ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited isy

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by

T. HUDSON BEARE, is.sc, f.b.s., k.k.s.l.
M BURR, B.A., F.7..8.. K.L.S., f.e.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., K.K.S.
Jas. E. COLEIN, f.e.s. Arthur J. CHITTY, m.a, F.E.s.
H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.s., f.k.k.

VOL. XIX.

JANUARY to DECEMBER, 1907,

PRICE 10s. 6d.

Special Index (with every reference) Is 6d.

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK. 62, Paternoster Row. E.C.

BERLIN :

R FRIEDLANDER & SOHN

11. Carlstrasses. N.W.

©U4-H

PREFACE. =.^*»

With this number we conclude our 19th volume, and again we
tender our heartiest thanks to all those who have so kindly helped to
make it as successful and useful as its predecessors — to contributors,
subscribers, donors of plates, etc.

There has been a tendency during recent years for our British
collectors to give us fewer and fewer of their observations on British
insects. This has probably been partly due to the series of wretched
collecting-seasons through which we have recently passed, partly to
the wish not to repeat oft-recorded observations, and partly also to the
raid that certain collectors make on a new collecting-ground, when a
rare species of the Macro-lepidoptera is found in new haunts ; all of
which, however, tends to lower the actual amount of the output of
scientific notes, bearing on the habits, habitats, and distribution of our
indigenous species. During the last year or two this has been less
noticeable, and this year we have still less reason to complain, several
comprehensive notes on collecting in the British Islands having been
received during the past few months, but the interesting notes on
collecting in Ireland and Scotland by native collectors which were a
feature of the magazine of some ten to fifteen years since, are no
longer forthcoming, and field-work in Ireland and Scotland is now
largely restricted to visitors from England who make a short stay in
one of the better-known localities. An account of the lepidopterous
fauna of Ross-shire and Sutherland would be most useful at the
present time, i.e., a fauna comprising the Macros and Micros, for the
hints of Buchanan-White as to the more lowland character of the fauna
of these counties, possibly due to the influence of the surrounding ocean,
have never been fairly proved or disproved. Nor is the fauna of the
northern Pennines and Cheviots at all well-known, and one could
wish that notes from these and other little-worked districts could be
received.

Our own exhaustive work on " Practical Hints " has rendered our
neglect of this phase of field entomology less marked, although we had
hoped to have continued the series by dealing with special groups.
We desire, however, to proceed with these during the coming year.
At our request, Mr. Selwyn Image has generously written us one of his
delightful poems to conclude our present volume ; for his kindness
we offer our grateful thanks.

We are again indebted to Mr. H. Donisthorpe and Professor T.
Hudson Beare for taking entire charge of the " Coleoptera " section,
and have been fortunate in obtaining the aid of Mr. Chitty to help us
with other less-worked orders. The Rev. C. R. N. Burrows has again
kindly made himself responsible for the " Societies' Reports " and
the " General Index," whilst Professor T. Hudson Beare, Messrs. M.
Burr, J. E. Collin, and H. J. Turner have again kindly undertaken
the "Special Index," which we hope to publish with the January
number. For the various plates we have been able to give, we have
to thank Messrs. F. B. Browne, H. Donisthorpe, H. M. Edelsten,
A, H. Jones, Dr. T. A. Chapman, and Dr. Joy.

To all who have helped us during the past year we offer our best
thanks, and at the same time crave a continuance of their support for
the coming year, which we trust may be fruitful to the collector, and
result in the accumulation of many new facts by entomologists of all
grades and tastes.

'3>^'

Vol. XIX.

Plate I.

Xi;\\ SPECIES of Myrmecophilous coccids

The Entomologist's Record, etc, 1907.

%

JOURNAL of VARIATION.

Vol. XIX. No. 1. January 15th, 1907.

The Identity of the British Nonagria neurica (irith plate).

By H. M. EDELSTEN, F.E.S.

Hiibner figured (Sammlung Europdischer Schmetterlinge, plates 82
and 114) two insects, viz.: — Plate 82, fig. 381 (upperside only), under
the name neurica, and Plate 114, figs. 659-661 (S , $ , and underside of
a dark reddish-brown insect, showing the central spot beneath), which
he also called neurica.

in 1816, Ochsenheimer, in his " Systema Glossatorum Europte "
catalogues (Die Schmett., iv., p. 82) N. neurica, Hb., and, as
quoted by Treitschke,* considers neurica, Hb.f = the reed-coloured
form Avithout marks on the underside. In his collection he has a true
neurica, Hb., designated as such by a label written with his own hand;
beneath tins specimen is a typical arundineta, Schmidt, which has a
label, on which is written, in Ochsenheimer's handwriting, "An eadem
cum pnecedente ? sub nomine Noctua dissoluta."

In 1825, Treitschke, after Ochsenheimer's death, received (Die
Schmett., v., pt. 2, p. 319) darker insects marked beneath, viz., X. disso-
luta. j He thinks Hiibner meant to have so called his figs. 659-60. He
adds that further con signments proved conclusively that Hiibner was right
to call neurica all the forms marked above (light or dark) and underneath
(black-marked or unmarked), but, he continues, that all the ranges of
colour are neurica, and describes the underside as being unmarked, or
with central spots. He confuses the two as one species, and must mean
that dissoluta should be the varietal name for neurica, Hb., figs.
659-60; and hcendsin describing a larva, which was subsequently proved
to be that of var. arundineta, Schmidt. In Treitschke's collection
there are, under the label neurica, five specimens. The first is a
neurica, lib., fig. 381 ; the second, third, and fourth are arundineta,
Schmidt ; and the fifth is the dark neurica, I lb., figs. 659-661.

Treitschke says (Die Schmetterlinge von Europa, v., pt. 2, p. 319):
" Nonagna alis anticis liavo vel fusco ferrugineis, vena maculaque medio
albicantibus, serie punctorum nigrorum ad marginem externum.
Ochsenheimer has referred to Hiibner's neurica on p. 82 of his
Entivurf., and understood by it the reed-coloured form without marks

* I presume Ochsenheimer had said something to Treitschke about this
matter.— f I. M.K.

t Probably Mazzola had worked this out. — H.M.E.

Mazzola had called these A". <lis.^iliitn, but had not published his ob-
servations.— H.M.E.

Z THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECOED.

on the underside, of which there were a few examples in Mazzola's and
his own collections under this name, and which came from the Rhine
district. Later, Ave received from thence some very much darker
moths, marked on the underside, under the name AT. dissolute* They
agreed exactly with Hubner's figs. G59-661. It therefore seemed
certain that Hiibner had repeated the name neurica by mistake,
whereas dissoluta should have been given instead. Further consign-
ments have, since then, conclusively proved that Hiibner was right to
call all the forms neurica, whether marked above, dark or light, and
underneath with or without black markings ; all are connected by
the slightest gradations, and, furthermore, it confirmed what had
already been said about the variability of this plain-looking creature.
Neurica varies in tone from reed-coloured to the deepest yellowish
dark-brown, as do also paludicola (c/eminipuncta), typhae, and others.
The head and thorax are coloured like the forewings, the abdomen is
lighter, inclining towards grey, that of the $ especially long and
slender, with yellowish-brown anal tuft. The antenna? are bright
yellow, fine, serrate in the $ . Legs brown-yellow. The forewings
are short, broad, pointed at the apex. They vary as mentioned, so
much so that the intermediate form connecting the two varieties has
lighter and darker parts. On all which are not quite without marks,
the broad outer margin is the lightest, and without the black specks
which irregularly cover the other parts. The median vein is white
longitudinally, bordered with black. Beyond the middle of the wing
is a black dot with white bordering which is sometimes formed like a
figure 3, very rarely with no margin. Before the outer margin
a more or less defined double row of dots crosses the vein ; there are
two dots next to the inner margin, and there is a row of black and
white streaks in the other part of the shaded band where the wings
usually become darkest as far as the fringes. These are bordered
with clear black dots, otherwise lighter than the ground colour and
simple. The hindwings are yellowish-white towards the base, more
or less dusted with grey posteriorly, with the lunules and smaller
lunular marks as a border to the whitish fringes. The underside is
yellowish, grey dusted, sometimes unmarked, sometimes with central
spots and dots before the fringes, often also with a curved line and a
shade almost forming a band before it. The larva is dirty-white with
pale red back, lives in the interior of the reeds, and changes in June or
July to a pupa, head downwards. The moth appears in four weeks
(according to information from Herr Hess, of Darmstadt). In mode
of living and changing it resembles the following species, paludicola
[geminipuncta). I only know the district of Darmstadt as its habitat,
and there the moth is rather rare."

•Duponchel described and figured (Papillons tie France, vii., pt.
1, p. 85, pi. 10G, fig. 2), as neurica, the var. arundineta, Schmidt.
He writes : " The forewings are pale grey-yellowish above, finely
dusted with brown, with the two or three middle nervures white,
central spot blackish, surrounded with white, and two trans-
verse rows of dots equally blackish, one of which separates
the fringe from the outer margin, and the other is placed at an
equal distance from this same margin and the central spot above
mentioned. The dots of this last row rest on the little lines which
correspond with the nervures. The fringe is simple and of the same

THE IDENTITY OK THE BRITISH NONAORIA NEURICA. 6

colour as the base of the wing. The hindwings above are of the
same grey colour as the forewings, but rather paler, of the same
colour as the underside of the four wings, which each have a central
black spot. The head and collar are of the same grey as the forewings,
The body participates in the tinge of the forewings. The antenna?
are of a greyish-yellowish and simple in both sexes. The larva is of
a dirty white colour, with the back of a pale reddish tinge. It lives
in the interior of the reeds. It turns to a chrysalis in June and July,
and the moth emerges three or four weeks afterwards. A'. nenHca is
rare in France."

In 1840, Boisduval describes (Genera et Index Methodicus, p. 134,
no. 1081) the dark form of neitrica, Hb., fig. 659 (? a var. of neurica),
a,nd names it hessn, and says that Hess sent it to him as a variety of
neurica ; he also mentions that Treitschke refers in his synonymy to
true neurica. He concludes by saying " an rite ? " His description
reads: "No. 1081. Hessii, Boisd. (an var. neuricae ?). Neurica,
Hb., 659. Ala* antics nigro-fusca?, macula reniformi albida, intus
fusca ; alffl postica? pallidas. Dom. Hess, qui abunde Nonagrias circa
Darmstadt educit, mini ut variet neurica hanc speciem misit. Dom.
Treitschke quoque in synonymia ad neuncam genuinam refert. An
rite ? "

Prof. Hering describes (Stett Ent. Zeit., iv., no. 11, p. 345), in
November, 1843, a larva with light reddish back as that of neurica,
and says: "I have found the larva3 at the beginning of July in Arundo
phraymites, when I have been searching for those of A', paludicola,
often in the very same reed stem. Whereas paludicola mostly lives in
the lower part of the reed, I find neurica always in the upper portion.
Then it is always rarer than the former. Its presence is always
betrayed by the withered top of the reed. It is distinguished from the
larva of paludicola by being always more slender, of more delicate
structure, and by the light reddish colour of the back. Its rearing indoors
was not more difficult than the former. I cut the reed stems beneath
the boring and above the joint, as also with paludicola, and stand the
shortened stems in wet sand. It pupates always towards the end of
June and becomes a moth, always earlier than paludicola, in the last
days of July."

In 1845, Herrich-Schilffer figures (Schmett. v. Europ., ii., p. 244,
figs. 317-:'>1S, 2 ) as neurica what Schmidt recognises as arundineta. He
describes it, and says that it differs from Hiibner's fig. 381, which, he
says, is " totally defective in its outlines, forewings much too large," as
compared with the insect he is figuring. Afterwards, when Schmidt
sent him neurica and arundineta he acknowledges them as two species.
He also describes Jiessii and refers to Hiibner's illustrations, 657-661,
as "much too robust, outline of the wings defective." He says:
•• No. 189. Neurica (Hb. 381). — Totally defective in its outlines,
forewings much too large. Fuscotestacea loco stigmatis reniformis
annulo albo, fusco repleto. Hindmargin with sharply marked black
lunules between the nervures, the outer transverse line indicated by
black dots which are shown up by white on both sides. Dark reed-
colour, a longitudinal darker ray through the middle of the forewing,
before this, towards the COSta, some black dots, two indicating the
position of the central spot, the third indicating the inner boundary
of the front half of the reniform. Hindwinga- lighter, without

4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

markings. Around Darmstadt, August." "No. 187. Hessii, Boisd. ;
neurica, Hb. 659-61. — Much too robust, outline of the forewings
defective. Fuscoferruginea, stigmate reniformi versus limbum et
marginem interiorem albocincto. Differs from neurica in appearance
only by the reddish-brown colour of the forewings. The central spot
extending more towards the outer margin, its form seems more like
the usual reniform, the three dots, however, on its outer border are
missing. Darmstadt."

(To be continual.)

Myrmecophilous notes for 1906 (with two plates).

By H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
(Concluded from vol. xviii., p. 319.)

Diptera. — Ceratopogon myrmecophilus, Egger. — I have this year
bred several 3 s and $ s of this rare species out of my observation
nest of Formica rufa from Weybridge. Mr. Morley tells me he has
taken it in Suffolk. It will be remembered that I took it for the
first time in Britain a few years ago at Oxshott.

Plii/Uomyza, n. sp. ? — All the specimens recorded from ants' nests
herel.oiore as Phyllomyza securicornis, Fin., are not that species, Mr.
Collin tells me, but include two species new to science, one found with
Formica rufa, and the other with Lasius fuliginosus. The former I
bred in some numbers from my F. rufa nest from Weybridge this
year, and have taken it before at Oxshott. The latter I have bred in
numbers from my L. fuliginosus nest from 'Wellington College, and
have taken it before at Oxshott and Birkdale sandhills. Mr. Collin
will shortly describe and figure them.

Scatopse infumata, Hal. — I bred this species this year from my
Weybridge /•'. rufa nest.

Scatopse transversalis, n. var. — I bred this species also in numbers
from my Wellington College nest of Lasius fuliginosus. Last year
I took it with the same ant on the Birkdale sandhills.

1 'Intra inaequalis, Wood. — I took this species in plenty with Lasius
fuliginosus, at Wellington College. It occurred in numbers in the
actual nest of the ant (which contained the ants' larvae), built in the
inside of a post, and must have bred there.

Phora pulicaria, Fald. — I bred this species from my Weybridge
F. rufa nest. Wasmann records it from the same ant's nest.

Limosina curtiventris, Stnh. — I bred this little fly in numbers from
my Wellington College L. fuliginosus nest. This nest, from which I
have taken so many species, consists of several handfuls of debris out
of the heart of a nest in the root of a birch-tree, full of ants and ant
larvae. As I noticed it also contained numbers of dipterous larvae, I
brought it home and put it into a large glass bowl. I also bred from
it several species of Sciara in some numbers.

Trineura aterrima, Fab. — I took this species with L. fuliginosus,
at Wellington College.

Bracomd.t:. — Sp. 1 ? — I took two specimens of a handsome black
species, with yellow legs and dusky wings, at Weybridge, in July. I
saw several hovering over an anthill (F. rufa). They were hovering
in the air like birds-of prey, and every now and then swooping at the

MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTKS FOR 1P0G. ."5

ants, occasionally they hovered so close to the ants, that the latter
tried to reach up to them. Sp. 2 ? — I took a specimen in a nest of
Formica riifibarbisvax. fusco-rufibarbis, at Whitsand Bay, in September.

Ciiaix ii'in.v.. — Spalangia, sp. ? — I took a specimen of a species of
this genus in a nest of Lasius fidiginosus, at Wellington College, and
have since bred it in numbers from my nest of the same ant, indeed,
it is still emerging (November 28th). It is a jet-black species like its
host. I have taken, and bred, various other species of Chalcididae
with ants, but am unable to get even the names of the genera. They
no doubt occur as parasites on the ants themselves, and others as
parasites on some other inhabitant of the nest.

Coccid.e. — Mr. Newstead, has kindly named the < 'occidae I have
taken with ants this year. Two species turn out to be new to science.
Mr. Newstead describes them as follows : —

Ripersia donisthoepei, ii. sp. (pi. i., figs. 1-2). — Female. — Antenna stout (fig. 1),
relatively long ; of seven segments, the last much the longest, but not wider than the
6th ; all the segments have several rather long slender hairs, in addition to these the
6th segment has a long slender spine near the apex on the inner lateral margin,
and there are two similar spines on the 7th, and possibly three others, but only the
basal attachments are left in the specimen. Eyes hemispherical, placed on a line
just behind the insertion of the antenna?. Mentum monomerous ; loop of rostral
filaments short, about twice the length of the mentum. Legs (fig. 2) relatively long
and stout ; ventral hair to posterior trochanter a little more than three-Jourths the
length of the femur, very slender ; digitules to tarsi absent ; claws short. Anal
orifice with eight long hairs. Anal lobes indicated by a single stout hair and three
to four short spines. Stigmata large. Dermis (fig. 1) with a few scattered hairs ;
tubular spinnerets short, orifice circular, small, they are much more numerous at
the margins, and especially so at the posterior extremity, but in the region of the
anal orifice, dorsally, they are almost entirely replaced by much larger, and
apparently non-tubular, spinnerets. Length, 2-50mm. ; width, 1mm. (Newstead).

The distinctive features of this species are the unusually elongated
form, the number of hairs to an anal orifice, and the great length of
the ventral hair to the trochanter. Habitat. — In a nest of Poneva
contracta, at Charing, Kent.

Ripersia formicarii, n. sp. (pi. i., fig. 3). — Female adult. — Very short, ovate,
narrowed in front, widely rounded behind ; highly convex above, fiat beneath ;
segmentation of the dorsum distinct ; cephalo-thoracic margin with five con-
strictions; abdominal extremity with a central emargination, and one bilateral,
deep, indentation. Colour, in alcohol, dull purple-brown, slightly mealy. Antenna
. 1st, 2nd, and 3rd almost equal in lei b about two-

thirds the length of the 6th ; 4th and .5th shortest ; 6th longest and slightly wider
than the -1th, with a strongly-curved spinose hair near the tip. Lyes small,
hemispherical, placed considerably behind the insertion of the antennas. Legs
rather long, slender; anterior tarsus a little shorter than the tibia. Anal lobes
obsolete. Anal orifice with six hairs. Dermal spinnerets very minute, numerous.
Mentum bimerous; rostral loop a little longer than tin; mentum. I
l*75mm.; width. l*50mm. Larva (matured) elongate. Antenna much swollen at

the apex; lst-oth segments short, almost equal in length; apical s< nts longest,

a little longer than 3rd, 4th, and 5th together. Legs long, stout; digitules to claws
and tarsi simple. Anal lobes small but distinct, each with one long hair and two
or tbree very short slender ones (Newstead).

A single female and fully matured larva were found associated with
Lasius flavus, at Charing, Kent. Easily recognised by its short rotund
form and the character of the antennae.

Bipersia tomlinii, Newstead. — Two immature females, associated
with Lasius fiavus and /.. niger, Isle of Wight. These were two of
a number of specimens I took with these species of .-nits al Blacl ■

6

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Isle of Wight, in October last. Mr. Forsyth has also taken it again
at Weymouth, where I first discovered it in Britain.

Apuid^:. — Fordo, formicaria, Heycl. — I took this species in a nest
of Lasius niger, at Harlech, last June. Hardy took it in Myrmica
nests in Berwickshire, and Lord Avebury with L. flavus at Beckenham.
Buckton mentions that it is a common companion of ants. Monsieur
H. Schouteden records it with Myrmica rugulosa, Nyl., TetramoHum
caespitiim, Lasius flarus, and L. niger in Belgium. Father Wasmann
with most small ants, especially L. flarus.

Trama troglodytes, Heyd.- — I took a specimen of this "plant-louse"
in the same nest as the above. In ants' nests at Beckenham (Lord
Avebury) ; Grampian Hills (Hardy) ; common with Myrmica rubra
and Latins fuliginosus in Berwickshire (Hardy) ; with Myrmica rubra,
M. rugulosa, and Lasius niger in Belgium (Schouteden).

Tetraneum (Tychaea) setariae, Pass. — I have taken this species with
Formica rufibarbis var. fusco-rufibarbis at Whitsand Bay, and Lasius
flavus at Ashstead. In ant-hills at Beckenham (Buckton) ; in nests
of Tetramorium caespitiim in Bohemia (Wasmann). I took it in some
numbers at Ashstead by cutting open the turf mounds of the ant.

Aphis planiaginis, Schrk. — I took this A/Jiis in June, 1902, at
Bosbeigh, Co. Kerry, on plants in a nest of Lasius niger. Mons.
Schouteden, who has taken it with Lasius flavus in Belgium," points
out that the ants carry its eggs into their gallaries to pass the winter,
and when they hatch, replace them on the roots, or the shoots, of
Chrysanthemum, Bellis, Plantago, Achillea, etc. I am much indebted to
Mons. H. Schouteden for having kindly identified the above species
for me.

Acarina. — Glyphopsis coccinea, Mic. — I took this species in some
numbers in a nest of Formica fusca at Barmouth, last June.

Glyphopsis bostocki, Mic. — Mr. Morley took a specimen of this
species in a nest of Lasius flavus in his garden at Monk's Soham.

Glyphopsis formica-riae, Lubbock. — I took this mite in a nest of
Lasius flavus at Harlech, last June.

Leolaps cuneifer, Mic. — I took this species new to Britain in
numbers with Lasius fuliginosus at Wellington College. Father
Wasmann has taken it with the same ant in Holland, and Mr. Michael
with ( 'amponotus in the Tyrol.

Leolajis myrmecophilus, Berl. — I took this species with Formica
fusca at Barmouth, with F. sanyuinea at Woking, and specimens taken
with the former host at Niton, Isle of Wight, Mr. N. D. F. Pearce
thinks are also this species.

Uropoda ricasoliana, Berl. — Mr. Pearce thinks that a specimen
taken by me with Lasius fuliginosus at Wellington College, is this
species. It was taken with the same ant in Holland by Father
Wasmann.

Antennophorus grandis, Berl. — I took a fair number of an Antenno-
phorus on the ants in a nest of Lasius fuliginosus at Wellington College,
which Father Wasmann suggests are this species, in which case it is new
to Britain. Our other species, Antennophorus uhlmanni, Hall, has
only been taken in Britain at Land's End, by Mr. Michael, in ants'
nests, the ants would not be L. fuliginosus. Father Wasmann has

Les Aphides Radicicoles de Belgique et les Fourmis.

GONATOPUS SOCIABILIS, N.SP. 7

taken uhlmanni with L. flavus and L. nigrer in Holland. These large
mites are generally found on the underside of the head of the ant. I
have found two specimens on one ant. Mr. A. D. Michael has some
of my specimens, as also other species, but he has not yet had time to
work them out. My best thanks are due to him, as also to Mr. N. D.
F. Pearce, for the names of the above.

Crustacea.— Although Platyarthrus hoffmansegii appears to be our
only true ants' nest species, the following records are of interest : —

Porcellio scaber, Latr. — I took specimens of a fine red variety with
Formica sanguinea at Woking.

Porcellio ratzeburgi, Brandt. — Taken in numbers with Formica
rufa at Corbridge, in Northumberland, by Mr. R. S. Bagnall, new to
Britain.

Armadillium opacum, Koch. — I took several specimens of this new
species, to Britain, in the heart of a nest of Lasius fuliginosits at
Wellington College. I am indebted to Mr. Bagnall for the names of
these " wood-lice."

Explanation of Plate XV (vol. xviii).

The parts of the ants lettered are as follows : —

A. Pronotum. B. Mesonotnm. C. Scutellum. D. Post-seutellum.
E. Propodeurn.

Explanation of Plate I (vol. xix).

Figs. 1-2. — Ripersia donisthorpei, n. sp. x250.

up. = spinneret, spi. =spine, e. = eye.
Fig. 3. — Ripersia formicarii, n. sp. x250.

Gonatopus sociabilis, n.sp., and a table of the British species.

By Prof. Dr. T. T. KIEFFER (translated with notes by
HORACE DONISTHORPE).

2 . Black; the first two joints of the antennaa, the head, except above,
which is brown-black, the tarsi and the sloping part of the large abdomi-
nal segment, of a red-yellow colour; club of anterior femora black-brown,
the extremity of the four other femora, and of the four posterior
tarsi, a little obscured. Vortex depressed and slightly concave, with a
slight median carina. Antenna? reaching the extremity of the thorax ;
scape bent, Large, half as long again as the second joint ; second joint
twice as long as broad ; third joint slender, equal to the first and
second together; fourth gradually thickened; fifth to the tenth equally
large, fifth hardly twice as long as broad ; ninth half as long as broad.
Thorax bright and smooth ; first node with a transverse impression
before the middle, anterior part shorter than the posterior and nearly
smooth ; posterior part raised and elongate, narrowing between the
two nodes a little shorter than broad; second node elongate, with
fairly abundant upstanding hair, having in front, and at the sides, an
impression or suture well marked; the sloping part transversely striate.
The thin part of the posterior femora longer than the thickened part.
Anterior metatarsus equal to the fourth joint, twice as long as tin,'
second and third together; the fifth a little longer than the third.
Interior joint of the pincers strongly bent before the extremity, which
bears 18-15 lamelles (little plates), of which one on one side and
three on the other arc; very long; the bent part without plates ; the
rest, underneath, bears a row of obtuse plates, touching each other, and

8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

a row of bristles twice as long again ; the row of plates are wanting in
the basal quarter ; the exterior joint of the pincers without plates,
bristles, or an apical tooth. Size, 3-5mm.

This species is near to G. pilosus, Thorns., but the latter has the
whole thorax, according to Thomson, covered with upstanding white
hair. The genus Gonatopus has six representatives in England, which
may be grouped in the following manner : —

1. Second thoracic node with upstanding hair; vertex

slightly excavate ... ... ... ... ... ... 2.

Second thoracic node glabrous ; vertex strongly excavate 3.

2. Exterior joint of the pincers armed, underneath, with six

to eight plates, thickened, and with a subapical tooth ;
interior joint bent before the extremity, with plates in
rows. Myrmecophilous according to Bignell (accord-
ing to me, p. 91, subpilosus, p. 500, subatriatus) ... striatus, Kieff.
Exterior joint of the pincers unarmed, without jilates,
and without a subapical tooth ; interior joint bent be-
fore the extremity, with one row of plates touching each
other, and one row of bristles much longer. Myrmeco-
philous ... ... ... ... ... ... ... sociabilis, Kieff.

3. Exterior joint of the pincers unarmed ; interior joint

strongly bent before the extremity, with one row of
plates and one row of bristles ... ... ... ... -1.

Exterior joint of the pincers with one row of thickened
plates and with one tooth before the extremity ; interior
joint not bent before the extremity, with two rows of
plates ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5.

4. Thorax entirely black ; exterior joint of the pincers

armed underneath, in the middle, with bristles ... distinguendus, Kieff.

itris, Marsh, not Dalm.)
Thorax red and black ; exterior joint without bristles ... marshalli, Kieff.

(lunatus, Marsh, not King.)

5. Interior joint of the pincers with two rows of very

thick plates, each row containing only five plates ... b'n-olor, Hal.

(pedestris, Marsh, pt., not Dalm.)
Interior joint of the pincers with two rows of compact
plates touching each other ... ... ... ... distinctus, Kieff.

i pedestris, Marsh, pt., not Dalm.)

[The species here described was taken by me on the Camber sandhills,
in August, 1902, running among a number of Tetramorium caespitum., to
which ant it bears a strong superficial resemblance. G. striata*,
Kieffer, was taken by Bignell in a nest of Formica fusca, where I know
not. Mr. Chitty tells me that Mr. Morley has taken a specimen of
the new species at Lymington. All the species of Gonatopus are very
like ants ; they are parasitic, I am told, on small Homoptera, but they
belong to the section of species wbich mimic ants, and obtain protec-
tion from their resemblance to them, living in or near ants' nests in
order to obtain their prey. To this section belong some of the bugs,
spiders, etc. — H. St. J. K. D.]

Notes on Coleopliorids — Coleophora argentula.

By H. J. TUKNER, F.E.S.
On September 9th, 1904, I went down to Fobbing, on the Essex
marshes, to obtain larva? of various species of Coleophorids, which
I knew abounded in the neighbouring saltings. There, I found in
numbers, the cases of C. argentula, on the heads of matured seeds of
the common yarrow (Achillea millefolium). The cases were never

NOTES ON COLEOPHORIDS — COLEOPHORA ARGENTULA. 9

found on the heads of flowers, but only on heads in which the seeds
were fully formed. Probably the larvae do not hatch until this occurs,
although the ova may be laid among the flowers. An isolated plant
rarely produced a larva, but often as many as eight cases were obtained
from each of several heads in a large cluster of the plants, and scarcely
one head did not produce at least two. Most of the cases were vi ry
soft, and of a dusty brown appearance, from the thick coating of
pollen and anther dSbris, frass and nibblings of the seed, and seed-
vessels, so that, although they are perfectly white and conspicuous at
first, they very soon become protected, and are then most difficult to ee.
Usually the cases are deeply embedded in the umbel, and some larvae
attack the seed-vessels from below, so that it is only by close scrutiny
that they are discovered, and one rises from the search with the
feeling that, in all probabilty, several have escaped notice. I brought
home a large bunch of heads of seed to serve as a reserve of food, and
on which close search had produced no further larvae, yet some live
days subsequently, no less than twenty-five new cases were obtained
on them, and later on others appeared. This would seem to point to
the fact that the ova do not hatch until the seeds are fully developed,
and also that the early instar, or instars, of the larva are spent in the
seeds without a case. The seed-vessels are usually very close together,
so that it is often found that a larva will pass from one to another,
safe-guarding itself, however, by fastening the old and newly-attacked
seeds together with silk.

The cases, which are extremely thin and fragile at first, gradually
become harder and stiffen. In many instances, the larva makes a long
silken gallery in the seeds, and this is attached to the mouth of the
case and is soft and crumpled. The anal end of the case is tbree-
valved, not pointed, but abruptly cut off", the adpressed edges of the
valves show white in the older cases from the slight protrusion of the
white inner lining. In general shape the case is cylindrical, gradually
contracting fore and aft. At the base of the valves the constriction is
slight, the adpressed sutures of the valves projecting somewhat. The
neck of the case is also slightly constricted, but the edge of the mouth-
opening, in cases without t he attached gallery, is not turned out. The
mouth-opening is turned down, so that the case lies almost prone on a
flat sin face, or, as Heinemann styles it, in position ].

The larvae are most contenti d, and wander but little, which is the
more remarkable as those of mi bher members of the gem
particularly restless and vagrant. On one occasion a bunch of b
thrown on the floor of the conservatory and left for a week or ten day-.
was found to contain more than two dozen larva'. Cases enclosed on
their food in glass-topped tins often remained in one position for
. during which time the cases became hard and stiff from the
inmr lining of silk, and the attachment of dust fragments on the out-
side. The surface of the cas< Is rough, and tin se pari icL g< I atta< bed
to the irregularities and become matted. It was a mosi can
a larva to leave the food and gel on the gla - of the box.

The larvae have four pairs of abdominal legs, or remnants of legs,
which it is quite impossible to see, except when the larvae are moving.
They are hidden, as a rule, in cavities and can only be observed if the
larva be held between the thumb and finger on its back, and can be
induced to exhibit a kind of peristaltic movement of the

10

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

the alternate extension of successive segments allowing the cavities to
open more or less, affording a fleeting view of the circlets of hooks.
The general body-colour is a dull, thick, smooth white. The head is
of a light brown colour, with slightly darker jaws, the cheeks with the
darkest spot. The intersegmental space between the head and the 1st
thoracic segment is conspicuously lighter that the general body-colour,
enhanced no doubt by the darker head and prothoracic plate. There is
a large light brown plate on the 1st thoracic segment with a suture in
the middle, tapering at the front and wider behind. This plate is of a
somewhat lighter brown than the head, and the colour thins out
gradually and irregularly to the margins of the plate, especially at the
outer corners of the back part of the plate. The 2nd thoracic segment has
four small plates, arranged in the segment of a circle, with the concavity
forward. The interspaces are equal and of a fair width, and the colour
of the plates still somewhat lighter than that of the plate on the
preceding segment. The sutures are directed obliquely outwards and
backwards. The 3rd thoracic segment has the markings of the 2nd
exactly reproduced, but they are very faint in colour, indeed, only a
shade or two darker than the general ground colour. The spiracular
spots are about equal in size and of a faint colour. The anal plate
is brown and darker at the margins. The tips of the thoracic legs are
brown, and between them, on the body of the larva and the basal
portions of the legs, are a few scattered brown markings of irregular
shape.

Very rarely have I met with cases on the white flowers, but, on October
2nd, 1904, on the railway-bank at Hayes, I found, on some very late
flower-heads, about a dozen and a half of larvae, the cases of which were
all soft and clean, with the anal ends weakly constructed and indefinite
in shape. The suggestion arises that these may have been the offspring
of a summer or early brood, at any rate, it was extremely late to find the
larvae in that early stage. I have frequently searched, but in vain, in order
to find the larva? before they commence their cases. A few larvae were
found still feeding, on October 23rd, at Sevenoaks. A larva was, on one
occasion, taken from its case to confirm a previous examination, and
when not required was placed on a seed-head without its case. It
soon started to burrow in the seed-vessel, and in twenty-four hours had
not only hidden itself, but had successfully manufactured a flimsy new
silken covering.

In November, the larvae were all placed out-of-doors, in flower-pots
covered with muslin, and, when examined in early spring, had not moved.
Every few weeks afterwards they were looked at, and later on more
frequently, but none moved. Of a few kept all the winter in a glass-
topped tin box, only one moved, in May, and settled on the glass. On
June 8th, 1905, some of the cases of the larvae kept out-of-doors were
opened, and the larva' were found to be still unchanged, but not
shrivelled, although very white. The usual position for the hyberna-
ting larvae is on the small stems of the yarrow-heads just below the
florets, very seldom was a case noted on the sides of any of my pots.
The imagines began to emerge in numbers quite at the end of July,
and continued to do so daily during the first two weeks of August.
Unfortunately, this was exactly coincident with my holidays, and only
a few were retained.

In 1905, this species was again extremely abundant at Fobbing, on

COLEOPTEKA IN THE NEW FOREST. 11

the land sides of the seawalls, in mid- September, and, on October 18th
of the same year, the larvae were found in large numbers at Chipstead,
frequently as many as seven larva; being noted on a single head of
seeds. Of these I bred a considerable number this year ; no doubt
the early summer caused the emergences to begin nearly a month
earlier than in 1905, viz., in the first week of July.

Coleoptera in the New Forest.

By WILLIAM WEST.
I collected in the New Forest during the last week in May and the
first in June, 1900, in the company of Mr. Ashby. The whitethorn
being in bloom during that period, we expected to find many of our
common coleoptera abundant, but the reverse was our experience, such
things as the species of TeUphorus and Anaspis came in ones and twos,
and the only coleopteron we can say was abundant was Melolontha
vulgaris, and that species tumbled into the umbrella with every stroke
of the beating-stick. The nights during our stay were very cold,
which I should suppose was the cause of the small number of each
species taken. The following were our chief captures: — Calosoma in-
quisitor, taken by beating oaks, in theQueen's Bower; Pterostichus striola,
I', niger, /'. vulgaris, I', madidus, Anchomenus angusticollis, A. oblongus,
A. parumpunctatus and A. virens, at Holmsley, under stones and tufts;
Loricera pilicornis, Acupalpus dorsalis,&n& several species of Bern bi dia, by
sweeping near the stream, at Holmsley ; Haliplus Jiavicollis, Deronectes
depressus, several common Uydropori, Agabus unguicularis, Platambus
maculatus, llybius fenestratus, Rhantus pidverosus, Dytiscus punctulatus,
Bei'osus affinis, TAmnebius truncatellus, L. papposus, Helophorus, two
species, Ochthebius pygmaeus, Hydraena riparia, and Cyclonotum orbicu-
lare were taken with the water-net at Holmsley. A number of
species of the Staphylinidae, the best being Megacronus cingulatus,
Mycetoporus splendens, M. angularis, M. splendidus, Staphylinus late-
bricola, S. caesareus, Philonthus splendens, J', ebeninus var. corruscus,
Paederus littoralis, I', fuscipes and /'. caligatus, all taken by
sweeping in different parts of the Forest ; Necrophorus mortuorum
and Silpha laevigata from a dead bird; Clwleva grandicollis and
J Iri/a.ris juncoritm, sweeping; Cerylon histeroides, C fagi, and < '.
ferrugineum, under bark; Epuraea parvula, from fungus; Amosita
depressa, Pria dulcamara, and several of the common Melegethes,
at whitethorn-bloom ; Ips i.-pustulatus, under holly bark ; Rhizophagus
ferrugineus and II. bipustulatus, Laemophloeus duplicatus, Silvanus uni-
dentatus, and Thymalus limbatus, under hark; Scaphidium ^.-macidatum,
under faggots; ( 'etonia aurata, at whitethorn-bloom ; Trachys troglodytes,
sweeping; Elater lythropterus and E. sanguinolentus, two of each were
taken at whitethorn-bloom, also one Corymbites tessellatus, one ( . mt tal-
lica*, and four Sei'icosovtus branncus. Melanotus rufipes was flying
commonly in the sunshine; Helodes marginata and Cyphon padi, by
sweeping hanks of streams. Several species of Telephorus, but none
common, except lihagonycha testacea, which occurred, and was taken
by sweeping, on the hanks of streams; Tillus elongatus, one on
a beech-trunk ; Thanasimus formicarius, at roots of pine stumps. Of
the Longicornes — Asemum striatum was captured by searching pine-
stems; Callidium violaceum was taken in numbers at our lodgings,

12

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

from a corrugated iron shed that was supported by larch beams, fifty were
taken one morning before breakfast; Anoptodera Q-guttata and Gram-
moptera pr aeusta, at whitethorn bloom; the genera Clytus, Rhagium,
Toxotus, Leptura, and Strangalia, too, were all represented. Of the ( 'hry-
somelidae the following species were taken ; Donatio, thalassina, 1 >. vul-
garis, 1 >. sericea, and 1). discolor, by sweeping water-plants, at Holmsley.
Chrysomela didymata, Phaedon tumidulus, I', cochleariac, Hydrothassa
marginella, Luperns rufipes andL. flavipes, also by sweeping at Holmsley;
Phytodecta viminalis, common on sallows; Phyllobrotica i-macidata,
on alders ; Longitarsiis kolsaticus and L. ochroleucus, Phyllotreta
nigripes, I', tetrastigma, I', exclamationis, Chaetocnema aridula, C.
confusa and < '. hortensis, also Casida equestris, by sweeping in the New
Copse ; lsclntomera cocrulea, at whitethorn ; Mordelestina humeralis, by
sweeping; four species only of Anaspis, at whitethorn; Rhynchites
aequatus and //. aeneovirens, at whitethorn ; Polydrnsus flavipes, one by
beating oaks ; P. confluens, on furze bushes ; Phyllobius calcaratus, on
alders; most of the other species by beating; Sitones cambricus, Hypera
rumicis, II. polygoni, II. variabilis and H. plantaginis, by sweeping ;
Curculio abietisf on pine stumps; Orchestes quercus, <>. ilicis, <>.
avellanae, 0. nisei and <>. salicis, by beating, and many other common
species. I have not compiled this list to show the great number
of rarities taken by us, but to show beginners Avhat is to be done by
them if they should pay a visit at the time stated in the New Forest.

Notes towards a Life=history of Polyomraatus donzelii.

By J. WcDUNNOUGH.
(Concluded from vol. xviii., p. 316.)
Larva. — Second instar: The larva, immediately after skin -shed ding, is
about 2-5mm. long, but grows rapidly, attaining to a size of 4mm. in
about a week. " In shape it is typically Lycaenid ; the front portion of
the prothom.x is thick and ileshy, capable of forming a protection for the
head when withdrawn. The whole segment slopes rapidly upward,
and the following segments, as far as the 6th abdominal, form a flat
dorsal plane with sloping sides ; the remaining segments are flattened,
and incline fairly rapidly to the hinder portion of the flange. This
flange is not continuous, but swells out at each segment, causing the
lateral line, as seen from above, to appear wavy. The marginal flange
is still entirely abdominal, but similar in shape to the subspiracular.
The dorsal ridges are well-marked, being slightly higher posteriorly.
On a casual glance the larva appears much darker than in the previous
stage, but this is largely due to the presence of dorsal and lateral lines,
which hide great portions of the ground colour. This, indeed, is
slightly lighter than before, being almost white, but is only to be seen
on the dorsal ridges, certain portions of the sides, and the extreme
outer portion of the flange, as well as on the underside of the body.
A brownish-red dorsal line, commencing on the mesothorax, is very
prominent. This is very slightly broken by the incisions of the seg-
ments, and is not so marked on the final abdominal segments, although
still recognisable. Between this and the flange, each segment is prac-
tically divided into three equal portions by two reddish stripes, neither
of which is continuous, being broken by the segmental incisions, the

NOTES TOWARDS A LIFE-HISTORY OF POLYOMMATUS DONZELTI. 13

upper one slightly more so than the lower. The former is practically
parallel with the dorsal line, but the latter has a slight ventral slope
from the anterior margin backwards, so that, on each segment, the
commencement of the stripe is slightly more dorsal than the conclusion
of that of the preceding segment. The flange is also reddish, with the
exception of the outermost portion, and, in later stages of this instar,
the colour extends ventrally as far as the marginal flange, and dorsally
to a level with the spiracles. The prothorax and the final abdominal
segments, owing to the converging of the various bands of colour,
appear much more suffused with red, and only show here and there
traces of ground colour. This stage is noticeable for the great increase
in the number of secondary tubercles, the whole area of the body being
more or less thickly covered with them. The tubercles of the previous
instar can still be traced by their larger size. These, as well as many
of the smaller ones, possess two or three spicules, arranged in a ring
about midway between the base and apex. The lenticles also have a
circle of usually five similar spicules around the black ring, giving
them a star-shaped appearance. On each dorsal ridge is a group of
three tubercles, arranged in the form of an arc, with the convex side
outward. As the central tubercles approach each other closely, the
whole six tubercles present the appearance of a semicircle across the
dorsal area of the body. Within this is enclosed a group of three or
four smaller tubercles, while, on the anterior margin, are usually two
minute tubercles. This arrangement is slightly modified on the 2nd
and 3rd thoracic segments by the addition of a large tubercle anterior
to the three already mentioned, especially noticeable on the mesothorax,
and further by the number of tubercles contained within the semicircle
being increased to six, these forming, in their turn, a horseshoe curve.
the open end of which points forward. Of the lateral lenticles, so
prominent in the first instar, the smaller has disappeared entirely, but
the other, much reduced in size, remains, except on the mesothorax,
where it is entirely absent. Between this lenticle and a large tubercle
occupying a position similar to tubercle iii of the previous instar, are
scattered five or six minute tubercles with correspondingly small seta?.
One of the most characteristic features of this instar is a group of three
lenticles, occurring between tubercle iii and the spiracle, and at first
easily to be confused with this. One is anterior and ventral to the
tubercle, the other two posterior, and placed vertically above each
other. On the final abdominal segments the position of these seems
to vary greatly, and is not even constant for the same segment on
different larvae ; the number, also, is often reduced. On the 3rd
thoracic segment the position is reversed, two being anterior and one
posterior, the more dorsal of the anterior lenticles being slightly above
the- tubercle. On the mesothorax only two very minute lenticL
be found. Several small tubercles also occupy the supraspiracular area.
On the flange is situated a group of six or seven tubercles, of which
three, occupying practically similar positions to those of the first instar,
are considerably larger. This number is increased on the fcho
segments. The space between the flanges, as well as the marginal
■ itself, is also occupied by several small tubercles, with occasional
lenticles. On the prothorax the anterior margin is bordered by a
double row of tubercles. The remaining space is occupied by tubercL s,
which may be divided into three groups, converging from points on

14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

the posterior margin to a spot midway between the thoracic plate and
the head. The lowest group starts immediately below the spiracle,
and consists of seven large and several small tubercles. Another group
of six very small tubercles is parallel to the anterior margin of the
thoracic plate, and between these two groups we find the third group
consisting of about six larger tubercles. Each of these groups is
thus arranged, fairly regularly, in the form of an arc. The spiracle is
large and rather flat compared with those of the abdominal segments.
The thoracic plate is small, and contains eight tubercles, situated
around the margin, and two lenticles towards the centre. The rear
abdominal segments are considerably modified. On the 7th and 8th,
the spiracles are more dorsal than on the preceding segments, and
slightly larger. Dorsally, the 7th abdominal contains only two
tubercles, situated on a slight elevation arising out of a depression; the
whole is bordered by a circle of small tubercles, together with several
lenticles, giving an impression very similar to that produced by an
anal plate. On the 8th abdominal but one pair of dorsal tubercles is
represented, and the dorsal area of the 9th is occupied by two tubercles
placed one behind the other. The lateral areas of all these segments
contain several tubercles and lenticles irregularly placed. On the 8th
abdominal, posterior and ventral to the spiracle, is a slightly raised,
round, whitish patch, presumably the commencement of a gland. The
prolegs appear to bear two anterior and two posterior booklets, separated
into two groups by a pad. Duration of instar = thirteen days.

Third instar. — Length, when fairly advanced in this stage 5mm.,
increasing later to 7mm. Shape, Lycamid. The ground colour is
light olive-green, with reddish-brown dorsal stripe and subspiracular
flange, the outer margin of which is an almost pure white. The lateral
area is occupied by three stripes of a slightly lighter colour than the
dorsal stripe. Stripes 1 and 2 are practically similar to those of
the previous instar, stripe 1 being parallel to the dorsal line, and
stripe 2 inclining somewhat from front to rear. Stripe 3 is parallel
to the second stripe, the angle being such that it seems to be the
continuation of stripe 2 of the previous segment. The colour of the
lateral flange extends upwards to meet this last stripe at both margins of
the segment, leaving only a white patch around the spiracle free. On
the 7th abdominal segment, the dorsal stripe is widened out to a
diamond- shaped patch, reproduced in miniature on the remaining
posterior segments. On these rear segments the lateral stripes are not
so well marked, tending to suftuse. The prothorax shows traces of
lateral markings, but, in general, displays more ground colour than any
of the other segments. The subspiracular flange does not appear quite
so prominent at this stage, owing to the filling out of the lateral
portions. Viewed from the side, the marginal flange is now distinctly
visible, presenting a series of well-rounded curves. The prothorax is
broad, rounded, and overhanging, sloping upwards from front to
rear, from which latter margin the mesothorax rises almost
perpendicularly to the dorsal plane. The rear segments are very flat
and sloping, showing no traces of dorsal ridges, and terminating in the
continuation of the spiracular flange, which forms a species of rim
around the hinder margin of the 9th abdominal segment. The spiracles
are much larger and well distinguishable from any lenticles, being
situated on a slightly raised white patch. The general surface of the

NOTES TOWARDS A LIFE-HISTORY OF POLYOMMATUS DONZELII. 15

body is still more thickly covered with small seta-bearing tubercles,
intermixed with minute lenticles which are' very irregularly placed.
The larger tubercles show scarcely any trace of the black apical ring,
which, however, can still be observed on the smaller ones. On the other
hand, they exhibit a double circle of spicules, one close to the apex, the
second midway to the base. The smaller tubercles are usually only
slightly spiculate at the base. The dorsal ridges are occupied by six
large tubercles, of which two are situated close to the dorsal stripe, the
remaining four forming a species of four-sided figure somewhat lateral
to the first two; interspersed among these are numerous smaller tubercles
in no special order. Between these and the supraspiracular tubercles, the
surface of the body is fairly thickly covered with numerous small
tubercles with very short seta?. The large lenticle of the previous
stages has been replaced by two very small ones, situated rather more
to the rear than was the case previously. In the supraspiracular area,
on the white field occurring below the second reddish stripe, are two
large anterior tubercles, and two smaller posterior ones, while the
lenticles of the previous instar have increased in number, although
diminishing in size, two or three occurring on the anterior margin,
while, posterior to the spiracle, is a group of three or four quite close
together. The customary small tubercles occupy the intervening
space. The arrangement on the flange shows practically no alteration
from that of the previous stage. The dorsal portion of the 7th
abdominal segment strikes the eye at once, owing to the absence of any
of the ordinary tubercles, and to the large increase in the number of
small tubercles and lenticles situated on the rear margin of the circular
depression already mentioned in the second instar. These, for the
most part lenticles, form a semi-circle across the posterior portion of
the segment, the anterior portion of the depression being fringed with
small tubercles, more widely removed from each other. On the
8th abdominal segment, the gland which had already begun
to develop in the previous instar, is now very marked, and capable of
being protruded like the finger of a glove, forming a white bell-shaped
structure, the upper margin of which is irregular, slightly hollow, and
with seemingly a central slit. While under observation, this gland
was in constant activity, swelling out and then collapsing together
again until only a faint white spot remained to mark its location. No
trace of any liquid exuding could be seen. The prothoracic plate is
small, and situated in a deep depression, which appears to be formed
b}r the continuation of the spiracular flange around the anterior portion
of the segment. The plate itself contains about 20 small tubercles and
lenticles, the two tubercles at the rear being larger and provided with
longer hairs.

Fourth instar. — Length, when at rest, 7mm. Breadth, 2-5mm.
Shape, quite Lycsenid, with very flat posterior segments and broad
overhanging prothorax. The general appearance and markings are
very similar to those of the previous instar. The ground colour is a
very dull olive, the dorsal and lateral stripes have faded to a deep
olive, the former being slightly the darker, and the spiracular flange is
still reddish, with whitish outer margin. The position of the lateral
stripes is as before, only the first stripe shows a tendency to spread
downward on the posterior margin, while the third is much clearer,
the colour not suffusing with that of the flange. The segmental

16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

incisions are deeply cut, especially in the dorsal region. The dorsal
depression between the ridges is not nearly so marked, and the general
impression of this portion of the segment is that of a plane gently
inclined towards the posterior margin. The spiracular flange shows a
tendency to expand in slight ridges for a short distance upwards along
both margains of the segments, leaving a central depression, in which
the spiracle is situated. As regards the tubercles, the remarks on the
previous instar apply to this stage also. There is only a slight increase
of smaller tubercles, and the larger ones are practically the same in
number and position. The tubercles on the flange bear long seta?,
those on the outer margin being the longest (1mm.), forming thus a
fringe around the body. On the 7th abdominal segment, the semi-
circular group of tubercles and lenticles has still further increased, the
tubercles being almost entirely replaced by lenticles, which number
about 30, and are very close together. The centre of the depression
is now occupied by a transverse slit, presumably a gland, although I
was unable to discover any exudation. The prolegs possess six
hooklets in the anterior groups, and four in the posterior one. These
are arranged so that half the number of hooklets project beyond the
others, forming, as it were, a double row.

Fifth instar: Length, 9mm., height, 2mm., breadth, 3mm. Owing
to the great increase of small hair-bearing tubercles, the larva has a
general silky-white appearance, which tends to hide to a large extent
the ground colour and markings. The long hair-bearing tubercles are
confined to the dorsal bosses, the supraspiracular area and the spiracular
flange, on which latter they are especially numerous. On the rear
segments, however, with the exception of the flange, these long hairs
are absent. The tubercles have now lost all trace of the black apical
ring, but are otherwise identical with those of the previous instar, being
white cones with spiculated bases, bearing white spiculate hairs. The
remaining surface of the body is thickly covered with minute white
tubercles, each of which usually carries a small, somewhat atrophied,
hair, which is occasionally lacking ; the tubercle has, then, much the
appearance of a miniature star-fish, with its circlet of five or six minute
spiracles near the apex. The former black lenticles here become very
minute, are now of a brownish tinge, and are confined, with the excep-
tion of a few irregularly scattered here and there, to the prothorax, the
dorsal portion of the 7th abdominal segment, and to the neighbourhood
of the spiracles. The spiracles consist of dark brown chitinous rings,
with white centres, situated on small white mounds arising out of
depressions which, in freshly moulted larvae, appear to occupy the
whole breadth of the segment. In full grown specimens, however, the
spiracular hollow can be clearly seen to be separated by a ridge from a
deeper depression, extending up the posterior portion of the segment
from the flange to the second lateral stripe. This depression is deepest
at the flange, and, with its rounded margins, gives somewhat the
impression of a horseshoe. The spiracles of the 7th and 8th abdo-
minal segments are, as usual, very prominent and larger, and the glands
of the 8th abdominal are now clearly visible to the naked eye as white
spots, situated just posterior to the spiracle. The thoracic plate is in a
very deep depression, so that, when the larva is at rest, it is almost
hidden by the overlapping mesothoracic segment. The plate itself is
white, the anterior margin well rounded, the sides concave, and meet-

NOTES TOWARDS A LIFE-HISTORY OF POLYOMMATUS D0NZELII. 17

ing at a point on the posterior portion of the segment. Each of the
three angles of the plate is occupied by a black patch of pigment,
seemingly at the bottom of a slight depression. The remainder is
thickly covered with large seta-bearing tubercles of a dull brown colour,
and not of the characteristic white exhibited by the other tubercles.

General description : A general description of the larva, made when
nearly fullgrown, may be appended here, although repeating in some
measure what has already been said. Length, 11mm. Colour, pale
olive-green, thickly covered with white hairs, giving a silky appearance,
and hiding markings. The dorsal stripe is of a deep green and much
darker than the three lateral stripes, which, in their turn, are darker
than the ground colour. These lateral stripes consist of one immedi-
ately below the bosses, the dorsal side of which is parallel to the dorsal
stripe, while the ventral side, owing to a broadening out of the posterior
margin, slopes slightly downwards from front to rear. Parallel to this
lower margin two lateral stripes occur at equal intervals between this
and the spiracle, so inclined that the lower stripe appears as the con-
tinuation of the upper one of the preceding segment. The spiracular
Mange is of a dull purplish-red, with a white band extending
along the extreme outer margin. This red colour, in early
stages of the instar, extends above the flange proper for a short
distance, but, in fullgrown larva?, is confined to the flange itself, the
other portions toning down into the olive-green of the lateral stripes.
The final segments are slightly suffused with reddish, and not so clear
a green as is the case with the anterior segments. The shape of the
larva, its broad flat prothorax, its overhanging mesothorax, dorsal
bosses, and sloping rear segments, is so typically Lyca3nid that a more
detailed description may be omitted here. When fullgrown the larva
attaches itself by a thread around the abdomen to the base of a stalk,
and changes in about three days to a pupa of the usual Lycamid form,
which produces the imago in fifteen days.

