April
amongst Jiivipi'rNx roiiinitmis. When beaten from its foodplant it is
very loth to fly, except on calm and warm days. When such favour-
able conditions do not prevail, many may be secured by placing a
sheet or umbrella under the bushes to be beaten.

12. — Larvae of (iracilaria trin<iipcmuila are now to be found in
leaves of Plantaijo lanceolata. They betray their presence by causing
the leaves to contract through being mined down the centre. Tbelarvse
do not quit their mines to pupate.

13. — If, at this season, the leaves of nactylia ijLnmerata are criti-
cally examined, some will be found to have a whitish streak. This is
caused by a larva of I'ilachista atricumdla oy />'. luticomdla. When such
a leaf is found it should not be separated from the plant, but the divi-
sion of the roots producing it should be dug up and placed in a box or
flower-pot.

14. — If leaves of (Jhrj/saiitlionuni leiteaiUheinKin have small holes
through them, most likely larvae of Buccuiatrix nigricomslla will be
found on their underside ; but, should larvae be absent, the beautiful
white shuttle-like cocoons spun by them may be discovered attached

OOLEOPTERA, 108

to the plants and grass culms near at hand. The larvie hang by a
thread if the leaves are in the least shaken.

OLEOPTERA.

CoLEOPTERA IN SCOTLAND. — The winter has been an exceptionally
wet one in most parts of the northern kingdom, and, as a result, there
have been severe floods in many places. On Saturday, March 14th, I
took advantage of the first real spring day of the season to pay a visit
to Cobinshaw, about eighteen miles from Edinburgh, on the main
west coast railway route to England ; at this place there is a large
compensation reservoir fed by moorland streams, the immediate neigh-
bourhood being mainly unenclosed, heather-clad, boggy land. I soon
found in a little sheltered bay a small heap of likely-looking rubbish,
which had probably been lying there for some weeks. It was fairly
swarming with beetles, and when spread in handfuls over the collect-
ing paper, the inhabitants, roused to activity by the warm rays of the
bright sun, scampered offin every direction, so that it was noeasy task to
pick out of the rushing crowds the better insects one wished to secure.
I never remember to have seen so many beetles in such a limited spot
— they were to be counted by thousands. As the drainage area is such
a bleak, treeless area, naturally they were nearly all members of the
great families of Carabidae and Staphylinidae, and mainly the latter.
The following is a list of those determined so far : — Anchomenus
ericeti, Pz. ; Pterosticfui^ nicjrita, F. ; PatrobuK assi7mlis, Chaud. ;
Notiophilus blf/uttatiis, F. ; Bradycdlus cotjnatiis, Gyll. ; B. similis,
Dj. ; Bembidium doris, Pz. (this was in hundreds) ; B. femoratum.
Sturm. ; HydroporuR erythrocephalus, L. ; Ayabus conyener, Thunb. ;
A. alfkm, Pk. (these are certamly different from the A. unyuicularis,
Th., I took at Askham Bog, but I have not yet had an opportunity of
comparing them with authentically named specimens) ; A. yuttaUis,
Pk. ; Rhantus exoletus, Forst. ; Hydrobius fuscipes, L. ; Helophorus
aeneipennis, Th. ; Cercyon pygmaeus, 111. ; Homalota yraminicola, Gr.
(in profusion) ; H. elongatula, Gr. ; Gymnusa varieyata, Kies. ; Tachy-
porus brunneiis, L. ; Meyacronus cinyulatus, Man. (this beautiful insect
was fairly common, while, singularly enough, M. analis, Pr., the
species one usually finds in Scotland, did not turn up) ; Quedius atten-
uatus, Gyll. ; Philonthus niyrita, Nord. ; Lathrobium brurmipes, F. ; L.
atripalpe, Scriba (which certainly appears to be only a variety of L. punc-
tatmn, Zett.) ; Stenufi juno, F. ; S. binotatus, Ljun. ; S. pallitarsh var.
nivem, Fauv. ; ^S. biforeolahis, Gyll. ; Olophruni fuicum, Gr. (quite com
mon) ; Arpediumbrachypteruw, Gr.; Phaedon armoranae,Th. ; Galcruca
nymphaeae, L. ; and ErirhinHs acridulus, L. Of course, I must have
passed over many interesting species, especially amongst the smaller
Staphs, but it was impossible under the circumstii.nces to do more than
make as quick a selection as possible amongst the scampering insects,
and I had no means with me of bringing homo any siftings. I hope
to pay another visit in a day or two to some other heaps of refuse
which I saw afterwards but had no time to work. — T. Hudson Beaee.
B.Sc, F.E.S., 10, Regent Terrace, Edinburgh. Manh 15th, 1903.

104 THK KVTOMOT.nrrT^T's RFCORP.

:i^OOTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARY^, &c.

FoEa.NG Agkotis ASHwoKTHii. — During a short visit to Wales last
July (1902), I was fortunate enough to have the plpasure of taking
Ayroth ashuorthii ior the fii'.st time in its natural hiibitat. ^tfy wifo
also found two batches of ova laid on the face of the bare rock. I pro-
ceeded to force the larva; resulting from these ova, and Kucceeded in
getting about 20 moths through, the last emerging on November 25th.
Some of the larvae absolutely refused to feed beyond the hybernating
stage, and they are now gradually dying off. The larvaE; thrive well on
{'olyiji/nuin aiiculare, and will also eat many other plants, including
Hallow and dock. — G. 0. Day, F.E.S., Knutsford, BevonLer Isi, 1902.

Notes on the i.ii-e- history of Melit;ea didyma.— Mr. T. B. Fletcher
was kind enough to forward me ova of Melitaea didyma, which he saw
laid by a female at (Jorfu on July 2Gth, 1902. I found, however, on
opening the packet that they had hatched en route, and that the larvje
had made a meal of all but a few fragments of the eggshells. Only
four of them started to feed on the narrow-leaved plantain that I
offered them, and I did not rear them beyond the second moult, pos-
Hibly owing to the number being too few to spin a proper web.
Larva, — Jst imtar (August 5th).— The larvic spin a little silk on the
Hurface of the leaf, and from their habit of keeping close together would
appear to live gregariously, but there are too few of them to form a
web. They eat the upper cuticle of the leaf only, at present. After
u few days' feeding they are plump and full-bodied, with clearly-
marked segmental incisions, and black polished-looking rounded heads,
with the face carried more or less vertically. They have small raised
tubercles, whaped like a low cone, each giving rise to a single long black
hair on dorsal area, but on the head and lateral area the hairs are pale.
The hairs are long, curved, and minutely thorned. The skin is semi-
transparent, and shows patches of a yellowish pigment or fat bodies
that lie beut^ath it, as do some Notodoutid larvie. In some aspects the
lurvu' remind one of young Notodontids, in others of young first-skin
Aictiidsor sluggish Noctuids. The skin hears a sparse coat of minutr
spicules. Tubercles i and ii are in transverse line on the meso- and meta-
thorax, on tb(! abdominal segnuuits they are set trapezoidally ; iii (supra-
Kpiracvilar) is twin- haired (one dark hair and one light) on the meso- and
inetathorax, but is single-haired on the abdominal segments; iv, slightly
below and posterior to spiracle ; v, far below and prespiracular. The scu-
tellum on prothorax is poorly nuirked. :^7ul instar (August 11th). — A
most completechangc takes place with thetirst moult as regards hairs and
tubercles, the primitive tubercles and their seta; being either set aside,
uB it were, or merged in and obscured by secondary developments,
consisting of tall raised processes bearing several hairs. These are,
m many respects, similar in appearance to the tubercular pillars
of some .\merican Attacids {e.y., 1 1 ypeichina iu), but, of course,
proportionately snuiller. There are four of these processes on
the meso and metathorax, and seven in a transverse ring round the
abdominal segments. On the meso and metathorax one is dorsal
and one is lateral on either side ; on the abdominal seginents one is
sjtuate centrally on dorsum, one other dorsal one outside this, oueinsupra-
spiracular position, and one in subspiracular position, on either sidt.
/■/ma/.- -Jet-black and polished. Body.- The positioju of seuteiiuin

LIFE-HISTORIES. 105

on prothorax occupied by a raised ridge of maramillary hair-
bases. The hairs are bhick and still slightly thorny, but towards the
anus are more noticeably so. The skin-surface is black and shiny,
covered with a sparse coat of rather large-sized spicules. Incisions
between segments distinct. Large orange spots surround the dorsal
and lateral rows of processes, but, round the bases of the central dorsal
and supraspiracular rows, are spots of a semi-transparent white hue.
Small white spots also surround the bases of the secondary hairs that arise
from the general skin -surface. It is difficult to say if the primary tubercles
and their setfe are still present, and, if so, exactly which of the (now
numerous) hairs represent them. There are two single-haired tuber-
cles on either side of the central dorsal process which may be i, and
two others are behind each of the outer dorsal processes which may be
ii displaced, but as there are two similar tubercles and hairs inner to
these at the posterior part of each segment, which are certainly secondary
and not primary setiB, and those previously mentioned differ in no respect
from them, it is quite possible that they are also secondary setse. This
remarkable change at first moult is not confined to Melitaea, as an analo-
gous, if not precisely similar, change takes place in Poh/gonia ecjea and,
I believe, in all the Vanessids, and is almost certain to occur, also, in
the Argynnids. — A. W. Bacot, F.E.S., 154, Lower Clapton Eoad,
N.E. ^January 1th, 1903.

Eggs of Lepidoptera, — Mellinia clrcellaris (laid October 13th,
1902 ; examined by lamp-light December 10th, 1902). — Laid singly, or
in twos or threes; very small, flattened at base ; alow, rather pointed
cone, tending to be limpet-shaped, but still showing a convex curve at
shoulder. These eggs are very beautiful objects for the microscope .;
of a rich purple or dull crimson colour, and slightly iridescent. The
ribs are small and closely set, 31 to 34 in nnmber, but they are clear
and sharp, the ridge of the rib forming a zigzag or crenulated line, if
viewed from above, as is the case with Polia jlavicincta, &c. When laid
in twos or threes the eggs are often imbricated. There is no regular
stopping point for the ribs, but they frequently join up in pairs about
^ to f of their length from micropyle. Some, however, run right into
the small raised central button on which the micropyle is situated in
a slight depression. Diameter about -Smm., height about •3mm.

Anchocelis litura (laid October 13th, 1902; examined by lamp-
light December 10th, 1902).— Laid in irregular masses and squeezed
into crevices of box. Colour, pale, dull yellow. Very irregular in
shape, owing to their being pushed together, but the horizontal
section appears to be usually more or less circular. Ribs small and
weak, but little removed from the primitive cell network. The longi-
tudinal tendency dies out at the top and base. A rosette of cells round
micropyle. Diameter about "Smm. to -Gmm., height usually about
two-thirds diameter. The egg masses are large ; I should estimate
about 50 to 100 eggs to be in each.

Anchocelis pistacina (laid October 13th, 1902 ; examined by
lamp-hght December 10th, 1902).— Laid in irregular masses, as with^tl,
litura, to which the egg bears a close superficial resemblance. Evidently
the correct method is to lay in crevices. Colour is pale yellowish, or
pale, dull green. Size the same as A. litura. The micropyle is a minute
depression on a small, slightly-raised mound, and differs considerably
in appearance from that of the previous species. A close comparison

106 TRK fvtomolooist'b REOOM).

shows that the sculpture also ditt'ers considerably, the egg of A. litura
having weak longitudinal ribbing with but little cross ribbing in
evidence at equator, while that of A. pistacina has the cross ribbing
much stronger in the same situation. The longitudinal tendency fades
out at base and top, but is much better developed than in A. litura.

Hadena protea (laid October 10th, 1902; examined by lamp-light
December ISfch, 1902). — A few are laid on the back of very small oak-
leaves on a young shoot, one or two on the twigs, but the greater num-
ber are laid on the bottom and sides of a chip-box, either scattered
singly or in small groups of from two to five, the smaller number
being the more usual. Colour (under 1" objective) dull pink, the edges
of the larger and highly-raised ribs or flanges being dull yellow ;
under a hand-lens the eft'ect is deep dove-colour, with pale yellowish
ribs ; to the naked eye dark grey. The number of ribs is about four-
teen to sixteen, half of which usually are continued over the shoulder of
the egg and run in towards the micropyle. They become much accentuated
after crossing the shoulder, forming high flanges, joining a raised central
plateau, in the centre of which is a small raised knob or mound, having
a small, but not always exactly central, depression. Diameter about
•7mm., height about the same ; doiue-shaped, with a flat base. The
extra height of the ribs on upper portion of egg is caused by the
normal rib bearing what appears, under a low power, to be a row of
upright spines with curved, bent-over, or flattened tops, and it is neces-
sary to get a lateral view and transmitted light to observe them. A
higher power (^") shows that these apparently detached spines are set in
an irregular thin flange, or wall, of transparent cement. I can only
get one egg into position to view this structure, so that it may not be
invariable.

All the above ova were obtained for me by the Kev. C. R. N.
Burrows, to whom my best thanks are due. — A. W. Bacot, F.E.S.,
154, Lower Clapton Road, N.E. December 'dlst, 1902.

Variation in the Position of Tubercles iv and v in the Newly-
hatched Larva of Hyles euphorbia .^ — Mr. Bacot has called my at-
tention to a curious variation in the flrst stage larva of Hyles euphor-
hiae. I sent him half a dozen of these larv* from Spain last summer.
Of these four present the variation in question ; two of them and two
I kept are without it. In this group of Sphinges, tubercles iv and v
are separate, and v moved well forwards and upwards on all the abdo-
minal segments but the first. On this, v is moved a little forwards but
not upwards. The vai-iation in the specimens noted are that these
two tubercles, instead of being separated, are conjoined on this first
abdominal segment. Curiously, this afiects both sides in only one
specimen; in two, it afiects the left side only, and in one the right only.
This variation is clearly a reversion to an earlier and lower stage of
development, and the normal arrangement of these tubercles in Hyles
(all EumorphidsV) on this 1st abdominal segment, and especially this
liability to reversion, shows that it has not advanced so far as the
other abdominal segments have — a fact rather adverse to Weismann's
theory of the development of the eyespots on the mature larva if it
occurs in all the Kuuiorphids, but strongly supporting it if it is con-
fined to the Phryxida (Deilephilids).— T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.E.S.,
Betula. Reigate. March, 1903.

NOTES ON COLLECTING.. lOlT

:jg»^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

West of England Lepidopterologicai^ Notes. — The following
notes on the past summer from West Cornwall may, perhaps, be of
interest as supplementing those oi last year. It was unfortunate that
the cold summer had put everything back po much, as when I arrived
at Carbis Bay, on July 12th, things were just about as forward as they
had been at the beginning of the month in 1901. For the most part,
therefore, although a fortnight later, I was going over the same ground
as last year. The Diurni, in fact, were scarcely as forward, neither
Argynnis aglaia, nor Plebeiiis aegon being really well out when I left.
Agrotids, on the other hand, were about normal, Agroth vcstigialis and
A. corticea getting well over, and one worn A. ripae being the only ex-
ample of that species seen. Among the Diurni two fresh species turned
up in Pararge egeria and Brenthis selene. The former was just coming
out at the end of the visit, and the latter occurred in a marsh near
Halse Town. Fresh Pi/ranwis rardui did not appear until the 29th,
although worn specimens were still flying up till and even beyond that
date. Fresh Pyrameis atalanta appeared about the same time, and the
larvas on the nettles promised a big lot of Vanessa la later on. Hip-
parchia semcle was about from the first, becoming much commoner
day by day, until, at the end, it was second only, in pomtof numbers, to
Epinephele tithonns, but Cyaniris argiolua, well out last year on the 18th,
did not appear at all. Sugar on the sandhills was disappointing,
owing to its similarity to last year. Summer Agrotids, as I men-
tioned, were getting over, and Agrotis tritici was only just starting.
Leucania littoralis was always abundant, warm or cold, and a fresh lot
seemed to be coming out on the last few nights. Mamestra albicolon
occurred as before, one or two a night, and again an occasional t'hari-
clea umbra, but there was this year no sign of Agrotiti hungera, nMhowgh.
I specially worked for it on the cliffs. New species were found in
Neuria reticulata (one or two only) and Caradrina ambigua, four of
which were taken on the last two evenings. Treacle on posts in and
about the village produced Thyatira batis, Gonophora deTaaa, and other
common things, but nothing good. On the sandhills atmospherical
conditions seemed to have no bearing upon the results at sugar, the
numbers being very constant, whatever the temperature or wind.
Dusking over the bugloss and other flowers was equally unafitected by
weather, a good many of the regular sugar visitors turning up nightly.
A week before I arrived, also, one or two Diantltoecia carpophaga and
Theretra porcellus were taken thus by Mr. Geldart, of Oxford. With
the exception of these two species and one Antidea rubidata, which
he beat in the lanes, Mr. Geldart's captures and my own, up till the
time he left, were almost identical. With one or two exceptions, day
work was confined to casual wall- and rock-searching. This resulted
in a long series of AridaUa marginepunctata, many Scoparias (which I
have yet to determine), and, towards the end, a vei-y variable lot of
Brynphila niKraUs. These latter daily became more common, and
were probably abundant after I left. Hecatera serena and a dingy
form of Gnnphos obf^ciirata also occurred sparingly. An occasional
CucuUia twibrat.icawa^s picked off a post, and once a tine Sphinxligmtri.
Another specimen of this species was seen under a glass in a cottage.
It was in fine condition but much exhausted, in spite of its having

l08 THE entomologist's RECORf*.

been offered a liberal diet of rose leaves. Sesia stellatarum was de-
cidedly rare this year, but larvae of Cucullia verbaaci far commouer thau
before. They were scarce on mullein, but occurred on almost every
patch of Scrophidaria. The marsh I previously mentioned in connec-
tion with Brenthis selene -was only discovered late in the visit. Here
Anthrocerapalustris[-trifolii)a,honnde([, but only in the very wettest parts,
where every step was ankle-deep in a muddy ooze, and deep bog-holes were
all too frequent. Cocoons were in hundreds — fully 30 per cent,
dwarfed to barely half-size, these latter all producing ichneumons.
The race was large in size, but, for such a variable species, compara-
tively constant. About half had all five spots quite distinct, the re-
mainder having only a slight confluent tendency, and only one of a
large number was at all extreme. On my first visit— July 23rd — only
one or two were out, and the majority of cocoons collected produced
imagines from August 4th to 12th ; neither was A. filipendulae out on
the sandhills when I left. Crowhus uliijin.o melius, occurred in this
marsh, and Mr. Geldart took a Chilo which he believed to be mucro-
nellns. Riinda sericealh was fairly common, Cosmotriche potatoria was
spun up on the grass, and Satiirnia carpini larvaB were picked up now
and again. These latter were exceptionally dark in colour, and formed
a striking contrast to a brood I had at the time from Chattenden. All
I found were on heather, which grew sparingly in the marsh. I only
visited this spot for two short mornings, and did not care, from the
nature of the place, to work it at night. The only other day trip was to
Prussia Cove, on July 16th. My quarry was j'Eijeiia philantkifnrmis, and
I found the little clearwing in plenty. It wants very careful looking
for amid the host of flies, but after a few moments one learns to dis-
tinguish its graceful hovering flight. It occurred only on the extreme
edge of the cliff's, where thrift was abundant, and, while the sun shone,
was very plentiful. Stenia pimctalis occurred here again, but seemed
scarcely out, and Hccatcra serena w^as sitting about on the rocks.
Bryophila vmralh was not out yet, but was pretty common when I
visited Prussia Cove again on the oOth. On this latter date jEgeria
philantkifornnx seemed quite over, xilthough low temperature had
little effect on the sandhills it was quite otherwise in the lanes, and the
evenings were few on which moths flow in any numbers. On these
rare occasions Emmelesia afpnitata was very common in all states,
from " bred condition " to perfect rags. E. decolorata was fairly
common too, and in better average condition, l)ut E. alchemillata was
almost over. Acvlalla imitaria occurred commonly, and A. subserr-
ceata was the best of various small species of its genus. Flusia
rhrysitis, Cucullia iiinbratica and HabroHtola tn'plasia were netted oc-
casionally, but most of the Noctuids were of the commonest. I quite
failed to And Plusia fcstKcae, although there were plenty of most con-
genial-looking spots. Few things came to light, the nights being very
cold, and Melanippe 'jaliata, Pseudotcrpna ri/tisaria, and ApJwmia sociella
were tlie best. The last named was fairly common, and occurred at
dusk as well, but Mdanijtjw ijaliata was much scarcer than last year.
Other dusk captures were llotiia luinaiix (getting common in the last
week), CaUvjenia niiniata, and Eiipitkeda rectawjidato. Among the
Crambids, C. var. varrimitonellus was again almost the only form of
perlellus seen ; C. inquinatellu^ was common among bracken and
heather ; and C. ncnindcns was just coming out. A finely-marked

TAEIATION. 109

form of C. pascuellus occurred, C. uliyinosellus on the marsh, and
at dusk C.pinellus was not uncommon round the pine wood on the
Trencrom road. Two larvae of Lanocam]ia querciis, taken July 80th,
at Prussia Cove, both produced ichneumons, but I was very surprised at
finding such late larvte in so southern a locality. Males of the species
were already common. My time v/as up on August 2nd, but on my
way back to London I paid a flying visit to Starcross, travelling the
night before, and my people catching me up again at Exeter. I made
the most of the time, beating hedges without intermission from 7.30
a.m. until 2 p.m., when I had to run for my train. I had feared, with
things so backward, CalliDiorpha hera would not be out, but was plea-
santly surprised. Working along the Teignmouth road and neigh-
bouring hedges, 1 soon dislodged a fine female, which allowed itself to
be quietly boxed. Some hours later, a male, probably disturbed by my
beating-stick, flew past me from behind and was duly netted. It now
began to rain, and I thought I had finished with C. hera, but in the last
few minutes a lovely female ab.Z/<«esce«.s was spotted sittingat the bottom
of a hedge, in a corner by a gate. All three specimens were in almost
" bald " condition, and for such an early date, I was more than satisfied
with my morning's work. The 0. /t^ ra were by no means all my bag.
Melanippe unanyulata was pretty common and in lovely condition, M.
rivata, also, in moderate numbers, and now and again a fine CidaHa
fncata. The latter seemed scarcely out, judging from the condition of
the few I took. All these three species gave me batches of ova.* Zono-
zoma porata, a curiously-marked Coreniia ferrugata, and several other
Geometrids swelled my captures, and among a number of " plumes " five
Platyptilia ochroclactyla and tv,'0 Marastymrcha phaeodactyla were the best.
I wound up by boxing half a dozen beautiful Bri/ophila ynuralis off the
walls of Starcross Station before the train arrived which took me to
Exeter. Here, after a hurried and much needed meal, I picked up
the London express, well pleased with having snatched this extra
morning's collecting, instead of spending the whole day in the train. —
Russell E. James, 18, Onslow Gardens, N.

Early Emergence of Dasychira pudibunda. — I obtained some 80
eggs of this species last May, and reared them from the resulting
larvffi to the pupal state. From one of these I had a perfect insect
emerge this morning, and as I find by Newman's British Moths that
they are not due until May, I thought it might be of interest to your
readers. — C. Newberv, 32, Annandale Road, East Greenwich.
March Srd, 1908.

• We believe that detailed desciiptiona of the ova of Melanippe unangulata
and Cidaria picata ore badly needed. — Ed.

W^ ARI ATION.

Recently described aberrations op British Species of
Lepidoptera, — Apropos of Mr. Raynor's uncertainty as to the form
of Abraxas ipossulariata described as eh. flavofasciata by Huene {antea,
p. 9) and his consequent unfortunate creation of a synonym, lacticolor
(lot: cit.), Mr. Tutt has requested me to give a brief note on Huene's
aberrations {Berl. Ent. Zeit., 1901, pp. 809-819) for the use of English
readers.

110 THE entomologist's RECORD.

CoLocABiA (De.mas) coryli ab, avellan^. — Uniform grey, the
nut-brown in the basal half entirely wanting. One <? . Esthonia.

Craniophora (Acronicta) ligustri ab. troni. — Ground-colour,
not brown, but rohite, with the normal black markings ; only the
parts of the ground-colour which in the type are of the most intense
brown are here marked with light grey. One example, Reval,
Esthonia. Engramelle (pi. ccxxv., fig. 320) is also cited, apparently
at second-hand, through Treitschke's reference ; probably fig. 320 /is
intended.

Plusia iNTERROGATioxis AB. FLAMMiFERA.— The sllver markings
confluent. Not infrequent.

Plusia chrysitis ab. aurea. — Clear golden, like auHfera, Hb., not
greenish-brotize. Not infrequent. [Is not this at least as likely to
be the Linnean type? Neither of the colour terms which Linn6
uses — " orichalceis," •' aurea" — give any hint of the greenish hue. —
L.B.P.j

LoMASPiLis AiARGiNATA AB. MEDioFAsciATA. — Clear white, with
black-grey fringes, but without any trace of a black-grey marginal
band on either wing ; the three dark blotches in central area united
to form a central band (narrow, except on costa). Figured at pi. vi.,
fig. 1. Taken at Lechts.

LOMASPILIS MARGINATA AB. STAPHYLEATA [cX ScOp., Ellt. Cam.'] .

The markings appear much as in the preceding, but the ground-
colour is not white, but tinged with yellow-grey, as if smoked ; the
markings indistinct. Figured at pi. vi., fig. 2. Also from Lechts.
[Huene's attempt to " rescue from oblivion " the name staphyleata of
Scopoli is not legitimate unless this aberration was Scopoli's form,
which I more than doubt. — L.B.P.]

Operophtheba (Cheimatobu) brumata AB. HYEMATA. — Basal patch
and central area dark, the lines being confluent so as to form dark
bands. The figure (pi. vi., fig. 3) shows an extreme development in
which these bands are so broadened as to cover practically the entire
inner portion of wing. [Is the name tenable ? I suspect Huene
culls it from Hufnagel or Borkhausen, though he omits to say so. —
L.B.P.]

BoAKMiA ciNCTARiA AI5. pAscuARiA [ex Esp.] . — Central area white.
Compare Esp., v., pi. xliii., fig. 3. Found in Esthonia with the type.
[Unless this is Brahm's form, the namfe pascuari-a cannot stand. It
is not even Esper's tijpe of his pascuaria.]

Chleuastes (Bupalus) piniaria ab. anomalarius. — The white
ground-colour (which is characteristic of the Esthonian and
Linnean type), irrorated with a dark dusting, and the dark
margins somewhat paler than normal. PI. vi., fig. 5, shows that
this results in a form in which the difi'erent parts of the wing are not
very far from concolorous. <J s Esthonia. [Is this = ab. nir/ricanus,
Backh., or is it less extreme ? — L.B.P.]

CiDARiA BicoLORATA AB. GUTTATA (pi. vi., fig. 7). — Central costal
blotch reduced to a mere spot around the discoidal. Esthonia, one
example.

XaNTHORHOE (CiDABIa) FLUCTUATA AB. SEMIFASCIATA (pi. VI., fig. 8).

This aberration = oosioi'af a, lia,w. = rimata, ^ow. = sempionaria, Ratz.
When will entomologists have supplied it with sufiScient names ? —
L.B.P.— L. B. Prout, F.E.S.. The Elms, 246, Richmond Road,
Dalston, N.E.

OURKENT NOTES. Ill

®^URRE NT NOTES.

Several records have appeared during the last few months in our
*' Notes on Collecting " of captured $ s of various species of lepidoptera
having given their captors batches of eggs. In many cases these have
been of species of which no useful description exists. It is high time
that lepidopterists who have been collecting for years should be able
to take the measurement of an egg, describe its mode of attachment,
shape, surface sculpture, the nature of the micropyle, its colour, and
the colour-changes that it undergoes. We are led to make this state-
ment because lepidopterists of long standing, and often with consider-
able leisure, frequently tell us, in answer to our requests for descriptions
of ova they have, that they cannot describe an egg, but will send us the
material for description. We have no doubt that every lepidopterist
who is a naturalist can describe an egg if he tries, and that " cannot "
in most cases should read " will not." There is any amount of work
to be done in this direction, and although Dr. Chapman, Dr. Eiding,
Mr. Bacot, and Mr. Dollman are always ready to describe such as may
be sent to them, we want more workers. Are there none of those
members of the South London Entomological Society who photograph
eggs so well, who can also describe them, or who will attempt the
task ? We shall be glad to advertise in our pages for material for
any lepidopterist who will publish his results.

The eleventh Annual Exhibition of the North London Natural
History Society was held on Saturday, February 21st, at Hackney
Downs. The attendance of members and friends was larger than last
year, the room being, at times, almost inconveniently crowded. The
exhibits were, perhaps, not so numerous as on some previous occasions,
but were evidently carefully selected, and, in many cases, of more than
usual interest. Among the lepidoptera, Mr. Pickett's aberrations of
Pohjommatus corrjdon and long variable bred series of Anyerona
prunaria, and Mr. Hamling's long bred series of melanic forms of
Gonodontis bidentata, were very fine. Mr. H. T. Payne exhibited the
only local example of Helotropha leucostigma at present recorded — taken
by himself in Clapton. Lectures, with lime-light illustrations, were
delivered during the evening by Mr. Otto Puck on "Bees and Bee-
keeping," and by Mr. C. G. Pike on " Pictures from Birdland," and,
judging from the crowded condition of the lecture room, were
thoroughly appreciated. An excellent programme of music, arranged
by Miss Nicholson, formed a pleasant feature in the evening's enter-
tainment.

Mr. Claude Morley, F.E.S., is about to publish, by subscription, a
work entitled The Ichneumons of Britain. The work is to be complete
in one volume, and the pace 21s.

At the meeting of the Entomological Society of London, held on
March Ith, 1903, Mr. A. J. Chitty exhibited specimens of Atomaria
rhenana, Kr., taken by him out of some food rubbish found near
Lancing, probably the same locality where the beetle was discovered
formerly by Dr. Sharp. He also exhibited a Ptinus, apparently new to
Britain, and probably introduced, found in a granary in Holborn in 1893.

At the same meeting, Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited species of lepidoptera
from British Guiana, forming a Miillerian association in which all but
one were day-flying moths, the exception being an Erycinid butterfly,
Esthemopsis secina. The moths, belonging to three families, included
Syntomidae : Agyrta micilia, and Eicagra coeUstina. Hypsidae : lostola

112 THE ENTOMOLOOIST's RECORD.

divisa. Qeometridae (?) ; Pseudarbessa decorata. It appears very evident
from the specimens, collected over eighteen months in exactly the same
place, that the Syntomidae, in being so numerous, have acted as the
types, toward which the other species have converged. The particular
interest of the exhibit consisted in the association being one of moths,
a butterfly being the exception, and not one of butterflies with perhaps
a single moth, which latter is so frequently the case in South America.
The butterfly most closely resembled Ayyrta mivilia, one of the
Syntu/nidae that is perhaps the most abundant of all the group.

:e^EYIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS-

Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist. — Part II. — By J.
W. Tutt,F.E.S. Price63.net. 144 pp., interleaved. Elliot Stock, 62,
Paternoster-row, E.G. — Encouraged by the very gratifying reception of
Part I of this work, which appeared in April, 1901, the author pub-
lished a second part last October. Those who are familiar with Mr.
Tutt's works on entomology will hardly need the assurance that
Part II is no whit inferior in point of interest to Part I. Both parts
contain ample hints for field work, arranged under the headings of
the different months, and so far they resemble one another ; but
Part II embodies also a vast store of information on collateral
subjects, among which may be mentioned the various departments and
systems of larva-rearing, the procuring and treatment of lepidopterous
eggs, the best modes of keeping underground pupse, sugaring in all
its various forms, sallowing, beating, assembling, and light. We may,
without fear of exaggeration, say that this work constitutes a store-
house of solid information. The ardent collector, experienced or in-
experienced, will find herein matter for continual cogitation, and cer-
tainly should emerge from the study of it a better and a wiser
entomologist. The winter months are, naturally, difficult to fill up,
but even under the heading of November and December, when days
are short and drear and chill, we find most useful instructions as to the
method of discovering the eggs of Thecla w-albmn, Zephyr ns tjaereus,
and Ptilophura plumiyera. Moreover, we are encouraged to continue
our sugaring well on into November, because (as we learn) (Jalo-
cam pa exoleta is sometimes abundant then, and other species,
such as Hoporina cruceayo, are by no means over. ^lost use-
ful also in a work of this kind are the exact dates given for find-
ing various insects, as for instance, the first week of April for larva
of (Jleora lichniaria, April 20th for the imago of Xylomiyes conspi-
inllaria, and July 15th for Thymeliais actatun. Then on page 22 we
learn that " food used will keep some time without changing, if the
ends of the stem be clipped off, a fresh surface exposed, and the water
in the gallipots changed." Again, on page 97 will be found a most
interesting account of the habits of the very local Lithosia vutscerda in
its native haunts on the Norfolk Broads, and on page 65 are similar
notes about Acidalia dilutaria [holosericata) in its very restricted habitat
on Clifton Down. Few, indeed, are the species to which this work
does not contain some reference, and we may safely say that not only
is no entomological library complete without it, but that no one who
is at all interested in the insects of his native country ought to go
through another collecting season without becoming the happy
possessor of this inestimable vade-mecum. — G.H.R.

loL.XV.

Pl. 5.

13.

12.

West Newman lilh.

Fnltmu ftecvrd. tic. J.903.

Or^yia aurolimbata.

ON ORGYIA AUROLIMBATA, GN., AT BEJARi 113

On Orgyia aiirolimbata, Gn., at Bejar {trlth jdates).

15y T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Last year (1901) I was fortunate enough to meet with Oriiijia ilithia
var. splcndidK and to observe its remarlvable habits, especially in the
matter of pairing and egg-laying. (See Eut, Record, vol. xiv., p. 41.)
This year (1902) no trace of U. spleudida was seen, but the not very
distantly related (>. aiiroliinhata was fairly common in the larval state,
and enabled me to make some observations on its structure and habits.
These seemed to me to be of great interest by comparison ^^■ith those
of (K spleudida, both in the points in which they were similar and in
those in which they ditiered.

The larvse were especially attached to broom, and were met with, I
think, on all the species we noticed of that genus, and, occasionally, on
some other plants, but more rarely, yet sufficiently often to lead me
to suppose that it is attached to broom, but is also in some degree
omnivorous. We met with it everywhere in the vicinity of Bejar
where broom grew, and also at Piedrahita, where, however, it was less
common, probably because most of them had then spun up, since it
was here (July 20th) that the only imago seen was met with. About
this time several of the cocoons I had, appeared to contain mature
females, but the only attempt at sembling that I made was fruitless.

I gave several opportunities of pairing to b'-ed specimens, but
always without result, probably because the female cocoons I had were
not at the right stage, and I only bred four or five females altogether,
the difficulties of rearing larvse when without proper facilities for so
doing being very great. I have a suspicion, however, that some of
these specimens did pair, and that, when the males were within the
female cocoons, I was unaware of their emergence, since the males
seemed more worn than their apparent dates of emergence warranted,
and some of the eggs seem fertile that otherwise should not have
been.

It was not till the day after my return home ('■/;., August 1st) that I
found a S moth emerged that at once paired when offered a ? cocoon.
His procedure was very different from that of the J (>. spleudida. In that
species, the male carefully examines all that part of the cocoon of the
female that is exposed until he finally settles down, with his head at
the emergence end of the cocoon ; here he rests quietly for some
minutes, whilst, no doubt, the female is making an opening in the
cocoon. He then enters through this opening. The <? of the insect we
are now considering made no such search, but seemed satisfied with
the first portion of the female cocoon that he came to, and at once
commenced actively to make an opening for himself, through which
he entered. This was at about 10 a.m., he was still Avithin the
cocoon late in the evening, but had emerged the following morning.

This cardinal difference of the opening in the female cocoon, being
made in the case of (>. sjdejidida by the female, and in the case of (>.
auniliiidiata by the male, is associated with several other differences
of habits and some corresponding ones of structure.

The first point that one observes is that the male was seen to tear
the opening in the cocoon by means of a very definite short-hooked
spine at the dorsal margin of the apex of the first tibia. Having, as
a fulcrum, the front of the head and antennal bases pressed against

May 15th, 1903.

Hi THE EnTojioLooist's KKCOkbi

the cocoon, he tore at the cocoon with these tibial hooks, with very
strenuous and active movements, shghtly shiftmg his position occa-
sionally so as to vary a little the threction of the tearing force. It
took hun about a minute and a half to ett'ect an entrance. On examin-
ing the male of <>. -ydintdida it is seen to have these tibial hooks very
well developed, raising at once a doubt as to the accuracy of my obser-
vations of that species, and suggesting that in it also the male eltects
the opening. The doubt is, of course, strengthened by the fact that I
observed the process in only one instance, and that the opening being
made by the female was not a matter of observation, but of inference
from her structure, and from the quiescence of the male, whilst the
opening was being effected. This doubt must remain till someone
makes further observations. 1 can only say that whilst these doubts
are raised by my observations on (). auroUmhata, they are also mini-
mised by the fact that, in 0. anrolinibata, the strenuous etibrts of the
male at his work of opening the cocoon are so abundantly obvious that
one cannot suppose similar efforts could be made by (>. splendida,
whilst appearing absolutely quiescent, especially as the cocoon of < >.
sjdi'ndida is a much stronger structure than that of O. auroUinbata.
The definite position in O. xplendida (at the emergence apex) of
this entrance, as compared with the indefinite one in O. aurvlihdmia,
also points to something being done from the inside.

\\'hat, then, is the use of the tibial processes in (>. sjdendlila if they
are not required for tearing the cocoon. In forcing himself through
the very small opening provided, the male of O. sjdcndida certainly
exerted himself most vigorously, and I was very much astonished
at the way in which he disappeared, nor did I at all understand how
he managed to push himself through against the resistance, that must
have been considerable, due to the wings having to be tightly folded to
the body. These tibial processes would obviously give him the hold
of the cocoon necessary for this.

The cocoon of (K atiroliiiihata is smaller than that of <>. xjde)idida,
more spherical, that is, the ends are much blunter and more rounded
than in that species ; it is also of a very decidedly flimsier structure,
so much so, that one sees the contents to some extent, whereas in (>.
srdi'ndida they could only be made out by being silhouetted against the
light.

It appears that, in both cases, the empty female pupa-case is
objectionable, either as likely to be troublesome to the male in finding
the way about during his visit, or as interfering with oviposition after-
wards, it is, therefore, got rid of in both cases, but in a very different
manner. In O. sjdotdida the female pupal skin is of the flimsiest
texture, and is broken up into small pieces, almost dust, by the
female when she emerges from it. This activity of the ? oi (>. sjdcii-
dida in tearing up her pupa-case goes to confirm my opinion that she
it is that tears open the end of the cocoon for the entrance of the
male. It is obvious that she is very handy with her strong claws. I
think I am right in pointing out that a doubt about my observations
on this species is suggested by the facts observed in (>. aiindiuduita, but
from an ordinary everyday aspect I may say I really have no doubt the
conclusion I drew from my observation was correct. In (K aiindiiuhata
the interior of the female cocoon is furnished by the larva when
constructing it with a longitudinal partition, separating it into two

ON ORGYIA AUROLlJlbATA, GN., AT BEJAU. Il5

chambers. Oue of these is occupied by the pupa, and when
the moth emerges she leaves this chamber containing the empty pupa-
case and enters the other, and so is separated by the diaphragm or
partition from the empty pupa-case, which is somewhat fragile, but
much more substantial than that of (K .yilnulida. The partition is
sufficiently yielding to make the side occupied by the pupa or moth, for
the time being, the larger of the two, but not so much so as to amount
to the absolute collapse of the other, though this condition is finally
nearly approached by that containing the empty pupa-case.

I made no observation as to the manner in which the female
moth leaves the pupal and enters the imaginal side of the cocoon.
She moves about apparently with some freedom within the cocoon,
but without rubbing off any of the wool with which she is plentifully
clothed, and which gives her a very nice comfortable, furry, sealskin
sort of aspect. This, however, comes oil" completely during oviposi-
tion, and leaves the moth a very wretched unclothed scrap. The eggs
remain all winter in the cocoon amongst this wool.

Orgyia aurolimbata. — Ovum : The eggs of this species, laid within
the cocoon, are very like those of (K sple)uli(la{ — yvhite porcelain appear-
ance) and are placed quite loosely amongst the wool with which the
cocoon is filled, and are rather flattened, especially on the basal side,
and at the approach of winter the eggs are still quite undeveloped.
They are, however, distinctly smaller than those of (K splonliila, c/:.,
l'37mm. wide by 1-lOmm. high. They compare thus with those of
O. splendida and (>. antiqua :

1

Wide.

High.

0. splendida.

l-7mm.

l-2mm.

0. aurolimbata.

l-37mm.

1-lOmm.

0. aniiqua.

0-8mni.

0-8mm.

Larva (description made in the field) : The larva of 'K aiindiin-
hatu varies much in size (as in other Orgyias as to 3 and ? ), up to
over an inch long. Jhnsal ricir — Lemon -yellow, more orange on the
first four abdominal (tufted) segments, with a broad dorsal black line on
2, 8, 4, 9, 10, 11 and 12, ending in a black tuft on latter segment.
Front lateral tufts on 2nd segment (prothorax) black. Eversible glands
on 10 and 11 yellow. The tubercles on 5, G, 7 and y, which are
fully tufted in the last skin, are well-haired in the penultimate one.
On these four segments, tubercle i is then small, transverse, ii is much
larger, pear-shaped, with the small end dorsal, the larger end outwards
and the anterior margin being curved, i lies in the hollow and the broad
end of ii reaches round so as to be extei'nal to it. On 9 and 10 tubercle i is
a mere dot, and ii a small oval patch behind it. Lateral ricir —Tubercles
iii and iv yellow, well-haired, iii the larger, iii in a much interrupted, iv
in a nearly continuous, yellow line, the rest of area black, h&li way up
to ii. Head black, tufts on 2 and 12 black, on 5, 6. 7 and 8 yellow,
orange or deep brown, other hairs whitish. Legs and prolegs orange,
underside orange-yellow% a posterior tuft on 18.

Pupa: The J pupa has a length of 10mm. -11mm. ; general outline
similar to that of other Orgyias {antiiina, etc.). It is of a deep brown

ll() THE KXtOJIOLOGlST's RECOKic..

colour, bat withal very transparent, dorsally more delicate, and, there-
fore, paler in tint. The wings and appendages are very smooth and
polished, and absolutely free from hairs, etc., the ventral aspect of the
abdomen is also polished and almost as hairless as the appendages,
but the whole dorsum is clothed somewhat densely with long pale
hairs. These look even denser than they really are by having entangled
amongst them a good share of larval hairs. The thickness of the pupa
is about 3-omm., and the length of the hairs is 1-Omm. to l-5mm.
They stand up erect on the thorax, but on the abdomen slope back-
wards, their distribution is somewhat equal, i.e., they are not collected
into tufts, etc. in any way. The anal spike, penlike in shape, is
0.9mm. long, smooth and polished ; towards the tip are, dorsally, half-
a-dozen minute pale brown hairs or spines and terminally a score of
rather longer curved hairs spread out somewhat like a fan. The
mouthparts present a labrum and two mandibles (?) as tliin lappets, and
below these a small rounded protuberance with a central suture, the
labium, and on either side of this, and rather behind than in front of
it, two rather smaller processes (the maxilhe). The antennjeare very
large and cover all the second legs except the tarsi ; the bases of the
1st legsare largely exposed owing to the comparative minuteness of the
maxilhe.

The female pupa is not very dissimilar in size and outline to the
others of the genus. The length is about 14mm. to 15mm. The
width at each abdominal segment is —

1st -ind ;Ji(l 4th oth 8th End of spike.

3'oiiim. 4-5uun. o-iJnim. 5'3mm. 5-Oiinii. •2*5nini.

The distance of these from anterior extremity is —

l-5min. 3'Omm. 5-Oiaiii. G-5nim. S-ymm. 13'0inni. lo-Oinni.
It tapers regularly from the 5th abdominal segment. Ventrally,
the appendages just reach so as to touch the Brd abdominal segment,
o'Smm. from anterior extremity. The movable segments are the 5th
and Gth abdominal as in all other obtect pupa\ It may be noted that
the exposed ventral aspect of the 8rd and 4th abdominals, which is
covered in most pupa', is paler and more delicate than any other
part of the pupa and has not yet completely trained itself to be an
exposed portion of the pupa. On these and the two following segments
faint cicatrices of prolegs exist. The anal spike is almost exactly the
same as that of the 3 • The dorsum (lst-4th abdominal) shows the
sites of the Inrushes by paler, depressed, and less polished areas. The
whole dorsum carries pale hairs about 2nim. long, less dense than in the
3 pupa, apparently because spread over a larger area (from size of
pupa), and not from being fewer. They are erect on the forward seg-
ments, dellexed on the latter ; there are some shorter ones below the
spiracles. The whole surface is shining and polished, the spiracles
hardly marked as slightly darker pits. The head has a central
pronDuence, below which is the rounded labrum somewhat
prominent, with a delinite projection at either side (mandible '?),
below this is the labium, prominent and bilobed, but very short ;
the maxilla? are also very short, shorter than the labium, as small
triangles on either side of it ; the antennae are broad and short,
reaching half-way to end of the appendages, their tips slightly
overlaying the wings. There is a large triangle below the labium,
presenting the basal portions of 1st leg ; the 1st and 2nd legs are well

ON ORGYTA AT'ROLT:\rriATA, GN., AT RK.TAR. 117

exposed, the wini^s extend to about the end of 2nd leg, and beyond them
is the tarsus of the 8rd leg. The wing has some breadth, and the hind-
wing is represented by a small angular portion that dips under the front
Avingj and, being so hidden, might be as well developed as the forewing.
Imago : The 3' moth appears to be very close to, if not identical
with, Dr. Staudinger's var. (/iiadarraijiensis. The colour is a very
black-brown, with a little ochreous shading at the base of forewing, and
the cilia of forewing, not certainly golden, but dark reddish-brown ;
there is faintly indicated in some specimens a darker central fascia,
a darker disco-cellular shade, and a few of the nervures darkly
outlined.

The 2 of < ).anridniihata\^ about the size of that of (K antiijua, but is
more cylindrical, /.('., of about the same size for the greater part of her
length, with the ends more truncated. The colour is rather yellower
than that of O. antiijua, but she is especially covered with a thick coat of
very glossy, silky, wavy hairs, that I have already referred to as making
her look as if clothed in a very comfortable coat of sealskin. Unlike the J
oio.aplf'ndiila, the head is free and carries very definite antennjB and labial
palpi. The head is brown, l-27mm. across and about 1-Omra. vertically.
There appears to be nothing recognisable as eyes. The antennae are
short, thick, batons •27mm. long and -OOmm. wide, thicker at the base.
They consist of one piece only, but this is evidently a large number of
joints anchylosed together, the first large urceolate joint and the second,
similar but smaller, are, perhaps, not always quite united to the others,
though the second is sometimes so firmly united to them that any line
between them is difficult to distinguish, it inay even be so fused to the
flagellum, that the antennse consist apparently of only the one basal
joint and the flagellum. The flagellum is only one piece, but with
a series of incisions that shows it to consist of from 16 to 20
joints fused together. The labial palpi are comparatively lai'ge and
conspicuous, consisting each of two nearly globular joints about -llmm.
in diameter, no third joint can be found, on either side is a small angular
projection, which is probably the maxilla. On one specimen is a double
antenna-like projection -Svam. long in the eye region. This seems to
be one of those monstrosities to which dwindling structures are liable.
The legs are about 3-Omm. long (if straightened out). The tibis
and alfthe joints of the tarsus are anchylosed into one straight piece.
In all cases the tibio-tarsal articulation is obvious, the end of the tibia
being marked by a spine and two spurs, the line of articulation of the
spurs being obvious though they appear to be anchylosed. In one or two
cases this tibio-tarsal joi'nt seems to be not completely solid, at any
rate fracture and disarticulation occur easily here in some specimens.
In most cases, or at any rate where the specimen is not carefully pre-
pared as a transparent object, the tarsus seems to be all one piece. In
reality it is five joints fused together, as marked sometimes by Ihies of
union and by the distribution of the spines, which mark five marginal
rows, or places where the spines are stronger. The claws are curious,
and they are not very strong. Their curvature takes place almost
entirely 'by a bend of about 90" at their middle, and half way from
this to the apex they make a slight curve or bend in the opposite
direction producing a peculiar and useless- looking aspect.
The forewing is a rounded bag-like lappet 0-Hmm. long and
0'-l2mm. wide, with a few hairs over its surface. The hindwing has

118

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

nearly as wide an attachment {i.e., 0-3mm.) to the body, but is only
about O'Bmm. long, and is not always easy to find (even if it always
exists). One specimen has very remarkable wings, illustrating the
variability of obsolete structures. The two wings are respectively 1 -iimm.
and l-5mm. by 0-3mm. wide, ending in one case with a tubular look-
ing process at one side, on the other in an irregular spathula-like
expansion. The ovipositor presents two oval plates each about 1-Omm.
broad, by 0'5mni. long, which form the opening. Each of these plates is
clothed with fine hairs, which also form a marginal row, and has a
dark (highly chitinised) rod attached to its anterior margin towards
the outer angle, and about 0-6mm. long. The next segment forms a
more complete circle, but is less solid, and has two very short (•14mm.)
rods towards its lateral aspect. The spiracles are slits about 0-12mm.
long, with double chitinous margins along the whole of one side and
one half of the other (posterior). From the end of the latter, i.e.,
about middle of hind margin, a rod, apparently double (•14mm. in
length), dips down apparently along the side of the tracheal tube.

One 2 cocoon of < >. aiiroliinbata when opened showed a cocoon of
an ichneumon withm it, a dense oval, ribbed cocoon of whitish silk,
with longitudinal darker flutings. One compartment of the (K aiirn-
liiitbata cocoon was quite empty and flattened, the other contained a
larval-skin of Dn/i/ia, a pupal-skin of (>rii;jia, a small shrivelled ? of
Ofiiijia denuded of wool and containing eggs (perhaps a dozen), and
the ichneumon cocoon, which was well coated with and entangled
amongst the loose wool of the moth. The cocoon looked as if made
first and mixed up in the hairs afterwards. If this be correct, then
the ichneumon larva emerged from the pupa, and the moth, neverthe-
less, emerged afterwards. As against this, the ichneumon cocoon was
loosely, if at all, attached to the cocoon of the moth, as one would
expect it to be if it emerged from the pupa. In that case it must
have emerged from the moth. In any case, the ichneumon and the
moth both came from the same larva, and the moth, though contain-
ing few eggs and (not being fertilised) laying none, was nevertheless
energetic enough to denude herself of all her clothin".

Fi<i.
1.

2,3,4,

5,6.

Fig.
12.

13.

14.

14((.

lo.
10.

Explanation of Plate IV.
Fig.

Head of Orgyia aurolimhata, ? , 7, 8.
X 23, showing anchylosed
joints of antennte, labial palpi,
minute maxilhe, remarkable
process (teratological) on one | 9, 10.
side.
1st, 2nd, and 3rd legs of ? x 14,
showing tibias and 5 tarsal
joints just distinguishable, but 11.
all anchylosed into one mass.

Forewing and hindwine x 14.

Two curious malformations (tera-
tological) of forewings of one
specimen x 14. [These figures
are inverted.]

Two specimens of last two ab-
dominal segments (8th and 9th)
flattened out, showing rods,
etc., x 13. [Also inverted.]

Spiracles of 1st, and three other
abdominal segments, x 60.

Explanation of Platk V.
Fig.

Lateral view of anterior end of

? pupa X 5.
Ventral view of same x 7.
Anal armature of ? pupa x 13.
Enlarged hook from same to show

curvature of end.
Face of cT pupa x 7.
Anal armature of c? pupa x 13.

17.

18.
19.
•JO.
21.

(/, /;, c, Eelative height and width
of eggs of Orgyia spleiuUda,
O. (luroliiiibata, and O. antiijua
x20.

1st leg of ? O. splendichi x 24.

Claw of same X. 5.5.

1st leg of cT O. aplendida x 13.

1st leg of J 0. aurolimbata x 13.

THE HABITS OF THESTOR BALLT'S, 119

The habits of Thestor ballus, with some notes on its oviposition

and egg.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Every lepidoptei-ist who comes to Hyeres is keen on obtaining
T/iestor halliis. This little species, so abundant in north-western
Africa, and so limited in its distribution in Europe, occurs quite
commonly in the Hyeres district, and may be obtained almost anywhere,
wherever its foodplant, the somewhat local Lotus hixjiidns, grows. Its
marked sexual dimorphism singles it out at once as a striking little
species, the 3" reminds one, in its coloration, rather of ('aIlo{)/n>/s riibi,
and the 5 of ('hrijsojilianni^ iihlaeas, though it is without the character-
istic black marks on the coppery ground colour of the upperside, whilst
on the underside this similarity is still more marked, for the forewings
of both sexes show the small black quadrate markings that distinguish
the latter species very distinctly, and the hindwings the metallic green
and tiny white spots that one is accustomed to in (J. nibi. It is true
that these resemblances are only of the most general character, and
that the upperside of <? 2\ baling is of a duller brow'n, whilst, on the
underside of the hindwings, a distinct marginal band of purple, not
only gives a very distinct appearance to the species, but even suggests
to one, until one thoroughly knows the species, that the best of
specimens are somewhat w^orn. The small marginal coppery blotches
at the anal angle of the hindwings on the upperside, also tend to
suggest to one certain " hairstreak " affinities. T. balhtx is, however,
a much more heavily built insect and one is puzzled as to its
affinity, for its life-history is, to the scientific worker, still almost
a sealed book, and, although the species has been more than once bred
by the resident collectors at Hyeres, we are still in the dark as to a
detailed account of the es^g, the newly-hatched larva, the larva in its
successive stadia, and its pupa, all of which must be utilised to make
quite sure of its correct relationship with the rest of the PaUearctic
fauna. Dissection of a 2 shows Avell-developed minute full-coloured
green eggs, almost spherical in shape, with little surface marking to be
detected "by the aid of a pocket lens, i.e., an e»Q very different from
those of the typical Lycaniids, still, an egg laid in nature may be much
more spined and marked than an egg, comparatively soft, taken
from the female's body, but it is not so much the puzzling items of the
affinities of T. hallic^ as its habits that have interested me during the
last few days.

Arriving at Hyeres on the morning of ^larch 2.Sth, a fine, hot,
sunny day, I started out for a look round, and, having stupidly
forgotten to bring any copies of the various magazines in which notes
relating to the lepidoptera of the district occurred, and letters that one
or two friends had sent me, I had to view the land from the standpoint
of its being to me, lepidopterologically, a toia imrxinita. Nor was my
chagrin lessened by the fact that I had forgotten Mr. Eaine's address, and
it w'as not until the day I left Hyeres that I made the acquamtance of
Mr. Powell, an entomologist who, one may safely prophesy, will
do great things one day in working out the life-histories of the local
butterflies. As a result, instead of going up to the renowned
Costebelle quarries and spying out the land, I went off up the
Toulon road for a mile or so, turned up a footpath to some

120 THE entomologist's record.

cottages, followed it up into an overgrown olive garden, passing
on the way a piece of hillside bare and stony at the top, but planted
with vines and roses below, whilst between the rows of vines and roses,
small luxuriant patches of cultivated Jjtttis flourished, thinning out
into starved and ill-grown plants towards the top of the slope, whilst
quite on the top of the slope L. In'xiiitltis occurred as a weed. Here I
first found Tlifstor halliis, flying over the more barren parts, dashing
with the agility of Xisaiiiailcs tai/fs from one point to another, and
settling low down on the plants, and, when covered with the net, falling
to the ground, drawing in the legs, shamming death, or rapidly jerking
along on the ground with the wings drawn close together, and making
the process of boxing long and tedious, so that one soon learned that it
was better to sweep them into the net, than to cover them, and, on the
more luxuriant growth of cultivated Lotus, which they seemed to prefer
to their natural pabulum, this was not at all a difficult matter.
When one was startled, however, it went off for a few yards at a
great pace, and then, darting quickly backwards and forwards, showed
one only its underside, so that, against a green background, it was most
difficult to follow with the eye, and specimens were thus often lost
quite quickly. In this locality one got the idea that the insect was a
mixture of a skipper and of a rapidly-flying Lyciienid in its habits, and
worked for it accordingly. The female, on the other hand, exhibited none
of the rapid dodging movements of the male. As soon as it was disturbed
its bright coppery upperside made it conspicuous, and its heavier build
and generally more definite flight rendered it easy to follow, but it flew
up the slopes briskly enough and sometinaes wanted a lot of following
up hill before it could be taken. On the whole, in this sex, one thought
one had a sort of glorified Cliri/sop/iantis pldaeaa with which to deal,
but without so marked an ability to dodge about rapidly as has
the latter species, and, as a result, one missed few that one really
intended to capture. Down on the ground, however, tbe $ was even
more difficult to deal with than the <? , and the short spasmodic jerks
in which it continuously indulged, often allowed it to escape unexpect-
edly under the rim of the net and to get away before one could get
ready to fetch it down by a straight stroke ahead, as it connnenced, as
it almost always did, an ascent up the slopes. I did not observe a
single ? in the act of oviposition either on this or the following day,
although the weather appeared to be perfect. It may here be observed
that, when settling, the insect drops quickly, draws up its wings,
exposing only the green underside, there is at this time no flapping
of the wings nor showing of the upperside thereof.

On March 30th, I went to Carqueiranne, walked up behind the
church and away up the road over the hills, a tramp so often described
by lepidopterists, in whom the fresh air of the ]\Iediterranean,
laden with the delicate aromas of the delightfully scented plants, has
breathed anew the breath of life, health and eagerness, and raised once
again the desire to live. Here, again, I met Thestor balhts, I will not
say abundantly, for this year, I understand, has been remarkable, inas-
much as an exceedingly early spring has been followed by an almost
continuous drought which is said to have delayed both vegetation and
the further appearance of the spring insects. Still I found the species in
considerable numbers, the $ flying by the side of the ro£idway, settling
on the bushes, and luring one mto the belief that they were only

THE HABITS OF THESTOR BATXUS. 121

Calhijihrijn rilhi after all. They darted about in the same headlon^};
way, threw up their green undersides and became visible and invisible
at will, and escaped the net so frequently that one is almost inclined to
aver that they were here almost difficult to catch. This was especially
the case on the little rough blackthorn-covered waste that one finds in
the very earliest part of the journey, but, on the partially cleared slopes
opposite, the females were busy, apparently ovipositing, though I could
not find eggs, flying hither and thither, and had it not been that the
men who were mining on the slope occasionally blew up masses of rock
that fell about in a rather dangerous manner, one might have made a bag ;
but, further on, the species occurred on the rough patches between the
cultivated plots, almost the only remnants now of the ground that
years ago made this part of the Carqueiranne district famous in the
annals of lepidopterology. Still, all the way along, one found the
species here and there haunting the bushes, although, in a disused
quarry, it was dodging about Lyctt'nid-like on the herbage near the
ground, and falling an easy prey. What sort of a bag one could have
made I am not prepared to say, but I carried only a very small number
of boxes, and these were all filled long before noon, when I gave my
attention to other matters almost equally interesting.

My last attack on Tht'stor ballus was on April 2nd. A dull morning
led me to the Costebelle quarries for a walk, the weather brightening but
little as I went along. I turned up the little road that leads to the
Mont des Oiseaux, past the famous quarries. The latter, no doubt owing
to the want of sun, drew blank, but, by the roadside, an occasional
example flew later in the gleams of sunshine with which alone we
were favoured, and, had it not been that I knew how necessary sun
is for the species, I should have said that the reputation of the quarries
was not altogether deserved. However, a spell of sunshine that lasted
some twenty minutes showed me that the species, having apparently
temporarily deserted its usual haunts, was rather numerous on a field
of peas in full blossom. Both sexes were there, flying apparently
about the blossoms ; but whether simply to feed or whether the peas
were considered suitable for eggiaying, which I very much doubt, I do
not know. At any rate the Thestor ballus in the pea field were the last
living specimens I saw in nature of this most interesting local little
species.

On my visit to the Costebelle quarries I was fortunate in meeting
Mr. St. Quentin, a Yorkshire lepidopterist, with considerable know-
ledge of the Riviera butterflies, and, in a conversation later in the
afternoon, in the shop of Mr. Powell, he informed me that he had, at
Costebelle, marked two plants of Lotus liisiiidus, on which, a day or
two before, he had, he was sure, observed a 2 T. ballus ovipositing, and,
on my stating that a description of the agg was at present a great
desideratum, he kindly volunteered to examine the plants, and, if
successful in finding the eggs, to bring them to Hyeres. Accordingly
next afternoon he met me at Mr. Powell's with the plants carefully
potted, and it says as mnch for the skill with which the female hides
her eggs, as for the acumen of Mr. St. Quentin in detecting them, when
I state that, although the position of the leaves on which the eggs
were placed was marked by small pieces of stick, it took me some
minutes to find them. Mr. Powell was good enough to lend me his

122 THE entomologist's record.

microscope, and, having mounted one of the eggs temporarily, we were
able to make the following description : —

Full green in colour ; diameter -Ymm., height -SSmm. ; circular in outline and
depressed (or flattened) centrally. In a lateral view the egg is oval in outline ;
surface shiny, with a very sti'ong, raised, irregular polygonal (4-, 5-, and 0-sided)
reticulation, the mesh fairly large, and the sides of the polygons not very straight;
at each point of the mesh is a blunt knob (possibly representing the better-developed
spines of the highly-specialised eggs of some of the Lycsenids), these knobs have
a transparent, glassy appearance. Seen edgewise, the central area of the upper part of
the egg, gives a suggestion of a slight depression, or rather flattening. From above
one sees a distinct hollow — the micropylar depression — but the structure of the
micropyle is not to be distinguished without proper mounting.

The eggs were laid in each case on the upperside of leaves,
near the middle of the plant, that had only just commenced to unfold,
and were almost buried in the long hairs with which the leaves are
covered. After description they were forwarded to Mr. Tonge, who has
obtained a photograph of them, and this, with other eggs, we hope
to reproduce later in the year for the benefit of our readers.

The story of Acidalia contiguarla."

By EDMUND CAPPEE, M.D.

It is not because of any scientific entomological knowledge that I
possess that I have agreed to read this paper before the Lancashire
and Cheshire Entomological Society, but, at the same time, I do feel
that I stand in the position of one who can confidently claim to have
taken more specimens of Acidalia co)tti;/iiaria, in its native wilds, in
North Wales, than any other individual, and,' for this reason, I venture
to present this somewhat gossipy paper to you, as, owing to my never
having kept a diary, my remarks on the species must naturally be
somewhat rambling. In T/ie EjitiDtiolof/ist, 1878, pp. 241-242, there
occur two or three paragraphs, contributed by my father, the venerable
president of this Society, which, in a few brief words, summarise his
experience in relation to Acidalia conti;/iiaria for the four years
preceding the date of publication, I may just recapitulate the history
of the insect up to that time. The first specimen appears to have been
taken in these Islands, in 185-5, by Richard Weaver, and the capture
was recorded in the Kntoiiiolofiisfs Annual for 1856, under the name
of Dosithca ehurnata, though Mr. Stainton suggested at the time its
correct name. In the following year another specimen was taken near
Conway, and yet another near Bangor, in 18G0. About the year 1862,
Mr. Greening, of Warrington, secured one, or possibly a pair, and, being
successful in rearing the insect, it was for some time erroneously
spoken of as "Greening's Pug." It is of some interest to note that all
his specimens were of a somewhat dark type, at all events considerably
more so than most of the insects we have discovered in the native state,
and, as far as I remember, there was a tendency in our own specimens,
afterwards bred by the hundred, to gradually darken, but in this I
am open to correction by my father. Greening managed to continue
the breed up to the time when j\Ir. Capper, as mentioned in the
summary referred to, turned it up again near Llanfairfechan in the
summer of 1874, and, after a time, " Greening's Pug " developed into

* Abridged from Paper read before the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological
Society. March 18th, i'JOiJ.

THE STORY OF ACIPALTA COXTiaUARTA. 123

" Capper's Acidalia." One evening, daring that summer, whilst over-
hauling the captures of the day, a specimen was discovered in one of
the boxes. Diligent search rewarded us with a few more specimens,
and the next year, while stopping at Penm;pnmawr, we succeeded in
securing a few dozen. JUp to this time, although we obtained many eggs,
which were distributed among friends, no one was successful in rearing
the larva' of the re-discovered insect, and it was not until 1877 that my
father and Mr. Sidebotham both attained this fortunate end. After
this our summer holiday was generally spent in North Wales, either at
Llanfairfechan, Penmienmawr, or Llandudno, all within easy
access of the special haunts of the species, which we gradually localised
with much greater accuracy. From these centres some of our number
made the excursion almost daily, and, as our experience grew, we
seldom returned with empty hands. In these earlier days of conti-
//;/rtr/rt-hunting, I regret to have to confess that we were some-
what stimulated and kept up to the mark by more than the love
of collecting alone, for a reward of twopence per insect was for long
our own local market price. Later on I am relieved to be able to
state that I was seized with unbounded enthusiasm for the quest itself,
and many were the happy days I spent upon the hills, till almost every
rock became familiar, and days absolutely blank were rare indeed.
Strangely enough one blank day (or a day almost blank — I cannot be
absolutely certain at this distant date) did occur under singular
circumstances, so amusing as to be quite worth recording. A well-
known local entomologist — probably one of the best known — who has
now long gone to his rest, came over by invitation for a day or two
on one occasion while Ave were quartered at Peniuffinmawr. I have
not the least doubt that he came fully prepared in the strength of his
unquestionably great experience, to show us how Acidalia continuaria
could be taken by the myriad, and to demonstrate the comparative
futility of our presumably amateurish methods. Most carefully we
took him over the ground and most conscientiously introduced him
to the scenes of our greatest successes, but all in vain, and with what
reflections in regard to us he returned home must remain for ever in
the land of conjecture. Possibly he imagined that we had extended
tactics, proverbially only permissible in love and war, to entomology —
tactics, which I regret to say, were sometimes ascribed to him ; but " de
mortuis nil nisi bonum " — and, at all events, he was a great naturalist —
so " requiescat in pace." Our intentions were certainly honest and
we were absolutely guileless, but such is sometimes the luck of the
collector.

Of course when we had once the breed in full swing annual
excursions became no longer necessary, and a visit to the hunting-
ground was only required when the stock depreciated, or when our whole
brood died out, as it sometimes did. On these occasions it generally
fell to my lot to be the fortunate deputy for the importation of new
specimens, and it was my experience upon these many expeditions
that gives me my small title to address you on this subject this
evening ; for though 1 never went for longer than from Saturday
evening to Monday morning, not on any single occasion did I fail in
attaining the object in view; a success which may be achieved by any
who go at the right time and who know where to look. From July
8th to the 18th is exactly the right time for the species, and I well

124 THE EXTOMOLOGIi=!T's RECORD.

remember on one occasion, travelling with my younger brother to
Llanfairfechan and then on to Penm:enmawr, along that wonderful
road with the sea shimmering in the sunlight on the left and the
glorious mountain towering on our right. Those of you who know
the road will recollect that at one part it is actually hewn out of the
solid rock. Entomologists pass not these rocks lightly and unheeding
— they are deserving of your closest attention — for, in the crevices in
little rocks sheltered from the wind, the little delicately pencilled
insect is sitting with outstretched wings merely awaiting capture.
Not that this is the best or surest spot by any manner of means ;
nevertheless, these rocks are the scene of some of our earliest successes,
and though, for some reason, they are not as good as they used to be
years ago, nevertheless a careful search will generally be rewarded
with at least one specimen, and if one, in all probability two, for they
are a knightly race, and where the female is you may depend the male
is not very far away, in fact, a pair of beauties very frequently greets
the delighted eye at one and the same moment. To us these rocks
have also other interests, for one of my brothers, in blind enthusiasm,
clambered one day so far up the hurtling precipice, that we despaired
of ever getting him down again, and fancied that we should have to
leave him, a monument for ever on the mountain-side, and a petrified
warning to imprudent collectors. But more memorable are they still
for the disastrous accident to my father, which occurred just above, and
so unfortunately lamed him for life. These little insects are responsible
for a great deal, but, after all, we must recollect that if they did bring him
woe they likewise gave him a solace and joy which only the true naturalist
can know. One other point about these particular rocks. In the old
days when we used to stop at Penm;enmawr, we used to attend the
Congregational Church just about a quarter of a mile from this most
. interestnig part of the road. What more natural than that we should
extend our walk after service along this road, or that our gaze should
be occasionally turned upon the noble crags that abutted upon it '?
And thus the quiet Sabbath had its revenge, a cruel and malicious one
it seemed ! For the experienced eye had a special knack on Sundays
of spotting a coveted specimen just about six feet out of reach, and
then there was no hope left except to disturb its sacred and holy calm
by volleys of gravel or other handy ammunition. Fancy those peace-
ful and eminently respectable Welsh churchgoers on their homeward
way, scandalised by the somewhat unwonted spectacle of four or five
apparently intelligent individuals intensely absorbed in pelting the
face of the frowning rock, with drbris that seemed merely to fall back
upon their immaculate Sunday toilets. And then, when at last the
insect, always lethargic under anything like ordinary circumstances,
was persuaded that something unusual had come to pass, it would
spread its wings, and it was just about 100 to 1 that a gust of wind
would come to its aid and waft it away to some most inaccessible spot.
Somehow or other this always happened on Sunday. Moral : If you
must admire the rocky scenery on the Sabbath, do not let your eye
glide over parts out of reach, for it only leads to sorrow and tribulation
and to language weird and unholy. I hinted at digressions — this
is rather a long one, and to detail the circumstances of this excursion
further, except to state that we settled down at the Mountain View
Hotel, and that this became afterwards the centre of many excursions

THK STORY OF ACIDALIA COXTldL'AlUA.

1^5

after Acidulia cuiitii/uaria in the years that followed, were outside the
scope of this paper. The inn stands upon the main road to Conway,
just at the point where the turning which leads directly to the Sychnant
Pass branches off' the old road, a little longer, but far more pic-
turesque, which is a delightful way of old roads. Follow the Sychnant
Pass road for a short distance, and then turn to the right along a
charming lane and you are on the direct path to Moel Llys or Bilberry
Hill. This little hill, heather-clad from base to summit, and looking
like the tumulus that covers the resting-place of some sleeping Titan,
is undoubtedly the home of Aciilalia contii/iiaria. Odd specimens may
stray away from here, and captures have been recorded, as we have
seen, as far away as Bangor and Conway, but the extraordinary
localisation of this species is one of the most interesting features in
its history. Some years ago, during a dry summer, the heather in some
way became ignited, and the fire rapidly spreading burnt for many weeks,
a brilliant spectacle at night, and much of the mountain was blackened
and laid bare. For several seasons after this the insect was extremely
scarce, and doubtless thousands were destroyed. The lane I have
mentioned leads up to a gate, passing through which you find yourself
on the mountain-side. Still continue your course along the green
marshy sward ahead for about 400 yards, then turn sharp to the left,
taking a diagonal direction towards the summit. Small patches of
rock now break out from the luxuriant growth of the mountain-side at
irregular intervals. Search these well, for here you will find Acidalia
crnttii/iiaiia. And what more natural '? The rocks grey and covered
with lichen nestle among the heather, which thickly surrounds them,
and overhangs them above in glorious clumps. The insect is very lethargic
in its habits. The hpather is the food of the larva^ in their native state.
Without doubt the perfect insect, emerging from the chrysalis,
languidly flutters down from the overgrowth, and settles, both males
and females, upon the first convenient flat surface of rock, and
there its destiny is fulfilled. As they sit they need little persuasion to
coax them into your pill-box, and they very seldom give any sign of
activity unless the breeze be fresh, in which case they may very easily be
caught up and wafted away. Only be very careful lest they fall into
the thick tangle at the foot of the rocks, for then the difficulty in
tracing them among the tough and matted stalks may prove insuper-
able. You are now on the enchanted ground. All down the noi'therly
side of the mountain the thick clusters of heather brush the middle of
the thigh and the bilberries grow in the wildest profusion, the fresh
breeze blows in from the sea, the magnificent panorama of the Conway
Valley stretches out before you, the brilliant greens and purples of the
mountains around fade imperceptibly away into the misty blueness
of the distance, the shimmering heat waves dance in the dazzling
sunlight, the azure canopy above, flecked with fleecy clouds, completes
the ravishing picture ; and as for you, if you still retain a vestige of
your youth, and that is quite possible far into the eighties (if you are
an entomologist) you fairly shout aloud fur the very joy of living. As
you pass down the mountain-side the rocks are found in larger and
bolder groups, until at last they rise in huge and towering crags.
These are worth searching, but too much time should not
be expended upon them if your sole object in life is A. rnntiiju-
aria. Down below, just before you pass again on to the Sychnant Pass

126

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECOKD.

road, there is a group which is practically never failing. 1 have laid
emphasis upon the fact that the insect is local ; here then is the very
nucleus of its habitation. At this spot one or two insects are a
certainty, or as much a certainty as may ever be counted on by a
collector. If you doubt me, come with me next July, and I will take
it upon myself to guarantee that you will not return empty-handed.

I have confined my remarks up to the T^vesent to A. cu)itii/i(aria, hwt
now, just a word upon some other insects which are found upon these
famous crags. Upon approaching the rocks, disturbed by the sound,
numerous insects are seen to start up and disappear. If you take the
trouble to track them down they will usually be found to be either Larentia
ccti'siata or L. diili/iiiata, both of which species, especially the latter,
are constantly present. Next in order of profusion, but always quietly
settled, comes Knpitlwcia nanata, generally lovely specimens, evidently
but recently from the chrysalis, whilst Eupitheda pulchellata, Halia
tcacaria, Acidalia scutnlata, and even Larentia jiectinitaria, in spite of its
size, are interesting to mention, since all of these were constantly
pointed out to us in wildest excitement by the many friends, male
and female, whom we turned into keen collectors, at least for a limited
interval. Their lack of discrimination can, of course, be easily
understood — one species probably looked much the same as another ;
but what are to say of one member of our own family, who in kindness
shall be nameless, and, who, being left upon the spot at the appointed
time, dreamed away a few delicious days upon the hills, forwarding from
thence glownig accounts of his captures to his delighted parent at home,
and returned triumphant with a score or two of splendid specimens,
most of which, however, by some remarkable process, metamorphosed
themselves upon the journey into Kujiit/wcia nanata. AnaitU jdatiiata
is not uncommon, darting from the rocks in characteristic flight ; a
number of species such as Acidalia binetata and Buarniia i/fniinaria [rhoni-
boidaria) became familiar even to our uneducated eye ; while as for Scopa-
ria aiiibit/iialis, [thec&\ne known to us, in our not very scientific language,
as " the beast." Perhaps the reason for this was that we had to be
very careful to distinguish it from a much rarer Pyralid, namely,
Scoparia iiierciinila, one or two specimens of which we were fortunate
enough to secure. Mention must certainly also be made of Knjiithtria
vonstriftata, which occurs somewhat freely, but they were generally in
rather battered condition, as I suppose the season was for them rather
late. One other little friend, whose ac(iuaintance I remember I first
made at Silverdale, must not be altogether overlooked, namely,
Niidaria nmndana, with its tricky little way of tumbling down into the
undergrowth on the slightest provocation. In addition to the above
we not infrequently disturbed a sleepy member of the Noctuids re-
posing peacefully after his midnight dissipations.

With regard to the flight of Acidalia coitii/Karia, in spite of our
somewhat extensive experience of the insect, we are unable to speak
with authority. Like most Acidalias they might reasonably be expected
to fly at dusk, and, at this time, we have netted an odd specimen or two,
but, though we have been out on the hills at most daylight hours
during the twenty-four (excepting perhaps early dawn), we have never
discovered a time when they can be taken freely on the wing, even in
the exact locality where they are known to abound. I have remarked
on the somewhat torpid condition of the sitting insect ; even when

THK STOUV OF ACIDALIA CONTlorAKlA. 127

they are aroused into activity the flight is exceedingly languid and
lazy. It very much resembles the hovering flight of the Crambids,
and many of these have I netted in the possible hope that they might
turn out the real thing, and, once in a way, at rare intervals, 1 have
not been disappointed. And after all, these Crambids were certainly
worth a little attention, for instead of our familiar friends Craiithns
pratcUm and ('. ndnuilm, we were lucky enough on one or two
occasions to stumble across a specimen of Cranibiis pinetelliiH. Con-
sidering all things, it is most probable, as my father remarks in his notes,
that Aciilalia coutii/iiaria is at no time very active, and that the insect
prefers to idle through its brief imago state in listless and luxurious ease.
We have known specimens active, however, and that exactly at the time
when they ought to have been on their best behaviour. On certain
foolish occasions, when, in the seclusion of the parlour in our apart-
ments, we have partially raised the lids of our boxes to gloat over the
precious spoil, and to see whether they have begun to deposit their yet
more precious ova, or, at other times, when we have been more
legitimately placing the day's captures under a bell-jar, to afford them
the joys of social communion with other members of their kind — then
hey, presto ! the room has been full of them. In an instant, every
member of the family has been groping on the floor, or wildly flourishing
a net about four sizes too big for the room, while the ornaments and
pictures rattle down unheeded, and the weekly expenses mount up to
fabulous sums in two disastrous minutes ! And among the debris: on
the floor grovels the president of the Lancashire and Cheshire
Entomological Society, while from his white and trembling lips
issue strange mysterious mutterings. In his calmer moments,
when peace is restored, he will assure you he has mentioned nothing
that cannot be found in the exchange list of British lepidoptera :
but, if so, that must be an exceedingly lurid document, scrupulously
to be kept out of the hands of the "young person." And this
is, I am afraid, the most interesting thing I can tell you about
the flight of A. contiiitiana. But, seriously, if the insect were at all
active, in the multitudes that we have reared, and kept for days during
the process of ovulation, surely we must have discovered the time of
flight, did it occur with any definite regularity.

With regard to the rearing of the insect I am not, personally, able to
speak with much authority, since this was not my department. My
two sisters, Mrs. Corbett and Miss Ada Capper, who superintended
and cared for many prodigious families of them, will probably inform
you that, however placid the parents nijiy be, their ott'spring in the
larval stage certainly do not take after them, the changing of their food
in their early, almost microscopical, days, being an anxious perform-
ance. At first the feeding of the brood presented a grave difficulty,
seeing that in this neighbourhood a constant supply of heather was
absolutely unavailable. However, this difficulty vanished when we
discovered that the minute members of our brood took readily to knot-
grass, and, later, when it was found that they appreciated chickweed
with even greater relish, you may be very certain that there was always
a little patch in the greenhouse, sacred to its cultivation. Artificially
we produced many broods. Our first brood, after the July capture,
appeared again in the imaginal state in September. It would have been
most interesting to visit north Wales at this season to ascertain

128 THE entomologist's RECOHl).

whether this were the case under natural conditions, but, although, we
were often urged to do so by Mr. Barrett, somehow or other it was
never quite convenient to try this interesting experiment. In the heat
of the kitchen, brood after brood rapidly passed through all their stages
during the winter months, but under this artificial method they rapidly
deteriorated in type, and thus frequent excursions for renewal of stock
became necessary.

Such then is the story oi Anilalia i-oiitii/iiaria, like most true stories
not untinged with a trace of romance. I trust that you will overlook
any technical errors in its narration, since it is told by a layman,
standing, alas, outside the magic circle of your freemasonry.

Pentaphyllus testaceus, Hellwig, an unrecorded addition to the
British Coleoptera.

By OLIVER E. JA.NSON, F.E.S.

In view of the publication of a new catalogue of British Coleoptera,
and in order to render it as complete as possible, the authors have
asked me to furnish them with a record of my capture of this insect,
which I believe is generally known, although it has never been pub-
lished. I found the specimen in June 1876, under a decaying boletus
{Pnhjporus sqitaiiiosiin) which I had placed as a trap for coleoptera in
the hollow trunk of a partially decayed oak in a hedgerow in a field
at Crouch Hill, Hornsey. The locality has since been converted into
a " residential estate," and, although I have occasionally since searched
for the species in the neighbouring district, I have, up to the present
time, been unable to find any other specimens of it.

The species appears to occur over the whole of Continental Europe,
and is said to be found under the bark and in the worm-eaten parts of
dead or decrepit oaks. It is fully described by Mulsant, Hixt. Xat. d.
L'oUnpt. (le France, Latii/nu's, p. 198, and a good figure of it is given
in Duval's Genera den Colrnjiteres (Vl'liirajic, iii.. pi. 73, fig. 36-1, the
larva has also been described by Erichson, Wcif/m. Archir, viii., p. 366.

The genus Pcntaji/n/Uii.s, of which there are only two European
species, comes in the Heteromera in the family Tenebrionid^, and the
tribe Diaperina. It is allied to Sraji/iidfina, AliiIiito/i/iaiiKs and Plati/dema,
from which it is chiefiy distinguished by the abruptly formed five-
jointed club of its antenuie, and from which it derives its name. The
species, trstarciis, however, bears a much more general resemblance to
some of the Anisotomides and especially to A(/aru<>jj/ia(/iis ajdutlotes,
for which at first sight it might easily be mistaken, and it is a rather
strange coincidence that I captured several specimens of this scarce
species, by evening sweeping, close to the same spot. Now that
collectors' attention will be called to the occurrence of this insect in
Britain, it s probable that other examples will be found, although searching
for coleoptera in old decayed worm-eaten oaks in fields is usually very
unproductive, and it is to this fact probal)ly that the presence of P.
testaceus in Britain has not been before detected.

Haphazard naming of Aberrations of Lepidoptera.

By J. W. TL XT, F.E.S.
Mr. Front's note {antea, pp. 109-110) shows that we have reached a
point where the naming of aberrations of lepidoptera should cease to be

HAPHAZARD NAMING OF ABEKRATIUNS OK LEPIDOPTERA, 129

haphazard, but should be based on a thorough study of a species
over the whole area of its distribution. Time was, when the naming
of a striking aberration of a species was not likely to create a synonym,
but, owing to the extended systematic work already done on the
variation of certain superfaniilies of the lepidoptera, the renaming of
already described aberrations and varieties is at the present thiie
creating a considerable number of synonyms. It appears to me that
in the interests of science this haphazard naming of aberrations should
cease, and that students of variation should, before naming any
aberration, look up the literature of the subject, at least so far as to
know exactly (1) what is the original description of the species — some
of our German lepidopterists have renamed the types as aberrations —
(2) what other forms of the species have been described. Our conti-
nental friends appear to take Staudinger's Cataloi/ia', 3rd edition, as
their guide on the subject, but this is absurd, as everyone acquainted
with the literature of their subject knows, for Staudinger has studiously
neglected almost everything done in this direction since the issue of
the 2nd edition in 1871, adding only such forms as he himself has
described, and a few others apparently selected haphazard from the
various German magazines. The result is, that not only Huene but
Schultz in the lllus. XeitscJirift fur KntoiitoliKiir, Lutzau and others
have recently duphcated various names, the latter having been called
seriously to book in the Sorietas Kntniiinloiju-a by Kusnezow for renam-
ing the form of t Iculena adiista which avb named ab. vin/ata as far
back as 1892 in British Noctitae, iii., p. 74. In the last month's
Socirtas Kntoiiiuloj/ica, Fuchs has stupidly renamed Anchocelis helvola
ab. Hniculur, as cinnaiiioinea. The ignorant critics of those who
prefer to name marked aberrations and local races will surely continue
their lucubrations, but those of us who are convinced of the wisdom
of the practice should not stultify our position by a mode of action
which can only bring our work into contempt. The man who names
an extra-spotted aberration of I'lpinepltdc fit/ianKs, without first refer-
ring to the original description of the species and to the forms already
named in the British and foreign magizines, is more likely to be creating
a synonym than otherwise. Let hiui record the aberration certainly, but
if he has neither the time nor library at disposal to work out his subject
thoroughly, let him not name it. A man who will take up a single
species, obtain long series of the species, not only from the various
parts of the Uritish Islands but also from all available points in its
foreign distribution, and will then thoroughly work out the literature
of the species, will be in a position to discuss the variation of the
species and to give a summary of its varieties and aberrations. Such
work is valuable, and such tabulations should carry names, but in our
complaint against haphazard naming of chance aberrations without
a study of the species to the extent we have suggested, we are sure we
shall be in agreement with all those lepidopterists who have thought
about the matter.

One other point is perhaps worth noting. In naming aberrations
we consider that the name should cover the peculiarity noted, r.//.,
niijra, liUea, pnncta, &c., whilst local races or varieties should indicate
the locality whence the form comes, e.<i., lucarnensis (the local form
from Locarno), cantienais (the local form from Kent), &c.

l30 THK icktomologist's eecord.

drOLEOPTERA.

Lytta vesicatoria at Colchester. — Last summer I captui'ed a few
specimens of this handsome beetle near Colchester, and saw more
flying round the tops of ashtrees. They were by no means easy to
capture, the largest number taken in one day being six. — Bernard
y.MiTH Harwood, 94, Station Road, Colchester.

Grammoptera analis. Etc., AT CoLCHESTER. — Two Specimens of this
scarce Longicorn appeared by miscellaneous beating, one near the
town and the other at J3irch Park. ( hsodacna lineola was beaten from
oak; ('ri/ptoci'p/ialus {i-puiictatiis, ('. lineola, L'repidvdi'ra nitidtila,
] laltica jiiisilla, and Cctonia aiirata from various plants and trees ;
Sajicrda carc/tarias on a fence ; Jjidrsstis iieiiiniiis (three or four), Troi/o-
jihldciis jiHsilliis (one), Xi'iirap/it's anijnlatns in dead leaves ; and Staplii/-
Ihiiifi sten-nrarius running on pathways. — Ibid.

COLEOPTERA TN THE IsLE OF WlfiHT. In the Ellt. lliC, Vol. xiv.,

p. 387, I gave the first portion of a list of coleoptera collected during a
holiday spent in the Isle of Wight, in May, 1899. That list included
the captures to the end of the StajJii/lhiidae, and I now record the
remainder: — Platjjstcthns nitcna (Culver) and Leatera piiitctata (Alver-
stone) were omitted from the tirst list. Bijtliinux cnrtisi occurred
sparingly at Alverstone, and Bri/a.vis lielferl at Bembridge. Neuraplic^
chmijatus and Sci/diiiaeiins pusillns'} at Aherstone, and also at the same
place one specimen of Kuconnus dcnticornis (which I do not think has
been recorded from the island before), and Anatliidhtin laevinatiun.
Sllp/ia nujom, singly at Bembridge, and four specimens of *S'. laev'ujata
at Ventnor. Saprimis aotciis and N. marltiiinis were both plentiful on
the shore at Sandown. The very local Acritiis jinttctnui was found
under seaweed and refuse on the shore at Bembridge, and a hard
morning's work was rewarded by the capture of twenty-five specimens.
One example of Flati/naspis lateornhra occurred in grass tufts at
Culver, and Phalarrua corruacnn and Olibriia bicolor were swept at
iSandown. Stilbi(s tcstacciia and CercKs pedicalarins occurred in a
marshy spot at Alverstone, and Melu/etlwh aennis at JSandown.
LacDiujihlocnii ilupUcatus and Sj/lrani(>i nnidentatua were taken in
company under bark at Newchurch. Kniomia teataceua singly in
fungus on a decaying tree at Sandown. Atuniaria linearis abundantly,
and Limniclnis pipjtimcus singly, at Culver. Ueteroveriix larciiiatits was
very plentiful at Bembridge, and of the local II. fascidiis twenty
specimens were taken from its old haunts at Luccombe. < >nthopha;ii(s
rarra was found in great abundance at Luccombe. (>. )iiu:Jiicornis
sparingly on the shore at JSandown, and O. ovatits, by cutting and
shaking grass tufts, at Culver. ApliudiuH t/ranarius, A. jdaijiatiis, A.
ptisilliis, A. sjHitator and A. obsciinis were all taken at Sandown, and Lacon
niiDinus and Corj/mbites tesseUatn.s vf ere also both met with at Sandown.
One dead and badly damaged specimen of ( 'oripnbitcs castajiens was
picked up on the shore under the clilf at Sandown, it had evidently
been blown over and battered by the sea. Stephens recorded this very
rare insect from the Isle of Wight. Makuhiiis riridis and I'dlutkrix
iiobilis were both taken at Ventnor, the latter being extremely plentiful,
almost every flower (mostly buttercups) on the grass slopes above the
clili's being occupied by them. (Jryptocejihalita a ureal us occurred
sparuigly on the same flowers. C/iri/sainela ba)il,si was shaken out of
grass tufts at Culver cliff, and rranuaa is phellaiulrii awe^t from herbage

PRACTICAL HIN'TS. 131

near the marshy spot at Alverstone. Lnnfiitarxiia melanorephnlna and
Haltica pii^illa by sweeping at Ventnor. P/ii/llotrrta piinrttdata. nt
Culver, and P, undnlata and P. tctrai^tif/iiia were taken on the wall of
the coastguard station at Sandown. Orhroais xolican'ac, from a wet
spot near Sandown. Crc.pidoilera t'crnit/uwa and r'. rujlpef!, at Ventnor,
and C'. aiirata was abundant at Alverstone. Cltactornema siibcoerult'o ,
one specimen at Sandown. J'siillioilcs ajflnis and P. dulcanmrae, on
woody nightshade at Ventnor, the former being very plentiful.
Cafisida nohilh was common at roots of plants near the shore at l>em-
bridge. Opatrimi aabidos.inii was not uncommon round about Culver,
and Mi'loi- jiroscarabaenn var. ci/aneHH occurred at a grassy spot at Alver-
stone. Xnto.vua nionoci'ros, Aut/iirns linn)ile, A. instabilh and A.
ant/ieriniis, all occurred in plenty at Bembridge. A large number of
Apions were very abundant, amongst which may be mentioned —
Api<m dijfhrinc, A. raripa.^, A. aprirana and A. trifolii at Alverstone.
A. radioliia (Niton), A. miniattim, A. livesceriim, A. Henicidum and A.
tenue, at Ventnor. Cutting and shaking grass tufts at Ventnor pro-
duced the following : — OtiorvJitinrltiis. atmapteniH, O.acabnmix, O.liipi/'Kn,
(). xidcatii!^, (), ritiiifronf!, 'Trai-hi/pldoem^ sqiiainidatus, T. acaher, T.
altrrnans, LiopJdociiti nubiliis, Pldlopedon i/cnrinatus, Atacto(fenii>i
i'.rarntiis and Jkiri/uotiix ohsciirHn. Seven specimens of Sitones crinitita
were bottled at Ventnor, together with three of .S'. pnncticnllis, whilst
N. /iKiiii'ralis and N. lim'atiis were plentiful in many places. J li/pera
jdantaf/inis, and a specimen of another species of I hjpcra, which I have
not yet been able to determine, but which I hope may prove to be //.
('lon<iata, turned up at Culver, and also (h-thnr/iaetcx ftctitjt'r. One speci-
men of Liparm coronatuK was found crawling on a path near Ventnor.
Thripxjenes nereis (Alverstone), F>a(ioux cdiamatia and B. limosiis occurred
on plants in the ditches near Newchurch ; 'I'l/chiiia schmddcri, T. tiDncn-
tnsiis, (iipnnctron pasciinnim and BJiino)icn.'i pericarpiitx, at Culver;
MeriiiHn jnjraAtcr at Ventnor, and CciithovhtinclddiuK jforalis at
Sandown. — Willoughby Ellis, F.E.S., Western Knowle. A/)ril Q>fh,
1903.

Ji>RACTICAL HINTS*.

Field Work from Middle to End of May.

1. — Towards the end of May the la,VMV oi Peutldiia capracaua are
to be found in the spun-together shoots of Sali.v caprea. This species
has a decided preference for woods. The larvte can be "sleeved" on
growing sallow and left until they have pupated in the leaves.

2. — Serivnris euphorbiana flies freely in the afternoon sunshine
amongst its foodplants, Kitphorbia paraUa>< and E. ann/ndaldidcs.

3. — If the leaves of Vacciniiwi. citis-idaea And Arctostaphj/lua iird-tiisi
be carefully examined, some may be found joined together and dis-
coloured; these will contain, according to the season, larva^ or pup;e of
Kuril rum id nupjindana .

4. — A close inspection of Scdla nutans will disclose silken wels
amongst its spikes of blossoms; in these webs are feeding larva^ of

*" Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist," Pts. I and II, each con tu in
some 1250 practical hints similar to these, but relating chiefly to the Macio-
lepidoptera. Interleaved for collector's own notes. Price t)^', each part.

132 THE entomologist's record.

Sciaphila sin nana. This moth is much more generally distributed
than is commonly supposed, and when more thoroughly worked for,
will, no doubt, be found to have a very wide range.

5. — About the middle of May the larva of Bacira fiirfiirana occur
in the stems of Hclcocharis pahintrin. They should be collected in
quantity, as the moths vary very considerably.

G.— At the end of May, Pho.vdptcnj.v ujiujKtna, in its restricted
haunts, flies freely in the afternoon sunshine. It keeps very high up,
so that, unless provided with a fifteen- or twenty-foot pole, hardly a
specimen will be caught, though numbers may be seen.

7. — About the middle of May, I'lto.roptcnix lactana is to be taken in
considerable numbers at rest on stems of Popiilus trcuuda. Search for
them should be made before the sun shines on the tree-trunks, as then
they are comparatively restful, but when warmed by the sun's rays
they are most annoy ingly frisky.

8. — Cixrijv ocJixcn/iciiiiericma flies at the ends of branches of Puni^
cephalonica and 7^. sDicatJtinanni in the afternoon sunshine. Its small
size and dark colour make it difficult to detect. If this moth were
more sought after there is no doubt it would prove to be not so local
as is the prevailing opinion.

9. — Often at the end of May Veronica rhainai'ihi/s has its charming
flowers made even more attractive by the beautiful Adda jibnlclla rest-
ing on them.

10. — If the heads of bloom of Sisi/iubriiDii alliaria are inspected
during the latter part of May, Adda rujiwitrdla will be seen upon
them. Later on in the season its larvip are to be found in the seed-
pods of Sisi/inhriioii alliaria.

11. — The larvfe of the very local llypcrcallia cliristicrniana are to be
obtained towards the end of May in united terminal shoots of Pohjijala
rnli/aris.

12. — By watching, on a sunny day, a fence well advanced in a state
of decay, Oecophora olirierdla will in all probability be seen flying along
or running over it.

13. — Towards the end of May a critical examination of leaves of
Aira cacspitDsa and Sfderia racriilca may possibly result in finding
larviPof F.lacliista adscifdhi. The larviP mine the grass leaves. The
mines not being at all conspicuous are at first difficult to see, but when
a few have been found one's eyes readily detect them. Collect the
leaves when the larviP are nearly full-fed, and place them in a jar with
water and there will be no further trouble, as the larv;e, when full-fed,
will quit their mines and pupate on the leaves.

:]^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Notes on some winter Lepidopteea of the ^Ieditekranean
LITTORAL. — I spent a few days at Brindisi, in the extreme south of Italy,
during the last week in January and again during the first week of
March, 1908, and, during the time I was there, I made several rambles
into the surrounding country, which consists, for the most part, of
vineyards and olive plantations. Between the plantations, however,
one frequently finds narrow lanes almost overgrown with low plants,
and often ending in a miniature marsh. It was to these lanes I paid
most attention as being the likeliest spots for lepidoptera. In January 1

NOTES ON COLLECTINO. 133

fonnd one larva of l^yntnmia pher/ea nearly fall-fed, but saw little else
beyond one or two examples of ( 'alias rdiisa, one specimen of Paranjo me-
(jai'va and a few more or less disreputable specimens of Scsia [Macronhmsa)
atcUatannii. In March, I found i'olias. cdiisa quite fresh and in goodly
numbers on a sunny hillside a little way out of the town ; Avhilst P.
mi'iiacra was in great plenty in the same situation. Si'sia [}[acr()i/l<if<sa)
ateUatariDii was to be found in plenty hovering over the masses of
rosemary which was in full bloom along the roadside and on the hills.
Freshly-emerged specimens of Pirris hrasairae and P. rapae were met
Avith, and also hibernated Anlais urticac, Pi/raiiiris atalanta and
Goncpfrn/.r rhamni. One or two examples of Pliisia i/ainnia were taken
round the electric lights on board the P. & 0. ss. Osiris in Brindisi
harbour. I saw a very large hawk moth darting about in the bright
sunshine in an orange plantation one morning, but was unable to
capture it. Would this be ]>aj>hnis ncrii .' In a neighbourhood in
which every shepherd and goatherd carries a gun the whole year
round, it is not surprising that bird life is scarce. Lepidoptera suffer
but little, therefore, round Brindisi from avian foes, though the place of
the birds in this respect is more than filled by the lizards, which are
extremely abundant, and whose agility is absolutely astounding. The
Brindisi lizards are for the most part the little green wall lizards [Laccrta
mitralis), whose dorsal coloration is a bright green, and thus
harmonises with the grass and low vegetation. I have seen them
absolutely lie in wait under a trailing stem of rosemary blossom, and
then suddenly dart out and seize the big violet-winged carpenter-bee
(Xi/Iocoiia fidlacca), or the swift-flying Scsia [Marrof/loHsa) sti'llatarmii, as
it hovered over the flowers. They will even chase CoUaa eiliisa for many
yards up and down the hillside, proceeding by a series of short but
very rapid leaps.- — J. A. Simes, 2-1, Northwold Road, Upper Clapton,
N.E. April 21st, 1903.

The capture of Polyommatus hylas at Dover. — I have just seen in
the Kntoniuloiiist's PeconI for December last, your observations on the
scanty notice of my capture of Pob/diiimatiis In/las at Dover. It is a
fact that there were no lepidopterists who seemed to take the least
interest in, what I should call, so important a capture, except, I
believe, Dr. Chapman. The details of the capture are as follows : —
First, the note from my diary reads — " Sunday, September 7th —

Went to and took fine Colias ednsa, 2 Pol;/oiii)iiatiiscoyi/dou, P.

astrarche and P. icarinns." A side note made about ten days after
Avith reference to the last specimen reads: — "This proves to be P.
hi/las.'" I took the insect sitting, and noticed the basal spots were
wanting, and so, as the note says, took it for P. icarimis. It was in
my bottle for a week as I was busy with other insects for my collection
that is placed in the Dover Museum. On pinning it I saw, what
appeared to me, a somewhat familiar underside, and, on semirelaxing
it, at once saw that I had P. Jn/las. September 7tb was the last day I
took a net out, but had I recognised my capture at first, I should have
examined every Lycienid I could find. The specimen is now in the
collection of British butterflies in the South Kensington Museum. Mr.
Gray, curator of the Dover IMuseum, said he thought he remembered,
when he collected, taking /'. adonis without bars on the fringes. If he
did so we know Avhat that would mean. My specimen was perfectly
fresh and I do not believe it had been out four hours. I took it about

134 THE entomologist's record.

noon. — G. 0. Sloper, F.E.S., Hotel Beau Site, Aigle, Suisse. April
18th, 1903.

Hemiptera in the Isle of Wight. — During a visit to the Isle of
Wight in ^lay, 11S99, the primary object being to collect coleoptera,
lists of which have already been published in the Knt. llcronl, the
following Hemiptera were met with — Podopa innnctim, common at
Culver Cliff, at which place also occurred Se/iinis birolor, S. alho-
Dianiinatus, Coreiis neapha, Ikwirorh Itirtlcornis, Stenocephaliiii aijiliii
and Asirara clavicornh. At Alverstone, Si/romastt's inanfinatUH was
taken, and at Sandown the following were captured: Scolopostethiis
a(ljiinefns,S. contraction, lihyparuclirotiins clriraura, Stijiinocoriti arenarius,
Ci/iiins claricnliis, Xancon's ciniicuiilcH. At Bembridge I found l^iestna
(liuvlrafa and Moiiautliia canhd. — H. Willoughby Ellis, F.E.S.

dfUR RENT NOTES.

Our next four numbers will be published on June 1st (no. 6), July
1st (no. 7), July 20th (no. 8), and September loth (no. 9). We
publish this notice here as quite a number of our subscribers write us
regularly about August 16th stating that no. 8 has not yet reached
them, when, as a matter of fact, they have had it three weeks.

We are pleased to hear that Mr. E. E. B. Prest, M.A., F.Z.S., and
Dr. H. M. Stewart are engaged upon a new edition of Merrin's
Lej>i(ln}>terist\ ( 'alcndar. We understand that these gentlemen desire the
assistance of practical workers, so that the book may be made as
complete as possible ; any entomologist willing to assist is asked to
communicate with Mr. E. E. B. Prest, Arva, Danes Road, Forest
Hill, S.E.

At the meeting of the Entomological Society of London, March
18th, 1903, Mr. A. Bacot exhibited a number of specimens of Mala-
cosoina hybr. HcliaufuKKi in various stages, including a series of six
males and sixteen female imagines, reared during 1902, from one batch
of ova laid by a female M. castremis, which had been mated with a
male M. nenatria, and two females reared from another batch of ova
the result of a similar cross ; also blown larva^ of hybrid parentage,
and twigs showing attempts at ovipositing on the part of female
hybrids that had paired with hyl)rid males of the same brood ; also
series of M. wiixtria, M. caxtrenMs and the hybrid moths, reared during
1901, for comparison. He said that the larvae of the 1902 broods, as
stated in the Society's Proccciliui/s for June 4th last, exactly followed
those of the previous year in respect of their division into " forwards"
and " laggards," the former again producing only females, and the
latter males. By forcing the pupjB of the " laggards " it was found
possible to synchronise the emergences this year, and pairings between
the hybrid moths were obtained. The females attempted egg-laying,
adopting the position and motions of normal females of M. castrcnsU,
but at each opening of the ovipositor they ])roduced only the small drop
of cement which accompanies the eg(^ in the normal oviposition of the
parent species, resulting in a more or less perfect spiral band of cement
upon the twigs. The length of time occupied in producing this result
was about the same as that required by M. castrcnsis J for depositing
her normal batch of eggs, which are laid at the rate of about eight or
nine per minute. Pairings or attempted pairings were also obtained

between the hybrid males and females of both the parent species, but
only a very few eggs were laid by these females which subsequently
recommenced " calling." Perhaps the most interesting feature of the
exhibit is the great variability shown by the specimens comprising the
larger of the 1902 broods, compared with the remarkable uniformity of
the hybrid moths reared during the previous year. Such uniformity
appears the more remarkable if we remember the wide range of
variability shown by both the parent species, and that a very Avide, if
not the entire local, range may be found within the limits of a single
brood of either species.

At the same meeting Mr, C. P, Pickett exhibited specimens of
Hi/ljKrnia Icncojihacaria and i'/iit/alia pcdaria, taken at Chingford on
February 14th. With regard to the resting-habit of the former species
he said it was somewhat curious. The bodies lay in a parallel position
to the cracks in the bark of the trees on which they were found, the cross-
markings of the wings in an upright position corresponding closely with
the lines of the bark. Their colour also harmonised remarkably well with
the surroundings. He also exhibited ova of Diiiioyplia rrrsicolura on birch
twigs. The parent moths paired at 1,20 p.m., on March 16th,
remained iit coptihi thirty-three and a half hours. The female then
commenced crawling about the cage to find some suitable place for
laying, and, on the introduction of some birch twigs, deposited thirty-
eight ova in ten minutes upon it. By the morning of the 18th she
had laid 171 ova, which were cream-coloured and shiny in appearance,
but after two or three days assumed the colour of the birch twigs upon
which they were placed near the buds. The female in the act of ovi-
position prefers to rest head downwards, and sometimes uses the hind-
most legs for arranging the ova.

At the same meeting Dr. Frederick A, Dixey read a paper,
illustrated by lantern slides, " On Lepidoptera from the White
Nile, collected by Mr, Vi. L. S. Loat, F.Z.S. ; with further notes on
Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies." He said that the collection of
butterflies which had been made at intervals by Mr. Loat during his
tenure of ottice under the Egyptian Government, was of special interest
on account of the accurate data which accompanied the specimens,
Mr. Loafs collecting grounds were in the neighbourhood of Kaka,
about 11' N. lat. ; and of Gondokoro, about 0 further south. The
meteorological conditions at the time of collecting were generally those
of the dry season, though at Kaka the rains were just beginning.
Most of the examples of seasonally dimorphic species belonged to the
" dry-season " phase, but there were some curious exceptions.
Perhaps the most remarkable of these was Teraadns ilaira, Klug,
specimens of which, caught in January, during the height of the dry
season, were of the full " wet-season " colouring, while some of those
taken at the beginning of the rains were much " drier," The large
proportion of I'iciiiuif to the whole number of captures was noticeable,
as also was the general likeness of the whole assemblage to the butter-
fly fauna of Aden ; the different forms of Liiiutas chri/siji/itis, for
example, were found by Mr, Loat all flying together at the same spot,
just as is the case at Aden, The collection brought to light no new
ispecies ; it contained, however, a single example of the male of
J'iitacoptcrijA' rcnatas, Butl,, of which only two specimens, including
the type, and both females, have hitherto been known to science. Mr.

l36 THE entomologist's record.

Loafs series did not seem to favouL' the opinion that had been held
that Teracolus eraf/ore, as described and figured by Kkig, was the dry-
season form of T. yerhnrii, Bwinh. It appeared from this and other
evidence that Mr. G. A. K. Marshall Avas right in dissociating the two
forms. The weakness of the reasons given for the contrary view had
lately been pointed out by Colonel Yerbury. With regard to the
general question of seasonal dimorphism, a point that deserved notice
was the greater intensity and greater persistence of the cryptic dry-
season coloration of the undersurface, which often characterises the
female sex. This might be illustrated from among Mr. Loafs speci-
mens, but the principle was of wide application, and was operative in
both hemispheres. In the genus Teracidna especially, the " wet-
season " female often retained some of the " dry-season " garb, and, in
certain cases (as in T. /iiidlaris and T. phisadia), the female could
scarcely be said to have a "wet-season" phase at all. The significance
of these facts lay no doubt in the special need for protection experienced
by the female sex. Professor Poulton had lately given strong grounds
for believing that, on the whole, concealment was a more efficacious
means of defence for moderately distasteful forms than the display of
warning colours, especially when the pursuit was keen, and the
instances here adduced seemed to show that it might, in some cases, be
of advantage for the female of a given species to remain cryptic in the
wet season, even though the male should assume brighter colours with
the advent of a more copious supply of insect life. An interesting
parallel with the seasonal changes in Precis a nt i li ipe SbXid P. archesia, so
carefully worked out by Mr. Marshall and Professor Poulton, was
furnished by the Central and South American Pi/yisitia proUrpia,
Fabr. (a Pierine allied to Terias), with what is doubtless its dry-season
phase, P. i/nndlachia, Poey. Here, as in I'recis, the dead -leaf appear-
ance of the undersurface in the dry-season form is enhanced by the
falcation of the forewings and the development of " tails." These
changes of shape are found in the (/inullac/iia form of both sexes, but
are intensified in the female ; in the wet-season or piatcipia form they
are retained by neither sex, but the undersurface of the female is duller
than that of the male. The simultaneous occurrence in generally dry
localities, such as Aden, of forms which, in other places, are associated
with contrasting seasons, was not easy to explain. Professor Poulton
had shown that, in several species of Precis, the dry-season form was
larger than the wet, and had, on that fact, founded the inference that
the dry-season form must have been predetermined in the larval stage.
But there was reason to believe that, in many genera, and perhaps even
occasionally in Precis, the assumption of the characteristic seasonal
garb was not determined until a later period — in some cases, the last
few days before emergence from the pupa. If it might be assumed
that the Aden species in question were in a state so sensitive to
meteorological conditions as to respond almost immediately to a few
heavy showers, such as were reported to fall there not unusually from
January to May, the intermixture of " wet-" and " diy-season," which
in many cases meant an intermixture of aposematic and cryptic, forms,
might possibly be accounted for. This suggestion could only be
verified by observers on the spot.

At the same meeting Mr. Lucas exhibited with the lantern
a series of slides illustrating the life-history of Liphyra hrassolis,

CtlRRRNT NOTES. IB?

a Queensland species, the larva of which lives in ants' nests,
and feeds upon the ant-larvae. Dr. Chapman stated that the imago,
on emergence from the pupa, is clothed with scales highly distasteful
to the ant, the scales thus protecting it during emergence from attack,
and continuing to do so until such time as it is able to fly, when the
scales drop off.

At the meeting of the Entomological Society of London, held on
April 1st, Sir George Hampson read a paper on " Aiiojrroi/dnia hcs-
perioiiles, a remarkable new lepidopterous insect from Zululand." He
said that the genus must be referred to the family Enacln'iiumidae
which is represented by the single species Enachenion rajfit'siae, Westw.,
from Australia. In what quarter of the globe the family originated it
was impossible to say, but the appearance of the species in question
suggested that it was a survival of the scattered remnant of the
Antarctic fauna. It was, however, most remarkable that the genus
should occur in Africa and Australia alone.

At the same meeting Mr. F. Enock read a paper, illustrated with
lantern slides, on " The Life History of Cicendda vampestris,'' and a
discussion followed as to how far the abundance of food in the larval
state affects the development of insects, in the course of Avhich Mr. Enock
said that, where the food supply happened to be insufficient, neuropterous
nymphs would continue two years in that stage, and Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse
mentioned a case reported to him of the larvae of Ai/lais [Vanessa) nrticac
which, having exhausted their summer pabulum, retired to hibernate
until the following year. Mr. A. J. Chitty said he had observed that
coleopterous larviB under similar circumstances Avould consume flies ;
while Mr. H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe said that he had bred successfully a
species of the same order by feeding the larvae on paper. We should like
some authority for Mr. Waterhouse's statement, as it appears to us in-
credible, that a species selected by nature over an area extending from
northern Africa to Finmark to hibernate in the imaginal state, should
go over the winter in the larval state, especially under the conditions
noted.

In the Societas Entojuoloiiica, xviii., p. 3, Fuchs describes a so-called
new^ aberration of Ort/msia hdrola as ab. cinnaiiio)iiea, and diagnoses it as
" Vorderflilgel eintonig zimmtrot mit kaum angedeuteter Zeichnung."
We w^ould refer the author to British Noctiiap and their Vars., ii., p. 163,
where he will find this form was named unicolor between 11 and 12
years ago. This renaming of well-known forms by the continental
lepidopterists is getting a very serious matter for the synonymists.

Of the few American lepidopterists for the work of whom we have
had unstinted admiration, the palm must, perhaps, be given to Dr.
Harrison G. Dyar. His List of North American Lepidoptera and Key
to the Literature of this order of Insects,''- just received, will add to his
reputation as a careful compiler, and a thoroughly hardworking
entomologist. To thank the author for so excellent a piece of work is
a duty — to attempt to review a catalogue in the strict sense is absurd.
So far as a catalogue is to be judged as being of service, by the number
of times one finds oneself obliged to refer to it, we have no hesitation
in predicting that this list will be to the American what Staudinger's
is to the European lepidopterist. Two points, however, astonish us

* Government Printing Ollice, Washington.

138 THE knt()Molo(tIst's record.

beyond measure, viz., the sequence of the superfamilies, which are
more or less at variance with all his published work, and secondly, his
acceptance of genera, based on the unscientific method of taking the
firsc species mentioned in a genus as the type, whether or not an
intelligent consideration of the genus shows that this species could not
have really influenced the author in the characterisation of the genus.
The first point is well illustrated by stating that he commences his
List with the Papilionids, followed by the Sphingids, Saturniids,
Arctiids, Noctuids, Nycteolids, Notodontids, Lymantriids, Lachneids,
Bombycids, Platypterygids, Geometrids and Tineoids in order, the
latter including the Nolids, Cochlidids, Thyridids, yEgeriids, Pyralids,
&c. The second is best illustrated by stating that he appears to accept
in the Syntomids, Arctiids, etc., the genera as used by Hampson, whose
work in this direction is based entirely on the principle above
enunciated. We are utterly at sea, too, as to the principles guiding
Dyar in the selection of his families in the superfamily lUniihijcoidea (to
us a new superfamily ending) where we get — Si/utomidae, Lithouidae,
Aretiidae, Affaristidae, Noctindae, Nycteolidae, Pericopidae, Dioptidae,
Notodontidae, Tlit/atiridae, Liparidae, Lasiocampidae, Bomhycidae,
Flatypteryifidae, Geometridae and Kpiplemidae. If such a conglomera-
tion as this represents the present state of our knowledge, then our
raodern methods must be held to deserve all the condemnation that
the stick-in-the-mud, alter-no-name-nor-anything-else lepidopterists
pass upon them. Still, one suspects that this List is compiled by Dyar
the curator, and not by Dyar the biologist, and that the author thinks
what we have often stated, viz., that a Catalogue is of use to the
extent that it enables one to find what one wants readily, and might
often as well be alphabetical, for all the real illustration of biological
principles that its arrangement exhibits. As to the materials from
which it is compiled it is only when one considers that, at the time the
second edition of Staudinger's Catalof/ue was issued, American lepidop-
terology was almost a negligeable quantity, and then fairly considers the
advance that such a catalogue (considered in the light of the arrange-
ment of the genera in the separate families inter ae, as apart from the
arrangement of the list as a whole) as this illustrates in the progress
of scientific knowledge, literature and modes of work, that one gets a true
grip of what Grote, Packard, Scudder, Smith, Fernald, Edwards, Dyar,
Hulst, Clemens, Chambers, Busck, and a few others have done for
American entomology. Nor must Lord Walsingham's contributions
to American entomology be over looked, for, after Stainton, Chambers
and Clemens, he gave a strong impetus to the study of the micro-lepi-
doptera, which has since been carried on by a small, but exceedingly
efficient, band of energetic workers. No fewer than 6022 species are
chronicled. We have no doubt that North America possesses almost
double this number.

The monograph of the Sphingids on which the Hon. Walter
Rothschild and Dr. Karl Jordan have been at work so long, was
published on April 21st. It appears to be a monument of patient
labour and crammed with exact and important detail. We hope to be
able to notice the work in more detail later.

EuRATUM. — Page 109, line 19, for " bald " read " bred." — E. E. .James.

LEPIDOPTERA OF PROVRXCK — HYERRS. 139

Lepidoptera of Provence — Hyeres.

By J. W. TIJTT, F.E.S.

In spite of the fine weather we experienced in England in early
March, I had not seen a single butterfly on the wing when I left for
southern France on March 26th, nor did I notice a single white butter-
fly on the journey to Paris, where, indeed, vegetation, as judged by the
hawthorn, cherry, pear, and plum blossom, was hardly so forward as in
the south of England, although much more so than in ordinary years.
At dawn, on March 28th, the train was in the ]\Iarseille district and a
very heavy white frost lay on the roads as well as the vegetation between
Marseille and Toulon, in spite of the fact that the pear, the cherry
and the peach blossom were in their fullest glory. At 7 a.m., at Toulon,
the sun was hot and the rime had entirely disappeared if, indeed, it had
reached quite so far, and when, about 8 a.m., we stepped from the train
at Hyeres, the lovely city of palms, the hot sun poured down as if it were
late June, making us seek the shade of the huge palms and mighty
eucalypti that flourish everywhere. Pieris rapae and /'. braadcae
appeared in hundreds in every garden, and the scent of the violet-fields
came along in heavy clouds causing one to breathe more heavily and
to take into one's lungs as much as possible of the fragrant scent-laden
air, whilst the roses hung, as if it were early July, in heavy festoons
f)-om every porch and arbour, covering the trellised sides of the larger
houses or hanging pendent from the pines, palms and eucalypti, into
which they had wantonly climbed to display their charming beauty,
and roses, such as many of our growers would view with envy, built
up the hedges by the wayside, and covered them with blossom. We
had been advised to go to the Hotel des Palmiers, and, surely enough,
here we found everything for one's comfort, and here we settled for
eight days, on a visit in which rest was to be the main feature, a rest
that should nerve one up again to go on with the interesting, albeit
wearying, details of Jiritish Lepidoptera, which had occupied more than
every moment of all our leisure during all the winter months, and
had robbed us of the outdoor exercise that we field entomologists have
trained ourselves to require, and the absence of which so soon aftects
us to our hurt.

fjCiicopIiaMa sinapis, ri/rawcis atcdanta,a,s well as dozens of the two
common Pierids — Pieris rapae and /'. brasnieae — were noticed at the
long rows of magnificent stocks now fully in bloom that edged the
drive io the door of the hotel, and, as soon as preliminaries Avere settled,
and coftee and rolls disposed of, I folded my net and proceeded to look
round. To the left, along the Avenue des lies d'Or, I soon came into more
open ground, and Parari/e ine(/aera, joined the whites by the way-
side, whilst a scurrying " white "' soon displayed itself as Pontia daplidice.
< 'i/aitiris ar'iiolus was flyinu: in almost all the gardens, but ali-eady worn,
and when I turned up_ a bye-path to the right, to reach the higher
ground that I saw in the distance, ('olias edam was at once observed, the
females busily egg-laying on the clover plants growing in the pea-fields,
whilst the males, small, and generally of pale colour, were, so far as
those netted gives one a right to speak, already, in many cases, badly
worn and not worth setting. Of the three species of butterflies that
were really common— Pieris rapae, P. brassieae, Paran/r ineiiaera — 1
now saw great numbers, and the examination of several specimens of
June 1st, 1903.

1-10 THE F.NTOMOLOGTST's EECORD.

the two forniei' species showed (1) a distinct dimorphism in the tint of
the apical blotch of P.hrasHirm' in both sexes, some examples being pale
grey, others intensely black ; (2) the males of Purls ra/xw varied from
quite spotless to well-marked forms, and from those with a faint grey
apical spot, to others with an intensely black one, the females also varying
greatly, not only in the intensity of the tint bnt also in the quantity of the
grey shading towards the base of the wing The feature of the under-
side of both species, however, in these southern spring examples, is the
heavy black scaling mixed with the yellow of the hindwings. The first
approach to the lovely, heavily-flowered genistas betrayed an abund-
ance of ( '(dlojihnis ruhi, a species that had evidently already been on the
wing some time, and w^as still coming out, and which is, in suitable
places, almost everywhere common along the Riviera, whilst I was
astonished at not seeing more examples of Lei(coj)/iasla s/ha^j/s, which was
evidently also only just emerging. Then I came upon my first Thestor
ballits, as I have already described {anuh, p. 119), and I stuck well to
the species until I had a nice series of a dozen or more, only about four,
however, being females, whilst a sudden overhead'stroke brought dow^n
a white that one recognised at once as AntliiH-liaris bdia, but, although
several others w^ere seen, A. hdia was not to be caught on the hard slopes
here, and a sight of probably a dozen on this and the following day
only ended in three finding their way into the collecting-box, one of
these being a very small example, with pale grey apical tips and
discoidal spots, another being large, with a large, dark, apical tip, large
discoidal spot, and very yellow hindwings. Still the usual spring
insects were only just on the move, for but two or three ('Iin/so/ilianii.'^
/ihlafas were seen, with one or two Pob/innmatiiN astrarc/w and I\ icanis,
whilst a single Knchht'e canlaminis was all that was noticed. Papilio
iiiachaon, however, was already on the wing, and P. poilalirhis was
frequent, flying about the cherry blossoms, where, if need be, they
became an easy prey ; they were fine large specimens, pale in tint, with
plenty of blue on the hindwings. The following day I went over the
same ground with the idea of increasing my take of 'J'/icstor halliis. On
this occasion, 1 took a larger number of females, was much interested
in capturing an early specimen of Si/ric/ithn.s alrciix, two fine large >'.
sao, a few freshly-emei'ged Ci/aniris ari/ioliis, and added to my take of
P(,ntia tiajiliditt' var. hcUidicc, and Lni<-ojihasia >iina))is, whilst, among the
moths, Afinitia ImtiKtsa, Mc<-i/iia fxili/i/onalix, Aspilatrs eitraiia and
Sti)fm<))i()ta urohana were already on the wing, and XotiHijihila Jn/hridalix
was in abundance. On Monday, March 30th, 1 went to Carqueiranne,
taking the early onmibus from Hyeres and arriving at Carqueiranne
about 10 a.m. Without knowing anything of the country I struck the
right road at once, over the square, up behind the church, and into the
lanes that lead over the hills to Hyeres. Next to the two common
Pierids, ]'arai;i<' nici/afra was the first insect to show in force, and then,
in the pathway, the swift-flying Artinnuis latlumia was seen, followed
by several others in the course of the day, the specimens being small,
rather poor in colour, and already past the first pink of condition, but
a flash across the road at this moment revealed a $ (roneptcnij-
cleopatra, and in a trice I was up on the sloping bank under the wood
on the left hand side. Here were several species — Callophrys riibi
^yingcommonh' . Anthoiha lis hdia, ('alias ("^/(f-sa, and, a few minutes after,
a lovely ^ F.mhlo'e etiphenoitles, whilst at least half-a-dozen ? G. cleo-

LEPIDOPTERA OF PROVENCE HYERES. 141

patta came up one after another to investigate the buckthorn bushes.
I walked along the bank, but soon had to leave it owing to the blasting
operations that were proceeding a few yards further on, but not before I
had seen several ? Thestor bnlliis flying busily about the Lotus hisju'dus.
Having reached the pathway again, a corner covered with bushes and
lovely flowering Cistus and Genista was soon reached, and, over these,
('i/aniris arijiolas, Callophrijs riihi and T/icstor ballus were in abundance,
whilst, on the pathway, I netted several SpilDthyrnaalcaeae. Investigat-
ing the pines that were behind this piece of ground led me to find Paranjf
fijen'a, whilst Lrucopliasia .si)iaj)is was not uncommon, and I captured a J
Pieria napi, the first I had seen, whilst a single 2 h'Au-hlor rartlaniinrs
was also taken. Many G. cleopatra were now seen, and, as I tramped
along the rough ground between two cultivated patches on the right, I
put up a Thais medesicaste, whilst an occasional <? h'ncldoc eitphenoidi's
enlivened the scene. But a little entomological goldmine was found
about a hundred yards farther on. This was an old overgrown quarry,
full of thyme, lavender, cistus, and other aromatic plants. With the
first stroke of the net here I captured two Thais medesicastc (the last I
saw at Carqueiranne), and I soon came across Toli/otuinatus baton,
unfortunately many were worn, and here I captured my first NoDiiadi's
mdanops of the season, whilst Thestor balliis could be called common ;
Colias edusa, chiefly males, appeared to love this corner, but straight
through the quarry flew numerous examples of Anthorharis helia, in the
best of condition, variable in size, but mostly rather small, and show-
ing considerable variation in the size of the discoidal spot and the
intensity of the black apical mark, some of which are quite pale-grey.
For Pontia daplidicc var. bellidire the road was the best locality, and
many a fine male was swept down, although females were exceedingly
scarce. An occassional big Papilin podalirins swung lazily on the thyme
blossom, but P. machaon, of which I saw several, was not to be caught,
and the attempt to put salt on their tails failed in every instance.
About a mile along the road where the latter goes into the woods,
Gmiepteri/x cleopatra was quite common, the females diving deeply into
the scrubby bushes to lay their eggs, whilst male Satnnua pavonla
were in great abundance, dashing wildly about and making one long
for a virgm ? to bring them within reach. At the cornf^r where the
road enters the wood one finds plenty of A. belia and /'. daplidirr, in
fact, it appeared to be the best spot along the road, roli/onnnatiis
baton occurs all the way along, here and there commonly. At the top
of the ridge just before the road dips down to go on to Hyeres, is a
path to the right. This I did not take. Mr. Raine later told me that
by not doing so I most likely missed half the fauna of Carqueiranne.
Such are the fortunes of war. From here we retraced our steps, and
filled our boxes, but without coming across any fresh species. March
•Slst was a bright, sunny day, but a terrific wind was blowing ; a walk
up the Toulon road was a failure, scarcely a " white " even was seen
anywhere ; it was totally blank for entomology, except that I counted
over 200 pupje of Pieris brassicae perched tightly under the coping of
a stone gate post in front of a villa on the main road. The morning
of April 1st was dull, and 1 walked from Hyeres so as to strike the
point at which our exploration terminated on March 80th. Nothing
fresh was observed under the woods along which we made our w.iy,
except a single Thais pol;/.rena, nor did the sun tome out in more than

142

THK ENTO>rOLOflTST S BF.CORn.

fitful gleams until we had reached the point where Mr. Raine later
informed us we should have turned off for the most fruitful district for
the lepidoptera of Carqueiranne. But towards noon the sun came out
with considerable force, and our bag was increased largely, but only of
the species that we had taken two days before, Ki(cldot' enjilienoides
appeared more commonly, but as yet no females, I'ontia daplidice and
Anthocharishclia, moderately common; KuMoc cardatnines, still rare ;
Thestor hallns, showing signs of wear ; Poli/oiiniiatitH baton, now getting
quite worn. Hemaria fncifoniiis, two in lovely condition at the flowers
of thyme, Adda aKstralis, fairly common, and a single Aciptilia tetra-
dacti/la were the only additions to our Monday list. As a matter of
fact, I was much surprised at the comparative absence of moths. I
may add that X. hi/bridalis was everywhere.

Thursday, April 2nd, was dull with fitful gleams of sunshine, and
it was with many misgivings that I started for the renowned Costebelle
quarries, but my misgivings were well-founded and the sky had grown
duller as I went along the road, where I netted a <? Kpichnopteryx
pnlla, but when I had got just beyond the quarries the sun broke out. In
about half-an-hour I had netted several Anthncliaris belia, Pontia
daplidice, Goneptenjx deopatra and Lciicophasia sinapis, a single Thais
medesicaxte, PobjoinmatuH baton and about a dozen Tlwstor balliis, and
then the sun disappeared and with it our collecting at Hyeres, for the
afternoon was spent in looking for Mr. Raine, whose address Dr.
Chapman had now sent on, and Mr. Powell, whom I discovered through a
resident in the hotel, and the next day was wet — it rained all day, and
came down solidly for some hours. The country wanted it, albeit, on
Monday, we had seen new potatoes dug, and peas picked, and on
Wednesday had watched the gathering of strawberries. Next morning
was brilliant, hot, and moist after the heavy rain, ( 'olian ('diim and Pontia
■daplidice flew even in the streets, and insect life was abundant, but 1
had promised to meet Dr. Chapman in Cannes that afternoon and what
should have been, meteorologically, the collecting day of the holiday,
was spent in the train to fulfil this arrangement. Before starting, how-
ever, I spent from 7 a.m. to 8.30 a.m. with Mr. Powell, saw the remnant
of a brood of ( 'alias edu>ta — eggs laid the preceding November, larvfe fed
up out of doors, commenced spinning up on February, and had not
even finished then (April 4th), one larva still being in this stage, the
imagines commencing to emerge on March 12th, and continuing up to
date, some having emerged that morning, whilst other pup« showed their
fitness to disclose their imagines. He also showed me larvs of
many Satyrids — Hipparchia circe, H. fidia, Melanan/ia si/lliua, and
other interesting species. A pupa of Phebia epis^ti/jine, a large cage
full of pupje of Chara.vcs jasiKu, and other species in their early stages,
showed that Mr. Powell would soon be able to tell us much about some
of those species whose life-histories have yet to be written. We hope to
get both Mr. Raine and Mr. Powell to write us their interesting
observations on the habits of Colias edusa in these southern haunts,
some day in the not very distant future.

Mendel's Laws of Heredity in Insects.

By L. DONCASTEK, B.A., F.Z.S.
In the Entom. Eecord for December, 1902, appeared a very interest-
ing paper by Rev. G, H. Raynor, M.A., on Abraxas yrossulariata, in

MENDEL*S LAWS OF HEREDITY IN INSECTS. l43

which the writer described an aberration of this species, which he
names lacticolur'- , and gave an account of his efforts to breed it. The
aberration is apparently confined to the female sex, and when a
specimen was mated with a normal (iroH>ndariata not a single lact i color
appeared among the offspring. When, however, some of the latter
were paired together, among their progeny a consideral)le number of
lacticolor appeared. Some of these were then paired with normal
male (p-ossitlariata, presumably of diiferent stock, and again no
lacticolor appeared. When the paper was written not enough insects
had hatched to draw any conclusions from the results of the pairings
among this last lot, but probably lacticolor will again come up among
them.

At first sight this seems very remarkable, that among the children
of a lacticolor there should be none resembling their mother, but that
the aberration should appear again in some abundance in the grand-
children. But the results are so exactly in accord with what would
be expected according to the Mendelian law of heredity, that it has
seemed to me worth while to draw attention to the facts. In a simple
Mendelian case, when two varieties — in this instance tirossidariata and
lacticolor — are bred together, their offspring all resemble one of the
parents, and the character of that parent is said to be " dominant," .
while the character of the other parent, which disappears in the first
generation of offspring, is called "recessive." But although the
recessive character disappears, it is latent, and the hybrid offspring
produce germ-cells bearing either the dominant character or the reces-
sive, but not both charactei's, in the same germ-cell. If, now, equal
numbers of dominant [(jrossidariata) and recessive {lacticolor) germ-
cells are produced by each hybrid, and these meet one another in
fertilisation quite by chance, then, according to the law of probability,
the insects of the second generation should be in the proportion of
IDD, 2DK, IRR, DD representing an insect derived from an ovum
and spermatozoon each bearing the dominant character, RR from two
germ-cells bearing the recessive character, and DR from germ-cells,
one of which bore the dominant, the other the recessive, but, in
every case where a dominant-bearing germ-cell has taken part in
fertilisation, the offspring will show the dominant character, so that,
in the second generation from the cross, one quarter only of the insects
should appear with the recessive {lacticolor) character. Of the
remaining three-quarters, all of which will be yroaaulariata, two-thirds
will be hybrid in nature, and will give recessive lacticolor when bred
together, while the remainder will be pure tjroi<s.idariata, and will never
throw lacticolor when bred together. This particular instance is com-
plicated by the fact that lacticolor is confined to the female, and, there-
fore, if a specimen is paired with a pure (jroasidariata, no lacticolor will
appear in the offspring ; but it should be possible to breed lacticolor
in every generation by pairing it with a dominant hybrid (J3R) which
has the ijroKsidariata character in appearance, but also the recessive
lacticolor character in a latent condition. Mr. Raynor does not tell
us what proportion of his insects were lacticolor in the second genera-
tion from the cross, but this is a matter of considerable interest, for

* Mr. Prout has since shown (Entovi. Record, xv., p. 109) that this particular
aberration should be called flavofasciata, Huene.

144 THE ENXOMOLOOrlSTS RECORD.

if there were much less than the quarter of the whole, which the
Mendelian theory leads us to expect, it might indicate that there is
a male lactinilor which has the character of (/mssiilariata, and, there-
fore, cannot be distinguished from it except by breeding it with a lacti-
rolnr J , in which case all the females produced from such an union
should be lacticolor.

Not all Mendelian cases are so simple, for there may be two or
more characters which are inherited separately, but it seems worth
while to call the attention of entomologists to the matter, for most of
the work upon the Mendelian theory has been done upon vertebrate
animals and flowering plants, and it would be of great value to have
additional evidence from insects ■.

Notes on Breeding Angerona prunaria.l

By C. P. PICKETT, F.E.S.
1 had long beard of the great number of lepidoptera that were to
be obtained in Raindean Wood, near Folkestone, amongst others, a
line dark speckled form of Amjcrona priDwrui, a species that had long
interested me, and, as I wanted examples of this particular aberration
to cross with others that I was at the time breeding from Chingford
parents, 1 paid a visit there towards the end of June, 1898, in order to
obtain examples. A long but beautiful walk brought me to the wood,
and 1 at length found myself in the wide rides, in which insect life ap-
peared to be teeming. In the ho^jes of obtaining a J A. prunaria I
beat all the afternoon, but, whilst 1 disturbed large numbers of Bapta
taminata, F>. tenicrata. Asthma candidata, &c., I did not obtain the
desired A. pniitaria, although just as it was getting dusk 1 brought
down a beautiful freshly-emerged Geiwictra papilionarla. At its usual
time, however, the males put in an appearance, zigzagging up and down
.the rides, the flight, as at Chingford, lasting little more than half an hour.
Six males (of the many seen) were captured, and four of these were of
the desired form, two others being banded aberrations. Two of the
dark speckled forms were very fresh, and these were retained alive
until 1 returned to London, in the hopes of crossing them with i^ s of
the Chingford race, although 1 felt much disappointed that no $ had
come my way at Raindean. 1 returned to London two days later, and
found several ? s of the Chingford race out in the breeding-cages, so
I enclosed one of the Raindean J s in a cage with three J s, ri:., a
plain orange one, a light-banded one, and a medium-banded one. It
paired the same evening wdth the medium-banded female. This had
the band on the edge of the wings of an intermediate shade, between
the very pale and the dark orange banded ones. The other 3 , given
precisely the same chances, in another cage, did not pair, so that only
one pairing was obtained. The ova, luckily, were fertile, and the first 9 ,
on the first evening after pairing, produced some 00 ova, on the second
evening 50 were laid, and on the third 10, some 150 eggs in all. These
hatched in twelvedays from laying. The larvie wereplacedin three cages,
fed entirely on privet until September, when they commenced hyberna-

* A translation of Mendel's ori^inul paper will be found in the JoitriKil of the
[loyal IIoiiiciillKial Society, ItlOl, \o\. xxvi, and a full account in Jl/f»rffi's iVi»(-
(ip'lrs of Ileriditji. by W. Bateson. F.E.S. (Canib. l/niv. Press.)

I Abstrac^l of pai)er read b(>fore che City of London Entomological and Natural
History Society, March Srd, 1903.