Pupa. — In shape Lycamid, with no trace of anal spike, and with
pupal skin attached. Length, 9-5mm. General colour, pale olive,
with very transparent wing-cases. The abdominal segments possess a
dorsal stripe of a darker green, and, below the spiracles, traces of a
reddish stripe, similar in colour to that of the flange in the larva, may
be found. Owing to the transparency of the wing-cases this stripe
may be traced underneath the same for some distance. The thoracic
segments are generally of a rather brighter green colour than the
remaining surface. The whole pupa is covered with a fine network of
reddish veining, especially clear on the wing-cases, and further, with
the exception of the wing-cases, the surface is occupied by numerous
small white hairs and lenticles, which latter are more abundant in the
spiracular area than elsewhere. The spiracles themselves are white,
and situated in slight depressions. Viewed laterally, the pupa appears
well rounded at both ends. The mesothorax projects considerably, and
between the thoracic and abdominal segments the pupa is contracted
to a sort of waist, which is marked on the ventral side by a slight
hollow in the otherwise straight line of the wing-cases. Seen ventrally,
the pupa presents the appearance of gradually broadening out towards
the posterior end. In the thoracic region the width is about 3mm.,
and from here to the 4th abdominal segment there is a gradual lateral
extension, until a breadth of 4mm. is reached. The sides then round

18 the entomologist's eecord.

off towards the posterior end. Viewed dorsally, the frontal head-piece
is scarcely visible, and only traces of the wing-cases can be seen, the
hindwings alone showing base of attachment. The mesothorax
extends backwards, in the shape of a wedge, into the metathorax,
causing this latter to appear much broader laterally than dorsally.
The hindwings, attached to the lateral angle of this segment, extend
as far as the 2nd abdominal segment. The antennas curving backward
are 2mm. apart immediately below the glazed eye ; from this point
they gradually converge, until, at 6mm. from the anterior end, they
meet and run parallel for a length of l-7mm. to the rear of the 4th
abdominal segment, ending apparently Hush with the wing-cases ; on
careful examination, however, they may be seen to be continued under the
surface of the 5th abdominal segment for a short distance. The maxilbe
are about 32mm. in length, ending at the junction of the antenna?.
On both the antenna? and maxilla? the sculpturing is very plain, and
consists, in the main, of transverse veins with small side branches; an
actual network is less apparent than on the other portions of the pupa.
The legs are rather indistinct owing to their veining being less marked
than on the antenna? and maxilla?. The first pair abut against the
eye and the antenna? — the former surface being much the broader —
and join the maxilla? at about half their length. The remaining space
is occupied by the second pair of legs.

In conclusion, I may state that the average length of each instar
was twelve to fifteen days, and that emergence took place early in June.
This is naturally a period far in advance of the actual appearance of
the imago in its habitat, so that in all probability the growth and
development is much slower in nature than in confinement.

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe.

By MALCOLM BURR, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

(Continued from vol. xviii., p. 329).

Genus II : Amphiestris, Fieber.

Distinguished from Locusta by the characters given in the table ;

it is not likely to be confused with that genus. It contains a single

species.

1. Amphiestris b.etica, Rambur.

Green, varied with yellowish, and darker ; pronotum spotted with
yellow; elytra green, with blackish network. Length of body, 31mm.
$ , 32mm. $ ; of pronotum, 7'8mm. $ , 9mm. $ ; of elytra, 10mm.
S , 5mm. $ ; of ovipositor, 23mm. $ .

Occurs on shrubs in the south of Spain, at Malaga and in Anda-
lusia. Also in Algeria.

Family V : Decticil\e.

This is an important and extensive family, including a large
number of active and powerful grasshoppers in the temperate regions
of the Old and New Worlds. Southern Europe appears to be the
headquarters of the group, but a few isolated genera occur in South
Africa and Australia.

All the genera have a well-marked family likeness ; they are active
and powerful insects, with especially well-developed hindlegs; the head
is more or less rounded, and the frons slightly enclined ; in the

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE.

in

majority of genera the wings are rudimentary,
only as stridulating organs in the male, and
female; the ovipositor is usually long and sword
or gently curved. But the most characteristic
of a pair of free lobes, called plantulse, on the
segment of the posterior tarsi.

Table of Genera.
1. Presternum with two spines (except in the single
species, Anonconotus apenninigenus) .
2. Hinder tibiae with four terminal spines beneath,
of which the two outer ones are the longer.
3. Plantulas short and inferior, much shorter
than first tarsal segment (all femora un-
spined beneath ; pronotum rugose, with
central keel)
3.3. Plantula? longer, nearly as long as first
tarsal segment, lateral.
4. Elytra and wings perfectly developed or
abbreviated ; cerci of s conical, pointed ;
ovipositor curved downwards, the apex
obliquely truncate
4.4. Elytra rudimentary; ovipositor curved
upwards, pointed
2.2. Hinder tibiae with two terminal spines. (Elytra
always squamiform, wings abortive.)
3. Plantulse as long as, or longer than, first tarsal
segment.
4. Cerci 3 conical

4.4. Cerci s conical but toothed on inner side
at base
3.3. Plantulse much shorter than first tarsal
segment (cerci j laminate).
4. Pronotum strongly produced backwards,
almost entirely covering elytra in both
sexes
4.4. Pronotum truncated posteriorly, elytra
almost entirely free
1.1. Presternum unarmed (posterior tibia? with four
terminal spines, except in Ctenodecticus pupulus,
Bol., and in the genus Asterastes, Br.).
2. Anterior tibia? with three spines above.

3. Elytra and wings squamiform ; pronotum
convex above or plane, with central keel
absent or almost obsolete.
4. Plantula? surpassing first two tarsal seg-
ments
4.4. Plantulse not surpassing first tarsal seg-
ment.
5. Posterior tibia? with two terminal spines
(all femora unarmed beneath ; ovipositor
curved)
5.-5. Posterior tibia? with four terminal spines
beneath.
(>. Ovipositor straight, obliquely truncate

at apex
6.6. Ovipositor more or less curved up-
wards, pointed
3.3. Elytra and wings perfectly developed, or
abbreviated ; pronotum plane above with
median carina in the posterior portion . .
2.2. Anterior tibiie with four spines above. (Pro-
notum plane, with distinct median carina.)
Elytra and wings perfectly developed

and the elytra present
mere side flaps in the
-shaped, either straight
feature is the presence
underside of the first

1. Anonconotus, Cam.

2. Gampsocleis, Fischer.

3. Pterolepis, Ramb.

4. Scirtob.enus, Pant.

5. Bhacocleis, Fieb.

6. Thvreonotus, Serv.

7. Antaxics, Brunner.

8. CTENonECTicrs, Bol.

9. Anterastes, Brunner.

10. Pachytrachf.lus,

Fieb.

11. Olynthosckijs,

F. do W.

12. Platyci.ei8, Fieb.

13. Df.ctii ds, Serv.

20 the entomologist's record.

Genus I : Anonconotus, Camerano.
(= Genus Analota, Brunner).
Distinguished by the squamiform elytra in both sexes, flat surface
of pronotum, which is rugose, by the femora being unarmed beneath,
and by the gently upcurved ovipositor of the female.
There are two species known.

Table of Species.
1. Prosternum with two obtuse spines ; anterior tibiae

with three spinulaa above .. .. .. ..1. alpinus, Yersin.

1.1. Prosternum unarmed ; anterior tibiae with one or

two spinules above . . . . . . . . . . 2. apenninigenus, Targ.

1. Anonconotus alpinus, Yersin.

Olive-green, varied with reddish ; pronotum green above, the side
flaps and pleurfe chestnut ; elytra yellow. Length of body, 16mm. -
18mm. 3 , 20mm. -22mm. 2 ; of pronotum, 6-5mm. $ , 7mm. 2 ; of
elytra, 2mm, $ , 1mm. 2 ; of ovipositor, 11mm. -15mm. $ .

Occurs in a few mountains in France where the rhododendron
grows ; recorded from Larche, in the Basses- Alpes ; common at
Chanrousse, Isere, Col du Lauteret, Montagne de Cretz, Drome, and
in the Jura, from the rhododendron zone to the crest. In Switzerland,
it was discovered by Yersin, at Morcles, in the Canton de Vaud ; it is
also fairly common in the Jura round Geneva. In the Basses-Alpes
it is found at over 7000ft. elevation.

2. Anonconotus apenninigenus, Targioni.

Ferruginous, varied with fuscous ; pronotum pale, testaceous
above, the side flaps with black bands and the lower margin lemon-
yellow ; the male appears to be unknown. Length of body, 22mm.
5 ; of pronotum, 5*5mm. 2 ; of posterior femora, 13mm. 2 ; of
ovipositor, 15mm. 2 . ,

Discovered by Targioni-Tozzetti, near Florence. In France, it has
been taken in the Col de Valjelages at about 7000ft., in the Basses-
Alpes, and also on the plateau of Gondran, near Briancon, but it is
very rare in France.

Genus II : Gampsocleis, Fischer.

This genus extends through northern Asia as far east as Japan,
but in western Europe we have only one species ; by its spotted elytra
and decurved ovipositor, with the apex obliquely truncate, it is easy to
recognise.

1. Gampsocleis glabra, Herbst.

Bright green or, rarely, brown ; elytra and wings long and well-
developed, the former spotted with black. Length of body, 22mm.-
26mm. $ , 20mm. -24mm. 2; of pronotum, 5-6mm.-7mm. $ ,
5-2mm.-7mm. $ ; of elytra, 20mm. -26mm. $ , 19mm. -28mm. 2 ; of
ovipositor, 15mm. -21mm. 2 .

This handsome insect is easy to recognise by its slender build and
coloration, and especially by the decurved and obliquely truncated
ovipositor ; it is widely, but very locally, distributed through western
Europe, occurring in long grass. In Germany, it is recorded from the
Luneberger Haide, Berlin, Thuringen, and Frankfort. In France it
is rare, but has been taken near Gerbomont, in the Vosges, Don-sur-
Auron, Montreuil-Bellay, Turtandiere, Cogolin, Montoir-de-Bretagne.

VAKIATION. 21

In Belgium it is very rare, but has been taken at Lanklaer, in Catnpine
and the Hamburg. In Austria, it occurs at Oberweiden, and used
formerly to be found at Felixdorf, also at Liesing ; further east, in
Hungary and Servia, it is fairly common. In Spain, it is recorded
from the mountains of Aragon and of Cuenca, at Benabarre and
Serrania de Cuenca; according to Bolivar it is found among long grass,
the green forms near rivers, and the rarer brown form in cultivated
fields. The Spanish specimens are bigger and brighter than those
from eastern Europe, and have received from Bolivar the varietal
name assoi.

It has so erratic and wide a distribution that we may hope to
discover it in Great Britain, and it would make a very handsome and
notable addition to our list.

(To be continued.)

W"ARIA T 10 N .

Dark aberrations of Abraxas sylvata. — I took several Abraxas
sylvata (iihnata) in Bucks, at the end of June, this year, of the
leaden-coloured aberration. This, Mr. Prout says, is quite new for the
south of England, the form, so far, being confined principally to
Yorkshire. As a matter of fact, I took specimens varying from almost
pure white to this bluish-leaden form; some of the aberrations were of
a brownish tinge ; typical specimens simply occur in hundreds in the
locality. — C. P. Pickett, F.E.S., 99, Dawlish Road, Leyton, Essex.
October Qth, 1906. [It would be well if our contributor, or someone
else interested in the variation of our British Geometrids, could com-
pare the Buckinghamshire examples with those described at length
from Yorkshire, and named [Ent. lice, ix., pp. 305-7). It is clear that
Mr. Pickett has the abs. stiff km and obscura, possibly he also has the
other named forms. — Ed.] .

Description of an aberration of Fidonia conspicuata. — During the
past twenty years I have captured and bred a good many examples of
this interesting species, but, with the exception of two specimens of the
second brood, bred in July, 1899, I have not noticed much in the way
of variation among them, the usual departure from the normal type
consisting in the abundance, or otherwise, and distribution, of the
black dusting on the orange-yellow wings, but this has never been of
sufficient importance to entitle the individual to a varietal name —
however, the two specimens alluded to above are certainly worthy of
that distinction, and may be described as F. conspicuata ab. fumata,
n. ab. In this variety the orange-yellow is replaced by smoky
umber-brown tinged with orange, and dusted with black atoms, as on
the hi nd win us and portions of forewings of typical specimens. It is a
peculiar and striking-looking aberration, and must be very rare, as these
are the only two I have seen among the several hundreds that have
passed through my hands. I am sorry to say that I am afraid this
species has become extinct in the two or three restricted localities where
it used to occur in Suffolk. I have not seen it, in a wild state, since
June, 1901, and, although I looked for it in 1902, 190H, and 1901, I
did not meet with it, either in the larval or perfect state, and in the
latter year found most of the broom destroyed, and a good deal of the
ground broken up, and have not been there since. The only chance
of its survival in either of these localities remains in the habit of the

22

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

species to lie over for several years in the pupal state. I have bad
moths emerge from pupae I have kept for four years. — Paymaster-in-
Chief G. F. Mathew, R.N., F.L.S., etc., Dovercourt, Essex. October
22th, 1906.

Aberration of Polia flavicincta parallel in appearance with
P. xanthomista. — I obtained Polia xanthomista, as well as P. fiaricincta,
when in Cornwall. The former emerged during the middle of August,
a specimen of the latter (the only emergence) on September 14th.
This example is, on the upperside, exactly like P. xanthomista, and not
to be distinguished therefrom. On the underside, however, it does not
agree with P. xanthomista, but the underside fixes it absolutely as
/'. fiavicincta, the undersides of the two species being very different. —
R. Freer, M.D., Rugeley, Staffs. November 2Gth, 1906.

Melanic lepidoptera in Cornwall. Aberration of Melit.ea aurinia.
— Melanism seems to be on the increase in Cornwall, as a black
Acidalia subsericeata and most curiously dark aberration of Luperina
luteafio, much darker than the var. barrettii, were also taken there by
a collector named Oliver. I may add that I obtained a nice aberration
of Melitaea aurinia, in which the neuration of the wing also seemed
to be varied, although the butterfly was not crippled, in any
way. — Ibid.

Entephria caesiata, Schiff., ab. prospicuata, mihi, n. nom,=
gelata, Stgr., nec Guen. — In the course of a paper which I read
before the City of London Entomological and Natural History Society,
on December 18th, 1906, but Avhich — coming at the very beginning
of the Society's new year — cannot be published for more than a twelve-
month, I took occasion to point out that Staudinger [Catalog, ed. 2,
p. 187, ed. 3, p. 299) has misapplied the name gelata, Guen., which
was erected (Ur. et PhaL, ii., p. 271) for a normal dark Iceland form,
a mere subvariety of " ab." (var.) i/laciata, Germ. He (Staudinger)
has restricted that name to " gelata var. A" of Guenee, the beautiful
whitish aberration, with only the basal patch and central fascia
darkened, which appears very rarely among the more ordinary Ice-
land types. For this rare aberration I proposed the name ab. pro-
spicuata, and take an early opportunity of giving the name publicity.
The diagnosis of course will run : ab. prospicuata, n. norm (citations
as in Stgr. Cat., ed. 3, no. 3385c). Alis anticis albis, basi fasciaque
nigricantibus. — Louis B. Prout. December 20th, 1906.

^OTES 0^ LIFE-HISTORIES, LARYiE, &c.

Query as to the foodplant and larval habits of the first
brood of Eupithecia virgaureata. — Can any of your readers tell me cm
what the larvae of the first brood of this insect feeds, and the date to
search for it ? The larvae of the second brood I have beaten from
golden-rod in October, but, of course, this plant is not in blossom when
the first brood larvae are feeding. — Percy C. Reid, Feering Bury,
Kelvedon. October 30th, 1906.

OntheegglayingofDryas paphia. — On reading Mr. Merrifield's note
(antea, vol. xviii.,p.264)on the above, it occurred to me that my own expe-
rience in the New Forest last autumn (1906) might not be uninteresting.
I frequently observed females of ]>. paphia apparently ovipositing on
the trunks of fir-trees at heights varying from one to seven or eight

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 23

feet above the ground. The first eight or ten times I carefully
observed the spot on which tbe insect was, and when she left 1
searched it for ova, but was on every occasion disappointed. I did
not think of looking under the bark, so I conclude from Mr.
Merrifield's note that this was the cause of my want of success. I
may mention that, during the whole time I was in the Forest (August),
sugaring, larva-beating, and in fact every method of collecting, was
a dismal failure. — G. D. Millward, Downing College, Cambridge.
November 1st, 1906.

Egglaying of Hipparchia semele. — I do not know whether you
have any observations as to the oviposition of Hipparchia sonde, but I
was much interested in watching the operation this summer in Devon-
shire, around Salcombe. My attention was attracted to a female for some
reason or other, so I tracked her down several times, and, in each case, the
following habit was carried out. Hhe settled restlessly, and then felt
up a green blade of grass with the tip of her abdomen, at least, my
naked eye could see no more than that, the green blade did not suit her
and she came to a last year's broken stem, up which she again felt
with her abdomen, and then on the very top of the stem she placed
her egg, this process happened each time I tracked a female down. I
never noticed her hit on a dried stem the first time, and only once did
she succeed at the second time, but she always oviposited on the very
tip of a broken, dried-up, blade. The ova struck me as very small for
the insect. — George T. Bethune-Baker, F.E.S., 19, Clarendon Road,
Edgbaston. November 21st, 1906.

^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Another note on N;enia typica. — In reference to Mr. Colthrup's in-
quiry about Naenia typica (antea, vol. xviii., p. 213), I may mention that
1 have never taken the insect at light or sugar, but have found it com-
monly at privet bloom just after dusk. Neither larva? nor imagines are
nearly so common in Kensington as they were three or four years ago.
In 1902 and 1903 I could get the larvae in some numbers off dock, but
this year I have not seen half-a-dozen, and last year I saw very few
more. The last remark also applies to Arctla caia, of which I did not
see a single larva (i.e., in Kensington) in 1905 or 1906. — G. D.
Millward, Downing College, Cambridge. November 1st, 1906.

"Bath whites" for sale. — We have received from a corres-
pondent the following: " Will you kindly put a notice in your next
issue to the effect that two Bath whites (Tint's daplidice) were caught
this year by me, one very good specimen in Devon, and one very poor
one in Cornwall, and I should be willing to sell the former. — Yours
truly, M. Lyon, Esq. October 25t/i, 1906." [We should prefer to
insert "sale advertisements" on our tinted sheet at ordinary
rates. — Ed.]

Manduca atropos at Mucking. — A tolerably perfect male specimen
of this insect was brought to me on October 16th, having flown into a
sitting-room the previous evening, evidently attracted by the light.
This is the only specimen of which I have heard this year. — (Rev,)
C. R. N. Burrows. November 1th, 1906.

Eupithecia succenturiata and E. surfulyata. — Referring to

24 the entomologist's record.

articles in the Ent. Record, p. 261, re Eupithecia succenturiata
and E. subfulvata, it may be of interest if I give my experience
of the two species, for, in my opinion, they are unquestionably
distinct. Some twenty years ago I collected between one and
two hundred larvae in Teesdale, Weardale, and also at Hartle-
pool, all from yarrow, they duly emerged in the spring, all E. sub-
fulvata, with six or seven ab. oxydata included. A few years after
that I beat one larva from Artemisia absynthium which yielded E. suc-
centuriata. In the summer of 1900 I netted, close to Hesleden Dene,
a female E. succenturiata, which deposited a few eggs. I fed the larvae
upon a species of southernwood, which I had growing in my garden,
more like Artemisia maritima than the common southernwood ; they
fed up well, and next spring all emerged E. succenturiata, and, with
the female, constitute my series of nineteen specimens. In October,
1901, I thought I would beat Artemisia absynthium for larvae of, I hoped,
E. succenturiata. I managed to get some thirty or forty larvae (in-
cluding a few E. absynthiata, which no one could confuse with either E.
subfulvata or E. succenturiata larva3), and next spring bred E. subfulvata!
notasolitary E. succenturiata, and, of course, the few E. absynthiata larva?
I had got, emerged that species. I will not deduce any conclusions from
the foregoing facts, but leave it to anyone interested in the matter to
form his own. In beaten larvae I certainly would not undertake to
say whether they were those of E. succenturiata or E. subfulvata. —
J. Gardner, F.E.S., 6, Friar Terrace, Hartlepool. November 6th, 1906.

PoLYGONIA C-ALBUM AND AgRIADES CORYDON IN OXFORDSHIRE. The

capture of Polygonia c-album in Oxfordshire is announced in that part
of the Annual Report of the Delegates of the Oxford University Museum
for 1005 which relates to the Hope department. In a list of insects
presented by Mr. YV. Holland is included a specimen of this butterfly
from Wychwood Forest, near Charlbury, June 26th, 1905, "when many
other specimens were seen," Professor Poulton adding that the species
had not been observed in this part of the Oxford district for many
years. An account of its previous occurrences in the county at all
would be interesting to collectors. Newman gives Bagley "Wood, on
the authority of W. H. Draper, but this famous preserve, where I
sought V. c-album in vain twenty years ago, is in Berkshire ; while
Stainton, of the older writers, mentions no Oxfordshire localities. The
same remark applies to Agriades corydon, now also reported by the
Hope Professor, as captured on August 8th of the same year, " at the
(marry near the old windmill on the Shotover road," nor does Newman
give any county locality for it, though no doubt it extends on the chalk
all along the Chiltern Hills, so far as they come into Oxfordshire, e.g.,
in the neighbourhood of Chinnor (A. J. Spiller, Entom., xxiv., p 3).
Shotover Hill, however, is not composed of chalk, but consists largely,
I believe, of Portland stone and sand, with a cap of greensand ; and
the existence of A. corydon in the vicinity is therefore doubly interest-
ing.—H. Bowland-Brown, M.A., Harrow Weald. October 29th, 1906.
Information wanted concerning Psecadia pusiella. — Can any of
your readers inform me whether there is a complete life-history of
Psecadia pusiella published in British (or other) magazines? There is
only one brood in the year, the larva hybernates small, begins to feed
in April on Pulmonaria officinalis, and is fullgrown at the end of May.
The imago is on the wing from the end of June till the beginning of

COLEOPTERA. 25

August. Can any other lepidopterist supply me with fuller details
concerning the species ? — M. Gillmer, 4, Elisabethstrasse, Cothen,
Anhalt, Germany. October 28th, 1906.

Resting-habit of Agriopis aprilina. — On October 19th, in company
with Mr. Tonge, I had the pleasure of finding, in the New Forest, a
specimen of this insect, at rest, on pale green lichen, on an oak trunk,
about six feet from the ground. It had evidently been out some time,
as the fringes were very much rubbed. My reason for recording this,
is that I had enquired of many naturalists if they had ever taken this
insect at rest on the tree-tunks, and Mr. Tonge had done the same,
but we could find no one who had done so, and I was always assured
that they rested on the ground among the herbage. I have always,
however, had my doubts as to this, as, if this were so, the beautiful
lichen-like marks and colour of A. aprilina would be purposeless. My
opinion is that this insect rests generally on lichen, fairly high up the
tree-trunks, and it is for this reason that it is not generally seen. The
specimen which I found was beautifully protected, having chosen a
patch of lichen exactly the same tint as itself, although another patch
alongside was quite dark blue-green in colour. — C. W. Colthrup, 127,
Barry Road, East Dulwich, S.E. October 25th, 1906.

(COLEOPTERA.

Coleoptera in the Enfield district, 1906. — I have not been able to
devote much time to collecting, but have been fortunate in turning up
some interesting things, principally amongst the wood-feeders. The
following list may be of interest to collectors in the London district.
NotiophUus rufipes, Curt., Enfield and Winchmore Hill ; Badister
sodalis, Duft., Enfield ; Bembidium quinquestHatum, Gyll., and B.
alucum, Germ., on pavement, Enfield ; Quedius ventralis, Ahr., hollow
beech, Enfield; Q. fulgidus, F., vegetable refuse ; Q. brevicornis, Th.,
nest of a wood-pigeon in hollow beech, Enfield ; the same nest
produced Hitter merdarius, Hop. ; Xantholinus glaber, Nor., beneath
wet apple bark, elm bark, and in a hollow apple tree, in which were
the grubs of Eryxater, F.; Scymnus pygmaeus, Four., from willow bark
at Waltham and'Cheshunt ; S. minimus, Ross., on wall at Enfield
Lock ; ( 'occidula scutellata, Hbst., on bulrushes at Tottenham and
Waltham Abbey; Symbiotes lotus, Redt., Waltham and Enfield;
Alexia pilifera, Mull., fungi, Enfield; Aulonium sulcatum, 01., Enfield,
Walthani, Palmer's Green, Winchmore Hill, and Silver Street,
Edmonton ; Paromalus flavicornis, Hbst., Enfield ; Gnathoncus punctu-
latus, Th., corn shop, Edmonton; Orthoperus brunnipes, Gyll., in
fungi, Enfield; Nitidula bipustulata, L., N. rufipes, L., Waltham;
Lacmophloeus bimaculatns, Pk., five examples from oak bark, Enfield ;
Silvanus surinamensis, L., corn shop at Edmonton, and in fungus on
elm at Enfield ; TelmatopMlus caricis, Ob., Cheshunt; Ptinus pusillus,
Sturm., occurred again in the corn shop at Edmonton, October and
November ; Hedobia imperialis, L., Enfield ; Meseum afiine, Poi., corn
shop, Edmonton ; Ernobivs mollis, L., fir bark, Enfield ; Dyctus
canaliculatus, F., Enfield and Cheshunt; L. brurmeus, Steph., one
example on a beech log, Palmer's Green ; Cis hispidus, Pk., ( . pygmaeus,
Marsh., C. vcstitus, Mel., C. f meatus, Mel., Enfield. Amongst the
Longicornes some interesting things occurred, the best being a very

26 the entomologist's record.

fine series of a Tetropium, which emerged in numbers from some
larch logs discovered in a woodyard attached to Forty Hall, Enfield.
My series includes the various forms previously recorded as T. fuscum,
F., T. castaneum, L., and T. crawshayi, Sharp ; all appear to belong to
one species, T. gabrieli, Weise. The forms with bright red legs (T.
gabrieli, Weise), and black legs (T. crawshayi), are the extremes, there
being several intermediate forms with more or less black, red, or
pitchy joints of antennas, etc. There appears to be no reason for
supposing this interesting beetle to be a recent introduction to the
district. There are some extensive larch plantations in the north of
Enfield, and the Tetropium burrows are very much in evidence where
the timber has been used for making posts, fences, gates, etc. I have
seen some logs which must have been exposed to wind and rain for
many years, since the Tetropium larvaa did their work in loosening the
bark. < ■allidium variabile, L., was abundant in oak logs in the same
woodyard. I selected a very fine series from about 300 specimens
observed. Many of these occurred in an old hawthorn stump, but did
not differ from the oak forms. Qracilia minuta, F., and Leptidia
brevipennis, Muls., were found on iron railings near a fruit store at
Enfield. Grammoptera holomelina, Pool, was very scarce this year,
only a few occurred where I took it in numbers last year. It is
interesting to note the regular occurence of this insect for three years
in succession. Heledona agaricola, Hbst., abundant in fungus on oak,
Enfield; Ery.r ater, F., a nice series from burrows of Sinodendron
cylindricum, Enfield; Phloeotrya rufipes, Gyll., a pair from oak logs,
Enfield ; Anaspis garneysi, Fow., swept from flowers at Waltham Cross;
Scolytus pruni, Ratz., S. rugulosus, Ratz., abundant in apple bark,
Enfield; Hylesinus crenatus,!?., H. fraxini, Pk., H, vittatus, F., and
Xyleborus saxaseni, Ratz., in ash bark, Enfield. In addition to the
above, I am indebted to my friend, Mr. G. Baldock, an enthusiastic
lepidopterist, for some assistance daring the winter of 1905, with
coleoptera from various parts of Epping Forest. The best of his
captures are Megacronus inclinans, Gr., Quedius scitus, Gr., Endomychus
coccineus, L., Triplax russica, L., Opilo mollis,Jj., Scaphidema metallicum,
F., and Trypodendron domesticum, L. My captures in the forest
include Quedius ventralis, Ahr., Q. lateralis, Gr., Q. microps, Gr.,
Philonthus fuscus, Gr., and Cholera colonides, Kr., from a starling's nest;
Ditoma crenata, F., oak bark; Cicones variegata, Hell., in an old beech,
where I observed the remains of Prionus coriarius, L., Leptura
scutellata, F., and Athous rhombeus, 01. — C. J. C. Pool, Enfield,
Middlesex. November 30th, 1906.

CURRENT NOTES,

A trifle, in about 400 quarto parts, to contain 875 coloured plates,
and 30000 figures with letterpress, entitled The Macrolepidoptera of
the World, is in preparation by Dr. Adalbert Seitz, with several well-
known helpers. One suspects from the advertisement that it is to be
an illustrated catalogue. The Pahearctic section is to cost £5 — 100 parts
at Is. each, which cannot be obtained separately ; still the text we
are informed " gives all necessary information in a concise form, care
being taken to avoid all unnecessary details." Considering the area
to be covered we should like to have a definition of " necessary in for-

CURRENT NOTES. 27

mation " and "unnecessary details." But apart from this if, as is
stated, there is to be a reliable figure of each species of the Macro-
lepidoptera, mentioned in Staudinger and Rebel's ( 'atalog, the plates
alone should be well worth £5. We have not yet seen a part so can
give no information first hand.

The year 1906 will be known in England as an " exigua " year.
This species, so exceedingly abundant in the subtropical countries of the
Old World, has become a terrible pest in Behar, where the larvae some-
times almost entirely destroy the indigo plant. Not only do the
larva? of the early brood eat off the first leaves of the young (newly-
germinated) plants, but those of the later broods swarm upon the cut
plants, and are to be found in abundance upon indigo, steeping in the
vats. In the Agricultural Journal of India, i., pp. 338-350, has just
been published, a long, exhaustive, and illustrated account of the
species — egg, larva, pupa, imago and habits in all stages, which is well
worth notice. It is estimated that, on one farm alone, in 1905, above
250,000 larva? of this species were destroyed. It has also been abund-
ant in 1906. No wonder some of these species find themselves
cramped and seek for pastures new.

The last meeting of the Entomological Club was held at 58,
Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, on the evening of December
13th, 1906, when Mr. H. Donisthorpe was the host. The guests were
received by Mr. and Mrs. Donisthorpe, and a very pleasant entomo-
logical evening was spent. Supper was served at 8.30 p.m., when
among the members and friends we noticed Mr. R. Adkin, Professor
T. Hudson Beare, Messrs. A. J. Chitty, W. J. Distant, J. C. Dollman,
A. H. Jones, Rev. F. Morice, Messrs. W. E. Sharp, J. W. Tutt, and
C. Waterhouse. _ An excellent supper was accompanied by a very
pretty menu card.

Among much informal entomological chat at a recent entomo-
logical gathering, we learned that there is no immediate possibility of
the Entomological Society of London being moved to the provinces,
nor of its name being altered, but it was a pretty generally expressed
opinion that the time had arrived when an election of Council and
Officers should be held by the Fellows, to prevent things getting further
into a groove. The council was enlarged some time since that there
might be at least representative members from Scotland, Ireland,
Cambridge, Birmingham, Liverpool, and other well-known entomolo
gical centres. Up to the present the increase appears to have only
been used to the advantage of one particular centre.

Mr. A. Sich invited a few personal entomological friends to dine
with him at the National Liberal Club, on December 15th. A very
happy party sat down to dinner at 7.30 p.m., the guests including
among others, Messrs. R. Adkin, F. N. Clark, A. Harrison, Hugh
Main, R. South, E. Step, A. E. Tonge, H. J. Turner, and J. W.
Tutt. A most enjoyable evening was spent by the " South London "
men, and many informal entomological topics discussed. One wondi irs
how much of the work that some entomologists undertake gets its
preliminary start at one or other of these excellent social functions.

The Entomologisches Jahrbuch, for 1907, edited by Dr. Kranchrr,
and published by Frankenstein and Wagner, Leipzig, at Is. 6d., was,
as usual, out well before time, having reached us in October, 1906.
It contains the usual variety of entomological material, the monthly
calendar, as before, being specially devoted to coleoptera, whilst there are

28 the entomologist's record.

longer articles on general entomology, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera,
Hynienoptera, with short references to the literature, and an obituary
of the year. There is a plate, depicting the genital organs of Psychidea
■plmnella (under the name of Rebelia plutnella), illustrating an article
on the subject by Herr A. Meixner. On the whole, however, it is
more particularly interesting to the coleopterist.

Mr. C. W. Woodworth sends a first class pamphlet of 152 pages,
on "The Wing-veins of Insects" (published at the University of
California, U.S.A.). The author, in his introduction, asks for the
constructive criticism of specialists on his work, particularly in the
direction of developing a general theory of venation that will serve in
the interpretation of the facts that have been so richly accumulated.
The work appeals to students of all orders, and should stimulate
research along the lines indicated by the author.

Dr. Joy records Laccobius sinaatm, Mos., as a hitherto unrecognised
British species.

The Hon. N. Charles Kothschild adds Ceratophylltis borealis, n. sp.,
to the flea fauna. The specimen, a ? , was taken by Dr. Joy on the
Isle of St. Kilda in July, 1906, and probably came from the nest of a
gannet.

It is with the greatest regret that we have heard of the death of
Mr. W. Chaney on November 3rd, 1906, at the age of 78, one of our
earliest entomological acquaintances. His work on the fauna of the
Rochester and Chatham district brought him into early communication
with those young collectors who were natives of the district he worked
so thoroughly. Later, as librarian of the South London Entom.
Society, we met him constantly again, and his unfailing kindhearted-
ness endeared him to all those entomologists with whom he came in
contact.

We have also to record the death of Mr. W. C. Boyd, which took
place on September 18th last. He was better known to the older than
the younger school of lepidopterists, although his annual appearance
at Mr. Verrall's Club dinner brought him into contact with many of
the younger men who were following in his footsteps.

The completion of Parts 1 to 20 of The Natural History of the
British Butterflies gives a volume of nearly 500 pages, 20 full-page
plates, a General Index to the whole volume, and a Special Index to
the second (or systematic) part of the work. The species dealt with
are treated as fully as our knowledge at the present time permits, and
it should prove for a long time the reference work of British and
Continental lepidopterists. The volume will be published, net, at 21s.,
by Elliot Stock, 62, Paternoster Row, E.C.

For a short time only, those lepidopterists who cannot con-
veniently purchase volume 1 of The Natural History of the British
Butterflies in its complete bound form at 1 guinea, will be able to buy
the Is. parts weekly, fortnightly, or monthly, as desired, from Elliot
Stock, 62, Paternoster Row, E.C. There are only a few copies left,
in parts, and, as all the remainder will be bound, only those now in
" part " form will be available in this way.

Vol. XIX.

Plate II.

NONAORIA NEURICA, Hb., AND N. DISSOLUTA VAR. ARUNDINETA, SCHMIDT.

The Entom. Record, etc., 1907.

KETROSPECT OF A COLEOPTERIST FOR 190G. 29

Retrospect of a Coleopterist for 1906.

By Prof. T. HUDSON BEARE, B.Sc, F.R.S.E., F.E.S.

The increase to our list during the past year has not been of
so remarkable a character as that which I had to record for the year
1905, nevertheless, several most unexpected and striking additions
have been made, altogether no fewer than twelve species and four
varieties have been added to our list.

Hydrochus nitidicollis, Muls. — Recorded by Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe
(Fnt. Record, xviii., p. 133) ; the insect was taken in the River Meavy,
near Plymouth, on April 13th last.

Dinarda pygmaea, Wasm., is another of Mr. Donisthorpe's records
(loc. cit., p. 217). The species was taken by Mr. Keys in Cornwall
some two or three years ago, and was originally named for him as
dentata, Grv. ; it occurs with Formica rujibarbis var. fusco-rufibarbis,
For. In introducing the species Mr. Donisthorpe gave a useful table
showing the relationship of the Dinarda family to their various hosts.

Lomechusa strumosa, F. (loc. cit., p. 159). — -This is certainly the
most interesting addition to our list during the past year, and Mr.
Donisthorpe is to be congratulated on the success which has attended
his careful work amongst myrmecophilous coleoptera. Single specimens
of this beautiful beetle have been twice taken in this country before,
but nearly 200 years have elapsed since the first of these records, and
the beetle has long disappeared from our list. Mr. Donisthorpe's
specimens were captured at Woking with Formica sanguinea, the first
specimen being taken on May 25th, and six others on the 29th.

Homalota parado.va, Rey (Ent. Mo. Ma<j., xlii., p. 201). — This
is one of the several additions due to the good work which Dr.
Joy has recently been doing in regard to the coleopterous inhabitants
of the nests of birds and small mammals. The insect occurred in
moles' nests ; two ^specimens had been taken some years ago by Mr.
Champion, but the capture had never been put on record.

Quedius reams, Epp. (loc. cit., p. 200). — This addition, also due to
Dr. Joy, is a very characteristic moles' nest species, and, in recording
its occurrence, Dr. Joy gave a table which will be found very useful
in identifying the species of the group of Quedius with red elytra and
unicolorous antenme.

Lathrobium laevipenne, Heer (loc. cit., p. 55). — This record is due
to Mr. W. E. Sharp, who captured a single specimen near Oxted in
August 1905 ; it belongs to the red- winged group. Mr. Sharp gave a
number of characters by which it could be distinguished from its close
allies.

Euplectus tomlini, Joy (loc. cit., p. 99). — Dr. Joy took sixteen
examples of this species in February last in an old starling's nest, and
subsequently bred others from the same nest. The species could not
be identified with any known European forms, and Dr. Joy has,
therefore, described it as new to science ; it is apparently a well-marked
species, abundantly distinct from other British members of the genus.

( urticaria crenicollis, Mannh. (Ent. Record, xviii., p. 276). — This
is another of the numerous records of Dr. Joy. The species was taken
at Basildon, Berkshire, in August last, from dead and quite dry oak
branches ; Mr. Pool has also taken the species at Epping, under bark.
On examining the "Power collection," Dr. Joy found specimens of this
February 15th, 1907.

30 the entomologist's record.

species mixed with C. serrate/, and there are one or two other specimens
in British collections.

Cryptomorpha desjardinsi, Guer. {lor. cit., p. 275). — This cosmo-
politan species has been taken by Mr. E. S. Bagnall in a cellar at his
house at Winlaton-on-Tyne. A single specimen was taken by Mr. E.
A. Waterhouse some fifteen years ago in London on a bunch of
bananas. Though these specimens were most probably introduced,
there is every possibility that the beetle will eventually become
acclimatised and will, therefore, be quite as much entitled to a place
in our list as many of the other cosmopolitan species which have
gradually been introduced into this country.

Gardiophorus erichsoni, Buyss. (Ent. Mo. Mag., xlii., p. 156). — This
species was taken by Dr. Joy and Mr. J. R. Tomlin during their visit
to Lundy Island last April. The specimens were found under small
stones, or at the roots of grass. This species was introduced into our
list by Mr. Champion under the name oirufipes, Fourc, nearly twenty
years ago, but there was probably some mistake about the actual origin
of this specimen, and, therefore, the Lundy Island captures are really
additions to the British list.

Ptinus pusillus, Stm., (Ent. Record, xviii., p. 45). — Mr. Donisthorpe
records this species from captures by Mr. Pool at a corn shop at
Edmonton. It is a common species in France and Germany, and lives
in granaries ; it is probably another of those species which are being
distributed by commerce all over the world.

Carida aflinis, Pk., (Ent. Mo. Ma;/., xlii., p. 220). — Dr. Sharp
introduced this species on the authority of specimens taken by Col.
Yerbury and Mr. G. C. Lamb, in Strathspey, in July last. The species
occurred in fungus on old trees.

The following new varieties were also introduced into our list: —
Drowins agilis ab. bimaculatus, Dej., by Mr. Donisthorpe (Ent. llecord,
xviii., p. 75) ; this aberration was taken by scraping the lichen off the
bark of a tree at Battle, near Hastings. Homalium caesum ab. sub-
rulieorne, n.ab., by Mr. B. S. Bagnall (loc. cit., p. 72), specimens were
taken from a rotten Polyporus, at Gibside ; the Rev. T. Wood has also
taken this aberration at Rannoch ; Stenus ossium var. insularis, n.var.,
taken on Lundy Island in August, 1905, by Dr. Joy, and described by
him (Ent. Mo. Mag., xlii., p. 5) ; Lathrobium elongatum var. nigrum,
n. var., described by Dr. Joy (loc. cit., p. 271) from specimens taken in
Devon, in 1902.

The only note dealing with synonymy is one by Mr. G. Lewis (loc.
cit., p. 255), in which he states that, in his opinion, Hister 12-striatxs,
Schrk., and Hister 14:-striatus, Gyll., are distinct species.

Of the above additions to our list, only one, I think, should appear
in the supplementary list of "Beetles introduced by commerce since
1900, and since breeding in this country," which I suggested last year,
namely, Cryptomorpha desjardinsi.

A considerable number of beetles, usually considered to be very
rare, have been put on record during the past year, and a few of these
records are now given : — Enmierus rufus, Mull., taken by Mr. Pool at
Enfield, and by Mr. Butler at Hendon ; Quedius longicornis, Kr.,
captured by Mr Britten in flood refuse in Cumberland, and by Mr.
Morley at Monk's Soham, Suffolk; Donacia obscura, Gyll., appears to
occur in some numbers at Sutton Broad, where it was first taken by

RETROSPECT OF A COLEOPTERIST FOR 1906. 31

Mr. Balfour Browne; Oxypoda soror, Th., taken by Mr. Donisthorpe
and the writer on Snowdon; Anisotoma lucens, Fair., swept by Mr.
Donisthorpe at Woodhay, near Newbury; Henoticus serratus, Gyll.,
taken by Mr. Donisthorpe near Newbury, and by Mr. Kid son Taylor in
North Wales; Cryptohypnus pulchellus, L., taken by Mr. Black and the
writer near Newtonmore; Acrulia inflata, Gyll., taken by Mr. Bagnall
and the writer at Winlaton-on-Tyne ; Quedius Hparius, Kell., taken
near Bakewell, in Derbyshire, by Mr. J. Kidson-Taylor ; Procas
armillatus, F., found near Dartford, by Mr. Jennings; Lamprinus
saginatus, Gr., taken at Tubney by Commander Walker; Euplectus
minutissimus, Aub., swept up by Commander Walker near Oxford;
( 'alosoma sycophanta, L., is another of Commander Walker's many good
captures, it was taken in the New Foi'est, another was taken in the
Forest at Lyndhurst ; Carpophilus sexpustulatus, P., taken by Mr.
Bayford and Dr. Corbett near Doncaster, under conditions which
apparently prove that it regularly breeds in this country in the
open; Acrognathus mandibularis, Gyll., taken in some numbers by
Mr. Champion at Horsell ; Otiorhynchus morio, F., var. ebeninus, Gyll.,
taken by Mr. Kidson-Taylor in 1901, near Loch Assynt, in Sutherland-
shire ; Sitaris muralis, Forst., found in some numbers near Oxford, by
Mr. Hamm.

A number of interesting articles have appeared during the year in
the pages of the entomological journals. The important problems
concerned with island fauna have been dealt with in an interesting
paper by Dr. Joy on the coleopterous fauna of Lundy Island (Ent. Mo.
Mag., xlii., p. 1). Dr. Joy visited the Island in August, 1905, and in
his article gives a complete list of the whole of the species of coleoptera
which have so far been recorded from Lundy Island ; up to the date
of this article 260 species had been taken. It was in a later visit, in
April 1906, when accompanied by Mr. Tomlin, that Cardiophorus
erichsoni was added to our list. I published a note (loc. cit., p. 77),
giving a list of the coleoptera taken by Mr. W. Eagle Clarke on the
remote Fair Isle.

The interesting antipodean field notes by Commander J. J. Walker,
were, during the past year, continued and concluded in the Ento-
mologists' Monthly Magazine, pp. 22, 50 ; these notes will undoubtedly
prove of great value to any visitor to Australia who is anxious to do a
little collecting while sight-seeing; the numerous hints as to the best
localities, and the habitats of many of the more striking species, will
undoubtedly save such a collector a considerable amount of time.

Mr. K. S. Bagnall in a paper entitled " Coleoptera imported into
our northern ports " (loc. cit., p. 36) gives a long list of introduced
species, and a study of this list shows how important it is that some
such arrangement should be adopted, as I suggested in my retrospect
last year, for separating from the general list these introduced species.

Two or three interesting papers (in addition to those already
mentioned), dealing more or less with synonymy and morphological
characters for separating allied species, have appeared during the year.
The Rev. G. A. Crawsbay, in a paper entitled " Further notes on Amara
anthobia, Villa," and the " Comparative Morphology of A. familiaris,
Duft., A. anthobia, and A. lucida, Duft." (lo& fit., p. 13), describes fully
the characters which may safely be employed in separating these allied
species, dealing with size differences, coloration differences, absence,

32

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

or presence, of prescutellary pores, etc. This paper embodies the results
of a large amount of careful work, and should prove of great use to any
collector who is in doubt as to which of these three species a specimen
belongs.

In " Notes on the coleopterous genus Dacne, Latr." (Ent. Record,
xviii.j p. 72), Dr. Joy gives briefly the salient characters of all the
European species of this genus, and explains carefully the characteristics
which separate I), fowleri, Joy, from the allied species.

Two species which have long proved a stumbling-block to collectors
are Agabus affinis, Pk., and A. unguicularis, Thorns. ; Mr. F. Balfour
Browne, in a paper illustrated with two carefully drawn plates (loc.
tit., p. 273), goes fully into the question of the characters which can be
relied upon in separating the two species. There has been undoubtedly
considerable confusion in the record of these two species, and it is very
desirable that any coleopterist who has in his collection specimens of
either, or both, of these species, should now carefully re-examine them
in the light of the information given by Mr. Balfour Browne, and, if
erroneous records have been made, correct them. There seems to be a
marked difference in the recorded distribution of these two species in
Great Britain.

Life-histories and similar problems have been dealt with in quite a
large number of articles. First and foremost are Dr. Joy's extremely
valuable papers on the " Coleoptera occurring in the nests of mammals
and birds" (Ent. Mo. Mag., xlii., pp. 198, 237). Dr. Joy first drew
attention to the matter in a short note (loc. tit., p. 39) in which he
gave a list of rare coleoptera taken in birds' nests. Mr. Chitty (loc.
cit., p. 115) gave a list of the rare species he had been able to take in
starlings' nests by following Dr. Joy's methods. Not only has Dr.
Joy been able to add several new species to our list, but, in addition,
he has taken, in numbers in many cases, species hitherto considered
extremely rare and represented only in a few of our collections by odd
specimens, such as Quedius brevicornis, Th. ; Heterothops nigra, Kr. ;
Aleochara sjiadicea, Er. ; Microglossa marginalis, Gryll. ; J/, gentilis,
Mark. ; Philonthus fuscus, Gr. ; Choleva colonoides, Er. ; etc. Dr. Joy
has, in fact, opened up quite a new field of work, and his notes contain
records of many interesting points in the life-history of these beetles
and of the manner in which they have gradually adapted their means
of defence to the ways of their hosts.

Other notes to which reference may be briefly made are the
following : — " Drilus jiavescens, Bossi, and its larva," by Mr. E. G.
Bayford (loc. cit., xlii., p. 267), with a description of the larva and a
brief account of the rearing of a female imago from the larva ;
" Belation between Epuraea angustula, Er., and Acrulia inflata, Gyll.,"
by Mr. B. S. Bagnall (Ent. Record, xviii., p. 325) ; " Notes on the
Stridulation of Cychrus rostratas, L., and on Liodes, Lat., a genus of
night-flyers," by the same gentleman (loc. cit., p. 73) ; " Distasteful
Carabids," a short note by Mr. Donisthorpe, pointing out that the
odour of Carabus violaceus, L., is the same as that of butyric acid (loc.
cit., p. 325). The same gentleman has contributed a series of valuable
myrmecophilous notes for 1906, summarising all the work that has
been done, mainly by himself, with ants' nests during the past
year (loc. cit., pp. 288, 317). Mr. W. E. Sharp, in a short article
entitled " Some Notes on the Physiological Criterion of Species,"

THE IDENTITY OF THE BRITISH NONAGRIA NEURICA. 33

emphasises (Inc. cit., p. 319) the importance of morphological
characters in differentiating between closely allied species.

The Coleoptera papers in the Transactions of the Entomological
Society of London for 1906 are comparatively few, but are of some
interest. Mr. Jacoby (1906, pt. i., p. 11), in a lengthy paper, entitled
" Descriptions of new Genera and Species of African I lalticinae and
Galerucinae," described no fewer than four new genera and sixty new
species. This paper is one which must be studied carefully by all who
are working at the coleopterous fauna of Africa.

Dr. G. B. Longstaff, in a communication (loc. cit., p. 91) dealing
with some bionomic points in certain species of South African
lamellicorns, described observations he had made in the field during
his recent visit to South Africa, both in regard to certain mimetic
protective resemblances he had observed in some flower-frequenting
species, and also in regard to the probable value to the insect of the
exceedingly long hind legs, which are so characteristic of many South
African Hopliinae.

In my "Retrospect for 1905," I briefly alluded to a paper by Mr.
A. M. Lea in the Transactions of the Ent. Soc. London (1905, p. 365)
on " The blind coleoptera of Australia and Tasmania." The author
states that there are only eight blind species at present known from
Australia and Tasmania, and curiously enough none of these are
found in caves. He gives notes of all the species, and it is inte-
resting to find that our well- known blind beetle, Anommatus 12-
striatus, Mull., was taken by Mr. Lea at Hobart, Tasmania, at the
roots of grass.

Mr. F. Balfour Browne has published a second paper on his study
of the " Aquatic Coleoptera and their surroundings in the Norfolk
Broads " (Transactions Norfolk and Norwich Entomologists' Society,
viii), and, like the first paper, it is one of very high bionomic interest
and value to students of British water- beetles. I have not yet had an
opportunity of studying this paper in detail, and must reserve therefore
my comments upon it for the present.

The 29th (1905) Annual Report and Proceedings of the Lancashire
ami ( 'heshire Entomological Society contains three papers of much
interest to coleopterists, viz., the Vice-Presidential Address of
Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe, the main subject of which was the
myrmecophilous coleoptera of Great Britain ; " Notes on Manx
Coleoptera," by Mr. J. R. Tomlin, with very full lists of the species
which have been taken on the island ; and, lastly, " Notes on
the birth and infancy of Dytiscus punctulatus" F., by Mr. E. J.
Burgess Sopp. The society is to be congratulated on the excellence
of its papers, and on the good work it is doing in stimulating interest
in the fauna of the counties of Lancashire and Cheshire.

The year which has just closed has not been quite such a fruitful
one as 1905, nevertheless good work has been done, but the number
of earnest workers must be larger if we are to increase in a satisfactory
way from year to year the scientific knowledge of our beetle fauna.

The Identity of the British Nonagria neurica [with plate).

By H. M. EDELSTEN, F.E.S.
(Continued from p. 4.)
Guenee refers (Histoire Ndturelle des Tnsectes, Noctuelites, i., p. 106),

34 the entomologist's record.

in 1852, to neurica, Hb., as occurring in July and August in Germany
and England, as being scarce, but, having recently been taken in
England, prophesies that it will soon be distributed in collections, he
says the illustration in Hiibner is altogether too big and gives a very
false idea of its colour, which would be the case as he evidently refers
to var arundineta, Schmidt. He then describes N. dissoluta as a
separate species, and says : "It is said that this Nonagria must be a
variety of neurica ; I cannot authoritatively say, never having raised
the point, and never having seen the two species, but this I can
say, that, among the numerous neurica that I have observed, I have
never found a single intermediate specimen." He notes : —

N. neurica, Hb. — Larva, Tr. : Germany and around Darmstadt, England, in
June and July. Coll. Div. Always rather scarce, but as it has been found lately
in England, it will soon be distributed among collections. Hiibner's figure altogether
too large, gives a very false idea of its colour.

N. dissoluta, Tr. — Larva, Ignot : It is said that this Nonagria must be a
variety of neurica. I cannot authoritatively say, never having raised the point, and
never having seen the two species, but this I can say, that among the numerous
neurica that I have observed, I have never found a single intermediate specimen.
It has, at first view, the aspect of paludicola. The forewings are of a brownish
colour, without any markings except the reniform, which is black, shaped like a Z,
and surrounded with a yellowish border in the upper portion, and white in the
lower. The hindwings are of a bright grey colour, with the base whitish. Beneath,
the four wings are of a dirty whitish-brown, with a central lunule and a row of
marginal blackish dots. Environs of Darmstadt. Coll. Bdv.

In 1857, Stainton describes (Manual, i., p. 193) arundineta as
neurica, gives Treitschke's description of the larva, and mentions
Yaxley as a locality.

In 1858, Schmidt separates (Stett. Ent. Zeit., xix., pp. 367-870)
the two species : —

1. Neurica, Hb., less robust, white-collared, and witn no marks on the
underside except the circular line.

2. Arundineta, with distinct lunules on undersides.

He also mentions that the two insects refused to pair. He then
says : "Neurica occurs here in two forms, one of which, illustrated
by Hiibner, fig. 381, I have considered and sent away as a variety,
and the other, illustrated by H.-Sch., figs. 347 and 348, as a good
species. Although the two are very similar to each other, yet they
are, in many respects, stable, and so different that I am, for instance,
never in doubt as to which of the two forms the specimen belongs.
Both forms vary considerably in colour, and in a similar way ; but the
former does not do so to the same extent or so frequently as the
latter. The size, shape of the wings, and markings are almost the
same in both. The difference in colour and markings is not so
noticeable as is the much weaker build of the body in Hiibner's form
compared with Schmidt's, although the length of the body and the size
of the wings may be the same in both forms. This is more strikingly
shown in living specimens than in dried ones. The first form has a
white-bordered collar, and the latter an unicolorous one. The wings
appear wider in the former, and the ground colour of the forewings is
usually yellowish reed-coloured ; in the latter form it is, on the whole,
darker — greyish, brownish, reddish, and yellowish, in stronger grada-
tions. The males, especially, differ in having the dark longi-
tudinal stripe in the middle of the forewing much weaker in the
former variety, and the spots in it are only indicated below by a pair

THE IDENTITY OF THE BRITISH NONAGRIA NEURICA. 35

of white points, while the longitudinal shade is stronger in the second
variety, and the reniform is generally quite visihle. Furthermore, the
underside of the latter form is distinguished by a sharp and stable
central lunule on all wings, as well as by some marginal marks, as
against the former, which has no mark here except the arched line.
The former variety appears some three to four weeks before the latter,
and flies singly about reeds in the evening in several localities. Although
not scarce in some localities, the other is only to be found in two
localities situated near one another, and most frequently occurs here,
as a larva, together with that of paludicola. But their number has of
late been smaller there year by year, while the former form seems to
have multiplied and spread in the same proportion. Their flight, too,
is essentially different. While the former variety flies easily and more
slowly, the other one shoots away with more powerful flight, almost
like paludicola and nexa. I have bred Herrich-Schaffer's form for
several years, and also communicated special facts about their habits,
which correspond in their essential parts with Treitschke's statements,
in my addendum to " Uebersicht Mecklenb. Lepidop." (Archives of
the Society of Friends of Natural History in Mecklenburg, v., pp. 137
et seq.). On the other hand I have, so far, obtained Hiibner's
variety almost exclusively by catching, and have only lately observed
it more closely, and have only bred it singly from the pupa. As
regards its larva, which I am certain I have often seen, although
I am not certain of having bred the moth from it, I beg to point out
that I scarcely noticed any difference between the two in their way
of living, and in their general build, except that they appeared con-
siderably earlier, and were always met with singly in other localities.
Also, after very closely examining two pupa? found here a few years
ago, I did not notice that they differed from the more robust variety
except that they appeared somewhat thinner and more greenish-yellow,
and were also lying in the reed-stem somewhat higher from the ground
(some widths of the hand above the water) than seems to be the rule
with the other. From one of these pupae a fine $ of the first variety
emerged very late in the season, and, at the same time, a $ of the
other species appeared. I availed myself of this fortuitous event, which
I had long desired, to try whether the two varieties would copulate,
which I always noticed took place, in the case of the more robust
variety, as soon as both sexes were together in the receptacle, and
mostly, immediately after development. Being placed together, they
did not appear to be inclined that way, although they were flying together
for two evenings. Now what especially confirmed my belief that
the two were different species, was when, on the third evening, a 2 of
the second variety came out, with which the J copulated at once. From
all this, I think I am entitled to the assumption that the two varieties
referred to, previously united as neitrica, are two different species,
even if, on closer examination, their larva; and pupae should not visibly
show much difference. The name neurica must remain with the older
Hubnerian variety, and the other, Herrich-Schaffer's variety, must,
therefore, have a new name. As this one occurs deeper in the reed-bed,
more in the thicket of it, I call it arundineta. I cannot compare
Hiibner's illustration for the present ; I have seen it but once, and
only remember to have recognised by it my first variety. Herrich-
Schaffer's successful illustrations decidedly represent my second

86

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

variety — arundineta. In his Syst. Bearb. d. Sckmett. v. Europa, ii.,
p. 244, no. 186, he calls the Hiibnerian illustration ' totally defective in
its outlines, forewings much too large,' which is true, perhaps, only
in comparison with his variety, my arundineta. Neurica, Hiibn., often
has, in reality, wider forewings, and also differs sometimes in the out-
lines of the same from arundineta. After I had sent Herrich-Schaffer
one of each variety, this author at once agreed with me that the two
were different species, and recognised that the first variety tallied with
Hiibner's illustration. I have sent away some of both for years,
arundineta in considerable quantities, and, therefore, specimens of
these species will be found in many collections. Whoever has one
variety only might be in doubt as to which species he has. To such
the remark will be sufficient that a distinct central lunule on the
underside of each wing is a criterion for arundineta, while neurica
never has any mark there. As regards the early stages, I shall
shortly have occasion again to make further observations, and I shall
endeavour, later on, to again give the two varieties an opportunity for
mutual copulation, if I should be successful in any way in having
both species emerge at the same time. As far as I know,
neurica has previously only been found by Hess near Darmstadt, and
some specimens recently sent by him, which I have seen, belong to
my first variety. I do not know whether arundineta was found there
also, or in what other localities it has been found, but I do know
that a moth, closely allied to this variety, formerly also united
to neurica, but separated from it by recent authors and called hessii,
has also been observed only at that locality. Further, it is said to have
the same way of living as neurica, but I have not been able to
ascertain whether this applies specially to the general habits of the
larva. Exact data in this respect would be of the greatest interest.
I have not yet observed this variety in this region, and I have only
myself seen two or three old specimens of this moth. Arundineta
stands between it and neurica. I never saw real transitions from one
to the other, such as Treitschke says he noticed. Perhaps he saw all
the three species, and was deluded into that supposition by arundineta.

In 1859, Doubleday (Synonymic List) adopts the name neurica, Hb.,
and gives us as a synonym, hessii, Bdv.

In 1860, 0. Wilde describes (Plants and Larvae of Germany, pt. 2,
pp. 185-6) the larva of neurica, Hb., as "of a bluish-grey colour, with
three indistinct stripes on the back," and the larva of arundineta,
Schmidt, as " of a dirty white, with a reddish tinge on the back." He
also figures (pi. v., fig. 49) the pupse of each, which are different. His
comparison reads : —

N. neurica®, Hb. (var. hessii, Boisd.) ; H.-Scb., 2, 244 ; Hb. 381 ; St. E. Z.,
4, 345, v. 19, 367; Hb., 659-661, var. hessii. — Larva: Slender, slightly arcbed,
witb long anal claspers, dull bluish-grey, witb three indistinct light grey stripes
upon tbe back, between which, on each segment, stands a black wart, always
occupied by one little book. Spiracles black. Anal plate yellow, dotted witb
brown. Abdomen and bindlegs wbitish-grey, lower part marked with black.
Neck-plate yellow-brown, dotted and margined with dark brown. Prolegs grey,
marked with brown. Head black-brown. 9"'-l"-0'". Pupa: Small, slender, with a
wedge-shaped " beak " (headpiece), and many small hooks and bristles on the stalk-
shaped cremaster (pi. 5, fig. 49).

• Treitschke {Die Sclnnett., ii., 2, p. 319), under neurica, describes tbe larva
belonging to arundineta.

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. 87

N. ARCNDixETA, Schmidt, " Stett. Ent. Ztg.," xix., p. 369. — Larva: Shaped like
that of neurica, dirty white, back of a light reddish tinge. Upon tho 2nd and 3rd
segments are always eight line brown tubercles in a slanting row, upon the hack of
the following segments there are always four black tubercles occupied with one short
bristle. Spiracles white, edged with black, surrounded with three fine little black
warts ; similarly coloured very fine little warts on the outside of the light-coloured
hindlegs, studded with one row of brown hooks. Scutellum and anal plate brown-
grey, always with four larger and many smaller brown warts. Prolegs yellow-grey
with brown hooks. Head round, slightly curved, dark brown. Pupa : Brown-
yellow, slender, with the last segment rounded off, with two long diverging bristles
and two short little bristles, also two similar liner ones on the subdorsal portion of
the last segment. Lives in June in the stem of Phragmitea, and pupates in the lower
part of the stem, or in the old steins, at the beginning of July, placing itself head
downwards ; the emergence-hole below, with a web under and above itself forming
a puparium.

(To be continued.)

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe.

By MALCOLM BURR, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

(Continued from p. 21).

Genus III : Pterolepis, Bam bur.

This genus resembles Gampsolceis in the somewhat long plantulae,

but differs in the rudimentary and squamiform elytra, and slightly

upcurved and sharply pointed ovipositor. In appearance it more closely

resembles the genus Rhacocleis. There are two species known, both

confined to Spain.

Table of Species.
1. Posterior femora long and slender ; elytra <? not
covered by pronotum ; anal segment of <J termina-
ting in an obtuse triangular lobe, ending with two

small spinules ; cerci strongly curved in d 1. spoliata, Rambur.

1.1. Posterior femora shorter and stouter; elytra <?
almost entirely covered by pronotum ; anal seg-
ment of s prolonged in middle to acute and very
spiny triangular lobe ; cerci <? nearly straight,
but slightly curved at the apex . . . . 2. cokdubensis, Bol.

1. Pterolepis spoliata, Rambur.

Frons pale ; pronotum convex above, and reddish, the side flaps
with pale borders. Length of body, 23mm. $ , 26mm. 2 ; of
pronotum, 7mm. $ and 2 ; of elytra, 4mm. $ , 2-5mm. 2 ; of
posterior femora, 28mm. <? and 2 ; of ovipositor, 18mm. 2 . Length
of slender part of posterior femora, 14mm.

A native of the mountains of Andalusia from Granada to Malaga ;
also at Cartagena.

Var. minor, Bol.

Smaller and darker, anterior femora with only two spines ; length
of body, 20mm. $ and 2 ; of pronotum, 5mm. J and 2 \ of posterior
femora, 23mm. $ and 2 ; of ovipositor, 15mm. 2 •

Recorded from Chiclana.

2. Pterolepis cordubensis, Bolivar.
Resembles the preceding, but the head is larger, the elytra are
shorter and nearly completely covered by the pronotum ; the posterior
femora are relatively shorter and stouter. Length of body, 26mm. $ ;
of pronotum, 8-5mm. 2 ; of elytra, 1mm. J ; of posterior femora,
24mm. J ; of slender part of posterior femora, 10mm. $ .

38 the entomologist's kecord.

Discovered at Cordoba.

Genus IV : Scirtob.enus, Pantel.
This genus includes two small Spanish species. It falls into the
group with two terminal spines on the posterior tibife, and, as in the
following genus, the plantulaa are about as long, but never shorter
than, the first tarsal segment ; the cerci of the male are conical, and
incurved.

Table or Species.
1. Smaller (14mm. -16mm.) ; anterior femora unarmed
beneath ; anterior tibiae with four spines above on
outer side, and none on inner side . . . . . . 1. grallatus, Pantel.

1.1. Larger (22mm.) ; anterior femora with three black
spines beneath ; anterior tibiae with four spines
above on outer border and one on the inner border 2. lubitanicos, Bol.

1. Scirtob^enus grallatus, Pantel.

Very slender and elongate; grey, marbled with brown, shading
into olive. Length of body, 14mm. -16mm. $, 13mm. -16mm. 5; of
pronotum, 3"8mm. $ and $; of elytra, l*9mm. ^ , l-2mm. J; of
posterior femora, 17mm. $ , IT'Smm. 2 ', of ovipositor, 11 -2mm. ? .

Spain : Tarancon, in province of Cuenca ; Brunete, in the province
of Madrid ; Talavera ; Cordoba. In Portugal, at Castella Branco.

2. SciRTOB.ENUS LUSITANICUS, Bolivar.

Slightly larger than the preceding ; differs in the armature of the
anterior legs, as indicated in the table ; the anal segment of the male
has a rectangular lobe in the middle, and a longitudinal sulcus ; cerci
sharp, and strongly curved. Length of body, 22mm. <? ; of pronotum,
6mm. g ; of elytra, 2-8mm. 3 ; of posterior femora, 28mm. $ .

Discovered at Castello Branco, in Portugal.

Genus V : Ehacocleis, Fieber.
This genus is allied to the preceding, but consists of larger insects;
the cerci of the male are conical, but also strongly toothed.

Table of Species.
1. Side flaps of pronotum with pale border only
posteriorly, or, if continued along lower border, very
narrow (posterior femora underneath with spines on
inner margin only).
2. Cerci i incurved, hardly longer than subgenital

lamina; latter triangular in ?.. .. ..1. discrepans, Fieber.

2.2. Cerci $ nearly straight, slender, twice as long

as subgenital lamina ; latter in ? transverse 2. bormansi, Brunner.
1.1. Side flaps of pronotum with whole lower side pale-
bordered.
2. Posterior femora beneath with five to seven spines

on each side ; subgenital lamina ? truncate . . 3. annclata, Fieber.
2.2. Posterior femora with only inner margin of
underside spined ; subgenital lamina ? bi-
lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. neglecta, Costa.

1. Ehacocleis discrepans, Fieber.
Ferruginous-brown, varied with darker and with yellowish ; the
females are often unicolorous brown ; pronotum with a pale median
band, the side flaps chestnut, with a narrow pale border ; elytra of
male hardly passing the pronotum ; femora marbled. Length of body,
15mm. -23mm. $ , 16mm. -26mm. $ ; of pronotum, 5mm.-7*5mm. $ y

NOTES ON COLEOPHORA BADIIPENNELLA. 39

5-2mm.-8-5mni. $ ; of elytra, 1 -5111111.-2111111. 3 , -5mm. $ ; of posterior
femora, 17mm. -22mm. 3 , 19mm. -25mm. 5 ; of ovipositor, 14mm.-
19mm. 2 ■

A native of southern Europe, from France to the Bosphorus. In
France it is rare, but has been taken near Bagnols in Var, la Rouviere,
and a few localities in Savoy. In northern Italy, it had been taken
at Venice, Basilicata, and Voltaggio, but is nowhere common. It is
commoner in eastern and southern Europe.

2. Rhacocleis bormansi, Brunner.

Differs from jR. discrepans in the nearly straight cerci, which are
much longer and more slender, and in the transverse subgenital lamina
of the female. Length of body, 19mm. 3 , 22mm. ? ; of pronotum,
7mm. 3 , 7-2mm. ? ; of elytra, 2mm. 3 , -5mm. ? ; of posterior
femora, 22mm. 3 , 26mm. 5 ; of ovipositor, 19mm. $ .

Common among shrubs, from July to the middle of October, in
north Italy, at Voltaggio, Pegli, and Genoa.

3. Rhacocleis annulatus, Fieber

{ — brisotiti, Yersin).

Somewhat larger than the preceding species ; the whole of the
lower part of the side flaps of the pronotum is broadly bordered with
yellow ; the cerci of the male are straight and pointed, with a short
basal spine. Length of body, 20mm. 3 , 29mm. 2 ; of pronotum,
7mm. 3 , 8mm. 2 ; of elytra, 2-5mm. 3 ; of posterior femora, 23mm.
3 , 27mm. 2 ; of ovipositor, 19mm. 2 .

A native of southern Italy ; Sicily, Palermo, Catania.

4. Rhacocleis neglectus, Costa.

Resembles the preceding, but differs in the anterior and middle
femora, which have black spots on the outer upperside beyond the
apical black ring ; in the female, the posterior femora have only the
lower margin spined on the underside, and in the male the outer
margin has but a few spines ; the subgenital lamina of the female is
deeply emarginatc, with pointed lobes, and the seventh ventral segment
is not gibbous, as it is in R. annulatus. Length of body, 24mm. 3 ,
31mm. 2 ; of pronotum, 7mm. 3 , 9-5mm. 2 ; of elytra, l-2mm. 3 ,
Omm. 2 ; of posterior femora, 24mm. 3 , 30mm. 2 ; of ovipositor,
21mm. 2 .

There are some examples of this species in the Florence Museum
labelled " Catania."

{To be continued.)

Notes on Coleophora badiipennella.

By HENRY J. TURNER, F.E.S.
On May 8th, 1901, in the same lane, south of Lewisham, and very
near to the spot which I have previously referred to as the home of a
colony of C. solitariella, I met with a number of cases and larvae of
C. badiipennella, on elm. These cases were less upright than those of
C. limosipenneUa, but still there was a certain amount of variation in
the obliquity of the mouth opening, so that some were almost prone
on the leaf, and the mouth opening might, perhaps, be numbered "one"
according to Wocke's method {Schmett. Deutsch., 1H76). The colour of

40

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

the cases was a dull black and very distinctive from that of any case I
have seen of C. limosipennella, which is only of shades of brown, the
colours of the dried portions of the leaves used in their formation.
The anal end has two valves like that of C. limosipennella, but they are
not nearly so closely adpressed, nor are the margins so much extended
outwards. The cases are, when of full size, always smaller than those
of C. limosipennella.

During the pupal stage the mouths of the cases are filled with a
very white fibrous substance, and, at times, many cases show white
edges to the valves, but this latter generally disappears. The cases
are made of the leaf cuticle, just as the case of C. limosipennella, but
this latter species does not stain the case by a secretion, as does
C. badiipennella. The larva of this species lives in a rough, parti-
coloured, curved case, in the winter, very similar to that of C. fuscedi-
nella, C. lutipennella, C. nigricella, etc. In fact, as yet I have been
unable to find any characters by which to distinguish the hybernating
cases of these species. This was the first species in which I had
actually seen the head of the larva thrust out from the anal opening.
Of course, this must occur during the various enlargements of the
cases. The larvfe of all the species must be able to undergo extreme
compression and contortion in squeezing between the closely adjoining
cuticles of a leaf, and also when turning round in their narrow tubular
cases, which are often of scarcely more diameter than the body of the
larva.

The larva of this batch commenced pupating about May
27th, and the first emergence took place on June 22nd. The
larva is of a glossy brown-yellow colour. The head-shield is
black, but the other plates are not quite so dark. All three thoracic
segments have, on their sides, small, dark, dot-plates, that on the 1st
being the largest, the 2nd is faint, and the 3rd is only just apparent.
The 1st thoracic segment has a large dorsal plate, with a slight median
suture from front to back, scarcely perceptible in front, but wider at
the rear. The 2nd thoracic segment has two triangular plates, with
their bases approximating in the centre, the apices being long pointed ;
they are of a fainter black than the plate on the 1st segment. There
are no dorsal plates on the 3rd thoracic segment. There are only
three pairs of abdominal claspers.

I have not discussed the point as to whether we have two species
under this name. Some of our leading entomologists consider that
their observations point in that direction. So far my own experience
of the species is too limited to have any decided opinion on this
question. It would be interesting if others would give us their
observations on this point.

One of my cases clearly illustrates the fact that the larva of this
species not only lines the case, but stains the leaf cuticle used in its
formation. The staining process has begun along the neighbourhood
of the upper and lower sutures which have already become black.

Butterflies at Wimbledon in 1905 and 1906, with notes on the
aberrations taken.

By KALEIGH S. SMALLMAN, F.E.S.
During the last two years I have done most of my collecting for
butterflies on and near Wimbledon Common, and, although all the

BUTTERFLIES AT WIMBLEDON. 41

species taken are generally common in England, still I thought a few
notes, with special reference to the more interesting aberrations of those
taken, might he of some interest. Butterflies are rather poorly
represented in this district, Augiades sylvanus and Adopaea tiara heing
the only two species of " skippers " taken, and neither of these commonly.
Rumicia phlaeas has heen very common, especially during August, 1906.
The specimens show a good deal of variation in size, colour, and size
of dark markings. One specimen (June 3rd, 1906) measures just over
22mm., and one (also June 3rd, 1906) measures just 32mm. Specimens
of ab. intermedia, Tutt, and ab. caeruleopunetata, Buhl, were taken.
The size of the copper-coloured marginal hand on the hindwings is
very variable, heing, in some specimens, reduced to a narrow band with
fairly large wedge-shaped projections. The size of the spots on the
forewings of the specimens taken in August, 1906, are particularly
large but not so dark as usual, and the veins are marked in dark, and
several specimens are suffused with dark grey, especially towards the
base of the forewings (ab. initio,, Tutt), and some have distinct tails
(ab. initia-caudata, Tutt), as have some of the unsuflused specimens.
Some of the specimens taken in August, 1906, are very similar to ones
obtained by Mr. Merrifield by subjecting the pupa? to a temperature of
80° to 90°, hence I assume the hot summer was the cause of this
variation.* The only " blues " I have taken here are Celastrind argiolus
(not common) and Polyommatus icarus (common). The males of I'.
icarus are fairly constant in colour, all being lilac-blue, but one
specimen (August 5th, 1906) has a distinct trace of a marginal row of
black spots on the upperside of the hindwings (ab. celina, Oberth.).
In size the males vary from 26mm. (August 5th, 1906) to 32-6mm.
(August 13th, 1906). The underside of the males vary from the usual
blue-grey to a rich brown. The colour of the females are more variable,
two (August 8th, 1906) being entirely brown on the uppersides with
orange marginal spots (ab. iphis, Baumh.), and one (August 6th, 1906)
is almost completely lilac- blue, but ab. caerulea, Fuchs, appears to be
the usual form. Two males (August 13th, 1906) have but one basal
spot on each forewing (ab. iphis, Meig.), whilst one female (August 6th,
1906) has the left underside typical and the right one like ab. iphis,
Meig. In size the females are rather constant, only varving from
25mm. (August 8th, 1906) to 30mm. (August 11th, 1906). Of the
"whites" taken nearly all belonged to the first brood, Pieris brassicae
being the rarest of the three and P. rapae the commonest. Those
rapae taken in May and early June, consisting of var. metra, St., but
the females taken in 1906 were of a distinctly yellower shade than
those taken in 1905. Two females (September 2nd, 1906) of the
summer brood are almost indistinguishable from the spring brood.
Gonepteryx rhamni is fairly common in this district. 1 have never
taken any of the "fritillaries" in or near Wimbledon, but believe Dryas
paphia is to be taken occasionally on "the common." Of the Vanessids
I have not taken either Vanessa in or Eugonia polychloros here.
Aglais urticae is common and variable in size, varying from 53mm.
(September 10th, 1906) to 37mm. (June 30th, 1906, bred) (ab.pygmaea,
Riihl), but this small specimen is one of a bred series which was
accidentally more or less starved. The size of the two central spots

* See Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1893, pp. 55 to 67 and pi. iv., fig. 1 and la.

42 the entomologist's record.

varies a good deal in the specimens, and the ground colour varies from
the dull yellow-red to the rich red-brown form. Pyrameis cardui occurs,
but rather sparingly. P. atalanta, however, is fairly common but not
at all variable, one specimen (September 17th, 1905) having the red
transverse band almost divided in two, and thus approaching ab. fracta,
whilst several of the others have this band divided to a less extent.
In size the specimens vary from 65mm. (September 16th, 1905) to
55mm. (September 10th, 1905). Of the Satyrids Epinephele ianira
and E. tithonus occur, but I have never taken either in good condition
here. Coenonympha pamphilus is abundant and variable. In size the
specimens vary from 33mm. (July 4th, 1905) to 26mm. (August 30th,
1906). Besides the two aberrations mentioned on page 338 of vol.
xvii., of the Ent. Bee., I have taken a few specimens of ab. ocellata and
one of ab. dbsoleta. Specimens may also be obtained with dark
marginal bands approaching ab. lyllus, Esp., and I have a specimen
with the underside of the hindwings of a dark red-brown, only varied
by a light curved line in the centre, thus approaching ab. unicolor.

Butterflies in Eastern Switzerland in 1906.

By J. N. KEYNES, M.A., D.Sc, F.E.S., and G. L. KEYNES.

Having had several entomological seasons in the Ehone Valley and
the Bernese Oberland, we decided that we would, in 1906, go further
east. We accordingly made the Engadine our head-quarters. The
district is well known to entomologists, and we did not discover much
in the way of fresh localities ; but the information as to dates, etc.,
given in the following extracts from our entomological diary, may be
of interest.

June 2Qth. — Between Muhlehorn (on the Walen-See) and the
Thalalp-See. Araschnia levana was abundant and in fine condition.
We also took six Parnassius mnemosyne and two Brenihis thore (both $ s)
freshly emerged. J s of Nemeobius lucina (a finer race than that met
with in England) were abundant ; the $ s appeared to be over.
Amongst our other captures were Nisoniades tages (very large and fine),
Pieris napi var. 5 bryoniae (worn), and Euchloe cardamines ( ? s still in
good condition).

June 21th. — Weesen Marsh. We took good series of Lycaena areas,
L. euphemus, and Coenonympha typhon. Even within the marsh itself,
however, these species wTere extremely local, and it took some time to
discover the right places for them. Of the two blues L. areas was
much the rarer ; we did not, in either case, meet with many ? s.
Some of the specimens that we took of C typhon were very fine.
Brenihis ino was another insect common in the marsh, and Nomiades
semiargus was larger and finer than any we have met elsewhere. We
took a single specimen of Cyclopides palaemon. The heat was extreme.

June 29th. — The Dischma-Thal, leading from Davos to the Scaletta
Pass. Cloudy until mid-day, then heavy rain, followed by intervals of
sunshine. There were never many insects flying. We took Brenthis
euphrosyne (small and dark) and Pararge hiera (twro $ s and one ? ),
but met with little else of interest.

July 1st to 3rd. — Neighbourhood of Alvaneu Bad. We found
Alvaneu Bad a very good entomological centre, and on July 1st noticed,
within half-a-mile of the hotel, nearly fifty different species of butter-

BUTTERFLIES IN EASTERN SWITZERLAND IN 1906. 1 ;\

flies. Our most interesting discovery was a wood in which Brenthis
thore was plentiful, though, unfortunately, the $ s were rather passS.
The insect seemed to be a less active flyer than in the neighbourhood
of the Walen-See, and it was not unlike Pararge egeria var. egerides in
its habits. Its wings appeared to get chipped and torn very soon, in
consequence of its way of fluttering through the branches of the trees
and shrubs. We took four Limenitis populi&b. tremulae; three of these
were in first class condition, the fourth was a poor specimen and we
let it go. This insect is not difficult to capture when it comes down
from the tops of the trees. It may be interesting to note that two of
our captures were made between 10 a.m. and 11 a.m., and the other
two between 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. One of the latter was a 2 • Other
captures were Chrysophanus hippothoe var. eurybia, Lycaena alcon (1 $
and 1 J , very large), Polyommatiis bellargus ab. $ ceronus, P. escheri,
Brenthis inn (abundant), Coenonympha iphis (several g s, but only one
5 , all in fresh condition), Erebia stygne, E. euryale, E. li(jea.

July 4th. — Albula Pass. We walked over the Albula Pass in
pelting rain. On our way down some gleams of sunshine enabled us
to make a few captures just above Ponte. These included Hesperia
carthami, Powellia sao, Brenthis ino (very small), and Erebia ceto.

July 5th. — Pontresina. Heavy clouds nearly all day. We took a
few blues, asleep on flower-beads, and amongst these was one Aricia
eumedon ab. fylgia in fine condition. In this aberration the white
streak on the underside of the hindwings is entirely absent.

Jul)/ 7th. — Slopes of the Schafberg. Amongst our captures were
Polyommatiis orbitidus, P. pheretes (including ab. 2 caeruleopunctata),
Scolitantides baton, Parnassius delius, Pieris callidice (as usual a very
active and strong flyer), Melitaea cynihia (several $ s, but only one $ ),
M. aurinia var. merope (plentiful), Oeneis a'ello (two $ s), and Erebia
gorge var. triopes. All these species were in fresh condition. Just
above Pontresina we took also Melitaea maturna var. wolfensbergeri, in
good condition.

July 9th. — Between the Bernina Hospice and Alp Gram. We took
a freshly emerged Erebia alecto var. glacialis (the only specimen of this
species that we met with at all this season), and several E. gorge var.
triopes. We also found E. gorge (type). E. lappona was abundant,
and we took a particularly fine specimen of ab. caeca, in which the
black dots are entirely absent from the wings. We had not much sun
after mid-day ; but after the sun had gone in, we took a good many
Melitaea cynihia and M. aurinia var. merope at rest and very lethargic.
M. cynihia lay, with its wings expanded, on low bushes about a foot
from the gronnd.

July 10th. — Roseg-Thal and Alp Surovel. Butterfliesveryabundant
and varied in species. Our most interesting capture was Melitaea
maturna var. wolfensbergeri, which was abundant; the ? s were in good
condition, but the $ s were getting over. We also took Lycaena (dam,
Tj. arion var. obscura, Aricia eumedon (particularly fine), Polyommatus
bellargus ab. 2 ceronus, /'. pheretes, I', optilete, ('alias phicomone, <'.
palaeno (fine and fresh), and Militant parthenie var raria.

July 11th. — On the slopes of the Schafberg. Sunshine at intervals
only. We were fortunate in finding the right spot for Erebia flavo-
fasciata, and took eleven J s and two $? s, all in firstrate condition ;
the insect appeared just to have emerged, and the fringes of nearly all

44 the entomologist's record.

our captures were intact. This insect is so local that there might
appear to be some danger of its being exterminated. Fortunately,
however, the hillsides over which it flies are so steep that the chase is
a difficult one. We made a number of other captures, including
Lycaena alcon (one g ), Polyommatus pheretes ab. J caeruleopunctata,
Oeneis aello (two $ s, one $ ), Erebia mnestra, and E. gorge (both type
and var. triopes).

July 15th. — Suvretta-Thal (above Campfer). A fine day, following-
several days of cloud, rain, and snow. Most of our captures were made
on the slopes down to the stream, quite near Campfer. We took a good
series of Erebia mnestra $ s, but only two $ s. This insect was
abundant and very fresh. Parnassius delius was also abundant and in
fine condition ; our series included one ab. inornata $ , and one albo-
prirata $ . We again took Polyommatus pheretes 5 , and, like the two
we caught at Pontresina, it was ab. caeruleopunctata. Amongst our
other captures were Nomiades semiargus ab. caeca, Polyommatus orbitulus,
P. optilete, and Plebeius argyrognomon var. $ brunnea. Coenonympha
satyrion var. unicolor was common here, as elsewhere in the Engadine.

July 16th. — Woods opposite Campfer. Our most interesting capture
was Brenthis pales var. arsilache. In the swampy ground surrounding
a little lake quite close to Campfer, the $ s were abundant and very
fresh. Apparently the Js were hardly out yet; we took only one
specimen. Amongst our other captures were Parnassius delius ab.
alboprirata, Colias palaeno ab. 5 herrichi (very fine), Melitaea maturna
var. wolfensbergeri (rather worn), Oeneis aello (one $ worn, and two
2 s), and Erebia epiphron var. nelamus. The two last named species
were taken rather high up, above the Hahnensee.

July 11 tli. — Cavloccio-Thal (at the top of the Maloja Pass). We
took a good series of Erebia pharte, the $ s of which were abundant in
swampy places; the J s appeared to be scarce. Melitaea maturna var.
wolfensbergeri was fairly abundant; the 3 s were in very poor condition,
but we took some good ? s. Amongst our other captures were Loweia
dorilis var. brunnea, Lycaena euphemus (two ? s, smaller and less
suffused with black than those we took at Weesen), Polyommatus
optilete, and a very fine Erebia tyndarus ab. caecodromus. In this
specimen the apical eyes were absent, their place being taken by minute
white dots.

July 18th. — Muhlen (on the Julier Pass). There were a fair
number of insects about, but there was not much variety, and nearly
all that we took were worn and old.

July 19th. — In the Via Mala (near Thusis) . We made a few captures,
including Polyommatus hylas.

July ZOth. — The Schyn Pass. Erebia ligea was very fresh and fine,
as well as abundant ; our series showed considerable variation in the
number and size of eye-spots. Polyommatus damon was exceptionally
large. In one place we met with a number of varieties of Enodia
hyperanthus, including marked examples of ab. arete and ab. caeca, and
we were rather surprised at finding Limenitis Camilla and L. sibylla ? s
still in fair condition. Amongst our other captures was a magnificent
specimen of Argynnis adippe ab. virgata.

July 23rd. — Neuhausen Forest. This would have been a better
hunting-ground earlier in the season. Apatura iliav&v. clytie was still
flying, but in too poor condition to be worth catching. Limenitis

VARIATION. 45

sibylla was also in poor condition, and so was Pararge achine. We
again met with Enodia hyperanthus ab. arete and ab. caeca, and we
succeeded in taking some very fair specimens of Coenonympha arcania.
< '. iphis was getting over.

We had a few brilliant days, but on a good many of the days on
which we have reported captures there was sunshine only at intervals,
and, on some days, the weather was hopelessly bad. On the whole,
however, we did better entomologically than in any preceding year,
and the majority of the specimens that we brought back were in
perfect condition. We can strongly recommend Weesen, Alvaneu
Bad, Pontresina, and Campfer as entomological centres. The only
English entomologists whom we met were Mr. and Mrs. Travis, but
we also made the acquaintance of a German entomologist, Professor
Thieme, who visits Pontresina every year, and knows its entomological
resources very thoroughly. He maintains that the specimens of E.
flavofasciata met with at Pontresina are a local race, markedly distinct
from the specimens found further east, and he has named them var.
thiemensis.

'W A R I A T I 0 N .

Melanic Amphidasys retularia. — I observe in The Entomologist's
Becord for October 15th last, p. 250, a notice having reference to
melanic specimens of Amphidasys betularia — "in the south and south-
western counties it is still rare or absent." Again, on p. 251, it says —
" Melanism may be affected by heavy rainfall and a damp climate, or
the neighbourhood of large towns." During the winter of 1904-5, I
obtained tbree pupae of Amphidasys betularia close to Yorktown,
Surrey. This place is close to the junction of Hants, Berks, and
Surrey, and as far from any excessive smoke as one could wish for.
The climate, too, is very dry. Yet of the three pupae two came out
perfect melanic specimens, quite black ; the third was about normal,
but well dusted with black spots. These three pupae were obtained
miles from each other. I had no time to breed A. betularia larvae, but
from the fact that two out of three pupae found promiscuously were
perfect melanic specimens, I can only surmise that black betularia are
common in southwest Surrey. — B. Tulloch (Capt.), Haddon House,
Babbacombe Road, Torquay. January 2nd, 1907. [Data on melanism
should be exact. We do not see how the pupae were all taken "close
to Yorktown," yet " miles from each other." — Ed.]

Aberrations of Leucania favicolor. — During the past year I
obtained some beautiful specimens of an aberration of Leucania
favicolor. These examples were of a very pale primrose-yellow, and
appeared to be intermediate between ab. lutea, Tutt, which is deep
primrose, and ab. pallida, Mathew, which is of a pale wainscot-brown
without any trace of yellow. These specimens were bred last July
from eggs laid by a female of ab. lutea the year before. — G. F.
Mathew, R.N., Dovercourt, Essex. January 2-it/i, 1907.

Note on Fidoma gonspiouata ah. fumata. — In reference to Mr. G. F.
Mathew's remarks on Fidonia conspicuata ab. fumata, I appear to have
half-a-dozen specimens referable to that aberration. These were bred
in the spring of 1888 and were of the first brood, being the offspring
of parents which were bred in May, 1887. Some of the brood

46 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

emerged in August, 1887, and all these were unusually bright, the
black dusting being almost absent, particularly on the forewings, and
the black band standing out very clearly. These specimens are
strikingly different from their brothers and sisters which emerged the
following spring. Some of the latter show very little orange on the
underwing, and the black border is so much suffused that it becomes
practically absent. My original stock was quite normal. — A. W.
Mera, 77, Capel Road, Forest Gate. January 18th, 1907.

HOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Laphygma exigua larvae taken at Sandown. — Although there
have been plenty of records of the imago of L. exigua in this country
in 1906, I have not noticed that anyone reports having met with the
larva in a wild state. It is, therefore, worth recording that, on
September 2nd, my friend, Mr. John Taylor, of Sandown, took a
larva on seabeet (Beta maritima) on the shore near the town.
Naturally, the identity of the species was quite unsuspected, until,
on October 16th, the perfect insect was found out in the box in which
it had been kept. I understand that no L. eangua were seen wild at
Sandown after October 3rd. — Louis B. Prout, 246, Richmond Road,
N.E. January 21st, 1907.

Hybernia defoliaria in January. — On the night of January 14th,
1907, a male of this species flew to light at my study window. On
coming to set it out I was surprised to find that it was absolutely
fresh. Hitherto, the few odd specimens I have taken early in the
year have been worn, and I have always imagined them to haye been
born in November, but, on referring to Barrett's British Lepidoptera,
vii., p. 232, I find the following interesting remarks: — " On the wing
usually in November and December, occasionally as early as October.
Should there, however, be any continuance of severe frost in these
months, emergence is deferred till January, or even February. This
happened in 1864, and to a considerable extent in 1891, and in 1895
belated specimens were captured in March." What is the experience of
your readers in this matter ? I see from my diary that the last " New
Year " specimen I took was on January 10th, 1902. — (Rev.) G. H.
Raynor, Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon. January 18th, 1907.

Decadence of Fidonia conspicuata in Essex. — I can quite bear
out Mr. Mathew's remarks as to the disappearance of this insect in
some of its most favoured spots. In August, 1884, I found it in great
abundance, and, in September, 1886, the larvas were plentiful. After
that date I had no opportunity of visiting the spot for some years, but
in May, 1898, I made a journey to the spot, and, for a whole day's
work, I only succeeded in taking one specimen. I found the ground
very much altered and nothing like what it was in the early eighties.
My knowledge of the insect goes back to some ten or fifteen years
before that time, for I remember going after the larvae with the
late Mr. Garrett, of Ipswich, which was probably about the year
1868. Then the broom was growing some six or eight feet high, and
the place was used as a game preserve, with rides cut through the
broom for shooting purposes ; but, as my friend had been previously
warned off by the keepers, our visit had to be short and hurried.
Nevertheless, we managed to take our quarry, as, with every tap of the

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 47

broom, larvae fell into the umbrella. This once favoured spot, I
believe, was totally destroyed by fire. — A. W. Mera, 77, Capel Road,
Forest Gate, E.

Query as to the hybernation of Pyrameis atalanta. — I see, in
looking through your British Butterflies, p. 3G0, that you say that
Pyrameis atalanta hybernates in hollow trees, etc. Do you know of
any authentic record of this species hybernating? I feel certain myself
that this insect does not survive the winter in this country in any
stage, and is exactly the same as Pyrameis cardui in its habits and
life-history (see Knt. Record, vii., pp. 110-111). The remarks on this
subject (op. tit., viii., pp. 4, 169, 270) may be referred to as supporting
this view. — H. W. Head, Scarborough. January 5th, 1907. [We
have no first-hand information such as is desired, and should be
greatly obliged to our readers for any notes on the subject. —Ed.]

Parasitism of larv.& of Smerinthus ocellata, Amorpha populi,
and Cerura vinula. — During the summer of last year I captured
about fifty larvae of Smerinthus ocellata, with others of Amorpha populi
and other species. A peculiar fact regarding those of Smerinthus
ocellata was that only four safely pupated, the others being ichneu-
moned. The ichneumons were of the small species which, as the larva
approaches the fullfed state, works its way through the skin and there
spins its cocoon, of a brown substance, and pupates therein. It
appeared remarkable, however, that hardly any of the larvae of
Amorpha populi were affected by ichneumons, although many were
captured at the same time and place as those of Smerinthus ocellata.
I also took larvae of Centra vinula, and I noticed that, on the back of
the head, were several small black specks (evidently eggs of some
parasite), and, as the larvae fed, these eggs hatched out small grubs,
which fed on the body of the larvae till it had cleared all the fleshy
part away and left only the skin. Then they left it and began to eat
one another, consequently I was not able to rear any of them to
maturity. — John G. Hobbs, 31, Alexandra Road, Aldershot, Herts.
January lQth, 1907. [Our contributor will find some interesting notes,
by Professor E. B. Poulton, on the life-history of the parasite of ('crura
vinula in the Trans. Ent. Sue. Land., 1887, pp. 303 et sctj. — Ed.]

Early appearance of Pieris rapjE. — One of my daughters saw a
white butterfly this morning flying about the slopes facing the sea.
This is a remarkably early record. It has been a lovely bright warm
day, with a gentle breeze from the southwest. The weather was very
cold from December 21st until the 30th, when a thaw set in, and since
then we have had it quite mild, and several days lately have been
bright and warm. — Gervase F. Mathew, R.N., Dovercourt, Essex.
January 12th, 1907.

Njenia typica and Plusia gamma as visitors to sugar. It IS

curious what different experiences befall different individuals of our
fraternity, and I think it is quite worth while for Mr. Colthrup to
record his own, even though they only result in evidence of an opposite
kind from other sources. Until I saw his note (Ent, lice, vol. xviii.,
p. 213) and Mr. Millward's (supra, p. 23), I should have imag
that an entomologist — or at least a London entomologist — who had
never seen Naenia typica at sugar was indeed a rara avis in terra :
assuming, of course, that he resorted to sugaring at all at the right
time of year, as Mr. Colthrup distinctly indicates. 1 have myself seen
it quite freely at sugar in different localities, particularly at Hale End,

48 the entomologist's record.

Walthamstow, where it is sometimes the only species that mil come in
any numbers at the beginning of July. As regards Plusia gamma,
readers may remember a little discussion started by Mr. Colthrup a few
years back (Ent. Rec, xv., pp. 157, 188, 294 ; xvi., pp. 24, 48). I did
not send any note on my experience, as Mr. Bankes and Mr. Tutt
sufficiently showed that Mr. Colthrup's was here somewhat exceptional ;
but while I am writing I may say, from a really wide experience of
sugaring at Sandown, in August and September, that P. gamma is a
very capricious insect in this respect. In seasons when it is swarm-
ing every night about flowers (sugared or unsugared) it will often pay
no attention at all to sugared fences, or only two or three stragglers
will come; then, every now and again, there will come a" gamma
night," or succession of nights, when it comes to the bait in positive
abundance, as Mr. Tutt remarked. — Louis B. Prout. January 11th,
1907. [We may say that our experience with Naenia typica corresponds
entirely with that of Mr. Prout. Some twenty years ago, sugaring on
Greenwich marshes and in Westcombe Park, during early July, usually
produced this species in abundance. It was not always common in
Chattenden Roughs, but at Cuxton and at Deal was a very regular
visitor at its proper time. — Ed.]

The feeding habits of ./Egeria asiliformis (tabaniformis), etc. —
Can any of the readers of the Ent. Record give me any hints as to the
feeding habits of the larvae of Mgeria asiliformis (tabaniformis)/ Does
it feed in the cut stumps like M. culiciformis, or low down near the
roots like Trochilium apiformis, or under the bark like JE. seoliaeformis?
Newman says " at the roots," but Barrett, copying Hofmann, says
" in the trunks, under the bark." Then again, as to M. andreniformis,
Mr. Rothschild, in the Ent. Mo. Mag., records finding the larva
"mining the stem of Viburnum lantana," but, at the meeting of The
Entomological Society of London, on November 7th, Mr. Rothschild
is reported as having exhibited " branches of V. lantana showing the
mines of 2E. andreniformis." Will Mr. Rothschild or anyone who was
present at the meeting, kindly explain accurately where and how the
larvae had fed ? Now that the foodplant has been discovered, many
collectors, I am sure, would like to search for the insect in their
localities, to ascertain its range, etc., in England, and any informa-
tion would be most acceptable. — Percy C. Reid, Feering Bury,
Kelvedon. January 6th, 1907. [A detailed account of the feeding-habits
of the larva of Mgeria (Trochilium) andrenaeformis, at Ashton Wold,
Northants, Tring, in Herts, Surrey, and in Kent, together with photo-
graphs of affected stems, etc., has just been published in the Trans.
Ent. Soc. London, 1906, pp. 471-3. A detailed description of the larva
by Mr. E. R. Bankes, and one of the pupa by Dr. T. A. Chapman are
also given. — Ed.]

ifURRBNT NOTES.

We find it quite impossible to answer all the letters addressed to
us individually about The Natural History of the British JJ utter /lies,
vol. i. We may state, as general information, that (1) covers can be
supplied for the same at Is. 6d. each, to match the series The Natural
History of British Lepidoptera ; (2) the cases can be lettered " British
Butterflies," vol. i, or "British Lepidoptera," vol. viii ; (b) bound

CURRENT NOTES. 49

copies can be supplied at 1 guinea net. Only those orders for cases
can be attended to that are sent in at unci', as they will be ordered
specially for subscribers.

In answer to a large number of other enquiries, we are prepared to
issue the volume as vol. viii of The Natural History of British. Lepi-
doptera, as one of the regular series of that work, to those subscribers
(and those only) whose names are on our own private subscription list
for the latter work, at the usual subscription price for each volume
of tbis work. The volume is published to the trade at purely net
prices. The volume is called vol. viii because, circumstances permit-
ting, it is intended later to publish (1) the completion of " The Aluci-
tides" as vol vi, and (2) an account of the more generalised super-
families of the Hepialo-Papilionid stirps as vol. vii. This will lead up
naturally to the butterflies on that stirps.

We have received from Mr. C. Head some samples of excellent
lantern-slides, relating to Protective Resemblance. To those lecturing
on the subject they will prove most valuable ; we have already put
them to the test of practical experience in this direction.

Eggs of Thecla pruni are very badly wanted for our new volume of
British Butterflies. Bad luck at hatching time last year lost us all
chance of getting a complete account of the early larval stages. Can
anyone help ?

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society has
selected the following Officers and Council for 1907, viz. — President:
R. Adkin, F.E.S. Vice-presidents: W. J. Kaye, F.E.S. ; H. Main,
B.Sc, F.E.S. Treasurer: T. W. Hall, F.E.S. Librarian: A. W.
Dods. ( urator : W. West (Greenwich). Hon. Secretaries: Stanley
Edwards, F.L.S., &c. (Corresponding), H. J. Turner, F.E.S. (Report).
Council: F. B. Carr; T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.; A.
Earrison, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., &c. ; A. L. Rayward ; A. Sich,
F.E.S. ; R. South, F.E.S. ; E. Step, F.L.S.

The Entomological Society of London has nominated the following
as members of Council and Officers for the session, 1907-8. President:
Charles Owen Waterhouse, F.E.S. Treasurer: Albert Hugh Jones,
F.E.S. Secretaries : Henry Rowland-Brown, M.A. ; Commander
James -J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S. Librarian: George C. Champion,
F.Z.S. Council: Gilbert John Arrow, F.E.S.; Arthur John Chitty,
M.A. ; Dr. Thomas Algernon Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S. ; William James
Kaye, F.L.S. ; Dr. George Blundell Longstaff, M.D. ; Professor
Raphael Meldola, F.R.S., F.C.S. ; Frederic Merrifield, F.E.S. ; Guy
A. K. Marshall, F.E.S. ; Louis Beethoven Prout, F.E.S. ; Edward
Saunders, F.R.S., F.L.S.; Robert Shelford, M.A., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S. ;
George Henry Verrall, F.E.S.

Another of the successful series of meetings of the Entomological
Club was held in the Entomological Salon of the Holborn Restaurant
on January 22nd, when Mr. G. H. Verrall was the host. A preliminary
informal reception and meeting took place between 6 p.m. and 8.30 p.m.,
supper being served at the latter hour. A large number of well-known
entomologists were invited, but, owing to several causes, ;i few of the
regular visitors were unavoidably prevented from attending. The
company, however, fell little short of a hundred, but that "little" was
evidently a matter of regret to the genial host, who had evidently
set his heart on a record meeting. Among the members and friends

50 the entomologist's record.

observed to be present were — Prof. Meldola, Prof. Poulton, Eev. E.
A. Eaton, Rev. F. Morice, Eev. F. Tkornewill, Drs. T. A. Cbapman,
Dixey, Joy, Lieut. -Col. Bingham, Colonel Yerbury, Payniaster-in-
Chief G. F. Mathew, Commander Walker, Messrs. Adams, R. Adkin,
Andrews, Bliss, F. Bouskell, Cant, J. Carpenter, Carr, G. C. Champion,

A. J. Chitty, F. Noad Clark, J. E. Collin, W. Distant, H. St. J. K.
Donisthorpe, Hamilton Druce, S. Edwards, Enoch, Fenn, W. H. B.
Fletcher, Frohawk, Godman, T. W. Hall, A. Harrison, F. J. Hanbury,
Heron, Jacoby senr., Jacoby junr., Janson, Jennings, A. H. Jones, Keys,
W. F. Kirby, Lloyd, Lucas, Main, Martineau (2), F. Merrifield, Morley,

B. G. Nevinson, VV. Nicholson, G. T. Porritt, W. Sharp, Shelford, A.
Sich, Skinner, Smith, South, Step, H. J. Turner, J. W. Tutt, J. H.
Tutt, C. 0. Waterhouse, E. A. Waterhouse, F. H. Waterhouse, W.
West, etc. After supper the host proposed " The King," reminding
the visitors of the fact that this was the anniversary of the King's
accession. In further moving the toast of "The Entomological
Club," Mr. Verrall briefly noted that this was the 31st occasion on
which it had been his privilege and pleasure to meet them. He
pointed out that there was some misconception as to the membership
of the club which, limited to eight full members, had, however, power
to elect a limited number of suitable honorary members, who should
be ready to fill the place of any vacancy which might occur in the
roll of full members, and that there was now room for the election of
a few hon. members " of the right sort." He had, he said, recently
seen the old Entomological Club cabinet and the curator, Mr. Lowne,
and he reported that the collection seemed to be in good order, and
that Mr. Lowne, after being custodian so long, desired still to retain
the care of the cabinet during his lifetime. Mr. Verrall pointed out
that he himself had borrowed some of the diptera, and that there were
many very important and useful insects still contained in it. At the
close of a very happy speech, Mr. F. du Cane Godman briefly proposed
" Our Host — Mr. Verrall," to which the latter humorously replied.
A few splendid selections on the violin by Mr. Jacoby, accompanied
by his son on the piano, were very much appreciated. Those who had
long distances to traval began to leave soon after 10 p.m., but a large
contingent of those living or staying in town, enjoyed themselves till
well towards midnight.

At the meeting of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological
Society, held on January 21st, a paper was read by Mr. F. N. Pierce,
F.E.S., entitled "Notes on the structure of Malacosoma hybr. schau-
fussi (M. castrensis x M. neustria)." The paper was admirably
illustrated by microscopic preparations of the insects named, as well as
of iii. franconica, shown upon the screen by the aid of the micro-
lantern. The author pointed out that, unlike the usual mixture of
male and female genitalia obtaining in the case of hybrids, the sexes
of schaufussi possessed unmixed organs proper to the respective sexes.
From a consideration of the details of the structure of the hybrid
moths, they are seen to combine the distinguishing features of each of
the parent species, though perhaps leaning more toward neustria.
The scales also showed modification, being intermediate in form and
size between those of the parents from the same part of the wing.
[For details of this hybrid, and the allied hybrids caradjae and penzigi,
see The Natural History of British Lepidoptera, ii., pp. 524-526.]

SOCIETIES. 51

At the same meeting, the Rev. T. B. Eddrupp exhibited melanic
Agrotis agathina from the West Riding of Yorkshire, whilst Mr.
Mansbridge also showed melanic specimens of the same species from
Delamere, for comparison with those exhibited by Mr. Eddrupp; they
were seen to be more smoky in ground colour than the West Riding
specimens, appearing quite dull beside them.

At the Annual meeting of the Entomological Society of London, held
on January 23rd, the retiring president, Mr. F. Merrifield, delivered an
interesting address, in which he discussed some of the causes of the
persistent abundance or scarcity, generally or locally, of species and
varieties of insects, and the relative importance of the consumption
of their food and the attacks of their enemies. Reference was made
to striking characters that seemed of no biological importance, to
habits and activities not directly concerned with nutrition or repro-
duction, and the manner in which they are affected by external con-
ditions, and to structure and fixed habits indicating their ancestral
history, and affecting their present capabilities.

Can any reader refer us to any record relating to the habits of the
young larvae of Melitaea athalia? Is there any evidence bearing out
the statement that they are gregarious when young, as noted by Mr.
South'?

A most suggestive paper by Dr. T. A. Chapman, on " Progressive
Melanism," as exhibited in Hastida hyerana, is appearing in the Ent.
Mo. Mag.

Mr. Luff, in the same magazine, makes a long series of additions to
the Hymenoptera-Aculeata occurring in Guernsey. Of these Di<><L>-
notus friesei* Kohl., Coelioseys afra, Lep., appear to be the most
interesting. Mr. E. Saunders points out the peculiar fact that whilst
Coelioosys afra is associated with Mc/jachile argentata in Guernsey,
( 'oelioxys brevis is associated with it in Jersey.

Mr. E. Saunders adds Halt tens brevieomis, Schrank, to the British
fauna, from specimens found between Southbourne and Hengistbury
Head, in July, 1906, and at Eastbourne, August, 1906.

_The Hon. N. C. Rothschild describes Typhlopsylla isacantkus, a
flea new to the British fauna, from a ? taken on Hypudaeus
glareolv*, at Lyndhurst, in December, 1906.

SOCIETIES.

City of London Entomological Society. — January 1st, 1907. —

PoCKKT BOX EXHIBITION. DwARF LEPIDOPTERA. — A bllOfl n;i 11 y Small spvei-

mens, including Agrotis puta, A. saucia, Plusia gamma, /'. chrysitis, and
Mam extra brassicae, taken at sugar in September, 1906, which the
exhibitor attributed to the exceptionally dry and hot season, Rev. C.
R. N. Burrows. Poll* cm. — From moor near Whitby, in -August.
The species was abundant on the dark stone walls common in this
district, but no dark specimens were seen, Mr. S. J. Bell. Aoronygta
menyanthidis.— Very dark specimens from York. Mr II. M. Edlesten.
Brenthis selene. — From Ashdown Forest, including a J with
confluent marginal spots, and a $ much suffused with black spots,
Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor. Polyom.m virs corydon, l\ bellargus, 1'. coarus
(alexis), and Plebeius .egon. — Long series arranged to demonstrate
parallel variation in these species, Dr. G. G. S. Hodgson. Thyatika

52 the entomologist's record.

batis. — Two specimens, one fromEpping, with intensified pink colora-
tion, the other from the New Forest, with this colour entirely lacking,
the latter respresenting the rare Linnean type, Mr. L. A. E. Sabine.
iEoERiA chrysidiformis, from Folkestone ; Aporia crat^egi, from East
Kent, July 10th, 1906, and Lytta vesicatoria, which was found in
abundance near Dover, at the same date, Mr. V. E. Shaw. January
15th. — Exhibits. — TjEniocampa pulverulenta (cruda) var. haggerti,
Tutt, Mr. J. A. Clark. Thera variata, with interrupted central
fascia, from Rannoch. Phragmatobia fuliginosa var. borealis, from
the same locality, Mr. E. A. Cockayne. Hemerophila abruptaria. — •
Melanic examples from Clapton ; Nonagria geminipuncta, from
Enfield ; N. typh^e and N. cann^e, from the Norfolk Broads, Mr. H.
Edlesten. Aricia agestis ab. ornata, from Surrey, with var. alpina?
and var. obsoleta, from Aberdeen, Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor. Melanic
specimens of about twenty species, including Cymatophora duplaris
and Acronicta leporina, from Cornwall and Lancashire ; Pharetra
rumicis, from Westmorland and Barnsley ; and Aplecta nebulosa,
from Cornwall, Epping, and Delamere, Mr. A. Harrison. Melanic
specimens of many species including Stauropus fagi, Boarmia con-
sortaria, Odontopera bidentata, and Boarmia abietaria, to illustrate
a paper on melanism, Mr. L. W. Newman. Phragmatobia fuliginosa,
from Rannoch, including a specimen with black abdomen and hind-
wings, Mr. L. A. E. Sabine. Lymantria monacha — Two melanic and
one intermediate specimen bred from dark Hull $ , and Hyloicus
pinastri, bred from Arlington, Suffolk, Mr. H. B. Whitehouse. [The
question of melanic L. monacha, from Hull, is an interesting one to
Yorkshire lepidopterists (see Ent. Bee, iii., pp. 257 et seq. — Ed.]

South London Entomological Society. — December 13th 1906. —
Exhibits. — Anticlea rubidata. — A series from Cornwall and Devon-
shire. The former less red and generally greyer than usual, also a
bred series of Chesias spartiata, Messrs. Harrison and Main.
Limenitis sibylla, from Arundel, Mr. Garrett. Bithys (Thecla)
quercUs. — Ova in situ below the winter buds of oak, from Ranmore
common, Messrs. Rayward and Tonge. Tinea pallescentella, with
Gelechia pinguinella and Borkhausenia pseudospretella for com-
parison, Mr. A. Sich. Laphygma exigua. — A long series of bred
specimens, with captured specimens for comparison, also a living
specimen of Stauropus fagi for comparison, which emerged on
December 9th, Mr. Newman. Pieris brassice. — With the discal
spot connected with the apical patch, also a bred series of Melit.ea
athalia, and a series of Plusia moneta, bred from larva? found in his own
garden at Leatherhead,Mr. Carpenter. January 10th, 1907. — Exhibits.
— Cidaria miata. — Showing much variation in tone and mottling,
bred from New Forest ova, Messrs. Harrison and Main. Notodonta
chaonia*. — A large number of bred specimens to exhibit! the range of
variation in colour and markings, Mr. Newman. Epinephele ianira. —
With the usual tawny markings straw-coloured and somewhat
extended, Mr. R. Adkin. Ccenonympha pamphilus, from Chipstead,
with pale patches on all four wings, and a series of Aglais urtice,
showing restricted blue lunules in specimens from Engleberg and
Lapland, Mr. H. J. Turner.

Vol. XIX.

Plate III.

Photo F. N. Clark.

Pupal skin and hairs of Loweia (Chrysophanus) amphidamas x 200.
The Entom. Record, etc., 1907.

NOTES ON THE GENUS AGDISTIS, HB. 53

Notes on the genus Agdistis, Hb., with description of a new
species (Agdistis sphinx, WIsm.).

By the Right Hon. Lord WALSINGHAM, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.

The genus Agdistis, Hb., includes about seventeen species, for the
most part almost impossible to identify from published descriptions,
and always extremely difficult to separate, especially when represented
by poor specimens, or by merely a few examples. The form and
pattern is remarkably similar in all, and, with only two exceptions,
the general colouring of the forewings is practically the same. The
two, which may be at once recognised by their distinctly darker tint,
are Agdistis adactyla, Hb., and A. satanas. Mill. The Zeller Collection
contains thirteen specimens of adactyla, and I have others, but am
personally unacquainted with the larva, which feeds on Artemisia
campestris, and in Ann. Soc. Ent. Er., i., 250 (1832), it is said to occur
on Chenopodium fruticosum, Of A. satanas I have a small series of
twelve, sent me by the late M. Milliere, who swept larva?, some of
which I also possess, from mixed herbage at Cannes, ultimately
determining the foodplant as Scabiosa cdndicans. Eppelsheim, who
recorded this insect for the first time from Germany, found two larva?
on Scleranthus, sp., which did not agree with those of adactyla, and
which he thought belonged to satanas, because found on the spot
where he had taken it. In this connection it may be mentioned that
Bruand, in 1858, had described his A. delphinenselld, as being darker
than any figure published by Herrich-Schaffer. The figure of adactyla,
in Herrich-Schaffer's ScKm. Eur. (pi. vii., 47), is certainly too pale to
represent our present idea of that species. Rebel suggests that
satanas unci delphinenselld may possibly be identical, but it seems at
least equally probable that the latter is truly the more widely
distributed adactyla, Hb., and it would certainly be still unsafe to sink
Milliere's name in its favour. A. satanas is smaller, and usually
darker than adactyla, the larva? is one of those with raised thoracic
tubercles, and has rather strong bristles on the small tuberculated
dorsal spots.