Notes on bueeding angerona prunaria. 14;")

tiou, being ab that time tVoiu -loin, to •87i3iii. iu length ; the largei' larva'
I found later produced 2 s- 'i'o hybernate the larv* 1 found it best to
place several stems of privet in two or three narrow-necked bottles, which
were left in the breeding-cage ; the larvie are then able to nibble at the
leaves till new buds appear. Many larvse prefer to hide among the
dropped-oft' leaves, so that these are best left at the bottom of the cage,
and not removed, as they form a very suitable hiding-place ; some of
the larva' nibble at the stem, a habit common to many hybernatiiig
Geometrid larva'. Ivvperience shows that it is best to keep the cages
indoors or, preferably, in an outhouse, at anyrate shelteied from cold ;
the bottles should be fietpiently supplied with sufHcient water for the
ends of the stem to just reach it without being immersed in it, other-
wise they quickly go rotten ; under satisfactory conditions the shoots
will develop rootlets, and the buds will start growing sufficiently to
satisfy the most forward larva;, as the " nibbling " condition seems
to be that in which the larv* remain during the greater part of the
winter. This treatment is that with which I have been most successful
— sleeving in the open, leaving them exposed in the open, supplying
with fresh food throughout the winter in confinement, placing them
in fresh empty cages, Sec, have not proved so successful as those
treated in the manner above described — the larvfe are larger, more
get through the hybernating period successfully, and so on. Re-
turning to the Raindean x Chingford brood, 1 observed that, on
April 4th, 1«99, they had started feeding again in earnest, so
they were reinoved to clean cages, with plenty of freshly-cut privet.
Some of the larva; fed up much more quickly than others, became
much larger, and ultimately produced female moths, the smaller
larvtE becoming fuUfed at the same time, and producing males. By
the commencement of May they had begun to spin their puparia, and,
by the end of May, imagines began to appear, and continued to do so
until the middle of June. From this brood I ultimatLdy obtained 89
insects, r/:., 81 plain orange S s, 22 plain yellow ? s, 28 banded <? s,
18 banded $ s.

From these I obtained the following pairings — (1) Plain orange df
y. plain yellow 5 (200 ova). (2) Plain orange S < banded ?
(loOova). (3) Banded J x plain yellow 2 (1 BO ova). (4) Banded
S X banded 5 (120 ova). The ova all hatched in just under two
weeks, and each brood was divided between two cages. The eight
cages were kept indoors, and the larva- fed up well to hybernation.
Unfortunately, at this time, I had no convenience for keeping so many
cages thiough the winter, and so I gave away four cages — one half of
the larva' — ^whilst the other moieties of the four broods, numbering
some 800 larvte, had to be mixed up into two cages, so that after all
my trouble in selecting the parents, and success in obtaining larvae
from the selected broods, I had, at the end of the autumn, only a
mixture of the four broods, unseparated and useless for heredity
experimental purposes. I was much surprised to find about the
middle of September that a small banded 5 had emerged in one of
the breeding-cages from the summer larva'. In April, 1900, those
larva? that i had retained recommenced feeding, and between the end
of May and middle of June 1 obtained a good number of imagines,
and, selecting similar g s and J s, obtained four crossings between
parents very similar to those obtained in 1899, and had about the

I4fi

THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD*

same number of ova. An attempt was made to keep more definite

Sen bei ^1 ;-.P P ^^"■v^^;vent forward very rapidly, and in mid-
exam^^^^^^ plam yellow one, and two banded

tinnT. 'f'> ^^^^^^1- The remaunng larva? went throueh hvberna-

^n T^'::^tix1irr"^ '^ "^^^^"^ ^P^^^ ^" ^^^ arran^emZ::;^

o nedec^t^^^^^^^^ T' '^' '"'" ^-'7 '''-''' ^^^"^ ^^^^^ off o^ing

10 neglect, and the results were unsatisfactory. The Levton move

however, was a good one for me entomologically' for now 1 ha ^a ^reen'
b:^:^rl.t^r^,f ;l.sposal, which I h^eturnedi^:;^m2^
o A, . i S P ! ' ! ^^''■^'''- ''^'^^ '^^^'^^^^ ^■^^'^ing "^ the beginning

iiencetoith many of my difhculties vanished— simply onenin- thf

andZu^la^^fS!^^^ ^^ ^^:;^^^^1' --^"^^^ atteyon^:":^d:^
ana ineu natuiai habits are better observed, etc. When nearlv full

S M^^nwa^ on • ac, and on th,s they spun up from^^b:^,:!;^^

lea and o ned ih. ^' T"'' ? '^'""T^ ''' P"P^^i-i"i« folded a single
leai and jomed the edges together, and when this had taken nlace thp
leaves were removed, the stalks placed in water and the whole
removed to breedmg-cages to await emergence. On the pri tet two or
more leaves are mnted to form the pu^^arium. A th ti me H '
necessary to keep them out of the sun, or disaster will fd ow The
emergence u. 1901 was later than the previous yeli extendTng from
the beginning to the end of June, and during this time some ven

J^e nani'wS^; "°''"' "^^""^*'""- ^^^'"^ ''^'- ^^^'^^ P^l--^

From the imagines bred in fm-io lom *. t
•obtained rh n \ Pi • ' •^^^^' *^^'®'^'® pairings were

oDtanec, m —(1) Plam orange ^ x plain yellow ? (3 broods)
[2) Landed J x plain yellow ? (2 broods). (8) Plain oinoeTx

rS ' i^ itr?- 1 1'^ i^'8-i^-bandei , ^x^ iig"t-b;:j;ded s fs

b oods). o) Dark-banded ^ x very light-banded ? (1 brood) I
may state here, by way of parenthesis,°that I expected to breed an

ntermed,ate form from this last crossing, and was miXurpr Led m
1902 to breed the very darkest specimens I had from it Each 2 of
the twelve pairings was placed m a chip box, anreggs we fLh
laid he batches averaging from 150 to 250, and the egl^layim-- p riod
extended usually over threp dflv^j rino -r. I ■ j "^oo ^a^jJiio peiioa
anothPT P ^ K,,f Vv! ^ ® ^ P^^^'^^ a second time (wdth

anothei $ ), but the eggs were infertile, and a similar casi fhp
previous year also resulted in infertile ova bein^ de o ed Of thP

welve pairings noted above I kept five broods-oSe o each cross n'
(nos. 1-5), and, as soon as the ova hatched, the larva we^e sleeved on
a growing plant o privet, and the broods ^ere caref lly kept distfnct

at^heir fc.d tilUhe^ l^^:^, "^/^^Z^: t^t^^^

un tnat da> twenty larva^ from each of the five bro(xls were senaratpd

rom the rest and sleeved out of doors on privet. The^^^a lattemn ed

to go on bybernatmg in spite of the distuilance, most'of tLmS'

NOTES ON 1{KEKL)1N<; ANGEKONA PKUNABIA. 14?

iiiuoD.n (lead leaves which 1 ha<I placed in the botloiu of the bag, chiefly
fixing themselves to the edge of a leaf, although a few had attached them-
selves to the inidrib of a leaf, and lay perfectly flat ; only a few remained
on the growing plant, fixed to the main stem, hanging head downwards,
at an angle of about 45° to the stem ; a few^ were noticed amongst the
dead blossoms at the top of the bush and were exceedingly well
protected, looking exactly like the decayed flower-stems. During
February there was a hard frost nearly every night, and the larvae
became rigid, I believe frozen ; those among the dead leaves appeared
to be more protected. The frosts, however, killed off many larva>,
especially of broods 4 and 5, of which more than a half perished.
At the end of February I brought the bags in and carefully examined
the contents, the results being: Brood 1 — 10 healthy larva>, 10
dead ones. Brood 2—6 healthy, 10 dead, 4 moribund. ]5rood H
— 6 healthy, 11 dead, 3 moribund. Brood 4 — 3 healthy, 16 dead,
1 moribund. Brood 5 — 1 healthy, IS dead, 1 moribund. Total
— 26 healthy, 65 dead, 9 moribund. The warmth of the kitchen soon
made the healthy larvae active, but the moribund ones gradually
died off". Of the healthy renmants, broods 1, 2 and 3 commenced
feeding at once, and in a week were casting their winter skins, but at
this period nine died. The three larva^ of brood 4 waited some ten
days in the warmer surroundings before commencing to feed, whilst
the single larva of brood 5 began after fourteen days. The larvje of
broods 1, 2 and 3 spun up between April 7th and 10th, those of
brood 4 by the end of April, and the larva of brood 5 on May 8th.
The quiescent period between the time of spinning the puparium and
the actual change to pupa, lasted five days. The first imago emerged
on April 28th after a pupal period of sixteen days. By May 2nd, all
the specimens of broods, 1, 2 and 3, were out, the two survivors of brood

4 had emerged by the middle of May, and the single example of brood

5 on May 25th. The actual results from this frozen and then forced
section of the five broods are as follow-s :

1. — (> emerged [ = 2 orange <? a (typical) and 4 yellow ? sj.

2.-4 ,, [ = 1 ,, (typical) and 1 banded ci (yordiatu), 2 bcinded ?s].

3.-3 ,, [ = 1 ,, ,, ,, ,. „ ,, „ 1 yellow ?].

4. — 2 ,, [ = 1 banded d" (Kordidta), anrl 1 banded ? ^

5.— 1 ,, [ = 1 dark ? J.

Although I tried hard to obtain pairings I only succeeded in one
instance, and the eggs proved infertile.

To return to the bulk of broods 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 which had not been
disturbed. Broods 1, 2, 3 and 4 started feeding at the beginning of
April, but brood 5 was nearly a month later, although wintered under
identical conditions, and some of the larvae of the other broods were
half-fed when they started ; when, however, they did commence, some
fed up very quickly and w^ere only about ten days later than the larv*
of the other -broods, but the remainder hung on a long time, and
imagines were emerging from broods 1, 2, 3 and 4 when these spun up,
and emergence was a good three weeks later. The results of these
broods w^orked out as follows :

]. — 89 orange t? s, 1.5 yellow ? s. (End of May to end of June.)

2.-45 ,, and ;{8 banded cf s, 23 yellow and 17 banded ¥ s. (End of May
to end of .lune.)

3.-39 orange and 47 banded <^ a, 21 yellow and 2-5 banded ? s. (End of May
to end of June.)

148 THE ENTOMOLOCilST's KEOORb.

4. — 78 banded ^^ s, 37 banded ? s. (End of May to end of June.)
5. — 64 dark-banded i s, 30 dark-banded I s. (End of June to July.)

In all 594 specimens were bred. Brood 1 produced some very
dark sprinkled forms approaching the Raindean type, the $ s were,
however, of the usual sprinkled form. Broods 2 and 8 produced
some curious forms, including examples of the two aberrations named
by Mr. Prout, to which reference has already been made ; some of the
plain orange,? s, too, have a bleached appearance; four reddish-brown,
instead of black, pup^e produced three remarkably coloured $ s (of a
tint approaching that of the ? ) and a very pale-banded ? (very similar
in tint to that of the three males) ; many specimens were undersized,
sufficiently uniform in the smallness to suggest a small race, although
occasional small exainples occur in almost every brood. The plain
yellow ? s in these broods were of a richer yellow' than those of
brood 1, whilst the banded ? s vary from the faintest yellow in their
bands to rich chocolate. The banded J s do not vary so much, but
nearly all have the hindwings with more chocolate than orange. The
$ s of brood 4 were all of the banded type, and were similar to the
banded forms of broods 2 and 8, the 2 s also were similar but varied
in the tint of the band. Brood 5 was the most remarkable on account
of the dark coloration ; some of the J s were exceedingly rich in coloui',
many with the hindwings entirely chocolate in coloration, on thn
other hand, the orange nuirkings were plain, quite a contrast from
the colouring of their parents ; only four specimens were sprinkled,
but this sprinkling gave them a beautiful appearance ; one of these
four examples has exceptionally deep-tinted bands, only a sn^all portion
of orange showing, and would, except for this, have been entirely
chocolate in colour ; one J differed from all the others in being of a
rich sienna colour ; the $ s are of rich coloration, with bands of dark
chocolate, four examples being exceptionally dark and so little marked
wdth yellow as to be almost unicolorous.

From the imagines obtained from these various broods 1 obtained
the following pairings — (1) Orange $ x yellow $ . (2) Orange <i
X banded $ . (8) Banded $ x yellow J . (4) Banded J x banded J .
(5) Dark -banded $ x dark -banded ? . (G) Light -banded <? x light -
banded 1 . (7) Dark-banded $ x light-banded ?. (8) Liglit-banded
J X dark -banded $ .

The larvae obtained from these pairings fed up to hybernating
stage, and although some were larger than usual at this period, none
produced autumnal imagines, although 1 placed them in the kitchen
with the idea of forcing, and they were ultimately placed back with
the others. Six of the broods were placed out of doors in sleeves; and
the two others were placed in the greenhouse in breeding-cages, but
the larvae of all hybernated about the middle of September. I left the
six sleeved broods out of doors with the idea of observing the effect of
exposure to the winter weather on them. One brood, examined at the
end of September, was found to contain about 150 larva* about f of an
inch in length, and, in addition, four or five earwigs which were
promptly killed. 1 examined the sleeve again in October, but found
only 28, and a number of small earwigs that must have devoured the
remainder. Other bags also were found to contain earwigs, which
Avere also killed. An examination of the bags in November and
December showed that the larvie were healthy, mostly hidden among

SOME UNDESCRIBED .\BKRK\TION.S OF AMGKRONA PRTINARIA, LINN. 1 19

the dried leaves which had h'en phieed in the hai^s. Diu-iiiif Januarv
of this year these larvio were exposed to hard frost from the llth-17th,
and, on examining the bags again at the end of February, I found
many dead, others looked shrivelled, but probably they were healthy and
harmonised better with their surroundings thus. They formed, how-
ever, quite a contrast to the two broods in the greenhouse, which were
larger, their coats much smoother, and altogether more healthy-look-
ing, whilst I did not find a dead larva. This experience leads one to
surmise that many must die in nature, and that, in confinement, success
is better obtained by protecting them during the inclement w^eather.
At any rate, it appears that this must be done if one wishes to breed
the characteristic large race that is obtained in confinement, a race
altogether superior in size to the examples obtained in nature.

Some undescribed aberrations of Angerona prunaria, Linn.

Bj L. B. PROUT, F.E.S.
In working out this species for his recent paper, read before the
City of London Entomological and Natural History Society, on
March 3rd, my friend Mr. C. P. Pickett, F.E.S., called attention to
tW'O interesting and distinct aberrations which appeared amongst the
material he had bred, and which, so far as he could ascertain, had
never yet been named ; but, in order to avoid the rashness of which
our editor and myself have several times complained recently, 1 under-
took to look into the existing literature of the variation of this species
before proceeding further. I am now in a position to say that the
forms in question, and one other striking aberration, are still unde-
scribed, and I here subjoin diagnoses, besides noting briefly the pre-
viously-named forms. Mr. Pickett will be able, if he think necessary,
to add further details about these forms, of w-hich 1 give merely the
briefest possible description.

1. Pruiiarid, liinn. — ^The type tonu, as is well-known, is uniformly fulvous in
the cf , luteous in the ? , spotted with fuscous dashes. Linne's type s is extant,
and agrees with his diagnosis. Scopoli's corticaiis {Ent. Cam., p. 216), described
as bone-coloured, seems to be a typical ? .

2. ('(inilaria, Thiib. (^mrdiatu, Fuessl.,e,r err., «fc'Linn.). — ^\'iugs infuscated,
excepting a median band on forewings (not reaching to inner margin) and a part
of the hindwings, which retain the original ground colour.

3. Spati;ihi-r(ii, Lampa. — 1 hiicolorous, without the dark freckling. Lampa
described this from the 9 , and 1 have only seen it in that sex (one in Br. Mus.
Coll., from Central France), but I understand it does also exist in the c? .

4. I'tnroloraria, Horm. (ab. et var.), cf .—More unicolorous than the type,
with only a few indistinct grey dots, and sometimes a darkened outei- margin.
Staudinger wrongly unites this Bucovina form with var. kentearia ; if it be not
distinct from all the others, it must be united with ab. spaiuibergi, as the ^ of
that form.

5. K"ntcinia, Stgr. = j.!7n)«r/, Fuchs (var.). — Smaller, paler ( cT pale ochreous,
? whitish), densely irrorated with fuscous. This forms a local race in some parts

of Asia.

6. Canntirpataria, Fuchs (ab.). — A casual j aberration of var. keittearia,
having the whitish colour of the ? .

7. Pickettariu, n. ab., i , ? . — Basal area dark, as in ab. corj/laria, but its
costa narrowly of the typical ground-colour ; central area of the ground-colour,
except the extreme iiujer margm, which is very narrowly fuscous ; marginal area
consisting of narrow fuscous band, pyramidal, its base at inner margin, its apex
(rather ill-defined) just above uervure 6, this band followed by a narrow area of
ground-colour. Hindw ings distinguished from those of ab. corylaria by having a
blotch of the ground-colour at apex.

8. Pallidaria, n. ab., j , ? . — Freckling absent, as in ab. uparujbcr'ji, but the

150 THE entomologist's REC06t>.

portioiiri of the wiugb which are iiifuscated in ab. curtjlarla have a shadow of the
darkening in ab. pallidaria — a nondescript grey shade in the j , a golden-brown
tinge in the ? . This form may be said to bear exactly the same relation to ab.
corylaria as does ^pavgheryi to the type. I have seen no other examples than Mr.
Pickett's.

0. Fuiicaria, n. ab. — The dark shade which prevails in ab. corylaria is here
spread over the whole of the wings, producing an unicolorous infu.'^^cated aberration.
I have only seen one example, a <? from Lauban, from the Zeller collection (now
in Br. Mas. Coll.).

(M oTTe 0l> T E^R A ,

Notes on captures of Coleopteka in Cumberland in 1902. ^On
February 27th, 1902, I took a fine specimen of Lawpriuus miiinatus,
Grav., under a stone, this is my fourth specimen of this rare species,
the other three were taken in moss. On March 6th, two AlrucJtara
runindondii, Kr., were found in a rabbit hole ; A)ici/roii/iunis oriialinti,s,
Er., in numbers settling in a boat ; whilst on March Ifjth, I was on
Wan Fell, part of LazonbyFell, and took my first specimen oiCarabux
niteu^, L., on a sheep track ; and one Aphodius tcs.siilatui^, F., Hying, this is
an addition to the Cumberland list; on April 16th, six specimens of
Snbcoccinella '2,^:- punctata, L., were captured on herbage by the river
side, and, on April 20th, working the dry grass and rubbish at the
bottom of a hedge, I obtained four Lebia chlDroccphala, Hoff., Dromius
niiirirentriii, Thorns., common ; and t\\o Il/n')i()sviius riri(lii)c)i)ti.s, Steph.,
with a number of common species. On April 27th, on Wan Fell, in
company with Mr. F. H. Day, a very cold day and not much about,
Ptenistic/ias Icpidiis, ¥., three, and ('i/ mind is rajxirariornin, h., three,
were the only captures worthy of note. On May 4th, working the
mud by the side of a small stream, a tributary of the Eden, I took
(h'hthcbiiis ni/iuiaininatiis, Steph., in numbers, with ( 'frci/an JmemnrrJtoiis,
Gyll., and ('. miniitiix. Mulls., fairly commonly; 'I'arhi/asa atra, Grav.,
and MiiUaena elomjata, Matth., a few; one Micropc/dns porratas, Payk.,
on the side of an overhanging bank. On May 11th, I visited Cumrea
Fell, a part of the Pennines, with Messrs. G. B. Routledge and F. H.
Day, our object being <'arabits nitens, L., but it did not put in an
appearance, although otherwise we had a fairly successful day —
I'terostic/uis vitreus, Dej., fairly swarmed ; /'. acthiapx, Pan/., was in
fair numbers ; Calathns inicruptenis, Duft., Olist/ionus rotintdatus,
Payk., and Bradijcdlns co;ptatiis, Gyll., were very common ; lUnibidium
ni'iricoDic, Gyll., turned up freely on the bare sheep tracks in the
heather: fji/dniponis niorio, Dej., occurred sparingly in mossy holes.
The best capture, however, was a fine specimen of Tachinns nijipennis,
Gyll., under a stone, whilst one fMthrnhixiii otripalpc, Sharp, and one
Acidota crcnata, F., were very acceptable. On May 21st, I was in
Baron Wood fishing, and took a nice ]>>/schiriii!< politus, Dej., and one
Mori/r/ius aeneus, F., on bare patches of sand in the sunshine, in com-
pany with swarms of Bonhidinnt palndoaum, Panz., and iJijtili(s rarius,
F. On June 3rd, my children brought in ten Vyrochroa nerraticnrnis,
Scop., taken on an old tree root by the river side, I have only taken
this species very sparingly before; whilst on June 11th, I found a nice
series of Tri/podendron lincatnm, Er., in roots of newly-felled spruce fir
trees; Asnninn striatinn, L., just emerging from its burrows in Scotch
fir roots. On June 12th, Ernobiun tnollis, L., was found breeding
freely in the bark on larch fence posts; whilst June loth was spent at
Baron A\'ood, it was a very dull, wet day, but a tine lot of beetles Avere

COLEOPTERA. 15 J

to be taken, although one had to put up with getting drenched, the
best of the captures were — a few Ancutronycha abd(»innalis, F. ; one
Conjinbiti's inijircuHHs, F. ; several Sericosoiniis hninneus, L. ; whilst
Rhi/nr/iitcs nip reus, L., and Poh/<lri(siis iii icons, F., fairly swarmed with
a host of commoner species. On July 27th, I went down to look over
some flood refuse, and got several specimens of Uj/dyoci/jj/ion dc/lcri-
rollis, Miill., and two CviiiitohtipnHn maritinnts, Curt. On August
24th, I was on the lower slope of Cross Fell, the higliest point of the
Pennines, Aiiabim convener, Payk., was very common ; A. areticus,
Payk., two specimens ; Hi/ilroporns niorio, Dej., fairly common; a few
Rhantiis hi^triatiix, ]3erg. ; HybiKs acncscens, Thorns., common. These
all occurred in mossy holes well up the side of the hill ; Ijy treading
round the edge of one of the holes I obtained a pair of (ji/imiKsd
varieyata, Kies. On l^ecember 19th, a nice specimen of TetiaUmia
ancora, F., was found under dead fir bark ; whilst on December 22nd,
a fine mild day, 1 had a look at the fence posts round a small wood of
mixed trees, principally Scotch fir, with a sprinkling of spruce, larch,
oak, elm and beech, with an undergrowth of elder ; here I obtained
several Coryphium anyitsticulle, Steph., and Oinaliuin vile, Er., which
occurred on oak posts ; Saljduyns foveolatufi, Ljungh., on any kind of
post, but principally, however, under the elm ones, only very odd
specimens occurring away from the elms ; a fine lot of Pldoi'opkilHa
edwardsi, Steph., on the various kinds of post, and occurring the whole
length of the wood. I may add that, on January 20th, 1903, I took
a nice specimen of Chrysumela maryinata, L., in fiood refuse; on
January 22nd, one specimen of Meyacrunus inclinans, Grav., under a
stone, one Aleochara ninicnlonmi, Kr., in a rabbit hole, and, on
January 28th, whilst digging in a rabbit burrow, 1 obtained a fine
pair of Chnli'ra intennedia, Kr., from 12ft. to 15ft. from the entrance.
On January 29th, a fine example of Qtwdius pHnctirollis, Thoms., was
found in a rabbit burrow, and on January 31st, at Baron Wood, trying
rotten wood, the following species were taken, Leptasa fumida, Er., a
pair ; Qiwdiiis .fanthopus, Er., a pair ; Onialiurn punctipimnc. Thorns.,
common; Rhayiiun inqimitor, F., common; all these species were
found in birch. In fungi on a birch stump, I took several Cu
bidentatus, 01., and Tetratoma f'unyoriuii, F., occurred commonly.
Where no locality is mentioned. Great Salkeld must be understood as
the locality.— H. P>ritten, Prospect House, Salkeld Dykes, Penrith.
April 20th, 1903.

A NEW ABERRATION OF OtHIUS FULVIPENNIS, F. = AB. DONISTHORPEI, N.AB.

— I think that the specimen of Oth.iui< fnlvipennis, F., with unicolorous
elytra, recorded by me in the Ent. Mo. May. as taken in the New
Forest, deserves a distinguishing name, and I propose to call it ab. donin-
thorpei, after my friend Mr. Horace Donisthorpe, who is, I understand,
at present at work in conjunction with Professor T. Hudson Beare on the
British list, and who has been kind enough to look up whether there is
any closely allied species known. Mr. Donisthorpe tells me that there is
a melanic specimen unnamed in the general collection of the British
Museum. My specimen was taken by digging at the roots of a large
oak, just as one would dig for lepidopterous pupie, and was found at a
short distance only from the main road that leads from Brockenhurst
to Lyndhurst, about a mile from Brockenhurst. The aberration differs
from the type in having the elytra concoloi'ous with the thorax, and in

152

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

bein<,' altogether somewhat darker and narrower. The antennae are
dark chocolate, lighter towards the tips, and the palpi are of the same
colour, and so are the legs, w ith the anterior tarsi lighter. The only
structural difference that I can see is that the punctures on the head
are finer. The outstanding hairs and the pubescence entirely agree
with the type, so that it cannot be a distinct species. — Arthur J.
( HiTTY, M.A., F.E.S., 27, Hereford Square, S.W.

Trechis RivuLARis, (lYLi.., FROM WicKEN Fen. — I have much
pleasure in x-ecording the capture of 'I'mJais riiidarifi, Gyll. {incilis,
Daws.), from Wicken Fen. 1 find 1 have one specimen, taken in
August, 1900. Unfoitunately this has been somewhat damaged, and
my recollection is that 1 had another which was totally destroyed.
My impression is that the insect was taken under cut grass, along one
of the main thoroughfares of the fen. The insect was first intro-
duced as British under the name of Trechus incilis, by Dawson. The
records in Fowler are Whittlesea Mere (Dawson), and Holm Fen (Dr.
Power). I do not know whether there have been any more captures.
The insect is very distinct, and could not be confused with any other.
— Ibid.

CoLEOPTERA ]N CUMBERLAND. — A few interesting species are occur-
ing freely in the Eden Valley at the present time. .J'Jiialia mbuleti,
Payk., is swarming on sandbanks by the river-side. I have only
found this species very sparingly previous to this season. At the
present time, with a warm day, and on a suitable sandbank, one can
see from 20 to HO specimens in a square yard, and they are quite as
active as ^H. aumaria, F., though, generally, it is a very sluggish insect.
Hydrothasaa Intnnoverana, F., is again occurring in the old locality, whilst
Harpalus riijUmrbia, F., is appearing freely on a large sandbank by
the river-side, as many as 84 specimens being found under one small
piece of rail bar, some quite immature ; this species has only occurred
very sparingly m Cumberland previously. Hclnji/ionis {nn'micus,
Muls., a species often passed over from its very sluggish habits,
and being generally covered thickly with mud. 1 find very freely at
the edges of sandbanks, generally out of the water, and amongst the
green alg;e which grow in damp and shady spots ; it can geneially be
induced to move by splashing, though it is often a considerable time
before it moves. — H. Britten, Prospect House, Salkeld Dykes,
Penrith. Man ^t'', 1903.

Capture of Meloe brevicollis, Pz. and M. cicatricosus.
Leach, in April, 1903. — On April 6th I went down to Weymouth to
try and take Meloe brevicollis, which Mr. Forsyth had told me was now
about. I was fortunate enough during my short stay to capture some
nine specimens. On April 9th I went down to Margate for a fortnight
with the determination to take some of the Isle of Thanet " Oil "
beetles. Good Friday (10th) being beautifully hot and still, I took
ten specimens of MeUJe viratrirosiis on that day. After this the
weather became truly arctic, and it was with much labour and time
expended that I captured in all during my stay some 25 specimens.
My friends, Messrs. Chitty and lieare, came over to collect with me
on the 14th and 21st respectively, and secured specimens of M.cieatri-
rosns. The only other Meloe which turned up was the common Melde
firoscarabeus, sparingly at Pegwell Bay. — Horace Donisthorpe.

MoNOHAMUS TrriLLATOR, F,, AND CeRA."MBYX HEROS, ScOP., TAKEN

COLEOPTERA. 153

ALivK IN England. — In Mr. F. Bates' beautiful collection of British
eoleoptei'a is a specimen of MonohaiHus titillator, which was found
alive on a willow tree in the Freeman's Gardens, Aylestone Road,
near Leicester, by a Mr. Tristram, in the summer of iH95. Thouj^^h
no doubt an introduced species, it has as much right to stand in our
catalogue as 3/. sartor or M. sntor, as, like both these species, it has
been taken at various times alive in this country. Mr. E. A. Water-
house has a specimen of M. titillator which was taken alive at Batter-
sea Park about 80 years ago. In the British Museimi collection of
Longicornes there is a specimen labelled " taken alive in Surrey." Mr.
Bates also possesses a very fine specimen of Ccratiiln/.v Itrros, which
was picked up alive in Gray's Inn Square in June, 1902, by a work-
man, who took it to Messrs. Janson. When captured it was not quite
mature, having evidently but recently emerged from the pupa. —
Ibid.

Beetles at sugar. — It is well known that many species of beetles
came to sugar, though such are rarely recorded, 1 noticed Bhaciium
inquisitor, in the New Forest, June, 1902, Helofis coerideus, East-
bourne, July, 1902, Ai/elastica halensis, in swarms at Freshwater,
August, 1902, all coming to the sweets spread for lepidoptera. — C. W.
CoLTHRUP, 127, Barry Road, East Dulwich, S.E.

CoLEOPTEKA IN CUMBERLAND IN EARLY SPRING. — The Weather SO far
has been anything but propitious for field work, but whenever a finer day
than usual permitted a few hours' collecting, the results have invariably
proved satisfactory, especially from a county faunistic point of view-.
Several additions have been made to the Cumberland list of indigenous
species. Judtrirrna tarsatKs, Miill., turned up in hedge refuse in small
numbers, and, though a common beetle generally, does not appear to
have been found here before. Quite a lot of species occurred in this
hedge refuse, the best perhaps being Alcachara ruficornis, Grav., and
Cholera ani^ototnoidi'f;, Spence. Other species were Stoinis pionicatit.s,
Panz., Patrohnx eiraratiis, Payk., Ainara lunicollia, Schiod., A. ovata,
F., and several common members of the same genus ; Dcypns
brunnipes, F., Pliiloutliiis albipe.s, Grav., Stilicun affinis, Er., Steniis
ossiiou, Steph., N. inipri'sftKs, Germ., Olophrum piceum, GyW., Humalinm
excaratton, Steph., Mej/arthrus sinitatocolli.s, Lac, Homalota ffre(/aria,
Er., JJ. lonijicornis, Grav., and numerous others of the genus, Ipn 4-
piinctata, Herbst, and I.oviiitarsus aui'liKsa, Payk. A single Ocyptis
fnscatus, Grav., was found under a stone close by. An hour or two's
work at bark in March produced a nice series of (.'linocara inubdata, Kr.,
another addition to the Cumberland fauna, and one of the liveliest beetles
I have ever bottled. On the same day a few Quediiis fioimtiis, Steph.,
were obtained by sifting dead leaves. I have not done anything with
the water-net yet, but Haliplns fidnis, F., JJri/chiiis deration, Panz.,
and ])eronecti's V2-pnstidatiin, F., were found clinging to an old tree root
in a backwater of the river Petteril, and, on the banks of the same
stream, one or two Homalota inserta, Thoms., and H. i/raiiiinicola,
Gyll., were captured. In the same district fli/lesiuus rrcnatus, F., was
found boring into ash.

A visit to Skiddaw added Hotnalota tibialis, Heer, to the county
list. It occui-red freely in moss above 2000ft. Arpedimn bracJnjp-
teruin, Grav., was found at the same time, but less freely. C'alutltiis
var. nnhiijcna, Hal., was in fair numbers. The six oi seven speci-

154 THE entomologist's record.

mens I luive set ai'e the finest of this form I have yet taken. A single
dead Otiorr/n/nchnst manrn^, Gyll., also from moss, is an interesting-
verification of an old record. A few I'terostirhus iHtirioi, Dej., were
noticed under stones, but the visit was too short for extensive collecting.

A day's work in the Eden valley, towards the end of April, pro-
duced some interesting insects. From dry Hood refuse stranded in
hedgevowfi, < 'n'in'dodrra riijiju's, L., and Tachijponoi palliihis, Sharp,
were beaten in some numbers, with Corticaria denticulata, Gyll., Ato-
iiiaria atrirajiilla, Steph. (first county record), and other things. From
fiood refuse in the open fields came Mantura ohtusata, Gyll., l)r())nii(s
nifirircntris. Thoms., Am-liDnifniOi mlcaas, Nic, PhilonthKs surdidiis,
Grav., P. dfriinoi, Grav., Oitiias NUiUmns, Boh., and many more species.
Philonthiis rcrnalis, Grav., two specimens, is another addition to the
local list. On the sandy banks of the river Aiiiialia mhnleti, Payk.,
was in plenty, with a little <).ri/jiiid(f not yet determined. Hafpalua
rn/iharbts, F., was also common under hits of wood and fencing rail
lying on the sand. I'nder one short rail I counted 88 specimens. A
few fine Alcm-hara nmiriilonun, Kr., were taken by working rabbit
burrows, and Hi/last i,ni(.'< ohxciinis, Marsh., and Pldoeoplithonm r/indo-
dactijlus, Marsh., in abundance under bark or dead broom.

In addition to the species I recorded from Newton Regny Moss, as
new to Cumberland {Hut. Ilerord, vol. xv., p. 77), I should mention
PhiluntJius a>rvi}ius, Er., and Pliijllotrita Jiex-iiosa, 111., two or three
specimens of each being secured bv shaking moss over paper. — F. H.
Day, F.E.S., Carlisle, '^ra,/ 14//s"^1908.

J^ R A C T I C A L HINTS.

Field work for June.

1. — If during the early part of this month the tei'minal shoots of
Salir cajiraca are carefully examined, some will be found to have theii'
leaves spun together. These may contain pup;e of I'oithina
capraeana.

2. — Anyone visiting the coast in the Shields and Hartlepool
districts during the first fortnight in June, should obtain pupte of
Epiiippipliora tirandacvana. They are to be found in long silken tubes
at the roots of Titssihif/o farfara. The best way to secure the pupa^ is
to thrust one's fingers well into the sand round the coltsfoot and gently
move them from side to side. This will cause the sand to fall away
and leave the tubes exposed.

3. — Throughout this month Stii/inotinf,/ nitidana is to be found fly-
ing round oak trees or sitting on their leaves in the sunshine. This
spceies is seldom moving before 8 p.m. or after 6.80 p.m., and is con-
fined to woodland districts.

4. — On bright and still afternoons Whittleia rc^/cZ/a may be found
Hying over low herbage in salt-marshes. Its chequered markings and
rapid flight causes it to be very easily overlooked.

5. — Tinea histripdla flies throughout this month amongst its food-
plant (Betula alba). It is to be obtained equally freely either in the

* " Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist," Pts. I and II, each contain
some 1250 practical hints similar to these, but relating chiefly to the Mar-ro-
lepidoptera. Interleaved for collector'-s own notes. Triee ('<<. each part.

NOTES ON rOM.KCTlNrr. 155

inornintj or afternoon. Unless a position is chosen giving a fairly open
and clear space, so that one may see the moths Hying against a light
background, very few will be caught or even seen.

6. — A sunny afternoon during the early part of -lune should
produce Lainproida luzella. The moth flies fast, and just over low
growing vegetation, being most partial to wide ridings in woods. If
carried for only a short time in pillboxes in one's pocket or satchel,
this species is utterly spoiled and generally dies. The only method
to obviate this trouble appears to be l)y filling a tin with fi-eshly
gathered grass and burying in it the pillboxes containing moths.

7. — Jnft/rcxtliia iflaucinello occurs in this month amongst oak,
preferring the scrubby pollards usually to be found in well-kept hedge-
rows. The moth is most unwilling to fly when beaten from its place
of concealment, and has a very unpleasing knack of falling to the
ground, when, unless one is prepared for the habit, it is more likely to
be taken for anything than a moth.

8, — From the commencement to the third week in June, Elachista
ijawjabella flies in the late afternoon, but not unless the day is a calm
one. Unlike most of the species of the genus Elaclmta it does not
fly amongst its foodplant (jJactylis i/lomerata), bat from four to five
feet from the ground. It frequents the ridings in woods and hedge-
rows.

9. — About the third week in June is a good time to collect pupieof
Tortrix hraiKJeriana. They are to be found in leaves of Popidiis
trcmula, having a corner turned over and secured at intervals In-
sundry strands of white silk. It is well to sever these silken bands, or
the aspen leaf, by contraction in drying, may press upon and injure
the pupa. The pupa, which is jet black, is small in comparison with
the moth it produces.

10. — Towards the end of the month, Peronea sheplierdana larvte are
to be sought in drawn-together terminal shoots of Spiraea ubnaria.
The species is very local, being strictly confined to fen and marsh lands.

11. — Etipnccilia sadaliann should be searched for about the middle
of June. Although very local, it may, where it occurs, sometimes be
taken in fairly large numbers. It flies from sunset to S p.m., after
which it is to be found at rest on the leaves of its foodpliint, HftainnK.^
catliartiins.

12. — In mid-June if Seilnm acre be carefully watched in the sun-
shine, most probably the beautiful (Ihiphijdcnjx eqnitella will be found
Hying over or resting upon it.

13. — Ariu/reHtliia abiloiinnali.s otcAwa amongst Jiinipenis cuimnunis at
the end of June. It is best obtained by beating, but a sheet or an
umbrella should be placed unde)- the bushes, as far more moths fall to
the ground than take wing.

14. — The very scarce <TrJciIiin (is.sf4la may be looked foi- from the
middle to the end of June. It occurs in woods, and on downs and rough
pastures, flying .tfter 4 p.m. low down amongst grass, kc. and is easily
passed as a rush-feeding L'oleophora.

:©_OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

SSprim; Lkpidopteka at MKNA<ioin. On Thursday, April Uth, at
2.20 p.m., 1 left Loudon without having seen a single living butterfly

156 THR rntomologist's record.

of the year. Oa Saturday, the 11th, at 11 a.m., 1 found myself under
the (scanty) shade of the olives, near Menaggio, watching Papilio
podalirim toying in mid-air, P. machaon skimming over the strips of
meadow between the vineyards, Euchlo'e cardamineH with its dash of
colour, the delicate Leptidia ,^inapis flying over the blossoms in the
grass, and the familiar /'flra/y/r' luegaera sunning itself with open wings
on a hot stone. After dull winter days this was a delightful experience.
I remained in Menaggio till April 20th, and, during those few days,
noted about thirty species of Rhopalocera. P. podalirius was very
common and especially attracted to the upper branches of the plum
trees around the town, then in I)lossom. P. urachaon was less common
and frequented the grassy slopes. Pieris rapae less common than P.
napi, but, perhaps the former was not yet fully out, as Frey states
[Lep. der Schiveis, p. 5) that napi is rather the earlier in Switzer-
land, and this remark probably applies also to North Italy. Euchlo'e
cardamines Avas abundant, the males varied a good deal in size ;
several females were noted. Leptidia sinapis was common. One
Colias hijale and two or three C. edu^a wore seen. Gonepteryx ihamni
was very conspicuous on the wooded slopes. Vmiessa io was seen
settling on an old wall, but Aiilais iiiticai^ was more numerous, while
Eiigonia polycJdoros appeared occasionally. A few Euranessa antlopa
were seen but could not be netted. I noticed, however, that they
were all white-bordered. Pult/gunia c-albant, occurred sparingly.
AriHinnis lathonia common in one sheltered spot. Paranic maiaera
flew about the pathways, and Coenomfnipha pamphilua haunted the
strips of meadow-land. Callo/ihrys rnhi was captured, but was scarce,
and only one specimen of Chryxofihanua fihlams was noted. In a warni
corner a single specimen of Poli/onwiattis astro rchc was seen, and
Cyaniris anjiolus was taken near Grandola. One larva of Aporia
i-rataei/i, app.irently about to pupate, was observed on a garden wall.
The remaining species noticed belonged to the Lycjcnids and Hesperiids,
but were not identified, though I fancy I saw Cupido sebrus and
Poluumiuatufi bellaryus among them. We did no serious collecting,
and my excuse for offering these casual remarks must be my belief
that the district around the lake of Como, on which little appears to
have been written by entomologists, would prove interesting to the
serious worker. — Alfked Sich, F.E.S., Corney House, Chiswick.
April 29tlt, VMS.

Scarcity of Insects at sugar in 1902.— With regard to Mr.
Woodforde's note re the above {antea, vol. xiv., p. 34G), my experienci'
last season was that flowers were the more attractive bait, as I think
the following will show. In July last I sugared in Parkhurst Forest.
Newport, Isle of Wight, and was not at all satisfied with the few
insects whicb were on the sugar, nor with the way Thyatira bails and
Gonophora dirasa kept flitting past my lantern, only occasionally settling,
so I turned my attention to the flowers of the bramble, and found T.
batis, G. dcrasa, (h»iophora libatri.v, lladcna oleracea, Cosmia aj/inis,
Calyiiinia trapczina, and other moths there in goodly numbers. On
July 24th, I sugared some posts at the edge of the clitt's on the way to
Beachy Head, with very poor result, *7'~., one Xylojdiasia lithorylea,
three Miana literosa, one M. striyilis ab. acthiops, one Caradrina
morpheus, and eleven Apamea didyrna (pculea), and concluded that the
flowers up the face of the cliff were getting the lion's share of the

N'OTK.S ON f!Ol.r,K(;TING. iT)?

visitors, as a number of moths flitted up towards the lantern light and
returned down the cliff as quickly as they came. I, therefore, resolved
to visit some privet bushes which I had noted on my way up, and
which were in flower. As soon as I got to them my conjecture was
confirmed, as the buz/ing of wings was quite noticeable, and I found
that the bushes were alive with moths jostling one another, and barely
n Howerhead but had one or two moths. Desides the aliove species 1
noted Ai/rdfia cnrticea. A. sci/i'tiini and A. '',r<ianiati(»iix, worn, TripJuuini
fintnuba, T. comes, and a number of other species. This was at 10.30
p.m. Again on August 14th, 1 sugared on the clift's nt Freshwater,
and not a single moth came, but a beetle {Seriin/la Jm/i'iisis) simply
swiirmed. On the way down, one or two posts of a fence gave me two
Ciriijn mat lira [cj/t/iena), three Ajiaiiira diilipiia {(iculi'a). one Caradrina
tniibi'iiia, one Atiiphiipyra tratiojioiionis, and two Lxperina Uatari'ti, but
nothing else. A little farther on I came to a hedge overhanging a
ditch, with bramble and other flowers, and here I was surprised to find
both Geometrids and Noctuids swarming, but, having nonet with me,
and the ditch being too wide to allow of pillboxing, I cannot give the
species. This was at 11.15 p.m. On September 10th, I sugared high
up on the downs at Dover, away from flowers, and had a good bag.
Two evenings later 1 tried the valley, where flowers were plentiful, and
selected a lane, on one side of which were posts, which 1 sugared, and
on the other a hedge with ivy coming into bloom, but the result was
again not what I expected, two Noctua c-ni(jniin and two J Li-ptnp/nje-'^
pvnrtatixsiiiia at sugar, and a few Epunda lutidenta at the ivy. (This
latter bait I would recommend to the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, r^ his
note antea, vol. xiv., p. 286, which the last named species seems to prefer,
and which may possibly explain why he does not get it at sugar after a
certain date, dependent on the season.) Again having my suspicions
with regard to flowers, I cast round with my lantern and chanced to see
a moth flying in an adjoining field, where a wild plant was growing
about two feet high, and, on investigating further, I found moths very
plentiful, settled on the flower-heads, or buzzing from flower to flower,
and among others I got Hydroecia micacea, two species of Xanthiids,
Noctiia-r-iiiip-um, Epunda lutidenta, Leiicania paltens, Veridroma snfusa,
Pldoijuphura meticulosa, Noctua, xantlioyrapha, Lupcrhia testacea,
Anc/iucelis lunoaa, AmphipyratrarfopoycDm, Triphacna comes, T. pronuba
(quite fresh), and Catocala niipta, the latter quite bearing the flower-
head down. I have found that sugaring as high up as possible pays
best, especially on the downs, and on one night in June last, on
Brighton downs, insects came in hundreds to sugar, the next night
(same conditions), in the valley, my bag amounted to three, so on the
third night I returned to the downs and found insects as plentiful as
on my first visit. At that time I did not suspect flowers as the reason
of the second night's failure, but, in the light of my later experience, I
feel pretty sure of it. — C. W. Colthrup, 127, Barry Road, East
Dulwich, S.E.

Plusia gamma at sugar. — On September 9th last, at 10.80 p.m., 1
found two examples of this species at sugared thistle- beads which I
believe is rather unusual. — Ibid,

Roosting habit of butterflies. — With reference to Mr. Lyle's
note {antea, vol. xiv., p. 350), and, in response to the Editor's request, I
watched a number of Pyrameia eardui go to roost in a tiee near Shorn-

J 58 tHK KSTOJloLtXrlST S RF.CORll.

cliflFe Camp, the summer hefoie last, and made a note of it in my diary
at the time. I have freijuently watched Dri/as paplna and Limenitis
■si/liiUa do the same thing in the New Forest during the day if the sun
be obscured, and, in the late afternoon, when the sun is going down.
On the evening of June 4th last, I found quite a number of Cyanirix
(iruiolus roosting in a hawthorn-hedge at Shorncliffe. — Ibid.

Lateness of the season 1902. — I send you a tew notes on the back-
wardness of last season. The first entry in my notebook on the subject
refers to Tri/^haena romrs, which 1 breed annually for aberrations. On
June 20th, tlie pupie showed no signs of changing, whereas they started
coming out on -Tune 14th, in 1901, and the first emergence last year was
on June 27th. At Pokesdown, on June 22nd, the larvae of Eut^ouia
polifcliloros, .{(/lais tirtirac and Mcdacdsuma neiistria were very small, the
latter still in webs, whereas on June 14th, 1901, at the same place, I
took the two former, which pupated without feeding again, and the
latter was nearly full-fed. 1 also found a number of Aijlaii^ lotiair
liiVMV, at Christchurch, as late as September 8rd last, wandering about
the paths and pupating under the copings. The imago emerged Septem-
ber 18th. My first AittJinxrra tiifolii emerged June 14th, instead of
about the first of the month. A. atejilwnd (hippocirpidis, Steph.) started
emerging on June 15th, and the last appeared on June 30th. At
Shoreham (Kent), which I visited on July 9th, not a single specimen
of A. Jillpcndulae was out, and some of the larvjB appeared only half
fed. From a number of pupa which I took, the first imago emerged
on July 21st, and the last on August 7th, whereas, on July 17th, 1900,
the insects were out in plenty at the same place, and, from pup* I took
away, my last insect emerged on July 26th, 1900. On August 13th,
last year, I found the species quite fresh at both Newport and Ventnor,
Isle of Wight. On September 12th last, I took a specimen of
Ptrijojtlnla viHralis ab. riridis fresh out on a wall at Folkestone, the
latest date (ni which I have ever taken it. On September iHth, I Avatched
a ? Picris rapac laying her ova on low plants at Sittingbourne, which
struck me as being very late. Some of the ovawhichltook produced larvji?
in due course. .\'>iliipli(isia poli/oila)!, Tripluiena cotne.s and 7'. prunnba
were in good condition, at sugar, on September 23rd, at Folkestone;
Plunia j/cniniia emerging October 14th, from pupie taken at Anerley on
September 2()th, and Acschna uii.iid and Sijiiipctnim striolatKii) still
flying at Margate, on October 29th, seemed to me further evidence of
a late season. On September 23rd, I took larva' of Ci/ajiiris aniiolns,
at Dover, veiy young, whereas, on September 2Gth, 1901. a number 1
took from the same place had all pupated. This ati'ected the number
of my pup;f this year very considerably, as the ivy-buds were now
either too hnrd for them to tackle, or had burst into flower. For want
of blotter food the larva", whicti were half-fed, attacked their more
fortunate brethren, who biui ah'oady assumed the pupal stage, and
devoured them. it will be intnresting to note if this lateness will
affect the spring brood this year in a state of nature.- — Ibid.

Lei"C()M\ sai,i<:is fi,vin(; at dawn. -Having occasion one morning
last July to get out of bed at dawn, to scatter some members of the
feline tribe from the vicinity of my bedroom windo\\, 1 was agreeably
surprised to see a. numl)er of /.. so/in's flying about, which fully com-
pensated me for the interruption to my innocent slumbers. — li:i]>,
Shokt pupal state 01' Thai-eka uucEPHAi.A.— On November 20th,

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. ISS

1897, I had a $ Phalcra bnn'/Jnila eiuersre. I took the full-fed larva
at Ramsgate on Sepfcembei' 17th, 1897, aud it pupated on September
20th, lb97.— Ihid.

Selenia tetralunaria bred kkom Forres. — 1 have to-day (May 1st)
bred a rather light-coloured 2 of Selenia tetralniio )ia,h'om a larva taken
in the Altjre Woods, near Forres, on August 29th last. The larva in
question was beaten from larch, in company with such ordinary larch-
feeders as Macaria litnrata, Knpithecia lariciata, Gonodontis bidentata
and Ectroj'is [Tep/noaia) bUtortata, but it is just possible that it had
wandered or been blown from some neighbouring birch. Unfortunately
it did not occur to me at the time to try Avhether it would thrive on
larch ; I think it has never been recorded from this, though well-
known to be tolerably polyphagous on deciduous trees. What is the
distribution of this species in Scotland ? I believe in Dr. F. Buchanan
White's time the only Scottish record was for Rannoch, and Mr.
Barrett suggests {Brit. Lep., vii., p. 86) that oven this requires con-
firmation.-—Louis B. Prout.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

The Winglessness of Winter Moths. — I was greatly interested
in Dr. Chapman's paper in your February issue on this subject, and
as I have as yet noticed no discussion on the theory he therein pro-
pounds, I venture to send you some remarks on a few points in
connection with it which have struck me. Of course I do not arrogate
to myself any scientific knowledge that will enable me to argue the
pros and cons with Dr. Chapman, and I have no theory of my own
with which to replace his, so i propose merely to adopt the very simple
role of fault-finder, and to lay stress on what appeal- to me, as a casual
observer, to be some of the weaker points in Dr. Chapman's argument.
Brieliy put, the theoi-y is that jUants have little or no scent in winter by
which to guide female moths to the correct foodplants for oviposition,
and that, consequently, wings (which would tempt those females from
the vicinity of the food on which, as larvae, they had been reared, and
near which they had eventually emerged) are dangerous, and have
gradually been lost, presumably by the survival only of those females
who did not use them, but remained instead close to the spot of
emergence. Now, of course, the more widely applicable any theory is,
the greater the probability of its correctness, and it is, consequently, a
weak point, that Dr. Chapman has to start by abandoning his theory of
foodplant scentlessness in the case of the Psychids, Orgyias, etc.
But, although also, Dr. Chapman adduces no evidence of this
alleged scentlessness in plants in winter, let us, for the moment,
assume its correctness, and then see whether it is sufficiently applicable
to those other species that have apterous females. There can be
no doubt that all larvcE have to face the danger of want of food-
plant or absence from it, either possibly by faulty oviposition on the
part of the parent, or from actual exhaustion of the food itself, or from
accidental removal therefrom of the larva itself, and nature meets
this difficulty, it seems to me, by, in nearly all cases, allowing the use
of substitute foods. If, then, those larv;e which feed on a single food-
plant had apterous female parents, or, if even the larv* of apterous
females fed on a single foodplant, Dr. Chapman's theory would be on

i6o

THK KNTOaiOLOGIST S RECORD.

a strong basis, but, unfortunately, neither of these hypotheses holds
good, and I cannot, for the moment, call to mind any of the apterous
winter moths that has not several larval foodplants. Take the case
of Cheimatohia bniinata. Whether its true food plant was scented or
not in winter, such an universal feeder could hardly go wrong wherever
it might happen to oviposit. Take Ny>i^ia lahponaria again. Why,
with the miles and miles of nothing but heather and birch in its
Scotch haunts, how could the females, even with the largest and
weakest of wings fail to oviposit near its proper larval food ? Or take
N. zonaria. When it emerges the sallows are in full blossom.
and we all know how attractive they are to moths. Surely it is hard
to credit that the scentlessness of foodplant would, in this case, account
for winglessness in the females. On the other hand, if Dr. Chapman's
theory be correct, does it not seem that nature has paid an extravagant
price for the object which she presumes she has gained by depriving
certain insects of wing power? With Cheimatohia it is true, there is
the compensation of increased pedal activity ; but with Nyssia there is
no such compensation and, as a result, apparently, both A', zonaria and
N. lapponaria are excessively local, though, on the other hand, I'/iiyalia
pedaria {pilomria) and ^V. hispidana seem less att'ected and are coiumon
in most places. That the subject is full of intei-est and will bear deep
investigation is evident, though I doubt if Dr. Chapman has yet hit on
the satisfactory explanation. — Percy C. Reid, F.E.S., Feering Bury,
Kelvedon. March 'lii.h, 1903. [This note being submitted to Dr.
Chapman he sends the following memorandum in reply : — " There is
perhaps one point in Mr. Reid's comments on my suggested explanation
of why winter moths have apterous females that ought to be referred to by
me, by way of reply, since it may have resulted from some obscurity
in my original statements. 1 had often, of course, wondered why
• these moths were apterous, and felt dissatisfied with any explanation 1
met with, but had seen no way of investigating the subject and for
all practical purposes the problem might not have existed so far as 1
was concerned. It was only after having familiarised myself with the
Psychids and Orgyias, and concluded that there could be little, if any,
doubt that apterousness with them was a provision to prevent any
mistake as to where the eggs should be laid, that i thought some
similar principle might be found to explain the apterousness of
winter moths, and began to search for some way in which it would
apply, and imagined that the scentlessness of plants, when enjoying
their winter sleep, supplied the conditions that made the same explana-
tion applicable. It seems, therefore, desirable to point out that Mr.
Reid is in error in saying that I abandon my theory in the case of
Psychids and Orgyias, since, on the contrary, what 1 do, is to bring
the winter moths {mutatis mutandis) within the Psychid-Orgyia
explanation. Mr. Reid's other criticisms do not seem of much
moment, and, if nothing more damaging can be advanced, make
me believe that my view of the matter is on stronger ground than I
had supposed. I cannot see how a larva having one or several
foodplants affects the matter. From the point of view of the
ovipositing moth it only nuikes the foodplant a little more or less
abundant. Or, again, is sallow " the " foodplant of Nt/ssia zonaria ? Why
should this price paid by Nature to secure the advantage of havmg
the proper position of the eggs made sure be regarded as extravagant,

SCIENTIFIC NOTES, 161

since it is the one apparently which most certainly attains the object,
and is most easily adopted ? The object in view is one for which no
price can be too extravagant if it be necessary to attain it. It is
certain that the moth has no other object in life of equal importance,
and, therefore, Mr. Reid must suppose this extravagant price to have
been paid for something less valuable. Mr. Reid's note induces me to
mention a point that occurred to me before, but which I did not go
into, as it is purely theoretical at present, but it has practical bearings
in view of such points as Mr. Reid has raised. The point is that it
would be almost impossible for an apterous female to regain her wings,
should she want them, yet it is quite possible for the descendants of
such a species to have no necessity for such apterousness. Nyssia
lapponaria, according to Mr. Reid's view of its habits, might very well
be such a species. Whether it be so or not I know too little of its
habits to guess. Could an apterous female regain her wings ? She
could not do so by natural selection gradually increasing their size,
as they would be of no use for flight till fully re-developed, and, in the
interval, natural selection would have nothing to act on. They might,
where their rudiments still exist, under conceivable circumstances, be
developed into special organs of sensation, or even into, say, swimming
paddles, but not into wings. They might be regained per saltum, by
inheritance from the male, but this would be an occurrence of the
greatest possible rarity, and very unlikely to occur at a moment when
it could be utilised." — Ed.]

Pupal ecdysis of Abraxas grossulariata. — On x\pril 17th, 1903,
at 4.5 p.m., I observed a white substance protruding from the head of
an A. (jroassidariata larva which had ensconced itself three or four
days previously in a silken hammock in the upper left-hand corner of
a breeding-box. The box being four feet above the level of my eye,
I at first concluded that the cocoon of a parasitic dipterous larva was
extruding itself, but the next moment, remembering that the (possu-
lariata larva resulted from the egg of a female reared in
confinement, I realised the impossibility of my first theory, and,
procuring a pair of steps I perched myself on the top of them and
watched the lepidopterous larva shuffle ofl" its larval skin. This
process it completed at 4.22 p.m., exactly 17 minutes after I began my
observations. Probably about a quarter of the transformation was
accomplished when I first noticed what was going on, and I think we may
reasonably infer that the pupal ecdysis in this species is accomplished in
from 20 to 25 minutes. The breaking of the larval skin seemed very rapid
as I watched it, but there was no wriggling till 4.20 p.m., when the larva
(or rather pupa), turning its tail away from me, wriggled violently,
but ineftectually, to free itself entirely from the larval skin. This,
however, it succeeded in doing two minutes later by the help of
another wriggh? possibly rather more violent. The remains of the
larval skin were not altogether thrust out of the silken web, as often
happens in this species, but remained close to the anus of the pupa.
The colour of the pupa was now a dull white with hardly any trace of
coloured bands. How soon it assumed the usual (coloration of the
pupal stage in this species I am not able to say as I had not the
leisure to observe its development, but the darker bands were plainly
visible at half-past ten the same night. — (Rev.) G. H. Raynor, M.A.,
Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon, Essex, April 20th, 1903.

162 THE entomologist's RECORT).

MiGHATioN OF Anosia archippus. — While looking through my
journals for notes re the occurrence of Hijles eitphorbiae in the
Mediterranean district, I came across the following which was written
on November 8th, 1897, while we were steaming through the Grecian
Archipelago. I intended to send a note of it to one of the entomological
magazines at the time, but did not do so. The entry reads " Anosia plex-
ippus. — One of these butterflies flapped slowly over the ship not more than
ten yards above my head, and I had a good view of it, and feel confident it
was this species, with which I am well accjuainted. The day was bright,
hot, and calm. When I was in the Pacific, between 1881-4, I often saw
these butterflies passing over, or flying about, the ship when we were
miles from any land, so I do not think it likely I was mistaken. But
where could this one have come from, the east or west '? " — GervaseF.
Mathew, R.N, F.E.S., (Paymaster-in-Chief), Dovercourt, Essex.
March IQth, 1903.

Probable new British Nemotois. — Two specimens of this insect
were deposited last year in the British Museum, and, up to the present
time, it has not been ascertained to which species to allocate them.
This year both sexes have occurred, the male (apparently) having long
antennae and the female short. The short-horned specimens are much
duller than the long-horned. These latter are of a rich bronze, no
marking of any sort, and greatly resemble N. euprlarellun, but rather
smaller. They frequent the blossoms of Cardamine pratensis, but
cease flying at mid-day. It is a small insect, and frequents marshy
ground, and is not likely to have been blown over. — B. Piffard, Ivy
Cottage, Brockenhurst. Mai/ 19th, 1903. [Our correspondent sug-
gests a name for this insect, which we have suppressed, on the ground;*
that we have in the Walsingham collection the finest collection of
Micro-Lepidoptera extant, that if the insect were submitted to Lord
■Walsingham foi- comparison with the continental species of the genus,
an expert aud authoritative opinion could be at once obtained, and a
technical and exact comparison made with its nearest allies were it
considered to be distinct, or, if an already described species, its name
could be readily determined. We do not see that any good purpose is
served by depositing Micro-Lepidopteru at the British Museum, where
it is a matter of common complaint that there is no micro-lepidopterist.
—Ed.] .

<irURRE NT NOTES.

We wish to draw the attention of our readers to the fact that the
Rev. G. Wheeler. M.A., has in press a new book entitled " The
Butterflies of {Switzerland and the Alps of Central Europe." As we
have been through the MSS. of the work we can say that it will be of
the highest value not only to collectors of Continental butterflies, but
to all those who collect British butterflies, giving a great many
detailed facts about the species in which they are more pai'ticularly
interested. The details of Variation and Distribution are particularly
importiint, and those lepidopterists, to whom Kane's book has long been
a treasured friend, will find in this more information, more detail, and
endlessly more localities than were at the disposal of the author of the
earlier volume. As Mr. Wheeler has largely been influenced by us in its
publication, and our advice has been based on our opinion of the great

CUKKKM' NOTES. 168

value of the book, we trust that everyone interested in Hiitish and
Continental butterflies will support so excellent and useful a venture.
The price of 4s. 8d. to subscribers cannot be considered prohibitive.

\Ve are in receipt of A List of Lepidoptera fuund in the counties of
Che>ihire, Flii2tsliire, I)enbi(ihi<hire, C'arnarro)ishire and Awflesea/'- by
George 0. Day, F.E.S., who has been aided in his work by Messrs.
Arkle, Dobie, and Newstead. There can be no doubt tliat this is one
of the best local lists published, and will rank with those of Yorkshire
(Porritt), Lancashire (Ellis), Northumberland and Durham (Robson),
Suffolk (Bloonifield), Sussex (Jenner), Gloucester and Somerset
(Hudd), &c., many of which, however, now want bringing up-to-date,
not by supplements, but by the publication of a new edition. It runs
out to 120 pages, has a good specific index, is exceedingly well printed,
includes all the lepidoptera except the superfamilies formerly included
as Tineina, and appears to be carefully and thoroughly well done. We
have no doubt that it will be of the greatest service to us in our own
work, and many other lepidopterists will no doubt thank Mr. Day and
his helpers for their excellent work.

Mr. Pierce has a paper in the April number of the Entomo-
loi/ifit on the genitalia in the Lithosiids. He finds that those of
Lithosia complana and L. var. sericea are not distinguishable, and is
inclined to consider these insects specifically distinct. He leaves, how-
ever, the question of the specific value of sericea much as it has been
for half a century. It should be in the power of the active Lancashire
and Cheshire lepidopterists to work out a simple problem of compari-
son ; they can get ova of both forms for comparison (and for photo-
graphing), they should be able to get larvae in sufficient numbers to
see whether Buckler's difterences are real or only within the limits of
the larval variation of one species; the pupse, too, should be submitted
to Dr. Chapman. It appears to us that Mr. Pierce's statement that
"he does not think that the variety theory has at all been proved," is
beside the mark. It is surely for those who set up a new species to
prove its specific distinctness by a diagnosis that separates it satisfac-
torily from all other species, and that is just at present what we
aver has not been clearly done.

Mr. J. Edwards notes {Ent. Mo. Ma;)., April) that he has examined
the genitalia of one of the Hesperia alreus, reported some time since as
having been captured in Norfolk many years previous to their having
been recorded, and finds it to be really this species. He thinks that
the butterfly is to be regarded as a survival of the ancient fauna of
Central Norfolk and that there is no need to attempt to account for its
occurrence by immigration or accidental introduction along with
plants. This leaves us only two other views, viz., that the captor
mixed unwittingly his Continental and British captures, or that it is
a native of Cawston. If it be a native of Cawston why was the species
not earlier detected, and why has the species not been since found
there ? Like several other common butterflies there is no reason
whatever why this species should not occur in Britain, the only fact
that we know at present about the matter is that it does not appear to
do so.

Recently Dr. Dyar criticised {Can. Ent.) some of our facts re tlie

* Published at The Grosvenor Museum, Chester. Price 23. 6d.

164 THE entomologist's record.

Attacid and Lachneid larval structures published in British Lepidoptera,
vol, iii. To this criticism Mr. Bacot sent a reply (loc. cit., xxxv., pp. 44-
47) maintaining the facts and offering to send Dr. Dyar the material
in hand for examination. In the current no. (April) of the same
magazine (pp. 88-89), after examination of the material sent by Mr.
Bacot, Dr. Dyar acknowledges Mr. Bacot's facts, and is " very willing
to acknowledge himself corrected," and he points out that the
characters exhibited by the larva of Afflia tau make the divisions of
his synoptic table (Tutt, Brit. Lep., iii., p. 272) stronger and sharper
than before, allying A[/lia more strongly than ever with Attacus and
Saturnia. This international method of work is the only true means
of obtaining uniform conclusions in our results, and of preventing the
apparently widely differing views sometimes held by equally good
workers on the same points and apparently on the same facts.

The Societe Entomologique de Namur is publishing a Catalo(jne des
Lepidopteres de Behjiquc, for which Mr. L. J. Lambillion and Baron de
Crombrugghe de Picquendaele will be responsible. The catalogue
will contain information on the families, genera and species, will
indicate the time;-- of appearance, and their principal habitat, as well as
notes on the times when the larvae are to be found, their food-
plants, &c. The dozen parts (16 pages per part) are to cost five
francs, which should be sent to Mr. L. Naniot, Rue de Dave, Jambes,
Belgium.

We have already made an appeal to our readers for descriptions of
ova, larvae (in their various stadia), and pupae of European butterflies,
for publication. To anyone who may be inclined to help we wish to
state that a large quantity of material may be obtained from Mr. A.
Voelschow, Schwerin, Mecklenburg. He offers, for example, eggs of
Mditaea athalia and M. dictijnna, two insects which are by many
doubted as distinct, a difficulty which could perhaps be settled by com-
parison ; ova of Brenthis selene, B. euphroai/ne and B. arsilache ; of
Epinephde Ujcaon and E. jurtina ; of Coenonympha ipJiis and C. tiphon ;
of ChriiAophaniis vin/aareae and C. phlaeas, &c. Which of the members
of the South London Entomological Society, who photograph ova so
excellently, will give us photographs and detailed descriptions of such
ova as are available ?

Mr. T. A. Lofthouse publishes in The Procecdinga of the Cleveland
Naturalist's Field Club, a list of " Cleveland Lepidoptera in 1901,"
with many additions to the local fauna, whilst Mr. M. L. Thompson
gives a list of " The Coleoptera observed in Cleveland " for the same
year. ^

We have received an excellent paper, The Net-icinf/ed Midges
(Blepharoceridae) of North America* by Mr. Vernon L. Kellogg. To
those who are acquainted with the author's work there is no need to
say that it is quite up to his usual excellent standard, with good
descriptions, details of the immature stages so far as they are known,
and disti'ibution notes. There are many points touched upon that
make the study of first importance to European, as well as to American,
lepidopterists. As a preliminary to a future monograph of the
Blepharocerids, as pointing out the work already done, and, still
more important, what yet remains to be done, the author is to be con-

* Published at the Stanfoixl Universitv, California.

CURRENT NOTES. 165

gratnlated on his present study. The plates appear to us to be
excellent.

In order to continiie his experiments on hybrid Malacosomas, Mr.
Bacot is sadly in need of ova, larvas, pupte or fertile females of
Malanisdinn franconica. The Editor will be glad to give a fair price
for such, and trusts that some one of our Continental readers will be
able to oblige him with the species.

As a point of showing how things get altered in one's memory
as time goes on, we would point out that Mr. Day, in his new IMt of
Lepidoptera found in C/iCKhire, &c., p. 11, notes of thjles eiiphorbiae :
"■ There are no recent records. The following extract is from Ellis's
List, p. 14 — ' A specimen now in the cabinet of Mr. C. G. Gregson,
captured in an outhouse at Buxton, nr. Birkenhead, by Mr. Morgan ;
two larvfE found on Euphorbia paralias, between Little Brighton and
Hightown, by C. G. Gregson.' " Gregson was undoubtedly a good
lepidopterist, but his desire to go one better than all his contemporaries
led him to make many curious and contradictory statements about
things that he did take and others that he thought he took. His first
record regarding these larvfe (XonL, p. ii298) was that he took " a fullfed
larva " at Eormby "on grass," and in response to a jog by the Editor, he
later added that thegrass was " near EupJtorbia ;" by the time that Ellis's
list was printed "two "had been found "on Euphorbia," and one suspects
that, like the larvae of Celerio i/allii that were found in 1889 and proved
to be young Sesia sttilataru)ii larvae, those of H. cuphorbiae were probably
those of Tlieretra porcellus or Eumorpha elpenor, which Gregson hoped
would prove to be tl. euphorbiae in the days before he knew "one from
t'other or t'other from which," and when, possibly, someone having
recorded a recent capture of the species, it was necessary to be up-to-
date.

Mr. G. C. Champion being responsible for the list of coleoptera in
the Victorian history of the county of Surrey, this list is, as was to
be expected, a very long, complete and accurate one. He points out
that Surrey, perhaps, has been more worked for coleoptera than most
other counties. He groups the localities under four heads : — (1) The
line of the North Downs between Farnham and Lim.psfield ; (2) north
of the North Downs ; (3) south of the North Downs ; (1) South
London and the various towns that have produced cosmopolitan
species. He states that Mr. John Linell's Eeigate lists of coleoptera,
and a MS. list of the coleoptera of Chiddingfold, lent by Mr. Horace
Donisthorpe, have been of great service to him in compiling this list.
The species which have only been recorded from Surrey in this country
are marked with an -•'. These are ten in number, viz., Homalota rufo-
testacea, Kr. (Mickleham) ; H. hyporfaea, Rey. (Caterham) ; Borboro-
pora kraatzi, Fuss. (Mickleham) ; Aci/lophorus r/labricollis, Boisd.
(Barnes Common, Merton, and Richmond) ; Quedius kraatzi, Bris.
(Chiddingfold); Cnrtiraria obacura, Bris. (Richmond Park and Esher) ;
Micraiube abirtis, Pk. (Mickleham and Guildford) ; Hi/pophloeus linearis,
F. (Oxshott and Woking) ; Salpin/ius mutilatus, Beck. (Caterham,
■Gomshall and Mickleham) ; ('rijpliabu f/ranulatus, Ratz. (Surbiton).
We have added the localities to these species, as there are unfor-
tunately no notes or localities to any of the species in the list, but
this, we believe, as before pointed out when reviewing the coleoptera
of the Victorian history of Cumberland (Hnt. liecor-i, 1902, p. 185),

166 THE entomologist's eecord.

is the fault of the publishers. Altogether, some 2319 species are
recorded from Surrey.

We would recommend our students of the British Odonata to obtain
from the library of one of the Societies to which they belong (or else-
where) Neelham's " Genealogic study of dragonfly wing venation,"
published in the Prnceedini/s of the Llnited States National Muxeam,*
xxvi., pp. 703-764, as it is a paper worthy of the most serious study. We
have heard collectors complain that there is so very little to do in collect-
ing and studying the British dragonflies (the total number of something
just over three dozen being a little more than half the number of
British butterflies and only about one-sixtieth of the British moths)
and sighing for more worlds to conquer, that we have long expected
some one of our Britishers would have given us a study on the
lines that Mr, i\eedham has apparently worked to such good purpose ;
now that we have his results some suggestions as to the more difficult
points in the classification of the Odonata should be forthcoming.

Lameere publishes [Ann. de la Sac. Ent. Behj., xlvii., pp. 155 et
seq.) a fresh critical study entitled "Nouvelles notes pour la classifica-
tion des Coleopteres." Our I^ritish coleopterists appear just at present
to leave all consideration of the classification of the order to their
continental confreres, Sharp being the last, we believe, who has dealt
with the subject in this country. Where are our thinking coleop-
terists '? Cannot one of them give us a constructive critique of
Lameere's views ?

We are in receipt of Part II of A Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of
Northumberland and Durham, by John E. Robson, F.E.S. This second
part includes the superfamily Geometrides, and follows the same
excellent lines as Part I. The author's intimate knowledge of the lepi-
dopterists of these counties for the last 60 years or more, his close
friendship with Sang and Gardner, and his wider experience as editor
of T/ic Young Xaturalist for many years, have placed him in an excep-
tionally strong position for doing the work. He has followed Stainton
in his arrangement, an arrangement which, until we have a really
authoritative British Catalogue, appears to be as good as any other,
although we have to confess that we are extremely puzzled by the
separation of Acidalia virynlaria and A. incanata (unless the latter be
the insect we have known as promntata and maryine punctata), and by
the inclusion of Acidalia osseata, which one supposes must be the
insect so long known as interjectaria. In cases like this, one would
have preferred that the synonymy should have been put right, so that
there should have been no doubt as to the species. On the other
hand, we are glad to see that Mr. Robson stands out for the distinct-
ness of Eupithecia innotata and E.fraxinata, so dissimilar in their larval
habits, yet so alike in the appearance of the imagines. When one
considers what labour is entailed in the compilation of such a list, of
what value it is to outsiders, and how little glory it can possibly bring
the author, one is filled with contempt for those collectors to whom
Mr. Robson says that he applied for, but who refused him, information
with regard to some of their reported captures. That such individuals
are still in our ranks is rather a matter for sorrow than anger ; aber-
rations of this class are distinctly rare, we should like to have the

* Published at the Government Printing Office, Washington, U.S.A.

VAIUATKIX. ](;7

pleasure of Darning them. Mr. Kobson asks for lists of the Pyralids,
Crambids, Tortricids, Pterophorids and Tineids from any and every
district within the boundaries of Northumberland and Durham. To
those who cannot name the smaller fry, Mr. Robson also appeals,
stating that if they will send him their pinned captures, he himself
will name them. We wish the author all success in the completion
of his task.

The last meeting of the Entomological Club was held on May 5th,
1908, at 4, Lingard's Eoad, Lewisham, when Mr. Robert Adkin was
the host. Tea was served by Mrs. Adkin at 6.30 p.m., and by 8 o'clock
a number of well-known entomologists were present. Among those who
sat down to supper we noticed Professor Armstrong, IMessrs. B. W.
Adkin, H. Rowland-Brown, J. Collin, W. L. Distant, H. St. J. K.
Donisthorpe, T. \V. Hall, J. Jager, A. H. Jones, R. McLachlan, G. T.
Porritt, F. Smith, J. W. Tutt, G. H. Verrall, &c. A most enjoyable
evening was spent, most of the guests leaving between 11 p.m. and
11.30 p.m.

At the Conversazione of the Royal Society held on May 15th last
the only entomological exhibit was a case of butterflies to illustrate
mimicry, by Mr. S. A. Neave, and appearing in the Catalot/ne as
" Mimicry in Butterflies from British East Africa and Uganda." It
consisted of a selection from a number of butterflies collected by Mr.
C. A. Wiggins, which were arranged as examples of several mimetic
associations, and also to some extent to illustrate the transition
between eastern and western forms. The case exhibited by Dr. H.
Gadow, F.R.S., and noted as " Development and variation of the
Colour-Pattern in Mexican species of Lizards {Cneniidophorm and
Aiiwiva)," was of much interest to entomologists as dealing with a
parallel series of phenomena met with in insects in connection with
protective resemblance. The exhibit was described as follows : — -
"Examples of Orthogenetic variation in adaptation to surroundings" —
Series 1. Cnemidopliorua deppei. Sandy localities with sparse tufts of short

grass. Stripes sharply marked, with tendency to increase from P to 11.
Series 2. C. fjattalus, striped race. From same locality, but less scanty vegeta-
tion. Mode of increase of the number of white stripes, from 6 to 11, accom-
panied by partial reduction.
Series 3. C. (/attatus, spotted race. Living in tropical forests with dense under-
growth. The stripes are broken up into series of pale spots.
Series 4. C. mexicanux. Living on the open plateau, with scattered spiny shrubs
and hedges. The pattern of longitudinal stripes changes in the adult to one
with numerous cross-bars.
Series 5. C. bocourti. Structurally a very slight variety of C. mej-icanm, living
in the same districts, but frequenting denser vegetation. The lines are broken
up into spots.
Series 6. Aiiieiva undulata. Open patches in tropical forest. Longitudinal
stripes vanishing with age, while new spots appear between the outer stripes,
become confluent and form a new white band, most conspicuous in old males.
We noticed the following entomologists present at the meeting : —
Professors T. Hudson Beare and E. B. Poulton, Dr. T. A. Chapman,
Messrs. G. C. Champion, A. J. Chitty, Horace St. J. K. Donisthorpe,
W. J. Kaye, R. McLachlan, H. Rowland-Brown, Edward Saunders,
and C. O. Waterhouse.

'Wf^ R I A T I 0 N.

PiERis BEAssic.^: AB. — I had the goo.l fortune, some years ago,
to breed a male of the above species with a small black (linear

KiH THF. KNT(t.M(»L()(;iST's RK.COUb.

in my case) spot developed on the upper side of both forewings.
Mr. Tutt [British Butterjiies, p. 229) mentions one other similar case
as having been recorded. — H. Mousley, F.E.S., Burnfoofc, Buxton.
[M. Jachontov (Bei'. Buss, hint., iii., p. 38) describes a new aberration
of Pieris brassicac — ab. nii/rnnotata — which occurs with the type, but
in the spring brood only, about Nijni Novgorod. He diagnoses it as
" alls anterioribus supra in disco puncto nigro notatis." — Ed.]

Epinephele janira ab. addenda, n. ab. — For the rare form of the
above species, in which the number of the spots on the upper- and under-
side of the forewings exceed the two ocellated ones, I propose the above
varietal name. In August, 1901, I bred a female with the underside
of the left forewing normal, whilst that of the right had four spots
developed, the two ocellated ones being very small indeed, and the
remaining two merely dots and blind. After breeding this aberration I
examined the undersides of some that I had taken in 1895 (and set to
show the uppersides), and amongst them I found a fine example with
four spots on each wing corresponding exactly with the upperside of
the ab. excessa of tithonus figured in Barrett's Brit. Butts., pi. xxxiv.,
fig. 1. — Ibid.

Ekebia .ethiops ab. stricta, n. ab., and ab. pallidior, n. ab. —
Referring to my article on the above species in the Knt. Bcconl, 1902,
pp. 18-20, I find I omitted the varietal names of ab. stricta which I
had given to the underside aberration of the male described on line 21,
page 20, in which the bands on the fore- and hindwings are almost
obsolete, and the spots very suiall indeed ; and also ab. j)aUi(li'ir for
the male with pale grey underside, and bands lighter (not "nigher" as
in article) than in the type, and more resembling those of the females.
— Ibid.

:i3^0TES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARVAE, &c.

Eggs of Lepidoptera. — Calaiiiia liitosa (laid October 18th, 1902;
examined by lamp-light December 15th, 1902). — A single egg is laid
near the tip of a blade of ribbon-grass, within the curled portion that
makes the spiky termination of the leaf ; the egg is attached to the leaf
by some gummy-looking cement. A row of seven eggs are laid on
another leaf, which has, apparently, become uncurled since laying;
most of these touch each other, and are laid with the micropylar axis
set obliquely to the plane of leaf ; the remainder are irregular in posi-
tion. The colour is of a pale dull creamy tint. About 1mm. in diameter,
and between -Smm. and •9mm. in height, the shape roughly resemb-
ling that of a Tangerine orange, but much misshapen and faceted,
as though laid soft, and ready to take the shape of any space into
which it is forced. The cell-pattern surface network forms slight
longitudinal ribbing on sides, owing to the strengthening of cell walls
on two sides and the weakening of the remaining ones. The pattern
is reduced on base to a slight denting of the surface ; on the top
the dents are somewhat smaller, and more sharply cut at sides. It
is not possible to get a clear view of the micropyle itself, but the cells
appear to be reduced in size, and there is a slight depression. — A. W.
Bacot, F.E.S., 154, Lower Clapton Road, N.E.

Erratum. — Page 121, lines 39 and 49, for " Mr. St. Quentin " roiul " Mr. St.
Quiiitin."

Vol. XV.

PL. 6.

E. C. Knight del.

Orgyia antiqua, and splendida.
Knhim. Hnord. 1903.

West. Newman photo-proc.

Vol. XV.

Pl. 7.

(^ ^

E. C. Knight del.

West. Newman photo-proe.

Opgyia gonostigma, and eopsica.
Knto)}). Hecont. 1903.

Vol. XV.

Pl. VIII.

7

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V-^-- '>£;'^. /^~^,

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/

V,

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•••-V^v.V-^- •

Phokodesiia (Comib.ena) pdstulata, Hcfn.

The Kntom. Record, etc., I'.tOo.

THE EUROPEAK OBSYIAS. 169

The European Orgyias : Their Specialisation in Habits and

Structure (in'tli plate><).
By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.E.S.

Having been fortunate enough to have observed something of the
most specialised European speciesof thegenus Orm/ia, viz,,0.auroliinbata
and (>. (hthia var. splcndida, and knowing something of the commoner
northern species, < Kanti(jiia and O. ffonosti(jiiia, a review of the European
species, as regards their specialisation, seems just possible. Unfor-
tunately, I have no direct acquaintance with the remaining European
species. These, so far as I am able to understand them, are very
probably all one species, with a good deal of variation, as regards the
formation of local races, and, at any rate, they are vei'y close to one
another in habits, if not identical. Staudinger (1901) still presents
them as three species, viz., ericae, tn'notephras, and rupestris, but in
such a way as to show that he rather does so in deference to tradition
than as an expression of his real opinion.

We are all supposed to be familiar with 0. antiqna. It makes its
cocoon in some hollow or crack of tree or stone, in such a way that
what I will call the outer cocoon is stretched as a tolerably level,
smooth, surface across the hollow, and beneath this is the true inner
cocoon, as a matter of fact the outer and inner cocoon are not very
definitely separable in many cases ; I ought to say that this is the
female cocoon, that of the male is much less specialised and has rarely
an outer smooth face like that of the female. On this smooth face the
female imago passes all her existence till she has laid all her eggs,
with greater or less regularity, as a layer over its surface. (). antiqna
may have several broods in a year, and, apparently, always does so in
the South of France and the warmer areas of its range, but it always
hibernates as an egg.

The female oi O. antiqna is structurally the least specialised of the
genus {i.e., of the five or more European species). Her wings are very
small, but her legs and antennip can hardly be said to differ very
materially from those of an ordinary winged female. Though she
cannot fly, still she is able to walk if she chose to do so ; we may,
therefore, suppose that, if not her structure then, her instincts are so
far specialised that she only uses her feet for retaining hold of her
cocoon and for the necessary movements for properly placing her egg,
but never makes any attempt to leave the cocoon.

My own personal acquaintance with (hyyia (/onontijima is of such
ancient date, and was of so perfunctory a character, that I should be
more honest to say I really know nothing definite about it. It luckily
happens that Mr. ]jacot, and especially the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows,
have been able to give me fiiirly full details as to its habits in spinning
its cocoon, emerging, pairing and egg-laying. The idea, generally held,
is that the habits of <K tj(niasti(iiiia are very similar to those of <>.
antiqna, for instance, we find in Barrett that the eggs are laid closely
together side by side, on the cocoon, the only difference one notes in
the account given being that O. i/onostiijiiia covers tbem carefully with
her " scales." This is practically the same as the accounts given us of
the American species U. lencastiipua and O. dejinita. O. (lonostitinia,
however, in a detail or two of considerable importance, is not thus
correctly described. The reason for the errors of observation being
July' 1st, 1903,

170 THK EN'TOMOLOftlST's RECORD.

probably to be found in the fact that O. fionontifpna much resents,
so Mr. Burrows tells me, domestication, and rapidly dwindles in size
and stamina, and its cocoon is not so well constructed as by Avild speci-
mens. Mr. Bacot tells me they will spin up in the corner of a breed-
ing cage, much like (J. antiqua. At large, however, the female o.
t/nno!sti;iina makes a very large and elaborate cocoon. It does not seek
a crack or hollow in something solid like O. antlqna, but prefers to
spin amongst the foodplant pulling together leaves. Sec, and making
a cocoon, of which the outside measure, including leaves, kc, might
be about that of a cricket-ball. The real outer cocoon is, of course,
not so large. Inside this is the inner cocoon or cocoon proper. The
important point as to (K rjonnstirinm is, that the female moth, on
emergence, takes her station on this inner cocoon, but within the
more or less elaborate outside loose cocoon. Mr. Burrows has not
told me anything definite, but it is obvious that, in spinning the
cocoon, the larva must have left a certain available space here,
without any silken threads connecting this portion of the true
cocoon with the outer network. It is easy to understand that a
weak larva might even leave this portion of the cocoon exposed, as in
(). antujua. The next point in Mr. Burrows' observations is still
more important and more interesting, both in itself and in the circum-
stance that I have not met with a record of it anywhere. This is,
that in visiting the female the male has to penetrate the outer cocoon,
and he has seen them, in doing so, have their wings folded together
longitudinally by the pressure of the silken mesh through which they
have to force their way. The outer cocoon favours the entrance of
the S by being provided with " structural holes, which are numerous
and of various sizes. This outer cocoon is closely woven, whitish, and,
I think, more or less irregular. I found the moths. In cop., on July 1st,
1886. The female sat on the inner cocoon. The male was so closely
squeezed inside the outer cocoon that his wings wera rolled up round
his body, and there was very little accommodation (Rev. C. R. N.
Burrows in litt.). Mr. Burrows is one of those acute observers who
are, nevertheless, too modest in publishing their observations. 1 have
to thank him sincerely for allowing me to unearth this one.

The eggs are laid within the outer and on the inner cocoon, more
or less in a mass, and apparently somewhat separated by the wool of
the moth. 1 am not quite clear as to the details of this.

This history of the habits of <). i/o)wsti;i)na is perhaps the most
interesting in the whole genus, because it makes very simple what
looked before an insoluble problem. How can such extraordinary
habits as those of (). aiooliitihata and <>. spUnulida be derived from
those of (K antiipia '? T put the (Question thus simply, but in doing
so, must explain that, of course, it is not necessary to suppose that
the original ancestor of (K .ydcuili'ld was (>. antifjKa, or even neces-
sarily very much like it. Still, it must have been so far like it that
there is probably nothing much nearer it, and, as we are familiar with
<K antiqaa, the slight inaccuracy in assuming it to represent the
ancestral On/i/ia is outweighed by the greater facility of expression.
(>. antiqiia lays her eggs on her cocoon, and they remain there all
winter; (K ipimDithjuia snnilarly lays her eggs on her cocoon, but they
hatch very soon, and it is, therefore, unnecessary for the larva to search
for a solid basis for her cocoon, and it is made, by preference, amongst

N'OTES 0\ PHORODESMA (cOMIB.ENa) PUSTULATA, HUFN. 171

the leaves of the foodplant. The difference is practically the same
that we often tind between moths that emerge the same season and
those that hibernate as pupie. The cocoon that has to be occupied
during winter must not be amongst the leaves of the foodplant, but
have a more permanent position. The cocoon of O. antiqua is occu-
pied during the winter, but, as it happens, not by a pupa, but by eggs.
The cocoon of 0. i/onostinma amongst the foodplant requires, how-
ever, that the leaves be drawn together and an outer network made to
support it. The station on the cocoon proper is, however, always
reserved for the moth, but the access of the male is more and more
hindered, till it happens that he has to force his way through the
loose outer network. The step from this to ( K aurolinibata is rather
a long one, but still very obvious. Let the outer cocoon be gradually
made stronger and also smaller. Let the male moth, as this process
progresses, learn to force his way through the gradually stronger
impediment. We get at length the outer cocoon (or the inner portion
of it), like a' second cocoon upon the first, the moth emerges from the
one into the other, and into this the male is able to force his way. It
is only one step further for these two cocoons to become to all appear-
ance really one, there would remain, however, the original wall of the
original inner cocoon as a diaphragm between the two chambers of
the cocoon, and we have then exactly the structure and habits of O.
ainoliiiihata.

Since the female of O. splaullda is more specialised than that of
0. anrolhnbata, we may suppose it to be derived from the latter, i.e.,
from some form not very essentially different from it or its more
immediate ancestors. It is not so easy to picture the steps by which
the modifications occurred as it is to see as it were the change from
O. gonostifpna to U. aiirulimhata. As a very probable route, however,
we may suppose the diaphragm to be lost, as a complication and a
waste of energy and material. We may also suppose that the female
moth acquired the method of opening the cocoon for the ingress of
the male by modification of her method of passing from the one
chamber of the cocoon to the other We want, however, some inter-
mediate species to enlighten us, just as O. fiouostiijma does as between
(>. anti(]i(a and O. nuroUwhata.

The point that is perhaps of the greatest interest and importance
in this explanation is in the remarkable diaphragm of the cocoon of
O. aiirolimhata, proving to have a distinct and intelligible ancestry,
and not in being a new structure whose origin is quite mysterious. It
warns us that many other extraordinary and aberrant structures that
are utterly puzzling, nevertheless have probably a simple and rational
origin if we only had the necessary clue for their investigation.

(To be conthined. )

Notes on Phorodesma (Comibaena) pustulata, Hufn. ^ {irith plate).

B> Key. C. E. N. BURROWS.
It was not without considerable hesitation that I reluctantly con-
sented to read a paper this season, as I share with other aged persons
the feeling that it is the duty of the younger generation to come

* Read before the City of London Entomological Society, March 17th, 1903.

172 THE entomologist's record.

forward in such matters, and I may as well confess that it was the
blandishments of your excellent secretaries, who hinted at the
connection between age and experience, and the value of ripe wisdom,
which once more broke down my objections, and encouraged me to
promise to take up your time this evening. Having consented, I had
no doubt whatever about the subject which I must select. There
appeared to be no alternative. I had the pleasure, three years ago, of
bringing before your notice some peculiarities in the structure of the
larva of Phorodeawa sniant(jdaria, and I had then, somewhat hastily I
now think, almost promised to examine its near relation in the same
way. This is just where I fell into a trap. Of P. Krnaraijdariu I had
learned a great deal, and I was able to pad out the dryness of my paper
with a good many hints and suggestions, as to the habits, foodplants,
and other lesser points ; finishing up with a detailed examination of
the variation to which that extremely local species is liable, but with
P. piiatulata the case is very different, and this is just where my
troubles began.

This ]s a fairly common and well studied insect. Its life-history
and habits are well worked out, and the records are easily accessible.
There is, as far as I have been able to learn, no variation recorded,
except a difference in she between the sexes, and a difference in
cundition between bred and captured specimens. These differences are
scarcely worthy of the title of aberrations, but I may suggest to any
collectors, who may wish to add to their series mtermediate specimens,
that the insects beaten out in the morning, are, in my experience, often
very much better than those netted in the evening, and, indeed, are
frequently quite passable.

The moth, as I said before, is not an uncommon one, especially in
wooded districts, and I suppose that, even where the oak is scarce, P.
jtiistulato is able to exist, for here, where most of the trees are elm,
and the oaks few and far between, I had the pleasure of netting a
specimen and adding " the Blotched Phnerald " to the Mucking list.
I mentioned oak as the only known foodplant. but I should n)ention
that 'Sir. Mera, our respected President, tells me that he once fed a
brood upon knotgrass as far as hybernation. Among the many notices
of the capture of the perfect insect in lists from various districts, I
have noted but two really worth repeating. Mr. Tremayne a specimen
" at light " at Brondesbury, on June 80th, 1H97 (Kntoin. Heconl, vol.
ix., p. 297), and Mr. Pearson at Chihvell " assembled " males freely in
.July, 1898 (Kntoiii. IleconI, vol. x., p. 281). I have myself constantly
taken specimens at sugar in localities where the net produced but few,
and these specimens were generally in very fair condition. Above all
things, however, give me bred specimens. There is a gloriotis charm
of beauty about these, which defies description, and Avhich it is
impossible to expect in caught ones, 1 think ttiat anyone who has ever
had the luck to rear a series, will confess that henceforwai'd caught
ones are an impossibility, even for exchange.

Mr. Russell E. James, one of our members, publishes a curious
observation in the Kntnm. Tleeurd (vol. xi., p. 103). He says that he
fo)md that the fumes of ammonia temporarily (very temporarily im-
fortunately) restore the green to the pinkish yellow specimens, which
one so often takes in the net. It is unfortunate that the effect is
merely momentary, as it would be a real boon to be able to restore

NOTES ON PHOKODESMA (coMIB.ENA) PGSTLLATA, HUl'N. 17o

some of the faded beauty of the common " vai'.,'" yet at the same time
one feels uncertain whether such a process of converting: poor into
decent specimens would be quite legitimate, if it were possible.

The life story of /'. /nistidata is recorded by the Rev. E. Horton,
and the Rev. •). Hellins in the l<)it. Mo. Man., vol. ii., pp. 91, 111
(1866). These communications are reprinted in Buckler's Larme of
lin'ti-s/i lliittcrtiics and Motlis, vol. viii., part 1, p. 57, and the fullfed larva
is figured in the latter work, pl.cxv., tig. 1-5, both clothed and unclothed.
Barrett, if I remember rightly (for I do not possess his book), reprints
the above conanunications, and figures a couple of specimens of the
perfect insect — perfect in every sense, but differing only in size.

Mr. H. A. Auld contributes (/v«^j//(o^('//'-''^ vol- xxx., p. 801, December,
1897), a most interesting picture, handed to him by Dr. Knaggs, of
the young larva?, showing the attitudes assumed, and the wonderful
protecti\e use' of their dress. Every field entomologist will endorse
Mr. Auld's remarks as to the difficulty of recognising the larva in its
complete disguise, and I hope that this spring some of my hearers,
with a view to a bred series, will, when out larva-beating, take the
trouble to preserve, instead of turning out, some of the (lt'bri>< beaten
from the oak, and will observe whether or no they have brought home
some of these curious larv* also. I would suggest that the material
be turned into a paper- or Imen-bag for carriage, and that it be emptied
into a shallow box, or pan, with a sprig or two of oak, covered up, and
left for an hour or two to see what comes to the surface. Mr. Hellins
in his before-mentioned paper, speaks of a partial secondbrood, in so
far as one of his larvae pupated at the end of August, while the rest of
the larv* went into hybernation. He does not say that the perfect
insect emerged, but no doubt it did so. This reminds me of my
experience with P. s)naratjdaria, of which I twice reared a partial second
brood. But his rearing may have been done under cover, mine was
carried on out-of-doors.

Mr. Horton in his paper, also before mentioned, discovered the
manner in which the fullfed larva dressed itself, and saw the papillee
upon the sides, to which the larva attached the fragments with which
it constructed its garment trit/i silk. He records that, having supplied
a freshly-emerged larva with rose leaves, and nothing else, the creature
gnawed them up, and constructed therefrom "nine rosy favours."
Probably he did not distinguish two upon the top of the 8th abdominal
segment, but it is a curious confirmation of his observation that one
of the full-grown larvae, which I have mounted for examination, has
lost, or never had, one of the papillae upon the 8th abdominal segment.
No other observer, so far as I can discover has ever gone further than
this, and 1 believe no one has submitted the young larva to examination
or attempted to confirm Mr. Hellins' observation, I hope, therefore, that
I am the first again. Mr. Hellins' notice appeared in 1865, but appears
to have been quite forgotten. I find, for example, a contributor to the
Kntoiii. JuTord (vol. iii., p. 180, 1892) remarking upon the "stickiness"
of some young larvae when hatched out, and an editorial note to the
effect that " this species and P. sniaraijdarla gnaw off pieces of their
food, and gum them on their bodies. The body is not, however, of
believe, ' sticky,' nor is the attachment of the pieces a matter I
chance."

This proves pretty clearly the state of expert knowledge in the year

174 THE ENtOMOLOGIST's RECORD.

1892 rts to the real manner in whicli the young larvjr clothe them-
selves in these two species. I had the pleasure of going more deeply
into the matter when investigating the early stages of P. smarcvidaria
in 1899-1900, and, as I have before reminded you, of laying the result of
my studies before you. I think that I then laid to rest for ever the idea
of " stickiness " or " gum," I showed then, I hope conclusively, that
the larva of that species is provided, when it comes out of the egg,
with special processes, plainly provided for the purpose, to which it
attaches the particles, whatever they may be, which constitute its
dress. That these particles are not attached haphazard, but are mainly,
if not entirely (certainly most firmly), fixed to the special processes, by
means of silk threads, so that when the garment is removed, it is found
to have been fixed to them alone, and lastly, that the garment of P.
xi)iara>ftlaria does, in this country at least, serve a doubly protective
purpose, for its habitat l)eing below the level of the highest tides, the
larva must be often submerged, and then the garment encloses an
ample supply of air for the creature's needs, until its home is dry once
more. But 1 confessed that I was met by a difficulty, when I found
that that species is, on the Continent of Europe, an inland species, and
occurs in localities which can never be submerged, and where, therefore,
this kind of protection is never required, unless we can suppose that
the dress is meant also to collect water from the rain, in sufficient
quantity to enclose the air necessary for the creature's well-being.

It is exactly this point which meets us when we ask why is the
larva of P. jnistiUata so carefully clothed "? Why are the larv.e, which
feed many of them high up, and all upon trees, clothed in this complete
fashion ? I cannot answer the question, and I doubt if anyone can
yet. I have never been able to see why one creature is protected,
another not. It seems .scarcely fair. I do not know whether anyone
has yet asserted that every creature of every kind is protected. If it
be so, it seems rather hard upon the enemy. But, although I cannot
say why P. i>iistiilata larva is thus clothed, I am in a position to enlarge
upon Mr. Hellins' observation, and tell you more fully how. I have with
considerable care and much labour made large scale drawings, which
I lay before you to-night, and, presenting the result of my work to you,
I beg, especially if you happen to possess that faculty, which I never
had, the power of portraying what you see, that you deal gently with
my eft'orts. Please remember that I have, by optical methods and
helps, done my best, and also that while I have tried to represent what
I have seen, I by no means imply that I have seen or represented all that
is there. I produce then, a sheet (pi. viii), upon which is shewn the larva
of /*. jiio^tidata as it emerges from the egg, fig. ii — and also in its
final stage, fig. v, with details of structure, some much enlarged. I
also show my older sheet of drawings of the larva of /*. sviarai/claria
for comparison," and a third sheet upon which I have drawn my own
personal idea of the transverse section of both larvae in the different
stages.

Before proceeding to explain these pictures I must not forget to say
a word as to the extreme kindness with which my request for material
was met last year. To Mr. L. W. Newman, Mr. Andrews, and Mr.

* See Eut. Record, vol. xii., pi. vii., July, lyuo.

NOTES ON PHORODESMA (cOJUK/ENA) PUSTULATA, HT'FN. 1'75

Bevan, my most sincere thanks are due, for a plentiful supply of eggs,
and I can only express my great regret that after such kindness
received, these gentlemen's contributions to this paper should have
been largely lost. Through some unfortunate and unexplained reason,
with the exception of the few larva^ which 1 pickled as soon as they
hatched, the whole stock entirely disappeared before the first moult.
Whether they wanted the companionship of the little yellow ant, as we
are told fA/rorna avion does, or whether they did not, 1 do not know.
I saw no lurking enemy about. This was quite a disaster to me, as I
was left with only two pickled specimens, full-grown, and as it turned
out when they were submitted to the microscope, very far gone towards
pupation. And to make matters more trying for me, I knew that
several of my friends had beaten larvje in the spring, in just the state
1 wanted most, and did not send them on, as they thought 1 wanted
eggs, and not larvR> just out of hybernation. Had I had one, just one,
of these, I should have been able to place a better picture before you
to-night.

You will notice at once the striking likeness between the larvie, of
the two species, and the striking dilierences. Again in P. pnstidata the
special hairs we noticed in P. >;tiiora(idaria, if hairs they can be called,
again special organs. Yet I think that the young larva of P. pustidata
is, in its way, far more interesting than the other. I find it quite
impossible to place on paper the extraordinary "rugosities" of its
formation. You will notice the projecting lobes upon the sides of the
1st to the oth abdominal segments forming a sort of " shelf" along
the sides, and appearing again at the dorsal angle of the 8th segment.
This projecting lobe upon the first five abdominal segments is shaped
and developed in much the same way, its general plan you will see
from the enlarged figure (fig. iii). Notice the strong hook (fig. iiia)
directed backwards, round which the silken web is bound by the larva
to secure its own particular bunch of fragments. This hook represents the
"turf-cutter" hair, or process, upon the young larva of P. nwarmidana.
Then we have upon these lobes, and also, curiously enough, on almost
every segment, thoracic and abdominal, a number of curious processes
(fig. iii/;) which I thought at first were flattened hairs, but which
proved to be no hairs at all, but to be hollow, and now tilled with fluid,
for you will be able to distinguish bubbles in some of them. J call
these " battledore processes," for, to my idea, they closely resemble in
form the parchment covered plaything of our childhood. I am quite
unable to understand the purpose of these curious organs, unless they
be " water-bottles " to moisten the young larva, whose home is high
up, perhaps above the dews, and whose dress is as dry as chaff. But
what an antagonism this would present. Clothes to keep the wet out,
and vessels to keep it in ! and all in one tiny insect.

I apologise again for my drawing of the full-grown larva of /'.
imstidata (fig. v). The specimen was too old, when pickled, for my
purpose, and it will be obvious to every entomologist that its larval
df;iys were very nearly ended. I suspect then, that its structure is
somewhat modified from what it was when younger. One would
expect the larval peculiarities to be now merging into the pupal, but
how far '? You will notice the extreme development of the special
organs (fig. va) which have now taken the place of the hooks. These

176 TME KNTOMOLOtUSl's KECOKb.

organs are, you will observe, in the same positions, and on the same
segments, as were the hooks in the young larva.

I have been unable to make out the details of these. It appears to
me that, in the specimens before me, they are of ivory whiteness, or else
as clear glass, and no method of lighting at my disposal throws them into
sufhcient relief for proper examination. The details appear, however,
to be multitudes of rather short, stout hooks, or points, often lying
parallel to the surface of the organ, and pointing in every direction,
just the very things, indeed, that one would design to entangle a
number of fine silken filaments. The special organ figured (fig, vii)
is enormous in proportion, being almost half as long as the width of
the segment to which it belongs.

I do not know whether the extreme development of these organs
is consequent upon the age of the larva, but am inclined to think, it is
not, as Mr. Hellins observed, that, Avhen full-grown, the larva, if
stripped, did not trouble to dress itself again. Knowing the purpose
of the organ one would be inclined to think that its enlargement
signified greater need of use. Of course you will make all allowance
for the fact that my model is turned over a little on its back, and this
position throws the special organs higher up than they would naturally
be, while it shows too much of the undersurface of the larva.

Where now are my "battledores"? I have searched for them
most carefully, but in vain. Nor have I been able to discover in the
mature specnnens anything to represent them. Evidently they are no
longer required and are, therefore, discarded as useless. I imagine,
but perhaps it is a great mistake of mine, that had my specimen been
younger, at least some traces would be evident. And now some of the
hairs present a strange appearance of having become flattened,
broadened, and even distorted. This I do ascribe to age, and to the
need for them having passed. I have tried also to represent (fig. \b) the
large discs and hairs, as I did so in picturing larv.e of /'. siiunaiidaria.
But I do not think they are very striking nor likely to be of much use
except to keep the silk clothes-lines from slipping. In undressing the
larva, one finds that the greatest difficulty lies in freeing the lines from
the special organs. There all the lines are made fast. Numerous lines
appear to encircle the body in every direction, but it is quite evident
that the security of the work lies in attachment to the special organs.
I have made no attempt, you will remark, to draw^ the larva of P.
))mtidata clothed. I had no specimen in proper condition, the half-
pupated ones were much contracted, and the garments quite concealed
the body, and after all, when one comes to think of it, no specimen
but one sparsely clothed would have the slightest interest to any
intelligent entomologist, or show in any way anything worth noticing.
I do not aspire to depicting scraps of oak-buds, any more than faded
tufts of Arteiiiifn'a, which proved so unsatisfactory in my former draw-
ing, though that told the tale it was meant to tell.

Exi'LAXATION OF PlATE VIII.

Figure I. — The egg (hatched) and portion enlarged.

Figure II. —The larva on emerging from the egg, unclothed — («) hooks:,

{h) battledores.
Figure III. — The tiist abdominal segment, with special organs — (a) hook,

{!>) battledore, (r) hairs from dorsal area.
Figure IN . —The fourth abdomiaul segment— («) hook, (//| battlcdorcb.

SOME CONblDEKATlONS CONCEIJNING Ml.MlCRV, ITt

Figure V. — The larva, t'ull-growu (ready to pupate) unclothed — (a) the special
tubercles, (b) discs and hairs on lower parts of some segments.

Figure VI. — The first abdominal segment with its special tubercle.

Figure VII. — The special tubercle on ventral margin of oth abdominal segment
much enlarged.

Figure VIII. — Discs and hairs, "ind abdominal segment.

(To be concluded.)

Some Considerations Concerning Mimicry.

By WILLIAM -I. KAVE, F.E.S.

Early in 1901 I went out to British Guiana to study the
magnificent lepidopterous fauna of that region. Quite one of the
most striking things seen was the wonderful similarity of a number of
species of different genera, and even different families. It was not
one group only (although one group was by far the most conspicuous),
but a number of cases presented themselves where species were like
other species of different genera and different families ; butterflies
sometimes even closely resembled moths. The main group consisted
of Danaine, Heliconine, Ithomiine, and Erycinid species, the remark-
able characteristic of the whole being a ground colour of ochreous-
brown, with black and yellow markings, the hindwing with a tendency
always for the black markings to spread and even to cover the whole wing
area. ^Vhen forced to leave owing to malaria, at the end of little more
than three months, I was fortunate in finding a man who was willing to
collect for remuneration, and now, with the whole of his and my own
material together for study from one single road or track stretching
from about 170-1H6 miles from the coast, one can form some idea of
what species really do occur together. It is now roughly possible to
determine the proportions in which these insects occur, which must
be one of the fundamental points on which to decide " which species
have been dominant ?" It has been argued, and perhaps justly, that
possibly tbe influential species (influential by being abundant and at
the same time distasteful) is not abundant now, and that it, like so
many other species, has its periods of greater or less length when it is
abundant ; at others, not so. Be this as it may, the statement is
probably true that if a species is distasteful onti always abundant, it
will exert an influence over other species that are not common, and,
therefore, not readily remembered by birds — their enemies. tSuch a
species in British Cruiana is MeUncn'a iiinnur. It will matter little
whether the uncommon species somewhat resembling it are palatable
or not ; each might become the central flgure if its numbers Avere to be
suddenly largely increased to make it an exceedingly abundant species.
Where three, four, or even more species of one genus occur, they are
from the very nature of tlieir relationship near together, and, if they
have not diverged much in coloration, they may all act in concert as
the patterns, each drawing such other species as may be nearest in
colour and markings. Mdinaea ninemc has on the Potaro River at
least two other species — .1/. crameri, M. eijina — which are conge-
neric, and it is more than likely that each has done its share in
attracting or indirectly drawing others, though one year M. innnnc
may be more influentuil by its numbers, another year M. oiina, and
SO on. The species which are being compelled by stress of selection

11 H IHE entomologist's RECORb.

to conform to these patterns must be variable, or, if there are constant
species that are conforming, they must have converged long ago when
they had not already become fixed. Mdinaca eijina must have drawn
JlrliamiKs silrana at a period long prior to any other attraction, as
JJ. .nlrana is a constant species, and must also be an old species from
the large extent of its range. It is also probably true for the same
reason that IJiliconius retiistits was attracted to M. nnwme much
earlier than was Hdiconius niunata. It is easy to see that once a
group, however small it may be to start with, has begun, it can go on
almost indefinitely. Arguing from an extension of this theory, it
would be (juite possible to imagine such a case as an ''all-palatable "
association, it would need only that a certain one of more species
should be exceedingly abundant and other species with an approxima-
tion of the same colouring to be much rarer. It would thus be not
iuiprobable that the very abundant species would act as a type, as
much of the attack out of curiosity would vanish, while the rarer
species, not being under constant observation, would certainly in all
probability be more readily persecuted. Having got thus far in the
argument, it is easy to refute the true Batesian theory of mimicry
altogether, which says that a palatable butterfly mimics a distasteful
one. Much more proof is needed of the palatability or otherwise of
various butterflies before one rejects the Batesian theory as unwork-
able in practice. It is of frequent occurrence to find that the so-called
palatable mimicker is far more abundant than the so-called mimicked
species. This would not, therefore, be of much, if any, advantage, to
the palatable species, especially if the coloration was not very
distinctive. If, however, both species (mimicker and mimicked) were
more or less distasteful, the benefit to the commoner would probably
be no less great than if it were a palatable species. It is agreed that
the attacks are mostly those made by young birds out of curiosity, and
the rare species would always be more of a curiosity than the common
one. There is plenty of evidence now that nauseous species are
attacked ; specimens that have notches taken out of both fore- or hind-
wing that coincide cannot have lost them by any ordinary wear and tear.
Once the association is formed and attained a fair size by a number
of species conforming to a certain pattern, the force acting to bring in
fresh members is considerable, and, if the various species fluctuate much
in numbers, the conformity will be all the greater and the equalising
force all the stronger, moreover, fresh arrivals would have a much
easier way of gaining protection by assimilation of colour. For this
reason it is explicable how, in a large group, no two members are
excessively alike, while, in small groups, where presumably one of the
species is always much more abundant, one finds often practically
complete assimilation. We know that, for the practical working of
the Mullerian theory, experimental attacks by the insect's enemies
must go on, and also be exceedingly numerous, as is now proved by
specimens being so often caught with notches snatched by birds from
i)oth fore- or both hindwings when at rest. We are in the habit of
assuming that the central or typical species is the most distasteful,
but is it necessary ? A species that was much more distasteful, but
not at all common, would be open for considerably more attack than
the abundant semi-distasteful species, because the notion of " out of
sight, out of mind," would come into operation.

I'HE HESI'KKIIDES ol' J5RITTANY. l79

It is interesting, though not very profitable in results, to carry
one's theories to any extent. Much still remains to be done by obser-
vation in the held. I was, however, fortunate enough one day to see
on the same bush, in the interior of British Guiana, specimens of
Li/con'a poiiiiuintia, L. rors, Melinaca rramcri, M. nnii'iiu', and [Jell-
conins rctiistns. ^^'ith their wings closed, unless one got very near,
all these appeared alike, and no opponent of any theory of mimicry
could deny that it was a distinct advantage to each individual speci-
men to be like many others. Heveral other species have since been
taken by my correspondent on the Potaro River, where I saw and took
my specimens, and very likely some have come oft" the large bush that
presented such a picture to my eyes. Whether any of the above are
palatable or not would make very little difterence ; all being so much
alike, they share each other's dangers from experimental attack. In
other words, it is a life insui-ance in which every species takes its share of
the risks. Such groups as this are numerous in the particular
locality cited, but I much doubt if a single instance of a Batesian case
exists. If the attack be experimental, and not persistent, it would be
merely accident if one species were palatable while another was not so.
What are the palatable species "? One hears the Pierines given, and
yet the vast majority of the Pierines are not protected by being like
other species which are not palatable. There are admittedly excep-
tions, as is seen in the $ s of the Mj/lutJiris species, which resemble
some Danaines and Ithomiines. Home members of the genus l>is-
viorplda are also well protected in both sexes, but if the Pierines were
in general sought after as tasty morsels, one would expect, at least, all
the large conspicuous species to be protected, but this is not appa-
rently the case. Large species of Vieria or DaptDHoura are often not
abundant, and rarely, if ever, have any ally for protection. If the
Miillerian theory is true (and it is very difticult not to accept the broad
lines), there is scarcely need for the Batesian theory at all, and our
hitherto so-called palatable and distasteful species may all have very
much the same flavour.

The Hesperiides of Brittany.

By CHARLES OBEKTHCK, F.E.S.

I am interested to learn that Hesperia alvciis is reported to have
been found in England. I have always thought that this species
ought to be found in England, and I believe that some day you will
find ('arcliaroilm alccae, which is a very common species in Bretagne,
also on your south coast. In Bretagne, H. alreiis is very local, and
never abundant. It is to be found in the helds in the neighbourhood
of Rennes, particularly at the end of August and commencement of
Septenjber, but it is always difhcult to catch many specimens ; one
only meets with it in small numbers, usually singly. I have also
taken H. ain ns at the end of May and commencement of -June, but
even more rarely then than in August and September.

The best locality, to my knowledge, in the department of lUe-et-
Vilaine, for //. alreii.s, is the dune of Miel-Pot, between St. Malo and Can-
cale ; this dune is formed of an " amas " of hard sand, covered with a rich
vegetation of L'osa pi tu/iinclU folia, I lev, Trifnliiiiii, (Jarr.r, Krijnfiinm
maritiwinii, &c. On this dune one finds //. alniis at the commence-
ment of June, and again from August 15th to September 10th, and

l80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORb.

one is able to take almost every day some specimens. The fact that
leads me to believe that H. alreua and ('. aUeof ought to be found in
England is that the English Hesperiids are really the same species as
the Breton ones, except ( '. almie already noticed, thtcmpterns nmr-
j)/ifus, an erratic species, common in the tall herbage of the forest of
Kennes, the forest of Paimpont, the woods and ditches of certain
fields at Mesneuf, but ■which is absent in many French localities, and is
a species that I have never supposed to live in England.

The following list of the other species of Hesperiids, found in the
neighljourhood of Rennes and the coast of Cancale to St. Malo,
should be carefully compared with the list of Hesperiids found in
England. These are : — (1) ihatiaos tatjrs, (2) Hcsjieria */;aZirtt' and ab.
taras, {'A) II. olrcKs, (4) Ailojxiea lincola, (5) A. tkaninas, (6) A.
actat'vii, (7) Aiiiiiailfs conniia, (8) A. si/lcanii.'i, (9) ( 'artcron'fi/ialns
palai'iiKDi. The first eight species live on the coast and in the neigh-
bourhood of Rennes ; the 9th, ' . iKtlaeinon, is only found in the
forests, it is on the wing now (early -lune), and is extremely abundazit
in the forest of Rennes. Some Hesperiids, common over a great part
of France, /'.,'/., //. caythaini, II. sao, and //. -si-rratular, have not yet
been found in Rretagne. They are not likely to be found in England.
(\(rr/ian)ilii.'< alccac Hies in April, but occurs more abundantly in
August. This also is a littoral species in Jiretagne, and 1 have taken
it many times on the lawn of my garden at Cancale. I feel con-
vinced that one should find it in Jersey and Guernsey, and that some
day it will be found on the south coast of England, like Callimorpka
heva, a most abundant species in Bretagne, and one that migration,
aided by southern winds, has comparatively recently introduced into
England.

I thought this note might prove interesting as drawing attention
to the need of a comparison being made between the English and
Breton Hesperiids.

(^^ OLEOPTERA.

SyNONVMICAL note on the LaTHKOBJLM ATKll'AEPE A\D L. PUNCXA-

TUM OF THE British List. — In the Knt. Mo. Ma;/., 1902, p. 88, Dr.
Sharp writes of iMthnilninn atri/mlpe : "The insect is at present rare
to an extent that is quite surprising, and it would be well to Avait for
more information before attempting a final conclusion on the matter,
though the existence of an unnamed species in the British list seems
rather an anomaly now-a-days." I am glad to say that 1 have been able,
with the kind assistance of M. Fauvel, to clear the matter up. Mr. F.
H. Day, having sent me specimens of the Cumberland atn'/xil/H' to
examine, 1 took them to the Museum to compare, and I found them to
be a distinct species, though certainly not the utrijialjic of Scriba, as
on looking up the original description it was evident that he refers to
a species more like tcniniiatidii, whereas these specimens come nearer to
pHiutatiiin. I therefore sent them, together with a specimen of the
latter, to M. Fauvel, who tells me they are the innictatinn, Zett., and
our jiiinrtatiini is the funilnin, Steph. The synonymy is as follows —

1. Lathrob'mm intnctuluni, Zett.

-ctlerKlcdd, iiye ("Ent. Ann.," 187"J, p. 25).
(itripalpe, Brit. Cat., )iec Scriba.

2, Lathivbiuiit I'oriilum, tSteph.

puHctatum, Brit. Cat., Er., Fowler, ncc Zett.

COLEOPTER.V. 181

I have compared both species with their original descriptions, and
find they agree well. L. piinctatuni, Zett., may be known from /,.
foriiliim, Steph., by the dark palpi, which are clear red in the latter.
The punctuation of the head and thorax is denser, and the elytra are
more strongly and closely punctured and relatively shorter, being
shorter than the thorax. The insects taken by Dr. Sharp in Scotland
and recorded as atripalpe are probably piinctatiiiti, Zett., as are also
those taken by ]\Ir. W.E. Sharp, Snowdonian Mountains (/•,'»?. Ilcrord,
1898, p. 272)"; :Mr. F. H. Day, Pennmes {F<:iit. lUmrd. 1900, p. 100) ;
Mr. Thompson, Upper Teesdale [Ent. 3/o. Mafj., 1902, p. Ill); Mr.
Gordon, Wigtownshire {Knf. Ilerord, 1903, p. 47) ; Professor Beare,
near Edinburgh {Knt. llrmrd, 1903, p. 103) ; and Mr. Britten,
Pennines (7^'»^ lleronl, 1903, p. 1.50). I also sent a specimen of a
jAith robin III to M. Fauvel, J captured in North Wales {Ent. Ilecoril,
1897, p. 50) and which I had looked on as a dark form of terminatinu.
He writes it is a most interesting specimen, as it forms an exact
transition between his type S ntripalpi', Scriba, and (jnadratinn, Pk.
He also states that he considers both tfiniiinafinii and atvipnliic to be
vars. of ijiiadratiiti}, Pk. It is evident, therefore, that the true atripalpe,
Scriba, is a variety, but whether British I know not. ^Horace

DONISTHORPE.

CoLEOPTERA IN ScoTLAXD. — Siucc my last note (p. 103), I have
been fairly successful in turning up good species, and a few notes on
my captures since the middle of March may be of interest.

After the 14th of ^March bad weather prevented a second visit to
Cobinshaw reservoir until the 27th of the month ; unfortunately that
day, though it promised fine, turned out very windy and showery. In
the flood refuse, in addition to most of those taken on the 14th
(p. 103), the following occurred : Amara apriearia. Pk. ; Philontlms
rarians, Pk. ; 1'. ai'iU'iis, Rossi ; O.vi/poda npaca, Gr. ; SUuhh tarsalis,
Ljun. ; Tachpni^a atra, Gr. ; Fraatyiiri}! aiicta, F. ; P. nianjiniila, L. ;
and Phardon roehlfariac, F. ; these last three were in great abund-
ance in one heap of refuse.

On April 2nd I had a day with Mr. Evans at Harperrig
reservoir. On the way from ^lid-Calder station to the reservoir we
worked a lot of hay refuse, which had been thrown up by a flood in a
small stream some time before. Here we secured Mei/art/inis sinuato-
eollis, Lac. ; Mirropcjilas mari/nritae, Duv. ; Atomaria fuacata, Sch. ;
( 'rt/ptophaiiiiK sajiiiiatiis, Sturm. ; and many other common insects
usually found in such refuse, lender bark of fir stumps in a planta-
tion about a mile beyond the station the following were taken : Ipx
■J'-ptifitiilatiis, F. ; (fci/iisa incrassata, Kr. ; Driiocneten autuj/rajdiiis,
Ratz. ; J'rtipodendron lincafnm, Er. ; Tornicus arinninattis, Gyll. ;
Pitj/oiiencs hidentatiis, Hbst. ; JJi/lasti's ater, Pk. ; H. palliating, Gyll. ;
llylurtiKs jtinipfrda, L. ; Il/ii^ojdianiis fcrrKj/iiu'iia, Pk. ; and //. dispar,
Pk. There was abundance of flood rubbish at the reservoir, and
though many of the insects found at Cobinshaw were found, a number
not seen at that place turned up, including, amongst others, the
following : Jlfnihidimn hi/iioirtatinii, L. ; Mi/ci'tojxirity Ifpidiis, Gr. ;
M. loiKjidus, Man. (both common) ; (Jiifdiiis fidricollis, Steph. (very
scarce) ; StapJii/liinia en/throptcrKH, L. ; and P/n'lrmt/iiis derorns, Gv. ;
under sheep dung on the moor near the reservoir we got Ap/mdiiis
fo mpur cat II s, 1j. ; A. couftons, Dnft, ; and A. ater, De G. ; the two

182 THE entomologist's record.

former appear to occur all over this district, but are very rare. On
the 7th of April I paid another somewhat harried visit to this reservoir,
securing further specimens of most of those taken on the previous
visit, and a nice specimen of Aridota cnnntata, Man., and a number of
Lathri)hriiiin, which are either punctatKiii of the British Catalogue,
or the atripalpe of the British Catalogue. I am not certain at present
which, as I have not had a chance of comparing them with
authentically-named specimens from other districts.

On Good Friday, April 10th, I was again out with Mr. Evans.
This time we visited Threipmuir reservoir ; here, again, there was much
refuse, and a further variety in the insects, the following, amongst
others, turning up: Ocalea castanea, Er. ; QnadiuK ninhrinns, Er. ;
Q. attcniiatKs, Gyll ; Taclij/itsa otro, Gr. ; Lcsti'vu imisconoii, Duv. ;
and the same Latltrohriinn as at Harperrig in great numbers, it was
quite the insect of this flood refuse ; and, lastly, a few l^hi/tohitis
canalicHlattis, Fiihr.

The remainder of April I was in the south, and so northern
insects had a rest. My first outing in ]\fay Avas to Fauldhouse Moor,
on the afternoon of Saturday, May 9th. An hour's work at a pond
produced Ai/abitH arrtieiis, Pk. ; A. stiirmii, Schon. ; Jl/iantiifi hisiriatKs,
Berg. ; llijbius ftilifiinonus, F. ; < 'oli/nibcf.cs fusen.s, L. ; Acilius .siilcatus
var. ficoticNs, Steph. ; Hydrojtonts ('ri/t/iroci'phaliis, L. ; IL /jubaiccns,
Gyll. ; and //. palitstris, L.

On the 19th I had a day with Mr. J. Black on the moss near
Gordon, Berwickshire. Here, after much labour, owing to the peat
holes having been filled up with branches of firs, I secured a small
series of Arilins faaciatitH, De G. In the same pools occurred Afiabns
a[finis, Vk. \ A. stun/iii, Schon; JJi/droponis trutis,Vk. ; JI. iniibrdsus,
Gyll. ; //. t/ii'iiiiKiniits, Nic. ; I'hilhi/drKs niniicans, Zett. ; and many
common water-beetles. It was too early in this backward season to
obtain much from beating and sweeping, the best things being
( 'ix'liodes nibicundiis, Pk. ; ' 't'litlior/ii/iic/iiditifi rcrsicolor, ]^)ris. ; 'iiojii-
/dtanis iiicniirialix, v.; Mt'cjarOnns dcnticnllifi, Beck.; Aridota ert')iata,
F. : ('iipltdn ain'abilia, Thunb. ; and ('. jnuirtipoini.s, Shp.

On May 21st, under stones on Arthur's Seat, Curt/inbit/'s h<il(»n'fin'iis,
F., and lUtrijnotux sr/iiinherri, Zett., we)'e found.

On the 23rd and 26th of the month 1 paid two hurried visits to
Arniston grounds on the South Esk ; here I swept ofl' gorse by the
roadside, ' 'rrpidndcra nijipcs, L., in plenty ; out of the branches of a
fallen Scotch fir I beat Adalia obliterata, L. ; and one specimen of
(Hiorhi/iirJnis sfptciitriiDiis, Hbst. On the banks of the Esk I was at
length rewarded for the many times I have swept and searched prim-
I'oses by obtaining a nice series of Kuspltalernni jiriiiiulae, Steph. ; they
occurred right down at the bottom of the corolla-tube, and would not,
I think, have been taken if the flowers had been merely swept, but by
picking the flowers and gently splitting the tube, they were found in
plenty, busy either sucking the honey from the nectary, or else
occupied in the important business of coupling. I have to thank Mr.
Evans for this capture, as he gave me the hint where to try for this
beetle. The young birch trees, now coming into full leaf, were beaten
without much success, the only common beetle being roli/driisiis
rrrriniis, L., and I was much struck with the extraordinary resemb-
lance in shape and in colour they presented, when lying motionless in

COLEOPTERA,

183

the net, with legs and antenn* folded close to the body, to the buds
of the birch which fell with them into the beating-net ; it was almost
impossible to distinguish them until they began to move.

On Saturday, June 6th, I paid a long meditated visit, with Mr.
Black, to Aberlady, mainly in quest of TdeplioniK ilayirinianits, Shp.;
we were fortunate, and soon after arrival on the ground the first
specimen was taken, and, thereafter, we each secured a good series ; they
were found beneath seaweed mostly, just about high-water mark, but,
later in the day, the hot sun brought them out into the open, and we
found a good many running and Hying about the grass at the edge of
the sandhills. The whole life-history of this insect is very curious
and interesting. Under the same seaweed we secured the usual sea-
.side beetles, such as ( 'en-i/on ilcprcKsus, Steph.; A/eor/iara ohsrKrdla,
Gr.; IloiiialiiDii riparimn, Th.; llt'terotJtojix hinotata, Steph., &c.; and
running on the sand Jllecliua fiiftcipcs, Rye, with Di/srliirius t/ionicicnx,
Rossi. While taking our lunch on the sandhills a specimen of Tdf-
phonif; fascus, L,, Hew on to Mr. Black ; this is a very interesting
capture, as Canon Fowler says its occurrence in Scotland is very
doubtful, though Murray records it. Walking on the dry sand in the
barren sandhills, which fringe a portion of the golf links, I found
Mori/chus aeneiis, F., and several specimens of the variety of Coccindla
11-punctafa, L., with confluent apical spots, which has been recorded
already from similar localities in Scotland and Ireland. Before
returning to the railway station, I swept a number of plants of Sisi/ni-
briiini o[licinal(', and secured a long series of ('ciitlior/ij/iir/iidins pi/r<i-
ri/nrJiHn, Marsh., which Canon Fowler says occurs in Scotland only
very rarely in the Solway district. It was in numbers, and with it
there were ('. jinralis,Fk., Centlinyliiinclms i/iKoJridt'ns, Pz., (^. assimilis,
Pk., < '. (ontroctiis, Marsh., ttc.

My record closes with the capture on the afternoon of June 13th
of Deli p/i noil U'ctnin, Pk., a nice series, in sheep-droppings on the
Pentland Hills ; it was very scarce, and required a long search to
secure a series ; with it Aplwdlus lapi>onHin, Gyll., A. ater, De G., A.
(lepressiis, Kug., A. piitn'diis, Cr., and many species of ( 'erci/on occurred
in great profusion. — (Professor) T. Hudson Beare, B.Sc, Regent
Terrace, Edinburgh. Jmic loth, 1908.

:i^OTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARY^, &c.

Pupa of Epinephele pasiphae. — Length 12mm., antero-posterior
width f5mm. at mid-mesothorax and at metathorax, and nearly 6mm. at
3rd abdominal ; lateral measure from wing-spines to 3rd abdominal
uniformly 5mm.

Measurements.

Fro.m fkont

A N TERO- POSTERIOU

Lateral measure

(nose-horn) to
0-.5mm.

MEASURE AT

AT

Front mesothorax . . |

3'Omm.

'2'Omm.

Mid mesothorax . .

2-Omm.

.5-Omm.

.•j-Omm.

Post mesothorax . . '

iJ-Omm.

5-Omm.

;)-Omm.

3rcl abdominal ....

8-Omm.

6"0mm.

.5' 0mm.

End 4th abdominal.

9- 0mm.

4- 0mm.

4-Omm.

Base anal spine .... 1

ll-3mm.

0-3mrn.

G-5nim.

End anal spine ....

12-Omni.

184 THE ENTO:\rOLOGIST's RKrORD.

Form. — These measurements do not show that from nose-spine,
which forms the extreme apical front of the pupa, for nearly 8-Omm. the
ventral line of the pupa is quite straight. The dorsal line (from nose-
spines) proceeds nearly backwards, /.'., what might be called the front
of the pupa (the head and prothorax) sweeps round continuously into
the dorsum, so that at 2-Oinm. posterior to the front the antero-
posterior width is f5-0mm., the dorsal is then parallel to the ventral
line, till a marked waist is formed at the mesothorax, when again the
dorsal line recedes from the ventral to the deepest part of the pupa
(6-Omm.) at the 3rd abdominal segment. Hence the front line bends
backwards to the end of maxilla', continuing in nearly the same line
to the cremastral spike. Dorsally the outline is, from the 3rd ab-
dominal segment to the base of spike a continuous curve. Viewed
dorsally or ventrally the pupa has a square front (nose-spines) 2mm.
across, in the next 2-Omm. it sweeps outwards to the wing-spines,
with square outline, where the width is omm., which is continued
along the wing crest (continuous and identical with Poulton's line) to the
3rd abdominal, the two sides being parallel, hence it tapers regularly,
the cremastral spine is 0-7mm. long, ()-3mm. thick, and O-omm. wide,
and is directed rather more ventrally than posteriorly. ANGi.Es.-r-The
nose-spines present a somewhat sharp transverse ridge (2'Omm. long)
as the extreme anterior portion of the pupa, the ends of the ridge are
sharp angles, the angles of a cube, as two other sharp ridges, at right
angles to the first ridge and to each other, proceed, the one backwards,
the other dorsad (in descriptions of pupa it is necessary, though some-
what difficult, to remember that dorsal is the opposite of ventral, and
backwards the opposite of forwards). The former fading out at base of
2nd legs (l-omm.), the latter when approaching antenna (()-9mm.)
The wing-spine has a somewhat complicated aspect. Dorsally it
repeats in outline (l-5mm. further back and further out), the nose-
spines. There starts, from the outer margin of antenna, opposite middle
of eye, a sharp ridge with a slight cur\ ature, which forms the sharp
point of the wing-spine, and thence proceeds backwards, as a sharp
angular ridge, identical with Poulton's line, for 5-Omm. to the anal
angle of the wing. From the wing-spine a short ridge passes directly
dorsally. The anterior lip of the 1st spiracle forms a small ridge or
spine, which associates itself with the wing-spine by a short, blunt
rid^e, and there is thus enclosed a small square area. The blunt
ridge is, in the specimen described, conspicuous from being a pale
line, almost the palest portion of pupa. The cremastral spine is thin
and flat dorso-ventrally, rather wider laterally ; it is blunt, with some
rounded marginal rugosities, but no hooks or hooked bristles. The
wing-ridge divides the wing into a small dorsal portion, at its widest
quite 1-Omm. wide, which faces nearly dorsal, and the main portion of
wing, which is flat rather than rounded, and faces between ventrally
and laterally, leaving the antenn:e, maxilbe, and legs to form a flat
ventral surface near the head, and, opposite the 3rd abdominal segment,
almost a keel. Appendages. — The glazed eyes are nearly a semi-
circle, facing very little forward of ventral. The central rough area,
the glazed margin, dipping down to the actual line, then a very
narrow glazed line, followed by a dull, but hardly rough, dark area,
occupying the space between the antenna and the pale backwards
rid^e of the nose-spine. The antennie start on the dorsum, very close

LIFK- HISTORIES. 185

together, and curling round reach the end of the wings. The centre
of the ventral, nearly square, area helow the nose-spines has some
very small tubercles that are probably labium and mandibles. Then
the maxilla' continue the scjuare area downwards, gradually narrowing
to a very slender line before they finish at end of antennje. The width
here of antennn- and maxillie together is only about 0-Hmm. The
ventral angles from nose-spines are just in line with the margins of
maxillary margins, and approximate a little, just as the maxillary
margins continue to do. Outside tbe maxillae the first pair of legs are
extremely slender, and little more than 1-Omm. in length, and might
be easily overlooked. The second start from below the eyes, and extend
nearly G-Omm. to the ventral prominence of appendages. The wings
are very ample, 9-Omm. long and nearly 5.0mm. wide. As already
noted, their chief area is very fiat, between the wing-ridges behind and
the antenna in front. Poulton's line marks off a wide area, 1-Omm. at
the origin of the wing at inner margin, narrowing to anal angle, about
0-4mm. round hind margin, and at apex about l-2mm., the Ime being
rounded, the apex pointed. The hindwmg is a narrow margin, ap-
parently uninfluenced by the spiracles, and just reaching the 4th
abdominal segment. There is a dorsal suture, through prothorax,
mesothorax, and metathorax, but not very distinct on 1st abdominal.
On front half of mesothorax it is emphasised by distinct black ridge.
MovAHLK SEGMENTS. — The Only movement allowed is somewhat re-
stricted between the 4th and 5th abdominal segments, other incisions
seem to be quite anchylosed. Sculpture and Colour. — The colour is
rather dark terracotta much overlaid with black, so that it is rather a
dark pupa. The appendages are wrinkled very finely transversely ;
the maxill* pale with sulci dark, legs very dark. Antennae with the
segments marked out, dark, with a white dot marking raised central
spot on each segment. The wing is very dark outside Poulton's line
on inner half. The main area is pale with longitudinal dark lines.
The veins pale, ending in a dark spot, margined by darker ; but vein
4 is dark, with light colour along its front margin, and the costal
region is light ; the cell is also longitudinally clouded. The meso-
thoracic sculpture is in rounded raised fine ridges, divided into small
islets, not continuous enough, perhaps, to be called ridges. The
summits of these are pale down each side of the dorsal line, posteriorly,
and in a few lateral patches, looking as if the whole had been black,
but the colour worn off in some prominent places. The metathorax
is more definitely marked by transverse ridges, but very finely, a few
of the ridges, especially at the outer front corner, are pale. The 1st
and 2nd abdominal segments have transverse ridges right across,
looking (and probably being) more like subsegmentation than sculp-
turing" strictly. Behind these the sculpturing is in minute raised
bosses, in some degree arranged transversely, the summits of these
being more or less pale. The abdominal segments (dorsally) have
other markings— rather difficult to interpret. They are all much
alike, but taking the 4th as the simplest and clearest, there is a
suggestion of division into three equal subsegments. The two divi-
sion lines, just outside the median line, arc two transverse black
impressed lines, and appear to continue outwards as impressed lines —
difficult to see because uncoloured — and then fade out. The front one,
however, reappears half way to spiracle as a similar impressed black

l86 THE emomolooist's record.

line, which is not, however, quite straight. It continues thence down
to front of spiracles as a definite incision. The posterior one also
reappears opposite this ; both are nearer the margins of the segment than
they are dorsally. The other segments are similarly, but less plainly,
marked. On 1, 2, and 3, about level of tubercle iii, is a faint indica-
tion of a pale eminence or boss. A tendency to a dark dorsal line
ends in last three segments as a very fine line ; the rest of these seg-
ments are pale, with a large dark cloud on the centre of either half.
The spiracles of 1, 2, and '6 are hidden beneath wings, of 4, 5, 6, and
7 are small black oval spots. Ventrally the abdominal segments are
dull and dark, with little sculpture or variation of colour. On 5 and
6 the proleg scars show as flattened circles with a slightly paler
margin. The two points on i) are raised as minute black knobs,
except that they are some distance apart they suggest the male
tubercles, these, however, are seen between them, and are very small
and pale. The anal region is large. Hat, and circular. [The pupa
from which this description was made was received from Mr. Powell
(Hyeres) on May Uth, 1908. —T. A. Chapman, M.D., Reigate. .lAr//
14///, 190H.