Milliere also described two species, A. staticis and A. lerinsis, as
feeding on " Statice cm-data " (a name not mentioned in Bonnier and
de Layen's Flore de la France). He assured me that staticis was to
be found always about a month earlier than lerinsis, although on the
same plants and in the same locality. He sent me larvae and living
specimens of both, in glass tubes, by post, but, so far as the imagines
were concerned, I was never able to distinguish them satisfactorily,
and, after carefully labelling bred specimens, I always suspected some
confusion among the pupae and perfect insects received from him. It
was of course impossible to deny that the larva; were absolutely
distinct ; of these, lerinsis, properly emended to lerinensis by Rebel (( 'at.
hep. Pal., ii., 77, no. 1422), is tuberculated as in frankeniae, Z.. while
staticis is smooth as in benneUi, Curt., with which it might easily be con-
fused. A. bennetii is one of the few lepidoptera which can so far claim
to be exclusively British, and it was with no small surprise that, in 1903,
1 fiiuiid larva', apparently (indistinguishable from those of this species,
on its foodplant Statin' Umonium, at Hammam-es-Salahin, in Algeria,
from which I bred a single specimen (88818), certainly paler than our
bennetii, but otherwise somewhat similar. When again at Biskra Lasl
M.vkch 15th, 1907.

54 the entomologist's kecord.

winter, I searched diligently for more of these larvae, and succeeded in
finding them not uncommonly in three separate localities— Ain-Oumash,
Hammam-es-Salahin, and Oued-Biskra near the town itself. In this
latter place, with it, were some tuberculated larvse which were at once
recognised as Milliere's lerinensis. My first impression was that here
was a most abnormal instance of a dimorphic larva, but this has been
amply dispelled by breeding a series of both species rather larger
than the Cannes specimens, and perfectly distinguishable from each
other. After careful comparison it is now evident that, in the Sahara,
we find, not the English bennetii, but Milliere's two species statin's
and lerinensis, feeding side by side on the same plant and at the same
time ; a remarkable confirmation of their first published discovery on
the lies Lerins, near Cannes.

In addition to these there are found at Biskra three other species,
A. tamaricis, Z., A. frankeniae, Z., abundant, and a fine new species
on Limoniastnun guyonianum which I propose to call Agdistis sphinx,
from the curious resemblance of the larva to a young larva of one of
the Sphingidae, the protruding tubercle above the head having exactly
the appearance of an anal horn, while the attenuation of the body
posteriorly represents the form of a Sphingid larva in the reverse
position. I confess to having been entirely deceived by this
appearance in the first specimen taken at Biskra in 1903.

The new species may be described as follows : —

1427: 1. Agdistis sphinx, sp. n.

Antennae less than one-half; pale, slaty cinereous. Palpi short, rather
roughly clothed, suberect, projecting but little beyond the frontal tuft; pale, slaty
cinereous, with a few blackish scales. Head and Thorax pale, slaty cinereous.
Forewings narrow, elongate, widening outward ; pale, slatycinereous, sparsely
sprinkled with blackish scales, except upon the paler triangular space, representing
the longitudinal fold, which is conspicuous ; on the outer third of the costa are
four elongate, blackish, spots, in two pairs, the space between them paler than the
ground-colour of the wing ; at the inverted apex of the pale triangular space is a
strong blackish spot, followed along the lower edge of the same space by two
smaller ones, the first elongate, the second shorter, and placed about half-way
between the apex and the base of the pale triangle; at the tornus is also a blackish
spot, reaching more faintly through the cilia, with two others on the lower half of
the termen ; cilia pale, inclining to ochreous, their outer half slightly greyer than
their base. Exp. al. 29-35mm. Hindwings rather shining, pale greyish cinereous,
the veins slightly darkened, with a slight greyish fuscous marginal shade above, at,
and beyond, the flexus ; cilia as in the forewings, but paler towards the apex.
Abdomen greyish cinereous. Legs pale, slaty cinereous. Type 9 (97326); i (97327);
© (97328-31); Mus. Wlsm.

Hab : Algeria — constantine — Ain-Oumash, Hammam-es-Salahin, Oued-
Biskra. Larva Limoniastrum guyonianum, II. -III. ; 8-9, V. 1894 (Eaton) ; 30.
III. -2. IV. 1903; 9-30. IV. (excl. 10-16. IV.), 1904; excl. 10. IV.-ll. V. 1906
(Wlsm.). Twenty-seven specimens.

Larva variable in colour, usually pale glaucous green (similar to the leaves of
the foodplant which it further resembles by the presence of minute paler phnples
over the whole surface) ; prothorax with a short, raised, truncate, tubercular pro-
jection, covering the head when at rest ; metathorax with a longer and more
pointed projection directed obliquely forward and pimpled on its surface ; a whitish
spiracular line runs from behind the prothorax to the anal segment, and the
anterior segments are stouter than the posterior, to which the size of the body
gradually tapers. Long. 19mm. Some specimens are reddish grey throughout
and intermediate tints are to be found.

The larva feeds exposed on the leaves of Limoniastrum guyonianum in February
and March, and the perfect insects are to be found from the beginning of April to
the end of May. It is common at and in the neighbourhood of Biskra.

Its nearest ally is probably Ac/distis paralia, Z., which I have taken

THE PUPAL SKIN AND HAIRS OF LOWEIA (CHRYSOPHANUS) AMPHIDAMAS. 55

near Cadiz, where larvae, unfortunately not reared, but almost certainly
belonging to it, occurred on Limoniastrum monopetalum in salt-marshes.
It is a rather dark species, somewhat resembling adactyla, Hb., but
larger, and surely the manicataoi Staudinger, associated in the original
description with the above-mentioned plant, but erroneously regarded
by Rebel (Stgr.-Rbl., Cat., ii., 77, no. 1424) as " adactyla, Hb. 32-34;
? manicata, Stgr."

Dr. Rebel is also mistaken (Stgr.-Rbl., Cat., ii., 77, no. 1422) in
making A. lerinensis, Mill., a synonym of heydenii, Z. I have bred
the latter from larvae found commonly on Atriplex halimus, and less
often on Asparagus, at Cannes, and Milliere gave Euphorbia spinosa as
another of its foodplants. This is certainly more nearly allied to
frankeniae, Z., than to lerinensis, Mill., whereas the latter approaches
exceedingly near to meridionalis, Z. I have met with meridionals in
Corsica, but far from Tamarix, with which shrub Zeller was inclined
to associate it.

Our knowledge of A. sanctaehelenae, E. Wlstn., canariensis, Rbl.,
pustulalis, Wkr., ingens, Chr., minima, Wlstn., and nanodes, Meyr., is
at present too elementary to admit of bringing these species into useful
comparison with their European congeners, but I have at least one
undoubted specimen of tamaricis, Z., from the Cape-de-Verdes Islands,
and others from Cape Colony, which cannot be distinguished from it ;
while further specimens in poor condition come from Arabia, Karachi
(N.W. India), and from Accra and Bathurst (W. Africa).

The Pupal skin and hairs of Loweia (Chrysophanus) amphidamas

(with plate).

By De. T. A. CHAPMAN.
This pretty little pupa very much resembles that of Hamearis
(Senieobius) Incina in its pale colour, studded with black spots in the
positions characteristic of so many Lycaenid pupaa. Its fine sculpturing
is also interesting. The appendages have only waved lines, not unlike
those of the rest of the surface. Everywhere else, however, these
waved lines are dependences of points, similar to those on other
Chrysophanids. They have a central small point, never by any chance
developed into a hair, a larger centre, with some trace of radiate
structure, and a larger outside circle ; from these, waved ridges proceed
in four or five directions, often further dividing ; they are often
continuous from one point to another, but often, and over some regions
always, fail to meet, but lose themselves on the general surface by
fading out. The trumpet-hairs arise from bases like ordinary hairs,
always independently of the ordinary points and ridges. They are of
unusual form ; they have astern, but, instead of a more or less disc-like
top, they divide and subdivide into branches, sometimes dichotomously,
more often irregularly, the final branches ending in groups of spicules.
They look like portions of some lichen, or coral, or deer's horn. Tbey
are only 004mm. high and across, and are very transparent, so that
the figure shown from the photograph, though successful, t^ives ;i less
satisfactory idea of their appearance than one might wish. Round the
spiracles arc numerous "lenticles," in size and general appearance
very like the general surface-points and the hair-bases, hntdistin
able at once by the membrane filling the lumen being studded with
fine dots.

56 the entomologist's record.

The Identity of the British Nonagria neurica {with plate).

By H. M. EDELSTEN, F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 37.)

Knaggs mentions (Ent. Ann., 1865, p. 99) that Doubleday did
not recognise the name arundineta bestowed on the insect which had
hitherto gone in our cabinets by the name of neurica, he also refers to
Schmidt and Staudinger.

In 1869, Staudinger confirms N. neurica, Hb., as a separate species
and makes N. dissoluta, Tr., the type, hessii, Bdv., a synonym, and
arundineta, Sch., a variety. Staudinger writes (Stett. Ent. Ztg., xxx.,
p. 88): " Nona<jria neurica, Hb., dissoluta, Tr., arundineta, Schmidt. —
In Ochsenheimer's collection there is a genuine neurica, Hb., fig. 381,
designated as such by a label written with his own hand. Underneath a
typical a rundineta, Schmidt, isplaced, and provided with a label, on which
is the following, written in Ochsenheimer's handwriting : ' An eadem
cum prrecedente? sub nomine Noctua dissoluta.' In Treitschke's
collection there are, under the label neurica, five specimens, the first
of which is a neurica, Hb., 381, the second, third and fourth are
arundineta, Schmidt, and the fifth is the dark variety of neurica, Hb.,
figs. 650-661, subsequently, hessii, Boisd. It appears in the most
striking manner from this, as well as from what Treitschke says
about neurica (Die Schmett. , ii., p. 319), that Treitschke united all the three
varieties, while Ochsenheimer had already correctly surmised the latter
to be another species, viz., arundineta (so well characterised by my
friend Schmidt, of Wismar, in the Stett. Ent. Ztg., 1858, pp. 369 et seq.).
The name dissoluta, however, must only remain for the dark variety
of arundineta (as that is certainly only what it is), for Hiibner's figs.
659-661, and for hessii, Boisd., as Treitschke, when giving this name
(p. 319), only means the dark variety. Now, to proceed consistently,
the name dissoluta, Tr., must remain as the typical name for the sake
of priority, and arundineta, Schmidt, must be added as a variety ;
although this black dissoluta, Tr., is now exceedingly rare, and has not
been found since the death of old Hess. I do not know whether, and
in what condition, the light variety of arundineta is found near
Darmstadt ; Schmidt never found the dark variety near Wismar."

Newman describes (Brit. Moths, p. 271, fig. 458) arundineta, and
figures arundineta and dissoluta, gives Treitschke's description of the
larva, and says this insect is the N. neurica of Doubleday's list, and
goes on to say " the lower figure represents the variety dissoluta of
Treitschke; this is the neurica of Hiibner, figs. 659-661, and the
hessii of Boisduval. The upper figure is the neurica of Treitschke."

In 1888-9, Tutt says (Ent. Mo. Mar/., xxv., pp. 56-7) the synonymy
should be : —

Nonagria neurica, Hb., Sta.

(a) var. dissoluta, Tr.

(b) var. arundineta, Schmidt.

In 1891, the same writer, in his British Noctuae, i., p. 49, calls the
species neurica, says two of his specimens, which came from Mr.
Warren, from Cambridge, agree exactlj' with neurica, Hb., also says
most of our specimens = arundineta, Schmidt; he also describes
dissoluta as a var. of neurica. In the same work (iv., p. 101) he
criticises Schmidt and Staudinger again, says we get neurica, Hb., also

THE IDENTITY OF THE BRITISH NONAGRIA NEURICA. 57

arundineta, Schmidt, but no longer get dissoluta ; shortly, he makes
neurica, Hb., the type, with dissoluta and arundineta as vars.

Buckler, under neurica, describes and figures (Larvae, dr., iv.,
pt. 1, pp. 40-41, and pi. lxi) the larva of arundineta.

In 1895, Meyrick calls (Handbook, etc., p. 110) the species dissoluta,
Tr., and gives arundineta, Schmidt, and neurica, Dup., as synonyms.

In 1899, Barrett calls (Brit. Lep., v., p. 90, pi. 196, fig. 1, la, lb,
and larva lc) the species neurica, and describes arundineta, giving
British localities, and then says : "Abroad it is found in many parts
of northern, central, and western Germany, and probably in suitable
places in Holland, Switzerland, and Russia, but this is not very clear,
since there seems to be a probability that its localities are sometimes
confused with those of A7, arundineta, Schmidt, and dissoluta, Tr."
Then, after giving Buckler's description of the larva, he says : "It is
of importance to note this (the description), as the description by
Wilde, quoted by Dr. Hofmann, does not agree very closely." Nor
does it, as Wilde was describing the larva of neurica, and Buckler
larva? of arundineta; but, if Barrett had referred to Wilde he would no
doubt have called the insect he was describing var. arundineta.

In 1901, Staudinger and Bebel (Catalog, 3rd ed., no. 1896),
make neurica, a species, describe it as " species gracilior, subtus immacu-
lata," and give Britain as a locality. In no. 1897, they make dissoluta
a species, describe it as "alis anticis obscurus : ab.," and give Germany
only as its locality. While in no. 1897A, they make arundineta a var. of
dissoluta, describe it as " alis anticis pallidis, stramineo griseis," giving
Britain as a locality among others. There is no doubt that Staudinger
and Rebel are right except for their British references. Their synonymy
reads : —

Neurica, Hb., 381; Schmidt, " Stett. Ent, Ztg.," 1858, p. 367 ; ?Tr., v., 2,
p. 319 {pro parte) ; Tutt, " Brit. Noct.," i., 49 ; Barr., " Brit. Lep.," v., t. 196, fig. 1
(species gracilior, subtus immaculata). Germany s. et c. oc, Angl., Sweden,
? Austria, Transsylvania.

Dissoluta, Tr., v, 2, 319 (1825); Gn, i., 100; Stgr., "Stett. Ent. Ztg.," 1869,
88. Neurica, Hb., G59-61 (non 381). Hessii, Bdv., " Gen.," p. 134 (1840) (alis
anticis obscuris : ab.). Germany m. oc. (olim.).

var. arundineta, Schmidt, " Stett. Ent. Zeit.," 1858, 309 ; Knaggs, " Ent. Ann.,"
1805, p. 99 ; tusurica, Dup., yii., 100, 2 ; H.-S., 347-8 ; Gn., i., 106 ; Tr., v., 2, 319
(pro parte) (alis anticis pallidis, stramineo griseis). Germany s. et m. oc, Helv.
Holland, England, Denmark, Russia m. or., Persia, Transcaspia.

Now we see from all this that neurica, Hb., is one species, and
dissoluta and its var. arundineta another, and then comes the important
question — Do we get neurica, Hb., in Britain ? Mr. Tutt said we did,
but I cannot help thinking that he was unable to get true X. neurica,
Hb., from the continent to compare with his Cambridge specimens, or
he would not have said that Hiibner's fig. 381 = our insect. Then
again the larva of the insect we get in England from Cambridgeshire,
Norfolk, Kent, etc., is of the dirty white colour, with a reddish tinge
on the back, as described by Wilde and Buckler, and does not agree
with Wilde's description of the larva of neurica, which is of dull
bluish-grey, and has three stripes on the back ; and the pupa of our
insect agrees with Wilde's figure of arundineta. So the answer, in my
opinion, is that we do not get N. neurica, Hb., in Britain at all, but
only A', dissoluta, Tr., and its variety arundineta, Schmidt. Now as
regards the synonymy of our insect it should, in my opinion, read : —

58 the entomologist's record.

Nonagria, Ochs.

dissolnta, Tr., Gn., Stgr.(=neurlca, Hb., 659-61 (nee 381); =liessii, Bdv.).
var. arundineta, Schmidt.

which means that we must make the black form the type, and
arundineta a variety. This is one of those curious instances in which
the type is rarer than the variety.

I should like now to make a few remarks on the life-history
of arundineta. I find that the only stage in which this insect
has not been described is the egg-stage. Egg. — The eggs that
are photographed (pi. ii., figs. 11-12) were laid between August 9th
and 20th, within the sheathing leaf of a dead reed stem,
about half-way down, in parallel rows, about 50-60 in a batch.
They were like a flattened sphere, or coin-shaped, sides straight,
with parallel grooves, of a dirty white colour and marked
with numerous brownish specks. When first laid they are white,
but get rather darker after a few days. They are covered with
a glutinous substance giving them a shiny appearance. Breadth
•794mm. They go over the winter, and, on April 26th, I noticed
they began to turn a mauve colour, whilst, on April 28th, the first
larva appeared. Larva. — It was 3mm . long, of a shiny dirty white colour ;
head black, and with a blackish plate on the prothoracic and anal
segments, and under a strong lens the pinkish line down its back was
distinctly visible. The larvae were very restless and wandered all over
the place. I put them on a reed leaf, when they walked down it to the
stem, and, when they arrived at the base of the leaf, they began to gnaw
into the stem. I have never found more than one in a stem, and it
will continue to live in the same reed, if the latter is a large one,
feeding on the inner cuticle, working upwards, and filling the inside
with frass, until ready to pupate, when it bites a hole in the stem
and crawls downwards. They never pupate in a living reed but
always enter an old one or a short broken bit of reed. The larva
enters the latter by eating a hole in the stem, generally a little
above a joint and right at the base of the reed stem, and makes
the hole for the moth to emerge from right on the joint at the
surface of the reed bed, gnawing right through the stem and only leaving
the thinnest skin over the hole. The larva then crawls upwards till it
comes to the next joint, and here it pupates, head downwards. I
cannot help thinking that there must be some mistake in Buckler's
account, as given by Barrett, of the larvse sent him by Lord Walsingham.
He says: "May to the beginning of July in the stem of the
common reed, feeding in the upper green portions where they are
sheathed with green leaves ; here a space is eaten out, of a foot in
length, and a small circular hole is cut in the side." This sounds more
like the larva of Calamia phragmitidis, unless the larva? were about to
pupate and had eaten a hole to leave the stem by. Dr. F. D. Wheeler
says " this larva feeds also low down in the stems of the large reeds,
and always seems too slender for its home," which is much nearer
the mark. There is a description and figure of the pupa in Wilde,
so I do not propose to deal with it. As regards the imagines, they
generally begin to appear about July 24th, and continue to do so till
about August 15th-20th. The males hatch just about 6 o'clock in the
evening and the females rather later. At dark the males run up and
down the reeds searching for the females, and I have often seen a male

NOTES FROM THE WYE VALLEY \ LEPIDOPTERA IN 1906. 59

pair with a female even before her wings had half finished developing.
Now this is rather an important fact as it confirms what Schmidt said
about a neurica refusing to pair with an arundineta. Copulation is
generally over by 10 o'clock when the males fly strongly for about
an hour.

The insect was first taken in this country at Yaxley Fen, in 1847,
by Mr. F. Bond, and soon afterwards it was taken there commonly,
as well as at Whittlesea Mere, until they were drained. The black ones
also came from Yaxley and, I believe, were not taken again until they
were re-discovered, during the last few years, in Suffolk and Kent. The
species also occurs in Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, Suffolk,
Kent, Essex, Middlesex, Lancashire, and Germany, Switzerland,
Holland, Denmark, Russia, Persia, and Transcaspia.

The differences between neurica, Hb., and arundineta may be noted
as follows : —

NKURIOA. ARUNDINETA.

Collar white. Collar same colour as body.

Central streak blackish, contain- Central streak blackish, no white

ing three white dots, the outer dots, central spot black, encir-

one forming the central spot. cled, or partly so, with white.

Underside quite plain, with no Underside showing the central

markings. spots and marginal lunules.

1 am deeply indebted to Mr. Prout for his help with the transla-
tions from the German, to Herr Piingeler, of Aachen, for sending me
specimens of neurica and arundineta, and also to Mr. Bowles and the
Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, for much valuable assistance.

The photographs 1 to 4, 6 to 9, and 11 to 12, were taken by Mr.
F. Noad Clark ; nos. 5 and 10 (undersides) by H. M. Edelsten.

Explanation of Plate II.

1. N. neurica, Hb., 3 , taken by Schmidt himself.

2. N. neurica, Hb., 3 , from Professor Stange.
3-4. N. neurica, Hb., ? , from Professor Stange.

5. N. neurica, Hb., 3 (underside), taken by Schmidt himself.

(J. N. dissoluta var. arundineta, Schmidt, 3 , taken by Schmidt himself.

7. N. dissoluta var. arundineta, Schmidt, ? , taken by Schmidt himself.

8. N. dissoluta var. arundineta , Schmidt, 3 , from Norfolk Broads.

9. N. dissoluta var. arundineta , Schmidt, ? , from Central Asia.

10. A', dissoluta var. arundineta, Schmidt, 3 (underside), from Norfolk

Broads. Slightly enlarged.

11. Ova in sih'i of .V. dissoluta var. arundineta, Schmidt, from Norfolk

Broads.

12. Ova in situ of N. dissoluta var. arundineta, Schmidt, from Norfolk

Hi-. acK. Enlarged x 15 diameters.

Notes from the Wye Valley : Lepidoptera in 1906.

By J. F. BIRD.

From what I can gather from the entomological magazines, the
past season appears to have been a very fair one on the whole, with a
good sprinkling of rarities. Perhaps our luck was out, at any rate we
shall remember the year 190(5 as one of the worst we have experienced
since living in the country. I must own that the Diurni were fairly
plentiful, but we found the Heterocera, especially the Geometrides,
quite below the average. The season began early, and light soon
attracted several of the early species. Sallow, also, was attractive, and

60 the entomologist's record.

we really thought we were going to have a splendid year, but, before
the end of May, we were beginning to feel rather dispirited, for dusking
was anything but exciting, and beating for Geometrides very unprofit-
able. In June we tried treacling, but soon gave it up in despair when
we found that the Noctuides were " not taking any thank you." It
must be the flowers, we said. So Centranthus ruber, honeysuckle, etc.,
were assiduously watched and plenty of the common Plusiids netted,
but hardly any of the treacle-frequenting moths noticed. We then
tried honeydew, there was plenty of it, but, alas ! honeydew was no
good at all. I was not surprised, for I have noticed that when treacle
is a failure it is not the slightest good working honeydew, which is
only attractive when treacling is lucrative. I wonder if this is the
experience of other collectors. So sped the months up to the end of
August. The treacle-pot was again brought out and we found matters
had improved a little. Common moths turned up fairly well, so we
had hopes that something really worth taking would join the feast.
Again we were disappointed, only the common moths turned up in
rapidly diminishing numbers until the middle of September, when
treacle was again quite useless. We could only hope that the good
things we had waited so patiently for would appear at ivy blossom,
but, with the exception of one specimen of Peridroma saucia, the few
moths that did come were only the usual common autumn species.

Diurni. — I have already recorded (antea, vol. xviii., pp. 277 et seq.)
the butterflies met with in the Wye Valley last season, up to the end of
October, and so will only mention here the few noticed since, to com-
plete my records for the whole year: — Vanessa io, November 2nd;
Pyrantels atalanta, November 3rd ; and A//lais urticae, November 10th.

Heterocera. — One of the Sphinx ligustri bred last year was from a
larva I found at Llandogo, on ash. When first found it was curious
in having a pink and shagreened horn, which fussed us greatly. A day
or two later it moulted, the last change but one, if I remember rightly,
when it appeared with its caudal appendage smooth and shining, and
of the correct black hue. In confinement it declined to eat ash, but
fed up to an enormous size on privet, the resulting imago being a 5 ,
measuring a shade over 4^ inches. A fullfed larva of Eumorpha
elpenor was found in my brother's garden, crawling along the ground,
preparatory to burying. Anthrocera trifolii and A. tilipendulaewe saw,
for the first time, in this district. They both made their appearance
in the same field, one we have collected in since 1904, and we are
hoping they will be able to establish themselves there. The first-
named was noted from June 12th to mid-July, whilst the last-
named, which was scarcer than the former, was not seen until
July 14th, when A. trifolii was practically over. I also took two
very large specimens of A. filipendulae by the roadside, near Gloucester,
on July 3rd, which have remarkably broad borders to the hindwings.
Although I searched carefully I could find no more. Only one Hepialus
hectus was met with at Tintern, in a wood, but H. lupulinus, //. sylvinus,
and H. humuli were as common as usual. Nola confusalis was rather
common in our orchard on the trunks of the fruit-trees, and one was
found on the upperside of a bramble leaf, close to the droppings of a
bird, to which it had a remarkable likeness. Nudaria mundana is
always plentiful. The best way to find the larvae is to search the sides

NOTES FROM THE WYE VALLEY '. LEPIDOPTERA IN 1906. 61

of suitable stone walls at night with a lamp, in May and June, when
they may be found in abundance. Lithosia luvideola was the only other
Lithosiid met with ; it is not common here. Euchelia jacobaeae turned up
as usual, and Nemeophtta plantaginu met with for the first time and two
captured. One fullfed larva of Phragmatobia fuliginosa was all that was
found of this species, on the last day of July, the spinning up taking place
next day. In May, Dasychira pudibunda was bred from a larva found
on beech at Llandogo ; it is not so common here as in Sussex. The
larva? of Demas coryli I have found sparingly every year on beech, and,
although they change into healthy-looking pupae, I have not yet suc-
ceeded in breeding a single imago. Do they lie over several winters? I
ask, because my pupae look healthy and are still lissom. Will somebody
be kind enough to tell me whether they require any special treatment ? *
In December, Poecilocampa populi was scarce; only two £ s turned up,
both being attracted by light. A few larvae of Drepana falcataria, D.
lacertinaria, and Notodonta dromeda/rim were found in August and
September, and AT. dromedarius and Lophopterysc camelina bred in the
early part of the year. In 1905, examples of the second brood of the
last two, as well as Pterostoma palpina, were obtained. The larvae of
THcranura v inula are usually rather common on our poplars, but last
year not a single one was seen. Gonophora derasa was another of the
absentees, and Thyatira batis very scarce. Cymatophora diluta was
rather common at treacle in September, and the larvae of Asphalia
flavicomis abundant in May and June. One small larva of Acronicta
leporina was found on alder, but, unfortunately, refused to eat in
confinement. Triaena psi was seen on tree-trunks, and ( 'uspidia
megacephala noticed in the larval state on poplar. The two broods of
A. rum ids are usually plentiful at treacle, but scarcely one turned up
last year. Even Agrotis exclamationis neglected the treacled trees, but
was noticed more often at C entrant Jiua ruber. Triphaena pronuba and
'/'. orbona were also scarce at treacle, and only one T. fimbria made its
appearance. A few T. janthina were taken at flowers, and larvae
obtained in the spring on honeysuckle with those of T. orbona, Noctua
festiva, etc. ZV. dahlii (one), and N. brunnea were taken at dusk, and
N. plecta and AT. rubi at treacle. Heliophobus popularis occurred at
light more freely than we have before known it here. Aplecta nebidosa,
Hadena ihalassina, and //. dentina were all scarce. A few Dianthoecia
capsincola were bred and more larvae found on sweet-william. Although
the larva? of Polia flavicincta and P. c/ri were abundant as usual, the
imagines were not nearly so common. Dryobota protect at treacle and
Miselia oxyacanthae with ab. capucina at ivy blossom, turned up
sparingly in the autumn. Luperina testacea, Xylophada rurea ab.
comhusta, and Apamea gemina were attracted into the house by light,
as was also a smoky example of A. basilinea. Hydroecia nictitans
was not nearly so abundant as usual. Pupa' of Gortyna flavago were
found in the stems of thistle and foxglove, and specimens, very variable
in size, bred. Do the larva; of Tapinostola fulva feed in the stems of
Luzula? I found it fairly common in a wood at Llandogo where
woodrush abounds. Taeniocampa gothica was quite the commonest
moth at sallow in April, T. stabilis being a good second. T. pulverulenta,

* See early vols, of Ent. Record. Several references can be obtained from
" Special Indexes " to these vols., relating to this species.

62 the entomologist's record.

T. populeti, T. incerta, T. munda, and T. gracilis were some of the other
visitors. Two specimens of T. populeti were also bred from larva? found
in 1905, when taking those of Tethea subtusa ; the latter being rather
common in that stage on poplar. Amphipyra pyramided, and A.
tragopogonis were both abundant at treacle in September. Chortodes
arcuosa was taken by my father at light, and Grammesia trigrammica
also was attracted in this way and one or two netted at dusk, but
was much rarer than in 1905. The imagines of Cosmia trapezina
were quite a nuisance in August, and we got quite tired of turning
them out of the net when mothing at dusk. Anchocelis litura
occurred sparingly at treacle in September, but A. pistacina,
usually so plentiful, was quite rare, only two specimens being seen.
Orthosia macilenta, Mellinia circellaris, Orrhodia spadicea, O. vaccinii,
and Scopelosoma satellitia were more in evidence, but not many of these
were noticed, and only single specimens of Orthosia lota and Phlogophora
meticulosa. In the spring one Xylina petrificata was taken at sallow,
and a single X. rhizolitha, found at rest on a stone wall. The latter
was the only Xylina seen in the autumn, when a few were taken at
rest, but not a single specimen seen at ivy blossom. In the spring we
bred several Xylocampa lithoriza, from larvae found in the garden, on
honeysuckle ; the first one emerging on March 1st, sixteen days before
the first wild specimen turned up at light. On September 17th, while
cycling, I noticed a moth flying wildly about in bright sunshine,
near Bigsweir Bridge, so I dismounted and watched it for a minute
or so, as it flew from one plant to another, hovering about each as if
seeking something. Eventually it flew down into the grass by the
roadside, where I managed to box it. On reaching home I found I
had secured a male specimen of Tiliacea citrago. Cucullia umbratica,
Plusia chrysitis, !'. pulchrina, P. iota, and P. gamma all frequented the
flowers in the garden, the last three plentifully. Habrostola urticae and
H. triplasia were not so common as usual, and Heliodes arbuti was
very scarce. In 1904 and 1905 we obtained Bryophila glandifera and
B. perla in small numbers, but saw neither species last year. A few
Sarrothripa revayana were netted in August and September at dusk,
and Gonoptera libatrix was common at the same time, flying backwards
and forwards in dark corners among bushes. I believe Catocala nupta
is usually considered scarce in this part of England, so it may be
worth noting their presence on telegraph poles near Monmouth.
Euclidia mi was very common in June, and, on the 12th of that month,
I captured four specimens in about five minutes, assembling to a worn
and ragged $ which was clinging to a grass stem in a field. The $ s
came up swiftly against the wind, flying very straight and low, only
just above the tops of the grass, quite unlike the wild and zigzaggy
flight of Lasiocampa quercus when seeking the female. At the end of
five minutes I found, after securing the fourth $ , that the attracting
5 had flown away. In August several of the larva? were swept, but
nearly all were "stung." The parasite that infests them is remarkable
in generally attaching its cocoon crosswise on the back of its host. This
cocoon, which is fusiform and longitudinally and irregularly ribbed, is
remarkably seed-like in appearance. The unfortunate caterpillar, after
the parasitic larva has eaten its way out, crawls restlessly about, and
lives for several days, perhaps a week, when it shrivels up. E. glyphica
was also fairly common, and several fine specimens were obtained.

NOTES FROM THE WYE VALLEY '. LEPIDOPTERA IN 1906. 63

Herminiq tarsipennalis, B.grisealis, and Hypenodes costaestrigalis were all

common in their respective haunts, and Hypena proboscidalis abundant
everywhere. Has the natural foodplant of H. costaestrigalis been dis-
covered yet ? This species is locally plentiful in damp spots in and, more
especially, on the outskirts of woods, and I have often watched the ? s
at dusk, hoping to discover one in the act of ovipositing, but without
success. They most frequently settle on grass stems in dark corners
near bushes, where they remain for several minutes without moving.
On July 4th I beat a specimen of Bomolocha fontis, and during the
last week of August found the larvae common on Vaccinium myrtillus.
One Binda sericealis was netted at dusk in July at Llandogo, the only
specimen we have met with here. On March 7th I saw the first
Brephos parthenias near Redbrook, Gloucestershire, and, on the 28th of
that month, had the pleasure of capturing a fine specimen in a wood at
Tintern, schoolboy fashion, with my cap, while it was settled and
fluttering its wings on woodrush. This handsome species was common
last year, but I only captured two, the second on April 7th at Llandogo,
when it flew down and settled almost at my feet. Urapteryx sam-
bucaria was common, but Angerona prunaria, which occurred freely in
1905, was decidedly scarce. A few Venilia macularia were taken in a
wood, but it was not common. Cabera pusaria and C. exanthemaria
males, and Bapta temerata females, were as common as usual. Have
other collectors noticed the scarcity of the females of the first two and
the males of B. temerata ' Macaria notata, Numeria pulveraria, and
Gonodontis hidentata were all scarce last year, and Panagra petraria,
though common, in much fewer numbers. Ennomos angularia, Epione
advenaria, and Metrocampa margaritata were to be obtained by beating,
and Selenia bUunaria, S. var. juliaria, and Pericallia syringaria taken
at dusk. Phigalia pedaria made its first appearance on January 25th,
at light. In May several Tephrosia crepuscularia (biundularia) were found
on iree-trunks, and one very handsome melanic specimen bred. T.
punctularia was very rare, only one specimen being met with, and T. ex-
tersaria, which was common in 1904 and scarce in 1905, was not seen at
all. Boarmia repandata was bred and also netted at dusk, but was not
common. B. rhomboidaria occurred in the garden, and one Hemero-
phila abruptaria netted at Llandogo. I do not think the latter is
common about here. Of the autumn Hyberniids, only Hybernia
defoliaria turned up, but not plentifully. H. progemmaria, II. rupi-
capraria, and H. leucophaearia were; all noted in the early part of the
year, light attracting the last named on January 80th. Anisopteryx
aescularia was bred and specimens also came to light, the first on
February 27th. Abraxas ulmata was very scarce in a locality where
we usually find it in abundance, and even A. grossulariata was not
very common last season. We have no Euonymus europaeus in our
immediate neighbourhood, and consequently have not seen much of
Ligdia adustata, but, in September, on the Gloucestershire side of the
river, near Bigsweir, I discovered plenty of these bushes and soon
found several larva?, but they were nearly all "stung." In May, larvae
of Geometra papilionaria were found on birch, and several fine specimens
bred. One example of Ephyra punctaria was beaten in a wood at
Tintern, a species we have not met with before in this district. E.
trilinearia, usually common among the beeches, was not seen at all in
the winged state, but in August the larva? were noted. On August

64

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

5th, at dusk, I watched a female Acidalia bisetata ovipositing. It
settled on the underside of an apple leaf, on the midrib, towards the
base of the leaf, and laid one ovum, attaching it to the long down on
the rib. The egg hatched on August 12th. At the end of June
Acidalia subsericeata was captured at dusk ; a species new to us.
Melanippe hastata was bred and also netted in June. It is rather fond
of the flowers of Euphorbia amygdaloides and wild hyacinth. Later on
in the season a few of the larvte were obtained from birch. M. subtristata,
M. unangvlata, M. procellata, Melanthia albicillata, and M. rubiginata
were all scarce, though usually common. Antidea badiata and A.
nigrofasciaria were met with in the spring, and both were attracted by
light ; the former also visiting the sallow. Coremia propugnata, C.
unidentaria, and Larentia didymata swarmed as usual, and C. ferrugata
and L. pectinataria seen in fewer numbers. Asthcna sylvata, A. blomeri,
and Minna euphorbiata were all much scarcer than visual, and only one
or two specimens of A. luteata, Eupisteria heparata, and Emmelesia
decolorata noticed. Cidaria miata, C. corylata, C. picata, 0. russata,
C. immanata, C. suffumata, C. silaceata, C. prunata, C. fulvata, C.
populata, and C. testata were netted at dusk or beaten. Scotosia dubitata
was very common at dusk, which, I am glad to say, Camptogramma
bilineata was not, nor does it ever swarm here as it does in Sussex.
Hypsipetes sordidata, with plenty of the smoky varieties, occurred freely,
and one lovely aberration, similar to the one depicted on pi. 369, fig.
16, in Barrett's Lepidoptera of the British Islands, but even more striking,
was netted at dusk on August 20th, in perfect condition. Cheimatobia
boreata usually turns up at light in November and December, but not a
single specimen made its appearance last year. Lobophora hexapterata
was also absent, but Ij. lobulata was not uncommon on tree-trunks at
the end of March and in April, and was also bred from sallow. Several
Chesias spartiata were taken on the windows, attracted by light, and
one C. obliquaria bred from a larva found in 1904, and so had passed
two winters as a pupa. Anaitis plagiata turned up sparingly in August
and September, and Eubolia limitata at the end of July. Eupithecia
pulchellata was bred from larva? obtained in foxglove flowers, and E.
castigata from one feeding in the seed-vessels of sweet-william. E.
abbreviata was common in a wood on April 6th, and very variable.
Other "pugs" taken or noticed were E. sub fulvata, E. vulgata, E.
absynthiata, E. assimilata, and E. rectangulata ; but E. lariciata and
E. isogrannnata, though taken rather commonly in 1905, were not met
with at all.

Notes on Egyptian and Syrian Butterflies.

By PHILIP P. GBAVES.

Papilio machaon. — Syria: May 17th, 1905, flying with lphiclides
podalirius near Aleih. July 9th, 1904, Dog Eiver, near Beyrout. A
few seen July 10th-15th, at Ain Zahalta. This species does not
appear to occur in Egypt.

Pieris brassicjE. — Syria: Common at Beyrout, end of July, 1904,
and just appearing at that time on the Lebanon mountains. Jaffa,
May 9th, 1905. The second brood specimens have a very light
underside, while the apical markings in both sexes, and spots in the
? , are well developed. Apparently not in Egypt. Occurs in Cyprus
(Marsden).

NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AND SYRIAN BUTTERFLIES. 65

Pieris rap;e. — Variation. — a. Size: My largest specimen, a J
taken near Cairo at the beginning of April, 1903, measures
56mm. in expanse ; my smallest, a 3 taken near Alexandria
on April 25th, 1904, 36mm. The latter specimen was taken
among several decidedly large specimens averaging 50mm. On the
whole, P. rapae appears to reach a larger average size than in Great
Britain, none of my specimens, save that above mentioned, being less
than 40mm. in expanse, p. Markings of upperside : Apical blotch
varies in size, very indistinct in a 5 taken at Alexandria in June ; darkest
in the large 3 s taken near Alexandria, April, 1904. Spots on anterior
wings : Inclined in $ to be crescentic, or rather arrow-headed, pointing
towards the outer margin. One $ , Cairo, March, 1903, has the spots
large and blotched, of a dark brownish-grey tinge, also noticeable on
the apical spot. No absolutely unspotted specimens, y. Suffusion on
costa and at base of posterior icings, etc., most marked in winter specimens,
November, 1903, December, 1904, never very considerable. 5. Colour
of underside of posterior wings : The ground colour is usually darker in
spring and winter specimens, taken between November and March, than
in others. A $ from Alexandria, June, 1904, shows a very pale
yellow, indistinguishable by artificial light from white. The black
powdering on the wing, on and just below the discoidal area, is most
pronounced in winter and early spring, least in late spring and summer
specimens, some of which show hardly a trace thereof. «. General:
I find two characteristics common to all my Egyptian specimens.
(1) Absence of any pronounced shade of yellow on upperside of $ s, cream
being the nearest approach thereto. (2) Spot on inner margin of
upperside of posterior wings broken, except in one instance, where it
takes the form of a faint streak running down from the inner margin,
and two where an almost microscopic point is all that can be seen.
Records of Emergence. — Cairo district: March 13th, 1904, March,
27th, 1903, April, 1903; Alexandria: April 25th, 1904, June 5th,
1904, June 15th, 1903, December 24th-27th, 1903, January 10th-20th,
1903, September 21st, 1904; Cairo: January 20th-30th, 1903, May
1st, 1903, August 16th, 1903, November lst-30th, 1903. Habitat.—
Everywhere in cultivated districts, occurring in the Delta and Middle
Egypt in gardens, clover fields, etc., often in abundance. It is absent
from the desert and apparently the Maryut Steppe district, and I have
not seen it south of Luxor, where I noted an odd specimen in
February, 1906.

Pontia daplidice. — Egypt: I have only twice noted this insect in
Egypt, viz., one small, very worn $ near Cairo, early August, 1903 ; one
3 seen at Port Said, June 13th, 1906. $? specimens taken by Guyot in
the desert wadis, near llelwan, are smaller than Syrian ? s. I under-
stand that /'. daplidice is very rare there; Mr. Marsden has not noted
it from the Maryut country or the neighbourhood of Alexandria.
Syria: This insect is decidedly common all over Syria — from sea-level
to a considerable! height in the mountains. Localities and dates. —
Beyrout district: very common, -Inly 7th-9th, 1904; Ain Zahalta:
in. in mid-July, in 1904, abundant; Jaffa: May 9th, 1905: Haifa:
May 10th, 1905 ; Beyrout: May 12th, 1905 ; near Damascus: worn,
mid-May, 1905 ; Trans-Jordan Steppes near Hedjaz Railway : end of

I should say Asswan was as likely to be its southern limit as any place.

66 the entomologist's record.

May, 1905. The males of the summer brood are, in my experience,
decidedly small as a rule.

Pyrameis cardui. — Habitat. — An insect with most catholic
tastes, occurring often in large numbers, in town and country,
in the desert wadis and the open Maryut Steppe, and in the most
thickly cultivated parts of the Delta and the Upper Nile Valley.
Distribution. — Throughout the Nile Valley, from Alexandria to
Assouan, at Khartoum (Graves) ; the Maryut Steppe (Marsden) ;
desert wadis, near Helwan (Graves, Guyot) ; Sinai (Guyot) ;
Port Said, etc., etc. Variation. — Fresh specimens frequently
more flushed with rose on the anterior wings than British P.
cardui. In size, they do not differ from British specimens, nor
vary much inter se. No aberrations noted. Foodplants. — Besides
thistles, the larva occasionally devours cotton plant according
to Mr. F. Willcocks, Entomologist to the Khedivial Agricultural
Society. Records of emergence, etc. — Alexandria district : June 15th,
1903 to June 29th, 1903, April 4th, 1904, September lst-15th, 1904.
Cairo district : Fresh, February 8th, 1903, March 22nd, 1903, April 5th,

1903, August 30th-end of September, 1903 (abundant), October 16th,
1903 (abundant), November 11th, 1904. Port Said : June 13th, 1905.
Maryut district: Very common, May 5th, 1903, flying in swarms on
low slopes of limestone above Sidi Merghab Village. Khartoum:
Worn specimens, February 1st- 5th, 1906, in gardens. May be seen,
worn or fresh, in any month in the year, but in my experience is, if
anything, most abundant in April and May, though I have also seen it
in large numbers in June and in October. Desert localities. — Wadi
Pushed, near Helwan, very common on thistles, March 17th, 1905,
and April 28th, 1905; Wadi Hof, April 22nd, 1903; Mokatam
Plateau, October 21st, 1903.

Pyrameis atalanta. — Habitat : Occurs both at Alexandria and
Cairo, but rarely in the latter locality, where I have only taken one
specimen, though I have every year seen odd specimens in gardens in
the European quarter. It is not very uncommon in gardens, etc., at
Alexandria and Ramleh, especially in March, April, and May. Time
of appearance. — Cairo : Near Cairo : January 28th, 1903 ; Ezbet el
Nahhle, near Cairo, October 18th, 1905 ; Cairo — Kasrel Donbara
quarter, seen February, 1904, and October, 1906. Pyrameis atalanta
has been more common than usual at Cairo this winter, 1906-7
(Willcocks). Alexandria: May 7th, 1903 ; commencement of March
to commencement of May, 1904.

Pararge MEGiERA. — Syria : Habitat. — Occurs throughout the
Lebanon region from sea-level to the summits. Variation. — Not very
extensive as far as my limited experince goes. The dark band across
the centre of the anterior wings is, in July specimens, more heavily
powdered with light yellowish-brown scales than is the case with my
British specimens, and the underside of the posterior wings has a
more ashy-grey appearance. [Of. Staudinger's description of var.
lyssa, " alis posterioribus subtus cinerascentibus."] Time of appear-
ance.— A few worn specimens seen high up (5000 feet) above Baalbek,
May 29th, 1905, and one very worn on the Jebel Baronk above Ain
Zahalta, June 3rd. It was fairly common between July 10fch-30th,

1904, at Ain Zahalta, at altitudes of 3000ft. -4000ft., especially hauntiug
dry grassy banks. Dog River, July 8th, 1904.

NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AND SYRIAN BUTTERFLIES. 67

Coenonympha pamphilus. — Habitat. — Syria : Not uncommon at
Ain Zahalfca and other high localities in July. Variation : These
specimens, taken at Ain Zahalta, appeared to be ab. et var. thyrsides,
the $ s having, as a rule, three or four, and never less than two, dis-
tinct small eye-spots on the upperside of the posterior wings. In no
cases did the row of eye-spots on the underside of the posterior wings
contain less than four spots with silvery white centres. In the $ s
the underside ground colour was usually ochreous, the eye-spots
smaller, and often without distinguishable light centres. On the
upperside the spots tended to be indistinct. Spring specimens (worn),
taken at Ain Sofar (4800 feet) and Ain Zahalta, were indistinguishable
from British in appearance. Time of appearance, etc. — Ain Sofar,
May 30th, 1905 ; Ain Zahalta, July 9th-30th, 1904.

Bithys quercus. — Cyprus : Mr. Marsden's collection contains large
specimens up to 42mm. in expanse, taken on Mount Troodos, in late
July. I have not seen this " hairstreak " in Syria or Egypt, and am sure
it is not to be found in the latter country where there are no oaks.

Lampides boeticus. — Syria : I have no Syrian $? s. Males
appear typical — found near broom, middle to end of July,

1904, Ain Zahalta — Lebanon. Beyrout, beginning of August
and early July, 1904. Jaffa, May 9th, 1905. According to Marsden,
common in Cyprus. Egypt. — -Variation. — a. Size: A small form
occurs here and there (and not uncommonly) in the summer and
autumn months. My smallest specimen of this form, a $■ , did not
exceed 19mm. in expanse. Two J s of this form, of 22mm. in
expanse, are darker than the type, with less blue suffusion, and, in
general, a duller aspect. This form was described as var. aestiva by
Zeller. It appears to me to be simply the result of underfeeding —
the final development of a half-starved larva, and would presumably
be more common in bad Nile years. I have noted it in May,
June, and November. In the J s of the Egyptian boeticus, the wing-
expanse at times reaches 36mm. The largest $ I possess expands
33mm. $■ The blue suffusion of the wings in the $ is, at times, very
bright and pronounced, extending over the whitish submarginal and
marginal bands of the posterior wings, which bands are, in the case of one
of my ? specimens, of an almost milky-blue colour. Desert specimens
of the 2 are dull. All $ s thus far taken at Maryut by me are suffused
with very bright blue, as are many from Alexandria and the Cairo
district. Foodplants. — Peas, beans, lentils (wild and uncultivated), and
various species of vetches. Time of appearance. — Almost as likely to
be found in one month as in another, though commoner in late spring
than at any other time. A few records may be given : — near Cairo:
January 1st, 1903, February 25th, 1903, March 8th, 1903, May 1st,

1905, May 15th, 1906 (aestiva), November 23rd, 1903 (aestiva). ' Port
Said: mid-June, 1905. Alexandria: July, 1903, August and Septem-
ber, 1904. Man/iit district: February 21st, 1904. Khartoum:
February lst-5th, 1906. Habitat. — Most common in bean and clover
fields and gardens, but occurs on the Maryut Steppe, and in every
desert wadi which contains a certain amount of vegetation. Probably
the most abundant Egyptian butterfly. Localities. — Near Cairo and
Alexandria, throughout the Delta, upper Egypt (Botbschild), Port Said,
Sinai (Guyot), in Sudan — Khartoum (Graves), in desert wadis near
Cairo, Helwan, etc.

68 the entomologist's record.

Cyaniris semiargus var. antiochena. — Syria : This beautiful
variety — if it be a variety — -of semiargus occurred June lst-4th, 1905,
near the summit of the Jebel Barouk, above Ain Zahalta, at a height of
about 6500ft. One worn $ was taken in company with Polyommatus
amanda and Cyaniris cyllarus, in a mountain meadow some 1500ft. lower.
Antiochena did not occur abundantly on the mountain, flying, for a
" blue," rather slowly over patches of grass and flowers in an open and
stony cedar wood. Here five 3 s and 2 J s were taken. I have not
found it elsewhere. Not seen in Egypt, and hardly likely to occur
there.

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe.

By MALCOLM BURR, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

(Continued from p. 39).

Genus VI : Thyreonotus, Serville.

In this genus, the pronotum is produced very strongly backwards

over the abdomen, almost entirely covering the elytra. Two species

are known.

Table of Species.
1. Lower inner border of posterior femora with little
spines ; cerei £ with inner lobe ending in a point ;
subgenital lamina ? with hinder border roundly

emarginate 1. corsicus, Serv.

1.1. Lower outer border of posterior femora armed with
strong spines ; cerci £ with the inner lobe rounded
at the apex ; subgenital lamina ? produced
posteriorly into two strong spines. . . . . . 2. bidens, Bol.

1. Thyreonotus corsicus, Serville.

Yellowish-grey, marbled with chestnut; anterior femora of the male
with lateral black bands ; of female, testaceous. Length of body,
23mm. j , 24mm. 5 ; of pronotum, 13mm. 3 , 12mm. ? ; of posterior
femora, 30mm. 3 and ? ; of ovipositor, 17mm. ? .

Doubtfully recorded from Corsica by Serville. It occurs in France,
but is very rare ; it is recorded from Bastia, Amelie-les-Bains, and
Narbonne. In Spain it is common ; occurring along the coast from
Cadiz to Barcelona. The variety montanus, Bob, which is smaller, and
has longer elytra (length of body, 21mm. $ , 26mm. 2 ; of pronotum,
8mm. -9mm. $ and $ ; of posterior femora, 21mm.-23mm. $ and ? ;
of ovipositor, 19mm. ? ), is peculiar to the mountainous regions of
central Spain, having been recorded from Ona, Ucles, and Albarracin.

2. Thyreonotus bidens, Bolivar.

Differs from T. corsicus in the form of the subgenital lamina of the
female, which is produced into a pair of strong spines; also in the form
of the cerci of the male and armature of the posterior femora, as
indicated in the table. Length of body, 26mm. $ ; of pronotum,
10mm. ? ; of ovipositor, 20mm. ? .

Spain; Cortijos de Malagon, Pozuelo de Calatrava, and Cordoba,
in August and October. Also in Portugal, at Lisbon.

Genus VII : Antaxius, Brunner.
This is the last genus of the group with spined prosternum ; it
resembles Thyreonotus in its chief characters, but the pronotum is normal
and truncate! so that the elytra are quite free. The discrimination of

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. 69

the species is somewhat difficult, and the synonymy is rather confused.
One species, A. florezi, Bol., is characterised by having the presternum
unarmed, but yet it requires, provisionally at least, to be ranged in
this genus.

Table of Species.
1. Prosternum unarmed, with no spines . . .. ..1. florezi, Bol.

1.1. Prosternum with two spines.

2. Plantulse about as long as the first tarsal segment.
3. Ovipositor curved downwards; lateral veins of
elytra <f brighter than ground colour ; left
elytron a with tympanal area .. .. 2. spiNiBRACCHius.Fisch.

3.3. Ovipositor curved downwards; lateral vein
of elytra <? blackish ; left elytron a with
no tympanal area . . . . . . . . 3. kradssi, Bol.

(nee Brunner).
2.2. Plantula? much shorter than first tarsal seg-
ment.
3. Elytra a about as large as broad, the outer
border blackish ; hinder femora long and
slender (22mm. -24mm.).
4. Pronotum with no trace of keel, the hinder
border faintly emarginate, the side flaps
bordered with pale . . . . . . . . 4. pedestris, Fabr.

4.4. Pronotum with faint median carina, hinder

border entire ; side flaps unicolorous . . 5. sorrezensib, Marquet.
3.3. Elytra a transverse, uniform yellow, hinder
femora much shorter (15mm. -18mm.).
4. Ovipositor as long as hinder femora . . 6. hispanicus, Bol.

( = KRAU88I, Br.).
4.4. Ovipositor shorter than hinder femora.

5. Elytra free, fairly long ; Tirolese species 7. brunneri, Krauss.
5.5. Elytra shorter than metanotum ;

Catalan species . . . . . . 8. capellei, Cazurro.

1. Antaxius florezi, Bolivar.

Chiefly characterised by the unarmed sternum, though possessing
the other characters of the genus ; dark chestnut or greyish- fuscous ;
the side flaps of the pronotum have a black spot in front and behind,
and a short white stripe behind ; the posterior femora have a broad
black stripe on the outer side, and are not spined beneath. Length of
body, 20mm. ? ; of pronotum, 5mm. $ ; of elytra, l-5mm. $ ; of
posterior femora, 17mm. ? ; of ovipositor, 15mm. ? .

This species was recently discovered by Bolivar on an excursion
from Puerto de Leitariegos to the Monastery de Hermo, in Spain.

2. Antaxius spinibracchius, Fischer.

Dark greyish ; pronotum with side flaps black, entirely bordered
with yellow ; hinder femora not spined ; cerci of male with the
internal lobe broadened from the base to the inner tooth ; subgenital
lamina of female sulcate in the middle ; the veins of the elytra of the
male are brighter than the ground colour, and the left elytron has the
tympanum developed ; anal segment of the male with an angular
excavation in the middle ; ovipositor quite straight, longer than the
body. Length of body, 19mm. $ and $ ; of pronotum, 5-5mm. $ ,
6-5mm. $ ; of elytra, 4-5mm. J , 4mm. $ ; of posterior femora,
17mm. J , 20mm. $ ; of ovipositor, 21mm. $ .

Widely distributed through Spain and Portugal; the species seems
to be variable, and has been discussed by Pantel (An. <h la Soc,
A'*//, de Hist. Nat., xxv., p. 103).

70 the entomologist's record.

8. Antaxius kraussi, Bolivar (nee kraussi, Brunner).

Resembles the preceding, but differs in the elytra having the veins
dark greyish or blackish, and there being no tympanum on the left
elytron ; the anal segment of the male is produced into two spines ;
the subgenital lamina of the female has a deep median sulcus, and the
ovipositor is curved downwards. Length of body, 16mm. $ and ? ;
of pronotum, 4mm. $ , 4*9mm. $ ; of elytra, 3mm. 3 , 2mm. ? ; of
posterior femora, 16mm. $ , 18mm. ? ; of ovipositor, 19mm. ? .

It must be noted that this is not the species described under this
name by Brunner in his Prodromus : Brunner's insect is the same as
A. hispanicus of Bolivar.

A native of Spain, recorded from Albarracin, El Salto and Portella.

4. Antaxius pedestris, Fabr.

Chestnut or pale ; the elytra are black, with a large yellow spot ;
this, with the shorter ovipositor, the triangular lobes of the subgenital
lamina of the female, and the two or three spines beneath the femora,
distinguish it from A. hispanicus. The femora are also longer and
more slender. Length of body, 19mm. $ , 23mm. 2 ; of pronotum,
5-2mm. $ , 6'2mm. $ ; of elytra, 4mm. $ , l'dmm. $ ; of posterior
femora, 17mm. $ , 21mm. ? ; of ovipositor, 17mm. ? .

Fairly common in the Tirol, Vorarlberg, and Piedmont, and
generally in the southern Alps on shrubs. In France, it occurs in the
south, at Larche, Aix-les-Bains, Cannes, Hyeres, Saint Martin,
Lantosque, Gavarnie, Bagneres de Luchon, Chanrousse, Ramatuel,
Bagnols, Montauroux, and le Rayran. As it seems to be fairly
common in the French Pyrenees, it may be expected to occur on the
Spanish side. It does not occur in the northern Alps.

5. Antaxius sorrezensis, Marquet.

Distinguished from A. pedestris by the unspotted bright green
colour, by the trace of a central keel on the posterior part of the
pronotum, which has the hinder border entire, by the unicolorous side
flaps of the pronotum, by the longer elytra of the female, by the six
or seven spines beneath the posterior femora, by the subgenital lamina
of the female, with lobes long and half-crescent shaped; the male is
not known. Length of body, 22mm. $ ; of pronotum, 6,5mm. J ; of
elytra, lmm. 5 ; of ovipositor, 20mm. $>'.

Discovered on shrubs and oaks near the road from Revel to
Camazes, in Languedoc.

6. Antaxius hispanicus, Bolivar
(=kraussi, Brunner nee Bolivar).

Allied to A. pedestris ; differs in the unspotted reddish elytra, with
the hinder border subobliquely truncated, by the longer elytra of the
female, by the unarmed posterior femora, and blunter rounder lobes of
the subgenital lamina of the female. Length of body, 16mm. $ ,
19mm. -23mm. ? ; of pronotum, 5-5mm. $ , 6mm. 5 ; of elytra, 3mm.-
5mm. J, lmm. -3mm. $; of ovipositor, 17mm. -21mm. ?; of posterior
femora, 15-5mm. $ , 17mm. $ .

Very rare in France, as yet only found on Canigou, in the eastern
Pyrenees. In Spain, at Nuria, Gerona, Monseny, Set Casas in
Catalonia, and at Panticosa in the Pyrenees, and also at Albarracin.

ANURIDA MARITIMA, GUER., AND ITS ENEMIES. 71

7. Antaxius brunneri, Erauss.

Femora all unarmed; prosternum with very blunt spines; ovipositor
incurved, shorter than the posterior femora ; the pronotum has a
median carina ; the colour is greyish-black ; the elytra are yellow,
with the lateral margin narrowly bordered with chestnut. Length of
body, 18mm. -19mm. J ; 19mm. -22mm. 2 ', of pronotum, 4.5mm.
$ and J ; of elytra, 6mm. $ , 2mm. $ ; of posterior femora, 15mm. g ,
16mm. 2 ; of ovipositor, 11mm. -12mm. 5 .

In stony places at Piz Languard, near Pontresina, Bad Ratzes, the
Seisser Alp ; in the northern Alps, in a small valley on the road from
Eagaz to Bad Pfaffers.

8. Antaxius capellei, Cazurro.

Varies from dark ochreous-grey to livid ; differs chiefly from A.
Mspanicus in the shorter ovipositor and elytra. Length of body,
22mm. J ; of pronotum, 6mm. $ ; of elytra, 15mm. ? ; of posterior
femora, 18mm. $ ; of ovipositor, 13-5mm. J .

Taken on the top of the Pico de San Jeronimo, on the top of
Montserrat, in Catalonia.

(To be continued.)

Anurida inaritima, Guer., and its enemies.

By RICHARD S. BAGNALL.

A grey and sluggish Apteron, Anurida maritime/,, Guer., is often
found living gregariously beneath stones, etc., below high-water mark,
and, at high tide is sometimes to be observed standing on the water
of quiet pools. In July, 1906, I found the species on the shores of
Ayrshire, Arran, the Cumbraes, Kyles of Bute, etc., and the following
month on the Northumberland and Durham coasts, and invariably
found living with it, also gregariously, the peculiar Staphylinid beetle
Micralymma brevipenne, Gyll., which curiously enough strongly
resembles the Anurida. Ultimately I found that Micralymma preyed
chiefly, if not exclusively, upon the Apteron with which it associates,
its chief care upon attacking being to raise its prey from the surface
upon which it rested at the time of attack.

Aepus marinas, Strom., though local, was found in great profusion
below high-water mark in all the localities mentioned above, and
though it does not, as a rule, live with the Anurida, yet it preys
largely upon the young forms of the Apteron in question, as also no
doubt does Aepus robi/ni, Lab.

Yet still another beetle, Cillmus lateralis, Sam., have I seen
devouring this poor persecuted species of Collembola, but whether it
forms the habitual food of ( 'illenus or not, it is difficult to say.

I have been informed that a peculiar Hemipteron, Aepophilus
bonnairei, Sign., also preys on Anurida maritima, but, unfortunately, I
cannot recall my authority for making the statement.

In October, Dr. Eandell Jackson sent me some hundreds of
specimens of Anurida maritima from the Isle of Man, and with these,
examples of Micralymma brevipenne and Aepus marinas, the former of
which he had observed devouring the Anurida, and he further
mentioned the fact that a rare maritime Chernetid or Pseudo-Scorpion
(i)bisium maritimum, Leach), subsists on A. maritima also. I may
add that I have observed the common Pseudo- Scorpion (Obisium
muscorum, Leach), with a well-known Apteron [Anura muscorum,
Tempi.), in its clutches.

72 the entomologist's record.

drOLEOPTERA.

Bythinus burrelli, Den., in the Derwent Valley, etc. — In Octo-
ber, 1906, I found a female example of Bythinus burrelli amongst hay-
stack refuse in Axwell Park. Though not recorded by Bold, a single
male has been taken by Hardy in the Wooler district, and another
male by Blatch, near Hartlepool. I am now able to record B.
puncticollis, Den., B. validus, Aub., B. bulbifer, Reich., B. curtisi, Den.,
B. securiger, Reich., and B. burrelli, Den., from the Derwent Valley. —
I would also mention the occurrence of B. validus, Aub., with B.
puncticollis, Den., and B. bulbifer, Reich., from a bag of moss which
my friend, Mr. Gillanders, kindly sent me from Alnwick (January,
1907). B. validus previously rested in our Counties' list on a single
example taken by myself at Gibside early last year. — R. S. Bagnall,
Winlaton. February 12th, 1907.

Agabus affinis, Payk. and Agabus unguicularis, Thoms., as War-
wickshire insects. — In my " List of Warwickshire Coleoptera " (Vict.
Hist Warwickshire, i., p. 87), I recorded Agabus affinis, Payk., and A.
unguicularis, Thoms., on the authority of the late W. G. Blatch. All
these specimens on which these records were made turn out to be A.
affinis, so that A. unguicularis must for the present be struck out of the
Warwickshire list. The two species are very closely allied, but the
difficulty of determination can be overcome by reference to Mr.
Balfour-Browne's lucid notes (Ent. Rec, xviii., p. 273), and I am
indebted to him for his kind assistance in this matter. From the
known distribution of the two species in Britain, it appears that where
one is common, or moderately so, the other is either very rare or absent,
and this fact led to a closer examination of the specimens. It is interest-
ing to have A. affinis as a Warwickshire insect to the exclusion of A.
unguicularis, as, of the two, the latter would have been the more likely
to have occurred with us. As suggested by Professor Hudson Beare
in his " Retrospect of a Coleopterist for 1906 " (Ent. Rec, xix., p. 29)
it would be well for collectors to carefully examine their specimens of
the two species with the assistance of Mr. Balfour-Brown's paper, and
correct any inaccurate records that may have been made. — H.
Willoughby Ellis, F.E.S., Knowle, Warwickshire. February 28th,
1907.

Leptidea brevipennis, Muls., and Gracilia minuta, F., at
Lulworth. — During July, 1905, I spent a few days at Lulworth, the
weather was very hot and general collecting most unsatisfactory ;
everything was dried up. The last morning of my visit, I saw in the
bright sunshine several specimens of Leptidea alight on a whitewashed
wall, and I captured half-a-dozen, and traced their origin to the red
osiers, called " red witheys " by the fishermen, who cultivate and use
them for lobster-pot making. I also found Gracilia minuta, F.,
breeding in them. The osiers had recently been cut and stored away
in a shed, and I found dead imagines in them. There is no doubt that
the insects pass their preliminary stages in the growing " witheys."
The fishermen told me that they did considerable damage by their
borings, and during the operation of bending to make the lobster-pots,
the osiers break where the beetles have perforated them. I saw the
spot where the osiers were grown, and I was assured that no foreign
ones were ever imported. Amongst other captures during my visit were

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 78

the following: — Harpalm caspius, Stev., at Portland; Caulotrypis
ameopiceus, Boh., Api<m urticarium, Hbst., Sphodrus leucopthalmus, L.,
and Rhinocyllus latirostris, Latr., at Lulworth. — Ibid.

J@10TES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Resting-habit of Agriopis aprilina. — I was surprised to see in the
current number of the Ent. Rec. that Mr. Colthrup and his naturalist
friends had never taken Agriopis aprilina at rest on tree-trunks. I
have done so occasionally in the Leith Hill and Cranleigh districts, in
the daytime, usually on oak-trees, and once on the bare smooth bark of a
beech tree, where the insect was sufficiently conspicuous, and usually
about five feet from the ground. — F. Pennington, 17, Hyde Park
Terrace, W. January 26th, 1907.

Resting-place of Papilio machaon. — Can any of your readers
inform me where Papilio machaon rests at night, whether on trees, or
on the low herbage of the meadows ? M. Gillmer, Cothen, Anhalt,
Germany. Feb. 6th, 1907. [Certainly in Britain this species must
rest on the low herbage, the almost entire absence of trees in the
marshy localities where it is now most abundant, making this almost
a necessity, and our experience in France and Switzerland points in
the same direction. On the other hand, Iphidides podalirius loves the
trees, and our observation on the roosting-habit of this species (Ent.
Rec, ix., p. 81), has since been confirmed in other localities. We
should like to have information from those who have observed P.
machaon at rest. — -Ed.]

Supposed absence of Callophrys rubi in some British Counties. —
I have been considerably slated at various times for my "locality" lists
in A Natural History of British Lepidoptera, but still I get wofully
puzzled sometimes over the distribution of our very commonest
species. I have just been working through that of Callophrys ritbi,
and it appears that there are many counties in England (as well as
Scotland and Ireland) where the species does not occur, although
common in the surrounding counties. Two in particular, strike one
as most strange, Bedfordshire and Leicestershire. Newman says that
in those counties where this species has not been observed "its absence
may be supposed to arise from want of observation." Is this true?
Are there no counties in which it does not occur ? Again, it is
unrecorded for Durham and Northumberland, yet it abounds in some
places in Yorkshire, Cumberland, Westmorland, and further north in
Perthshire, Argyleshire, etc. Why ? I should be very glad for any
details of the distribution of this, or other of our " hairstreaks." —
J. W. Tutt, 119, Westcombe Hill, S.E.

Hybernia defoliaria in January. — Referring to Mr. Raynor's note
on this subject (antea p. 46), it may be of interest to add, that I took
a fresh specimen of H. defoliaria $ at light at Wimbledon Common
on January 15th, 1907. — Raleigh Smallman, F.E.S., 6, Mostyn Terrace,
Eastbourne. February 11th, 1907.

Pieris rap^e in February. — It may be interesting for you to know
that we found a specimen of Pieris rapa, in our kitchen to-day, quite
fresh, and evidently just emerged from the chrysalis. Is this not very
exceptional ?— Charles Newbery, 32, Annandale Road, East Green-
wich, S.E. February 16th, 1907.

74 the entomologist's record.

Lepidopterological notes from Burnley for 1906. — The spring was
very cold and backward in 1906. Larvae were very scarce, and I found
that the resulting imagines were considerably later in emerging than
normally. Autumn insects were very abundant on the moors during
August and September, particularly Celaena haworthii and Gidaria
populata, but Oporabia filigrammaria was rather late, and only
fairly numerous. The following insects were new to our local list —
Asphalia flavicornis and Anisopteryx aescularia, both taken by Mr. A.
E. Wright, from gas lamps; Triphaena ianthina, a specimen of which
flew into my house. — W. G. Clutten, 132, Coal Clough Lane, Burnley.
January 30th, 1907.

Jg^OTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARY^J, &c.

Larva of Melit^ea aurinia hybernating over two winters. —
I wonder whether it has been previously observed that the larvae of
Melitaea aurinia sometimes go over two winters. On April 2nd,
1900, I received a quantity of M. aurinia larvae, from Cumberland,
just out after hybernation. They all came out and basked in the
sunshine as usual, but, after a few days, about 5 per cent, spun fresh
webs and went inside, and, although I tried to force these to feed up
under glass, it was of no use. They refused to leave the web until
March 1901, when they fed up in the usual way. On another
occasion I had the same experience, but as there were only some
five or six larvae involved, I did not trouble to keep them. —
H. W. Head, Scarborough. January 5th, 1907.

Query as to the foodplant of the first brood of Eupithecia
virgaureata.- — It has been recorded that the larva of Eupithecia vir-
yaureata also feeds on Senecio jacobaea and on S. palustre. The latter
plant is in bloom in June, when K. virgaureata is on the wing. Perhaps
the larvae of the first brood may feed on the flowers of this plant. —
M. Gillmer, 4, Elizabethstrasse, Cothen, Anhalt, Germany. January
20th, 1907.

Bearing Laphygma exigua. — On August 25th, last, I took a specimen
of this insect on a gas-lamp near Poole, Dorset, and two evenings later
when out with Mr. W. G. Hooker, of Bournemouth, we captured a
second on a lamp at the same place. As the first specimen was a
female, 1 kept it alive, and, on the night of August 26th, it laid about
125 ova in a batch in a chip box. I kept about 75 of these, and they
emerged on August 31st. The young larvae took kindly to dock and
broad-leaved plantain, and fed up rapidly and easily on the former,
commencing to pupate at the end of September. Towards the end of
October, the pupae were brought into a warm room, and the perfect
insects began to emerge a few days afterwards. I bred altogether 44
perfect specimens, but should probably have done better had I not
been obliged to disturb the larvae just as they were spinning up. The
moths are quite handsome little insects, and much more interesting in
appearance than the captured specimens which I have seen. The
markings on the forewings are very rich, and vary considerably in
intensity of colouring in different specimens, one or two being very
dark indeed. — William J. Ogden, 1, West Bank, Stamford Hill,
London, N. February 18th, 1907.

SOCIETIES. 75

CURRENT NOTES.

We should be glad to hear from any one on our subscription list
who has not been supplied with, and requires, vol. viii of A Natural
History of the British Lepidoptera. It contains our account of the
British Butterflies — Urbicolids and Chrysophanids — together with
fourteen general chapters on "butterfly eggs" and "butterfly larvae,"
and is illustrated by twenty full-page plates.

If opportunity occurs we should be very grateful for any observa-
tions on the resting-habits or orientation of the imago when settling
of Strymon (Thecla) w-album, S. pi'uni, Bithysquercus,&n&Ruralis betulae,
especially such as compare with Dr. Chapman and Mr. Prout's
remarks (antra, vol. xviii., pp. 16S-9 and p. 214) on Callophrys ntbi.

The Rev. C. R. N. Burrows would still be glad of material of
hidis lactearia in order to complete his life-history of the same. Also
as soon as available, eggs and larva? of Thalera fimbrialis. Eggs,
larvae or pupae, should be sent to The Vicarage, Mucking, Stanford-le-
Hope, Essex.

Mr. C. H. Head, whose natural history lantern slides we noticed
recently, sends us some very well coloured lepidopterous larva?, each
done on an ivorine tablet, with convenience for pinning into a cabinet.

It is well-known that from 1879-1883, Mr. G. C. Champion was
engaged in collecting in Central America — Guatemala and Panama.
A most interesting itinerary of his travels is published in the Ent.
News, xviii., pp. 33-44.

The Baron de Crombrugghe de Picquendsele notes (Her. Men*.
Nam., vii.j p. 12) the capture of the interesting parthenogenetic
Selenobia lichenella in the Foret de Soignes.

Mr. G. C. Champion notifies Apion {Exapion) kiesenwetteri, Desbr.,
as a British species, taken at Sandown, Isle of Wight, and Chattenden
Woods in Kent, where it is not uncommon from July to September.

The Rev. H. S. Gorham adds (h'nt. Mo. Mag.) Oscypoda metatarsalis,
Thorns., to the British list. The specimens were obtained from the
sittings from a mole's nest taken at Mathon, near West Malvern, in
Herefordshire.

The same observer also writes a critical note on some species of
Laecobius, and names Laccobius oblongue, a species which he discovered
in Bottisham Fen, Cambridge.

Dr. Sharp describes the grouse-fly as Ornithomyia lagopodis, differ-
entiating it from Ornithomyia avicularia, the common bird-fly. He
adds that Mrs. Duff Dunbar says that " this newly-named species may
be found freely in larders where freshly-killed grouse has been placed,
and that after a short time they leave the birds, and may be found on
the windows." All the British specimens yet seen have come from the
northern half of Scotland.

SOCIETIES.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — February
18th, 1907. — Tortrices. — Mr. Forsyth exhibited 90 Tortricid species
captured near Lancaster, including Sciaphila penziaxa from Arnside,
Conc hylis alternana, Aphei.ia osseana, Grapholitha penkleriana, and
Dichrorampha saturnana from Lancaster. Tortrix pronubana. —
specimens bred from Sussex, Mr. R. Adkin.

76 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

City of London Entomological Society. — February 5th, 1907. —
Exhibits. — Hastiila hyerana. — Fifteen specimens emerging between
November and January were decidedly darker than any of 400 speci-
mens emerging at the usual time, that is, between August and October.
It was suggested that the low temperature rather than the prolonged
pupal stage was the cause of the darker coloration, Dr. T. A. Chapman.
Acronicta leporina. — An aberration, entirely white, with a large
central black spot on the forewings. Camptogramma bilineata. —
Specimens spotted and striated with black, and from 60 to 70 species,
all from North Sutherlandshire, to illustrate his notes on collecting in
that district, Mr. E. A. Cockayne. Acalla lorquiniana from Norfolk.
Mr. H. M. Edelsten, who called attention to its similarity in miniature
to Senta ulvae, and to the fact that it produced similar aberrations.
Pachys betularia, including var. doubledayaria, and several inter-
mediates, Mr. V. E. Shaw, who mentioned that four nights' assembling
at Bexley produced 14 typical specimens, 15 var. doubledayaria, and 7
intermediate forms. Cosmia pyralina. — Taken at light in July, and
C. affinis bred from larvae beaten from elm, both from Pinner, Mr.
P. H. Tautz. February 19?/;. — Exhibits. — Leucania favicolor and
its vars. rufa, lutea, and argillacea from Essex. Nonagria gemini-
puncta. — Melanic, from Bournemouth. N. sparganii from South
Ireland and Kent, and many other allied species, Mr. E. A. Cockayne.
" Wainscots." — A long series of many of the various species. Meliana
flammea. — A pupafn situ. Nonagria geminipuncta ova, N. typh;e and
N. cann^e puparia, Mr. H. M. Edelsten, to illustrate his paper. Meliana
flammea pupa?, which were formed in captivity, the larva?, instead of
pupating in reed-stems, had drawn leaves together for their puparia.
Petasia nubeculosa. — A pupa which, although a year old, retained
still its greenish transparent appearance characteristic of newly-formed
pupa?, Mr. L. W. Newman. Toxocampa pastinum from Walmer, July,
1906, and Laphygma exigua, bred in December last, Mr. V. E. Shaw.

South London Entomological Society. — January 2£th, 1907. —
Exhibits. — Boarmia repandata. — Mainly from Isle of Man parents,
with a series of the same species from Cornwall, Delamere, and Isle of
Lewis. Those captured in the Isle of Man were taken settling on
rocks, Messrs. Harrison and Main. Charaxes jasius. — A living larva
from the south of France, Mr. Main ; who called attention to its
wonderful protective coloration and shape, and to the fact that the
curious mask of the head is shed as a whole. February 14th. —
Hybernia defoliaria. — Bred from Ranmore Common larva?, most of
the imagines being dark and more or less uniform. Strymon
w-album. — A young living larva which he had cut out of an egg in
mid-January, and which was still alive, although normally perfectly
quiescent, Mr. Rayward. Callophrys rubi. — A very large brown
specimen from the Riviera, with antenna? brown beneath, and two
specimens of the same species set to show the position of the wing-
tails in resting, Dr. Chapman. Eubolia cervinata. — Bred from
Eastbourne larva?, which the exhibitor stated could only be found
at night, Mr. Adkin. Heliconius Amaryllis sub. sp. rosina. — A pair
from Columbia, with a long series of H. hydara to show the extra-
ordinary colour resemblance of the two species, Mr. W. J. Kaye.
Agrotis ashworthii. — A long series bred from North Wales larva?,
about 24 per cent, being dark, Mr. A. Harrison.

THE SPECIFIC CHARACTERS OF HYDROPORUS INCOGNITUS. 77

On the Specific Characters of Hydroporus incognitus, Sharp

{with plate).

By FRANK BALFOUR BROWNE, M.A. (Oxon), F.R.S.E., F.Z.S. Director of
the Sutton Broad Laboratory.

Since I published my first paper on the aquatic coleoptera of the
Norfolk Broads (Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. 8oc, vol. viii., part i.
p. 58, 1905), containing a list of the species I had found, I have more
than once been asked how I separated Hydmporus incognitus, Sharp,
from palustris, L., and have also been told by some who claim to be
authorities, that Dr. Sharp's characters are insufficient to separate
incognitus as a species from such a variable group as is included
under tbe name palustris.

I did not pledge myself, in the paper referred to, to any opinion as
to the specific value of the names I used, but I satisfied myself, before
I published my list, that I could distinguish the species— or whatever
they might be — from published descriptions and type specimens which
were within my reach.

However, after collecting a large amount of material, I have
thought it worth while to examine it carefully, with a view to
satisfying myself as to whether or not modern authorities are correct
in rejecting incognitus as a distinct species.

H. incognitus was first recognised as specifically distinct from
palustris, in 1869, by Dr. Sharp, who published a description in the
tint. Mo. Mag., vi., p. 84, 1869, 70. He described it as "allied to
palustris, but larger, especially broader, with the pale markings less
developed, and not so distinct from the ground colour; moveover, the
whole is of a different form, and, in this respect, approaches erythroce-
phalus .... Punctuation of elytra rather more distinct than in
palustris, pubescence rather finer, and more sparing," and, he added,
" undoubtedly closely allied to }>alustris, but among a fine series of that
variable species I find nothing to connect the two."

Thus the characters upon which Dr. Sharp originally relied were
the form, punctuation and pubescence.

In 1881, Bedel (Coleopt. (hi Bassin de la Seine, p. 238) threw over
Dr. Sharp's characters, and relied upon others, as follows : —

Hanches post : terries, a ponctuation peu reguliere et mal accusee ....
Tacbe basilaire oblique = palustris.

Hanches post : assez luisantes, a ponctuation forte, serree, tres apparente
. . . . Tacbe basilaire des elytres transverse, contigue au bord anterieur,
jaunatre = incognitus.

Bedel therefore relied upon two very doubtfully reliable characters
in separating incognitus from the variable palustris.

In the Monograph of the Dytiscidae, published in 1882, Dr. Sharp
revised his description of incognitus, and referred to certain secondary
sexual characters thus : — " Mas, tarsis anterioribus leviter dilatatis
unguiculia vix innaqualibus," while, of }>alustris, he said, " Mas, barsis
anterioribus et intermediis dilatatis, ille unguiculis imequalibus,
anteriore crassiore et breviore."

Now there is nothing in this description from which one can gather
whether the inequality of the claws is in reference to their length or
bulk, and I venture to suggest that a better term would be"dissimilis."
i.e., unlike, to describe the facts. I think also that Ganglbaupr's
description of the inner claw of palustris as "dicker und starker
April 15th, 1907.

78 the entomologist's record.

gebogen " is probably happier than Dr. Sharp's " crassiore et
breviore."

After careful examination of a number of examples under high
power (about x 400 magnification) it appears to me that the inner
claw referred to differs even more in the two species, since, in all the
examples of J palustris which I have examined, I find that this claw
is not only very much thickened and strongly curved, but that its
underside is grooved or hollowed out. This character is not always to
be seen at the first glance, and its visibility depends upon the position
of the claw, but I have not failed to find it in any of the thirty odd
specimens I have examined, specimens from several parts of England
and Scotland.

In $ incognitas, on the other hand, there is no such hollowing out.
The inner claw is slightly thicker and heavier than its neighbour, and
it is apparently rather less curved than in palustris, but it is essentially
a simple claw.

In the females of both species, the claws of the anterior tarsi are
similar, and apparently equal in length, but those of palustris are, I
think, slightly heavier than those of ineognitus.

The anterior tarsi of the S are different in both species from those
of the ? . In the 3 the middle joint is transverse, whereas in the $
it is about as long as it is broad.

Dr. Sharp mentions, in describing ineognitus {Dytiscidae, p. 475),
that the tarsi are slender, but he does not compare them with those of
palustris. Ganglbauer, on the other hand, mentions that, in this species,
the tarsi are narrower (schlankere) than those of palustris.

The accompanying drawings done with camera lucida, will show
the differences in both sexes between what appear to me to be two
good species.

Explanation of Plate IV.

A. 1-6. — Hydroporus palustris, L. — Various views of anterior tarsal claws of

3 s x 200.
1-2. — The same pair of claws from opposite sides.
3-4. — Another pair of claws from opposite sides.
5-6. — Another pair of claws from opposite sides.

B. 1. — Anterior tarsal claws of Hydroporus palustris x 200.
2. — Anterior tarsal claws of Hydroporus ineognitus x 200.

C. 1. — Anterior tarsus of Hydroporus palustris <?x50.
2. — Anterior tarsus of Hydroporus palustris ? x 50.
3. — Anterior tarsus of Hydroporus ineognitus 3 x 50.
4. — Anterior tarsus of Hydroporus ineognitus ? x 50.

5-6. — Ventral view of right foreleg and claws of Hydroporus ineognitus
(fig. 5x50; fig. 6x200).

D. 1-6. — Hydroporus incognitos, Sharp. — Various views of anterior tarsal

claws of c? s x 200.
3-4. — The same claws.
5-6. — Fig. 5, dorsal view, fig. 6, lateral view of the same pair of

claws x 200.

Hellinsia (Leioptilus) carphodactyla reinstated in the British list.

By W. PURDEY.

Among the " plume " ova first supplied to you were some which,

at the time, I thought were those of Hellinsia osteodactylus. Upon

examination at the end of the season, however, I found that the imagines

taken were not that species, but in markings very much like Adaina

NOTES ON THE GENUS GONATOPUS (dRYININ.e). 79

microdactyla, only very much larger. I have taken one or two imagines
each year. I now have eight specimens altogether. I think that it
must feed on some low plant. I have not yet been able to trace it.
There are golden-rod, thyme, marjoram, and Hieracium pilosella,
growing on the ground, whilst some distance away from the locality is
Eupatorium, but I feel certain that this is not the foodplant, and it is
very seldom that microdactyla moves away from its foodplant. The
ova were large, and of a very pale-green colour.

[In 1834, Stephens made an attempt to apply Hubner's classifica-
tion to the British " plumes" (lllus. Brit. Ent. Haust,, iv., pp. 370 et
sap). Among other of Hubner's species which he thought he
recognised in Britain was carphodactyla, which, however, he misspelled
" carpodactyla," but corrected to carphodactyla (op. cit., p. 424). At
the time, osteodactylus, as such, was not known as a British species, nor
was it, indeed, separated from carphodactyla until 1841, when Zeller
distinguished it from its allies, and named it. It was then assumed
that the carphodactyla of Stephens was Zeller's species, and the latter
name disappeared from our British list, osteodactylus taking its place.
There has been no suspicion that this was not entirely the case, until
some few months ago, when Mr. Purdey kindly offered to get ova of
H. osteodactylus, a well-known Folkestone species, for description in the
account of the "plumes," now in course of publication in the Natural
History of British Lepidoptera. The eggs were obtained and duly
described, but the resulting larvae refused to feed on golden-rod. Even
then suspicion was not aroused until this summer, when the imagines
struck Mr. Purdey as being something different, and his belief that
they were not osteodactylus, approached certainty, and a descriptive
note from Purdey to Mr. Sich, led the latter to write to us
suggesting the species as being possible carphodactyla. In due course
the imagines were submitted to Dr. Chapman, and proved to be this
species. It is very like osteodactylus, but more marked with black, like
microdactyla, the larva feeding on Conyza squarrosa. Our British series of
osteodactylus want carefully looking over, and, as the new British
species is a rather common one, and we believe pretty regularly, bred on
the continent, there should be little trouble in finding the larva. — Ed.]

Notes on the genus Gonatopus (Dryininae).

By A. J. CHITTY, M.A.., F.E.S.

The admirable article of Dr. Kieffer on the British Gonatopi,
translated by Mr. Donisthorpe in the January number of the h'.nt.
Becord, is of the greatest interest, and will, I am sure, induce others
to study these remarkable little insects. Curiously, the Annals of
Scottish Natural History, for January, has also a list of the Scottish
Bethylidae and Dryininae, but no records of Gonatopus, two of which I
can now add to the Scottish list.

For some time past I have had in my possession five or six distinct
species of Gonatopus, from various parts of the country, waiting to be
named; nearly all have, at some time or other, been identified, for
past owners, as pedestris, Dalm., though abundantly distinct from one
another. Thanks to Dr. Kieffer these can now be named, and 1 am a!
the same time (thanks to the kindness of Professor Poulton) able to
restore two more species of Gonatopus to the British list, viz., oratorius,

80 the entomologist's record.

West., and ljunghii, West, (possibly =pedestris, Dalm.), and to state
that G. sociabilis, Kieff., of which a full description appeared in the
January number, is really G. sepsoides, West. Westwood's three
species were inadequately described in Loudon's Magazine of Natural
History, vi., p. 496, fortunately, however, the types remain in the
Oxford Museum. It remained to Dr. Kieffer to render the species
of the genus intelligible, but Walker's calm proceeding in sinking
Westwood's three insects, structurally quite unlike, to synonyms of
the so-called pedestris (really bicolor, Hal. teste Kieff.), is most remark-
able. This achievement is to be found in the Ent. Mo. Mat}., iv.,
p. 412.

The main characters of the ? s in both Gonatopus and Antaeon,
the two principal genera of the Dryininae, lie in the chela?. These
chela? or "pincers" ("la pince" of Kieffer) form beautiful objects
under the microscope, and, in Gonatopus, there appears to be no great
difficulty in identifying the species by them. In the genus Antaeon
the immense number of the species makes it very easy for any one
attempting to use the tables to lose his way. One of the branches of
the chela?, viz., the outer one, appears to be a development of a claw,
and to have become twisted to one side, while the inner branch is a
development of the fifth tarsal joint ; the empodium forms the apex
of the leg when the pincers are closed, but, whether the insect walks on
the external chela? or on the empodium with the claws lying folded up
backwards along the remaining joints of the tarsi, to some of which
the inner branch of the chela? is at times soldered, I am unable to say
— see, however, Ent. Mo. Mag., ii., p. 221, from which the former
appears to be the case. The chela? may be armed with processes of
various kinds ; in some cases the processes are teeth, like the teeth of
an ordinary insect's claw, in other cases they are membranous,
reminding one somewhat of suckers; they are then called " lamelles "*
(plates) ; in other cases they are in the nature of bristles, and, in still
other cases, they are simply hairs; hairs and plates often co-exist, in
which case I find the hairs very difficult to see. One of the chela?,
especially the outer branch, is often unarmed, and the space occupied
by the processes varies greatly, and, where the inner chela has a
decided bend, the bend at least is usually destitute of processes, which
begin again near the tip.

The earlier writers seem to have paid no attention to the characters
derived from the chela?, and the result is that, without types, and most,
if not all, of those of Walker, have been destroyed, the names must, in
many cases, be abandoned. In fact, the only names in Gonatopus that
survive at present for British species, are bicolor, Hal., Curtis (Brit.
Ent., pp. 206, 207), and those of Westwood, which I am now restoring.
Whether bicolor, Hal., should not be bicolor, Curt., seems a question;
the name is not given even as a synonym by Marshall, having been
included by Walker as a colour variety of Dicondylus pedestris,
and possibly with Haliday's consent ; but it appears to have been
published in Curtis's British Insects, and to have been, so far as
Haliday was concerned, only a MS. name.

* "Lamelles" is, I think, used of the "teeth" of a comb. We have, un-
fortunately, no suitable English word to distinguish this sense from " dentes,"
teeth, in the ordinary sense.

NOTES ON THE GENUS GONATOPUS (dRYININjE). 81

To admit of Westwood's species, Dr. Kieffer's table should, I think,
be varied as follows :

1. Omit " vertex strongly excavate " before the number 3.

2. For " sociabilis, Kieff.," read " sepsoides, West."

3. For " 3, etc.," read: " 3. Vertex slightly depressed, but

not strongly excavated Ijunghii, West.

Vertex strongly excavated .. .. .. .. . . 3u.

3a. Thorax entirely red (rufotestaceous), second node trans-
versely striate at base oratorius, West.

Thorax partly black, second node not transversely striate

at base Shis."

and then continue at 3 in the table.

The following are the localities of the British species so far as I
am able to determine tbem. Without types, or specimens compared
with types, certainty seems almost impossible : — G. striata*, Kieff. (1)
Brandon (Chitty), May 6th, 1906. G. sepsoides, West, (sociabilis,
Kieff.) (2) Black Gang Chine (Westwood), August, 1831 ; Camber Sand-
hills (Donisthorpe) ; Lymington (Morley), August 15th, 1901 ; Gul-
lane Links, near Edinburgh (W. Evans), August 29th, 1900; the
British Museum adds Deal ; near London ; Bournemouth ; Lowes-
toft; and another species without locality taken in 1879 (F. Smith).
G. ljunghii, West. : Wimbledon Common (Westwood). G. oraturius,
West.: Ripley Common (Westwood). G. distinguendus, Kieff. (2):
Kilmore (Beaumont), August 11th and 15th, 1898. G. bicolor, Curt. :
(1) Plumstead (Beaumont), October 21st, 1893 ; (1) Luffness Links,
near Edinburgh (W. Evans), August 22nd, 1896 ; (1) Fielden, Herts
(Morley), on genista, August 9th, 1903; [Deal (Marshall)] . G.
distinctus, Kieff. (3) Oxshott (Beaumont), July 30th, 1898, June 13th,
1900, and June 2nd, 1901 ; Perrau Porth Newquay (E. B. Nevinson).
G. inarshalli, Kieff.: Isle of Purbeck; Swansea (?Swanage) (Marshall),
{Andre, vol. ix., p. 121). Marshall's original MS. description and plate
of this insect appear to have been inaccurate, see Andre, ix., p. 510.

A few further notes may be useful. As to striatus : the pilosity of the
second node of the thorax is badly developed in my specimen, but the
insect cannot be any other described species. It was found on a sandy
place where, no doubt, ants would be running. [I may here point out
that on p. 8 of this volume, subpUosus and substriatus should be sub, i.e.,
under the heading of, pilosus, and sub, striatus.

G. sepsoides: I compared Mr. Morley's specimen with both the
types of sociabilis and sepsoides, which I have had lent me. The
former type is now broken (in the post). The following corrections
appear to me necessary in the description (see p. 7 ante) : 1. 2, for
"tarsi" read "legs"; 1. 5, for "tarsi" read "tibiae"; 1. 10, after
"long" insert "again." The ninth joint of the antenna appears to
me distinctly longer than broad. Mr. Morley's specimen was named
pedestris by Mr. Marshall; I have always referred it doubtfully to
pilosus, Thorns., as I did Mr. Donisthorpe's specimen. Thomson is
not, however, likely to have made a mistake as to the pilosity of the
2nd thoracic node, but his description of pilosus, curiously, fits in with
my specimens in other respects ; anyhow, Westwood's name has
priority. This is the commonest British species, and it appears to be
spread over the whole country in suitable localities. There is a most
interesting note of Haliday's on what is possibly this insect, but more
likely the next but two, in the Ent. Mo. Mag., ii., p. 221, sub. tit. Dryinus

82

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

pedestris. He first found it near Darenth Wood, in company with some
Myrmicae, and he says it occurs in Ireland on the sandhills of the
coast. Once he saw four ants carrying off a Dryinus (Gonatopus), but
his approach frightened three away, and the remaining ant and the
Gonatopus fought without either party getting an advantage.

G. ljunghii: This species is hardly likely still to occur on
Wimbledon Common, but it might be found in Richmond Park on
sandy spots. I am unable to distinguish it from the description of
G. pedestris, Dalm., by KiefFer, except by the dark posterior coxae,
possibly the head is not so level. It is better for the present to
preserve Westwood's name, even if it has not priority.

G. oratorius : The type of this is badly broken. It ought to be
possible still to take this insect on the Surrey commons. Its colour
renders it very distinct.

G. bicolur : This is tbe G. nigriventris of Nees and Marshall's
Catalogue. I cannot understand how it ever got mixed with pedestris,
i.e., distinguendus, Kieff., and distinctus, Kieff., in Marshall's collection,
as it is structurally very distinct from them. It is, however, very
variable in colour. Marshall's MS. description adopted by Dr. Kieffer
in the first instance, is inaccurate, see Andre, p. 508 (Kieffer) ; the
2nd thoracic node is " distinctement stride en travers posterieure-
ment," as there pointed out. The variation in colour extends to the
first node of the thorax, and the legs, as stated by Walker (Ent. Mo.
Mag., iv., p. 412). Possibly Haliday's note, quoted above, applies to
this species. If the insect is myrmecophilous, the variation of colour
is intelligible, as it would resemble different ants in its different forms,
compare Volucella bombylans parasitic on Bombi.

G. distinguendus: In my two specimens, the hind coxae have a dark
spot above. They are the most slender of the specimens in my
collection.

G. distinctus : In my specimens the face is of the same colour as
the base of the antennae.

The Scotch Gonatopi from Mr. W. Evans are the first recorded
from that country.

I ought to correct my record on p. 161 of the last volume, the
Proctotrypid insect there recorded from Whitstable is, I find after all,
Epyris nigra, which occurs all over that district of Kent. This is not
the same insect as Goniozus claripennis, which I have taken at Deal as
there stated. Besides this, Ponea punctatissima is, after all, P.
contracta.

Habits of Sciapteron tabaniforme.

By De. T. A. CHAPMAN.
As Mr. P. C. Reid's query about this species is not likely to be
answered from English material, I may venture to say that I found
imagines and pupa; in Norway, in 1898 {Ent. Mo. Mag., 1899, p. 107).
Insects, or traces of them, occurred in aspens at ground level, and up
to four or five feet (or as high as I could comfortably examine), on
trees of six or eight inches in diameter, always on living trees, and
always where they had received some injury. I recollect one where
there was exposed wood, and the bark in its usual way trying to grow
over it, but much hindered by the injury done to it by the larva of

FURTHER NOTES ON ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA. 83

8. tabani forme. Doubtless its habits vary according to its opportu-
nities, but I should hardly expect it to occur in cut stumps, unless
they were making a vigorous attempt to grow again, i.e., I doubt if
really dying material would suit it. I think all the Mgeria&ae inhabit
living material, but Mgeria culiciformis and JE. asiliformis (cynipi-
formis) like it when all but dying, as in stumps. Nearly all require
some wound or injury, but what this may amount to seems trifling or
nil in a few species.

Further notes on Abraxas grossulariata.

By (Rev.) G. H. RAYNOR, M.A.

Since you were good enough to publish an article of mine on the
variation of this fascinating species (in Knt. liec, xiv., 321-5 and
xv., 8-11), an interval of four years has elapsed, during which the
popularity of the insect seems to have advanced by leaps and bounds,
at least, if one may judge by the heavy prices realised at auction for
extreme aberrations. I think I never remember A. grossulariata larva?
being so scarce as they were in 1906. A couple of hours I spent
hunting hedges in my glebe fields one night, produced exactly
twelve larvae, whereas in an ordinary season I could have got 500 ;
the soil here is heavy clay. On lighter soil, about three miles distant,
things were not so bad, as with the help of a friend I secured about
100 larva? on each of two evenings ; however, even there, in a
favourable season our scores would have been multiplied by six. The
result of this scarcity was that I did not breed a single good form from
these local larva?. Also the larvae I received — in no great numbers —
from many other parts of the kingdom (including Lancashire) produced
nothing worth setting, with the exception of two nice specimens
which emerged from a small lot sent from Monmouthshire. One of
these was a very beautiful siibvinlacca, deeply suffused with brown-
violet, except that the basal half of every wing is white. The specimen,
as is usual in this aberration, is a male. The other " Monmouthshire
beauty " is unique in my collection, in that the outer margins of the
hindwings are entirely devoid of the usual series of black spots, except
that there is a tiny one situated centrally on the margin of the left
wing. In this specimen (a female) the outer margins of the forewings
are also very sparsely spotted, there being four spots on that of the
right wing, and three on that of the left; so that the insect altogether
has a very pretty light appearance. It is the nearest approximation I
possess to the very rare aberration albomarginata.

But my far greatest success of the season was the rearing, from
Lancashire parents, of a family of ab. Intra, small indeed in numbers,
but of surpassing beauty. The ground colour is of a lovely bright
canary yellow, being thus intermediate between the ordinary dull,
slightly-luteous form of this aberration, and the deep-gamboge one
figured by Barrett. In the above-mentioned family were a few
specimens in which the forewings had an unusual amount of black,
and, among these, two in which the black surface is so exaggerated as
to cover about two-thirds and three-quarters of the front wings re-
spectively. These are magnificent specimens — I almost think the
finest forms of grossulariata I have ever seen — and are well worthy of
the new varietal name ab. nigrolutea, n. ab. Entomologists aspiring

84 the entomologist's record.

to a thoroughly representative lot of grossulariata, might do worse than
leave half a row in their cabinets for this ab. lutect, and another half
row for ab. flavofasciata, which is also subject to much minor variation,
and is a very beautiful form of the species. Its variation lies in the
width and coloration of the central transverse yellow band crossing the
forewings, in the occasional intensification of the black markings on
the forewings, and in the number of small black spots, and the
development of the faint yellow line on the hindwings. I have not
yet heard of a male flavofasciata occurring in a state of nature, and
should be pleased to hear from any of your readers who possesses a
specimen.

One of the most extraordinary grossulariata in my cabinet was
reared from a Lancashire larva, by a friend of mine, in 1904, and
generously presented by him to myself. This aberration — chalcobares,
n. ab. — is a very dark specimen, the only white on it being that part
of the forewing which lies between the exterior of the central fascia and
the subterminal row of black spots, while the area between the base
of the forewings and the interior of the central fascia, is thickly laden
with bronze. The hindwings are as black as in any nigrosparsata, and
have the central horizontal row of black spots slightly flushed with
bronze. The specimen is a male of large size. Those who have
reared my favourite species in very large numbers will know how
extremely rare pale varieties are in comparison with those of darker
hue, so that I am here tempted to describe, and name lactea-
sparsa, n. ab., what I deem the finest pale form I have ever reared. It
came from a wild Hazeleigh larva, and emerged on July 22nd, 1904.
It is a small but perfectly developed female, and, so far as markings
go, is of the flavofasciata type, only that the hindwings have the
horizontal band of black central spots well developed ; but the
peculiarity is that the forewings are densely dusted with blackish-
brown. For a pale form to be thus suffused, is, in my experience,
altogether unparalleled. The dusting on the hindwrings is so faint as
to be barely perceptible. In conclusion, to those about to rear this
species, just a few words concerning the foodplant. In towns, Euonymus
japonicus is much affected by the larvae, which also attack goose-
berry and currant bushes, whilst on walls they often do much damage
to the foliage of apricot and plum trees. Out in the country black-
thorn is indisputably the favourite pabulum, but the wild spindle,
sallow of species, and the common buckthorn, are also favoured. I my-
self have not found very many larva?, as do some collectors, on the wild
spindle, but have sometimes collected them very freely from sallow
bushes. My plan is always to feed wild larva? on the plant they were
taken from, and in the case of those reared from the egg, to adhere to
one particular foodplant. I believe gooseberry and red-currant produce
the finest imagines, but I am quite convinced that the foodplant has
no influence whatever on the coloration of the imago.

The genus Bembidium, Lat., in Cumberland.

By F. H. DAY, F.E.S.

Although the northern counties of England have their own special
coleoptera, in point of number of species they cannot compare with
counties enjoying a more southerly position. Some few genera,

THE GENUS BEMBIDIUM, LAT., IN CUMBERLAND. 85

however, are much better represented in the north than in the south,
one of the most interesting of such being Bembidium. Of this genus,
34 species have now been taken in Cumberland, of which I have
rnyself captured all but two during the few years in which I have
collected beetles. Although many of these are very local in distribu-
tion, with few exceptions they may be captured freely in their
particular haunts. For the most part, the species here enumerated
occur near water, a striking divergence from this habit being shown
by B. nigricorne which I have only found on high-lying moors. The
species are most abundant in spring and early summer. After June,
they, as a rule, become scarcer, but some, at any rate, appear again
in September and October. Few beetles are easier to find than
Bembidia, the simple plans of dashing water over the shingle beds by
sides of streams, and of " treading " the mudbanks on salt-marshes
being sufficient to flush them from their hiding-places. When the sun
is hot they are very active, some, indeed, taking readily to the wing.

B. rufescens, Guer. — Abundant in flood-refuse in autumn and early
winter. Seldom noticed in spring or summer.

B. quinquestr latum, Gyll. — Apparently rare here, as I only know of
three specimens, one taken by Mr. Routledge and two by Mr. Britten.

/>'. nbtitxuw, Stm. — Moderately common in moss and flood refuse.

B. guttula, F. — Very common both in dry and damp situations.

B. manner heimi, Sahl. — Frequently in company with the last.
Very common in tidal rubbish on the Solway marshes.

B. biguttatum, F. — Common in flood-refuse, also on mud at the
edges of ponds and ditches.

B. aeneum., Germ. — Occasionally taken on the banks of streams.
On the extensive salt-marshes at the estuary of the Eden it is
abundant, occurring on the muddy sides of creeks and drains.

B. doris, Panz. — Local, but abundant on the edges of ponds
among the Silloth sandhills, also near a boggy pond in Orton Woods,
Carlisle, and on the margins of Whin's Pond, Penrith.

B. minimum, F. — Exclusively maritime. Occurs all along the
Solway, on mudbanks and sandy beaches.

B. norm-annum-, Dej. — Very local. I have only found it on mud-
banks on Skinburness Marsh, where it is common. According to
Fowler (I hit. ( 'oleoptera, i., p. 108) it appears only to be known in the
south and south-east of England.

B. schuppeli, Dej. — Common on the banks of the River Irthing,
and also of the River Eden, in one or two places. The first British
examples were taken on the first-named river by the late T. J. Bold.

B. lampros, Herbst. — Common on roads, pathways, dry hedge-
banks, etc. ; var. relox, Er., I have only taken on Burgh Marsh.

B. nigricorne, Gyll. — Locally abundant in heathy, elevated
districts ; Wan Fell, at an elevation of 700 feet ; Cumrew Fell at
about twice that elevation. Commonest on sunny days in April and
September. On dull days hides in cracks in the dry ground, but may
be disturbed by tobacco smoke.

11. tibiale, Duft.— One of the most abundant river-side species,
occurring on every stream I have visited.

B. atrocaeruleum, Steph. — Almost equally common with the
preceding.

86 the entomologist's record.

B. decorum, Panz. — Occurs in company with the two last on the
gravelly banks of most of our streams.

B. monticola, Dej. — Abundant in spring and autumn on the sandy
banks of the Gelt, under and in the chinks of soft sandstone slabs.
Also by the Eden, Irthing, Petteril, etc.

B. stomoides, Dej. — Another species added to the British list by
Bold, who first met with it on the Irthing, at Lanercost, in June 1848.
I have taken a number in the same locality, but it occurs more freely
on the banks of the Gelt, often in company with B. monticola.

B. affine, Steph. — Rather a scarce species. I have taken perhaps
half-a-dozen on the banks of the Irthing and its tributary, the Gelt.

B. quadriguttatum, F. — Taken by the late T. C. Heysham some-
where near Carlisle, over 70 years ago. This is the only species in
the Cumberland list which has not been taken of late years. As it
occurs in Scotland there is no reason why it should not turn up
again here.

B. lunatum, Duft. — On several occasions I have taken this species
in numbers, in June, on mudbanks on Burgh Marsh. Odd specimens
are met with on the Irthing, where, however, Bold captured it freely
50 years ago. Sometimes takes to the wing in hot weather.

B. testaceum, Duft. — Although a " northern " species, I have but
one Cumberland specimen which I captured on the Irthing in 1905,
and do not know of any others.

B. concinnum , Steph. — May sometimes be taken as early as March,
running actively in the sun on mudbanks on the Solway. Very
common at times.

B. femoratum, Sturm. — Under stones on sandy banks of the
Petteril, Eden, and Irthing, but restricted to particular spots.

B. bntxellense, Wesm. — Scarce in the Gelt valley. On the banks
of the Black Lyne, in the north of the county, I took a fine series in
October, 1904.

B. saxatile, Gyll. — Very abundant among loose gravel on the edges
of a little stream just where it enters the sea at Allonby. Has also
occurred inland.

B. anglicanum, Sharp. — Taken by Bold on the Irthing. I have
not, as yet, met Avith it on that river, but have taken two specimens on
the Gelt.

B. littorale, 01. — Everywhere common.

B. pallidipenne, 111. — Not uncommon on the sandy beach at
Silloth.

B. bipunctatum, L. — Mr. Britten and I have several times taken
this species in some numbers by the sides of the Eden by dashing
water into the angles of rocks, where sand had drifted and moss
grown. Rare on the coast.

B. punctulatum, Drap. — On some of our streams perhaps the most
abundant Bembidium, although nearly absent from the Gelt where so
many of the genus abound. A rather striking blue form occurs in the
Eden Valley.

B. jirasinum, Duft. — Local on the Irthing, Eden, and Caldew. On
its favourite shingle beds, however, it is the prevailing species.

B. varium, 01. — Common on Skinburness Marsh, where it frequents
muddy hollows kept moist by the high tides. On stepping on to a
piece of ground where this species is present it is amusing to note

NOTES ON COLEOPHORA GENISTA AND C. GRYPHIPENNELLA. 87

the carious way in which the beetles all race off in the same direction,
like a flock of diminutive sheep. According to Fowler it had not
occurred further north than Yorkshire at the time his work appeared.

B. paludosum., Panz. — Occurs sparingly by the Gelt. Very
abundant on sandy banks by the Eden, running actively and
"nocking" together like the last-named. Often takes to the wing.
Recorded by Canon Fowler from the banks of the Derwent, a river I
have myself found a disappointing one for the genus, at any rate along
its higher waters.

In addition to the foregoing, other species may yet be found in
Cumberland, the likeliest, from their recorded distribution, being
B. riparium, clarki, gilvipes, nitidulum, flammulatum, and obliquum.

Notes on Coleophora genistae and C. gryphipennella.

By HENEY J. TURNER, F.E.S.
( 'oleophora genistae. — Mr. Prout sent me a few cases of Coleophora
genistae from Loughton, on May 9th, 1904, and Mr. Goulton some from
Bookham on the same date. They were then very small, and appeared
to have moved from their hybernation only about a week. Their food-
plant, (renixta anglica, is usually very late in showing its leaves, and
these larva? are then very eager for food. They will only feed sparingly
on ordinary broom. On June 4th, the larva? were extremely abundant
at Bookham, many plants being quite denuded of green leaves. The
larva? were of all sizes, and frequently two, three, and four, cases could be
seen assembled at the tip of a branch, which they had completely
cleared of both leaves and flowers. They much prefer the flowers and
abandon the green leaves as soon as the flower-buds and flowers are
developed. Unfortunately, I omitted to carry these through.

( oleophora gryphipennella. — On May 14th, 1904, 1 took a case of
('. gryphipennella at Ashstead, on rose, but a good search produced no
more. This species does not seem to be numerous anywhere ; odd
specimens occur everywhere, but I have never met with more than one
or two in any one spot. At Chatham, on May 29th, I found a winter
case. It was situated on a rose-leaf close to a scallop, from which the
larva? had made its new case, when it abandoned the old one. The
owner, however, did not show itself. The piece cut out was, as
usual, cut from very near the base of the leaf near the stalk. There
was a blotch on the same leaf, showing that the larva had made a
meal and then decamped to pastures new. On the 4th of June, I met
with two cases at Bookham, one of these was large and rough,
while the other was thin and much newer. On the following day, the
larva with the rough-looking case, abandoned it, and made a new one,
which was of a delicate green colour, the whole of the chlorophyll of
the leaf not having been scraped away from the inside of the cuticle,
when the larva was eating out its mine.

The larva, in general coloration, was of a dull brown-orange. The
1st thoracic segment had a large dorsal plate, which nearly covered
the back of the segment, with a median suture wider at the rear. The
2nd segment had two large dots of black on the dorsum. The 3rd
segment had no trace of plates. The spiracular plates were present on
the 1st and 2nd segments, but the 3rd segment had no trace. The
anal segment was protected by a small, squarish, black plate.

88 the entomologist's record.

On June 19th, at Chalfont Road, I met with a case spun up on the
stem of a wild rose, between the thorns. This produced an imago on
June 29th.

Butterflies in South Germany during the Spring and
Early Summer of 1906.

By G. L. KEYNES.

As it had been arranged that I should spend five months of the
first half of 1906 (February lst-June 21th) in South Germany, I
determined that a study of the German language should be judiciously
and pleasantly combined with a study, as far as possible, of the butter-
flies of the district. The former study, however, I dutifully regarded
as the more important, and this must serve to account for the incom-
pleteness of the following note.

My headquarters were at a small manufacturing town called Lahr,
some thirty miles north of Freiburg. The nature of the country is
varied ; for, on the one hand, are the heights of the Black Forest, on
the other the absolutely level plain of the Rhine Valley. The latter I
found ^to be incomparably the more productive, for, on it, tracts of
luxuriant cultivation alternate with large wooded districts, formed of
the kind of vegetation interesting to entomologists ; the Black Forest,
on the other hand, is composed almost entirely of beech trees and
gloomy pines, which have little attraction for butterflies.