Ptpatiox-hauxt of Epinki'Hele pasiphae. — The pu})a of l'.i>uu}>In'l(
jiaxiphnc lies free on the ground, in the thickest part of the grass. It
looks like a pupa that ought to be hanging up, although there are no
hooks on the cremaster. — H. Powell, Maison Regnier, Rue Mireille,
Hyeres. Miui 8tl>, 1908.

PuPAP.iuM OF Melanargia syllius. — A larva of Mdananjia si/lUus,
that T have reared from ova, pupated during April, and gave a plump
healthy-looking pupa. It lies in a hollow on the ground and is covered
with a few dead leaves, sticks, and stones, which the larva spins
together with some threads, making a poor attempt at a cocoon ; the
spinning is slight of course, and one would hardly call the result a
cocotm, though the intention is clear enough. — Iiud.

Pi I'ARUM OF IIipparchia cikce. — The larva of //. cMtv which I have
kept throughout the winter is full-fed, and just now is pupating. The
peculiarity of this operation is that the larva buries itself very deeply
in the ground to pupate, almost like a Sphingid larva. I found the
earth turned up in one of my pots as though a mole had been at work.
Digging carefully down, I found the //. rirrr larva at a depth of between
3-|cm.-4cm. This disturbed it, and it came up, but the same night
went down in another part of the pot, and I have, of course, not dis-
turbed it since. Last year I had a larva of this species which pupated
in the middle of a tuft of grass. It did not bury itself, probably
because the earth was too hard. In the present case the earth was
fairly compact, and gave the larva some work to do. — Ibid.

J^^RACTICAL HINTS .

Field work for July.

1. — During the first week of -1 uly is a good time to work for Tnrtrix
picrana. The moth flies at dusk round I'iniix si/lrestris, usually near
the tojis of the trees, therefore a long-handled net is necessary to

* " I'nicticiil Hints tor the Field Lepidupterist," I'ts. I and II each eontain
some ri.^O 2Jiactieal hints similar to these, but relating cliiefiy to the Macro-
lepidoplera. Interleaved for collector's own notes. Trice 6s. each part.

PRACTICAL HIN'TS. 187

secure it. So far this species is only recorded from Hampshire and
Surrey.

2. — Tortn'.c tmnsitana should be sought for about the first fortnight
of this month amongst its foodplants (elm, birch, and poplar). It
may be found at rest on tree-trunks, or by beating, but when the
latter plan is adopted, the late afternoon will prove most productive.
Its time of flight is at dusk, when it Hies briskly around tree-tops.

3. — In fenny districts Serieorix tlouhlcdaijana often occurs in con-
siderable quantities, Hying in the late afternoon sunshine.

4. — Ephippiphora tetratjonona is to be found throughout this month,
and occurs commonly in many woods in the southeast of England.
The simplest method to obtain it is to visit some fairly broad riding
on a bright afternoon about five o'clock, at which hour its flight com-
mences. The moth appears very small when flying, owing to the white
spot on the forewing only then being visible.

5. — If, after 'four o'clock in the afternoon, a position is taken up
amongst beech trees, towards the beginning of -Inly, the imagines of
Carpocapm ijrdsmna will most probably be observed flying wildly round
and over them. A long pole as handle to one's net is necessary to
make captures. This insect is very liable to injure itself if carried in
a pill-box.

6. — Scardia corticella occurs throughout the month on the stems
of partly decayed trees. Very careful search must be made to detect
the moth, as it sits in the fissures of the bark, where it is easily passed
over for an unevenness in the bark, or a piece of lichen.

7. — During this month vast quantities of Micros may be obtained
by smoking them out with a pair of bee-bellows, from low and thick-
growing herbage. This is pre-eminently the Avay to secure the
Gelechiidae frequenting sand-dunes, heath, and rough groimd generally.
Great care must be exercised or a conflagration may arise.

8. — Tort fix cibundana is to be found during July, and is most
partial to moors and rough, swampy ground. It flies at dusk, and can
be disturbed from low-growing vegetation during the day. It is as
well to net and examine a number of specimens, the species, in some
localities, being very variable.

9. — Larvfe of Peronca mi.vtana may be obtained during this month
in terminal shoots of ( 'alliDia ndr/arc.

10. — If the patches of T/ii/iiiks scrpi/Uum growing on chalk downs
are carefully watched on a bright afternoon towards the end of July,
the imagines of Lita arteuiisidla should be found flying amongst them.

11. — By visiting granaries and carefully examining the walls and
sacks, large quantities of Sitotrni/a rcrealdla may often be discovered
during July. The moths prefer dark corners, and pi'ess themselves
into small holes in the brickwork and folds in sacking.

12. — Paltodnra ci/tisella is well out by middle of July, and is to be
obtained amongst Pterin atjuiliua. On mild and calm evenings it
sometimes occurs very freely at about eight o'clock.

13. — Early in July Piitalis Kencavena is to be found flying in the
afternoon sunshine amongst its foodplant, T/n/miis scriiiiUntn'. It has
a preference for chalk downs and railway banks.

11. Larerna atepliensi occurs from the middle to end of -luly, is very
local, biit not uncommon in its haunts. It rests on the stems of old
oak trees, usually very low down, often only just clear of the ground.

18ft THK ENTOMOLOr^IST's RECORD.

An especially i^ood spot to search for this moth is in the "bays" at
the bases of the trees.

:iaOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

LEPir>(»PTEROLO(JiCAL NoTKS. — I had an example of ( 'uciiUia li/c/uiitis
emerge from pupa on June 2nd, Siiihmnna fuliginum on May BOth and
June 2nd, both species new to me. I have at the present time in
the cages fine broods of feeding larvse of Knnomus aiitumnaria and
E. cdniaria. All my Ptilo]tliora idinni;/(')ri and Hoporitid croccaijo have
gone to earth, whilst six 'I'iliaa'a aiira(/a larvae have spun cocoons on
the ground, or attached to dead leaves of sycamore. I am very satisfied
with the latter, as it is the first time I have seen this larva pupate. —
J. Henderson, 24, Birchin Lane, London, E.C. June 4th, ldO'6.

Whit Monday in Berks. — It was very hot on Whit Monday, June
2nd, but I was all over Snlham Woods and Purley, near Tilehurst,
Berks. I found insects numerous, especially Kmlilof rarchoiiinis, but
it was much too hot to do any vigorous collecting. — Ibid.

Drymonia chaonia in Kew Gardens anjj Cyaniris ahgiolus in St.
John's Wood. — It is not often that I get the chance of observing an
insect nowadays, but I happened to-day in Kew Gardens to see a
specimen of Dnjmonia cJiaonia which fluttered down to my feet. It
seems rather an urban locality for it, and I suspect on this account it
is interesting enough to make a note of. My last urban insect of
interest under somewhat similar conditions was Cyaniris ari/iolHs,
which was sitting on the pavement near St. John's Wood Road
Station.— W. F. H. Bi.andeord, M.A., F.E.S., 48, Wimpole Street,
W. Mai/ 2Wi, 1908.

Vespid.e in Durham. — Yesterday, while collecting near Ebchester,
CO. Durham, I was astonished to see )uimbers of line female wasps
Hying, and boxed several. On reaching home I was examining them
along with ^Ir. Chas. Robson, when, amongst several Vesjia vuliiaris,
we found a perfect female of W's/ni (instriaca. This wasp has never
been recorded for Durham before, but was recorded for Killingworth,
Northumberland, by Mr. Robson, in 1899. We do not usually get
wasps here in any plenty, but up to date this year the following have
been taken : — W-xpa rnh/oris, I', nifa, ]'. si/lrt'stris, and I', aiistriara. —
J. W. H. Harrison, 2,' Train- Street, Bertley R.S.O., Durham. June
nth, 1903.

Peuhia moneta in Cambridgeshire. — Although the season up to
the present appears to be anything but a good one, yet Plusia moneta
has occurred in round numbers, my friend ^Iv. Scott and myself
having taken over six dozen larvjc 'My own have been taken in
various gardens in the town of Cambridge, whilst ^Mr. Scott has taken
the major part of his in a garden in the village of Haslingfield.-~E.
Crisp, 31, I^nion Road, Cambridge. Jn)ir 12th, 1903.

Plusia gamma at sugar. — With reference to Mr. C. W. Colthrup's
note (antia p. IT^l), headed as above, the occurrence there recorded is,
in my experience, by no means so unusual as he appears to think. I
have frequently seen and taken Plusia yannna at sugar, even in the
course of a single season, and, although I do not remember ever to
have observed it at this bait in large numbers on any one particular
night, my diary contains various entries of its being " not uncommon,"
or of " a few " being met with, at sugar, on some particular evening,

VARIATION. 189

and I have repeatedly come across odd examples whilst they were
busily engaged in feasting on the treacle.— Eustace R. Bankes, M.A.,
F.E.S., Norden, Corfe Castle. June \Ult, 1908.

Lepidoptera at Ci.andon and Folkestone. — Although stormy in
the suburbs of London on May 30th, I ran down to Clandon, and
was rewarded by a brilliant day (temperature 80^^ in the shade). Lepi-
doptera were backward, Kuchlo'i' canlaiiiiut's only just out, Anlais
urtirae, Pi/ramt'is atalanta and /'. rrtrr//// were observed ovipositing;
Callop/tri/s rubi were getting worn, I'oh/oiiniiatun irants and J', antrarclie
only just coming out, although Xi'iiieobiKs lueina was out in good num-
bers. Ernaturga atoniaria was swarming on the downs, and some very
dark males were taken, in fact, this form seems to predominate at
Clandon, whilst at Folkestone the light form occurs most frequently.
Bapta taniinata, B. temerata, AstJiena cantUdata, Iliutua crataeijata, and
Venilia maculata were all beaten, but in fresh condition. From a
garden I obtained two larvae of Plitsia vtoneta on Delphinium : they
were hidden in the heart of the buds. From one of five larva' captured
on Easter Monday, and which afterwards duly pupated, an imago
emerged on June 1st.

On June 2nd I paid a visit to Folkestone. This was another very
hot day (83°F. in the shade). Here, also, everything was backward.
PohjommatuH bellan/uN was only just emerging, and of five males taken
one showed the greenish -blue tint which characterises some specimens,
and I also took one very finely spotted female. Poli/owiitatits icarufi
and P. astrarche were just appearing, Ciipido iniiiiina in numbers and
in beautiful condition, whilst Calluphrj/^ rnhi was worn. Paiari/c
meijaera, too, was observed, whilst one beautiful Colias hi/ale was
captured and another missed. Two other collectors whom I met had
a specimen each, so that it is possible that the species will be there
again in August. Pieris braxdcae, P. rapai', and /'. napi were all
abundant. A visit to Lady Wood in the afternoon produced exactly
the same species as those I captured at Clandon. — C. P. Pickett,
F.E.S. June iSth, 1908.

W^A R I A T I 0 N.

Aberration of Euchloe cardamines. — I took a beautiful aberra-
tion of K. cardamines at Croydon on May 28rd, 1908. It is SSmm.
across the forewings (the smallest specimen taken during the day).
The discoidal spot is slightly more pi'onounced than usual. The usual
reddish-orange patch is replaced by one of lemon tint which extends for
a hair's breadth over the spot. The ratio of males to females observed
on this day was about 25 to 1, the latter Hying unattended in the hot
sun. — Mervyn G. Palmer, 24, Frindsbury Road, Strood, Kent. June
4t/i, 1903.

Note on the variation of Papilio machaon in relation to its
FOODPLANT. — Somc cxaiiiples of Papilio machaon, turned loose in
Surrey, last June, laid ova on Skimuiia ablata, a plant only introduced
from China and Japan some thirty years since. Some hundred larva-
were brought to me, and they all fed up greedily on the shrub in
question, often, indeed, leaving carrot, which I grew at its side, to feed
on it. I am trying experiments on a large scale with it this year, as I
wish to find out if P. machaon, which I have been told feeds on Shimmia
in Japan, though I cannot verify this statement, will vary towards its

inO THK KXTOMOT.nrTTST'S RECORn.

far eastern relations if fed here for some generations. — Cecil
Floersheim, Farrar's Bniklino-s, Inner Temple, E.C,

Aberrations of Pieris ekassicae. — Referring to the note {cmtea, pp.
167-168) regarding a male Pieris braasirac with a small black dot in the
centre of the forewings, I may say that I have bred one this year from
a batch of larvse found in my garden, in September, 1902. I have
also a female with the left hand forewing with a decided hooi< tip as
in Platyjittrt/x homnla, the black markings being very deep in colour.
Another female from the same brood has the black markings replaced
by a brownish-black tint.— C. P. Pickett, F.E.S. June 6t/i, 1908.

j^CIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

The probable new British Nemotois. — The note by Mr. B. Piltard
{antea, p. 1 62) led me to look, on May 2-4th, at the two specimens of a species
that he refers to the genus Xfniotois, which he says " greatly resemble
N. citpriaecllns,'' and which he has deposited in the Natural History
Museum for reference. I would submit — with all due respect to the
authorities who have, I understand, examined the specimens — (1) That
the specimens are nothing like N. eii}tiiariiliis. (2) That they do not
belong to a NeuiotoiH species. (3) That they are individuals of a
species of Adiia, and (4) That they are to be referred to the common
Adela ni/iiiiitrdla, whose larva feeds on Card a mine pr(tte)isis, on the
blossoms of which plant Mr. Pift'ard captui-ed his specimens. I do
not pretend to know anything about the Adelids now, but I think the
above suggestions will prove to be accurate. — J. W. Tutt. Mai/ 81.s^l908.

Probable new British Nemotois. — With regard to Mr. B. Piffard's
note {antea, p. 162), under the above heading, I had the opportunity,
last week, of critically examining two specimens of the species to
which it refers, and found them to be typical examples of Adela riijl-
niitreUa, Scop., of which the female has, as he notices, shorter antenniv
than the male. It is a well-known habit of the moth to frequent, as
observed by Mr. Piffard, the blossoms of Cardamiiw prateiisis, which is
one of its foodplants. The full life-history of the insect, illustrated
with coloured figures of the larva, larval case, imago, and flower-head
of foodplant {( 'ardamine pratensis) will be found in Stainton's Xatiiral
Histori/ uf the Tineina, xiii., pp. 172-lSl, pi. iv., figs. 2a-2m (1878). —
Eustace R. Bankes, M.A., F.E.S. , Norden, Corfe Castle. ,h(ue 10///.
1908. [We are pleased to have the independent testimony of so
excellent a lepidopterist as Mr. Bankes as to the accuracy of oar con-
elusions. — Ed.1

OBITUARY.

The Reverend Thojias Ansfxl Marsh.u.l. — The death of the
Rev. Thomas Ansell Marshall, M.A., F.E.S,, which took place on
April 11th, 1908, at Ajaccio, Corsica, has been duly noted in the
Knt. Mo. Marl, for May, and an obituary notice appeared in the -June
number of the same magazine. By tliat it will bo noted that he was
76 years of age on March 18th last ; and I mention this to show the
extraordinary activity he possessed, for, during last summer, he
ascended many of the mountains thai abound in Corsica to study its
fauna. His companion invariably was his devoted sister, who is only
about three years younger than himself, who was much interested in
the flora. In these ascents they thought little of remaining on the
mountains for the night, taking shelter in some goatherd's but, if one

ClIRKKNT NOTES. 191

could be found, thus yiviiig him aii opportunity of obtaining some
good specimens. In these excursions he did not confine himself to
any particular order, as he was a good all-round entomologist ; he
knew what to reject so as not to burden himself with useless objects.
His Corsican collection of insects must be very valuable to persons
studying the European fauna. His monographs of the British
Braconidac, published l)y the Knt. Hoc. of London, and the European,
by Andre, in the " Species des Hymenopteres d'Europe," will be much
valued by future students. How far he has proceeded with the European
Oxijura I do not know. This most difticult group of small insects he
has been working at for the past four years, and no doubt a great
number of figures have been drawn. He once remarked to me that
he never knew of a man Avho had undertaken a big work live to see it
finished, and this is certainly his case. His drawings of insects are very
carefully done, he was certainly a pastmaster with his pencil and
brush. I have four water-colour drawings before me now of birds
drawn for a bazaar in aid of church funds. These are a jay, wood-
cock, kingfisher, and magpie, all in natural positions, the largest not
three inches in length. Although drawn so small, they are simply
perfect in form and colour. In the woodcock the variegated feathers
of the wing are a study in themselves ; the kingfisher, on the brink of
a running stream, with a small fish in its mouth, is very characteristic
of the bird ; and so are the others in their attitude. An engraving
or etching that attracted his attention, if he took a fancy to it,
he could reproduce with such accuracy that it would be almost
impossible to say which was the original. As a scholar he could
read most of the European languages, and was, in his younger
days, engaged at the British Museum, cataloguing the Sanskrit
and other works. This sedentary life was against his restless
nature. Leaving this appointment, he took Holy Orders and
became one of the masters of Cheltenham College, and afterwards one
of the principals of Milford College. Subsequently he held various
livings in England. He was desirous of visiting the West Indies,
and obtained an appointment as l)ishop's chaplain at Antigua. There
he had the misfortune to lose his wife from fever, and himself
narrowly escaped death from the same cause. Shortly after his
recovery he returned to England. In 1889, he became rector of
Botus Fleming, Cornwall, retirmg from that in 1897. He finally
settled in Corsica, taking lodgings shortly after his arrival in the
island at Tavera, afterwards removing to Ucciani, villages in the
mountains, finally settling near x\jaccio, there taking a house, with
garden and vineyard attached — an ideal home for such a lover of
nature as he was. A few days before last Christmas he was taken ill
with influenza of a rather mild type ; it then developed into bronchitis,
followed by asthma, from which he did not recover. He still worked
on arranging his MS. up to a very short time before he was summoned
to join the great majority — to the regret of his many friends — in the
spring of this year. — G. C. Bignell, Saltash. June ith, 1903.

m U RRE N T NO^T E S .

At the meeting of the Entomological Society of London on
May 6th, 1903, Mr. Willoughby Gardner exhibited nest cells of
Osiiiid .rant/iiniu'lmia from Conway, North Wales. He said the
species, one of our rarer mason-bees, places its beautifully constructed

192 THE entomologist's RECOKD.

pitcher-shaped ceils at the roots of grass, usually four or five together.
There is no previous record of the nest having been found since
Mr. Waterhouse discovered and described it from Liverpool about
G5 years ago.

At the same meeting Mr. A. J. Chitty exhibited a water-beetle
new to Britain, /•/:., /h/drdpfiiiis hilinfatus, Sturm., discovered by
Mr. Edward Waterhouse among some specimens of Ihjdropitn)^, given
by Mr. Chitty to him as H. i/ia)iiilaris. The specimens were taken at
Deal, in 1891, and probably all records of //. 'iranularia from Deal relate
to this species. He also exhibited a specimen of the rare Tm-lnis
ririilaris (inrilis of Dawson), taken at Wicken Fen in August. 1900.

At the same meeting Mr. O. E. -Janson exhibited specimens of
Xrojtiiacdiiiuis inelalfiiriis, Fairm., a goliath beetle from Fpper Tonkin,
and remarked that the white colouring was derived from a dense
clotliing of peculiar semi-transparent coarse scales, which were
apparently easily removed by abrasion, and seemed to partake of the
nature of the "fugitive"' scales found upon freshly-emerged specimens
of J I ('maris and other lepidoptera.

At the same meeting Professor E. !>. Poulton showed a specimen
of /'(Ai/jioiiia r-albxiii in the attitude of prolonged repose, together with
specimens of Anaea mom's set in dift'erent ways to illustrate its probable
resting-position. He said that probably the " C " or " comma " on
the undersurface of the hindwings in butterflies belonging to the
genus I'dli/iioiiia represents, in bright, strongly-reflecting" body-colour,"
the light shining through a semi-circular rent in a fragment of dead
leaf, the rent produced when a little segment of leaf has broken away
along a curved line, but still remains connected with the rest across
the chord of the arc. Unless such a segment remains precisely in the
plane of the leaf — or even then when shrinkage has taken place —
light may pass through a curved and often a semi-circular slit-like
window. Such curved cracks, probably produced by alternate wetting
and drying, are very common in dead leaves.

Some time since we published an excellent paper by the l\ev.
C. R. N. Buri'ows on •' f'hunnlcsma smarandand." In the current
number is a parallel paper on " VJiorodcsma hainlaria." The next
species on the list is (ieomctia jHijiilidiiaria, and Mr. Burrows asks for
eggs, larva^ (of all ages) and pupa> of this species, for figuring and
description. We trust that he will obtain an abundance of material.

A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at 58, Kensington
Mansions, S.W., on May '25th, when ]\Ir. H. St. J. H. Donisthorpe
was the host. The members and their friends were received by Mr.
and Mrs. Donisthorpe, and after tea had been served, an adjournment
was made to Mr. Donisthorpe's " Museum," where the business part of
the meeting was transacted and Avhere the experiments which Mr.
Donisthorpe is making with regard to ants' nests and their inhabitants
were carefully explained. A return was made later to Mr. Donisthorpe's
residence, where a goodly company sat down to an excellent supper at
9 p.m. Amongst others, we noted Prof. E. B. Poulton, ]\Iessrs. R.
Adkin, A. J. Chitty, E. N. Donisthorpe, E. A. Smith, J. W. Tutt, G.
H. ^'errall, E. Waterhouse, Colonel Swinhoe, etc.

We are glad to learn that M. Meinert (notwithstanding the ap-
pearance of his obituaiy in a contemporary) is not only alive, but
going well, and recently celebrated his seventieth birthday with much
eclat. We wish our distinguished colleague long life and happiness.

Vol. XV.

Pl.9.

vmisb.

I

K Jordan del . 4^0

Typhloceras poppei, Wa^rber.

Evbm. Record., etc^., 1903.

West.tTewman litli

LEPIDOPTERA AT PONT-DU-GARD A\D DIGNE. 198

Lepldoptera at Pont-du-Gard and Digne Orith plat,-).

By W. G. SHELDON.

The morning of April 23rd broke grey and gloomy ; as I stood
dressing, a glance out of tbe window announced it was a day, of which,
alas, we get so many during the spring in this country of ours. The
grass on the lawn was white with hoar-frost, the east winds and frosts
had cut the roses back to the quick, until they showed brown and
scorched, as though recently passed through a tlame; my solitary fruit-
tree was shrouded in a wrapping to prevent utter barrenness during
the coming summer. Twenty-four hours later I descended from the
train at the little Languedoc town of Remoulins ; the low pitched, red
pantile roofs, the brilliant stucco walls, with green Venetian shutters
to the windows, and the olive-trees and vineyards, announced a change,
indeed, of scene and climate, apart from the glorious blue sky, the hot
sun, tempered, however, with a cooling breeze, the atmosphere heavy
with the perfume of innumerable flowers, whitethorn in full bloom,
and the vegetation generally as forward as we are accustomed to see at
the end of May in England. My destination, of course, was the low
range of hills that stretch from Remoulins to Pont-du-Gard, and my
especial quarry, the " Glory of Provence," EtwhlD'eeapht'iiuidefi, and the
not less brilliant Gom'}iti'ri/.c dfopatra.

Pont-du-Gard is, indeed, a grand locality for K. euphenoidcH, the
males of which may be netted in numbers flying wildly along the
small lateral valleys, and I had no difficulty in obtaining in the course
of a couple of hours as many as I required. Females were, however,
as usual, very scarce, and only four were secured ; ova were not
uncommon on the yellow flowers of the foodplant, Biscutella iliih/nta.
I collected a number, and tried the larva? upon every English plant
allied to Biscutella I could find, but, although they nibbled Alliaria
officinalis a little, they did not survive long, and my attempt to rear
them ended in failure. I was rather disappointed with Goneptenjx
deopatra, which I expected to see in dozens ; about a dozen were seen
altogether, and not a cabinet specimen amongst them — probably the
species was nearly over. The commonest butterfly was undoubtedly
Callophri/s riibi, one or two of which were on nearly every bush.
Poh/ominatitH baton was not common ; probably it was over. I\
astrarc/ie and C'npndo minima were in fine condition and numerous.
One Xomiades nielanops only was seen — a small male. I'vntia daplidice
and Anthocaris belia scudded along at the base of the hills in some
numbers ; they are difficult to distinguish in flight. KucJdo'e
cardamines and Leucophasia sinapia were both well out and common ;
Melitaca cinxia, a fine form, much more tawny than our own, was not
infrequent, and was in good order. I was much pleased to get the
yellow southern form, var. intertnedia, of Parar(je etjeria for the first
time, commonly in the glades, where also flew specimens of P. meaaera.
I spent two most enjoyable days at Pont-du-Gard ; the difficulty in
working the ground, however, somewhat reduced one's bag. I stayed
at Nimes, some 12 or 14 miles distant, nearer than which I do not
think there is a suitable hotel, the train service between Nlmes and
Remoulins is very poor, one cannot well get on the ground much
before 10.80 a.m., and it is necessary to leave by 2 p.m., unless one cares
to wait for the late evening train.
July 20th, 1908.

194 THE entomologist's record.

On April 26th, I started on a long cross country journey from
Nimes to Digne, where I had arranged to meet Mr. E. F. S. Tylcote,
for a fortnight's collecting. The distance as the crow flies cannot, I
suppose, be much over 100 miles, but this involved ten hours' travel,
and half-a-dozen changes of train. The first sight of Digne was, to
me, somewhat appalling ; I had pictured to myself from the map, a
town situated at the junction of several valleys with low and gently
sloping sides ; as we walked along the bottom of one of these valleys
the next morning, I rapidly realised that my preconceived ideas were
not on all fours with the reality, and that, if specimens were wanted,
hard work must, of necessity, be entailed. The sides of the ravines,
for one cannot well call them anything else, are not the easiest of collect-
ing ground by any means ; most of them rise up, almost sheer, for a
thousand feet or so, and are crowned by utterly unclimbable cliffs.

]\fy emotions on arriving at what had been described to me as the
best spot for Thais vwdesicastc will not be soon forgotten, and, after
viewing it from all available points, I began to think my kind in-
formant had been having a little joke, for there did not seem a possi-
bility that an animal less fitted for climbing than a goat could scale
those rocks ; one finds, however, on actually experimenting, that the
slopes are rugged and broken, and that, when properly shod, one can
get about with comparative ease almost anywhere. The accompanying
plate will give a fair idea of the district. The hill behind the town
is known as La Collette, and is very good ground, the valley in the
centre contains the "Les Dourbes" road, whilst the flat range of moun-
tains in the background is " Les Dourbes " chain ; it is the especial
haunt of the rare Erebia scipio, and many other good species. The
valley containing the baths, possibly the best ground near Digne, runs
laterally out of the Dourbes valley to the right. The species occurring
at the time of the year of my visit are so fully dealt with by Mr, Tutt
{E7it. lu'conl, ix., p."^221), that I shall not attempt to go into details of
the majority. The season was a very backward one, and many species
that we might have expected to obtain in numbers were thus either
not out, or only justemerging.

One of the first objects of our search was Erebia epistygne. This
fine species was flying in some numbers on one of the smaller hills
forming the side of the valley of the Eaux Chaudes torrent, and was
met with in single specimens on most of the lower hill-tops we
visited ; it is a handsome species on the wing, the pale blotches
showing conspicuously, and these, in conjunction with its method of
flight, give it a very Satyrid-like appearance.

Probably the best insect occurring at Digne in the spring is An-
thocaris tagis var. bdlt'::ina, which is hardly to be found elsewhere ; it
is apparently always rare, four or five specimens being considered a
good day's work. The best method of obtaining the species appears
to be to climb to the top of the mountains immediately round the
town, and to stand in wait at the edge of the clift's, with which most
of them are crowned. A. var. belledna is usually to be seen flying up
and down along the face of the rocks, which themselves are quite
unworkable, and occasionally coming within striking distance.

Leiicopliasia duponchdii was not common, three or four specimens
each day constituted our bag, probably the species was not fully out.
I obtained a good series of Noviiodes melanops, including one or two

LEPIDOPTERA AT PONT-DU-GARD AND DIGNE. 195

good underside aberrations ; it appears to vary more than any species of
the Lycamidfe with which I am acquainted, hardly two specimens being
spotted ahke, and some had the spots quite radiated. X. ci/llaniH was
the commonest bhie seen, and varied much in size, my smallest speci-
men having a wing expanse of barely one inch, whilst the largest one
was over an inch and three-eighths, a good proportion of females were
netted. Erehia evias was not common, local, and in splendid condition.
Melitaea aurinia was taken freely, all of the provincialis type.

Naturally, one of the chief objects of our visit was Thais mededcaste,
once occurring in the greatest abundance, but now, alas, so far as
Digne is concerned, sadly reduced in numbers ; it still occurs on most
of the hills surrounding the town, but in very small numbers, in fact,
by hard working, one cannot expect to obtain more than three or four
specimens in a day ; accordingly one has to go a considerable distance
from Digne in order to see it in any abundance. A day's expedition
we made will always rank in my memory as one of those red letter
days, which come few and far between in the life of most of us. The
locality is one of the most romantic I have ever seen ; imagine a gorge
with sides 1200ft. to 1500ft. high, the lower 1000ft. of which is formed
of steep slopes, the upper portion of cliffs unscalable ; down the centre
runs a turbulent mountain stream, and a road which, in many places,
has been cut out of the solid rock ; the gorge just here has taken a
sudden turn, hiding the outlets, and giving it the appearance of
a volcanic crater, reminding one forcibly of Max Pemberton's
"Impregnable City." The slopes were at the time covered with wild
lavender, rosemary, and many other flowering plants of whose names
I am ignorant, amongst which grew the foodplant of Thais niedesicaste,
Aristolochia pistalochia, in great patches. Here and there a peasant pruned
his olive-trees, or planted his corn, whilst above all the hot southern sun
poured down its beams, making the whole place, even at this early period
of the year, a veritable oven. Such a spot is an ideal one for jf7/a/,s Dwdcsi-
caste, beautiful denizen of a southern clime, here at its northern limit,
and compelled to choose the warmest and sunniest spots for its habitat.
At the first sight of the insect on the wing, somewhat of adisappointment
rises in one's mind ; there are no brilliant masses of colour here, nothing
in this respect to compare with the flame-like (ronepteriix deopatra, or the
not less brilliant Eiu-ldu? euphennideti, only a dull grey creature, with a
flight as much like Farari/e eijeria as anything I can call to mind, but
presently, after gently flying to and fro, Thais will settle on the
ground, or on a low plant or flower, and then one realises at once all
its charm, that glorious wealth of crimson, and cream, and jet black,
and the delicate lacelike beauty of design, of certainly one of the
most beautiful European butterflies. I searched for ova, and did not
experience any difficulty in obtaining sufficient for my purpose, to-
gether with a few small larvfe ; the ova are deposited on the leaf
or stem of the foodplant, usually singly, but occasionally two or three
will be found on the same plant ; my larv;? fed well on potted plants,
and I already have several pup;e and other larv;v full-fed. 1 brought
home a few full-grown larvje of Aporia cratae(/i, the imagines of which
emerged a week ago, and also some larvfe of A(/lais urticae, which
produced imagines from June 12th to 20th.

The species seen or taken at Digne numbered 46 and were as
follows : Si/richthns sao, Xisoniades toges, Callophrijs riibi, Chnjsophanits

196 THE ento:mologist's record.

(lorilis, ('. phlacas, Pobjminnatiis baton, P. (iHtrarclie, P. icarus, P.
hellan/iis, Xomiades n/llariis, X. melanops, Ctipido sebrus, Kcerea aryiades
var. poli/.sperclion, PapiUo podalirius, P. machaon, Thais viedesicastr,
Aporia crataciii (larvffi), Pontia daplidice vai". hellidire, Aiithocaris belia,
A. tai/is var. bellezoia, Kiivldo'c i-itpJtejwides, K, cardainines, Pieris rojMic,
/'. hras.sicac, P. napi, Leucopltasia dnapis, L. lUipunclu'lii, t'olias lnjalc,
('. editsa, (Jonejiteri/.i' cleopatra, Pohjijonia c-albuui, Kinjonia jwhjclilorns,
Pyrameh atalanta, P. cardid, Ai/laia tirticae (larvje), Mditaea ciuxia,
M. aiirinia var. procincialis, M. phoehe, Brenthift dia, Anii/nni^ lathonia,
Parart/f (yeria, P. inerjaera, ('(lewDii/Dipha pampJiilii^, Krebia epiatipine,
and k. ci/rti.— June 26th, 1903.

A New British Flea: Typhloceras poppei, Wagner {n-ith plate).

By the Hon. N. C. liOTHSCHILD, B.A., F.L.S.

Dr. Wagner" has recently described a very remarkable flea from a
single female specimen sent to him for examination by Herr A.
Poppe, taken on ]\Iarch 15th, 1898, at Vegesack, near Bremen. The
insect in question has been very properly placed in a new genus, of
which it is the only known representative. Some years ago the late
Dr. Nitsche, of Tharandt, Saxony, forwarded us a female specimen of
this insect for identification. Although we informed Dr. Nitsche that
it was quite new, he never described it. We have since received
several specimens of this very peculiar insect, a list of these being
appended. Among them are several males. In the present article
we are recording this species as new to Great Britain, and also take
the opportunity of describing the hitherto unknown male, and figuring
some of the more important portions of the exo-skeleton of both
sexes. Dr. Wagner points out that the present species is related to
both the genera t'eratopluilhis and Tii}ddopmjlla. The insect, however,
is more closely related to the members of the genus Hystrichopsi/lla
than to any other Siphonaptera. Ti/pJdoccras poppet resembles
Hj/stricltiyisi/lla talpae in the following characters. The spines placed
on the lateral portions of the abdominal tergites are far nearer the
stigmata than they are in other genera. The apical hairs on the 7th
tergite of both sexes resemble in their relative sizes those placed in
the same position in the genus Hi/strichojisi/lla. The clasper-like
portion of the 9th tergite of the male is modified (fig. 2), being
produced in the centre to form an unpaired process (u.p.), which
character is, as far as we know% present only in the genus Hijstri-
ehupfiijUa among British Siphonaptera. The distal end of the 9th
sternite in the male (fig. 2, ix. st.) greatly resembles in respect to
the short chitinous spines placed thereon this portion of the exo-
skeleton of Hijstrieliopsijlla talpae. The insect under discussion,
however, shows some resemblances to members of the genus
Ti/pJd(ips)/lla, the 8th sternite of the male being large and well-
developed as in that genus. This portion, it will be remembered, in
Ih/.^tricJinjjsi/lla is reduced in size, while in the genus ('eratoplii/llxs it
is represented by a narrow strip of chitin. The 9th sternite of the
male, moreover, in T. pojiprj is not fused at the distal end, resembling
in this character, again, the genus Ti/pJdopsi/lla. In lltjs.trir}top^ylla
the two halves of this portion are completely fused. The relationship

* Hor. Soc. Ent. Ros.'i., xxxvi., p. 154 (1902).

THE EUROPEAN OliUYIAS. 1U7

shown by T. /lo/ipri with the genus ('rratoji/ii/lhis is, in our opinion, but
a slight one. The two features from which any relationship might
be claimed are the presence of a well-developed eye, and the Oth
sternite being fused in the centre. The very peculiar head of this
species is also reproduced on the plate. In one female specimen,
however, there are five genal spines on uuc side.

So far we have received ten specimens of this very interesting
insect, all from the same host, Mus f<i/lvaticus, as under : —

1 <S , Lyndhurst, December 19th, 1900 (G. Tate) ; 2 ? , Lyndhurst,
December 19th, 1900 (G. Tate) ; 1 <? , Whiteparish, SaHsbury, August IBth, 1901
(A. Waters); 1 j , Drayton Beauchamp, February 28th, 1903 (F. .T. Cox) ; 1 ?,
Drayton Beauchamp, February 28th, 1903 (F. J. Cox) ; 1 cT , Pitstone, ISucks.,
May 6th, 1903 (H. Broad); 1 ? , Pitstone, Bucks., May 6th, 1903 (H. Broad) ; 1
(f , Pitstone, Bucks., May 7th, 1903 (H. Broad) ; 1 ? , Pitstone, Bucks., May 7th,
1903 (H. Broad).

Explanation of Plate IX.
Fig. 1. Head of Tiiphloccras poppei, ?.
Fig. 2. Clasping organs of T. poppei, s .

IX. st. = 9th sternite ; u.p. = unpaired process ; m. = manubrium.
Fig. 3. Eighth abdominal segment of T.jyoppei, ? .

YIII. t. = tergite; Yill. st. = sternite.
Fig. 4. Seventh abdominal sternite of T. poppei, ? , spread out.

The European Orgyias: Their Specialisation in Habits and

Structure {mtli jdates).

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.E.S.

(^Concluded from p. 171.)

It is in accordance with what Mr. Burrows tells me of the habits
of 0. (lonostii/Dia, to find that the structure of the female fully
corresponds with the very definite steps it has taken towards specialisa-
tion, beyond that attained by 0. antiijiia. O. rfunontinuw $ , not only
does not want to leave her cocoon, as is also the case with O. antiqiia,
but, practically, owing to the outer cocoon, cannot do so, nor has she
to lay her eggs with the regularity of O. antujita ; we find, accordingly,
the first definite step taken in the degeneration of the limbs and
especially of the tarsi and of the antenna?. In (). antiqna ? the antennae
(pi. vi., fig. 7) are certainly short, but they are essentially fairly well-
developed antennae. In O. <ionosti(jnia (pi. vii., fig. 6) they are not
only shorter l^y a fifth part, but we find already four or five of the
basal joints of the fiagellum soldered together.

The tibife of (>. ijimostunua (pi. vii., figs. 1, 2, 8) are a good deal
longer than those of (K antiqna (pi. vi., figs. 1, 2, '6), why this is so I
do not understand, but it makes more obvious the decline in length of
the tarsi, which is very considerable, r/:., by one-third. A very
noticeable difference between the two species is that, in (K antiqna, the
chitin of the whole surface is strong and dark, that of the head and
thorax with the legs being quite black, whilst that of (>. <iiniosti<nna is
quite pale and weak-looking. In this, O. :ioni)t<tii/)iia agrees with all the
remaining species. One cannot avoid associating this difterence with
the exposed life of O. antiqna $ , and the sheltered position in the case
of <>. yonostitjnia $ , and of the others in which the shelter consists in
never leaving the cocoon. The wings in (>. i/onostii/nta (pi. vii., figs.
4, 5) ha^e also further degenerated somewhat in size, but still more in

198 THE entomologist's record.

structure, the forewing of 0. ijonostit/iiia is a somewhat shapeless flap,
whilst that of (>. ontiqua (pi. vi., fig. 4) still retains something of the
true shape of a wing.

Passing over for the moment <>. ericae and its allied species —
though they follow most closely on 0. i/onostitpDa — and taking up
0. aiiroliiiihata, we find a further very considerable degeneration.
The antennae (pi. iv., fig. 1, and pi. vii., fig. 17, where they are to same
scale as those of O. antiqua and 0. (lonoxtiniua are represented) are
reduced to an extreme degree, being only one-fourth the length of
the antenna of (K i/onoftti;piia, and, though it is still possible to recognise
that it is really constructed of some 20 joints, they are all anchyiosed into
one piece, except, perhaps, the basal joint may be free, in which case
there are two separate pieces. The legs (pi. iv., figs. 2, 3, 4) may be
said to be roughly half the length of those of (>. iimioKtii/nia. Their chief
feature is the anchylosis of the tibia and all the pieces of the tarsi
into one piece in all the legs. The component pieces are still,
however, sufficiently marked out to enable one to say that they still
constructively exist. They must still necessarily be used in the
journey which the moth makes from one compartment of her cocoon
to the other. The wings are very much reduced, but still are repre-
sented (pi. iv., figs. 5, 6).

When we come to (>. sjileiulida, we find practically — I may say
actually — no trace of antennae and no remains of wings, unless we
dignify by these names some doubtful scars marking their position.
The legs are much reduced in length, and the tarsi are obsolete (see antea
vol. xiv.,pl. i., and pi. v., fig. 16, where it is enlarged 24 times, to be
remembered in comparing it with figs, of other species which are
enlarged 14 times), rather, perhaps, considering the condition of the
anchylosis of tibia and tarsus into one piece in (>. aiirolinibata : what
looks like the tibia in (>. splouliila is really the conjoined tibia and
tarsus. Though so short and degenerate, they are, nevertheless,
comparatively very thick and strong, and provided with robust claws,
so that if they are useless for progression, they are very competent for
their duty of tearing up the pupa-case and making an opening in the
cocoon.

When we consider the curious habits of (K ericuc, it appears to me
that we find them almost as insoluble as those of O. anrolmhata
before O. 'inno^tiiiina threw light on them, and we must await the
discovery of some species with intermediate habits before we can
understand them. One can hardly, however, forbear to speculate. O.
ericae is but little more degenerate (specialised) than <>. i/Duostii/ma ;
we can hardly, therefore, derive it from (>. atirolinihata. Still, it is
very possible that it is so derived if, for (). aurolinibata, we substitute
a less specialised ancestor nearer (>. iiojinstit/mo. We have to suppose
(). aurolinibata making an external opening at the same time that it
opens the second cocoon, and then, on passing into the second cocoon,
it is in the position (J. ericae is said to assume. The diaphragm has
also to be then omitted. However this may be, the evidence in the
case of (>' ;iou(>nti(/i)ia and (>. aurolinibata serves to satisfy us that the
changes of habits are made gradually and not in any way per saltiim,
and that it must no doubt be the same with O. ericae. One structural
item exists to render probable the surmise as to the phylogeny of the
habits of O. ericae hazarded above, and that is, that I have noticed, iu

'rHE EUROPEAN ORGYIAS. 199

cocoons of <>n/!/ia intermedia (a local form of the ericae group), that,
towards the non-emergence end of the cocoon, there are remains of the
inner diaphragm. This remnant passes from close to the end of the
cocoon to about a fourth (in one case nearly a third) of the way up
the other side of the cocoon before merging in the general wall of the
cocoon, and so cuts off a sexDarate space behind and beside the place
where the cast larval skin lies in the main cocoon. This space is
collapsed and useless, and is clearly a mere survival of something ;
doubtless that something is the outer space of (J. (jonoxVujuia, the
second, or ovipositing cocoon of 0. aurolimbata. (). ericae (with (K
splendida) has, therefore, made the step beyond these, of the moth
remaining in the original cocoon, and not going into the new one.

The plates and rods of the ovipositors (figured in pi. iv, pi. vi and pi.
vii) show that the rods dwindle as the moth specialises. They are no
doubt the chief agents in enabling the muscles to direct the various
plates surrounding the outlet, so that the eggs may be placed exactly
as desired. We find them accordingly longest in O. antiiiua (pi. vi.,
fig. 9). In (>. (ionosti(iiiia{]A. vii., fig. 8), they have become much
reduced, the first by nearly 30 per cent. (Note that in the figure the
ovipositor has been opened on the dorsal, instead of the ventral, line,
as in the other specimens, and that the consequent separation
of the plates of the 9th segment, as compared with the other
figures, is a mere result of this and not a peculiarity of
(>. (jonoatiiima.) The structure suggests that O. i/onostitpiia still
makes some sort of definite arrangement of her eggs when laying,
though not by a long way so distinctly as O. antiqua does.
In 0. Corsica {ericae group ; pi. vii., fig. 16) there is a much greater
reduction of the first rods, which are little more than a third the length
of those of O. antiqua, the second rods are still of quite full length, and
are, if anything, rather longer in (K tri'iotepJiraH. Has this any
relation to the ovipositor having to be extruded from the cocoon ? In
(). aiiroliiiibata (pi. ix., figs. 9 and 10) the first rods are very short, and
in O. s}ilemlida (pi. vi., fig. 12) practically obsolete. The second rods,
though short, are still faidy developed. One would conclude that the
second rods (9th segment) are necessary in the mere extrusion of the
eggs, whilst the first (Sth segment) are the chief agents in directing
the ovipositor for their accurate placing. This is in agreement with
the immense development of the first rods that occurs in the Holenobias
and Fumeas, &c. When we observe how great the degeneration of (>.
s})lendida $ is, beyond that of O. auroliiiibata, much more than the
degeneration of that species is beyond that of O. (jonostigina, we
understand that there must be a great gap between them in habits
and probably some missing stages in the passage from the one to
the other. That we cannot very easily form a picture of these follows
as a matter of course, the difficulty being increased by the probability
that (}. anrolimhata is not the starting-point, but some other possibly
considerably different form.

When we come to the 0. ericae. group I have no first-hand know-
ledge of the habits of the species. I, therefore, give here the best
account of those I have been able to find.

Of 0. ruiH'stris I have not been able to obtain any specimens.
Those I have had $ specimens of are — (K ericae, (>. cursica, O. trif/ote-
phras, 0. intermedia, and 0. anceps. I ought, perhaps, to say rather

'200 THE entomologist's RECORD.

that I have received specimens under these names. These are i-epre-
sented by (>. Corsica, pi. vii., figs. 9-16. The specimen having been
received from Standinger, is probably correctly named. With regard
to these, it is very difficult to say whether they are all one species or
no. Leaving out anceps (the specimen examined being perhaps of
doubtful authority), it is certain that each form just named is a dis-
tinct subspecies, and also that they seem to arrange themselves as
sets. All have about eighteen joints to the antennae. (K Corsica, O.
cricae, and O. inter)iiedia have antennae about l-6mm.-l-9mm. long, O.
triijotcpJiras only about 1mm., though one (K intermedia has them only
l-2mm. In all, more or fewer joints are anchylosed, and it would,
perhaps, be more correct to say that the amount and position of this
varies more from specimen to specimen than according altogether to
race. In one example of < >. trit/otepliras the joints seem hardly anchylosed
at all, in another the six or seven basal joints are fixed, whilst in one all
the joints seem anchylosed. In all cases the dorsum shows a somewhat
normal aspect so that articulation can be counted, the anchylosis being
most advanced ventrally. Snellen von Vollenhoven, in his paper on
Onij/ia cricae (Sepp's AV(/. his., 2nd ed., ii., p. 206), says : " With
regard to the pairing I have observed the following : — The $ bores
through one side of the cocoon. The opening is very small, and gives
her no means of getting out, since she remains sitting inside.
The hairs of the ovipositor stick through the opening, from amongst
which the long brownish naked tube is projecting. This is continually
pushed out and in, in waiting, apparently, for the arrival of the male.
The male flutters round restlessly in the sugar glass in which I had
placed them till he becomes aware of the female. Now he settles on
the cocoon, bends backwards in the direction of the female genitalia,
and the pairing follows. The male fertilises several females. I have
seen the same male pair with four females consecutively. Egg-laying
begins immediately after pairing. First they are laid in the neigh-
bourhood of the opening, some remain sticking to the cocoon, others
fall free to the ground. Afterwards the interior surface of the cocoon
is closely beset with the eggs. The females died rapidly during the
continued existence of the males (in captivity) a mere two or three
days after pairing. The eggs hatched in four weeks. 1S70."

He says nothing as to what becomes of the pupa-case, and makes no
reference to Herr Breyer's statement that the $ reverses herself in the
pupa-case, and that she keeps on the pupal head-cover, indeed, he
describes the head and antenn;p of the female in terms showing that
this could not have occurred in his specimens. He says it has unpec-
tmated antenna^ and mentions the legs as possessing femur, tibia and
tarsi. Dubois figures the females as reversed in the pupa-case, but it
is not clear that this is from a specimen and not merely invented from
some (Herr Breyer's) description. Rambur writes of (K riipestris [Ann.
Soc. Knt. Fr., vol. i., 18B2, p. 276) : " This $ does not emerge from
its cocoon, through which it advances its anus in order that the S may
pair with it. That done, it fills the cocoon with its eggs, which it
mixes with down, of which a thick bed encloses the entire mass.
After finishing the laying, one has difficulty in finding scraps of its
body. M. le Comte de Saporta has observed the same habits in (>.
tri'icteiilnris, in the neighbourhood of Aix."

A reference to pi. vii shows how much nearer the antenna in

THE EUROPEAN ORC.YIAS.

201

this group is to that of o. i/ouD^itiipna tlian to (>. aiimliwhata ; the
latter species is, in fact, in antenn,T and almost all other matters of
structure, much more detfenerate than (>. cncar. It is only in the
cocoon that we find O. ericae (at least <>. intcrwi'iHa) to have gone
further than (>. aumlimhata. The (>. anrnliiiih(ita cocoon was only a
passing phase in (>. erirat', whilst (>. axndiiiihata adhered to it and
degenerated further. The wings are longer in (>. ericae than in
<). aiiynliinhata, and, though the legs of (>. ericae are much smaller
than those of O. f/dnnat if/ma, and have especially small femora, the
tibiae and tarsi are much better developed than those of (K aiiroUwhata.

Measurements (in jiii-limetres) of vabious structdees of Females of species of

OuvciiA.

Antennffi.

jAntiqua.

Gonos-
tigma.

lent^'th
joints

1st leg j tibia

, , I tarsus

2nd leg ..... tibia

,, .... tarsus

3rd leg ; tibia

,, tarsus

Forewing . . length
Hindwing . . ,,

Ovipositor . . , length of 1st
rods

, , . . length of 2nd

rods

Eggs i high

,, I wide

2'Onnn,

25
(some
anchy-
losed)
l'4mm,

1-2

1-6

1-3
2-3

1-6
1-8
0-4

0-75

0-90

•75

•85

Corsica.

Auro-
limbata.

Splen-
dida.

l-9mm.

0^5mm.

0

18

2

obsolete

(some
anchy-
losed)
rOmm.

0-9

anc'hy-

losed)

0-61mm.

0-62

l O'Smm.

12

1^0

0-85
1-0

1 0^5

)

1^3

ro

1-1

0-9

1 0-5

)

1^0

0-84

nil

0-4

0-2

nil

0-4

0-25

obsolete

M

0^61

0^7

0^73

1-1

1^2

0-96

1-37

1^7

Anceps ?

■ 0'4mm.

0^3

0^4
nil

1^00
1-33

Inter-
media.

Ericae. | media

(another)

'"**•'" (Tri^ote- '''"^•^t® I

j (another)

phras.

Antennse . . < length

,, . . no. of joints

1st leg ; tibia

, , tarsus

2nd leg .... j til)ia
,, . . . . ! tarsus

3rd leg tibia

,, tarsus

Forewing . . length
Hindwing .. ,,

Ovipositor . . 1st rod, 8th
segment
2nd rod, 9th
segment

Eggs high

,, wide

l-65mm.i 1^6mm. \ l-2nim. l^lmm. l*Omm.

I 17

0^84mm.

0-75

1-20

0-9

1-2

0^82

1^5

9

0^93

19

0-84mm.

0^92

0-92

0-92

1-j

1-1

1^2
I '
1 0-6

0-9

0-77
0^95

0-3
•75

1-05

18
0-66
0^78
0-90
0-90
l-Ory
1-00
1^3
0^55

0-7.J
1^0

18
0^75
11
1^05

0-75
102

1-1

In the latter, also, they are completely anchylosed, whilst in 0. ericae

202 THE entomologist's EECORb.

all the joints are functionally perfect. We may note that there are
only four tarsal joints, the last two being apparently fused together
in O. Corsica, whilst in (K tnt/ntepltras, though all five joints are
present, there is considerable variation as to whether anchylosis shall
involve the last two joints, or include one or two more, or even
apparently threaten all. (>. intermedia agrees apparently with
(K Corsica in structure, the tarsi having four joints, without any
definite indication of whether one is atrophied out of existence or has
united with another. My material, therefore, suggests three divisions
of the (K ericae group : —

1. 0. ericae, five-jointed tarsi, antennae l"6mm.

2. 0. intermedia, four-jointed tarsi, antennae l'65mm.; 0. comt-a, four-jointed
tarsi, antennae l-'Jmm.

3. O. fripotepliras, five-jointed tarsi (anchylosing variously), antennse l-lmm.
The male O. anceps I have is possibly correctly named, the female

hardly can be. It is very close indeed to i>. sjilenclida, but differs by
having the legs distinctly smaller, the claws rather weaker and the egg
also smaller, l-3mm. wide instead of l-7mm. This clearly belongs to
a race of (>. dttbia, distinguishable from (>. splendida, but can hardly
have a male like the (>. anceps I have. The habit of retaining the
pupal head-covers varies a good deal, I am not aware that o. f/onos-
tiipiia ever retains them. O. ericae is said to do so. My specimens of
the group show that they are frequently retained, but they are com-
paratively loosely attached and easily come off, so that those without
them, probably retained them for a time. The antennae are so well
developed, that one is rather surprised at this habit, the pupal antennae
being very well developed, so that they form projections, by which the
whole covering would be easily torn off, such violence is, however,
probably never applied within the cocoon. (>. aiirolitnbata, with much
more degenerate antenna', does not retain the head-covers, whilst^'.
■ splendida retains them very firmly, so that they are almost a definite
portion of the imago, and it requires some care and trouble to remove
them.

Exi'LANATIOX OF PlATIC VI.

All the figures are enlarged 14 diameters, except fig. 8.
1, 2, 3. First, second and third legs of O. antiqua ? .
4 and 5. Fore and liindwings of <>. antiqua ? .
(5. Palpi and maxilla of (>. antiqua ? .

7. Antenna of O. antiqua ? .

8. Antenna of O. antiqua. Two segments, more enlarged.

0. Ovipositor of O. antiqua. Segments cut through on left side and flattened
out.

10. Pupal head of (). i^plendida, as removed from ? imago.

11. Head of O. xjAendida ? showing (?) evanescent antennae.

12. Ovipositor of <>. splendida cut through ventrally and flattened out.

Explanation of Plate VII.

1. First leg of 0. gorw^tifitna, ? x 14.

2. Second leg of O. (jonoxtigvia, ? x 14.

3. Third leg of 0. ijonustuima, ? x 14.

4. Forewing of O. ;jono>^ti<ima, ? x 14.

5. Hindwing of O. nonostifinia, ? x 14.

6. Antenna of 0. [loiio.^iinnia, ? x 14.

7. Tip of antenna of (). iioi/o-ttigma, ? x 40.

8. Ovipositor of U. gono.^tigma, ? x 14 (divided dorsally, of other species
ventrally).

9. First leg of O. corsiea, ? x 14.
10. Second leg of 0. Corsica, ? x 14.

NOTES ON PHORODESiAlA (cOJIIB^NA) PUSTULATA, HUFN. 203

11. Third leg of 0. Corsica, ? x 14.

12. Forewing of O. coi-ifica, ? x 14.

13. Hindwing of O. Corsica, ? x 14.

14. Month-parts of (). Corsica, ? x 14.

15. Antenna of O. Corsica, ? x 14.

16. Ovipositor of O. cordca, ? x 14.

17. Antenna of O aurolhnhata, ? x 14.

18. Height and width of eggs of {a) <). ponostinma, (h) (). Corsica, x 20.
Compare with tig. 17, pi. v.

Notes on Phorodesma (Comibaena) pustulata, Hufn. {mth jdate).

By Eev. C. R. N. BUEEOWS.
{L'onciuih'd from ji. 177.)

I am informed by Mr. Prout that the short series of Comibaena
( = Phorudesiiia) piistnlata in the British Museum collection, consists of
two examples from Britain, two from Pomerania, one from Stettin, two
from Germany and si.s^ from Europe, without more exact indica-
tion. Variation is very slight, but one or two (notably one of
the two labelled " Germany ") have the two white lines on the
forewings better expressed, the inner one thicker, and very little
of the flesh-colour in the pale blotches, practically none in that at
anal angle of hindwing. There are 28 other species placed in the
genus Voniibaoia at the British Museum, mostly having, more or
less, the same type of pattern and colouring as V. pustulata, but none,
except the following, appearing to be really the near allies of it —
neriaria, H.-S., from Syria, and its relations procumbaria, Pryer, and
ornataria, Leech, from .Japan. The others are natives of various parts
of Asia and Africa, two even from tropical America, and one from Fiji,
Staudinger and Rebel {(Jataloi/, 3rd ed., p. 262) give nrriaria as a
var. of /'. jiui<tiilata, though adding " an sp. diversa ? " and they add as
the area of distribution of the type, from "Central Europe, Denmark,
southern Sweden, Livonia, Bilbao, Andalusia, north Balkan Peninsula,
south Russia, central Taurus region, northern Asia Minor, and
? Armenia," whilst for var. neriaria they give " Greece, Syria,
southern and central Taurus region and Armenia."

Mr. Prout adds that from the material in the British Museum
collection he would decidedly incline to agree with the authorities there
in making neriaria a distinct species, Staudinger's diagnosis of the
insect " maculis testaceis marginalibus deficientibus," may be supple-
mented by the fact that it is the blotches themselves that are very
much reduced, not merely the testaceous parts of them. I have my-
self examined these specimens and quite agree with Mr. Prout as to
the specific distinctness of neriaria, which appears to me to be
marked by (1) its larger size, (2) its more pointed forewings, (3) the
much larger and more distinct discoidal spot, as well as the more
restricted spots already noticed, I must acknowledge my indebtedness
to Mr. Bacot for the following technical descriptions of the egg, larvje,
and pupje.

Ovum (Received from the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, August 6th,
1902) : A very flat e^g, in outline a short rounded oval with the
micropylar end imperfect, as though it had been cut off. The
measurements being — length -Omm., width •7mm., and thickness

* Bead before the City of London Entomological Society, March 17tb, I'JOa.

204 THE entomologist's record.

about •8iiun. at one end, and slightly less at the other. The surface
is covered with a very much raised, but at the same time delicate, cell
network, the thin edges of the dividing walls giving the eggs an appear-
ance of being covered with a " bloom." In colour they were, when
freshly laid, a pale yellow, but have now assumed a deep, dull, orange
shade. The eggs are deeply depressed on both sides, and the cut oft"
appearance of the micropylar end appears to be mainly, if not en-
tirely, due to a similar depression at this end.

Larva : A fully detailed description appears to be unnecessary,
thanks to Mr. Burrows' camera drawings, in which the special features
will be much more easily understood, than from any account, however
lengthy, which I could give. In the first stadium the lateral flange on
abdominal segments I to 5 is enormously developed, but I cannot
detect the spiracles, which must be hidden in, or by, the deep
depressions and folds of the skin. The positions of the specially
developed hairs, which are presumably used for attaching the fragments
which form the coat, very closely, if not exactly, agree with those of the
allied P. .s)iiarai/dana. The primary tubercles, so far as I can ascertain,
are arranged thus, i and ii set trapezoidally on abdominal segments,
transversely on meso- and metathoracic segments. These bear long
hairs on most, if not on all, segments, trumpet-topped. I cannot trace
iii on the segments bearing the extremely elevated flange, and I am not
certain that I rightly identifiy it on the other segments as a compara-
tively small tubercle, bearing a small, simple, tapering hair. The
long and highly specialised hairs on the flange I identify with iv and
V. The large trumpet-topped hair I take to be iv, and the long taper-
ing, somewhat serrated hair shown on the lower edge of the flange, I
suppose to be v. On the segments where the flange is not developed,
they would appear to be small and inconspicuous simple hairs. Beyond
the difference in the shape of the tops of the specialised hairs, and the
much greater extent, to which the lateral flange is developed in P.
jiKstiilata, this species shows a fairly parallel structure with P.
xinarajidaria, with which it also agrees in the shagreened or spicular
character of the skin surface. I^ut in the remarkable, development of
what IMr. Burrows calls the " battledore " hairs, jnistidata shows
independent specialisation. These hairs, which appear to me to be
"flask-" shaped, I take to be secondary characters, and not develop-
ments of any existing primary hairs. I see that Mr. Burrows has slightly
exaggerated their size in relation to the specialised primaries in his
drawing, evidently with a desire to make them more distinct. The
fact of their occurrence upon the thoracic and abdominal segments 6
and 7 proves that they are not directly correlated with the remarkable
development of the spiracular hairs (iv and v), and the upward shift-
ing of the spiracular flange, and its great development on the 1st to
5th and 8th abdominals. This view is also supported by their absence
on the young larva of /'. suianiiidaria. Their purpose presents an
interesting enigma. The only theory which occurs to me being that
they have a buoyant or balloon-like use, when the larva drops, as it
probably does, on a thread, similar to the supposed use of the bulbed- or
balloon-based hairs of Psiliira imDiacha, Pnrthrtria dis/iar, and some, at
least, of the " Footman " larva^ when in their young stage. In the adult
larva, the condition of development of the base of tubercle iv into a special
process for the attachment of the silk threads is well shown by Mr.

LEPIDOPTERA OP PROVFATE. 205

Burrows' drawings, and is similar to, and parallel with, the development
in the case of P. sinara;i(hiria, the positions in relation to the spiracles
being practically identical, all the primary tubercles being present, and
the plates covered with spines surrounding the bases of the ventral
tubercles on the segments bearing the specialised processes are as in
the case of 7\ sonarcKjdaria.

Cocoon : The cocoon is formed on the underside of an oak-leaf, of
comparatively few threads forming a very slight silken web covered
with a number of bud-sheaths, scraps of oak-leaf, or portions of flowers
spun together.

Pupa : An empty pupa-case of a male is 10mm, in length, and 3mm.
in width. The surface is rough and dull, rugose, shagreened or spiny,
except just below the wing-cases ; the dorsal area of the lower
abdominal segments bearing numerous scattered flattened spines
pointing backwards ; on the dorsal area the upper abdominal segments
are shagreened, while on the thorax, wing-cases, kc, the surface is
much wrinkled or rugose. The spiracles, as in the pupa of P. smaraij-
daria, are large and dark-coloured, and, therefore, very conspicuous.
Scars of the large special tubercles are present, bearing short but stout
curved hairs, the'position of which differs ; on the 3rd and 4th segment
they are in front of, but on the 5th above, the spiracle. The dorsal
tubercle i bearing a small hair, is easily detected on some segments,
but it is not nearly so noticeable as in F. siiiaraijdaria. A small
slip of the hindwing shows below the forewing on abdominal segments
8 and 4. The tips of the leg- and antenna-cases extend to the end of the
4th abdominal segment, jutting out slightly beyond the extremity of the
forewings. The anal armature consists of a very few (I think only 4)
large, strong, scythe-shaped, spirally-curved hooks, the largest pair
being placed centrally. The colour of the pupa-skin under examination
is pale umber-brown, mottled with a darker shade of the same colour
on the body, and streaked or splashed with a similar hue on the wings.
The pupal dehiscence is exactly similar to that of P. smaraiidaria.

The Lepidoptera of Provence — Grasse, lVlouans=Sartoux, Pegomas,

Auribeau.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
The morning of April 5th broke fine and sunny, but with a good
deal of cloud hanging about. However, Mr. Bentall, having written
me that Krehia einx.t>i<jne was well out above Draguignan, and that a
good series had been taken a few days before. Dr. Chapman and I both
thought it high time we tried for the species at Grasse. Catching the
usual train, vv'hich should start from Cannes soon after 9 a.m., we had
the misfortune to be delayed some time, and did not arrive at Grasse until
nearly 10.30 a.m. Taking the coach up through the town, we soon
found ourselves on its outskirts, and, before we reached the rough
ground beyond, had captured Tliaia medeslratiti', evidently just emerged,
Anthovaris belia, a very small example, and not much, if any, larger
than A. tai/in var. bellezina, whilst a few Fapilin viac/iann, P, poda-
lirius, and Colias editsa were observed, Kuchlot- cardaiiiiiw-s, Li'iicop/iasia
sinapifi, and Paranjc ritefiaera were repeatedly seen, and J^ieris rapae
and P. hmmcae were in great abundance. Out on the rough heather-
clad ground leading up to the heights by the pine-trees, where Erehia

206 THE entomologist's record.

episti/r/ne has its home, Cnllophrys rubi and Pohjommatus baton were
frequently seen, although Enrrantliis plniniatraria was the commonest
species, and the Doctor discovered a full cocoon of Hi/hi)campa
iiiilhauseri on a tree trunk, which was duly cut out. On the same
trunks, too, were several Dinrnaea fatjella. A long fatiguing walk
brought no other species than a single NisojiiadeH tai/es, until we
crossed the road, that sweeps back in long zigzags here again, and then a
few Xoniiadi's inelannps, newly-emerged, were noted, and, when possible,
bagged, but the gully which they frequented was not favourable to their
capture, and most of the examples escaped. A couple of specimens of
a Psychid species were added by Dr. Chapman to the bag, but, with
the exception of Hcrbula ce.y)ltalis and one or two other Micros, no other
species were observed. At last we reached the pinewood, on the
borders of which Krebia ejthtinine has its haunts, and a $ , not in very
prime condition, was disturbed and netted, but no more rewarded our
search, on ground where it was generally common, but as it was now
well over 1 p.m., the doctor considered that it was rather the time of
day than the place that was at fault, and we found nothing except
CallopJiri/s rubi out in the locality. Things being so slow, lunch
was leisurely taken, and then we continued our walk up the rough shaly-
looking slopes, which are, however, easier to negotiate than their
appearance would lead one to think. Two other specimens of K.
episUjijne got up, one of which the doctor stalked on the rough ground
successfully, but the clouds were enveloping the higher parts of the
mountains and we were soon involved therein, and the cold misty
atmosphere drove everything to cover. At our highest point we found
a specimen of Liucophasia sinajiis at rest, and, on our descent, the doctor
picked a ? Panolis piniperda from a twig of blackthorn covered with
blossom, and a specimen of Xijlocainpa litJi<>ri:a from an alder trunk, but,
even after we had got below the clouds again and into the sun, the
insects did not move, and a iew more J 'uli/diiniiatiis baton at rest on the
grass-stalks, were all we captured on the way down to the station.

The next day we determined to visit a locality we both knew well, c/;.,
the valley of the Siagne, in the neighbourhood of the picturesque village
of Auribeau. Taking train to Mouans-Sartoux, a walk of 20 minutes
brought us to the watercourse on the right of the delightful road which
leads to Pegomas. Anthocaris belia, Paranje vmiaera, Pieris dajdidice,
Colias t'diisa, Acontia hietiinsa and Coenoni/DipJia pamj)Iiilits, had already
fallen to the net, but, along the watercourse itself, Lr/^eo^^/irt.s/a .s/»rt/H'.sand
Eiicldii'r cardaiiiine.s (all males) were abundant, and two or three Thais
pohj.irna fell a welcome prey. Callophnjs rtibi was here exceedingly
abundant, but already Avorn, and several hybernated specimens of certain
Vanessid species were observed, e.p., P^nrant'sm antiopa, I^vhpionia
c-albu)ii, Vanessa, io, &c. Back on the road Kiichlor cardamines was
frequent, and Goneptcri/.v cleojiatra more beautiful than ever, as it
flashed along the roadside and into the woods. Two Papilio niacliaon,
seen but not caught, and two J Urn this dia were observed, and, farther
on by the bridge, Ci/aniris an/iolns was abundant, and then on the
(Jenista-coveYed banks, which were at the time a mass of flowering
beauty, Callojdiri/s nibi swarmed, but, strangely, only a few Scsia steUata-
rum were observed, whilst a few examples of Hhri/sopltanas phlafas and
Pol)j(i))))iiatiis baton were captured, and one P(dij(i<)nia ci/ea, in very poor
condition, was netted. We sauntered along to Pegomas, and it was

LEPIDOPTERA OF PROVENCE. 207

well into the afternoon before we reached the Siagne and began to
renew acquaintance with its loveliness. Several (inneptenjx deopatra
were netted, but their condition was, even for hybernation, not then
prime, beautiful as the males looked on the wing, but the delicate
sulphur-coloured <? Kuc/ilor eiijtJienoidoi, with its brilliant orange-red
tip, was in lovely condition, and the $ s were busy ovipositing on the
JUscutdla didi/nia, and eggs were duly obtained. In the meadows
here, (Jhn/sop/ianus phlacas, Coennni/niplia pampJiilns, Xinoniadc^i taijea,
B7-enthis dio, and < 'alias ednsa were not uncommon, whilst several
Spilothi/nia althaeae, three Si/ric/itJnts alrcua, and single examples of
S. mo and S. nialrae were very welcome. Only two or three Pohj-
owmatiis iranis were seen, one or two Xdiniadcs ci/llants, and a single P.
aatrcurhe . In the usual shady corner that I'dranif fi/rria haunts there,
one found the Vcir. intcniifdia fairly plentiful at home, but Anthorark
belia flew less frequently than usual across the meadows, and Melitaea
cin.via was not seen at all. Two or three Poli/onnnatiis baton were all
that took the place of the swarms that were on the tall grass by the
riverside in the spring of 1898, and only one example of the brilliant
green southern form of Adacita statices was captured, where at least
a dozen were taken in April, 1898. Several Pobp/onia c-albiim
were seen and inspected, but all worn (all, however, were of a dark
tint on the underside). I was exceedingly pleased, however, to get
several specimens of Thais pohj.vena, although some of the specimens
were getting somewhat worn ; a single T. iiifdrsicaste was, however,
in first-class condition. In spite of the abundance of Pieris rapae
and P. brassicae, P. napi appeared to be scarce ; I captured all I
thought I saw, and there were less than half a dozen. Among the
moths, only Strenia dathrata, Eiiiatm'na atomaria, Venilia nmculata,
and l^inaijra petraria were common, and some good forms of
K. atouiaria J s were seen. Only two or three Adela australis
were observed about the heather blossom. It was on this
morning that we made one or two most interesting observations : —
(1) As we were going into Pegomas, by the side of the stream that
goes under the bridge, in the line of the main road to Auribeau, and not
20 yards from the road, at about 12.30 (noon), I snapped up with the
net a brightly-tinted specimen of SjiilosoDia fuWiinoKa that flew up
rapidly and hesitated directly over the bank by my side. Before this
was boxed a second one came up in the same way, followed by a third,
but, although the doctor at once suspected a $ , the second $ had
paired with her before he could drop on his knees to stop him reaching
her, and the third, startled, was oft" before I could net him. No
others put in an appearance after the 5 had paired, nor was another
seen, although the doctor found a cocoon with an unemerged pupa
under the stone coping of the bridge. The $ gave a huge batch of
eggs — above 500 — which Mr. Bacot has in hand. (2) Larvre of A;ilais
urticae were hung up under the bridge for pupation, some just changed.
One of the latter was at the moment being attacked by a Chalcid,
which had her ovipositor thrust into the newly-formed pupa, between
the 6th and 7th abdominal segments, and in which she had evidently
successfully laid her eggs, as the pupa was full of Chalcid larvje when
examined in early May.

Next day, April 7th, we went to the Esterel, walking from Le Trayas
to one of the neighbouring summits called L'Ours. It was a beautifully

208 THE entomologist's record.

sunny day but there was a good wind on, and, in spite of the abund-
ance of flowers, there were practically no lepidoptera on the wing.
Only six species of butterflies were observed, rir.., Goneptenjx cleu-
patra (plenty), both sexes ; Pamn/e meijaera, Pieris brassicae, P. rapae,
('allu})/iri/s riibi, and L'ljaniris aiywlas. A very fine newly-emerged
specimen of Ophiodes Innaris was taken ; several Sesia stellataniin,
were seen, and there were also many nests of larvte of Porthcsia
c/injsorr/wea ohsevwed. It was interesting, however, in the afternoon
to watch the (3" s of (i. dcopatra flying round the bushes — oak, buck-
thorn, &c. — investigating the corners and searching for some suitable
nook, maybe, in which to pass the night, but if this be the reason,
it is marvellous what a long time is spent in the business, for their
movements from 8 p.m. till 5 p.m. seem directed to no other purpose.
I thought, at first, that they must be searching for a ? but came to
the conclusion that this was not so. The habit of both sexes when
nectar-hunting at the flowers is the same as that of Ooncjiteri/.c
rliamni, and their mode of resting identical.

The 8th, we spent again at Auribeau. On this occasion we
left the train at Mougins and walked over the hills to Pego-
mas. Close by the station we met with 'iliaia poli/i'cna, and
Pieris ilajdidicr, whilst specimens of Paraiye meijaera were fre-
quent in the road, and the rough ground to the right was the
home of numerous Kurrant/ti.s pliunistraria. L'oe)ioni/vtj)lta pamjihilus,
FAichlo'e cardamines, SijricJtthHs malvae, Colias ediisa, Leitcophasia
xinapis, Pieris napi, Ci/aniri.s anjiolas, and Calloplirys rubi were
captured before a quarter-of-a-mile had been covered, and then, in
spite of repeated askings, we wandered about the hills close on a
couple of hours before we found our way to Pegomas, and captured
nothing during the lovely morning of more importance than a few
Pieris daplidire and L'alhtphnjs rubi, and, instead of arriving, as I had
foolishly hoped, at Auribeau soon after 11 a.m., and in time for a
good series of Juwhloe ei(/)/ienoides, it was past 1 p.m. before we got
to our ground. However, as it was a quite one-sided desire of mine
to get the K. ei(phe)inides, and the doctor was much keener on getting
a knowledge of the surrounding country, the morning could not be con-
sidered as in any wise wasted. We found several I'/tais jKib/.vena, whilst
Polyijonia c-album was again frequent, Paranje meijaera quite abundant,
as also was Colias ediisa. Several Pieris daplidice and Anthocaris belia
were netted, both species, however, in many specimens beginning to show
traces of wear, and $ h^iichloe cardamines began to be frequent with the
g s. Leucophasia sinapis, fine large S' s, and very few 2 s, were not infre-
quent, but although Pararje ejeria var. intermedia and JSrenthis dia were
more abundant, they were getting worn and scarcely worth taking. On
the other hand, Arji/nnis lat/umia, small as are all these spring examples,
was now on the wing, and a single Melitaea cin.da showed that this
species was getting ready to appear. Callophnjs rubi was abundant,
but mostly worn, and the single Xomiades ci/llarus captured was in fair
condition ; a few ( '(ieiH)>ii/mp/ia pampliilns, Polijonunatus baton (two
only), and a single specimen each of St/riclithus alreus, Pohjommatuf.
astrarehe, and ( 'hnjsophanits pidaeas, were netted. Kuchlor eup}ienoides-wa,s
strong on the wing, and nor scarce, but only eight <? s and a single $
fell to my share. In the midst of our success, about 2 p.m., a heavy
thunderstorm began to gather, and so ominous were the clouds, and

LEPIDOPTERA OF PROVENCE. 209

loud the thunder, that we made for Pegomas. However, the storm
(accompanied by vivid lightning and a tremendously heavy fall of
hail at Cannes) just missed us, but collecting was over for the day,
and the carrier's van took us back to La Bocca, whence we walked into
Cannes, the exposed sides of the paths being still piled here and there
with hailstones two or three inches in thickness. On our arrival at
the hotel we found that M. Bourgeois, of Geneva, had arrived, in order
to renew an entomological acquaintanceship which he and the doctor
had struck up here some few years before.

On the 9th, Mr. Bentall, who had kindly arranged to pilot us over
the Esterel, in his motor, from Agay, met us in the early morning at
Agay station, and a most pleasant day was spent. It is remarkable
how much more collecting is to be done from the Agay than from the
Le Trayas side, and, altogether, this was quite one of the most enjoy-
able days of the tour. It was perfect from a weather point of view,
and everything tended to make a delightful excursion. Besides, the
motor enabled us to get over a lot of ground, whilst allowing us to
stop at all the suitable places. Quite a long series of Eiirhlo'r
etijihenoiih's was taken, including several females exhibiting a consider-
able difference in the amount of orange at the tip of the forewings,
and the amount of sulphur-shading on the hindwings. Leiicophasia
^inapis was also common, although, strangely enough, not a single ?
was captured, and not a single E. cardandnes was seen. A few
Pararge ci/cria var. inter))) edict were taken, but Pa)-a)-(ie ))ieriaera was
pretty common everywhere, whilst very varied forms of Pie)-is rapae
were most interesting, one J with large grey spots and much grey
shading being very remarkable. A)tthoca)-is helia was occasionally seen
and a single Melitaea cinxia showed that the species was just coming
out. CijcDiiris arf/iohta was abundant but going over, whilst
around the bushes CallopJi)-)/s riihi was in great nuinbers. X())))iades
melaiiops and P()U)0))))nat)i>< baton were only in small numbers, but,
strangely enough, worn, whilst Sjp-ichthus )))ah-ae, Poli/onDnatns
aatrarche and (_Vu-tjsophan)is pklaeas were also now putting in an
appearance. Two or three fine Papilio )nac/iaon were seen, and one
captured. Several hybernated Vanessids were on the wing, of which
two or three white-bordered Eui-anessa antinpa were the most note-
worthy, I'i/)-a))ieis cai-diii, P. atalanta and Va)iessa io also being seen.
A 2 Sj>ih)ft<»))a tnendica was taken on the wing, and her eggs were
sent on to Mr. Bacot for further report. On the heathy parts
EiD-tant/iis pluj))ist)-aria was abundant, and there were many ParJu/ene-
Dtia lii},poea>itanaria and Venilia macidata. We were fortunate in
getting a nice little series of Tliais )nedesicaste, and Gonepteri/x eleopatra
flew everywhere, the males forming, in spite of their being worn, a
gorgeous featiire in the landscape.

On the 10th, whilst I went again to Auribeau, Dr. Chapman and Mr.
Bourgeois paid a visit to the Isle St. Marguerite, to look for Loco/^cra dean-
rana, of which larvae and pupsi^ were found, but they were extremely rare.
Very few dead plants of the Sm}/)nii()n olns^ati-iun could be found, and
those largely uninhabited. The plant itself was just coming into flower
and was very abundant as usual. Where were the dead stems ? On
enquiry the doctor found that he was correct in surmising that the
inhabitants of the island collect them as fuel, and apparently, perhaps,
because they burn more readily, prefer them to the larger, denser, and

210 THE entomologist's record.

heavier stems of the Ferula, which were left in great numbers. In
view of this fact it is not only not difficult to see why Lortopera deanrana
is so rare, but rather it is hard to understand why it has escaped entire
extirpation.

The visit to Auribeau on the 10th added nothing new to the
collection. On the way, and just before reaching Pegomas, on the
main road from Cannes, I saw a $ Lihi/tliea celtis laying its eggs on
Celtis oKstralis, but neither eggs nor $ were get-at-able. Enchhn
cardamines was by this time very abundant, and females of K.
eupJienoides were frequently seen on egg-laving intent. The J s, how-
ever, kept to the slopes, and only a small proportion of those seen
were netted. Colias ediisa was abundant, as also was Coemmijnipha
patiiphilxs, one very fine ab. hipuiiillata being netted. yUoniadcs taz/es
was quite frequent, and several Pohjommatus icarus and Xomiades
ci/llariis were observed, but Calldiihri/s rubi, Ci/aniris an/iulus,
Anthocaris helia and Brcnthis dia were practically over, only one or two
examples being worth keeping of those netted. Leucophaaia sinapis still
produced but few ? s ; two or three very good Thais poli/xena were
picked up ; Melitaea cinxia was getting more frequent, and this was all.
Panaiira petraria was still in great abundance among the bracken. I
should add that only about a couple of hours were spent on the ground.

Our success at Agay made another visit to the Esterel desirable.
That on the 9th had consisted of the round from Agay to Valescure
and St. Raphael, on the 11th it was to extend from Agay to Le Trayas.
It was another lovely day, and Mr. Bourgeois joined our party.
Goyieptenjx deopatra and Eiiehlne eiijdienoides were in great force, and
made brilliance everywhere. The '^ s oi the latter species were in
none too great numbers, but such as were seen varied immensely in
size. One very striking one has so few orange scales at the apex, that
the usual orange shading observed in the $ s may be said to be absent.
Another, taken by Dr. Chapman was quite a giantess of its species,
measuring 48mm. A few Thais pohjxena were picked up in the early
morning, but the species was nearly over, and throughout the day's
collecting only some half dozen T. medesicaste fell to the net. Melitaea
cinxia was only just appearing ; Pararge egeria var. intermedia well out,
P. inegaera in all the sunny corners, and Callophri/s rnbi in hundreds on
the bushes. There were still large numbers, too, of Cyaniris argioliix, but
the species was going over, and of Xomiades nielanopa only a single
example was netted. A few specimens of Chrj/sophanuH phlaeas were
observed, and besides large numbers of Pier is rapae and P. brassicae these
were, I think, all the butterflies noted, except a single $ Libijthea celtis,
which the doctor captured as it was hovering, apparently ready to oviposit,
over a small tree, which did not appear to be Celtis. A specimen of
Dicranura vinula, captured on a post just outside Agay station, was in
first-class condition. In the late afternoon the only sport we had was
provided by Jlemaris fneifonnis, which hung in the sun at the flowers
of the southern lavender, that makes these slopes at this time of the year,
one blaze of purple, and the moths were on the move even after the sun
had gone off the valley leading down to Le Trayas. The only other moths
worth noting that were captured were I'acJijjcnemia hippovastanaria, on
the heaths, and three examples of Mijioa euphorbiata. This concluded
our collecting at Cannes. Next day we moved on and on Monday
were prospecting the region around Alassio, on the Italian Riviera.

Practical hinTs. 21 1

Ji>RACTICAL HINTS*.

Field work for August.

1. — Larvne of Fenthina (H)iiidiana &ve to be found during August in
the spun-together leaves of terminal shoots of Mi/rica i/ale.

2. — If the patches of Aniieria vuhjaris, growing on salt marshes,
are carefully Avatched on a bright afternoon in August, Sericoris lit-
toralis will, in all probability, be seen flying over them in numbers.

3. — Towards the end of this month the larv^ of rhtlienchroa riit/o-
sana are to be found feeding in the fruit of Unjonia dioica, which
they often attach to the stems with silk. As these larvaj do not pupate
until the spring it is expedient to keep them in a cool, and not too
dry, place.

4. — About the close of August a careful examination of the leaves
of various species of tyali.v may result in some being found drawn
together at the edges, so as to form a pod-like chamber. These leaves
should contain the active larvje of Plioxoptenjx biarcnana.

5.— From the middle of the month Scinasia spiniana may be
captured flying over whitethorn in the bright sunshine. Its time of
flight commences about midday and lasts well into the afternoon.
By stooping down by a close-cut hawthorn hedge, so as to get a clear
view of the moths against tbe sky as they fly along, great quantities
are sometimes to be obtained,

6. — A visit to some grassy spot, from noon to 2 p.m., on a sunny
day about the middle of August, is likely to disclose small moths fly-
ing amongst the vegetation. These are very likely to prove the local
OchsenheUiieria birdeUa, as so it is procured.

7. — The larvae of Enicoi^tonm lobelia occur from the middle to the
end of August. They are found on the underside of leaves of Pnnuis
coDDinmis and its cultivated varieties. The larva spins silk on the
under-surface of a leaf, which causes it to contract, but not to a very
marked extent. Unless great care is exercised in gathering the
tenanted leaves their occupiers will be found to have abandoned their
homes.

Q.—Psi»ic(>ptera (jibboaella occurs towards the end of August, and
is best found by searching oak stems. It sits tightly pressed into a
crevice in the bark, and when the stems are lichen-covered it is well
nigh imperceptible. Under such conditions it may be dislodged by
gently blowing on the stems.

9.— Larvte of Teleia miptdla are to be found at the end of August
in leaves of Acer cmnpestre having a corner turned over. The larvae
occur on the lower shoots of their foodplant, and appear to have a
liking for those in close-cut hedges.

10. — From six to a quarter-past seven, on calm and mild evenings
throughout August, the imagines of Lita macnUferella may be found
flying along whitethorn hedges. This species is local, but generally
abundant where it occurs.

11. — If the seed-heads of Dacti/lis (jhimcrata are ga':hered about the
middle of August, they will often yield a good supply of larvae of
Giyphipteryx fischerella.

* " Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist," Pts. I and II each contain
some 1250 practical hints similar to these, but relating chiefly to the Macro-
lepidoptera. Interleaved for collector's own notes. Price 6s. each part.

212 THE entomologist's record.

12. — Towards the end of August a careful examination of the
leaves of Artemida vuhjaris, growing on hedge-banks, will most prob-
ably result in some being found to have an inflated bladder-like
appearance. This is the work of the larva of Grmilaria tmiissdla. If
the larva is of a rich crimson colour, it is full-fed and about to quit
its mine to form its silken cocoon.

13. — Throughout the month of August the larvffi of P/ii/llocnistis
su/f'tisdla may be found mining the leaves of various poplars ; not con-
fining themselves to British species. The mines are very likely to be
passed by, as they have a very strong resemblance to the slimy track
left by a slug in crawling over a leaf.

:^OTES ON LIFE^TsTORTeS, LARY^, &c.

Notes on the larva of Cnethocampa pityocampa. — A batch of
larvte of this insect was received from Mr. Tutt on April 3rd, which he
had taken on March 30th, on a pine tree, in the woods at Carqueiranne.
This, I understand, was one of the very few nests observed containing
larv;e, although empty nests were in great numbers, and some of the
young pines nearly stripped by the voracious larvae that had by this
time disappeared. They were evidently nearly lull-fed and seemed
very lethargic in their nature, except upon particular occasions, when a
very curious action would be indulged in. In length the larva is IJin.
long, the head large and very lobed in shape, of a dark brown
reticulated surface, being also slightly, though sharply, cleft down the
centre. In shape the larva is not unlike that of Lasiocanipa qnercus,
though smaller. The head is slightly less in size than the prothoracic
segment, after which each segment increases in bulk to the fourth
abdominal one, and from there tapers gradually in form to the anal
end. Each segment is sharply incised with a jet black band around
the body to spiracular line. On each segment is an elongated dorsal
patch of short, hairy tufts, chestnut in colour, with a central patch of
deep sienna, again containing a lighter central transverse line of
chestnut. A subdorsal row of light yellowish tufts exists for the full
length. Below this, on each segment, is an elongated patch to the
spiracular line, of short light hair with a black elongated centre, con-
taining, near its anterior edge, a red tubercle, set with short stitt' and
white hairs. The spiracular line is Heshy and projecting, and set
thickly with light hair, showing a reddish tendency at each spiracle.
These hairs are all directed downwards. The spiracles, which just
rest on the spiracular line, are black, set in a white ring. Underneath
each is a pink, fleshy tubercle, with white hairs ; and underneath this
again a similar tubercle on the skinfold of the side of the ventral
region, which is glaucous-green in colour. The claspers are light,
raw sienna coloured, and shining, with a ring of stout, dark set^e
round the feet, which are light yellowish -grey. The larva is very
clinging in its hold, and is continually spinning a line when on the
move. The examples under observation spent their time almost
exclusively clinging together on a web amongst the pine-needles, and
fed very little. Allusion has been made to a peculiar action which
was resorted to occasionally. It is rather difficult to describe, but
it consisted of a lateral movement efi'ected by the first six seg-
ments, which were elevated, while the larva clung to the web with its
claspers. The movement was a sharp series of infinitely short jerks,

COLEOPTERA. 213

delivered quickly after each other, making, perhaps, a dozen of these
jerks outwards to one side in quick succession, and then returning in
the same manner to develop a like proceeding outwards on the other
side, and back again. This exercise was contmued for some minutes
with all the mechanical precision of a quickly-ticking watch, and did
not appear to be associated with any web-spinning process. The larvffi
dragged on an uneventful career for some weeks, gradually retreating
out of sight in the web, and were found about May 6th, spun up and
cocooned together in the bottom of the pot below the residue of pine,
&c. On May 15th, one pupa was observed, which had slipped from its
bearings in the cocoon clump, where doubtless others had formed. The
pupa was small and possibly abnormal in size, not measuring more
than |in. long. It was of a bright sienna colour, stumpy in form, and
tapering at each end. The segments were strongly marked, and the
spiracular position very accentuated. The anal segment was rounded
and contained a lateral pointed projection extending backwards from
each side. — J. C. Dollman, F.E.S., Hove House, Newton Grove,
Bedford Park, W. May 2Wi, 1903.

Egg-laying of Polyommatus corydon. — I have just come across
a note written in mid-August, 1900, at Abries, on the egg-laying of
P. cor y dun, and which has been put aside ever since. It reads :
" Watched a ? P. conjdon this morning, about noon, evidently intent
on egg-laying. 8he flew to a plant, rested very quietly for a minute or
so, moved her hindwings forwards and backwards very quickly for a
moment, and then flew ofi". I am afraid I disturbed her in my anxiety
to see the operation, but I picked the leaf and found the egg at once ;
but, although she only flew a short distance, and appeared to be as
keen as ever, I could not get another eg^. The egg is very pale green
when first laid." The egg, if 1 remember rightly, was sent on to Mr.
F. N. Clark, but he reported it as hatched before he could photograph
it. I believe Mr. Frohawk says the egg hybernates. This appears
not to be the case, but the fact should be readily tested by Mr. Pickett
or some other of our keen south-coast collectors. — J. W. Tutt.

_OLEOPTERA.

Cockchafers on Lake Geneva. — My friend, Mr. Govett, sends me
the following note, which he desires me to forward to you : — " On
June 18th, rowing from Territet to Clarens, I passed through a belt,
20 yards broad, of dead cockchafers, numbering roughly tens of
thousands — a phenomenon never observed before. None were seen in
the roads or gardens. Were they blown into the lake, or drowned by rain,
or frozen higher up the Rhone Valley and brought down by the Rhone ?
If so, why only this narrow belt of corpses ? " He asks whether any of
your readers can otier an explanation that suggests a reason for his
finding tens of thousands of dead cockchafers in the lake. I have
seen none on shore wherever I have been, and it is certainly curious
that they should be found in such quantities in the lake. The narrow
belt is, of course, the result of the action of wind and current. The
sparrows Avere fishing them out of the lake and eating them on the
verandah of the club. I add the local newspaper vieAV of the subject :--
" Les hannetons.— On nous ecrit de Territet : ' J'ai note ces jours-ci
une quantite enorme de hannetons noyes dans les eaux du lac, pres
du rivage entre Montreux et Clarens. Est-ce qu'un uaturaliste

214 THE entomologist's record.

experimente voudrait bien expliquer ce fait ? ' Nous croyons pouvoir,
sans recourir aux luiiiieres d'un naturaliste experimente, donner a
notre honorable correspondant la raison de ce phenomene. Nous
somiues arrives a la saison climaterique on le hanneton termme son
existence aerienne et tombe comme pluie a I'etat de cadavre, partout
ou il se trouve, sur les routes et dans les cours d'eau. Le Ehone
valaisau en charrie d'enormes quantites ; arrives au lac au Bouveret,
il n'y a rien d'extraordinaire a ce qu'on les voie rejeter sur le bord des
millions d'elytres qui n'ont pas coule a fond ou continue a descendre
le fil de I'eau."— G. 0. Sloper, F.E.S., Hotel Beau-Site, Aigle. June

2Srd, 1903. -o . • . T 1

CoLEOPTERA NEAR PETERBOROUGH. — Eetumuig trom liOudon on
June 25th, I slept the night at Peterborough, and managed to get a
little collecting on that evening after dinner, and again on the morn-
ing of the 26th, before catching the train for Edinburgh. The weather
was hot and close, and insects numerous, and a note of the better
captures may be of interest. By sweeping the herbage under the
hedges in a narrow lane I got Clytn^ arictis, L. ; Telephonis litnratus,
F- AnthocotiiHS fasciatus, L. ; Pasytes pliuitheuii, Mull.; Priobinm
castanetim, F. ; Homaliuw Morale, Pk. ; and hosts of Anaspls, PJnjllo-
bius &c. ' On the morning of the 26th I beat oft" aspen, fairly com-
monly, Curijwbites mctallicKS, Pk. ; and swept up off flowers and grass
at the 'side of a wood Cbjtm arietis, L. ; C. vnjsticas, L. ; A/japanthia
Uneatocollu, Don. ; Toxotns meridianm, L. ; ^Stranijalia vtelanura, L. ;
Aqrilas latkornu, 111. ; Malthinus fasciatus. Fall. ; Anobiuiii fahicorne,
Sturm. ; Oedemera nobilu, Scop, (exceedingly abundant) ; O. lurida,
Marsh.;' Mordellistena abdominalis, F. ; Chnjwmela varians, F. ; Taiiy-
mecuspalliatHs,F.; Hifpem i,uirina, F. ; Orobitis cyaneus, L. ; Orchestcs
stvnna, Genu. ; Apkm' pisi, F. ; A. pomonae, F. ; and many others.
■ As the morning sun was very powerful after a heavy night dew, the
beetles were exceedingly active, taking to wing out of the net with
surprising rapidity, and it was difficult to secure such insects as Mor-
dellUtena'^ Of the longicorns, Stran<ialia melanvra was by far the
quickest in flight and in getting into flight from rest ; on this occasion
it was much quicker than Liytns arictis. During a couple of days at
Brockenhurst, at Whitsuntide, I had been much struck with the
rapid flight of Clytiis arictis : it was as speedy as any wasp, and quite
as quicir in rising into flight from any flower or piece of timber on
which it was resting. In this excited state the resemblance of the
beetle to a wasp is most striking, and, in fact, I feel confident that an
ordinary observer would have declared they were wasps.— T. Hudson
Beaee, F.E.S., 10, Regent Terrace, Edinburgh.

^jg^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

A lepidopterological note from the Rhone valley.— The
weather up to June 23rd was cold and wet, almost every day, and up
to that date there had been no Melitaca parthmie nor M. athalia at
Martigny, yet, strangely enough, I'oli/miniiatiiH amanda was nearly over,
and Arqynnis daphne out quite strongly. I took a very large ? (Jhryso-
),hanHs\iiv. (lordius at Martigny a few days earlier, and Mr. A\ heeler
took another of the same size. In answer to your queries I find that
my earliest capture of Cnpido sebrm (a 3 ) this year was on May 3rd,
my earliest of JSomiadea cyllarm (also a <? ) was on May 4th. I saw a

CURRENT NOTES. 215

specimen of C. sehrus a day or two earlier, but did not take it ; but both
Mr. Wheeler and I took both species freely on the Bex road on the 9th,
although the females of N. cj/llariis were very scarce, whilst those of
C. sehrus were in tolerable numbers, and varied a good deal. Xomiades
setiiiarr/Kti dated from May 20th, and is in good condition now (July
4th) at Suan, above Corbeyvier, where I took both sexes, together
with Erebia oeme and E. f^ttji/jw, Clirjiwphanm hijipufhoe, Fdli/ouDiiatits
eiiMiedon, &c. — G. 0. Sloper, F.E.S., Hotel Beau-Site, Aigle. July
ith 1903.

Lepidoptera at light in the south-east of London. — During
the last week, the lamps in the neighbourhood of Blackheath and
Lewisham have been visited by a great many common species of
moths, amongst which Spilosoma menthaatri and *S. lubricipeda seem to
be the most numerous, but one or two Amorplia populi have been
observed, and, most remarkable of all, two Cossus cossus, both of
which have been captured, and which were not to be named, as they
circled about the electric light, at first high up in the air, where they
looked very conspicuous, and then suddenly dashing down to the ground,
where they were immediately captured. — J. W. Tutt. July 7th, 1903.

Amphidasys betularia in south-east London. — Some years ago
Amphidasi/s betularia used to be fairly abundant in Greenwich Park,
but it is some years since I saw the species in the neighbourhood.
This year, however, several have been taken on the trees in the streets
at Lewisham, one virgin 5 thus taken proving that they had emerged
in the vicinity. — Ibid.

Larv.i; of Plusia chryson at Chippenham. — Towards the end of
May my friend Mr. Scott and myself decided to ride on our bicycles to
Chippenham Fen, to have a try for larvfe of Pluna chryson. We
started at 9.30 a.m. on May 24th, a very hot day, and were quite tired
when we reached our destination ; a short rest under the pines
thoroughly refreshed us, and we set to work with plenty of energy.
Almost the first plant I searched, yielded a very small larva of the desired
species, it was then some time before I found another ; however, by
means of unlimited patience, combined with plenty of back-bending, we
were rewarded by finding more larvfe, and at 2.30 p.m. we mounted our
bicycles, with a combined take of 26 larvw. Netting brought in a few
each of the following imagines : — Phytniuetra aenea, Thera variata, and
Einaturya atoiuaria. — E. Crisp, 31, Union Koad, Cambridge.

URRENT NOTES.

As the Editor is making a " geographical " collection of the
European butterflies, he would be obliged if any of the many lepidop-
terists who collect on the continent will save him a J , $ and underside
of almost any common species in good condition from as many localities
as possible. He hopes to use them for descriptive purposes some day.

Whilst Dr. Chapman is in Spain, eggs, larvse, or pup^e of
continental butterflies sent for description should be forwarded to Mr.
A. W^ Bacot, 154, Lower Clapton Road, London, N.E.

Some of the Berhn lepidopterists appear not to be too friendly
disposed towards each other. Bartel and Herz recently published a
JIandbuch dcr Oross-Sch)uettcrlinye drs lierlincr Gehietes, which was
reviewed by Stichel in the l',niin Ent. X,'itsrhrift, xlvii., pp. 29G-299,
and in which review the authors think their work was unfairly treated.

216 THE entomologist's record.

This has called forth a reply from the authors, which they have published
in pamphlet form, and of which we have just received a copy. One
of the charges against them appears to be that they state that they
use our arrangement of the Macro-Psychids, as set forth in British
Lepidojitera, vol. ii, and yet do not logically include the Tineid section
thereof. The authors answer this by stating that " Tutt's definition
of the genera, and his study and logical application of the nomen-
clature, were necessarily regarded as being of far greater value than
the arrangement adopted therefrom for use in Staudinger's Catalxj.
We therefore applied it so far as it was applicable. We were restricted
from using the whole, by the conception ' Macrolepidoptera,' which
excludes the enumeration of the Taleporiid and erstwhile Tineid
genera, included by Tutt in Psychids, and here, again, Tutt's system
is preferable to the older arrangement, and might certainly be taken
into consideration in the next edition of the Staudinger-Rebel Catalo;!."
One of our greatest present-day regrets is that in our own earlier
entomological criticisms, want of thought and training often led us
to discuss entomological matters from what often appeared to be a
personal standpoint, a mode which can only lead to personal misunder-
standing. Criticism is worthless unless it be honest and trenchant,
but it is the way of saying things that does mischief. We cannot
afford to have hard workers like Bartel and Herz on the one side and
Stichel on the other at variance. Lepidopterology can only lose by
personal misunderstandings among its best exponents.

All our readers are aware that Messrs. Verrall, Moberly, and
others have purchased portions of Wicken Fen, in order that the
native fauna and flora may not be exterminated by drainage, etc.,
from one of its last strongholds in this country. It is with the
greateit regret, therefore, that we hear that, on June 7th, some 20 acres,
recently purchased by Mr. Verrall, were the scene of a devastating fire
that practically destroyed the whole of the herbage on this plot. The
destruction of the flora and fauna on the ground must have been
complete, but still we have no doubt that the land will soon be stocked
again with the native plants and insects, surrounded as it is with
acres of yet virgin fenland. The damage done to the wild haunts of
many animals and birds by fire, through carelessness, is incalculable.
In April last we saw hundreds of acres of the lovely Esterel blazing,
and other hundreds of acres blackened ruins. Everywhere " Smokers
are forbidden to throw down matches " — posted by the French
Government, to whom the Esterel belongs — meets one in this lovely
southern paradise ; still the careless throw them down, and fearful
damage results. One suspects a " smoker " as the cause of this. We
trust that no entomologist who has accepted the permit of Mr. Verrall
to collect on his ground was lunatic enough to smoke among such
combustible material as the dry herbage of the fen affords. For
ourselves, we consider that the man who smokes in a pinewood (and
who is sure to throw lighted matches among the needles on the
ground), or he who smokes among the dried sedge of fenland, deserves
something more than censure.

Our valued correspondent, Mr. W. Reid, of Rondebosch, Cape
Colony, having arranged to leave South Africa for a few months'
holiday in Great Britain, will be pleased to meet old entomological
friends on the field or otherwise, as may be arranged. Temporary
address (after July 20th), Pitcaple, Aberdeenshire.

ON' TWO VARUBT.K BROODS OF TRIPH.5EN'A COireS. 217

On two variable broods of Triphaena comes, Hb. [melanozonias,
Gmel.] '■'■'■ from Forres.

By LOUIS B. PKOUT, F.E.S.

On August 25th and 28th, 1902, 1 beat, from the roots of Hiai-nini,
&c., on the Findhorn sandhills, about five miles from Forres, two worn
females of Tfipliaoia cmnrs [tiwlano^oniax), belonging in the broad
sense to the ab. ciirtixii, Newm. F>oth were so worn that it is impos-
sible to speak with precision of the exact form, but I judged that of
the former date, which I shall call " ? A," to be of the blaciiish ab.
niinrscena, Tutt (near tig. D2 Jvntom., xxii., pi. vi.), and that of the
latter to be a little redder, i.e., a true ab. citrtisii {Inc. cit., fig. C2 or
Dl, or probably between themj. Both were kept alive for ova, and
each obliged me with a batch of some three or four hundred. The
eggs hatched in 10 or 11 days, and the larvte were pushed forward by
keeping in warm places, so as to avoid the necessity for hibernating.
As there were many more than I could myself manage, I distributed
the overplus among several friends, some of whom unfortunately had
little or no success in bringing them through. The following account is
based on a study of those which were bred by myself and Messrs. A.
Bacot, W. J. Kaye, and S. Walker, of York; the last-named (14, of
brood B) I have not seen, but Mr. Walker has kindly sent me sufficient
details to enable me to include them in my classification.

Brood A (parent $ of August 25th, 1902, ? ab. «////v.sw«.s). — The
total number of imagines bred was 167 (Prout, 114; Bacot, 58).
Mine emerged between December 22nd and February 4th, Mr. liacot's
from the end of January to the beginning of March. They split up
quite readily into two classes, the normal and the melanic, there being
none which by any possibility could be described as intermediates ; 74
(Front, 48 ; Bacot, 26) belonged to the former or more typical class,
93 (Prout, 66 ; Bacot, 27) to the latter — ab. curtisii, sens. lat. The acces-
sion of an admixture (more or less) of black scales in the ground-coloui',
characteristic of the latter, is in every case participated in by the
hindwings (though only weak in one of my reddest specimens), while
not one of the "typical" series shows any darkening of the hind-
wings.

The matter of size is not one of much importance, as it is so largely
dependent on the treatment ; Mr. Bacot suggested that the melanic
specimens were on an average the smallest, but the measurements
which I have taken hardly bear this out, although it is noteworthy
that the more hhul,- examples of the nirtisii section do seem to be
decidedly smaller than the more red ones of the same. 'Sir. Bacot's
largest specimen measures 44mm., and is dark red, his second 48mm.,
and is the same colour, the rest are smaller, on an average decidedly
so ; the smallest reach 86-5mm., and are pale (two or three
specimens), while several, both pale and dark, run to only 87ram.-
38mm. My largest also reaches 44mm., and, like Mr. Bacot's, is dark
red, several measure 48mm. ; the smallest three (two dark red, one
black) measure 87mm., while numerous, and of all colours, follow at
about 88mm. On the average, my portion of the brood is just a
trifle larger than Mr. Bacot's, probably because I kejjt my larva' on
the mantelpiece over a fire, and always with a superabundant supply

* On the synonymy, see appendix to this article.
September 15th, 1903.

218 THE entomologist's record.

of nutritious food. I may add, for comparison, that my southern
specimens vary in size from 47mm. (two or three) to 39mm. (one),
the average being about -iSram. or ■i4mm. ; the smallest is a cap-
tured one, and the largest are bred, this species being one that tends
to outgrow its normal size when reared in captivity. My northern
examples (captured) range from not quite 44mm. (one) to 38mm.,
with an average measurement of about 41mm.

The so-called " typical " 74 correspond pretty closely to the general
range of forms which we get in the South of England, and subdivide,
roughly, into two groups, without that there can be said to be such
a clear line of demarcation as there is between the " typical " and the
" ('(/rf/.s/i " series. About 43 are more or less pale or pale reddish -
tinted, the " clay-coloured " series of Mr. Adkin's interesting paper
{Proc. South Loud. Knt. Soc, 1890-91, p. 150) or ab. aiheijiia, Tr.+
palUda, Tutt ; the remainder (about 31) incline to be darker and
greyer, often without any reddish tint, and form the ab. t/risca, Tutt,
with its sub-aberration, nifii-fjrisro. The atlsniiia-pallida series are on
the whole a trifle lighter than the average of those which we get in
the South of England, and probably correspond with ]Mr. J. A. Clark's
"group A" {E))ti»ii., xxii., p. 145, pi. vi., figs. Al and A2). They
vary a good deal in the intensity of their markings, very few (not
more than six or eight) having them weak enough to constitute true
ab. a(he(jna, Tr. (" without any distinct markings ") — a phase of
variation by no means infrequent in our southern examples. On the
other hand, quite a good percentage have the stigmata very con-
spicuous, even the orl)icular being considerably darker than the
ground colour, usually dark reddish. The last-named peculiarity
is, according to Mr. Barrett {Lfi}i. llrit., iv., p. 16), somewhat
characteristic of northern forms of the species. It is certainly, in my
experience, rare in the south, for, in my long, picked series, I have only
three specimens in which the orbicular is filled in with a darker shade
than the ground colour, and even they are rather darkish specimens,
so that the contrast is by no means so sharp as in these pale Forres
examples. I may add here that several of the " //mcr/ " series also
have darkened stigmata, so that the total percentage of the "typicals"
which are thus characterised reaches about 40 per cent., though, if we
reckoned it for the '' jiallida " section alone, it would be nearer 50 per
cent. In the " n(rtisii " forms there is never the slightest tendency
to a darkening of the stigmata ; they are usually exactly coneolorous
with the ground of the wings — though well-defined on account of
their pale margins — occasionally, even, they are a trifle lighter than
adjacent areas of the ground colour.

The 93 of the curfixii series show a good deal of colour variation,
although the shades run from one into another. They commence
with a fine rich dark red form, nearly uniform in colouring through-
out the Aving, with very little actual admixture of black, and corre-
sponding with Mr. Clark's figure, Cl {loc. cit.). There are only some
half-dozen of quite this form, but about 20 others have the red hue
decidedly in the ascendant. Then follow 11 Avhich are more mixed
with black, especially towards the inner margin, and which may be
compared with Mr. Clark's C2. The next development is to a nearly
unicolorous dark brown or red-brown, shading off quite gradually into
the extremes which 1 call ab. ni[/n'stiii.s, Tutt. I am disposed to

0\ TWO VARIABLE RROODS OF TRIPH.f:XA COMES. 219

classify 86 or 37 as belonging to this intermediate series, and the
remaining 19 ov 20 as true ab. ni;/n'srens, but it is purely a question
of degree. Most of these rnfD-ninresn'iis, Tutt," are rather weakly
marked, and the brown hue is the product of a very perfect blending
of the red and black over the entire wing-surface — a contrast to the
irregular black blotching of the 11 mentioned before. It is worthy of
note, as illustrating some possible influence of temperature conditions
in modifying the variation, that no less than 83 of the niftt-uiiirfsccm
(cia-tixii, st'us. sty.) are in my portion of the brood, and only tlaree or
four in Mr. Bacot's ; while, on the other hand, he has some thirteen
or fourteen of the deeper niijrt'.sceus, and I only six. The pale out-
lining of the stigmata and the pale " elbowed " line are traceable in
all the 93 curt mi (sem. lat.), and well-pronounced in all but a very
few. Although, as already mentioned, the hindwings of all show
some degree of infuscation, there is not a single example of the
extreme ab. ni(/)a, Tutt (" posterior and anterior wings almost
uniformly black").

Brood B (parent ? of August 28th, 1902, ? ab. riifo-nitirescem =
cnrtisii, sens. str.). — Comparatively few of this very interesting brood
were successfully brought through ; there are only 61 in all, 32
reared by Mr. Kaye, fourteen by Mr, Walker, and fifteen by myself.
Mine emerged between January 13th and 30th, Mr. Kaye's between
January 25th and February 23rd. Like brood A, they split up with
perfect ease into the two main classes, 39 being of the " type " m the
broadest sense (though very variable) and 22 of the melanic aberra-
tions ; the distinction of the infuscation or otherwise of the hind-
wings again holds absolutely. My fifteen measure the same size, on
an average, as my portion of brood A ; Mr. Kaye's, evidently through
some difference of treatment, are considerably smaller, his largest (a
grey specimen) measuring 40mm., his smallest two (both rufous, not
melanic) barely 31mm., the average expanse being about 36mm. He
tells me they were kept at an average temperature of 65° by day and
60° at night.

The typical, or non-melanic section shows greater diversity than
that of brood A. Fourteen of them should probably be referred to
the aberration pallida of Tutt {Kntmn., xxii., pi. vi., figs. Al and A2),
and mostly have the stigmata well defined and in brighter reddish,
though there are one or two exceptions. Two belong rather to ab.
t/risea, one of these being more tinged with pinkish (? sub-ab. nifn-
(/risea, Tutt), the other of a more decided grey. One specimen is of
a dull reddish-brown, or somewhat of a chestnut shade, and with the
dark stigmata, subterminal, iVc, rather strongly expressed; it is a
difficult specimen to classify, but, though rather dark, cannot be
regarded as in any way forming a true transition to the no-tisii series ;
nor is it quite sufficiently variegated to meet the description of ab.
proseijua, Tr. The remainder (22 specimens) are all more or less of a
light red tint, coming roughly under the head of ab. niffscens, Tutt
{Knt., xxii., pi. vi., fig. Bl, and ? B2) ; only two of these have the

• From Cnrtis's figure (Brit. Knt., pi. H48) I judge that this is the true ab.
citrtidi, Newm. Both Clark {lor. cit.) and Tutt (Brit. Xoct., ii. p. 98) have referred
series C of the former gentleman's breeding ^the claret-red forms) to cnrtisii. but
the original figure is much nearer the colour of figs. 1)1 and D2 of Clark, with very
little red, excepting very narrowly on the eosta.

220 THE entomologist's record.

markings as weak as in the first-named figure, the majority have
them well expressed, and agree with fig. Jj2, excepting that their
colour is not quite so bright ; two or three, indeed, are only doubt-
fully referable to ab. yiifesn^ns, the colour being red-brown rather than
red. Mr. Tutt's analysis {Brit. Xort., ii., p. 96), which has helped me
so much in the elucidation of the various forms, nevertheless leaves
me in considerable doubt about his ab. nifa : he cites Clark's figures
B2 and B3 to it, but they do not both represent the same form {t<'ste,
Mr. Clark's text, p. 1^5), and, to add to the confusion, he (?klr. Tutt)
asserts that " the posterior wings of the Scotch specimens are often
much darker than those found in England, although the form is
obtained throughout Britain." I myself have never even seen a
specimen so red as Clark's fig. Bl {rufescens, Tutt) from the south, to
say nothing of fig. B3 ; yet even this latter has not (according to the
figure) any true melanic tendency, either on fore- or hind-wings, and if
the name nifa is to be applied to specimens which have the melanic
tendency, I think it ought to be dissociated from the figures which its
author has cited to it. If the dift'erentiation between the " typical" and
the " c/n'^/.s// " classes is generally anything like so clear as in my
material, I certainly could not consent to admit a varietal name which
covered some specimens of each class. I am inclined to restrict ab.
riifa to such examples as fig. B3, described by Mr. Clark as " rich,
almost crimson " in colour, Ac, and to add, " hindwings not infus-
cated " ; it will then cover the most extreme development of the
purely red coloration, not represented at all in the two broods which
are the subject of this article, although I have one specimen from
Aberdeen which can be referred to it.

The melanic {curtisii) examples of our brood B range from about
the type of i\Ir. Clark's CI (two or three only) through examples
which are more mottled with black (about ten, comparable with
Clark's C2 or a trifie darker) to true ab. niiire^rens (about five), two or
three of them (bred by Mr. Kaye) verging on ab. nit/ra in the depth of
the black of the forewings and the increasing infuscation of hindwings.
The remaining four or five connect the redder with the blacker, not
so much by blotching in certain parts with black as by an .uniform
commingling of the colours throughout — the form noted above as so
prevalent (86 or H7 specimens) in brood A, and chiefly in my section
of it.

In comparing the two broods, one notices two or three racial
features worthy of mention. In brood A the orbicular stigma is
(fenerally round or roundish, and not very obliquely placed ; in brood
B it is (jenrrallij narrower, decidedly obliquely placed, very rarely
round, and fairly straight. Again, in brood A, there is an entire
absence of the uniformly light red aberration (ab. ritfe^cens, Tutt),
whilst in brood B over one-third — about 86 per cent. — are referable
to this form. ]>oth broods show an absence of some of the well-
known Scottish forms, such as the extreme ab. ni'tfra, Tutt, the banded
ab. vinjata, Tutt, kc.

Summarised, the above analysis works out as follows : —

Brood A : ab. pallida, Tutt, &c.", about 43 ; ab. (jri.tea, Tutt, &c.,

* I regret that I am quite unable to subdivide these into the adsequa, pallida,
oehrea, nifo-oclired, and lurexcenn of Tutt, for although I consider that he has
given an excellent scheme, yet, as Mr. Adkin says (luc cit., p. 157) : " This species

ON TWO VARIABLE BROODS OF TRIPH.KXA COMES. 221

about ol ; ab. rlarki, iiiihi, iiifiii, about 87 ; ab. cKitisii, Newm. {rnfn-
ni'in-srciix. Tutt), about 87; ab. ni;nrs(rns, Tutt, about 19; total, 167.

15rood J> : aX). pallida, 14; ab. ijrima, 2 ; ab. riifcHcnn^, Tutt, 22;
ab. clarki, 12 or 13 ; ab. ctirtisii, 4 or 5 ; ab. nii/rescens, 5 ; unclassed,
1; total. 61.

Appendix. — Synonymy.— The oldest valid name which I know for
this species is melamizonia^i, Gniel. [Linn. S>/st. Xat., ed. 18, i.,
p. 2544), dating from 1790'' ; the diagnosis is not first-rate, but I do
not think my determination is open to any possible doubt, especially
when taken in conjunction with the fact that Zschach, in the Mim.
Lexk., places it next to pronuba, and gives it as European. It is
necessary briefly to remark on still older names which have at some
time or other been considered applicable to this species. Orhnna, Hfn.,
is now applied, and correctly so, to the species so long known as
Hiihsajna, Schif}'. ; Mr. Tutt, indeed (c/. JUit. Xoct., ii., p. 98), has con-
sidered this application to be incorrect, but evidently without having
read Zeller's arguments (his, 1844, p. 32), or, perhaps, even Rottem-
burg's commentary on Hufnagel, both of which are final, and cannot
be set aside. 1 Subsfqini, Esp., which is restored by Snellen, in place
of ronira, Hb., without doubt mainly represents that species, but the
nainr was erroneously adopted from Schiffermiiller, whose suhxeqna —
on the evidence of those who saw his collection, as well as on the
inference from the prevalence of the species at Vienna — was certainly
the one with the subapical black spots, the orbnna of Hufnagel. I'ru-
nuba ii'inor, Vill. {Linn. Ent., ii., p. 279), dating from 1789, is
rejected by Sherborn as not a genuine binomial, and although I do
not doubt its application to comes, Hb., I accept Sherborn's judgment
as to its invalidity. Interposita, Hb. {Htr., i., 4, " Verbesserungen,"
p. 3, ? 1189) =cnnse,]i(o, Hb. (Samml., fig. 105, pnst 1800), is referred
by Tutt and Adkin {cf. Tutt's Brit. Xoct., ii., 96-97) to rmnr^, Hb., as
a dark var. ; but as those who have seen this (Austrian and Russian,
&c.) form in a state of nature, all'' ■• refer it to nrbana, Hfn. [subsc/jua,
auctt.), I cannot take the responsibility of transferring it to coinfs
until further evidence is to hand. l>ut it is on account of the
possibility that this name {interposita, Hb.) may have to take prece-
dence of iiielano::onias, Gmel., that I have not yet restored the latter
name to its rightful place, but have preferred to adhere to the
generally-known one of comes, Hb. In the London List {Trans. City
Lund. Knt. Soc, ix., p. 72) lAvas unfortunately betrayed into accepting
Snellen's unjustifiable application of the name subsequa. The true

offers a very good example of the difficulties attending any attempt to supply
varietal narues to forms of a species known to be liable to great variation," and I
find that these merge so from one into another as to appear inextricable ; a few are
no doubt rirexcens, but none are of so pure an ochre colour as many southern
examples.

* "Ph. (Noct.) alls griseis ex luteo brunneis ; posterioribus pallide flavis ;
disco macula transversa fasciaque submarginali nigra, Mux. Leak., p. 100, No. 297."

t Rottemburg's description distinctly implies the characteristic spots, for he
says the forewings have the same markings as pronuba ; moreover, comes, Hb., is
very scarce about Berlin, and was long believed not to occur there, whereas
subseqiia, Schiff., is there "locally common" ((/. Bartel and Herz, Grofs-Schmett.,
nerl., p. 2;^). Vieweg. in 1790 {Tab. Vcrz ., ii., p. 95), first united subseipia,
Schiff., with orliona, Hfn.

** Treitschke, Guenee, Moschler, Staudinger and others have evidently had a
first-hand knowledge of it.

222 THE EXTOMoLocilSl's KEC'Ollt).

clu'onological summary, so far as we can at present go, works out as
follows : —

1787. Nortiw orhonn. Fb., Maiit., ii.. 150 [ucc Hfn.!.
1787-88. PJtalaena Noctua suhacqiia, Esp., Schtuctt., iii., ll'.t, tab. lOt "iter
Schiff.] .
? 1789. ! Phalaenn Noctua interpodta, Hb., lUr., i., pai's 4, " Verbess."
[potius ad oibonaiu, Hfn.] .

1789. Phdlaena Noctua pronuha minor, Vill., Eitt., ii., 279 [non binom.].

1790. Phalaena Noctua mrlanozonios, Gmel., [.inn. Sijsl. Nat., i., 2544.
rir. 1800. ? Noctua covscqua, Hb., Saviml., iii., fig. 105 [n. nom., =iutcrj>osito].
oi>tclHl&. Noctua conie-i, Hb., Saniiiil., iii., Hg. 521.

181(3-25. Tripliaciia ciunes, Ochs., Sclnnett. Kur., iv., 69; Tr., i/u(/., v., pars 1,
254.

For the varietal classification, Mr. Tutt's scheme (lliit. Xuct,, ii.,
p. 96), already so fre(]uently alluded to, of course stands as the basis.
I would only suggest the following modifications : —

3. — Ab. cmm'i/iia, Hb., should be called intcrimaitd, Hb. — Hiibner's
prior name for the self-same specimen ; but its position here should
be queried, as I have already shown. I would suggest, too, that the
figure is jiiojilc-grey or rinlet-gvey ; certainly not black-grey.

5a. — Ab. rata, Tutt. Restrict by adding " hindwings not
infuscated."

51). — Should be numbered " 6," as it has certainly nothing to do
with the " red" series. The name should be ab. cniies, Hb., and it
would be well to add " variegated with darker," and to sink jiroset/Ha,
Tr., as a darker and still more variegated sub-aberration {ride Hb.,
fig. 521).

Instead of "6. — .... var. r/M-f/.s//, Newm.," read: 7. —
Ab. darl.i, n. ab. Deep red, more or less sprinkled with black, both
on fore- and hindwings = f//rr/.s//, Clark, Tutt, nee Newm. Types,
Mr. Clark's specimens figured h'nt'))»., xxii., pi. vi., figs. CI, C2.

!S. — Dark dull brown, hardly tinged with reddish excepting narrowly
on the costa = ab. nntisil, Newm. (see fig. typ.. Curt. 'diS) — riif(>-
iti'ircscrns, Tutt.

Ab. )ii;i resents, Tutt (/"c. lit., pp. 96, 98), and ab. n'nira, Tutt {Inc.
rit., p. 98), will now stand as 9 and da.

The " type " form of the species, if this be nuiano-^onias, (imel., is
probably intermediate Ijetween jjallida, Tutt, and oe/irea, Tutt, but, as
I have said, I am unable to sharply differentiate these pale and roughly
typical forms.

Lepidoptera of the Italian Riviera — Alassio, Albenga, Laigueglia.

]Jv J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
At Alassio, April 12th broke dull and cloudy, and a walk at the
back of the town exhibited, besides the common Pierids, only Antho-
caris belia, Ijeiteupliasia sinai>is, Kuvhlu? cardanriiies, Vararije eijeria, l\
iiH'iiaera, Uroithis dia, ( 'ooioiijpiijJia luciHjiItibis and L'l/auiris ari/iolus,
in the fitful gleams of sunshine with which we were favoured. Nor
did the weather improve, and henceforth storm, dulness, and inter-
mittent sunshine were the order of the day. It may be worth noting
that this break in the weather was contemporaneous with the break of
the spell of fine weather that had until then favoured the British
Islands, and bad weather a])pears to have been at this time pretty
general over the whole of Western Europe.

i.EPIDO!>tEkA Of THK ITALIAN' iuVIEHA. 223

April 18th was also dull, although the tciaperature was fairly
hijj^h, and we arranged to visit Albenga, a most interesting town a few
miles on from Alassio. Had the weather been tine, one suspects one
would have made a good bag on the outskirts of the town ; as it was, and
in spite of the dulness, broken only rarely with real sunshine, one saw
quite a large number of common insects. Picris brassicac was in
immense numbers, 7', rai>ae was much less frequent, Papilio pixlaliriux
was several times seen, and so also was /'. uutrhao)i. On the flats out-
side the town, we saw the snail-shell-shaped cases of Aptcrtma
crenidella in countless numbers on some of the tree-trunks, where they
were spun up for pupation, as well as ('ucnuiin/nipha iiainii/iilns in
abundance, several specimens with a tendency to an increase in the
number of spots, and, on the same ground, ( alias «/».s« was excep-
tionally common, but the greater number of the males exceedingly
worn. It was very noticeable how much smaller were the 3 s than
the 5 s, and the latter Avere in much better condition. Aiiaitis /dai/iata,
Asjiilatcs citraria, and Acidalia rnhricata were well out, whilst a few
I'aranic vifi/aera, I'oli/diiuiiatiis icarxs, P. astrarc/ie, Si/ric/it/ii(s nialrac,
Ant/idcaris hclia, and Jlrcntkis dia were observed, but the want of sun
prevented anything from flying. Among the bushes and trees by the
side of the river, Paritrije e;/eria was common, Leiifoiihasia sina/ns seen
twice only, and Knvanes>>a antiopa flying round the willows, evidently
ovipositing, whilst during a short glint of sunshine, at some bushes
by the roadside, (allophri/s mbi and L'ljaniris an/iolus appeared to be
quite abundant. Entomologically, want of sun spoilt the day entirely.

The 14th broke almost cloudless, but with a powerful wind that
prevented insects from flying, except in the shadiest corners, and not
even a Picris bramcae was observed as we walked along the coast this
lovely morning to Laigueglia. At the Capo Mele we followed the
pathway amongst the bushes to the right, and observed a few
<'aU(i}i/iri/s riibi trying to make the best of matters. Near the summit
a broken wall led into a neglected garden, and getting thereinto we
found not only a sheltered nook or two, but a growth of orchids that
was simply tlelightful. We followed a path into the sheltered
valley, picking up a fine series of Pdli/onnnatns baton at the thyme
blossom as we went along, of Avhich only three were $ s, and a few
Xoiniades mdanops and X. ci/Uanis, both species unaccountably badly
worn. Here, too, we disturbed several J'/n/tumetra riridaria (amea)
and one or two Acidalia martjitu'ininctata of a very pale form ; whilst
several ' ulias edum defied pursuit, owing to the awkward nature of the
terraced ground, and only one or two were successfully netted, but
here we obtained our first Colias hijale, a fine male, just emerged, but,
as is usual Avith these early spring examples, very small. One or two
rather large Anthocaris bclia were netted, as well as one or two
Leucophada sinajns, whilst several Paranje eifcria var. intermedia and
Faranie niojaera fell to the net. Having overlooked the beautiful
Andora valley, we ascended to a village directly above us, and
then followed the ridge of the amphitheatre of hills that surround
and shelter the Alassio district. A lovely breeze, brilliant sun,
and charming scenery, with a wide out-look over the Mediterranean,
made this jaunt delightful. Only a few Poli/onmiatus baton were,
however, picked up at rest on the grass stalks. The walk down
one of the stepped lanes into Alassio was simply terrible. The

'22i The KMo.MoLociisT'y record.

15th was wot, iind one cor.ld only take walks aloni>' the sea-front :
there was no entomology possible. The 16th was nearly as bad,
but after dejeuner the sun broke out, and we took a little walk
to the Cross. A few specimens of (ionc/itrri/j- ch'ojiatni crossed
our path, and L'aninje tncijacra was frequent, whilst one or two very
fine J'ieris daplidive were netted, but most attention was paid to
getting a fine series of $ P. baton, which were not at all uncommon
about the thyme blossom, and Hying with which were occasional
specimens of Ximiiades ct/llanis. No other butterflies except a fine
9 (';/aitiiis aniiulits were netted, although several Micros were taken,
the latter including .1//t/-M//^'/7/.r aiirmtella and M. (oiiiiiaxitiila. The next
day was cold and wet, with snow on all the mountains abo\e 1.500ft.,
so we agreed to go on ; 1 moved on to (ienoa and Milan, the Doctor
and Mr. Bourgeois going straight on to Locarno where 1 was to again
meet them.

Lepidoptera of Locarno.

By ,r. \V. TUTT, F.E.S.

I reached Locarno on April 19th, and although a brilliant sun was
shining in the afternoon, the wind was too powerful for the insects,
and I was not surprised to hear that Dr. Chapman and Mr. Bourgeois
had had largely an unsuccessful day. The 20th, however, was sunny
and warm, and we walked out to Contra, and then up the Yal
Verzasca towards Mergoscia. What Locarno can produce at this
time of the year Dr. Chapman has already, in earlier volumes of this
magazine, told us, but it was really delightful to walk up the lane-like
zigzags that run up among the vineyards and gardens, with here and
there a rushing stream edged with bushes for a few yards, and get
amongst the insects once more. For a brief two hours — 10 a.m.
until noon — the net was exceedingly busy, and I was astounded at the
results. The commonest species was, perhaps, Chnisojihanm^ dorilis,
a fine form with a fairly large male, the disc of the forewings tinged
with yellowish, the marginal series of orange-red spots on both fore-
and hindwings not very strongly developed, the underside strongly
ochieons, the forewings tinged with copper and well spotted. The $
approaches the magnificent Digne specimens, being large and of a
rich coppery-red colour, with strong black markings, the hindwing
marginal series of red arches being particularly bright. I really think
this race ought to be called var. lurarnoisiti, and I suspect it to be
pretty general in all the warm corners among the Italian lakes. Only
two examples out of 18 captured, however, are $ s. Next to this in
abundance was llroitln's sclnif, but I do not seem to have a single ?
among the dozen captured, although many 3 s were liberated on
inspection as being below standard. Seven beautiful McUtaea plioebf
of good size and rather dark in colour fell chiefly to the doctor's net,
and astonished me at being on the wing so early in the year ; but the
species must have been out some days, for one S was in very poor
condition. One of the two 2 s taken had largely lost the second
outside transverse line of the forewings, and was somewhat weakly
marked. ]\lore astonishing still was the capture of a single fine
newly-emerged fiery-red M. tlidi/nia. JinntJiiK dia was apparently
going over, and two examples of Lssoria lat/tonia, of the usual small

LEPiDOl'TERA Ol' LOCARNO. 225

f-prin^- type, were not at all unexpected. I'aranji iiKnuerawas conuuon
everywhere, but only two (or three at most) I'amrnc eijcria var.
interniecUa were seen, the one captured being a very fine 3 . Two
Cnliaa hijalc were netted, but not a single C cdiisa was good enough
to keep ; and, although several <? Kiiihlik cardawincii, large and
well-coloured were taken, no 5 was seen. Many I,curnphania sjnapis
were captured, and I was rather surprised to find the $ s uniformly
of much smaller size than the J s. Coeunnijiiijilia iianiphilnn was
common on all the grassy plots, and, in one shady nook under the
trees, Xemeobius Invhia flitted strongly from bush to bush ; but all
those captured were passe, except a giant ? taken by the doctor.
Poll/onniiotiis icaras was well out, as also was ( 'ltn/so/ilia)tiis p/daras,
all the specimens with a very strong marginal series of red spots on
the miderside of the hindwings and the upperside with blue spots
( = ab. caernlcopiDHta) ; a single, quite-recently emerged, specimen of
Pamphila sijlraniis was captured, and also a single Sj/n'c/ithiis inalrae:
Pitbimii Hiatus astrarc/ic was Avorn ; of Ci/aniris aniioliis the Js were
over, but the 2 s were still in good condition. The only moths taken
were Strrnia dathrata and yiinoa eiipJidrbiata, one specimen of the
well-known dark-grey form, the others of a pale silky greyish-ochreous
tint, very different from the reddish ones taken a few days before at
Agay. After lunch at Contra we walked on up the Val Verzasca, but
there was no sun on our side of the valley, and we had left the
butterflies behind us. On the rocky walls, cases of Iknthrsia alpcstrdla
were abundant, and a beautiful silvery specimen (unfortunately broken
in the setting-case) of Bnamua viiictaria was taken. Cases of Taleporia
tubulom, fjUffia lapiilcUa, and Xari/cia vionilifera made up the rest of
our take. I may add that ]>iiirnaea faijella was found on the rocks.
It seemed a strange species to take with C'nlias In/ale, Pamphila
siflra)tus, etc., from the British standpoint. /'/cr/s hra.ssirar and P.
rapar were very abundant, /'. iiapi less so. Several species of the
Vanessids were observed— ^f//^<^ssrt io, I'urameis atalanta, and /'.
lanlui. Puprt' of Aporia vrataeiji were spun up on the walls, and
larvae of Afilais urticae were almost full-fed. Cases of Pachytluiia
villosella and Avanthitpsijrhe uparella were fairly abundant on all the
stone walls and other suitable places by the roadside.

April 21st was dull, and we walked over the hills to Ronco, dropping
down to the pier at Brissago, and returning to Locarno by boat. A
couple of larvae of l^arlu/i/antria trifolii were found almost before we
had left the town, one sunning itself on a stone. Except for two breaks
of about five minutes each the sun positively refused to shine throughout
the day, and during that time we saw only t'allnphri/s ruhi, abundant,
Paranje eijeria var. intertnedia, 3 and $ , P. majaera, KiicJdiic cania-
jiiines, 3, I'oh/oiiuiiatus icarns, 5 , and the two common Pierids,
Hiultilia iihiphii-a and Acidalia inanjiiu'punrtata, a form very near our
Dartmoor one, and Kiipithvria jmniilata were the only other Macro-
lepidoptera observed. In the evening it rained, and it rained all night,
and all next day, and all the next night,' without ceasing, so we went
on to Lucerne in the morning, leaving the Doctor and Mr. Bourgeois
to outstay the rain. Locarno appears to be a place of marvellous
possibilities entomologically. It did not give me, at any rate, a fair
chance to sample its lepidopterous fauna.

226 THE entomologist's KECORb.

The rearing of Ennomos autumnaria.

By J. C. DOLLMAX. F.E.S.

The ova, received from Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, and obtained from a
Chichester strain, hatched on May 24th, and the young larva:^ com-
menced feeding ahnost at once upon the food provided — apple. The larva
upon emergence was about ^\. of an inch in length, and very heavily
weighted forward in the head and prothoracic segments. It was an
extremely active and restless creature, and erected itself upon its anal
and abdominal claspers to assume a quick, jerky lateral action, in
which it was almost continually occupied. In fact, the only method
of keepmg the creature in the field of vision, under the lens, was by
examining a specimen previously stupefied with spirit. The head was
large and yellow in colour. It was formed by two lobe-shaped luuules,
each bearing five black lateral spots on the side ; four in a semicircle,
radiating upwards, and a smaller one below, forming the axis. The
jaws were sprinkled with minute black dots, and the entire head was
furnished with short, stout, white set^e. The prothoracic segment
was of a lighter yellow than the head, and projected hood-like, over it,
with a sharply defined skinfold edge on the crown. On the posterior
edge of this segment commenced, in a suffused manner, the colora-
tion of the dorsal surface, which was continued to the edge of the anal
segment, and was of a dark olive-green. It was deepest in tint on the
thoracic and first four abdominal segments. It was softened away
into the anal segment, which, like the head, was of a clear yellow.
The dorsal markmg was abruptly defined on the lateral edges, where
it was broken in its line by the transverse wrinkles found between the
segments. On each segment were four whitish tubercles in this dorsal
area, arranged two on each side, forming the corners of a square.
These tubercles were lai'ger on the segments towards the anal end, and
were all dotted in the centre with a dark bristle. The spiracular line
was broad, notched, and irregular. It was yellow in colour, and
extended from the head to the anal segment. The spiracles were
white, with thickly marked dark rings around them. Below this was
the abdominal surface, which was of the same dark olive tint as the
dorsal. The legs and claspers were yellow, and finely finished with
black terminals. The entire larva was bristling with short seta', both
black and white.

On May 29th, the larva had attained a length of ^in., and the head,
no longer yellow, was pale brown, finely reticulated with white ; the
mandibles were also whitish. The lunules were sharply defined on
the outside with a keen black line, and were also divided on the
crown in the same way. The head had not increased in size, but the
diameter of the body had grown to match it in scale, so that the
appearance of the larva now was that of a graceful elongated creature.
The lateral spots on the head Avere still present in the same formation.
The dark dorsal region had given way to a cool olive-grey tint ; and
the spiracular line and anal segment were no longer yellow but a
lighter tint of this olive-grey The skin was smooth and shining,
neatly incised by transverse folds at the junction of the segments.
The tubercles on the dorsal area, four to each segment, were now more
suffused in their definition, and had strong dark centres. The spirac-
ular line was not so abruptly defined as before, but, along this,
immediately upon the spiracles, was a thin thread-like line, rather

The kearinc; of exxomos autumxaru. 227

lighter than the gi-uuad colour. The spiracles were still light in
colour, with black rims, and on either side of each was a black tubercle,
and also one below it, all furnished with a black bristle. The anal
flap was dotted with dark tubercles, and possessed six stiff black set^e,
three on each side, all directed backwards. The ventral surface was
dull in colour, and blotched with olive-grey. The legs were ringed
with dark lines, and dotted with minute warts, as also were the
claspers. In colour, these were almost of the same tint as the head.