The more interesting species occurred as follows:— Erynnis alcaeae:
I took a single fresh $ on May 4th in a clearing in the Black Forest ;
I was unable to visit the spot again. Hesperia malvae : This species
occurred occasionally in the Forest, and from May 10th onwards was
very plentiful in the plain. Powellia sao appeared to be scarce, as I
took only one worn $ ; this was on June 7th, on the outskirts of the
Forest. Cyclopides palaemon appeared on May 11th, and was locally
plentiful in the woods of the plain ; I also found it occasionally else-
where up to the edge of the Forest. Loweia dorilis was common
everywhere in the plain from the middle of May, the ? s being
particularly fine and bright. Cupido mini ma and Nomiades semiargus
were both locally plentiful on small limestone hills at the edge of the
plain, and also occurred occasionally elsewhere. They appeared at the
end of May. Nomiades cyllarus was rare, and my only capture was a
single large, but rather worn, 2 on May 26th, on the limestone hills
mentioned above. Polyommatus bellargus I took occasionally during June
at the edge of the plain. Plebeius argus (aegon) was very plentiful in the
plain, especially so on the banks of the Rhine. Plebeius argyrognnmon
was sometimes to be found in the plain, but was very much rarer than
the preceding species. The two or three J s which I took were of the
form brunnea. Everes argiades : My only captures of this species were
two fresh $ s on May 11th and May 13th. They were found flying in
the grass meadows of the plain, and, in size (24mm.), they come between
the var. polysperchon and the type, the sizes of which Mr. Wheeler
gives as 20mm. and 29mm. respectively. Callophrys rubi appeared
early in May, but was confined entirely to clearings in the Forest and
its immediate outskirts. One or two specimens approach very nearly
to ab. immaculata. Strymon pruni: On June 6th I took one perfect $
of this species close to the Rhine ; owing to the bad weather I was

BUTTERFLIES IN SOUTH GERMANY. 89

unable to visit the place again until June 18th. I then discovered a
tract of low privet bushes in bloom, on the flowers of which the prurd
were sitting in scores. The 3 s were then over, but I was able to get
a good series of ? s, which are larger than English specimens, and
have a great deal more orange on the forewing. S. w-album : On June
18th and June 21st I took four fresh specimens, sitting with S. pruni
on the privet blossoms. PapUio podalirius was common in the Forest,
but scarcer in the plain. One specimen of ab. ornata measured 85mm.
across the wings. Aporia crataegi was very abundant in the plain.
All the specimens were ab. suffiusa, and a few approached ab. melaina.
Dryas paphia and Argynnis aglaia were sometimes to be seen near
the Rhine. Specimens of Issoria lathonia seemed to be not at all
common, as I saw only one. Brenthis euphrosyne was locally very
plentiful in the woods of the plain, and was occasionally to be found
elsewhere. The specimens are large and of a rather washed-out
colouring. This insect appeared first on May 4th. B. sdene was also
locally abundant in the same localities as the preceding species, but did
not appear till that species was getting over. One $ was much suffused
with black. B. ilia appeared early in May, and was locally common
in the woods of the plain. It was very variable in the markings of
the upperside, exhibiting every degree of confluence of the spots.
Melitaea aurinia was very plentiful during May in the meadows of the
plain, and showed considerable variation ; the majority of the
specimens, however, approximated to var. artemis in the uniformity
of the ground colour. The ? s appeared to be very scarce in com-
parison with the great abundance of $ s. M. citixia, M. parthenie, and
M. dirt ij una were all common near the Rhine, but were not nearly so
plentiful as M, aurinia in the ordinary meadows. Araschnia levana
was very scarce ; the only specimen I saw was on May 14th in one of
the woods of the plain. Engonia polychloros: Hybernated specimens
appeared on the first warm day in March, and were afterwards very
plentiful in the gardens of the town. Limenitis sibylla first appeared
on June 21st, and, close to the Rhine, was very abundant. Pararge
moera was occasionally to be found near the Rhine during June. P.
arliine, after June 18th, was very common near the Rhine, but did
not show any variation. Coenonympha hero occurred in the plain, but
was scarce and local. On May 31st I took five fresh 3 s, and on
June 18th two worn $ s. These specimens vary only in possessing one,
two, or no eyespots on the underside of the front wing. C. pumphUus
was common everywhere. The specimens are small, but show a
decided tendency towards exaggeration of the markings, ab. bipupUlata
and ab. ocellata being by no means rare. One specimen has even a
third eyespot near the anal angle. Erebia medusa was very scarce,
and my only capture was a very worn S , on June 7th, at the edge of
the plain. E. stygne: I took two very fresh $ s in the Black Forest on
June 17th. Melanargia i/alatea was very common close to the Rhine,
but not elsewhere. The following species were common everywhere
and are not worthy of special mention : — Nisoniades tages, Augiades
sylvanus, Polyommatus alexis, Celastrina argiolus, PapUio machaon,
finis brassicae, I', rapae, P. napi, Euchlo'e cardamines, Leucophasia
sinapis, Colias hyale, Gonopteryx rhamni, Pyrameis cardui, Euvanesta
antiopa, Vanessa io, Aglats urticae, Polygonia c-album, Pararge megaera,
I', egeria var. egerides, Epinephele jurtina. Thus the total number of

90 the entomologist's record.

species taken between February 1st and June 24th was 57, and to get
these I never went more than ten miles from Lahr. It may perhaps be
worth recording that a local collector has taken Chrysophanus rutilvs
on one of the mountains near the town.

Contribution to a List of the Macro=Lepidoptera of Wimbledon

Common.

By G. D. MILLWAKD.

As supplementary to the notes by Mr. Smallman (antea, pp. 40-42),
I offer the following contribution to the list of macro-lepidoptera
occurring on Wimbledon Common : —

Hylophilides. — Hylophila prasinana, one larva beaten from oak,
September 25th, 1904. Hylophila bicolorana, two larva? beaten from
oak, May 28th, 1904; these spun up May 29th, and imagines emerged
June 22nd and 28th respectively ; also five young larvae off the same
tree at the end of September, but these all died during hybernation ;
two more young larva) September, 1905, these also died.

Nolides. — Nolo, cucullatella, one, July, 1904.

Arctiides. — Euchelia jacobaeae, one seen on the wing, June, 1904,
and one at light, July, 1905. Spilosoma mendica, one, June 12th, 1905.

Hepialides.— Hepialus hamuli, occasionally at dusk.

Lymantriides. — Porthesia similis, common at dusk, also larva? on
oak, etc.

Drepanulides. — Drepana lacertinaria, one on wing, May 23rd,
1904; also at light, June, 1904, 1905, and 1906; one larva beaten
from birch, September, 1904, and one September, 1905. Drepana
falcataria, one at light, July 10th, 1906. Drepana binaria, one on
lamp early in morning, May 28th, 1904 ; occasionally at light, June,
1905 and 1906 ; two or three larva? off oak, September, 1904, 1905,
and 1906.

Notodontides. — Dicranura bifida, one, on a lamp in the morning,
June 1st, 1905. Lophopteryx eamelina, occasionally at light, June,
1905 and 1906; a few larva? off oak, September, 1904 and 1905 ; three
pupa? at roots of oak, April, 1905. Xotodonta dietaea, one on a lamp in
the morning, May 2nd, 1905. Notodonta dodonea, two on a lamp in
the morning, June 13th, 1905. Phalera bucephala, at light, June, and
larva? in September.

Cymatophorides. — Thyatira derasa, one larva off bramble, Sep-
tember, 1905 ; Thyatira batis, one at sugar, September, 1904.
i'ymatophora duplaris, one larva beaten from birch, October, 1904.

Noctuides. — Bryophila perla, two at light, June 28th, 1905.
Diloba caeruleocephala, two larva? off hawthorn, one June, 1905, one
June, 1906. Leucania conigera, occasionally at light, July. Leucania
comma, one at light, July 1st, 1904. Leucania impura, occasionally at
light, June-July. Leucania pallens, very common at light, and Hying
round long grass and rushes on low-lying part of the Common.
Tapinostola fulva, one specimen drying its wings on grass, 10 p.m.,
September 6th, 1905. Hydroecia nictitans, not uncommon at light
and sugar, end of July- September. Xylophasia lithoxylea, one on a
tree-trunk, July 14th, 1906. Xylophasia monoglypha, at sugar.
Dipteryyia scabriuscula, occasionally at sugar, June, 1906. Neuronia
popularise few at light, September, 1904. Cerigo matura, occasionally

A NEW ABERRATION OF ACRONYCTA RUMICIS, LINN. 91

at light, July. Luperina testacea, common at light, September.
Luperina cespitis, one male freshly emerged on grass, 10 p.m., Sep-
tember 6th, 1905. three at light, September, 1906. Mamestra
brassicne, occasionally at sugar. Mamestra persicariae, occasionally at
light. Apamea gendma, occasionally at sugar. Apamea didyma, at
sugar. Miana strigilis var. aethiops, occasionally at light. Miana
fasciuncula, occasionally at light. Gramin-esia trigrammica, occasionally
at sugar and light ; Caradrina morpheus, occasionally at light ; Cara-
drina quadripunctata, occasionally at light. Rusina tenebrosa, occasion-
ally at dusk, also at light, end of June-July, 1906. Peridroma suffusa,
one at sugar, September 6th, 1905. Agrotis puta, occasionally at sugar.
Agrotis segetum, occasionally at light. Agrotis escclamationis, at light.
Agrotis corticea, one at light, June 30th, 1906. Agrotis strigula, one at
light, July 8th, 1904. Noctua glareosa, two freshly emerged on grass
stems, about 10 p.m., September 6th, 1905. Noctua plecta, occasionally
at sugar. Noctua triangidum, larvae, occasionally also imagines, at
light; Noctua f estiva, occasionally at light. Noctua baia, fairly common
at sugar. Noctua xanthographa. Triphama ianthina, one at sugar,
July, 1904. Triphaena fimbria, occasionally at sugar. Triphaena
pronuba. Amphipyra pyramided, two at sugar, August 12th, 1904.
Amphipyra tragopogonis, occasionally at sugar. Mania maura, occasion-
ally at sugar. Panolis pvniperda, one at light, June, 1906. Taeniocampa
gothica, occasionally at light, May, 1906. Taeniocampa incerta, larvae
occasionally beaten off oak, and imagines occasionally at light.
Taeniocampa rtabilis, larvae occasionally beaten off oak. Taeniocampa
pulverulenta, one larva beaten from hazel, June, 1904, and one from
oak, June, 1905. Anchocelis pistacina, abundant at light, September-
October. Anchocelis lunosa, common at light. Cerastis raccinii, a few
by boring holes in sapling birches, 1906. Scopelosoma satellitia, two
larva3, 1904. Tiliacea citrago, two at light, September, 1905. Citria
flavago, occasionally at light, 1905 and 1906. Mellinia gilvago, two at
ligbt, September, 1905. Calymnia trapezina, abundant. Calymnia
afinis, two at sugar, August 6th, 1904. Uecatera serena, one at light,
July, 1905. Miselia occyacanthae, larvae beaten from sloe, June, 1904
and 1905. Eupleayia lucipara, a few at sugar, 1905. Aplecta nebulosa,
two at sugar, June 28th, 1905. Hadena protea, one larva beaten from
oak, June, 1904, and one June, 1905. Hadena oleracea, occasionally
at light. Plusia chrysitis, one at dusk, July, 1905. Plusia (/ammo,
occasionally at light. Heliaca tenebrata, not uncommon, April, 1904.
Euclidia mi, a few each spring. Catocala nupta, occasionally at sugar.
Hypenides. — Hypena proboscidalis, occasionally at dusk.

A new aberration of Acronycta rumicis, Linn.

By M. GILLMER.
In the genus Acronycta, Ochs., similarly marked aberrations of
Acronycta psi, L. (viz., ab. biciryae, Tutt), and of A. menyanthidis,
View, (viz., ab. sartorii, Hock.), have been named, so that it would
appear advisable to name this parallel and beautiful aberration of A.
rumicis. It has the basal and marginal areas of the forewinga black,
the middle area scarcely darker brownish-grey than in typical specimens ;
the outer, light, transverse line obsolete (or suppressed), only the white
mark in cell lb (anal cell) remains ; otherwise the insect is typical

92 the entomologist's record.

= ab. suhriannu, n. ab. This form is intermediate between the brownish-
grey type and the quite black form ab. salicis, Curt. The specimen is
a female, and caught in the Palatinate. (In the collection of Mr. Z.
Griebel, Speyer.)

Swiss Butterflies in 1906.

By DOUGLAS H. PEARSON.

As a change from the Rhone Valley, we tried, in 1906, Goschenen,
Hospenthal, and the Furka, and, though results were disappointing, a
short note may be of some interest. June 24th found us at Goschenen,
where five days were spent, but insects were very scarce owing to a
persistent cold wind, which made the bright sun of no avail. A day
up the beautiful Goschenen Thai produced practically nothing, but,,
close to the village, and between it and Wassen, a nice series of Erebia
etygne was taken, both $ s and ? s showing considerable variation.
Lycaena avion was also fairly plentiful, mostly rather dark and tending
to var. obscura, but some light and with small spots, along with a few
Nomiades semiargus, Loweia dorilis, Chrysophanns hippotho'e, Leptidia
sinapis, Euchloe cardamines, Coenonympha arcania var. daririniana, and
two Brenthis selene.

Between Goschenen and Wassen a few somewhat worn Neweobius
lucina were met with, and three or four Cyclopidea palaenwn — this
being the first time I had taken more than single specimens of this
species in Switzerland.

A walk as far as Hospenthal produced nothing, and, on June 28tb,
we moved on there, with hopes of something good on the higher
ground, but were again doomed to disappointment. The weather was
dull, and a walk to the St. Gotbard Hospice added only one Polyommatm
pheretes and a few Erebia lappona to the bag. On June 30th we walked
up to the Furka, but not a single butterfly was taken, and we arrived
in a thick fog. A stay of three or four days showed that good sport
was to be had if the heavens had been kinder, as, whenever the sun
came out for half-an-hour, good things began to move. Here I made
my first acquaintance with the beautiful Melitaea cynthia, but only
managed to secure about half-a-dozen 3 s and three ? s. With them
were M. aurinia var. merope, but not quite so dark as those from
Eggishorn, and Erebia gorge, while an occasional (Eneis aello and
Pieris callidice were netted, and E. lappona was plentiful as usual.
Had the weather been better, no doubt this ground would have yielded
a rich harvest, but the lovely scenery and profusion of good alpine
flowers did much to compensate for the lack of insects.

The walk to the Rhone Glacier Hotel, and over the Grimsel to Han-
deck, was again an absolute blank for insects, and after a night at Han-
deck we drove down to Meiringen. Here, for a change, we had a solid
downpour of rain for many hours, but, the next day, between storms, I
covered a good deal of ground, and, by dint of seaching the dripping
flower-heads and netting when the sun peeped, secured a good bag. In
the meadows the "Fritillaries" were well represented ; Argynnis adippe
and A. niobe were plentiful, and Brenthis dia was in good condition
and not uncommon. Melanargia yalatea was very common with FJnodia
hyperanthns and Epinephele jurtina, but no good aberrations were
noted. The only Erebia seen was E. ligea, a beautiful ? in fine con-

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON TORTRIX PRONUBANA. 98

dition, but diligent search failed to disclose any more. On the wooded
slopes, one Liiui>iitis Camilla and one L. sibylla were netted (the only
ones seen), and four or five Thecla ilicis, which seemed partial to the
flowers of a small umbelliferous plant the name of which I did not
know. A few larvae of Eugonia polychloros were taken from an elm
and the imagines afterwards bred. In passing through Guttenen a
single specimen of Scolitantides baton was taken, but diligent search
failed to turn it up at Meiringen. The season seemed inclined to
produce dwarfs, as I took an Erebia lappona measuring only li ins.,
Lycaena arion logins., Melanargia galatea 1^ ins., and several other
small ones.

The trip ended on July 7th, when we returned to Lucerne, with
some sighs for the "might have beens," as much of the ground
covered seemed rich, and only needed the kindly sun to teem with life.
May the year 1907 so favour us.

Additional Notes on Tortrix pronubana.

By (Bbv.) F. E. LOWE, M.A., F.E.S.

As a new interest has been awakened in the above species by its
discovery in the south of England, a discovery which I predicted in
the Ent. Record, xii., p. 317, you may find space for the following
notes. There seems to be something more than a possibility that the
insect is at least partially double-brooded in Guernsey, if, indeed,
there may not be three broods in hot and prolonged autumns. In a
footnote to my notice in vol. xii., you remark that T. pronubana occurs
in April on the Riviera, since then I have taken it here on the follow-
ing early dates— June 1st, 1901 ; March 18th, 1903 ; March 26th,
1904, 2 ; May 17th, 1906 ; in every case only a single specimen, and
on the window panes, outside. For long I had assumed that these
specimens had been accidentally forced in some of our greenhouses,
but the fact that, in the small area of my garden (unsought), they
exhibit such a regular appearance, in or about the time of the spring
emergence on the continent, suggests the question — Are they a
natural spring brood ? T. pronubana is certainly erratic in its habits,
and, seemingly, not particular in its choice of food. Last year (1906)
I took a freshly spun up pupa from a stem of yellow toad-flax, in
early November. There was no Euonymus growing anywhere in the
in i mediate neighbourhood of the toad-flax. This pupa produced a
female specimen of T. pronubana at the end of November, or the
beginning of December. The exact date I cannot give, as it emerged
unexpectedly, and I found it dead in the breeding-cage in the second
week of December. It was kept in a room without a fire. Last year
the species was fairly abundant in Guernsey, from the middle of
August until late in October, but I did not come across a female until
September 29th. I am always away from home for the greater part of
June and July, and so cannot say whether the insect Hies in those
months ; but it will be observed that, except for those months, the
above notes give a catena of dates upon which I have taken this
Tortricid, from the middle of March to late November or early
December. The close clipping to which our Euonymus hedges are
subjected in the autumn would account, perhaps, for the scarcity of
the spring brood, supposing that there is one, for the larvae seem
always to feed in the twisted tips of the young shoots, which are just

94 the entomologist's record.

the parts of the plant which are sacrificed to the gardener's shears.
I have about 50 specimens I should be glad to hand over to collectors
of Tortricids if they care to have them.

OLEOPTERA.

Coleoptera in Wales in 1906. — The following notes on some of the
better Coleoptera taken in Wales during September last, may, perhaps, be
of interest. During the first week at Abergwessin, Breconshire, fungi
were rather productive, a single agaric producing Gyrophaena gentilis, Er.,
in numbers; G.nana,Hk., two or three, and G. minima,'Eti., one. Quedius
picipes, Man., and Choleva kirbyi, Spence, also in fungi, with all four
Boletobii, and other common things. Carabus arvensis, Host., running
over the moors in the sunshine. Liodes humeralis, Kug., and Syntomium
aeneum, Mull., in a rotten oak, and Sipalia ruficollis, Er., under the
bark of an old log. Staphylinus stercorarius, 01., on the road at
Llandovery. Bythinus puncticollis, Den., in moss. Philonthus puella,
Nor., and Megarthrus depressus, Pk., in dung, and M. sinuatocollis, Lac,
in fungus. Philorhinum sordidum, Steph., by sweeping. A search on
the banks of the Towy where I had taken Perileptus areolatus, Cr., and
Stenus incanus, Er., the previous year, only yielded Bembidium
atrocaeruleum, Steph., and Homalota cambrica, Woll. From the 8th to
the 15th I stayed at Llanbedr, Merioneth. On the top of Diphwys
(2563ft.), near here, I got one Acidota crenata, F., other species which
occurred were Carabus arvensis, Hbst., Pterostichus aethiops, Pz.,
Homalota eremita, Rye, Othius melanoceplialus, Gr., 0. myrmecophUus,
Kies., Quedius boops, Gr., with Aphodius lapponum, Gyll., plentiful in
sheep-dung. Working the seaweed heaps on the shore produced
Homalota orbata, Er., Myrmecopora sulcata, Kies., Phytosus spini-
fer, Curt., P. balticus, Kr., Hetewthops binotata, Gr., Halacritus
punctum, Aub., and Arena octavii,* Fair. Here also Aphodius
nitidulus, F., turned up under dung, and A. foetens, F., on the
bare sand, a little above low-water. Under stones or in damp
sand on the Artra estuary, Amara fulva, De G., Oxypoda brachyp-
tera, Steph., Philonthus rernalis, Gr., Bledius opacus, Block, and
Phytobius 4t-tuberculatus, F., Lebia chlorocephala, Hotf., Hypera polygoni,
L., and Otiorhynchus ligneus, 01., on drier ground. Psylliodes marcida,
111., and Otiorhynchus ovatus, L., at the roots of the marram grass.
After working several ants' nests under stones without success, on
turning over one I found a group of six Atemeles emarginatus, Pk., with
a Myrmica, sp. Quedius auricomus, Kies, occurred in moss at the
Nantcol Falls, with Q. fuliginosus, Gr., and Q. nigricans, Kr. Ptero-
stichus oblongo-punctatus, F., Homalota linearis, Gr., and Scaphidium
4i-maculatum, about fallen oak-boughs in the Nantcol Woods. Bem-
bidium tibiale, Duft., Trechus micros, Hbst., Homalota currax, Kr., H.
insecta, Th., and H. parens, Er., under stones, on the banks of the
Artro and Nantcoll Rivers. Philonthus puella, Nor., and Aphodius
porcus, F., in dung. — H. G. Attle, 153, Beechcroft Road, Upper
Tooting. March llth, 1907.

* This capture is of great interest, as the species has not been taken since the
first two British specimens were recorded by Mr. Blatch (Ent. 31o. Mag., 1892,
p. 160) as taken by Mr. Tait at Ilfracombe, in a dead gull, in 1891, and by himself in
company with Phytosus balticus on the Chesil beach in 1883. — H.St.J.D.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 95

^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Butterflies of Wimbledon Common. — In addition to the species
taken by Mr. Smallman (Ent. Bee, pp. 40-42), I have found Syrichthus
malvae very common on certain parts of Wimbledon Common towards
the end of May and during the first half of June. The earliest date
on which I have seen it is May 14th, 1904. I have found it commonest
about the first week in June. A fresh specimen was taken on July
4th, 1903. I have also seen a few Euchloe cardamines each year, but
have not found it by any means common.— G. D. Millward, Downing
College, Cambridge. March 5th, 1907.

Hybernation of Pyrameis atalanta in Britain.— On February
25th last, whilst I was in my garden, a specimen of this species came
and sunned itself at my feet, looking as fresh as if just out of the
chrysalis. I have often wondered why the early specimens are so
exceedingly perfect, and it has been suggested to me that such may
hatch out very late, and fly about insufficiently to injure their
plumage. — E. C. Buxton, Bettws-y-Coed. March 14th, 1907.

Resting-place of Papilio machaon at night. — In answer to your
query (anted, p. 78), re the resting-place of Papilio machaon, I have
frequently seen them at rest on thistle- heads and reeds when working
with a hand-lamp in the Norfolk Broads, and have noticed them on
the heads of marsh-thistle, Carduus palustris, at sunset, with open
wings to catch the last rays of the sun. I have watched them close
their wings and remain at rest without moving from the thistles when
the sun had gone down. There are plenty of sallow, birch, alder,
and guelder-rose trees they could rest on if they chose, in the marshes
of the Broads, where P. machaon abounds. The larvae feed on the
tall Peucedanum palustre, drawn up in the shelter of these trees. —
E. A. Bowles, M.A., F.E.S., Myddleton House, Waltham Cross,
Herts. March 15th, 1907.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Rksting and sleeping habits of Ccenonympha pamphilus. — From
August 30th until September 10th, 1906, I had several opportunities,
on Wimbledon Common and district, of observing the sleeping habits
of C. pamphilus, and have also, on one or two occasions, watched it
whilst flying and resting in the sunshine. This species is not a very
strong flier, and always keeps near the ground. It does not appear to
ever settle and sun itself with its wings open, as do the Ruralides,
Pieridae, etc., for, in all the cases I noted, it settled at right angles
with, and generally slightly leaning away from, the sun. The head
was sometimes kept to the left, and sometimes to the right of the sun.
When settled the wings are kept close together above the body, and
the forewings fairly well raised, so that a good two-thirds of them are
visible above the hindwings, whilst the antenna? are kept in a line
with the body, and at right angles with each other. This butterfly
when settled keeps its body slightly raised and covered by the hind-
wings. Grass, thistles, and heather, all seem to be chosen as resting-
places. With reference to its sleeping habits, it seems to always sleep
with its head upwards, wings closed, antennae in line with body, and
at right angles with each other, and the body slightly raised and

96 the entomologist's record.

covered by hindwings. When it first settles, preparatory to sleeping,
it has the forewings fairly well raised, in fact, almost the same as
when resting during sunshine, but, after a time, which varies to a large
extent, the forewings are allowed to drop behind the hindwings, so
that only the tip and costal margin (which is greyish) are visible. It
generally sleeps on grass, but I have found a few on the dead stems of
the sawwort (Serratula tinctoria). On August 30th it was just ceasing
to fly at 5 o'clock. — Raleigh S. Smallman, F.E.S., Wressil Lodge,
Wimbledon Common. September 10th, 1906.

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

A Natural History of the British Butterflies, by J. W. Tutt.
[Vol. I. London : Elliot Stock, Paternoster Row. 1905-06. 479pp.] —
This is by far the most elaborate account ever published of the species of
butterflies occurring in the British Isles, and is likely to remain the text-
book of this fascinating subject for many years to come. Pages 1-78
are devoted to the general subject, comprising general observations on
butterflies, their various methods of egg-laying, the art of photographing
their eggs, their larvae and how they moult, the external and internal
structures of the larvas, their association with ants, their carnivorous
habits, how to collect the larva?, their silk-spinning habits, their
coloration, and finally, their resting-habits. A vast amount of know-
ledge, both first- and second-hand, is contained in these interesting-
chapters. The systematic part of the work extends from page 81 to
page 479, and treats, in a highly scientific manner, of the eight species
of "Skippers " and two of " Coppers " found in Britain. Each species
is reviewed under every possible phase, comprising " Synonymy,"
" Original description," "Imago," "Sexual Dimorphism," "Gynandro-
morphism," "Comparison of allied species," "Variation," "Egg-
laying," "Ovum," " Comparison of eggs of allied species," " Habits of
larva," " Ontogeny of larva," " Larva," "Variation of larva," " Food-
plants," " Puparium," " Pupa," " Time of appearance and actual dates
of occurrence of imago," "Habitat," "Habits," "British localities,"
and " Distribution." Remarkably full accounts are given under each
of these headings, and two very careful and complete Indexes (General
and Special) will at once enable students to refer to the desired
information. It is, perhaps, an open question whether it is advisable
to publish exact localities for the rarer species, but the decision in each
case seems to us to lie rather with the captor of the insect than with the
author of such a work as this. Anyhow, the lists here published are far
more voluminous and precise than in any other work, and will, no doubt,
be appreciated alike by the arm-chair student and the active collector.
Equally important and equally well done are the lists of varieties and
aberrations, mostly named, given under each species. If we might be
allowed to select one, where all are so ably drawn up, it would be the
charming and resplendent Rumicia phlaeas. If any one wants to
specialise in a British butterfly, he might well take up the study of
this one species, and see how many of its aberrations and varieties he
can get together in the course of a few seasons. It is not difficult to
rear from the egg, and in some years the imago is quite abundant in
suitable localities. The twenty plates contained in this volume are
most beautifully executed, consisting largely of photographs by Mr.

CURRENT NOTES. 97

Hugh Main and Mr. A. E. Tonge, who have attained a very high
excellence in this fascinating art. In conclusion we can only say that
Mr. Tutt deserves the heaviest thanks, alike of student and collector,
for his magnificent work, and thoroughly deserves the support of
everyone who can possibly afford to secure a copy. The purchaser
will never repent of his investment. — G. II. R.

(CURRENT NOTES.

The Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, The Vicarage, Mucking, Stanford-le-
Hope, Essex, would be thankful for eggs, larvas, and pupas of Geometra
rmiaria, Aplasia ononaria, and Thalera Umbrialis, to complete his life-
histories of our " emeralds." Probably some of the Geneva entomo-
logists will get the latter. It occurs at Chavoire, on Lake Annecy, at
Bourg St. Maurice, and possibly all over the Savoy country.

After much delay, the fifth volume of The Natural Histori/ of
British Lepidoptera has been published. It consists, as usual, of two
parts, the first containing two long and detailed chapters on " Hybridisa-
tion of Lepidoptera" and " Mongrelisation of Lepidoptera" (with, at the
end, a considerable appendix to these chapters), the second containing a
full and very complete account of the species on the Agdistid and Pla-
typtiliid side of the " plume" stirps. The chapters on " Hybridity "
and " Mongrelisation," containing as they do full details of all the
experimental material available that has been published, together with
a critical discussion of the general principles underlying the pheno-
mena, and the results obtained, will attract attention from a large class
of lepidopterists engaged in this side of our fascinating pursuit, whilst
the account of the " Plumes" can be safely said to outrival, in its com-
pleteness, that of any group of lepidoptera yet treated of by any author.
The life-history of practically every species here dealt with, is now well
known, and has been, by the author and his collaborators, worked out in
such detail that nothing much can be left untouched. The publication
of the remaining species now becomes a positive necessity, and it would
be little short of a calamity that rather more than one half of the British
species of " Plumes " should be so amply dealt with, whilst the biology
of the others is, in the light of the new work, absolutely unknown. To
lovers of "lepidoptera," and "plumes" in particular, the volume will,
no doubt, prove a most welcome addition to the library, and will be a
continual companion in matters of difficulty.

Parts 1, 2 and 3 of vol. ii. of A Natural History of the British
Butterflies, their world-wide Variation <<n<l Geographical Distribution,
are now completed, and ready to be sent to subscribers. They contain
complete chapters on "The hybernation of butterfly larva" and
"The gregarious habits of butterfly larvae," together with an account
of the " Ruralidae or Hairstreaks," the subfamily Ruralinae, the
tribe Ruralidi, the genus " Gallophrys,'" and a thorough detailed
life-history of Callophrys rubi, dealing with both the systematic
and biological sides under the following headings: "Synonymy,"
"Original description," "Imago," "Sexual Dimorphism," "Varia-
tion " (with original description and full accounts of all known races
and aberrations). "Pathological examples," "The Green Coloration
of the underside," " Egglaying," "The Ovum," "Larval habits,"
" Larva," " Parasites," " Pupation," " Foodplants," " Pupa," " Pupal

98 the entomologist's record.

dehiscence," " Time of appearance," " Habits," " Habitats," " British
Localities," and " Distribution."

The last meeting of the Entomological Club was held on March
19th, at 27, Hereford Square, S.W., when Mr. A. J. Chitty was the
host. The members and friends, who commenced to arrive soon after
6.30 p.m., were received by Mr. and Mrs. Chitty, and afterwards
inspected the various entomological treasures collected by Mr. Chitty.
At 8.30 a goodly company sat down to supper, including among others
Professor T. Hudson Beare, Dr. F. A. Dixey, Dr. Joy, Rev. F. Morice,
Messrs. R. Adkin, J. Collin, H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, H. Rowland-
Brown, G. C. Champion, T. W. Hall, M. Jacoby, A. H. Jones, W. Kaye,
G. Marshall, G. T. Porritt, G. H. Verrall, J. J. Walker, J. W. Tutt, etc.

We want very badly, larvae of Polyommatus bellarpus in the final
and antepenultimate stages, for comparison with larvae of P. corydon.
Will some of our readers please oblige ?

The result of the sale of Lang's beautiful collection of Palaearctic
butterflies, at Stevens' auction rooms, on March 19th, could not be
considered at all satisfactory from the point of view of the seller. The
specimens were all in splendid condition, and, on the whole, possibly
did not fetch a tenth of Staudinger's prices. The Satyrids especially
appeared to be given away. A lump sum of £10 was offered for the
Papilios, but this was refused, although, under the hammer, and sold
by lots, they only produced £9 10s. A sum of £40 was offered for the
Parnassiids and Thaids ; this also was refused, and the specimens
fetched £44 8s. For the Pierids a sum of £10 was offered, and these
ultimately produced 13 guineas under the hammer, whilst the Coliads
produced £50 10s. 6d. The Nymphalids produced £37 3s. 6d., whilst
a long and magnificent series of Satyrids, including all the rarest
Paltearctic species, brought only £13 Is. The Ruralids, for which £20
was offered, produced £28 lis., and the Urbicolids £8 18s. As
showing the lowness of prices at the sale, it may be noticed that a pair
of very fair British Ohrysophanus dispar were sold for £2. One suspects
that, in actual cash, Dr. Lang must have spent much more in buying
the rarities of the collection than the whole produced.

Students of variation of European butterflies and moths should
provide themselves with Aigner-Abafi's Schmetterlings-Aberrationen aus
fier Sammlung des ungarischen National Museums, with two coloured
plates and 23 figures in the text (published by Franklin-Tarsulat,
Budapest). There are also several new forms described in his " Neue
Falterformen aus Ungarn " (Ent. Zeits. Ouben, vol. xix., no. 35)
(published by H. Scholz, Guben). We wonder which of the forms of
Malacosoma neustria he renames ab. unicolor. The author seems to
have quite overlooked our notes on the variation of this species (Nat.
Hist. Brit. Lep., ii., pp. 548-9) where the five unicolorous forms of
this species are dealt with. We believe a few of the other forms here
described have already been named. It is most interesting, however,
to have this increased knowledge of the distribution of some of these
rarer aberrations.

The second part of the Bulletin of the Societe lepidopterologigue <!<'
Geneve is to hand, and the contents and get-up are not only worthy
of a young society, but do the greatest credit to a town, steeped in
science from the days of Bonnet, and kept at the highest level by de
Saussure and other great leaders of the last century. To Messrs.

SOCIETIES. 99

Muschamp, Pictet, Jullien, Professor Blachier, Dr. Denso, and others,
lepidopterological science owes a debt of gratitude, and we look to a
bright future in continuation of so excellent a commencement. All
students of European lepidoptera will want this publication. The
principal papers in the current part are " Contribution to the study of
Palaearctic Sphingid hybrids," by Dr. Denso ; " Diapauses chez les
lepidopteres," by Mr. A. Pictet; "Note on Scirpophaga praelata," by
Mr. M. Rehfous ; " Variation restricted to one sex only," by Mr. P.
A. H. Muschamp ; and " A hermaphrodite of Malacosoma apicola," by
the same author, all exceedingly thoughtful and well done, whilst, in
addition, there are interesting notes on Varieties and Aberrations by
Messrs. Culot, Jullien, Muschamp, and Eeverdin. Theilluttrations, too,
are excellent. We congratulate the Society on its excellent production.

Dr. Joy describes (Ent. Mo. Mag.) Hydraena britteni, a beetle new
to science, from specimens taken on Newton Moss, at Eadenhall and
Bally castle. It is most closely allied to H. riparia, but has hitherto
been mixed in British collections with H. nigrita.

It is with the greatest regret that we have to record the death, on
February 28th last, of Mr. J. E. Robson, of Hartlepool, at the age of
74. One of the old school of lepidopterists, he tried to interest young
entomologists, more particularly in held work, and for some years ran
the Young Naturalist, later changed to the British Naturalist, but which
he finally had to allow to fall through. His only other entomological
work has, we think, apart from occasional notes and observations, been
the Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Northumberland and Durham, of
which three parts have been issued. He loathed the modern ento-
mology, and hated anything in the way of names differing from those
of the "Doubleday List" with no common hatred. Of late years,
therefore, his interest in entomology had greatly waned, and one can
only regret that his favourite pursuit hardly yielded him the over-
whelming pleasure and solace that it does so many of its votaries
in their old age, especially those who, remaining mentally young, and
thus capable of appreciating the necessity of change when progress is
marked, are able to obtain a full measure of mental pleasure from a
continuation of their study as a science, long after their physical strength
ceases to allow them to do so much active work, either in the direction of
increasing their collections or of making actual observations in the field.

We have also to notice, with regret, the death of Mr. W. J. Cross,
of Ely, on March 20th, at the age of 73. For almost the whole of his
life he has collected lepidoptera, but his recorded work has been
practically nil, and one finds only an occasional observation noted in
the magazines. He appears, indeed, to have published practically
nothing, and tbe formation of a collection appears to be the only result
of his labour.

SOCIETIES.

South London Entomological Society. — February 28th, 1907. —
Exhibits. — Hastula hyerana. — Pupa showing the pupal jaws.
Leioptilus carphodactyla. — A plume new to Britain, taken by
Mr. Purdey at Folkestone. Pekonea cristana. — Some line varieties,
including tbe rare aberration oumpiana, Dr. T. A. Chapman. Satyrus
semele. — An extremely pallid specimen, taken near Canterbury,
Mr. South. Dicranura bicuspis. — Cocoons on birch-bark overgrown

100 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

with lichen, from Tilgate Forest, Mr. L. W. Newman. Dianthceota
carpophaga. — A long varied series from the South Downs, with notes,
Mr. Acllrin. March 14th, 1907. — Exhibits. — Plusia bractea. — A bred
series from Aberdeen, and an example from Fermanagh, Mr. Newman.
Hadena protea. — A series from Eannoch and from South England,
the former specimens being much less green and much brighter, Mr.
R. Adkin. Pararge m^ra. — The various named forms from different
continental localities, Mr. Turner, who read a note on the direction
which the variation takes in this species, and pointed out an extreme
form of the var. adrasta, taken by himself in the Pyrenees. Pararge
MjEra. — -Another series from Meiringen, including a very fine var.
triops, Mr. Harrison. Boletobia fuliginaria, Gnophos glaucinaria,
G. pullata, Psodos quadrifaria, P. alpinata, and other species taken
in Switzerland by Mr. Harrison, in 1906, Mr. Turner. Thais
polyxena. — Living specimens from South of France, Dr. T. A.
Chapman. Boarmia repandata, B. abietaria, Eupithecia venosata,
and E. pulchellata. — Specimens, being transition forms, between the
typical forms and named varieties, Mr. B. Adkin.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — March 18th,
1907. — Exhibits. — Aberrations of Arctia caia. — (1) With yellow
hindwings ; (2) with nearly unicolorous chocolate forewings ; (3) the
usual dark markings of a dull ochreous-buff ; (4) with white fringes to
the forewings, and reduced dark markings [No further data given
by secretaries in the report — conditions of rearing, locality, date when
reared, etc., all wanting. — Ed.], Mr. B. Crabtree. Phoraspis leuco-
gramma. — A cockroach taken in the Liverpool docks, a native of
Brazil, and not previously recorded as having been introduced into
Europe, Mr. E. B. Sopp. Tjeniocampa opima. — A long and variable
series of this species bred from Wallasey, some very dark forms
[Which ? — Ed.] are included, Mr. W. A. Tyerman. Anthrocera
minos. — Specimens from Argyleshire and Wales, Mr. W. Mansbridge.

City of London Entomological Society. — March 5th, 1907. —
Exhibits. — Nemoria viridata. — With microscopic slides of the larva,
ovum, and pupa in illustration of his paper on the species, Rev.
C. R. N. Burrows. Leioptilus carphodactyla. — A species new to
the British list received from Mr. Purdey of Folkestone. L. tephra-
dactylus, a dark specimen. Peronea cristana, vars. gumpiana and
subcapucina. Hastula hyerana. — Preparations showing the pupal
mandibles, Dr. T. A. Chapman. Ematurga atomaria. — A series
including many dark brown unicolorous forms, Mr. J. A. Clark.
Nemoria viridata. — Specimens showing variation in number and
intensity of the transverse white lines, Dr. G. G. C. Hodgson.
Nemoria porrinata, from South Europe, apparently indistinguishable
from N. viridata, but said to be separable by having brown spots upon
the costa, and brown forelegs, Mr. L. B. Prout. Diphthera orion. —
A bred series from the New Forest, including a specimen with the
brown marbling much accentuated, and the green much darker and
duller than usual, Mr. P. H. Tautz. March 19th, 1907.— Nemoria
viridata. — A remarkable specimen with the cilia of all the wings deep
sage-green, from the collection of Mr. Sidney Webb. Erebia blandina.
— A larva hybernated in captivity, Dr. G. G. C. Hodgson. Nyssia
lapponaria. — A living female, Mr. A. W. Mera. Melanippe pro-
cellata var. inguinata. — From India and Japan, Mr. L. B. Prout.

Vol. XIX.

Plate V.

Photo— A. Sparrow.
Mine of larva of Troctiilium andren.efokme (natural size).

The Entom. Record, etc., 1907.

TROCHILIUM ANDREN.EFORME AS A BRITISH SPECIES. 101

Trochilium andrenaeforme as a British species (mth /date).

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The Hon. N. C. Rothschild, by discovering the habits of the larva
of this speeies in Britain, appears to have brought the possibility of
possessing specimens within the reach of most British lepidopterists.

Neustetter, in July, 1896, found two newly-emerged specimens of
the species on a stem of guelder-rose (Viburnum opulus) in a garden at
Bleiberg, in Carinthia (Jahresb. Wien. tint. Ver., 1899, p. 88). In
November, 1905, the Hon. N. C. Rothschild discovered a larva mining
in a bush of V. lantana, at the edge of his garden, at Ashton Wold, in
Northamptonshire, the larva pupating in due course, and a fine 5
emerging on June 12th, 1906. In the meantime, in the winter of
1905-6, several old mines were observed in a hedge, in Surrey, from
which, later, McArthur obtained two specimens, neither of which,
however, produced imagines. In another part of Surrey, in 1906,
Rothschild found a mined stem, which contained at the time either a
fullfed larva or pupa, and from this a $ emerged on June 10th.
McArthur then found several larvae and pupae in a locality in Kent,
from which, however, only two imagines, a $ and ? , were reared, on
July 2nd and 6th respectively. Some of these larvae went on feeding
through the summer and continued into the autumn and winter,
showing that the larval stage occupied at least two years — from July
in one year, through the next, and until the June of the succeeding
year. In November, 1906, several mines were found in V. lantana,
and one in T'. opulus, at Tring, in Hertfordshire.

In order to show that the mine is unlike that of any other iEgeriid
known, an excellent figure is given (Tram. Ent. Soc. Land., 1906,
pi. xxviii), which we have kindly been permitted to reproduce. The
larva makes one straight mine along the centre of the twig or stem
chosen ; the opening from the mine to the outside of the stem
(the opening from which the larval frass is extruded, and the insect
later emerges) is almost at right angles to the mine. This opening,
Rothschild says, is sometimes covered over with a cap, consisting of a
thin piece of bark, quite separate from the rest of the twig or stem, which
apparently remains on until the insect emerges ; others have no cap,
and it is possible that, in these, it has been dislodged; still others,
however, have an irregular piece of bark gnawed right out, leaving the
hole exposed, through which the frass of the living larva protrudes.
The stems in which they have been found have varied from half-an-
inch to two inches in diameter, and the larva sometimes leaves the
mine to make another.

Bankes gives ('/'runs. Ent. S,,,-. Land., 1906, p. 474) an interesting
account of a larva that he saw at 7 a.m., on July 28th, 1906, outside
the stem, and which, being provided with a fresh stem of V. lantana
proceeded to gnaw an excavation in the bark and to build a circular,
blister-like chamber over itself, composed of fragments of bark and
gnawed wood woven together with white silk, the chamber bein<*, some
hours after, soft to the touch, projecting noticeably above the surface
of the surrounding bark, the larva being entirely concealed therein.
From here it started its burrow into the solid wood, tin cap as it were
remaining, in Bankes' opinion, as a protection to the inmate of the
May 15th, 1907.

102 the entomologist's record.

burrow. Descriptions of the larva (op. cit., p. 475) and of the
pupa (pp. cit., p. 479) are given by Mr. Bankes and Dr. Chapman
respectively.

Mr. Rothschild adds (in litt.) the following interesting details :

(1) In all cases where I have found mines they face to the east.

(2) The larvae mine in the stems and twigs of the tree or bush ; full-
fed larvae are sometimes in small twigs. (3) The young larvae are
also sometimes in the centre of the branch, though, no doubt for a
period of their existence, some specimens seem to abide between the
bark and the wood. I do not think this depends on them being quite
young larvae. (4) The larvae are very local. I have found a single
bush in a hedge, near Oundle, riddled, and several other bushes near,
in the same hedge, untouched. Isolated bushes at the edge of a wood,
or in a hedge, or on a hillside, are the best. If old mines be found,
new ones containing larva? are generally in the same bush. The
majority of mines containing fullfed larvae have the cap, which also
appears to be carefully constructed. Young larvae usually lack this, a
kind of swelling of the bark replacing it.

We hear from Mr. Ovenden that he has already detected the larva
in the Strood district, Mr. Reid has been exceptionally successful at
Feering Bury, and one feels no doubt that the species is widely dis-
tributed throughout the country, wherever Viburnum lantana or V.
opnlus occurs at all freely.

Larval habits of Trochilium andrenaeforme.

By PERCY C. REID.

I have spent several most interesting days lately searching for this
larva, but I find little to add to Mr. Eustace Bankes' very complete
account in the Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906, pp. 474 et seq.

At the present date (April 1st) the larvae vary immensely in size.
Some are evidently nearly fullfed, though still feeding, others are very
small, evidently in their first year, and some of them have not yet
commenced to bore into the wood.

Where the ovum is placed I do not know, but, on hatching, the
young larva bores into the bark, and commences to eat out a circular
patch of the inner bark down to the solid wood, leaving only a
thin layer of the outer bark. It also, apparently, nearly cuts through
this thin layer round the circumference of its circular feeding patch.

I fancy that the larva does not, unless in very exceptional cases (of
which I think I have only seen two), require more food until after the
first winter than is supplied by the inner bark of the patch in which
it is feeding, but, in the spring, when nearly a year old, it begins to
bore into the solid wood, and, having reached the pith, mines along it
in either an upwards or a downwards direction. About nine out of
every ten seem to mine upwards.

The Hon. N. C. Rothschild in his paper calls attention to the
peculiar circular cap with which the orifice of the mine is surmounted,
and remarks that " the construction of the cap appears difficult of
explanation," but, really, it seems to me that the feeding-habits of
the young larva supply the explanation, for, in reality, this cap is
merely the thin surface of the bark of the circular patch, where the

SOME BUTTERFLIES OF ECLEPENS. 103

young larva has fed. As I have said, the circumference of this patch
is cut nearly through, and, the inner bark having been eaten away,
contraction takes place, which draws the cap slightly below the sur-
face of the surrounding bark, and here it remains until displaced by
some cause, or pushed away by the insect on emergence.

As a matter of fact, it is only in stout and straight wood that the
cap is able to maintain its po&ition, apparently, for, in the majority of
cases that I saw, the cap was absent and the orifice of the mine open.
This is often caused. I fancy, in young wood especially, by the weak-
ening of the branch at the spot where the larva has commenced to
feed. This results in the branch bending slightly towards that side,
with a consequent horizontal fold in the bark on both sides of the
circular patch, which displaces the cap and causes it to fall off.

The mines may be found at all heights from the ground, varying
from one to six feet, and, I fancy, generally on the side of a hedge
facing the sun.

The larva? are terribly liable to be " stung," and a large majority
of the mines that I opened contained either ichneumon pupa? or pupa-
cases. Some mines, when opened, had evidently been vacated by the
larva?. They contained no signs of any pupa-case, and were generally
comparatively short. As Mr. Bankes noticed, the larva clearly some-
times voluntarily shifts its quarters and forms a new mine.

Larval Habits of Trochilium crabroniforme.

Ry PERCY C. REID.

Since sending you my notes on the larva? of Trochilium andrenaeforme
I happened to be searching here for some larva? of T. crabroniforme, and
I was much interested to find three or four instances in which they, too,
had a " cap " over the orifice of their mines. Of course one generally
collects the larva? of this species from the ends of cut sallow poles, and,
therefore, has no occasion to notice the orifice of the mine, but it so
happened with me that there were no sallow-poles handy, and I, there-
fore, pulled up bodily some old sallows growing along a ditch-side, and
thus noticed the " caps." So far as I can see they are practically
identical with those of 7'. andrenaeforme, and are evidently formed in
the same way, i.e., by the young larva feeding in a circular way
beneath the bark ; but, in this instance, the bark apparently not bein"
so thick as that of Viburnum lantana, the "cap " had not become so
depressed nor so distinctly defined as in those I have seen of T.
andrenaeforme.

Some Butterflies of Eclepens— Canton Vaud.

By FRANK G. LOWE, M.A., F.E.S.
I have been asked repeatedly, where is Eclepens ? How do yon spell
it? How is it pronounced ? 1 will endeavour to reply to the first of
these questions— the matter of spelling is answered al the same time —
the question of pronunciation 1 leave to individual taste, which will
not subject this classical locality to any worse fcn ban other

"foreign" places on the tongue of the Britisher. Eclepens is a,
station on the Jara-Sirhplon rail, about midway between Yverdon and
Lausanne, where there is a little inn, a brick-kiln, and a saw-mill.

104 the entomologist's record.

There may be a village, but I have never discovered it. It is situated
on the borders of the Swiss Jura, just where the rail, by a tunnel,
passes through some low hills, which separate the valley of the Orbe
from the valley of the Venoge. The hill which is thus pierced is
splendid hunting-ground, traversed by rough tracks through scrub of
beech and oak, between rocks and boulders. It can be reached by a
path which ascends to the left of the tunnel's mouth, from the station
platform. For about three-quarters of a mile on either side of the line,
which runs in a valley, the ground is nearly level, the hills rise gradually,
and are well clothed with woods, composed chiefly of oak and beech, with
a considerable sprinkling of aspen-poplar. These woods extend for
miles, and are known by various names ; they are the favoured haunts
of the glorious IAmmitis populi, Apaturids, and the large Satyr —
Satyrus circe. In 1905 and 190G I spent several days in making
expeditions to this locality, either from Lausanne or Yverdon, and
captured, besides poor specimens given liberty, some fineL. populi, all
tending towards var. tremulae, and about 50 Apaturids — Apatura iris
and var. iole, A. ilia and var. clytie and ab. iliades, and about half a
dozen Satyrus circe, but this latter was only just emerging. One day
in particular, July 8th, 1905, I was fortunate enough to secure three
A. ab. iole. A. clytie, or possibly the form here should be assigned to
ab. eos, Rossi, was decidedly commoner than A. ilia type. In two in-
stances I took interesting aberrations of A. iris besides those known
by names. One is on the upper ab. iole $ , but it is remarkable from
the fact that the broad white stripe is absent from the underside as
well as the upperside of the hindwings, so that the dark chocolate
fascia is undivided. This is not the rule with ab. iole, as might be
supposed. The other specimen is a typical A. iris $ , on the upper
side, but the white stripe is absent beneath, on left secondary, as in the
former example, but typical on the right side. In 1905 Limenitis
sibylla was everywhere, but no L. Camilla. I found that it was
regarded as a fact that L. Camilla did not occur in this district, and as
such I accepted it, but, in 1906, I took L. Camilla, three $ s and two
5 s, within a mile of Eclepens station. On June 22nd, in this same
year, Thecla pruni was common, and a week later Thecla acaciae, but
both, apparently, in restricted quarters. T. pruni is, I believe, new to
the list of this locality. On July 2nd, by an idle stroke at Argynnis
adippe, flying overhead, I obtained a fine specimen of ab. cleodoxa,
which Mr. Fison, perhaps the best authority in such matters, says is
the only specimen he has heard of in Switzerland ; though, of course,
the variety is common on the Italian side of the Simplon. Parnassius
apollo var. pseudonomion is remarkably fine in this locality. One
freshly emerged Coenonympha pamphilus presented an interesting case
of exceptionally rich coloration, being slightly suffused with a distinct
purplish tinge on the upperside, and, on the underside, the forewings
are a rich tawny-red, like Melitaea didyma. I have given the title
rubescens to this specimen in my cabinet. The following list of butter-
flies, taken and observed on odd days, in these two years, ranging from
June 16th to July 8th, is far from complete : — Parnassius apollo,
Aporia crataegi, Pieris brassicae, P. rapae, P. napi, Euchloe cardamines,
< 'alias hyale, Gonepteryx rhamni, Leptidia sinapis. Theclids, Strymon
w-album, S. ilia's, S. acaciae (all common), S. pruni, Callophrys rubi,
Chrysophanus phlaeas ab. suffusa, Rusticus argyrognomon, Cyaniris

NOTES ON THE HYBERNATING HABITS OF PYRAMEIS ATALANTA. 105

argiolus, Nomiades semiargus, NemeoMus lucina, Apatura i/ris and ab.
iole, A. ilia and ab. eos and ab. Uiades, Limenitis Camilla, L. sibylla, /,.
popidi, Polygonia c-album, Eugonia polychloros, Aglais urtieae, Vanessa
io, Euvanessa antiopa, Pyrameis cardui, Melitaea didyma, M. dictynna,
M. athalia, M. parthenie, Brenthis dia, Issoria latona, Argynnis niobe
ab. en's, A. adippe and ab. cleodoxa, Dryas paphia, Melanargia galathea,
Satyrus hermione, S. circe, Hipparchia semele, Pararge maera, P. egeria
var. egerides, P. achine (very common), Epinephele ianira, E. tithonna,
Enodia hyper anthus, Coenonympha arcania, C. parnphilus, Hesperia
carthami, Adopaea flava (titan man), Augiades sylvanus, Cyclopides palae-
mon (one, June 18tb, 1906). Of noticeable Geometrids, Thalera fim-
brialis, Larentia hydrata (one eacb). On my way to Switzerland, via
Bale, I turned off to Friborg-in-Baden, and made my first acquaint-
ance witb Melitaea maturna, typieal form, just out, June 8tb, and
Coenonympha hero, very worn and nearly over.

Notes on the hybernating habits, etc., of Pyrameis atalanta.

By Paymaster-in-Chief GERVASE F. MATHEW, R.N.

In the February number of the Ent. Record, p. 47, Mr. H. W.
Head raises the question as to whether Pyrameis, atalanta hybernates
in this country, and gives it as his opinion that it does not, and asks
if there is any authentic record of its doing so. I think this query
will come rather as a surprise to many, who, like myself, have always
considered this insect as one of our ordinary hybernating species. As
far as my personal experience goes, I can recollect seeing it on three
or four occasions in mid-winter — (1) one was found hybernating in a
broken flower-pot in an out-house ; (2) another was found lying on
the ground under a wall, from whence some thick ivy had just been
stripped ; (3) another was seen fluttering about the window of a har-
ness-room, on a bright warm day in January or February ; and (4) one
was found lying on a pathway, having evidently been recently dis-
turbed from its winter quarters. Unfortunately I have not the dates
of the above instances, as they occurred many years before I kept a
journal, but there is no doubt that the faces were as stated. Since
then I have frequently seen the butterfly in May — possibly earlier —
and early June, and have looked on these as hybernated examples.
But I have always had an idea that P. atalanta was the last of the
Vanessids to go into hybernation, and the last to appear the following
spring, and I think it is now pretty generally believed that all the
British species hybernate in the perfect state, and that impregnation
takes place in the spring. Many of them go into hybernation soon
after assuming the perfect state, and are seldom seen in the autumn.
P. atalanta appears to linger the longest, and is often seen enjoying
the sweets of ivy bloom, on bright days, late in October, or even to the
beginning of November, but it takes a longer sleep than the others,
and does not reappear until well into May, or the beginning of June.

Some entomologists seem to think that in certain seasons this
butterfly is double-brooded, but I fancy this is a mistake caused by the
fact that it is a long-lived species, and females deposit their ova from
June until August, so that the offspring of the same parent may be
living as larvae, pupa?, or even imagines, at the same time. I remem-

106

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

ber that, during one summer, a very ragged female haunted the side of
a wood for many weeks.

On looking through what few works I have on British butterflies,
and various magazines, I find very little is said about the hybernating
habits of this species, but most of the authors appear to assume that
it does. Perhaps it would be interesting to give some extracts.

(1) Kennie, in his Conspectus of Butterflies and Moths found in
Britain, published in 1832, says, at p. 10, " appears in spring, the
middle of July, and the beginning of August, until November." He
calls it the " Alderman," Ammiralis atalanta, Eennie.

(2) Stainton says nothing about the hybernation of P. atalanta,
but, on the contrary, he seems to assume that it does not do so. At
p. 22, vol. i., he remarks, " of this family (Nymphalidae) the first that
greets us in the spring are the hybernating Vanessae- — io, jwlyehloros,
and urticae (which we find in lanes, in gardens, and not unfrequently
in houses) ; and even antiopa, when it does appear, may be found in
April ... In August . . . Vanessa atalanta begins to join
its congeners at sucking sweets from the flowers and fruits of our
gardens." And after his description of the species follows the date of
appearance — " viii-xi." But for io be gives, " iiiA.-v//., viii-ix " ;
polycJdoros, " iii/i.-v/;., vii^.-viii^. " ; and urticae, " inh.-xh., vi-ix."

(3) Newman, in British Butterflies, p. 63, says, " both sexes
hybernate early ; they reappear in the spring, but later than our other
Tanessidae ; the usual intercourse then takes place, and oviposition
follows."

(4) Lang, in Butterflies of Europe, p. 177, " Times of appearance.
— June to October, and after hybernation in the spring."

(5) Kane, in Handbook of European Butterflies, does not allude to
the hybernating habits of any of the Nymphalidae, except in the case
of urticae, where, at p. 61, he mentions that " the pale costal blotches
of fore- and hindwings are much bleached in hybernated specimens."

(6) Meyrick, Handbook of British Lepidoptera, assumes that it
hybernates, as he gives " 9-6 " for its time of appearance.

(7) Barrett, in The Lepidoptera of the British Islands-, vol. i., at
p. 147, for time of appearance gives, " September and October, and,
after hybernation, in June," and at p. 148 he writes, "It is quite the
latest species, with us, to retire for hybernation. I have seen it upon
the wing until the end of October, and even into November — though
this is exceptional — and, on the other hand, it is the last to reappear ;
hot weather late in May will sometimes bring it out, but, as a general
rule, it is not to be seen until June. It has then lost its familiarity
and fondness for gardens, and usually frequents trees ; but, before the
end of the month its eggs are deposited and its life is over. Although
so common, its favourite places of hybernation seem to be almost un-
known or unnoticed."

(8) South, Complete Pocket Guide, Wayside and Woodland Series, at
p. 83, says, " The butterflies seen in spring, early summer, up to, say,
the beginning of July, are supposed to have wintered in this country,
but there is no positive evidence, that I can find, that the butterfly
does hybernate here. It is, however, most probable that they are
arrivals from abroad. The species is found throughout Europe and
North Africa, northern Asia, and North America, and it may be
suspected of migration, although there is, perhaps, not such conclu-

NOTES ON THE HYBERNATING HABITS OF PYRAMEIS ATAEANTA. 107

sive evidence on this point as in the case of its cousin, the Painted
Lady."

(9) Dale, British Butterflies, p. 149, writes, " It remains on the
wing till the beginning of November, so long as the ivy is in bloom
and the frosts not too severe, when it hybernates. It does not emerge
from its winter-quarters as early as other hybernating species, and is
very seldom seen."

(10) In the Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer, no. 213, for June
1st, 1861, attention is called to a paper by Herr von Prittwitz, in a
recent number of the Stettin. Entomologische Zeitung, on the winter
forms of Silesian Rhopalocera, in which it is stated that (1) atalanta,
antiopa, and urticae pass the winter in the imago state, and (2) that
carrfui, io, c-album, and polychloros pass the winter both in the imago
and pupa states ; but the author did not appear to have had a vei'y
correct knowledge of how many species passed the winter, for he in-
cluded Argynnis adippe and Nemeobius lucina among those species that
hybernate as larvas, whereas it is now well known that the former
passes winter in the ova and the latter in the pupa state.

(11) Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, vol. 26, for 1890. At pp.
185-6, Dr. R. C. R. Jordan, in a paper on the British Macro-Lepi-
doptera which hybernate in the perfect state, includes P. atalanta, but
does not say very much about it. He remarks that /'. atalanta and
P. cardui, though undoubtedly living through the winter, are never
found in any numbers after this time, however abundant they may
have been in the October previous." In the same magazine, vol.
xxix., p. 261, Mr. C. W. Dale, of Glanvilles Wootton, Dorset, notes
having seen "several hybernated specimens on the wing during April
and May." In vol. xxxviii., p. 62, Mr. W. T. Page notes having seen
atalanta as late as December 3rd, and adds that he has records of
having seen it in October, November, December, January, and
February.

(12) Entomologist, vol. viii. Mr. W. A. Lull' records that, on
March 6th of that year, Mrs. Boley found several small larva? spun
up in nettles in a lane in Guernsey. These fed up and produced
butterflies in May. In vol. xxiii., p. 257, Mr. Frohawk says, " the
hybernated specimens deposit eggs in May and June. In vol. xxxiii.,
p. 351. Mr. C. W. Dale gives March 29th, 1819, for early, and
November 18th for late, appearance of this species.

(13) Entomologist's Record, vol. iv., 1M93, p. 152, Mr. B. S. Har-
wood records a capture of atalanta on April 26th. Ditto, ditto, p. 170,
Mr. Tutt says, "atalanta is to be seen every year, in greater or less
numbers, from March to June, sometimes as late as July." At p.
180, Miss Hinchlil'f records the capture of one at Instow, North Devon,
on April 23nl. In vol. v., 1894, p. 24, " Current Notes. — Lame (of
atalanta) received from Skibbereen, Co. Cork, on January 11th.
Rather (very) unusual." In vol. vii., 1895-6, p. 4, Mr. .J. YV. Tutt
writes, " atalanta does not go into hybernation until the ivy nectar
fails." In vol. viii., 1896, p. 4, Mr. Wolfe notes that he obtained
very young larvae up to the end of October, and bred the imagines (in
doors) in January and February, and suggests that pupae and larvae
out-of-doors would be killed by the first frosts. At p. 100, Mr. J. W.
Tutt. in a paper on the " Hybernating stages of British Butterflies,"
says (of atalanta) it hybernates in the perfect state. At p. 169, Mr.
F. Merrifield agrees with Mr. Tutt that atalanta cannot hybernate as

108

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

pupae in England, his reason being that he never found they could
survive a long exposure to winter temperature. In vol. ix., 1897,
pp. 249-51, in a paper " On a collection of Spring Lepidoptera made
in the Riviera, etc.," Mr. J. W. Tutt notices, on the authority of Dr.
Chapman, the occurrence of atalanta in February, and further quotes
Chapman as saying that, at Cannes, " during last winter P. atalanta
was always in evidence, the same individuals at the same places
(apparently, and probably really) all the winter, the imagines not
emerging or ovipositing, as far as one could judge, but hybernating
without hiding away, except on dull and cold days." In this paper
Mr. Tutt remarks, "It is well known that the imago of this species
never goes into hybernation in the autumn, in Britain, until obliged,
feasting first on the hop catkins and later on ivy bloom." In vol. xi.,
1899, p. 79, Dr. Chapman remarks that, in February, 1899, in the
Riviera, of hybernating butterflies atalanta was much the most abun-
dant ; and (p. 97) on March 6th he found a full-grown larva. In vol.
xii., 1900, p. 53, Mr. J. Mason notes having seen atalanta flying about
in the bright sun on January 9th, at Clevedon Court, Somersetshire.

(11) Buckler's Larva of British Butterflies and Motlis, vol. i., p.
176, the Rev. John Hellins writes, " I have not many records of this
species ; perhaps one of the most pleasant entomological memories is
that of seeing the butterfly (atalanta) in good condition, flying about
during a gleam of sunshine on the morning of Christmas Day, 1866 ;
at last it settled on a child's shoulder, and was an object of admira-
tion for some time."

With regard to the question as to whether pairing takes place
before or after hybernation, I have seen it stated that females of
Vanessids captured in the autumn, and dissected, show no trace of ova,
or ova only slightly developed, but I have no personal knowledge of
the subject. Boisduval says that impregnation takes place in the
spring, but there seems to be a difference of opinion on this point. I
once saw a pair of Pyrameis cardui, in cop., at Gibraltar, on April 20th.

In very hot and dry localities in the Mediterranean, such as Malta,
Gibraltar, etc., where, during the summer months, the foodplant of
atalanta is practically burnt up, the imagines appear to aestivate, but
towards the end of September or beginning of October the weather
becomes cooler, the rains commence, and the nettles soon spring up,
and then atalanta busies itself ovipositing, and, as I have before men-
tioned, being a long-lived species, larvae of all sizes, and pupae, are to
be found among the food-plants, and freshly-hatched imagines begin
to emerge in November.

At Alexandria, on February 8th, 1898, I found a full-grown larva
spun up and preparing to pupate in a bed of nettles, other larvae of
various sizes, and a fresh imago. The larva found on the above
date, produced a fine butterfly on the 28th of the same month.

From the above I think it is pretty clear that this species does
hybernate in this country.

Larva' of Polyommatus icarus and their connection with ants.

By A. L. ItAYWARD, F.E.S.
It is, I think, not very generally known that the larva of our com-
mon blue butterfly, Polyommatus icarus, like those of at least three
other species of our British Lycaenids, is possessed of a gland which

LARVJE OF POLYOMMATUS ICARUS AND THEIR CONNECTION WITH ANTS. 109

secretes a fluid very attractive to ants ; in the hope, therefore, that
they may be of interest, I give some particulars of an experiment con-
ducted by me a few days ago with two larvae of icarus and a worker
ant of the species Formica flava, which not only proved the existence
in these larva? of a highly-developed secretory gland, but also showed
a high order of instinct, or intelligence, in the ant.

The larvae experimented with were reared from ova deposited, in
confinement, on Lotus corniculatus, by a $ taken by me at Folkestone
in August, 1906 ; the ova hatched on the 26th and succeeding days of
the same month, and the larva?, after growing satisfactorily for three
or four weeks, ceased feeding, and laid up for hybernation about
September 2] st.

They were wintered on a growing plant of Lotus corniculatus in the
open, and, during the second week of March of this year, some of the
survivors were removed to a warm room and placed upon cut sprigs of
Tri folium repens ; this food they commenced to eat during the follow-
ing week, and one of them moulted on March 26th. An examination
of this freshly moulted larva revealed the fact that it possessed a long,
narrow, transverse gland on the dorsum of the 7th abdominal segment,
similar to that possessed by the larva? of our British Lyca?nids —
arion, corydon, and bellargus — and as, in addition, the two conspicuous
whitish evaginable tubes on the next following — i.e., the 8th — segment,
carried by both corydon and bellargus, were also present, it appeared
probable that icarus might, like its allies, have some connection with
ants. As soon as opportunity offered, therefore, I put the matter to
the test, and was soon satisfied that icarus is endowed with a gland
which yields a fluid probably similar in character to, and equally
attractive to Formica flava as, that produced by arion, corydon, and
bellargus.

The demonstration was obtained in the following manner : — The
larger and more vigorous-looking of the two larva? employed, was first
placed upon the stage of a small dissecting microscope carrying a lens
giving a magnification of 16, and an ant was then persuaded to walk
upon the stage from a pill-box by means of a camel-hair brush. The
ant appeared somewhat sluggish, and at first evinced no interest in the
larva, but, after a few moments, walked slowly over its back, and pro-
ceeded to clean itself, and particularly its antenna?, very thoroughly.
This operation lasted some four or five minutes, and, during its con-
tinuance, the larva remained perfectly quiescent, showing no sign
whatever of irritation or resentment at the presence of the ant, and
careful examination of the gland and evaginable tubes disclosed no
sign of movement in these organs, so that I began to fear that the
gland might prove, after all, to be a " blind " one, or at least im-
perfectly developed. Suddenly, however, after having completed a
most elaborate " toilet," including the careful cleaning of its antenna?
by passing them many times between the prothoracic legs, the ant ran
straight to the gland, and, in the most methodical and business-like
manner, began to caress it with the antenna?, evidently well aware of
the delectable drink waiting to be yielded for the asking, yet the result
for several minutes longer continued disappointing, for, although the
gland showed some slight sign of contraction, followed by distention,
there was no indication of the protrusion of the inner membrane,
which always precedes the flow of fluid in corydon and bellargus.

110 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

Still the ant persisted in its coaxings and caresses, and, at length,
the evaginable tubes on the 8th segment showed signs of activity, first
one, then the other, and presently both together, being evaginated and
withdrawn, the time occupied by the double movement of protrusion
and retraction being probably less than one second. The ant took
little notice of the activity of these tubes, but continued its entreaties
at the gland, and, at last, with the desired result, for the greenish inner
membrane was slowly protruded, and a bead of viscous-looking fluid
was extruded, and was quickly and most eagerly absorbed by the ant.
The time occupied by the protrusion of the gland and emission of the
fluid, was perhaps three seconds, and about twice that length of time
was taken by the ant in drinking the bead of liquid. Four times, in
the hour covered by this experiment, did the ant succeed in inducing
the larva to yield the fluid, but only after the most persistent and
continuous coaxing was success attained, and I do not think the larva
yielded voluntarily to the ant's solicitations. The evaginable tubes
were most active just before the exclusion of the liquid, and, at the
times of their evagination, there was a corresponding pulsation of the
lips of the gland ; it appeared to me that the action of the tubes was
intended to cause the ant to desist from its excitation of the gland, and
that, having failed in inducing it to refrain for more than a
moment from its labours, the protrusion of the membrane and emission
of the fluid were spasmodic and involuntary. The tubes are white, and
have, at their apex, a number of filaments or tentacles, but the
evagination and retraction were so quickly effected that I was unable
to ascertain their number. The second larva subsequently gave a
successful demonstration also, and the most interesting feature of the
whole experiment appeared to me to be the patient, persistent manner
in which the ant continued its caressings, as if it were perfectly well
acquainted with the method to be employed, and absolutely assured of
the successful issue of its labours. There was at no time any excited
running over the body of the larva by the ant. such as was the case in
my experiments with corydon and bellargus last year ; it remained for
nearly an hour on the posterior half of the larva, and, for several
minutes after each successful termination to its entreaties, devoted
itself to combing and stroking its antennaa, as though well aware that
the larva required time to recover from the treatment to which it had
been subjected.

It had been my intention to experiment with these larva? of icarus
before hybernation, with the object of ascertaining if any connection
existed between this species and ants, but want of leisure prevented
my doing so, and I am therefore unable to say whether or not
they possess a functional gland in the earlier stages of their life-
history. While my observations of the larvae of icarus have, so far,
unfortunately been restricted to those reared in confinement, and I
cannot, therefore, state positively that they are attended by ants under
natural conditions, there can, I think, be very little doubt that they
are, occasionally at least, so attended, as the low-feeding habits of the
species must certainly frequently bring them into contact with ants,
and the functional development of the gland would appear to show
that it is not long allowed to remain unemployed.

AN AFTERNOON AT HYERES. Ill

An afternoon at Hyeres. — Note on Sesia stellatarum.—
Lepidopterological Notes.

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Leaving England in perfect weather on March 22nd, I found, on
the 23rd, that equally fine conditions prevailed at Hyeres. There was,
nevertheless, a striking difference in the brilliance of the light, and
consequent brightness of everything in the south, although the
atmosphere was not particularly clear, but very calm. My baggage
having chosen to take some longer route, I took a walk in the
afternoon without even a pillbox. Butterflies were plentiful enough,
but not numerous, in species — Aglais urticae and Pyrantels atalanta,
Pararge egeria, ('alias edusa, Pieris brassicae and P. rapae, Gonepteryx
cleopatra in some numbers ; by the way, I saw a G. rhamni on the
wing at Reigate on the 21st.

Sesia stellatarum was in considerable force, four or five being often
in sight at once. I suppose I have, however, often seen them as
abundantly. I made, however, one observation that was quite new to
me, viz., I met with a pair of this species. Mr. Powell tells me he
has never seen a pair. I imagine something must have disturbed
them, they were about as difficult to approach as a solitarj7 specimen,
taking the wing again as one approached. They settled, however,
more readily than a solitary specimen, so that I was always able to
find them, even though it was over a fence, or the other side of a bush.
Having no net, I despaired of taking them, but as the sun was
declining, I persevered, and finally, by allowing them to rest un-
disturbed for some time, succeeded in placing my hand over them.
I wished to make the capture in order to ascertain which of the two
led in their flight, and found it was the 5 , who also settled head
upwards. In flying both vibrated their wings, so far as one could see,
equally, but they went along only less vigorously than one specimen
alone does, and with the $ always leading. I distinguished the two
insects, as one was faded a good deal paler than the other, though not
till I captured them did I know that the pale one that led was the ? .
They remained paired till I had captured them, and even after I had
killed them by pressure, but separated on the way home.

Mr. Raine tells me that things are very backward, and, owing to
drought for more than a month, are growing very little, as 1 could
verify by the asphodels, which are not a foot high, although showing
flower-stems some six or eight inches high; last year they were coming
into flower at this time, and in full bloom a fortnight later.

March 2?>t/t. — The season is certainly very backward. The heath
and the lavender (/>. staechus) are not yet in flower. Thestor ballus has
not been seen, two or three Thais polyxena (cassandra) have, however,
been observed, and two Anthocaris belia. Euvanessa antiopa and
Eugonia polychloros are more frequent than I have sometimes noticed,
and a few Callophrys rubi are already on the wing. /'. megaera (very
fresh) are also on the wing on a few warm banks. Polygonia c-album
may be seen along the hedgerows by the wayside down on the plain.
Last year, certain wild pear-tree shrubs had several nests of Aporia
crataegi larva'. This year they have none, but curiously, a bush of
Primus spinosus (sloe) close by, has a nest with half-a-dozen larvre, not
yet haif-an-inch long. Blackthorn is not, so far as I have observed,

112 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

nearly so favourite a foodplant of A. crataei/i as the various pomaceous
Bosaceae (Pyrus, Crataegus, etc.). I have, however, seen none on any
pear-trees, some nests on one turned out to be Porthesia chrysorrhoea.
A little amelanchier tree, a tree not very common here, of which the
buds were just beginning to break, had a number of nests with larvae
not half-an-inch long, so many that the survival of any considerable
proportion of them must tend to their general starvation. I also found
half-a-dozen larvae of Crinopterysc familiella at a spot where they had
obviously been fairly numerous very recently. It would usually be
difficult to find one after the middle of February.

March 26th. — I have been noting the conditions of existence of
Lozopera deaurana. It is really scarce, as it is difficult to find the dead
stems of Smyrnium in which the pupae are. The plant is abundant
enough, but the dead plants appear to be such ideal firelighting
material, that they are very strictly collected for that purpose, and not
one in a hundred that the growing plants declare must have existed
can be found. It is astonishing that the species can survive when so
large a holocaust is annually levied. One would hardly expect the few
moths that came through could lay eggs enough to supply all the
plants with larva?, yet this must nearly be so, as almost all suitable stems
that remain contain pupae, though certainly not always. The human
element of destruction is, no doubt, also helpful in making the plant
grow, as it seems to affect human vicinity. A small ant is also
destructive, using the holes of the larvae to reach the hollows of the
stems, probably, however, they are most destructive to larvae whose
habitations are defective and these are usually, more often than not,
ichneumoned. The ant may then be, after all, more helpful than
destructive. It may be remembered that the use of the stems as
firewood was extremely destructive to this species at the He Ste.
Marguerite, near Cannes.

Rare and local species of Coleoptera taken in Cumberland.

By H. BRITTEN.
The following species taken in Cumberland are described as very
rare by Fowler in his British Coleoptera, or as not occurring in the
north of England : — Notiophilus quadriguttatus, Dej., one specimen
with two pores on the left elytron and only one on the right ;
Dyschirius politus, Dej., one specimen in Baron Wood, May 21st,
1902 ; Miscodera arctica, Payk., local on Wan Fell and Cross Fell,
beneath stones; Pterostichus lepidus, F., very local, on Wan Fell;
Amara patricia, Duft., one specimen on Wan Fell ; Bembidium nigri-
corne, Gyll., abundant on sheep tracks on heaths, Wan Fell and
Cumrew Fell ; Trechus discus, F., two specimens taken on the banks of
the Eden, August 2nd, 1900 ; Hydroporus incognitus, Sharp, very
local in one mossy hole on Wan Fell, abundant March 23rd, 1902 ;
H. ferrugineus, Steph., taken in a drain, Great Salkeld, May 19th,
1901, specimens are taken nearly every year at the mouth of this
drain ; H. obsoletus, Aube., rare in flood refuse, Great Salkeld ;
Platambus maculatus, L., ab. immaculatus, Donis., abundant in Lake
Ulleswater, unaccompanied by the type ; H yd robins fuscipes, L., var.
aeneus, Sol., three specimens taken at Burgh-on-Sands, April 5th,
1902 ; Aleochara eitniculoriu)), Kraatz., common in rabbit-burrows ;

RARE AND LOCAL SPECIES OF COLEOPTERA TAKEN IN CUMBERLAND. 113

A. villosa, Mann., three specimens in a stable yard, Great Salkeld;
Microglossa suturalis, Mann., abundant in barns and cow-houses,
Great Salkeld; Oxypoda vittata, Maerk., scarce in haystack refuse,
Great Salkeld ; 0. tarda, Sharp, abundant on a sandbank near Great
Salkeld, April 9th, 1903; Calodera umbrosa, Er., one specimen at
roots of rushes, Great Salkeld, May 7th, 1903 ; Dinarda maerkeli,
Kies., one specimen with Formica rufa, Keswick, April 13th, 1906 ;
Notothecta flavipes, Grav., common with Formica rufa, Keswick, April
13th, 1906 ; N. anceps, Er., three specimens with Formica rufa,
Keswick, April 13th, 1906 ; Homalota longula, Heer, common
amongst shingle on the banks of the Eden, Great Salkeld : H.
subtillissima, K., abundant beneath stones on damp shingle, banks of
Eden, Great Salkeld ; //. angustula, Gyll., on muddy margins of the
river Eden, Great Salkeld; H. cuspidata, Er., common beneath bark
of elm, ash. and fir trees, Great Salkeld ; H. cavifrons, Sharp, local,
at roots of grass and in moss, Great Salkeld ; 11. pollens, Redt.,
common beneath stones on damp shingle, banks of Eden, Great
Salkeld ; H. parallela, Mann., abundant in nests of Formica rufa,
Keswick, April 13th, 1906 ; H. hepatica, Er., rare, a fine S > sweeping
at Cumrew, June 2nd, 1903 ; H. coriaria, Kr., not common in birds'
nest, Great Salkeld ; H. autumnalis, Er., two J s on banks of a pond,
Edenhall, May 13th, 1906; H. mortuorum, Thorns., is abundant in
carrion, dead leaves, decaying vegetable matter, etc., in this district ;
Ischnopoda caerulca, Sahl., not uncommon on the banks of the Eden,
Great Salkeld; Falagria sulcatula, Gr., scarce in flood refuse in Baron
Wood, January 30th, 1903; Placusa complanata, Er., abundant in the
galleries of Hylophilus piniperda, L., on Scotch fir, this is a very local
insect, and I only find it in one small wood near Great Salkeld ; Epipeda
plana, Gyll., scarce under bark of dead elm ; Hygronoma dimidiata,
Gr., scarce, sweeping rushes and sedges in a bog ; Hetherothops
praevia, Er., taken in a cowshed amongst decaying straw, Great
Salkeld ; Oligota atomaria, Er., rare, one specimen at grass roots,
Great Salkeld, April 3rd, 1905; Quedius longicornis, Kr., rare, one
specimen in flood refuse, one specimen from a rabbit burrow, and one
specimen from a mole's run, Great Salkeld ; Quedius vexans, Epp.,
from moles' nests, Great Salkeld, November 21st, 1906 ; Quedius
sci t us, Gr., one specimen in a rotten fir log, Edenhall, January 13th,
1907 ; Q. iihliteratus, Er., one specimen in moss, Silloth, September
20th, 1905 ; Lathrobium terminatuui , Grav., var. immaculatum, Fow.,
not uncommon in a bog near Great Salkeld, the type is not found in
this district; Medon obsoletus, Nord., one specimen in vegetable refuse;
Stenus argus, Grav., abundant in a marsh near Penrith; S. aerosus, Er. ;
S. annulatus, Crotch, scarce in moss, Wan Fell ; S. niveus, Fauv.,
abundant sweeping in marshes ; Trogophloeus rivularis, Mots., scarce
on the muddy margins of ponds and streams ; Olophrum fuscum,
Grav., in moss and at the roots of rushes, not uncommon ; Homalium
septentrionis, Thorns., common in dead rabbits; 11. caesum, Gr., var.
tricolor, Rey., two specimens in dead leaves; //. gracUicorne, Fairm.,
scarce beneath dead fir bark, also under birch bark and in fungi
on birch; tiapalaraea pygmaea, Pk., one specimen in a fungus on an
ash-tree; Agathidium seminulum, L., two specimens in rotten wood;
Hydnobius punctatissimus, Steph., one specimen in flood refuse ;
Triarthron maerkeli, Schm., one specimen in flood refuse; Cholera

114 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

intermedia, Kr., in rabbit burrows; Colon dentipes, Sahib., one specimen
at rest on a fence post; Neuraphes angulatus, Miill., one specimen in
moss; N. rubicundus, Shm., one specimen in rotten wood ; Ar. spar-
shalli, Den., one specimen in rotten wood ; N. var. minutus, Chand.,
four specimens in haystack refuse; Pselaphus dresdensis.Ubst., abundant
in moss, but very local ; Tychus niger, Payk., not uncommon in rotten
wood, amongst moss, and in dead leaves; Bythinus palidus, Aub., locally
abundant in moss and in grass roots; Euplectus sanguineus, Den., in
decaying straw, scarce ; E. piceus, Mots., in rotten wood, moderately
common ; E. ambiguus, Reich., abundant by sweeping in a swamp and
also in moss in marshy places ; E. mmutissimus, Aub., one specimen
under a stone embedded in damp sand in company with Homalota
subtillissima, pattens, and Thinobius linearis, April 6th, 1906, this was
previous to J. J. Walker noting this species ; Ptinella aptera, Guer.,
beneath bark on a dead ash-tree ; Tricopteryx bovina, Mots., common
in old dry horse- and cow-dung ; Orthoperus atomus, Gyll., local but
not uncommon in refuse in hedge bottoms; Olibrus aeneus, F., one
specimen on carrion, a very strange place to find this species, this is
the only record for the county; Halyzia lQ-guttata, L., one specimen
in flood refuse; Scymnus haemorrhoidalis, Hbst., several specimens from
flood refuse and sweeping beneath hedges ; Chilocorus similis, Ross.,
one specimen by beating willow bushes; C. bipustulatus, L., not
uncommon by beating willow bushes on heaths ; Alexia pilifera, Mull.,
locally abundant in moss in fir woods ; Hister bissexstriatus, F., one
specimen in carrion; Hister 12- striat as, Schl., in carrion, not common;
Pachylopus maritimus, Steph., common in dung and carrion in the
Solway district ; Anitas minutus, Hbst., in decaying straw at Silloth,
in numbers; Meligethes viduatus, Stm., a rare find amongst the flowers
of Geam rivale ; Monotonia conicicollis, Aub., common in nests of
Formica rufa at Keswick; Enicmus testaceas, Steph., scarce in fungi
on alder ; I believe Mr. Day has recorded my supposed capture of E.
rugosus, Herbst, this record will have to be deleted in favour of a new
British species which is in hand at the present time, and will be duly
recorded in the Ent. Mo. May. ; GfLrtodere ruficollis, Marsh., very common
in haystack refuse in this district ; C, filiformis, Gyll., two specimens
taken in my house during 1906 ; Telmatophilus caricis, 01., common,
sweeping amongst Sparganium ; Cryptophagus lycoperdi, Hbst., in
a small puff-ball in Baron Wood; Atomaria diluta, Er., in flood
refuse, scarce ; Mycetophagus atomarius, F., one specimen in fungus ;
Tiresias serra, F., under bark, not common; Florilinus musaeorum,
L., abundant on the walls of my house and in flowers; Aspidi-
/ihtiras orbiculatus, Gyll., scarce in fungi on old stumps; Geotrupes
typhaeus, L., abundant on sandy heaths ; Malthodes pellucidus, Kies,
abundant by beating and sweeping; Phlaeophilus edwardsi, Steph.,
common on fence posts round a wood during the autumn and winter
months; Pti?ias subpilosus, Miill., rare, beneath the bark of a sycamore
tree ; Hedobia imperialis, L., bred from white cocoons taken beneath
bark on dead crab stumps in hedges; Dryophilus pusillus, Gyll.,
abundant on larch trees ; Anobium paniceum, L., bred in numbers
amongst garden seeds; < 'is micans, F., in fungi on beech ; C. hispidus,
Payk., in fungi on ash; C. lineatocribratm, Mel., in fungi on birch;
Asemam striatum, L., abundant in stumps of Scotch fir ; Donacia obscura,
Gyll., by sweeping amongst Carex in May; l>. affinis, Kunz., by sweeping

RARE AND LOCAL SPECIES OF COLEOPTERA TAKEN IN CUMBERLAND. 115

in a marshy place amongst rushes, Carex&ndt Scirpus; Chrysomela var-
ians, Schal., breeds yearly on a patch of Hypericum perforatum ; Clinocara
undulata, Kr., abundant beneath bark on fallen oak branches ; Salpingus
aeratus, Muls., flying round heaps of dead branches and also beaten in
some numbers from dead whitethorn branches; 8. foveolatus, Ljun.j
taken in some numbers on fence posts during the winter months ;
Oedema a lurida, Marsh., one specimen by sweeping ; Meloe proscarabaeus,
L., var cyaneus, Muls., not uncommon with the type ; Apion pallipes,
Kirb., by sweeping Allium ursimim when in flower; A. confluens, Kirb.,
on Matricaria inodora; Apion tenue, Kirb., scarce, by general sweeping;
Trachyphlaeus aristatus, Gyll., scarce at roots of grass but widely dis-
tributed ; Orthochaetes ietiger, Beck., scarce in moss and at grass roots;
Erirhiwus aethiops, F., one specimen in flood refuse in Borrowdale;
Bayous claudicans, Boh., in refuse on edge of apond ; Poophayus nasturtii,
Germ., local and scarce on Nasturtium officinale; Ceuthorhynchidius
nigrinus, Marsh., scarce, by beating sallows ; C. posthumus, Germ.,
common on its foodplant, Tesdalia, when in flower; Eubrychius velatus,
Beck., in refuse on margin of a pond, and by fishing amongst Myrio-
phyllium in the pond in company with the following species ; Lito-
dactylus leucogaster, Marsh., abundant in refuse on banks of the pond
and on submerged logs, and by fishing amongst Myriophyllium in the
pond; Phytobius muricatus, Bris., abundant in damp moss in a swamp;
Balaninus pyrrhoceras, Marsh., not uncommon beating oak; Magdalis
pruni, L., scarce beating blackthorn ; Trypodendron lineatum, 01.,
burrowing in the roots of newly-cut spruce fir, scarce.

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe.

By MALCOLM BUBR, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
{Continued from p. 71).

Genus VIII : Ctenodecticus, Bol.
Characterised by the small size and the form of the posterior tarsi
and the anal segment of the male. The plantulag are longer than the
first two tarsal segments taken together, and the posterior tibia? have
two terminal spines; the anal segment of the male is strongly decurved
and covers the cerci ; the presternum is unarmed, and the anterior
tibia? have three spines above. Five species are known.

Table of Species.
1. Elytra free ; cerci S not entirely covered by anal

segment; posterior femora short (7"5mm.-8'5mm.) 1. masferreki, Bol.
1.1. Elytra covered by pronotum ; anal segment almost
entirely covering cerci in $ ; femora longer
(10mm. -13mm.).
2. Hinder femora with two bands ; whole lower
margin of side flaps bordered with white ; hinder
tibiae with two apical spines beneath ; Spanish
species . . . . . . . . . . 2. pupulus, Bol.

'2.'2. Hinder femora with one longitudinal black
band ; side flaps of pronotnm with only hinder
border white ; posterior tibbe with four apical
spines beneath ; Sardinian and Algerian
species .. .. .. .. .. ..3. bolivari, Tar^'.

116

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

1. Ctenodecticus masferreri, Bol.

The generic characters are less strongly marked in this than in the
other two species ; the elytra are free, and the anal segment of the
male is normal, but little produced, and emarginate in the centre,
leaving the cerci free; the posterior femora are noticeably shorter than
in the other species. Length of body, ? ; of posterior femora, 7'5mm.
3 , 8-5mm. 2 .

Taken on Thymus at Espinelvas, in Catalonia ; originally wrongly
recorded from Montserrat.

2. Ctenodecticus pupulus, Bol.

Testaceous, pale above, with a black band on each side ; side flaps
of pronotum chestnut, with whole of lower border white ; elytra hardly
visible in male, and quite hidden in female. Length of body, 10mm.
$ and 2 ; of pronotum, 4-5mm. $ , 3-5mm. 2 ; of posterior femora,
11mm. $ and ? ; of ovipositor, 8mm. 2 .

A rare insect, occurring on the hills behind Escorial in central
Spain.

3. Ctenodecticus bolivari, Targioni.

Differs from preceding in the side flaps of pronotum, which have
only hinder part bordered with white, by the prominent elytra of the
female, and by the single black band on the posterior femora. Length
of body, 13mm. 2 ; of pronotum, 5mm. 2 ; of posterior femora,.
13mm. 2 ; of ovipositor, 11mm. 2 •

Occurs in Sardinia ; also recorded from Oran in Algeria by Brunner.

Genus IX : Anterastes, Brunner.
Characterised by the absence of the middle pair of terminal spines
on the underside of the posterior tibiae, and by the strongly curved
ovipositor. There are two species known, one occurring in Serbia
and the other in south-west Europe.

1. Anterastes raymondi, Yersin.

Very slender ; reddish-testaceous, the whole body being banded
with chestnut ; antennas three times as long as the body ; elytra
hardly free in either sex. Length of body, 12mm. $ , 13mm. 2 ; of
pronotum, 4mm. $ , 4-2mm. 2 ; of elytra, l-5mm. $ , 1mm. 2 ; of
posterior femora, 15mm. $ and 2 ; of ovipositor, 9mm. -10mm. 2 •

A rare species found on oaks and shrubs ; it is exceedingly active
and difficult to catch. In France, a few southern localities are recorded,
as Hyeres, Toulouse, Cannes, Narbonne, Bagnols, le Rayran, Montauroux.
In Spain, it has been taken at Espinelvas and Viladrau in Catalonia ;
in Italy, at Naples, Voltaggio, Pegli, and Genoa. Also in the Tirol at
Bozen.

Genus X : Pachytrachelus, Fieber.
Characterised by the long, threadlike, and quite simple and unarmed
cerci of the male ; the genus is a transition between Ehaeocleis, which
it resembles in the form of the head, and Olynthoscelis, which it
resembles in the unarmed presternum and the four terminal spines of
the posterior tibiae. The ovipositor is straight, obliquely truncate at
the apex.

SYNOPSIS OF" THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE.

117

Table of Species.
1. Hinder femora with transverse parallel lines ; cerei

<? incurved ; ovipositor straight
1.1. Hinder femora plain ; cerci i quite straight; ovi-
positor slightly curved

1. striolatus, Fieb.

2. gracilis, Br.

1. Pachytrachelus striolatus, Fieber.
Reddish-testaceous, marked with black. Length of body, 18mm.

$ , 23mm. $ ; of pronotum, 6mm. $ , 6-5mm. ? ; of elytra, 3mm.
$ , 2mm. 5 ; of posterior femora, 22mm. $ , 23mm. ? ; of ovipositor,
20mm. ? .

A south-eastern species that occurs in long grass in the Tirol ; also
at Lago Maggiore.

2. Pachytrachelus gracilis, Brunner.

Chestnut ; femora plain. Length of body, 13mm. $ , 15mm.-
18mm. ? ; of pronotum, 4mm. $ , 5mm. -6mm. $ ; of elytra, 3mm.
3 , 1mm. -2mm. 2 ; of posterior femora, 17mm. $ , 18mm. -19mm.
$ ; of ovipositor, 16mm. -17mm. ? .

Occurs with the preceding ; recorded from Recoaro in the south
Tirol ; also in Steiermark and Krain, etc.

Genus XI : Olynthoscelis, Fischer de Waldheim
( = Thamnotrizon, Fischer, Brunner et auctorum).
This is an important genus, containing about twenty species ; they
are powerful and active insects, and live often in the densest thickets and
jungles. It is characterised by the unarmed prosternum, three spines
on the upperside of the anterior tibiae, squamiform elytra, abortive
wings, short plantulae, which do not exceed the first tarsal segment,
four terminal spines on the posterior tibias beneath, and more or less
incurved ovipositor, pointed at the apex.

Table of Species.
1. Pronotum in both sexes produced far backwards over
abdomen ; elytra <? scarcely surpassing pronotum ;
hinder femora with inner margin of underside spined.
2. Subgenital lamina i with lobes set with inner
angle acute, the lateral band black right up to
the margin
2.2. Lamina subgenital <f with lobes set with
inner angle obtuse ; the lateral band separated
from margin by a pale line
1.1. Pronotum truncate behind ; elytra i almost entire-
ly free; posterior femora unarmed beneath.
(Subgenital lamina <? scarely emarginate, of ?
transverse.)
2. Side flaps of pronotum with broad white border
on hinder margin.
3. Pronotum with side flaps bordered with white
at hinder edge alone ; irons i black, of ? ,
pale, with black markings; elytra i straw-
coloured above
3.3. Pronotum with side flaps bordered with
white behind and on lower margin, a pale
band including the dark stripe ; frons
marbled with dark reddish ; elytra cf dark
above.
4. Large; (21mm. -30mm.)
4.4. Smaller ; (14mm. -21mm.)
2.2. Side flaps of pronotum with a very narrow

1. chabrieri, Charp.

2. brdnneri, Targ.

3. apteros, Fabr.

I. i kmokatus, Fieb.
■3. pallax, Fischer.

white border

6. griseo-aptera, Linn.

118 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

1. Olynthoscelis chabrieri, Charpentier.

Large and powerful ; bright green when alive, fading to yellowish
when dead; frons pale, with four black spots; pronotum green above,
the side flaps black ; elytra black, scarcely protruding from beneath
the long pronotum. Ovipositor distinctly incurved, pale, with the
base black. Length of body, 19mm. -26mm. $ , 21mm. -30mm. $ ;
of pronotum, 9mm. -12mm. $ , 10mm.-ll-5mm. ? ; of elytra, lmm.-
l-5mm. $ , Omm. J ; of posterior femora, 21mm. -26mm. $ , 22mm.-
27mm. 5 ; of ovipositor, 18mm. -24mm. ? .

This fine insect is not likely to be confused with any other on ac-
count of its bright green colour, varied with black, but especially of the
long pronotum, which almost entirely covers the elytra ; it is only
likely to be confused with the following, which see.

It occurs in thick shrubs and bushes in southern Europe, from
Spain to the Balkans; it is exceedingly active and difficult to catch,
and has very powerful jaws ; it may sometimes be seen sitting on the
topmost twigs of a thorn or hedge, basking in the sun, and may then
be caught by a sudden and strong sweep of the net. In France it is
not common, but it occurs in Provence, in the Basses- Alpes, and Var ;
recorded from Chateau Gombert. In Italy, it is found in Calabria,
and in Sicily. It has been taken on Cistus at Banyuls-sur-Mer.

2. Olynthoscelis brunneri, Targioni.

Differs from the last only in its slenderer build, somewhat shorter
pronotum, and by the obtuse inner angle of the lobes of the subgenital
lamina of the male, in which the lateral stripe is separated by a pale
space from the margin itself ; the females can hardly be distinguished
apart. Length of body, 22mm. $ , 26mm. 2 ; of pronotum, 9mm. g ,
8-5mm. ? ; of elytra, 3mm. $ , Omm. ? ; of posterior femora, 20mm.
$ , 22mm. 2 ; of ovipositor, 18mm. ? .

Exceedingly rare, but perhaps confused sometimes with the last
species. Recorded from the Abruzzi.

3. Olynthoscelis apterus, Fabricius.

This and the following species belong to that group of species in
which the pronotum is normal and truncated, instead of being produced
backwards. In this species, the elytra are straw-coloured above ; the
face in the male is black, and in the female pale, with black margins;
the side flaps have only the hinder edge bordered with white. Length of
body 20mm. -22mm. $ , 22mm. -25mm. $ ; of pronotum, 8mm. -9mm.
$ ; of elytra, 6mm. $ , 8mm. -9mm. $ ; of posterior femora, 22mm.-
23mm. g , 22mm. -23mm. $ ; of ovipositor, 19mm. -21mm. 5 .

Occurs in wild stony places in the warmer Alpine valleys in
Switzerland, Pfaffers. In the south of France it is very rare, but has
been taken atHyeres. It occurs in the Tirol, near Innsbruck, and through-
out Austria. It is common in the Tirol and in the southern Alps ; in
the northern Alps it is more local ; Taminathal, near Pfaffersbad,
and Vattis, in the Vorderrheinthal, between Uanz and Brigels ; and in
Domleschg.

4. Olynthoscelis fallax, Fischer ( = austriacus, Turk).
Smaller ; chestnut or pale above ; face marbled with dark ; pro-
notum convex above, chestnut or testaceous, quite smooth, the side flaps
black, the margin marked with a pale band which includes a clear

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. 119

dark stripe ; elytra of male prominent, as long as the pronotum, dark,
with pale veins; posterior femora chestnut, with a few black lines near
the base. Length of body, 14mm. -17mm. $ , 17mm. -21mm. 5 ; of
pronotum, 5-3mm.-7*8mm. $ , 6-8mm.-8mm. 5 ; of elytra, 3mm.-
4-5mm, $ , 5mm. $ ; of posterior femora, 15mm. -21mm. $ , 18mm.-
23mm. $ ', of ovipositor, 12mm. -13mm. $ .

Found among shrubs in hilly places ; very rare in France, but
recorded from Hyeres, Lourdes, Cretz, Milan, Aveyron, Drome. Also
in Switzerland and the Tirol, Tessin, Gorz ; it is commoner towards
the east, and in Austria we get it at Kirchdorf, near Vienna, Huttel-
dorf, Purkersdorf, Mauer, St. Veit, Rodaun, Kaltanleutgeben, Sauer-
brunn, etc. In Italy, at Voltaggio, Pegli, San Quirico, fairly common
in the early autumn.

5. Olynthoscelis femoratus, Fieber (=fallax, Yersin).

Differs from (K fallax in its larger size, in the plain yellow band on
the side flaps of the pronotum, which is more rounded behind, so that
the elytra are somewhat more free and also a little darker ; the female
can scarcely be distinguished from that of 0. fallax, except by its
larger size. Length of body, 21mm. -23mm. $ , 24mm. -30mm. ? ; of
pronotum, 8-8mm.-9mm. $ ; 10mm.-10-8mm. ? ; of elytra, 3mm. $ ,
Omm. ? ; of posterior femora, 24mm. $ , 27mm.-28-5mm. $ ; of
ovipositor, 18mm. -20mm. $ .

In southern France, at Hyeres, Bagnols, Montauroux, Draguignan,
le Rayran, Sainte Maxime, Saint Tropez. At the latter locality, a
variety was found with the ovipositor only measuring 15mm. In
Italy, at Empoli, in Tuscany.

VARIATION .

Variation of Cosmotriche potatoria. — I took a number of larvae dur-
ing June, 1906, of this species, near Blackpool, and, among the specimens
which emerged from them, were two $> s having the male coloration,
viz., a warm reddish-brown, otherwise they were normal in size and
appearance. — W. G. Clutten, 132, Coal Clough Lane, Burnley.
January 30t/i, 1907. [Full details of this particular form of aberra-
tion, its localities, etc., will be found in Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep., vol. iii.,
pp. 160-163, under the name of ab. diminuta. The form has not
before been recorded, we believe, from Burnley. — Ed.]

Aberrations of Callimorpha hera.— Among some insects which
I bred from larvae, ova of which were laid by a female taken near
Starcross, were two very nice forms — (1) An example of the ab.
liitrsct'ns, but having the white streaks across the upper wing abbre-
viated into marginal spots, leaving the colour in the centre of the
wing solid. (2) Another specimen with red underwings, having
similar markings to the above in the upperwings, but having, in
addition to them, the black spots in the lower wings united by a black
streak. — Ibid.

Lymantria monacha not in the Hull district. — Your suggestion
(antea) that L. monacha probably does not occur in the Hull
district is quite accurate, nor has it, to our knowledge, ever done so.
In 1892, I obtained a dozen eggs from Mr. Edmonds, of Windsor,
from which I bred some typical, some intermediate, and one black

120

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD.

example. I paired the black with one of the intermediate forms, and
obtained a large batch of ova. These I gave to Mr. Potts, a local
lepidopterist, and he has inbred large numbers of the race every year
since, and these, unfortunately, appear to be accepted as Hull speci-
mens. Mr. Edmonds said he took the black form in Windsor Forest,
but the evidence later went far to prove that they were really from
continental stock. All the L. monacha sent out of Hull are, therefore,
not only not native Yorkshire specimens, but possibly not even of
British origin, although inbred here so many years. — J. W. Boult,
50, Washington Street, Newland, Hull. March 1st, 1907.

Pieris napi var. Bryonia. — Reported $ in error. — The specimen
of P. napi var. bryoniae, which was shown at the meeting of the
Entomological Society, in February, as a male, I submitted to Dr.
Chapman for examination, who pronounces the specimen to be an
ordinary female. Of course his judgment is final. I wish at the
earliest possible date, therefore, to correct the mistake, to which,
unfortunately, I have given publicity. —Frank E. Lowe, F.E.S., St.
Stephen's Vicarage, Guernsey. March 11th, 1907.

^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Hybernia defoliaria in January. — In reply to Mr. Raynor's note
on this subject (antea, p. 46), if he will refer to Ent. Rec, xvi., p. 212,
he will see that here, at all events, the occurrence of freshly emerged
specimens throughout January is the usual thing. — -E. F. Studd,
Oxton, Exeter. March 23rd, 1907.

Hybernation of Pyrameis atalanta. — It may be of interest to
note that I saw a specimen of the above near Exeter, on March 12th,
and another here, flying about and settling on garden walls yesterday
(22nd inst.). Owing to the distance apart of the two localities (some
six miles) they could hardly have been the same insect. Both were
settled near me and were in perfect condition. — Ibid.

Early Pyrameis atalanta. — You will be interested to hear that I
have to-day watched a hybernated specimen of Pyrameis atalanta, a $ ,
for a considerable time in my garden. Several members of my family
also observed it. It seems a pity that old observers such as F. O.
Morris and others are not credited with intellect. — G. 0. Sloper,
F.E.S., Westrop House, Highworth. March 30th, 1907. [The
question raised by Mr. Head (antea) is not whether early P. atalanta
occur in England, but whether they have hybernated here. — Ed.]

Early spring examples of Pyrameis atalanta. — On Monday last,
April 1st, a specimen of the above (a female I think, but did not
capture) was sunning itself on my garden paths. As hybernated
Gonepteryx rhamni and Vanessa io only made their appearance a few
days previously, and Aylais urticae about March 20th, whilst im-
migrant Pyrameis cardui do not arrive on our coasts till early June or
the very end of May ; there surely can be no question that this P.
atalanta was a hybernated specimen. Perhaps it is because its hyber-
nation has generally been taken for granted that no one has thought
it necessary to take or publish notes on the dates of its appearances,
and so this idea of non -hybernation has been started from lack of
positive evidence on the question. Will all who have this species

LIFE-HISTORIES.

121

with them in the autumn keep their eyes open for it now at once ? —
K. M. Hinchliff. Worlington House, Instow, North Devon. April
3rd, 1907.

Dimorpha versicolora near Reading. — You will be pleased to
hear that I have again obtained a wild pairing of Dimorpha versicolora.
On April 6th, about 12.15 (noon), a $ emerged in my breeding-cage,
the first this season. I rode over to the D. versicolora ground, arriving
at 3.30 p.m., and placed her on a birch bush; she commenced calling
almost at once, and by 4 p.m. she was paired with a fine $ , and com-
menced depositing the same night. I have not missed getting a natural
pairing since finding a $ in 1896. (See Nat. Hist. British Lepidoptera,
iii., pp. 259, 263, and Ent. Record, xvi., p. 209).— W. E. Butler,
Hayling House, Oxford Road, Reading. April 1th, 1907.

Spring Lepidoptera. — On March 31st, I saw Celastrina argiolus
flying in the afternoon sunshine at Oxshott. Is not this date very
early? I also noticed a few Gonepteryx rhamni, and quite a number
of Aglais urticae. About the tops of the high birch trees Brephos
parthenias was flying in some numbers, but was, as usual, difficult to
capture with a short-handled net. — J. Alderson, 143, Boundaries
Road, Balbam, S.W. April 9th, 1907.

First appearances of common butterflies. — On March 24th, a
boy brought to me a specimen of Aglais urticae, captured on the 22nd,
when sunning in the roadway of the Mile End Road. On the 29th,
specimens of Pieris rapae and Aglais urticae were seen at Mottingham.
On the 31st, Pieris rapae and Aglais urticae were seen at Strood, and
on April 1st, Pieris rapae, Vanessa io, and Aglais urticae, at Lee. P.
rapae was noticed at Westcombe Park on April 2nd. Several others
were seen on April 3rd, by the railway between Havant and Ports-
mouth, whilst this species and A. urticae were the only species noted
at Southsea between April 3rd and 6th. The brilliant sunny weather
of the last fortnight seems to have brought out P. rapae, therefore,
everywhere south, even in our town districts, whilst the hybernating
Vanessids have evidently made up their minds that spring is here.
Perhaps the snowstorm of this morning will make them change their
minds again.— J. W. Tutt, 119, Westcombe Hill, S.E. April 1th,
1907.

Early appearance of Euchloe cardamines. — I found a $ E.
cardamines on Abinger Common, on April 24th. — N. C. Rothschild,
5 and 6, Chelsea Court, Chelsea Embankment, S.W. April 29th, 1907.

f )0TES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARY^ffi, &c.

Egglaying and young larva of Thecla ilicis. — A female, captured
in the Rhone Valley at the end of June last, refused to lay ova when
confined in a glass case with oak-twigs, and fed ; but when, a fortnight
later, she was kept in a small chip box inside a hand-bag, during a
journey, some ova were laid therein. Subsequently, a few more were
laid under normal conditions of light and exposure (Mr. Tonge has had
one of these to photograph). The ova began to batch on the 12th inst.,
the young larva' salmon-brown in tint, with stout bristles, taking at
once readily to split oak-buds. They are prone to spin threads over
their food, and to dangle thereon from the top of their cage. — P. M
Prideaux. April \9th, 1907.

122 the entomologist's record.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Cross-pairings in lepidoptera. — To the list of weird cross-pairings
collected by Mr. Tutt, and just published in his British Lepidoptera,
vol. v., p. 3, may be added the case noticed by myself and friends in
Scotland on sugar in 1900, and recorded in Ent. Rec, xii., p. 283,
namely, between Xylophasia monoglypha and Amathes (Noctua) baia.
I have just received, by the kindness of the author, a copy of Dr. 0.
Nickerl's " Die Spanner des Konigreiches Bohmen " (Prag, 1907), and
in this I find another record (p. 54), where it is noted that, at
Neuhiitten-Otrocin, on August 25th, 1885, a 5 of Boarmia secundaria
was taken in cop. with a fresh $ of Numeria capreolaria. Thirteen
eggs were laid, from which nine larvfe hatched, but they refused the
natural foodplant of the parents (Pinus abies), and after feeding un-
willingly on Plantaqo lanceolata, died off within a fortnight. — Louis
B. Prout, F.E.S., 246, Richmond Eoad, N.E. April 15th, 1907. [Will
those who have the work please add these to p. 3. — Ed.]

URRENT NOTES.

A small party of entomological friends were entertained by Mr. A.
Harrison, at his residence, Delamere, Grove Road, South Woodford,
on the afternoon and evening of April 20th. The visitors mostly
arrived between 3.30 p.m. and 4.30 p.m., tea being served shortly
afterwards by Mrs. Harrison. A pleasant afternoon was spent among
the interesting insects and books that the host has collected, and in
examining the delightful entomological photographs, produced with
such artistic skill, by Mr. H. Main. Dinner was served at 7.0 p.m.,
and, after dinner, entomology (past and present) was discussed until
10 p.m., when the company dispersed. Among the guests were
Messrs. R. Adkin, S. Edwards, W. Kaye, H. Main, A. W. Mera, A.
Montgomery, A. Sich, R. South, H. J. Turner, and J. W. Tutt.

To complete our figures of the eggs of the British Alucitides for
the next volume of The Natural History of British Lepidoptera, those
of Leioptihis tephradactylm, Hellinsia osteodactyla, H. carphodactyla,
Oid.aematoph.orus lithodactyla, and Wheeleria baliodactyla are still wanted,
and should be forwarded to Mr. A. E. Tonge, Aincroft, School Hill,
Reigate. Mr. Tonge adds that he would also be glad of the other
Alucitine eggs {i.e., of the species not yet published in vol. v) to do
again, as he thinks he can improve those he has.

We cannot possibly write individually to all our subscribers who
have written re vol. v of The Natural History of the British Lepidoptera,
but should be exceedingly thankful if all our friends (English and
continental) will send us habits, habitats, dates, and localities of the
"plumes" still remaining to be completed; also of the same particulars
of " hairstreaks " and "blues" for The Natural History of British
Butterflies, vol. ii. We particularly want details for the last two or
three years from our old correspondents.

The Congress of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies
is to be held at Woolwich this year from June 12th-15th. Almost all the
natural history societies of the south-eastern counties are affiliated
thereto, among others — the South London Entom. and Nat. Hist.
Society, the City of London Entom. and Nat. Hist. Society, the North
London Nat. Hist. Society, the West Kent Nat. Hist. Society, etc.
Zoological and botanical sections are organised, and London entomo-

CURRENT NOTES. 123

logists, ornithologists, zoologists, and botanists are earnestly requested
to send in their names as Associates to Mr. C. H. Grinling, 17,
Rectory Place, Woolwich.

Among other things undertaken by the Zoological Section is the
compilation of a list of the fauna inhabiting the area extending from
the Ravensbourne on the west to the Darenth in the east, and bounded
on the south by the downs, i.e., it includes the greensand, but excludes
the chalk districts just beyond, taking in Dartford, Farningham,
Orpington, Farnborough, Bromley, Southend, and Greemvich. Mr.
H. E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E. (Lepi-
doptera), Mr. H. J. Turner, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, S.E.
(Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Odonata, Diptera, Hemiptera, etc.), Mr.
S. Edwards, 15, St. German's Place, Blackheath, S.E. (Birds),
are anxious to get in touch with all naturalists who have
done any collecting within the limits of this area, which includes
Shooter's Hill Woods, Bexley Woods, the Thames Marshes, from
Greenwich to Dartford, and many other well-known collecting grounds.

It is an unequalled chance to make a thoroughly good faunistic list
of the district, in which many of our entomologists might help. Aid
is also required from someone with leisure who will work through
(1) The Entomologist'1 s Weekly Intelligencer, (2) The Entomologist,
(3) The Entomologist 's Monthly Magazine, (4) The Entomologist's Record,
for "localities," "dates," and "remarks on rarity or abundance"
(with the authority) of insects of all orders taken within the district.
Such lists should be sent direct to Mr. R. Adkin, Wellfield, Lingard's
Road, Lewisham, S.E. Any gentleman with leisure, whether living in
the district or not, can do this work splendidly. It is of no use to do it
by the indexes, but the work properly arranged need not take long.
We trust some of our keen, retired, entomologists will respond.