On June 4th, the larva was about j\-'ni. in length. Seen with the
unassisted eye it was shining in appearance, with a pale yellow-brown
head, and tinged with the same tint posteriorly. The dorsal surface
was of a pale olive-green in colour, and the spiracular portion of a
pale yellowish -grey. The abdominal region was of the same tint as
the dorsal, and all of the legs and claspers, were marked with heavy
skin-folding at their junction with the body. Under the lens the head
was still of a pale yellow-brown, with a finely reticulated surface,
bearing white seta?, and on each cheek the semicircular arrangement
of black warts still remained with a lower one as their axis. The pro-
thoracic segment was sharply folded across the crown of the head, and
the colour of the head suffused into it ; as also was the same colour in
the anal segment suffused into the twelfth. The dorsal surface was
blackish-green, subdivided by four blotched, irregular, whitish lines.
These started sharply on the prothoracic segment, from its anterior
edge above the head and travelled in a broken manner for the whole
length of the larva. The four black warts on the dorsal face of each
segment were still in evidence, but were now wanting in their light
circumscription. The dorsal colour finished rather sharply on the
summit of the anal segment in a point, amongst heavy skin -foldings.
There was an irregular, light, lateral line on the edge of the spiracular
portion, and a similar one on the line of the spiracles precisely. All of
these lines were extremely difficult to locate, owing to their irregular
and broken course, and the very glossy surface of the larva's skin.
The spiracles were still light in tint, surrounded with black rings, and
were set amongst the heavily corrugated skin-folds of the spiracular
line, which was freely dotted with minute black warts. The legs and
claspers were of the light colour of the head, and blotched and
sprinkled with black warts. The entire larva was well provided with
short, black hairs, which sprang from the warts ; while the anal seg-
ment still possessed the six stiff, dark, sette, pointing backwards. On
June 9th, the larva was §in. long, and had undergone a radical change
in construction, being much altered in colour. Its appearance, seen
with the naked eye, was sage-green, with a dark brown head, anal
segment, and spiracular region. Under the lens it presented a most
beautiful study. The head was of a light chestnut colour, blotched
with black, in a manner which forcibly recalled the markings upon the
skin of the jaguar. The cheeks were free from these markings, but
still carried the four dark warts in a radius upon a fifth, lower down.
These black warts were now set in a white ring, which was sharply
defined against a dark chestnut edge around them ; which was, in its
turn, suffused into the general coloration of the head. The mouth
was cold blue-gray, with a projection on either side, set forward, and
each tipped with a bristle. The head was porrected in carriage, and
possessed several white sette, also set forwards. The dorsal surface, sage-

228 THE entomologist's record

green in colour, when examined with the lens showed that this sage-
green effect had been produced only through the visual fusion by the
eye of the delicate detail of yellow, white, and black which was then
visible. This dorsal colour detail was very striking in character, and
distinctly reptilic in colour and design. It instantly reminded one of
the skin-markings of some of the snakes. The principal features
were two scalloped subdorsal lines, the points resting on the fold at
each segment, of a pale yellow-white colour, but very broken and fused
in appearance. There was also a distinct suggestion of a mediodorsal
line of an umber tint. These lines all ran from the edge of the pro-
thoracic segment, by the head, to the anal segment ; but they were
lost and broken by the multiplicity of the lozenge-shaped and scale-
like markings, which spread in all directions, and which were black in
tint, with a yellowish -white ground. The skinfolds between the seg-
ments were projecting, and distinctly in evidence, being darker in
colour than the ground tint, and possessing, on each side of every seg-
mental division, a sharply expressed, upright, yellowish-white spot ;
each with a white bristle, and forming the points of the scalloped
subdorsal line before referred to. These spots were brilliantly white
on the prothoracic segment, immediately behind the head, and
between each pair of spots, on the dorsal surface, was a vaguely ex-
pressed light V-shaped form, set forwards, with the base interrupted
by the dark dorsal line. On the second abdominal segment there was
a transverse dorsal ridge, sharply crossing the crown of the segment.
This was black, with its sides boldly picked out with white. On the
fifth and eighth abdominal segments there were also slightly project-
ing transverse dorsal ridges. These ridges were furnished with two
additional white spots, one on either side of the mediodorsal line,
thus forming a transverse series of four on each ridge. The dorsal
•design finished sharply in two deeply incised skinfolds in front of the
anal segment, which were heavily sprinkled with dark warts bearing
dark bristles. The anal segment was a bold construction of the
colour of the head, but without the jaguar-like markings, displaying
instead a number of warts bearing dark setn'. The anal claspers were
strongly developed, and very spreading in lateral action, and they,
with the abdominal claspers, were of the colour of the head, with
darker terminations, and dotted with black. The fringe of hooks on
the inner side of the pedal rings was important in scale, and chestnut
in colour. The legs were dark olive in tint, blotched strongly with
black, and bearing light hairs. The spiracular region again bore
resemblance strongly to a reptilic type. It was yellowish-grey in
colour, heavily corrugated, and scaly in appearance, the divisions and
creases between the corrugations being rich and dark in colour.
Each spiracle was set on a plate-like division of skin, and was a very
beautiful object. Seen under a high power, it had a glistening
metallic sheen, and shone like a jewel. The core of the spiracle was
golden, and this was surrounded \\ith a sharp white ring, into which
the gold colour was suffused. This combination was set in an
intensely black ring again, the outer edge of which was softened away
into a farther radius of a beautiful lustrous copper colour. The
ventral surface was decorated with two irregular blackish lines,
running from the legs to the abdominal claspers. This black colour
ascended upwards, laterally, on the 8rd abdominal segment, and

THE REARINTr OF FA'NOMOS At'TI'MXARIA. 229

crossed the spiracular line, finishing at a warty projection. The under-
surface was black between the legs, and light blue-grey between the
abdominal and anal claspers. The anal flap was pointed in shape,
with a shorter projection on each side, from each of which proceeded
two bristles. The anal segment below extended in two fleshy and
pointed terminals, each bearing a bristle.

On June 15th, the larva had grown to be rather over fin. long;
was slender in form, and, to the naked eye, drab in colour. The warty
ridges on the abdominal segments— two, five, and eight — were now a
prominent feature, especially the first-named, which projected boldly
from the dorsal surface transversely across the larva. With the aid of
the microscope the drab colour of the creature was found to be
produced by an infinite blending of blotches and markings of black,
white, and brown, on a greenish-yellow ground. The head still
possessed the jaguar-like markings of dark blotches, but the
resemblance was not now so striking, as the ground colour was stone-
grey instead of chestnut. The series of lateral warts was still present
on each cheek, but were now principally white in effect, the black
centres having dwindled to a mere dot. They were still surrounded
by a fawn-coloured ring. The lateral projections, forward from the
jaws, were as evident as before, of a light warm drab colour, and each
one tipped with an elongation of bristle. The dorsal surface still
retained the two subdorsal scalloped stripes, though these were
suggested only in a faint degree, as the irregularity of the markings
had broken up their continuity in addition to the suft'used character
which the stripes had assumed. Reference was made in the last
examination of the larva to the reptilic character of the design on the
skin-surface, and comparison made between its appearance and that of
the serpent tribe. Now the skin seemed to be broken up and lozenged
into puzzle-shaped plates and wrinkles, which, as they were accentu-
ated by deep foldings and corrugated divisions, suggested rather the
hide of the crocodile in detail. This particularly was the condition of
the spiracular region.

The ridgy transverse humps, on segments two, five, and eight,
were dark brown, reticulated with white, and possessed still the white
lateral spots, though these were now more suftused in character, and
were surmounted by a dark bristled wart. The transverse skinfolds
between the segments were heavily scored and fawn in colour. They
still retained, each one, the white lateral spots, though these were now
almost suftused to obliteration. The dorsal markings terminated in the
strongly accentuated fleshy folds above the anal segment, and these
were thickly studded with bristly dark warts. The anal segment was
also fawn in colour and showed several tubercles with light set*.
The anal flap was scalloped at the edge, showing four blunt points,
each carrying a dark tubercle set with a stout bristle, light in colour.
The two pointed projections from the extreme rear of the anal segment,
between the claspers, were very pronounced in form, and they, also,
carried each a dark tubercle with a light bristle. The claspers and
legs were fawn in colour, blotched and marked with darker. The legs
were received into the body by heavy foldings of the cuticle, which
was a dark brown between the creases. The spiracles were similar in
colour to the last record of their appearance, excepting that they were
not now quite so beautiful. The centre was golden with a dark

230 THE entomologist's RECORD.

vertical tick at the base. This centre was surrounded with a thin
white ring, which, in its turn, was set in a darlc ring bounded by a
copper-coloured border merged into the adjoining ground colour.
The ventral surface was of the tint of the dorsal. It was irregularly
blotched, with a series of dark warts arranged in two lines, lengthways,
having two warts on each segment. On segment three there was a
dark ring, which, on a fleshy projection, ascended laterally across the
spiracular line to a dark bristled wart on the subdorsal.

By the 23rd of the month the larva measured l^in. long, and
appeared to the eye of a brownish -grey colour. It now assumed for
the first time that close imitation of the twig on a plant stem, which
many of the " Thorns " adopt. The hold with its spreading and
strong claspers was firm, and the body carried in a straight line at
about the angle of 45^' to its resting-place. There was spun from the
head, to some adjacent and convenient point, an extremely light
thread, and the habit of the larva was dull and lethargic. The head
and the ridged projections on the body imitated the embryo buds in
aspect, and the third pair of legs, carried in a projecting manner from
the thorax, tightly pressed together, formed another broad sheath of a
further development in appearance. The first two pairs of legs were
closely packed against the ventral surface of their segments.
Examined with the lens, the head was in ground colour of a dark
steely-grey, marked with horse-shoe-shaped and ocellated blotches of
a dark brown in a very beautiful manner. A V-shaped bar traversed
the face, apex upwards to the lobal division, with each extremity rest-
ing upon the base of the pointed lateral protuberances from the jaws.
These were now light-coloured on their bases, with flesh-coloured ex-
tensions terminating in the stiff and pointed bristles. Under this
light V-shaped line was a dark strong border, and in the triangle
between the lobes the face was greenish-grey. The jaws were grey,
Avith a thick setting of hairy projections. The lateral semicircles of
Avhite spots, dark centred, and set in fawn-coloured rings, were still
present on the cheeks. The dorsal area was smooth in texture and
grey in colour, densely covered with the reptilic-like reticulation of
brown, yellow, black, and white. Its distinctive features were a light-
coloured, fine subdorsal line each side, starting from the lobes of the
head and running to the anal segment. This line was very broken
and wavering in its course, but accentuated on the anterior edge of
each of the prothoracic segments by a Avhite spot on a rich brown
warty protuberance. On the crown of the metathoracic segment were
two minute black warts, followed, on the 1st and 2nd abdoruinal seg-
ments, by heavy skinfoldmg to an elongated dark black blotch, on
each side of which the subdorsal line was at its widest, and inclining
inwards in line. This was again followed by four pairs of rich brown
warts, with white centres. On the 2nd abdominal segment the
transverse ridgy hump was very decided, and of a rich dark brown
colour, with a light lateral blotch on each side. On the 8rd
abdominal segment there was a dark tubercle projecting laterally on
the spiracular line ; while on the r)th and Hth were found the other
two transverse projections on the dorsal area; the first-named slightly
bifid on the crown, and the second terminating in two blunt points.
These were of a rich deep brown colour also, with white lateral
blotches. On the dividing segmental skinfolds, and also midway

THE REARING OF ENNOMOS Al'TUMXAEIA. 2B1

between each, there was a white spot on the subdorsal line, those on
the skinfold being the most defined. Between each pair of these
white spots was found a pair of dark dorsal spots. The dorsal
decoration terminated, as heretofore, in the corrugations of the
skin at the anterior edge of the anal segment. The anal flap
was fleshy, mottled in colour, with the scalloped edge still in exist-
ence ; the four points of which were bearing each the stout bristle.
The lower formation of the anal segment was full and fleshy, with its
fleshy-pointed projections directed backwards and terminating with a
bristle also. This segment was fawn in colour. The ventral area was
mottled grey in colour, with a pair of dark spots on each segment
backward from the 3rd abdominal to the 6th. On the 1st and 2nd
abdominal segments there existed a chestnut median line, and on the
3rd a dark transverse band, formed by the suftusion of the pair of dark
spots, carried upwards to the lateral tubercles on the spiracular lines.
Between the abdominal and anal claspers the ventral'area was greenish -
grey in colour with a suft'used central black core. The claspers were
dark brown in colour with a light chestnut exterior face. The legs
were fawn in colour received into the body by heavy dark-coloured
skinfolds, and, with the claspers, were strongly ringed and spotted
with dark ridges and warts. The spiracular line was still a knotty
corrugated line of great irregularity, and was light fawn in colour.
The spiracles were as last mentioned— gold centred, with a dark
vertical tick from the base, enclosed in a brilliant fine white ring
which abutted on a dark sharp ring set in a copper- tinted border,
which was suft'used into the ground colour. The entire larva was
fairly well provided for its entire length, with dark setre.

On the 29th the larva measured l^in. and was very like a twig in
form when at rest. The powerful lobe-shaped anal claspers firmly
clutched the support and were assisted in the same manner by those
on the 6th abdominal segment. The head was carried forward in a
line with the body, and always had to sustain it, the thin web line
from some point above. The legs on the prothoracic and mesa-
thoracic segments were tightly held to the ventral face of the
thorax, so as to remain unobservable, while those on the meta-
thoracic segment were larger and extended rigidly at right angles
with their base. The final terminations of these were bent sharply
at right angles at the second joint, and folded inwards across each
other as a man folds his arms. The projections on the dorsal surface
on abdominal segments 2, 5, and 8 and the lateral warts on
number 3 assisted the imitation of a twig effectively. The colour of
the head was greyish- brown, with heavy dark blotchings of the
ocellated and horseshoe markings, the lobes having light crowns to
them. The light inverted V-shaped mark below them was warmer in
colour than before, and now possessed two distinct upward points
more like a reversed W in character ; it also retained the dark bar
below it still. The extremities of this marking rested on the bases
of the lateral projections from the jaws. These were now strongly
developed, and consisted of a flesh-coloured base on which the
projection was placed, united to it by a black band. The projection
itself was vinous in colour, and showed two excrescences at the top-
one larger than the other, in addition to the bristly termination.
Both of these excrescences were fleshy, and furnished with a slight

232 THE entomologist's RECORD.

hair at the extremity. The bristle beyond them was flesh-coloured,
and very pointed at the end. Between these the face was a light
warm grey, while below this were found the dark jaws with their
fringe of brown seta-. The lateral semicircle of ocellated spots on
the cheeks was strongly defined, and the spots themselves were very
eye-like, possessing a brilliant white centre, with a cloudy prismatic
spot in the middle surrounded with a jet-black ring. The ground
colour of the body was a warm fawn, and the dorsal surface marked
with a symmetrical design of a complex character, which could only
be adequately represented by a drawing showing it magnified to
scale. The thoracic segments had each a light diamond-shaped
blotch, dorsally, with their anterior and posterior facets bordered near
the edge by suffused dark V-shaped lines. Through these ran a very
inconspicuous thin grey dorsal line, which was continued in a delicate
manner tbe whole length of the larva, but visible alone where the
ground colour was light enough in tone to afford it relief. On each
of these thoracic segments was a pair of small dark brown dorsal
warts, one on each side of the dorsal line. The warts on the pro-
thoracic segment were nearly as distinct as those on the other two.
Immediately on the anterior edge of the prothoracic segment was the
commencement, by a bright light dot, of a thin light subdorsal line,
which continued in a broken manner to the anal segment. Just
below this line, on the segmental skinfold, was a dark wart between
each of these thoracic segments. These were set in a short, cloudy
dark line. Close behind the dark dorsal warts on the metathoracic
segment commenced a rich brown-coloured marking in the shape of
an elongated lyre, and which extended for the the whole length of the
1st abdominal segment on its dorsal surface. Continued from this,
the dark lines edging the form opened out to form a figure 8 design,
which rested against the dark projecting dorsal ridge on the 2nd
abdominal segment. Laterally, this dark ridge bulged in a fleshy
manner around its spiracle, just forwai'd from the light vertical mark
which was found on the side of the ridge. This figure 8 contained in its
posterior loop the two dark dorsal warts which belonged to the segment,
and which had a dark line running from them backAvards and outwards
to the base of the figure 8. The next segment, and those back-
wards to the 7th abdominal, carried an hour-glass shaped marking,
which contained in each case the two dark subdorsal warts in
the lower lobe of the design, and which had a dark line from
them, forming a border, slightly removed from the edge of
the marking. This 3rd abdominal segment possessed a sharply-
pointed lateral protuberance on each side of a dark brown colour,
which was set in a dark cloudy marking that contained the spiracle.
On the 5th abdominal segment the -dark dorsal projection was bifid on
the crown, and very boldly marked against the ground colour of the
back, which hereabouts was of a greenish tinge. The next two seg-
ments each possessed two pairs of the subdorsal warts, and the dark
protuberance on the dorsal surface of H was now consisting of two
distinct pointed humps. Behind these were two deep transverse skin-
folds, each carrying a pair of the dorsal warts, followed by another
pair on the scalloped anal flaps. This, and the pointed posterior
projections below it, still bore the stiff bristly appendages, set back-
wards. Below these dorsal decorations ran the light, broken, sub-

'THE REARING OF ENNOMOb AUTUMNAKIA. ^83

ilorsal line, which was most evident on the 1st abdominal segment at
the lyi'e-shaped marking, and was constructed otherwise mainly by
disjointed tracery, and white dots on each skinfold and each segment.
Again, below this, was found a badly-defined light spiracular line as
far as the abdominal claspers, after which it was suggested only by
the light setting around the spiracles on the remaining segments.
The spiracles now had lost their beauty, and consisted of a sunken
oval gold-coloured plate, with a thin black vertical line across their
centres, set in a raised, and brightly shining, dark rim. The ventral
surface was of an olive-grey ground colour, and had two interrupted
dark lines from the head to the abdominal claspers. These lines were
gradually broken through in a suffused manner, at the centre of each
segment, and they were most declared and positive on the skinfolds
between the segments, where they themselves contained a white dot.
Where the broken suffusion of the lines occurred, there was an isolated
dark dot, suggesting the continuation of the line, and another similar
dark dot before it commenced again. Between these dark lines, on
abdominal segments 1 and 2, was a reddish tint, which also was
suggested in the other segments in a slighter manner. On the ventral
surface between the two pairs of claspers, the ground colour was a
yellowish-grey, and it had a central line dividing it of an olive-green
colour, which widened out into a broad triangle between the anal
claspers. Each of the dark warts referred to, dorsal, lateral, and
ventral, carried a short black hair. The first two pairs of legs were
various in colour and the third pair Avas dark brown, and much
larger than the others. They were all strongly marked and dotted
Avith black, especially the third pair, and were received into the body
amongst heavy wrinkles and foldings of the skin, which bore many
minute dark warts.

By July 5th the larva was 2^in. long, and had the appearance, in
colour and markings, of full development. It was now of a rich
umber-brown tint, with sienna-coloured, and lighter, blotchings from
end to end. It had all its characteristic points emphasised since the
last examination of it, and its resemblance to a subordinate woody
part of the foodplant was remarkably faithful. The head, the pro-
jecting pair of legs on the metathoracic segment, the ridges on the
dorsal, and projections on the lateral, surfaces, with the powerful
knotty claspers, were all in excellent imitation. Along each side ran
a lateral line, which was fleshy in texture and much corrugated and
scalloped in its course; suggesting the irregularities of young thin
bark. The head was now wider than the prothoracic segment on the
front edge of the lobe crowns, which had lost their oval form and
finished rather squarely and abruptly on the face. The lobes were
reddish-grey marked closely in broad and broken outline with ocellated
forms, and no longer in blotches. These outlines were strongly draw-n
and consisted of innumerable raised and flattened dark warts. The
series of eye-like forms in a semicircle on the cheeks was now very
conspicuous, and resembled so many eyes, even more than hitherto.
They were pearly white, set in black rings, with what may be called
black pupils, and the most posterior one had a decided inward and
.downward squint. The W-shaped marking on the face was now
bolder and more spreading, rising squarely upward, and forming a
light fawn border to the inside edges of the apex between the lobes.

234 THE entomologist's record-

It was accompanied by the darker line below it, now wider and more
suffused. The pointed projections from either cheek were vinous in
colour all over, and were diverted in line rather outwardly from their
bases. The markings on the body of the larva could not be said to
have altered constructionally in design from their last examination,
but they were all larger in execution, and impressed upon the ground
colour in a more suffused manner. The ground colour was warmer on
the portions between the segments on the skinfolds, and the legs and
claspers were all vinous or claret tinted. The dark blotchy markings
on and round the excrescences were heavily and l)roadly pronounced,
as also were the dark markings on and round the legs and claspers.
The anal flap maintained the same form, though it was more thick
and fleshy than hitherto, and there also remained the two pointed
projections, extending backwards from the extremity of the segment
beneath. The setfe on these portions were strongly evident. The
spiracles were embedded in raised oval swellings, and were gold-
coloured with a lighter edgmg. They still contained the dark vertical
slit in the centre, and around them was a glistening and raised copper-
coloured skin ridge. Though the larva had attained its final aspect in
markings and colour, it had yet a few days of feeding to attain its full
size. It was very quiet and sluggish in habit, and sat continually at
rest, clinging with the claspers and holding the body at an angle of
45'^ to the base. It invariably had the supporting thread spun from
some point to the head, and this thread was now of a very tough con-
sistency, necessary to the increased weight of the larva, which was
considerable.

It is a cannabalistic larva when kept too crowded, and, like most
other species, requires a good deal of room to avoid developing this
propensity. It should be mentioned that the seta> on the head, and
from the numerous warts on all surfaces of the body, were still in
existence. Also that the markings on the ventral area were as before,
only that the two dark lines upon it were now almost continuous, and
were thicker and darker in effect. The space between them was
occupied by a strong accentuation of the reddish tint before alluded to.

By July 12th the first of the larvje commenced spinning its slight
pupal cocoon amongst the dried leaves of the foodplant left at the
bottom of the cage, very little feeding ha\ing been done since the last
record on the fifth of this month. The intervening time had been
spent m sitting motionless at rest, and the movement that was
indulged in was nocturnal, to seek the slight feeding necessary. The
appearance of the larva had not altered much. It had attained a
length of 2iin., and the general tone of its colour was a rich mottled
brown. The numerous projections were more pronounced, not only
the projecting humps and ridges, but the smaller warts on the dorsal face
of the segments, particularly those on the 6th, 7th and 9th abdominal
ones. The light elongated spots on the lateral faces of the dorsal
ridges, the spiracular projections on abdominal segments 7 and 8, and
the outer face of the abdominal claspers had become more distinctly
marked, and were of a light sienna colour, while the dark blotches by
which they were surrounded were of a deep purplish- brown. The
transverse skinfolds between the segments were emphatically incised,
and the general aspect of the larva was corrugated to a greater extent
than at any time hitherto. While at rest it had a habit of deflecting

COLEOPTERA. 285

in line at the marking on the third abdominal segment, or occasionally
at the first, and bending itself from these points backwards and
upwards, which gave additional resemblance to a woody twig. If
disturbed by being touched, it would jerk itself backwards with a
sharp movement, and sway from side to side very quickly once or
twice. The ventral surface was much more sober in colour now, and
the red tinge between the two medioventral lines faded almost to
obliteration. The colour of the larva as a whole, had, in fact,
degenerated to a mottled-coloured brown with dark blotches, picked
out with the lighter sienna-coloured spots and markings. This was its
final state before pupation.

<irOLEOPTERA.

Calosoma sycophanta, L., at Battle. — On August 3rd, I was at
Battle, and, while walking down the path from Battle Abbey to the
Powder Mill Ponds, my wife drew my attention to a beetle which was
running on the pathway. To my great delight, I saw it was a fine
specimen of Calosoma sycophmita. Its occurrence in this locality —
some seven miles inland — makes this record additionally interesting. —
W. H. Bennett, F.E.S., 15, Wellington Place, Hastings.

Gynandropthalma affinis. — It will be of interest to all coleopterists
to know that I have again taken this species at Wychwood Forest.
Towards the end of June, when the weather at last became fine, a day
or two spent in this old forest proved that the species is by no means
uncommon. — W. Holland, University Museum, Oxford.

CoLEOPTERA IN BERKSHIRE. — When Mr, Donisthorpe asked me for a
note on the coleoptera that 1 have taken in this neighbourhood this year,
I seriously thought of giving him a note on Avhat I had not seen. It
has certainly been interesting to note which insects have suffered most
from the bad weather. The most notable absentee is Leptiira lirula, F.,
which is generally very common here on Acltillea inillffoliiott at the
end of summer. I have not seen a single specimen this year. On the
whole, however, I think the beetles whose larvtp live in wood have
done well. In June, I found L'onopalpuii tcstarens, 01., common in
small branches of oak on the ground, and probably could have taken
any number. In March, I took one (hi/lanuiis rari(il()siis,Dnit., in one
of these small branches. Some good things have turned up in damp
wood with fungus on it — c/c, J h'pItj/Uioi Imtatus, F., Auonnnatiis 12-
striatiis, Miill., Sp/iimlus diibiuH, Gyll., Liodes orbicularis, Herbst. In
the same small wood in which I took the last four species I took last
year two Diplocoelm fa;ii, Guir. I took a few more this spring, but
on July 20th I found a small beech tree, just dead, with any number of
this species and its larvie under small pieces of the outer bark.
Enicmusbrevicornis, Mann, was also crawling in numbers over the tree.
Tillus eliHtjatus, L., also occurred in the same wood. I have worked
the C'os.s»s-aftected trees, out of which I took Kpuraca ilijusn, Bris.,
commonly last year, but have found it decidedly rare this year.
Once, however, I took several Kpurafa ilcaniufiittata, F., which was a
rare species last year. T/mli/cra serieea, Sturm, has also turned up
once again. General sweeping has been singularly unproductive.
Abdera bifaseiata, Marsh., Chaetonwma siibmernlra, Kuts., are the best
species I have taken. By sweeping very short grass in a wood I have

236 THE entomologist's record.

taken Amplucyllu (jlohna, F., (^nlon (hntipfs, S&hl. , Aspidiphnriifi orhicu-
latiis, Gyll. (one specimen). This last I have tal<en in numbers since,
in the New Forest, in a small powdery fungus. In the spring I took
several Odacantha melawira, Payk., and Paedenis riparuin, L., in a
very promising-looking marsh. I hope to take some more Fen things
during the summer. The whole place has, however, been under water
since the heavy rains. Orthojierus viundiis, Matth., is probably
common in the neighbourhood, as I have taken it on four separate
occasions. Tricho}itfr;i.t- disjiar, Matth,, and Qiirdinx vt'iitralis, Ar.,
have also turned up. — Norman H. Joy, Bradfield. July 5tJi, 1903.

CoLEOPTERA IN ScoTLAND. — On June 21 st I had a long walk across
country from Hawthornden station to Gorebridge station, collecting
on the way by sweeping the roadside flowers in the many pretty lanes I
traversed. The most notable insects were the Telephorids, which were
in great abundance, the following being all common : — Podahnis
alpiiiiis, Pk., Tdi'phorui^ pdlacidus, F., T. nigricans, Miill., 7'. bicolor,
F., T. jlavilahriH, Fall., and PJiayonycha Uinbata, Th, Amongst others
taken were Tldoden iiiinuta, L. (common on a steep wet bank), lAmo-
niua minutas, L., Anthop/iai/Ks tcxtarcii.^, Gr., Antliohium torijuatmii,
Marsh., A. aorhi, Gyll., Apion crvi, Kirb. On the 28th I paid a visit,
with Mr. Donisthorpe, who was then staying with me, to Hawthorn-
den, but the day was very unfavourable for collecting. We found,
however, Anthopha<ius textarrus, Gr., again in plenty, and several
species of Malt/iodis, one of which appears to be pellHcidiia, Kies.
Duruag this month I bred Kniohiiis mullis, L., the larvi« and pupa^
of which were taken in abundance under the bark of fir that had been
used to make a small bridge over the Braid burn, on the outskirts of
Edinburgh. In July, I was so occupied with professional work that I
had to give up collecting, but on the 3rd, during a walk through
Dalmeny Park, I swept up MalthinuA frontalis, Marsh., only recorded
by Fowler in Scotland, from the Highlands, and Anaspis nijilabnn,
Gyll. On the 30th, I had a few hours' collecting with Mr. Black, in
the Peebles district, but the day was very stormy, and there had been
very heavy rain during the night, so our results were poor in the
extreme. The following occurred ■.—Stcniis dcdaratiis, Er., .S'. ossinm,
Steph., Animtn}iia calcarata, Er., Moltliodes fiaviKjuttatus, Kies., Apion
era, Kirb., A. /iioiiih', Germ., Sitones Jiarescen^, Marsh., all by sweep-
ing, and Enr('}dialus cnmpliram, Westw., in moss. In August I have
had a little more leisure, and have added a few good insects to ray
Scotch collection. On the 1st CciithorhynchuH erirae, Gyll., was com-
mon on the heather in the Pentlands. At Hawthornden, on the 11th,
when I had the pleasure of Mr. Tomlin's company, Ant/iophai/uH
testacf'UH, Grav., was again very common, both by sweeping and beat-
ing, and the following amongst others were also taken : — Apion pal-
lipt's, Kirb., fairly common on Meirurialis pcrennis ; the only Scotch
record by Fowler is that of Dr. Sharp, who took it commonly at Esk-
bank, in 18G5, on Allium ; this locality is only a few miles away from
Hawthornden ; Cueliodcs (pten-us, F., this insect was swept up under
or beaten off hazels ; Atoinaria atricapilla, Steph., and Cryptophayus
setidosits, Sturm., by sweeping amongst long dry grass. On the 17th,
and again on the 22nd, I visited Longniddry, collecting by sweeping
under the hedges and on the coast line to Aberlady. Off Sisymbrium
officinale came all the insects I found on that plant in September,

LIFE-HISTORIES. 287

1902, in this neighbourhood, and off thistles, &c., I got Ceuthorhijn-
ckitliits versicolor, Bris., Apion carditornni, Kirb,, Sphaeroderma cardni,
Gyll., itc. ; off Ononis spitiosa came Apion onouix, Kirb., in plenty,
and off mallows Apion aencnin, F., and A. radioliia, Kirb., while clover
produced A. jiaiipcs, F., in profusion. The Hawthornden district, on
the 24th, by beating Vicia cracca growing in the hedges, produced
Apion riciac, Pi<., and A. erri, Kirb., in numbers, with A. spmrei,
Kirb., very rarely; A. erri also came off Latliiirm pratenda, which was
growing freely by the roadside. — (Professor) T. Hudson Beake, F.E.S.,
10, Regent Terrace, Edinburgh. Auffust '28th, 1903.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Variations confined to one sex. — Some months ago a paper by
the Rev. G. H. Raynor appeared in the Ent. Tlecord, dealing with the
inheritance of var. tiarofamiata (" lartirolor ") of Ahraxan (/roxsKloriata.
This variety is confined to the female sex, and the facts appeared of
such great theoretical interest that I have been collecting analogous
cases for comparison. It appears that while varieties confined to the
female are comparatively common in lepidoptera, c.;/., var, valczina of
Dry as paphia, the $ vars. in the genus C alias, &c,, there are yet very
few well-defined cases of a variety occurring in the male only. Where
the $ differs widely from the $ , it may, in some instances, take on
the $ form, c.//,, in Hepialus hiinndi from Shetland, and in other
orders of insects where the sexes differ widely, the males may be more
or less dimorphic, as in the jaws of stag-beetles or the forceps of ear-
wigs, but I can find no instance of a variety confined to the male
comparable with those mentioned above, which occur in the female
only. Can any reader of the Ent. Tterord give an instance of an ex-
clusively male variety, either from his own experience or from the
literature of the subject ? I should be very grateful if any one could
help me with information in this matter, — L, Doncastee, M.A., King's
College, Cambridge. [The nearest approach to the conditions which
Mr. Doncaster wishes to illustrate, known to us, are to be found in
Spilosoma mendica. Here we have a very distinct and uniform female
which appears constant everywhere, whilst the ^ s are either (1) of
the normal dark sooty coloration, (2) of a pale buff' coloration. There
are, we believe, no intermediates between these 3 forms. We are not
sure, however, whether the areas of these $ s overlap, z'.^'., whether the
dark and pale males both occur in the same district with a white ? ,
or whether they are confined to different districts. It would be in-
accurate, in our opinion, to suppose that we have in the pale buff" J s
an approach {sens, strict.) to the $ form. What we appear to have is
an atavic return to a common 3' buff" coloration for tlie genus, well-
exhibited now in the 3 of -S'. Inhriripcda, and not at all infrequent
as a local aberrational development in both sexes of S. mentliastri,
A somewhat similar dimorphic condition occurs in the <? s of (.'osmo-
triche potatoria. — Ed.]

:^OTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LkRYJE, &c.

Substitute food for the larva of Thestor ballus. — It may be
interesting to entomologists to know that the larvse of Thestor ballus
can be reared in confinement on AnthylUs nilneraria. I had quantities
of ova laid last April by seven females on potted plants of LoIks hispi.

288 THE entomologist's record.

(hi<t, but the plants that I brought home were devoured by the larvae
before the latter were full-fed, and I brought two only through, due
to the fact that for a time I failed to find a J^ritish plant that the
larvffi would eat. When offered them, the two survivors took at once
to the flower-heads and seed-capsules of Ant/ti/llis ndneraria on which
I placed them. — W. H. St. Quintin, Scampton Hall, Rillington, York.
July 25t/,, 1903.

Eggs of Lepidoptera. — Chnjsophanus alcipliion var. ijortliKn. —
Exceedingly minute for the size of the butterfly, almost regularly
domed from base to apex, forming as nearly as possible a flattened
hemisphere, but slightly contracted at its base. There are five almost
complete circles of large, deep polygonal cells, somewhat irregular,
with raispd ridges, lessening in size towards the apical area, which
appears to be made up of two similar circles of much smaller cells.
The micropyle forms a minute central apical depression with a
radiating series of more longitudinal cells forming the central stella.
The shell is opaque, and the egg dull whitish in colour, showing no
signs of the contained larva until the latter puts its dark head through
the hole that it makes in the micropylar area in order to escape there-
from. (The &oa received July 6th, described .July 8th, 1908, under
an ordinary hand lens.) [The egg was received from 'Six. G. 0. Sloper,
who obtained it on -July 2nd, 1903, having watched the J lay it on a
stem of sorrel at Martigny. He remarks on its being very small for
the size of the insect, and states that it is difficult to obtain the eggs
of this species because (1) The $ s go through the pantomime of
laying, but frequently do not lay. (2) They select masses of sorrel on
steep skrees on which to lay their eggs. (3) It is difficult to keep the
eye on the particular plant chosen by the 5 when climbing.]

( 'hysophojiiis hippotluw. — Mr. Sloper obtained three eggs, which
he writes me were laid on July 10th. On the 13th he Avas send-
ing them, and found one already hatched. I could only find one,
with the upper micropylar area eaten out, in the quill on arrival. Of
this I made the following notes : — The e^g forms a small flat dome,
attached by the whole of its circular base to the upper edge of a
sorrel leaf. The sides are encircled by three rows of deep polygonal
(roughly hexagonal) cells, with conspicuous raised edges. The larva,
on hatching, eats away the egg-shell to the upper edge of the topmost
of these three rows. The empty egg-shell is opaque white in colour.

Paraific tnacra. — Yellow in colour, forming ronghly a truncated
cone, with height about equal to diameter; slightly drawn in at base, so
that basal and apical diameters are almost equal (the Qgg has,
therefore, an almost cylindrical aspect) ; the shell is somewhat shiny,
and is traversed from base to apex by a number of fine longitudinal
ribs, which appear little more than wrinkles. The apical area appears
moderately fiattened, and there is a small central depression, at the
bottom of which the micropyle is placed. Certain areas appear almost
clear and transparent, others are more opaque, due to the embryo
within. One side of the egg is somewhat depressed, but appears not
to afiect the embryo. The egg is laid on the front of a very young
lamina of grass (but Mi-. Sloper says there appears to be no very definite
position on the blade affected by the female when laying). The newly-
hatched larva eats the whole of the eggshell (which appears to be very
thin and transparent) except that part of the base by which the ei^g is

LIFE -HISTORIES. 239

attached to the foodplant. (Egg received from Mr. Sloper on July 6th,
described July Hth, 1903, under an ordinary hand lens.) — J. W. Tutt.
Pupa of Satyris hekmione. — 18mm. long, 8*5mm. wide at
broadest part, i.i'., at 3rd abdominal segment, where the wings are
very bulging. The head is frontal, prominently extended beyond the
prothorax ; the mesothorax also prominent and swollen ; the meta-
thorax short, with well-developed wing-bases ; the abdominal segments
well-marked, the incisional lines conspicuous, dark in colour, and
with an apparent narrow fold of skin ; the cremaster formed of two
short, blunt, rounded, smooth points, slightly turned ventrally ; the
colour of the chitin reddish-brown ; the thoracic areas quite trans-
parent, the abdominal more opaque, the surface comparatively smooth
and shiny ; the wings are large, prominent, and somewhat trans-
parent, with a greenish tinge ; the neuration exhibited by somewhat
pale (possibly due to light reflection) ridges; the appendages smooth,
so that the anterior and middle parts of venter form an almost smooth
surface. Ihrmlb/ : The head rounded, frontal, with very distinct
imaginal features looked at fron tally ; the bases of antennne directly
above the frontal line. The prothorax narrow, with a clearly-defined
median suture continued backwards on the mesothorax. The pro-
thoracic spiracles comparatively small (for the group to which the
species belongs), black-edged, pushed well back on the front edge of
the mesothorax, the indistinct lumen facing frontally, the lower edge
scarcely reaching to the antenna. The mesothorax particularly prominent
in the median part of the dorsum, the bases of the forewings prominent ;
two or three small irregular black patches on the chitin quite on the front
of this segment. The metathorax narrow, medially folded well under
the prominent mesothorax. The 9 abdominal segments, as well as
the 10th (anal) one, very distinctly marked, increasing in size from the
1st to the 8rd and 4th, which are almost of the same width, and then
narrowing to the anal segment, the two terminal cremastral points of
which are very distinct. The mediodorsal suture of the thoracic
segments is continued as a dark mediodorsal line down the abdominal
segments. Ventrall;/ : The frons is very prominent, the mouthparts
distinct, the glazed eye large, and separated from the surrounding
structures by a fine black line. The maxilla; are wide at the
base, and extend directly to the end of the wings. Next the
maxillic, the 1st pair of legs is very little shown ; the 2nd pair
of legs is larger, and ends just short of the antenn*; the antennae
are slender, very well segmented, the apices ending some distance
short of the wing-tips. The appendages are separated by fine l)lack
sutural lines. The wing-bases form a sort of low shoulder, and the
outer half of the wings bulge very much compared with the basal, the
swollen portion being of a distinct greenish hue, which shows through
the wings and involves the corresponding portion of the legs, maxillae,
and antenna-. Poulton's line is at a considerable distance from the edge
of the forewings, the raised nervures ending thereat. The apices of the
wings extend just beyond the abdominal incision, -4-5, on the anterior
edge of the 5th abdominal segment. The oth, 6th, and 7th abdominal
segments are united, but clearly defined by their incisions, but the 8th,
9th, and 10th are very closely welded, especially in the median area,
where are the reproductive organs, although laterally their distinction is
evident; the anus is distinct, and the cremaster shows as a short.broad,.

240

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

termiual spike, black in colour, and ends in two blunt points, separated
by a marked median depression. Lateralli/ : The frons is con-
spicuous ; the glazed eye appears to be somewhat depressed ; the bases
of the antennae have scarcely any traces of the segmentation that
becomes marked towards the centre and apex ; the lumen of the pro-
thoracic spiracle is covered by a slightly projecting ear-like lobe ; the
base of the forewing forms a marked shoulder ; the hindwing, broader at
base, shows as a narrow slip to the end of the inner margin, ending at
the anal angle ; the 2nd abdominal spiracle, entirely, and the 3rd
abdominal spiracle, partly, covered by the hindwing ; the 4th to 8th
abdominal spiracles rather small, with a more solid chitinous rim of
the tint of the ordinary covering, the lumina of the 3rd to 7th
abdominals guarded by a tiny longitudinal raised rim of greyer colour
than rest of spiracle ; the cremaster with a quite blunt appearance
when viewed laterally. — [Described July 10th, 1903, with ordinary
pocket lens. The pupa received from Mr, H. Powell, HyeresJ . —

J. W. TUTT.

Pupa of Melanargia galathea var. procida. — [Received from Mr.
H.Powell, June 14th, 1903. J — Semitranslucent texture, pale terra-
cotta colour, almost Hesh-colour, having a strong pinky tinge. Head,
wings, and appendages almost transparent, and these form the greater
part of the pupal surface. Dorsum of thorax somewhat similar, but
rather opaque ; abdomen yelloAver and solider looking. Length
14*5mm., of which from front to end of wings and proboscis is
12-3mm. ; at 3mm. from front the diameter is 4-5nim., thence it
enlarges quite regularly to 10mm. from front, where the diameter is
6mm. at forward bulge of wings, and thence it tapers rapidly and
regularly to base of anal spike, 14mm., but rather more in front.
Ventral face of anal spike is rather behind, but parallel with, axis of
pupa ; dorsal face curved, but not in continuation of dorsal aspect of
pupa, from which it breaks a little by some straightening of the line,
giving a reentering curvature at its base. Ventral line straight (along
proboscis) from within 1mm. or 2mm. of front, down to 9mm.
from front, where dorsal curvature begins ; highest dorsal point of thorax
S'omm. from front, whence it slopes down to apex in a regular
curve. Metathorax gives a definite waist, a hollow in the dorsal
outline between the points 3'omm. and 6*5mm. from front, and 0-5mm.
deep at 5mm. from front. From points 7mm. -10mm. from the front, the
dorsal line fiat, then, after a sharp curve, slopes rather than curves to base
of spike. The wings wrap very far round the pupa, leaving a narrow
dorsum, so that, viewed dorsally, both wings are visible at once right
down to 4th alxlominal segment, and, seen laterally at 5mm. from front
(bottom of waist), 4mm. of antero-posterior diameter is wing, 0"5mm. is
1st abdominal segment, and at 9mm. (nearly thickest part of pupa),
5"0mm. is wing, l-3mm. is 3rd abdominal segment. The pupa has no
movable joints, and its only dark portions are the anal spike and large ear-
like black lappets, behind 1st spiracles. These are very conspicuous and
marked features of the pupa ; they stand out about 0*4mm. and are
about 0-6mm. wide ; rounded, they are attached to the mesothorax,
forming the posterior lip of the spiracle ; at first view, they present a
flat face, looking directly forwards, and this is the case, except that a deep
hollow leading to spiracle is scooped out of the centre of the flat area.
The prothorax has no similar structure at all. The surface of the ear is

PRACTICAL HINTS. 241

closely and minutely pitted. The other dark portion is the anal spike,
which is of ordinary chitinous brown. The anal spike is rather broad,
and sinks into the general surface by brown wrinklings that make it
difficult to say whether it should be called 0-5nim. or 1-Omni. long.
Its ventral face forms a rather deep recess, with a distad face for the
anal scar, and nearly at right angles to this a ventrad face like an
arched alcove, with prominent corrugated sides, and beyond it a short
square piece, longitudinally striate, terminating in a transverse ridge,
the end of the spike, about 0-3mm. across, and carrying half a dozen or
so (some seem broken ofi) minute straight spines, not hooked in any
way. The ^ tubercles are obvious, but are low. flat, and colourless,
and quite close to the anal scar, and, between the ends of pillars flank-
ing the ventral hollow of the anal spine. This is all, so to speak,
included in the fact that of the 14-5mm. the pupa is long, the ventral
length of the last six abdominal segments (including anal spike 1mm.)
is only 2-8mm. The bases of the antennae are very close together
dorsally. The first leg is a very small scrap l-5mm. long, the second
7*0mm. The antennas just fall short (by O'Hmm.) of wings and
maxilhf . The cheeks (mandibles'?) meet in the middle line, cutting oft'
the labrum (as a triangular piece) from the maxilla;. The glazed eyes
are well marked, and face a little forward of ventrad. jMaxillae, legs,
and antennae have transverse markings, faint, but slightly darker than
ground, and apparently accompanied by an impressed line. Those on
antenna^ very regular, marking segments. The wings are more dis-
tinctly marked by transverse waved lines, in something of the manner
of the wing of ( Vm»s, purely transverse basally, centrally rather as
netting by the addition of a good many longitudinal lines, and fading out
in the hind fourth of the wing. The lines are partly in colour partly in
texture. The neuration is marked by raised ribs, but so slight that one
can hardly be quite sure they exist. The wings are so transparent that
the trachefe of the primitive neuration are easily seen, at least towards
the hind margin, with some difficulty as to light also towards the base,
and some possibility of confusion from those of the hindwing being
also more or less visible. Poulton's line is marked by a difterence of
tone and a suggestion of an angle, quite distinct, but how is not very
evident. Hindwing pushes back spiracle of 2nd abdominal, and
ends behind that of 3rd. The dorsal sculpture is very fine wrinkling,
rather transverse in front, tending to be longitudinal behind. There
is down the abdomen a faint dorsal line, darker, with a tendency to a
yellow patch on each segment. There is a similar yellow tendency as
a subdorsal line, and below this (line of tubercle iii ?) a shade similar
to the dorsal one, and like it marked on 6, 7 and 8, by an actual
tendency to a faint darker coloration. — T, A. Chapman, M.D., Betula,
Reigate.

JP^RACTICAL HINTS*.

Field work for September and October.

1. — Towards the end of September the pupse — and in late seasons
larvae — of Peronea loi/iana may be found in " pockets " in screwed-up

• " Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist," Pts. I and II each contain
acme 1250 practical hints similar to these, but relating chiefly to the Maoro-
lepidoptera. Interleaved for collector's own notes. Price 6s. each part.

242 THE entomologist's RECORD.J

leaves of Viburniun lantana. Unless the papas are removed from the
leaves, crippled imagines are likely to be bred.

2. — During the last fortnight of September larvae of Phoxopter>jx
flerasaiia are to be obtained on l^haninus fraiiiftda. These larvse draw
together the sides of a leaf, causing it to strongly resemble the seed-
vessel of a leguminous plant. Larvte must be kept out of doors
during the winter, as they do not pupate until the spring, and if kept
in doors would in all probability die.

3. — Phoxojitcri/,f apupana larvfe occur on Betula alba during
September. A good account of their manner of feeding Avill be
found in the Ent. Mo. Maff., vol. xxvi., p. 192. The treatment of the
larvcB is similar to those of P. derasana.

4. — At the end of September imagines of Paedisca n/ikthalmicana
occur on the trunks of various species of poplar. It is best to work
for them in the morning, and, if possible, to select a dull day ; after
mid-day, or in bright weather, they give one little chance to " box "
them, being very skittish and having an unpleasant habit of Hying oflf
so as to place the trunk between themselves and their would-be
captor.

5. — LarVfC of Stif/monota neimna are to be found from the
commencement of October between united leaves of Fafiiin Ki/lratica.
The joined leaves are easily seen by standing under the trees and
looking up through their branches.

6. — If the discoloured rose-hips are gathered during the first
fortnight of October and enclosed in a box with pieces of virgin
cork, a goodly supply of iStit/nionota nenuarana will most likely be the
result. When the larvae have formed their cocoons in the cork they
must be put out of doors.

7. — The last week in September is the best time to collect larvae
of Catoptria alhersana, which are to be found in folded leaves of
IjOnicera perkiyniewini.

8. — By gathering seed-heads of Lactnca lirosa from the middle to
the end of September, the larvae of Catoptria contenninana may be
secured. Place the seed-heads in a flower-pot half filled with light
soil, and the larvae will readily pupate in it.

9. — A bag full of flower-heads of Artemisia maritima collected from
a salt-marsh will generally result in a quantity of (Jatoptria iviinmerana
being reared.

10. — Xijlopoda pariana is now out, and in its restricted haunts is
often common. Like A', fahriciana it is fond of sitting (in the sunshine)
on flowers of Compositac. During sunless days it may be obtained by
Ideating thatches into a net or an umbrella.

11. — During October a visit to a pond or stream in which Alisma
planta^io is growing will often result in larvae of hhipoccilia alismana
being found in the stems of the plants. Tenanted stems should be
tied into a bundle and left exposed to the weather until the following
May.

12. — The larvae of Xotiatois siabiusdlus are to be secured at this
season feeding on the seeds of Scahiosa arrcmia. The species is almost
entirely confined to downs.

13. — Larvte of Sivamnierdaynmia (/liseocapitella occur about mid-
October on Betida alba. The larvffi spin silken pads on the upper
surfaces of leaves, causing them to slightly contract. The best time

I

NOTES ON COLLECTING.

243

to find them is in the early morning, as then the dew is resting on the
silken pads, which are made most conspicuous.

14. — About the middle of October larvae of Coleophorafuscocuprella
are making numerous small blotches on the under-surfaces of leaves of
< 'orylus aviilana. These larvas should be wintered in the open, as
pupation does not take place until the following spring. It is useless
to collect larvfe found feeding in the early summer, as these, without
■exception, contain parasites.

15.- — At this season leaves of all trees and low-growing plants
should be most carefully examined for various lAthocnllctis, and
Nepticxda mines and blotches.

:ig^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Scarcity of Theclid larv-e in 1903. — This year there has been,
according to my experience, a great scarcity of Theclid larvse. On
May 10th I rode to Monk's Wood, Huntingdonshire, and beat for two
or three hours. Very few larvae of any description fell into the tray,
and, of the species that was the main object of the outing, viz., Theda
pnmi, I did not get a single larva. The minuteness of those larvae
which did fall into the tray led me to believe that I was too early, so
■on May 31st 1 again visited Monk's Wood to have another try, but,
iilthough I beat for several hours, I did not obtain a single larva of
either T. pnini or Zephi/nii^ hetulae. Not to be beaten (like the larvae)
1 again returned on .Tune 11th, hoping this time to get a take of Z.
letiilae, but alas, for my hopes, three hours' hard beating brought one
Z. betulaf from Prnnia^ roinmiinis, and another from QHerciis mbur.
On July 12th I again visited the wood, this time for the imagines of
r.pruni; my take for the whole day was six males and one female. —
E. Crisp, 31, Union Road, Cambridge.

Exposed position for puparia of Porthethia dispar. — Whilst
walking down from Evolene to Useigne, on the morning of August
13th, I discovered, on a couple of long boards that were being used as
fencing at the side of the road, about two dozen puparia of Porthetria
dispar. The cocoon was of the flimsiest possible character, and, in
two or three cases, the pupaa hung suspended by the cremastral append-
ages. Most of the imagines had emerged, but seven apparently full ones
Avere taken, and from these I have bred, to date, six fine ichneumons,
one species with a broad white ring on the antennfe, and yesterday a
single 2 P- di'^par emerged. — J. W. Tutt. Awjust 25f/', 1903.

Lepidoptera at Clandon. — On July 18th eight members of the
City of London Entomological Society visited Clandon. Although it
rained for nearly an hour after arrival, a gleam of sunshine for some
five minutes brought out a large number of insects, and it was really
•surprising to notice how rapidly they appeared on the wing. Four
Arijynnis o.ijlaia were observed almost immediately. Enodia hyper-
anthm was swarming, and in fresh condition ; Kpinephdc tithonns was
just out, and in exceedingly good order, whilst K. junira was abundant,
jind flying even in the rain. ThynwUcns thauuias (liiira) was abun-
dant and fresh, whilst a <? Polyomwatus corydoii was in the nature
^)f a surprise, the date being exceedingly early— the commencement of
August is a very fair date. Metrocanipa maryaritaria, newly-emerged,
was taken on a pine-trunk, and of such a splendid green tint as is
rarely seen in nature ; whilst a specimen of Apleda mbulosa was also

244 THE kntojiologist's rkcord.

taken at rest on pine. Larvae of Kachelia jacobaeae were on every
head of ragwort. Other species were taken by other members of the
party. No doubt a visit at this time of the year, under more sunny
conditions, would provide a good bag for everyone. — C. P. Pickett,
F.E.S., 99, Dawlish Road, Leyton. Juli/ 2itl,, 1903.

On the pairing of Angerona prunaria. — I have this year obtained
two batches of fertile ova from two females fertilised by the same
male, the pairings having taken place on June 14th and 15th. During
the last live years I have had several males pair a second time, but in
every case, except this, so far as I remember, the second pairing has
been infertile. I have also had five pairings this year result in
infertile ova, although copulation, in every case, lasted from twelve
to twenty-four hours, and the normal number of eggs was laid.
Probably their being the fifth year's inbred stock had something to
do with this, the result possibly being due to some weakness, although
the moths paired were among the largest I have ever bred.— Ibid.

URRENT NOTES.

A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at the Hand and
Spear Hotel, Weybridge, on the evening of July 17th, when ^Ir. G. T.
Porritt was the host. Mr. Porvitt is to be congratulated on the
selection of a lovely spot, dear to the hearts of naturalists, on the
borders of a fine stretch of heather-clad moor, at which to
entertain his friends. Supper was served at 7 p.m. That we
were ourselves quite unavoidably prevented from attending this
most enjoyable meeting is a matter of the greatest regret to us
personally. The meetings of the Entomological Club are the only
feature we have now to represent the social life of our entomologists.
The South London Entomological Society no longer holds its annual
dinner, and the Entomological Society of London has not yet seen its
way to have one.

Our respected correspondent, Mr. W. D. Kearfott, proposes to
attempt a revision of the North American Tortricids, in which little
has been done now for some years. He has already a large number
of North American species, and some 150 species belonging to the
Continent of Europe. He is desirous of adding to the latter (including
British) as many species as possible. Anyone who has duplicates of
Continental and British species to spare would be doing much to
forward our knowledge of the group if they would forward the same
to Mr. W. D. Kearfott, 114, 116, and 118, Liberty Street, New
York, U.S.A.

On July 4th the annual visit of the members of Council and other
Fellows of the Entomological Society of London took place, at the
kind invitation of Professor E. B. Poulton. All met at the Museum
in the afternoon, where tea was dispensed by Mrs. and Miss Poulton.
In the evening the whole party dined at Jesus College, being Professor
Poulton's guests, and a most enjoyable evening was spent. On Sunday,
besides interesting visits to the Museum, the usual tea party was held
up the River Chard in the afternoon. At night, at the invitation of
Dr. Dixey, all met at Wadham College. The following entomologists
were present : — Messrs. H. Rowland Brown, A. J. Chitty, H. St. J. K.
Donisthorpe, H. Druce, H. Goss, R. McLachlan, S. A. Neave, Edward
Saunders, Professor Meldola, and the Rev. F. D. Morice.

CURRENT NOTES. 245

M. Henri de Saussure has recently published an article which adds
materially to our knowledge of the Kmuaxtandae. It is entitled,
" Analecta Eutomologica, XL Notice sur la Tribu des Eumastaciens "
{licvite Suisae de Zoulo//w, T. ii., 1903, pp. 43-112, pi. 13). The
author adds a new species to the recently restored genus, P/n/Uochoreia,
Westwood, and, in a synoptical table, suggests a new genus for the two
species, Plaijiotriptus rotundifram, Burr, and P. insnlaris, Burr, but
he neither characterises (except in the table) nor names it. Choroetypus
he again examines ; he comes to the conclusion that C. fencntratus of
Brunner (from Borneo) is a distinct species, and that the C. fenes-
tratKH of Burr is probably identical with C. Iiaanii, Brunner, of
which C. fiallinacetis, Fabr., of Brunner, is probably a variety, rightly
united by Burr with the C. fenestratns of Brunner. As a matter of
fact, the C. fenestrattis of Serville, which is the type of the genus,
probably includes several species, hence the consequent confusion ;
the real C. feurstrattis of Serville is a native of India, whereas the
('. fenestratKs of Brunner and Burr is from Borneo; Serville's species,
also, has the distinct transparent spot through the pronotum, which
Burr suggests may be highly variable, and too unstable to be used as a
specific character. De Saussure appears to have found the real C.
fenestratiis of Serville, that is the Indian form ; while the specimens
recorded under this name from Borneo by Brunner and Burr are
probably a distinct species, very likely C. haanii, Brunner, or some
allied form. The C. fenestratiis of de Haan appears certainly to be
the same as C. haanii of Brunner, quite distinct from Serville's
species. M. de Saussure then considers the true identity of
(.'. (/allinaceus, Fabr. He agrees with Brunner in separating (:.
tfallinaceits from C. tiionachm^: Burr unites Brunner's C. nionaelins with
his ('. (lallinaceioi, Haan ; de Saussure decides that the C. tfallinaceus
of de Haan and Burr is a true species, namely, C. wonachn^i, Brunner,
while C. tiaUinact-as of Brunner is a distinct and good species ;
('. ceyluniciis, Karsch, he ranges in OrchetypKS : and to Scirtotypu!^ he
adds a species, S. finoti, from the Gaboon, the first African species of
the genus ; to the Eriantliites he adds the genns Henri eriant/i its, with.
the single species H. gabonicus, Sauss., the first of the family to be
described from Africa ; to Erianthm he adds four new species, all
Asiatic. The difficult genus Krucius, Stal., is rearranged, and two
new species from Borneo are described. The curious South Indian
genus Ma.stacide.s, Bolivar, receives a new species from the same
locality. The family Episactitea is enriched by Parepisaetm mltator,
from Costa Rica and Guatemala, and by an Old World form, Mallayassa
(n.g.) coniceps, from Madagascar. Among the Enmastacites proper,
E. dentatus, from Costa Rica, is new, as also Parawasta.v hrevipennis,
P. taeniata, and P. facialis, all from tropical America ; a new
genus, named Scirtomastax, is erected for an apterous form, 8.
cordillerae, in which we must probably range the apterous forms
Eitmastax surinaina and E. rosenberyi. Burr. An anomalous genus,
Xantliomastax, is erected for A', crassipes, from the Northern Celebes,
and A', fnrcatiis, from New Guinea. If this be a true member of this
family, it is the first Old World form ; it differs in many respects from
true Eumastax, but appears to be more nearly allied to it than to any
other genus. In the Therideites, the genus EuacJimidtia is enlarged by
the addition of six species, all from Madagascar, The article from the
pen of this veteran orthopterist is a welcome addition to our know-

24G

THE entomologist's RECORD.

ledge of the KumaHtaeidie, which are some of the most curious and
least- known grasshoppers.

In the Knt. Mo. Mwj., p. 197, Dr. Sharp adds a Syrphid flv
U>a,mes!/rplu,s Imitaniens, Mik, to the British list, on the strenc^th
ot a specnnen captured at Boat o'Garten, in Inverness, in July 1902 •
previously it had only been recorded from Cintra.

Dr. Sharp also adds a longicorn, Tetropiinn fuscum, Fab., to the British
list, a single specimen being taken on June 20th, 1903, at Brockenhurst
A note by Mr. F. Littler {Enton,., p. 218) on the life-history of the
iasmanian Psychid, Entometa ypwbUh, contains some remarkable
statements, one of which reads as follows: "The males
are remarkable for the length of the abdomen, the power they have'
of elongating It, and the manner in which the,/ la.h it from side to shie
Ihe 2 s never leave the cases, but simply place the pustenor end of the
abdomen close to the lower aperture of the case. The c? , when ready to
change to the pupa state, reverses its position in the case, so that its
bead IS close to the lower aperture. The J , on the other hand
P'ipates m the same position as when a larra. The young are brouo-ht
\ovih, not in the emi state, but as minute larvae, which, if one is fortunate
enough, ma;/ be seen issuin;/ in immense numbers from the bodi/ of the 9
each letting itself down by a slender thread of silk, it being soon
wafted to some leaf of the tree." We should like some competent
observer, who knows the peculiarities of the Psychid economy to
verify those statements that we have italicised. For ourselves we can
only say that it appears to us that Mr. Littler has accumulated almost
all the errors of observation possible in the space at disposal, all of
which, too, have been supposed to have been made before on other
species, and all of which have been more than once rectified by
careful observation. We have discussed in detail {Hritish Le,rido„tera
• flu^ ; ^^ I "" structure of the Psychid ^ abdomen. (2) The position
ot the $ in the case when pairing takes place. (8) The reversal of all
Psychid larvae after finally spinning down the case, and before
pupation (4) The similarity of the $ 's egg-mass with the 9 's dead
shrivelled body on top, to the newly-emerged $ full of e^^^^s (5) The
hatching of the young larv* from eggs laid within the" ease after
copulation. Of course, it may be that Mr. Littler is right only
similar statements have always hitherto proved to be erroneous

^ Comparatively few years ago the compilation of A Cafalo,/ue of the
toccidaeo/ the H orld- would not have been a very serious undertaking,
but such enormous strides have been recently made in the study of
these msects that the work produced under this title by Mrs. Maria
11.. l^ernald, M.A., occupies no fewer than 860 pages, and enumerates
(with their synonymy) 1514 species. Apart from the great difficulty
of determining which are really synonyms in such a confessedly
puz^zling group, a task that must have often taxed the talented
authoi;ess to the utmost, the mere compilation of the Catalooue \s a
gigantic piece of work. Her special reference to the help rendered by
Professor T. D. A. Cockerell is, we doubt not, fully deserved. No one
has done more than he in studying and helping others to study this
difhcult group and the references m Mrs. Fernald's Cafalo^nw illustrate
the share that he, Mr. Ernest Green, and other workers have taken
in the marvel ous progress made in the knowledge of the Coccids
during the last decade.

Published by Carpenter and Morehouse, Amherst, Mass., U.S.A.

A TRIP TO CORSICA AND THE ALPES MARITIME!?. 24?

A Trip to Corsica and the Alpes Maritimes.

Part I. — Corsica.
By H. ROWLAND-BEOWN, M.A., F.E.S.
This year the eccentricities of the British climate prompted an
expedition far afield, and the decision to seek the sunny south was
fully justified in so far as climatic conditions were concerned. The cold
winds and low temperatures, the torrential downpours and leaden skies
of early April, extended far beyond the usual northern limits ; the
dreary June weather, which put the finishing touches to our entomo-
logical hopes at home, played havoc also with winged creatures even
as far south as the Mediterranean. The principal effect, however, was
to retard species, and it was really remarkable to find in July, both in
Corsica and the Alpes Maritimes, butterflies fresh on the wing, which
are usually to be looked for at least a month sooner. Five or six hours'
rain in a month's travel, compares well with the depressing inches of
the British Islands, and it seems, therefore, the more remarkable too,
that people, even those who have the misfortune not to collect insects,
should persistently take their holidays within the rainy zone, nowhere
more marked in a bad season than in the Alps of Central Europe. At
least, that is my experience, and I resisted the temptation of more than
one pleasant travelling invitation to strike out fresh woods and
pastures new, in lands where the sun's "gold complexion" is more
often " dimmed " than not. Let me take up the parable somewhere
south of Lyons with a glimpse of Goneptcrij.r drnpatra and Pontia
dapUdicf, seen from the train window in the neighbourhood of Avignon,
on the early morning of July 10th, a morning cloudless and exhilara-
ting with the dry, fine heat of the Midi. No time for entomological
observations in Marseilles, but a visit to the Universal Provider, who
sells white umbrellas for half-a-crown, luncheon at a cool hotel, and a
drive to the docks, attended by every attempt at extortion, of which
the combined genius of cabby and boatman is capable, even to the
extent of swearing the pontoon bridge is broken, and a cockleshell
the only means of reaching the Corsican steamer lying upon the
opposite side of the basin. I protested a liking for ruins, but needless
to add the bridge was sound enough, and eventually I found myself on
the good ship "Thibet " — ^an improvement on the little, stuffy tramps
that usually ply between Marseilles and Ajaccio — witnessed a gorgeous
sunset upon the low red rocks and barren headlands of Provence, and
as Mr. Pepys has it, ' so to bed ' and slept so soundly, that they were
warping us in at the quay-side when I awoke, to recognise Corsica by
the fragrance of her million aromatic flowers. My Baedeker, an
ancient edition, contained ample warning against the exactions of the
longshore men. Happily I got my impedimenta through the Douane
without trouble, and my baggage safely stowed in the railway-station,
whence the train for Vizzavona would bear me at noon. The interval
I proposed to fill up with my net and pill-boxes, and a large tin collect-
ing-case provided for the reception of Lharaxes jasins, and other wide-
winged butterflies duly recorded in Kane, and the entomological con-
tributions of Messrs. A. H. Jones and Standen. However, C.jasius did
not put in an appearance here or anywhere else, and I was soon made
aware that, as is the case with most insular faunae, the likeliest look-
ing localities are not unseldom unproductive. Following, meanwhile, a
October 15tii, 190:!.

248 THE entomologist's record.

little path, which apparently led to the hills, through innumerable
market-gardens with promising " wastes " well-flowered and treed, I
took, or noticed almost at once, the truly Corsican Faraiuje Diei/aera
var. tif/diiis, but the brood was going over, and, expecting to find
better specimens higher up (which I did not), I left this interesting
form alone to investigate the few Lyctpnids on the wing. These consisted
of a fine race of I'oli/ioiuiiatiis icanm, P. /lylaa, in prime condition,
and a beautiful brightly bordered P. axtrarche. Pontia daplkUce was also
common, with Cri/sophauHa dorilis and ( '. pJdaeas hardly distinguish-
able from the type. FJpinepheh' tithnnus with E. var. Iiispidla com-
pleted the butterflies I noticed on the wing, and, this being the case,
I was not tempted to continue my investigations longer under the then
vertical rays of the sun. The railway to Vizzavona runs for the greater
part of the four hours' journey through the Maquis — with occasional
breaks of chestnut-shaded villages, and, at the lower levels, eucalyptus-
circled stations. First a gorgeous yellow -blossomed cactus, then
arbutus, clematis and broom are the most conspicuous all along,
and it is only on the southern side of the tunnel which pierces La
Foce, that the pine-woods begin. The Hotel Monte d'Oro, where I
stayed nearly a fortnight, is about three-quarters of an hour's walk
through the forest from Vizzavona station, and, in the hot season, at any
rate, is preferable, standing as it does at an altitude approaching oOOOft.,
to the more handily situated hotel, hard by the railway. I may add that
M. Budtz, the proprietor and his wife, showed me every attention, and,
having over many years entertained the passing bug-hunter, gave me a
warm welcome and most comfortable quarters. By 5 o'clock I was on
the mountain-side, and had made my first acquaintance with two more
Corsican specialities, Coenonj/mpha corinna and A(jlai.s urticae var.
ichnusa, the larvte of which latter species swarmed on the nettles grow-
" ing by the roadside. The hills, however (closely grazed and treeless
above a very moderate level), did not prove productive at any time, but
under the old fort which commands the pass, and on the "nek " itself,
Plebehts arijiis (aei/nn) var. cornea, with its beautiful blue-splashed
females, occurs in profusion, and i'ln-ywplianun jddaeas var. eletn^ very
dusky and well ocellated. An inspection made at home of my series,
leads me to suppose that the type ? P. artins {aci/on of our older lists)
accompanies the variety, for I have one female which is certainly normal
on the underside, but as certainly cor.stVa on the upper, and seems more
nearly to correspond to the var. bdla of Herrich-Schilfter. Unfortu-
nately I omitted to notice whether the type was flying in the lowlands
at Ajaccio. My impression, however, is that, at this season, Corsica is
confined to the loftier and better-watered country, occurring most plen-
tifully on the bracken and in other places on the hillsides. The number
of insects peculiar to Corsica and Sardinia is limited. It was in search
for one or two at least of them, that I set out on .July 13th — a cloudless
day — down towards Bocognano, the first station and a thriving village
on the Ajaccio side of the Vizzavona tunnel. The first hour or so yielded
next to nothing, beyond species already enumerated, but presently,
passing towards the arbutus zone, where the railway banks were gay
with the universal golden heliocrysum, matters mended somewhat.
Here Dri/as paphia turned up, and I was pleased to note that the
form approached the var. innnacidata (ananjyra), some females being
entirely devoid of the underside silver- wash. A backhander at a

A TRIP TO CORSICA AND THE AI-PES MARITIMKS. 2i9

chance fritillary, which I suppof?ed to be the more common J.s.sor/a
lathnnia, turned out to be a male of An/i/nnifi elisa, a bold flyer,
evidently fresh upon the wing, and thus, judgiiio; from previous
records, close on a month late. This is a very difficult insect to catch,
especially as, at this period, the males appear to settle but seldom, and
once missed you will not easily have the opportunity of a second shot
without patient waiting. Yet I found that with this, as with so many
other butterflies, it appeared to have its "beat," and here, evey quarter
of an hour or so, a specimen would crop up. On the railway-sleepers,
which I found afterwards to be a favourite basking-place of the species,
I took my first Sati/riis neoDii/ris, also perfectly fresh, and late in emer-
gence. The " blues " were decidedly scarce — a fine bold form oiPohj-
oin Hiatus icarns (the females remarkably large and distinct as to constitute
a variety), P. ht/la.s, P. astrarc/w, and a very occasional /'. baton, consti-
tuted the bag. Unfortunately on this, as so many other days during my
stay, the weather hazed in, and, next day, the only rain experienced in my
five weeks' journeying swept up from the sea and enveloped La Foce
in a misty deluge. A second visit to Ajaccio was as unsuccessful,
entomologically, as my first, the lowland herbage being practically
burnt up, and the thistles, to my surprise, unvisited even in the most
promising spots. The 16th was probably the best day I had of many
most enjoyable in the island. I am the less likely to forget it, as,
almost before I had unfurled my net upon the railway to walk from
Vizzavona to Tattone, I stumbled upon a perfect male Papilio
JiospitDn, which I had been led to expect here from the previously noted
abundance of fennel. This, with two battered females which I
released, was, however, the sole example of this splendid butterfly
captured, and though I saw, stalked and actually missed one
other, all in the same region, I could neither hit upon another
specimen, nor find the ova or larv?^ on the foodplant. Walking down
the line which appears to be used by the inhabitants as a highway as
well, N. ncoiin/ris occurred fairly plentifully, but always singly.
( 'alias ((l KM! , the var. hdice, and ( '. Iti/alc were also abundant, while the
woods between the river and the railway swarmed with Dnjas jia/ihia,
but little else. Close to the hotel, however, on the older flowers, a
very beautiful form of ( i/aniyin ari/ioliis was flying, the upper wings of
the female almost wholly black, and the discoidal spot very distinctly
marked. Here also I noticed I'lirauwis atalanta, P. canlni, fresh and
fine, and a single Vanessa in, a butterfly which I am given to understand
is not usually included in the Corsican lists. Lanijiiiles hoeticns on the
broom, now radiant Avith a wealth of golden blossom, and near the
station Lainpules telUanus (which I personally did not take) were also
in evidence. On this ground I collected two or three days. It was
certainly the most productive locality, the females of Ai-;ii/nnis cUsa
turning up on July 21st, and N. ncmin/yis by that date noted as
abundant. On the 20th, I also netted a single S. semcle var. aristaciis,
evidently the first of its race at this altitude, and I should mention
that, of the commoner things, Lcptulia sinapis, Kpincjilwlc Utltunus,
Paranje ei/cria and ( 'ocnonipnpJia pauiphiliis var. li/lltis were generally
abundant. On -July 22nd, I shifted my headquarters for a couple of
days to Corte, the central town of the island, as picturesque a spot as
you might find, but with an evil pre-eminence in the way of smells,
only to be escaped and forgotten in the beautiful hills and chestnut

250 THE entomologist's recoed.

forests with which the converging valleys of the Tavignano and the
Restonica are made beautiful. Close to the station and between it
and the town bridge there is a curious sort of common waste ; i:)art of
it used is a convenient rendezvous for cattle and market ; the rest runs
wild with those aromatic herbs which not only make the desert smile
in Corsica, but convert it into a sweet-scented garden of pleasant
colour and refreshing odours. The railway banks looked promising,
but yielded next to nothing, though Mr. H. C. Lang, my companion on
this and many another enjoyable expedition, was good enough to
point me out Einnejiltele Ida, which, otherwise, I should certainly have
overlooked. But here, also, Pararne var. tii/elius was worn and
tattered, and the brambles and vineyards were mainly filled with
A', var. Inapidla and such smaller fry. On the aforesaid common,
however, there was more distinctive variety. I bagged a fine female,
DnjciK pawhira, almost at once oft" a thistle, missed at least a couple
more, and boxed also Sj/richthus mo var. therapne, reported a common
insect, but only found for this once by me. Next day, on the way to
the Tavignano Valley, I noticed many 1). pandora, especially in the
neighbourhood of the fort which commands the whole town on a bold
acropolis of rock. Along the path, too, Satyr us semele var. aristae us was
common enough, while Papilio iiiacJiaon, Satijrtis ctVce,and S.cordida also
turned up. The lovely fountain in the chestnut wood, which provided
us with a welcome shelter from the heat of the day, as well as a bath,
" splendidior vitro," also reintroduced us to the fine form of C. anjiolns,
but here our collecting, so far as Corsica was concerned, came to an
end, and next day found me at Bastia in a perfect tornado of wind,
which put all hopes of a last hunt on these coasts out of the
question, and left me looking somewhat doubtfully toward Elba with
mixed anticipations of the night to come in the Nice steamboat, the
inconvenience of which, however, was due far more to the intense
heat between decks than to any attentions on the part of Father
Ocean — notoriously a rough customer to encounter oft" Cape Corso,
where ihe last lights of the " Island of Unrest" at length receded
from my view.

I have only been able to deal very briefly with that limited part of
the entomological fauna which drew me to Corsica. At this point,
however, I may conclude my account of this first part of my summer
tour with a full list of the rhopalocera observed or captured, some 48
species in all — a not very imposing catalogue, but containing all of
the Corsican- Sardinian specialities except Ktichloi' tafjis var. insularis,
which is, of course, an earlier insect, and K)iinipliele nuray, which I
have never heard of as an inhabitant of the French island.

Papilionid.e. — I'apiUo Jwspiton, P. iiuichaou, P. podalirias.

PiERiD.E. — Aporia crataei/i, Pieris brassicae, P. rapae, Pontia
daplidice (I do not remembei', nor have I noted P. napi), Leptidia
sinapis, (Jolias hijale, C. cdusa and ab. helice, Gonepteryx deopatra.

Nymphalid.e. — Pyramvis atalanta, P. cardiii, Vanessa io, Aylais
nrticae var. ichnnsa, Polyyonia c-albinn, hsoria latonia, Argynnis elisa,
Dryas paphia and var. iininactilata [anaryyra), D. pandora, Satyrns
circe, S. alcyone, S, senwle var. aristaens, S. neoinyris, Pararye vieyaera
var. tiyelius, P. maera, P. eyeria, Epinephele Jurtina and var.
hispulla, E. tithonus, E. ida, Coenonympha anania, C. corinna,
C. pamphilus and gen. gestiv. lyllm.

REVISION OF THE EUROPEAN ALUCITIDES. 251

LyCiENiD.i:. — Thecla ilicis var. acaculi (?), Callo])hrijs riihi, Clirysn-
j)hantis dorilis, C. phlaeas gen. aestiv. eleus, Lampiiirs hoeticuH, L.
telicaniis, Plebeiiis arnns (?) and var. Corsica, Poli/oiiniiati(s baton,
P. antrarche gen. aestiv. calida {aestiva), P. icarns, I'. Injlas, L'ltjiiilo
)in'ninii(s (?), Cijaniris ari/iolitn.

Hesperiid.e. — Hesperia sao var. thcrapne and IL alvciis.

Revision of the European Alucitides.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

It is now some fourteen years since the MSS. of the rtcroji/iorina
(if Ihitaiu was written, and when this was done it was rather with the
idea of its being useful to the field lepidopterist than to the more
scientific zoologist. Many of the points there dealt with have since
been worked out in fuller detail ; a greater number of collectors of the
group has added largely to our knowledge of the distribution of the
species ; Dr. Chapman has shown that the group structurally has no
close connection with the Pyrales with which it has been linked ; but
of real scientific details, relating to the individual species, we are
almost as much in the dark as we were when the book was written.

With the help of a number of our more scientific micro-
lepidopterists and general zoologists — Messrs. A. W. Bacot, E. R.
Bankes, B. A. Bower, J. H. ^Durrant, L. B. Prout, Dr. T. A.
Chapman, Lord Walsingham, and many others — I propose to revise
the whole group (h novo during the next twelve months. For this
purpose a large quantity of material in all the early stages is wanted.
A glance at Meyrick's Handbook, pp. 430-442, would suggest that
none of our British plumes laid eggs, and that few had pupae, whilst
even Fernald's excellent work {The Pterophoridae of North America)
does not touch these stages, and our own Pterophorina of Britain is
almost as illuminating on the ova of the species, so that here is our
first start. We want descriptions of almost all the ova of our British
plumes, or ova (newly-laid, if possible), for description. W^e say newly-
laid because they soon change colour. Those we have been able to
describe during the past few years are those of Ajidintis bcnnctii,
Kiicnemidophorus rhododactijlus, Plati/ptilia. (jonodactijla, (Xn/ptilus
teiicni, Marafiiiiarcha phaeodactijla, Oidematophorns Uthodactyla,
Leioptilus Ueniiiianiia, Aeiptilia r/alactodaetijla, A. tetradactijla, A.
haliodactijla, Mimacseoptilxs j)la;iiodactijli<s, and Aiiibli/ptilia acantlunJac-
tyla. Most of these descriptions have been made under difficult
circumstances, generally abroad, and without proper apparatus, and
none are so good that they could not be well duplicated ; but those
eggs of which no description is extant we would beg from our micro-
lepidopterists whenever they may get them. A living $ usually lays
freely ; a ? Ambhjptilia acanthi tdactijla, that partially recovered from
the effects of the ammonia on the setting-board, laid a small batch of
eggs ; Aeiptilia baliodactijla under similar conditions did likewise ; a
2 M. phacodacti/la often lays freely when confined in a pill-box, and
so do others. But although these are some of the methods of getting
eggs, the lepidopterist who will get an egg laid in situ on the foodplant
(either in nature or confinement) will be able to add some detail to our
knowledge on its " egglaying," which is wanted in almost every
species we have.

It is well known that the peculiarities in the arrangement of the

252 THE EN'TOJIOLOOISt's RECOKlu

tubercles of the newly-hatched larVfO of lepidoptera afford, in some
instances, some of the very best clues to their ontogenetic relationship.
I believe I am right in saying that there is no description extant of a
newly-hatched plume larva, and possibly no material for making one,
although " spiritualised " or " mounted " specimens would do as well
(or better) than living ones. There are two modes of describing
larvfe : — (1) To describe them structurally in order to be able to form
an idea of their relationship with other larvrt". (2) To describe them
superficially so as to know them when you see them. No one yet
has published a description, on the former lines, of a plume larva.
Of those described for the purpose of knowing the larva, those
of Mr. Porritt, Mr. Buckler, and Mr. South are well-done and
exceedingly useful ; but they are nearly all descriptions of the adult
larvae, and hence have rarely any hints as to the differences that occur in
the successive larval stadia, even in colour and markings. It is to get
some knowledge of these changes that we ask our lepidopterists to get
us now, or in the early spring, young larvae if possible, but if this be not
possible to get us adult larva' later. We have this week received from
Mr. Ovenden young larvae of Leinptilns lienii/ianiis, Af/distis beniictii,
and Aciptilia i/alactodacti/la, and these are the only species of young
larvte which we have yet obtained. We have already descriptions
(or material mounted) of adult larvse of A. bennetii, E. rhododacti/la,
P. (/oiiodactijla, M. phaeudacttjla, O. lithudactijla, L. Hiniigianus,
A. i/alactodactyla, and A. pentadacti/la, but young larvfe of these and
many others are now feeding, and we would ask our field-workers, who
know where these species live, to try to get us a specimen of each, if
only a single one, and tell us where they feed during the autumn months.

Of pup;e we also want many, and we further want to know where
pupation takes place in a state of nature. No descriptions of pupae
extant give us details that can be used for classificatory purposes, and,
more important, none give us the slightest clue as to the relationship
between the sette and warts found on the pupa and those found on the
larva, nor comparative lengths of the appendages and wings, nor modi-
fication of the headpiece and cremastral attachments. We have pupal
material of a sort of A. bemwtii, K. rhododacti/la, P. bertraiiii (the
yarrow species), P. isudacti/la, P. (/o)iodact!/la, A. avantliddactijla,
M. phaeodactyla, M. pterodactyla {fuscufs), (K lithudactijla, P. wonu-
dactyla, L. lieniyianus, L. tephradactyla, A. apilodactyla, A. yalactu-
dactyla, and A. pentad actyla. Not that our pup;e would not do well
enough with additional examples for comparison, still here again we
would urge that the species not mentioned are those most wanted.
We have also pupal cases of (>. dutana from Mr. Norgate and a little
doubtful material of other species, but living pup.c of (>. distana have
not yet been in our possession.

At the present moment A. acant/uidactyla, A. jnimtidactyla and
P. iiianoddctyla are in the imaginal stage, and we should like ? s for
eggs if any are available, and no doubt the golden -rod workers will
get larvse of L. osteodactyla from the flower- and seed-heads, rather
than L. tephradactyla, from the leaves. I do not wish to spare myself
in the fact that during the past twenty years I have had every possible
chance of accumulating material of many species, e.y., A. spilodactyla,
L. viicrodactyla, L. asteodactyla, L. tejtJiradactyla, P. woiiodactyla,
M. bipHHctidactyla, 0. teucrii, etc., which we are now absolutely without,

REVISION OF THK EUROPEAN ALUCITIDES. 253

but that, like most other unscientific workers, I thought that I could get
the material again at any time or that I should never want it. Still,
there is no country in the world that has so many good field-lepidop-
terists, and nowhere is more generosity shown in getting and giving
material for scientific work, and I have no doubt that in twelve months'
time, with average luck, most of the material wanted will have been
made available. Living (or preserved) material — eggs, larvae, and
pupye — should be sent direct to Dr. Chapman (Betula, Reigate) or Mr.
Bacot (154, Lower Clapton Road, N.E.), who, one can safely say, will
make as much out of it as anyone engaged in our study possibly can,
and not direct to me, as at best I am only a muddler at these little larvje.

The species of which one feels the earlier stages ought to be better
known are as follows : — Trichn/itilKs j/aliuluin (known in the imaginal
stage to the Rev. 0. P. Cambridge for years), I'latniitilia tesscradactijla
(known alive as British only to Mr. Kane and the Irish lepidopterists),
O.njiitibis (lisfaus (known to Mr. Norgate and Lord Walsingham),
(). pihixellae (known to Mr. Sydney Webb), Aciptilia tetrad act i/la
(partly worked out by Mr. Porritt and Mr. Bankes). A. tetradactyla and
A. haliodacti/la are on the Kentish chalk-hills, two of the very commonest
species, yet I believe I am right in saying that Messrs. Bower, Fenn, and
myself, who have worked ground where they occur freely for many years,
have never come across the larva? or pupae. Still more abundant in Kent,
perhaps, is 0.ri/ptili(s parmkn'tt/la, yet we are not sure that any British
lepidopterist has ever seen its egg, larva or pupa. We ourselves are
anxious that our northern lepidopterists — Mr. Home, Mr. Dalglish, Mr.
Routledge (and his Carlisle friends), etc. — should get us larvae of the
FlattiptiUa, allied to bertrami, which is said to feed in ragwort (Senecio),
and which is possibly distinct, whilst, in the same group, only one of
those lepidopterists who get larvae of P. mnlactyla can compare it with
those of F. bertrami on the one hand, and A. acanthodacti/la on the
other, to see whether these species really are, as some first-class entomolo-
gists aver, to be placed in the same genus. Mr. Austen, of Folkestone,
used to breed 1\ tetterstedtii, L. osteodactitla, L. tephradacttjla and
L. niicrodacti/la freely, and we have hopes that Mr. Purdey or some
other of our south-eastern collectors may help us here. It is very
doubtful from the larval habits whether L. lieniiiianm and L. tnicro-
dacti/la have any generic connection with L. oste(jdactijla and
L. tephradactijla, and comparison of the early stages has to be made.
Similarly, the connection between A. jtentadactyla and A. tctradacti/la
appears to be rather far-fetched. A comparison of the larvae of M.
fuHciis (on Veronica) with those of M. bipiinctidacti/la (on Scabiosa) and
M. zop/iodacti/la (on Knjthraea) is also much wanted. It is clear that
work of this kind is only to be successfully accomplished by an
accumulation of energy, on the species desired, by many lepidopterists.
We are sure of the help of our best micro-lepidopterists, but is it too
much, we wonder, to ask those collectors who go for the same local
species of macro-lepidoptera every year to direct their attention to the
plumes for a season, and to give the usually collected species a rest ?
Even if only fresh localities for the species are added, we shall be
very thankful, and the facts will be duly published. At any rate, help
is urgently needed.

At the same time, we would urge our continental-dwelling friends
to help us. Perhaps Mr. Lambillion, Mr. Dupont, Mr. Bourgeois,

254 THE entomologist's record.

Mr. Sioper, Mr. Wheeler, Mr. Dadd, Dr. Eebel, and others, will enlist the
aid of those continental micro-lepidopterists with whom they are respec-
tively in touch, and who are likely to be able to obtain "plume"
larvte. From these one might get larvae of P^elmiplionts byacJti/dacti/liis
and (>xi/jitili(s hieracn, two species that, although on our British list,
no British lepidopterist really knows anything about, and, of course,
many others. Mr. Barrett says that there are some true British 0.
Ineracii in the Allis collection at York. We wonder if Mr. Porritt,
by actual comparison with a good series of <>. pilosi'llae, O. dbtana,
and (). teucrii, could confirm or contradict this statement.

Orthoptera in the Isle of Wight.

By MALCOLM BUKll, B.A., F.L.S.

While spending the later summer months at Freshwater this year,
without actually trying to work out seriously the Orthopterous fauna
of the Isle of ^Vight, I picked up a good number of species, some of
considerable interest, in several localities. The weather, of course, was
not very favourable, though we had a few really bright sunny days,
but, as a general rule, a strong breeze blew from the west for weeks at
a time, although, it is true, we were extremely lucky in having far
less rainfall than even on the neighbouring parts of the mainland.
Through August, Mr. Donisthorpe was staying also in Freshwater,
and we were able to spend some very pleasant days collecting.

At nearly every place I visited along the coast, I diligently turned
over stones and seaweed above high-water mark, in the hope of
coming across Lahidnra riparia, Pall., but, in the island, my efforts
were not crowned with success. I did not have occasion to visit Bon-
church, whence this species has been recorded, nor did I find it on the
beach by Niton, on the Undercliff not very far from Bonchurch.
On two occasions I made excursions to Boscombe, where it has been
recently rediscovered, as I was very anxious to see this species alive;
on my first visit, on the afternoon of August 22nd, after spending the
morning at Beaulieu Road, I spent nearly two hours hunting on the
coast near Boscombe and Bournemouth, but all I found were two
very small larv^, which I put in a tube to bring home alive,
but before very long, the larger one had devoured the smaller.
Better luck attended my second visit, on September 1st, when.
Major Robertson, whose daughter had found the insect and run it
down to its haunts, kindly invited me over and showed me where it
had actually been taken before ; we hunted diligently for some tim'j
in a broiling sun, and took two males and a female, all of which we'.e
captured by the Misses Robertson, while I actually failed to find, one
myself. Mr. W. J. Lucas, who had visited there a few 'iveeks
previously, had found them more numerous.

Forfiritla auriciilaria, Linn., was, of course, common everywhere,
but I did not come across the variety furcipata, Steph. I foimd a
curious aberration at Compton Bay in horsedung ; I was struck at
once by the absence of the wings, and thought at first I had turned up
a new British species, and eagerly looked for more ; there were plenty
of the typical form of both sexes in the patch of dung, but I found
only one other apterous specimen, and these were both females ; I
believe this abortion of the wings is extremely rare in this species, and
cannot recall any mention of it occurring before. In appearance, these
two females resemble very closely a species described from the moun-

ORTHOPTERA IN THE ISLE OF WIGHT. 255

tains of Southern Italy, F. tari/innii, Brunner, in which the win.Efs
are wanting, and the elytra arc rounded posteriorly; in these two
females, as in the normal /•'. anriodaria, the elytra are emarginate
behind. /•'. tarf/ionii is only distinguished from /•'. aiiricnlaria by the
absence of the wings and rounded hinder margin of the elytra.

Mr. Donisthorpe took another curious F. auricnlaria at Ryde on
August 25th ; it is a normal male, but with the right branch of the
forceps simple, of the same shape as the forceps of the female ; this is
a phenomenon not very rare in earwigs and is often called gynandro-
morphism, but, in all the cases that I have examined, the abdomen
consists of nine visible segments, which is the normal number of the
male, only seven being visible in the female ; I am of opinion that
this is not true gynandromorphism, but merely poor development of
one branch, due to an accident or to insufficient nourishment ; in all
earwigs the forceps vary considerably in shape, and are often deformed
or distorted by various circumstances.

For/kida Icsnei, Finot, we found in two localities ; the first was the
Underclifit" near Blackgang, where Mr. Donisthorpe took a very dark
female by sweeping ; I swept hard for nearly two hours, but only
found two more females ; at the end of the day, when returning to our
bicycles after bathing, I took a male by a casual sweep of my net
among thistles, just as we were leaving the locality ; in the chine at
Blackgang, immature specimens abounded in the thick herbage by
the brook, but I was unable to tell whether they were F. auriodmia
or F. lemei. The second locality was a bed of nettles by a hedge at
Freshw^ater Bay, where Mr. Donisthorpe found them commonly, and
Ave took a good number of individuals in the nettles only, the -w^hole
length of one hedge.

Fctnhia jMnwri, Stephens, I found common enough all along the
coast ; we took it sweeping at Alum Bay, Yarmouth, Compton Bay,
Blackgang, on the Undercliff at St. Catharine's Point, and also at
Boscombe, where Major Robertson took a very dark specimen of the
form nviripes, w'hich is the northern race. This little cockroach varies
considerably in colour, from nearly black, {lu'i/ripcs, Steph.), which is
by no means uncommon in England, to yellowish, almost testaceous,
as in Spain.

F. lapponica, Linn., occurs in Parkhurst Forest, where ]\Ir. Donis-
thorpe swept one on August 7th. Very immature larvjB of one species
were abundant among the dead leaves and twigs in the Forest, but
these, from their pale colour, I think were immature F. livida, the rare
species, but we were unable to find an adult specimen.

Among the true grasshoppers, I found Mccostctlius //rossus, Linn.,
numerous, as usual, in Denny and Matley Bogs in the New Forest ;
on August 20th, I went over to Brockenhurst, for a day in the bogs
with Mr. W. J. Lucas, but the weather was so abominable that we
were quickly driven home ; still, I took three or four M. i/mssiis, and
returned two days later in fine weather, to find it numei'ous ; it is
quite the handsomest of our indigenous Acrid iodea, and like many
continental species it takes readily to flight. The fact that so
conspicuous an insect was overlooked for so many years, though
numerous in the bogs where it does occur, encourages one to hope
that one day its relative and rival in beauty, I'arajdeums alUaceus,
Germar, may be taken in this country ; it occurs on the continent in

^56 THE entomologist's record.

similar localities to .1/. ijrossHs, and has a similar distribution, but is
rarer and more local ; it occurs at Fontainebleau, where N. f/rossiis is
common ; it resembles that species in size and structure, but is of a
pale blue or bright green colour, with a black band running from the
eyes across the lateral ridges of the pronotum backwards over the
elytra.

Stenuhotlints Uneatun, Panzer, I looked for in vain; .S. viridulus,
Linn., I only found in the New Forest and in Parkhurst Forest ; I
was surprised not to come across it on the Downs round Freshwater,
as generally it is common enough on grassy uplands throughout the
country. I did not succeed in discovering S. rujipea : this handsome
species I have always found far less common than is generally supposed,
in fact, in Great Britain it should rank as quite locally distributed,
and all captures should be carefully recorded. S. hicolor, Charp., of
course, was abundant everywhere, with all its colour varieties.
8. parallel us., Zett., too, was numerous nearly everywhere, but I never
found .S'. loniiicornh, Charp., which I had hoped to discover in the New
Forest, as I have taken it in similar places, together with M. i/rossus,
in France; it is a very local species, occurring in a few marshy places in
North Central France, and there is no reason whatever why we should not
find it in England. ^'. eleijans, Charp., I found in several places ; the first
one I took was in the rank grass on the shingle by the bathing machines
at Freshwater Bay, where it is fairly numerous ; I found it later,
though less numerous, in the marshy fields at the Freshwater end of
the swamp that runs to Yarmouth ; in Parkhurst Forest it was common
enough in the open clearings by the rifle range, and I took it sparingly
in a grassy field below Matley Bog in the New Forest.

Goii)jt}iocerM!> )iiaciilatiis, Thunb., is common on the Downs round
Freshwater ; I took it also in the ridings in Parkhurst Forest, and at
Blackgang Chine, also at Denny Bog and at St. Catharine's Hill at
the back of Christchurch, where I had gone to hunt in vain for
Decticus verrucivorus, L.

Tettix bipiinctatus, L., we took in Parkhurst Forest, and at
Compton Bay ; also on the Underclift', but it did not appear to be
numerous anywhere ; T. subidatn.^, L., I did not succeed in finding ;
like (S'. rufii)es, this has the reputation of being a fairly common
species, but is less so than is generally supposed.

LeptoiiJnjcs pitnctatissuna, Bosc, is common nearly everywhere ; I
have taken it in plenty by sweeping in the village of Freshwater and
at Freshwater Bay, Compton, Blackgang Chine Underclift', Parkhurst
Forest, and also at Denny.

I was very pleased to find a new locality for the very local Xiiihidiiiui
(hrsalc, Latr. The first specimen was a single female, taken on the salt-
marsh at Yarmouth ; both Mr. Donisthorpe and myself had carefully
swept a certain corner of the marsh for the whole of one afternoon and
one morning, and only at the last sweep I found a solitary female of
Xijthidium dormle in my net, after I had abandoned hope of finding it
there : some days later Mr. Donisthorpe took several in a small area
near at hand, which we had both worked carefully on several occasions,
for a certain beetle, and yet it was only after several days' search
that A', donale turned up ; this shows, I think, that the specimens
must have moved there since we had first begun to search, as the
grasses and marsh-plants are short and clear, and we could hardly have

HABITS OF THE IMAGINES OF ANTHROdKKA PUriPURALIS (miNOS). 257

failed to find it, had it been there, and even if it had been hiding in the
roots it would have been revealed by the systematic grubbing for beetles.
On Auo- St 18th, we found it in numbers in the reeds, and among sea-
lavender which grows round the edges of the sluggish \ar near
Feshwater station; at that date, ^b-t^alf the specim^^^^^^^^
immature • it is a very beautiful insect when alive, but the bnliiant
e^raldt^een colour fades and disappears on drying, and often the

Tad snecniiens turn dirty brown, even the clear brigh posterior femora
dead specimens uuny ^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^.^

Z^^tt^e^^^ere is a stiJg tendency to turn
redd^sh?whirh IS perhapL because the formaline may have been used

'""tZ'a nruUssl.a swarms in the island; at Freshwater i^t i.

nmnemus in all the hedges and at night its chirping resounds all

round min-linc^ with the stridulation of Tluu„nntrn<n^nnereus, and
hiLfncrssant rattle of the grasshoppers on a fine night sounds more
ike ITouth European country than an English watering-place L.
S,/^.^° a I common along the cliffs at Compton Bay, and further
nl nd'beVond Compton Farm, ^1- at Blackgang and on the Under-

eliff; we h'eard Its stridulation ver^l^^^^^ ^^^^^^^

spei^Tr ;t^:=a^ W it^ ^rcled as being rather ra^
rS; Ibave aUvays ta^ ^ S^^^ ^het^S

rof^hXll a\Mlke^;L'rTte or two cannot be found and I
^ook It at^Compton Farm, at Blackgang, in ^^^'^^^^ ^^^^^.^^^^^^
in thick beds of flowers, and common enough at Parkhuist J^orest.
At Frl'^^ler it sometimes e..n comes into tbe houses and I have
had specimens of " an extraordinary insect ^^^\^"g\^ ^^^f J„^'^n

W r und 0 fo'rd at t^nng, Dormans Park and Edenbridge in Kent
I have often heard its chirp in the hedges when walking or druing at

"^P.:I:1:T;S,'^^^- ^^ extremely common on the cUffs at
Confp o Bay; it usually seems to be most numerous on chalk 1 ft.
aH? Folkestone, especially where there -/^"-^o^^'t^; ^^^
rnmnton Bav it is equally numerous on the outcrop of the Crieen
S it twarmed, \oo,'on the Underclift^ and was c n-^^^^^
■PI r.hl^t^<r P hrnchnntera is common in the long grass ana uu^
S at^DenT^y nd fiatley Bogs, in the New Forest, and I found it
7numbers at St. Catharine's Hill at the back of Chnstchurch.

The only cricket that I found was Xe.nolnn. .jlvestn., l^^ vhich
is common in the woods m the New Forest ; on August 20th, it was
on y The found sparmgly, though the y^^;^^'^:^,^:^;^^^^
finer weather, two days later, I took more of it, but the very youn^
larvfe far outnumbered the imagines.

Habits of the Imagines of Anthrocera purpuralis (minos).

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
. T have already published {Jirit. Leimhptera, i., pp. 440-4-42) what
J. to meSSting notes on the habits of Anthrocera jnapurcdv., and
The Let riai I have ,Site recently seen the species again in considerable

^^^ THE entomologist's RECORD.

numbers, leads me to make an addition to those already published. In

aLu L ZT""^ -^^^^ ^°*'^' ^^^^^^ ^^Iki^^g fromHauderesto
Aiolla, 1 iound the species in some numbers, freshly emerged, on the
slopes a the vi lage of Satarme. They were then clinging to almos?
every bloom of the alpine Centaurea that grows here? the males in
overwhelming excess, the few females being in almost ^very instance
paired, sometimes four or five males being present on the same Hower
on which a paired couple were already resting. From here the species
occurredm small numbers, mostly 3 s, in all the flower-clad openings in
the pmewoods m the upper road to the Kurhaus, whilst they appeared

above TOOOtt. (where A e.culam, also, was abundant) about a week
later On tbe journey down from Arolla to Evolene on the afternoon
of August 12th, at about 3.30 p.m., I found the species again in

blossoms, not by any means quiescent though, although there
was no sun but busily and greedily sucking the nectar from
the flowers of the capitula on which they were restino- The ^ s
seemed now to be scarcely more numerous than the ? s, and the
condition of both sexes, in most cases, left much to b^ desired!

InVt'l' -^ fT^' ^''''T'' *° ^^^' ''^' ^^^t e^-ery ? , whether in
good bad, or mdifterent condition, was paired, and, in some instances,
the ?s were exceedingly worn, and contained scarcely any ec^gs. I
have no doubt that here, at any rate, the habit of this species was to
pair m the afternoon and, as I found no $ uncoupled, possibly to pair
every afternoon. It is quite clear from the poor condition of the
specimens that most of the examples of both sexes observed this after-
noon had paired previously. At Chamonix, on August 15th, rain fell
all day, bu the morning of the 16th broke almost cloudless, Jold, how-
ever, and the snow was lying on all the mountains down to 5000ft
A star was made^about 9 a.m. to walk up the Brevent (see antea, xiv.,
p. 320), but the herbage was wet, the temperature low and scarcely
an insect was on the move ; by 10.80 a.m. clouds had b;gun to gather
and by 11 am most of the aiguilles were covered. By"l0.30 a m I
was about half-way up to Plan Praz, and here I came across 'a
purpnrahs^g^m, in very good condition, chnging in numbers to the
scabious flowers, busily feeding, in most cases smgly ; only two pairs

rnTloThrV'""'''-^?'/"'^'*^ instances, the Js^^ere quite fS
and loth to fly as might be expected both from the cloudy state of the
weather and the low temperature. After noon it becanfe duller and
colder and the weather precluded all attempts to entomologtse
On the way down about 3 p.m., there were still many A. pnrpLlis
on the flowers, but now seated underneath the capitula for shelter
Ike the bees, and perfectly motionless. It appeared to me remark-
able that, on a day when scarcely anything lepidopterous appeared
when single examples of Erehia <joante, k 'fjje, A.lais^l^
A^gijmm achppe, A a^ata Melitaea athalia, and two or 'three each o
fW V 1?" ■'" ^""^ ^.- '"'/r^'"' ^^^ade up the total catch on a slope
that I knew swarmed with insect life, this species should be alert

onfv aboui 2mff ''"Sn ^. T^^'^T'^ °f ^ ^"nter temperature a
^hl^.U \^ ""r ^^°^*- ^'^°'' ''^'''^ ^^^°^ "^^^ h^^S thickly from

the fall of the preceding evening. I may add that the species occuS

CRIOCEPHALUS POLONICUS, .MOTSCH. 259

Confined in a glass-topped box, the 2 s do not lay at all freely.
Of one pair I had, however, the 2 laid just over 90 eggs, mostly in
two batches of 40 and 35, the remainder being laid in small batches
of about half-a-dozen. When laid in a single layer the eggs appear
to be tilted at an angle of about 30*^, each successive row being laid
upon the preceding one, and at the same angle, so as to cover its lower
half, the inicropyle being upwards ; but, in most cases, a second layer
is placed on the lower, when the larva, escaping from the lower series,
must eat its way through the eggshells above them or die without
escaping. The eggs are of a clear yellow colour, uniformly coloured,
and without any ot the transparent areas described on the eggs of
some of the allied species (Brit. Lep., i., pp. 416, 472, 500, 520). The
egg is fairly regularly oval in outline, but somewhat flattened at the
micropylar end which appears rather wider than its nadir. The upper
surface is somewhat depressed towards the micropylar end, but for an
Anthrocerid egg it is fairly plump and its outline fairly regular. It
may be worth noting that, owing to the confinement, the surface of
the eggs are richly covered with scales, a fact that suggests also that,
freshly laid, the eggs are somewhat sticky.

Criocephalus polonicus, Motsch.— a genus and species of Longicorn
Coleoptera new to Britain.

By H. WILLOUGHBY ELLIS, F.E.S.

During last year Mr. F. Gilbert Smith took some larvje of a longicorn
beetle in the New Forest in Scotch fir, and, after seeing them, I decided
to accompany him this year to that district to thoroughly investigate
the subject, and we succeeded in finding the insect in numbers. They
were all taken in the larval stage, the colony being a very strong one.
Soon after arrival home they pupated and eventually emerged, and
proved to be Criocephalus polonicus, Motsch., a large longicorn beetle
new to Britain. The conditions under which they were living left no
doubt that they had been breeding there for many years, and it is
most probable that they are to be found in other parts of the forest if
worked for in places offering the right conditions.

The genus has been mentioned as occurring in Britain by the
capture of C. rusticus in South Wales, and the specimen has been
preserved in the British Museum collection, but there appears to be
no doubt that it was imported from the Continent of Europe in
timber, which is so largely used in coal mining in the neighbourhood.
Stephens, in his Manual, also refers to the same species as having
been met with in Britain, but remarks that it is not indigenous.
Under these circumstances the genus, as well as the species, may be
considered new to Britam.

The distribution of C. polonicus (according to the localities
attached to the representatives of this species in the general collection
of coleoptera in the British Museum) cover the following countries :
Greece, Dalmatia, S. France, and Madeira, and other records give
Denmark, Syria, and Poland, the latter locality being responsible for
Motschoulsky's specific name.

Wollaston recorded C rusticus from Madeira, but the specimen to
which the record refers, and which is in his Madeiran collection at
South Kensington, is C. pulonicus.

^^ THE EXTOMOLOGISt's RECORD.

>..fw<f^''l'l*^'i '"^ ^'f ^''''^ descriptions, marks the chief difference
between the larvae of Criocephalus and Asemum as follows -

Cnoi.iit"""'^ ""^ ^'^""^ *"^^^ ^^ broad as the eighth segn.ent of abdomen-

abdoLn-?Z:;r'"' ^'^^^ °""*'"'^ ^^■«-^"- *^- «- eighth segment of

The first mention of C. polonicns is made by Mulsant {('oUomh-e.

C ^S t'^rr' '.'Kf'^'-' P- 6i), wLn he ineludr^^
c »^^^iic».s, L., var. feru.«, m the year 1839. The first descrintion in
which It IS given specific rank is as follows :- description in

e. ru.s«ic»wdecouJeurDresQuenoirrptc,lf r ,"'°"* P^"'^ convexe que le

marquees. Le corselet est rmhYr.?'^ "^'"^"^ !"' ^^'^ ^^^'^-^^ t^'^^Pe"

B^aietin .U U Sor. I^^i:!' ^^'S^^i^J^J^ J^^^^^ (Motschoulsky,

The same author again describes it 15 years' later as follows •-
_ tnocephalum pohmiciim, Motsch., "Bull, de Mosc " 184=i Sft o^a \-
piceum opacum, subconvexum postice attenn«tm.. \f 1«45 88, 2.58.— ^18T0-
postice distincte attenuatis, n^S'olSS'' Long'l^nT "at't^°^^?^^

Peter^^hourg, lsmX%.fu) I^' Academe L„p. ,le. Science, de Saint

" Vdsfn^de°not?e %'^^'' r'^'^^'^'. ^^^ .^^^^de in the above paper :-
r. J.A ^ ? u ^V '■"'^'- "' "^^is ordmairement de coiileur nlu^,
noiratre, de taille plus grande, avec le corselet plus allonoiet e
elytres proportions llement plus courtes. II est rare en PoWne e
plus commun dans les steppes des Kirguises " i^ologne et

read^:-' ''''* '^''''''^'' '' "^ ''• ^'"'' ^" 1863. His description |||

tatis:p^e;;^";;S;SSrnum:' ^e^Ss^^eS^rf^^' ''''^' -"fertissime punc I

minus validis quam in Se sequLte ^ Ir" ^"Air'-''°"''"^ ^'' femoribus 1
.tilissimeque p.?nctato, se^-.cTon'iSe Fe" ^ AbdZIrnV'^nif r""" '"f^"

perspieue punctato, fere opaco. CriocepJuauslVns Dei C.f.Ttr'''T^ r'^ .

Criocephalus rusticus, Muls., var D /v«v J > tA.. ''■' ^^^t^^- holier," t,t Z?,«. HI

GalHa meridional], Andalusia Insuk CoSr-'^l) ' ^^''^'T''''' ,P- ^^- "^"^^^^^ i" II

1863, p. 107). "-i'^^ia, insula Loisica {Lerltner I.ntomologisrhe Zeitschrift, "'

Denmaiii'^'as^^r" '^Tf""^ V' ^" '^^'' ^^'°^^ ^ ^^^^""^^ taken in
i^enmaik, as C. epibata. It is remarkable that none of these

authors pointed out the chief characteristics of r.n^LfJ^i

^oW». ,vhich he in the clavation of the 3rd join o he tar i'

until Bedel (i-«... ./. Ba.sin <U la Seine, 1889) quoted them - '

1. ieux larges a peine echancres, a faeettes grossieres-r;-Jo<-f»;;«Z».

2. Yeux etroits nettement echancres, a faeettes tines-i.^'Z!'"'""

(a) de art des tarses posterieurs divise en deux lobes des sa base Ypu^

(l>) 3 ait des tarses posterieurs bilobe a partir du milieu. Yeux dabres
Coloration souvent noiratre—( '. fenis. itux flames.

The synonymy of C. polonicns is therefore •—

/j;s5,^7irof:pl2/.,';f;i:^-^^^^^^^

HABITS OF THE I.MAGINKS OF NEMEOPIIILA PLANTAGINIS. 261

With reference to Dr. Sharp's record of the capture of Tetropium
fiisciiw in the New Forest {Knt. Mo. Ma;/., xxxix., 198) on June 26th
last, it may be mentioned here that we took several larva; on May 29th
in company with those of ' '. polonicuH, which agree with the descrip-
tion of the larva of T, fnarum. At the time of capture I considered
the larvm small specimens of C. polonifm, and they were given little
attention, with the result that on arrival home they were almost dead.
I have looked after them very carefully since, and some of them seem
to be getting over the rough treatment they received, and I hope to
rear, at any rate, some of them.

Habits of the imagines of Nemeophila plantaginis.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
One of the best known of our alpine moths is Xeineoph'daplantwilrm.
On some of the high flower- covered alps it occurs in boundless
profusion and in marvellous variety. The variation from the blackest
to the whitest examples is most extreme, and some years ago I dealt
with this phase of the subject {antea, vol. ix., pp. 187 et seq.) Above
Arolla, at an elevation of from 7000ft. to 7500ft., I found the species
between August 1st and 13th, 1903, in the greatest profusion on the alps
above the higher chalets towards the Pas du Chevres, which at this
time were huge beds of blue, and yellow, and white, due to the
magnificent masses of bloom of forget-me-nots, gentians, hieracii,
saxifrages, etc., with which the upland alps were covered. In working
up to these slopes during the morning an occasional $ was disturbed,
which generally flew up wildly, whilst more frequently a $ was found
on the move, apparently without being disturbed, and was usually
easily boxed for eggs. The result of several $ s thus promiscuously
taken has been a very fair supply of eggs, which ought to produce a
good number of aberrations another year. About 2 p.m. the $ s
began to move freely on their own account, but it was not until 3 p.m.
that they were fairly on the wing, zigzagging up and down the steep
slopes with amazing rapidity, hesitating here and there, finding their
way down into the herbage, where a ? appeared to be hidden, although
one was rarely discovered by my searching. On one occasion 13 J s came
to a certain spot in a few minutes, most of which were captured, and it
seemed certain that a ? must be hidden there. Careful search at last re-
vealed the dried body of a dead ? that had been largely eaten by ants
hidden low down in the grass. I quite fail to see how the $ s could have
been attracted to her either by sight or scent. The greater number of
specimens were taken as they flew rapidly up and down the slopes, but I
missed three or four for each one that I took. The white aberrations
were particularly difficult to net, especially if the sun were at all in one's
eyes, and it was concluded that the very dark 3 s — by far the rarest
form — flew more slowly and heavily than the yellow or white
examples, and this seemed to be really the case, and not due to the
colour being more readily followed. Whilst the sun shone the males
continued on the wing until quite late in the evening, but when the
sun was hidden by clouds they usually became quiescent, and scarcely
a specimen could be seen. Pairing appeared to take place about
4 p.m. ; at least one $ that had evidently just paired was taken at
that time, five other $ s being captured as they flew up to her after
she was paired, j^o doubt a fair number might have been thus

^^^ THE entomologist's RECORD.

captured had the 2 and her partner not been duly pill-boxed It i.
impossible to guess at the abundance of this spec es on these slope

the 13th going down the valley, until halfway between Evolve .nd

!^/ ^ S"" '''^^'' °" '^'^P' ^liPP^^}' slopes, IS not at all bad snort
and where the ground is at all bad, rather difficult and toc^ras
well. I had one or two nasty falls whilst thus eno-aoed but tMs rl^?

<1>RTH0PTERA.

Labidura riparia. Pall., using its forceps.-I was keeping alivP

S^^^ Tha frhaHr""^"^ 'r ■^"^^^ "^°*^^^' ^ «- --'eTait;'

?ii^«>/« tnat 1 had taken near Boscombe. I fed him from timp in
time with flies, which he devoured greedily. One dly I pit a aroe

a "nee i'."l"v' f'"' ^^' '-^^"^PP^^ '' ^' *° *^^ botL, ?h earwt
at once aised his forceps vertically above his back with o-reat swiff-
ness and seized the blue-bottle as it fell. He gripped t I r m v wi h

ca^l'dTJiund hrf nf T'"' 't'^'^ Penet?at^nt; fly IL" he
the hoU r ^°*H' ^°' ^ '^°''* time, probably on account of

the light. I was very interested to see this use of the forceps which
form a dangerous weapon against such small creatures as otherVs^^^^^^^^
f?om bfhind T' ''"•^- 1 ^^''°"S'^ ^^^ ^y f^" - upon the eaw-

^:ll^':^;^^,FT'f *?^ «-^ wSr/garit,'td^rr;h:

outei snell w.th the feet and antennae, etc.— Malcolm Bt^rr B 4 12
Fitzjames Avenue, West Kensington. Septn.ber ml, 1 9^)3.' '

<^OLEOPTERA.

LOLEOPTERA IN CUMBERLAND IN JuNE — Ou JuTlP 1 fif h ln=f T ,,r^v,+

ttiiSioTd'""^ ''"' ^•.^- ^-^ledge, t"cisrd,\r^^^^

tea Ser as honi T ^T? tl^'^T^ ^^'''- ^ ^'^^ f^^^^^^^^e with the
weatnei as, though I had left London in floods, it only rained one d^v

during the whole of my stay. I was met by Mr. Eoutled^ a Sir fT
Day, at Carlisle, and, after future plans had been discussed I con inued
my journey with the former to Heads Nook, where he lies The next day
our hrst expedition was made to the Geit Woods, a mo t lovely pot
on the banks of the Gelt river. Our principal object was to capture
^'mT 1 ''''""''"'^': .^^bi^t beautiful insect, the finest of all
secured' rt's 'T ^'^ /^ !f appearance, and a nice series was
Ts Sweenino r '^^''^^ that the ^s were much scarcer than the
y s. b\\eeping (^a-anuu,i produced Coeliodes qemnii in plenty whilst
by general s^^^epnJg the following species occurred, P^./a '7;^!^

Rhayomjcha palhda, Apion erci, Anaspis rufilabris, A. frontcdn liZrk

fn rcapt; of'r'^'"^ ''^ "^^.1 '^°-^ '^^'' watS'rS d
in the sHit P o fhp • -'^"^"^"'f:^;/^^"-^^"'^- anricomus and Q. nmbrinus.
in tne shingle of the river Bembidiwn nwnticola and yebria willenhcdi

a'redfZ'wtith^ '''";' "'^f '' ^^^^""^ ^^^^^ '^^ higher^ silftioi
a reel torm, which is quite mature, occurs here. Rain havin- set in

further operations were suspended, and we adjourned homl! ^^ '

COLF.OPTF.RA. 263

The next day was spent collecting on Mr. Routledge's property, he
possessing a very extensive moss, knoAvn as Hayton IMoss, which is
close to his house. There the local little 'reh'i>/ittn(s jii/iiratiis was swept
in plenty, with others of the commoner species. liijdroporiiH niijrita
was fished out of a peat-hole. lUilitnrhara hicida was found in fungus on
an old stump, and Ain'sotonia caleaiata anr] Colcnis ih-ntipcH by evening
sweeping. On the 19th a visit was paid to the river Irthing, and a
search for the very rare little Jlemhidiiim srJuip/H'U along its banks was
quite successful, a nice series being taken. lU'iiihidiuui inontirala again
turned up. Hi/drnporns rivalis was fished out of the river, as was also
lirj/cfiitis I'lcratns. In a small wood near, Anristroni/rha abdoun'nalis
occurred sparingly. (iriipidim ciinisi'ti was swept off i','(//</.s^i(o/?, and
Plii/Ilobiiifi ririiUcolUK oft" nettles. Staphj/linus piibeNccnx occurred under
stercore. Prasocurifi bcccahiiiuiae, ^laltJiodc^ dii^par, and other commoner
things were swept.

On the 20th, we went to the Burgh marshes, and were joined by
Mr. Day. The first capture was Telephonic darmnianus, a nice series
of which was swept from the grass growing on the edges of a dyke, the
red form, however, being rare. Jlenibidiiim lunatio)!. was plentiful on
the mud on the sides of the dyke. Several specimens of the two rare
species of Di/acJiiriKu, P. nitidas and D. politKc, were taken on the
banks of a muddy creek, Clivina collaru and Dijuchirius salinns also
occurring with them.

On June 21st, Messrs. Day and Britten came out to us, and Mr.
Routledge drove us all to the foot of Cumrew Fell, where the day was
proposed to be spent. The chief object of our search was Latltrobium
punctattna [atripalpc, Brit. Cat.), see hut. Record, anteh, p. 180, which
was found very sparingly. Several specimens of ('arabns iilabratm
were taken under stones. Arpedium braclnipterinn was not uncommon in
moss. Tachiniis elomiatHn, was found on a wall, and Telephorus
paliidosiis was swept. Carabine arvejisis, ('orj/iiibites ciipreufi var. aeni-
i/inosiifi and other commoner things Avere taken. Next day we
journeyed to Little Salkeld to meet Mr. Britten, and much hard
sweeping in a field there produced a series of the rare Hiidrothaam
hannoverana, it was evidently going over, h. aiicta, IJ. iDanjinella
and Prasociiris pliellandrii also occurred. A hurried rush was made to
some fir-trees, where Placufta couiplanata was found, and we then took
train for Barron Wood. Arriving there, we proceeded to beat the
flowers of the mountain-ash, which, by the way, were nearly over, and
a dozen of the beautiful P/n/nchites; cnjireiiH was the reward of much
hard work. A specimen of the rare and local Stenostola ferrea was also
beaten from the mountain-ash, and two specimensof' 'orijnibiteumpresitiis,
one being the rare ab. rutipea, with red legs. Malt/iiiius frontalis, ^
and 5 , Anayiis subtestacea, JIaltica ericeti and J^/ii/Uohiiift eiridirnllis
were swept. lie)nbidiinn fialndosiiui occurred in swarms on fine sand
on the banks of a river that runs through the wood. On the 23rd, we
again went to the Gelt Woods, where ^?«r/.s'«/v7» (/(•/(« abdontinalis was found
to be much scarcer. Qnediits aiirieoiinis, (J. umbriniif;, Q. seniiaeueiis,
Lefitera hDUfeli/trata, L. pubescens, Ocalea castanea, Honialota pavena and
Steniis iiiii/ueiiieri were all taken out of moss from a waterfall. An
interesting capture was PJii/Uobiiis (jlauciis and P. alaetl taken in cop.
Jli/drnponis ilari.si and ] f. septentiionolis were fished out of small pools
in the rocks at the side of the river. Limaniiis cj/lindriciis, J'ar/n/ta

264 THE kntomologist's record.

rrrriDibj/cifdynus, Afiaihidium ni(irinuw, etc., were swept. The next
(lay I took leave of my friends and went on to Rannoch, and subse-
quently to Edinburo-h to stay with my friend Professor Beare, I shall
always remember with pleasure my very pleasant visit to Cumberland.
—Horace Donisthorpe. Si'ptcnihei- IStli, 1903.

Epicojietis sqt-alida, Scop., at Weymouth. — ^Ir. Forsyth, of
Weymouth, has sent me a specimen of this beetle to name which
he took on ^lay 4th last in the town. It is, no doubt, an intro-
duction, and occurs in southern Europe — France, Dalmatia, Cyprus,
etc. The specimen is in very perfect condition. It comes near to
Oxytlii/rea fiinesta, another of our doubtful species, supposed to have
been taken by Hidebotham and others. — Ibid.

Calosoma syoophanta at Weymouth. — On July 2nd last, I captured
a specimen of ( 'alosowa si/cophanta, Avhich had taken shelter in my next
door neighbour's hall, fortunately it is quite perfect. — A. Forsyth, 20,
Ranelagh Road, Weymouth.

Lema erichsoni at Slapton Ley. — When looking over my collec-
tion a short time ago Mr. Donisthorpe pointed out to me that I had
two species of Lema under one name, riz., Lema se])tentn'onis, Weise,
given to me by Dr. Chaster, and taken near Dublin, and L. erichsoni,
Sufr., which I took myself at Slapton Ley on April 12th, 1902. —
Norman H. Joy, Bradfield. September 21s^ 1903.

CoLEOPTERA AT SouTHPORT.— While attending the British Associa-
tion meeting at Southport, from September the 9th to the 14th, I had
the pleasure of doing a little collecting in the company of and under
the guidance of Dr. Chaster ; Mr. Burgess Sopp was too busy with his
official duties in connection with the meeting to spare time for
collecting. Mr. B. Tomlin, who was staying in Southport at the
same time, accompanied us on our trips, and guided me on my visit
to the foreshore near Hightown. The weather was abominably bad
most of the time, and, on Thursday, the 10th, there was a torrential
downpour lasting all day, with the result that most of the country was
put under water. On the afternoon of Friday, we visited the Birkdale
sandhills to see if we could collect any flood refuse, and managed to
fill two or three small bags. I had to bring my own bag away, and
was not able to examine it until I returned to Edinburgh after my
holidays on the 19th. Out of it I was very pleased to take a series of
Farnm nitididus, Heer, and many other things, including the follow-
ing : — Philonthiis nirfiitnlKs, Grav. ; Anisotoma diibia, Kug. ; JUedius
fiiscipes, Rye, and Aphnditui planiatus, L. ; single specimens of
Anisotoma fiirca, Er., and Hi/dimhiiif; piiurtatissiunis, Steph., were
found on the sand.

On Sunday 13th, with ^Ir. Tomlin, I visited the foreshore at
Hightown, and secured several of the specialities, such as J'/ii/toKits
■niiirircntris, Chev., O.ri/ti'liis iixiritimus, Thorns. ; lllediiis opanis, l:>lock.,
Helufifi iiallid IIS, Cuvt., etc. Later in the afternoon we swept up Apioit
disniniile, Germ., in plenty off its foodplant, the hare's-foot trefoil, iti
a sandy field near ]\[r. Burgess Sopp's house; this I believe is a new
record for the disti'ict. On the afternoon of Monday 14th, a hurried
visit to the Southport sandhills secured Apion lonjiuens, Kirby, in
some numbers ofi' Matricaria, it had only been taken previously very
sparingly by Dr. Chaster at the same spot. Lastly we found Atamaria
fntuiarii, Hbst., in the utmost profusion in fungi growing on a bank

NOtES ON COLLECTING. 265

of tipped refusr. A sudden shower then put an end to our collecting,
and to hopes of Anhoto)na, the chief purport of our quest that after-
noon.— T. Hudson Beark, F.E.S., 10, Regent Terrace, Edinburgh.

Aphanisticus emarginatus, F. : a species of coleoptera new to

Britain.

By HOKACE ST. J. K. DONISTHOKPE, F./.S., F.E.S.

When sweeping in Parkhurst Forest, Isle of Wight, on August 7th
last I found a little beetle in my net, which I took to be Aphaiiuticaa
pi(>iillt(s, the only species of the genus known to occur in Britain. As
this was new to me, I remarked to Mr. Malcolm Burr, who was with me at
the time, that I had taken a rare beetle, and must try and get more. After
some little search, an open glade was struck which appeared to me to
be just the place, and a little sweeping soon produced more. After
some 50 specimens had been obtained, we returned to Freshwater. I
visited the spot twice afterwards, and in all took over 200 specimens,
and could have taken many more. The beetles were all swept from
rushes in flower. When I got home I proceeded to distribute specimens
among my friends, amongst others Dr. .Joy, who told me he had swept one
specimen of Ajihani^ticiis piisilln^ in his own district. When he was
setting the specimens I had given him, he was struck by the difference
in shape between his insect and mine, and wrote to me about it. At
first I thought he might have a new species, but on thinking the
matter over, it seemed to me more probable that from an old forest
like Parkhurst mine would be the new one. On working mine out
with Aclogue [Fatine de France), I at once came to the conclusion
that such was the case, and that my species was Aphanisticus
eiiHvuiinatHs, F. On comparing them with types at the museum, I
found that I was correct, and thus have the pleasure of making a very
interesting addition to our list.

The distribution of A. onariiinattis is, according to the European
catalogue, Southern and Middle Europe. It differs considerably from
A. piisilitis in shape, being longer, more cylindrical, and the elytra
more narrowed in the middle, thus giving the insect what one might
describe as a longer waist ; the thorax, moreover, is much less
transverse. The apex of the elytra in the g (?) is flattened, and
exhibits a slight depression, that of the $ (?) being simple.

In Canon Fowler's C(jI. Brit, hies, iv., p. 71, under ApJtanistiriis
jinsiUiis, there is a record " Carisbrooke Castle, Isle of Wight." This
refers to a specimen taken by Canon Fowler himself, who tells me he
lost it. It is quite possible that this specimen was my species, as
Parkhurst Forest is very near to Carisbrooke.

:^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

CuEious i;estin(;-habit of Mania maura. — I have recently come
across a curious resting-habit of Mania maiira. I found no less than
fifteen of them in a space something under a yard square. They were
" piled up," if I may use the term, in one instance seven were touch-
ing each other. In the majority of cases their heads were together,
so that they were resting similarly to the way moths sometimes
cluster round a spot of treacle. — Mervyn G. Palmer, 6, Court Road,
West Norwood, S.E. September lOth, 1903.

266 THE entomologist's RECOKb.

Abundance of lakwe of Pykameis atalanta. — It may be well to
put on record the great abundance of the larvae of Pyvavieis atalanta
at the present time in the Strood district. They appear to be every-
where, and I have found several crawling up telegraph posts, &c., for
pupation. — J. Ovendex, Frindsbury Road, Strood, Rochester, Kent.
Sejjtemher 2iul, 1903.

AgEOTIS AGATHIXA, AcTEBIA PR.5;C0X, AND AgKOTIS VESTIGIALIS IN

Worcestershire. — On September 19th my friend, Mr. G. D.
Hancock, and myself when searching heather for larva' of Anarta
iinjitilli were fortunate enough to capture examples of the above
species on a sandy, heather-covered common in Worcestershire.
Aijrotis ai/atliina Avas somewhat worn, but still good enough for identi-
fication. Only one specimen of Actrbia jiraecox was taken on this
occasion, but another one was captured in July, 1901, at the same
spot, by Mr. .J. Peed. The appearance of such coast insects as A.
ccstiijiaHs and A. jiraccox so far inland as Worcestershire, as Avell
as A. ai/athina, which is neW' to our county list, seems worthy of
recording. — William H. Edwards, Hastings Museum, Victoria Institute,
Worcester. September 2-lf/(, 1903.

Leuca\l\ extranea, L. loreyi, and L. vitellina in South Devon.
— During a short holiday of twelve days in South Devon, in the early
part of September I had the good fortune to capture one each of the
above-mentioned rare British species which I think is worthy of
placing on record. L. lureiji was taken on September 6th flying wildly
over rough herbage at dusk, and L. extranea came to sugared tiower-
heads on the night of September 8th. I also took at sugar one L.
vitellina on September 9th and one //. peltii/era on September 14th.
All were taken on the coast, and, with these exceptions, no other good
things turned up, though, in spite of cold rough winds, some of the
common species, such as I'eridrouia mff'ma, Aurotis se<ietuiii, Xnrtua
v-ni'iriitn, and Phlixjuijhora meticnlosa appeared in abundance. The
latter was simply a pest at sugar. — William H. Edwards, Hastings
Museum, Victoria Institute, Worcester. September 'lith, 1903. [Since
this and the preceding note have been in type, they have already
appeared elsewhere. We have before asked correspondents not to
send us notes of captures that they are publishing elsewhere. There
is always so much outstanding matter that duplication is much to be
deprecated. — Ed.]

Length of life of imagines of Xylina semibrunnea. — It may
interest you to hear that this year I obtained ova from a large quantity
of XijlirM semibrunnea, which hatched well, but somehow or other the
larvie disappeared. I kept them on small ash-trees growing in pots
and covered by a glass cylinder, so I do not know how they get out.
I have tried for some years now to get ova, but have never succeeded
before. I kept two imagines which I got on sugar in November, and
added three more which I took on sugar in February. I think two of
these were females. I never saw them in cop. Three of the five
insects died about three weeks ago. The remaining two were alive
when I left home on June 23rd, but were dead when I returned on
the 27th. They seem to have a long term of life in the imaginal
stage. — E. H. Thornhill, Boxworth, Cambridge. >J(ine '■ZdtJi, 1903.

Cossus cossus at sugar. — In the July number of the KntomnUxjist's
Record, p. 215, mention is made of two examples of Cossus cossus

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 26?

Hying to light at Lewisham. On the night of July 2n(l I took one
in my garden on sugar, and the year before last I took the larva on
sugar. — Jos. F. Green, West Lodge, Blackheath. Jnlij '■llth, 1903.

Sudden appe.yrance of Pyrameis cardui. — On September 21st I first
saw this species. I then took about 30 (mostly worn) ; on the 24th I
visited the locality again, and they were in countless hundreds. I
never saw such a sight ; a large percentage were worn. To my mind
there is little doubt we have just had a " flock " from over the water,
as my correspondents from all parts write to say that the species has
suddenly appeared in worn condition. Even here in Bexley, which is
a poor Diurni district, they are flying about among bricks and mortar.
I found I'ltisia i/aiiniia a fearful nuisance when netting P. cardui. —
L. W. Newman, Bexley, Kent. Scptonher 25th, 1903.

Great abundance of Vanessids in the Strood district. — I have
already referred to the astonishing abundance of the larvfc of
I'l/raiiieis atalunta in this neighbourhood during the past month.
Every bed of nettles has had its tented inhabitant, and I have taken
hundreds without any special effort. The first one pupated on
August 4th, and I found one not half-an-inch long yesterday. On the
other hand, Aijlais urticae has been scarcer than usual. During the
last two seasons PijranieU cardiii has been very rare here, but is just
now appearing in large numbers. On a flowery bank near here, on
the 25th inst., I netted a dozen examples in very fair condition.
There were many others, although I did not trouble to make any
further captures. It is remarkable that I have seen no traces of larvae
this year, and I only found one last year. — J. Ovenden, Frindsbury,
Strood, Kent, tieptemher 2,1 t/i, 1903.

Abundance of Pyrajieis cardui in Essex. — On Saturday, Septem-
ber 12th, between Southminster and Tillingham, I first saw I'l/mmeis
cardui in apparently good condition. Again, on September 26th,
between Aveley and Rainham, they were quite abundant. — J. H. S.
Harrison, Thorold Road, Ilford. September 28t/i, 1903.

Pyrameis cardui and Plusia gamma at Chislehurst. — rijrameis
cardui was first seen here on September 23rd, since which date it has
been seen daily whenever a glimpse of sunshine occurs. Only one
was seen the first day, and not more than six on any other, but I have
not been to a likely spot, e.ij., a clover field, etc., to find them in
numbers, all that have come under my notice being in the roads or
garden. Having observed no larvit in the district, one would suppose
they were not natives. Several Plasia ;ia)iniia have been recently
seen ; they appeared before P. cardui, but unfortunately the exact
date was not recorded. — B. A. Bower, F.E.S., Chislehurst. Septem-
ber 2dth, 1903.

Pyrameis cardui at Reigate. — Pyrameis cardui has appeared in
this district in numbers during the last few days. I think the first I
saw was on September 20th or 21st, but I cannot be positive as to
the date. — T. A. Chapman, M.D., Betula, Reigate. September 27tlt,
1903.

Abundance of Pyrameis cardui and P. atai-anta at Iufokd. — These
two species have during the last few days been most abundant in
this district. I first saw Pi/rameia cardui about September 14th, /'.
atalanta a day or two later. Both species appeared to be in bred
condition when first seen, and became more abundant a few days after

268 THE entomologist's record.

their first appearance. This morning, although their first bloom has
Avorn off, their condition is still very fair, but their numbers are less,
I am of opinion that the P. canhii have fed up in this neighbourhood,
as I saw examples, that may probably have been their parents, earlier
in the year, but I have not searched for larvtp. Last year I found a
larva of /'. canliii here during the first week of October; this duly
pupated, and I later bred an imago from the pupa. With regard to I',
atalanta there is no doubt as to their having been bred in the locality,
as I have taken the larvfe plentifully. — Colix Murray, 9, Bedford
Gardens, Ilford, Essex. Scptoiiber '29th, 1903.

Pyrameis cardui in Durham. — On September 23rd I was travelling
along the raihvay between Castle Eden and Ryhope, in the county of
Durham, when I observed scores of Fyrameu carcbii, all in very fair
condition. I have never seen so many before in this district, for the
railway-banks were all alive with them. It seems late for them,
though the season is late and a bad one. Do you think they had
crossed from the continent ? They were not at all ragged, but
appeared in good condition. — H. Milburn, 27, Katherine Street,
North Road, Darlington. October 1st, 1903.

Pupation of Anthrocera filipendul.e. — Whilst at Dover during
the first week of August, 1903, I observed a curious collection of
cocoons of Anthrocera jilipcndidae spun up on the iron railings facing
the military prison on the cliffs. In the space of about 50 yards,
87 cocoons were counted, all from 3ft. to oft. above the ground, and
placed so as to be sheltered from the wind. In each case the cocoon
was darker than usual, and the railings being a rusty black, it looked
as if there had been some attempt at adaptation to the surroundings,
the coloration of the cocoons being, in each instance, of a dirty brown
that did not form at all a bad resemblance. Of two other larvte found
crawling up the same railings, one was placed in a willow chip box,
and the cocoon was of exactly the same colour as the box, whilst the
other was placed in a glass-topped box (white-lined), and produced an
almost satin-white cocoon, both of which harmonised well with the
colour of the material on which they were placed. Observations on
the cocoons of this species would, one fancies, prove interesting. —
C. P. Pickett, F.E.S., Dawlish Road, Leyton. September 10th, 1903.

Lepidopteea at Oxshott. — On July 25th a run down to Oxshott
produced the following lepidoptera : — Plebeim aei/on, very scarce indeed ;
this seems extraordinary, as it has simply swarmed in past seasons.
Enoilia hi/pera)ith>(s, getting worn; Epinephelc tithnmm, just emerging;
TlnjtneUcuH linen, fully out and in fresh condition; Pawjihila sijlraniis,
just showing; Anarta )iiijrtilli was darting over the ling, as also was
Pacltijcneviia hippocastanarla (2nd brood). I also captured one very
dark form of Ono/ihoft obscurota and three Selidosoiui phnnaria. The
weather was somewhat dull, and probably this accounts for the small
number of captures. — C. P. Pickett, F.E.S., Leyton.

Note on the emergence of Plusia moneta. — On the evening of
June 23rd I had in front of me a cage containing pupfe of Plusia
moneta, when, at 10.50 p.m., I noticed one about to disclose its imago,
and watched the proceeding through to the finish. At 10.50 p.m. the
moth left the pupa-case and crawled up the cage. I opened the door
of the cage and let it come out so as to see it more closely. It held
on by the front pair of legs only. The middle and bind legs during the

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 269

first two minutef? were all on the move, and, being of extra length, they
come in contact with the wings directly expansion takes place, when
there is a violent movement of the wings in order to get the wings
free from the legs, the expansion taking place from the lower parts of
the hindwings first. Thus, I noted that, by 10.57 p.m., the wings
were half expanded, by 11 p.m. they were fully expanded, and by
ll.lp.m.''= they were stretched outtodry, and remained so till 11.19 p.m.,
when the wings were half opened, and kept so until 11.40 p.m., when
they were gradually closed, another ten minutes being taken to
complete the process. The moth now assumed its natural position, after
taking exactly one hour for expansion. A word concerning its natural
position of rest, which is very curious, may prove interesting. The
wings are folded very flatly, the front pair of legs are stretched fully
out, and just clasp a dry Dcljtliinium leaf, the head being quite -Sin.
away from the leaf. The hindmost pair of legs are kept perfectly flat
against the body, and just clasp the leaf, the end of the wings and
body touching the leaf. The central pair of legs are drawn in against
the body. In this position the moth is remarkably like the dried twisted
ends of the lower leaves, which are of a yellowish-brown colour, the
legs representing the dried twisted spikes of a Th'lphinium leaf. The
hair on the thorax during expansion is flat, but gradually dries,
forming a beautiful hood with side frills, and takes some ten minutes to
attain its natural shape. If the imago be touched it will fall to the
ground and feign death, but if touched again it is up immediately. —
C. P. Pickett.

Lepidoptera at Dover and Folkestone in August and early
September, 1903. — The August of 1903 will long be remembered by
British lepidopterists for its extraordinarily wet and windy weather.
During the last ten years there has been no August approaching it,
and although such insects as were seen were out earlier than in
August, 1902, their numbers were amazingly small. Such species as
Hijijiarehia snnele, \lelanarijia (jalathea, and Paran/e tnegaera, which
usually absolutely swarm in the district in their chosen localities,
were few and far between. The commonest insect certainly was
Kpinephele janira, of which several nice bleached specimens were
captured, whilst towards mid-August Pieris rapac and P. brassH-ac
became very common. No Ciiliaa hyalr occurred, although one would
have expected it after several captures in early June, and one suspects
that the wet and dull weather was the cause of its failure. The
following diary notes will show how bad things were: — Dover:
All;/ list Int. — Wet, and too windy for anything to be on the wing; a
few J'oli/oimiiatiis cori/don seen, evidently just emerging ; Kpinfphde
janira, in fine condition ; searched closely, and found three with white
patches. The undersides of the specimens observed were particularly
well marked. An'iiist 2n(l. — Remained dull and windy, and I obtained
only a few 7','. janira, which I kept for their striking undersides.
Towards evening it began to rain, but not enough to keep me indoors.
Searched two hours for larvji" of Therctra porcelhis, but got nothing.
Auffiixt Srd. — A terrible storm of wind and rain from 2 a.m. to

* At this point the middle and hind legs were brought into use to hold the leaf
firmly, the body was drawn up so as to ha\e a slightly aiehed appearance, it
remained so for about two minutes, when the body was thrust straight out, and
remained so, in the case under observation, till ll.l'J p.m. — C.P.P.

270 THE ENTOMOLOOTSt's RECORn.

9.30 a.m., suddenly cleared about 10 a.m., and there was a hot sun,
hastened to the collecting-grounds, and found An/t/nnis arjlaia abundant
and active, the 3 s worn, the ? s just emerged ; Anthmcpra jUi]ten<} nJai>
just emerging, and consequently not in the amazing abundance of last
year here ; PohjnmniatKs coniiJon common, but not yet fully out, the
$ s only just showing, and many of these with a ground colour of a
dirty blackish -brown, and different from those with a deep black ground
coloration often taken ; spotted $ s were infrequent, although in some
years they are very common, but the ab, inacijiialis, Tutt, was more
abundant than I have seen it before ; two dwarf ^ s were captured,
also two underside aberrations, with most of the spots absent.
Besides a few good undersides of Fpinrphelc jonini, nothing else v^a^
seen worth capturing. AiKfust ith-7t/i. — In London; returned to
Dover on the evening of the 7th. Ahi/ksI 8t/i.—The first good day of
the month ; brilliant cloudless sky, no Avind, and very hot. Pohj-
ommatiis conjdni was now fully out, and I selected four dwarf ^ s and
three underside aberrations ; a single Cupido minima of the 2nd brood
was the only one seen during the month ; Chri/aojihanns phlacm and
Pamphila comma just coming out ; two half-grown and other smaller
larvfe of Pyrameis cardui seen'', but not taken till later in the month,
I searched again in the evening for larvre of Thcretra pm-cellns, but did
not find a single example. Auf/iiHt dth. — Very windy, with only
occasional gleams of sunshine ; nothing would fly. A single under-
side S aberration of P. cori/don was taken, and a $ with very dark
underside, the spotting normal blackish-grey. A few undersides of
Fjpinephde janira completed the captures of the day. Autiust 10th-
11th in London, returnmg during the afternoon of the 11th to Dover
in pouring rain. Aiii/Kst 12tli. — A dull day, with occasional peeps of
sunshine and slight wind. The <? s of 1'. corijdon were now getting
■ worn, the $s fully out; 7'. icanis, ]'. astrayehc, and ('hnj-tophaniix
jihlaeas just emerging ; a single $ Anjiinnis atjlaia captured whilst
drying its wings, but a long search for the empty pupa-case proved
fruitless; fourteen aberrations of P. corijdon were taken, including
several spotless undersides (mostly <? s). The evening cleared and
proved beautiful and calm, so another journey was made to the cliffs
for larva? of T. potrdlits, but the search again proved fruitless.
Atijiust 13th. — Another good day, brilliant blue sky, and no wind.
Butterflies flew freely, but Anij/nnis aijlaia was wild and difficult to
catch ; Pamphila ctmrma, with its rapid and artful flight, was darting
about on the dwarf thistle-heads ; Poh/(mtmatiis corijdon ? s were now
abundant, and some very interesting aberrations were taken, one with
the upperside of a rich black, without markings, the orange spots being
entirely absent, two brownish examples, several ab. inaci/nalifi, Tutt,
many ab. ob.^oleta, Tutt, also one approaching ab. striata, Tutt, one
dwarf of exceedingly small size (not larger than Cupido minima); a
few dwarf 3" s were also taken, and deep-banded ab. maitiitiata, Tutt,
one with the black band sutt'used halfway across the wings, and, I believe,
ab, fiuff'ma. These forms are wonderfully interesting, and work out
exceedingly well according to the tabulation in Tutt's P>ritish lUitti'i-

* This appears to be impoitant in view of the sudden appearance ol the
imagines of this species on the east coast in large numbers about September 20th.
Can Mr. Pickett give particulars as to the abundance or otherwise of larvse towards
the end of August or in early September ? Any details relating to the appearance
of this species during the autumn would be most acceptable. — En.

NOTES OX COLLECTING. 271

Jilt's, The shades of blue on the uppersides, and the variation of the
ground colour of the undersides, also proved most interesting. A
search in the late afternoon, when P. mri/dDii was at rest, rewarded
me with the record of six specimens of ab. ohxalcta in a few minutes,
including two pairs i)i ropnlK, both ^ s and $ s belonging to this
aberration. I have never had such luck with this aberration before,
nor seen the aberration paired. I tried to get ova, but could not
induce the 5? to lay, although it would have been wonderfully
interesting to have seen if the progeny would have followed the
ohsolcta form. A few more bleached forms of E.janira concluded the
day's work. The evening was perfectly calm, and folloAved a glorious
sunset, and I spent the time on the cliff again searching for the larv*
of T. pnrcelliis, but found none. This was my last attempt this year
to find the larva at Dover. Aiii/iist lith. — Awoke to find it pouring in
torrents ; spent the whole day setting the captures of the previous day.
Ai(;iii!<t. 15t/i. — -Terrible storm of wind; an afternoon walk on the cliffs
produced three aberrations of P. rorinhm, one a ? ab. nhsoleta without
a single spot on the underside. Aiit/ast IQth. — Wind very high and
heavy clouds, but intervals of hot sun. I captured a few more under-
side aberrations of P. cdrt/doii, mostly ? s ; a few Kji'nu'phele jaaira
undersides also were captured. These constituted the day's take.
Ani/ust nth returned to London, and on the 18th went to
Folkestone. Folkestone : Aiu/nst Idth. — Dull ; train to Dover,
overtaken by sundry thunderstorms ; captured six aberrations of
P. forijihtn and a few Kjiincphdc jauira undersides, but rain drove me
home. AiiijKst 20th. — Poured from morn to night. Under cover of
umbrella, I walked along sea-front, found a single Uri/ophila innralis,
several empty cocoons thereof, and two />'. peiia on an old wall.
Ai(i/iist 21.s^ — Windy and wet; only one />. peiia off" the same old
wall. Aii;ii(st 22nd. — Dull, with slight rain in morning. Went to
Dover, where the afternoon was very fine. J\ cori/dim was now
nearly over, and few aberrations were taken; a few K.janiia also
captured, one only bleached, but one S was taken with V coloration,
the brown patches on the forewings being very large. Pliisia (lannna
put in an appearance. AKi/uxt 2Srd. — Brilliant day, very hot and
oppressive ; a walk to the Pohionimatna bdlariins ground showed that
they were not yet out. /'. Icarus and P. astrarchc were still very fresh,
and a few AcidaUa oiiiata were taken, also a few larvte of Sjdihi.v
fiiiHstri, but a close search, both at Dover and Folkestone for larv^e of
M and lira atropos, in places where I had previously taken them, was without
result. Auf/iist 2ith. — ^Returned to London, going back to Folkestone
on September 4th. Scjiteudicr 6th. — Dull; turned out with Mr. W. .J.
Kaye for P. heUaniiis, found them fully out (Mr. Garland says they
appeared on August 27th), although not abundant, as was expected
from the rarity of the species here in June (when I only took eighteen
specimens in four visits) and the bad weather from June onwards. It
was noticeable that the 5 s were more tinted with blue than usual, an
unusual feature in the second brood; two ^ s taken were of a greenish
hue, another ^ with two small black dots on forewings, and two
slightly aberrant undersides ; P. irarns and P. astrarrhr were mostly
worn, but I captured a 5 /'. Icarus with the spots on the underside
elongated, and also a pretty /'. astrarchc with the spots on the underside
almost obsolete ; an afternoon walk through the Warren produced

272 THE entomologist's record.

only a single Acidalia ontata and a few /'. bdlari/iis on the face of the
cliffs. S('pte)iibi'r Qt/i. — Very dull ; obtained a few I'. bcUarfjus before
11 p.m., when it began to rain, and continued raining hard all day.
We left Folkestone on the evening of September 6th, when it was
still raining, and there is no doubt that this was the most prominent
feature of my summer holidays of 1903. — C. P. Pickett, F.E.S..
Dawlish Road, Leyton. Sejitnnber 20t/i, 1908.

drURRE NT NOTES.

Our readers will learn with regret of the death of our valued
correspondent. Professor Augustus Radclift'e Grote, M.A., which
took place on September 12th. He was an Englishman, born
near Liverpool, but was taken by his parents to America, where the
greater part of his early and middle life was spent, and where the
greater part of his entomological work was done. At a time when
all was chaos in American entomology, he and one or two other
pioneers raised the study of lepidoptera to a good level, and, by the
publication of his check lists, made possible a great deal of the rapid
advance that has taken place in American lepidopterology during the
last two decades. He hated superficial work, and his temperament
led him to expose it, whenever he believed he had found it, in no
measured terms ; and, like all people who take strong sides,
he made many friends and enemies, and was possibly at one time the
best loved and best hated lepidopterist in America. He was a true
lover of nature, as his notes, published in the h')ifo)ii(ih>iiisfs Rccunly
vol. vi, etc., and elsewhere, show, and he attempted, not without success,
to grapple with the philosophical questions that have since been
discussed by others with better opportunities in the way of material
.and leisure. His one complaint was that luck was against him,.
and his wish to be attached to the staft" of the British Museum
when he returned to Europe in 1881, and where he might
have done excellent work, was frequently in his mind when
writing to his friends. His collection is in the Natural History
Museum, the specimens incorporated with those of so many other
excellent naturalists unknown to the younger generation of today,
who have had things made easy for them by the work of such men
as he whose loss we mourn. His reawakening of the sleepy museum
at Hildesheim, to which he attached himself as an honorary helpei-
some few years ago, is fresh in the memory of all of us, and there
must be few British lepidopterists worthy of the name who are not
familiar with the quarto brochures that have issued thence of late years.
The greater part of his work, however, has even recently been published
in the American journals and transactions of various societies, and it
is, if of unequal value, mostly of high scientific importance. He
leaves a widow and family to mourn his loss, and to them our
sympathies are extended on the loss of one who, from continuous
correspondence during the last twelve years, we have learned to look
upon as a respected and honoured friend.

Mr. G. M. Russell {Knto)ii., p. 227) remarks the well-known
seasonal change in the colour of the larva of (je<iiiietra vernaria, and
adds, " I do not remember seeing any previous record of the seasonal
change of colour of the larva." One suspects Mr. Russell's acquaint-

CURRENT NOTES. 273

ance with entomological literature to be limited. It would be easy to
put one's hand on half-a-dozen references to the fact, e.;/., Hewett, Knt.
Record, ii., p. 138 ; Farren, loe. rit., p. 202 ; Farren, up. (it., iii., p. 171 ;
Tutt, Practical Hintn fur the Field Lcjiiduptcrist, ii., p. 28, occur to us
off hand.

Mr. Denis Turner {Kntum., p. 246) records, among other species,
the capture of ( 'uownt/nipha ip/iis at Yal Andre, in Brittany. He
considers " the colouring of the underside of this species, simple as
it is, one of the beauties of the insect world," and adds, " Horace's
simplex munditiis .... seems to fit the butterfly exactly."
i'oeuuni/niji/ia ipkiti is a most unlikely species to occur in Brittany.
It may, of course, have occurred there, but we suspect not, and
if this species be vrrongly recorded others may be, and so the whole
question of geographical distribution is stultified by the publication
of erroneous facts which might be verified in every picture book
of European butterflies. Such records should be submitted to a
competent authority before publication.

Mr. Houghton verifies {Kut. Mu. Mai/., p. 219) several points already
noted by continental lepidopterists, but not before observed in this
country, in the life-history of the Gelechiid, Itcciirvaria nanella, the
larviTp of which, in August and September, 1902, he found mining the
leaves of apricots, and which they left in middle October to form
silken hibernacula in crevices, pieces of cloth, axils of the buds, etc.,
and in which they remained as larva;' all the winter, leaving these in
late February to bore into the buds, binding the buds with silk, and
clearing out the contents of the bud. At the end of May the bud is
lined Avith silk, and pupation usually takes place within. On the
emergence of the imago, which takes place principally during the first
fortnight of July, the pupa-case does not protrude from the puparium.
The larvie swarm at Worksop on apricots and peaches, and
also aftect cherry and plum, but have not been noticed there on apple
and pear, with which the species has hitherto been associated. Wing
connected it with pear, Douglas with apple, whilst the German
entomologists have long since known also its partiality for stone-
fruit trees. The latter, however, usually state that the larvif injure
the shoots as well as the buds, but this Mr. Houghton does not find
to be the case.

Dr. D. Sharp {loc. cit., p. 221) adds Pacliii<iastcr )iii)iiitissi)iii(>i,
Zett., to the list of British Stratiomyid diptera on the strength of the
capture of one specimen at Wells in July, 1902. He also notes the
capture this summer in the New Forest of a large I'acltjuiaxter, which
he makes out to be P. tarsalia, Zett., but is not altogether satisfied
with the determination.

Mr. Cottam records (luc. cit.) the capture of AjihcHa anicntana in
July, 1902, at Dilham in Norfolk. This is, even on the Continent,
we believe, so completely confined to habitats of moderate altitude or
latitude that confirmation appears to be advisable.

]\Ir. Charles Capper writes us of the capture of a single specimen
of Ih'initJtca fuiihrialis — a species so closely allied to //. strit/ata that
we believe we have once or twice recorded (c.//., antea, xiv., 227) its
capture on the Continent as that of the latter species, with remarks
on its unusual habitat — at Beachy Head, on August 7th, 1903. The
locality appears to us to savour much more of that of the former

274 THE entomologist's record.

than of the latter species, Mr. Capper promises to let Mr. Prout
examine the specimen, so that we hope to issue a further notice. In
the meantime, doubtful II. strii/ata, from downs and open places,
should be carefully examined.

The Rev. C. R. N. Burrows (Mucking Vicarage, Essex), who is
preparing for publication a paper on (ievnietra papilinnaria, asks for
information concerning the variation (published or otherwise) of this
species. Any other interesting information regarding habits of the
species in any stage would also be welcome.

Baron de Combrugghe de Picquendaele gives (Ann. dc la Soc. Ent.
lie Bel;/., xlvii., p. 270) an interesting note on the larva of OMIirenUs
liifasviana, which he says is full-fed about mid-May, pupation taking
]ilace from then to mid-June, freshly-emerged imagines being taken
in early July.

Mr. A. H. Clark writes {<'a)i. Ent., xxxv., p. 219 et se/j.) an
interesting paper, entitled " A supposed migration of Pieridae,
witnessed in Venezuela in the summer of 1901." It should be
referred to by all interested in the subject of geographical distribu-
tion, although parts of it appear to be written very markedly from the
human standpoint.

Mr. August Busck gives us A Iu'risio)i of the Awerican Maths of tlie
Eainibj (icU'rliiidai' nith Dcsirifitions of Xeir Sjiecics:.] This pamphlet
collects together, from various sources, the American Gelechiid species
that have been described, with some critical notes thereon, and wiU
form an excellent basis for future work. At the same time, it illus-
trates amazingly from the natural history, apart from the literary,
standpoint, the present state of our ignorance with regard to the
American Gelechiid fauna. Just as, in Britain, we expect little or no
real natural history to issue from our professional entomologists at
the Natural History Museum, so we cannot expect much natural
history to come from the professional entomologists attached to
the various agricultural stations throughout the United States.
That we occasionally, in England, and more frequently in
America, get a great deal more than we have a right to expect,
does not alter the general fact, and we are still waiting for the
leisured amateurs in America to make a detailed study of the life-
histories of these insects, in the same way as did Stainton here, not
haphazard, one species now and again when chance throws eggs or
larvje in one's way, but systematically, continuously, and as a labour
of love ; only in this way shall we learn anything of the life-histories
of the (ielechiids of North America, of which Mr. Busck has so care-
fully catalogued their names, and described the imagines. In a work
like this, in which many new species are described on imagines only,
the life-histories being unknown, good figures would have been a
great boon.

Mr. Hans Hirsch describes {Verh. der k.k. --.ool.-hot. Gessel. in Wien,
liii., p. 270) a new form of Ereirft arefiades, under the name dcimiicta.

We are pleased to see that Mr. Gillmer has taken up the scientific
description of lepidopterous eggs. He has given us the first detailed
one that we remember having seen done by a German lepidopterist,
rii., that of Eirbia i/larialis, in the Sodetas Entomolo(iica, xviii., p. 74.

t Published at the Government Printing Office, Washington, U.S.A.

'!|

CURRENT NOTES,

275

We dare say there are others, i-eally srood ones, but niost of those we
know narrowly approach the style, " Yellow, conical, laid on cabbage,"
we all once loved so well, or like Newman's historical description of
the egg of Ptilophora plumujera, " The egg is brown and laid in
November."

Mr, Edward Saunders has found a new Amnmphila in Jersey,
closely allied to A. hlrsnta, Scop,, which he describes {Knt. M>). Maij., p-
2^7), under the name of Ammophila liiffii, in honour of Mr. W. A. Luff,
who has done so much towards the investigation of the fauna of the
Channel Islands. Mr. Saunders also confirms Andrena inlipen. Fab.,
Oamia riifa, Linn., Puilalin'ns retnsus, Linn., and Bombm pratnriim,

Linn., as inhabitants of Jersey.

Mr. Porritt records (7':»^3/«. 37^7//., p. 251) the capture of several speci-
mens of .iW-hna isoscdcs on the Norfolk broads in the neighbourhood of
Stalham, also long series of LihelUda fidra, Orthetriiw canrdlatiuii, etc.
About ten or twelve years ago, at one of the meetings of the South
London Entomological Society, we were somewhat surprised at an old
gentleman, a very regular attendant at the meetings, and whom nobody
seemed to know, introducing himself to us as Mr. Samuel J. Wilkin-
son, the author of the well-known and more or less classic Brithh
Tortricra, for, whatever may be said to the contrary, nothing better on
the subject has yet been produced in this country. From then on-
wards a fortnightly chat was usually indulged in, until some three or
four years since, increasing deafness and objection to being out late at
night, made his visits at the meetings of the society less frequent, and
for some time they have ceased alotgether. On September 16th last,
the veteran died, in his 88th year, having, we believe, added nothing
to the sum total of entomological literature, since the publication of
his first and last work in 1859.

Mr, Wheeler's new book, Butterflies of f^mtzerland and the Alps of
Central Europe, has just been published. The price is 5s, (6s, inter-
leaved). It is of the highest value to all collectors of butterflies, even
those who confine their attention to British ones, A review by Mr.
H, Rowland Brown will appear in our next issue.

The Handbook of Southport and surrounding district, preparedly
the Local Committee for the meeting of the British Association, which
was held there from September 9th to the 16th, contained, as is now
nsually the custom in these handbooks, a series of interesting articles
•on the geology, botany, and zoology of the district. In the zoological
section there were three articles of interest to entomolosrists, one of which,
hy Messrs. F. N, Pierce, F,E.S., and J. R. Charnley, F.E.S., deals with
the lepidoptera. A brief introduction describes generally the nature
of the district, and gives some information in reference to the more
interesting captures which have been made, and also a brief note as
to the various local lists which have been published. Then follows a
list, with localities and habitats, of some of the more interesting cap-
tures both of the Rhopalocera and Heterocera. The second article by
Dr, Chaster and Mr, Burgess Sopp, F.E.S., deals with the celeoptera
of the district. The authors first give an account of some of the more
striking captures which have been made in this district, including such
remarkable rarities as Anisotowa farm, A. pirea, Fihizophaons roernli-
pennis, Aphodins scrofa, Heptaulacm villosns, Animnerius breris, Aefpaha
riifa and Antkicns biinaciilatiis, as to which latter rarity it may be
remarked that the authors have taken it quite commonly during the

276 THE entomologist's record.

past summer in a very restricted locality on the sandhills. Then fol-
lows a list of some of the more noteworthy general captures, divided
under the headings of Northern Forms, Southern Forms, Intermediate
Forms, and General Karities. In every case not only is the locality
given for each insect, but also very interesting notes as to the habitats,
and lastly a very complete bibliography is attached to the article. The
whole list is one of the best we have seen in these handbooks. The
last article to which we need refer deals with the Araneae, and is by
Dr. -Jackson. Here again, in addition to a few general notes, a fairly
complete list of the most interesting of the spiders which have been
captured locally is given, with notes as to habitats and special locali-
ties. We congratulate the Local Committee at Southport on a very
admirable handbook, and one which will be of great use to those
studying the local distribution of our fauna.

j^ClENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Variations confined to one sex. — Referring to the note on this
subject {Kntom. Itec, vol. xv., p. 237), I think Mr. Doncaster will
find what he wants in the hospita form of Nemeoplula plantatjinis.
The 3' s are very constant, and though I have some ? s that have
almost the same coloration in the forewings, the hindwings lack the
beautiful white of the g hnsjiita. I have never' seen or heard of a 2
var. hofipita. Will your subscribers kindly look over their series and
give us their experience ? This is the first example that occurred to
me on reading Mr. Doncaster's note, but there may be others.—
Herbert Massey, F.E.S., Ivy Lea, Barnage, Didsbury. September 28t/i,
1903.

W'A R I A T I 0 N.

Aberration of Biston hirtaria. — Daring April last 1 bred an
unusual aberration of Jlistmi liirtaria, in which the markings, which in
the type are black, are buff in colour ; it is an exactly parallel aberra-
tion to the famous, or infamous, buff ADijiJiiilasi/s hetularia, peculiar to
a certain portion of Lancashire some thirty years ago, and makes me
think there might have been something other than " faking " in these
forms, for it was one of a number bred from a north London strain, in
a cool conservatory, in which the pupae were also kept ; the remainder
of the brood showed about the usual range of variation obtaining in
this species. — W. G. Sheldon, Heimath, Friend's Road, Croydon.
September 2,m1, 1903.

Aberration of Mania maura. — One specimen of this species taken
here this year is an interesting aberration, and one that I have not
taken before in the same locality, where, I may add, M. maura has
always been common, but not so abundant as in the present year.
It has the apical area, the inner half of the marginal area, the circum-
scription of the discoidal spots, the median nervure and other nervures
leading from the reniform spot to the hind margin, all of a rich pink,
fleshy tint. There are no alders or willows near, but many fruit-
trees. — Mer\'yn G. Palmer, 6, Court Road, West Norwood, S.E.
September lOt/i, 1902. [Is this not Mania maura ab. ruaea, Tutt, Brit.
Noctuae, &c., iv., p. 40. — Ed.]

Erratum. — The locality mentioned in Ent. Record, antea, p. 215, line 6,
should be Luan, above Corbeyrier. — G. 0. Sloper.

A TRIP TO CORSICA AND THE ALPES MARITIMKS. 277

A Trip to Corsica and the Alpes Maritimes {irith plate).

Part II. — St. Martin Vesubie and Digne.

By H. KOWLAND-BROWN, M.A., F.E.S.

A good many entomologists have visited the beautiful valley down
which the Vesubie thunders through deep limestone gorges, or opens
out into pleasant intermediate relief of green meadows and fruit-laden
orchards. The French authors quote St. Martin Lantosque religiously
for half the insects to be taken in southern France ; Milliere is cited,
again and again, to show that the " hauteurs " above the village are the
haunt of butterflies which I, for one, have found rare enough. But
no English entomologist, as far as I can determine, has systematically
worked from the level of the Nice-Puget-Thenieis line to the Madone
de Fenestre, a distance, perhaps, of five and twenty miles, embracing
every sort and kind of scenery, from semitropical to high alpine, with a
corresponding variety of fauna. A week or ten days, even in July,
hardly offers sufiicient opportunity to grasp the real significance of
these different altitudes. The Vesubie season, however, lasts from
April to October, and fortunate is the naturalist who remains there
over the spring and summer months. After the rough hospitality of
Corsica, the flesh-pots of this agreeable summer-dependence of
Nice, are by no means a disadvantage. The Hotel Regina, where I
stayed, was not only reasonable in every way, but well found, clean,
and electric-lighted, with a sympathetic proprietor, whose English wife,
understanding our manners and customs, took heed for my British
propensities accordingly. I say this advisedly, because I fear in some
previous papers in this magazine I have, perhaps, not dwelt too intimately
on certain drawbacks of inn accommodation where I have sojourned
alone. Collectors have sometimes asked me how on earth I could
recommend them such and such a place, but I have generally found
that they went not unaccompanied, and that the difficulty has, in some
measure, arisen from my failure to differentiate the quarters suitable
to bachelors, and those more fortunate travellers than myself. On the
strength of a bath, bought by myself, I ventured to advocate the
attraction of a certain happy hunting-ground on the southern slope of
the Alps, and made a special point of the home-comforts there attain-
able. Alas ! the next of my countrymen to visit the spot,
announced my bath like the helmet of the worn-out man-at-arms, a
hive for bees or something worse, while it appears that lectures on
hygiene, delivered to a polite landlord, anxious for l^ritish custom, had
fallen on barren ground. May I sum up St. Martin Vesubie in four
words "no smells, no bells," and the virtue of the latter recom-
mendation will be understood by all who have stayed in early devo-
tional alpine villages, or sighed in vain for sleep beside the bell-
haunted, but otherwise delightful, shores of the Italian lakes. I find
that the desire for a particular insect draws one, eventually, to a
particular locality. This year it is Digne for Erebia epiMi/i/ne, the
next it is the Cevennes country for Pob/oinmatns (IoIks ; I believe it
•w&s Xoiiimdes y;/<?^«no^v.s which introduced metoHyeres, and it certainly
was Erebia ;ilacialis which sent me over the Stelvio to Trafoi and
the Ortler region.

My friend. Dr. H. C. Lang, had mentioned Laeosaiiis rohorh in con-
nection with a visit paid by him to St. Martin Vesubie, and, remember-

NovEMBER 15th, 1903.

278

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

ing this, the best, if not the shortest, way home from Corsica, seemed
to be rid Nice and Pnget-Theniers, the road which I traversed last
autumn in all the late splendours of the fall. The railway-station is
La Vesubie on the Chemin de fer du Sud. A char-aXancs plies
between it and intermediate villages, taking four leisurely hours and
more to cover the twenty-one miles. This drive alone is worth a
journey to the south in summer. The wind and river singing through
the split precipitous chasms, keep the air cool on the hottest day,
though there is quite as much dust on the road as makes for discom-
fort. However, that only means that the wayside halt, and the figs
and the gold-green grape clusters, will be more desired and appreciated.
You can get a hatful (large size Panama) of figs for thirty centimes,
and enough grapes to do the "cure " in one day for the same small
sum. On a hot outing this profusion is an inestimable boon, especially
when collecting away from the valleys in the lower hills where water
is not to be found Avith certainty. The actual height of St. Martin
Vesubie is a little over 3000ft., or rather more than 1000ft. higher
than Digne. Madone de Fenestre, with a by no means uncomfortable
little hotel, reached by the upper valley of the Vesubie, is 6260ft. The
valley of the Borreon, which joins the Vesubie at St. Martin, is for the
most part, highly cultivated. By far the best hunting-ground is
between the town and Venanson, a tiny village perched high on an
escarpment of rock overlooking the whole valley. My first day at
Vesubie was spent investigating this particular route right up to the
pretty amphitheatre, into which another stream discharges itself
from the higher levels. Here, on July 26th, I saw more butterflies on
the wing than elsewhere on the whole of my expedition put together.
On the moist places left by the runnels, now dry, Melitaea pluiebe was
in great abundance with M. uthalia, while I noticed that .V. (lidijwa
attained a size far superior to anything I have taken in the south of
France or elsewhere. But quite the commonest species on the wing
was Sati/nis actaea var. cordiila, the males very fine and large, predom-
inating. ,S'. circe, S. nenieU and S. alcijone were also abundant ; but
neither now, nor later, did I encounter, in these valleys, .S. briseis, S.
statiliniis, S. jiilia, or S. arethusa, all, according to Mr. Bromilow's list,
occurring there more or less commonly. Probably I was too early in
this late season for the three, and how curious a mixture of spring and
summer forms I met with will be understood when I say that, with the
autumn or second brood of Pontia dapUdice and (Toneptenjx elfopatra,
I presently observed a perfect male Km-hlin' var. eitplwnoides, certainly
the latest date I have ever found this single-brooded southern butterfly.
Meanwhile, another exceedingly numerous insect was Chri/suiiJianiis
var. (/ordius, also in superb condition, of both sexes, with a nice bright
form of ('. darilis. On the stonecrop, flowering on the wayside walls,
and also, wherever a stunted sloe-bush struggled for existence, Thecla
iliri.s var. cent was to be found with a few ragged Callojdni/s nibi. The
former flower also yielded a single male Lamjn'des trUcaniis, the main
brood of which, as I afterwards ascertained at Digne, flies later in
August. Other Lycaenids about included Pleheius an/tts (acffon), very
small, P. ar(/!/ra(/iioiiio)i, I'oli/omviotiis baton (practically over), /'.
astrarche, P. icanis (not remarkable in anyway), P. cac/icn, P. bdlarifiis,
P. conjdon, P. Injlas and P. iiielecKjcr, of which it is noticeable that the
only females taken by me were the ab. uteveni. P. lueleaiier, indeed,

A TRIP TO CORSICA AND THE ALl'ES MARITIMES. 279

was one of the commonest species met with, both here and on the Nice
road, which otherwise did not yield much of a bag. Higher up again,
and in the little meadows, watered by a careful system of irrigation,
P. damon was just beginning to show with Noniiadci^ sinnionjus, and
C'l/aniris an/i(dt(s, while I may as well mention here that a few battered
female Lycaena arioii were still ovipositing in the Vesubie valley on
the other side. (Jhrijm))hanus vin/aKrcae was also to be found in pro-
fusion, the females not easily to be distinguished on the wing from ('.
doriiis var. siibalpina. Argynnids were not very much in evidence. A
few wasted IJrenthis ciiphrosijiw, fresh Issoria latunia, Ari/i/iinis niobe,
A. adijipe ab. licodn.vci and Dri/as paplda, appeared at intervals, the
last-named being by far the commonest of its kind. Melanart/ia var.
procida, on the other hand, swarmed, and, presently, in the pine-woods,
I found Erehia liijea and E. ciiryale, both fine examples and in
exquisite condition, ('oennnympha dorua was another common species,
and there were the usual confusing Hesperiids, among which Ht'speria
cart/ianii, H. sao, and a very beautiful form of what appears to be H.
alvens var. fritUlmn, were prominent. That day, at least, I saw nothing
of the promised Laenmpis robnris, although I must have passed over the
spot more than once, where I afterwards discovered it two days before my
departure (July 29th), when I was, however, carrying, not a butterfly-
net, but a heavy camera. So, in the afternoon, I returned to the
clematis hedge from which I had flicked the tell-tale specimen, took
two fair examples, and saw at least half-a-dozen others in about half-
an-hour, but L. ruhoris was evidently on the wane, though from hear-
say, and my own observations, I should say it occurred not
infrequently here, the larvae feeding on ash. My walk up to the
Madone (July 28th), like so many similar expeditions this year in the
south, was spoilt by the sky clouding over soon after ten o'clock ; and
there is surely nothing more irritating to a collector than the sudden
and prolonged withdrawal of direct sunlight after a brilliant, cloudless,
early morning. Dr. Lang had told me that, in 1899, he found L'liiunobas
aello flying in the village itself, if the group of sheds belonging to the
inn, and the little pilgrimage chapel of Our Lady can be dignified by
the name. At an altitude of 6000ft., the valley, which is in Italian
territory, is an ideal collecting-ground for alpine insects. In a brief
interval of sunshine I took, or observed, ( '<dian idiicomune, Paruassius
apullo, Erehia ijoyije, E. sti/yne, E. tjoante and what I take to be a bright
and well-ocella'ed form of E. ejdpJiron var. cassiojie, E. melanipHs, and
again a well-marked and rather large T'A ti/ndari(fi, referable to var. dromua.
The Melitfeas were represented by Xlelitaea parthenie var. varia, and
Ar;/ij)inif< pales was, I expect, common enough, though most I saw were
sitting on flowers or the leaves of low-lying shrubs. Aporia crataeiji,
Atjlais iirtirae, and, a little lower, Brenthia aiiiat/nisia with Epinephele
lijrao)i (males only), suggested a useful field of exploration, but the
absence of sun made collecting extremely difficult. It was perhaps re-
markable, however, that here, as elsewhere, the Anthrocerids appeared
little ati'ected by the dull grey light ; and, though never occurring in
such profusion as I have seen them in the Swiss alps, lower down,
on the lavender, I took a few interesting species, including
Anthrncera [Zi/;/aena) juirjiiiralus and ab. pobjt/alae{f), A. transalpina,
A. /lilaris var. ouonidis, A. carnioUca, and one ab. ireileri (/), A.
ejdiialtes ab. medusa (one), and several forms apparently of A. triftdii,

280

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

not yet distinguished. Additional to the above should be mentioned
Papilio podaliniis, Pierls calUdice (Madone), Lfpti/^ia sinajns, Colias
('dam, C. Jiyale, Gonei>te)'ij.c cle(jj)atra, Hhri/sophauiis JtippotJioii var.
euri/bia, C. phlaeas (type) and var. eleus, Lampides hocticiis (worn),
Liiiie}iitis Camilla, Fobnionia c-album, Pi/ranieh cardni, P. atalanta,
Ariiymm daplnw (practically over), Pamrf/e niaera, J', vieiiaera, Epine-
phele jiirtina, K. tithomis, A. /n/perantlitis, Coenoni/iiipha jiaiiipJiilua,
Adopaea lineola, A. thaiiiiias, A. actaeun, Atit/iades comma ab. catena,
A. fii/lvamis (very large females), ('archarodm lavaterae and C. alceae,
all of which occurred commonly in the neighbourhood. But the
butterflies enumerated by no means exhaust the long list of species
native to the Vesubie district, and taken by other collectors in July,
in more advanced, and prolific, years. Passing over from Puget-
Theniers to Digne, after a night at Touet-de-lieuih where I had noticed
Pohjijonia cijea. although the day was brilliant and hot, I was surprised
to observe so few butterflies, or, indeed, insects of any order, Diptera
excepted. Save S. var. cordnla, I hardly saw anything at all. August
3rd found me on the old familiar Digne hunting-ground, above the
Thermal establishment, where, in June, 1899, 1 had first encountered
Papilio alexanor. Almost the first butterfly I saw was a fine female,
but the few others about were worn and not worth capture. Most of
the Lycajnids, too, were more or less battered, but I took a single fair
Polijommattts admetus var. rippertii from a number of "blues" throng-
ing a patch of black mud. >Sati/rits an't/msa also turned up singly, and
N. actaca (type) was fairly abundant. On La Collete there was next
to nothing, but Papilio macluwn and P. jiodalirinx with one or two
more S. airt/msa, and a sprinkling of Prenthis dia, while, in the woods
just above the great fountain, Xcphi/nts (/iwrciis was flying in some
numbers. It was, however, much commoner on the rough ground at
the top of the hill above the cemetery, where the withering plants of
Aristoluchia conjured up pleasant memories of many bygone expeditions
on these now burnt-up slopes. With Zc/j/iyrns (jiierciis were one or two
X. heUdae, both species much attracted by the pods of a shrub covered
with honeydew. I had certainly hoped for a better result, but as I
gather from M. Chretien, a well-known Paris entomologist, whom I
had the pleasure of meeting, the Digne season had been uniformly
bad, owing, no doubt, to the weather earlier in the year. Then Mr.
Sheldon has already given us his experiences of the " butterfly metro-
polis " in June-July, so there is no more to be said, save that I found
the Boyer-Mistre, notwithstanding the pressure of a three days fete in
progress, comfortable as ever, and Madame seriously considering the
advisability of adding a golden AUwanor to the armorial "achieve-
ments " of her house. I forget precisely how many German collectors
had been in the hotel this summer, but, good season or bad, it is
clear that the famous capital of the Basses-Alpes still receives more
attention from the bug-hunters of all nations that any other town in
Europe. There must, however, be plenty of equally good, if less
patronised, localities in this south-eastern corner of France, and had I
taken Krchia scipio, as I meant to, but failed through the excessive
heat, I should be inclined, if permitted the benefit of another expedi-
tion, to fix headquarters somewhat higher up, or at Annot, south of
St Andre, an uncommonly promising locality, with a good hotel. But
at least it was something gained by going so far south in July to

NOTES ON THl'] T,EPI1)01'TKRA OF BKENDON. 281

have escaped the unl)i'oken downpour, which, following the cold winds
and fi-osts of the spring, will cause 190B to be long remembered by
J3ritish collectors at home and abroad in the north, as one of the worst
on record.

Notes on the Lepidoptera of Brendon.

By LOUIS B. PKOUT, F.E.S.

Having spent two very enjoyable holidays (July 13th to August
13th, 1901, and July 18th to August 21st, 1903) in the neighbourhood
of Brendon, north Devon, in company with my friend Mr. J. E.
Gardner, I have obtained a sufficient acquaintance with the lepidop-
terous fauna of that district to feel justified in contributing to the Ent.
lievnrd some notes on the subject. Unfortunately "sugar" was paying
very poorly during both visits, and the very bad weather in the present
summer hindered the carrying out of many plans which might have
resulted in materially swelling our list. But still I think we may
claim to have ascertained that the district is a mine of wealth to the
diligent entomologist. The products of the immediate neighbourhood
of the farmhouse which we made our headquarters (a mile or so from
the village) were so interesting and varied, that I shall confine myself
to these for the greater part, merely appending a list of a few of the
principal species which we met with somewhat further afield.

Among the butterflies nothing very striking was observed, although
to Londoners it was decidedly refreshing to have Bryan paphia flying
about in the garden, Zephiiras qaercm in the wood a few yards from
the house, and plenty of Aiijijnnis ai/laia and Satyrus acwelc, with a
few belated Callophnjs nibi, on the hillsides close by. Larv* of
Va)iesm iu — a species which is said to be getting scarcer in some parts
of the country of late years — were very common on both our visits.
One or two nice aberrations of Epincphiie tithnnus, with additional
ocelli on the forewings, also deserve mention.

Sugaring, as I have already said, added very little to our " bag " ;
in fact, in 1903, hardly anything came at all excepting a few Xylena
inonoylyp/ia, and a few Moniia iiiaura down by the river Liyn. A very
occasional Craniophora Uynstri, on sugared ash-trunks, added just a
spice of interest to what would otherwise have been an absolutely futile
occupation. In 1901, we fared a little better, J/, viaiira was then a
pest in its particular locality, Comnia trapezina was common and in
endless varieties, Triphaena tUnhriata and Ainathes brunnea not uncom-
mon, with an occasional Thyatira hatis, Habrosyne derasa, Auiathes haia,
A. dahlii, Pyrajihiln pyrauiidea, Cleoceris viminalis, Cerapteryx yraniinis,
I'/iarctra ntiiiicin, etc. Of Envois prasina (herbida) I only saw one,
while many common species which might have been expected were
almost or entirely absent.

But our most interesting Noctuid captures were made in other ways
than at sugar. Of those which were found in the larval stage I will
speak presently, but I may here mention that the local iStilbia anomala
was in plenty on the suitable heaths, and that Ayrotis ayathina,
Amathcs neylecta, and, of course, Lycophotia striyula, were taken at
heather bloom ; two or three Xylena sculopacina occurred at flowers of
bramble, while Triphaena ianthina was also true to its usual (though
not quite invariable) habit of preferring flowers to treacle. Both the

282 THE entomologist's record.

last mentioned species were once or twice beaten out of hedges by day.
A few Plusias were netted at dusk, but only the commonest species — ■
Pluaia cJtrijf^itis, P. ]>iil<'/iri)ia, and the ubiquitoiis P. i/ainma. PovkiIocIui
fontis was once or twice taken by day in the bilberry woods.

The "prominents" only furnished us with one record in the imago
state, a single worn specimen of I'tihulon eapKcina [camdina) netted at
dusk in 1901. The Lithosiids were also of the commonest, Xudaria
iiiiiiulana and LitJioaia Inritleula.

The Geometrids made up a very creditable list. The principal
bilberry-feeders, Eupithecia dehiliata, Lyr/ris' poptdata, Maleni/ilris didij-
iiiata and Hj/driowena furcata (sordidata) were common in the wood ;
the last-named was, as usual, most interesting in its variation, probably
the most prevalent characteristic of the race being a pale, but bright,
green coloration, with an extension of the white outer spot into sub-
marginal band. Down by the river, among hazel and sallow, larger
and darker forms were prevalent, with quite a different range of varia-
tion. The said " bilberry wood" consists mainly of oak, with belts of
larch, and a dense undergrowth of bilberry. Its other principal pro-
ducts in this superfamily were Ci/ntatnp/wra rcpandata, interesting pale
aberrations, though we had not much luck with the lovely ab.
cunversaria, C. ribcata {ahictarid), Dnjocoetis (/labraria, Mararia
liturata, Cidaria inmianata, Leptomeris inornata, Eitpithecia siibfulvatn,
one worn specimen, probably a stray from more open country. In the
hedges at its margins we got Euchlania apiciaria, THpJujsa dnbitata,
and, of course, some of the usual pests. On the open moorland just
above, chiefly on or near the stone walls, Lcptoiin'ris vianiiui'pnuctata,
Anaitifi pilai/iata and Epirrhn'r ijaliata occurred more or less freely ; the
latter did not vary much inter se, but were of a pretty, whitish form,
with strongly darkened central band. Mr. A. U. Battley, who was
there in 1902 earlier in the season, adds Leptomeris fioiiata and Epirrlio'e
tristata.

Light in the house was tried on suitable occasions, and brought in
two or three Terpne papilionaria, Pseudoterpna pruinata, (khyria
dempiata {propwinata), a single Enstroma silaceata, and plenty of
Liji/ris pojnilata, also of Noctuids, several Habrostola triplasia in
addition to some of the species already recorded as obtained in other
ways. The only Vhalera bucepluda which we saw, also came in to our
light, and, indeed, returned two or three times on being ejected.

On rocky or stony ground by the river, Sciadion obscnrata was
locally common, and Amoebe olivata by no means scarce. With the
smaller fry we did very little, but I paid some heed to the interesting
genus Scoparia, and was pleased to get a nice series of S. iilinella
{conspirualiti) in the wood, besides a few S. erataeijella, etc. 1 believe
S. ulwclla has not hitherto been recorded from Devonshire; they were
tapped off small oak-trunks by day, and came freely to Mr. Gardner's
acetylene lamp at 11 p.m.

We were fairly successful with larvte, although, on account of the
constant rains, there were very few opportunities of tree-beating in
1908, and the bad weather also curtailed our expeditions, so that some
— such as a hunt for larvae of Eupitliecia comtrictata on the wild
thyme — got crowded out altogether. Mr. Gervase F. Mathew tells me
he remembers it as locally common in the county, and we found an
apparently ideal locality for it not far from our lodgings. The

NOTES ON ORGYIA SPLENDIDA. 283

Enpithecia larvae which we succeeded in finding in the immediate
neighbourhood, were K. castii/ata (on various foodphints, as usual,
ranging from ash to Crepis), K. linariata, K. jiiilrlnllala, K. jasiuneata
(much to our surprise, as we were a mile or two inland, and had under-
stood it to be strictly confined to the actual coast), K. nanata, K.
t'ra.vinata, K. laririata, and a single slender larva on ( 'rein's, which may
well be K. scabii)sata, a species with whose larva neither of us is
personally acquainted. Our object in searching Crepis was to get
larva' of Hccatcra screna, and in this we succeeded, although they were
far from abundant. In the common red campion we found Pcrizmna
a[fiiiitata, and, of course, the ubiquitous Diantlnwda bicniris (raiisincola),
while the bladder campion yielded one or two D. ronspersa. (jalenpais
tetrahit did not seem common in the neighbourhood, but when found
it yielded, as usual, the larvae of P. alcheniillata. From ash we
obtained larvas of Craninphora liiiKstn, and from alder those of
X(itod())ita (Irumcdariits, Acninicta l('pori)ia, Hi/drioiiiena autniniialiH
(iinj)liiriata), Kiichocca obliterata (lieparata) and Chloroeli/sta siterata
(psittacata), from beech, Colocasia cori/li, from sallow Notudonta ziczac,
from heather, Anarta nn/rtilU (both on Calluna and Erica), whilst
Odoiitopera bideiitata was in all kinds of trees, though decidedly
commonest on ash and larch ; some of the charming lichen-like
varieties of the last-named larva' were taken from the larch; the series
of moths which I bred in the spring of 1902 showed an interesting
range of variation.

Add to the foregoing notes the fact that, within a very few miles of
us, the following (amongst other) species occurred, either as larvfe or
imagines, and I think my opening assertion will be admitted — " that
the district is a mine of wealth." The species referred to are —
( 'ncidlia absinthii, Hypenodes costaentruialis, Tepliruaia bistortata, Aathena
bloineri, Spilote [Abraxas) sijlvata, Perizuina taeniata, Kupithecia
plitinbeolata, E. expallidata, E. trisif/naria, E. teniiiata, Kuplnjia jn'cata,
Ijijijris prnnata, Petrophora bipanctaria (a fine dark form which I have
seen from no other British locality), Scojiaria tnoicicoldla, Kiiiujcliia
cinr/ulata, Phlyctaenia terrealis, P. asinalis, Leiuptilus tephradactijliis
and L. osteodactylus.

Notes on the eggs, larva, cocoon and female of Orgyia splendida.

By .]. C. DOLLMAN, F.E.S.
Three full-fed larvfB of this species were received from Dr. Chapman
on August 25th of this year, two of which appeared ready to spin up,
while the third example had evidently sutiered on the journey. It is
a very handsome larva, about one inch in length, with the body beauti-
fully variegated by lemon-yellow and black reticulated markings, and
adorned with large reddish warts. The head is large and bold in
character, and intensely black and shining. There is a black dorsal
line on the body, fine on the thoracic segments, but expanding into
diamond-shaped blotches on abdominal segments 6, 6, 7. The 1st,
2nd, 8rd, 4th and 8th abdominal segments carry a stitt", vertical, black
tuft of hair with a white core, and segments 6 and 7 have, in the
centre of the dorsal surface, a tall turret-shaped yellow excrescence of a
fleshy consistency, which is repeated in an embryo form on segment o.
On the prothoracic segment is a transverse band of six dull yellow
warts, and a similar band of six, larger, orange-coloured warts across

284 THE entomologist's becord.

the nieso- and metathoracic segments. The line black dorsal line
on these segments runs through the centre of these transverse bands
of warts, slightly dividing them in the middle, and showing three
warts on each side of the line on each segment. The bottom wart is
continued horizontally along the larva on each segment, forming a sub-
dorsal line of orange-coloured warts to the 8th abdominal segment.
On abdominal segments 5, 6 and 7 above this wart, is another
orange wart, placed between it and the turret-like protuberance.
At the skinfolds, between the thoracic segments, there is a trans-
verse series of tine, elongated, yellow, dorsal markings, making two
light bars across the larva there. The lateral surface is ornamented
with reptile-like markings of lemon-yellow, with jet black network of
dividing lines. On each segment, below the subdorsal warts, are
placed two others, of a dull horn colour, forming two lines horizontally
along the larva, a lateral and a spiracular one. All these warts, on
every part of the segments, carry stift' black hairs, rather longer than
the tufts before mentioned. The spiracles are concealed in the
multiplicity of the black and yellow markings. The head, like the
body, is very hairy, and has the growth of hair set well forward,
projecting from the face.

Two of these three larv^ spun their cocoons on August 20th, the
third one died. The cocoon is of a greyish- black colour, formed to a
great extent from the hairs of the larva, is oval in shape, and
semitransparent. In the present instance the spinning was accom-
plished in the corners of the box in which the larvffi were kept.

On (September 15th, a healthy female insect emerged from one of
the pup*, and was found to be a stout shuttle-shaped bag-like
creature about |in. long. It was covered with closely-grown, thick,
woolly hair, rather short in length, and of a tow-like colour. The
segmental divisions were cut deeply into the woolly coating, and the
insect presented the same appearance all round, the ventral surface
only being determined by locating the legs on the closely contracted
thoracic segments. The head, anal termination, and legs, Avere dark
brown and very shiny. On the 19th, the other cocoon was opened to
find another female insect, but, in this case, full emergence from the
fragile pupa-case did not take place. The head and ovipositor were
^ simply thrust through the thin confining skin, and the insect soon
commenced, as the first one had done, to lay infertile ova.

The egg is very large for the size of the insect, fully Yt^n.
in diameter, is laid without attachment to any object, and rolls
loosely about, the egg-laying habit of this species being quite unlike
that of the two British species we have in this genus. It is a beautifully
smooth egg, white in colour, but showing the glow of the yellow
contents through the shell, strongly resembling the appearance of
many freshly-laid white eggs of birds. The effect of it is like white
porcelain. It is slightly oval in shape with a rather flattened crown,
in the centre of which is a small depression.

<g>RTHOPTERA.

Orthoptera at Caux. — Caux is a village, or rather, two large hotels,
on the hills at the back of Glion, above Montreux. It is a most
beautiful spot, commanding a splendid view of the Lake of Geneva, of

COLEOPTERA. 285

the Savoy Alps, and the Dent du Midi, with the valley of the Rhone.
Diu-iug a fortnight's stay there, in September, 1902, 1 picked up a few
Orthoptera, which are, perhaps, worth noting, although I discovered
nothing of very great interest. Chri/sochraon bracliyptcrm, Ocsk., was
common enough among the thickets on the footpath from Canx to Les
Avants ; when alive, it is of a brilliant golden-green, but fades to a
dirty green-brown after death. StenohotJiras linmtH>>, Panz., occurs on
the grassy slopes at the back of Caux. Onwcoitus rirululns, L., was
common on the grassy places around Caux. Staiimdcms nuirio, Fabr.,
is found on the mountains round the Dent de Jaman and on the sides
of the Rochers de Naye, between 5000ft. to 6000ft. S. apricarius,
L., I took sparingly on the sides of the Rochers de Naye. S. bicolor,
Charp., was of course common, as also ChortJiijiimx parallduft, Zett.
(roiiipJiDceriis sibiriciis, L., was common on the Rochers de Naye, above
5000ft. Podisina alpinuw, Koll., occurred on the path to Les Avants
from Caux, among the thickets, and P. pedcatrc, L., I took on the
Rochers de Naye. Orphania denticanda, Charp., was common in long
grass by the sides of paths on the Rochers de Naye ; I never took it
lower than the Dent de Jaman. Lonista cantana, Fuessly, made the
air shrill with its stridulation in the hotel gardens. Olijnthoscelis
cinereiiti, L., occurred in thickets along the path from Caux to Les
Avants. I'latijcleis. aiissnreana, Frey, was numerous on the mountains
round the Dent de Jaman and on the Rochers de Naye. — Malcolm
Burr, F.E.S., 12, Fitzjames Avenue, West Kensington. October 10th,
1903.

OLEOPTERA.

CoLEOPTERA IN ScoTLAND. — Since August I have only been able to
collect at irregular intervals, and the weather has been so persistently
wet and stormy that the scanty leisure I have had for field work has
been seriously reduced, still I have managed to turn up a few good
things, and to add, I believe, some new records for Scotland. In my
last notes I omitted to mention the capture, near Longniddry, in
numbers, off" Solanuiii dulcamara, of Psi/lliodcti a(finis, Pk. ; Canon
Fowler says it had not been taken in Scotland, though Bold records it
as common in Northumberland ; the plants were growing right on the
shore, and must often have been drenched with sea spray. The first
half of September (except for a visit to Southport) was spent at Bridge
of Cally, in Perthshire, just at the entrance to Glen Shee, which leads
up to the only pass with a carriage road to Braemar from the south.
The most interesting captures were single specimens of ApJunliiis
noiioralis, Er., A. foetidiis, F., and A. compurcatus, L., all taken flying
on the road during the only two fine autumn days we were blessed
with. Awara acuminata, Pk., and Pterostichiis versicolor, Sturm., wej'e
also secured in the same way, while C'ychraiiius fuiKjicola, Heer, was one
of the few insects taken in the sweep-net worth recording. On
Saturday, September 26th, another of those rare autumn days, in
which mere existence was a pleasure, and the open air was so delight-
ful that one sighed for the power to bid Old Time stay his flying
feet, we were again at Longniddry ; on this occasion Ceuthurhj/ncJiidiiis
versicolor, Bris, previously only taken by odd specimens, was almost
common; Atomaria nii/rivciitris, Steph., was swept up, and also one
large dark Atomaria, which appears to be tjibbida, Er,, but I have not

286 THE entomologist's kecokd.

yet had a chance of comparing it with an authentically named
specimen. During the present month I have taken Trij)lii/llns
sHtaralis, F., out of fungus on a tree- stump in Duddingston Park ; the
only previous Scotch record is "Tweed district only very rare"; I
expect I could have obtained it in some plenty, but only took a small
series, not recognising it at the time, and then we had such torrents of
rain that the fungus was washed away. Out of the same fungus came
lIoiiialitDii excavatum , Steph., ('ilea nilp/ioides, L., and Protciniis oralis,
Steph., which seems to be a rather scarce insect in Scotland. Out of
flood-refuse thrown up by the Tweed near Cardrona Station, I have
today taken Bemhidinm schij]ipeli, Dj., in scanty numbers, />. mamier-
heiiiii, Sahl., Ocalea latipennis, Shp., Parawecomma inelanocephaluw,
Hbst., StenuH picipes, Steph., S. crassm, Steph. and L'atnps scyiccnn,
Pz. — T. Hudson Beare, B.Sc, F.E.S., 10, Regent Terrace, Edinburgh.
October 11th, 1903.

HyPOCOPRUS I.ATRIDIOIDES IN THE HASTlNCiS DISTRICT. In AugUSt,

1901, when searching for Heptaiilacas sus, on the Camber Sands, I
found a little beetle under sheep's dung, which I ultimately identified
as the species mentioned above. In August, 1902, Mr. E. A. Butler
took several specimens (five, I think) in the same locality under a
dead chicken. This species seems to be so very seldom taken that its
occurrence two years in succession leads one to hope that it is fairly
established. — W. H. Bennett, F.E.S., 15, Wellington Place, Hastings.

COLEOPTERA AT BeTTWS-Y-COED AND VICINITY IN JuLY AND AuGUST.

— During a holiday of some week's duration at the above charming
locality, I did my best to collect the coleoptera of the district. In
common with other collectors I have found insects very scarce this
season, and, although the country hereabout is well wooded, and
herbage and flowers abundant, it is worthy of remark that not a single
longicorn was seen, nor even a weevil, except the very commonest
species. The most productive form of collecting was by a minute
scrutiny of the fine shingle (comminuted slate ?) on the banks of the
Llugwy, especially at its confluence with the river Conway. This
locality is erroneously stated to be at " Conway," in Canon Fowler's
British ( 'oleoptera (vol. i., p. 124). Working this shingle is very tedious,
but yielded one Perileptiis areolatus (two other specimens were seen,
but took instantly to the Aving). Bemhidium decorum, B. atrocoerulenm ,
J). ])i(ncti(lati(iii, Hoiiialnta frar/ilis, H. cainbrica (the latter almost all
males), Ocalea castanea, and the tiny Hemipteron Cri/ptosteiiniia alie-
niiw, and Salda scotica. All these were found in the wetter part of the
shingle. Higher up the bank occurred Cri/ptohi/pniis derinestoides and
its var. in some numbers Avith Awara atilica. The moss in a stream
from a waterfall near Gwydir Castle produced Lestera pi(besceiis in some
numbers, L. punctata, Er. = uiuscoruin, Duv. (one), L. bicolor,
Ocalea castanea, Tro(iophloeus arcitatus, Ancijroplwrus aureus,
Mi/cetoporus sj)lendi<lus, Houialota currax, Plataiiibus uiaculatus and
Hijdracna (jracilis. A dead bird close by produced Silpha thnracica,
Xecrophorus uiortuoruni, Homalota divisa and Cholera fuoiata. Sweep-
ing was not productive, Chrysouiela varians and didijmata occurred on
Hypericum, Brachypterus yraridus on Linaria, and single specimens of
Abdera bifasciata and Troyophloeus fuUyiuusus by sweeping in a recently
mown meadow. In the elevated woods near Gwydir the following
occurred under stones, Quedius lateralis, Philonthus decorus, L'alathus

SCYMNUS LIMONII, N.SP. A SPKCIES NEW TO SCIENCE. 287

piceus, Tapliria niraUi>, Oci/piis brunnipes, Ci/cJints rostratua and Carabiis
catenulatiis. Hi/drori/pJton (h'flexicolUa was abundant on alders near
Crafnant Lake, and, by working the moss on boulders in a stream from
Dolgarog waterfall, Hi/ilmjinriDi rirolis and H. litiiratiif;, as well as
Hydraena (jracilis, were obtained, a single specimen of (iniipc'ta coendea
being swept close by. I have been induced to insert many common
species in the above list since the coleoptcra of North Wales are by no
means well-known. — -E. A. Newbeby, 12, Churchill Road, N.W. October
2Sth, 1903.

Scymnus limonii, n.sp.— A Species New to Science.

By H. ST. .J. K. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S.

On August 15th last, whilst collecting in a salt-marsh at Yarmouth,
in the Isle of Wight, I swept from Staticc liwonium a four-spotted Scymnus
which was unknown to me. Mr. Malcolm Burr, who was with me,
found another specimen at the roots of the sea-lavender, with the spots
continent. As there was nothing like it at the British Museum, I
sent both specimens to Herr Weise, who returned them to me as
unknown to him. I exhibited them at the meeting of the Entomo-
logical Society on October 7th, as a new species. Mr. Champion told
me he had specimens like them, and he has kindly lent me a nice series
which he took in the Isle of Sheppey, and which were in his collection
among his series of S. muhanti, Waterhouse. It is noteworthy that
he took his specimens also in a salt-marsh, whilst looking for Apioii
Unionii at the roots of sea-lavender. This suggests the specific name of
limonii . It comes nearest to iiiahanti, Wat., and rcdtenbacheri, Muls.

From the former it differs in having the post-coxal fovese with raised
sides incomplete, very nearly as in redtenhacheri, whereas in midsanti
they form a more or less complete semicircle round the posterior coxae,
in the colour of the femora, which are always dark, the legs being
entirely testaceous in that species, and in the abdomen being entirely
black, instead of red at the apex, moreover, the punctuation of the
elytra is much stronger.

From the latter it differs in being considerably larger, more convex and
more rounded at the sides, and in having the punctuation of the elytra
stronger ; also, even where the spots are confluent, they do not form a
band, but are always bent inwards, in the middle, whereas, in redtenbacheri,
the bands on the elytra are simple. As regards colour it is a very
variable species, ranging from quite black, as in one of Mr. Champion's
specimens, to black with four yellow spots, or, in some specimens,
as we have seen, with the spots confluent ; the femora are always
dark and in some cases quite black, in one of mine from the Isle of
Wight they are jet black. The following is a short description of
the species.

S. LIMONII, n.sp. — Broad oval, convex, black with white pubescence ; antennoe
and palpi testaceous ; head with labrum, black ; thorax black with base narrower
than base of elytra, giving the appearance of a shoulder to the latter ; elytra black,
or black with four yellow spots, the posterior pair being always the larger, or with
the spots confluent, coarsely punctured, the punctures consisting of larger and
smaller punctures mixed together in about equal proportions ; underside entirely
black, the post-coxal fovea with raised side incomplete ; femora dark or quite
black ; tibise and tarsi testaceous. L. l^mm.-lfmm.

This species must be one of the ground-feeders, which prey on the
aphides on the roots of sea-lavender or other salt-marsh plants.

288 THE entomologist's record.

Tetropium castaneum, L. — A species of Longicorn Coleoptera
new to Britain.

By FKANK BOUSKELL, F.E.S., F.R.H.S.

On June 15th last, I was collecting coleoptera in a wood in the Market
Bosworth district of Leicestershire, with the Eev. A. R. Birkenhead,
and discovered a fir-tree badly infested by longicorn larvte almost up
to the top. After some work at the bark, larvae were found in various
stages, also three pupte and two imagines of a longicorn new to me,
which proved, on examination at the British Museum, to be Tetropium
castaneinii, L. Unfortunately, during my absence in Ireland on an
entomological trip, the pupa? all hatched out crippled imagines. The
colony has every appearance of having been established for many years,
and the plantation would date back about 200 years. It is miles away
from any timber which I can trace as being imported, and it is in
the heart of a purely agricultural district where local timber is used.
Through its attacking the trees at such a height it may possibly have
been overlooked.

The synonymy of the species is as follows : — Genus : Tftrojnum,
li'why {('rioiiiorphiis, Mulsant). Species: Castanetiin,!^., Fn. Sc, 192.
Luriduw, L., L. T. 74. Mulsant describes it as follows : — " Dessous
du corps, tete et prothorax noir; celui-ci poin telle; en general peu
profondement canalicule. Ecusson canalicule. Elytres deux fois
et demie environ aussi longues qu'elles sont larges prises ensemble ;
chargees de deux faibles lignes longitudinales elevees."

The elytra are either black or ferruginous. It can be distinguished
from the allied species T. fuscnvi, Fabr., of which a single specimen
was taken by Dr. Sharp on June 24th last, in the New Forest {Knt.
Mo. Ma(j., August, 1903, p. 198), by the disc of the thorax being much
smoother and more shining. The British Museum specimens of T. fiiscinn
also have a greyish patch at the base of the elytra, which does not
occur in their reddish specimens of T. castaiieinii. Mulsant does not
recognise T. fiiscmii as a species, but treats it as a variety of T. casta-
vcHHi, and, certainly, except for the punctuation of the thorax, there
would appear to be no distinction. Unfortunately all my specimens
were black. Both species feed under the bark of pines and firs
according to Mulsant. The question as to whether T. fnscum is a
variety or not, is, therefore, by no means free from doubt. T. casta-
neum is found in the Alps and other mountains of Eastern and Central
Europe, and has been recorded from France, Germany, Switzerland
and Austria.

:iiiOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Note on a Habit of Male Filonia brunneata. — On the afternoon of
August 12th, 1903, whilst walking down from Arollato Evolene, in the
pinewood between Satarme and Hauderes, the males of Fidunia hrnn-
neata were somewhat common, but rather worn. They were observed
in some numbers sitting on the mules' dung in the roadway, some-
times as many as three being quite close together within the space of
two or three square inches. It is a habit well known in many butter-
flies, but quite new to me, at any rate, in Fidonia brunneata. — J. W.
Tutt.

Note on a Habit of Male Porthetria dispar. — There was a

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 289

tremendously heavy fall of rain in the Val d' Kerens on the night of
August 12th, and the morning of the 13th was very dull, and re-
mained so until after noon. Between noon and 2 p.m., whilst walk-
ing between Useigne and Vex, the males of rart/ictria dispar were
in great numbers, flying rapidly with their well-known zigzag flight
over the roadway, and repeatedly resting on the damp ground with
examples of Melitaea (lidi/ina, Kjiiiicphele Itjcaon and Puli/uintiiatKsicorus,
which were abundant there. I may add that the last-named species,
which, in Switzerland, has never been, in my experience, a " common "
blue, was here exceptionally abundant, the greater number of speci-
mens of both sexes being of the ab. icarinus, without the basal spots
to the forewings.— Ibid.

Abundance of Anticlea behberata. — I have often noticed Anticlea
berherata in fair numbers in the Alps, but quite an exceptional number
was seen on the morning of August 13th, near Useigne, on the
rough-hewn rocks by the roadside, where some dozens were observed
in a very limited area, almost every rough crack affording a hiding-
place for one or more examples. A few well-grown barberry bushes
grew at the top of the steep slopes on the other side of the road.
None of the rocks passed during the remainder of the journey seemed
to have more than an occasional odd example of the species on them.
• — Ibid.

Insects at light at Chamonix. — For a week Mont Blanc was in
tears; from the evening of August 14th until that of August 20th rain
was the order of the day — rain, accompanied by cold, until the 18th,
when the weather changed to a fine warm afternoon, overcast evening,
and warm, drenching rain all night and next day. On the evening
of the 18th, moths were common at the electric light in the garden
of the Hotel Mer-de-Glace at Chamonix, mostly out of reach, but
many odd specimens of a variety of species came within reach of the
net, and were duly captured. None were rare, and only deserve to be
chronicled as possibly being of service some day to the future compiler
of a distribution list of our Savoy species. Those captured included
a fine $ (Knistis quadra, $ Lj/niantria monacha, $ Ayctunvjscis var.
niyricar, both sexes of Xi/lopliasia lateritia, X. jxili/odott, a large number
of Apainea oculea (almost as variable as in England), two S Lnperina
cespitia in fine condition, l))epana falcataria 2 , JJoaniiia repandata, in
numbers, but mostly worn, Kllopia prosajiiaria var. prasiiiaria (several
appeared in the early part of the evening, but only three $ s and no
(J s were captured), Coreinia ferrtujata (three $ s, worn), Gnuphoa
dilncidaiiu (only $ s), Strenia clathrata (one S only), Acidalia
incanata (a J ), A. Imetata (a <? ), Anticlea berherata (both
sexes, worn), 'J'hera obeliscata (one $ ), Larentia didj/niata (Js and
<J s, the latter worn), Cidaria imnianata (one $ ), Acidalia inor7iata, a
(? , Boti/s terreaiis, many Craiiibim culmelliis, etc. Many other insects
were not caught. An Arctiid, that may have been Arctia caia, several
Noctuids that may have been I'luaia festiicae, and may not have been
that species, but that looked quite ruddy in the light, and at least one
Sphingid species, were among the number that remained uncaught
and, therefore, undetermined. One species of Trichoptera was ex-
ceedingly numerous. — J. W. Tutt.

Assembling of Tinea cloacella, Hw. — On May 27th, 1903, I
noticed a swarm of small moths flying and crawling on the underside

290 THE entomologist's record.

of a tread of some wooden steps here. Closer inspection revealed a
large number, considerably over a hundred, of Tinea doacella moving
about in the greatest excitement around a crippled $ , hanging from
a pupa-case from which she had in all probability lately emerged.
Most of the (J s were flying around like a swarm of Adela viridella,
but the bolder ones were running rapidly over the wood with their
wings held over the back like a butterfly. From the position of the
$ , or from some other cause, there must have been a difficulty in
approaching her, as none of the males made any actual attempt to
reach her. I have frequently found several specimens of this beauti-
ful species in close proximity, but have never before witnessed such
a comparatively vast assemblage. — Alfred Sich, F.E.S., Corney
House, Chiswick, W. September SOth, 1903.

CoLEOPHORiDs OF THE LoNDON DISTRICT. — Fired by Mr. H. J.
Turner's excellent paper [Ent. Bee, vol. xv., p. 88), I have made a
few notes on the Coleophorids of this part of the London district.
On April 2Sth I was delighted to discover several larva of ColeopJwra
albitarsfUa here feeding on (ilechoma hederacea, which is, I believe, their
favourite foodplant. As is usual with this species, the larvse were
hidden away on the lower leaves of the plant, down among the
stinging-nettles. On May 2nd I saw one larval case of ('. Itneulea,
the only one I have come across this season ; no doubt it has been
fairly numerous, but my best locality for it here has been partially
destroyed. Four days later I visited a hawthorn famous for ( '. nii/ri-
cella. There were several larvae in their just freshly-made spring
cases ; the small winter cases were still attached to the leaves, where,
by the way, under favourable conditions, they will remain as long as
the leaves hang on the tree. On the same day, also on hawthorn,
several winter cases of C. heme rob iella were seen, but these were left
till May 15th, when they were just forming their spring cases. They
are usually a fortnight later than ( '. ninrircUa in carrying out this
operation. On May 20th the imagines of ('. viiirini/iennella were
softly flying among the herbage in a meadow at dusk. On June 1st,
at Wimbledon, Coleophorid life was fairly abundant. The larva^ of ('.
fiisceilinella were feeding in plenty on birch, mostly in their fresh
cases. On the same tree, those of C. ibt}>ennella (as we call it in
England) were less common, and (.'. bicolorvlla rather scarce. On
oak, the larvae of ('. liitijioutella could be found feeding in their new
cases. On June 7th, at Chiswick, I took larva of C. badiipennella oflf
elm in company with ( '. limosipennella. Of this latter species I took
a fair number later, but they all subsequently produced chalcids.
Early in the year, several larvas of C. (/ri/iihiponwlla were blotching a
rose in the garden, but after the great storm of May BOth they
disappeared ; however, on August 13th, T found a small case, the first
of the new generation. These are the only species of this genus I
have met with here this season, but, in 1901, the following additional
species were observed : — < '. juncivohlla, at J>arnes and Wimbledon ; ('.
laricdla, abundantly at Richmond and Kew ; ( '. solitaricUa, at Ealing
and Wimbledon ; ('. viiinnetella, on sallow at Barnes and Wimbledon,
and on narrow-leaved willow (Sali.r riviinalin /) at Chiswick ; ( '. pari-
pennella, on rose &t Chiswick, and on sloe at Ealing; ('. s/yissicornis
(fahriri ell a), one imago, at light, Chiswick; ('. (/eni stae, a,t Barnes;
('. satiiratrlla, a.t Barnes and Kew; ('. albicasta, a few imagines at

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 291

Wimbledon ; C. anatipennella, plentifully on sloe and hawthorn, at
Ealing, and one on sallow at Barnes ; C. caesin'titiella, on rushes, at
Wimbledon, Barnes, and Richmond; (.'. an/cutula, on yarrow, at
Chiswiek and Barnes; and lastly, C. larijienndla, at Chiswick, in
1902, in both iniaginal and larval states. I feel sure that these 25
species do not include all that occur in the district. ( 'olcophora oliva-
cetila and siccifdliella, besides others, are surely inhabitants. — Ibid.

Abundance of Gracilaria syringella. — One of the features of
this season just round here is the unusual abundance of (Tvocilaria
.v/rin(/(>lla in the larval state. Earlier in the year the imagines were
exceptionally numerous, and the larvae of the first brood quite dis-
figured the lilac bushes. The second brood appears still more
numerous, and has attacked the privet hedges, in the same manner as
the lilacs, where these have not been closely cut. Even the ash-trees
have not escaped their ravages. The greater proportion of the larvae
appear to content themselves with mining the leaves. It is only here
and there that a rolled leaf is visible. — Ibid. [The larvae of both
broods were equally abundant both on lilac and privet, in the south-
east district of London. — Ed.]

A VISIT TO Selborne. — My friend. Rev. C. 0. S. Hatton, having
temporary charge of the parish of Shalden, near Alton (Hants), kindly
asked me to stay a couple of days with him so that we might avail
ourselves of the opportunity of visiting the neighbouring parish of
Selborne. Accordingly I reached Shalden on Tuesday night,
September 23rd, and on the following morning we started on foot for
Alton, three miles. On our way we captured two Pyranieis canliii in
very fair condition, regaling themselves on flowers of Centaiirea
scabiosa. On arriving at Alton, we hired a conveyance, which took us
four miles along a rather flat uninteresting road to Selborne, which we
reached at 11.30 a.m. A very worn specimen of I'icris rapae, and a
similar representative of P. braaxicav (the latter flying weakly across
the Plestor) were the only imagines seen in the village itself. We
next visited the church, inside which is a mural tablet in memory of
Gilbert White, the world-renowned author of The Natural Hiatory of
Selborne, who was born in that village in 1720. There also he died in
1793, having lived there the greater part of his life, although he was
never vicar of the parish. At his own desire, no monument was
erected to him in the churchyard, ind nought but a tiny headstone,
with the initials G.W. and the date of his death, marks the resting-
place of this most accurate observer and recorder of beasts, birds and
insects. Before leaving the churchyard we measured accurately (at
a distance of 5ft. from the ground) the magnificent yew-tree which it
contains, and found the girth to be 25ft. Gin. Gilbert White mentions
this tree in his Antiqttities of Selborne, where he says — " It seems to
have seen several centuries, and is probably coeval with the church,
and, therefore, may be deemed an antiquity. The body is short, squat
and thick, and measures 23ft. in girth, supporting a head of suitable
extent to its bulk. This is a male tree, w-hicb, in the spring, sheds
clouds of dust, and fills the atmosphere around with farina." Depart-
ing from the church we noticed signs of insect ravages on some
nasturtium plants in the village, and on examination we found the
culprits to be a single larva of P. rapae, and at least a hundred of /'.
brassicae, of these latter we each took about fifty, more with the idea

292 THE entomologist's record.

of keeping the resulting butterflies as mementoes of our pilgrimage,
than with the hope of breeding an aberrant form to which we might
assign the name " selborniae." We next proceeded to climb " The
Hanger," which is a steep, well-wooded, chalky slope, rising 300ft.
above the village. This we ascended by the very zigzag path con-
structed in the time of the great naturalist. On our way up we
noticed several very interesting plants, but no insects whatever. At
the top is an extensive plateau covered with gorse, blackthorn, oak and
stately beech, while here and there are graceful festoons of the wild
clematis. Our first entomological efforts were directed to this creeper,
but resulted only in some small larvie of Geometra vcrnaria. Fyrcuiwu
atalanta, a single specimen sailing round the topmost branches, baffled
all our efforts to imprison him. Next we attacked the beech trees,
from which we soon succeeded in obtaining larvae of Zonosoma Unearia,
but in no considerable numbers. Other beech-frequenting larv» here
were Hi/lnphila prasiiuoia and Mctrocampa niariia)itata, the latter very
small, but extremely lively. This we also found on blackthorn,
together with a single Eitpithecia exir/nata. Among the beeches we
observed two imagines of Cidaria i)ii)iicinata, one of which I caught.
How anyone can confuse this species with its near ally C. ntasata, is
to me incomprehensible, the line traversing the centre of the hindwing
being blunt in rnsmta, whereas in iiiuiuinata it is distinctly angulated.
Just before descending from the plateau (where Vmnpannla f/lowerata
grows in abundance), we found a single larva each of (Josmotriche
potatoria and luichdia jacohaiae, and at the bottom of the Hanger we
netted a couple of Pluua <iainina, doubtless immigrants. Owing to
the absence of the sun we noticed no Pj/raiiicis canlui at Selborne, and
for the same reason, doubtless, other day-flying species were not visible.
The village itself is extremely picturesque, and its environs would
delight the heart of any true lover of nature, such as its famed
historian was beyond the shadow of a doubt. — (Kev.) Gilbert H.
Raynok, M.x\., Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon, Essex. Septcmlwr 28th,
1903.

Pyrameis cardui in Essex. — It may be worth recording that I
have seen Pyramcb cardui at Leyton, and also one example on
September 30th at East Ham, where it was flying along the Barking
Road. Of those at Leyton one was seen in my own garden, one in a
neighbour's garden, and one flying along the high road on Septem-
ber 30th and October 1st, and have seen more since. I do not think
they bred here, for there are no thistles. — C. P. Pickett, F.E.S., 99,
Dawlish Road, Leyton, S.W. October ith, 1903.

Pyrameis cardui at Chichester. — This butterfly made its appear-
ance here, as in other parts of the country, towards the end of
September, the first I noted being on the 24th of that month, a
sultry day with dense fog in the early morning, clearing afterwards.
In company with Fyraiiwia ataUmta, several were seen flying in the
garden, a species of Scdniii proving a great attraction. — Joseph
Anderson, Aire Villa, Chichester. October 8t/i, 1903.

Pyrameis cardui at Bedford Park. — It may be interesting to
note that I saw Pi/ra>iieis cardui flying strongly over the rough growth
in a waste field adjoining Bedford Park the last week of September,
apparently quite unbroken though a little faded. — J. C. Dollman,
F.E.S., Hove House, Newton Grove, Bedford Park, W.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 293

Abundance of Pyrameis cardui. — On September 22nd 1 cycled
from Lyndhurst Road Station, across the New Forest, to Fritham
Down, and was much struck by the number of Pi/raincix cardui fiyin.f^
about and sunning themselves, together with a swarm of Pliisia
(laiiiitia. On the next day I went out to Burley, New Forest, where
Mr. Smallpiece informed me he had found them equally plentiful, and
on the 24th, at Brockenhurst, Mr. Lyle said that various collectors
there had been taking large numbers. On the same day I got a letter
from Mr. Harwood, of Colchester, saying that it was quite plentiful
there. On September 25th I returned home, and my wife informed
me that they had been quite common in our garden at the flowers,
and on the same evening some friends came over from Nun head, in
great excitement, with two specimens of the same species, which they
had managed to secure in their garden, where the insect was also
numerous. On the 26th, I saw specimens flying in the streets at
Greenwich, in the morning, and in the afternoon I paid a visit to
Dulwich Park, where I found them extremely abundant. They were
everywhere, sunning themselves in the road, and on clumps of a pink
flower I counted as many as six at once. I only saw one P. atalanta,
and this v»'as in good condition. It being late in the afternoon, I sat
down on a seat to watch them, and was presently rewarded by seeing
them one by one fly up to roost in a small laburnum tree. I marked
one or two down, and found that they generally roosted upside down,
on the underside of a leaf, with the antennse slightly expanded. On
October 1st I again saw a number of the above msects near Poole,
Dorset. I should mention that all the above insects were more or
less worn, and that the winds for a fortnight preceding had been east
and southeast, after months of west, southwest and northwest
winds. — C. W. Colthrup, 127, Barry Road, East Dulwich, S.E.
October lUh, 1903.

Influx of Pyrameis cardui. — I have been much struck at the
sudden appearance of i'liraiueu cardui in various localities in and near
London. They were first seen about September 20th, and have
continued till October 15th, in some places occurring in abundance.
This has led me to search the thistles in many localities, but not a
sign of larvffi or pupte or traces of where feeding larviB had been at
work could be found. A special visit to Ilford (where it appeared in
abundance) in search of larvse or pupse proved equally fruitless, and I at
once came to the conclusion that they had not bred there. Visits were also
paid to East Ham, Hackney Marshes, Leyton Marshes, Tottenham
Marshes (in Essex), Raynes Park (Surrey), and other localities near
London where P. cardui was seen, but not a trace could I find where
larvie had been feeding. Whilst on my holidays in August at Dover
and Folkestone, only a few larva' were taken — at Dover, eight ; at
Folkstone, three. Almost all thistles seen were thoroughly searched,
so that this abundance cannot be put down to the larva being common
on the south coast. Pj/raiiieis atalanta larva, on the other hand, were
common, but not a larva of At/lais nrticac was seen, and only one
imago of the latter species was observed on the wing. Most of the P.
cardui seen during the September to October period, were more or less
worn, and seemed to prefer the open roads and sides of walls to the
usual haunts of the species. I append a list of places where I have
seen them, with dates —

294 THE entomologist's record.

Essex.
IJford, very common, during last three weeks, mostly along the roads and gardens.
Leyton, fairly common, during last three weeks, mostly along the roads and

gardens.
Hackney ]\Iarshes, five seen, during last three weeks, flying across fields.
Leyton Marshes, four seen, during last three weeks, flying across fields.
Tottenham Marshes, three seen, during last three weeks, flying across fields.
East Ham, two seen, September l2;-5rd (one), September 30th (1), flying along

Barking lload.

SUKKEY.

Eaynes Park, five seen, October 3rd (two), October 10th (three), flying along road

and two sunning themselves on a wall.
Wimbledon, two seen, October 3rd, flying along road (very worn).

S.W.

Earlsfield, one seen, October fith, flying along road (very worn).

Wandsworth, two seen, October fith, flying along road (very worn).

Finsbury Circus (heart of City), one seen (very worn), October loth, settled on the

stone pillar of The London Institute, curiously enough, the meeting-place of the

City of London Entomological Society.

I have confined these notes simply to London, but the peneval
statements no doubt would apply equally to various other places on
our south and east coast, c.//., Worthing and Brighton, in Sussex, have
had their share, as well as Bexley, Strood, and Chislehurst (in Kent),
Reigate and many other places in Surrey, whilst Milburn records
them as far north as Durham. No doubt you will receive many more
notes from various contributors to your pages. When these have been
properly arranged with dates, no doubt some general conclusions as to
the direction and extent of the flight may be formulated. It would be
most interesting if the many lepidopterists who make their observations
in France, Switzerland, &c., would record if anything special has
occurred with regard to this species in their various districts, — C, P.
Pickett, F.E.S., Leyton. October 18th, 1903.

Abt;nda\ce of larv.e of Spilosoma t.ubricipeda. — The garden has
been quite overrun with larvjc of Spilosoina labriHjieda, which have
stripped nearly everything in the garden, especially an elder-tree, of
which the stems have been left quite bare. — C, P, Pickett. Octohrr
ith, 1908.

Ennojios AUTTJiiNARiA (alniaria) AT Chichester. — I have again
taken this fine " thorn " here at light this autumn, the first on
September 21st, and another on September 2r)th. Both insects
males, — Joseph Anderson, Dctohcr 8th, 1903,

Agrius convolvuli .\t Chichester, — A specimen of A<in'iis
concolndi was captured here on September 9th, the only record
that I have seen of this insect in the locality for the present season, —

IlilD.

Lateness of the season. — As marking the lateness of the season,
1 have to record that f'ljraiiu'is atalanta larvaj were in plenty at
Farnham on September 2nd, and imagines of lhyn])hila jwrla in good
condition at Alton, on September 4th, struck me as being very late, —
C. W, CoLTHRTTp. Ortober lAth, 1903.

Plusia g.\m.aia at sugar, — Eeferring, again, to Mr. Bankes' note
{antca, p. 188) in reply to mine {antea, p. 157) re the above, I observe
that he has had a similar experience to mine. I believe, however,
that the Plusiids, as a family, are not usually associated with sugar, and,
taking into account that I had seen this species in hundreds in
lucerne fields on the day in question close by where I sugared, I

SCIKNTinC NOTES. 295

think the occurrence of the two specimens unusual, whichever way
you look at it — at least, that is my experience on the S.E. coast,
where I have repeatedly sugared when /'. (/annua was swarming, and
never had a single specimen at sugar until the above record. As Mr.
I>ankes gets it " not uncommonly " at sugar, I wonder if there is an
absence of wild flowers or light in his neighbourhood. At South-
ampton, on September 22nd, /'. (laiinua, with other moths, was
swarming at the electric street lamps, and at shop windows, Lipton's
hams seeming to be a great attraction, the moths running all over
them. On this same evening at 10 o'clock I watched a large bat
hawking round a street lamp, the chief prey seeming to be a moth
about the size of Kiinomos aiitionnaria. — Ibid. [To get any generalisa-
tion of value as to how far P. (jaiitma visits sugar, and under what
conditions, we would suggest the necessity of Mr. Colthrup going
carefully through the whole of the back volumes of the Phit. Mo. Ma;/.,
the J'!ntiviiol();iii>t, and the K)it. /iVco^v/, collecting all the odds and ends
of information thereon, and giving us a suvumarised result. This
takes time, but anything that is to be of permanent value does this.
^Ve remember on one occasion, probably between 1885 and 1888,
seeing the species in large numbers at sugar at Deal when flowers
were exceedingly abundant. This is almost certainly recorded some-
where, and, I believe, there are many other similar notes in back nos.
of the various magazines. — Ed.]

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Note on breeding Eupithecia subevlvata and ab. cognata. — The
following note was read on September 22nd before the North London
Natural History Society in ehicidation of a small exhibit, and,
although the exhibit cannot be laid before the readers of the Knt.
lin-ord, I think, perhaps, the note is not entirely devoid of interest —
" The $ parents of these four broods were all taken at flowers of
ragwort at Forres during the latter half of August, 11)02. They nre
now so worn as to be absolutely unrecognisable, but were not so bad
when they were taken, and I am able to say pretty positively to which
form they belonged. From 5 1 (type) I reared 10 moths, 9 of the
type and 1 ab. connata, Stph. [oxijdata, auct.)"', the latter, however,
may almost be called an intermediate, so strongly is it clouded with
tawny. From 2 2 (ab. cognata) I reared only 5 (2 of them cripples),
all were of the ab. connata. From $ 3 (type, I believe, but badly
worn), 16 moths emerged ; one escaped before I had examined it, 10
of the remainder were typical, and 5 ab. connata. From $ 4 (ab.
voijnata) I reared 7, every one of which followed the parent form.
The experiment suffices, I think, to show that the species would be
worth some careful pedigree-breeding for studies in heredity, and I
regret that I was unable to carry it out on a larger scale. None of
the 2 s laid very freely. The larvte on the whole did very Avell, but
there was a heavy mortality among the pupje — a very unusual
occurrence with the pugs. The larv;e were fed almost entirely on
leaves of chrysanthemum." — Louis U. Prout.

• On the eiToneoubiiess of the application of the name o.ri/ddta, Tr. (wliieh is
a svrionvni of the type form), to this aberration, see iSpeyer, !6teU. Ent. Zcit., xliv.,
p. 350. "

296 The entoMolouist^s recoKd.

'W'^ R I A T I 0 N.

AiiKAX.\S CiROSSULARIATA AB. CLIFTOMANA, N. Aii. GrOUlld ColoUl' of

an uniform satiny-white, with a very pale tinge of brown, which is
barely discernible ; costa more distinctly of the latter colour ; thorax
pale yellow, with central part dull brown ; abdomen of a rich yellow,
entirely without markings. The two yellow fasciae (basal and median)
usual in this species are entirely absent. In fact, the only markings
on any of the wings consist of small round intensely black spots,
differing, however, in size, the whole insect thuspresentingamostremark-
able and, probably, uni(}ue appearance. The stictication is asymmetri-
cal, both on the forewing and on the hindwing. The right primary
has fifteen spots, the left twenty-one, the right secondary five, the left
four. The spots are distributed as folloAvs : — The right primary has
four along the costa, consisting of two large ones near the apex, and
two small ones close to the base. Directly beneath the outer of
these is a tiny spot almost touching the inner margin. In the middle
of the wing are three pairs of smallish spots, the top pair being just
above the costa, and running E. and W., the central pair (below the
previous pair) running N. and S., as does also the bottom pair, situ-
ated directly below the central pair, and placed near the middle of the
inner margin. There are also four spots edging the lower half of the
hindmargin. The twenty-one spots on the left primary are situated
thus : — Four large ones along the costa, of which two are near the
base, the outer one having a non-costal one just below it, and two
towards the apex. In the subapical area is a further set of three, two
large, with a small one between. There is the usual series of seven
spots edging the hind margin, and there is another group of six in
the median area of the wing, situated towards the inner margin. The
right secondary has four large spots on the lower half of the hind-
margin and one in the centre of the Aving. The left secondary has
three spots on the lower half of the hind margin and one near the apex
of the same. This aberration is a male, of normal dimensions, and
was bred in May, 1892, by the Rev. Joseph Greene, who found the
larva feeding on Kitonyttius jajniuicKs at Clifton, near Bristol, and is
now in his collection. — (Rev.) G. H. Raynor, M.A., Hazeleigh Rectory,
Maldon. March Qth, 1903.

:iaOTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARYiE, &c.

Pupa of Epinephele ida. — [Received June 14th, 1903, from Mr. H.
Powell, Hyeres.] Very close to the pupa of K. pasiiJiae in general
outline and in general coloration, but different in details, though
some of these may be individual variations, which so many of these
pupje present (I have only one specimen of each pupa), that of E.
IjasipJiac died, and has already lost all its proper colour, so that com-
parison is not possible as to colour. E. ida looks hiinh smaller, it is
really 10mm. long instead of 12mm. It is also more slender, espe-
cially in the thoracic region, and looks smaller, therefore, but more
swollen ventrally, opposite 2nd to -Ith abdominal segments. The
relative measurements are : —

^Vidtli at Pasiphae. Ida.

Top of mesothorax .. .. 4mm. .. 3mm.
3rd abdominal segment . . ,. 5mm. .. 4-3mm.

Llt'E-HtStORltS. 297

The dorsum of the 1st to 4th abdominal segments is nearly a
straight line, in E. pasipliaf it is a decided curve. On 2nd to 7th ab-
dominal segments, near, or just outside line of tubercle ii, are slight
eminences, giving the appearance of an angle or row of humps along this
line. The elevation would, in fact, not be seen but for black spots
and white shading intensifying it. This has, however, to be looked
for, description might suggest it as something marked and obvious.
The anal spine is a very short rounded hump. The nose-spines differ
from those of K. iicmphae. The face of the pupa is not, as in K.
}>asij)Jiae, in the same plane as the line of the appendages, i.r., the
maxillas chiefly, but curves backwards (i.e., dorsad) from the mouth to
the ridge of spines, and so the two side ridges extending down in
front of the eyes, and forming the boundaries of the face, are simi-
larly curved, and not straight, as in E. jiasijihae, and the actual angle
which this ridge makes with the one running dorsad is rather more
than a right angle. The width across nose-spines is about l-5mm.,
that across the wing spines 8-5mm., and they are l-Smm. behind nose-
spines, and so, on dorsal view, do not at once, by any obvious relation-
ship, challange comparison with the nose-spines as those of E. pcmphae
do. The one has "high shoulders," the other very sloping ones.
The same square area exists between 1st spiracle, wing-spine, and a dorsal
ridge, as in E. padphae, but does not present itself as a square at once
as it does in E. jicmphac, the dorsal ridge (patagial suture ?) is
similarly palely coloured. The wing-ridge is much as in E. pasip/iae,
cutting oft" a dorsad flat wing surface. The hindwing is a narrow slip
uninfluenced by the spiracles, but making them, especially that of 2nd
segment, appear thrust back (just as in E. pasipJiae), the wing extends to
end of 3rd segment. The first legs are very short, but proportionally a
little larger and broader than in E. pasipliae. The second legs reach to
the ventral prominence, the antenna' to end of wings, and maxillae frac-
tionally beyond. The wing sculpture consists of raised lines for the
nervures and fine transverse lines which appear to be impressed, but
are very visible with a glass as darker stri*, in much the same pattern
as those on M.;/alathi'a \prorida) and like the markings of I 'ossiis. The
margin along Poulton's line is marked by a row of black spots at the
extremities of the nervures, 7 in number. There are also various black
shadings, where the colour of the striae extends on the general surface,
as in the cell and along nervures 2, 3 and 6. The space beyond Poulton's
line which broadens so as to be over l-Omm. at the apex, is well
marked off and has similar coloration to the wing proper, but of
a different pattern, tending to oblique dark lines, and massed
apically and opposite nervures 2, 3, 5 and 6. The wing-sculp-
ture and marking is really very elaborate and defies description.
The antennae have a pale point on middle of each joint; legs and
maxillte are transversely striated, both as to colour and impression,
and on second leg the ends of tibije and tarsal joints are dark, with
a white spot at their extreme tips. Dorsally there is a suture through-
out thorax, all is finely sculptured ; the 1st abdominal segment seems
to have 5, and the 2nd and 3rd 7 subsegments. There is one movable
incision between segments 4 and -5. The 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th,
and 7th abdominal segments have a similar dorsal pattern of colour.
Two black spots, one behind the other near the dorsum (might be i
and ii), another lower down (might be iii), there are also some less

298 THE entomologist's RECOftt).

regular dark marks near spiracles (which are inconspicuous). Inside
(and in some degrees round) the dorsal spots and outside and behind
the outer ones are pale areas, giving an effect of pale longitudinal
markings. The outer spots and markings correspond with the row of
faint prominences already noticed. Ventrally the segments are very
contracted. On 9th (.Stb is so narrow that they seem at first to be
on 8th) are two raised points (the cremastral eminences of moulting),
nearly black, very small, with the male tubercles between them, very
flat and inconspicuous ; anal scar well uuxi'ked.— T. A. Chapman, M.D.,
Betula, Reigate. June 14///, 190B.

Larva of Spilothyrus lavater.e. — A Ilcsperid larva, found April
20th in the Val Verzasca {circe 1800ft.), on Star/u/s recta. It forms a
little nest of partially-eaten leaves, held together with a few strong
cables of silk. It may be in last instar, but is probably in the penul-
timate one. Size. — Length uncxtended, 12mm. ; width, Hmm. ;
width of head, l-5mm. ; of neck (prothorax), l-lmm. Form. — It is
of about uniform size from mesothorax to 8th abdominal, with a
marked subspiracular flange, apparently the yrd or lowest of the
theoretical three members of the lateral flange. Segmentation. —
Dorsally each abdominal segment is divided into three subsegments, of
which the middle is the narrowest, but is broader below, merging in
first about level of spiracle. The posterior is not quite so wide as the
front one, but is rather fuller, i.e., more rounded. Colour. — Head
black ; prothorax yellowish, more fuscous posteriorly, with a dorsal
plate somewhat interfering with the general yellow effect, being black
along its posterior margin, yellowish-brown in front. The remaining
segments are nearly identical in colour. Dark dorsally, yellow laterally,
much modified by the greater or less expression of pale colour round
the bases of the secondary haus, giving a mixed or marbled colon)'.
These factors result in a narrow (nearly) black dorsal line ; the dark
ground colour continues down to the immediate supi'aspiracular level.
The lower part of this above spii-acle forms a dark band. The rest of
this area is pale grey, owing to the pale hair-spots, the darker colour
suggesting, however, two Idack lines at nearly eijual intervals from
above down. Ikdow this area the ground colour is paler, becoming
light yellow on the subspiracular ffange. The darker colour still
persists, however, in a few irregular markings somewhat concentric
round the spiracle. The underside is fuscous, the yellow prolegs
looking conspicuous. Hairs. — The larva is conspicuously clothed
with white hairs. These all appear to be secondary ; the longer are
bent or curved about the middle, and are about Imm. long; there are
also a good many shorter. There are twenty or more of the longer
white hairs on each side of the head, also much more numerous short
black ones, some so short as to be a mere pile or spicules, and some
(apparently) clubbed. On either side, beside the top end of the
clypeus, is a small yellowish mark caused by short yellowish hairs.
Some of the white hairs of head and prothorax have a black spot close
to top. It is not clear whether this is true coloration, or a result of
touqhing sap of food. The hairs are few on the dorsal black line,
more abundant on the next region, where their pale bases are an
important item in the coloration ; again, rare on the yellow lateral
flange, and present, but shorter, below. Tubercles (?). — There are cer-
tain curious structures that are probably the true tubercles, but by no

LlFE-HISTORIES. 299

means certainly so. On the abdominal segments, on the first sub-
segment, a little outside the mediodorsal black line is a raised, dark
chitinous circle, without any hair, and looking almost exactly like a
spiracle. This might be tubercle i. On the yellow lateral fiange, at its
most prominent portion, a little in front of the middle of the segment,
is another exactly similar chitinous ring, but paler, i.e., brownish in
colour. These from their form, colour, and position, may easily be
supposed to be the spiracles ; they are, perhaps, tubercle iv. A single
similar circle is found on the left side of the second abdominal segment,
above and in front of the spiracle. This might be iii. No other exists
in this position on any other segment. The tubercles i (if they are i)
exist on the 2nd and 3rd thoracic on the 2nd (middle) subsegment. No
trace of ii or any other of the structures here noted are found."
Mouth-parts. — These are not adequately observed, a hope of rearing
the larva being entertained. They are black like the head, except the
basal region of antennje and of maxilhie, which are whitish. True
Legs. — The legs are black, but the membranes between the several
chitinous plates are pale (dirty white). Prolegs. — The ventral
prolegs are yellow basally, followed by a short pedicel of dirty yellowish-
white ; summit a fairly complete circle. The inner posterior margin
furnished with numerous hooks, apparently in two sizes alternating.
Round the anterior margin they become much more sparse, so that,
from the middle of the anterior to the middle of the outer margin, they
can be easily counted as being five. Thence, on outer and back
margins, for about \ of circumference, they are quite wanting. Within
the hooks the surface is marked by obscure radial lines with centrally
a darker point, really, apparently, a hollow, marking the tendinous
attachment. The anal claspers form a disc of three-quarters of a
circle, the chord of Avhich forms its posterior border ; this border has
no hooks. The rest carries hooks, the outer half ten large ones and
intermediate smaller ones; on the inner half they are much more
crowded and numerous. Supra-axal Comb. — The supra-anal comb
is very distinct, of a dark brown (or blackish) colour, with seven teeth
on each side, each shorter than the next inside it. Spiracles. — The
spiracles are in inconspicuous yellow spots, whose position is already
referred to as just below the dark lower band of the subdorsal grey-
black area ; each seems to be a little raised, and to have a fine brownish
oval chitinous ring. The 1st (prothoracic) and last (8th abdominal)
are distinctly larger, and are easily seen as yellow spots. [Described
at Locarno, April 22nd, 1903.]

The larva moulted on May 5th, and entered its last stadium, and
was described when about half grown in this stage, on May 1.5th, as
follows : — About 16mm. long ; dorsal area black with slaty-grey
marblings, which, with the rather long white hairs, give the larva a
hoary look. Seen laterally, the yellow lateral line, shading upwards
into the lower members of the slaty-grey markings which here, and
also at some dorsal pomts, have a yellowish tone, gives a very different
general effect. The head is black, rugose from numerous depressions
of spherical surface, with the margins rather sharp. It possesses a
considerable number of long (2mm.) white hairs, like those clothing
the rest of the larva, as well as more numerous and shorter black ones,
and still shorter very plumose hairs, chiefly in front. These are of a
silvery-grey colour, and give a yellowish tone to this part of the head

300 THE entomologist's record.

to the naked eye. The spiracles are orange spots ; around them is a
rather darker shade, in a longitudinal band, of yellowish-grey,
marked off by the bright yellow lateral flange (which stands up
in a distinct roll in this half -fed larva), and a supraspiracular darker
line or band ; this band is nearly black, and has very irregular borders.
There is also a dorsal black line or band. Between these two dark
bands is a broad one of marbled darker and lighter, the hair-bases
giving the greater part of the light areas. The segments (abdominal),
if divided into three equal portions, would give the two anterior of
these as doubtful subsegments, but the posterior one very distinctly
so ; this subsegment is distinctly paler over the positions of the black
longitudinal bands, but can hardly be said tointerruptthem,buttendsto
do so. On the prothoracic segment is a dorsal plate, narrow and transverse,
bright yellow just in the middle line (where the other segments are
black), and passing into rich deep brown laterally. The spiracle-
like tubercles exist dorsally, and in the subspiracular flange, as in the
previous skin. The first and last spiracles are very large, the anal
plate black- brown ; darker beneath, except the prolegs and their bases
fuscous-yellow. The circles of hooks have a gap at their outer
(slightly posterior) margin, but look complete at a casual glance, and
are very nearly so. Mai/ ;;^/'«//.— Appears quite full-grown, has been
feeding well on Stachijs si/lnitica ; 18mm. long ; 4mm. thick. Thickest
about 6th or 7th segment, thence tapers rapidly to neck, less so to
tail end. There are two large lenticles, one on either side of middle
line dorsally on each segment, a little before the middle, and in the
subdorsal paler area. This lenticle is on the 3rd subsegment, on the
thoracic segment, or on 4th if a doubtful 1st be counted. It is found
on 2nd and 3rd thoracic and 1st (but not 2nd), and 3rd to 7th abdominal
segments on the left side. On the right side it omits 1st abdominal.
On the abdominal segments, it is on 1st (or 2nd) subsegment.
Laterally, there is a large lenticle on all the abdominal segments, on
flange immediately below spiracle ; the colour is dark, nearly black,
but with pale bands due to excess of pale hair-bases ; dorsally it is dark, a
broad line or narrow band, next a broad band in which the nearly
white hair-bases exceed the dark ground colour by nearly two to one ;
the same arrangement for a narrower area, but the hair-bases decidedly
yellow ; a broad band with very few white spots ; then a broad
spiracular band, whiter above spiracle, yellower below, the upper with
a trace of black left, the loAver with less ; the spiracles orange, just
within the lower yellower band, and with a little dark marbling about
them; the subspiracular band (with lenticle dull brownish) all yellow;
below this a darker band , and then a lighter , with very distinct and separate
yellow spots at the hair-bases. The head is black, labrum pale, pale
plumose hairs give the aspect of agolden wash to front. The 2nd segment
(prothorax) is 1-Hmm. across (head,2-7mm.), with dorsal plate yellow in
dorsal line and along anterior nuirgin, shading into orange-brown,
and black towards outer and posterior margins ; bases of antenn* pale.
Ocelli, five close together in a curved row, and a sixth centrally
to these. The irregular disposition of lenticles, noticed already,
occurs again in an odd lenticle occurring on left side of 2nd abdominal
segment, above and in front of spiracle, just within lower dark band ;
none in this situation on any other segment.

This larva always inhabited a sort of loose cocoon, and though this

LIFE-HISTORIES. 801

was not opened when food was changed, it ahiiost always made a fresh
one in the new material. This may have been unnatural, and
exhausted the larva; at any rate, on June 17th, it was found in such
a cocoon, in which it was supposed to have pupated, dead, with
some changes in proportions, shoAving pupation had been imminent.

The larva is not very different in the three stages described, but the
three descriptions made under different circumstances may assist in
elucidating one another. The special spiracle-like tubercles are called
in the last description "lenticles," which is the name adopted by
Scudder for these curious developments in Erycinid and Hesperiid
larvfe. — T. A. Chapman, Reigate. June 25th, 1908.

Queries as to the lifehistories of certain British Alucitids
— Information wanted. — Twice in one week have I been brought
up sharply, to acknowledge my absolute ignorance regarding cer-
tain of our Alucitids, both queries strangely enough having to do
with the way in which the species hybernate. In one case, I
was told by a lepidopterist, who ought to know, that he believed
the imagines of Eucnacniidophorns rhodudactyhi.t hybernated, in the
other case, I was asked point-blank whether I did not think Mimae^e-
optilus zopJiodacti/lus (loeirii) hybernated as imago. I have to confess
at once that I do not know anything about the matter, but I suspect
strongly that both species hybernate as mining larv», in the case of
the last-named as exceedingly small larvae. My suspicion rests, perhaps,
on slender enough grounds. In the case of E. rhododacti/lKs, the wild
imagines soon get worn after their emergence in July, they will lay
eggs at once in confinement, and die very quickly afterwards. In the
case of M. zopkodactylux, the imagines, too, appear to die very quickly
in confinement, and not to act as if they intended trying to live
throughout the winter following their emergence. The suggestion
that either could hybernate as eggs is to me too hopeless, I cannot
imagine a "plume" hybernating in this stage, and this leaves me with
the suspicion that both species hybernate as small (mining) larvae. Do
they ? I, myself, have also a puzzle in hand relating to another species.
All our text-books tell us that Awblyptilia acanthodacti/la hybernates as
imago. When I was at Bobbie in the Vaudois Valleys of Piedmont,
in August 1901, 1 found imagines of this species not at all uncommon ;
and one 2 , that I pinned and set, but did not leave sufficiently long
under the influence of ammonia to kill, so that it revived after being
set, laid eggs on the setting-board. This astonished me greatly, as I
should have supposed that the moth would, even under these conditions,
certainly not have laid her eggs so soon after emergence. It may be
that a later brood occurs there, but, if so, it must feed up quickly. I
have no doubt that Mr. Rothschild, Mr. Butterfield, and other lepi-
dopterists, could clear up the difficulty with regard to E. rhudodactijlas,
possibly Mr. Whittle, Mr. Sheldon, or ]\Ir. Bower could manage that
relating to M. zojjJiodactijlns, Avhilst, no doubt, Dr. Riding, Mr. Bankes,.
Mr. Richardson, or Mr. Atmore can settle my trouble concerning A,
acanthodactijla off" hand. — J. W. Tutt.

Note on the egg, youn<; larva and foodplant of Melit.ea
thore. — As I believe the larva of Melitaea tliorc and its foodplant have
not been described, it may be worth recording that I found this insect
flying in some numbers near Pontresina last July. It was
excessively local, and, except one individual which I found elsewhere
by itself, they all frequented two patches of ground, some 300 yards

802 THE entomologist's record.

apart on one side of the smaller valleys. The chief attraction seemed
to be the flowers of a geranium {Geranium acoiiitifdUuni). A female
that I caged upon a plant of Viala hijiora on July 16th, on the 17th
laid fourteen ova, and by the 19th had deposited about 60 ; but only
one upon the upperside of a violet leaf. This fact did not encourage
me to believe that I had found the right foodplant, and I spent some
hours amongst the insects between this date and \ugust 8th, trying to
learn their secret. At last, after carefully examining the ground, and
watching the insects, I had come to the conclusion that it very likely
was either the geranium or a honeysuckle {Lonicera caerulea), for it
was only where these two plants grew together that I saw the insects.
This was, however, only a coincidence, for, on the 8th inst., I saw a
female behaving in a suspicious way, and watched her, through my
binoc, liars, settle on a plant of Viola bijiora, and presently leave it for
another. I thought that she actually had laid, and as she w'as very
restless, I thought it prudent to net her. (She unfortunately perished
next day in a cage on my window-sill in a violent rainstorm, full of
ova.) Although I could not find any ova after a careful search, this
induced me, when the larvte emerged next day, August 9th, to include
amongst the collection of likely leaves ofiered to them, some of the
]7'/Zrt hijiora. To my delight they took to these at once, and now, August
26th, are apparently thriving. The young larva, when first emerged,
is of a pale, dull yellow, sparsely covered with hairs, and with a black
head. After the first moult the colour is a leaden-black, with black
head and spines, and there are three conspicuous light patches on the
sides on the 5th, 6th and 7th segments. I had no microscope with
me, but with a hand lens the ovum of this species most resembled the
figure of the ovum of Mditaca maturna, in Hoffman's book, only that
the grooves appeared deeper cut, and the sides of the ovum more fluted
than that of .1/. maturna, the colour being of a very pale, trans-
parent, yellow-green. Besides these larvae, I brought back from the
Engadine larvae of C'olias palaeno, C. phiconwne, Arctia jiavia, and ova
of Urcnthis pales, C/trysopfianus liippothoe var. eurijbia, C. rinjaurcae,
Coenoni/inpha sati/rion, the last three hatching now, and all the produce
of caged females. — W. H. St. Quintin, Scampston Hall, York. Aiuiuat
mth, 1908. _

<irUR RENT NOTES.

Dr. D. Sharp adds [Knt. Mo. Ma<i., p. 248) Fhortica rarirj/ata,
Fall., a Drosophilid fly, to the British fauna, on the strength of two
specimens taken near Brockenhurst at the end of June and early July.
Mr. Collin has suggested that the correct name will probably prove to
be Ainiota varie^ata. Dr. Sharp also confirms Loxocera ni<irifrons,
Macq., as British, several examples having been taken near Brocken-
hurst.

The receipt of two or three successive circulars stating that it is pro-
posed to publish an account of the " ]\Ioths and Butterflies of the
United States east of the Rocky Mountains," in two volumes, at the
enormous price of f 21 for the two volumes, tempts one to ask for
details. When one looks at Dyar's Catahxjue and remembers the
extensive lepidopterous fauna of this vast area, and when one further
calls to mind Scudder's three huge tomes on the butterflies of a
small section of this area, one is constrained to ask for full particu-
lars of the scientific value of the proposed letterpress. These volumes

CURRENT NOTES. 303

are, according to the prospectus, to be illustrated by the transference
" from the wings of real moths and butterflies to a prepared plate
paper," but nothing is said of the thorax, abdomen, head (and their
various appendages), which we had always supposed were at least of
as great importance scientifically as the wings. Nor do we learn the
character of the proposed letterpress, which appears to us to be all-
important.

At the meeting of the Entomological Society of London, held on
October 7th, Sir George Hampson exhibited a collection of Norwegian
butterflies made by him on the Dovrefield, on the Alten fiord, at
Bossekop, and other localities this year, and remarked how greatly
the dates of emergence appeared to dift'er from those experienced by
Staudinger and other collectors. The specimens included fine series
of ('alias lurla, Lef., Chrijsophanm hippothoe var. stieberi, Gerh., lEneis
noma, Thnb., Mditaea var. norvegica, Auriv., the Norwegian form of
M. aiirelia, Aigyunis freija, and A. friijya, a Labrador, arctic and
North American species, now found further south at Kongsvold for
the first time.

At the same meeting, Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited examples of Erebia
christi, taken this summer in the Laquinthal, and of the several Erebiid
species to which it is allied ; Sati/nts actaea var. cordida, captured last
July at Sierre, having four equal-sized pupilled eyes on the forewings,
probably a local form peculiar to this warm locality; and a short series of
Chri/sophaniia florilis (type) and C. var. subalpina from the Laquinthal,
with C. hippothoe var. I'ltnjbia, showing the strong resemblance on the
upper surface, which the ? of this latter species bears to the ?
.siibal])ina.

At the same meeting, Dr. D. Sharp exhibited specimens illustrative
of egg-cases and life-histories of eight species of South African
('assididae. The larvse displayed, with one exception, the peculiarity
of retaining the cast larval skins as accumulations on the long anal
processes with which the larvie are provided. The exception is the
larva of Baaijita stolida. Li this species the anal tails are more robust
and better developed than usual, but they do not carry the exuvise, and
are probably used for some other purpose. The egg-cases showed a
very interesting series of degrees of perfection, some of them consisting
merely of a few membranes enclosmg two or three eggs and covered
with a patch of excrement, while, in the case oiAspiduinorpha pioicticosta,
the ootheca is among the most remarkable and perfect structures
produced by any animals. Mr. W. L. Distant also showed the pupa-
cases of some African species of Aspidomorpha, South, with the cast
heads of the larv*.

At the same meeting, Mr. Eoland Trimeu exhibited some cases of
mimicry between butterflies inhabiting the Kavirondo-Nandi district
of the Uganda British Protectorate, particularly that in which Planema
po'igei, Dewitz, is imitated by an apparent variety of Pscitdacraea
Aioioirii, Dewitz, and also by a hitherto undescribed form of the
polymorphic 5 Pajnlio merope, Cram. This makes the fourth pro-
nounced known form of the 5 Papilio ineropc. The usual and
generally distributed form of this sex throughout Tropical Africa is
that named hippocoon, by Fabricius — an excellent mimic of Amanris
niavins, L. ; all the other forms appear to be very rare, and two of them —
diuni/sos, Doubl., and the form from Zanzibar described in Mr. Trimen's
Presidential Address to the Society on January 19th, 1898 — are not

304 THE entomologist's record,

direct mimics of any other butterflies, but are least divergent from the
non-magnetic coloration and pattern of the male. The form now
brought to notice is, on the contrary, a direct and unmistakable mimic
of Plancwa poi/t/ei : and, as it is inconvenient to refer to the mimetic
forms without assigning names to them, Mr. Trimen proposed to
style this form plane)iwideH.

Miss Edwards details {Km. Mn. Mag., p. 268) the history of
Clostera anachureta, the eggs of which were originally taken at St.
Leonards-on-Sea in 1H93, and died out in 1903. We are amongst
those who believe most strongly that this species has no standing in
our indigenous fauna. Between 1890 and 189'4 we ourselves reared
some thousands of examples for experimental purposes ; with the
exception of a few the imagines were all liberated ; and, in 1891, 1892,
and 1893, a large poplar tree, some 30 feet in height, in the garden,
was nearly defoliated by the larvje, the imagines from which flew away
in due course. In no year could the insect maintain itself with us
out-of-doors through the winter from one year to the next, easily as the
species could be reared indoors. The summer moths that emerged
laid their eggs freely enough in July and August, although wild, but
each successive spring the tree had to be restocked from the indoor
contingent that cleared three broods a year easily. It is a moth with
a distinctly southern habit, and no doubt Miss Edwards' eggs were
laid by an escape from one of the very many experimental broods of
the species that have been liberated in this country.

Mr. Jilger records {Ent. Mo. Ma;/.) the capture of a specimen of
Opldnm stolida, a south European Noctuid, at Dartmouth, on Septem-
ber 23rd last.

Mr. E. Saunders adds Mi/miecon's gracilis, Sahib., to the British
fauna on the strength of a ^ caught at Fleet, on heathy ground, near
a nest of Lasiiis nit/er, by Mr, E. A. Butler.

Dr. Wood adds (Ent. Mo. Ma;/., p. 271) A;iathoiiii/ia ridiidla, Zett.,
to our list of British diptera. The captures on which the species is
added to our fauna are— <? , June 14th, 1902 ; J , May 13th, 1903:
J , June 14th, 1902. They were all netted oft' one sycamore bush in
Stoke Edith Wood.

It will save a great amount of labour if those lepidopterists, who
are ahvays kind enough to help the author of The Xatural Hhtorij of
the IliitisJi Lepidoptera by sending lists, will send direct to him lists of
localities (county and places) and dates (for larva^ and imagines), in
and on which they have at any time found any of our " plume " moths,
especially the common ones. He has practically no Welsh, Scotch, or
Irish (except those of Mr. Kane's list) localities, and very few from any
of the English counties. Similarly, he has very few from the continent.
A tabulated list from each reader of this magazine, if only for one or
two common species, without the trouble of writing to each individually,
would be a perfect godsend.

Mr. Fieldhouse records {Xatiiralist, p. 424) the capture of eight
specimens of Eaphipniia e.vigua, in the Keighley district of Yorkshire,
on September 22nd last. Mr. Porritt, who has confirmed the correct-
ness of the name of the species captured, says that, prior to these
specimens being taken, only three examples appear to have occurred
north of the London district, r/c, two in Pembrokeshire and one at
Liverpool.

Vol. XV.

Pi.. 12.

West, Newman liCh.

Ceratophyllus fringillae (Walker).
Entom. Record etc., 1903.

ANNOTTNCEMENT. 305

^ANNOUNCEMENT.

After ten years' work as Honorary Treasurer in connection with
the publication of The Entomnlonist's Record and Journal of Variation,
I feel obliged, with great reluctance and regret, to give up this share
of my work, at any rate, for the present.

The great increase of work, due to the steady development of the
subscription list and the difficulty of collecting subscriptions from a
certain small section of our subscribers, make this step necessary. One
surmises that a professional man may not be altogether a fair judge of
the " business " methods adopted by the Entomological " man in the
street " to get something for nothing, but a ten years' retrospect leaves
one with the impression that a few who still manage to enter our
ranks would be rejected in most other social congeries.

When the editors of the Kiitoniologist's Monthly Maf/azine com-
menced their second series some fourteen years ago, they pointed out
that it would be hard to find a parallel to their own case, riz., a
magazine that had been carried on for 25 years for the advancement of
science, and on which, although receipts and expenses would about
balance, no financial profit had been made by the proprietors.
Although I cannot claim that The Entoiiioloiiiat's Record, &c., has been
in existence 25 years, nor that a debtor and creditor account would
quite neutralise each other, or give a balance on the right side, I can
claim that, for 15 years, the magazine has been conducted without
profit, that any deficit that has occurred has been met, by the Editor-
Proprietor, and that the production of an useful, up-to-date, read-
able magazine, that would advance the scientific study of ento-
mology, has been the sole aim of those who have ungrudgingly worked
for its success. Further, that with an honest effort on the part of
careless subscribers to pay up their subscriptions to date and without
giving trouble, the future of the magazine, financially, is now more
than fully assured.

The influence of the Kntoitiolo(/ist's Record on the other entomo-
logical magazines during this period has been most marked. To keep
pace, larger numbers, closer printing and more plates have been given,
and, at least in one instance, an useful index replaces that which was
by courtesy termed an index in former years. Without becoming a
rival to either, and recognising that no entomologist worthy of the
name can afford to do without any, unless he join the casual army of
laggards, I think I can fairly claim that the influence of the magazine
has been to raise the quantity and quality of what we may term
entomological scraps, that may be used up for standard scientific work
when the future author is seeking his materials for special work.

Altogether, therefore, when the success of the magazine appears to
be approaching highwater mark, I feel at liberty to hand over the
financial rems to another, and the subscriptions for Vol. xvi will be
collected by Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, whose energy and greater leisure
will no doubt enable him to do this part of the work more efficiently,
although I still propose to distribute the magazine, and any mis-
carriage of numbers, &c., will be referable, as hitherto, to me. All
outstanding subscriptions and accounts must, however, be paid to me.
I have made myself responsible for these up to, and including. Vol. xv,
and trust that those who owe anything to the magazine will send the
December 15th, 1903.

306 THE entomologist's record.

same to me without delay. On the other hand, as subscriptions to Vol.
xvi become due with the January number, and most of the regular
subscriptions come in during the last week of the old and the first week
of the new year, I should be glad if these be sent independently, and
addressed to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath,
S.E.— H. E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

Some Notes on Collecting Lepidoptera at Wye and Boxhill.

By W. J. KAYE, F.E.S.
In one of the worst seasons on record (now drawing to a close) it
is difficult to give a rosy account of any entomological expedition.
In a minor way, doubtless, there have been successes, and the old
proverb of the " 111 wind that blows nobody good " is once again true
enough, and some insects have been really plentiful and evidently found
the meteorological conditions suitable to their wants. Grass-feeders,
for instance, no doubt enjoyed the luxuriant growth caused by the heavy
rainfall of 1902, and let us hope that 1903 will have treated grass-
feeding larvtP in the same way. Pachetra leucophaea was, this year,
almost a common insect in its haunts on the downs near Wye. In
this favoured locality inclement conditions do not seem to be much
felt, as, at the end of May, this fine insect was already well out.
Contrasting strangely with this was Scoria lineoAa, which failed to put
in an appearance till June 5th, and then only singly, whilst by June 10th
only an odd specimen could be secured, which showed that the insect
was only beginning to come out. In the ordinary way the two species
are out at the same time, or the Geometrid at most not later than a ■ii
week after the other. It is possible that the hybernacula of S. lineata ■jl
are not so sheltered as those of P. leucophaeo, as the former, feeding on '

chickweed and groundsel unless it has wandered away from its food-
plant, would certainly not have such protection as is afforded by the
dense tufts of grass beloved by the latter. Maniestra {Hadena) iienistac
was not very plentiful and was practically over by June 6th. A(iruth
rinerea was probably late in appearing, as, on June 9th, I took a very fine
specimen and only secured two others besides in an eight day period.
Anthrocera trifolii was just appearing and in very fresh condition.
Not being able to secure a series of imagines, a hunt for cocoons and
larvse was made. A large number of Anthrocerid cocoons and larvfe
were found, but they did not produce A. trifolii, but A. filipenchdae,
and very few of these, as almost every cocoon contained dipterous
parasites, while one produced a good-sized ichneumon. The finding
of these cocoons has revealed an interesting fact. Nearly all of
them were found low down in the tufts of grass [Poa sp.) near their
foodplant, and, from the fact that they were low down, the
erroneous impression was formed that they were very probably A.
trifolii, which usually has this habit. From the results obtained it
appears as if larvfe that are stung spin up low down, while healthy larvfe
usually come well up the stem to pupate. Many cocoons were dark-
coloured, a fact that suggested that their contents were not healthy pupte,
but some of the cocoons were quite healthy and yellow-looking, yet these
also, except in two instances, produced parasites"'. Meristis triijramnnca

* This reads very like Anthrocera hippocrepidix, St. [stephensi, Dupont), and not
at all like A. Jilipendidae. — Ed.

NOTES ON COLLE(^TINa LEPIDOPTREA AT WYE AND BOX- HILL. 307

occurred plentifully at the sugar-patches, but the variation was very
moderate and the var. bilinea was not seen at all. Besides this common
species, Apamea haMinea occurred, but not in any abundance, and,
besides the other Noctuids mentioned, there were no other species on
the sugar till June 9th, when three Mamextra dentina visited the
patches. Of odd species that turned up, either singly or only
occasionally, Enni/chia nifirata, AnaitU plaijiata and Cidan'a vori/lata
were secured, while one must not forget to mention that four or
five Eupithecia f^cahinmta were taken either by walking up in the day-
time or at early dusk, and were in excellent condition. Leptomeria
ornata was not seen, and was doubtless late in making its appearance.
Polyomwatna astrarc/te was just beginning to appear as we were
leaving. Mr. James, besides the insects mentioned, added Melanippe
hastata by walking several miles to a wood, but when, on the next
day, I went to secure further specimens, none were to be seen. The
woods, in this part of Kent, look particularly inviting, but, to the
stranger, the downs are even more alluring, as, apart from the specimens,
the air and the view from their summit is splendid.

Several days and evenings were spent at Boxhill this year. It is
refreshing to know that all the species that used to occur there are
still to be obtained, but it must be confessed that some of them want
considerable finding. After many previous fruitless hunts for larvae
of ('ipuatophora abietaria this year, a decent number of Ct/tnatophora
larvte were beaten on IMay Kith and 19th. All were assumed to be C.
abietaria, but six only turned out to be this species, the remainder pro-
ducing fine ('i/)}iato/>/inra (icnniiaria. But the two sets of insects are
remarkably interesting. All the six C. abietaria are black, whilst all the
C. (p'inmaria are normal, some even rather strongly tinged with yellow,
and none tend to become ab. perfiwiaria. Observations as to the resting-
habit of C. f/emniaria would be most interesting, and one conceives the
idea that it cannot rest on the same surface as does its brother C. abietaria,
unless a selective agent has not made this latter insect black. Having
seen the proportion of ('. abietaria to C. (leinmaria in a two-dozen batch
of the first larvae that came to hand, a visit was paid on July 17th, at
dusk, to net whatever came. The result was one C. abietaria and ^ '.
iieininaria in numbers. Ptt/rhopoda fi(scorenoHa ( = interjectaria) was in
great abundance and a single Aventia fieA-ula was netted. LitJuma deplava
had not yet appeared. 'L'wo days previously, in the afternoon,
Leptomeris ornata occurred, and, at dusk, Arentia Jiexula, Eudalinua
mariiaritaria, Ptijchopoda fiiscorenosa, and (laradrina blanda. On July
10th a long search was made for Cucullia li/chniti>i, and the day's bag
was seven larvae. On July 21st the whole day was spent in beating
for imagines of Lithoda deplana. Quite a large number was seen, but
the insects were so shy that it was difficult to secure them. The day
was hot (it was one of the few hot days) and the "footman " was to be
seen sitting conspicuously on the upperside of a branch of yew. The
slightest touch of the tree, and they fell to the ground, where they were
invariably lost. At one of the strokes of the beating-stick a belated
larva of (Jymatophora abietaria fell into the tray, which, in due time,
produced a splendid black female specimen. Early in May, larvae of
Kupithecia mbriimta were plentiful, and even more so were those of
Lithosia deplana, from May 13th to i22nd. After three years' failure I
managed to breed a few specimens of the latter, but the number one

308 THE entomologist's record.

loses makes it rather a waste, as I had at least three dozen larvae. They
feed up very slowly, are fearful cannibals, and eat a good deal of lichen.
Mine were fed on the common green powdery species, that grows on
almost any damp surface. By keeping them in a closed tin the lichen
keeps fresh pretty well, but it is difficult to get a sufficient supply. It
is satisfactory to know that, by careful treatment, one can breed this
species, as one hears of failure so frequently.

Ceratophyllus fringillae, Walker {in'th plate).

By the Hon. N. C. ROTHSCHILD, B.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

In our previous article on the fleas found on birdsf , no mention
was made of that species commonly found in the nests of the House-
sparrow {Passer cJoniesticus). At that time, we were unable to decide
whether the insect which Walker described as Pidex friuiiillae, in 1856,
was really distinct from its close ally ('. (jallinae. A careful examina-
tion and comparison of a very long series of both insects have convinced
us that these two species are abundantly distinct.

The flea commonly found on the sparrow is much paler than C.
tiallinae, and a little smaller. The pronotal comb of C. frivf/illae,
moreover, consists of from 29 to 34 spines, while that of C. (/allrnae
usually has less than 28. These spines are slenderer than those of C.
Ijallinae, owing to there being a larger number in practically the same
space. The metathoracic epimerum of C. frint/illae bears five hairs, one
being situated at the apex, two beneath the stigma and two near the
base. ('. (laUiiiac has from six to seven hairs on the epimerum. The
hind femur of ( '. i/alliuae bears, on the surface, a lateral series of five or
six hairs, while in C. frinf/illac there are eight or nine similarly situated.
The tarsal segments bear fewerhairson the ventral surfaceinC. friwiillae
than in ('. (jallinae: the basal pair of hairs, moreover, found on the
second, third and fourth tarsal segments in ('. ;iallinae, are absent in
( '. friniiillae. The movable finger of the clasper of the male of the
present species (fig. 1) is slenderer than in C. (/allrnae, and the hairs are
different in length and position. At the hinder edge there are three
long hairs besides some short ones, which are far thinner than those of
('. (/allinae, and of which the upperiiiost is the longest. In C. gallinae,
however, the two lower ones are longer and stouter than the one
situated at the apex. The manubrium is strongly curved in C. frbuiillae,
while it is nearly straight in C. (jallinae. The eighth sternite bears at
the apex from two to four bristles only. It is, moreover, produced at
each side into a membranous tapering flap, which appears as a direct
prolongation of the sternite. In ('. (jallinae this flap stands nearly at
right angles to the sternite. The 7th sternite of the female of ('.
fringillae is similar to that of ('. (jallinae but bears more hairs (fig. 3).

We have examined a very large series of both sexes of nearly 100
specimens of this insect taken from the nests of the House-sparrow
[Passer riomesticus) at Tring in 1900 and 1902. In addition to these
we have received one female specimen taken from the nest of a swift
[Cypseliis apns) in August 1901, near Bridgewater, by Mr. G. -Tare,

* Pulej: friiiqillae, Walker, D/pf. Brit., III., p. 4 (1856).
t ^"'^v. ZooL, VII., p. 539 (1900).

THE REVISION OF THE SPHINGIDES. 309

and four female specimens taken from the nest of a Great Tit {Parus
major) at Kingsland, Herefordshire, by W. R. Williams.

EXPLAXATION OF PlATE.

Fig. 1. t? %h. tevgite oi C. fringillae.
,,2. c? 8th sternite of C /n'n^ftZZae.
,,3. ? 7th ,, ,, C.fringillae.

The Revision of tlie Sphingides^NomencIature, Classification. •'

A first impression, on looking through these two thick volumes, is
that they represent a vast amount of detailed work, made on an un-
precedented mass of valuable material. The further one examines
them the more this impression is felt, and is increased by realising
how much of the work is largely in new directions — new, at least, in
so detailed a form — and how careful and accurate it is. Further, so
far as one who has recently been over the ground, though in a
comparatively perfunctory manner, may judge, the broad lines and
the many items of detail of the classitication, where these go contrary
to generally received views, are sound and correct.

The work begins, after the introduction, with an important essay,
divided into two parts, on the Principles of Nomenclature and on the
Principles of Classification. These are deserving of much respect, if
only as the views of the authors of such a work as that before us,
enhanced when we remember other work of the same character for
which we are mdebted to them. These principles commend them-
selves by their soundness and coherence, and by the direct logic, like a
problem in Euclid, by which they are here explained to us. As an
anticlimax, the writer may add that they are very close to opinions he
has arrived at, after wandering through many heretical pastures. The
heresies that were most difficult to get rid of were founded on natural
apathy — why disturb the names we are used to ? Cannot you have a
statute of limitations? If a name has, say, 20 years' prescription, why
upset it ? The whole of this essay should be read by all those who
are discontented with things as they are, whether they be our leaders,
who are not fully agreed amongst themselves, or their followers, who
experience the many inconveniences without fully realising the advan-
tages of the various efforts made to attain stability in nomenclature.

It is difficult to retain the cogency of the argument and yet con-
dense the points within narrow limits. (1) " Every ncuue is a term for a
definition.'' (2) "It is absolutely necessary that a definition should be
replaced only by one and the same name, and that a certam name
should apply only to one and the same animal ererywhere. Whoever
adheres to this principle of stability of nomenclature must concede
that this end can only be attained by adhermg to the first defined
name for every animal or plant." (3) "Everybody who agrees that for
the sake of a stabile nomenclature the first name should be strictly
preserved, gives to the first individual or individuals which became
known to science an importance, in respect to nomenclature, which
none of the later discovered specimens can acquire."

* A Revision of the Lepidopterous Family Sphingidae. By the Hon. Walter
Rothschild, Ph.D., and Kaii Jordan, M.A., Ph.D. Supplement to Noc. ZooL,
vol. ix. Pp. cxxxv-i-972. PI. 67. Tring, April, 1903.

310 THE entomologist's record.

An absolute adherence to the doctrine of priority is the keynote of
the authors' position, and the reasons for it, though more fully stated,
may be gathered from the quotations just given. They apply it to the
elucidation of how to treat a composite species. We find an important
point dealt with very briefly in the following way : — "No compromise
is possible. Personal preferences for euphony, so-called purity of
language, &c., must be sacrificed by all those who sincerely
advocate stability of names ; there is no help for it." We object
to " so-called " as possibly containing a reference meant to be
unkind to some of our more classically-minded nomenclators, but
the principle involved is sound. Eottemburg called Celerio 'lallii,
" ffallii." No doubt he meant ^^(/alii" ; still, who is to be sure that he did
not mean the name in honour of some Herr Gall, latinised Gallius.
Ah ! it ought to have been Gallus, and thence iialli. Well, there
are many other possible hypotheses, all in the highest degree impro-
bable, doubtless. The real reason for adhering to gallii, of course, is
that a rule is a rule, and if you break it on a grammatical excuse, how-
ever obviously a good one, how shall you avoid a change being made
Avhen the excuse is not so good, is doubtful, is bad, is very bad. It is
also the case that someone, accepting <iallii in good faith, might have
named, say, respertUio — ;/aliL The matter must be taken in this way—
an author gives a species a name, that name is a word, and that word
is the name of the species, and must be accepted simply, without any
reference to how or why the author selected or formed it. Questions
as to the how or why of the name may be interesting from many
points of view, but have no bcarin;/ on the raliditi/ of the name. It
took us much wandering in the desert to induce us to accept this con-
clusion ; such names as <iallii were objectionable, but we finally
came to the conclusion stated in the Ilevuion — " No comj)romise is
possible." Some interesting cases in point are discussed in the Ent.
Mo. Mat/., October, 1903, p. 259. We find it there recorded that an
author spelt a name in eu/ht dift'erent ways. We can have no hesita-
tion in saying strict priority is the only solution. Nevertheless, some
of the names there quoted are so terribly barbarous that it is hard to
suppress one's desire for " purity of language."

Some paragraphs are devoted to the meanmg of the word type.
It seemed doubtful whether there was any necessity for such a primary
disquisition. There has just come to hand, however, an illustration
that fully justifies the authors' spending some trouble to state the
point. We were somewhat astounded to read by an author of some
literary culture, " The utterly unscientific position that the first de-
scribed form must be regarded as the type can hardly have a better
illustration than is alibrded by this species (' Icarus '). The $ Icarus,
Rott., only differs from the <? by its border of orange spots on upper-
side. If it is held, as it certainly should be, that the name Icarus
must be applied to this unusual form, then Hiibner's name Alexis
must be restored for the true type," &c. It is clearly pointed out by
Rothschild and Jordan that the type, for purposes of nomenclature, is
the first specimen of the species to be named. It matters not what
var. or ab. of the species it may be, it is the type for the name — e.(/.,
if it was called Icarus, then all the other specnnens of the same species
as that first specimen are also icarus. Such is one use of the word
type. Another use is to describe certain specimens as "typical forms"

THE REVISION OF THE SPHINGIDES. 311

of the species, meaning the form which is supposed to be the com-
monest, the most widely spread, or the most ancient, &c. " The type is,
as such, not at all the type of the species, but is the type for the arbi-
trary name given to the first specimen or specimens, and applied by
common consent to all the specimens which belong to the species, of
which the type specimen is only a member, like any other individual."
A moment's thought will surely show that since the greatest difter-
ences of opinion exist in the case of many species as to which form
is typical, and since opinion must certainly vary as each species is
more fully understood throughout its range, no finer source for wt-
stability of nomenclature than this confusion of two distinct meanings
of the word type can be imagined.

Although it is dealt with under the name of classification, the
system of what has been called trinomial (as distinguished from bi-
nomial) names, is rather one of nomenclature. Some hard things
have been said of our authors under this head. It is difficult, how-
ever, to find any real fault with their position. A certain species is
called Celerio euphorbiae, generic and specific names. Our authors so
call it— pure binomialism. They point out that it has many other
names. It is a Sphim/ida, as belonging to the family of Sphmgidae ;
a ChoerocaDipina by subfamily and by tribe. Though these names
exist they are not stated when we mention Celerio euphorbiae, and do
not interfere with the binomial system. Similarly, names on the other
side, as of varieties, form, aberrations, &c., exist, but, equally, their
existence does not interfere with the binomial appellation of Celerio
euphorbiae for the species as a whole. We are not discussing whether
tithijiitali be or be not a distinct species. Our authors regard it as a
var. of C. euphorbiae. It has been usual to state this by calling it C.
euphorbiae var. tithi/inali. In the Revision we find C. euphorbiae tithymali.
Trinomialism ! When we come to what, in this case, is apparently
the typical form in both senses, we have C. euphorbiae euphorbiae, and
as forms of this (.'. euphorbiae euphorbiae f. grentzenber(/i, &c. Now, if
we use these same words the use or disuse of the little syllable rar.
can hardly make the difference between binomialism and trinomialism.
If i/ou are to iiatiie varieties and aberrations you. have tlie thiwj, and you
may write it down with any variations you like. By omitting the par-
ticle var. you have simplification, nothing more nor less. The authors
object to var. as not being of sufficiently defined meaning. C. euphor-
biae tithymali means that tithymali is not a var. in the common, loose
sense, still less an aberration, but is a geographical race or subspecies.
For the fourth name an initial is inserted for such terms as aberration
{ab.), form (/.), local form (/. loc), seasonal form {f.t.), &c. We
think it would be found of definite advantage that the specific be
divided from the subspecific name by, say, a comma. This would,
we imagine, be better grammar and would do much to disarm those
who take their stand on binomialistic purism. The icarus difficulty
would, of course, be solved by calling the type (natural type as
accepted generally) Polyommatus icarus, alexis. We are not learned
enough in the various forms of icarus to say whether the type
(nomenclatural) would be a specimen of P. icarus, icarus, or of P.
icarus ab. icarus, or P. icarus, f. 5 icarus. The difficulty is not in
handling the names but in our knowledge of P. icarus. Whilst wholly
approving of the general principle here laid down, when we come to

312 THE entomologist's record.

their application, we find that "personal preferences for so-called
purity of language " are «of sacrificed by our authors. No doubt it
is grateful to the petty spitef ulness of ordinary humanity to find them,
after expounding principles and laying down rules in so godlike a
manner, to be, after all, so very human. According to a pra,ctice
they formulate in Nov. ZooL, vol. ii., p. 175, specific names derived
from names of persons are to have one "i" not two added. This is an
excellent rule to follow, but it must not be retrospective. " No com-
promise is possible." Nevertheless, we find, for example, dahlii
altered to daJili, and abbottii to abbotti. A somewhat curious circum-
stance is that our authors say daJdi, but give all the synonymic re-
ferences to dahlii, dahli appearing in this work apparently for the first
time. But when we come to abbottii, which is the name given by
Swainson to Sphecodina abbottii, p. 602, our authors give everywhere
abbotti and abboti, although, in each of the few instances we have
looked up, the references are to abbottii, following Swainson, or abbotii,
corrected by the American authors to accord with the name of John
Abbot, which Swainson, however, writes Abbott. We have little doubt
our authors are the first to write abbotti, but they ought, according to
their own rule, to have written abboti, yet to this name (really, no
doubt, abbotii, though they quote abboti) they put a note of astonish-
ment. All which muddle enforces the propriety of the rule " Xo co)a-
proiiiise is possible,'' and these two names, with all others, should be left
as given by their sponsors, dahlii and abbottii. These remain the
names, though it should be proved that no such persons as Dahl or
Abbot ever existed. We wonder whether Swainson knew the name
was Abbot, but thought " purity of language " required Abbott. Cor-
rectly, but inconsistently, we find Amphoni/x dupondiel, useful, perhaps,
as a barrier against iiiachaoni, trist, &c.

I'To he continued.)

Critical Note on Melitaea parthenie and M. athalia.

By CHAELES OBEETHUB, F.E.S.
These two insects, closely allied, but quite distinct specifically,
inhabit the same districts (but each maintaining its own habitat), in
the neighbourhood of Rennes. M. athalia, however, extends further
north than II. parthenie, and I believe that, in the northwest, Rennes
is the last locality for the latter species ; nor have I ever found this
species farther north than Cesson, a village situated some 4 kilometres
east of Rennes. I have, however, found it at Mesneuf (14 kilometres
southeast of Rennes), and in the neighbourhood of Bourg-des-
Comptes (16-20 kilometres southwest of Rennes), the latter being
the farthest locality to the northwest, known to me, for M. didijma.
M. parthenie prefers a dry habitat. It appears twice in a year (1) at
the end of May and the commencement of June, (2) in August,
exactly as does M. didyma. M. athalia only appears once a year
(throughout June) in the neighbourhood of Rennes, up to mid-July
at Huelgoat (Finisterre), the most westerly locality in which I have
found it. It is found throughout the north of France, and is, of
course, continued into England. In the neighbourhood of Rennes,
M. athalia inhabits chiefly damp woods and wooded fields. I have
found it abundantly in the forest of Rennes, in the woods and forest
of the Monti'ort district, in the woods of Vern (10 kilometres south of
Rennes), and, formerly, in a meadow, by the side of the river Ize, at the

LEPIDOPTERA FROM NORMANDY. 313

foot of a rough hill at Mesneuf. The field is now under cultivation,
and the locality destroyed.

M. parthenie is generally smaller, of a clearer fauve colour, less
brown and less dark than M. athalia. The ? s of M. parthenie are
often powdered with greenish-grey, with a clear, median area, a little
like the ? of M. deione, but they vary much in tint, almost as much
as M. cUdyma. The larva of M. parthenie lives on Planta;io. For
many years it was abundant in the heart of the abandoned quarry
(carriere) of " piuce-poches " at Cesson. This schist quarry is no
longer worked, owing to the stone proving insufficiently durable, but
an abundance of Planta[/o and other plants have sprung up amongst
the broken schist, and M. parthenie has become very common here.
The imagines rest on the flowers of Leucanthemum vuli/are, and it is
easy, by examining those at rest on the flowers, to select those
required. In this way I captured the aberrations which I have noted
in the Bulletin de la SocietS Entoin. de France, 1900, pp. 276-277, in
a paper entitled " Sur la variabilite de Melitaea parthenie en Bretagne,"
with which a plate is published, in which nine aberrations are figured
by means of a photographic reproduction.

M. athalia, in the larval stage, lives on Melanipyrum. pratense. It
offers, in the imaginal stage, some analagous aberrations to those of
M. parthenie, but more rarely. On dull days in June, one may seek
successfully aberrations of M. athalia resting on the flowers in wood-
ridings, in the roadside ditches, along pathways, or in clearings of
the forests. One can, by walking, thus examine a large number of
specimens, and one frequently finds among the normal examples at
rest a more or less aberrant individual.

The form of il/. athalia, found in the forests of Brittany, of
Limousin, and near Paris, appears to be the same, but, in the south of
France, it is rather difierent, and the form found in the plains and the
lower mountains of the south has a less deep colour, and is brighter
and clearer than in the higher mountains, and in the plains of central
and western France.

M. parthenie inhabits, to my knowledge, all the west of France to
the south of Kennes along the coast. It rises in the Hautes-Pyrenees
to 1800 or 2000 metres. It is common in the Alps, and, near
Zermatt, is found even at a greater altitude than 2000 metres.
Those who know M. parthenie and M. athalia in nature could not
confound them. They are distinguished as easily as are Plebeian aegon
and P. argus, for their habits, the localities frequented by them, and the
times of appearance constitute an " ensemble " of detail more easily
observed and understood than defined, but which the experience
acquired in the field makes valuable to us, so that no uncertainty
exists in our minds as to the distinct separation of the species in
question.

Lepidoptera from Normandy — 110 miles from the Sussex coast.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
Mr. L. Dupont has just published a first-class catalogue''' of the
lepidoptera of the district around Pont-de-l'Arche, a little Norman

* Catalogue des Lepidopteres des environs de Pont-de-l'Arche (Eure), par L.
Dupont. Published by Lecerf Fils, Printers, Rouen.

314 THE entomologist's record.

town some 30 miles behind Rouen, almost directly opposite East-
bourne, and only some 110 miles distant therefrom. It is remarka-
ble that a place, not much further distant from Hastings and Brighton
than is Cambridge, should boast of a fauna that appears to us almost
incredible. Among the Diurni recorded are — Papilio podalirin^, P.
uiachaon, Aporia crataet/i, Pieris daplidice (uncertain as with us),
Apatiira ilia, Melitaea cin.via, il. phoehe, singly ; M. parthenie, as a
double-brooded species distinct from M. athalia, Brenthis dia, regularly
in two broods ; laaoria lat/ionia, Hipparchia briseis, singly ; H.
rt/v^/i/^sf/, abundant in one locality; Pararge niaera, regu.\?iv\y double-
brooded ; P. achine, very common locally ; Coenononympha arcania,
common; Thecla ilicis, very common; C'hri/soj)hani(s dorilis, double-
brooded, rather rare ; Polyominatm baton, singly; Nomiades seuiianjua,
rather common ; X. cyllarus, singly ; Spilothyrus alceae, common ; S.
altheae, uncertain ; Syrichthiif; alveiis, rather common.

It is well worthy of consideration, that this list, containing as it
does such a large number of species of butterflies, enumerating the
lepidopterous fauna merely of a district for eight miles around a small
town, and comparable with many a town and district in Sussex
or Hampshire, apparently lacks only Apatiira iris, ( 'oenonynipha
tipliou, T/ieda ir-albiini, and T. pruni of the whole of the present British
butterfly fauna, produces many species abundantly that are with us
quite rare, and has sixteen species that the most sanguine lepidop-
terist could not admit into the genuinely native British list.

Among the moths also are many notable species, e.y., Hyloicua
pinastri, rare ; Hylcs eapliorbiae, rare ; Hoplitis in ilhaiiseri, not uncommon ;
Portlietria dispar, abundant ; Odonestis pruni, a single example ;
Dendrolimiis pini, a single example ; Aylia tan, moderately common ;
Thyris feneHtrella, rare; Leucairia l-albuni, very common ; L. albipnmta,
very common; jSIellinia Dcellaria, rare; Orrhodia erythrocephala,
generally rare ; (K van-pimctatioii, rare; Xylena furcifera, rare; Calo-
phatiia lunula, Pseudophia lunaris, singly ; Aplasta ononaria, rare ;
T/ialera timbrialis, Acidalia viacilentaria, rather common ; A. huiniliata,
A. punctata, Kphyra ruficiliaria, Rlwdostropliia cibiciaria, rare ;
Lythria purpuraria, rather common ; OrtlioUtha inoeniata, rare ;
AstJiena anseraria, one example ; EupitJiecia iiiillefoliata, Phihalapteryx
aquata, rare ; Metrocauipa hoiioraria, rare ; Tlianmonuuia contain inaria,
rather common ; Dysauxes ancilla, rare ; Anthrocera pnrpuralis, rather
common; A. acJiilleae, not rare; A. transalpina, I'Sbthev common; A.
carniolica, rather common ; Pacliytelia unicolor, ^Hyeria empiformia, etc.

Compared with our British list, the Macro-lepidoptera are relatively
poor, yet the above species, exceedingly rare, or altogether absent, in
Britain, afibrd ample food for reflection. Those micro-lepidopterists
who wish to make a similar comparison, and push the latter home to
its logical conclusion, cannot do better than carefully study the
details that M. Dupont furnishes.

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe.

By MALCOLM BUEE, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
The entire absence of any work in the English language which
would enable a collector to identify his captures, the inaccessibility of
reference collections, and the confusion that generally reigns in them,

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. 315

have led me to draw up a brief outline of the Orthoptera inhabiting the
western portion of the European continent. This, in itself, is not a
difficult task ; the point upon which I have felt the greatest hesitation
is the choice of area. It is a commonplace that "Europe" is a
political, and not a zoogeographical term, and a list of any animals
confined to Europe in the ordinary acceptance of the word would
arbitrarily exclude a large number of closely-allied, often congeneric,
forms that characterise the neighbouring portions of the African and
Asiatic continents ; again. Western Palisarctic would embrace an area
wider than the intended scope of this synopsis. I have therefore
resolved to confine myself to the Orthoptera found in those countries
which are nearest to Great Britain, and so, most frequently visited by
British entomologists. It is, in fact, intended as an aid to tourists,
in order to encourage them to pay some attention to an order of insects
that has met with such unjustifiable neglect at the hands of collectors,
and so, in the following pages, the reader will find rough means for
determining any Orthoptera captured west of Vienna ; the Scandi-
navian fauna is poor, as also that of northern Germany, but France,
Switzerland, western Austria, with Bohemia and the Tirol, afford a
rich collecting-ground. Northern Italy, a region that is frequently
visited, will well repay collecting, but the greatest wealth of Orthopterous
life is in the Iberian Peninsula. Spain and Portugal are little visited
by tourists, it is true, but if we are to include the Pyrenees, and south
coast of France, the neighbouring districts and countries cannot be
omitted. All the genera and species, therefore, which appear to be
confined to the peninsula are included, which increases the size of the
synopsis, and involves the inclusion of a few Algerian and Moroccan
insects that have been recorded from the southern shores of Spain.
To pass beyond Vienna would mean the inclusion of Eastern Europe,
with Russia, and the Balkans. Orthoptera are not yet sufficiently
popular to warrant a work on other than purely systematic and
complete lines, dealing with the Orthopterous fauna of all Europe, or
of the western part of the Paliearctic Region, and the student who is
sufficiently interested to collect forms occurring east of Vienna will be
able to employ the various works that have been published on the
subject in various tongues.

This synopsis is mtended purely as an outline, and an aid to the
student, to enable him to become familiar with more important
volumes, of which there are three which call for special mention. The
standard work on the European Orthoptera is, of course, Brunner von
Wattenwyl's famous and oft-quoted Pwdroinufi der europaUcheii
OrtJwpteren, published at Leipzig in 1882. This is a scholarly work,
giving detailed synoptical tables, and descriptions in entomological
Latin, while the rest of the book is written in German. This will
prevent its ever becoming a popular work, but it is absolutely
indispensable to the serious student. A very useful account of the
Orthoptera of France is Captain Finot's Insectes Orthopteres, published
by Deyrolle, in the Faune de la Francs series ; it enables the collector
to determine about half the species that are found west of Vienna.
The distinguished Spanish orthopterist, Senor Don Ignacio Bolivar,
has published recently a Catalofjo ainoptico de las Ortopterun de la
Peninmla Iberica, giving a brief outline, with very useful synoptical
tables, of the rich Orthoptera- Fauna of Spain and Portugal ; so many

316 THE entomologist's record.

forms are peculiar to these countries that it is an indispensable
adjunct to Finot's work. In addition to these three important books,
a large number of pamphlets and articles appear frequently in various
entomological journals, which must be consulted by the student who
wishes to thoroughly familiarise himself with the European Orthoptera,
and these will be found quoted in the three works mentioned above.

It must be borne in mind that the points emphasised in the
following pages are not always the purely scientific ones, but rather
those most easily observed, and that statements made, unless otherwise
indicated, apply to European forms only.

Order: ORTHOPTERA.

Section I : Dermaptera.

Family : Forficulid^.

In earwigs, the characters to be observed are, first, the number of
segments in the antenns ; secondly, the shape of the second segment
of the tarsi, which may be simple and cylindrical, or heart-shaped ;
thirdly, the development of the elytra, which may be entire and
hinged to the thorax, rudimentary, and entirely attached to the
thorax, or wanting altogether ; fourthly, the shape of the forceps of
the male, which may have the branches separate at the base, or
contiguous there, slender, cylindrical, or strongly flattened and dilated,
nearly straight, or strongly curved inwards, unarmed or furnished
with a varying number of teeth on the inner margin ; fifthly, the
shape of the pygidium, a small organ present in some earwigs at the
apex of the abdomen between the roots of the forceps ; this may have
a spine, or be produced prominently forward between the forceps, and
sometimes assumes curious shapes ; sixthly, the shape of the subanal
plate, or last ventral segment, and also of the segment preceding it ;
the subanal plate may be rounded, as is normal, or strongly produced
into different shapes.

On capturing an earwig, the collector will do well to first examine
whether the elytra and wings are perfectly developed. If they are
both rudimentary, the specimens must be either Aiii.wlabis or Chelidura,
which genera are not likely to be confused ; if, again, the organs of
flight are well developed, the second segment of the tarsus must be
observed ; if this is simple and cylindrical, it must be a Labia or a
Lahidura : in the former, the antennte have at least 16 segments, and
in the latter never more than 16 ; Labia, too, is easily known by its
small size and by the spine on the pygidium of the male. If the
second tarsal segment is not cylindrical, it is swollen at the end in the
form of a heart. The existence of this character is the mark of the
group Forficulae : if the specimen is a male, next examine the forceps ;
if the branches of this organ are broadened and flattened at the base, it is
a true Fur/icida; if not, either an Anechura, which has the forceps bent
downwards and the elytra and wings spotted, or an Aptenjyida, in
which case it will be entirely pale brown or uniform reddish in colour.
The last genus of this group has the elytra rudimentary or absent, and
the wings absent. This is Chdidara, always dark in colour, with the
abdomen broadened, especially towards the apex.

It is extremely difficult to determine solitary females. The generic
characters of Furjicula and Apteri/i/ida are present only in the males,
and females of these genera, and of Anechura, are very easily confused.

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. 317

Table op Genera.

1. Antennae with 16-30 segments. (2nd tarsal segment cylindrical).

2. Elytra and wings perfectly developed . . . . . . . . Labiduea.

2.2. Elytra absent or rudimentary ; wings absent . . . . Anisolabis.

1.1. Antennse with from 10-15 segments.

2. Second tarsal segment cylindrical . . . . . . . . Labia.

2.2. Second tarsal segment heart-shaped.

3. Forceps (? broadened and flattened at base. (Elytra

perfectly developed ; wings usually so) . . . . . . Forficula.

3.3. Forceps <? remote at base, slender.

4. Wings and elytra perfectly developed . . . . Anechura.

4.4. Elytra developed or rudimentary ; wings always
absent.
5. Slender insects ; abdomen not dilated. Forceps

slender . . . . . . . . . . . . Apterygida.

5.5. Stout insects; abdomen dilated towards apex;

forceps more or less stout . . . . . . Chelidura.

Genus 1 : Labidura, Leach.

This genus is widely distributed throughout the world, and the
two species occurring in Europe are now cosmopolitan, although
probably Palfearctic in origin.

It is characterised by the large number (16-30) of segments in the
antennae, the presence of entire elytra, and usually also of wings, by
the absence of lateral tubercles on the 2nd and Brd abdominal seg-
ments ; the forceps of the male are separated at the base, not flattened,
gently incurved, armed, usually on the inner margin, with a varying
number of teeth.

The two species are hardly to be confused. L. ripan'a is large and
very pale in colour ; L. (Jufourii is very considerably smaller, it is
dark in colour, and entirely distinct in appearance.

Labidura riparia, Pallas ( = (iiga7itea, Fabr. et auctt.).

Easily recognisable by its large size and pale colour. Length of
body: lBmm.-19mm., ^, $; of forceps, 6*1 1mm., ^ ; 4-6mm., $.

It occurs throughout the coast of southern Europe, and also on river-
banks ; it may be found under stones and refuse, especially in sandy
places. In England, it is found in several localities on the south
coast, but is a great rarity. In France, it is common enough on the
south coast, and has occurred as far north as Brittany ; also on the
river Allier near Moulins, in the centre. In the interior of Europe it
has been taken near Geneva ; in Germany in Silesia and Saxony,
Thuringia, and near Berlin. It is common enough in Spain and
Portugal in suitable localities ; in Austria on the Prater, near
Vienna.

It is extremely variable in size and colour ; the wings and also
teeth of the forceps may be absent, and the colour very dark, some-
times almost black.

Labidura lividipes, Dufour( = r/*(/b»r//, Desm. = meruHonalis, Serville).

Considerably smaller than the last ; hinder border of pronotum
rounded instead of straight ; colour dark. Length of body : 8-9mm.,
3' , $ ; of forceps, 2-3mm., 3^ , 2 .

It occurs in damp places in the extreme south ; in Spain it is met
with on the coast of the Mediterranean ; the variety nn'na, Lucas,
with unarmed forceps in the S , is recorded from Chiclana ; Desmarest

318 THE entomologist's kecord.

records it from the south of France, but it has not been taken in that
country in recent years. ^mj w i;i

It is common in Algeria, and occurs throughout the Old Worm.

Genus 2 : Anisolabis, Fieber.
This genus includes a large number of species distributed through-
out the world. The discrimination of the exotic species is subtle, but
there is no difficulty in recognising the three European forms, ihe
genus is closely allied to the preceding, but wings are never present,
and the elytra are usually wanting entirely, or else rudimentary and
cemented to the thorax. The general colour is entirely black, and the
forceps of the male have the right branch more strongly incurved than

the left.

Table of Species.
1. Eudimentary elytra present 1. moesta, Gene.

1.1. No traces of elytra. xj^^oii;

2 Size large ; antennfe and feet plain testaceous . . 2. maeitima, Bonelli.
2'.2. Size smaller ; antennte and feet ringed with black 3. annulipes, Luc.

Anisolabis moesta, Gene.

This is the only European earwig that is quite black, with no
wings, and rudimentary elytra. Length of body, llmm.-12mm.,
^ , ' ? ; of forceps 2-3mm., <? , ? •

Common in southern Europe in dry places, under stones, etc., and
sometimes on flowers. In France, it is abundant at Toulouse and ai
alon'^ the Eiviera. In Spain, it occurs commonly (^ladrid, Malaga)
but has not been recorded as yet from Portugal. It is found also in
Sardinia, and in Italy has been taken in the Campagna near Home and
at Genoa. It occurs also in East Africa.

Anisolabis maritima, Bonelli.

Eecoo-nisable by its large size and uniform pale legs and antenna ;
in the S the right branch of the forceps is much more strongly bent
in than the left.

Length of body, 18mm. -20mm., <? , 5 ; of forceps, a5-5mm., $,J.

This species occurred in England, at South Shields, m 1855,
under artificial conditions. In France, it is rare, but sometimes found
on the Mediterranean coast ; it has been taken at Nice, and on the
banks of the Aude, at Aude. In Spain it has been taken m Andalusia
and at Aguilas m Murcia. The $ seems to be much rarer than the
$ . It is now distributed throughout the world.
Anisolabis annulipes, Lucas.

Small ; black ; antennn? dark with pale rings ; feet pale, banded

with black. ^ r,

Length of body, ; 4mm, 3 , 2 ; of forceps, 2-3mni, ^ , ? .
This is an universally distributed species. In England, it has
occurred under artificial conditions in more than one locality. In
France, it occurs wild, but rarely, being found in the summer and
autumn in the hottest parts of the Mediterranean coast—My eres,
Cannes, Bagnols, Villefranche. In Italy, at Genoa, Pegh, and in
Sicily. ' In Spain it is common in the south and east.
Genus 3 : Labia, Leach.
This is a very extensive genus, consisting of about seventy small
species distributed throughout the world. The only European species

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE.

319

is easily recognised by its small size, uniform brown colour, and by
the small spine on the pygidium of the male.

Labia minor, Linn.
Length of body, 4-5mm., <? , $ ; of forceps, lmm,-2-5mm., ^ , 2 -
More or less common throughout central Europe, including
England, and the whole of France. It probably occurs throughout
Spain, but has only been recorded from a few isolated localities. It
flies on warm summer evenings over flowers, dungheaps, etc., often in
company with Staphylinids. It extends as far north as Scania in
Sweden. De Selys notes that in Belgium it is somewhat local.

Genus 4 : Forficula, Linn.
This genus includes a large number of exotic forms characterised
by the forceps of the male, which are strongly dilated, flattened, and
depressed near the base, sometimes for a considerable part of their
length.

Table of Species.
1. Wings present (sometimes not very prominent).
2. Elytra spotted.

3. Dilated part of forceps and pygidium short.

Wings prominent
3.3. Pygidium and dilated part of forceps longer ;
wings not prominent
2.2. Elytra plain testaceous
1.1. Wings absent.

2. Dilated part of forceps long.
3. Pygidium not prominent. .
3.3. Pygidium prominent.

4. Dilated part of forceps not exceeding one-
third of entire length of forceps . .
4.4. Dilated part of forceps reaching half
entire length
2.2. Dilated part of forceps short.

3. Tooth at end of dilated part of forceps. .
3.3. No tooth at end of dilated part of forceps

Alternative Table of Species (based on Brunner's arrangement,
where the elytra of F\ nificollu, Fabr., are given as unicolorous, as the
spot is sometimes indistinct).

1. Dilated part of forceps having a tooth, sharp or blunt, at
the end.
2. Branches of forceps contiguous at base only, separated
at the tooth, which is sharp.
3. Hinder border of elytra straight ; wings

present . .
8.8. Hinder border of elytra round. Wings
wanting . .
2.2. Branches of forceps contiguous down to the tooth,
which is blunt.
3. Dilated part of forceps very long, the apices

almost or quite meeting
3.3. Dilated part of forceps shorter, apices not
meeting
1.1. No tooth at end of dilated part of forceps.
2. Dilated part of forceps long.
3. Wings absent
8.3. Wings present.

4. Elytra with a big spot ; wings prominent. .
4.4. Elytra with indistinct spot ; wings
developed, but hardly prominent
2.2. Dilated part of forceps short . .

{To be contiTitied .)

SMYRNENSis, Serville.
RUFicoLLis, Fabr.

AURICULARIA, LiuU.

PUBESCENS, Gene.

rtEciPiENS, G6ne.
LESNEi, Finot.

SILANA, Costa.
APENNINA, Costa.

AURICULARIA, Liun.

SILANA, Costa.

PUBESCENS, G6n^.
LESNEI, Finot.

DECiPiENS, Gene.
SMYRNENSIS, Serv.
RUFICOLLIS, Fabr.

APENNINA, Costa.

320 THE entomologist's record.

Two more seasons among the Swiss Butterflies.

By G. WHEELER, M.A.

The title of this paper is perhaps somewhat of a misnomer, since I
was absent from Switzerland during July and the first week of August
last year, and this year there can hardly be said to have been a
"season" at all; however, it will serve to connect the present with
my previous papers, so let it stand. The season of 1902 was late, and
not even Gonepteryx rhawni put in an appearance till March 7th,
followed on the 16th by Af/lais urticae, and on the 19th by Eugonia
polychloros, Vavesm in and Enranesm antiopa, no freshly emerged
butterfly greeting my eye before April 1st, which produced Pierh
brcifisicae, followed on the 5th by Enchln'e card amines. The next week
I went to St. Maurice, when I saw my first Papilio machann of the
season on the 14th, Pieris rapae and P. napi on the 15th, and Lcptosia
sinapis on the 16th, Pararye egeria, at Vernayaz, on the 20th, Cyainris
an/iolus on the 22nd, and Cnpido miniwa, also at Vernayaz, on the
25th. Most of these species were late, but Callopluys rnbi was worn
by the 21st. On the 30th, however, I saw 22 different species at
Vernayaz, including hHoria lathonia, Brentlm eiiphrosyne, B. dia,
Noiu'ohiiis liichia, Polyumniatus baton, Cupido nebms, &c. Nomiadea
cyllarua first appeared at Sierre on May 7th, where I also took a very
fresh specimen of the valley form of Anthocaris Kimphmia, hitherto
confused with A. belia var. aiisonia, to which I have given the varietal
name fiaridinr, another specimen of which I took at Lavey on the 27th.
On the 15th I went to Branson to look for Pulyommatiis orion, and found a
few only, and those not in very good condition, but this was more than
.made up for by a magnificent specimen of X. cyllann^ ab. mbtnsradiata,
in which the band of eye-spots on the underside of each wing is pro-
longed into large black dashes. At Sion, on the 21st, ^lelitaea avrelia
was in considerable numbers and fresh, Nonuades cyllarm being also
abundant. On the 24th came a most welcome visit from Mr. Buck-
master, but the weather was not propitious, and I fear that nothing
more exciting was found than N. cyllarits, L'upido sebrus and Melitaea
parthtnie. During his stay at Martigny, we met several times, but
neither of us had much to report ; he took two worn Lycaena iolas, ?
and S , at Branson, on June Brd, where I failed to find any on the
following day, though I took Ercrfs aryiadcs ab. polyKperrhou, Colias
ediim ab. Iidicc and Poly(»iniiatiis bdlaryus ab. puncta, the only form of
the latter that occurred that day. On the 2nd I had been to Bouveret,
and was disappointed to find no Brenthif^ xelene, though I took a couple
of Melitaea aurinia ? , of the onentalia form, and M. dictynna was as
fine as it usually is in this locality. May and the first half of June had
been wet and cold, with occasional changes to warmth and brightness,
but towards the end of this month the weather began to look up, and
from the 19th onwards it was mostly magnificent, the one exception
occurring on the 20th, when I had gone up the Val d'Anniviers to
look for M. waturna var. irolfensberyeri, and got only a wetting for my
pains. At Vernayaz, on the 19th, ChrysophanuH aUiphron var.
f/ordiys, Lyraena amanda, Aryynnix daphne and Erebia styyue, were
well up to time, and I took the same species and one Lycaena
iolaa $ , in excellent condition at Follaterre on the 21st. On the 23rd
I went to Chalel-St. -Denis, in order to search the slopes of the Moleson

TWO MORE SEASONS AMONG THE SWISS BUTTERFLIES. 321

for Chn/suphanu^ aniphidamas, but an expedition on the following day
showed" that, in this season, I was too early, indeed, the almost entire
absence of butterflies was remarkable, the weather being magnihcent.
On the 26th I started for the village of St. Georges, m the Jura,
passing the night at Gimel-sur-Eolle, where, on my return on July 1st,
I obtained a fine fresh series of Coenonympha typhon, of a form tending
towards lauliov, as well as a few fresh BrentJm ino. St. Georges itsel
was my first introduction to the Jura, the butterflies of which are most
interesting, very few of the more variable species being identical in
form with those of the Alps, the tendency generally being towards
southern forms. During the four days of my stay I took the following
45 species -.—Hesperia alvem, H. malvae, Pyrgiis sao, N^soniades tar/es,
Pamphila sylvanus, CImjsophanm JdppotJioe, Cupido wimma {excessively
abundant).' Nomiades semiargns, Polyomwatus bellaryus, P. hylas var.
nigropunctata only, P. alexia, Rmticm arym, R. aryyrognomon,
Nemeobim lucina, Papilio podalirius (common), Apona erataeyi (very
abundant), Pieris brassicae (abundant), P. rapae, P. napi (one ? only
near the top of the Jura, intermediate between type and var. bryomae),
Euchloe cardamines, Leptosia dnapis (common), Cnlia^ hyale (common),
Cionepteryx rhamni (common, and certainly not hybernated), Issoria
lathonia,' Brenthis enphro^i/ne, B. ino (also at Gimel), Melitaea cmxm
(common), Melitaea parthenie (very bright), M. didyma (<? s only, one
with a very pale broad border to the forewings), M. dictynna, Pyranms
cardui, P. atalanta, Vav<-s.a in. Aylais urticae (the last four hybernated),
Pnlngonia c-album, Pararge moera, P. Uera (rather common but
becoming worn, very large and dark), P. weyaera, P. egena (generally
var. intermedia, and never quite reaching var. eyerides, mostly much
worn) Epinephele jurtina, Aphantopm hyperanthus, Coenonympha iphn
(just emerging), C. pamphilm, C. typhon (at Gimel only), Ereha
wediim (inclining towards var. hippomediisa), and Melanarfiia galatea.

On returning to Switzerland on August 7th, we stayed for a few
days at Vallorbe, so that I had a few further days' experience of the
Jura. The cold was intense, except for a few hours now and then,
but I took the following species -.—Hesperia malvae, Pamphila comma
(small and rather dull), Polyommatiis damon (nearly all tending
towards var. ferreti), P. vorydon (very abundant and rather variable),
P. alexii^ (very worn), Paniassim apollo (mostly var. pseudonomion,
though not strongly marked), Aporia crataegi (very small and worn),
Pierifi rapae, Colias hi/ale, Gonepteryx rhamni, Argynnis aglaia, A.
adippe, Brenthis ino, Aglais urticae, Limenitis Camilla, Satyrns hermione,
Hipparehia semele (<? s only, corresponding with ah. pallida), Epinephele
jurtina, Erebia aethiops (verv abundant, small and strongly marked,
mostly ab. violacea) and Melanargia galatea (very worn and rather
small). There is, in the Lycaenids, on the Jura, a strongly marked
tendency to blue in the ? ; Colonel Agassiz has, in his collection
magnificent examples of the vars. .syngrapha, ceronus, metalhca and
caerulea from this range, the ? s are, indeed, mostly tinged more or
less with blue, and I have even taken at St. Georges a 5 ^om^adesi
semiargns in which this tendency is very marked.

On returning to Montreux I twice saw specimens of Satynis cine
near Sonzier, viz., on August 30th and September 4th, but on neither
occasion was I able to obtain it. I give a list of the butterflies I saw
near Sonzier on September 2nd as the date is late for the majority ot

322

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

them, especially as all except Melanar<iiaiialatea were in good condition.
Nomiades sennarr/tis, Pohjommatus davinn. P. corydon, P. bellarcjus, P.
aleria, Papilio niacJiann, Pieris hrai^sirae, P. rapae, P. napi, Leptosia
miapis, Colias hyale, C. edusa, Dryas paphia, AniynnU ar/laia, A adippe,
Brenthh dia, Pararr/e moera, Hipparchia newele, Epinephele jurtina,
Erebia aetJiiopa and Melanargia rfalatea.

During the whole of the season Mr. Fison had, as usual, kept me
informed of his movements and captures, and some of the latter are so
interesting that I cannot forbear to mention them. As I did not see
them till after ray return to Montveux, this is not so much out of the
chronological order. On Monte Bre, above Lugano, he took, on April
16th, five specimens of Libythea celtis, three of which were very worn,
as well as PolyommatnH orion, Pararye eyeria var. intermedia, &c. ; but
of his spring captures by far the most interesting was a magnificent
specimen of P. meyaera var. framraspiea, a form not hitherto reported
from Europe, I believe. In June he was in Weesen, and on the 19th
took two perfect specimens of ArasrJntia lerana in the Kupfernaseruns
gorge, " a sunny, narrow ravine up which the road climbs to the
Thalalp See ; " the first " on some garbage in the road, in a spot
where all the trees (firs and beeches) had been cut and nettles
were abundant," the second at the entrance of the Thalalp cow-
pastures. The following day he took two more in the same valley
and another couple in the Murgthal. "Of these, four were on the
road, one on nettles and one on the grass." "Both valleys were cool
and turned to the north." At the end of July and the beginning of
August he had interesting experiences with Erebias on the Dent du
Midi, but, as I repeated these in propia persona this year, I will not
refer further to them now ; I must, hewever, mention the very varied
series of Erebia christi, which he brought from the Laquinthal — in
some ways the most interesting I have seen — and the magnificent
forms of Brentkifi pales from the Dent du Midi, including the dark-
banded ? ab. rinctata, Fav., which so far is believed to be unique.

During the early part of this year (1903), my time was so completely
taken up by my book on the Alpine butterflies, which I was hurrying (alas,
unsuccessfully) to get out before the summer, that my entomological
interests were chiefly confined to correspondence and interviews with ento-
mological friends, including a call from Dr. Lang, together with the
inspection of various collections ; and in the latter connection I cannot
refrain from mentioning a visit in the previous autumn to Geneva, as
it procured for me the acquaintance of Professor Blachier, and
through him that of M. Gesner-Frey, in whose room at the Museum
I was permitted to work. Of the kindness and courtesy of these two
gentlemen to one who was then a stranger to them I must not allow
myself to speak, as one of them, at any rate, will read these lines.
Most of my few expeditions during the spring were made in company
with Mr. Sloper. who has already mentioned in the Eutovwloyisfs
Fiecord all that was of interest in our captures, except that, on one
occasion, at Aigle, on April 29th, a beautiful, fresh specimen of
Henperia walvae ab. taras was so obliging as to attach itself to my
leg, whence it was speedily transferred to the bottle. At Sion, on
May 13th, I found Noniiades eyllarnn, Everes aryiades var. coretas in
fair numbers, and Leptosia mtapift var. lathyri, a form which was
abundant in the Rhone Valley this year, though I have not previously

TWO MORE SEASONS AMONG THE SWISS BUTTERFLIES. B23

met with a single specimen since 1899. Brentim dia was also flying
and Pararc/e ))ie(/oera very abundant, but I was evidently too early for
Melitaea anrelia, as there was no sign of it in its usual haunts.
An early visit to the K. var. roretas ground, about a mile to the S.W. of
Sion, between the railway and the Rhone, produced a few ? s, and a
walk through the Pfynwald in the afternoon also gave E, var, coretas,
Polyowmatnahellarcius oh.puncta, Colias hyale, Lepto^ia miapis (type), &c.,
but a magnificent example of Papilioporlaliriusah. feisthaweli, which dis-
played itself fully on a blackthorn bush before my eyes, was lost, my net
being caught on* the bush. Early on the following morning we went
to Zermatt by the first train of tlie season— not, at this early period,
for butterflies, but to exhibit the Matterhorn to some young nieces —
and while walking down from St. Nicholas to Stalden, I saw more
Envanessa antiopa than I have ever seen before, and took a specimen
of Euchlo'e cavflamines with the disc of the forewing lemon-yellow on
the underside, a form not very uncommon in the Rhone valley, to
which I have given the name ab. citronea. The following day, when
walking down from the 2nd Refuge on the Simplon to Brig by the
short road, I found Nonnadei< ctillarux. in great abundance in a field
about a mile above the town, and, in the same spot, a fresh brood of
Melitaea aurinia, a very bright form bordering on var. orientaliii.
During May and early -Tune I paid several visits to the Grangettes and
to Bouveret in search of IlirntJiia aclene, which Mr. Tutt had asked me
to procure, but in vain ; the only specimen I saw was at Revereulaz,
some 2000 feet above the valley, which I visited on May 30th,
probably for the only time in my life, for the steepness of the road is
frightful; at the beginning of the ascent at Vionnaz I took a good
specimen of L'arterocephalux palaemon, always a sporadic species with
us. A five days' visit to the Rochers-de-Naye, beginning on the 12th
of June, was wholly unprofitable, though the flowers were in perfection,
for thick clouds surrounded the hotel during the whole time, and on
the 15th, snow fell from morning till night. The next incident worth
mentioning was a visit to Martigny on the 18th, in company with Mr.
Sloper, when Chrywphantis var. f/ordhis, Li/caena amanda, BrentJns
daphne, Melitaea var. berisalensis, Erebia stycfne and E. evias were
obtained, the first two being fairly abundant, and the two Erebias a
little worn. On the same occasion I also took Pararge nieyaera ab.
alberti, which has been curiously common this year in the Rhone
valley, especially between Aigle and St. Triphon, a fairly well-marked
form, occurring somewhat frequently in the ? , and occasionally,
though rarely, in the S . On the 25th I went up the Tiniere valley,
behind Villeneuve, in search of Chrywphanm amphidamai^, which Mr.
Chadwick had taken there last year. My search was unsuccessful, and
the day turned dull, but I took Pararge hiera about a mile above
Villeneuve, and further up found a good point for Erebia neme,
(Jnennnyiiipha arcarda, Pararge iiwera, and others were also to be met
with. Hearing next morning from Mr. Fison, that he had lately
taken Chry^ophanm ainphidamai^ at Caux, I made an expedition there
in search of it, but the time at my disposal was short, and I afterwards
discovered that I had not gone quite far enough along the road
towards the Rochers-de-Naye. I took, however, among several
Chrysophanus hippothoe $ s, one which had an unusual development of
blue spots within the orange border of the upperside of the hindwings.

824 THE entomot^ogist's record.

Coenonympha iphn was very abundant. Having occasion to go the next
day to Lausanne, I prolonged my journey to Gimel, where I again found
CoenonyDipha tiphon and Hrenthis ino, but saw nothing else; on return-
ing, towards Aubonne, I took a number of Epinephele jurtina, chiefly
(? s, most of which had the spots on the underside of the hindwings
somewhat strikingly developed into eyes; one of them, though rather
small, was quite of the JiiKpidlo form. On the 29th we moved to
Lausanne, and on June 2nd spent the day at Vallorbe ; Pai-jiamiis apollo
was abundant, but this yeai the var. pseiulnnoDiion was by no means the
prevalent form ; this is perhaps accounted for by the fact that those
I found this year were mostly <y s, whereas the majority of the
specimens which I took the previous August were $ s, the latter, as in
P. rldiiis, running much more frequently to extra red spots. Erebiafttyyne
was just emerging, as was also Hipparchia semele ; Melitaea parthenie
and Coenonympha iphis. were very abundant, and PolyommatHH hylaa, as
at St. Georges last year, was invariably of the var. niyropimctata.
The following day I repeated last year's search for ('hrysojihanna
anijthidaiiiaa, on the west slopes of the Moleson, and succeeded in find-
ing three specimens, all $ s, and two of them a good deal worn ; this
was generally the case also with those which Mr. Fison took at Caux,
mostly (J s, on the 18th and 24th, though he had taken two at Villars-
sur-Gryon rather earlier, one of which may well compare with Col.
Agassiz's Tramelan specimens ; two specimens, which Mr. Fison took
near Tramelan on the 30th, were, however, quite old and battered.

[To be concluded.)

A new Phalacropterygid species and genus from Spain —
Pyropsyclie moncaunella [trith plate).

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

At various dates between July 14th and 24th this year, Mr.
Champion and I saw a good many specimens of a handsome Psychid
on the wing on Moncayo, at an elevation of oOOOft. to 7000ft. We
took six specimens and picked up four cases, two of which were ^ s,
and one of these produced a moth, after reaching England, in August.
The other two are females, and differ sulhciently from the male cases
to make it possible, but not perhaps likely, that they belong to some
other species. We called the insect apii'orwn in the field, but felt
very doubtful whether it could possibly be that species. On examina-
tion, it proves not to belong even to the same division of the Psychids,
being an Oreopsyche, and not a Psyche (seiia. restr.), as Arctiiftapifornn's
is. From its habitat, I propose to call it moncaunella. The definition
would be : —

A Phalacropterygid, with neuration almost identical with that of iiiufscella, Hb.,
but with very long, pointed forewings, more like an Acanthopsychid, or even an
Oiketicid, than a true Psychine. Body brilliant orange, becoming darker and
redder posteriorly, and contrasting with dark (black) long hairs on the last abdominal
segment. Expanse, 17mm. to '22mm. Habitat Moncayo. [I propose to place the
type in the British Museum.]

If one adopts Staudinger's genera in Catalog, 1901, then this species
is an Oreopsyche. Tutt {British Lepidoptera, vol. ii) divides the species
under Staudinger's Oreopsyche into three genera, and moncaunella, near
to muscella, might almost fall into Phalacropteri.c. [It is very unfor-

A NEW PHALACKOPTEKYGID SPECIES AND OENUS FROM SPAIN. 325

tunate that Staudinger uses PhalacropteriT in quite a different sense
for a Psychid (tribal sense) genus, including apiforinis.]

If, therefore, Oreopaiiclw (Staudinger) is to be divided into three
genera (Tutt), it is tolerably certain that iiwHcaunella is the type of a
new genus, on the ground of the very exceptional form of the wings.
I propose for it the new genus Pyropsyche, which may be described
as follows : —

Pyropsyche, n.g. — A Phalacropterygid (Oieopsychid) genus in which the fore-
wings are very elongated and pointed, markedly differing from every other genus
in the group. In the type species the forewings have eight veins from cell, vein Ih of
the hindwing is always (so far as observed) branched, and the colour is largely
brilliant orange. Type moncaiuiella, n.sp.

The description of the species is as follows : —

cJ . Expanse 22mm., length of forewings lOram., of hindvvings 7mm.
{Phalacropterix muscella, for comparison, has forewings 8'5mm., hindwings
Tmm.). Hind margin very slopmg, and forewing pointed, as compared with
any other Oreopsychid I know. Neuration of forewing, eight veins from cell,
branching of lb, l-4mm. from base ; of hindwing, five veins, as in Phala-
cropterygids, la nearly obsolete, Ic very weak, lb strong, and divides before
half its length into two branches. This seems to be so in all specimens.
An inner branch from lb occurs sometimes in P. muscella, but is unusual.
Antennae (5mm. long, longest plumules 2mm., scales to tips, 32 to 34 plumules
on either side (in P. muacella, 25 to 27). The insect is clothed with long
hairs, about l-.5mm. long, on head, 3-5mm. on last abdominal segment,
and graduating between these. The hairs on the wings look like an extension
of the body-hairs rather than wing-scaling, and are especially long and thick along
the inner margin of the hnidwing. The tarsi are without hairs, but the tibiae
are clothed with hairs as long as themselves — the anterior sparsely, the posterior
almost densely. The hair-scales of the wings are much as in P. iniiscella, but a little
less dense. The colouring gives its especial aspect to the species. The antennae
are black, as well as all chitinous parts of the body. On the head the hairs are
sometimes entirely orange-yellow ; in the type specimen black hairs predominate
laterally. On the thorax the hairs are orange above, black below. On the
abdomen the hairs are orange-yellow basally, gettmg redder, till, on 6th segment,
they are red rather than oi'ange, and have some black hairs ventrally . The long hairs
of 7th segment are entirely black, and contrast sharply with those of 6th. On the
legs the long hairs are black, but the scaling of the tibiae and tarsi is orange, and the
chitin of undersurface and of last joint of tarsi is also orange, so that the legs
become more brightly coloured towards their extremities. The wing-bases are
entirely orange, long hairs, hair-scales, and nervures, and the long orange hairs
of inner margins reinforce the mass of abdominal colour. The hair-scales darken
outwardly so as to be black by the middle of the wing. The nervures also get
darker as they proceed, more by being narrower and more obscured by hair-scales,
than by essential change of colour or texture. Still the rough effect is that they
are bright orange basally, nearly black towards the cilia. The cilia are long and
thick, and are black, except at base of inner margin of forewing and at anal angle
and inner margin of hindwing, where they adopt the bright orange coloration.
[A close examination of P. iiuiscella shows a tendency to yellowish coloration of the
hair-scales on the cell of forewings, everything else except the pale tarsi being
black.] ? . The female is about 10mm. long. The ovipositor, when extended,
seems not to reach beyond the general rotund outline. The spiracles are well-
marked, and the two main trachea are very large, tolerably straight tubes, reaching
from end to end of the insect. Anteriorly there is a brown chitinous shield, which
may be called the cephalothorax, it covers the anterior end, and the dorsum and
two sides adjoining. On each side is a lappet, something like a bloodhound's ear.
If the insect were distended instead of flaccid, this would probably have a different
aspect. The lappets are the sides of the headpiece slipping back over the sides of
the thoracic piece ; dorsally, however, the head and thoracic pieces are continuous,
without indication of joint or suture. The 1st spiracle is in the angle under the
edge of the lappet, the thoracic piece is laterally one, but by a faint line, and by
its relation to the 1st and 2nd spiracles, it would appear to consist of the dorsal
plates of the 1st and 2nd thoracic segments. There are two circles in each of which a

326 THE entomologist's record.

central hair is doubtfully made out in front of the head, and rather ventrally, that
probably represent the antenna, and two dots or hair-points on the soft membrane
below, that no doubt indicate some mouth -parts, behind these the true legs are
represented by three pairs of mannnillar fullnesses of the integument. The hair-
covering is traceable in the abundance of loose hairs, but its nature and disposition
are not discoverable. This specimen shows that the female returns into and dies
in her pupa-case, from which she probably does not completely emerge, though I
saw the moth of one of these cases (doubtless the other, not this one) pi'otruding
from the sac.

I have never taken Arctiis (Psi/che) cvpiformia, nor seen it in indis-
putably good condition. With the possible exception of A. apiformia,
the $ P. vwncannella is by a long way the most handsome and brilliant
of European Psychids. The bright colouring, rounded ofi" by the
contrast of the black tail tuft and black fringes and antennte, make
the transparency of the wings very notable, bringing it in line with
Hemarids (the bee-hawks). It is fond of resting on a prominent angle
of rock, but I was sorry to find it did not always agree to being boxed
as it sat. I now add some account of the cases, larva, etc.

Cases. — 13mm. to 17mm. long. S^ 3-5mm. wide, $ 6mm. wide,
fusiform, i.e., thickest in the middle and tapering to both ends, least
to the attached one. The case which produced a 3 moth has a few
bits of stem laid on longitudinally, various shorter bits of stuff laid on
also longitudinally, these include a good many bits of stone extremely
thin, flat, films mostly, and all laid on so closely and flatly, as very
slightly to interfere with the form or thickness of the case. Another
case, substantially the same, has a large slab of stone (or slate) on it
(nearly 6mm. X 3mm.), also several smaller bits of stone, and more
vegetable material laid on it lengthwise, than the first one. The
other two cases are thicker ( J s, but may quite possibly belong to
some other species). Neither of these has any stone in the covering,
but bits of fiat leaf and grass-like stem, laid on longitudinally and
flatly, i.e., the distal end well fastened down to the outline of the case.
It is to be noted that European Psychids with stones in the covering,
are usually Oreopsychids, as tenella, Icschenaulti, etc. Those that are
not, are of mountain distribution, -as Melafiina hKiubrh. It is of interest
to note that Mr. McLachlan associates a stony clothing on an exotic
Psychid case, with the necessity of weighting the case against being
blown away by winds in an exposed situation. In our present subject
the 3 case is intrinsically the lighter.

Pupa. — 3 • Pupa-case (empty and extended) is 8mm. long, 2mm.
wide, of equal diameter from thorax to 7th abdominal, 3rd partially,
4th, 5th, 6th and 7th altogether, free. On 7th and 8th abdominal
segments there is, across the somewhat raised dorsum, a raised roll,
i.e., more than a ridge, as it were, a cylindrical addition laid across the
back and not sunk into the segment or flattened where it is laid on, to
any extent. This is thinner at the ends, but ends abruptly, not fading
out on the surface. On dorsal view it occupies about f of the width of
segment, and is not so regular in outline as the cylindrical idea
suggests, it is about ^ of the length of the segment at its widest, dorsally.
On top it carries a large number of very sharp, hooked points, directed
backwards, they are not regularly arranged, but are two to four deep,
from back to front. On the 6th and 5th abdominal segments
the arrangement is almost identical, but the roll is not so high.
On the ith it is rather flat, the hooks are less well-developed, and

A NEW PHALACROPTKRYGID SPECIES AND (JENUS FROM SPAIN. 327

behind it are a few parallel ridges, already indicated in the 5th, on
the 3rd this decadence progresses, and on the 2nd the roll is now an
area a little more marked than the following ridges, and with some
blurred points that hardly suggest hooks. The intersegmental re-
curved hooks are well developed on the 4th, 5th and 6th abdominal
segments, as a row of strongish hooks, or rather two or three rows,
but so far alternating as not to be one in front of another. On the
3rd they are represented by a double row of raised points. The
wings extend to the end of the 3rd abdominal. The dorsal slit on
dehiscence just fails to reach the posterior margin of the mesothorax. On
the metathorax there is a dorsal ridge and folds pass outwards to the
wider part of the segment, in doing so they open and pass round a space
somewhat hollowed, in which is a small cone, surmounted by a hair
(probably tubercle ii). On the other segments the larval tubercles are
apparently represented by hairs, but all are not made out, the specimen
not being mounted transparently. There is the usual pair of anal
hooks, immediately behind the genital tubercles. Unfortunately I
managed to lose the loose face-piece, so cannot describe the appendage-
cases. $ . One of the $ cases contained a pupa-case, containing the
remains of a 5 moth and some young larv^, dead. The ? pupa-
case is of the usual chitinous brown, paler towards the head, 10mm.
long and 3-5mm. wide at frds from the anterior end, about the 3rd
or -ith abdominal segment, it is, in fact, of the shape of an egg, the
posterior being the thick end. There are no legs, wings, etc., their
only representatives being very slight roughnesses of the front of the
anterior end. By careful examination these are found to represent three
pairs of legs and some mouth-parts. On the 7th and 8th abdominals
there are dorsally small patches of backward-directed spines, and some
also on 6th and 5th that would not be noted but by having first
observed 7th and 8th. The dorsal suture splits down to the thoraco-
abdominal incision. There is a minute double anal spine. The scars
of prolegs are obvious flat circles with concentric rugie. The hairs
of the larva are exactly repeated on the abdominal segments of the
pupa, even to the three pairs of minute secondary hairs.

OvuRi. — The egg has no discoverable sculpturing, is oval in outline,
in fact egg-shaped, narrowing like an ordinary egg, a big end and a
little one, but the diti'erence is slight. There is also some difference
in form, some being shorter and wider, «.t;., more spherical than others.
The length varies from 0*8lmm. to 0-87mm., and the width from
0-63mm. to 0-70mm. They are laid in the pupa-case, amongst a
liberal supply of wool or hairs, and the female dies within the case in
front of them.

Larva. — The young larva has black head, and black thoracic plates
and anal plates, like the fullgrown one. There is no trace of the
false tubercle i, tubercle i being in its usual (Macro-psychid) position,
far outside ii. Below the spiracle are two hairs, near together, and on
a level, the posterior the stronger ; there are two at base of prolegs
which have 10-12 hooks. No hair between these is made out. The
(? case that did not produce a moth showed, when opened, the remains
of a larva, and of the pupa-cases of several large chalcids. From
this imperfect specimen it appears that the head is black, as well as
the first three segments, at least, the 1st and 2nd thoracic segments are
covered dorsally by complete black plates, with no pale markings

828 THE entomologist's record.

except the central pale dorsal line or division ; the plate on the 3rd
thoracic is less complete, but equally void of marking on either of its
lateral halves. On the forward abdominal segments there is a
tubercular boss, apparently representing i, but absolutely without
bristles ; ii is larger and has a bristle. Outside ii, and in front, is
the true i with a bristle, and iii is a very large boss with one bristle.
The ventral prolegs are circles ("?), flattened in front, with 21 to 22 hooks,
wanting on the inner fifth of the circle. The anal prolegs have 27 hooks.
The true legs have the third pair larger than the others, but less so
than is usual in Psychids. They have a rounded boss with long hairs,
inside the base of each. A development of a usual structure almost
into a palpus. The cast skin from one of the $ cases allowed itself
to be fairly well displayed, and admits of all the details of hair-distri-
bution, &c., being observed. On the 4th abdominal, tubercles i and ii
are reversed in the usual Psychid manner, ii being the larger and on a
larger plate ; iii has a still larger plate and one hair. Below the
spiracle is a larger plate (iv and v '?) with two hairs near together, the
posterior being a little the higher and larger. Below this a smaller
plate, with one small hair at its anterior angle ; below this a plate
that is practically part of the proleg, and carries (outside the proleg)
three hairs nearly in a row, from the front backwards and inwards,
the middle the larger. Inside the proleg is a minute plate and hair.
In addition to these normal tubercles there are also three very minute
hairs, one of which has a small plate. This lies between iii a,nd the
spiracle, the large plate of iii being roughly circular, but with a large
sinus at its lower anterior edge to contain the plate of this extra hair.
The other two extra hairs have no plates and are close to the anterior
margin of the segment, one just in front of i, the other in front of the
extreme ventral tubercle, but rather further out, so as almost to be
opposite the proleg. The hairs and tubercles of the other abdominal
segments are on precisely the same scheme, but have sundry modifica-
tions. On the yrd abdominal there is a false tubercle i, i.e., a small
chitinous plate without hair, related to tubercle ii, as tubercle i is in
most larvte except those of Psychids. This plate is larger on the 2nd
abdominal, and slightly more so on the 1st. On the 2nd and 3rd there is,
behind iii and at a little lower level, a similar plate without a hair, it
exists on 1st abdominal, where it is rather larger, and is accompanied
by a similar plate above it, and rather above middle of iii. On the 1st
abdominal, ii is a very large plate, and iii and the subsidiary tubercle
have one plate. Ventrally, the 2nd abdominal segment (having no
prolegs) has the double-haired plate (iv and v), the single-haired plate
(vi), then a large plate with two hairs at its anterior border, then a trans-
verse plate with a hair at either end. The 1st abdominal is the same,
except that this latter plate is united to its fellow of the opposite side,
forming a four-haired plate, apparently an approach to the consolida-
tion of plates here on the thoracic segments, in relation to the prolegs.
The 5th and 6th abdominal segments are substantially the same as
the 4th. On the 7th, the tubercles representing prolegs have two
hairs, as on the 2nd abdominal, but the ventral tubercle has only
one hair. On the 8th abdominal, tubercles ii are united together
to form a dorsal plate ; iii is a large plate carrying its proper hair,
the subsidiary hairs, as on other segments, and curves round to
the back of the spiracle, where it has another large hair.

A NEW PHALACHOPTERYOID SPECIES AND GENUS FROM SPAIN. 329

below the spiracle is a one-haired tubercle (probably vi). On the
9th abdominal, i is almost fused to outer end of fused ii, iii (?)
has one long hair, and is followed by three tubercles, each with one
hair. The specimen is not satisfactory here ventrally. The large
anal plate (10th abdominal), l-5mm. across, has three long hairs on
either side, it is straight in front, the remaining margin being a
continuous curve. The clasper has a large chitinous plate carrying
six (or more ?) hairs. Each of the three thoracic segments has a
large square dorsal plate (smallest on 3rd), dark, without pale marking,
except median line. Each has four hairs on either side along its anterior
margin, in addition, on the 1st is a central hair, and the 1st spiracle to-
wards its lower posterior angle. Below this plate (on each segment) is a
plate carrying two hairs, with a small plate and hair in front of it.
Below this, again, on the 2nd and 3rd segments, a plate without hairs,
and below these the plates that are involved in the true legs. Behind the
middle of the dorsal plates of the 1st and 2nd segments is a small tubercle
with two small hairs. The most remarkable feature observed is a very
definite spiracular structure between the 2nd plate of the 2nd and 3rd
thoracic segments. The legs are carried on transverse plates with
median sutures, which appear to be homologous with the median ventral
plates as represented conjoined on the 1st abdominal. On all these seg-
ments they have an outer plate ranging with the proleg plate, and on
the metathorax there is, posterior to the main one, a plate that is not
represented elsewhere. The secondary hair-point at the front margin
ventrally is present on the 2nd and 3rd thoracic. In the middle line, in
front of the main plate is, soldered to it by sutures, the rounded
eminence that looks almost like a palpus, and carries three hairs. The
femur is jointed between this and the main plate, a hardly separated basal
piece representing the trochanter (?). The femur carries two strong
bristles ventrally ; the tibia apically, two dorsal (outer) bristles, two
ventral (inner), and one lateral (front) ; the third (tarsal) joint carries
three hairs and the well-developed claw. The black head carries ten or
eleven long hairs on either side. The ocelli are in a curve of five,
with a sixth central. The antennae have a very slender chitinous ring
as a 1st segment, a long square one as 2nd, which carries a long
hair, several minute ones, and a small mammilla as a 3rd segment.
The maxilla; are of complicated form, each of their palpi consists of a
large basal piece carrying externally a two-jointed process of some
thickness, internally a hair or two and a short ring surmounted by a
bristle (or two), and four small short thick baton-like palpi. The
labium looks something like a spur, the spinneret standing forward as
the spike, the basal half of this is beautifully fluted. The palpi are
lost or not made out. The jaws are strong and heavy, square, with
three well-pronounced teeth, and two inner ones hardly distinct, outside
the 1st tooth, have a broad outer slope. There are two hairs on the
jaw. The plate carrying three hairs forms a sheath for the proleg. It
would be a tube, or, rather, case, surrounding it, but that it thins out
and is wanting on the inner side. The hooks of the prolegs are
well curved and strong, and vary in number from 17 to 21 in this
specimen. The general surface is closely set with fine black points,
which range themselves in rows m various directions over short dis-
tances, and, in places, have a very elaborate arrangement of collections
of circles and other curves. This is observable along the incisions.

830 THE entomologist's record.

before and behind the prolegs, below iv and v, etc. They are about
their own width apart, and are perhaps 200 to a millimetre. This
specimen of a cast skin presents as perfect a specimen for the study of
the skin anatomy of a Psychid larva as I have ever obtained, and has
proved much more easy to examine than any prepared from a living
larva. It is, however, very unusual to be able to display a cast skin
in this way.

^OLEOPTERA.

Bledius TAURUS, Germ., ETC., IN NoRTH Wales. — The opening of a
new station on the L. and N.W. Railway in July suggested a visit to
the Point of Aire, in Flintshire, at the mouth of the estuary of the
river Dee. Though I did not get a large number of species, the spot
ought to repay further working. In one direction there is an extensive
hne of sandhills, while, on the riverside, the sand gradually tails oft"
into mud-flats. It was here that I found myriads of burrows of Blediu$,
the commonest species by far being B. unicornis, Germ. B. spectabilis,
Kr., was fairly common, but a single B. taiirus, Germ., ^ , was far
more noteworthy. Nothing very special occurred on the sandhills. I
may mention Sajjrinus maritiiiuoi, Stphs., as very common, and Aleo-
chara ohsciirella, Gr., whilst Ceuthorhi/nchus asperifuliarwii, Gyll., was
fairly common in the flowers of Echiuin ruUiare. — B, Tomlin, M.A.,
F.E.S., Chester.

Aphodius tessulatus, Payk.— On pages 17 and 76 of the present volume
I gave an account of my experiences with this insect during the autumn
and winter of 1902. During the past summer I searched for it carefully
on Arthur's Seat, but was unable to find any specimens, though other
members of the genus were present in the sheep-dung in numbers.
To-day, wishing to obtain some living specimens for an entomologist
residing in London, I went out to the place on the hill where the insect
occurred last year, and at once turned it up again in numbers. There
can be no doubt, therefore, that, as far as this district at any rate is
concerned, Aphodius temdatus is one of the species of this genus which
occur only in late autumn and in the winter, for, as was the case in
December in last year, it was to-day the only insect found in the
droppings ; and with it were plenty of its larva?, but still very small,
as if they were only recently hatched. I fancy that very likely two
other species of the genus, which appear to be excessively rare, are
also winter insects. I mean livuhts, 01., and quadnmaculatm, L., and
I would suggest that any coleopterist who lives in a locality in which
they have been taken, might find it worth his while to search sheep-
dung during November and December in mild weather. — T. Hudson
Beare, F.E.S., 10, Regent Terrace, Edinburgh, ^omnber 21st, 1903.
MicRAMBE abietis, Pk., FROM BERKSHIRE.— I have just happened to
notice in the June number of the J'Jntoniologist's Record the review of
the list of the coleoptera for the Victoria History of the Countij of
Surrey. As Micrambe abietis, Pk., is mentioned as having only been taken
in that county I think it worth while recording that I took an un-
doubted specimen by beating a fir-tree, in this neighbourhood, in July
last year.— Norman H. Joy, M.R.C.S., F.E.S., Bradfield, nr. Reading.
October 26t/t, 1903.

SCIKNTIFIC NOTES. 331

(^RTHOPTERA.

FoRFicuLA LESNEi, FiNOT, AT Bradfield. — On September 9th,
whilst on a visit to Dr. Joy, I swept a specimen of this rare earwig in
a wood at Bradfield. This is a new locality for it. It is not, how-
ever, its first record for Berkshire, as, in the Ent. Mo. Ma;/, for Novem-
ber, 1897, Mr. Malcolm Burr notes a <? , the second British authentic
capture, taken by me at Wallingford, in Septeinber, 1892. — -Horace
DoNisTHORPE, F.E.S., F.Z.S., 58, Kensington Mansions. October 9th,
1903.

Labia minor, L., in October. — In the Ent. Mo. Ma//, for Novem-
ber, 1903, Mr. McLachlan records the capture of Labia minor at the
end of September, and comments on the late appearance. I thought
it perhaps worth while, therefore, to record its capture on October 1st,
in South Kensington, and on October 2nd I swept it at Tring. — Ibid.

W"A R I A T I 0 N.

Aberration of Leucophasia sinapis. — While entomologising in
the Wye Valley with my son on June 1st, 1903, he took a specimen
of Leucophada sinapis, in which all the ordinarily black scales are
replaced by others of a dull orange, causing the underside of the
hindwings to very much resemble those of Fieris rapae, which was
very well described by his exclamation of — " Dad, I have taken an
orange-tip wood-white ! " — ^J. T. Fountain, 191, Darwin Street,
Birmingham. November 12tk, 1903.

^^CIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Specific identity of Melit^a deione and M. berisalensis. —
In Mr. Wheeler's excellent butterfiy book, just published, he has
removed berisalensis, which Staudinger quotes as a var. of Melitaea
athalia, to M. deione, considering it the northern form of the latter
species. In exhibiting some berisalensis given me by Mr. Sloper at
the meeting of the Entomological Society of London, held on October
21st {Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. li), I remarked that the facies of these
examples from Martigny led me to suggest that the insect does not even
appear to belong to the athalia. group ; I further suggested that,
in my opinion, the insect comes very close to M. deione, although my
knowledge of the two insects is, at present, too little to agree or
disagree with Wheeler that berisalensis is a mere Swiss form of the
southern species. Powell, however, whose opinion I should be
inclined to prefer to that of any other European lepidopterist, writes
{in Zt«., 30, 10/03) : — "I have again made a thorough examination
of deione and berisalensis, and am quite satisfied that they belong to
one and the same species. When I received a series of berisalensis
from Mr. Sloper two years ago, I was at once struck by their resem-
blance to deione. The black is rather more extensive, but that is
natural, as it occurs further north ; the undersides are identical with
those of my spring specimens of M. deione. I think the additional facts
that they have two distinct broods, and that the larvfe use the same
foodplant, ought to settle the matter. I cannot think how Staudinger
came to classify berisalensis as a var. of M. athalia ; had he given the
matter proper attention, the affinity of berisalensis to deione must have

332 THE entojiolochst's kecgrd.

struck him." Mr. Sloper, who also knows M. athalia, M. deione, and
M. berisalensix in nature, and who took both M. deione and M. athalia
at Digne about May 26th, 1902, says that " beriaalensiti is, without
doubt, the northern form of M. deione.'" It must be conceded
that these lepidopterists who know these insects in nature are much
more likely to come to a correct conclusion as to their sjpecific value
than those of us who only know their dried bodies in the cabinet. —

J. W. TUTT.

J^OTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARY^, &c.

Notes on the early stai^es of Agrius (Sphinx) convolvuli. —
As I can find, with the exception of Professor Poulton's masterly
account {Trans. Knt. Soc. Loud., 1888, pp. 550 et seq.), very few refer-
ences to the early stages of Ai/rius (SjjJiinx) convolvuli in the entomo-
logical works which I possess or in the magazines, a few notes thereon
may be of interest. On September 7th, a damaged 5 was brought to
me alive, which had been taken that evening in Sunderland. As it
had been captured not on the wing but by the wing it was by no
means in cabinet condition, so I determined to try for ova, and im-
prisoned it in a large glass jar with sprays of Coni-olrulus arvemis and
flowers of Petunia and Xicotiana as sustenance. It devoted the first
few days to knocking off what scales remained, but, by the 18th, had
started to lay, producing in all 17 ova before dying. The ovum is
already known and has been described, so I need not go further
than to say that I was struck, as others have been, with its small size and
brilliant green colour. Three or four were laid loosely in the jar and
the rest on steins or leaves in small groups. About September 25th a
few had changed colour and were now of a pale yellowish-grey tint, and
from their collapsed appearance I concluded that they were dead, but in
two days more the larvte began to hatch — 8 in all. The remaining eggs
also changed colour but failed to hatch, chiefly, I think, because the
leaves turned wet and mouldy. The young larva is very slender and
fragile-looking, pale yellowish, with a long black horn, curved in dif-
ferent individuals at different angles, and, in one case, in which I took
deep interest, bifurcated half its length, and very odd in appearance ;
unfortunately the owner promptly died, as did three others, apparently
without feeding much. The rest took well to C arrensis and white garden
convolvulus, at first riddling the leaves with holes, after the habit of the
larva of Heinaris j'ucifonuis on honeysuckle, and later eating at the side.
They speedily developed a green tinge, and, by October 4th, were f inch
in length, and laying up to moult. By October 6th, all four had
moulted, but one died without eating. The three survivors were very
lethargic, but irritable when disturbed or even breathed upon, throw-
ing themselves off' their food, and twisting angrily about. They were
now pale green, slender larv», developing a darker stripe down the
back as they grew, and having a somewhat rough shagreened appear-
ance; the horn still large in proportion, black and slender ; two pairs
of anal spiracles, large black ovals, the others represented by black
dots. They grew steadily to fin. with no change in colour except the
horn, which turned reddish, and by the 12th were laid up for their
second moult, which they accomplished on the 14th by midday. In
this instar they were still light green, ribbed closely and shagreened
with whitish points, segmental divisions paler, and a broad darker

LIFE -HISTORIES.

338

green stripe down the back ; spiracles large, especially the two anal
pairs, whitish, edged with deep black ; horn blackish-brown, paler at
base; head green, shield-shaped, and in one case with a black streak
down each side. By the 18th, faint, oblique, pale streaks, edged above
with darker green, developed along the sides, and a faint row of false
spiracle-looking markings above the true spiracles; claspers dusky. The
next day they were exactly 1 inch in length, and had laid up for their third
moult by midday, and on the 20th one was in its fourth instar, and the
others by 8 a.m. on the 21st. Progress was now very rapid, and, by
the following day, they were 1^ inches long, and no longer so slender
in proportion, ground colour green still. One, however, was very
handsomely marked with a broad purplish -black stripe along the back,
broken up on each segment with a green kite-shaped marking, the
point towards the head ; along the sides on each segment was a black
oblique stripe, edged below with paler green running up to the black dorsal
marking, the spiracles large and of a bright orange colour surrounded
by black ; horn green below but black above, shading to green at the
tip, the whole surface being dotted with white ; head green, with
black edging and black streak down each lobe. The other two were
without the dorsal marking and much plainer in appearance. Anal
pair of claspers green, with black edging, the others black outside but
green underneath ; prolegs black. By the 25th they were nearly 2
inches long and eating large quantities of C. arvennis, which they seem
to prefer. As an experiment I now tried a leaf of lettuce, which is
recorded as a foodplant in Madiera, but they would have none of it,
and stuck to the C. arvem^h. In Barrett's Lepidoptera, vol. ii., it is noted
that " this species does not appear to assume the Sphinx-like attitude
so common in its allies," but I have several times seen them resting
with head thrown back, though usually they lie straight along the
stems when not feeding. On October 26th, all three were laid up by
midday for their fourth moult, length If inches. This proved a more
protracted operation than previous moults, since none had finished till
8 a.m. on the 28th, when the first was in its fifth instar, the second by
1.15 p.m., and the third by 10 p.m. The following day they had all
assumed the adult colouring, which has been ah'eady described and
figured, and into which I, therefore, need not go. — James W. Corder,
Ashbrook Terrace, Sunderland. October'dOth, IdOS. [The larvae fed
up to full size, became 4in. in length, and have now been down for
some days.— J. W. C. 21/11/03.]

Note on the egg of Cossus cossus (ligniperda). — Height about
l-5mm., diameter 1mm. The eggs appear to be laid either in short
rows, end to end, or in little heaps. Each separate egg is very
characteristically intermediate between an " upright " and " flat " egg.
It has the characteristic oval outline of a flat egg, but with the
micropylar end rather wider than its nadir, looked at in the direction
of its long axis, whilst, looking down upon the micropyle, one finds
that it is circular in outline with a well-defined micropylar area and
ill-developed longitudinal ribs leading up to the micropyle. The egg
is very distinctly parti-coloured, the basal half (treating it as an
upright egg) being of a pale creamy-white in tint, the upper half
strongly mottled with dark brown. The basal area is somewhat flat-
tened, as if it might be sometimes laid on end and that this was done
sufficiently often to give it a marked impress in this direction, whilst

334 THK KNTOMOI.OdrsT's RKCORD.

some 24-28 longitudinal ribs are recognisable, but so closely crossed by
transverse ribs at right angles as to almost destroy their character. About
twelve of the ribs come over the shoulder of the egg and die off in the
micropylar depression at the apex. The micropylar area is well-
defined, the micropyle central and forming a small stellate depression.
[Described under a hand lens July 3rd, 1903, from eggs laid by a ?
taken at Westcombe Park. A part of the batch laid w^as forwarded to
Mr. Bacot, who will report on the eggs later. The difficulties attending
the Cossid egg have already been pointed out, antea, vol, xii.,
pp. 317-8.]— J. W. TuTT.

Notes on Eggs of Lepidoptera. — The following notes, made whilst
away from home, and without any proper appliances for making
detailed descriptions, are simply intended to supply certain lacunae in
our knowledge until more satisfactory descriptions are available. After
dealing with them I posted the eggs on to Mr. F. Noad Clark for the
purpose of photographing (but have since heard that at the time of
their arrival Mr. Clark was from home, and by the time he had
returned most of them had hatched). The eggs were all examined
under a two-thirds lens used as an eyeglass : —

(Eneis aelln. — The egg is upright, circular in transverse, almost
oval in longitudinal, section, but rather flattened at base. Height :
width as about 5:4. Pale pearly-yellow (almost pearly- white) in
colour, with the micropylar area very distinctly marked off' at the apex
of the egg. The longitudinal ribs, eighteen in number, are very
distinctly marked, shining almost like silver in reflected light, and
appear to be wavy, this appearance being probably due to a number of
inconspicuous transverse ribs which seem to surround the egg and
cross the longitudinal ribs ; only in one instance do two of the longi-
tudinal ribs unite before passing over the shoulder of the egg,
most of them running quite separately over the shoulder, ending,
as ribs, on the margin of the apical area ; on the apical area they
appear to break up into series of raised points, finally forming a sort of
ring round the micropyle proper at the summit of the egs'. [Described
on August 17th, 1903, from an egg obtained by dissection of the body
of a $ captured the preceding day at AroUa.]

Hpini'j/lieli' li/caon. — Yellow, inclining to orange, in colour; in shape
a truncated cone, rounded at the bottom ; height, very little more
than diameter ; 20 or 21 well-defined longitudinal ribs, extending
from base over the shoulder of the egg ; apical area flattened, with
a depressed ring just within the termination of the longitudinal ribs ;
the central area somewhat articulated, the immediate area around the
micropyle slightly raised ; no transverse ribs to be detected with the
power at disposal. [Described August 15th, 1903, from eggs dissected
from body of a $ taken at Useigne, August 13th.]

Melainpias nielaiiipKH,- The egg is upright, of a pale creamy tint,
circular in transverse, and somewhat oval in longitudinal, section, but
rather broader at the base than at the apex, which is somewhat
flattened to form the micropylar area. Several (about 28) fairly-
marked longitudinal ribs run from apex towards shoulder, where many
anastomose, chiefly in pairs, and curve round into the apical area ;
this area (around the micropyle proper) appears to be minutely pitted,
but the structure of the micropyle is not to be made out under the
power at disposal. [This note was made August 10th, 1903, from an
egg obtained by dissecting a J captured at Arolla on August 8th.]

LIFE-HISTORIES. 335

Erebia ninestra. — The egg is upright, plump, somewhat cylindrical
(perhaps more like a truncated cone, with the base but little wider
than the apex), the height about equal to the diameter; of a pale
yellow colour ; the surface shining and covered with many exceedingly
fine longitudinal ribs, of which (with the power at disposal) I make
about 42 at the widest part ; these anastomose somewhat towards the
apex, and end, as ribs, just over the shoulder of the eggs.
The apical area of the egg appears to be somewhat pitted, the part
immediately surrounding the micropylar rosette being fairly smooth.
Between the longitudinal ribs are many faint transverse ribs, giving
the familiar latticed appearance noticed on the sides of this and so
many other eggs. [The eggs described were obtained by the dissection
of a 5 captured on August 9th, 1903, at Arolla. The description was
made on August 10th.]

Melitaea didyma. — The egg is upright, of a bright green colour,
somewhat conical in outline ; the height : width as about 4 : 3, but
with considerable variation in size. There are a number (? 18) of dis-
tinct longitudinal ribs, extending from the base to the shoulder of the egg,
where they anastomose, and finally form a distinct ring surrounding a
flattened apical area ; the structure of the micropyle is not to be made
out with the power at disposal. The base is flattened, and apparently
somewhat depressed. [The eggs from which this description is made
were laid in a heap in a collecting-box by a $ taken between Useigne
and Evolene, on July 28th, 1903, and were described on August 7th.]

Brenthix pales. — The egg is upright, of a pale orange colour, finely
ribbed from base to apex. It is conical in outline, tapering to a some-
what blunt point, on which is placed the micropylar rosette. The
ribs appear to be about twenty in number, several of them anastomosing
before reaching the shoulder of the egg. [This note was made on
August 10th, 1903, from an egg obtained by dissecting a 5 captured
the preceding day at Arolla.]

Arfiynnh niobe. — The egg is upright, very small for the size of the
insect, bright orange in colour, conical in shape, the height little more
than the width, and tapering rapidly towards apex; fourteen very
distinct and well-marked longitudinal ribs, extend from base to
apex, ending in a small depressed area at the summit around the apical
area; this area is somewhat flattened, and contains the median
micropylar rosette in its centre. Between the longitudinal ribs are a
number of fine transverse ribs (or striations) that do not appear to
cross the summits of the longitudinal ridges, which seem to be some-
what sharp-edged. The longitudinal ribs mostly anastomose in pairs
near the shoulder of the egg, and their apical terminations unite to
form a raised wall surrounding the micropylar area. [Described
August 10th, 1903, from an egg obtamed by dissecting a ? captured
at Arolla on August 9th.]

Plebeiufi ari/yroiiumiion {aryua). — The egg is bright green in colour,
circular in outline, forming a flattened disc about one-half the height of
the diameter ; the surface appears to be covered with minute rough
points, closely set over the whole surface, and giving one the impres-
sion that the egg is thickly pitted. Medially at the apex is a minute
micropylar depression, the structure of which cannot be made out with
the power at disposal. [This note was made on August 10th, 1903,
from an egg obtained from a dissected ? taken at Arolla on August
8th, 1903.]

836 THE ENTOMOLOaiST's RKCORD.

SyrichtliKs alveus. — Base quite flattened ; shape about three-fourths
of a sphere, somewhat flattened at the apex ; pale yellowish in colour, with
the slightest possible green tinge ; with 22 longitudinal ribs reaching
from base to apical area, 7 pairs anastomosing just above the shoulder
of the egs,, the ribs somewhat acutely-edged, but showing distinctly
the very numerous fine transverse ridges that surround the egg from
the base to the edge of the apical area. This latter consists of a well-
marked but iTiinute circular depression within the terminations of the
longitudinal ribs ; medially in this there is a distinct raised micro-
pylar stella. [Eggs described August 18th, 1903, dissected from a ?
captured at Chamonix the same day.]

Paniphila cniiima. — The egg is hardly more than a hemisphere, the
base quite flattened, the apical area depressed, the micropyle forming
a raised point in the centre of the depression ; the colour is, when
newly exposed, pearly-white, but it changes almost directly to a
shining chalky- white, the apical depression alone retaining the paler
coloration. The whole of the surface of the egg is minutely pitted,
and, under a lens, has the look and apparent texture of the shell of a
hen's egg. There is no trace whatever of longitudinal or transverse
ribbing, and the egg is as dissimilar as possible from that of the well-
ribbed egg of Si/richtJiiix alreux, with which it was compared. [Eggs
described August 18th, 1903, dissected from a $ , captured at
Chamonix the same day.]

Lithmia luridcola. — The egg is of a pale pearly-yellow when laid,
becoming of a more or less transparent pearly-grey as the embryo is
matured ; it is almost hemispherical in shape, the surface shining and
somewhat iridescent, with a suspicion of minute surface pitting, under
an ordinary hand lens. No trace of the micropylar structure can be
discerned with the power at disposal. The eggs are laid in little
batches side by side, and touching each other. [The eggs described
on August 10th, were laid in the collecting-box by a $ obtained at
Useigne on July 28th, 1903, and described August 10th. j

Litluma lutarella (the typical golden -coloured mountain form). —
Pale pinkish or flesh-coloured in tint, rather more than a hemisphere
in shape ; what should be normally the base occupied by a deep
circular depression, which appears to have the same kind of surface
structure as the rest of the egg ; this surface-sculpture appears to
consist (under power at disposal) of exceedingly tine pits (it might be
an exceedingly delicate reticulation under a higher power), but I am
not able to make out any ribbing. The surface is exceedingly shiny,
and the bright areas (due to reflected light) obscure any minor detail
that may be present. ,1 was astonished to find that the eggs were
laid loosely, although having the characteristic shape and appearance
of the allied eggs that are attached. Those described were laid by a
5 captured at Hauderes on July 29th, 1903, in cop., which laid during
the following days a few eggs each day, up to and including August
11th, when the ? still appears to be lively and healthy, and capable
of laying many more eggs. The description was made on August 7th.]

(K)iistis (jHodra. — The eggs are laid most regularly side by side in
large batches. The eggs are exceedingly small for the size of the
moth, and of a pale pea-green colour. The egg is somewhat less than
a hemisphere, considerably flattened at and towards the apex, covered
over with small but conspicuous pittings. The micropylar point

LIFE -HISTORIES. 837

appears to be raised, and, for some distance around it, there appears to
be an exceedingly shallow depression where the sculpturing is typical.
The examination of two loose eggs showed a depressed base very like
that already described in the unattached eggs of Lithoxia lutarella and
Calliiiwrp/ia dominula. Examined under a lens, the green colour of
the egg appears to be confined largely to the central area of the
contents, the rest of the shell being largely transparent, and, looked at
against the light, the sculpturing appears to be quite spiny and
echinoderm-like. [Eggs laid August 22nd, 1903, and following day
by a ? taken at light at Chamonix on the evening of August 19th.]

Callimorpha dominula. — The Qgg is rather more than a hemisphere
in shape ; of a pale green colour ; the surface shining, and apparently
almost smooth. (There are suggestions of an exceedingly fine pitting
that might be seen under a higher power.) There are a number of
comparatively pale areas within the egg, possibly due to embryonic
development, otherwise there are no traces of markings, sculpturing,
&c. The base flattened and depressed, shining, and apparently of
similar structure to the rest of the egg. The egg retains its green
colour until the time of hatching. [The eggs described were
laid loosely in a box on July 29th, 1903, by a ? captured at Useigne
the preceding day ; and were it not for our knowledge of the similar
structure of the egg of L. lutarella, we should be inclined to think that
the flattened (depressed) base might indicate that the egg was normally
attached. The similar structure of the bases of these eggs, smooth,
shiny, and depressed, leads us to assume that this egg is really laid
loosely.]

Nemeophila plantaciinh. — The eggs are laid side by side, touching
each other, in batches of varying size, from 20 to 50 (or more) in
number. Each egg forms rather more than a hemisphere, is of a pale
pearly-yellow colour, the surface smooth, shiny, and apparently quite
polished ; the liase is flat, and the curvature at the apex appears to be
quite regular, without any apical depression. At the summit of the
egg, an almost transparent area occupies the greater part of the apex.
The eggs in about two days become bright green in colour, then, as
the embryo matures, they become grey, gradually deepening in tint
until they are of a dark slaty-grey, which is maintained until hatching
takes place. The oval stage lasts fourteen days, [The eggs, laid
August 9th, 1903, by a ? caught at Arolla, were described on
August 10th. 1

L;/ma7itn'a nionacha. — The eggs are of a pale brownish or faint
chocolate colour; about three-fourths of a hemisphere when laid, but
flattening at the top, until they assume the form of a tangerine
orange ; the surface is almost smooth but tends to be dull, thedulness
apparently due to what seems to be a number of exceedingly minute
microscopic pits. [The eggs were described on August 10th, 1903,
and had been laid on August 1st by an unfertilised J that had
emerged from a pupa found under some dead pine-needles, on a rock at
Useigne four days previously.]

Xylophasia latoitia. — What must, I think, be considered as one of
the most highly-specialised Noctuid eggs, with regard to size, is that of
this large nu-ea-YxVo. Noctuid, which appears to be widely distributed
throughout the lower Alps. The egg is, for the size of the moth, of
remarkably small size, of a pearly- white colour (with the slightest

888 THE ENTOM()r,()(irST's RECORD.

yellow tint), smooth and shiny surface, with numerous minute,
closely-set longitudinal ribs from base to apex, crossed with still finer
transverse ribs. The egg, although roughly of typical Noctuid shape,
is very depressed and flattened. The dissection of a $ showed the
body to be quite full of these minute eggs, with scarcely a trace of any
other structure, except the walls of the ovaries in which they were
contained, being discernible. The whole of the eggs, those nearest to,
as well as those most distant from, the ovipositor, appeared to be of
about the same size, and to have reached about the same stage of
development, except that those more remote were, perhaps, rather
smoother, due to the ribs being very unpronounced, owing probably
to the more fluid condition of the eggs. [This note was made
August 19th, 1903, from eggs dissected from the body of a ^ captured
at light at Chamonix on the evening of the previous day.]

Tanafira chaerophyllata. — The eggs are bright green when first laid,
and, with the exception of a faint paling, appear to maintain this
colour for a considerable time. The egg is very remarkable in shape,
and diflers from the normally oval Geometrid egg, in so far as, at the
time of laying, there is a deep longitudinal depression running up the
whole length of one side of the Qgg, and making it exactly like a grain
of wheat in shape. One pole (? micropylar) is flattened, its nadir
rounded. Under power at disposal, the egg appears to be smooth, but
one suspects that, with a stronger power, a surface-sculpturing would
be detected. [The eggs, described on August 7th, were laid on July
29th, 1908, by a $ taken, in cop., at Hauderes the preceding day,
when, between 8 a.m. and 8.80 a.m., large numbers of paired examples
were observed resting on the grass in the fields between Evolene and
Hauderes.]

GnopltoH (ilaucinaria. — (1) The eggs are almost perfectly oval in
outline ; the length : breadth as about 7 : 5. The upper surface shows
a very large oval depression occupying the greater portion of this area
of the egg, reaching, however, a less distance towards the micropylar
end than to its nadir. The egg is covered with longitudinal rows of
minute cells, which give it a very beautiful appearance, the apical area
reminding one, as much as anything, of the end of a thimble. When
first laid the eggs are, I believe, pale yellow (I unfortunately have no
note), but rapidly become of a pale crimson tint to the naked eye, the
colour appearing somewhat weaker, bright rose-pink, when examined
under a lens. [The eggs, described on August 10th, 1903, were laid
by a 5 obtained on August 2nd at Arolla.] (2) A flat egg, almost oval
in outline, but with the micropylar end somewhat broader than its nadir ;
the length to breadth as about 7:5; very pale yellow in colour when
first laid, but already (within twelve hours of being laid) changing to
orange. The surface is covered by a number of longitudinal ribs crossed
by numerous exceedingly tine transverse ones, which divides into a
number of shallow little cells, the bottoms of which are very shiny ;
an oval depression forms on the upper flattened surface of the egg ;
the micropylar end of the egg is also pitted with shallow cells
(resulting in much the appearance of the top of a thimble), but the
micropylar structure cannot be made out with the power at disposal.
(The fact that the lid of the box did not fit tightly on the rim of the
box itself led the ? to push many of her eggs round the rim of the
box, and this leads one to suppose that she may push the eggs into

I.TFK-HISTOKIES. 339

cnmnies in nature, but tbere is no pressing out of shape, and some
eggs are attached to the side of the box, which makes the suggestion
quite problematical). [Described August 19th, 1903, from eggs laid
the preceding day by a $ captured on the Brevent.] The eggs
rapidly become brighter orange, and in the course of two days exhibit
quite a red tinge, due to crimson speckling, the colour finally becoming
quite bright red, August 23rd, 1903. [These descriptions were made
independently, under the idea that the females belonged to different
species.]

Gnophox obfitHcata. — The eggs, which I believe were bright green
when first laid (I unfortunately have no note), are oval in outline, and
narrower at the micropylar end than at its nadir. The length : width
as about 5 : 4, and there is no marked depression on the upper surface
of the egg (at first sight, therefore, the Qgg appears to be very different
from that of G. t/laucinaria). The surface is covered with longitudinal
ribs (from micropyle to its nadir), crossed by numerous rings of
transverse ribs, giving the sculpture a latticed appearance, and showing
series of ladder-like pits extending from the micropylar area to its
nadir. The apical area is of a beautiful purple colour (largely due to
reflected light), the micropyle itself being very distinct, and surrounded
by a roughly polygonal or quadrangular reticulation, the termination
of the ladder-like sculpture with which the surface of the egg is
covered. (The egg suggests to me grave doubts as to whether this
species and G. iflaucfnarm can possibly belong to the same genus ;
close comparisons of larv® and pupfe are very desirable.) [Described
August 10th, 1903, from eggs laid by a ? captured at Arolla on
August 2nd.]

Aciilalia contitjaaria. — The egg is flat, oval in outline ; the length :
breadth as about 5 : 4 ; the upper surface irregularly depressed,
generally the depression is less marked towards the micropylar end
than towards its nadir ; the surface is covered with minute pits,
apparently arranged in regular longitudinal series (but this is difficult
to make out with the power at disposal). The colour (which, I believe,
is pale pearly-yellow when first laid, although I unfortunately have
no note) changes slowly to a pale orange, gaining its full tint about a
fortnight after being laid. [The eggs described were laid on July 29th,
1903, and following days, by a 5 captured the preceding day at
Useigne, the description being made on August 10th.]

Aeidalia fnmata. — Really a flat egg, somewhat oval in outline, but
with blunt ends, making it almost cylindrical ; length : breadth as
about 4 : 3. The egg is usually, however, laid on one of the small
ends, in the same manner as an upright egg, with the micropyle at the
apex. It is of pearly-yellow colour, finely ribbed (14 to 16 ribs)
longitudinally, i.e., from the micropylar area to its nadir; a large
number of exceedingly fine parallel ribs appears to surround the egg
between the longitudinal ribs. The longitudinal ribs appear to end on
the shoulder, the flattened apical area being strongly pitted right up to
the micropylar rosette (a few of the eggs are laid as flat eggs, and in
such eight ribs can be counted on the upper surface). After a few-
days the eggs become irregularly spotted with crimson. [Eggs laid
at_ Arolla on August 5th, 1903, described on August 10th ; the
crimson-spotted eggs were laid some four or five days earlier than this.]

Aeidalia incanata. — The eggs are laid as upright eggs. Each is

340 THE p:ntomolo(tIst's record.

like a ninepin set upside down (on its point), i.e., the micropylar end
is much larger, broader, and flatter than its nadir, which serves as the
base of attachment. The egg is yellow in colour, and, as far as can
be made out with the power at disposal, has some 18 longitudinal
ribs medially, some of which, however, anastomose, so that only about
12 appear to run over into the micropylar depression. The longitudinal
ribs are crossed by a large number of fine, closely-set, transverse ribs,
giving the egg a honeycombed appearance. The basal area appears to
be pitted rather than ribbed (so far as an examination of several
unattached specimens can be trusted), but the apical area has, except
for the micropyle itself, much the same sculpture as the long sides.
[Eggs laid by a $ taken at Chamonix, August 18th, 1903, and
described the next day.] By August 25th the eggs were beautifully
speckled with crimson. They commenced to hatch on August 31st,
1903.

Larentia didymata. — A number of eggs laid loosely in a box (whilst
the ? was under the influence of ammonia in the lethal box). The
eggs are almost perfectly oval in outline, the length to breadth is
about 5 : 4, some eggs (the next morning) distinctly yellow, others
quite pea-green ; surface shiny and apparently quite smooth, at any
rate, under the power at disposal, no sculpture can be made out, nor
does there appear to be any difference between the shape of the micro-
pylar end and its nadir ; there are no irregularities, no depressions, and
the eggs roll quite freely on a smooth surface. [Eggs laid during the
night of August 18th, 1903, by a $ taken at Chamonix, described on
the morning of the next day.]

Larentia parallelolineata, Retz. {vespertaria, Schiff.). — The eggs
.are laid loosely in a box, of a bright yellow colour, roughly oval in
outline, but somewhat flattened at what appears to be the micropylar
end, which, although fuller, is somewhat narrower than the nadir.
The surface is shiny, apparently smooth, with a marked irregular
depression, varying in size, occupying the greater part of the upper
surface of the egg. [The eggs, described on August 25th, 1903,
were laid by a $ caught at Chamonix on August 19th, and had been
laid during the two or three preceding days. The $ , although full
of eggs, was very chary of laying thera in confinement, and only
deposited fourteen, dying on the 25th.]

Larentia siibtrii^tata. — The egg is flat in outline, becoming con-
siderably depressed on the upper surface at the end more remote from
the micropyle ; the micropylar end much fuller than its nadir,
giving even a flatly-laid egg the appearance of being raised. The
surface appears to be somewhat dull, and there is no trace of sculp-
ture to be seen under the power at disposal. Some of the eggs are
laid singly, others in small batches of four or five, when laid closely
thus they are sometimes really slightly raised, i.e., the micropylar end is
somewhat lifted from the plane on which the egg is deposited. [The
eggs, described August 25th. 1903, were laid by a 5 that flew into a
railway carriage on the night of August 21st, at Pontarlier.j — .7. W. T.

:ig^^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

ChARAXES JASIVS, EpINEPHELE NURAG, PaPILIO HOSPITON, ETC., AS

CoRSiCAN INSECTS. — 1 should like to confirm what Mr. Rowland-Brown

NOTES ON COLLECTING.

341

says {antea, p. 247) about the curious non-appearance of Charaxes
jasius in Corsica and Sardinia. Having taken C. jadus in the shape of
egg, larva, pupa, and imago on the Esterel several years following, I
expected to find it in abundance in Corsica, where the Arhutm unedo
is, perhaps, the commonest of all the shrubs forming the Maquis.
However, on a visit to Corsica last Easter, at the very best moment for
picking up larvae of C. jasius, I was unable to find a single example.
Moreover, having visited the collection of the late Mr. Marshall at
Ajaccio, I found only a pair of badly worn and chipped insects of
doubtful origin. The pitiful local collection of Ajaccio knows not
C. jasius. I have, however, seen two examples that were found in
Corsica by a friend of mine. The question arises, if two, why not
many, given foodplant in abundance and temperature ad hoc ? Mr.
Rowland-Brown doubts whether Epinephele nuratf be an inhabitant of
Corsica. I found a solitary <? near Bonifaccio. I expect Mr. Row-
land-Brown was rather too late and rather too early for Papilio
hospitun. I found a fair number, especially at Pianottoli, where, on
the top of a little hill belonging to the tavern-keeper there, I netted
seven in half-an-hour's work before lunch. Their flight is remarkably
rapid and jerky, much more so than that of P. inachaun. Everywhere
I found Ocnocjijna cursicum in abundance, flying along the dusty roads,
in the valleys, and at Bocognano and other mountainous and cold
regions, settled torpid in the midst of the dust itself. The commonest
insect was Pararge var. tif/elius, that simply swarmed everywhere. I
only found a few worn and chipped last year's imagines of Af/lais
ichausa, and saw no sign of larv*. — P. A. H. Muschamp, 20, Ch. des
Asters, Geneva. October IQth, 1903.

Abundance of Apaturids near Lausanne. — On July 20th, in a
little wood near Lausanne, I made what I should think to be a record
catch of Apaturids in one long morning's work. I netted in all 70
Apatura iris, 42 A. ilia, and 17 A. ab. clytie, in decent condition, and I
must have thrown away about as many chipped ones. In addition, I
took what I am given to understand is a great rarity here, five A. ab.
iole and seven transitions. These, with two Liinenitis popidi, ? s,
and a number of L. sibilla, and our commoner Argynnids, with a
couple of Micropterjjx aureatella, completely loaded me, and I returned
without trying what the afternoon hunting might be worth.— Ibid.

Extended pupal stage of Petasia nubeculosa. — Last year I
mentioned that I had two pupas of Petasia nubeculosa that had been in
that stage since 1898. Imagines emerged from these in March last, a
S on March 18th, and a female on March 21st, 1903. Both were perfect
insects. They had existed as pupse through five winters. I may
mention that one or two of the same brood have emerged each year —
omitting 1899.— G. 0. Day, F.E.S., Knutsford.

Habits of Sciaphila penziana. — I should be much obliged for
exact details as to the foodplants of the larva of Sciaphila penziana,
and the time of year at which I could find the larvae, as I should like
to try to breed it. It is fairly numerous in its very restricted locality
here, and on one evening last August I found over 20. I had an idea
that the larva fed on lichen growing on rocks, but I find all the
newest specimens on stones on the slopes below the rocks, and about
the end of their time of appearance, when they are getting worn, they
are mostly found on the rocks at all heights. I found one example

d-i.2 THE ENTOMOLOCtIST's RECORD.

drying its wings, the nearest vegetation to which was a dark rough
moss and the little mountain GaUnm — no lichen at all— whilst I
found a pupa-skin within three inches in a little tuft of moss. — H. A.
Beadle, 6, Station Street, Keswick. November 11th, 1903.

Agrius convolvuli in the Isle of Man. — It may be of interest
to record that Dr. Cassal caught, during September last, five examples
of Annus convolvuli at a tobacco-plant in his garden at Ramsey, and I
also had a fine one brought to me which was caught in a glasshouse
at Marathon, at the I'esidence of the high bailiff. — H. Shortridge
Clarke, F.E.S., Douglas, Isle of Man. Nove)iibev IQth, 1903.

Pyrameis cardui in London. — Mr. Pickett's record of this immi-
grant for the "heart of the City" (antea, p. 29-4) reminds me that
on Saturday morning, October 10th, 1 saw one flying along Queen
Victoria Street, close to St. Paul's Station. It seemed somewhat
feeble, and no wonder, if what I witnessed was a fair example of its
recent history ; for in the brief minute in which I was within sight, I
saw two lads successively make violent onslaughts with their caps.
This species and Pluda gamma were both fairly common at Chingford
on September 23rd. — Louis B. Prout. November 16tlt, 1903.

Notes on the partlyl doublebroodedness of Abraxas grossu-
lariata.^ — Referring to my note {antea, p. 21), I paid periodical visits
to observe the pupae left in the garden, and I noted that most of them
were still alive on January 26th, this year. They had survived a fort-
night of very severe weather in the early part of the month, when
the thermometer registered from 8° to 14"= of frost. A subsequent
period of cold weather, however, proved fatal to them, and on examin-
ing the pupae in April they were all dead. I do not think that these
advanced broods ever attain the imaginal stage in nature, and certainly
not in a climate such as obtains in Manchester, but having regard to
the fact that if encouraged with a little gentle warmth when brought
indoors, they complete their destiny with apparent ease, it appears
possible that in certain mild and sheltered situations in the south,
there might be instances of the emergence of a second-brood. Have
any of your readers had experience on this point ? — B. H. Crabtree,
F.E.S., The Acacias, Levenshulme. November ISth, 1903.

Further queries about Plujie moths. — In Mr. Dalgiish's excellent
list of the lepidoptera of the Clyde valley, neither Pterophorux )nono-
(lactyla nor Alucita pentadacUjla appears. Are these two species really
absent throughout the district '? Similarly in Mr. Reid's list of the
lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire, P. monodactyia does
not appear ; yet Mr. Cheesman says that it is common in Orkney. Is not
this species generally distributed throughout Scotland ? In Mr. Day's
new Lht of the Lepidoptera found in i'healdre, etc., there is a record of
(hyptilus hieraeii, from Bidston, by Brockholes. 0. teucrii used to be
called O. hieraeii. Has Mr. Day any reason to believe that Brockholes
ever captured (or even knew) the true 0. hieraeii .- In this list also
Mr. Day separates Stenoptilia bipa^ictidactyla. and S. pneumonanthtss
[plaiiiodactyLuH). Is there any diil'erence between these insects in
Cheshire, and can Mr. Day give us the evidence on which it is
assumed that 5'. pneumonanthes, Schleich, occurs in Cheshire? Mr.
Daltry's excellent List of the Macro-lepidoptera of North Stajfordtihire
does not include the plumes. Can any entomologist supply us with
a list for the county V — J. W. Tutt.

CURRENT NOTES. 348

Pykameis CARDui AT Selby. — Pijrami'is cardui has appeared in some
numbers here this autumn. I saw some 20 or 80 specimens on the
move on September 27th and 29th, and a few specimens have visited
my garden. The species has not appeared here in more than twos or
threes since I came to live here in 1893. — (Rev.) C. D. Ash, B.A.,
Skipwith Vicarage, Selby. November Wth, 1903.

PoLiA NiGRuciNCTA AT SUGAR. — Is it a comnion thing everywhere
for Polia niifrocincta to be taken at sugar ? I have enquired of friends,
have looked through several volumes of entomological magazines, and
have corresponded with Mr. Murray, of Carnforth, who says he has
collected the species for over twenty years and never took a specimen
at sugar, so that the habit would appear, at any rate in some districts,
to be unusual. I spent a fortnight at the Isle of Man, viz., the second
and third weeks in September, and on four nights I took the species
at sugar, one on the first night and five the next ; ten were taken in
all, then the wind changed to the east and I saw no more. — H. A.
Beadle, 6, Station Street, Keswick. Noveinber lOth, 1903.

CURRENT NOTES.

Thanks largely to the enterprise of German and British lepidop-
terists, we have now a very fair knowledge of the distribution of the
butterflies of the Central Alps of Europe, yet so hopeless is it to get
the greater number of the collectors who work in these districts, or
even the resident collectors, to capture the Heterocera they meet, and
publish the results of their work, that little or nothing is forthcoming
beyond what Frey has told us of the distribution of the moths of
Switzerland, and we have no list worth considering of the moths of the
alps of nothern Italy, of south-eastern France, &c. This is the more
to be regretted because certain superfamilies of moths, e.<i., Alucitides
(Pterophorides), Anthrocerides, Psychides, Crambides, Pyralides,
&c., are to be collected in numbers by the usual straightforward
methods in use for the capture of butterflies, and form but little
addition to one's bag. As we get farther east, however, even the
butterflies have been comparatively little worked, and it is much to
the credit of Dr. Rebel that he has brought together the collecting
notes scattered through the British and German periodicals, added
these to his own personal captures, and produced such an excellent
paper as that entitled " Studien liber die Lepidopteren fauna der
Balkenlander,"" comprising the fauna of Bulgaria, East Roumelia,
Servia, Hercegovina, Roumania, Greece and Asia Minor. It includes
the moths as well as the butterflies, and, if the records of the former
appear scrappy and incomplete, they must form an excellent stand-
point from which future collectors can view their work. Dr. Rebel
has included all the details published by Mrs. Nicholl and Mr. Elwes,
but Miss Fountaine's important paper on the butterflies of Greece
appears to have unaccountably escaped the search-net, a fact, themor^
remarkable that only two authorities are quoted for this country, but,
perhaps, after all, this is intentional the district covered, not exactly
coming within the area treated. We should like to enter into details,
but it is essentially a paper for all our butterfly-hunters, who take

* Amialen des k. k. Nuturhistorischen Hofmuseiims, Wien, xviii., pp. 123-347,
pi. iii. Published by Alfred Holder, 1, Rotenturm-Strasse IB, Wien.

344 THE entomologist's record.

the continent of Europe, or the whole Palfearctic area, for their held
of operation, to have by them for continual reference, that attention
need here only be drawn to its publication.

The Hon. N. C. Rothschild adds (Ent.) a new flea to science,
Ceratop/ii/llmf dalei, which was taken from a nest of CoUnnba paltaiibiif,.

The late Frederick Smith was inclined to believe that a species of
Polistes wasp captured at Penzance, London and Liverpool, in 1866 and
1867, was imported with hides from South America, the wasps having
been observed following a ship in the river La Plata, being attracted
by the raw hides ; now Dr. Knaggs assumes [Fhit.) that the specimens
of I'liinia ni, taken in Cornwall the last few years, are referable to Plusia
brassicae, which he says is common in Brazil and other parts of South
America, further, it is his opinion that P. «/ came over in the " hide "
vessels with the Polistes, and that this is much more likely than that
Cornwall, Devon and Dorset, with their well-known remnants of a
Mediterranean fauna and flora, have received specimens from the south
of Europe. He assumes that the capture of Miss Carne's specimens
in May, showed that the insect was double-brooded, and had been bred
in this country. We wonder whether the arrival of immigrant Colias
edusa, Pt/ranieis carded, Mandiira atmjios, etc., in May and June, will be
held to prove that these examples were bred here, or whether immi-
grant Plusia (laitima come over among raw hides. Those who know
Plusia ni in its delightful haunts in France and Italy, may perhaps be
allowed to doubt that Plusia ni has any great liking for hides. The
wasps, perhaps, use the remnants of flesh on the hides for food, the moths,
we opine, do not. We further wonder if well-informed lepidopterists
would be surprised to know that the larvae of P. ni have a vegetable
diet, that the cocoons are usually spun up among the foodplant, that
the pupal and imaginal stages of P. ni, each last from two to three
weeks, that these are the only stages in which these species could
come over in raw hides, and that ships that bring hides from La
Plata take some little time to do the journey !

A notice of the Transactions of the City of London Entuiiiolof/ical
and Natural History Society for the year 1902 has quite unfairly been
put aside for some time. The volume does considerable credit to that
small but very active society. A paper by Mr. Alfred Sich, on
" Observations on the early stages of Pliyllocnistis suff'usella,'" is a
most thorough piece of work, and it is quite clear that Mr. Sich is no
ordinary observer of the smaller lepidoptera. Mr. A. Bacot's paper,
" The importance of certain larval characters as a guide in the
classification of the Spbingids," also takes its place as a valuable
contribution to entomological science. Altogether different reading is
Mr. W. J. Kaye's " After lej)idoptera in British Guiana in 1901," which,
nevertheless, is full of interest, and now and again an observation
is made that should not be lost sight of. Smaller contributions are
" Stauropus fayi,'' by Mr. A. W. Mera, and " An Easter holiday in
South America," by Mr. A. F. Bayne. The reports of the meetings
are clear and lucid, and contain many an interesting paragraph. A
glance at the balance sheet shows that there was a balance of nearly
£4 on the right side, so that it is evident that business at the " City "
is also well conducted, and that the money difficulties of a few years
ago have been surmounted.

On November 26th, Colonel Swinhoe invited a number of Fellows

REVIEWS ANIJ NOTICES OF BOOKS. 346

of the Entomological Society of London and fiiends to spend a social
evening at his museum at 36, Addison Gardens. After his extensive
collections of lepidoptera had been overhauled, he entertained the guests
at an excellent supper, after which a most pleasant evening was
spent. It is interesting to observe the kindly intercourse that is
rapidly spreading among the members of our fraternity, which has
for so long hitherto been dependent on the Entomological Club for
its entertainment. The following, among others, were present : —
Colonel Bingham, Colonel Pilcher, Drs. F. G. Drewitt and N. H.
Joy, Messrs. A. J. Chitty, W. L. Distant, H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe,
H. H. Druce, F. A. Heron, M. Jacoby, A. H. Jones, W. J. Kaye, H.
Rowland-Brown, etc. Ill-health alone prevented us from being present
in person on this occasion.

Mr. Lofthouse records the capture of Aylupha.sia :,olUkoferl at
Linthorpe, Middlesborough, on September 26th last. Details of the
previous captures of this species in Britain are given in " British
Noctuae and their Varieties," i., p. 71.

Mr. E. Saunders, F.R.S., has added Corizm hyaUnnn, Fab. (a
Mediterranean species), to the British list, on the strength of a
specimen taken by Mr. A. Beaumont, near Gosfield, in Essex.

Mr. Holdaway records {Ent. Mo. Mat/.) the capture of another
specimen of Lencania Inrei/i. This was taken at sugar on
September 27th, 1900, at Torquay.

It is with the greatest regret that we have to announce that one of
our oldest correspondents. The Very Reverend Canon Bernard Smith,
who has for over half a century been priest at Great Marlow, died in
October last, at the ripe age of 89. Also that Dr. Philip B. Mason,
of Burton-on-Trent, one of the prominent members of the Entomo-
logical Club, and the possessor of one of the finest collections of
British lepidoptera that has ever been made, and on which large sums
of money have been expended, passed away on November 5th last.

:g^EYIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

The Butterflies of Switzerland and the Alps of Central
Europe, by George Wheeler, M.A. (London : Elliot Stock, 62,
Paternoster Row, E.C. Price 5s., or interleaved 6s.) — Mr. George
Wheeler's Buttertiiea of Snitzerland and the Alps of Central Europe is a
welcome addition to the very scanty literature of the British butterfly-
hunter abroad. Dr. Lang's pioneer volume as a library contribution
to our knowledge, is not for the knapsack, and much has been
discovered which, fifteen or twenty years ago, was not available to the
author. Mr. Kane's handier Manual also suffers somewhat from
" anno domini," and a revised edition would, no doubt, witness the
elimination of a few patent errors, and the addition of much that,
by force of circumstances, is left unwritten. In the matter of
nomenclature, however, we cannot honestly say that we think Mr.
Wheeler has improved on either. The average collector — and we
make so bold as to suppose that Mr. Wheeler addresses himself to
this class particularly — does not care a dead mite for priority fancies.
He asks for uniformity at any price, and, in the existing welter of
opinions, will not bother his head about who misspelled a name first

8-46 THE entomologist's record.

and stuck to it, and who either dared to correct the printer's blunder,
or started a system of his own, necessitating a host of new divisions
and subdivisions— all intensely interesting to the scientist, but
actually repugnant to the field naturalist and the " mere collector,"
for whom the rose smells as sweet, whether it be called a rose or
redescribed as var. William- Allen-Iiichard.wni. Following Staudinger's
Catalogue, and the notable revisions of some palaearctic groups made
by Mr. H. J. Elwes — both of which make for a less complicated state of
things, though Staudiuger sticks to some well-known fallacies — we
might have hoped that Mr. Wheeler would have accepted what, for
want of a better word, we may call the "standard" authorities, as
known to the world which looks outside the covers of a British hand-
book. However, Mr. Wheeler prefers originality, and if it does not
help to bring order to the confusion of tongues, in other respects his
arrangement makes things no worse than they are. Two classes of
collectors go abroad — the man with knowledge, who has decided to
visit a certain locality for a certain purpose ; the casual collector, who,
finding himself with a butterfly-net in his possession, wants to know
what he has caught. Mr. Wheeler's book presupposes at least a
superficial knowledge of entomology, and is thus better adapted to
meet the requirements of the first mentioned — those who know
roughly what they want or have secured, but for the life of them
are unable to determine species among their specimens. How does
Mr. Wheeler assist ? He gives the prevailing colour of the genus,
and its distinguishing characters. From this he proceeds to the
individual, again condensing the features which appear to distinguish
it from the other members, if any, of its genus. Finally — and we
think this by far the most valuable departure — he details the
"directions of variation," and those who have wrestled with the
Hesperiids, the Erebias, and the Melitieas will at once understand
how useful these indications may be and the extent of diligent
observation implied by a systematic search through even so limited a
butterfly fauna as that inhabiting the district of the Central Alps.
We have applied the test to some of the obscurer and more variable
forms in our own cabinet. On the whole it works well, but in the
case of the Hesperiids, Mr. Wheeler's distinctions do not appear to be
sufficiently detailed. No doubt he suflers from the obscurity of the
older authors, whose descriptions are notoriously at variance in this
group, but until some one of our entomological anatomists definitely
separates the species after the manner of the Erebias — though it
must be by additional characteristics — the difficulty will remain.
Collectors, too, are not disposed to extend the already sufficiently
overcrowded variety department, and in some cases certainly, if
making a change, it would have been better to sink the more specific
var. into the vaguer ab. until the constancy of some of these departures
from the type has been more fully established. Meanwhile, Mr.
Wheeler has done W'isely to include the entire alpine system of Europe,
from the shores of the Mediterranean to the last outposts of the chain
around Vienna. The majority of collectors, no doubt, are those who
spend their vacations in Switzerland, but the names of the authorities
seem to show a tendency, even on their part, to seek fresh fields outside
the more limited, but no less abundant, Swiss fauna. Where to go
for the rarer species will be a matter easy of decision for those who

OBITUARY. 347

consult these pages, and even more valuable are the detailed records
of appearance. In this connection, one or two notices of Swiss species
are suggestive. The capture of Xo)niades iiieLanops, near Sion, by Mr.
Elwes, in 1887, is an interesting instance of interrupted distribution,
the nearest given locality to the Rhone valley being Digne ; or is it
to be supposed that, after all, N. melanopa is but a highly specialised
form of xY. cyllarus, w^hich occurs in the same region under precisely
similar conditions of time and place ? Then there is Melitaea
berisalemis, ranked as a variety of M. deione, but, unless it can be
proved that M. athalia and M. deione are one and the same species,
the mere wing-markings can hardly be accepted as a determination
one way or the other, especially if the larvte, as has been stated, are
practically indistinguishable. And is the form of Hipparchia aemele,
which occurs in the Alps, really var. arutaeus / If so, it would appear
that the remarkable tawny Corsican variety requires a new name.
Kane's Piedmont locality, too, for C'arterocephalus sylcius seems extraordi-
nary for what is usually regarded as a northern species altogether. In
observing also that Erebia epistygne must — at any rate, in some years —
produce a partial second-brood, Mr. Wheeler appears, like others, to
have been misled by a passage in Mrs. Nicholl's article on the butter-
flies of Digne. Our own experience, and we believe it to be the experience
of all entomologists, is that no Erebia has a second-brood, and that if
any E. epiatyiine have been observed in July, these should be regarded
as late stragglers of a retarded spring emergence. We have drawn
attention to these points, however, rather to show the thoroughness
which pervades Mr. Wheeler's work than to find fault. To those
who carry a net abroad, this handbook will be invaluable as a book of
reference, and in this spirit we can cordially recommend it to the
collector, whether he takes his entomology in the serious and proper
spirit of the observing naturalist, or is content to fill his cabinets rather
with pretty souvenirs of pleasant rambles than with material for study
and instruction. — H. Rowland-Beown.

Frederick Bates, F.E.S., etc. — We announce with deep regret
the death of Mr. Frederick Bates, which took place at his residence,
417, High Road, Chiswick, on October 6th, in his 74th year. He was
born at Leicester on November 18th, 1829, and spent most of his life in
that town, or in the county, coming to London in November, 1896. He
was a successful brewer, and his business was turned into a limited
company, of which he was vice-chairman. He leaves a widow, three
sons and three daughters, many grandchildren, and one great grand-
child. . It is needless to remind our readers that he was a brother of
the late celebrated Henry Walter Bates, F.R.S., the originator of the
theory of Mimicry. In his earlier days he was an enthusiastic
collector of British coleoptera, much of his spare time being spent in
studying the fauna of his native county. Later he became an ardent
student of the Heteromera, doing much original work, and describing
many new genera and species. The magnificent collection he formed
of this family is now in the British Museum. For a time he took to
the study of the fresh-water alg£e, in which he became a master, but
unfortunately he had to give it up on account of the injury it was

348 THE entomologist's record.

doing to his eyesight. He also possessed a considerable knowledge on
the scientific aspect of orchids. He again formed a very fine collection
of British coleoptera, which he most generously presented to the writer,
and of late years he took up the study, and amassed valuable
collections, of the Cicindelidae and the Rutelidae of the world. He
leaves two MS. papers on these families, one on the Cicindelidae
unfinished, and the other, " A Kevision of the Pelidontinse," which is
now in the hands of Mr. G. J. Arrow, of the British Museum, and
at which he was working just before his death. He was elected
a fellow of the Entomological Society of London in 1897, a
member of La Societe Entomologique de France, on February 26th,
1868, and into the Quekett Microscopical Club, on November 28th,
1881. He was also a fellow of the Royal Horticultural Society.

Through the kindness of Mr. Ernest Bates, his eldest son, we have
been able to obtain the following list of some of his papers : —

Various notes on British Coleoptera in the Zoologist from 1849-1854.

"A Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Leicestershire," 1854; this was never
published, but was read as a paper before the Leicester Literary and Philosophical
Society by Mr. H. E. Quilter.

" Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Heteromera," Trann. Ent. Sac.
of Loud., pt. iii, September, 1868.

" Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Heteromera," Trana. Ent. Sac.
of Loud., pt. iv, December, 1868.

"Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Heteromera," Ent. Mo. Mag.,
1870, pp. 268-275.

" Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Heteromera," Tram. Ent. Soc.
of Lond., pt. iv, December, 1872.

" Notes on Heteromera and Descriptions of New Genera and Species," Ent.
Mo. Mag., vol. ix, pp. 97-99, 133-135, 149-152, 1872 ; 181-184, 201-204, 233-238,
1873. Vol. X, pp. 14-17, 45-52, 1873.

■" Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Tenebrionidse from Australia,
New Caledonia, and Norfolk Island," Trans. Ent. Soc. of Land., pt. iii, August,
1873.

"Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Heteromera, chiefly from New
Zealand and New Caledonia, together with a Revision of the Genus Hypaulax and
a description of an allied New Genus from Colombia," Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
Series 4, vols, xii and xiii, 1873 and 1874.

" Notes on the AdelliinsE with descriptions of New Species," Ent. Mo. Mag.,
vol. xvi, pp. 71-75, 131-133, 1879.

" Characters of the New Genera and Species of Heteromera collected by Dr.
Stoliczka during the Forsyth Expedition to Kashgar in 1873-4," Cistula Entomolo-
gica, ii, February, 1879.

" Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Tenebrionidse from the Island
of Madagascar," Trans. Ent. Soc. of Land., pt. iv, December, 1879.

" On the Zygnemacese : A Chapter in the History of the Freshwater Algas,"
The Midland Naturalist, vol. vii, 1884, p. 315.

" On Sexuality in the Zygnemacese," Quekett Microscopical Club, vol. ii,
Series 2, No. 11, p. 104, 1885.

"The Fresh-water Alga in the Flora of Leicestershire," issued by the
Leicestershire Lit. and Phil. Soc, 1886.

" The Heteromera in the Scientific Results of the Second Yarkand Mission,"
1890.

" The Coleoptera of Bradgate Park," Leicester Lit. and Phil. Soc.

Turning to other subjects, he was very fond of music, of which,
though not a performer, he had a thorough knowledge, and in his
younger days he possessed a very fine voice. He was very well read,
a good Latin scholar, and could read French easily. His favourite
works were those of Huxley, Spencer, and Darwin, and he possessed
as complete a knowledge of, and insight into, philosophical subjects
as any man living. We quote two passages out of an old pocket-book,

INDEX. 349

written by him at the age of 21, which show more than anything we

can write the fine character of the man :—" Xmas, 1850

This is the chief virtue of entomology, if the entomologist happens to
possess a spark of genuine poetry within ; it is a talisman, a blessed
antidote to all viciousness, which he who possesses I do not think ever
can become radically bad." "... so here's for another pipe,
and a hope to pass a right, happy, jolly good Xmas — may everybody.
I am at peace with all the world — all happiness to every human
creature." To show the respect in which he was held by all who
knew him, we append the resolution unanimously passed at the
Board meeting of the Leicester Brewing and Malting Company,
Limited, held on October 20th last :— '• That the directors of this
company desire to place on record their deep regret at the loss they
have sustained by the death of their late colleague, Mr. Frederick
Bates, whose strong personality, business ability, geniality, and
courtesy were so much appreciated by his fellow directors, and they
further request the managing director to convey to Mrs. F. Bates and
the other members of the family their deepest sympathy with them in
their sad bereavement." On his tomb in Leicester will be written, at
his own request, the three beautiful lines composed by Mrs. Huxley,
and which are on her husband's grave :

" Be not afraid, ye waiting hearts that weep,

For still He giveth His beloved sleep ;

And if an endless sleep He wills, so best."

— Horace Donisthorpe,

Erratum. — Page 242, hint 6, for germnrana read rofeticolmia.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XV.

PAGE.

CoLEOPTERA . . . . 17, 46, 76, 103, 130, 150, 180, 213, 235, 262, 285, 830

Current Notes . . . . 24, 55, 82, 111, 134, 162, 191, 215, 244, 272, 302, 343

Life-histories, Larv^, ETC 104,183,212,237,296,332

Notes on Collecting . . 18, 50, 78, 107, 132, 155, 188, 214, 243, 265, 288, 340

Orthoptera 262, 284, 331

Practical Hints : — Field work for February and March, 54 ; March and April,
80; April and May, 101; May, 131; June, 154; July, 186; August,
211 ; September and October . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Scientific Notes and Observations . . . . 159, 190, 237, 276, 295, 331

Variation 55, 81, 109, 167, 189, 276, 296, 331

Aberrations and Varieties of : — Abraxas grosaulariata, 9, 55, 142, 296 ;
Acidalia contiguaria. 122; A. decorata, 97; A. marginepunctata, 97;
A. sericeati, 96; A. subimitata, 97; Aglais urticae, 248 ; Avgerona
prunaria, 145, 149; Anthocharix belia, 140; A. simplonia, 320;
A. tagis, 194; Anthrocera pahiMris (trifolii), 108; A. trifolii, 55;
Aphthona nonstriata, 18; Argynnis adippe, 85; A. chariclea, 84;
A. niobe, 73; Biston hirtaria, 276; Boarmia cinctaria, 110; Brenthh
pales, 322; Catoca.la nymphaea, 73; Chleuastes piniaria, 110; Chryso-
phanus dorilis, 224, 303 ; C. gordius, 72 ; C. hippothoe, 323 ; C. phlaeas,
225, 248; Cidaria bicolom'ta, 110; Cocdnella 11-punctata, 2, 49;
Coenonympha pamphilus, 210, 249 ; C. typhon, 321 ; Colias edusa, 73 ;
C. palaeno, 64 ; Colocasia coryli, 110 ; Crambus perlellus, 108 ; Cranio-
pliora ligustri, 110; Cymatophora abietaria, 307; Dryas paphia, 237,
248; Epinephele ianira, 168, 269, 324; Erebia aethiops, 168; E.
medusa, 321 ; E. stygne, 38 : Euchloe cardamines, 189, 323 ; E. euphen-
oides, 209, 210; Eupithecia subfulvata, 295; Everes argiades, 320;

850 THK exjo.aioi.ikust's RECORT).

Forjicuht auriculiirUt, 254 ; Gnvp]iila ruhricolUx, 56 ; Hepialus liumuli,
237 ; Herperia iitalvae, 322 : Heteronyiia jiaradoxa, 38 ; Hipparchia
semele, 249 ; Leucophasia niuipi^, 322, 331 ; Lomaspilis marginatn, 110 ;
Lythrid f;angiimaria, 97 ; Mania viaura, 276 ; Melinaea mneme, 177 ;
Melitaea, 61; M. athalia, 313; M. deione, 3dl; M. didy ma, 278;
M. jji7)-</j('7)ie, 313; Minoa eupliorhiata, 225; Noctua ritbi, 55;
Nomisdcs cyllarus, 320 ; N. mclanops, 75 ; Nemecphila plantaginis, 276 ;
Operoplitliera hnnnata, 110; Orgyia aiirolimbata, 117; Orthopia helvola,
137; Othiuf! fulripennis, 151; Papilio vtachaoii, 189; P. mprope, 303;
P. podalirius, 323 ; Pararge r.geria, 321 ; P. hiera, 321 ; P. megaera,
250, 322, 323 ; PJwrodesma pusUdata, 203 ; Pirns brassicae, 167, 190 ;
P. ?(rt2n, 321; P. rapae, 140; PlebeiuK aegon, 55, 72, 248; Plmia
chrysitis, 110 ; P. intrrrogationis, 110 ; Polyominatus corydon, 37, 269 ; P.
damon, 321 ; P. hylas, 324 ; Pyriaitia proterpia, 136 ; Rliodotitrophia
calabra, 97 ; Satyrits actaca, 303 ; Spiloaoma mendica, 237 ; Syrphus
halteatiis, 81 ; Si/rirhthuf: .s'«o, 72, 250 ; Tcracolus daira, 135 ; Tetropium
eastaneum, 288; Tltanin pnlliimlis, 38; Triphaena i-nmex, 217;
Xanthorlior flvctuata .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 110

Additions to thk British List : — Abra.v(i!< grossulariuta ab. albomargiuata,
Eayn., 10; ab. axanthn, Eayn., 9 ; ab. Candida, Rayn., 9; ab. chalcozona,
Rayn., 9; ab. cliftoniana, Rayn., 296; ab. fulrapicata, Rayn.. 10;
ab. hazeleighenaix, Rayn., 10 ; ah. Jlavofasciata , Huene (lacticolor,'R-a,jn.),
9; ab. vielnnozona, Eayn., 10; ab. nigrosparsata, Rayn., 10; ab. semivio-
lacea, Rayn., 10; a,b. imbviolarea,'Ra.jii., 10; Agathomyia viduella, Zett.,
304; Angerona prunaria ab. fuscaria, Prout, 150; ab. pallidaria,
Prout, 149; ab. pickettnria, Prout, 149; Apliaiiisticus emavginatus.
Fab., 265 ; Aphodiiis xfiirmi, Harold, 92 ; CcratopJiyllua dalei, Eoths.,
344; C. fringillae. Walk., 308; C. Ion dinieni^is, lloths., 64; Cluvnaesyrphu.s
hisitaniciis, Mik., 246 ; Coccinella 11-punctata ab. brevifasciata, Weise,
49; Corizus hyulinw>, 345; Crioceplialus polonicus, Motsch., 259;
Epinephele jnnira ab. addenda, Mous., 1()8 ; Ercbia aethiops ab. imlli-
dior, Mous., 168; ab. utricta, Mous., 168; Hemithea (Thalera) finibrialis.
Scop., 273 ; Hydroponis bilineatuis, Sturin., 192 ; Lathrobiiiiii punctatiun,
. Zett. (synonymy), 181 ; Myrniecoris gracilis, Sahlbg., 304 ; 0/*/ai(s«
(LeucunitJH) atolida. Fab., 304 ; Othiiis fidcij)emn& ab. donisthorpei,
Chitty, 151 ; Pachygaster minutissimus, Zett., 273 ; ? Pacln/gaster
V tarsalia, Zett., 273 ; Pentaphyllus tcstaceiix, Hellwig, 128 ; Phortica
variegata, Fall., 302; Pieris brassicae ab. nigronotata, Jach., 168;
Scymnns limonii, Donis., 287 ; Tetropium castaneum, Linn., 288 ;
T. fuM'um, Fab., 246; Triphaena comes ab. clarki, Prout, 222;
Typhloceras poppei, Wagner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Egos of Acidalia contiguaria, 339; A. fumata, 339; A. incunata. 339;
Anchocelis litnra, 105 ; A. pistacina. 105 ; Argynnis niobe, 335 ;
Brenthis pialcs, 335 ; Calamia lutosa, 168 ; Callimorplia dominula, 337 ;
Chrysophanus gordiiis, 238; 0. hippotho'e, 238; Coenonympha corinna,
94; Cossiis cossus, 333; Epineplwle lycaon, 334; Erehia mnestra, 335;
Gnophos glaucinaria, 338; G. obfuscata, 339; Hadena protea, 106;
Larentia didymata, 339; L. paralellolineata, 339; L. sidjtristata, 339;
Lithosia Inrideola, 336; L. lutareUa, 336; Lymantria monacha, 337;
Melampias melampus, 334; Melitaea didyma, 335; M. thore, 301;
Mellinia circellaris, 105 ; Nemeophila plantaginis, 337 ; (Eneis aello,
334 ; Ovnistis quadra, 3.36 ; Orgyia aurolhnhata, 115 ; O. splendida,
284 ; Pamphila comma, 336 ; Pararge maera, 238 ; Phorodesma puslulata ,
203; Plebeius argyrognomon (argiis), 335; Pyropsyche vioncaunella,
327; Syrichthus alveus, 336; Tanagra chaerophyUata, 338; Thestor
halliis, 122; Xylnpliasja lateritia .. .. .. .. .. .. 337

Ereata .. .. 28,56,168,276,349

Genera, Species, Vahieties, and Aberrations new to Science : — Abraxas
grossuhniata ab. albomarginnta, Eayn., 10, ab. axantha, Eayn., 9, ab.
Candida, Eayn., 9, al). chalcozona, Eayn., 9, ab. cliftoniana, Eayn., 296,
ab. fnli-apicata, Eayn., 10, ab. liazcleighensis, Eayn., 10, ab. melanozona,
Rayn., 10, ab. nigrosjmrsata, Rayn., 10, ab. semiviolacca, Rayn., 10, ab.
sidjviolacea, Rayn., 10 ; Ammophila luffii, Saund., 275 ; Angerona prunaria
•Ah. fuscaria, Prout, 150, ab. picketiaria, Prout, 149, ab. 2)allidaria, Front,
149 ; BelUa, .Tutt, 43 ; Ceratophyllun dalei. Roths.. 344: C. londinie)isis.

351

Roths., 64 ; ChrysuphaiiusdoriUsah.locarnenxis, Tutt, 224 ; C/rtr//(«, Tutt,
76 ; Cochraiiia, Tutt, 43 ; Daddia, Tutt, 43 ; Epincphele janira ab.
addenda, Mous., 168 ; Erebia aethiopn ab. pallidior, Mous., 168, ab. stricta,
Mous., 168; Fiorina, Tutt, 76; Gnophria ruhricollh ab. Jiavicollis,
Neubr., 56; Haiciiiina, Tutt, 76; Indiana, Tutt, 101; Kayeia, Tutt,
42; Lilinn, Tutt, 101; Nichohonia, Tutt, 43; Othiu!< fulvipennia ah.
donhtlwrpei, Chitty, 151; Pyropsyche moncaunclla, Chap., 324; Eegia,
Tntt, 101; Scijmmis limonii] D nis.,287; Sichia, Tntt, 42; Triphaena

comes a,h. clarki, Trout, 222; Tnvneria, Tntt

LarVa of : — Agriux convolvuli, 332 ; Callimorpha hera, 68 ; Cocnonympha
corinna, 95 ; Ennomos aittumnaria, 226 ; Hyles euphorhiae, 106 ;
Lasiocampa qiiercvs, 74; Melitnca didyma, lOi; 31. tJioie, 301; Oryyia
auroHinhata, 115; 0. uplendida, 283; Phorodesma puatidata, 204;
Pyropsyche moncaunella, 327 ; Spilothyrvs lavaterae
Pupa of : — Coenonympha corinna, 96 ; Epincphele ida, 296 ; E.pasiphae, 183 ;
Melanargia va.i\ procido, 240; Oryyia auroUmhata , 115; Phorodesma
pustulata, 205 ; Pyropsyche moncaunella, 326 ; Satyrus hermione. .
Reviews and Notices of Books: — Analecta Entomologica II. Notice stir la
Trihu des Eumastaciens, Henri de Saussure, 245; British Lepidoptera, vol.
iii., J. W. Tutt, F.E.S., 32; Butterflies of Switzerland and the Alps of
Central Europe, George Wheeler, M.A., 162, 215, M^ ; Catalogue des Lipi-
dopteres de Belgique, L. -J. LambiUion and Baron de Combrugghe de
Picquendaele, 164 ; Catalogue des L^pidopteres des environs de Pont-de-
VArche, L. Dupont, 313 ; Catalogue of the Coccidac of the World,
Maria E. Fernald, M.A., 246; Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of
Northumberland and Durham, Fa.vt ii., John E. Robson, F.E.S., 166;
Handbook of Soiithport and the surrounding district, The British Associa-
tion Committee, 275; Inde.v Animalium, etc., C. D. Sherborn, 13, 65;
Index Zoologicus. C. 0. Waterhouse, F.E.S., 93 ; List of Lepidoptera
found in the Counties of Cheshire, etc.G. 0. Day, F.E.S., 163 ; List of
North American Lepidoptera, etc., Harrison G. Dyar, 137; List of the
Beetles of Ireland, W. Johnson, M.A., and J. N. Halbert, 5; Migration
and Dispersal of Insects. J. W. Tutt, F.E.S., 32, 39; Practical Hints for
the Field Lepid'opterist, Part ii., J. W. Tutt, F.E.S., 32, 112; Revision of
the American Cloths of the family Gelechiidae, efc, August Busck, 274 ;
Picvision of the Lepidopterovs family Sphingidae, Hon. Walter Rothschild,
Ph.D., and Karl Jordan,' M.A., Ph.D., 309; Studien iiber die
Lepidopteren fauna der BalkanUinder, H. Hehe}, Ph.D., 343; The Net-
winged Midges of North America, Vernon L. Kellogg, 164 ; Transuctioni!
of the City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. .

76

298

239

344

.ihdera triguttata in Invernessshire 17
Abraxas grossulariata and how to
rear it . . . . . . . . 8

Abundance of Anomala frischii, 41;
Anticlea berberata, 289 ; Apaturids
near Lausanne, 341 ; certain
lepidoptera in 1902, 31 ; Graci-
laria syringella, 291 ; larvae of
Pyrameis atalanta, 266 ; larvae
of Spilosoma lubricipeda . . 294

Acidalia contiguaria. The story of 122
Aciebia praecox in Worcestershire 266
Additions (Lepidoptera) to the
British list for 1902, 30 ; to the
Lincolnshire list of Lepidoptera 22
^Egeria culiciformis , Time to seek
larvae of . . . . . . . . 22

Mgeria formiciformis. Notes on
life-history of . . . . . . 22

Mschna isosceles on the Norfolk

Broads 275

Agrotis agathina in Worcestershire 266
Agrius convolvuli in the Isle of
Man 342

restigialis in Worcester-

Agrotis
shire

Agrius convolvuli at Chichester . .

Alucitides, Revision of European . .

Amphidasys betularia m south-
east London

Angerona prunaria, Notes on
breeding, 144 ; Undescribed
aberrations of

Announcement

Anthrocera filipendulae. Pupation
of ..

Anthocharis simplonia in Switzer-
land

Aphonisticus emarginatus in Britsiin 265

Aphelia argentana in Norfolk,
Reported capture of

Ajihodius stnrmi in Britain

Apoprogonia hesperioides from
Zululand . .

Aquatic Rhynchota taken about
Bolton

Araschnia levana in Weesen

Arctic butterflies from N. America

266

294
251

215

149
305

268

320

273

92

137

23
822

84

352

THE ENTOMOLOCtIST's RECORD.

Notes on life-
at Battle,

Assembling of 2'inea cloacella
Asthena blotneri, Time of appear-
ance of . .
Atomaria rhenana at Lancing . '

Barjoua, The genus.

Beetles at sugar

Beetles in a decayed fence. . .!

Belgian Lepidoptera, New Catalogue

of

Blediiis taurus in North Wales
Breeding-cage, A (with plate)
Butterflies, Larvae and Pupee of

European, wanted
Bye-laws of the Entomological

Society of London, Alterations of

Callimorplia hera

history of . .
Caloxoma syrophauta
235 ; at Weymouth
Cannibalism in larvje of EiDtomo'.-

autumnaria
Cerura hiru>ipis in the Chomei

district
Charaxex Jashis as a Corsican

insect
Classification of coleoptera. New
notes on, l<i6 ; of Sphingides..
Clostera annchoreta. An introduced

species
Coccinella 11-pimctatu var. hrei-i-

fasciata on the Moray coast
Cocoons of Orgyia species. .
Cockchafers on Lake Geneva '. .
Coeiwnympha comma. Notes on

life-history of

Coenonympha iphis, Erroneously

reported from Brittany . .
Coenonympha tiphon in the Jura. .
Coleoptera added to the British li«t

in 1902 I

Coleophorids of the London

district, 290 ; Notes on various
Coleoptera in Berkshire, 235 ; in
Cumberland in 1902, 150 • in
1903, 152, 1.53; in June, 26'^-
m the Isle of Wight, 130; in
the neighbourhood of Peebles, 77 •
in Scotland, 77, 103, 181, 285;
near Peterborough, 214 ; of
Surrey, The rarer, 1G5 ; recover-
ing after long immersion, 40;
taken in Wigtownshire, 46 •
captured in 1902,' 49; Most
important papers on, in 1902
Comibacna, Species of the genus,

in British Museum
Comparison of the eggs of certain

Orgyias
Comparison of Oryyia female's.

Tabular . .
Council of Ent. Soc. of London

Visit of, to Oxford
Contributions to the fauna of
Spain 14. 36,

'AGE.

289

53
111

3

153

24

164
330

164

28

68
264
234

53

341

309

304

49
169
213

94

273
321

34

K8

3

203
115
201
244
72

Critical note on Melitaea parthenie
and M. athalia . . . . _ _ 312

Cryptic coloration and mimicry in
coleoptera . . . . . . 56

Destruction of part of Wicken Fen 216
Dragonfly wing- venation, Genea-

logic study of igg

Drymonia rimonia in Kew gardens 188

Early emergences

Early appearance of Cyanirh

argiolus . .
Early emergence oi Daaychira jmdi'.

bunda
Early stages of Agrius convolvuU..
Egg-cases of Cassididae . .
Egg-laying habits of Porthetria

dhpar and Arctia caia . .
Egg-laying of Dimorpha versirolor'a,
135; Melitaea thore, 301 ; Oryyia
yonostigma, 169 ; Poli/ommatii^
corydon
Eggs (lepidopterous), Deseribers of

wanted
Emergence of Poecilocampa popiili,

Note on . .
Ennomos atttumnaria at Chichester
Ennomo.^ autumnaria, Rearing of
Entomological Club meeting and
supper . . . . 82, 167, 192,

Entomological magazines, The

British
Epicometis squalida at Weymouth
Epinephele nuray as a Corsican

insect
Eupisteria heparata, Dateof appear-
ance of
Eupithecia absynthiatn, Vagaries iii

the emergence of

Eupithecia innotata and E. fra.riii-

ata
Eupithecia Htibfulvata and ab.

coynata, Breeding of
Exhibition of the North London

Natural History Society. .
Exotic Orthoptera in Britain, 1902
Extended duration of pupal stage. .
Extended pupal stage of Petasia
nuheciiloxa

79

79

109
332
303

44

213
111

52

294

226

244

33
264

341
52
50

166

295

111

6

53

341

Foodplants of Eumorpha elpenor . . 25

Forcing Acidaliids . . . . . . 53

Forcing Agrotis ashivorthii . . 104

Forficula lesuei at Bradfield . . 331

Galliiiaking of Naiiophyoi durieiti.

The . . .... . . 83

Gastric education in lepidopterous

larvse . . . . _ 2.5
Genera of Amorphid and Hemarid

Sphingids 49

Genera of the Eumorphid and

Daphnid Sphinges . . . . 100

358'

PAGE.

Genera of the Eumorphid Sphinges 75
Genitalia of the Lithosiids . . 163

Geometrides, Spanish . . . . 96

Grammoptera analis at Colchester 130
Gynandropthnlma offinis at Wych-

wood Forest 235

Habitat of Coenonympha iphioides 73
Habitsof A)itliochayisv(i,i\ hellezina,
194 ; Anthrocerapurpwralis, 257 ;
Apatura iris, 26 ; Aphodiux
tessidatus, 17, 76, 330; Catocalo
nymphaea, 16 ; o' Fidonia
hrunneata, 288 ; <f Gaiieptery.r
deopatra, 208 ; larva of Cymato-
phora ahietaria, 307 ; Litliosia
deplana, 307 ; Nemeophila plan-
tayinis, 261 ; Sciaphila penziana,
341 ; Thais medesicaste . . 195

Habits and structure of the
Orsyias . . . . 113, 169, 197

Hemiptera in the Isle of Wight . . 134
Hemithea fimbrialis at Beachy Head 273
Heredity, Mendel's laws of, in
Insects . . . . . . . . 142

Hermaphrodite Eucera longicornis 83
Hisp-ria nlvens as a Norfolk spenes 163
Hesperiides of Brittany . . . . 179

Hybridisation of Lepidoptera, 1902 31
Hybrid Malacosomas — M. hybr.
scliaufussi . . . . . . 134

Hybrid Selenia bilunaria x tctralu-
niiria . . . . . . . . 25

Hydrilla palustris in Lincolnshiro 21
Hylcs euphorhiae. Habits of . . 66

Hylea enphorbiae, probably not in
Cheshire . . . . 165

Hypocopriislatridinides in Hastings
district .286

Insects at sugar, Scarcity of
Introduced species (Coleoptera)

156
153

Labelling insects . . . . . . 98

Lebid Dunor in Oetohev .. .. 331

Labidnru riparia using its forceps 262
Larvoe of Crlnoptery.v fainiliella
reared at Reigate . . . . . . 83

Larval structures in Attaeids and

Lachneids, Critical notes on . . 164
Lateness of the season 1902 30, 158
Lateness of the season, 1903 . . 294
Lathrobium atripalpe and /,. piinc-

tatiim, Synonymical note on . . 180
Lema ericlisovi at Slapton Ley . . 264
Lepidoptera at Clandon, 189^ 243 ;
Folkestone, 189 ; at Oxshott, 268 ;
from Normandy, 313 ; in Reading
district, 1902,' 22 ; in South
Devon, 1902. Collecting, 18 ; in
1902 in the North of Ireland, 51 ;
in the Southend district in 1902;
78; of Pont-du-Gard, 193; of
Digne, 193; of Provence, 139,
207 ; of the Italian Riviera, 222 ;
of Locarno, 224 ; of the Vaudois

PAGE.

Valleys ..85

Lepidopterological Notes, West of

England .. .. . ..107

Lepidopterous larva eaten by

.Mantis 27

Leucania extranea in South Devon 266
Leucania loreyiin South Devon 266, 345
Leucania vitellinain South Devon 266
Lettcoma solids fiying at dawn . . 158
Life-histories of Cassididffi, 303 ; of

certain British Alucitids, Queries

concerning, 301 ; of Eenirvarin

nanella . . . . . . ■ 273

Light at Chamonix, Insects at . . 289
Light, Lepidoptera at, in southeast

of London . . . . . . . . 215

Liphyra hrassolis. Life-history of 136
Literature on Lepidoptera for 1902 32
Literature relating to Coleoptera in

1902 4,5, 34

Longicorn, New genus and species

to British list 259

Lozopera denurana, Destruction of

foodplant of 209

Lyita vesicatoria at Colchester . . 130

Meeting and supper of the Entomo-
logical club . . 82, 167, 192, 244
Mellinia yilvago near Lincoln . 54
Mclitaea didyrna, Notes on life-
history of . . . . . . . . 104

Meloe brevicollis and M. cicatricosus
in April . . . . . . 152

Migration and dispersal of insects 39
Migration oi Aitosia arcliippus .. 162
Migration of Pieridae in Venezuela 274
Mimicry, Considerations concern-
ing, 177 ; in Uganda butterflies 303
Monoliamus titiUator and Cerambyx
heros in England. . . . . . 152

Moths attacked by vats . . . . 26

Miillerian mimicry . . . . . . Ill

Myrmecophilous Coleoptera, Ex-
periments with . . . . . . 11

Naming of aberrations of Lepidop-
tera, Haphazard . . . . . . 128

Nemoptera bipcnnis at Bejar ^ . 74
Xemotois, Probable new British 162, 190
Nest-cells of Osmia .tanthomelayia 191
Nest of Triyona collina . . . . 84

New British flea (with plate), A . . 64
New Catalogue of Orthoptera . . 84
New fleas, Ceratophiillus dalei,
344 ; C. fringiUae ' .. . . 308

Nomenclature . . . . . • 309

Noiniudes melunops in 3unQ .. 74

Nonagria neurica, Larger size of
bred specimens ..... . . 51

Norwegian butterflies exhibited .. 303
Number of eggs laid by Lepidoptera 27

Obituary — Frederick Bates 347 ;
Augustus Radcliffe Grote. M.A.,

354

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

PAGE.

272 ; (Eev.) Thomas Ansell Mar-
shall, M.A., F.E.S., 190; Philip
B. Mason, M.D., F.E.S., 34,5;
(Rev. Canon) Bernard Smith,
M.A., 345; Samuel J. Wilkinson 275
Officers and Council of South

London Entomological Society 82
Officers and Council of the Ento-
mological Society of London . . 56
Ophiusa stolida taken at Dartmouth 304
Orgyia aurolimhata at Bejar, Notes

on '.. ..113

Orgyias, The European . . 169, 197
Orrhodia erythrocephala at Bos-
combe . . . . . . . . 51

Orthoptera from Switzerland, 7 ;
in the Isle of Wight, 254; at
Caux, 284 ; of western Europe,
Synopsis of . . . . . . 314

Ovipositors of Orgyias, Structure of 199
Oviposition of TJiestor hallus . . 119

Pachetra leucopliaea at Wye
Pairing of Angerona prnnaria
Pairing of Orgyia aurolimbata, 113 ;

Orgyia gonostigma
Papilio hospitoii as a Corsican

insect
Parasitised Antlirocerid larva3
Partial doublebroodedness in

Abraxas grossitlariata .. 21,
Petunia nubeculosa, Bearing
Phalacropterygid species and genus

from Spain, New . .
Phorodesma [Comihaena) puatuluta.

Notes on . . . . . . 171,

Plume moths. Further queries

about . . . . . . 301,

Plusia chrgiton at Chippenham,

Search for larva of
Plusia gamma at sugar 157, 188,
Plusia gamma. Sudden appearance

of

Plusia moiieta, Emergence of, 268 ;

in Cambridgeshire, 188 ; in the

London district . .
Plusia id, Amusing suggestion as

to inbroduction of, in Britain . .
Polia nigrocincta at sugar . .
Polygonia c-album, Attitude of

repose of . .
Polyo))imatus hylas at Dover
President-elect of the Entomological

Soc. of Loudon . .
Proposed new Entomological Ex-
change Club
PselapUiis fZ?-eSd«isJ8 in Cumberland
Psycbid economy. Probable errone-
ous account, of
Publication of a Monograph of the

Sphingids. .
Pupal ecdysis of Abraxas grossu-

lariata
Pupal stage. Extended, of Petaaia

nubeculosa

306
244

169

341
306

342
21

324

203

342

215
294

267

79

344
343

192
133

27

56

77

246
138
161
341

PAGE.

Pupal state of Phalera bucephala,
Short 158

Pupation-habit of Epinephele pasi-
phae . . . . . . . . 186

Pupation of Hipparchia circe, 186 ;
of Melanargia syllius, 186 ;
Porthetria dispar, Exposed
prsition of . . . . . . 243

Pyrameis cardui in London . . 342

Pyrameis cardui. Sudden appear-
ance and abundance of 267, 268,

292, 293, 343

Pyropsyche moncaunella, a new
■Psychid 324

Quedius ohliteratus and Q. auturalin
both British

Rare Coleoptera taken in 1902
Rare Lepidoptera taken in 1902 . .
Reappearance of Labidura riparin

in Britain . .
Recently described aberrations of

British Lepidoptera
Renaming aberrations of Lepidop-
tera
Resting-habit of Hybernia leucu-

phaearia, 135 ; Mania maura,

Curious
Retrospect of aColeopteristfor 1902,

1, 34 ; of a Dipterist for 1902, 35;

of a Lepidopterist for 1902, 29 ;

of an Orthopterist for 1902
Rhone Valley, Lepidopterological

notes from
Roosting habit of butterflies
Royal Society, Entomology at the

conversazione of . .

Scaling in a goliath beetle for pro-
tective purposes . .

Scarcity of food and larval hyber-
nation in Cicindela campestris, etc

Scoria lineata at Wye

Seasonally dimorphic Lepidoptera
from the White Nile

Seasonal change in colour of larva
of Geotnetra vernaria

Selborne, Lepidoptera of . .

Selenia tetralunaria at Forres

Social evening. Entomological

Specitie identity of Mditaea deione
and M. berisalensis

Sphingides, Revision of . .

Spring Lepidoptera at Menaggio. .

Stingiess bees of North and South
America . .

Stridulation of Manduca atropos . .

Swiss butterflies, First impression
of

Sugaring at Brendon

17

3
29

109

137

265

214

157

167

INDEX. 366

PAQE. PAGE.

Tendency to variation in female I Variation in position of larval

Lycsenids in the Jura .. .. 321 I tuheveles {Flyles euphorbiae) .. 106

Theclid larvae, Scarcity of, in 1903 243 j Variation of Epinephele janira and

Theri'tra porcellus at Cromer . . 54

Therioplertes luridus at Chattenden
and Nethy Bridge . . . . 24

Thestor ballus, Habits of, 119 ;
substitute food for larva of . . 237

Tortricids, North American, Pro-
posed Revision of . . . . 244

Trechus rivularis from Wicken Fen 152

Polijommatas conjdon, 2()9 ; of
Pupilio machaon in relation to
its foodplant . . . . . . 189

Variations confined to one sex, 237, 276
Vespidae in Durham . . . . 188

Winglessness, in moths and food-
plant. Connection between, 45 ;

Trochilium crabronifornw in Scot- I in winter moths . . . . 43, 159

land .. .. .. . . 23 1 Winter Lepidoptera of the Mediter-

: ranean littoral . . . . . . 132

Unusual localities for certain I Winter moths, British species of . . 44

British Lepidoptera . . . . 30 Work of the entomological societies

in 1902 31

Vanessids, Great abundance of, at i

Strood . . . . . . . . 267 j XijUna semlbninnea, Length of life

Variable bi'oods of Triphaena , of imagines of . . . . . . 266

comes, Two . . . . . . 217 I Xylophasia zollikoj'eri in Yorkshire 345

Localities, etc.: — Aberlady, 183 ; Agay, 209, 210 ; Aigle, 57, 64, 321 ; Alassio,
222 ; Albenga, 223 ; Arctic North America, 84 ; Arolla, 261 ; Au Pra, 87 ;
Auribeau, 207, 208, 209, 210 ; Avila, 14, 36, 72 ; Bejar, 14, 36, 72, 96 ;
Berisal, 62 ; Berkshire, 235 ; Bettws-y-coed, 286 ; Bobbie, 85 ; Bolton,
23; Boxhill, 307; Branson, 59, 320; Brendon, 281; Bridge of Cally,
285 ; Brindisi, 132 ; Brittany, 179 ; Carlisle district, 153, 262 ;
Carqueiranne, 120; Caux, 7, 284; Chamonix, 258, 289; ClamJou, 243 ;
Coinwall (West), 107 ; Corsica, 247 ; Costebelle, 121 ; Devon (South), 18 ;
D gne, 193, 277 ; Dover, 269 ; Edinburgh, 17, 76, 77, 103, 181, 236, 285, '
330; Flint, 330; Folkestone, 269; Grasse, 205; Gondokoro, 135;
Hastings, 286 ; Hyeres, 119, 139 ; Isle of Wight, 130, 134, 254 ; Isle-St.-
Marguerite, 209; Kaka, 135; Laigue^'lia, 223; Laquinthal, 322; Le
Trnyas, 207; Lincoln, 21, 22; Llanfairfechan, 122; Locarno, 224;
London district, 290 ; Martigny, 58, 214, 320, 323 ; Menaggio, 155 ; Monte
Bre, 322 ; Mon reux, 321 ; Mouans-Sartoux, 205; Oxshott, 268 ; Oxted, 50 ;
Peebles, 77 ; Penrith, 77, 150, 152 ; Peterborough, 214 ; Piedrahita, 16,
36, 96; Pont-de-1'Arche, 313; Pont-du-Gard, 193; Reading, 22; Rennes,
312; Satarme, 258; Selborne, 291; Sierre, 62, 320; Sion, 320, 322;
Skiddaw, 153 ; Southend, 78 ; Southport, 264 ; Starcro.^s, 1U9 : St.
Georges, 321 ; St. Jean de Luz, 36; St. Martin Vesubie, 227; Tilehurst,
50; Tyrone, 51; Val de Forclaz, 60; Vallorbe, 321, 324; Varen, 61 ;
Verna.vaz, 320 ; Wicken Fen, 152 ; Wigtownshire, 46 ; Wye, 306 ;
Zermatt, 60 323

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, &c.

To be placed opposite Page.

Pl. I. Breeding-cage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Pl. n. Berisal and Simplon Pass .. .. .. .. .. ..57

Pl. in. New British Flea : Ceratophyllus londiniensis . . . . . . 64

Pl. IV. Orgyia aurolimbata .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 113

Pl. V. Orgyia auroliniliata .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 113

Pl. VI. Orgyia antiqua and 0. splendida . . . . . . . . . . 169

Pl. VII. Orgyia go)iosiigma &ud O. Corsica .. .. .. .. .. 197

Pl. VIII. Fhorodesina (Comibacna) pustiUata, Hufn. . . . . . . . . 171

Pl. IX. Typlilocerus poppd, Wagner . . . . 196

Pl. X. Digne 193

Pl. XI. St. Martin Vesubie 277

Pl. XII. Ceratophyllus friiigillacWalkev .. 308

Pl. XIII. Pyropsyche moncaanella, Ch&iim. .. .. .. .. .. 324

356

THK KNT()M()LO(ilST S RECORD.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

PAGE.

Anderson, Joseph . . 292, 294 (twice)

Andrews, H.W., F.E.S 82

Ash, (Rev.) CD., M.A., F.E.S. . . 34B
Bacot, Arthur W., F.E.S. 94, 105,

106, 168
Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., F.E.S.

189, 190

Beadle, H. A 342, 343

Beare, (Professor) T. Hudson, B.Sc,

F.R.S.E., F.E.S. 1. 17, 34, 49,

77 (twice), 1(13, 183, 214, 237,

265, 286, 330
Bennett, W.H., F.E.S. .. 2.35,286

Bignell, G. C, F.E.S 191

Black, James E 17, 77

Blandford, W. F. H., M.A., F.E.S. 188
Bouskell, Frank, F.E.S., F.R.H.S.

92 288

Bower, B.A., F.E.S ' 267

Bowles, E. A., M. A., F.E.S. .. LI

Britten, H 151, 152

Brown, H. Rowland-, M.A., F.E.S.

247, 277, 347
Burr, Malcolm, B.A., F.L.S..

F.E.S. . . 6, 7, 254, 262, 285, 314
Burrows, (Rev.) C. R. N. . . 171, 203

Butler, W. E., F.E.S 23

Capper, Edmund. M.D., F.E.S. .. 122
Chapman, T. A.. M.D.,F.Z.S., F.E.S.

14, 36, 43, 72, 106, 113, 160,

169, 186, 197, 241, 267, 298, 301,

309, 324
Chitty, Arthur J., M.A.. F.E.S.

152 (twice)
Clarke, H. Shortridge, F.E.S. .. 342

Clutten, W. G 28

Collin, J. E., F.E.S 35

Colthrup, C. W. 153, 157 (twice),

158 (thrice), 159, 293, 294, 295
Corder, James W. . . . . . . 333

Crabtiee, B. H., F.E.S. 21, 56, 342

Crisp, E 188, 215, 243

Day, Frank H., F.E.S. .. 78,154

Day, G. 0., F.E.S 104,341

DoUman, J. C, F.E.S. 7, 226, 213,

283, 292
Doncaster, L., M.A., F.Z.S. 142, 237
Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K., F.Z.S.,

F.E.S. 11, 17, 152, 153, 181, 264

(twice), 265, 287, 331 (twice), 349

Edwards, William H. . . 266 (twice)

Ellis, Willoughby. F.E.S. 131. 134. 259

Evans, William . . . . . . 23

Floershcini, Cecil . . . . . . 190

Forsyth, A 2(34

Fountain, J. T 331

Gordon, J. G., F.E.S 49

Green, Jos. F., F.L.S., F.E.S. . . 267
Greer, T. . . . . . . . . 52

Hamlyn-Harris, R., D.Sc,

F.il. M.S.. F.Z.S. , F.E.S. .. 99

Harrison, J H.S 267

Harrison, J. W. H., B.Sc 188

Harwood, Bernard Smith . . 130 (twice)
Hendei'son, J. . . . . 188 (twice)

Henderson, J. Loftus

Holland, W

James, Russell E. . .
Janson, Oliver E., F.E.S.
Johnson, John R.

PAGE.

.. 60
.. 235
109, 138
.. 128
..22

Joy, KormanH.,M.R.C.S., F.E.S.

236, 264, 330
Kaye, William J., F.E.S. .. 177,306
Krodel, Ernst .. .. ..55

Lofthouse, T.A 28

Massey, Herbert, F.E.S 276

Mathew, (Paymaster-in-Chief)

Gervase F., R.N., F.E.S. . . 162

Mousley, H., F.E.S. . . 168 (thrice)

Milburn, H 268

Murray, Colin . . . . . . 268

Muschamp, P. A. H. 341 (twice)

Musham, John F. 21 (twice), 22 (thrice)

Newbery, C 109

Newbery, E. A 287

Newman, L. W 267

Oberthiir, Charles, F.E.S. 179, 312

Oveuden, J 266, 267

Page, Herbert E., F.E.S 306

Palmer, Mervyn G. . . 189, 265, 276

Peed, Thomas, M.A 79

Pickett, C. P., F.E.S. 144, 189,
190, 244 (twice). 268 (twice), 269,

272, 292, 294 (twice)

Piffard,B 162

Powell, H 186 (thrice)

Prout, Louis B., F.E.S. 13, 29, 65,
93, 96, 110, 149, 159, 217, 281, 295, 342

Quiutin, W. H. St 238,302

Raynor, (Rev.) G. H., M.A. 8, 54

(twice), 55, 112, 161, 292, 296

Robertson, (Major) R. B 51

Rogers, E. A 21, 79

Reid, Percy C, F.E.S 160

Rothschild, (Hon.) N. Charles,

M.A., F.E.S. .. 64, 196, 308

Russell, A., F.E.S. 54 (twice), 68,

80, 98
Sheldon, W. G. . . 57, 193, 276

Sich, Alfred. F.E.S. 156, 290, 291

(twice), 295
Sich, H. Leonard . . . . . , 66

Simes, J. A 183

Sloper, G. 0., F.E.S. 134, 214, 215, 276
Sopp, E. J. B., F.R.M.S., F.E.S. . 89
Studd, E. F., M.A., B.C.L., F.E.S. 51

Turner, Henry J., F.E.S 88

Tuit, J. W., F.E.S. 42, 75, 85, 100,
119, 128, 139, 162, 1(38, 190, 205,
213, 215 (twice), 222, 224, 237,
23y, 240, 243, 2.J.1, 257, 261, 266,
288, 289 (thrice), 295, 301, 313,

332, 334, 340, 342
Tomlin, B., M.A., F.E.S. . . 18, 330

Thornhill, E. H 266

Walker, S 53 (twice), 55l

Wlieeler, G., M.A 32Q

Whittaker, Oscar 24

Whittle, F. G 79

Woodforde, F. C, B.A., F.E.S. 52

(twice), 53 (twice)

.^ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECOR'
JOURNAL OF VARIATION!

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S

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p w P..PTFn. 18. I'ri.ices Street. Cavendish Square, Luudon, W.C

Diqdicates. — Fuscula, Oraicronuria, PeiKkil.aia, Orbiculariii, Undulanus, Melilofci,
Glabraria, Extersaria, lUustraria, Quadra, A. ligustri, At^athina, Neglecta, Bombyliformis,
Valezina, Sibylla, Helveola, Aureola, Callume (pupae), Rhizolltha, Albimaoula, Contigu-
aria, Moneta, TJnca, Polyodon var. infuscata, Ambigua, Sobrina, Solidaginis, Vetusta,
Exoleta, Suspecta, Glareosa, Literosa, Populata, Grossulariata (carx.), Albulata var.
thules, Bidentata, Repandata var. sodorensium, Menthastri car. ochracea, Hastata,
Pictaria, Multistrigaria, Salicata, Caei^iata, Artaxerxes, Exulans, Fuliginosa var. borealis,
Rufina, Ridens. Desiderata. — Diurni and Geometrids, to extend, and especially local
forms or varieties of any species. — Arthur Home, 63, Bcacoiis/U'lil Place, Aherrleen, N.B.

DupUrate!<. — Ova : Autumnaria, Tiliaria, Fuscantaria, Pyraniidea, Litura, Pista-
cina, Nupta, P. populi. Imagines of Polychloros*, Paphia, S. populi*, Vinula*, Nupta,
Suffusa, Megacephala*, Pudibunda*, Augur*, Baja*, Rostralis. Pupae: Lubricipeda.
Desiderata. — Numerous. — V. E. Shaw, a, Moss Hall Grove, North Finchley.

Lynplicates. — Hyale, Edusa, Arion, Argiolus, Cardui, Polychloros, Comma, Hel-
manni, Ochroleuca, Fibrosa, Strigula, Muscerda, Soi'orcula, Dominula, Tiliaria, Hastata.
Desiderata. — Crataegi, Sinapis, Machaon, Typhon, Cassiope, > Aurinia, Cinxia, Iris,
Pruni, W-album, PalaBmon, Atropos, Ocellatus, Porcellus, Elpenor, Pavonia, Versicolora,
Ligniperda, Prunaria, Syringaria, Papilionaria. — A. J. Benhow, The Mount, Harejicld
Road, U.tbridf)e.

Duplicates.— lo", Polychloros*, Sibylla, Strataria*, Unifasciata*, G. fiavago*, H.
Trifolii, Parthenias. Preserved larvse : P. populi, Strataria, Unifasciata. Desiderata. —
Numerous. — F. Wallace, 240, Hir/h Street, Stratford, E.

Duplicates. — Cervinata (bred), Pietaria, Badiata, Affinitata, Ambigua (bred), Ligula,
Pistacina, Fuscula (bred), Oxyacanthae, Strigilis, P. populi (bred), JaoobEete (bred),
Galatea, lo, Cinxia (bred), Atalanta, Pennaria <? s, Cassinea 3 s. Ova of P. populi,
Flavicincta, and Cervinata. Desiderata. — Numerous. — Miss E. Miller, 'Hie Croft,
Ilaimford Road, Chelmsford.

Duplicates. — Moneta*, Brevilinea*, Cannae*, Neurica* ? . Desiderata. — Bondii,
Elymi, Concolor, Gnaphalii, Nubeculosa, Alpina, and especially pupae of S. urticse. —
H. 31. Edelsten, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlese.v.

DujMcates. — T. rubi, Jacobseffi*, Antiqua*, Hectus, Batis, Perla, Rumicis, L. comma,
Ochracea*. Nictitans, Micacea, Lithoxylea, Gemina, Strigilis, Literosa, Suffusa, Segetum,
Umbrosa, Baja, Comes, Rubricosa, Gothica*. Incerta (dark), Stabilis*, Lota, Pistacina
rocs., Litura, Spadicea, Satellitia, Cerago*, Silago*, Circellaris, Capsincola*, Chi, Plecta,
Oxyacanthse, Testacea, Macularia, Illunaria*, Autumnaria*, Alniaria*, Betularia*,
Petraria, Piniaria, Strigillaria, Ulmata, Marginata, Leucophffiaria, Boreata, Dilutata,
Csesiata., Pectinitaria, Nanata, Lariciata, Sordidata, Testata, etc. Desiderata. — Machaon
(2), Selene, Adippe, Paphia, Athalia, Cinxia, Cardui, Sibylla, ^geria, Megaera, Semele
c? s, Lucina, Actaeon, Sylvanus, Comma, and many others. On black pins. — T. Ashtoti
Loftliouse, The Croft, TAntliorpe, Middlesborouifli.

Duplicates. — Craccfe (dark forms), few, Cannae*, Contiguaria*, Pulchellata var.
hebudium*, Edusa*, good vars., Chi var. olivacea. Juniperata*, Isogrammata*, Hippo-
castanaria, &c. Desiderata. — Offers. — W. G. Sheldon, Heimath, Friends Road, Croydon.
Duplicates. — Hamellus, Chrysonuchellus, Pinetellus, Abietella*, Quercana* (four),
Lafauryana*, Demarniana, Citrana, Inopiana, Fulvana, Lariciana, Teucrii*, Lithodac-
tylus*, Gysselinella, Pedella, Pinicolella, Atmoriella, Cytisella, Umbrosella, Vorticella,
Parenthesella, Cinnamomeana, Verbascalis, Rubiella, Onosmella, Pygmteana, C. nigricana,
B. maritima*, Sparmannella, Unimaculella, Pinicolana. Desiderata. — Numerous, especi-
ally Pandalis, Myellus, Ochrodactylus, Carbonana, P. fuligana, Signatana, Geyeriana,
Margari talis, Sticticalis, Permutana, Consortana, Umbrana, Maccana, Siculana, Paludana,
Salopiella, Gibbosella, Expallidana. — E. A. Atmore, King's Lynn, Norfolk.

Duplicates. — A number of set Exotic Lepidoptera, Papilios, etc., in exchange for
others not in collection. — /ier. W. U\ Fleniyny, Coolfin, Portlaw, co. Waterford.

Duplicates. — Healthy pupae and fine bred imagines. Hybrid Ocellatus x Populi*,
Croceago*, Lapidata, pup® of Chaonia, Trepida, Versicolora, Lunaria. Desiderata. — Fine
pupae only of genuine British Carmelita, Cucullina, Fagi, Alni, Dodonea, and other
rare British species ; living cT s and ? s of Rubiginea. Accepted offers only answered, — L.
W. Ncirnian, Bexley, Kent.

Duplicates. — Most of the British Rhopalocera, including many vars. in fine condition,
and well set on black pins. Desiderata. — Corydon ab. syngrapha, ab. albicans, ab. inae-
qualis, Icarus ab. persica, Urticte ab. polaris, ab. ichnusa, Sibylla ab. nigrata, Phlaeas ab.
schmidtii, ab. obsoleta, ab. radiata. Minima ab. obsoleta, Rubi ab. immaculata, Hyperan-
thus ab. arete, ab. obsoleta, Sinapis ab. erysimi, Aglaia ab. charlotta, Adippe ab. cleodoxa,
and most of the European Rhopalocera. — H. Mousley, Burnfoot, Bu.vton.

Duplicates. — Exotic Rhopalocera — Ornithoptera, Papilios, Pierida;, Nymphalidae,
Heliconius, Clerome, Melanitis, Morphina', and many others. Desiderata. — Numerous
exotics. — Rev. J. M. Hick, The Vicardye, Trinidon, Trinulon Grange, R.S.O.

Desiderata. — During the season— Ova, larvae, pupae, and living imagines of many
species. Good exchange. — //. )('. Head, Scarlwrough.

Wanted. — Healthy pupae of Carpini, Callunas, Lanestris, Porcellus, Elpenor, Fueiformis,
■Ocellata, Ligustri, Dictasa, Batis, Derasa, Myvicse, Metiyanthidis, Bifida, Cardamines,
Argiolus, Ov, Opinia, Asteris, Myrtilli, Notata, etc., in numbers. Will give liberal ex-
change in ova, larvsB, pupte. or fine set insects. — L. iV. Neiniuin, Bexley, Kent.

Wanted (to figure). — Examples of the following larvae, fuUfed : Antiopa, Lathonia,
Daplidice, Edusa, Hyale, Livornica, Pinastri, Celerio, Galii, Euphorbiae. Will any lepi-
dopterist who collects abroad kindly remember my wants when opportunity occurs of
obtaining any of them ? — J. C. DoUman, Hove Huuse, Newton Grove, Bedford Park, W.

Exchange. — I am desirous of obtaining butterflies from the Malayan Archipelago and
the Pacific Islands. For such I offer perfect diurnals from North and South America ;
North American Coleoptera. — Levi W. Mengel, Boys' High School, ReddUnj, Pa., U.S.A.

Wanted.— Erycinidae of the world. Offer for same Diuini from United States,
northern South America and Central America, also North American birds' eggs and
American-Indian relics. — Levi W. Mengel, Boys' High School, Beading, Pa., U.S.A.

Wanted. — The loan of series of Spilosoma urticae for examination, in connection
■with statistical work on variation. I will undertake to pay all postage and replace any
specimens that are damaged. — A. Bacot, 154, Lower Clapton. Road, N.K.

Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter. — Collectors of British Lepldoptera are asked
to kindly give any spare Devonshire duplicates they may have, to assist in the formation
of a local collection. Duplicates in other Orders also desired.— f'. R. Rowley, Curator.

Pab.\sitical Diptera wanted. — Will lepidopterists who may breed any dipterous
parasites from larvae or pupae kindly forward such as they do not require to me ? If so I
shall be V greatly obliged. — G. J. Wainwright, 2, Handsworth Wood Road, Handsworth,
Staffs.

Change of Address. — />'. Tomliii, M.A., to Estyn, Chester.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W. 8 p.m.
— January 21st, 1903, Annual Meeting. Presidential Address (Rev. Canon W. Fowler),
February 4th.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.G. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m. Members are particularly requested to bring varieties and aberrations for exhibi-
tion. Non-members cordially invited. Exhibits invited at each meeting, especially those
illustrative of the discussion, &c. Members wishing to contribute " Communications "
are asked to inform one of the Secretaries.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. — Meetings: February 2nd, March 2nd, April 6th. Excur-
sions : February 1.5th, booking to Windsor, Waterloo 9.5-5 a.m. March 8th, Orpington to
Bromley, Cannon Street, 9.1-5 a.m. — Hon. Sec, G. E. Shaw, 22, Baythorne Street,
Bow, E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibemia
Chambers, London Bridge. — The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
January 22nd, Annual Meeting at 7 p.m. February 12th, Lecture, with Lantern illus-
trations, by F. Enoch, F.L.S., F.E.S. February 26th, Paper, with Exhibits ; " Holiday
Notes from Amersham, Bucks," by H. J. Turner, F.E.S.

North London Natural History Society, Sigdon Road Board School, Dalston Lane,
N.E. (close to Hackney Downs Stations, G.E.R.). — Meetings second and fourth Tuesdays
in each month, at 7.45 p.m. — January 27th, Review of Botany, Entomology, and General
Zoology in 1902. February 7th, Excursion, Winchmore Hill to Potter's I3ar ; February
10th, The Modern Microscope, F. P. Smith. Notice : — The Eleventh Annual Exhibition
of the North London Natural History Society will be held at the Sigdon Road Board
School, Hackney Downs, N.E. (Girls' Department), February 21st. Meeting commences
7 o'clock p.m. Tickets can be obtained of any of the members, or of the Secretary, E.
W. Lane, Parkholme, Fletching Road, Clapton, N.E.

Carlisle Entomological and Natural History Society. — Meetings held at the
Subscription Library, ^Tullie House, Carlisle. February 5th, Special Exhibition of
Natural History Specimens. Visitors cordially invited. — Hon. Sec, F. H. Day, 17,
Thirlmere Street, Carlisle.

]FOR SaEe^

At vory low rates.

Scarce and Local British Lepicloijtera,
Preserved Larvae, and Coleoptera.

Selections on approval, post free.
"K," 105a, St. Thomas's Road, Hastings.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LIBRARY.

Books written by J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The Natural History of the British Lepidoptera.

(A Text-book for Students and Collectors.)

Vols. I, II, aud III. (Price 20s. each volume net. 54s. for the 3 vols.)
This work is the most advanced scientific text-book ever issued on the British Lepi-
doptera. Besides cliapters on the general subject, each volume contains, in the systematic
part, a detailed account of the species, each of which is treated under a variety of headings^
«.<■/., Synonymy, Original description. Imago, Sexual Dimorphism, Gynandromorphism,
Variation, Egg-laying, Ovum, Habits of Larva, Larva, Variation of Larva, Pupation,
Cocoon, Pupa, Pupal Habits, Dehiscence, Variation of duration of pupal stage, Food-
plants, Parasites, Habits, Habitat, Time of appearance. Localities, Distribution. The
entomologist htis, here, a revision of the superfamilies treated in a modern scientific
manner, and the work is of first importance to workers at these groups in all parts of the
world. The systematic part deals particularly with the species found in Britain, and
affords such a mass of detail concerning the Biitish species as has never before been
brought together. To the general biologist the discussion and details relating to the
hybridism, gynandromorphisni, variation and life-histories of the species dealt with, afford
a mass of material not to be obtained elsewhere ; whilst to the lepidopterist pure and
simple, the mass of information will enable him to study his subject from many different
standpoints ; to the collector the information concerning the habits, foodplants, habitat,
and localities, is as full as it can possibly be in the present state of our knowledge ; whilst
it would take the phenologist and student of distribution years to collect anything like the
number of facts bearing on their own special work that is here ready for their digestion.
Each volume contains a great deal of original matter, not only from the observations of
the author, but also from Dr. T. A. Chapman, Messrs. A. W. Bacot and L. B. Prout, who
have collaborated with the author in their own branches of study for the work. Besides
these, some 200 other lepidopterists have helped in different ways and in various degrees.
The volumes contain a vast amount of absolutely new material relating to all the species
treated, and, at the same time, the whole of the information to be obtained from tbe long
series of volumes of Hie EntomologinV a Monthly Magazine, The Entomologist, Tlte Ento-
iiiologixt'x Record, The Entoviologisfx Weekly Intelligencer, The Zoologist, The Trannuctions
of the Entomological Society of London, as well as that contained in the works of Stainton,
Newnian, Meyrick, Barrett, and others — also in the leading Continental Transactions and
Magazines — has been carefully summarised and noted. The works of all the leading
Continental authorities have also been carefully overhauled, and the important facts
gleaned therefrom. So much labour has been expended in making the volume worthy of
acceptance to all lepidopterists, and the cost of production of so large a book is so heavy,
that the support of every lepidopterist is earnestly solicited. To those lepidopterists who
have become interested in the scientific study of the subject they profess, these volumes
will open up a new world. The amount of labour expended in producing them has been
enormous, and, expensive as the works may appear, are really cheaper than any other
published work on the subject, for they represent a whole library of information that is
otherwise practically unolitainable.

Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist.

Parts I and II.
Price 6s. each net. Sold separately. (Interleaved for Collector's own notes.)

This is one of the most useful, as it has certainly proved one of the most popular,
books ever offered to the field-lepidopterist, and will save him immense time, trouble, and
expense in prosecuting his woi'k. In each part there are some one thoustmd tuo lumdred
and fifty different practical hints included, telling the lepidopterist how, when, and where
to work for the more desirable species. The book is crammed full of information, and no
lepidopterist can afford to be without a copy of it. The older collectors will not only find
many hints that they do not know, but will find many facts that they may wish to
lemember presented in a compact form. To the younger collector it offers a mass of
information that he could not hope to accumulate by himself in very many years of field-
work. To all it must remain one of the most necessary books ever published for the use
of field lepidopterists. The contents are divided into the following chapters. (1) January,
February, and early March ; (2) Late March and April; (3) May ; (4) June ; (5) July ;
(0) August; (7) September; (8) October; (9) November and December. Each chapter
opens with a general review of the field work that can be done in the period indicated,
and this is followed by a classified list of the "Hints" available for the period. Now
that the whole of the material is grouped, it offers a great mass of exact, useful and

reliable infonimiion, bearing on the work of the lepidopterist in the field, telling him
exactly what to do and how to do it in the fewest possible words, and in the least possible
space. Such information could only be gathered by the individual worker as the result of
many years' observation and by reference to many books in which the facts are buried
amongst a mass of other entomological detail. Lepidopterists, experienced and inex-
perienced, will tind in this book much information that will suggest quite new lines of
work in their collecting, and enable them to find, in close proximity to their homes,
species which they had never suspected to be in their vicinity, and the saving of time and
trouble will thus be enormous. As the method of work in the field was more particularly
dealt with in I'art I, the summaries in Part II deal more especially with the points raised
by the various methods of — Rearing larva) in confinement. Sleeving, Breeding-cages, Food
and Feeding larvie ; Obtaining eggs in confinement from butterflies and moths ; Special
treatment of pupii; ; Keeping pupae through winter ; Special treatment of certain larvae in
order to obtain pupas ; Sugaring ; Assembling ; Forcing, and a host of shnilar important
topics to the entomologist. Quite new ground has been broken, and there is no repetition.
The hints have been arranged on a precisely similar manner to those in Part I, with
general notes for the month at the commencement of each chapter.

Monograph of the Pterophorina.

(Demy 8vo., 161 pp., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-).

This book contains an introductory chapter on " Collecting," " Killing " and
Setting " the Pterophorina, a table giving details of each species— Times of appearance
-:. larva, of pupa and of imago, food-plants, mode of pupation, and a complete account (so
far as is known) of every British species, under the headings of " Synonymy," "Imago,"
"Variation," " Ovum," " Larva," " Food-plants," "Pupa," "Habitat," and " Distribu-
tion." It is much the most complete and trustworthy account of this interesting group of
Lepidoptera that has ever been published.

To be obtained from H. E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham.

The best Material for Sleeves and Breeding Cages is

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Plain Eing Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-
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9d.. 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted
or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6,
2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6,
4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d.; IJin., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2Jin., 1/- ;
3;Vin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses,
9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-,
5/-, 7/6. Coleopteribt's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
double tin, 1/6 to 6/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2/(i to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennte 4d. perbottie. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 8^, best quality 1/4 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle,
2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottoined Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com-
panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors,
2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpijjes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
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Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English names (1894 edition),
1/6. Our new complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1/- ;
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Vol. XV.

?5:ia>

No. 2.

.^

.^-^^

1

THE

.^ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. AAA. TUTT, F.E.S.

ASMISTKD BY

:T. HUDSON BEARE, u.sc, f.e.s., f.e.s.e.
M. BURR, B.A., F.Z.S., F.L.s., F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d., f.z.s., f.e.s.
L. B. PROUT, F.E.S. H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.s. f.e.i

FEBRVABY 15th, 1903.

Price Sixpence (net)

(WITH PLATE).

Subscription for Complete A'olume, post free

(Including SPECIAL INDEX and all DOUBLE NUMBERS),
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BE rOUWARlJEI) TO

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London, S.E.

LONDON :

ELLIOT STOCK, 62, P.^terxosteu Row, E.G.

BERLIN :

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NEW YORK:

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Copies may also be obtained from R. H. Pobter, 18, Princes Street, Cavendish Square, London, W.C.

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MAKKES or KV1;KY DESCEirXION OF

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To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.

-| Larger quantities ^jco rata. Orders executed in same order as L

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Kiiiiiiorli New Koiest

i:>, vi. U7 4. ix. '.17

ADDRESS. — "Requisites," 3, Lovegrove Place, Walnut Tree Road

Greenwich, S.E.

THE ENTOMOLOQIST'5 LIBRARY.

Books written by J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The Natural History of the British Lepidoptera.

(A Text-book for Students and Collectors.)

Vols. I, II, and III. (Price 20s. each volume net. .54s. for the 3 vols.)

This work is the most iidviinced scientit\c text-book ever issued on the British Lepi-
doptera. Besides chapters on the general subject, each volume contains, in the systematic
part, a detailed account of the species, each of which is treated under a variety of headings,
e.g., Synonymy, Original description. Imago, Sexual Dimorphism, Gynandromorphism,
Variation, Egg-laying, Ovum, Habits of Larva, Larva, Variation of Larva, Pupation,
Cocoon, Pupa, Pupal Habits, Dehiscence, Variation of duration of pupal stage, Food-
plants, Parasites, Habits, Habitat, Time of appearance. Localities, Distribution. The
entomologist has, here, a revision of the superfamilies treated in a modern scientific
manner, and the work is of first importance to workers at these groups in all parts of the
world. The systematic part deals particularly with the species found in Britain, and
silfords such a mass of detail concerning the British species as has never before been
brought together. To the general biologist the discussion and details relating to the
hybridism, gynandromorphism, variation and life-histories of the species dealt with, afford
a mass of material not to be obtained elsewhere ; whilst to the lepidopterist pure and
simple, the mass of information will enable him to study his subject from many difi'erent
standpoints ; to the collector the information concerning the habits, foodplants, habitat,
and localities, is as full as it can possibly be in the present state of our knowledge ; whilst
it would take the phenologist and student of distribution years to collect anything like the
number of facts bearing on their own special work that is here ready for their digestion.
Each volume contains a great deal of original matter, not only from the observations of
the author, but also from Dr. T. A. Chapman, Messrs. A. W. Bacot and L. B. Prout, who
have collaborated with the author in their own branches of study for the work. Besides
these, some 200 other lepidopterists have helped in different ways and in various degrees.
The volumes contain a vast, amount of absolutely new material relating to all the species
treated, and, at the same time, the whole of the information to be obtained from the long
series of volumes of The Eritomokviist'n Monthly Magazine, The Entomologist, The Ento-
moldgisVs Record, The Entomologist'' i< Wetkly In'telUgencer, The Zoologist, The Transactions
of the Entomological Society of L(»idon,AS, well as that contained in the works of Stainton,
Newman, Meyrick, Barrett, and others — also in the leading Continental Transactions and
Magazines — has been carefully sunnnarised and noted. The works of all the leading
Continental authorities have also been carefully overhauled, and the important facts
gleaned therefrom. So much labour has been expended in making the volume worthy of
acceptance to all lepidopterists, and the cost of production of so large a book is so heavy,
that the support of every lepidopterist is earnestly solicited. To those lepidopterists who
have become interested in the scientific study of the subject they profess, these volumes
will open up a new world. The amount of labour expended in producing them has been
enormous, and, expensive as the works may appear, are really cheaper than any other
published work on the subject, for they represent a whole library of information that is
otherwise practically unobtainable.

Monograph of the Pterophorina.

(Demy 8vo., KJl pp., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-).
This book contains an introductory chapter on " Collecting," " Killing " and
" Setting " the Pterophorina, a table giving details of each species — Times of appearance
of larva, of pupa and of imago, food-plants, mode of pupation, and a complete account (so
far as is known) of every British species, under the headings of " Synonymy," "Imago,"
" Variation," '* Ovum," " Larva," " Food-plants," " Pupa," " Habitat," and " Distribu-
tion." It is much the most complete and trustworthy account of this interesting group of
Lepidoptera that has ever been published.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh.

(Crown 8vo., Illustrated, Bound in Cloth, (Price 2/(5).

Another sei'ies of collecting expeditions into well-known entomological and natural
history localities, with description of botanical, geological, ornithological as well as
entomological matters of interest to be found therein. The places dealt with include
Cobham Woods, Cuxton Downs, the Western Highlands, Clift'e — all well known for their
rich entomological fauna.

To be obtained from H. E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Pioad, Hatcham.

Subscriptions for Vol. XV. are now over due.
}Kr o n? X c e: .

The Back Volumes (I-XIV)of The Entomologist'' s Record, &e., can be obtained at 10s. 6d.
per Volume. Complete set of 14 vols. £5 7s. 6d. net. " Special Index " to Vols. III., IV.,
v., VI.. VII., VIII., IX., X., XI., XII. and XIII., price 1/6 each. Single Back Numbers

can be obtained at double the published price from H. E. Page, F.E.S., "Bertrose,"
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to T)ie Entomologist' » Record, &c., arc
payable in advance. The subscription (including the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and must be
sent to Mr. H. E. Page, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E. Cheques and
Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Tutt.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale will be inserted at a minimuni charge of 2s. 6d. (for
four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series. Particulars of Mr.
11. E. Page, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must rexjort the same to Mr. H. E. Page, "Bertrose,"
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed.

Articles for insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. W. Tutt, Westcomlse Hill, S.E., except
those relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donisthoepe, 58, Kensington Mansions,
South Kensington, S.W., and those relating to Orthoptera, to Mr. M. Burr, Dormans Park, East
Grinstead.

All Exchange Magaxines must in future be forwarded to %l. IV. Tutt,
Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

Reprints of Articles or Notes (long or short) appearing in this Magazine can be arranged
for by Authors at a very low price, on application to Mr. H. E. Page, F.E.S.,

" Bertrose," Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Exchange Baskets. — January 17th, 1903, No. 1 basket. — Messrs. Riding, Lofthouse,
Day, Studd, Robertson, Fox, Home, Bower, Mera, Woodforde, Bowles. January 19th,
1903, No. 2 basket. — Messrs. Whittle, Studd, Riding, Atmore, Walker, Croker Robertson,
Adkin, Woodforde, Bower, Ash. [Members who wish to be missed must write to the
name preceding their own on list, not to the Secretary] . The names of one or two
new candidates for admission would be welcomed and room made as opportunity offered.

Duplicates. — Autumnaria, Fuscantaria, Illustraria (spring and summer forms),
Anachoreta, Radiata, and^ other extreme forms of Ijubricipeda, Cinxia, Ambigua, Neg-
lecta, V-aurenm, Rubricosa, Saucia, Puta, Sponsa, Promissa, Rubidata, Galiata, Betu-
lella, etc. Dedderatu. — Straminata, Sericealis, Grisealis, Costagstrigalis, Lineolalis,
Cratasgalis, Resinalis, Forficellus, Mucronellus, Gigantellu^■, Paiudellus, Alpinellus,
Falsellus, Myelins, Fascelinellus, Salinellus, Farrella, Carnella, Ceratoniae, Achatinella,
Suvaella, Nimbella, Senecionis, Pinguedinella, Cinerosella. Bistriga, Interpunctella,
Angustella, Canella, Ornatella, Abietella, Adelphella, Genistella, Advenella, Marmorella,
Anella, Cephalonica, Festaliella, Villosella, Tetradactylus, &c. — Geo. T.'JPorriit, Ed<ierton.,
Hudderajield.

Duplicates. — Betulce, W-album, Artemis, Aglaia, Cardui, Polychloro?, Argiolus,
Dominula, Pavonia. Desiderata. — Sinapis, Blandina, Athalia, ^Egon, Paniscus, Versi-
Golora, Ligniperda, Prunai-ia. — A. J. Benbow, The Mount, Harefield Road, lJ.rbrid<)e.

Duplicates. — Arion. Desiderata. — Iris. — A. J. Benbow, The Mou)U, Harefield Road,
Uxbridf/e.

Duplicates. — A large number of aberrations of lo and Urticae. Desiderata. — Palse-
arctic Lycsenids only, aberrations particularly wanted. — Ernst Krodcl, K. Poste.tpeditor
i. CI., Wi'irzJiurg, Bayern, Germany.

Duplicates. — Healthy larvae of Unanimis. Desiderata. — Larvae : Aurinia and
Cinxia (in season). Pupae: Zonaria. — J. ir. Harrison, 2, Craig Street, Birtley, R.S.O.,
Dnrham.

Duplicates. — Ornithopus, Variata*, Polychloros*, Paphia, Api'ilina, Sibylla*,
T. quercus*, Rufina, Monacha*, Fimbria*, Gothica, Cervinata*, Lucipara*, Areola,
Valesina (fair), Pennaria ( <? s). Desiderata.— A]}iionnis, Chlorana, Undulanus, Caniola,
Dictsea, Dictaeoides, Menyanthidis, Putrescens, Depuncta, Hispidus, Preecox, Croceago,
Chrysozona, Occulta, Lunaria, several Eupithecise, and others. — L. F. Hill, 2, Freelands
Road, Bromley, Kent.

Duplicates. — Fuscula, Omicronaria, Pendularia, Orbicularia, Undulanus, Meliloti,
Glabraria, Extersaria, Illustraria, Quadra, A. ligustri, Agathina, Neglecta, Bombyliformis,
Valezina, Sibylla, Helveola, Aureola, Callunae (pupae), Rhizolitha, Albimacula, Contigu-
aria, Moneta, Unca, Polyodon vur. infuscata, Ambigua, Sobrina, Solidaginis, Vetusta,
Exoleta, Suspecta, Glareosa, Literosa, Populata, Grossulariata {vars.), Albulata vur.
thules, Bidentata, Repandata var. sodoi-ensium, Menthastri var. ochracea, Hastata,
Pictaria, Multistrigaria, Salicata, Caesiata, Artaxerxes, Exulans, Fuliginosa var. borealis,
Rufina, Ridens. Desiderata.- — Diurni and Geometrids, to extend, and especially local
forms or varieties of any species. — Arthur Home, 63, Beaconsfield Place, Aberdeen, N.B.

Duplicates. — A number of set Exotic Lepidoptera, Papilios, etc., in exchange for
•others not in collection. — Rev. W, W. Flemyng, Coolfin, Portlaw, co. Waterford.

Duplicates. — Healthy pupae and fine bred imagines. Hybrid Ocellatus x Populi* ,
-Croceago*, Lapidata, pupae of Chaonia, Trepida, Versicolora, Lunaria. Desiderata. — Fine
pupae only of genuine British Carmelita, Cucullina, Fagi, Alni, Dodonea, and other
rare British species ; living c? s and ? s of Rubiginea. Accepted offers only answered, — L.
W. Newma7i, Bexley, Kent.

Duplicates. — Most of the British Rhopalocera, including many vara, in fine condition,
and well set on black pins. Desiderata. — Corydon ab. syngrapha, ab. albicans, ab. inse-
qualis, Icarus ab. persica, Urticae ab. polaris, ab. ichnusa, Sibylla ab. nigrata, Phlaaas ab.
schmidtii, ab. obsoleta, ab. radiata, Minima ab. obsoleta, Rubi ab. immaculata, Hyperan-
thus ab. arete, ab. obsoleta, Sinapis ab. erysimi, Aglaia ab. charlotta, Adippe ab. cleodoxa,
and most of the European Rhopalocera. — H. Mousley, Burnfoot, Buxton.

Duplicates. — Exotic Rhopalocera — Ornithoptera, Papilios, Pieridae, Nymphalidas,
Heliconius, Cleronae, Melanitis, Morphinse, and many others. Desiderata. — Numerous
exotics.— iJer. J. M. Hick. The Vicarage, Trimdon, Trimdon Grange, R.S.O.

Desiderata. — During the season — Ova, larvs, pupae, and living imagines of many
species. Good exchange. — H. W. Head, Scarborough.

Wanted (during spring and summer). — Living tcild ? sAtalanta, Cardui, lo, Sinapis,
Cardamines, C-album, Egeria, Lucina, Rubiginea, Semibrunnea, Petrificata, Miata,
Psittacata and Derivata, also larv^ of Repandata and Artemis from all British localities
(except Carlisle and West Meath), especially Scotch and Welsh, Castrensis, Quercifolia,
Interjecta, Xerampelina, Diffinis, Festucse. Liberal exchange.— L. IV. Neicman, Bexley,
Kent.

Wanted, "British Moths," by Newman. — E. Petrie, 56, Brunswick Street, C.-on-M.,
Manchester.

Wanted. — Healthy pupae of Carpini, Callunae, Lanestris, Porcellus, Elpenor, Fueiformis,
Ocellata, Ligustri, Dietaea, Batis, Derasa, Myricie, Menyanthidis, Bifida, Cardamines,
Argiolus, Or, Opima, Asteris, Myrtilli, Notata, etc., in numbers. Will give liberal ex-
change in ova, larvae, pupse, or fine set in.sects. — L. IV. Neivman, Bexley, Kent.

Wanted (to figure). — Examples of the following larvae, fuUfed : Antiopa, Lathonia,
Daplidice, Edusa, Hyale, Livornica, Pinastri, Celerio, Gallii, Euphorbiae. Will any lepi-
dopterist who collects abroad kindly remember my wants when opportunity occurs of
■obtaining any of them ? — J. C. Dollman, Hove House, Newton Grove, Bedford Park, W.

Exchange. — I am desirous of obtaining butterflies from the Malayan Archipelago and
fche Pacific Islands. For such I offer perfect diurnals from North and South America ;
North American Coleoptera. — Levi W. Mengel, Boys' High School, Heading, Pa., U.S.A.

Wanted. — Erycinidffi of the world. Offer for same Diurni from United States,
northern South America and Central America, also North American birds' eggs and
American-Indian relics. — Levi W. Mengel, Boys' High School, Reading, Pa., U.S.A.

Wanted. — The loan of series of Spilosoma urticae for examination, in connection
with statistical work on variation. I will undertake to pay all postage and replace any
specimens that are damaged. — A. Bacot, 154, Lower Clapton Road, N.E.

Albert Memokial Museum, Exeter. — Collectors of British Lepidoptera are asked
to kindly give any spare Devonshire duplicates they may have, to assist in the formation
of a local collection. Duplicates in other Orders also desired. — -F. R. Rowley, Curator.

Parasitical Diptera wanted. — Will lepidopterists who may breed any dipterous
parasites from larvse or pupae kindly forward such as they do not require to me ? If so I
shall be greatly obliged, — C. J. Wainwright, 2, Handsworth Wood Road, Handsioorthy
Staffs.

Change of Address. — The Editors of " The Naturalist " to The Museum, Hull,

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W. 8 p.m.
— Meetins: March 4th, 18th; April 1st; May 6th; June 3rd; October 7th, 21st;
November 4th, 18th ; December 2nd. Annual Meeting, January 20th, 1904.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London

Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C.— The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m. Members are particularly requested to bring varieties and aberrations for exhibi-
tion. Non-members cordially invited. Exhibits invited at each meeting, especially those
illustrative of the discussion, &c. Members wishing to contribute " Communications "
are asked to inform one of the Secretaries. February 17th, Lanteni Slide Exhibition,
•" Nature Studies," Mr. S. J. Bell. March 3rd, Notes on Angerona yrunaria, Mr. C. P.
Pickett, F.E.S. ; March 17th, Phorodesma pustulata, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows. April 7th,
Exhibition and Discussion, "The Genus Triphaena" ; April 21st, Notes on breeding
•Gonodontis bidentata ab. nigra, Mr. T. H. Hamling.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. — Meetings : March 2nd, April 6th. Excur-
sions : February 15th, booking to Windsor, Waterloo 9. -55 a.m. March 8th, Orpington to
Bromley, Cannon Street, 9.1-5 a.m. — Hon. Sec, G. E. Shaw, 22, Baythorne Street,
Bow,E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. — The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
February 20th, Paper, with Lanterji illustrations, " Notes on a few days spent in the
Emerald Isle," E. Step, F.L.S., and H. J. Turner, F.E.S. March 12th, Lantern Lecture,.
"Recent Researches in Protective Resemblance, Ac," Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S.;
March 26th, " Holiday Notes from Amersham, Bucks," H. J. Turner, F.E.S.

North London Natural History Society, Sigdon Road Board School, Dalston Lane,
N.E. (close to Hackney Downs Stations, G.E.R.). — Meetings second and fourth Tuesdays
in each month, at 7.45 p.m. — Notice : — The Eleventh Annual Exhibition of the North
London Natural History Society will be held at the Sigdon Road Board School,
Hackney Downs, N.E. (Girls' Department), February 21st. Meeting commences 7 o'clock
p.m-. Tickets can be obtained of any of the members, or of the Secretary, E. W. Lane,
Parkholme, Fletching Road, Clapton, N.E.

Carlisle Entomological and Natural History Society. — Meetings held at the
Subscription Library, Tullie House, Carlisle. Visitors cordially invited. — Hon. Sec,
F. H. Day, 17, Thirhnere Street, Carlisle.

FOR SAILE^

At xevy low rates.

Scarce and Local British Lepidoj^tera,
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Selections on approval, post free.

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Strong and durable, 38 inches wide. Price 4d. per yard, or 5s. per piece of 20 yards.
Sample 4d. post free, from

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The G.K. Net is made of the best materials.

The G.K. Net can be mounted or dismounted in a viomctit.

The G.K. Net suits any stick, and may be carried in any pocket.

The G.K. Net is every collector's delight.

Tn6 G.K.. rlct /^-^^ Diameter 14 inches. The most elegant net.

READY w'' ''^ Circumference 44 inches. The most practical net .

FOR USE. W- - '^ Depth of the net 29 inches. The most durable net.

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Full List of Ova, Larrar, and I'li/iac, also Li'/n'ilo/iti'ra, Ajiparatiis, Vahinet$

etc., sent on api>Uci(tii>n.
Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Eing Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, '2/G. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-.
Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, (id., 9d., 1/-, 1/0. Zinc Relaxing Boxes,
9d., 1/-, 1/C, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. i^er four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted
or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/0 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/(3,
2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6,
4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting Boards, Hat or oval, lin., 6d.; l^in., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2^in., 1/- ;
3Jin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses,
9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-,
5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
double tin, 1/6 to 'oj'o. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/() per
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/4 per dozen sheets. Brass Chlorulorm Bottle,
2/(). Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com-
panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors,
2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals ; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto
of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English names (1894 edition),
1/6. Our new complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1/- ;
or printed on one side for labels, 2/-.

Now IIe.\i)y. — The Exchange List and Label List, compiled by Mr. Ed. Meyrick, B.A.,
F.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent "Handbook of British Lepidoptera." Exchange
List, ^d. each, 4d. per dozen, or 4/- per 100. Label List, 9d. each.

THE "DIXON" LAMP NET, recently improved 3/6.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Oijjects, Fossils, &o.

Catalogue (96 pages) sent on application, post free.

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GENUINE BRITISH ONLY STOCKED.

Price list free.
Lepidoi^tera reared from the ova to Pupse or Imagine.=! on conimission.

For terms, etc., apply

L. W. NEWMAN, Bexley, Kent.

PREPARE FOR SPRING COLLECTING.

PRACTICAL HINTS

FOR THE

FIELD LEPIDOPTERIST

(PART II)

By J. AV. TUTT, F.E.S.

Price 6s. net (interleaved for Collector's own notes).

Much larger than, and supplementary to, Part I. Every Field-lepi-

dopterist, however proficient, will learn something from it, and should have
the work for reference. The year's work is already arranged by means of
(1) General Notes on Collecting, Eearing, Sec, (2) Exact and detailed
hints.

Part I (except for a few copies) sold out completely in the spring and
summer of 1902. Part II should certainly do the same in 1903.

THE MIGRATION & DISPERSAL
OF INSECTS.

BY

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Demy 8vo., 132 pp. Price Five Shillings net.

This book, the only one published on this interesting subject, is of first

importance to all students of the geographical distribution of animals, and

contains the following chapters : —

1. General Considerations. 2. Coccids and Aphides, o. Oitlioplera. 4. Odonata.
5. Lepidoptera. 6. Coleopteva. 7. Diptera. s. Social Insects — Hyaienoptera, Ter-
mites. 9. Final considerations.

Only a very small number of copies has been printed. It is trusted that

all entomologists will, besides supporting the book themselves, recommend it

to any libraries in Avhich they are interested or with wliich they are

connected.

To be obtained irom H. E. Page, "Bertrosc," Gellatly lioad, Hatcham.

Vol. XV.

^:

No. 3.

vV

THI'.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

b^l>ITKI) HY

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

T. HUDSON HEARE, u.s.;., f.e.s., i.w.s.e.
.M. BURR, B.A.,F.Z.S., F.L.S., K.K.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., K.z.s., F.e.s.
Ij. B. PROUT, f.e.s. H. St. .J.K.DONISTHORPE, f.z.s. y.^•.A

MARCH loth, 1003.

t\''%

r

Price Sixpence (Mir)

(WITH PLATE).

Subscription for Complete Volvmie, post tree

(I)ioluding SPECIAL INDEX and all DOUBLE NUMBERS),
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BE iiOnWAHDJ:;L> 1 U

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"Bektkose," Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park
^y^ London, S.E.

LONDON :

ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Pateknostek Row, E.G.

BERLIN :

R. FEIEDLANDEll & BOHN,

11, Carlstrassk, N.W.

NEW YORK:

Ph. HEINSBERGER, it, First Avendjs,

New York, U.S.A.

n r>„:„„„^ C*,.«^+ roiT/^.i/UcVi Snnavo T.nnrlrin. Wf!.

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Monthly Premiums.

JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager amJ Secrelary.

Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE. POULTRY, LONDON, EX.

T>. F. TAYLER & Co., Lta.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers^

Smaij. Heads and 1'krfkct Points. Whitk, Black, axd Gii.t.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.
J. T. CROCKETT & SON,

.AIAKKHS OK KVEHY DESClUl'l'IOX Ol'

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS

store anil Hook Boxes fitted with CamiJhor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With drawers tilted with (rlass Top.s and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing

insects.

Store Boxes Specially made foi' Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

All best work. Fjowest possible terms for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given.

The Trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

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Factories -84, KIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W,

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from. Great advantage in dealing with the makers,

.\11 Goods at Store Prices.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS I ! I

, minute

s/-

It is veiv essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, givini,' locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

To comprise equal numbers of not niuru than ten localities.

Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as

received. Kemittance in full must accompany each order.

ADDRESS. -"Requisites," 3, Lovegrove Place, Walnut Tree Road

Oreenwich, S.E.

IMPORTANT NOTICE.

For the April nnmber (and for this number only) exchanges must be sent to Mr. H. Paije,
'■' BtTtrose," Qcllatly Boad, Hatcham. '

Subscriptions for Vol. XV. are now over due.
MT o oc X c e: .

The Back Volumes (I-XIV)of The EntomologisVs Record, &c.. can be obtfiined at 10s. (Jd.
per Volume. Complete set of 14 vols. £5 7s. Cd. net. " Special Index " to Vols. III., IV.,
v., VI., VII., VIII., IX., X., XL, XII. and XIII., price 1/6 each. Single Back Numbers

can be obtained at double the published price from H. E. Page, F.E.S., "Bertrose."
Gellatly Eoad, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to The Entomologist's Record, &c.. are
payable in advance. The subscription (including the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and must be
sent to Mr. H. E. Page, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E. Cheques and
Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Tutt.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale will be inserted at a minimum charge of 2s. 6d. (for
tour lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series. Particulars of Mr.
H. E. Page, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. E. Page, "Bertrose, "
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E,, otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed

Articles for insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. W. Tutt, Westcombe Hill, S.E., except
those relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donisthorpe, 58, Kensington Mansio.s,
South Kensington, S.W., and those relating to Orthoptera, to Mr. M. BuRn, Dormaus Park, Ea ^t
Grinstead.

All Exchange Magazines must in future be forwarded to J. IV. Tutt,
Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

Reprints of Articles or Notes (long or short) appearing in this Magazine can be arranged
for by Authors at a very low price, on application to Mr. H. E. Page, F.E.S.,

" Bertrose," Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E,

Exchange Basicets. — March 14th, 1903, No. 1 basket. — Major Kobertson, Messrs,
Fox, Lofthouse, Studd, Eiding, Day, Bower, Home, Bowles, Mera. .January 19th,
1903, No. 2 basket. — Messrs. Whittle, Studd, Eiding, Atmore, Walker, Croker Robertson,
Adkin, Woodforde, Bower, Ash. [Members who wish to be missed must write to the
name preceding their own on list, not to the Secretary]. The names of one or two
new candidates for admission would be welcomed ,and room made as opportunity offered.

Duplicates. — Z. annulata, vars. obsoleta and bi-obsoleta, and intermediates. Deside-
rata.— Offers. — W. S. Eiding, Buckerell Lodge, near Honiton, E. Devon.

DuiMcatei. — Pulveraria*, Advenaria*, Eepandata (dark)*, Templi (fair), Hastata
(fine), Csesiata, Inornata and larvae*, Chrysorrhcea*, Viminalis var. obscura*, Palpina*,,
Heparata, lllustraria*, Cinxia*, Albicillata, Ambigua (fair), Eibesiaria( = Prunata), five
Fluctuosa (fair), Actseon, Menthastri* vars. ochracea, carbonica, Lubricipeda* var,
radiata (all forms, including black bordered). Desiderata. — Iris, Holosericata, Irri-
guata, Coustrictaria, Valerianata, Quadrifasciaria, Dodon^a, Putrescens, Caliginosa,
Semibrunnea, &c. — J. Harrison, 7, Gaioher Eoad, Barnsley.

Duplicates. — A. cratagi (4, poor), Polychloros* and undersides, Cardui* and under-
sides, lo* (4), Atalanta* (6), Aglaia, Agestis, Corydon, Galatea, Adonis, C. rubi, Argiolug,
Palealis (2), Prasinana*, S. ligustri (2), Porcellus (2), Moneta (2, poor), Opima* (2),
Gracilis, L'mbratica, Chrysorrhoea*, Salicis, Dominula*, Matura, Sobrina (poor), and
others. Desiderata. — Vespertaria, Apiciaria, Advenaria, Fasciaria, Dolobraria, Lunaria,
Fuscantaria, Erosaria, Angularia, Pennaria, Pedaria, Zonaria, Hispidaria, Hirtaria, Pro-
dromaria, Betularia and var. Doubledayaria, Glabraria and other Geometrse. — H. D. Stock'
well, 6, Beresford Terrace, Dover.

Duplicates. — Ochroleuca, Semibrunnea (<ew), Cardui*. Desiderata. — Very numerous.
— James Banks, 19, Odo Road, Dover.

Desiderata. — During the season — Ova, larvae, pupae, and living imagines of many
species. Good exchange. — H. W. Head, Scarborough.

Wanted Coleophor.e.— As I wish to breed and record the life-history of all the
species of Coleophora, I should be pleased to receive any cases and living larvae which
entomologists may meet with. I will do what I can in return, — Hy. J. Turner, 13,
Drakefell Road, St. Catherine's Park, Hatcham, S.E.

Wanted (during spring and summer). — Living wild ? sAtalanta, Cardui, lo, Sinapis,
Cardamines, C-album, Egeria, Lucina, Rubiginea, Semibrunnea, Petrificata, Miata,
Psittacata and Derivata, also larvae of Eepandata and Aurini from all British localities
(except Carlisle and Westmeath), especially Scotch and Welsh, Castrensis, Quercifolia,
Interjecta, Xerampelina, Diffinis, Festucae. Liberal exchange.— L. W. Neiv)iian, Bexley, Kent.

Wanted (to figure). — Examples of the following larvae, fullfed : Antiopa, Lathonia,
Daplidice, Edusa, Hyale, Livornica, Pinastri, Celerio, Gallii, Euphorbia;. Will any lepi-
dopterist who collects abroad kindly remember my wants when opportunity occurs of
obtaining any of them ? — •/. G. Dollman, Hove House, Neivton Grove, Bedford Park, W .

Exchange. — I am desirous of obtaining butterflies from the Malayan Archipelago and
the Pacific Islands. For such I offer perfect diurnals from North and South America ;
North American Coleoptera. — Levi W. Mengel, Boys' High School, Reading, Pa., U.S.A.

Wanted. — Erycinidse of the world. Offer for same Diurni from United States^
northern South America and Central America, also North American birds' eggs and
American-Indian relics. — Levi W. Metigel, Boj/s' High School, Reading, Pa., U.S.A.

Albert Memorial Mdsetjm, Exeter. — Collectors of British Lepidoptera are asked
to kindly give any spare Devonshire duplicates they may have, to assist in the formation
of a local collection. Duplicates in other Orders also desired. — F. R. Rowley, Curator.

Parasitical Diptera wanted. — Will lepidopterists who may breed any dipteroBK
parasites from larvae or pupse kindly forward such as they do not require to me ? If so I
shall be greatly obliged. — C. J. Waimoright, 2, Handsworth Wood Road, Haiidsworih,
Staffs.

Change of Address. — T. H. Briggs to Rock House, Lj/nmouth, R.S.O., N. Devon.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W. 8 p.m.
— Meetings : March 18th, Papers — 1. " An Entomological Excursion to Bejar, Central
Spain," George C. Champion, F.Z.S. ; 2. " On Lepidoptera from the White Nile, collected
by Mr. W. L. S. Loat, F.Z.S., with further Notes on Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies"
(illustrated by Lantern Slides), Dr. Frederick A. Dixey. M.A., M.D., Fellow of Wadham
College, O.\ford ; 3. " Hymenoptera aculeata collected by the Rev. A. E. Eaton, M.A., in
Madeira and Tenerife, in the Spring of 1902," Edward Saunders, F.E.S., F.L.S. April
1st, Lantern Lecture, by Mr. F. Enoch; May 6th; June 3rd; October 7th, 2lBt;
November 4th, 18th ; December 2nd. Annual Meeting, January 20th, 1904.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Finsbury Circus. E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.n). Members are particularly requested to bring varieties and aberrations for exhibi-
tion. Non-members cordially invited. Exhibits invited at each meeting, especially those
illustrative of the discussion, &c. Members wishing to contribute " Communications"
are asked to inform one of the Secretaries. March 17th, Phorodesma pustulata, BeT.
C. R. N. Burrows. April 7th, Exhibition and Discussion. "The Genus Triphaena*' ;
April 21st, " Notes on breeding Gonodontis bidentata ab. nigra," Mr. T. H. Hamling.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m.— Meetings : April 6th. — Hon. Sec., G. E. Shaw, 22, Bay-
thorne Street, Bow, E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge.— The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
M8.rch 26th, Paper with E.xhibits, " Holiday Notes from Amersham, Bucks," H. J.
Turner, F.E.S. April 9th, Exhibits and Discussions; April 23rd, Short Paper with
Exhibits, by W. Manger.

North London Natural History Society, Sigdon Road Board School, Dalston Lane,
N.E. (close to Hackney Downs Stations, G.E.R.). — Meetings second and fourth Tuesdays
in each month, at 7.45 p.m.

Carlisle Entomological and Natural History Society.— Meetings held at the
Subscription Library, TuUie House, Carlisle. Visitors cordially invited. — Hon. Sec,
F. H. Day, 17, Thirhnere Street, Carlisle.

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THE ENTOMOLOaiST'5 LIBRARY.

Books written by J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The Natural History of the British Lepidoptera.

(A Text-book for Students and Collectors.)

Vols. I, II, aud III. (Price 20s. each volume net. nis. for the 3 vols.)
This work is the most advanced scientific text-book ever issued on the British Lepi-
doptera. Besides chapters on the general subject, each volume contains, in the systematic
part, a detailed account of the species, each of which is treated under a variety of headings,
e.g.. Synonymy, Original description, Imago, Sexual Dimorphism, Gynandromorphism,
Variation, Egg-laying, Ovum, Habits of Larva, Larva, Variation of Larva, Pupation,
Cocoon, Pupa, Pupal Habits, Dehiscence, Variation of duration of pupal stage, Food-
plants, Parasites, Habits, Habitat, Time of appearance. Localities, Distribution. The
entomologist has, here, a revision of the superfamilies treated in a modern scientific
manner, and the work is of first importance to workers at these groups in all parts of the
world. The systematic part deals particularly with the species found in Britain, and
affords such a mass of detail concerning the British species as has never before been
brought together. To the general biologist the discussion and details relating to the
hybridism, gynandromorphism, variation and life-histories of the species dealt with, afford
a mass of material not to be obtained elsewhere ; whilst to the lepidopterist pure and
simple, the mass of information will enable him to study his subject from many different
standpoints ; to the collector the infoi-mation concerning the habits, foodplants, habitat,
and localities, is as full as it can possibly be in the present state of our knowledge ; whilst
it would take the phenologist and student of distribution years to collect anything like the
number of facts bearing on their own special work that is here ready for their digestion.
Each volume contains a great deal of original matter, not only from the observations of
the author, but also from Dr. T. A. Chapman, Messrs. A. W. Bacot and L. B. Prout, who
have collaborated with the author in their own branches of study for the work. Besides
these, some 200 other lepidopterists have helped in different ways and in various degrees.
The volumes contain a vast amount of absolutely new material relating to all the species
treated, and, at the same time, the whole of the information to be obtained from the long
series of volumes of The EntoniologisVs Monthly Magazine, The Entomologist, The Ento-
mologisVs Record, The Entomologist'^ Weekly Intelligencer, The Zoologist, The Transactioiin
of the Entomological Society of London, &s well as that contained in the works of Stainton,
Newman, Meyrick, Barrett, and others — also in the leading Continental Transactions and
Magazines — has been carefully summarised and noted. The works of all the leading
Continental authorities have also been carefully overhauled, and the important facts
gleaned therefrom. So much labour has been expended in making the volume worthy of
acceptance to all lepidopterists, and the cost of production of so large a book is so heavy,
that the support of every lepidopterist is earnestly solicited. To those lepidopterists who
have bpcome interested in the scientific study of the subject they profess, these volumes
will op'en up a new world. The amount of labour expended in producing them has been
enormous, and, expensive as the works may appear, are really cheaper than any other
published work on the subject, for they represent a whole library of informtition that is
otherwise practically unobtainable.

Monograph of the Pterophorina.

(Demy 8vo., 161 pp., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-).
This book contains an introductory chapter on " Collecting," •' Kilhng " and
*' Setting " the Pterophorina, a table giving details of each species — Times of appearance
of larva, of pupa and of imago, food-plants, mode of pupation, and a complete account (so
far as is known) of evei-y British species, under the headings of " Synonymy," "Imago,"
" Variation," " Ovum," " Larva," " Food-plants," " Pupa," " Habitat," and " Distribu-
tion." It is much the most complete and trustworthy account of this interesting group of
Lepidoptera that has ever been published.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh.

(Crown 8vo., Illustrated, Bound in Cloth, (Price 2/6).

Another series of collecting expeditions into well-known entomological and natural
history localities, with description of botanical, geological, ornithological as well as
entomological matters of interest to be found therein. The places dealt with include
Cobham Woods, Cuxtou Downs, the Western Highlands, Cliffe — all well known for their
rich entomological fauna.

To be obtained from H. E. Page, "Earirose,". Gellaily Road, Hatcham.

The British Noctuse and their Varieties.

(Complete in 4 volumes. Price 7/- per vol.).

These four volumes comprise the most complete text-book ever issued on the Noctdides,.
The work contains critical notes on the synonymy, the original type descriptions (or descrip-
tions of the original tigures) of every British species, the type descriptions of all known
varieties of each British species, tabulated diagnoses and short descriptions of the various
phases of variation of the more polymorphic species ; all the data known concerning the
rare and reputed British species. Complete notes on the lines of development of the
general variation observed in the various families and genera. The geographical range
of the various species and their varieties, as well as special notes by lepidopterists who
have paid particular attention to certain species.

Each volume has an extended introduction. That to Vol. I deals with " General
variation and its causes " — with a detailed account of the action of natural selection in
pi'oducing melanism, albinism, &c. That to Vol. II deals with " The evolution and
genetic sequence of insect colours," the most complete review of the subject published.
That to Vol. Ill deals with "Secondary Sexual Characters in Lepidoptera," explaining
so far as is known, a consideration of the organs (and their functions) included in the
term. That to Vol. IV deals with " The classification of the Noctuae," with a comparison
of the Neai'ctic and Palsearctic Noctuides.

The first subscription list comprised some 200 of our leading British lepidopterists,
and up to the present time some 500 complete sets of the work have been sold.
The treatise is Invaluable to all working collectors who want the latest information on this
group, and contains large quantities of material collected from foreign magazines and the
works of old British authors, arranged in connection with each species, and not to be
found in any other published work.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.

(Demy 8vo., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-).

Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for the
forms of melanism and melanochroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of
melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin ; the special value of
"natural selection," "environment," "heredity," "disease," "temperature," &c., in
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the
Entomological Society of London, says, " An especially interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in
Mr. Tdtt's series of papers on " Melanism and Melanochroism."

Rambles in Alpine Valleys.

Bound in Cloth, with Map and Photographs of District.

This book contains a series of essays dealing with the colours of insects, and sugges-
tions as to the relation in past time between the Alpine and British fauna. Many new
facts are brought forward, and entomological problems discussed from various standpoints

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh.

Price 2/6. 242 pp. and 103 Woodcuts and full-page Illustrations.

A series of Entomological Essays based on the insects to be found in various welJ-
known entomological localities. Deals with a great many of the more philosophical
.subjects now before the entomological public.

A few Copies of the following Pamphlets.

Notes on Hybrids of Tephrosia bistortata, Goeze, and T. crepuscularia, Hb. . . 1/-
Some Kesults of Recent Experiments in Hybridising Tephrosia bistortata and

T. crepuscularia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/-

The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths 1/&

The Lasiocampids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/-

Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental references to the Nature

of Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/6

The Scientific Aspect of Entomology (1) . . . . . . . . . . • - 1/-

The Scientific Aspects of Entomology (2) . . . . . . . . . . . , 1/-

A gregarious butterfly — Erebia nerine — with notes on the Lepidoptera of the

Mendelstrasse .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1/-

The Nature of Metamorphosis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . • 1/-

Postal Orders to H. E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP^.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

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Plain King Nets, wive or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/G. Folding Nets, 8/G, 4/--
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\td., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. pei" four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted
or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1;6,
•J/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/i;,
t/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d.; l^in., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2Jin., 1, ;
:i^in., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses,
9/G, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-,
r>/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
double tin, 1/6 to 6/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2/C to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/4 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle,
2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass- bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com-
panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors,
2/- per pair ; lOggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto
i>f Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English names (1894 edition),
1/6. Our new complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1/-;
or printed on one side for labels, 2/-.

Now Ready. — The Exchange List and Label List, compiled by Mr. Ed. Meyrick, B.A.,
F.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent "Handbook of British Lepidoptera." Exchange
List, Jd. each, 4d. per dozen, or 4/- per 100. Label List, 9d. each.

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For terms, etc., apply

L, W. NEWMAN, Bexley, Kent.

PREPARE FOR SPRING COLLECTING.

PRACTICAL HINTS

FOR THE

FIELD LEPIDOPTERIST

(PART II)

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Price 6s. net (interleaved for Collector's own notes).

Much lai-ger than, and supplementary to, Part 1. Every Field-lepi-

dopterist, however proficient, will learn something h-om it, and should hav<^
the work for reference. The year's work is already arranged V)y means of
fl) General Notes on Collecting, Reai-ing. Ac. (2) Exact and detailed
hints.

Part I (except for a few copies) sold out cuni))l('tely in the spring and
isummer of 1902. Part IT should certainly do the smthc in 1908.

THE MIGRATION & DISPERSAL
OF INSECTS.

BY

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Demy 8vo., 132 pp. Price Five Shillings net.

This book, the only one published on this interesting subject, is of first

importance to all students of the geographical distribution of animals, and

contains the following chapters : —

I. General Considerations. 2. Coccids and Aphides. 3. Orlhopteia. 4. OdonatH.
5. Lepidoptera. 6. Coleoptera. 7. Diptera. 8. Social Insects — Hymi'uoptera, Ter-
unites. 9. Final considerations.

Only a very small number of copies has been printed. It is trusted that

all entomologists will, besides supporting the book themselves, recommend it

to any libraries in which they are interested or with which they are

connected.

To be obtained from H. E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Boad. Hntihiim.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD
JOURNAL OF VARIATION

J. V/. TUTT, F.E.S

:T. HUDHON hi; are, b.sc, i.l.s., i.u.s.i..
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iPHIL Dili. 1903.

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Westcombe Park, S.E.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LIBRARY.

Books written by J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
The Natural History of the British Lepidoptera.

(A Text-book for Students and Collectors.)

Vols. I, II, and III. (Price 20s. each volume net. 54s. for the 3 vols.)
This work is the most advanced scientific text-book ever issued on the British Lepi-
doptera. Besides chapters on the general subject, each volume contains, in the systematie
part, a detailed account of the species, each of which is treated under a variety of headings,
e.g.. Synonymy, Original description, Imago, Sexual Dimorphism, Gjaiandromorphism,
Variation, Egg-laying, Ovum, Habits of Larva, Larva, Variation of Larva, Pupation,
Cocoon, Pupa, Pupal Habits, Dehiscence, Variation of duration of pupal stage, Food-
plants, Parasites, Habits, Habitat, Time of appearance. Localities, Distribution. The
entomologist has, here, a revision of the superfamilies treated in a modern scientific
manner, and the work is of first importance to workers at these groups in all parts of the
world. The systematic part deals particularly with the species found in Britain, and
affords such a mass of detail concerning the British species as has never before been
brought together. To the general biologist the discussion and details relating to the
hybridism, gynandromorphism , variation and life-histories of the species dealt with, afford
a mass of material not to be obtained elsewhere ; whilst to the lepidopterist pure and
simple, the mass of information will enable him to study his subject from many different
•standpoints ; to the collector the information concerning the habits, foodplants, habitat,
and locahties, is as full as it can possibly be in the present state of our knowledge ; whilst
it would take the phenologist and student of distribution years to collect anything like the
number of facts bearing on their own special work that is here ready for their digestion.
Each volume contains a great deal of original matter, not only from the observations of
the author, but also from Dr. T. A. Chapman, Messrs. A. W. Bacot and L. B. Prout, who
liave collaborated with the author in their own branches of study for the work. Besides
these, some 200 other lepidopterists have helped in different ways and in various degrees.
The volumes contain a vast amount of absolutely new material relating to all the species
treated, and, at the same time, the whole of the information to be obtained from the long
series of volumes of The Entomologist'' s Monthly Magazine, The Entomologist, The Ento-
mologisfs Eecord, The EntomologisV a Weekly Intelligencer, The Zoologist, The Transactions
of the Entomological Society of Loyi(l(m,a.& well as that contained in the works of Stainton,
Newman, Meyrick, Barrett, and others — also in the leading Continental Transactions and
Magazines — has been carefully summarised and noted. The works of all the leading
Continental authorities have also been carefully overhauled, and the important facts
gleaned therefo-om. So much labour has been expended in making the volume worthy of
acceptance to aU lepidopterists, and the cost of production of so large a book is so heavy,
that the support of eveiy lepidopterist is earnestly solicited. To those lepidopterists who
have become interested in the scientific study of the subject they profess, these volumes
will open up a new world. The amount of labour expended* in producing them has been
enormous, and, expensive as the works may appear, are really cheaper than any other
published work on the subject, for they represent a whole library of information that is
otherwise practically unobtainable.

Monograph of the Pterophorina.

(Demy 8vo., 161 pp., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-).
This book contains an introductory chapter on " Collecting," " Killing " and
"' Setting " the Pterophorina, a table giving details of each species — Times of appearance
■of larva, of pupa and of imago, food-plants, mode of pupation, and a complete account (so
far as is known) of every British species, under the headings of " Synonymy," "Imago,"
" Variation," " Ovum," " Larva," " Food-plants," " Pupa," " Habitat," and " Distribu-
Mon." It is much the most complete and trustworthy account of this interesting group of
Ijepidoptera that has ever been published.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh.

(Crown 8vo., Illustrated, Bound in Cloth, (Price 2/6).

Another series of collecting expeditions into well-known entomological and natural
Mstory localities, with description of botanical, geological, ornithological as well as
entomological matters of interest to be found therein. The places dealt with include
Cobham Woods, Cuxton Downs, the Western Highlands, Cliffe — all well known for their
?ach entomological fauna.

To be obtained from H. E. Page, "Rprti*ose,*'' Gellntly Road. Hatcham.

Albebt Memorial Museum, Exetbb. — Collectors of British Lepidoptera are askdd
k) kindly give any spare Devonshire duplicates they may have, to assist in the formation
of a local collection. Duplicates in other Orders also desired. — F. R. Rowley, Curator.

Parasitical Dipteka wanted. — Will lepidopterists who may breed any dipterons
parasites from larvae or pupae kindly forward such as they do not require to me ? If so I
«hall be greatly obliged. — C. J. Wainwright, 2, Handsworth Wood Road, Handsivorth,
Staffs.

Changes of Address. — A. Harrison, Delamere, Grove Road, South Woodford, Essex.
R. Hamlyn-Harris, D.Sc, F.E.S., F.Z.S., etc., Paste Restante, Brisbane, Queensland,
Australia. H. W. Andretos, Mafeking, Welling, Kent. J. G. Le Marchant, 14, Thurlo*
Square, S.W.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W. 8 p.ro.
— Meetings: May 6th ; June 3id ; October 7th, 21st; November 4th, 18th; December 2nd.
Annual Meeting, January 20th, 1904.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.G. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m. Members are particularly requested to bring varieties and aberrations for exhibi-
tion. Non-members cordially invited. Exhibits invited at each meeting, especially those
illustrative of the discussion, &c. Members wishing to contribute " Communications"
are asked to inform one of the Secretaries. April 21st, "Notes on breeding Gonodontis
hidentata ab. nigra," Mr. T. H. Hamling.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. — Hon. Sec, G. E. Shaw, 22, Baythorne Street, Bow, E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. — The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
April 23rd, Short Paper with Exhibits, by W. Manger.

North London Natural History Society, Sigdon Eoad Board School, Dalston Lane,
N.E. (close to Hackney Downs Stations, G.E.B.). — Meetings second and fourth Tuesdays
in each month, at 7.45 p.m.

Carlisle Entomological and Natural History Society. — Meetings held at the
Subscription Library, Tullie House, Carlisle. Visitors cordially invited. — Hon. Sec,
F. H. Day, 17, Thirlmere Street, Carlisle.

FOR SALE, A SUPERIOR

Mahogany Entomological Cabinet

Of 40 Interchangeable Drawers.

Size IBin. by 16in., ebony knobs, sunk panelled sides to carcase, moulded top
and plinth, and enclosed by 2 plate-glass panelled doors. Own make.

Price £40. T. GURNEY, 50, Broadway, London Fields, N.E.

VIENNA 1893. 'CSTT^T^T^TT' TI? TT'X 'V l^TTT^Qi geneva 1896.
Meaall. Class. -^ U A A .C^X^X? M^ X XM .Crf X ^ Honorable Diplomft,

The G.K. Net is made of the best materials.
The G.K. Net can be mounted or dismounted in a moment.
The G.K. Net suits any stick, and may be carried in any pocket.
The G.K. Net is every collector's delight.

The G.K. Net

BEADY
FOR USE.

Diameter 14 inches. The most elegant net.

Circumference 44 inches. The most practical net.

Depth of the net 29 inches. The most durable net.

The G.K. Net

WHEN NOT
IN USE.

Steel ring.l Dimensions 1 by 4 by 11 inches.

j^ The Lightest, the Handiest, the Cheapest Net.

N tof Ik i ^^^ Quality, one Size, one Price only.

Send postal order 6/-, and you will get the G.K. Net free of all charge from-

GRAF-KRUSI, GAIS, SWITZERLAND.

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E-

The Largest Breedei- of Lepidoptei'n, in the British Isles is

H. Mr. HEAD, OMitouiaUniUtt,

SeT^HBOKOUGH.

Full Lht of Ova, Jjinai, and Pupae, also Lt'/>i(l'>i't<nt, .Ij'paratus, Cihinns

ftc, Kent on api>licatioii.
Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Eing Nets, wire or cane, inekuling Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/0. Folding Nets, ;i/G, 4/--
Umbrella Nets (self-acting). 7/-. Pocket Boxes, OcL, 9d., 1/-, l/C Zinc Eelaxmg Boxes
9d 1/- 1/6 21-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pnis, assorted
or mixed 1/- 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/0,
21- Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/0,
4/- 5/- 6/-. Setting Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d.; IJin., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2^ni., 1/- ;
3Ain 1/4- 4iii 1/6 • 5in.. 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Settmg Houses,
m 'he, ;' corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/0, 4/-,
5/- ' 7/(i Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
double tin, 1/0 to 0/0. "Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennse 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per
pair Cabinet Cork, 7 1)V H, best qualitv 1/4 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle,
5/0 Insect Lens, 1/- to 's/-r Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to]/-. Pupa Digger, in leather .sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com-
panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/ii ; Scissors,
21- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals ; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto
of Land and Fresh-water SheUs, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and Engh.sh names (1894 edition),

|b~ 1/0. Our new complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1/- ;

P or printed on one side for labels, 2/-. ., . , ,r ,-. i -xr • i n a

'• _ Now Ready.— The Exchange List and Label List, compiled by Mr. Ed. Meyrick, B.A.,

F.L.S., F.E.S.. according to his recent " Handbook of British Lepidoptera." Exchange

List", id. each, 4d. per dozen, or 4/- per 100. Label List, 9d. each.

THE " DIXON " LAMP NET, recently improved 3/6.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Ixsect.s, Bird.V Eggs, Coins, Microscopicai. Ob.tf.ci's, B^ossii.-j, &c.

Catalogue (96 iDages) sent on application, post free.

Li.^RGE STOCK OF INSECTS' AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exoiic.)

Birds, Miiinmals, etc.. Preserved and Mounted bij First-class Workmen.

Adtoss 36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors from Charing Cross)

kOVA, LARV/E AND PUP^.
Large stock all the year round. Finest qualiiy.
GENUINE BRITISH ONLY STOCKED.
Price list free.
Lepid.MJtHi-a rf^ared from the ova to Pupa? or Imagine.s on commission.

For terms, etc., apply

L. W. NEWMAN, Bexley, Kent.

PREPARE FOR SPRING COLLECTING.

PRACTICAL HINTS

FOR THE

FIELD LEPIDOPTERIST

(PART 11)

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Price 6s. net (interleaved for Collector's own notes).

^lucb Ini'^ei- than, and suijplcnicntary to, Part I. J'^very Field-lepi-

flopterist, however protificiit, will learn something from it, and should have
the Avork tor reference. The year's work is already arranged by means of
(1) General Notes on Collecting, Hearing, S:c., (2) l"-xact and detailed
hints.

Part 1 (except for a few copies) sold out couipletfly in thcspring and
snminev of 1902. Part 11 should certainly do the same in 190B.

THE MIGRATION & DISPERSAL
OF INSECTS.

MY

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Demy 8vo., 132 pp. Price P'ive Shillings net.

This book, the only one published on this interesting subject, is of first

importance to all students of the geographical distribution of animals, and

contains the following chapters : —

1. General Considerations. 2. Coccids and Apliicles. '.i. OrthopkMu. i. Odonata.
5. I-epidoptcra. 6. Coleoptera. 7. Diptora. s. Social Insects — Hviiiciioptera, Ter-
mites. I). Fiiuil considerations.

Only a \ery small number of copies has been printed. It is trusted that

all entomologists Avill, besides su[)poi'ting the book themselves, recommend it

to anv librai'ies in wbicli tluy aic interested or with AAliich they ai'e

connected.

To lif ohiiiiiicd l'i(iiii H. I'.. I'm. I. •■ llerMo&e," Gellativ Uoad, F^aldiani.

Price Sixpence (mi)

(WITH PLATE).

Subscription for Complete Yolnnu', post ti-ee

anclu.liuvc Sl'KCIAli IXUEX and all DOCBEK NUMBERS),
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO UK lOUWAKlHi-l) JO

HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S.,

'• BtiiiHlisE," Gtl.r.ATi.Y lloAD, St. Cai iikiiini;"s l'ii;K

VKNUE,

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Life Assurance WITH OR WITHOUT Medical Examination.

Monthly Premiums.

JAMES H. SCOTT, Geiwrctl Mnixuti'i- (uul Srrrrtan/.

Head Office -ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.C.
I>. F. TAYLER & Co., Lta.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

S:wAT,L Heads \\p Pjckfect Points. Whiik, Bt-Atic, and Grr/r.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

VIENNA 1893. X>TTnm^1C^T^T7T 'V TWTT'nBnCt GENEVA 189G.
Medal I. Class. -■-* \J ^M^ ^M^ J^.MT^X' MU X X^ JCa A ^ Hoiuuahle Diploiiia.

The G.K. Net is made of the liest materials.
The G.K. Net can be mounted or dismounted in a iiioiiiciit.
The G.K. Net suits any stick, and may be carried in any pocket.
The G.K. Net is every collector's delight.

1 n6 ijr.iv. N6t /-xjS^ Diameter 14 inches. The most elegant net.

KEADY 0Xi§m Circumference 44 inches. The most practical net.

FOR USE. 1 w^^ Depth of the net 2i» inches. The most durable net.

The G.K. Net

st,.,q

Dimensions 1 liv 4 bv 11 inches.

WHEN NOT jp' . The Lightest, the Handiest, the Cheapest Net.

IN USE. Net of silk I One Quality, one Size, one Price only.

Send postal order 0/-, and you will get the G.K. Net free of all charge from -

GRAF-KRUSI, GAIS, SWITZERLAND.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential that every specimen, la lie aiithiMiiic, should hear a minute
label, giving locality, date of ca[ifine. and name of captor.

(To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities. \ P /

Larger quantities ^)rii rain. Orders executed in same order asLn /

order. j [J/ "

.Sll.-tl:.IMl

1 Larger quantities ^)rii rata. Orders executed in
( received, liemittance in full nnwt accompany

ADDRESS. — "Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycente Road,
Westcombe Park, S.E.

Subscriptions for Vol. XV are now over due.
MT o rr I c e: .

The Back Volumes (I-XIV)of The Entomolofibt'it Record, &c., can he obtained at 10s. M
per Volume. Complete set of 14 vols. £-5 7s. Gd. net. " Special Index " to Vols. III., IV.,
v., VI.. VII., VIII., IX.. X., XI., XII.. XIII. and XIV., price 1/6 each. Single Back
Numbers can be obtixined at doubi.k the published price from H. E. Paoe, F.IvS.,
"Bertrose," Gellatly Iload, St. Catherine's Park, Ijondon, S.E.

SnbKrrihers are kinrlly requested to observe that subscriptions to Tlie J'Jntomologisl's Record, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (including the Special Index) is Sk.vf.n Siiillinos, and must lie
sent to Mr. H. E. Page, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E. Cheques mid
Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Tdtt.

Advehtisements of Books and Jnsects for Sale will be inserted at a minimum charge pf 2s. fid. (tor
four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series. Particulars of Mr.
H. E. Page, Bertro.se, Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must repor the same to Mr. H. E. Page, "Bertrose,"
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed.

Articles for insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. W. Turr, Westcombe Hill, S.E., excerpt
those relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donisthorpe, 58, Kensington Mansions,
South Kensington, S.W., and those relating to Orthoptera, to Mr. M. Bukr, Dormans Park, East
Grinstead.

Ail Exchange Magazines must in future be forwarded to J. W. Tutt,
Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

Reprints of Articles or Notes (long or short) appearing in this JMagazine can be arran^'ed
for by Authors at a very low price, on application to Mr. H. E. Page, F.E.S.,

" Bertrose," Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Exchange Baskets. — March 14th, 1903, No. 1 basket. — Major Hobertson, Messrs.
Fox, Lofthouse, Studd, Riding, Day, Bower, Home, ISowles, Mera. Mureh 24th,
No. 2 basket. — Dr. Hiding, Messrs. Walker, Studd, Croker, Robertson, Adkin, Whittle,
Atmore, Bower, Woodforde, Ash. [Members who wish to be missed must write to the
name preceding their own on list, not to. the Secretary]. The names of one or two
new candidates for admission would be welcomed and room made as opportunity offered.

Diqjlicates. — Larvje : Peimaria and Chrysorrhoea. Dexideiata. — Larvie : Prunaria,
Artemis (from South of England), and offers of larvse. — M. A. Pitman, 11, Park J, due,
Norwich.

Duplicatet<. — Prodomaria ova from first indoor pairing. Dexiderata. — Numerous,
living stages preferred. — J. T. Fountain, 191, Daririn Street, Birniinyhavi.

Duplicates. — Larvse of A. agathina. Deitiderata.- — Numerous. — E. F. studd, O.rton.
Exeter.

Duplicates'. — Ova: Croceago. Desiderata. — Numerous, early stages preferred. —
Edward Goodwin, Wateringhury, Maidstone.

Duplicates. — Cassiope, lo, Rubi, Carpinata, Polycommata, Suspeeta, Saucia, Eri-
cellus, Buoliana, Sulphurella. Desiderata. — Pruni, Porcellus, Bieolorana, Deplana,
Rubricollis, Bifida, Fagi, Putrescens, Straminea, Maritima, Brevilinea, Petasitis, Cespitis,
Caliginosa, Obscura, Simulans, Interjeeta, Orbona^-Subsequa, Opima, Contigua, Semi-
brunnea, Socia, Umbra, and many others. — H. A. Beadle, 6, Station Street, Keswick.

Duplicates. — W-albuni*, T. quercus*. Alveolus*, Lineola, Illustraria*, Gilvago*,
Miniosa*, and many others. Desiderata. — Ova or larvte of Designata (Propugnata) and
Ribesiaria (Prunata). — Rev. G. H. Ray nor, Hazeleiqlt. Rector i/, Maldon, Esse.L\

Duplicates. — Z. annulata, vars. obsoleta and bi-obsoleta, and intermediates. De.nde-
rattt.— Offers. — W. S. Riding, Buckerell Lodge, near Honiton, E. Devon.

Duplicates. — Pulveraria*, Advenaria*, Repandata (dark)*, Templi (fair), Hastata
(fine), Caasiata, Inornata and larvaa*, Chrysorrhuea*, Viminalis var. obscura*, Palpina*,
Heparata, Illustraria*, Cinxia*, Albicillata, Ambiguti (fair), Ribesiaria(= Prunata), five
Fluctuosa (fair), Actseon, Menthastri* vars. ochracea, carbonica, Lubricipeda* var.
radiata (all forms, including black bordered). Desiderata. — Iris, Holosericata, Irri-
guata, Constrictaria, Valerianata, Quadrifasciaria, Dodonsa, Putrescens, Caliginosa,
Semibrunnea, &c. — J. Harrison, 7, Gawher Road, Barn.dey.

Desiderata. — During the season — Ova, larvte, pupae, and living imagines of many
species. Good exchange. — H. W. Head, Scarborongli.

Wanted. — For comparison, the loan of two or three specimens of each or any of the
following species of the genus Eriocrania — E. sparmannella, Salopiella, Purpurelia,
Kaltenbachii, Semipurpurella, Sangii, Unimaculella. Will do what I can in return. —
Miss Alderson, Park House, Worksop, Notts.

Wanted Coleophob^.— As I wish to breed and record the life-history of all the
species of Coleophora, I should be pleased to receive any casfes and living larvae which
entomologists may meet with. I will do what I can in return. — ////. -/. 'iurner, 13,
Drake/ell Road, St. Catherine's Park, Hatcliavi, S.E.

Wanted (during spring and summer). — Living wild ? s Atalanta, Cardui, lo, Siuapis,
Cardamines, C-album, Egeria, Lucina, Rubiginea, Semibrunnea, Petrificata, Miata,
Psittacata and Derivata, also larvae of Repandata and Aurinia from all British localities

(except Carlisle and Westmealh), especially Scotch and Welsh, Castrensis, Qucicifolia,
Interjecta, Xerampelina, Diffinis, Festucse. Liberal exchange. — L. W. Newman, liexleij, Kent.

Wanted (to figure). — Examples of the following larvss, fullfed : Antiopa, Lathonia,
Daphdice, Edusa, Hyale, Livornica, Pinastri, Celerio, Gallii, Euphorbise. Will any lepi-
dopterist who collects abroad kindly remember my wants when opportunity occurs of
obtaining any of them ? — J. C. Dolbium, Hove House, Newton Grove, Bedford Park, IF.

Exchange. — I am desirous of obtaining butterflies from the Malayan Archipelago and
the Pacific Islands. For such I offer perfect diurnals from North and South America ;
North American Coleoptera. — Levi II'. Mengel, Boijs' HUjh School, Beadint], Pa., U.S.A.

Wanted. — Erycinidas of the world. Offer for same Diurni from United States,
northern South America and Central America, also North American birds' eggs and
American-Indian relics. — Levi W. Mengel, Boij.^i' High School, Reading, Pa., U.S.A.

Hertfordshire Codnty Museum, St. Albans. — A collection of British Lepidoptera
is being formed. I shall be thankful if collectors will send me any duplicate specimens
they may have to spai-e. Hertfordshire insects will be specially welcome. — A. E. Gibbs,
Hon. Curator, Kitchener'' s Meads, St. Albans.

Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter. — Collectors of British Lepidoptera are asked
to kindly give any spare Devonshire duplicates they may have, to assist in the formation
of a local collection. Duplicates in other Orders also desired. — F. R. Rowley, Curator.

Parasitical Diptera wanted. — Will lepidopterists who may breed any dipterous
parasites from larvae or pupae kindly forwai'd such as they do not require to me ? If so I
shall be greatly obliged. — C. J. Wainwright, 2, Handsworth Wood Road, Ilandsworth,
Staff.,.

Changes ov Address.— S. J. Bell to 24, Dasaett Road, Knight's Hill Road, West
No)-wood. A. Harrison, Delamere, Grove Road, .South Woodford, Es.'tex. Douglas A.
Onslow, .34, Western Road, Putneij, S.W. L. S. Brady to 287, Glossop Road, Sheffield.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. —11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W. 8 p.m.
-Meetings: ,lune 8i<l ; October 7th, "ilst ; November 4th, ISth ; December 2nd. Annual
Meoling, .lanuary 20th, 1',I04.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History, Society. — London
Institution, J^insbury Circus. E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the mouth, at 7.30
p.m. ^Members are particularly requested to bring varieties and aberrations for exhibi-
tion. Non-members cordially invited. Exhibits invited at each meeting, especially those
illustrative of the discussion, etc. Members wishing to contribute " Communications "
are asked to inform one of the Secretaries.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. — Hon. Sec, G. E. Shaw, 22, Baythorne Street, Bow, E.
Monday. June 8th. '-Trees," Miss K. M. Hall. Monday, July ()th, probably a paper on
"Flies," F. Morice. No meeting in August. Excursions. — May 23rd, Chingford. Liver-
pool Street, 2.34 p.m.; return. Is. May 29th-June 2nd (Whitsuntide). An excursion is
proposed for a limited number, from Friday evening till Tuesday evening, to either
Cheddar or the Isle of Wight ; arrangements will be made at the May meeting, when any
who wish to join the partv should nttend. June 14th. Leatherhead for Ileadley and Box
Hill; London Bridge (L.B. & S.C.R.), i).2o a.m.; return, 2s. June 20th, *Esher to
Oxshott ; Waterloo, 2.29 p.m.; return. Is. lOd. June 28th, Sevenoaks for Shoreham ;
Cannon Street, 9.15 a.m.; return. Is. 9d. July 12th, Merstham ; Cannon Street, 10.25
a.m. ; return, 2s. July 18th, Bromley for Hayes and Ke.ston ; Holborn Viaduct, 2.37
p.m. ; return, Is. July 26th, Woking to Windsor; Waterloo, 9.55 a.m.; return, 2s. 6d.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
ChamlitTs. London Bridge. -The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, nt 8 p.m.
Field Meeting — May Kith, to .\shtead ; leave London Bridge (L.B.S.C.K.) 2 p.m., or
Victoria (L.B.S.C.B.) i.U p.m., or Waterloo (L.S.W.R.) at 2.47 p.m.; fare Is. 8d. For
particulars apply Mr. E. Step, Oakwood House, Barnett Wood Lane, .\shtead.

North London Natural History Society, Sigdon Road Board School, Dalston Lane,
N.E. (close to Hackney Down- Stations. G.E.R.).- Meetings second and fourth Tuesdays
in each month, ;it 7.4-5 p.m.

Carlisle Entomological and Natural History Society.— Meetings held at the
Subscription Librar.v, Tulhe House, Carlisle. Visitors cordially invited. -Hon. Sec,
F. H. Day. 17. Thnimere Strept, Carlisle.

South Eastern Union of Scientific Societies. — The 8th Annual Congress will be
held at Dover, June 11th, 12th, and 13th, 1903. Natural History Exhibits for the
Congress Exhibition desired. Address Mr. E. W. Swanton, Brockton, Haslemere. Mem-
bers of Natural History Societies who desire to attend (and their friends) should send the
fee, 2s. 6d., to the Secretary, 33, Upper Grosvenor Road, Tunbrldge Wells. This entitles
them to the Transactions for the current year.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LIBRARY.

Books written by J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The Natural History of the British Lepidoptera.

(A Text-book for Students and Collectors.)

Vols. I, II, and III. (Price 20s. each volume net. 'As. for the 3 vols.)
This work is the most advanced scientific text-book ever issued on the British Lepi-
doptera. Besides chaptei'S on the general subject, each volume contains, in the systematic
part, a detailed account of the species, each of which is treated under a variety of headings,
e.g.. Synonymy, Original description, Imago, Sexual Dimorphism, Gynandromorphism,
Variation, Egg-laying, Ovum, Habits of Larva, Larva, Variation of Larva, Pupation,
Cocoon. Pupa, Pupal Habits, Dehiscence, Variation of duration of pupal stage. Food-
plants, Parasites, Habits, Habitat. Time of appeiwance. Localities, Distribution. The
entomologist has, here, a revision of the superfamilies treated in a modern scientific
manner, and the work is of first importance to workers at these groups in all parts of the
world. The systematic part deals particularly with the species found in Britain, and
affords such a mass of detail concerning the British species as has never before been
brought together. To the general biologist the discussion and details relating to the
hybridism, gynandromorphism, variation and life-histories of the species dealt with, afford
a mass of material not to be obtained elsewhere ; whilst to the lepidopterist pure and
simple, the mass of information will enable him to study his subject from many different
standpoints ; to the collector the information concerning the habits, foodplants, habitat,
and localities, is as full as it can possibly be in the present state of our knowledge ; whilst
it would take the phenologist and student of distribution years to collect anything like the
number of facts bearing on their own special work that is here ready for their digestion.
Kach volume contains a gi-eat deal of original matter, not only from the observations of
the author, but also from Dr. T. A. Chapman, Messrs. A. W. Bacot and L. B. Prout, who
have collaborated with the author in their own branches of study for the work. Besides
these, some 200 other lepidopterists have helped in different ways and in various degrees.
The volumes contain a vast amount of absolutely new material relating to all the species
treated, and, at the same time, the whole of the information to be obtained from the long
series of volumes of The EHtomoluifittt'!! MonthUj Magazine. The Entomologist. The Ento-
inohgi>!t'x Record. The EutoinologinV.^ Weekly Intelligencer, The Zonlogixt, The Transactions
ftf the Entomological Society of London, a.s well as that contained in the works of Stainton,
Newman, Meyrick. Ban-ett, and others — also in the leading Continental Transactions and
Magazines— has been carefully summarised and noted. The woi'ks of all the leading
Continental authorities have also been carefully overhauled, and the important facts
gleaned therefrom. So much labour has been expended in making the volume woi'thy of
acceptance to all lepidopterists, and the cost of production of so large a book is so heavy,
that the support of every lepidopterist is earnestly solicited. To those lepidopterists who
have become interested in the scientific study of the subject they profess, these volumes
will open up a new world. The amount of labour expended in producing them has been
enormous, and, expensive as the works may appear, are really cheaper than any other
published work on the subject, for they represent a whole library of information that is
otherwise practically unobtainable.

Monograph of the Pterophorina.

(Demy 8vo., 161 pp., bound in Cloth. Price .5/-).
This book contains an introductory chapter on " Collecting," '• Killing " and
'• Setting " the Pterophorina, a table giving details of each species — Times of appearance
of larva, of pupa and of imago, food-plants, mode of pupation, and a complete account (so
far as is known) of every British species, under the headings of " Synonymy," " Imago,"
" Variation," " Ovum," " Larva," " Food-plants." "Pupa," "Habitat," and " Distribu-
tion." It is much the most complete and trustworthy account of this interesting group of
Lepidoptera that has ever been published.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh.

(Crown 8vo., Illustrated, Bound in Cloth, (Price 2/6).

Another series of collecting expeditions into well-known entomological and natural
history localities, with description of botanical, geological, ornithological as well as
entomological matters of interest to be found therein. The places dealt with include
Cobham Woods, Cuxton Downs, the Western Highlands, Cliffe — all well known for their
rich entomological fauna.

To be obtained from H. E. Pace, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham.

The Migration and Dispersal of Insects.

BY

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Demy 8vo., 132 pp. Price Five Shillings net.

This book, the only one published on this interesting subject, is of first
importance to all students of the geographical distribution of animals, and
contains the following chapters : —

1. General Considerations. 2. Coecids and Apliides. o. Orthoptera. 4. Odonatn.
r>. Lepidoptera. 6. Coleoptera. 7. Diptera. 8. Social Insects — Hymenoptera, Ter-
mites. 9. Final considerations.

Only a very small number of copies has been printed. It is trusted that
all entomologists will, besides supporting the book themselves, recommend it
to any libraries in which they are interested or with which they are
connected.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.

(Demy t>vo., bound in Cloth. Pi'ice 5/-).

Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for the
forms of melanism and melanochroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of
nielanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin; the special value of
"natural selection," "environment," "heredity," "disease," "temperature," etc., in
particular cases. Lord Walsinghani, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the
T''.ntoniological Society of London, says, " An especially interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in
Mr. Tutt's series of papers on " Melanism and l\[elanochrf)ism."

Postal Orders to H. E. Page, " Berti-ose," Gelhitly Road, Hntchani, S.E.

The place for NEW FOREST OVA, LARV^, and (bred)

IMAGINES is

Em iWORfiiS;, Entomologist, Brockenhurst.

Send stamped addressed envelope for Lists.

Commissions executed in all orders. Foodplants for larva supplied weekly.

Day or night excursions accompanied.

PHOTO CxRAPHY.

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A new and Original Combination, prepared especially f(n' the Development of I'lates,
Films, Bromide, and Gaslight Papers. Yields Crisp Clean NEGATIVES with gootl
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Preferable to all others for simnlieity and efliciency. Each caitridi;e makes concenlrali'd

developer, which only re(|uires dilating with water to produce any desired effect.

May be used repeatedly. Does not fog or stain. Will keep in any climate. Invaluable to tourists.

In boxes containing sutticient to make -dO-ozs., Price Is. 6d.

%f.lfrceTo^r The Theol Manufacturing Co., 21, Morley Kd., Lewishani, S.E.
FOR SALE, A SUPERIOR

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Of 40 Interchangeable Drawers.

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Full List of Oca, Larvae, ami I'ltjuic, also Lfj}i(ln/ifi'r<(, A/iparatii^, ('aliiiicta

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Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/0. Folding Nets, 3/G, 4/--
Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, (5d., 9d., 1/-, 1/(5. Zinc Relaxing Boxes,
yd., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted
or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/0,
2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/(5,
4/-, 5/-, 0/-. Setting Boards, fiat or oval, lin., Od.; l^in., Sd.; 2in., lUd.; 2^in., 1/- ;
3Jin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses.
9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage. 2/6, 4/-,
5/-, 7/0. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/0, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
double tin, 1/6 to 0/0. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2/G to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/0, 2/-, 2/0 per
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/4 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle,
2/C. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com-
panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/0. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors,
2/- per pair; liggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals ; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto
of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English names (1894 edition),
1/6. Our new complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1/- ;
or printed on one side for labels, 2/-.

Now Ready. — The Exchange List and Label L'st, compiled by Mr. Ed. Meyrick, B.A.,
F.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent "Handlook of British Lepidoptera." Exchange,
List, ^d. each, 4d. per dozen, or 4/- per 100. Label List, 9d. each.

THE "DIXON" LAMP NET, recently improved 3/6.

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Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eg^s, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, &c.

Catalogue (96 images) sent on application, post tree.

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Price list free.
Lepidoptera reared from the ova to Pupae or Imagines on coniniission.

For terms, etc., apply

L. W. NEWMAN, Bexley, Kent.

PRACTICAL HINTS

FOR THE

FIELD LEPIDOPTERIST

(PART II)

Bv J. yV. TUTT, F.E.S.

Price 6s. net (interleaved for Collector's own notes).

ThoHC lopidopttrists who liuve Part I of this work should certainly have
Part 11 before coimnencing the main part of the season's work. It is very
much lar<4er than Part I, contains entirely new material, the genercil cha[)ters
have full and detailed infor)n:i,tion on all the most successful methods
adopted for breeding lepidoptera, and the hints comprise some information
on the means of obtaining almost ail the species of British Macro-Lepi-
doptera. The following is a sample page of the "hints " for August, from
p. 1V2:—

Mellinia fiilvurio comes freelj- to lij^ht in August (at Cambridge, Eeadiuf,', Ax'.), and
is sometimes taken from the lamps in and near towns in large numbers, probably only
where avenues of elms exist in the sul)urbs of the towns.

Towards the end of August, at about 0 p.m., search should be made at the base of
ash-trees, and on the dibrh around, for freshly-emerged imagines of Cirrhoedia
xorampelina.

In the Church Strctton district, imagines of Cirrhocdia xcrani peluia are to be obtained
at the foot of some large ash trees, clinging to blades of grass, at the end of August and
early in September, the trunks rarely giving a single specimen.

In the middle of August the imagines of Lithomia saUdafiiiiix occur freely on a piece
of boggy heath near Wilsden. At rest this species has a most remarkable resemblance
to the e.Kcrement of grouse — the male particularly so. It folds its wings round its body,
clasps a stone with its legs and raises its body to an angle of about 30^, its markings,
colour, shape, and mode of attachment make the imitation almost perfect.

Litlioiiud tioliddfiiiiis abounds in Cannock Chase in late .\ugust. The imagines are
very easy to find, as they sit on the birch-tree trunks during the daytime, principally with
their heads thrust into some crevice in the bark, so that their bodies stand out at right
angles to the trunks of the trees, rendering them conspicuous. As many as 150 have
been taken on one day. the greatest number on a single tree being seven.

The larvii! of CitcnlUd Uiclniil'm will e;it Scrojihnlaria uquattca as well as Verba kciiiii,
prciVrring the buds and blossoms.

Everyone who has the opportunity should devote some days during the first fortnight
of August to searching for larva of (.'iiciilUa niiaphaiii in the Kent wooda. It is easy to
make a small, light beating tray of black calico, sewn to a frame of stout iron wire, and,
having found an opening in the woods where the golden-rod is plentiful, each plant should
be beaten gently with a light stick into the tray, which should he held against the pl.inl-
stalk, low down near the ground. I'lenty of larvie of C. axteris will be obtained, and of
Eupitheciids too, but the larva of C. unnpltnlii is unmistakable with its dull green colour-
ing and purple dorsal stripe. An avei-age of one to a hard day's work is good (P. C. IJeid).
The imagines of Stilbitt (Hioinalti are best taken on Cannock Chase in early
August, beginniuis to make their appearance about? p.m., and continuing to fly till about
S.HO p.m. The insect is very conspicuous on the wing, the ample lower wings' making it
appear almost, white when flying; it gets up suddenly out of the heather and short grass,
flies ten or twelve yards, and then drops down again, folding its dark upper wings closely
over the lower ones, and thus, in a moment, becoming almost invisible, so that, unless
one marks very e.xactly the spot where it falls, it is impossible to detect it. Frequently,
however, it will fly up again almost directly, when, of course, it may be " snapped " with
(he net (Thorncwill).

To be obtained from H. K. ]'\(iK, "Lerlrosc," Gellatly lioad, Hatcham.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.u.s., f.r.s.e.
M. BURR, B.A.,F.z.s., F.r..s., F.i .s. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d., f.z.s., f.e.k.
L. B. PROUT, F.F.s. H. St. J.K. DONISTHOBPE, f.z.s. f.p..

JUNE 1st, 1903.

Price Sixpence (net)
Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

anqluding SPECIAL INDEX and all DOUBLE NUMBERS),
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BE FOBWAKDED TO

HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S.,

Bebtrose," Gh.latly Road, St. Cathkiunk's Pauk
' 'don, S.E.

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SOHN.
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Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, EX.

I>. F. TJHlYLER & Co., Lta.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers^

Smalij Heads anjj Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

VIENNA 1893. XXTTT^T'TT' X^ "CX 'V T^¥7"T^Gt geneva 1896.
Medal I. Class. J^ U J. A .MZiMT^jr JLA JL J^ ^U A ^ Honorable Diplomao

The G.K. Net is made of the best materials.
The G.K. Net can be mounted or dismounted in a moment.
The G.K. Net suits any stick, and may be carried in any iwcket.
The G.K. Net is every collectors delight.

Th6 G.K. Not A '% Diameter 14 inches. The most elegant net.

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READY *• Circumference 44 inches. The most practical net.

FOR USE. fe. / Depth of the net 29 inches. The most durable net.

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Send postal order 6/-, and you will get the G.K. Net free of all charge from--

GRAF-KRUSI, GAIS, SWITZERLAND.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

{To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities. ~|
Larger quantities ino rata. Orders executed in same order as
received. Remittance in full must accompany each order.

5/-

Riinnoch New Forest Shetl&nd

16. vi. a? 4. ix. y? 5. V. 97

ADDRESS. — "Requisites," Coombe Lodge. Mycenae Road,
Westcombe Park, S.E.

gutterjUes of Switzerland and

the 3llp3 of Central Europe,

BY G. WHEELER, M.A.

Although this work is designed originally to meet the needs of collectors, it is
hoped that it will prove not without value to students also. Various points of
interest are incidentally discussed, and under the heading of the various species
treated, 217 in number, is given in addition to Synonyms, the difference
between the <? and ? ; the characters by which the Species (and generally the
Genus) may be distinguished from its neighbours ; the average size ; the food
plant of the larva, when known ; localities with dates and authorities ; the
approximate altitudes between which it may be found ; and the different
directions of Variation, with Varietal names, including many previouslyunpublished.
To the matter of Variation the greatest attention has been paid, and in this and
other points, eppecially dates and localities, much assistance has been received
from many of the foremost lepidopterists who reside or have travelled in
diflerent parts of the region. A considerable part of the information contained
has either not been previously published, or has only been available by
searching journals English. French or German.

A list of the Localities mentioned has betu added, with some indication of
their geographical position, which it is hoped may prove a great saving of time
to non-resident collectors. •

The book has been most carefully reduced to the smallest dimensions
for convenience of carriage, by the avoidance of repetition, and the use of
abbreviations whenever possible without obbcuring the sense.

The published price of the book will be 5/- nett., but it will be issued at
4/3 post free to ail who order it before publication.

\f\rih:nr^^\rVUfrxryf\f\r\f\/\/\/\r\/\r\r\r\./ r\.r\f\/\/\r\j\rw\;\

».'".r-v<"*--~.-f'-"--'j"./\.T/\/^/v\.

Dear Sir,

Please forward me-

xoines of Butterflies of

Switzerland and the Alps of Central Europe oh publication,
for which I ivill send 4/3 for each copy on receipt.

Name _

Address

To Mr. H. E. Page, F.E S^ " Bertrote, ' Geilath Road, Haicham, b.E.

N.B.— It is hoped that a sufficient number of subscribers will be obtained to justify the

immediate publication o the work. 'yi}\

Subscriptions for Voi. XV are now over due.

vr o rr I c e: .

The Back Volumes (I-XIV)of The Entomologist's Record, &c., can be obtained at 10s. 6d.
per Volume. Complete set of 14 vols. £5 7s. 6d. net. " Special Index " to Vols. III., IV.,
v., VI.. VII., Vni., IX., X., XI., XII., XIII. and XIV., price 1/6 each. Single Back
Numbers can b% obtained at double the published price from H. E. Page, F.E.S.,
" Bertrose," Gellatly Eoad, St. Catherine's Park, London. S.E.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to The Entoiuolusmt's Record, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (including the Special Index) is Seven Shillinos, and must be
sent to Mr. H. E. Page, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E. Cheques and
Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Tutt.

Advehtisejients of Books and Insects for Sale will be inserted at a minimum charge of 2s. 6d. (for
four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series. Particulars of Mr.
H. E. Page, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. E. Page, "Bertrose,"
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed.

Articles for insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. W. Tutt, Westcombe Hill, S.E., except
those relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donisthorpe, 58, Kensington Mansions,
South Kensington, S.W., and those relating to Orthoptera, to Mr. M. Buru, Dormans Park, East
Grinstead.

Ati Exchango Magazines must in future be forwarded to J. W. Tutt,
Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

Reprints of Articles or Notes (long or short) appearing in this Magazine can be arranged
for by Authors at a very low price, on application to Mr. H. E. Page, F.E.S.,

" Bertrose," Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Exchange Baskets. — March 14th, 1903, No. 1 basket.— Major Robertson, Messrs.
Fox, Lofthouse, Studd, Riding, Day, Bower, Home, Bowles, Mera. No. 2 basket
will be retained till end of June. [Members who wish to be missed must write to the
name preceding their own on list, not to the Secretary] . The names of one or two
new candidates for admission would be welcomed and room made as opportunity offered,

Diqjlicates. — Geryon, Polychloros*, Fimbria, Filipendulse, Trifolii, Galathea,
Monacha, &e. Desiderata . — Larvae and Pupae of many species. — G. T. Lyle, Brockley
Road, BrockeiUuirst.

Diqjlicates. — Cassiope, lo, Rubi, Carpinata, Polyeommata, Suspecta, Saucia, Eri-
cellus, Buoliana, Sulphurella. Desiderata. — Pruni, Porcellus, Bicolorana, Deplana,
RubricoUis, Bifida, Fagi, Putrescens, Straminea, Maritima, Brevilinea, Petasitis, Cespitis,
Caliginosa, Obscura. Simulans, Interjecta, Orbona = Subsequa, Opima, Contigua, Semi-
brunuea. Socia, T'nibra. and many others. — H. A. Beodie^ 6, Slatioii Street, Kisnick.

DtijMcotes.- — W-album*, T. -quercus*, Alveolus*, Lineola, Illustraria*, Gilvago*,
Miniosa*. nnd many others. Drsidcrata. — Ova or larvte of Designata (Propiignata) and
Ribesiaria (Prunata). — Rev. G. //. Ruynur, Hazeleigli Rectori/, Maldon, Exsex.

Duplicates. — Z. annulata, varx. obsoleta and bi-obsoleta, and intermediates. Deside-
rata.— Offers. — ir. S. Ridimj, Buckerell Lodqe, near Honiton, E. Devon.

Diqjlicates. — Pulveraria*, Advenaria*, Repandata (dark)*, Templi (fair), Hastata
(fine), Caesiata, Inornata and larvaj*, Chrysorrhcea*, Viminalis var. obscura*, IPalpina*.
Heparata, Illustraria*, Cinxia*, Albicillata, Ambigua (fair), Ribesiaria( = Prunata), five
Fluctuosa (fair), Actaeon, Menthastri* vars. ochracea, carbonica, Lubricipeda* var.
radiata (all forms, including black bordered). Desiderata. — Iris, Holosericata, Irri-
guata, Constrictaria, Valerianata, Quadrifasciaria, Dodonaea, Putrescens, Caliginosa,
Semibrunnea, &c. — J. Harrison, 7, Gaicher Road, Barnsleij.

Desiderata. — During the season — Ova, larvae, pupae, and living imagines of many
species. Good exchange. — H. IF. Head, Scarborough.

Wanted Coleophorids. — As I wish to breed and record the life-history of all the
species of Coleophora, I should be pleased to receive any cases and living larva which
entomologists may meet with. I will do what I can in return. — Hy. J. Turner, 13,
Drake/ell Road, St. Catherine's Park, Hatcham, S.E.

Wanted (during spring and summer). — Living wild ? s Atalanta, Cardui, lo, Sinapis,
Cardamines, C-album, Egeria, Lucina, Rubiginea, Semibrunnea, Petrifieata, Miata,
Psittacata and Derivata, also larvae of Repandata and Aurinia from all British localities
(except Carlisle and Westmeath), especially Scotch and Welsh, Castrensis, Quercifolia,
Interjecta, Xerampelina,Diffinis,Festuc8e. Liberal exchange. — L. JV. Newman, Bexley, Kent.

Wanted (to figure). — Examples of the following larvte, fullfed : Antiopa, Lathonia,
Daplidice, Edusa, Hyale, Livornica, Pinastri, Celerio, Gallii, Euphorbias. Will any lepi-
dopterist who collects abroad kindly remember my wants when opportunity occurs of
obtaining any of them ? — J. C. Dollman, Hove House, Newton Grove, Bedford Park, W.

Exchange. — I am desirous of obtaining butterflies from the Malayan Archipelago and

the Pacific Islands. For such I offer perfect diurnals from North and South America ;
North American Coleoptera. — Levi W. Mengel, Boys' High School, Reading, Pa., U.S.A.

Wanted. — Erycinidfe of the world. OlTer for same Diurni from United States,
northern South America and Central America, also North American birds' egqs and
American-Indian relics. — I.eri JC. Meiigel, bogii' High School, Reading, Fa., U.S.A.

HicRTFOEDSHiRK CorNTY MusECM, St. Albaxs. — A coUcction of British Lepidoptera
is bein^f formed. I shall be thankful if collectors will send me any duplicate specimens
they may have to spare. Hertfordshire insects will be specially welcome. — A. E. Gibhs,
Hon. Curator, Kitchener''s Meads, St. Albans.

Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter.— Collectors of British Lepidoptera are asked
to kindly give any spare Devonshire duplicates they may have, to assist in the formation
of a local collection. Duplicates in other Orders also desired. — F. R. Rowleg, Curator.

Parasitical Dipteka wanted. — Will lepidopterists who may breed any dipterous
parasites from larva or pupee kindly forward such as they do not require to me ? If so I
shall be greatly obliged. — C. J. Wainwriqht. 2. Hmidsworth Wood Road, Handsworth,
Staffs.

Change of Address. — H. D. Stoekwell, 56, Elms Vale Road, Dover. Douglas A.
Onslow, 34, Werter Road, Putney, S.W. E. G.Broome, 3, Prince Alfred Terrace, Ireland
Island, Bermuda. H. W. Andreics, Shirley, Avenue Hoad, Welling.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W. 8 p.m.
— Meetings: June 3rd; October 7th, 21st; November 4th, 18th; December 2nd. Annual
Meeting, January 20th, 1904.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Finsbury Circus. E.G. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m. Members are particularly requested to bring varieties and aberrations for exhibi-
tion. Non-members cordially invited. Exhibits invited at each meeting, especially those
illustrative of the discussion, Ac. Members wishing to contribute " Communications "
are asked to inform one of the Secretaries.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m.— Hon. Sec, G. E. Shaw, 22, Baythorne Street, Bow, E.
Monday, June 8th, "Trees," Miss K. M. Hall. Monday, July 6th, probably a paper on
"Flies," F. Morice. No meeting in August. Excursions. — June 14th, Leatherhead for
Headley and Box Hill ; London Bridge (L.B. A S.C.R.), 9.25 a.m.; return, 2s. June
20th, Esher to Oxshott ; Waterloo, 2.29 p.m. ; return. Is. lOd. June 28th, Sevenoaks
for Shoreham ; Cannon Street, 9.15 a.m.; return, Is. 9d. July 12th, Merstham ; Cannon
Street, 10.25 a.m. ; return, 2s. July 18th, Bromley for Hayes and Keston ; Holborn
Viaduct, 2.37 p.m.; return. Is. July 26th, Woking to Windsor; Waterloo, 9.55 a.m.;
return, 2s. 6d.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. — The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
June 6th, Field Meeting at Horsley, S.W.E.; leaders, W. J. Lucas, B.A., and R. South,
F.E.S. June 11th, Exhibits and Discussions. June 25th, Report of Horsley Field
Meeting, by W. J. Lucas, B.A., and R. South, F.E.S. June 27th, Field Meeting at
Limpsfield, S.E.R.; leader, R. Adkin, F.E.S.

North London Natural History Society, Sigdon Road Board School, Dalston Lane,
N.E. (close to Hackney Downs Stations, G.E.R.). — Meetings second and fourth Tuesdays
in each month, at 7.45 p.m.

Carlisle Entomological and Natural History Society.— Meetings held at the
Subscription Library, TuUie House, Carlisle. Visitors cordially invited. — Hon. Sec,
F. H. Day, 17. Thirlmere Street, Carlisle.

South Eastern Union of Scientific Societies.— The 8th Annual Congress will be
held at Dover, June 11th, 12th, and 13th, 1903. Natural History Exhibits for the
Conpress Exhibition dnsired., .\ddress Mr. E. W. Swanton, Brockton, Haslemere. Mem-
bers of NatuiaJ History Soc.elies who desire to attend (and their friends) should send the
fee, 2s. 6d.. to the Secretary, 33, Upper Grosvenor Road, Tuubridge Wells. This entitles
them to the Transactions for the current year.

FOR SALE.

PUP.ffi (each): Smerinthus quercus Is., Daphnis nerii Is., Phryxus livornica 9d.,
Cochrania croatica lOd., Otus Is. Also (per dozen) : Apollo 2s. 9d., Iris 3s., Franconica
3s., Fraxini 3s. 6d., Proserpina 4s., Versicolora 3s. 6d.

H. SCHRODER, Schwerin-in-Mecklenburg, Wallstrasse 61b, Germany.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LIBRARY.

Books written by J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The Natural History of the British Lepidoptera.

(A Text=book for Students and Collectors.)

Vols. I. II, and III. (Price 20s. each volume net. 54s. for the 3 vols.)
This woik is the most aclvanced scientific text-book ever issued on the British Lepi-
doptera. Besides chapters on the general subject, each volume contains, in the systematic
part, a detailed account of the sp 'cies, each of which is treated under a variety of headings,
e.g.. Synonymy, Original description. Imago, Sexual Dimorphism, Gynandromorphism,
Variation, Egg-laying, Ovum, Habits of Larva, Larva, Variation of Larva, Pupation,
Cocoon, Pupa, Pupal Habits, Dehiscence, Variation of duration of pupal stage, Food-
plants, Parasites, Habits, Habitat, Time of appearance. Localities, Distribution. The
entomologist has, here, a revision of the superfamilies treated in a modern scientific
manner, and the work is of first importance to workers at these groups in all parts of the
world. The systematic part deals particularly with the species found in Britain, and
affords such a mass of detail concerning the British species as has never before been
brought together. To the general biologist the discussion and details relating to the
hybridism, gynandromorphism. variation and life-histories of the species dealt with, afford
a mass of material not to be obtained elsewhere ; whilst to the lepidoptei'ist pure and
simple, the mass of information will enable him to study his subject from many different
standpoints ; to the collector the information concerning the liabits, foodplants, habitat,
and localities, is as full as it can possibly be in the present state of our knowledge ; whilst
it would take the phenologist and student of distribution years to collect anything like the
number of facts bearing on their own special work that is here ready for their digestion.
Each volume contains a great deal of original matter, not only from the observations of
the author, but also from Dr. T. A. Chapman, Messrs. A. W. Bacot and L. B. Prout, who
have collaborated with the author in their own branches of study for the work. Besides
these, some 200 other lepidopterists have helped in different ways and in various degrees.
The volumes contain a vast amount of absolutely new material relating to all the species
treated, and, at the same time, the whole of the information to be obtained from the long
series of volumes of The Entoinologisfa Monthly Marjazine, The Entomoloqist, The Ento-
mologist's Record, The Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer, The Zoologist, The Transactions
of the Entomological Society of London, as well as that contained in the works of Stainton,
Newman, Meyrick, Barrett, and others — also in the leading Continental Transactions and
Magazines— has been carefully summarised and noted. The works of all the leading
Continental authorities have also been carefully overhauled, and the important facts
gleaned therefrom. So mucli labour has been expended in making the volume worthy of
acceptance to all lepidopterists, and the cost of production of so large a book is so heavy,
that the support of every lepidopterist is earnestly solicited. To those lepidopterists who
have become interested in the scientific study of the subject they profess, these volumes
will open up a new world. The amount of labour expended in producing them has been
enormous, and, expensive as the works may appear, are really cheaper than any other
published work on the subject, for they represent a whole library of information that is
otherwise practically unobtainable.

Monograph of the Pterophorina.

(Demy 8vo., 161 pp., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-).
This book contains an introductory chapter on " Collecting,'" •• Killing " and
" Setting " the Pterophorina, a table giving details of each species — Times of appearance
of larva, of pupa and of imago, food-plants, mode of pupation, and a complete account (so
far as is known) of every British species, under the headings of " Synonymy," " Imago,"
" Variation," " Ovimi," " Larva," " Food-plants," " Pupa," " Habitat," and " Distribu-
tion." It is much the most complete and trustworthy account of this interesting group of
Lepidoptera that has ever been published.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh.

(Crown 8vo., Illustrated, Bound in Cloth, (Price 2/6).

Another series of collecting expeditions into well-known entomological and natural
history localities, with description of botanical, geological, ornithological as well as
entomological matters of interest to be found therein. The places dealt with include
Cobham Woods, Cuxton Downs, the Western Highlands, Cliffe — all well known for their
rich entomological fauna.

To be obtained- fi-om H. E. Pagk, "Bertrose," Gellatlv Road, Hatcham.

The Migration and Dispersal of Insects.

BT

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Demy 8vo., 132 pp. Price Five Shillings net.

This book, the only one published on this interesting subject, is of first
importance to all students of the geographical distribution of animals, and
contains the folloAving chapters : —

1. General Considerations. 2. Coccicis and Aphides. 3. Orthoptera. 4. Odonata.
5. Lepidoptera. 6. Coleoptera. 7. Diptera. 8. Social Insects — Hymenoptera, Ter-
mites. 9. Fnial considerations.

Only a very small number of copies has been printed. It is trusted that
all entomologists will, besides supporting the book themselves, recommend it
to any libraries in which they are interested or with which they are
connected.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.

(IJeijiy 8vo., liound in Cloth. Price 5/-).

Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for the
forms of melanism and melanochroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of
melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin; the special value of
"natural selection," "environment," "heredity,"' " disease," " temperature," &c., in
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the
Entomological Society of London, says, " An especially interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which lias been followed up in
Mr. Tdtt's series of papers on " Melanism and Melanochroism."

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh.

Price 2/6. 242 pp. and 103 Woodcuts and full-page Illustrations.

A series of Entomnlogieal Essays based on the insects to be found in various well-
known entomological localities. Deals with a great many of the more philosophical
subjects now before the entomological public.

Postal Orders to H. E. Page, " Bertrose," Gelhitly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

The place for NEW FOREST OYA, LARViE, and (bred)

IMAGINES is

Em MORRIS, Entomologist, Brockenhurst.

Send stamped addressed envelope for Lists.

Commissions executed in all orders. Foodplants for larvae supplied weekly.

Day or night excursions accompanied.

PHOTOGRAPHY.

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Preferable to all others for simplicity and efficiency. I''.aeh cartridge makes concentrated

developer, which only requires diluting wilh water to produce any desired effect.

May be used repeatedly. Does not fog or stain. Will keep in any climate. Invaluable to tourists.

In boxes containing sufticient to make .'iO-ozs., Price Is. 6d.

%ollfretfrom' THc Thcol Manufacturing Co., 21, Morley Rd., Lewisham, S.E.

OVA, LARV/E. AND PUP/E.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

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Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Eing Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-»
Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc Eelaxing Boxes,
9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted
or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6,
2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6,
4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d.; IJin., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2Jin., 1/- ;
3i^in., 1/4; 4m., 1/6; oin., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards. 10/tJ. Setting Houses,
9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-,
5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
double tin, 1/6 to 6/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennee 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/4 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle,^
2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com-
panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors,
2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto
of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English names (1894 edition),
1/6. Our new complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1/- ;
or printed on one side for labels, 2/-.

Now Ready. — The Exchange List and Label List, compiled by Mr. Ed. Meyrick, B.A.,
F.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent "Handbook of British Lepidoptera." Exchange
List, ^d. each, 4d. per dozen, or 4/- per 100. Label List, 9d. each.

THE "DIXON" LAMP NET, recently improved 3/6.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINET^

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LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS' AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic.)

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Price list free.
Lepidoplera reared from the ova to Pupae or Imagines on connai-;sioa.

For terms, etc., apply

L. W. NEWMAN, Bexley, Kent.

PRACTICAL HINTS

FOR THE

FIELD LEPIDOPTERIST

(PART II)

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Price 6s. net (interleaved for Collector's own notes).

Those lepidopterists who have Part I of this work should certainly have
Part II before commencing the main part of the season's work. It is very
much lai-ger than Part I, contains entirely new material, the general chapters
have full and detailed information on all the most successful methods
adopted for breeding lepidoptera, and the hints comprise some information
on the means of ol)t;xiaing almost all the species of British Macro-Lepi-
doptera. The following is a sample page of the " bints " for August, from
p. 112:—

MeUiiiia rjihago comes freely to light in August (at Cambridge, Beading, &c.), and
is sometimes taken from the lamps in and near towns in large numbers, probably only
where avenues of elms exist in the suburbs of the towns.

Towards the end of August, at about 6 p.m., search should be made at the base of
ash-trees, and on the cUhris around, for freshly-emerged imagines of Cirrhoedia
xi'irnnpeliim.

.In the Church Stretton district, imagines of Cirrhoedia xerampelbia are to be obtained
at the foot of some large ash trees, clinging to blades of grass, at the end of August and
early in September, the trunks rarely giving a single specimen.

In the middle of August the imagines of Lithomia soUdaffinis occur freely on a piece
of boggy heath near Wilsden. At rest this species has a most remarkable resemblance
to 1 he excrement of grouse — the male particularly so. It folds its wings round its body,
clasps a stone with its legs and raises its body to an angle of about 30", its markings,
colour, shape, and mode of attachment make the imitation almost perfect.

LiHioii i It solidii [/ill in abounds in Cannock Chase in late August. The imagines are
very ea.sy to find, as they sit on the birch-tree trunks during the daytime, principally with
their heads thrust into some crevice in the bark, so that their bodies stand out at right
angles to the trunks of the trees, rendering them conspicuous. As many as 150 have
been taken on one day, the greatest number on a single tree being seven.

The larviB of CiicullUi lychiiitis will eat Scroph ularia aquatica as well as Verbascum,
preferring the buds and blossoms.

Everyone who has the opportunity should devote some days during the first fortnight
of August to searching for larvae of Cuciillia gnaphaUi in the Kent woods. It is easy to
nnike a small, light beating tray of black calico, sewn to a frame of stout iron wire, and,
having found an opening in the woods where the golden-rod is plentiful, each plant should
be beaten gently with a light stick into the tray, which should be held against the plant-
stalk, low down near the ground. Plenty of larva) of C. asteriii will be obtained, and of
Eupitheciids too, but the larva of C. (jnaphalii is unmistakable with its dull green colour-
ing ai^d purple dorsal stripe. An average of one to a hard day's work is good (P. C. Eeid).

The imagines of Siilbia unomala are best taken on Cannock Chase in early
Au,'ust, bej^inning to make their appearance about 7 p.m., and continuing to fly till about
8. HO p.m. The insect is very consjjicuous on the wing, the aiiiple lower wings making it
appear almost white when flying; it gets up suddenly out of the heather and short grass,
flies ten or twelve yards, and then drops down again, folding its dark u^iper svings closely
over the lower ones, find thus, in a moment, becoming almost invisible, so that, unless
one marks very exactly the spot where it falls, it is impossible to detect it. Frequently,
however, it will fly up again almost directly, when, of course, it may be "snapped " with
the net (Thornowill).

To be obtained from H. E. Page, '• Bertrose," Gellatly Eoad, Hatcham.

•*^^

No. 7.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Ebiteo by

J. AV. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, i.e.s., f.H.s.e.
M. BURR, B.\., F.Z.S., r.L.s., f.e.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d., f.z.s., f.e.s.
L B PROUT, F.E.S. H.St. .T.K.nONI.STHORPE, F.z.s. F.E.S

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Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.C.

I>. F. TAYLER Sl Co., Lta.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Hkaiw and Pkrfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.

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GRAF-KRUSI, GAIS, SWITZERLAND.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! I

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should Vjear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

[To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.!
Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as .
[ received. Kemittance in full must accompany each order. j

K;iniioi;li New Forest Slietl»nd

5/-

ADDRESS. — "Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road
Westcombe Park, S.E.

Subscriptions for Vol. XV are now over due.

If o rr X c e: .

The Back Volumes (I-XIV)of The Entomologist's Record, &c., can be obtained at 10s. 6d.
per Volume. Complete set of 14 vols. £5 7s. 6d. net. " Special Index " to Vols. III., IV.,
v., VI.. VIL, VIII., IX., X., XI., XII., XIII. and XIV., price 1/6 each. Single Back
Numbers can be obtained at double the published price from H. E. Page, F.E.S.,
" Bertrose," Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to Tlte Entomolonist's Record, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (including the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and must be
sent to Mr. H. E. Page, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E. Cheques and
Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Tutt.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale will be inserted at a minimum charge of 2s. 6d. (for
lour lines). Longer Advertisements in proijortion. A reduction made for a series. Particulars of Mr.
H. E. Page, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Subscribex's who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. E. Page, " Bertrose,"
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed.

Articles for insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. W. Tutt, Westcombe Hill, S.E., except
those relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donisthorpe, 58, Kensington Mansions,
South Kensington, S.W., and those relating to Orthoptera, to Mr. M. Burr, Dormans Park, East
Grinstead.

Ail Exchange Magazines must in future be forwarded to U. W. Tutt,
Westcombe Hiil, Biacltheath, S.E.

Reprints of Articles or Notes (long or short) appearing in this Magazine can be arranged
for by Authors at a very low price, on application to Mr. H. E. Page, F.E.S.,

" Bertrose," Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Exchange Baskets. — March 14th, 1903, No. 1 basket.— Major Robertson, Messrs.
Fox, Lofthouse, Studd, Riding, Day, Bower, Home, Bowles, Mera. No. 2 basket
will be retained till end of .June. [Members who wish to be missed must write to the
name preceding their own on list, not to the Secretary]. The names of one or two
new candidates for admission would be welcomed and room made as opportunity offered.

Duplicates. — LarvffiP. populi. Desiderata. — Other larvfe, ova, &c. — (Miss) E. Miller,
The Croft, Rainsford Road, Chelmsford.

Duplicates. — Pupfe : Moneta (wild). Imagines: Advenaria. Desiderata. — Numerous
— larvsB, pupae, or imagines. — Harold E. IVruser, Kent House, Cranleifih, Surrey.

Duplicates. — B. querciis'*, Poreellus*, Opima (dark rar.)*, Advenaria, Deplana,
Aureola, larva, pupas, and imagines of P. moneta, ova of Advenaria. Desiderata. —
Pupae, larviB and ova of many species. — 'T. IF. King, Purbrook, Dorking.

Desiderata. — During the season — Ova, larvte, pupae, and living imagines of many
species. Good exchange. — H. W. Head, Scarborough.

Wanted. — I shall be deeply obliged to any kindly disposed entomologist who may
have the opportunity, if he will secure me ova, larvse, or pupae of Geometra papilionaria
this season. — (Rev.) C. R. N. Burrows, Mucking J'icarage, Stanford-le-Hope, Essex.

Wanted.— Ova, larv® and pupae of many species, all the year round. Can offer
many larvae, pupae, A'c. — E. Morris, Brockenhurst, New Forest.

Wanted Coleophorids. — As I wish to breed and record the life-history of all the
.'species of Coleophora, I should be pleased to receive any cases and living larvse which
entomologists may meet with. I will do what I can in return.— Hy. J. Turner, 13,
Drake/ell Road, St. Catherine's Park, Hatchani, S.E.

Wanted (during spring and summer). — Living wild ? sAtalanta, Cardui, lo, Sinapis,
Cardamines, C-album, Egeria, Lucina, Rubiginea, Semibrunnea, Petrificata, Miata,
Psittacata and Derivata, also larvae of Repandata and Aurinia from all British localities
(except Carlisle and Westmeath), especially Scotch and Welsh, Castrensis, Quercifolia,
Interjecta,Xerampelina, Diffinis,Festucae. Liberal exchange. — L. W. Newman, Bexley, Kent.

Wanted (to figure). — Examples of the following larvae, fullfed : Antiopa, Lathonia,
Daplidice, Edusa, Hyale, Livornica, Pinastri, Celerio, Gallii, Euphorbiffi. Will any lepi-
dopterist who collects abroad kindly remember my wants when opportunity occurs of
obtaining any of them ? — J. C. Dollman, Hove House, Newton Grove, Bedford Park, W.

Exchange. — I am desirous of obtaining butterflies from the Malayan Archipelago and
She Pacific Islands. For such I offer perfect diurnals from North and South America ;
North American Coleoptera. — Levi IF. Mengel, Boys' High School, Reading, Pa., U.S.A.

Wanted.— Erycinidae of the world. Offer for same Diurni from United States,
northern South America and Central America, also North American birds' eggs and
American-Indian relics. — Levi W. Mengel, Boys' High School, Reading, Pa., U.S.A.

Hertfordshire, County Museum, St. Albans. — A collection of British Lepidoptera
is being formed. I shall be thankful if collectors will send me any duplicate specimens

they may have to spare. Hertfoi-dshire insects will be specially welcome. — A. E. Gibbs,
Hon. Curator, Kitchener^s Meads, St. Alhav>:.

Albert Memokial Museum, Exf.ter. — Collectors of British Lepidoptera are asked
to kindly give any spare Devonshire duplicates they may have, to assist in the formation
of a local collection. Duplicates in other Orders also desired. — F. R. Rowley, Curator.

Parasitical Diptera wanted.— Will lepidopterists who may breed any dipterons
parasites from larva or pupse kindly forward such as they do not "require to me ? If so I
shall be greatly oblfged. — C. J. Waimorirjht, 2, Handsworth Wood Road, Handsworiti,
Staffs. '

Change of Address. — T. Eric Shaic to ;iO, Salhhury Road, Bexley, Kent.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chando^ Street, Cavendish Square, W. 8 p.m.
— Meetings: October 7th, •21st ; November 4th, 18th ; December 2nd. Annual Meeting,
January 20th, iy04.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Finsbury Circus. E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
l).m. Members are particularly requested to bring varieties and aberrations for exhibi-
tion. Non-members cordially invited. Exhibits invited at each meeting, especially those
illustrative of the discussion, etc. Members wishing to contribute " Communications "
are asked to inform one of the Secretaries.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commerciat
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. — Hon. Sec, G. E. Shaw, 22, Baythorne Street, Bow, E.
Monday, July 6th, probably a paper on "Flies," F. Morice. No meeting in August.
Excursions. — July 12th, Merstham ; Cannon Street, 10.2-5 a.m. ; return, 2s. July 18th,
Bromley for Hayes and Keston ; Holborn Viaduct, 2.37 p.m. ; return. Is. July 26tli,
Woking to Windsor; Waterloo, 9. oo a.m. : return, 2s. 6d.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. — The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
June 6th, Field Meeting at Horslev, S.W.R.; leaders, W. J. Lucas, B.A., and R. South,
F.E.S.

North London Natural History Society, Sigdon Road Board School, Dalston Lane,
N.E. (close to Hackney Downs Stations, G. E.R.I. — Meetings second and fourth Tuesdays
in each month, at 7.4.'j p.m.

Carlisle Entomological and Natural History Society.— Meetings held at the
Subscription Library, TuUie House, Carlisle. Visitors cordially invited. — Hon. Sec,
V. H. Day, 17, Thirlmeie Street, Carlisle.

NOW READY.

A List of Lepidoptera

Found in

Cheshire, Flintshire, Derbyshire, Carnarvonshire, and

Anglesea.

Compiled for the Chester Society of Natural Science, by George O. DAY, F.E.S. ,
with the assistance of J. Arkle, H. Dobie, M.D., and R. Newstead, A.L.S., &c.

Copies may be obtained from the Curator, (xrosvenor Museum, Chester,

Price Two Shillings and Sixpence.

To Entomologists, Naturalists, Curators of Museums, &c.
FOR SALE (Privately),

A valuable Collection of British
Macro=Lepidoptera,

Formed by Mr. W. BARNES, of 7, New Road, Reading, and numbering about 600&'
insects, including rare and local varieties and forms, many bred, and all in very fine
condition, well set, with authenticated data and localities.

For particulars apply to Mr. W. BARNES, 7, New Road, Reading, Berks.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST'5 LIBRARY.

Books written by J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
The Natural History of the British Lepidoptera.

(A Text=book for Students and Collectors.)

Vols. I, II, and III. (Price 20s. each volume uet. 54s. for tlie 8 vols.)
This work is the most advanced scientific text-book ever issued on the British Lepi-
doptera. Besides cliapters on the general subject, each volume contains, in the systematic
part, a detailed account of the species, each of which is treated under a variety of headings,
v.g.. Synonymy, Original description. Imago, Sexual Dimorphism, Gynandromorphisin,
Variation, Egg-laying, Ovum, Habits of Larva, Lirva, Variation of Larva, Pupation,
Cocoon, Pupa, Pupal Habits, Dehiscence, Variation of duration of pupal stage, Food-
plants, Parasites, Habits, Habitat, Time of appearance. Localities, Distribution. The
entomologist has, here, a revision of the superfamilies treated in a modern scientific
manner, and the work is of first importance to workers at these groups in all parts of the
world. The systematic part deals particularly with the species found in Britain, and
affords such a mass of detail concerning the British species as has never before been
brought together. To the general biologist the discussion and details relating to the
hybridism, gynandromorphism, variation and life-histories of the species dealt with, afford
a mass of material not to be obtained elsewhere ; whilst to the lepidopterist pure and
simple, the mass of information will enable him to study his subject from many different
standpoints ; to the collector the information concerning the habits, foodplant's, habitat,
and localities, is as full as it can possibly be in the present state of our knowledge ; whilst
it would take the phenologist and student of distribution years to collect anything like the
number of facts bearing on their own special work that is here ready for their digestion.
Each volume contains a great deal of original matter, not only from the observations of
the autha^, but also from Dr. T. A. Chapman, Messrs. A. W. Baeot and L. B. Prout, who
have collaborated with the author in their own branches of study for the work. Besides
these, some 200 other lepidopterists have helped in different ways and in various degrees.
The volumes contain a vast amount of absolutely new material relating to all the species
treated, and, at the same time, the whole of the information to be obtained from the long
series of volumes of Tlie Entoiiiuloiii.tVs Muntlili/ Muiiazhie, TJw KntoiiiolorjUt, The Ento-
mologhVa Record. The Eiiti)iuolo(jiM\ Weekly InlelUnenccr, The Zooloi/igt, The Transactions
uf the Entontolofiical Sucietij of London, -ah well as that contained in the works of Stainton,
Newman, Meyrick, Barrett, and other.s — also in the leading Continental Transactions and
Magazines — has been carefully summarised and noted. The works of all the leading
Continental authorities have also been carefully overhauled, and the important facts
gleaned therefrom. So much labour has been expended in making the volume worthy of
acceptance to all lepidopterists; and the cost of production of so large a book is so heavy,
that the support of every lepidopterist is earnestly solicited. To those lepidopterists who
have become interested in the scientific study of the subject they profess, these volumes
will open up a new world. The amount of labour expended in producing them has been
enormous, and, expensive as the works may appear, are really cheaper than any other
published work on the subject, for they represent a whole library of information that ia
otherwise practically unobtainable.

Monograph of the Pterophorina.

(Demy 8vo., 161 pp., bound in Cloth. Price -5/-).
This book contains an introductory chapter on " Collecting," " Killing " and
" Setting " the Pterophorina, a table giving details of each species — Times of appearance
of larva, of pupa and of imago, food-plants, mode of pupation, and a complete account (so
far as is known) of every British species, under the headings of " Synonymy," " Imago,"
'* Variation," " Ovum," " Larva," " Food-plants," " Pupa," " Habitat," and " Distribu-
tion." It is much the most complete and trustworthy account of this interesting group of
Lepidoptera that has ever been published.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh.

(Crown 8vo., Illustrated, Bound in Cloth, (Price 2/6).

Another series of collecting expeditions into well-known entomological and natural
history localities, with description of botanical, geological, ornithological as well as
entomological matters of interest to be found therein. The places dealt with include
Cobham Woods, Cuxton Downs, the Western Highlands, Chffe— all well known for their
rich entomological fauna.

To be obtained from H. E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatlj Road, Hatcham.

The Migration and Dispersal of Insects.

BY

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Demy 8vo., 132 pp. Price Five Shillings net.

This book, the only one published on this interesting subject, is of first
importance to all students of the geographical distribution of animals, and
contains the following chapters : —

1. General Considerations. 2. Coccids and Aphides. .3. Orthoptera. 4. Odonata.
5. Lepidoptera. 6. Coleoptera. 7. Uiptera. 8. Social Insects — Hymenoptera, Ter-
mites. 9. Fnial considerations.

Only a very small number of copies has been printed. It is trusted that
all entomologists will, besides supporting the book themselves, recommend it
to any libraries in which they are interested or with which they are
connected.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.

(Demy 8vo., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-).

Deals exhaustivply with all the views brought forward by scienbists to account for the
forms of melanism and melanofliroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of
melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin; the special value of
"natural selection," "environment," "heredity," "disease," "temperature," &c., in
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the
Entomological Society of London, says, " An especiiilly interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in
Mr. Tutt's series of papers on " Melanism and Melanochroism."

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh.

Price 2/tJ. 242 pp. and 103 Woodcuts and full-page Illustrations.

A- series of Entomological Essays based on the insects to be found in various well-
known entomological localities. Deals with a great many of the more philosophical
subjects now before the entomological public.

Postal Orders to H. E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

The place for NEW FOREST OVA, LARY^, and (bred)

IMAGINES is

£*. SWORRiSf Entomologist, Brockenhurst.

Send stamped addressed envelope for Lists.

Commissions executed in all orders. Foodplants for larvas supplied weekly.

Day or night excursions accompanied.

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Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

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Plain Eing Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/8, "i/-, 2/(3. Folding Nets, 3/0, 4/ .
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9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, Od., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-,
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double tin, 1/6 to 6/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Lisect Glazed Cases,
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Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com-
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2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
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Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English names (1894 edition),
1/6. Our new complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1/- ;
or printed on one side tor labels, 2/-.

Now Rkady. — The Exchange List and Label List, compiled by Mr. Ed. Meyrick, B.A.,
F.L.S., F.K.S.. nccording to his recent "Handbook of British Lepidoptern." Exchange
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L. W. NEWMAN, Bexley, Kent.

PRACTICAL HINTS for the FIELD LEPIDOPTERIST

Parts I and II.

Price 5ix Shillings net (each part).

(Ixx^ex>leek.-vesd fox> Collectox^'s o'wxft n.oteB.)

This book, issued in 2 parts, to be purchased separately, is one of the most useful
practical aids ever oSered to the field lepidopterist. In both Part I and Part II the closely
printed pages are interleaved, the two Parts being quite independent of each other, with no
overlapping and the work is entirely different from any of the elementary helps previously
published as aids to the field-worker, and which contain little that the field-worker has not
himself learned during the first year of his own obserA'ation and experience. This is
intended primarily to save the field lepidopterist — beginner and old hand — time, trouble
and expense in prosecuting his work. Altogether some 2,800 "Practical hints" are
included, telling the lepidopterist how, when, and where, to work for the more desirable
species. No lepidopterist — unless he has learned everything — can aflord to be without a>
copy of this most useful book. The older collectors will not only find many hints that they
do not know, but chey will also find many facts that they may wish to remenber presented
in a compact form. To the younger collector it offers a mass of information that he could
not hope to accumulate by himself in very many years of field work, whilst to all it must
remain one of the most necessary books ever published for the use of field lepidopterists.
The contents of each Part are divided into the following chapters : — (1) January, February
and early jNIarch ; (2) Later March and April ; (3) May ; (4) June; (5) July; (6) August;
(7) September ; (8) October ; (9) November and December. Each chapter opens with a
Kenei-al review of the field work that can be done in the period indicated, and whilst these
opening parts of the chapters in Part I are particularly devoted to localities and modes of
capture, those of Part II deal more particularly with the treatment of the early stages and
»he various modes of rearing and keeping larvae and pup£e in confinement. This part of the
chapter is followed by a classified list of the Hints available for the period, and, now that
the whole of the material is grouped, it offers a great mass of exact, useful and reliable
information, bearing on the work of the lepidopterist in the field, telling him exactly what
t 1 do and how to do it in the fewest possible words, and in the least possible space. Such
inforination could only be gathered by the individual worker as the result of many years*
observation and by refeienee to many books in which the facts are buried amongst a mass of
other entomological detail. Lepidopterists, experienced and inexperienced, will find in this
book much mformation that will suggest quite new lines of work in their collecting, and
enable them to find, in close proximity to their homes, rare and local species that they
have never suspected to be in their vicinity, and the saving of time and trouble will thus
be enormous.

The published records of many of our most observant field lepidopterists have been
largely drawn upon in the compilation of this work. Among many others whose work has
been laid under contribution are — Messrs. Adkin, Alderson, Arbuthnott, Ash, Atmore,
Bacot, Bankes, C. G. Barrett, Battley, Bayne, Birchall, Bignell, Bower, Bowles, E.W.
Brown, Buckler, Burrows, Bush, Butler, Butterfield, Carlier, Capper, Carr, Carrington,
Chapman, Christy, Clarke, Clutten, Corbett, Coverdale, Harpur-Crewe, DoUman, Dadd,
Edelsten, Edleston, F. H. Day, G. 0. Day, Durrant, Edgell, Elisha, Farren, Fenn, Finlay,
W. H. B. Fletcher, Fox, Fraser, J. E. Gardner, Greene, Gregson, Griffiths, Haggart, Hall,
Hamn, Harrison, Harding, Hellins, G. M. A. Hewett, W. Hewett, Hodges, Hodgkinson,
Holland, Home, James, Jager, Kane, King, Lockyer, McArthur, Machin, Maddison,
Mason, Merritield, Merrin, Miller, Moberly, Montgomery, Morres, Moss, Newman, Newn-
ham, Norgatc, Norman, Porritt, Prout, Prideaux, Bansom, Eaynor, P. C. Eeid, W. Beid,
Bichardson, Biding, Eobson, Bobertson, Robinson, Russell, Shaw, Sheldon, Bernard -
Smith, South, Stainton, Stott, Talbot, Thornewill, Thornhill, Threlfall, Thurnall, Todd,
Tunaley, TugweTl, Turner, S. Walker, Warren, Whittle, Wilkinson, Williams, Woodforde,
Wratislaw, Wylie, Lord Walsingham, &c.

The book has been interleaved, so that collectors can add therein their own notes,
dates, &c. Reference has been made easy, the notes for each month being classed under
the superfamily heads to which they belong, e.g., Tineina (unclassified), Tineides,
Adelides, Plutellides, Elachistides, Gracillariides, Argyresthides, Coleophorides, Litho-
colletides, Ncpticulides, Tortricides, Pyra'oides, Crambides, Pyralides, Drepanulides,
Cymatophorides, Brephides, Geometrides, Pterophorides, Sesiides, Zeuzerides, Cochlidides,
Psy chides, Anthrocerides, Lachneides, Sphingides, Deltoides, Lymantriides, Nycteolides,
Notodontides, Noctuides, Arctiides, Papilionides, etc. These will give an idea of the range
covered by tlie notes.

Deab Sih, —

Please forward me copies of Parts of Practical Hints for the Field

Lepidopteri.ft , for which I enclose Postal Order value s.

Name

Address

Mr. H. E. Paok, " Bertro-e," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

J. AAT. TUTT, F.E.S

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, i.K.s., f.r.s.u.
M. BURR, B.A.,F.z.s., F.L.s., i-.E.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d., f.z.s., v.k.s.
L. B. PROUT, F.E.S, H. St. J.K.DONISTHORPE, f.z.s. f.i

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" Bertrose," Gellatlv Road, St. Catherine's Park,
London, S.E.

LONDON :

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BERLIN :

R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,

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NEW YORK:

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New York, U.S.A.

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LABELS ! LABEL5 ! ! LABEL5 ! ! !

. minu

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It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities. 'i

Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as

received. Remittance in full must accompany each order.

ADDRE55. — "Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road.
Westcombe Park, S.E.

Subscriptions tor Vol. XV are now ovet due.
i^ o rr I c e: .

The Back Volumes (I-XIV)of TJie EntomologUVH Record, &c., can be obtained at 10s. (kl.
per Volume. Complete set of 14 vols. £5 7s. 6d. net. " Special Index " to Vols. III., IV.,
v., VI.. VII., VIII., IX., X., XI., XII., XIII. and XIV., price 1/0 each. Single Back
Numbers can be obtained at dodbi.e the published price from H. E. Page, P.E.S.,
" Bertrose," Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe tbat subscriptions to The Entomologist's Record, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (including the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and must be
sent to Mr. H. E. Page, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E. Cheques and
Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Titt.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale will be inserted at a minimum charge of 2s. 6d. {for
four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series. Particulars of Mr.
H. E. Page, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. E. Page, " Bertrose,"
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed.

Articles for insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. W. Tutt, Westcombe Hill, S.E., except
those relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donisthorpe, 58, Kensington Mansions,
South Kensington, S.W., and those relating to Orthoptera, to Mr. M. Btrr, Dormans Park, East
Grinstead.

Air Exchange Magazines must in future be forwarded to </. IV. Tutt,
Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

Reprints of Articles or Notes (long or short) appearing in this Magazine can be arranged
for by Authors at a very low price, on application to Mr. H. E. Page, F.E.S.,

" Bertrose," Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Notice. — The Editor would like to have the names and addresses of lepidopterists
who are willing to rear any surplus ova or larvse that may come to him, and who will
write detailed notes of the species reared for publication. Sometimes eggs and larvse are
received from correspondents which he has no time to deal with, and the knowledge of
two or three keen lepidopterists, who would undertake the rearing cnul write their observa-
tions, would be at such times very useful. — /. ]V. Tutt.

Exchange Baskets. — March 14th, 1908, No. 1 basket. — Major Robertson, Messrs.
Fox, Lofthouse, Studd, Riding, Day, Bower, Home, Bowles, Mera. Will each member
please make enquiries about this basket, of which nothing has been heard for some
weeks. The last official notice of receipt was from Dr. Riding. No. 2 basket
will be retained till end of June. [Members who wish to be missed must write to the
name preceding their own on list, not to the Secretary] . The names of one or two
new candidates for admission would be welcomed and room made as opportunity offered.

Duplicates. — Larvaj of Suasa. Desiderata. — Larvte, pupffi, and ova. — Samuel IJ'alker,
15, Queen Anne's Road, York.

Desiderata. — During the season — Ova, larvae, pupae, and living imagines of many
species. Good exchange. — H. IV. Head, Scarborough.

Wantep. — British and European Tortricids, especially those species credited to both
Europe and America in Meyrick's Handbook and Staudinger and Rebel's Cataloji, pinned
and set in English style acceptable. Will make liberal returns in any family — North
American Lepidoptera named or other orders unnamed. — IF'. D. Kearfott, 114, Liberty
Street, Neiv York City, U.S.A.

Wanted. — Systematic works on the Lepidoptera of South Africa. State price and
condition to — W. M. Iteid, Pitcaple, Aberdeenshire.

Wanted. — I shall be deeply obliged to any kindly disposed entomologist who may
have the opportunity, if he will secure me ova, larvae, or pup® of Geometra papilionaria
this season. — (Rev.) C. It. N. Burrows, Mucking I'icarage, Stanford-le-Hope, Esse.v.

Wanted. — Ova, larvae and pupae of many species, all the year round. Can oft'er
many larvae, pupae, &e. — K. Morris, Brockenhurst, New Forest.

Wanted Coleophorids. — As I wish to breed and record the life-history of all the
species of Coleophora, I should be pleased to receive any cases and living larvae which
entomologists may meet with. I will do what I can in return. — Hy. J. Turner, 13,
Drakefell Road, St. Catlierine's Park, Hatcltam, S.E.

Wanted (during spring and summer). — Living wild ? s Atalanta, Cardui, lo, Sinapis,
Cardamines, C-album, Egeria, Lucina, Rubiginea, Semibrunnea, Petrificata, Miata,
Psittacata and Derivata, also larvae of Repandata and Aurinia from all British localities
(except' Carlisle and • Westmeath), especially Scotch and Welsh, Castrensis, Quercifolia,
Inter jecta, Xerampelina, Diliftnis, Festucae. Liberal exchange. — /,. IF. Newman, B e. vie y, Kent.

Wanted (to figure). — Examples of the following larvae, fullfed : Antiopa, Lathonia,
Daplidice, Edusa, Hyale, Livornica, Pinastri, Celerio, Gallii, Euphorbia. Will any lepi-
dopterist who collects abroad kindly remember my wants when opportunity occurs of
obtaining any of them ? — J. C. Dollman, Hove House, Neirton Grove, Bedford Park, W.

Exchange. — I am desirous of obtaining butterflies from the Malayan Archipelago and
the Pacific Islands. For such I oii'er perfect diurnals from North and South America ;
North American Coleoptera. — Levi W. Mengel, Boys' High School, Reading, Pa., U.S.A.

Wanted.— Erycinidas of the world. Offer for same Diurni from United States,
northern South America and Central America, also North American birds' eggs and
American-Indian relics.— Lej'i W. Mengel, Boys' High School, Reading, Pa., U.S.A.

Hertfordshire County Museum, St. Albans. — A collection of British Lepidoptera
is being formed. I shall be thankful if collectors will send me any duplicate specimens
they may have to spare. Hertfordshire insects will be specially welcome. — A. E. Gibhs,
Hon. Curator, Kitchener's Meads, St. Albans.

Albert Memoiual Museum, Exeter. — Collectors of British Lepidoptera are asked
to kindly give any spare Devonshire duplicates they may have, to assist in the formation
of a local collection. Duplicates in other Orders also desired. — F. R. Rowley, Curator.

Parasitical Diptera wanted. — Will lepidopterists who may breed any dipterous
parasites from larvae or pupae kindly forward such as they do not require to me ? If so I
shall be greatly obliged. — C. J. Waimcriqht, 2, Handsworth Wood Road, Handsworth,
Stajr.-<.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.— 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W. 8 p.m.
— Meetings: October 7th, 21st ; November 4th, 18th ; December 2nd. Annual Meeting,
-January 20th, ]i)04.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.G. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m. Members are particularly requested to bring varieties and aberrations for exhibi-
tion. Non-members cordially invited. Exhibits invited at each meeting, especially those
illustrative of the discussion. Ac. Members wishing to contribute " Communications "
are asked to inform one of the Secretaries.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. — Hon. Sec, G. E. Shaw, 22, Baythofne Street, Bow, E.
No meeting in August. Excursion. — .July 2(ith, Woking to Windsor ; Waterloo, 9.55 a.m.;
return, 2s. 6d.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers. London Bridge. Tlie second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.

North London Natural History Society, Sigdon lioad Board School, Dalston Lane,
N.E. (close to Hackney Downs Stations, G.E.R.). — Meetings second and fourth Tuesdays
in each month, at 7.45 p.m.

Carlisle Entomological and Natural History Society. — Meetings held at the
Subscription Library, Tullie House, Carlisle. Visitors cordially invited. — Hon. Sec,
F. H. Day, 17, Thirlmere Street, Carlisle.

NOW READY.

A List of Lepidoptera

Found in

Cheshire, Flintshire, Derbyshire, Carnarvonshire, and

Anglesea.

Compiled for the Chester Society of Natural Science, by George 0. DAY, F.E.S.,
with the assistance of J. Arkle, H. Dobie, M.D., and R. Newstead, A.L.S., etc.

Copies may be obtained from the Curator, Grosvenor Museum, Chester,

Price Two Shillings and Sixpence.

A few Copies of the f jllowing Pamphlets.

Notes on Hybrids of Tephrosia bistortata, Goeze, and T. crepuscularia, Hb, . . 1/-
Some Results of Recent Experiments in Hybridising Tephrosia bistortata and

T. crepuscularia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/-

The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths 1/6

The Lasiocampids .. .. .. .. .. .. ., .. ., 2/-

Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental references to the Nature

of Species . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . 1/6

The Scientific Aspect of Entomology (1) .. .. .. .. .. . . 1/-

The Scientific Aspects of Entomology (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/-

A gregarious butterfly — Erebia neiine — with notes on the Lepidoptera of the

Mendelstrasse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/-

The Nature of Metamorphosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/-

To be obtained from H. E. 1'age, " Bertrosc," Gellatly Road, Hatcham.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LIBRARY.

Books written by J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The Natural History of the British Lepidoptera.

(A Text^book for Students and Collectors.)

Vols. I, II, aud III. (Price 20s. each volume net. 54s. for the 3 vols.)
This work is the most advanced scientitic text-book ever issued on the British Lepi-
doptera. Besides chapters on tlie general subject, each volume contains, in the systematic
part, a detailed account of the species, each of which is treated under a variety of headings,
e.g., Synonymy, Original description. Imago, Sexual Dimorphism, Gynandromorphism,
Variation, Egg-laying, Ovum, Habits of Larva, Larva, Variation of Larva, Pupation,
Cocoon, Pupa, Pupal Habits, Dehiscence, Variation of duration of pupal stage. Food-
plants, Parasites, Habits, Habitat, Time of appearance. Localities, Distribution. The
entomologist has, here, a revision of the superfamilies treated in a modern scientific
manner, and the work is of first importance to workers at these groups in all parts of the
world. The systematic part deals particularly with the species found in Britain, and
affords such a mass of detail concerning the British species as has never before been
brought togetlier. To the general biologist the discussion and details relating to the
hybridism, gynandromorphism, variation and life-histories of the species dealt with, afford
a mass of material not to be obtained elsewliere ; whilst to the lepidopterist pure and
simple, the mass of information will enable him to study his subject from many different
standpoints ; to the collector the information concerning the habits, foodplants, habitat,
and localities, is as full as it can possibly be in the present state of our knowledge ; whilst
it would take the phenologist and student of distribution years to collect anything like the
number of facts bearing on their own special work that is here ready for their digestion.
Each volume contains a great deal of original matter, not only from the observations of
the author, but also from Dr. T. A. Chapman, Messrs. A. W. Bacot and L. B. Prout, who
have collaborated with the author in their own branches of study for the work. Besides
these, some 200 other lepidopterists have helped in different ways and in various degrees.
The volumes contain a vast amount of absolutely new material relating to all the species
treated, and, at the same time, the whole of the information to be obtained from the long
series of volumes of Tlie Eiitoiu.olofiist\-< Monthly Maoaziiic, The Eiitoinolojjigt, The Ento-
iiiologifit''x Record, The Entomologist^ t; Weekly Intelligencer, The Zoologiat, The Tran.'iaction.'i
of the Entomological Society of London, aa well as that contained in the works of Stainton,
Newman, Meyrick, Barrett, and others — also in the leading Continental Transactions and
Magazines — has been carefully summarised and noted. The works of all the leading
Continental authorities have also been carefully overhauled, and the important facts
gleaned therefrom. So much labour has been expended in making the volume worthy of
acceptance to all lepidopterists, and the cost of production of so large a book is so heavy,
that the support of every lepidopterist is earnestly solicited. To those lepidopterists who
have become interested in the scientific study of the subject they profess, these volumes
will open up a new world. The amount of labour expended in producing them has been
enormous, and, expensive as the works may appear, are really cheaper than any other
publislied work on tlie subject, for they represent a whole library of information that is
otherwise practically unobtainable.

Monograph of the Pterophorina.

(Demy 8vo., 1(51 pp., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-).
This book contains an introductory chapter on " Collecting," " Killing " and
" Setting " the Pterophorina, a table giving details of each species — Times of appearance
of larva, of pupa and of imago, food-plants, mode of pupation, and a complete account (so
far as is known) of every British species, under the headings of " Synonymy," "Imago,"
" Variation," " Ovum," " Larva," " Food-plants," " Pupa," " Habitat," and " Distribu-
tion." It is much the most complete and trustworthy account of this interesting group of
Lepidoptera that has ever been published.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh.

(Crown 8vo., Illustrated, Bound in Cloth, (Price 2/6).

Another series of collecting expeditions into well-known entomological and natural
history localities, with description of botanical, geological, ornithological as well as
entomological matters of interest to be found tlierein. The places dealt with include
Cobliam Woods, Cuxton Downs, the Western Highlands, Clift'e — all well known for their
rich entomological fauna.

To be obtained from H. E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatchain.

The Migration and Dispersal of Insects.

BV

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Demy 8vo., 132 pp. Price Five Shillings net.

This book, the only one published on this interesting subject, is of first
importance to all students of the geographical distribution of animals, and
contains the following chapters : —

1. General Considerations. 2. Coccitls and Aphides. H. Ortlioptera. 4. Odonata.
5. Lepidoptera. 6. Coieoptera. 7. Diptera. S. Social Insects — Hymenoptera, Ter-
mites. 9. Final considerations.

Only a very small number of copies has been printed. It is trusted that
all entomologists will, besides supporting the book themselves, recommend it
to any libraries in which they are interested or with which they are
connected.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.

(Demy 8vo., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-).

Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward byscientists to account for the
forms of melanism and melanochroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of
melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin ; the special value of
"natural selection," "environment," "heredity," "disease," "temperature," &e., in
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the
Entomological Society of London, says, " An especially interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in
Mr. Tutt's series of papers on " Melanism and Melanochroism."

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh.

Price 2/ii. "2i'2 pp. and lOiJ Woodcuts and full-page Illustrations.

-A series of Entomological Essays based on the insects to be found in various well-
known entomological localities. Deals with a great many of the more philosophical
subjects now before the entomological public.

Postal Orders to H. E. Pagk, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatchain, S.E.

The place for NEW FOREST OVA, LARYJE, and (bred)

IMAGINES is

£*. MORRISf Entomologist, Brockenhurst.

Send stamped addressed envelope for Lists.

Commis-sions executed in all orders. Foodi)lants for larvse supplied weekly.

Day or night excursions accompanied.

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Plain Khig Isets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/0. Folding Nets, 3/0, 4/-.
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4/-, 5/-, 0/-. Setting Boards, flat or oval, lin., Gd.; Ifin., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2Jin., 1/- ;
3^iu., 1/4; 4in., l/C); 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/0. Setting Houses,
9/0, 11/0 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/0. Breeding Cage, 2/0, 4/-,
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double tin, 1/0 to 0/G. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2/0 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennte 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/0, 2/-,'2/G per
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 8J, best quality 1/4 per dozen sheets. Brass ChloroformjBottle,
2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com-
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2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
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of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English names (1894 edition),
1/G. Our new complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1/- ;
or printed on one side for labels, 2/-.

Now Ready. — The Exchange List and Label List, compiled by Mr. Ed. Meyrick, B.A.,
F.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent " Handbook of British Lepidoptera." Exchange
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For teni.s, etc., apply

L. W. NEWMAN, Bexley, Kent.

PRACTICAL HINTS for the FIELD LEPIDOPTERIST

Parts I and II.
Price Six Shillings net (each part).

This book, issued in 2 parts, to be purchased separately, is one of the most useful
practical aids ever offered to the field lepidopterist. In both Part I and Part II the closely
printed pages are interleaved, the two Parts being quite independent of each other, with uo
overlapping and the work is entirely ditferent from any of the elementary helps previously
l^ublished as aids to the field-worker, and which contain little that the field-worker has not
himself learned during the first year of his own observation and experience. This is
intended primarily to save the field-lepidopterist — beginner and old hand — time, trouble
iind expense in prosecuting his work. Altogether some 2,800 "Practical hints" are
included, telling the lepidopterist how, when, and where, to work for the more desirable
species. No lepidopterist^ — unless he has learned everything — can afford to be without a
copy of this most useful book. The older collectors will not only find many hints that they
do not know, but they will also find many facts that they may wish to remember presented
in a compact form. To the younger collector it offers a mass of information that he could
not hope to accumulate by himself in very many years of field work, whilst to all it must
remain o)ie of the most necessary books ever published for the use of field lepidopterists.
The contents of each Part are divided into the following chapters : — (1) .January, Pebruary
and early March ; ('2) Later March and April ; (3) May ; (4) June; (5) July; (0) August;
(7) September; (S) October; (9) November and December. Each chapter opens with a
general review of the field work that can be done in the period indicated, and whilst these
opening parts of the chapters in Part I are particularly devoted to localities and modes of
capture, those of Part II deal more particularly with the treatm6nt of the early stages and
the various modes of rearing and keeping larvte and pupte in confinement. This part of the
chapter is followed by a classified list of the Hints available for the period, and, now that
the whole of the material is grouped, it offers a great mass of exact, useful and reliable
information, bearing on the work of the lepidopterist in the field, telling him exactly what
to do and how to do it in the fewest possible words, and in the least possible space. Such
information could only be gathered by the individual worker as the result of many years'
observation and by reference to many books in which the facts are buried amongst a mass of
other entomological detail. Lepidopterists, experienced and inexperienced, will find in this
book much information that will suggest quite new lines of work in their collecting, and
enable them to find, in close proximity to their homes, rare and local species that they
have never suspected to be in their vicinity, and the saving of time and trouble will thus
be enormous.

The published records of many of our most observant field lepidopterists have been
largely drawn upon in the compilation of this work. Among many others whose work has
been laid under contribution are — Messrs. Adkin, Alderson, Arbuthnott, Ash, Atmore,
Bacot, Bankes, C. G. Barrett, Battley, Bayne, Birchall, Bignell, Bower, Bowles, E.W.
Brown, Buckler, Burrows, Bush, Butler, Butterfield, Carlier, Capper, Carr, Carrington,
Chapman, Christy, Clarke, Clutten, Corbett, Coverdale, Harpur-Crewe, Dollman, Dadd,
Edelsten, Edleston, F. H. Day, G. 0. Day, Durrant, Edgell, Elisha, Earren, Eenn, Einlay,
W. H. B. Fletcher, Fox, Eraser, J. E. Gardner, Greene, Gregson, Grifliths, Haggart, Hall,
Hamm, Harrison, Harding, Hellins, G. M. A. Hewett, W. Hewett, Ilodges, Hodgkinson,
Holland, Home, James, Jiiger, Kane, King, Lockyer, McArthur, Machin, Maddison,
Mason, Merritield, Merrin, Miller, Moberly, Montgomery, Morres, Moss, Newman, Newn-
ham, Norgate, Norman, Porritt, Prout, Prideaux, Ransom, Kaynor, P. C. Beid, W. lleid,
llicliardson. Hiding, Robson, Robertson, Robinson, Russell, Shaw, Sheldon, Bernard-
Smith, South, Stainton, Stott, Talbot, Thornewill, Thornhill, Threlfall, Thurnall, Todd,
Tunaley, Tugwell, Turner, S. Walker, Warren, Whittle, Wilkinson, Williams, Woodforde,
Wratislaw, Wylie, Lord Walsingham, Ac.

The book has been interleaved, so that collectors can add therein their own notes,
dates, ttc. Reference has been made easy, the notes for each month being classed under
the superfamily heads to which they belong, e.ii., Tineina (unclassified), Tineides,
Adclides, Plutellides, Elachistides, Gracillariides, Argyresthides, Coleophorides, Litho-
colletides, Nepticulides, Tortricides, Pyra'oides, Crambides, Pyralides, Drepanulides,
Cymatophorides, Brephides, Geometrides, Pterophorides, Sesiides, Zeuzerides, Coehlidides,
Psychides, Anthrocerides, Lachneides, Sphingides, Deltoides, Lymantriides, Nycteolides,
Notodontides, Noctuides, Arctiides, Papilionides, &c. These will give an idea of the range
covered by the notes.

De.\r Sir, —

Please forward me copies of Parts of Practical Hin!^ fur the Field

Lepidopterist, for which I enclose Postal Order value s.

Name

Address

Mr. H. E. P.VGE, " Bertrose," Gellatly Eoad, Hatchani.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. AV. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.h.s.k.
M BURR B.A..r.z.s.,F.L.s.,i.-.E.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d., f.^.s., i.e.s.
L B. PROUT, fTe s! H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE. r.z.s, f.e.s.

SEPTEMBER 15th, 1903.

Price Sixpence (net)
Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Including SPECIAL INDEX and all DOUBLE NUMBERS),
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BE FORWARDED TO

HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S.,

"Beetrose," Gellatlv Road, St. Cathehise's Park,

LoKDON, S.E.

LONDON ;
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternosti:i! Eow, E.G.

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LABELS ! LABELS 1 1 LABELS ! ! I

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It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
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To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.

Larger quantities 2)>o rata. Orders executed in same order as

received. Remittance in full must accompany each order.

Rannoch New Forest Shetland

15. vi. 97 4. ix. '.17 5. V. 97

ADDRES5.— "Requisites," Coombe Lods:e, Mycen« Road.
Westcombe Park, S.E.

Subscribers who have not yet forwarded subscriptions for Vol. XY. are kindly
requested to do so.

i4r o "X" X c e: .

The Back Volumes (I-XIV)of The KiitomologiM'a liecnvd, &e., can be obtained at 10s. 6d.
per Volume. Complete set of 14 vols. £5 7s. 6d. net. " Special Index " to Vols. III., IV.,
v., VI.. VII., VIII., IX., X., XI,, XII., XIII. and XIV., price 1/6 each. Single Back
Numbers can be obtained at dodble the published price from H. E. Page, F.E.S.,
"Bertrose," Gellatly Eoad, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to The Entomoioaut's Record, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (including the Special Index) is Sf.ven' Shillings, and must be
sent to Mr. H. E. Page, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E. Cheques and
Postal Orders should be made payable to .J. W. Trrr.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale will be inserted at a minimum charge of 2s. 6d. (for
four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series. Particulars of Mr.
H. E. Page, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. B. Page, "Bertrose,"
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed.

Articles for insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. W. Tutt, Westcombe Hill, S.E., except
those relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donisthorpe, 58, Kensington Mansions,
South Kensington, S.W., and those relating to Orthoptera, to Mr. M. Birr, Royal Societies' Club,
St. James's Street, S.W.

AH Exchange Magaxines must in future be forwarded to «/. W. Tutt,
Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

Reprints of Articles or Notes (long or short) appearing in this Magazine can be arranged
for by Authors at a very low price, on application to Mr. H. E. Page, F.E.S.,

" Bertrose," Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Notice.— The Editor would like to have the names and addresses of lepidopterists
who are willing to rear any surplu.s ova or hnvw that may come to him, and who will
write detailed notes of the species reared for publication. Sometimes eggs and larvae
are received from correspondents which he has no time to deal with, and the knowledge of
two or three keen lepidopterists, who would undertake the rearing and who would write
their observations, would be at such times very useful. — J. IV. Tutt.

Exchange Baskets.— March 14th, 1903," No. 1 basket.— Major Robertson, Messrs.
Fox, Lofthouse, Studd, Piiding, Day, Bower, Home, Bowles, Mera. Mr. Bower sent
No. 1 to Mr. Home on May 28th, and Mr. Home has never acknowledged receipt to
Secretary. Has anyone any later news of it ? No. 2 basket is at present in the ,

Secretary's hands. [Members who wish to be missed must^vrite to the name preceding
their own on list, not to the Secretary]. The names of one or two new candidates
for admission would be welcomed and room made as opportunity offered.

Duplicates. — Larvte of Suasa. Desiderata. — Larvae, pupae, and ova. — Savuiel ]]'alker,
Ifj, Queen Aniie^s Road, York.

Desiderata. — During the season— Ova, larvae, pupa?, and living imagines of many
species. Good exchange. — H. U\ Head, Scarhoroufili.

Duplicates.— GnsifhsLln* (1), CraccEe* (dark), Cannffi*, Pulchellata rar. Hebridium,
Smaragdaria*, Asteris*, Abietaria*, .luniperata, *c. — IT. G. Slieldon, Heimath, Friends
Jload, Croi/don.

Duplicates. — Arion, Papbia, Polychloros*, Ditrapezium*, Baja*, Augur*, Papilion-
aria*, Pulchellata, Illunaria, Nupta, Moneta*. Larvae. — Albicillata, Papilionaria,
J)esiderata. — Numerous in living stages — T. /.'. Shau-, Salishiinj Jload, He.iiey, Kent.

Duplicates. — Occulta, Tincta, Brunneata, Obfuscata, Rufieinctata (a few), Davus,
Cassiope, Blandina, Festiva rar. conflua, Plantaginis* (S Scotch), Betularia var. double-
dayaria, Tris-tata (white pins), Ulmata (white pins), Leucophaearia, Hispidus, Ambigua,
Muralis, Tersata* (4), Miniosa* (6), Suffusa (4), Hera (7 slightly chipped), Haworthii, T,
quercus* (6), Callunae* (1), Artemis (6), Chi rar. olivacea (5), Instabilis (dark: south
Yorkshire). Larvae of Occulta. Ova of Obfuscata, Rutieintata (24). Desiderata.^M^oin-
formis, Formicieformi.=, Apiformis, Pruni, Auricoma, Alni, Venosa, Fluctuosa, Rufa,
Obsoleta, Straminea, Ravida, Cinerea, Agathina, Caliginosa, Globulari», Leucographa,
Oo, Paleacea, Pyralina, Cbrysozona, Absynthii, Venustula, Argenlula, Chaonia, Fiuviata,
Rufuta, &c. — E. A. Cockayne, 6, Taptton House Road, ShejUeM.

Duplicates. — Euphrosyne, Selene, Brunnea*, Rubricollis*, Exiersaria*, Fasciaria*,
Consonaria, Miniosa, Furca (2), Derasa, Smaragdaria, Sibylla*, Fimbria*, Quadra*,
Cytisaria*, Monacha*, Russula, Orbona*. Desiderata. — Ova, larvae, and pupae of many
species. — G. T. Lyle, Ilrockenhtirst.

Duplicates. — Pupae — Marginatus (Umbra), Mendica, Ochracea, Capsincola, Cucubali,
Jacobaeae. Larvae — Unanimis. Desiderata. — Oilers of ova, larvae, pupse, or if set imagines,
butterflies only. — 7. H'. Harrison, :i, Craifj St., Birtley, li.S.O., Durham.

Duplicates. — Plusia moneta (about 20). Desiderata. — Numerous as advertiser is
starting collection. — //. Mou.iley, Tods^corth, nr. Petirorth.

DwpUcatcs. — Vitalbata*, Bilunaria*, Lonicerae*, Suasa*, Trifolii*, Lienif^ianus*,
Ornata, Kusticala, Nigricans, Verbascalis, M. cribrum, a few good Abjecta and larvae o£
Contigua. Desiderata, — Very numerous. Black pins only. — J. Ovcndcn, Fmuhburi/,
llochestev. Kent.

Duplieates. — Moneta* (British), a few. Desiderata. — Lucina, Palaemon, Davus
(English only). — H. Ixouland-Broirn, Harroiv -Weald.

Wanted. — British and European Tortricids, especially those species credited to botli
Europe and America in Merrick's Handbook and Staudinger and Rebel's Catalog, pinned
and set in English style acceptable. Will make liberal returns in any family of North
American Lepidoptera named or other orders unnamed. — W. D. Kearfott, 114, IJhertij
Street, New York City, U.S.A.

Waxtei). — Systematic works oh the Lepidoptera of South Africa. State price and
condition to — W. M. Eeid, Pitraple, Aberdeenshire.

Wanted Coleophokids. — As I wi.sh to breed and record the life-history of all the
species of Coleuphora, I should be pleased to receive any cases and living larviB which
entomologists may meet with. I will do what I can in return. — ////. J. Turner, 13,
Drakefell Road, St. Catherine' s Park. Hatcliant, S.E.

Wanted (to figure). — Examples of the following larvs, fuUfed : Antiopa, Lathonia,
Daplidice, Edusa, Hyale, Livornica, Pinastri, Celerio, Gallii, Euphorbiie. Will any lepi-
dopterist who collects abroad kindly remember my wants when opportunity occurs of
obtaining any of them ? — J. C. Dollman, Hove House, Newton Grove, Bedford Park, W.

Exchange. — I am desirous of obtaining butterflies from the Malayan Archipelago and
the Pacific Islands. For such I offer perfect diurnals from North and South America ;
North American Coleoptera. — Levi W. Hemjel, Boijs' Hujh School, Reading, Pa., U.S.A.

Wanted. — Erycinidaj of the world. Offer for same Diurni from United States,
northern South America and Central America, also North American birds' eggs and
American-Indian relics. — Levi IF. Mennel, Boys' Huili School, Reading, Pa., TT.S.A.

Hehtfohdshire County Museum, St. Albans. — A collection of British Lepidoptera
is being formed. I shall be thankful if collectors will send me any duplicate specimens
they may have to spai'e. Hertfordshire insects will be specially welcome. — .1. E. Gibbs,
Hun. Curator, Kitcheiu'r''s Meads, St. Albans.

Albekt Memorial Museuji, Exeter. — Collectors of British Lepidoptera are asked
to kindly give any spare Devonshire duplicates they may have, to assist in the formation
of a local collection. Duplicates in other Orders also desired. — F. R. Rowlcij, Curator.

Parasitical Diptera wanted. — Will lepidopterists who may breed any dipterous
parasites from larvae or pupae kindly forward such as they do not require to me ? If so I
shall be greatly obliged. — C. J. Waiuwri<iht, 'J, Handsworth Wood Road, liandsworlk,
Staffs.

Changes of Addbess. — Ambrose Quail to Lj, Stamford, Hill, Eondon, N. .1/.
Jiiirr, from Dormans, East Grinstead, to Royal Societies' Club, St. Ja»ies''s Street, S.U'.
/■'. ]>. lUand to .VJ, Jlctoria Avenue, Scarboroufili. G. O. Sloper to ID. Kingsnorth
(iardens, Folkestone. E. C. Bedwell to Elmlea, Clevedon Road, Norbitou. Surrey. B.
W. Adkin to Trenou-eth, Hope Park, Uroniley, Kent.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W. 8 p.m.
^-Meetings: October 7th, 21st; November 4th, 18th; December '2nd. Annual Meeting,
•January '20th, 1904.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
n ni. Members are particularly requested to bring varieties and aberrations for exhibi-
tion. Non-members cordially invited. Exhibits invited at each meeting, especially those
illustrative of the discussion, &c. Members wishing to contribute " Communications "
arc asked to inform one of the Secretaries.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall," Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. — Hon. Sec, G. E. Shaw, 22, Baythorne Street, Bow, E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. — The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.

North London Natural History Society, Sigdon Koad Board School, Dalston Lane,
N E. (close to Hackney Downs Stations, G.E.R.). — Meetings second and fourth Tuesdays
in each month, at 7.45 p.m.

Carlisle Entomological and Natural History Society. — Meetings held at the
Subscription Library, Tullie House, Carlisle. Visitors cordially invited. — Hon. Sec,
F. H. Day, 17, Thirlmere Street. Carlisle.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LIBRARY.

Books written by J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
The Natural History of the British Lepidoptera.

(A Text=book for Students and Collectors.)

Vols. I, II, and III. (Price 20s. each volume uet. .54s. for the 3 vols.)

This work is the most advanced scientific text-book ever issued on the British Lepi-
doptera. Besides chapters on the general subject, each volume contains, in the systematic
part, a detailed account of the gpecies, each of which is treated under a variety of headings,
e.g., Synonymy, Original description. Imago, Sexual Dimorphism, Gynandromorphism,
Variation, Egg-laying, Ovum, Habits of Larva, Larva, Variation of Larva, Pupation,
Cocoon, Pupa, Pupal Habits, Dehiscence, Variation of duration of pupal stage, Food-
plants, Parasites, Habits, Habitat, Time of appearance, Localities, Distribution. The
entomologist has, here, a revision of the superfamilies treated in a modern scientific
manner, and the work is of first importance to workers at these groups in all parts of the
world. The systematic part deals particularly with the species found in Britain, and
affords such a mass of detail concerning the British species as has never before been
brought together. To the general biologist the discussion and details relating to the
hybridism, gynandromorphism, variation and life-histories of the species dealt with, afford
a mass of material not to be obtained elsewhere ; whilst to the lepidopterist pure and
simple, the mass of information will enable him to study his subject from many different
standpoints ; to the collector the information concerning the habits, foodplants, habitat,
and localities, is as full as it can possibly be in the present state of our knowledge ; whilst
it would take the phenologist and student of distribution years to collect anything like the
number of facts bearing on their own special work that is here ready for their digestion.
Each volume contains a great deal of original matter, not only from the observations of
the author, but also from Dr. T. A. Chapman, Messrs. A. W. Bacot and L. B. Prout, who
have collaborated with the author in their own branches of study for the work. Besides
these, some 200 other lepidopterists have helped in different ways and in various degrees.
The volumes contain a vast amount of absolutely new material relating to all the species
treated, and, at the same time, the whole of the information to be obtained from the long
series of volumes of 'The /<>»fo»(o?o//is/'-s Monthly Magazine, The Entoinoloijist, The Ento-
mologUt'x Becord, The Entomologist' a Weekly Intelligencer, The Zoologist, Tlie Transactions
of the Entomological Society of Eondon,-Aii well as that contained in the works of Stainton,
Newman, Meyrick, Barrett, and others — also in the leading Continental Transactions and
Magazines — has been carefully summarised and noted. The works of all the leading
■Continental authorities have also been carefully overhauled, and the important facts
gleaned therefrom. So much labour has been expended in making the volume worthy of .
acceptance to all lepidopterists, and the cost of production of so large a book is so heavy,
that the support of every lepidopterist is earnestly solicited. To those lepidopterists who
have become interested in the scientific study of the subject they profess, these volumes
will open up a new world. The amount of labour expended in producing them has been
enormous, and, expensive as the works may appear, are really cheaper than any other
published work on the subject, for they represent a whole library of information that is
otherwise practically unobtainable.

Monograph of the Pterophorina.

(Demy 8vo., 161 pp., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-).
This book contains an introductory chapter on " Collecting," " Killing " and
" Setting " the Pterophorina, a table giving details of each species — Times of appearance
•of larva, of pupa and of imago, food-plants, mode of pupation, and a complete account (so
far as is known) of every British species, under the headings of " Synonymy," "Imago,"
" Variation," " Ovum," " Larva," " Food-plants," " Pupa," " Habitat," and " Distribu-
tion." It is much the most complete and trustworthy account of this interesting group of
Lepidoptera that has ever been published.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh,

(Crown 8vo., Illustrated, 242 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Bound

in Cloth. (Price 2/(5).
Another series of collecting expeditions into well-known entomological and natural
history localities, with description of botanical, geological, ornithological as well as
entomological matters of interest to be found therein. The places dealt with include
■Cobham Woods, Cuxton Downs, the Western Highlands, Clifi'e — all well known for their
rich entomological fauna.

To be obtained from H. E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham.

The Migration and Dispersal of Insects-

BY

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Demy 8vo., 132 pp. Price Five Shillings net.

This book, the only one published on this interesting subject, is of first
importance to all students of the geographical distribution of animals, and
contains the following chapters : —

1. General Considerations. 2. Coceids and Aphides. 3. Oi'thoptera. 4. Odonata.
5. Lepidopteia. 6. Coleoptera. 7. Diptera. 8. Social Insects — Hymenoptera, Ter-
mites. 9. Final considerations.

Only a very small number of copies has been printed. It is trusted that
all entomologists will, besides supporting the book themselves, recommend it
to any libraries in which they are interested or with which they are connected.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.

(Demy 8vo., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-).

Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for the
forms of melanism and melanochroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of
melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin ; the special value of
"natural selection," "environment," "heredity,"' "disease," "temperature," &c., in
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the
Entomological Society of London, says, " An e.specially interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in
Mr. Tutt's series of papers on " Melanism and Melanochroism."

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh.

Price '2/(). 242 pp. and 103 Woodcuts and full-page Illustrations.

A series of Entomological Essays based on the insects to be found in various well-
known entomological localities. Deals with a great many of the more philosophical
subjects now before the entomological public.

Postal Orders to H. E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

FOR SALE, A SUPERIOR

Mahogany Entomological Cabinet

Of 40 Interchangeable Drawers.

Size IBin. by IGin., ebony knobs, sunk panelled sides to carcase, moulded top
and plinth, and enclosed by 2 plate-glass panelled doors. Own make.

Price £40. T. GURNEY, 50, Broadway, London Fields, N.E.

1300 Species of British Lepidoptera, 2000 Species of Coleoptera, Preserved Larvae,
Tropical Butterflies, etc. Very low rates. Selections. Post free on approval. Also'
3 Cabinets.

Apply " Ento," c/o Mr. Page,

" Bertrose," Gellatly Road,

New Cross, S.E.

CEYLON LEPIDOPTERA.

ALEXANDEll NEWMAN, Katukelle, Kandy, Ceylon, respectfully solicits orders-
from Collectors of Lepidoptera.

Gentlemen are requested to send lists of their desiderata.

All sijecimens are supplied in the finest condition, and with full data.

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/g.

The Largest Breeder of Lcpidoptera in the British Isles is

H. V/. HEAD, ©utovnciUntiet,

SeT^RBOROUGH.

Full List of Ora, Larroc, and Pupae, also lA'pidoptera, Ajiiiaratxs, Cabinets

etc., sent OH ai>jilicati(iii.
Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-.
Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc Relaxing Boxes,
9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted
or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6,
2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6,
4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d.; l^in., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2Jiii., 1/- ;
3Jin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses,
9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, iJd., 1/-. 1/0. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-,
5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
double tin, 1/6 to 6/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennffi 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3|, best quality 1/4 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroforin^Bottle,
2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com-
panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors,
2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals ; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto
of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English names (1894 edition),
1/6. Our new complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1/- ;
or printed on one side for labels, 2/-.

Now Ready. — The Exchange List and Label List, compiled by Mr. Ed. Meyrick, B.A.,
F.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent "Handbook of British Lepidoptera." Exchange
List, ^d. each, 4d. per dozen, or 4/- per 100. Label List, 9d. each.

THE " DIXON " LAMP NET, recently improved 3/6.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, <Sc.

Catalogue (96 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS' AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic.)

Birds, Mammals, etc., Pteserred and Mounted bij Firgt-cUms Workmen.

Aa°S,-36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors from Charing Cross)

OVA, LARV^ AND PUP/E.

Large stock all the year round. Finest quality.
GENUINE BRITISH ONLY STOCKED.

Price list free.
Lepidoptera reared from the ova to Pupte or Imagines on commission

For terms, etc., apply

L. W. NEWMAN, Bexley, Kent.

PRACTICAL HINTS for the FIELD LEPIDOPTERIST

Parts I and II.

Price Six Shillings net (each part).

(Ixx^e>:'leEi,'wecl. fox* Collector's o^sirx*. xnotes.)

This book, issued in 2 parts, to be purchased separately, is one of the most useful
practical aids ever offered to the field lepidopterist. In both Part I and Part II the closely
printed pages are interleaved, the two Parts being quite independent of each other, with no
overlapping and the work is entirely different from any of the elementary helps previously
published as aids to the field-worker, and which contain little that the field-worker has not
himself learned during the first year of his own observation and experience. This is
intended primarily to save the field-lepidopterist — beginner and old hand — time, trouble
and expense in prosecuting his work. Altogether some 2,800 "Practical hints" are
included, telling the lepidopterist how, when, and where, to work for the more desirable
species. No lepidopterist — unless he has learned everything — can afford to be without a
copy of this most useful book. The older collectors will not only find many hints that they
do not know, but they w^ill also find many facts that they may wish to remember presented
in a compact form. To the younger collector it offers a mass of information that he could
not hope to accumulate by himself in very many years of field work, whilst to all it must
remain one of the most necesstuy books ever published for the use of field lepidopterists.
The contents of each Part are divided into the following chapters : — (1) January, February
and early March ; (2) Later March and April ; (3) May ; (4) June; (.5) July; (6) August;
(7) September ; (8) October ; (9) November and December. Each chapter opens with a
general review of the field work that can be done in the period indicated, and wliilst these
opening parts of the chapters in Part I are particularly devoted to localities and modes of
capture, those of Part II deal more particularly with the treatment of the early stages and
the various modes of rearing and keeping larvae and pupsB in confinement. This part of the
chapter is followed by a classified list of the Hints available for the period, and, now that
the whole of the material is grouped, it offers a great mass of exact, useful and reliable
information, bearing on the work of tlie lepidopterist in the field, telling him exactly what
to do and how to do it in the fewest possible words, and in the least possible space. Such
information could only be gathered by the individual worker as the result of many years'
observation and by reference to many books in which the facts are buried amongst a mass of
other entomological detail. Lepidopterists, experienced and inexperienced, will find in this
book much information that will suggest quite new lines of work in their collecting, and
enable them to find, in close proximity to their homes, rare and local species that they
have never suspected to be in their vicinity, and the saving of time and trouble will thus
be enormous.

The published records of many of our most observant field lepidopterists have been
largely drawn upon in the cojnpilation of this work. Among many others whose work has
been laid under contribution are — Messrs. Adkin, Alderson, Arbuthnott, Ash, Atmore,
Bacot, Bankes, C. G. Barrett, Battley, Bayne, Birchall, Bignell, Bower, Bowles, E.W.
Brown, Buckler, Burrows, Bush, Butler, Butterfield, Carlier. Capper, Carr, Carrington,
Chapman, Christy, Clarke, Clutten, Corbett, Coverdale, Harpur-Crewe, Dollman, Dadd,
Edclsten, Edleston, F. H. Day, G. 0. Day, Durrant, Edgell, Elisha, Farren, Fenn, Finlay,
\V. H. B. Fletcher, Fox, Eraser, J. E. Gardner, Greene, Gregson, Griffiths, Haggart, Hall,
Hamm, Harrison, Harding, Hellins, G. M. A. Hewett, W. Hewett, Hodges, Hodgkinson,
Holland, Home, James, Jiiger, Kane, King, Lockyer, Mc.\rthur, Maehin, Maddison,
Mason, Merrifield, Merrin, Miller, Moberly, Montgomery, Morres, Moss, Newman, Newn-
ham, Norgate, Norman, Porritt, Prout, Prideaux, liansom, Eaynor, P. C. Eeid, W. Reid,
Bichardson, Riding, Robsou, Robertson, Robinson, Russell, Shaw, Sheldon, Bernard-
Smith, South, Stainton, Stott, Talbot, Thornewill, Thornhill, Threlfall, Thurnall, Todd,
Tnnaley, Tugwell, Turner, S. Walker, Warren, Whittle, Wilkinson, Williams, Woodforde,
Wratislaw, Wylie, Lord Walsingham, &c.

The book has been interleaved, so that collectors can add therein their own notes,
dates, &c. Reference has been made easy, the notes for each month being classed under
the superfamily heads to which they belong, e.f]., Tineina (unclassified), Tineides,
Adelides, Plutellides, Elachistides, Gracillariides, Argyresthides, Coleophorides, Litho-
colletides, Nepticulides, Tortricides, Pyraloides, Crambides, Pyralides, Drepanulides,
Cymatophorides, Brephides, Geometrides, Pterophorides, Sesiides, Zeuzerides, Cochlidides,
Psychides, Anthrocerides, Lachneides, Sphingides, Deltoides, Lymantriides, Nyeteolides,
Notodontides, Noctuides, Arctiides, Papilionides, &c. These will give an idea of the range
covered by the notes.

Dkar Sir, —

Please forward me copies of Parts of Fractiral Hiiitu for the Field.

hein<U>pteri»t, for whica I enclose Postal Order value s. •

Name

Address

Mr. H. E. PAra:. " Bortrose," Gellatly Road, Hatchnm.

fo\. XV

No. 10.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD
JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. MT. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by

T. HUDSON BEARE, ?;^XpMa'n^m;«'V...s., ....s.
M. BUKU, B.A., F.Z.S., F.L.S., K.E.s. T |- C^^jtPfoNIBTHOBPE, i-.z.s. r.E.s'.
L. B. PROUT, i-.E.s. ^1- ''^^

(HJTOBEII loth, 1903.

Price Sixpence (m^O
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anduaing SPECIAE INDEX and all DOUBT.E NUMBKKS).

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Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

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The G.K. Net is made of the best materials.
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LABELS ! LABEL5 ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
abel, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities. \

Larger quantities jjco rata. Orders executed in same order as I

received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. 1

8/-:

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15. vi. '.IT

New Forest
4. ix. 97

ADDRE55. — "Requisites," Coombe Lodsfe, Mycenae Road.
Westcombe Park, S.E.

N^ o rr X c e: .

The Back Volumes (I-XIV)of The Entomologist's Record, &c., can be obtained at 10s. 6d.
per Volume. Complete set of 14 vols. £5 7s. fid. net. " Special Index " to Vols. III., IV.,
v., VI.. VII., VIII., IX., X., XI., XII., XIII. and XIV., price 1/6 each. Single Back
Numbers can be obtained at double the published price from H. E. Page, F.E.S.,
" Bertrose," Gellatly Eoad, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Desiderata. — During the season — Ova, larvae, pupae, and living imagines of many
species. Good exchange. — H. W. Head, Scarborougli.

Duplicates. — Pupae — Marginatus (Umbra), Mendica, Ochracea, Capsincola, Cucubali,
JacobiBiE. Larvffi — Unanimis. Desiderata. — Offers of ova, larva), pupas, or if set imagines,
butterflies only. — /. W. Harrison, 2, Grauj St., Birtley, R.S.O., Durham.

Duplicates. — Vitalbata*, Biluaaria*, Lonicerse*, Suasa*, Trifolii*, Lienigianus*,
Ornata. Kusticata, Nigricans, Verbascalis, M. cribrum, a few good Abjecla. Desiderata. —
Very numerous. Black pins only. — J. Ovenden, FrindsJ>ury, liocJtester, Kent.

Duplicates. — lanthina*, Nebulosa, Unanimis*, Ochracea*, Leucophsea (fair), Literosa,
Baja, Camelina*, Falcula*, Solidaginis, Cerago*, Silago*, Nictitans, Gemina, L. comma,
Umbrosa, Comes, Unca, Fnseula, Antiqua*, Testacea, Lignata, Piniaria*, Kussata*,
Caesiata, Subfulvata*, Rivata*, Autumnaria*, Tiliaria*, Quercinaria*, Fuseantaria*,
Immutata, Ulmata, Boreata, etc. Desiderata. — Pruni, Athalia, GlobulariiE, Atropos,
Culiciformis, Apiformis, Albulalis, Muscerda, Coniplana, Gonostigma, Crattegi, Trifolii,
Abietaria, Roboraria, Orbicularia, Auroraria, Rubricata, Degeneraria, Ruticinctata,
Eupitheciids, Unangulata, Turca, Alni, C. ligustri, Myrieae, CucuUina, Carmelita,
Chaonia, Dodonea, Ulvie, Petasitis, Despecta, Straminea, Pastinum, and many others. —
T. Ashton Ijofthouse, Tlie Croft, Linthorpe, Middleslmrough.

Duplicates. — Ova : Protea, Comes. Larvffi : Rumicis, Marginaria, Piniaria, etc.
Desiderata. — Ova, larvae, or pupiE : Unangulata, Simulata, Sparsata, Jasioneata, Trisig-
naria, Dodoneata, Consortaria, etc. — 'T. Asltt^n Lofthouse, 'lite Croft, Lintliorpe, Middles-
horough.

Duplicates. — Stigmatica, Lutulenta, A. sphinx, Xerampelina, Gilvago, Lunosa,
■Octogesima (few), Oo (few), Diffinis, Caniola, FormicEeformis (types), Quadrifasciaria
^fair), Syringaria, Prunaria, W-album, Lucina, Lichenaria, Subciliata, and numerous
others. Full list on request. — Philip T. Gardner, Connington Hall, Cambridge.

Duplicates. — ^Minima, Comma, Corydon, Thaumas, Polychloros, Lucina, also pupae
of Lucina. Desiderata. — Numerous. — A. T. Gtuidsmt, 18, Pa >k Road, Triug.

Dujilicates. — Pupae Dictaeoides, Chaonia, Lunaria, Hybrid lUustraria <? and lUunaria

? , Ocularis, etc. Also many fine bred insects, including good abs. of Grossulariata.

Desiderata. — Live g s and ? s Rubiginea, Semibrunnea, C-album. Ova from wild

parents of Fuseantaria, T. crattegi. Pupte Dodonea, Fagi, Dictsa, Elpenor, Porcellus,

CalluuiB, Carpini, and many others. — L. W. Newman, Be.iieg, Kent.

Duplicates. — Podalirias, Zanclffius, Hospiton, Machaon, Apollo, ditto with red spots
forewing, Mnemosyne, Crataegi, Bryonise, Daplidice, Euphenoides, Sinapis (varieties),
PaliEuo, Phicomone, Hyale, Edusa, Cleopatra, g.a. Italica, Jasius, Iris, Ilia, lole, Clytie,
Camilla, Sibilla, Urticae (high Alpine car.), Antiopa, Egea (poor), Stygne, Aethiops,
Ligea, Lappona, Tyndarus, Circe, Hermione, Semele, Neomyris, Dryas, Egeria, Egerides,
Maera, Adrasta, Tigelius, HispuUa, Tithonus, Ida, Pasiphae, Arcania, Darwiniana, Saty-
rion, Gordius, etc. Pinastri, Vesx^ertilio, Vinula, Eremita, Neustria, Castrensis, Trifolii,
Querciis, Rubi, Yamamai, Xanthomista, PI. variabilis, Chalcytes, etc. Desiderata. —
Numerous Macro- and Micro-lepidoptera. — P. A. H. MuscJiaiup, 20, CJi. des Asters,
<Teuera.

Duplicates. — British Lepidoptera. Desiderata. — Birds', eggs. — A. J. Hipwell, Tavis-
loch- Road, Wisbech.

Duplicates. — Maura, Baja, Typica, moorland Elutata, Testata, Populata, Pilosaria,
Illustraria*, Angularia*, S. populi*, Versicolora*, Cassiata, B. quercus*, Rurea, Tristata,
Ulmata, Rubricosa, Stabilis, Instabilis, C-nigrum, S. ligustri*, Machaon*, Blandina, lo*,
Fimbria*, S. convolvali, Meticulosa, Festiva, Lunosa, Aprilina, Ziczac*, Segetum (fine),
Dentina, Testacea, Ambigua, Puta, Putrescens, Lubricipeda, Radiata ear. of Lubricipeda
(few black Radiata for special insects). Desiderata. — Numerous, well set on black pins. —
W. Tunstall, Brook Hmse, Meltliam, nr. Huddersl'ield.

Duplicates. — Euphrosyne, Brunnea*, Quadra*, Extersaria*, Miniosa, Batis, Syrin-
garia. Fimbria*, Polychloros*, Monacha, etc. Desiderata. — Ova, larvae, and pupae of
many species. — G. T. Lgle, Brocla')ihur.-<t.

Duplicates. — lo*, Aglaia, Galatea, Argiolus, Bellargus, Corydon, Betulae*, Querci-
folia*, Castrensis*, Mendica*, Salieis*, Monacha*, Pyrina, Aceris, Chenopodii, Stella-
tarum, Magacephala, Lunosa, Lutosa, Phragmitidis*, Puta, Putris, Morpheus, Lithoriza,
C-nigrum, Testacea, Ochracea*, Prodromaria*, Abruptaria, Marginata, Betularia, Rhom-
boidaria, Comitata larvae or pupse. Desiderata. — Numerous. — Colin Murrag, 9, Bedford
'Gardens, llford, Esse.r.

Duplicates. — Anthicus bimaculatus, Amnicecius brevis, Hydnobius punctatissimus.

Anistoma furva, Gymnetron linarise, Dyschirius obscurus, Rhizophagus nitidulus, E.
paiallelocollis, Syncalypta hiisuta, Mantura chiysanthemi, Bledius longulus, etc. — G. IF.
Chaster, 42, Talhot Street, Soiitlipnrt.

Diiplivdtes.—Fvuni* (few), Paleemon, Machaon*, Atalanta* ah. fracta, Valezina,
Sibylla*, Cardamines* and V(irs., ^Ethiops and vars., Epiphron, Lucina, Mgon, Minima,
W-album, Corydon, Icarus, Euphrosyne, Paphia, Edusa, Rubi, Pamphilus, etc. Dexide-
■ratd. — Fine, to renew Arion, Salmacis, Phlseas, Lineola, Corydon, Bellargus, Adippe <? s
and ? s, Sinapis ? s only, Hyale ? s, Edusa (undersides especially), Aglaia ? s, Selene
¥ s, C-album, Egeria, Megtera, Semele, Hyperanthus, Tiphon, Galatea, Epiphron
(Scotch), also rarx. of all the Ehopalocera and Scotch and Irish forms. — H. Muudcij,
Jjitnifixit, Hii.rtoii.

DupUeatex. — Ashworthii, black Multistrigaria, nearly black Lubricipeda, Anachoreta
(St. Leonard's), Eubidata, and other species. Desiderata. — Coenosa, Ilicifolia, Rotun-
daria, Prataria, Innotata, Constrictata, Dodoneata, Stevensata, Reticulata, Bicuspis,
Auricoma. Concolor, Caliginosa, Pyrophila, Satura, Gnaphalii, Dentalis, Terrealis,
Stachydalis, Margaritalis, Unionalis, Literalis, Pulveralis, Myellus, Fascelinellus, Far-
rella, Adelphella, Bistriga, Angustella, Cephalonica, Ceratoniae, Mucronellus, Alpina,
Festaliella, Pilosellae, etc. — Geo. T. Porritt, Ed(ierto)i, Huddersjield.

Duplicates. — Pupae of Gnophriarubricollis. Desiderata. — Pupse. — E. Morris, Brocken-
hiirst, Neiv Forest.

Diiplicotes. — Cassiope, lo, Aglaia, Salmacis (4), Minima, T. rubi, Statices, Planta-
ginis, Sororcula, Cribrum (4), Saucia, Suft'usa, Suspecta, Nigrocincta, Blandiata, Myrtilli,
Nupta, Spartiata, Hastata, Polyeommata, Carpinata, Moneta (4), Bertrami, Buoliana,
Ericellus, Penziana. Duplicates. — Very many British or foreign. — H. A. Beadle, Station
Street, Kesu-ick.

Change otp Addukss. — H. J. Turner to 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, S.E.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W. 8 p.m.
— Meetings: October 21st; November 4th, 18th; December 2nd. Annual Meeting,
January 20th, 1904.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.G.— The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m. November 17th, " The Habits, Distribution and Variation of Spilosoiita fuliginosa,"
by J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. ; " The Larva, Pupa and Larval Habits of Spilosonia fuli(ii)iosa,^'
by A. W. Baeot, F.E.S.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. Entrance Fee, Is.; Annual Subscription, Is. — Hon. Sec.
G. E. Shaw, 45, ColworthEoad, Leytonstone, N.E. Meetings: November 2nd, " The Story
of Quinine and the Cinchona Trees," G. E. Shaw (Lantern). Excursions: November
1st, Slough, for Burnham Beeches; Paddington, 10 a.m. ; return, 2s. 6d.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. — The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
Meetings: October 22nd, Report of the Field Meeting at Limpstield, by R. Adkin, F.E.S.;
Report of the Fungus Foray at St. Paul's Cray, by R. Adkin, F.E.S. November 12th, a
Lantern Evening ; will those intending to exhibit slides kindly send a post card to the
Report Secretary.

North London Natural History Society, Sigdon Road Board School, Dalston Lane,
N.E. (close to Hackney Downs Stations, G.E.R.). — Meetings second and fourth Tuesdays
in each month, at 7.45 p.m.

Carlisle Natural History Society. — Meetings held at Tullie House, Carlisle,
7.45 p.m.-9..^0 p.m. Papers : November 5th, 1903, " Insecta," by G. B. Routledge, F.E.S.

CEYLON LEPIDOPTERA.

ALEXANDER NEWMAN, Katukelle, Kandy, Ceylon, respectfully solicits orders
from Collectors of Lepidoptera.

Gentlemen are requested to send lists of their desiderata.

All specimens are supplied in the finest condition, and with full data.

FOR SAlLiE,

1300 Species of British Lepidoptera, 2000 Species of Coleoptera, Preserved Larvae,
Tropical Butterflies, etc. Very low rates. Selections. Post free on approval. Also
3 Cabinets.

Apply " Ento," c/o Mr. Page,

" Bertrose," Gellatly Eoad,

New Cross, S.E.

IMPORTANT NOTICE.

A New Volume (Volume IV) of

The Natural History of the British
Lepidoptera,

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.,

Will shortly be ready for publication. The price to Subscribers is 15s.

This volume will contain, besides its own detailed index, a comprehensive
General Index of Vols. I, II, III and IV, which is being prepared by Mr. G.
Wheeler, M. A., who has kindly volunteered to do the work. The present publishers
state that, having agreed to give booksellers more liberal terms than hitherto on
net books, the price per volume will have to be raised (22s. 6d. per volume has
been suggested) unless another publisher be found. New subscribers are, there-
fore, urged to subscribe direct to Mr. H. E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road,
Hatcham, S.E., before publication. Until the date of publication. Subscriptions
for Vols. I, II, III and IV will be accepted (if sent direct) at =£3 7s. 6d., i.e., a
discount of £1 2s. 6d. on the lowest price at which the volumes will be obtainable
after the publication of Vol. IV.

The book has met with great appreciation from all the leading lepidopterists
both at home and abroad, and should undoubtedly be in the bauds of all scien-
tific lepidopterists, not merely as being a resume of the work done in the various
superfamilies treated, but as expressing the views of many specialists rather
than those of the author. Some extracts from the various lengthy reviews that
have appeared read as follows : —

" Ce livre est d'une inappreciable valeur et d'un interet scientifique immense au
point de vue de I'etude des Lepidopteres ; 11 est appele a reudre le precieux services a tons
ceux qui desirent pousser tres ]oin I'etude biologique des papillons. C'est certainement
I'ouvrage le plus complet qu'a ete ecrit sur la matiere jusqu'a ce jour ; 11 cree comme une
nouvelle orientation. Ce llvre prendra rang parml les oeuvres des plus grands maitres de
rentomologie." — L. J. Lambilllon, Bevue menKuellc de hi Societe eiitoiiioloiiiqiie
Namurom'. November, 1902.

" Tutt's Britixh Lcpidoptera is the most intrinsic work ever written on the Palaearctic
Lepidoptera. The work will be of the greatest help to the scientist who knows the matter
well enough to be able to distinguish between what is sclentitic and what appears merely
in a scientific garb. There is nothing written anywhere on European lepidoptera coming
up to it in thoroughness." — Eothschild and Jordan, A Bevmon of the Leimlopterona Fumili)
Sphiuifidae. May, 190^.

'• Before dealing with the work now in detail, we must emphatically assert that, In
our opinion, it is far and away the best account of our native lepidoptera that has ever
been published. To the really scientific lepldopterlst Mr. Tutt's volumes are Indispens-
able."^P. Grimshaw F.E.S., The AiinuU of Scottish Natiinil HiMoni. January, 1903.

" To the collector and systematist Mr. Tutt's books are without doubt of high value,
but, to the general naturalist, and especially to the student of evolution, they have a direct
and uncommon importance. No work of this kind has been attempted In any language
hitherto, and Mr. Tutt, though modestly entitling his work A natural hixtovij of the
Britixh Lepidoptera, has gone much further afield than such a title would lead a reader to
expect. The abstracting and condensation of the evidence, so far as it can be judged by one
who is not a professed entomologist, has been most carefully done and the reader may feel
confidence that, though the points are concisely put, exaggeration has been consistently
avoided. Altogether such a work Is one to be thankful for, and there can be no doubt
that such a publication will stimulate the younger generation of students to step from the
narrow track of mere collecting and to wander oft' Into the more fertile fields of experiment
and observation of living forms." — W. Bateson, M.A., F.R.S. The Entojiiolonixt's Reeord,
etc. December, 1902.

" The amount of labour performed and research that has been made seems almost
appalling. The work may be taken as a model by one who is less experienced provided he
does not follow it too closely and thus destroy his own originality of thought and plan.
While it must prove indispensable to the entomologist who desires full information on the
lepidoptera of the British Isles, it will be exceedingly valuable to students of the lepidoptera
in the United States and elsewhere, because of the exhaustive study of the literature of
the genera and higher grouj)s, and the careful and conscientious manner In which the
author applies the laws of nomenclature." — C. H. Fernald, M.A., F.E.S., Tfie (Janadian
JLntomoloiiiat , January, 1903.

" No general faunal study is known to the reviewer which can compare with Mr. Tutt's
in scope and execution. It is greatly to be hoped that the volumes we now have will be
followed by others to the completion of the entu-e work." — A. 11. Grote, M.A., The
Cdnadidii Eiiloiiiohxfuit. November, 1900.

" The first portion of each of the two volumes issued of Mr. Tutt's work on British
lepidoptera forms an elaborate natural hisiory of the earlier stages of the order. Any
student following these chapters with thoroughness will have a liberal education upon
insect metamorphosis. In his treatment of the Psychides we have by far the most
comprehensive monograph on them yet written in the English language. We have before
us the unravelling of a most complicated subject, and hei-e again will be found a rearrange-
ment of facts of the utmost value in the study of evolution at large. The work is
indispensable to all lepidopterists." — J. T. Carrington, F.E.S., Science Goxkij}. December,
1901.

" Mon attention a ete encore appelee specialement sur la famille des Zygenides par
I'apparition recente d'un ouvrage (Tlie Ndtiirul Histai)/ of the British Lepidoptern) des
plus importants du aun auteur anglais. Jamais, a ma connaissance, il n'avait ete fait une
etude aussi approfondie des Lepidopteres, examines minutieusement dans leur quatre
ctats successifs ainsi qu'au point de vue des moeurs, de la reparation g^ographique et de
I'habitat. Je renvoie a cet ouvrage ceux des lecteurs qui voudraient faire une etude
approfondie de la famille des Zygenides." — L. Dupont, Lea Zyiiines. de la Normundie.
1900.

" Mr. Tutt seems to aim at making his book a huge compendium and cyclopaedia of
all that has been published on the species of which he treats, and it will be of great value
to generalizing entomologists, who will be able to sift from it a great amount of valuable
information in furtherance of their special studies. We wish to emphasize its great value as
a book of reference for public Natural History and Entomological libraries." — W.F. Kirby,
F.L.S. AnnnU and M(i!iiui)ie of Natural History. 1902.

" In comprehensiveness and fulness of detail on all points of interest to the biologist,
the systematist and the collector, this work is, as regards the particular subjects treated,
without a rival. The whole subject is treated with wideness and appreciativeness of view.
There are so many public libraries, institutions etc., in England, in America, on the
European Continent and elsewhere, to which the possession of this work will be so
absolutely indispensable, that it may be hoped that the demand will justify the great
expenditure of labour and- time that has been made upon it. It should be in every
reference library in the provinces professing to be of a comprehensive character." —
F. Merrifield F.E.S., Tlie Eiitontolojiist. April, 1899.

" The three volumes which lie before us of this important work, we may safely say
put all others of the kind in the shade. The work extends to spheres which are also of
exceedingly great importance to the continental lepidopterist and which lend to the
volumes an especial value. The work deserves our full attention and recognition and the
opportunity for its study is not to be missed by collectors of European lepidoptera to whom
it is not less valuable than to the Briton, indeed, one may say, it is almost indispensable.
The price — distributed according to the time of appearance of the single volumes — is one
that can well be borne, and continental lepidopterists, but more especially, institutions
and Societies, should make it their business, by procuring the books, to support and further
the undertaking, and we wish the author success in bringing the gigantic work in due
course to its close." — H. Stichel, Berliner Kntotiiolofiische Zeitschrift. December, 1902.

Dear Sir,—

Please enter me as a Subscriber to the British Lepidoptera, for which I forward
£3 7s. (id. Vols. I, II and III to be sent now, and Vol. IV when published.

Name ,

Address

Mr. H. E. Paoe, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

KIRBY'S SYNONYMIC CATALOGUES.

Diurnal Lepidoptera (out of print)
„ Supplement, 8s. 6d.
cjAdS Lepidoptera Heterocera, Vol. 1, Sphinges and Bombyces, £2 2s.
Neuroptera Odonata, 16s.

In future these will be issued by —

TAYLOR & FRANCIS, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, E.G. .

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Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

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9d., 1/-, 1/0, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted
or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/0 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/0,
2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/'.) per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/0,
4/-, 5/-, 0/-. Setting Boards, flat or oval, lin., Od.; l^in., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2^in., 1/- ;
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Now Re.j^dt. — The Exchange List and Label List, compiled by Mr. Ed. Meyrick, B.A.,
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PRACTICAL HINTS for the FIELD LEPIDOPTERIST

I'urts I and II.

Price 5ix Shillings net (each part).

(Ixii:ex>leEL'ved fox* Collecs-tox^'s o-wan. xao^^es*)

This book, issued in 2 parts, to be purchased separately, is one of the most useful
practical aids ever otfered to the field lepidopterist. In both Part I and Part II the closely
printed pages are interleaved, the two Parts being quite independent of eacb other, with no
overIaj)ping and the work is entirely different from any of the elementary helps previously
published as aids to the tield-workgr, and which contain little that the tield-worker has not
himself learned during the first year of his own observation and experience. This is
intended primarily to save the field-lepidopterist — beginner and old hand — time, trouble
and expense in prosecuting his work. Altogether some 2,800 "Practical hints" are
included, telling the lepidopterist how, when, and where, to work for the more desirable
species. No lepidopterist — unless he has learned everything — can afford to be without a
copy of this most useful book. The older collectors will not only find many hints that they
do not know, but they will also find many facts that they may wish to remember presented
in a compact form. To the younger collector it offers a mass of information that he could
not hope to accumulate by himself in very many years of field work, whilst to all it must
remain one of the most necessary books ever published for the use of field lepidopterists.
The contents of each Part are divided into the following chapters : — (1) January, February
and early March ; (2) Later March and April ; (3) May ; (4) June ; (.5) July ; (6) August ;
(7) September ; (sj October ; (9) November and December. Each chapter opens with a
general review of the field work that can be done in the period indicated, and whilst these
opening parts of the chapters in Part I are particularly devoted to localities and modes of
capture, those of Part II deal more particularly with the treatment of the early stages and
the various modes of rearing and keeping larvreand pupa3 in confinement. This part of the
chapter is followed by a classified list of the Hints available for the period, and, now that
the whole of the material is grouped, it offers a great mass of exact, useful and reliable
information, bearing on the work of the lepidopterist in the field, telling him exactly what
to do and how to do it in the fewest possible words, and in the least possible space. Such
information could only be gathered by the individual worker as the result of many years'
observation and by reference to many books in which tlie f;icts are buried amongst a mass of
other entomological detail. Lepidopterists, experienced and inexperienced, will find in this
book much information that will suggest quite new lines of work in their collecting, and
enable them to find, in close proximity to their homes, rare and local species that they
have never suspected to be in their \ icinity, and the saving of time and trouble will thus
be enormous.

The published records of many of our most observant field lepidopterists have been
largely drawn upon in the compilation of this work. Among many others whose work has
been laid under contribution are — Messrs. Adkin, Alderson, Arbuthnott, Ash, Atmore,
Bacot, iiankes, C. G. Barrett, Battley, Bayne, Birchall, Bignell, Bower, Bowles, E.W.
Brown, Buckler, Burrows, Bush, Butler, Biitterfield, Carlier, Capper, Carr, Carrington,
Chapman, Christy, Clarke, Clutten, Corbett, Coverdale, Harpur-Crewe, Dollman, Dadd,
Edelsten, Edleston, F. H. Day, G. O. Day, Darrant,Edgell, Elisha, Farren, Fenn, Finlay,
W. H. B. Fletcher, Fox, Fraser, J. E. Gardner, Greene, Gregson, Griffiths, Haggart, Hall,
Ilamm, Harrison, Harding, Hellins, G. M. A. Hewett, W. Hewett, Hodges, Hodgkinson,
Holland, Home, James, Jiiger, Kane, King, Lockyer, McA)-thur, Machin, Maddison,
IMason, Merrifield, Merrin, Miller, Moberly, Montgomery, Morres, Moss, Newman, Newn-
ham, Norgate, Norman, Porritt, Prout, Prideaux, Ransom, Baynor, P. C. Beid, W. Reid,
Richardson, Hiding, Robson, Robertson, Robinson, Russell, Shaw, Sheldon, Bernard-
Smith, South, Stainton, Stott, Talbot, Thornewill, Thornhill, Threlfall, Thurnall, Todd,
Tunaley, Tugwell, Turner, S. Walker, Warren, Whittle,- Wilkinson, Williams, Woodforde,
Wratislaw, Wylic, Lord Walsingham, etc.

, The book has been interleaved, so that collectors can add therein their own notes,
dates, lVc. Reference has been made easy, the notes for each month being classed under
the superfamily heads to which they belong, e.r/., Tiueina (unclassified), Tineides,
Adclides, Plutellides, Elachistides, Gracillariides, Argyresthides, Coleophorides, Litho-
coUetides, Nepticulides, Tortricides, Pyra'oides, Crambides, Pyralides, Drepanulides,
Cymatophorides,.Brephides, Geometrides, Pterophorides, Sesiides, Zeuzerides, Cochlidides,
Psychides, Anthrocerides, Lachneides, Sphingides, Deltoides, Lyman triides, Nycteolides,
Notodontides, Noctuidcs, Arctiides, Papilionides, de. These will give an idea of the range
covered by the notes.

De.vr Sik, —

Please forward me copies of Parts of Pnictical Hints fur the Field

lA'piduptcrist, for which I enclose Postal Order value s.

Name

Address

Mr. H. E. Paok, " Bcrlrosc," Gellatly Road, Hatcham.

m^

f?mi.

THE

^ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. "W. TUTT,.F.E.S.

Assisted by

T. HUDSON BEABE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.r.s.e.
M BURR B.A.,r.z.s.,F.L.s., F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D.,F.z^., F.E.S.
L." B. PROUT, FyE.s. H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.s. f.e,

NOVEMBER loth, 1903.

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To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.
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IMPORTANT NOTICE.

A New Volume (Volume IV) of

The Natural History of the British
Lepidoptera,

By J. W. TUTT, F.EI.S.,

Will shortly be ready for publication. The price to Subscribers is 15s.
This volurae will contain, besides its own detailed index, a comprehensive
General Index of Vols. I, II, III and IV, which is being prepared by Mr. G.
Wheeler, M.A., who has kindly volunteered to do the work. The present publishers
state thac, having agreed to give booksellers more liberal terms than hitherto on
net books, the price per volume will have to be raised (22s. 6d. per volume has
been suggested) unless another publisher be found. New subscribers are, there-
fore, urged to subscribe direct to Mr. H. E. Page. " Bevtrose," Gellatly Road,
Hatcham, S.E., before publication. Until the date of publication, Subscriptions
for Vols. I, II, III and IV will be accepted (if sent direct) at i'3 7s. 6d., i.e., a
discount of ^1 2s. 6d. on the lowest price at which the volumes will be obtainable
after the publication of Vol. IV.

The book has met with great appreciation from all the leading lepidopterists
both at home and abroad, and should undoubtedly be in the hands of all scien-
tific lepidopterists, not merely as being a resume of the work done in the various
superfamilies treated, but as expressing the views of many specialists rather
than those of the author. Some extracts from the various lengthy reviews that
have appeared read as follows : —

" Ce livre est d'une inappreciable valeur et d'un interet scientifique immense au
point de vue de I'etude des Lepidopteies ; il est appele a rendie le piecieux services a tous
ceux qui desirent pousser ties loin I'etude biologiqne des papillons. C'est certainement
rouvrage le plus complet qu'a ete ecrit sur la matiere jusqu'a ce jour ; il cree comme une
nouvelle orientation. Ce livre prendra rang parmi les oeuvres des plus grands maitres de
rentomologie." — L. J. Lambillion, Itevue mcmuellc de la Societe eiitoiiiologiqite
Namuroif^e. November, 1902.

" Tutt's Brititih Ij'pidoptera is the most intrinsic work ever written on the Palsearctic
Lepidoptera. The work will be of the greatest help to the scientist who knows the matter
well enough to be able to distinguish between what is scientitic and what appears merely
in a scientific garb. There is nothing written anywhere on European lepidoptera coming
up to it in thoroughness." — Kothschild and Jordan, A Eerisiuii of the Lepiduptevoiix Family
Sphimiidae. May, 1905.

" Before dealing with the work now in detail, we must emphatically assert that, in
our opinion, it is far and away the best account of our native lepidoptera that has ever
been published. To the really scientific lepidopterist Mr. Tutt's volumes are indispens-
able."—P. Grimshaw F.E.S., The AnnaU of Scottisli Natural HiMonj. .January, 1903.
" To the collector and systematist Mr. Tutt's books are without doubt of high value,
but, to the general naturalist, and especially to the student of evolution, they have a direct
and uncommon importance. No work of this kind has been attempted in any language
hitherto, and Mr. Tutt, though modestly entitling his work A natural hixtory of the
Britixli Lepidoptera, has gone much further afield than such a title would lead a reader to
expect. The abstracting and condensation of the evidence, so far as it can be judged by one
who is not a professed entomologist, has been most carefully done and the reader may feel
confidence that, though the points are concisely put, exaggeration has been consistently
avoided. Altogether such a work is one to be thankful for, and there can be no doubt
that such a publication will stimulate the younger generation of students to step from the
narrow track of mere collecting and to wander off into the more fertile fields of experiment
and observation of living forms." — W. Bateson, M.A., F.R.S. Tlw Entomologist's Record,
etc. December, 1902.

"The amount of labour performed and research that has been made seems almost
appalling. The work may be taken as a model by one who is less experienced provided he
does not follow it too closely and thus destroy his own originality of thought and plan.
While it must prove indispensable to the entomologist who desires full information on the
lepidoptera of the British Isles, it will be exceedingly valuable to students of the lepidoptera
in the United States and elsewhere, because of the exhaustive study of the literature of
the genera and higher groups, and the careful and conscientious manner in which the
author applies the laws of nomenclature." — C. H. Fernald, M.A., F.E.S., The Canadian
Entomologist. January, 1903.

" No general faunal study is known to the reviewer which can compare with Mr. Tutt's
in scope and execution. It is greatly to be hoped that the volumes we now have will be
followed by others to the completion of the entire work." — A. E. Grote, M.A., The
Canadiau Kiitomolotiist. November, 1900.

" The first portion of each of the two volumes issued of Mr. Tutt's work on British
lepidoptera forms an elaborate natural hisiory of the earlier stages of the order. Any
student following these chapters with thoroughness will have a liberal education upon
insect metamorphosis. In his treatment of the Psychides we have by far the most
comprehensive monograph on them yet written in the English language. We have before
us the unravelling of a most complicated subject, and here again will be found a rearrange-
ment of facts of the utmost value in the study of evolution at large. The work is '
indispensable to all lepidopterists." — J. T. Carrington, F.E.S., Science Gondp. December,
1901.

' ' Mon attention a ete encore appelee specialement sur la f amille des Zygenides par
i'apparition recente d'un ouvrage (Tlie Nutitml History of the BritiKh I.epiiloptcra) des
plus importants du aun auteur anglais. Jamais, a ma connaissance, il n'avait ^te fait une
etude aussi approfondie des Lcpidopteres, examines minutieusement dans leur quatre
etats successifs ainsi qu'au point de vue des mceurs, de la reparation geographique et de
I'habitat. Je renvoie a cet ouvrage ceux des lecteurs qui voudraient faire une 6tude
approfondie de la famille des Zygenides." — L, Dupont, Les Zyqenes de la Nonimndie.
1900.

" Mr. Tutt seems to aim at making his book a huge compendium and cyclopaedia of
all that has been published on the species of which he treats, and it will be of great value
to generalizing entomologists, who will be able to sift from it a great amount of valuable
information in furtherance of their special studies. We wish to emphasize its great value as
a book of reference for public Natural History and Entomological libraries." — W. F. Kirby,
F.L.S. Annuls and M(i!i<Kine of Ndtnnil History. 1902.

" In comprehensiveness and fulness of detail on all points of interest to the biologist,
the systematist and the collector, this work is, as regards the particular subjects treated,
without a rival. The whole subject is treated with wideness and appreciativeness of view.
There are so many public libraries, institutions etc., in England, in Amei'ica, on the
European Continent and elsewhere, to which the possession of this work will be so
absolutely indispensable, that it may be hoped that the demand will justify the great
expenditure of labour and time that has been made upon it. It should be in every
reference library in the provinces professing to be of a comprehensive character." —
F. Merritield F.E.S., The Kntomoloyist. April, 1899.

" The three volumes which lie before us of this important work, we may safely say
put all others of the kind in the shade. The work extends to spheres which are also of
exceedingly great importance to the continental lepidopterist and which lend to the
volumes an especial value. The work deserves our full attention and recognition and the
opportunity for its study is not to be missed by collectors of European lepidoptera to whom
it is not less valuable than to the Briton, indeed, one may say, it is almost indispensable.
The price — distributed according to the time of appearance of the single volumes — is one
that can well be borne, and continental lepidopterists, but more especially, institutions
and societies, should make it their bus.ness, by procuring the books, to support and further
the undertaking, and we wish the author success in bringing the gigantic work in due
course to its close." — H. Stichel, Berliner Entonioloyisclte Zeitschrift. December, 1902.

Deah Sir, —

Please enter me as a Subscriber to the British Lepidoptera, for which I forward
£3 7s. 6d. Vols. I, II and III to be sent now, and Vol. IV when published.

Name

Address

Mn. H. E. Paje, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

KIRBY'S SYNONYMIC CATALOGUES.

Diurnal Lepidoptera (out of print)

„ Supplement, 8s. 6d.
Lepidoptera Heterocera, Vol. 1, Sphinges and Bombyces, £2 2s.
Neuroptera Odonata, 16s.

In future these will be issued by —

TAYLOR & FRANCIS, Red Lieu Court, Fleet Street, E.G.

Mr o rr X c e: .

The Back Volumes (I-XIV)of The EntoinologUVs Record, &c., can be obtained at 10s. 6d.
per Volume. Complete set of 14 vols. £5 7s. 6d. net. " Special Index " to Vols. III., IV.,
v., VI.. VII., VIII., IX., X., XL, XII., XIII. and XIV., price 1/6 each. Single Back
numbers can be obtained at double the published price from H. E. Page, F.E.S.,
" Bertrose," Gellatly Boad, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Subscribers who have not yet forwarded subscriptions for Vol. XY. are kindly
requested to do so.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to Tlte Entomologist's Record, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (including the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and must be
sent to Mr. H. E. Page, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E. Cheques and
Postal Orders should be made payable to J. \V. Tdtt.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale will be inserted at a minimum charge of 2s. 6d. (for
four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series. Particulars of Mr.
H. E. Page, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. E. Page, "Bertrose,"
■Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed.

Articles for insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. W. Tutt, Westcombe Hill, S.E., except
those relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donisthorpe, 58, Kensington Mansions,
South Kensington, S.W., and those relating to Orthoptera, to Mr. M, Burr, Royal Societies' Club,
St. James's Street, S.W.

Ait Exchange Magaxines must in future be forwarded to «/. IV. Tutt,
Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

Reprints of Articles or Notes (long or short) appearing in this Magazine can be arranged
for by Authors at a very low price, on application to Mr. H. E. Page, F.E.S.,

" Bertrose," Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E.

Notice. — The Editor would like to have the names and addresses of lepidopterists
"\vho are willing to rear any surplus ova or larvae that may come to him, and who will
write detailed notes of the species reared for publication. Sometimes eggs and larvae
are received from correspondents which he has no time to deal with, and the knowledge of
two or three keen lepidopterists, who would undertake the rearing and who would write
their observations, would be at such times very useful. — J. IV. Tutt.

Exchange Baskets. — October 12th, 1903, No. 1 basket. — Messrs. Ovenden,Maddison,
Studd, Day, Woodforde, Bower, Riding, Mera, iiofthouse, Fox, Robertson, Home, Bowles.
•October 31st, 1903, No. 2 basket.— Messrs. E. Buckell, Atmore, Riding, Whittle, Walker,
Studd, Adkin, Robertson, Ash, Woodforde, Bower. [Members who wished to be missed
must write to the name preceding their own on list, not to the Secretary.] The names
•of one or two new candidates for admission will be welcomed and room made as
opportunity offered.

Duplicates. — Fine E. extensaria*. Dedderata- — Fine Iris, Arion, Pruni, Bombyli-
formis, Apiformis, Scoliiformis, Rubricollis, Testudo, Straminata, Degeneraria, Consignata,
Irriguata, Jasioneata, Taeniata, Picata, Fluviata, Lapidata, Chaonia, Fluctuosa, Ocularis,
Vitellina, Putrescens, Cannae, Cinerea, Ashworthii, Atriplicis, Semibrunnea, Lychnitis,
Peltigera, Armigera, Braetea, Bifida, Alpina, Nubeculosa, Venosa, Conspicillaris,
Auricoma, Conformis, etc. — E. A. Atmore, Kiufi's Lijnu, Xorf(dk.

Dujylicdtes. — 'NothsL, Subtusa*, Absinthii*, Muralis, Suspecta, Tritici, Macilenta,
Exoleta, Pulchrina*, Hepatica, Ambigua, Caniola, Arbuti, Ulmata, Amataria, Galiata*,
Impluviata*, Rubidata*, Leucophearia, Syringaria*, Tetralunaria*, Alniaria*, Quercin-
:aria*, Corylata, Dubitata*, Venosata*, Centaureata, Linariata*, Absinthiata", Assimiiata*,
Campanulata. Desiderata. — Turca, Aceris, Psi, Gemina, Interjecta, Gilvago, Depuncta,
Adusta, Cprdigera. Holosericata, Salicata, Munitata,. Silaceata, Immanuta, Firmata,
Indigata, Coronata, Fraxinata, Virgaureata, Pygmaeata, Constrictata, Unangulata. — John
Peed, Rose House, Worcester.

Duplicates. — Ulmata, Venosata*, Dahlii, Suspecta, Bucephala*, Glareosa, Subnotata*,
•Quercinaria*, E. autumnaria*. Desiderata. — Very numerous. — B. Morley, Wind Mill,
SIa'lmanthor2)e, Huddersjield.

Duplicates. — Adippe, Artemis* (Carlisle — Dartmoor), Cardui, Semele, iEgon (Norfolk),
Villica*, Fuliginosa*, Chrysorrhcea*, Castrensis*, Versicolor* (Rannoch), Ocularis (2),
Piniperda*, Opima*, Flavicincta*, Sponsa* (2), Mi, Fuscantaria*, Pennaria*, Taminata,
Pulveraria*, Linariata*, Subfulvata*, Subnotata*, Rectangulata (black), Unangulata*,
Cervinaria*. Desiderata. — Cassiope ? s, Blandina ? s, Davus (from Ireland and Rannoch),
Pruni, Arion, Alveolus, Dolabraria, Notata, Belgiaria ? s, Plumaria ? s, Carbonaria,
Filigrammaria rars., Blandiata, Pulchellata, Virgaureata, Togata, Fluctuosa, Rufa,
Phragmitidis, Fulva, Hispidus.- — M. A. Pitman, 11, Park Lane, Norwich.

Du2)licates. — Multistrigaria (black), Lubricipeda* (black), Putrescens, Hispidus,
Lucernea, Anomala, Ambigua, S. ligustri*, B. Quercus*, Saucia, Aprilina*, Rubricosa,
Nigra, Lunosa, Fimbria*, Suffusa, C-nigrum, Testacea, Segetum (fine), Puta, Plecta,

FilipenclulEe, Ulmata, Caesiata (fine dark), Elutata (moorland form), Testata, Illustraria*,.
Boreata, Quercinaria*, Bilinearia*, Inornata, Flavicinctata, Laeertula, Blandina, lo*,
Edusa, Lubrieipeda ab. radiata. Dexiderata. — Smaragdaria, Papilionaria, Bicolorana,
Muscerda, T. crataegi, B. trifolii, Orion, T. pruni, Scolopacina, Abjecta, Unanimis,
Ophiooramma, Lunigera, Agathina, Pracox, Hyperborea, Croceago, Oo, Nana, Lychnitis,
Chamomillse, Lunaria, Roboraria, Dolobraria, black Abriiptaria, larvae of Gonostigma,
pupa2 of Anachoreta, and rarities. — W. Tu)i!<t(ill, Meltham, Yurkx.

Duplicates. — Munda, Capsincola, Lithargyria, Kubricosa, Palndis, Literosa, Nigricans,
Suffusa, Bimaculata. Dexideratu. — Very numerous, especially Gemina, the light grey
form. — ./. Oreudeii, Friitdxbiinj, Rochester.

Duplicates. — Sibylla (fair), Polychloros, Eubi, Quercus, ^gon, Corydon, Bellargus, S.
ligustri, Convolvuli (1), Monacha (dark), Senex, Sororcula. Diluta, Megacephala, Populeti,
Munda, Oxyaeanthis, Nigricans, Helvola, Suffusa, Chenopodii, Nupta, Moneta, Exoleta,
Glyphica, Mi, Falcula, Apiciaria, Bilunaria, Maculata, Biundularia, Bisetata, Albulata,
Ulmata, Cilialis. Desiderata. — Numerous. — F. Emsleii, 107, West Street, Leeds.

Duplicates. — Imagines : Absinthii, Philanthiformis. Pupae : Absintliii. Desiderata.
■ — Imagines various, black pins. — (Her.) T. L. Puckridge, Castlemartin Vicarage , Pembroke .

Duplicates. — Asinalis, Prunalis, Galactodactyla, Lithodactylus, Pa^tinum, Oxyacanthte,
Aurago, also larvae of Pastinum. Desiderata. — Numerous. — C. Jniliains, Observer Office,
Penarth.

Desiderata. — ^Quantity of healthy pupae of A. rumicis for scientific experimental
purposes : — Will any collectors who have any for exchange or sale kindly communicate
with me, even a few acceptable. — L. W. Neu-iuau, Bexley, Kent.

Duplicates. — Machaon, Galatea, Edusa, Hyale, W-album, Lucina, Lineola,
Stigmatica, Luti;lenta, Protea, Xerampelina, Difiinis (fair). Sphinx (Cassinea), Gilvago,
Lunosa, Caniola, Quadrifasciaria, Syringaria, Prunaria, Tetralunaria, Absinthii, and
many others. Desiderata. — Numerous. — Philip darduer, Coniugton Hall, Cambridge.

Duplicates. — Atalanta*, W-Album, S. populi*, Dispar (large and ova*), Perla,
Flavicincta*, Verbasci* and pupa3, Capsincola*, Moneta* 4. Preserved larvae : Brassicaj,
Jacobffiae, Dominula, Caja, Villica, Dispar, Monacha, Neustria, Querciis, Arundinis,
Alsines, Taraxaci, Xanthographa, Typica, Verbasci, Grossulariata, Lubrieipeda, Megace-
phala, Lucipara. Persicariffi, Phi. Desiderata. — Numerous, or land, fresh-water or
marine shells. — J. W. Boult, 50, Washhuiiou Street, NewUnid, Hull.

Duplicates. — Atalanta*, Machaon, lo, Polychloros, Valezina, Paphia, Napi,
Rapaj, .Ethiops, Pamphilus, Epiplirop, Cardamines*, Galatea, Ehanini, Sibylla,
Edusa, Urticai, Selene, Janira, Quercus, Betulae, Icarus, W-Album, Semele, ^Egon rar.
Corsica, Minima, Thaumas. Desiderata. — Phlsas, Bellargus, Corydon, Argiolus ? s,
Sinapis, Hyale, Megaera, Egeria, Davus, Hyperanthus. — H. Mouslei/, Burnfoot, Bu.tton.

■ Duplicates. — Salicis*, Elinguaria*, Ulmata, Multistrigaria, Caesiata, Decolorata,
Subnotata, Derasa, Cseruleocephala*, Impura*, Anomala, Haworthii (fair), Typica*,
Comes*, Interjecta* (2), Baia*, Nigra (few), Viminalis, Dentina, Verbasci*. Desiderata. —
Lunaria, Hispidaria, Silaceata, or offers. — JV. G. Clutteu,124, Coal Clough Lane, Burnley.

Duplicates. — Lubrieipeda (nearly black). Desiderata. — Uncommon insects. —W.
Tunstall, J 1 rook House, Meltham, nr. Huddersjield.

Desiderata. — During the season — Ova, larvae, pupse, and living imagines of many
species. Good exchange. — H. IV. Head, Scarborough.

Duplicates. — Pupse Dictseoides, Chaonia, Lunaria, Hybrid lUustraria <? and Illunaria
? , Ocularis, etc. Also many fine bred insects, including good abs. of Grossulariata.
Desiderata. — Live c? s and ? s Rubiginea, Semibrunnea, C-album. Ova from wild
parents of Fuscantaria, T. cratffigi. Pupfe Dodonea, Fagi, Dictwa, Elpenor, Porcellqs,
Callunte, Carpini, and many others. — L. W. Neimuui, Be.rley, Kent.

Wanted. — British and European Tortricids, especially those species credited to both
Europe and America in Meyrick's Handbook and Staudinger and Rebel's Catalog, pinned
and set in English style acceptable. Will make liberal returns in any family of North
American Lepidoptera named or other orders unnamed. — IT. D. Kearfott, 114, Liberty
Street, New York City, U.S.A.

W.\NTEr> CoLEoPHOEiDs.— As I wisli to breed and record the life-history of all the
species of Coleophora, I should be pleased to receive any cases and living larvae which
entomologists may meet with. I will do what I can in return. — Hy. J. Turner, 98,
Drakefell lload, St. Gatlterine^s Park, Hatcham, S.E.

Wanted (to figure).— Examples of the following larvae, fullfed : Antiopa, Lathonia,
Daplidice, Edusa, Hyale, Livornica, Pinastri, Celerio, Gallii. Will any lepidopterist who
collects abroad kindly remember my wants when opportunity occurs of obtaining any
of them ? — J. C. Dollman, Hove House, Neicton Grove, Bedford Park, W.

Exchange. — I am desirous of obtaining bnttertiies from tlie Malayan Archipelago and
the Pacific Islands. For such I offer perfect diurnals from North and South America ;.
North American Coleoptera. — Levi W. Mengel, Boys' High Scliool, Reading, Pa., U.S.A.

Wanted. — Erycinidse of the world. Offer for same Diurni from United States,

northern South America and Central America, also North American birds' eggs and
American-Indian relics. — Levi W. Mengel, Boys' Hif/h School, Reailini], Pa., U.S.A.

Hertfokdshibe County Museum, St. Alhaxs. — A collection of British Lepidoptera
is being formed. I shall be thankful if collectors will send me any duplicate specimens
they may have to spare. Hertfordshire insects will be specially welcome. — A. E. Gihhs,
Hon. Curator, Kitchener's 3Ieads, St. Albans.

Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter. — Collectors of British Lepidoptera are asked
to kindly give any spare Devonshire duplicates they may have, to assist in the formation
of a local collection. Duplicates in other Orders also desired. — F. R. lloivley. Curator.

Parasitical Diptera wanted.— Will lepidopterists who may breed any dipterous
parasites from larvae or pupae kindly forward such as they do not require to me ? If so I
shall be greatly obliged.— C. J. Wainwriyht, ,?, Handsworth Wood Road, Handsivorth,
Staffs.

Changes or Address. — W. A. Southeyirom 51, Crossleu Street, Liverpool Road, N., to
32, Devonshire Road, Seven Si.'^ters Road, Holloivay. H. Wood from Uld Grammar School
to 9, Church Road, Ashford. J. A. Butterfield, B.Sc, to Comrie, Eglinton Hill,
Phtmstead, S.E.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W. 8 p.m.
— Meetings: November 18th; December '2nd. Annual Meeting, January 20th, 1904.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m. November 17th, " The Habits, Distribution and Variation of Spilosoma fuliyinosa,"
by J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. ; " The Larva, Pupa and Larval Habits of Sj/ilosoma fuUfiinosa ,"
by A. W. Bacot, F.E.S.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. Entrance Fee, Is.; Annual Subscription, Is. — Hon. Sec,
G. E. Shaw, 45, ColworthEoad, Leytonstone, N.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. — The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
Meetings : November 26th, a Special Exhibition of Varieties and Interesting Series of all
Orders. December 10th, Paper by Dr. Chapman.

North London Natural History Society, Sigdon Eoad Board School, Dalston Lane,
N.E. (close to Hackney Downs Stations, G.E.E.). — Meetings second and fourth Tuesdays
in each month, at 7.45 p.m.

Carlisle Natural History Society. — Meetings held at TuUie House, Carlisle,
7.45 p.m. -9. .^0 p.m. Papers : November 5th, 1903, " Insecta," by G. B. Eoutledge, F.E.S.

CEYLON LEPIDOPTERA.

ALEXANDEE NEWMAN, Katukelle, Kandy, Ceylon, respectfully solicits orders
from Collectors of Lepidoptera. •

Gentlemen are requested to send lists of their desiderata.
All specimens are supplied in the finest condition, and with full data.

FOR SALE,

1300 Species of British Lepidoptera, 2000 Species of Coleoptera, Preserved Larvae,
Tropical Butterflies, etc. Very low rates. Selections. Post free on approval. Also
3 Cabinets.

Apply " Ento," c/o Mr. Page,

" Bertrose," Gellatly Eoad,

New Cross, S.E.

FOR SALE, A SUPERIOR

Mahogany Entomological Cabinet

Of 40 Interchangeable Drawers.

Size ISin. by 16in., ebony knobs, sunk panelled sides to carcase, moulded top
and plinth, and enclosed by 2 plate-glass panelled doors. Own make.

Price £40. T. GURNEY, 50, Broadway, London Fields, N.E.

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E.

. .The Largest Breecler ot Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. ^W. HEAD, @utonioUt0tet,

sct^rboroUgH.

Full Lint of Oca, Larvae, and Fnpae, aho Lepidoptera, Ajijiaratits, Cabinets

etc., sent on application.
Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, "2/-, 2/<j. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-.
Unibrellii Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, (kl., 9d., 1/-, 1/0. Zinc Relaxing Boxes,
9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted
or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6,
2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6,
4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting Boards, fiat or oval, lin., 6d.; l^in., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2Jin., 1/- ;
3^in., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses,
9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-,
5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
double tin, 1/6 to 6/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/1), 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennse 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-,_2/6 per
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/4 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform^Bottle,
2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zinc Killing Box", 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com-
panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/8 ; Scissors,
2/- per pair; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificiar Eyes for Birds and
Animals ; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto
of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English names (1894 edition),
1/6. Our new complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1/- ;
or printed on one side for labels, 2/-.

Now Ready. — The Exchange List and Label List, compiled by Mr. Ed. Meyrick, B.A.,
F.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent "Handbook of British Lepidoptera." Exchange
List, ^d. each, 4d. per^lozen, or 4/- per 100. Label List, 9d. each.

THE " DIXON " LAMP NET, recently improved 3/6.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of evei'y doscription of Insects, Birds' Kggs, Coins, IMicroscopical Objects, Fossils, &o.

Catalogue (96 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS' AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic.)

Birds, Maiiimdls, etc., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Worlniien.

i<,a,"'.'s-36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (S doors from Charing Cross)

OVA, LARV/E AND PUP/G.

Large stock all the year round. Finest quality.
GENUINE BRITISH ONLY STOCKED.

Price list free.
Lepidoptera reared from the ova to Pupns or Imagines on commission

For terms, etc., apply

L. W. NEWMAN, Bexley, Kent.

bUlSa«Jl\lx'AM.vr«o xv«. j.«»'

Vol. XV.

No. 12.

..^ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORI

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION;

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

ASSISTKD BY

T. HUDSON EEARB, b.sc, f.e.s., i'.r.s.e.

M RITRR KA PZS F L S . F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

^.■b.PROUT.'S H.St. J.K.DONISTHORPE,f.z.s. r.r

DECEMBER 15th, 1903,

Price One Shilling (nkt)

(WITH PLATE).

Subscription for Complete Volume, post fre

(Including SPECIAL INDEX and all DOUBLE NUMBE:
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO Bli FORWARDED TO

J. HERBERT TUTT,

119, Webtcombj Hit.i., Blackheath, London, S.E.

LONDON :

ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Row, E.G.

BERLIN

11. FMEDLANDER & SOHN,

11, ^^ARLSTB.\SSE, N.W.

NEW YORK:

Ph. HEINSBERGER, 9, First Avenue,

New York, U.S.A.

G F^ E S ^ J^ J\^ ASSETS £8,000,000.

Established 1848. lalp'E

— ::^::]::::^ office

Claims Paid, nearly £18,000,000.

Life Assurance WITH OR WITHOUT Medical Examination.

Monthly Premiums.

JAMES H. SCOTT, General Mamijier and Secretary.

Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.C.
O. F. TAYLER & Co., Lta,,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Bf-ack, and Gir/r.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

VIENNA 1893. 'ctTTnnnn^iT'T^ XT' X xr iwrxmnci geneva isoc.

Medal I. Class. >■-> *-»-■. J^ Xld X^^T JL.^ X XM JC4 JL ^ Honorable Diploma.

The G.K. Net is made of the best materials.

The G.K. Net can be mounted or dismounted in a moment.

The G.K. Net suits any stick, and may be carried in any j^ochet.

The G.K. Net is every collector's delight.

The G.K. Net , j^^^ Diameter 14 inches. ' The most elegant net.

HEADY ! R^M Circumference 44 inches. The most practical net.

FOR USE. ' ^^^B' Depth of the net 29 inches. The niost durable net.

The G.K. Net j^'^^' ^"'"g- Dimensions 1 by 4 by 11 inches.

WHEN NOT I j^ The Lightest, the Handiest, the Cheapest Net.

IN USE. JNetofsilkl One Quality, one Size, one Price only.

Send postal order 6/-, and you will get the G.K. Net free of all charge from —

GRAF-KRUSI, GAIS, SWITZERLAND.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

i minute

5/-

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
abel, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.

Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as

received. Remittance in full must accompany each order.

Rannoch New Forest Shetland

15. vi. 97 4. ix. U7 6. v. 97

ADDRESS. — "Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road.
Westcombe Park, S.E.

IMPORTANT NOTICE.
I.

In taking over the financial part of the work connected with The
Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, I should like
kindly to call the attention of subscribers to the following, which,
if carefully attended to, will save much trouble, inconvenience,
annoyance, and unnecessary correspondence : —

The subscription to the magazine is Seven Shillings per
annum (not Six Shillings). Will subscribers please send the
exact amount ?

Subscriptions are payable in advance.

>«<) odd back numbers are sold, except at double the
published price, which should be sent with the order or before
delivery.

Copies obtained from the publishers are sold net.

Free copies are not sent to libraries, societies, or con-
tributors, but an Exchange List is maintained against the
most important British and Foreign Societies who send their
publications.

Reprints of papers are supplied at the actual charge made by
the printers, provided a special request be drafted on a separate
paper when an article is submitted for publication. (Application
is useless after an article has appeared, for by that time the type
is distributed.)

Business communications should be addressed separately to
me, and not mixed up with personal and friendly letters to the
Editor.

Notice of the withdrawal of any subscription should be
forwarded before December 31st.

I shall be glad to receive subscriptions for Vol. xvi. (Seven
shillings) as early as possible. Outstanding arrears must be settled
direct with Mr. H. E. Page.

J. Herbert Tutt.

119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

II.

All gentlemen who have any outstanding accounts with the
magazine — subscriptions in arrear, reprints, back numbers, advertise-
ments, etc. — are kindly requested to send the same at once direct
to me.

In case of those who owe anything to the magazine, an account
should be found enclosed in the number now forwarded, to which, it
is hoped, early attention will be given.

I shall be very grateful if everyone will, to the best of his ability,
help me to hand over a clear sheet to my successor at an early date.

H. E. Page.
" Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

LBJe'08

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 1 l,Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W. 8 p.m.
Annual Meeting, January '20th, 1904.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London

Institution, Flnsbury Circus, E.G. — The tirst and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. Entrance Fee, Is.; Annual Subscription, Is. — Hon. Sec.
G. E. Shaw, 45, ColworthRoad, Leytonstone, N.E. January 4th, "Presidential Address."
Excursion, January 3rd, Kedhill to I'urley, Cannon Street, 10.15.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London liridge.- The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
Meetings : January 14th, 1904, lleport of the Field Meeting at Wendover, by Hy. J.
Turner, F.E.S. ; " Further Notes from Davvlish," by G. B. Browne and Hy. J. Turner,
F.E.S. January '28th, Annual Meeting. February 11th, a paper, "Notes on the genus
Coleojihora," by A. Sieh, F.bJ.S. February '25th, a Lantern Lectui'e, "Notes and
Photos," by F. Enoch, F.L.8., F.E.H.

North London Natural History Society, Sigdon Road Board School, Dalston Lane,
N.E. (close to Hackney Downs Stations, G.E.R.). — Meetings second and fourth Tuesdays
in each month, at 7.45 p.m.

Carlisle Natural History Society. — Meetings held at Tullie House, Carlisle,
7.45 p.m. -9.. ^0 p.m. Papers: -January 21st, "Some rare Cumberland Beetles," F. H.
Day, F.E.S. (with lantern;.

The Migration and Dispersal of Insects.

BY

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Demy 8vo., 132 pp. Price Five Shillings net.

This book, the only one published on this interesting subject, is of first
importance to all students of the geographical distribution of animals, and
contains the following chapters : —

1. General Considerations. 2. Coccids and Aphides.. 3. Orthoptera. 4. Odonata.
5. Lepidoptera. 6. Coleoptera. 7. Diptera. 8. Social Insects — Hymenoptera, Ter-
mites. 9. Final considerations.

Only a \ery small number of copies has been printed. It is trusted that
all entomologists will, besides supporting the book themselves, recommend it
to any libra'-ies in which they are interested or with which they are connected.

Monograph of the Pterophorina.

(Demy 8vo., 161 pp., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-).

This book contains an introductory chapter on " Collecting," " Killing " and
" Setting " the Pterophorina, a table giving details of each species — Times of appearance
of larva, of pupa and of imago, food-plants, mode of pupation, and a complete account (so
far as is known) of every British species, under the headings of " Synonymy," " Imago,"
" Variation," " Ovum," " Larva," " Food-plants," " Pupa," " Habitat," and " Distribu-
tion." It is much the most complete and trustworthy account of this interesting group of
Lepidoptera that has ever been published.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh.

(Crown 8vo., Illustrated, 242 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Bound

in Cloth. (Price 2/6).

Another series of collecting expeditions into well-known entomological and natural
history localities, with description of botanical, geological, ornithological as well as
entomological matters of interest to be found therein. The places dealt with include
Cobham Woods, Cuxton Downs, the Western Highlands, Cliffe — all well known for their
rich entomological fauna.

To be obtained from H. E. Paoe, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham.

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. Vv^. HEAD, ©iitoutolajjist, j

SeT^RBOROUGH. \

Full List of Ora, Larvae, and I'npac, also Lejiidoptera, Ajijiaratas, CabinsA

etc., soil on appUcation.
Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

I

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinet^

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4,
Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc- Relaxing Boxi
9d., 1/-, 1/G, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assort^
or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/f!
2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/4
4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting Board's, iiat or cval, lin., 6d.; l^in., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2Jin., 1/-
3 Jin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; •5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses
9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-
5/-, 7/6. . Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/H. Bota)iical Cases, japanned
double tin, 1/6 to 6/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases'
2/6 to 1.1/-. Cement for replacing Antennas 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 pa
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3 J, best quality 1/4 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottl^
2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozei|i
Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's ConSi
panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissor^
2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d'. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds an«i
Animals ; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; dittj:
of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English names (1894 edition^'
1/6. Our new complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1/-|J
or printed on one side for labels, 2/-. J

Now Ready. — The Exchange List and Label List, compiled by Mr. Ed. Meyrick, B.aIi
F.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent "Handbook of British Lepidoptera." Exchangl
List, Jd. each, 4d. per dozen, or 4/- per 100. Label List, 9d. each.

THE " DIXON " LAMP NET, recently improved 3/6.

SHOW KOOM FOE CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, Ac.

Catalogue (96 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OF INSICCTS' AND BIRDS' KGGS (British, European, and Exotic.)

Biriix, Mammah, etc., Vre'encd ami yioiinted hij Firxl-cUt-ss Workmen.

Addr"JJs-36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors from Charing Cross|

OVA, LARV/E AND PUP/E.

Large stock all the year round. Finest quality.
GENUINE BRITISH ONLY STOCKED.

Price list free.

Lepidoptera reared from the ova to Pupas or Imagines on commission^

For terms, etc., apply

L. W. NEWMAN, Bexley, Kent.

I

I.