The district is, zoologically, more rich in memories than, perhaps,
any place in Britain. The home of Banks, Stephens, Curtis, Stainton,
Newman, Douglas, McLachlan, Weir, Darwin, and others, visited by
Linne, Fabricius, Frey, Zeller, and most of the leading entomologists
of the last two centuries, it would be strange, indeed, if the compilation
of a mere faunistic list should prove to be out of the reach of those of
us who still live in the district, and have long found much of our
happiness in investigating its faunal treasures. The officials of the
affiliated London societies owe to the South-Eastern Union a duty in
this matter.

A clearly printed revised " Catalogue of British Orthoptera,
Neuroptera, and Trichoptera," printed on one side for labelling is being
published by W. H. Harwood and Son, Colchester. Price Is. 6d. It
was originally published by Mr. C. W. Dale, but has been brought
up-to-date by Messrs. Burr, Lucas, Morton, etc.

To complete our life-history plates of the "hairstreaks," we require
larva; of Ruralis betulae, Sirymon (Thecla) w-album, and S. pruni. Will
our Continental and British friends please send any of these (one or
two ample) direct to Mr. H. Main, Almondale, Buckingham Road,
South Woodford.

SOCIETIES.

City of London Entomological Society. — April 2iul, 1907. —
Exhibits. — Lithosia muscerda, larvae and pupa? reared from the egg,

124 the entomologist's record.

Mr. H. M. Edelsten. Phigalia pilosaria from the Reigate district,
including a raelanic $ with a metallic green tinge on the forewings,
Mr. Grosvenor. Polygonia c-album, a bred series from Monmouth.
Dicranura bicuspis, a cocoon formed between two patches of lichen, the
edges of which overlapped the cocoon, Mr. L. W. Newman. Mr. Newman
reported that the larvae of Arctia caia were practically non-existent this
year in localities in Kent, where they are usually abundant. A few larvae
had been found unusually advanced, suggesting that the hot autumn had
carried them past the usual stadium, and that the majority had died
during the winter in consequence. April 16th, 1907. — Exhibits. —
Nyssia lapponaria, $ and ? , specimens bred this spring, Mr. A. W.
Mera. Brenthis euphrosyne, larvae half fed. Argynnis aglaia and
Dryas paphia, larva? apparently in second instar. In continuance of his
remarks at the previous meeting Mr. Newman stated that, at Sunder-
land, larvae of Arctia caia were already practically fullfed and very
scarce, while at Nottingham, wbere they are abundant, they are
exceptionally backward for the time of year. Mr. H. M. Edelsten
mentioned that he had observed in the Fens that the larvae of Orgyia
gonostigma, mostly leave the sallow bushes on which they have
hybernated, and feed up on various low plants.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — April 15th,
1907. — Exhibits.— Coleoptera and Diptera in moles' nests. — Mr.
Joseph Collins, coleoptera and diptera taken from moles' nests in the
vicinity of Oxford, viz. : Quedius vexans, common ; Q. longicornis, a
short series, much rarer than vexans : Aleochara spadicea, fairly com-
mon ; A. succicola ; Heterothops nit/ret, common; Oxypoda spectabilis,
not common; 0. metatarsalis, in two localities, a nice series; Hovmlota
paradoxa, Oxytelus fairmairii, 0. sculpturatus, Medon castaneus, M.
propinqua. Diptera : Hystrichopsylla talpae, the mole flea. T^enio-
campa gothica feeding on lilac. — Mr. W. A. Tyerman, a long bred
series of Taeniocampa gothica, the larvae of which had fed on lilac.
Preserved larvae of Odontopera bidentata. — These showed consider-
able protective resemblance to the lichen commonly found on birch
bark, Mr. Tyerman.

South London Entomological Society. — March 28th, 1907. —
Exhibits. — Anchocelis rufina from various localities, those from
Rannoch being the most richly coloured, Mr. Adkin. Pieris napi was
reported by Mr. Montgomery to be flying in mid-March. Pieris napi,
P. rap.<e, and Vanessa atalanta, by Mr. L. W. Newman, to be common
in south Devonshire. April 11th, 1907. — Exhibits. — Eutricha
quercifolia and Epicnaptera ilicifolia larvae preserved at different
instars. Mr. South, who discussed the orange markings present on
the 2nd and 3rd segments. LiELiA cosnosa, a cocoon, Mr. South.
Dicranura bicuspis. — Cocoons amongst lichen, a photograph, also a
photograph of the larva of Charaxes jasius, showing the peculiar
conformation of the head, Mr. Tonge. Oxylcemus variolosus, a rare
coleopteron taken in Darenth Wood, August, 1903, Mr. West. Polygonia
c-album, a long bred series picked from some 700 specimens, showing
but trivial variation. Anaitis plagiata, a bandless form. Eupithecia
pumilata, with but two transverse lines, Mr. B. Adkin. Cymatophora
duplaris from Rannoch, Mr. Adkin, who contributed notes on the two
very distinct forms.

Vol. XIX.

Plate VI.

Front tiri.k of Gnathoncus rotundatus (fig. 1)
and g. nidicola (fig. 2).

The Entom. Record, etc., l'.IOT.

SOME HABITS OF POLYGONIA C-ALBUM WHEN OVIPOSITING. 125

Some habits of Polygonia c-album when ovipositing, etc.

By J. F. BIRD.

For two mornings running, on March 31st and April 1st, we had
the pleasure of watching a female Polygonia c-album, I believe the
same one, flitting about the garden and ovipositing on the gooseberry
and currant bushes. So that we might have an opportunity of
ascertaining how this butterfly lays her eggs under natural conditions,
we resisted the great temptation to capture and sleeve her. In this
habit of the female, of haunting one particular spot for a day, or
consecutive days, when egg-laying, it resembles Pyrantels atalanta
and, probably, P. eardui. On March 31st, a fine and hot spring day,
my attention was attracted to it by its flying by and settling on the
ground near by, to bask in the sun with outspread wings. So far as I
have noticed, this insect is more often seen to settle on the ground when
sunning itself after hybernation. At other times of the year they are
generally to be observed, when enjoying the sunshine, to sit on the
leaves of bushes or bracken fronds, but are rather fond, at any time,
of settling on walls. After remaining for a moment or two on the
ground, the butterfly I was watching flew off, and I lost sight of her
for a time, but soon afterwards found her again among the currant
bushes. Here she flew about for some while, either settling on the
ground or wall, or else visiting the fruit bushes ; alighting sometimes
on the stems and branches of the less forward plants, or on the young
leaves, keeping her wings displayed, but flicking them occasionally
up and down, though not doing this so much as Aylati urticae is
accustomed to do. On that day I was onby fortunate enough to see
one egg laid, but next morning, on April 1st, another beautiful day, I
had better luck, for I saw four more eggs laid and found another.
The leaf chosen for the purpose of laying the egg on is invariably
situated in the full rays of the sun ; the butterfly alighting on it, or
on the shoot, head upwards, and so that the sun shines on her out-
spread wings. She lays in such an unobtrusive manner that one is
never sure she has done so until the leaf she settled on has been
examined. Unlike other butterflies that I have observed, the female
of this species does not close her wings above her back when in the
act of laying, but does so with wings opened out and almost flat,
only raising them slightly at the very moment the abdomen is
depressed to deposit the ovum. All the ova were laid singly ; four on
the upperside of opened leaves, quite close to the edge and away from
the stalk, the other two being attached to veins on the underside and
in the middle of folded young leaves. The butterfly will often
investigate many parts of a bush, always on the sunny side, or even
several bushes, before making up her mind where to lay ; sometimes
even flying off again to a wall, or the ground, without ovipositing at
all. Although keeping well to the garden, she often flew off into the
fields or orchard. It was difficult to follow her up, but I found her
several times flying about and settling on stinging nettles, but did not
see any eggs laid on that plant, though probably she laid some. At times
she would indulge in a long rest, settling herself in the sunlight on
the side of a wall, or garden stake, or on ivy growing on a wall, with
her head downwards, and with wings closed above her back. Thus
she would remain, nearly motionless, for several minutes at a stretch.

June 15th, 1907.

126 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

A short while before starting to fly again, the wings would, at intervals,
be slowly opened a little bit and shut again ; but soon she would be
opening them more and more, and moving them up and down with
increasing briskness, and at last off she would fly, sailing gracefully
about the garden once more. All the time she was observed, she was
never once seen going to any flowers for refreshment, although
frequently passing clumps of Arabia albida in full bloom, a favourite
flower in the spring of Aylais urticae, and frequented also by Vanessa
io, Gonepteryx rhamni, and Pieris rapae. A. urticae, Avhich, by the
way, is remarkably numerous this spring, is very busy, when the
weather is fine, making up for its long winter sleep by feeding,
morning and afternoon, during the hours of sunshine, chiefly at Arabis
in gardens, and at Ranunculus Jicaria in the fields and orchards. One
would have thought that P. c-album would have been likewise engaged.
Of course she may have visited flowers during the many times she
escaped from view, but, when under observation, she completely ignored
these attractions. Since April 1st, I have several times searched the
fruit bushes and nettles, but as yet have only found one more egg,
laid like most of the others, on the upperside, and close to the edge of
a gooseberry leaf. Six out of the seven eggs were laid on this plant,
and the remaining one on currrant ; four have eleven longitudinal
keels, or ribs, and three ten (see also Nat. Hist. Brit, hep., i., p. 11).

Since writing the above notes, the three new parts of the second
volume of Mr. Tutt's Natural History of the British Butterflies have
been received, and I read, on page 13, that " Polyyonia c-album usually
lays several eggs (one on the other) on a plant." Has this mode of
depositing the ovum been observed in the natural state, or is it only
an assumed habit of the species when kept in confinement ? [This
has been our opinion of the egg-laying habit for many years. It must
be at least 20 years since we saw eggs thus laid, and there is a note to
the effect that "P. interroyationis, as well as P. c-album, has this
habit." It is, of course, well-known also, that the allied Araschnia
levana lays her eggs similarly. We shall be glad of observations on
the point. — Ed.]

I did not expect that we should find any more eggs of Polyyonia
c-album this spring, but, on April 10th, after posting my previous notes
on this species, my father and I had a very successful hunt on some
currant bushes we had not searched before, so, with four more eggs
found on subsequent dates, we have added 21 to our bag, making
28 in all.

The first young larva hatched out (from one of the found eggs)
probably early in the morning on April 21st. About 2 p.m. the
previous day I noticed that it had started to nibble at the eggshell,
and, when I last looked at it that night, at 11 o'clock, it was still in its
shell, but had made the opening much larger. At 5.30 next morning,
I found it quietly resting, a little distance from the empty eggshell.
The second to make its appearance was the larva out of the first egg I
saw laid (on March 31st). Although it commenced to gnaw a way
out in the afternoon of April 21st, between 2 and 4 o'clock, it did not
hatch out until next morning ; the exact time I do not know, but it
had not quitted its shell at 5.30 a.m. Perhaps the following summary
may prove of interest : —

Plants on which the ova were laid. — Five were laid on gooseberry,

CONVERSAZIONE OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY. 127

and twenty- three on currant, both Riles rubrum and R. nigrum;
favourite currant bushes being those trained against a south wall.

Position of the ova. — Only two leaves were found occupied by more
than a single egg ; one had two eggs deposited close together, but not
touching, on the upperside; while the other leaf had one egg on either
side. One of these leaves was adjacent to two other leaves, each
bearing a single egg, so that four eggs were laid on one twig ; other-
wise, the eggs were well distributed over a number of bushes. With
one exception, eggs laid on the upperside of a leaf, were deposited on
the extreme edge ; and all, excepting one, of those laid on the under-
sides (principally of folded young leaves), were to be found at some
distance from the edge. Nineteen were laid on the upperside of leaves,
six on the undersides, one on the point of a leaf-bud, one on the base
of a shoot, and one on a twig, some way from any leaves.

Variation of ova. — The number of the longitudinal keels vary as
follows — nine with eleven keels, seventeen with ten, and two with nine.

Conversazione of the Royal Society.

At the Conversazione of the Royal Society, held on May 8th at
Burlington House, entomological subjects were unusually well repre-
sented among the exhibits, and, to those who could spare time from
the excitement of the working model of the Brennan Mono-Railway
and Dr. Seligmann's cinematograph exhibition of Moitu and other
dances from New Guinea, Professor Poulton, Dr. F. A. Dixey, Mr.
H. Douisthorpe, Col. Bingham, and Mr. Fred Enock had each of
them plenty to show and to say. Of the exhibits, Mr. Donisthorpe's
was the most original, and comprised a practically complete collection
of the invertebrata found with ants in Britain, including beetles,
parasitic hymenoptera, diptera, coccids, spiders, and acari, many of
them new to Britain, and some to science, and, with very few excep-
tions, captured by the exhibitor himself, thus constituting a most
interesting monument of indefatigable perseverance and close obser-
vation. The exhibit included several ants' nests with live ants, a
small plaster of Paris cell containing the beetle parasites of Formica
rufa, L., and another in which the slave-making ant, Formica san-
guined, Lat., could be seen feeding a living Lomechusa strumosa, Fab.,
the beetle which, after an interval of nearly 200 years, save a chance
capture by Dr. Leach, was last year discovered in its proper habitat in
this country by Mr. Donisthorpe. Preparations of Acari and ( 'occidae
from nests of the various species of ants completed a most successful
display. Professor Poulton and Dr. Dixey each had an exhibit dealing
with an interesting entomological problem, the former "mimicry" and
the latter "seasonal dimorphism." These exhibits show the excellent
entomological work which is being done at Oxford and the use to
which the collections of the Hope department are put under the
curatorship of Professor Poulton. Professor Poulton's exhibit showed
all the known forms of Papilio dardanus bred from a single female,
and included its distinct and brightly coloured male and all three types
•of females which, while differing from one another, closely resemble
three other dissimilar, but protected, insects ; this is, we believe, the
first time that all the forms have been bred from a single parent, and
•our congratulations are due to Mr. Leigh, F.E.S., of Durban, for his

128

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

success in breeding them. Dr. Dixey's cases showed a large number
of instances of butterflies, chiefly South African Pieridae, which have
two forms, one occurring in the so-called "dry," and the other in the
so-called " wet," season. In the case of most of the insects shown,
the descent of one form from the other has been proved by breeding,
but in some it was matter of inference. A good many of the " wet "
season forms showed a dark streak running along the line where the
fore and hindwings meet, while on the whole the dry season forms
were distinctly lighter and brighter coloured than the wet.

Col. Bingham showed the pupa of the rare Binsitti barroui, Bing-
ham, which resembles the head of a tree snake (Lycodon aulicus,
Linn.), of which there was a coloured drawing shown, with a photo-
graph of the moth. The snake is a bird-eater, and the resemblance
remarkable.

Mr. Fred Enock showed under his microscope the eggs of a small
reed-feeding Homopteron, each egg containing four or five immature
Anai/ri (Mymaridae) , in situ. The extremely minute size of the
Mymaridae was also shown by a photograph of Alaptus minimus
through a pin prick. So small are they that six Alapti could walk
abreast through the hole.

Among entomologists present we noticed the Right Hon. Lord
Avebury, D.C.L., F.R.S., who was much interested in his old friends
the ants and the inhabitants of their nests, besides Mr. Edward Saunders,
F.R.S., Mr. H. Dollman, who was assisting Mr. Donisthorpe, Messrs.
Druce, G. A. K. Marshall, Chitty, Merrifield, and C. 0. Waterhouse.

The Phasmids.*

By MALCOLM BUER, B.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
On account of their great variety of form, often remarkable
shape, and sometimes gigantic stature, the " walking-sticks " are
one of the most attractive and interesting groups of insects. Visitors
to museums, and readers of Natural History books, are familiar with
the elongated bodies and slender build of many of the common
Phasmids, but probably few are aware that some species attain a
length of ten inches, and even more ; the females of Palophus and
similar genera sometimes attaining the gigantic stature of thirteen
inches. The smallest known specimens are the males of Abrosoma
and Anisomorpha, which sometimes scarcely exceed half an inch in
length. In addition to their size, Phasmids are notable for the
bizarre forms which they often assume. Most of our readers are
probably familiar with the females of the genus Phyllium, which bear
a most extraordinary resemblance to a leaf ; the nervures of the elytra
mimic the venation of the leaf, the whole body and all the organs are
flattened and dilated, and the bright green and dirty brown exactly
resemble the colours of a fresh or withered leaf, the likeness being
heightened by a certain similarity of texture. In addition to this

* Die Insektevfamilie der Phasmiden, Bearbeitet Von K. Brunner v. Wattenwyl
(K. K. Hofrat) and Jos. Redtenbacher (Professor am K.K. Elisabeth-Gymnasium in
Wien). Mit Unterstiitzung der Hohen K.K. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien
aus der Treitl-stiftung. I. Lieferung: Bogen 1-23 und Tafel i-vi. Phasmidse-
Areolats (Bearbeitet Von J. Redtenbacher). Leipzig : Verlag Von Wilhelm
Englemann. 1906.

THE PHASMIDS.

129

classic instance of adaptation to environment, the slender apterous
forms resembling twigs are so well-known that they have given the
popular name to the group. The stalwart, spiny Eurycantha, the
delicate and beautifully coloured Necrosiidae, are as fascinating as the
better known stick and leaf mimics, and the unending variety of form
in the ova make an additional incentive to the study of this group.
But, in spite of this variety of interest, the labours of many capable
entomologists, spread over a century, have failed utterly to establish a
satisfactory and natural classification. This failure is due to two
difficulties inherent in the study of the Phasmids, first, the extreme
dimorphism of the sexes, and secondly, predominance of characters
acquired by the development and adaptation of the species over the true
phylogenetic characters. The sexes are often so different, that males
and females have often been placed in separate genera (Asprmas,
Heteropteryx, Monandraptera, etc.). The second difficulty has resulted
in the placing in the same genus of species really widely removed
(Asprmas, Raphiderus). The earlier authors— Serville, Burmeister,
and others — contented themselves with purely empirical characters,
such as the dilatation of the feet, length of the thorax, and presence
or absence of wings. In 1859, Westwood published a catalogue of the
Phasmids of the British Museum, in which he described and illustrated
numerous species, but he failed utterly to establish a satisfactory
system. A glance at his splendid drawings shows at once, as Brunner
has pointed out, that totally distinct forms are frequently arranged in
the same genus. In 1870, de Saussure remarked on this unsatis-
factory arrangement, but was unable to make any improvement. It
was not until Stal attacked the family, in 1875, that any real progress
was made, and here, for the first time, we find a number of fresh
characters employed. In 1893, Brunner gave us an outline of the
modern system, which is now at last elaborated in this splendid work.
No one will refuse full credit to the sagacious Swedish author,
but the most experienced entomologist will be unable to use Stal's
papers for systematic work, owing to the want of clearness and
precision in his synoptical tables. This explains the lack of success
in the works of Wood- Mason, Kirby, Scudder, and others, and the
difficulty was only overcome by Brunner, thanks to his possession of
his types. With the highly capable assistance of Professor Josef
Redtenbacher, Brunner devoted many years to the herculean task of
producing a complete monograph of the extensive and fascinating
group of Orthoptera, and the first part of the fruit of their united
efforts has at length appeared. The first character employed is the
presence or absence of a small, elongated, and very distinct triangular
area at the extremity of the underside of the tibia?. This character
can have little effect upon the bionomics of the insect, and is regarded
by Brunner as a relic of some lost organ, a legacy of the remote past,
which has no bearing, beneficial or the reverse, upon the present
life of the insect. This forms a distinct line of systematic cleavage,
and permits the Phasmids to be divided into two great groups — the
Anarcolatae and the Areolatae. In this monograph, Brunner has
confined himself to the Anareolatae, that is, the Clitumni, Lonchodini,
Bacunculini, and Neci'osiini, his colleague, Redtenbacher, taking the
Areolatae, that is, the remaining families. A second character, like-
wise first employed by Stal, is the extent of the median segment.

130 the entomologist's record.

This is a fusion of the metathorax with the 1st abdominal segment,
though it is often mistaken for the metathorax itself. A third
character, first employed by Brunner, is the form of the antennae.
Part I of this monograph deals with the Areolatae, and is exclusively
the work of Redtenbacher. The first point which strikes the casual
reader is the quantity of new genera and species, and the excellence of
numerous illustrations, drawn by the author himself. The tables are
clear and precise, likewise the descriptions and diagnoses, all in Latin.
A long and interesting introduction deals with the external structure
in detail, and gives many references to works upon the bionomics,
parthenogenesis, and various interesting phenomena characterising the
family. The true value of this great work cannot be fully realised
without serious and systematic study. The difficulty of the great bulk
is overcome by the size of the pages (lOJ-in. x 14in.), thin paper, and
small but clear type; it runs into 180 pages, with six plates. Although
Part II has not yet appeared, we look forward to it with impatience.
There is a brief Vorwort by Brunner, which he concludes with the
following sentence : " So I hand over this, probably my last scientific
work, to the annals of that branch of Natural History to which I have
devoted my long life." The veteran orthopterist is approaching his
90th year, and he must look with satisfaction and pride upon the
completion of his crowning work, we trust, however, not the last, of a
long series of valuable and distinguished monographs.

Butterflies of Eclepens.

By GEORGE WHEELER, M.A., F.E.S.
Curiously enough, I wras contemplating a paper on this subject for
the Entomologist's Record, having last week addressed the Geneva
Society on the same matter, when I found myself forestalled by my
friend, Mr. Lowe, in the current (May) number of the magazine. My
dates of hunting in this glorious locality being more extended than his,
I am able to add to his list the following species : Papilio machaon,
P. podalirius, Colias edusa, Clirysophanus dorilis, Lycaena euphemus,
L. areas, Cupido minima, Nomiades cyllarus, Polyommatia corydon and
ab. Iiispana, P. bellargus, P. hylas, P. iearus, P. astrarche, Strymon
w-album ab. butlerowi, Melitaea aurinia, M. einxia, Brenthis euphrosyne,
B. ino, Pararge egeria var. intermedia (I have not taken egerides there
myself, though I have no doubt it is to be obtained), P. megaera, Enodia
dryas, Hipparchia briseis (abundant at the beginning of August), Erebia
aetliiops, E. medusa and var. hippomednsa, Pyrgus sao, as well as a black
and white skipper, which Professor Blachier, as well as M. Culot and
Mr. Muschamp, consider to be probably a form of Hesperia aheus var.
cirsii, but which seems to me to approach too nearly to H. malvae to
to be placed with certainty under the former species. I have ten
specimens of this skipper, eight g s and two 5 s, differing little
inter se, taken between August 9th and 14th, last year ; the white
spots on the forewings above are very clear and large, quite as
conspicuous as in H. malvae, while the white band on the hindwings
above is almost as marked as in H. malvae ab. fasciata, the costal half
being broad and continuous, and directed towards the anal angle.
Beneath, the pale central band of the hindwings partakes somewhat
more of the character of alveus, as does also the pale edge of the costa
of the upper wings, while the more or less conspicuous nervures of the
hindwings are much nearer to malvae. There is, however, at the anal

BUTTERFLIES OF ECLEPENS. 131

angle of these wings, a conspicuous, round, dark spot, which I have
never seen reproduced in either species, though the darkness of the
inner margin of malvae would almost conceal it if present, and I have
one specimen of H. alveiis var. cirsii, from Berisal, in which it is
slightly indicated. The ends of the antennae are of an Indian red
colour as in alveus, not of the dark brown of malvae. I feel confident
that I have also taken, or seen, Pyrameis atalanta, Coenonyrnpha iphis,
and Satyrus cordula in this locality, but as I cannot find any note of
them I have not added them to the list.

With regard to certain of the species mentioned, I may remark
that both L. euphemus and L. areas are very large and brilliant (the
latter adjective, of course, does not refer to the $ areas), and I have
never seen specimens from any other locality which approach the areas
of the marshy land at the side of the road leading to La Sarraz from
Eclepens station ; both species appear here very late, generally at the
end of July. The $ s of Melitaea didyma are very varied, some being
very close to var. alpina, and others of a transitional form towards the
yellow var. occidentalis. M. parthenie and M. dictynna are remarkable
for their brightness, Eugonia polychloros, though rather small, for its
abundance. The 5 s of ( 'hrysophanus dorilis are dark, and show very
little copper. With regard to Apatura iris ab. vde, my experience
differs entirely from Mr. Lowe's, every single example I possess being
without a trace of the white band on the underside of the hindwings,
though in the transitional forms it is often present, though narrowed,
and in some specimens it appears on one wing (both above and below),
and not on the other ; among my transitional forms is a ? with very
little white*. In addition to the forms of A. ilia mentioned, Mr.
Muschamp has also taken ab. astasioides and ab. metis in these woods.
I think Mr. Lowe must have mistaken Mr. Fison's remark as to his
cleodoxa being the only Swiss specimen he knew of, and that it must
have been meant to be restricted to Switzerland north of the Alps,
since there are several Swiss specimens of this variety, both in
Mr. Fison's collection and my own, taken by him in the Gnsons, near
Brusio, on the south side of the Maloja, and I also found it to be the
commonest form in the Val Maggia, in Ticino, last year, though the
ab. intermedia was by no means scarce there. The specimens of
Parna&sius apollo from this locality are not only, as Mr. Lowe points
out, of the var. pseudonomion, but are also of an ivory whiteness quite
remarkable, and correspond, except in point of size, with the var.
sibiriea. Aphantopus hyperanthus appears for the most part in the
form vidua. Amongst my specimens of Hipparchia briseis is a $ with
the light patch near the costal base of the forewings, which is usually
considered a distinguishing mark of prieuri, the underside, however,
being normal. (I understand that a similar specimen exists in the
collection of M. Marcel Rehfous, the secretary of the Geneva Society.)
In both sexes the underside of the hindwings occasionally has the
ground colour of a pinkish apricot tinge ; the size of the eye-spots on
the upperside of the forewings also varies exceedingly, the middle spot

i£_

* Since writing the above I ,%ave q*tuiin(si<ls\Ir. Fison's long series of ab.
iole, and find that the specimen's W cowespond with mine. In several of his
transitional specimens,, however, the wnite of the underside hindwings is replaced
by a band of beautiful dark blue-grey, instead of the whole area being invaded by
the chocolate band. The effect is magnificent and startling. — G. W.

132 the entomologist's record.

is often present in the $ , and occasionally absent in the 2 ', all these
spots are sometimes pupilled and sometimes blind. H. semele is usually
of the var. pallida, I have also taken a $ of the ab. addenda. With
regard to Erebia medusa, the var. hippomedusa was common in 1905 ;
last year it was scarce, nearly all the specimens being almost typical.
E. aethiops, as usual, varies, but the predominating form is violacea.

While speaking of E. medusa, I should like to mention that, in the
Bex district, and also at Caux, I have taken a form having three white
pupils in the upper eye-spot of the forewings ; for this form, which
occurs in both sexes, and sometimes on the under, as well as the upper,
side, I propose the name ab. eviades.

There is a village of Eclepens, but much nearer to La Sarraz
station, on the Pontarlier line, than to its own. The station inn,
mentioned by Mr. Lowe, has no rooms to let, and is quite impossible.
La Sarraz, which is quite habitable, is under two-and-a-half miles
from Eclepens station, and half the intervening distance is good
hunting ground.

The derivation of European faunas and floras.!

In this, his most recent work on a subject in which he is an
acknowledged authority, Dr. Scharff reviews at considerable length,
and with abundance of detail, such evidence as the present distribu-
tion of the European floras and faunas affords of their past
migrations and original derivation.

Those who are acquainted with Dr. Scharff's previous contribu-
tions to this subject, or heard the Swiney course of lectures at South
Kensington last autumn, will not require to be told how peculiarly
well equipped he is for such a task, what an immense mass of
faunistic data is within his knowledge, or how complete is his grasp
of the various geological and biological factors which are involved in
the problem. Nor will it be necessary to explain to those who have
touched however superficially the subject of the derivation of existing
floras and faunas, how complicated those problems are, and how
difficult, often, indeed, impossible, to disentangle the intricate web of
original elements which combine to make up the feral population of
even the smallest parish.

In the present work Dr. Scharff analyses the faunistic constituents
of each of the great European areas seriatim, and suggests their
derivation ; thus are treated the British Isles, the Iberian Peninsula,
Scandinavia, the Alpine region, the great plains of eastern and of
western Europe, and the Mediterranean east and west.

Within the limits of this notice it is impossible to do more than
briefly refer to that which will be most interesting to the readers of
this magazine — the British Isles, and more especially to the inverte-
brate population of that area. Data derived from these, and espe-
cially from the Insecta, are indeed conspicuously in evidence through-
out the whole book, and, in the British section, excellent maps are
given of the distribution of the beetles Pelophila borealis and Rhopalo-
mesites tardyi, of the moth Anarta melanopa, and of the wood-louse
Platyarthaus hoffmarmse'ggii. Dr. Scharff, with most biologists, con-

f European Animals, by R. F. Scharff, Ph.D., B.Sc, Swiney Lecturer on
Geology. (Constable and Co., Ltd., 1907. 7s. 6d.)

GNATHONCUS NIDICOLA, SP. NOV.

133

aiders as almost a neglectable quantity the small and rather dubious
endemic element in our British fauna. As regards the approximate
derivation of that fauna, he appears to be generally in agreement with
the conclusions suggested in some notes on the derivation of our
British coleoptera which have appeared in this magazine (tint. Rec. ,viu.,
pp. 147 et seq). He, however, discriminates between a north-western
element derived from North America via Greenland and Iceland and a
north-eastern derived from Scandinavia in the " Celtic " component
■of our fauna. These are certainly indistinguishable as far as our
present evidence goes among the insects, although other groups
discover traces of such dualism.

Dr. Scharff appears to merge the limited " southern " fauna which
we possess in the very large " Germanic " component, that is to say,
in the case of the coleoptera, such species as Cetonia aurata or
■Geotrupcs. typhaeus, which range across England into Ireland, with
Lucanus cervus or Geotrupes mutator, species of a restricted south of
England occurrence, and, although as regards their present distribution,
the disparity is obvious, yet it would perhaps be difficult to explain
that disparity by any theory of independent streams of migration.
The Lusitanian element which includes in the coleoptera such species
as Exomias pyrmaeus and Otiorrhynchus auropunctatus, Dr. Scharff
considers as perhaps older than any other, and as having possibly
persisted through the glacial epoch from late Tertiary times. In fact,
this point — that of a refutation of the exaggerated importance attri-
buted to the Ice Age as a destroyer of faunas, will strike the reader as
perhaps the most salient and important feature in the book. To those
of us who, imbued with ideas on the subject now perhaps a little
antiquated, contemplated the total extinction of all life under vast
glaciers and sheets of eternal snow, the suggestion that a large pro-
portion of the fauna and flora of northern Europe may have persisted
since the Pleiocene age may come as somewhat of a shock.

In the case of Britain, however, Dr. Scharff contends that such a
persistence may be claimed for at any rate the " Celtic " and
Lusitanian components of the present inhabitants.

For the rest, the book is copiously illustrated by photographs of
many of the species to which allusion is made in the text and well
executed maps of their European distribution, is well printed, and
furnished with a good index and bibliography of the works of which
the author has made use.

One might perhaps have wished a more applicable title.
" European Animals " hardly suggests the inclusion of floras, and the
book treats not of the animals themselves, but of their past pro-
ceedings and original homes. To students of one of the most
fascinating and difficult of modern biological problems the book is
heartily recommended. — W.E.S.

Gnathoncus nidicola, sp. nov., a coleopterous inhabitant of birds'

nests {with plate).

By NORMAN H. JOY, M.R.C.S., F.E.S.

In all our catalogues of British beetles two members of the genus

Gnathoncus are included, viz., nannetensis, Mars, [rotvmdatus, Shp.

•Cat.), and G. punctulatus, Th. However, shortly after the publication of

134 the entomologist's record.

Messrs. Beare and Donisthorpe's catalogue, the authors pointed out
(Ent. Rec, xvi., p. 290) that we do not possess G. nannetensis, Mars.,
as British, and G. punctulatus, Th., and G. rotundatus, Kug., are
synonymous.

When examining my series of Gnathoneus last year, most of
which I had taken in old birds' nests, I came to the conclusion that
there were two distinct forms, one a shining diffusely punctured insect
with large teeth to the front tibiae, the other having very closely
punctured and dull elytra, and small anterior tibial teeth. I then
looked at the labels of each specimen and was somewhat surprised and
much gratified to find that, without one exception, all the specimens
of the first form were found in carcases, and all those of the second
in birds' nests, so that I had here a third specific distinction between
the two forms. Mr. Donisthorpe has kindly supplied me with Mr.
Lewis' lengthy synonymy of G. rotundatus, Kug., but I am afraid I
have been able to make little of it. I should, however, have no doubt
that the type G. rotundatus is the carrion-feeding species. Whether
the other species has already been described I cannot ascertain for
certain, but rather than leave the whole matter unpublished any longer
I have thought it best to point out its specific characters, and give it a
name, G. nidicola, which, however, can be easily sunk in favour of an
older name if necessary. The following is a description of the species:

Black or pitch-black, extreme apex of elytra sometimes rufescent; head closely
punctured, frontal stria wanting; antennae reddish; thorax somewhat diffusely
punctured, more thickly at sides; elytra with stria as in G. rotundatus, Kug.,
diffusely punctured at base, very thickly punctured towards apex, the punctures
running together into rows in the apical third, so that this part appears dull and
very finely striated longitudinally ; anterior tibia1 distinctly dilated, with nine to
ten small teeth, the spaces between them very slightly convex, or flat; the apical
tooth and the next towards the base are separated by a distinctly longer interval
than the others ; intermediate tibias slightly dilated.

In G. rotundatus the front tibias are distinctly narrower than in G.
nidicola, and possess large teeth with well-marked, strongly concave,
intervals, very different from the small teeth and flat intervals of the
above species. The intermediate tibiae are less dilated and have
conspicuously longer teeth. G. rotundatus has the apex of the elytra
shining and diffusely punctured. It also seems to be more variable in
size, at least, I have not seen any specimens of G. nidicola nearly as
small as the smallest G. rotundatus. The following table will serve to
distinguish the two species :

Anterior tibias narrower, with large teeth and convex intervals ;

apex of elytra shining, diffusely punctured; habitat, carrion. G. rotundatus.
Anterior tibiaa broader, with small teeth and almost flat intervals ;

apex of elytra dull, closely punctured; habitat, birds' nests. G. nidicola.

I have examined quite fifty specimens of both species and have not
come across one that has one of the two structural characters without
the other, indeed, I have seldom hesitated a moment before deciding to
which species any individual specimen belongs.

With regard to the difference of habitat being a distinction of
importance, this is most strikingly illustrated in the specimens I took
last year. Out of about thirty specimens of Gnathoneus, only two are
G. rotundatus, one of which was taken in carrion, the other in rotting
vegetable matter, whereas all the rest were taken in birds' nests. I am
quite aware there are many " collectors " who do not regard this last

GNATHONCUS NIDICOLA, SP. NOV. 135

distinction of any worth. I can only remind them that beetles are
living creatures, and must be studied as such, and that it is both
unscientific and unprofitable to study them only as one would stamps,
coins, or old china.

Mr. W. E. Sharp raises the question (Ent. Rec, xviii., p. 319),
whether a difference in habitat necessarily means a difference in habits.
In a case like this I certainly think it does. The habitats of both
these species are very perishable, and, therefore, the beetles would often
want to move from old quarters to search for new ones. It is in this search
for new quarters that the essential difference in habits comes in, a
difference which, as I have pointed out before, must mean an actual
structural difference in the central nervous system. Imagine, for
instance, an individual of G. nidicola just hatched from an old
deserted starlings' nest. The nest is no longer fit for its home, so it
sets off in search of another. In the course of its flight it may very
likely pass close by dead and putrid carcases in which there are probably
specimens of G. rotundatus feeding and mating, yet these do not attract
it. Helped by some sense, of which we have no conception, it
eventually arrives at a small obscure hole in an old tree, where it at
once finds the object of its search, the starlings' nest therein. This is
no mere fanciful picture. It is the only way we can account for the
fact that we do not find G. nidicola in carrion nor G. rotundatus in
birds' nests. But to return to the structural differences between the
two species. I have shown specimens to several distinguished coleop-
terists and they have, with one exception only, agreed with me that
G. nidicola is an abundantly distinct species. As this one exception
happens to be Mr. Lewis, the authority on the Histcridae, I feel I
must answer his criticisms. Some months ago he kindly examined
some specimens of both species I sent him, but seems to have been at
once prejudiced against the two forms being distinct by finding that
the sterna were of the same shape. After this apparently nothing else
could be of any importance. Having examined more specimens of
both species and discovered the difference in habitat, I felt so convinced
that they must be distinct, that I sent them again to Mr. Lewis,
pointing out carefully the specific characters. I was surprised to hear
from him that he was unable to appreciate that there were two forms
of punctuation of the elytra, simply stating that the punctuation often
varied in the Histeridae. He also suggested that some of the specimens
had somewhat worn front tibiae. I am quite ready to agree with him
on this point, as some of the specimens of G . rotundatv* had worn
teeth, probably from scratching in the hard earth under carcases, etc.,
but these blunt broad teeth are very different from the small sharp
teeth of G. nidicola, for I need hardly point out to Mr. Lewis that the
teeth are worn blunt, not sharp '.

Since writing the above, Mr. Champion has kindly sent me his
series of G. rotundatus. There were twenty-six specimens, of which
seven had the anterior tibiae so much tucked in under them that I was
unable to examine them. The remainder I examined in the following
way : Having placed them in a row I looked at the apex of the elytra
only in each specimen, and thus divided them into the two species. I
then examined the front tibia to confirm this identification. I found
one specimen only which I had regarded (but with some doubt) as
belonging to H. nidicola, which obviously had the front tibiae of H.

136 the entomologist's record.

rotundatus. In this series of nineteen specimens only one had at all
intermediate punctuation, so that there was no question of the
punctuation varying. I now mixed up the specimens again, and, by
examining the front tibiae only, I, with ease, picked out the same nine
specimens of H. nidicola as I had done before. On looking at the
labels of these specimens, I found three were from the Island of
Sheppey (probably taken by Commander Walker in an old owls' nest),
and the remainder were labelled "ex coll. Harding." The specimens of
G. rotundatus were from various localities, but none from the Island of
Sheppey or from Harding's collection, so that this bears out my state-
ment that these two forms are not taken in company.

Cis dentatus, Mellie, a species of Coleoptera new to Britain.

By H. St. J. K. DONISTHOEPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Nigro-piceus, convexus oblongus pubescens. Prothorax aequalis,
in maris antice protensus et bidendatus, angulis anticis subacutis,
posticis rotundatis. Elytra creberrime et subtiliter punctata (Ann. de
la Soc. Ent. de France, 1848, p. 324).

The introduction of this species to our list is due to my friend,
Mr. K. S. Mitford, who took a 5 specimen, last July, at Sandown, Isle
of Wight, by beating he thinks. Mr. E. A. Waterhouse, in looking over
his (Mr. Mitford's) Isle of Wight captures, came across this specimen,
which was unknown to him, and suggested it should be referred to me.
I soon found it was nothing in our list, and eventually I ran it down
in Acloque as C. dentatus, Mell., and, on looking up the original
description, I found it agreed well with the insect. Mr. Mitford then
obtained specimens from abroad, which confirm my identification.

It comes next to C. bidendatus in the section that has the body
oblong, the anterior angles of the thorax advancing towards the eyes,
and the elytra pubescent. From C. bidentatus it may be known by the
fact that the thorax is contracted towards the front, and the punctua-
tion is much closer and finer, whereas, in the former, the thorax is
nearly as broad at apex as at base, and the punctuation is coarser, and
much more widely separated. C. dentatus bears a superficial resem-
blance to G. alni, but the latter is much more shiny, besides having
the anterior angles of the thorax rounded, and not advancing toAvards
the eyes. The known distribution of this species appears to be the
Alps, France, and Switzerland.

OLEOPTERA.

Coleoptera in the Ealing district. — In working burrows of Cossus
during January of this year, I had the good fortune to secure one
specimen of the somewhat rare Staphylinid, Quedius ventralis, Ar.
The specimen is a very handsome one, owing to the abnormal colora-
tion of the elytra. The latter have their lateral margins broadly
ferruginous in colour (of a similar tint to the hind-body), the sutural
region being darker. The tree from which the specimen was taken
was a poplar, situated close to Ealing Common station. Hylesinus
vittatus, F., I took in numbers out of a dead elm stump, in Perivale
Park, during early January, in company with its larva. — H. C.
Dollman, F.E.S. , Bedford Park. May lUh, 1907.

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. 137

The specific value of Bagous nigritarsis. — At Lewes, on April
4th, by sifting debris of dead reeds, etc., I secured two specimens of
Bayous nigritarsis, Thorns. This form would seem to be sufficiently
distinct from B. glabirostris, Hbst., to be considered as a good species,
and not only as a variety of the latter.- — Ibid.

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe.

By MALCOLM BURR, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

(Continued from p. 119).

6. Olynthoscelis griseo-aptera, De G.

( = cinereus, L.)

Of smaller size ; brown, with blackish markings ; pronotum a
little narrower in front than behind, and truncated behind, flat above
in $ , subconvex in $ ; side flaps black, the edges paler, with an
extremely narrow pale border; elytra $ almost entirely free, grey,
with black sides ; in the $ , round and lateral ; abdomen chestnut
above, yellow beneath ; posterior femora with black markings ; cerci
S conical, straight toothed at the base ; ovipositor strongly incurved.
Length of body 13mm. -15mm. $, 15mm. -18mm. 5 ; of pronotum,
5mm. J, 6mm. $ ; of elytra, 3mm. -4mm. $ , -5mm. 5 ; of posterior
femora, 15mm. -17mm. 3 , 18mm. $ ; of ovipositor, 9mm. -10mm. ? .

Common throughout northern and central Europe. In England
it is exceedingly common in the southern counties, and common in the
midlands, on brambles and thick hedges, in the late summer and
autumn. It occurs as far north as Lapland, and is common in
Sweden, where it is recorded from Vik near Upsala, in Skane at
Esperod, and Krugeholm ; in East Gottland, at Vadslena ; in West
Gottland, at Kunekalle, Bohuslan, and Calmare. In France it is
exceedingly common, especially in the northern departments; it
swarms in the Forest of Fontainebleau. It is common throughout
Belgium, and also in Switzerland. It is rarer in the south, but has
been taken in Piedmont at Susa, and in Spain, in the extreme north,
at Bilbao, Oha, near Burgos, in the Picos de Europa, and Collsacabra.

Genus II : Platycleis, Fieber.
This is an important genus, containing nearly 30 species, of which
the majority are known to occur in western Europe, and three in
Great Britain. They are active insects, and frequent long grass,
thickets, shrubs, and hedges or heath land, and sometimes marshes.
The elytra and wings are perfectly developed, and sometimes abbre-
viated, but never quite rudimentary nor squamiform; the ovipositor is
flattened, and more or less curved ; the pronotum is flat, with a more
or less distinct keel in the posterior part of the disc ; the cerci of the
$ are toothed on the inner side, but this tooth is nearer to the apex
than to the base of the cerci. In this genus the ? s are more
important than the $ s for purposes of discrimination, as in a few cases,
the Js of two or three allied species, are practically indistinguishable
from each other. The form of the subgenital lamina of ? is the
most important character.

Table of Species.
1. Subgenital lamina ? with a longitudinal sulcus,
roundly emarginate, the lobes rounded.
2. Seventh ventral segment 9 gibbous or keeled.

138

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

3. Elytra and wings well developed, as long as.
or longer than, the abdomen.
4. Ovipositor longer than pronotum.

5. Seventh ventral segment ? with two
transverse ridges, the 6th segment plain ;
sulcus of subgenital lamina narrow.
6. Transverse ridges of 7th ventral seg-
ment ? complete
6.6. Transverse ridge of 7th ventral seg-
ment ? obsolete in middle. .
5.5. Seventh ventral segment ? with one
tubercle ; sulcus broad.
6. Ovipositorsickle-shaped, slightly shorter

than pronotum
6.6. Ovipositor nearly straight, distinctly
longer than pronotum
4.4. Ovipositor distinctly shorter than the
pronotum.
5. Elytra distinctly passing abdomen
5.5. Elytra slightly shorter than the
abdomen, pointed
3.3. Elytra shorter than abdomen, only reaching
2nd segment, rounded at apex
2.2. Seventh ventral segment ? plain, not ridged
nor keeled.
3. Elytra and wings perfectly developed
3.3. Elytra not passing 2nd abdominal segment.
'1.1. Subgenital lamina ? not sulcate, but plain or
keeled.
2. Lobes of subgenital lamina ? not notably
elongated.
.3. Ovipositor gently curved, twice as long as
pronotum ; (subgenital lamina ? not very
deeply emarginate.)
4. Elytra and wings perfectly developed.
5. Subgenital lamina ? keeled.

6. Size small (13mm. -17mm.) Italian

species
6.6. Larger; (17mm. -25mm. ) ; Spanish
species
5.5. Subgenital lamina ? not keeled
4.4. Elytra and wings abbreviated.

5. Pronotum rounded above, the side flaps
with continuous white border behind and
beneath.
6. Seventh ventral segment 9 distinctly
gibbous ; subgenital lamina ? with
lobes triangular.
7. Lobes of subgenital lamina ? obtuse.
Size large (20mm. -25mm. ) ; anal
segment J ? with round lobes . .
6.6. Seventh ventral segment ? plain or
faintly gibbous ; subgenital lamina
? with lobes rounded.
7. Seventh ventral segment ? slightly
gibbous, the faint tubercle com-
pressed
7.7. Seventh ventral segment ? plain,
not gibbous
5.5. Pronotum flat above, the side flaps with
pale border only behind.
6. Elytra pointed, with bright green

bands
6.6 Elytra obtuse, grey or olivaceous

1. INTERMEDIA, Serv.

2. sabulosa, Azam.

3. laticadda, Brunner.

4. affinis, Fieb.

5. tesselata, Charp.

6. vittata, Charp.

7. NIGROSIGNATA, Costa.

8. grisea, Fabr.

9. incerta, Brunner.

10. stricta, Zeller.

11. CARPET ANA, Bol.

12. Montana, Kollar.

13. sepium, Yers.

14. decorata, Fieb.

15. oporina, Bol.

16. brachyptera, Linn.

17. saussureana, Frey.

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. 139

3.3 Ovipositor curved up at an angle at the base,
but little longer than the pronotum.
4. Subgenital lamina ? long and triangular,

arched, slightly excised at apex . . . . 18. bicolor, Phil.

4.4. Subgenital lamina with pointed lobes.
5. Cerci <? longer than subgenital lamina

with tooth in third or fourth apical part 19. roeselii, Hagenb.
5.5. Cerci <? shorter than subgenital lamina

ending in a fine tooth 20. marmorata, Fieb.

2.2. Lobes of subgenital lamina ? notably long
and narrow (Pyrenean species).
3. Side flaps of pronotum darker than the disc ;
lobes of subgenital lamina ? pointed

upwards 21. marqueti, Saulcy.

3.3. Side flaps of pronotum paler than disc ;
lobes of subgenital lamina not pointed
upwards 22. buyssoni, Saulcy.

1. Platycleis intermedia, Serville.

Large; dark greyish ; elytra with row of black spots ; face pale;
the 7th ventral segment of the female has two complete transverse ridges;
the 6th segment is plain ; the subgenital lamina of the female with
a deep and narrow sulcus, and rounded lobes ; the ovipositor is dark
reddish, with a pale base, it is curved upwards from the base, and is
not one-and-a-half times as long as the pronotum. Length of body,
21mm. $ , 25mm. 2 ; of pronotum, 7mm. $ and ? ; of elytra, 26mm.
$ , 30mm. 2 ; of posterior femora, 23mm. 3 , 24mm. 2 ; of ovipositor,
9*0mm. 2 .

This is a Mediterranean species ; in France it occurs only in the
south, at Montpellier, Chateau-Gomberg, Hyeres, in all Languedoc, at
Cannes, Frejus, Bagnols, Draguignan. Azam records a variety, which
he named sylvestris, from Bagnols, with the 6th ventral segment of
the female gibbous, and the 7th as in the type, but with the edges
more pronounced. In Spain it occurs probably throughout the
peninsula, certainly in the southern half, from July to December ;
also in Italy and Sicily.

The male is hardly distinguishable from that of the very common
and widely distributed Platycleis grisea, which see.

2. Platycleis sabulosa, Azam.

In this species, the 6th abdominal ventral segment of the female
is plain, but the 7th has a transverse edge at the sides, but obsolete in
the middle, near the hinder third of the segment, and a second com-
pressed edge near the hinder border; the subgenital lamina has a narrow
furrow, as in P. intermedia. Length of body, 23mm. -26mm. 2 ; of
pronotum, 5-5mm.-6mm. 2 ; of elytra, 29mm. -33mm. 2 ', of posterior
femora, 22mm. -24mm. 2 \ of ovipositor, 11mm. -12mm. 2 •

Found on sand, near Frejus, in September.

3. Platycleis laticauda, Brunner.
Resembles P. intermedia in colour and form, but the 7th ventral
segment of the female is raised into a gibbous tubercle, and the 6th
also, but less elevated ; the subgenital lamina of the female is loss deeply
sulcate, and the lobes are rounded. Length of body, 22mm. $ , 25mm.
2 ; of pronotum, 7mm. <? , 7'8mm. 2 ; of elytra, 28mm. $ , 34mm.
2 ; of posterior femora, 24mm. $ , 34mm. 2 \ of ovipositor, 10mm. 2 •

140

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

In Spain, in the centre and south, at Madrid, Cordoba, Majorca ;
also at Messina and in Algeria.

4. Platycleis affinis, Fieber.

Large; straw-coloured or greyish, with dark markings; elytra
dark, the transverse veinlets with pale borders ; 7th ventral segment
of female raised into a tubercle in the middle, the 6th less so ; sub-
genital lamina broadly snlcate, the ovipositor less strongly curved.
Length of body, 23mm. g , 24mm. $ ; of pronotum, 7mm. g and ? ;
of elytra, 28mm. g , 29mm. ? ; of posterior femora, 25mm. g ,
24mm. J ; of ovipositor, 13mm. $ .

Throughout southern Europe, in the same localities as P. intermedia.
In France, at Hyeres, Arcachon, Lamothe, Pessac, Orange, Bagnols,
Montauroux, Ramatuel. Also in Spain, throughout the north and
centre. In Austria it occurs as far north as Oberweiden, near Vienna.

5. Platycleis tesselata, Charpentier.

Small; straw-coloured, varied with black; elytra long and narrow,
pointed, straw-coloured, the discoidal area black ; ovipositor scarely
longer than the pronotum, strongly and sharply upcurved at the base.
Length of body, 14mm. -16mm. g , 15mm. -16mm. ? ; of pronotum,
4mm. g , 4mm.-4-5mm. $ ; of elytra, 13mm. -16mm. g and $ ; of
posterior femora, 14mm. -16mm. g , 16mm. -17mm. $ ; of ovipositor,
5mm.-5-5mm. J .

This, with the two following, form a well-marked group, resembling
the preceding species in colour and form, but much smaller, and charac-
terised by the short and sharply upcurved ovipositor.

This species is common throughout the neighbourhood of the
Mediterranean. In France it is common in the south and centre, some-
times occurring even as far north as Paris, Hyeres, Montlhery, all
Languedoc, Fontainebleau, Arcachon, Lamothe, Amelie-les-Bains,
Montreuil-Bellay, Bagnols, Montauroux, Seillands, Ermenonville, lea
Bammillons, Canderan, Couche-les-Mines, Lyon, Verret. In Italy, at
Messina, Voltaggio, Pegli. Also in Sardinia, and in Spain and
Portugal, from July to November, throughout the peninsula.

6. Platycleis vittata, Charpentier.

Resembles the preceding, but elytra much shorter, hardly surpassing
the 5th abdominal segment ; they are pointed at the apex, and have
a black band in the discoidal area ; the wings are abbreviated ; the
anal parts agree with the preceding species. Length of body, 13mm.
g , 16mm. $ ; of pronotum, 3-8mm. g , 3-9mm. J ; of elytra, 8mm.
g and ? ; of posterior femora, 15mm. g , 16mm. 5 ; of ovipositor,
6mm. 2 .

On dry ground, distributed much the same as the preceding, but
more easterly ; it is unknown in Spain and Italy, but is common
enough in Austria, at Vienna, Lauerberg, Simmerin, Voslau, and
Briick.

7. Platycleis nigrosignata, Costa.

Also resembles the preceding, but the elytra are still shorter, only
attaining the 2nd abdominal segment ; the colour is straw, varied
with fuscous and spotted with black ; the anal parts are the same as.
in P. tesselata. Length of body, 16mm. -18mm. g , 18mm. -19mm. $ ;

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. 141

of pronotum, 5mm. $ , 5mm.-5-5mm. ? ; of elytra, 6mm. $ , 5-5mm.
? ; of posterior femora, 16mm. g , 16mm. -18mm. ? ; of ovipositor,
6mm. J .

Occurs in southern Italy and south-eastern Europe.

8. Platycleis grisea, Fabricius.

Of medium size ; grey, often varied with green when alive, with
dark and black spots ; elytra and wings perfectly developed, the
former with a row of black spots; wings hyaline; anal segment of the
male broadly excavate in the middle, the lobes toothed on the inner
side ; cerci of the male conical, with a tooth in the third apical part ;
all ventral segments of the female plain ; subgenital lamina of female
with narrow sulcus, roundly emarginate, the lobes very short and
round. Ovipositor curved up regularly from the base. Length of
body, 17mm. -22mm. $ and $; of pronotum, 5mm. -6mm. $ , 5-8mm.-
6-2mm. J : of elytra, 18mm. -26mm. 3 , 19mm.-28mm. $ ; of posterior
femora, 17mm.-21-5mm. $ , 19mm. -23mm. $ ; of ovipositor 9mm.-
10mm. 2 •

This is the commonest, most familiar, and most widely distributed
species of the genus. In appearance, form and colour, it exactly
resembles the group of P. intermedia, and the males can hardly be
distinguished apart, but the female has the ventral segments all plain.

It is common throughout Europe, chiefly among dry grass ; in
Britain it appears to be commonest on chalky soil, among rest-harrow,
Ononis arvensis. It occurs also in Sweden. It is common through-
out Belgium, France, Switzerland. In the south it occurs in Spain
from June to September, and throughout Italy.

In Scandinavia it is recorded from Anneborg in Smaland, Soder-
koping and Ramshall in Gottland, in Oland, and in Seland, near
Tidsvilde.

9. Platycleis incerta, Brunner.

This species has the colour of P. grisea, but the form of ovipositor
of P. tesselata, which it also resembles in having short elytra, which
are unicolorous, and do not surpass the 3rd abdominal segment ; the
ventral segments of the female are all smooth. The male is not
known. Length of body, 16mm. $ ; of pronotum, 4-5mm. $ ; of
elytra, 4mm. $ ; of posterior femora, 16mm. ? ; of ovipositor, 6mm. $ .

Based on a single female in Brunner's collection, received from a
dealer, and labelled as coming from Rhenish Prussia.

10. Platycleis stricta, Zeller.

Small ; greyish ; elytra longer than the body, narrow, with dark and
pale spots; ovipositor little incurved, twice as long as pronotum, pale,
dark at apex. Length of body, 13mm. -16mm. $ , 13mm. -17mm. $ ;
of pronotum, 3-5mm.-4mm. 3 , 4mm. $? ; of elytra, 14mm. -17mm.
3 and 2 ', of posterior femora, 16mm. -17mm. 3 , 16mm. -19mm. 2 ;
of ovipositor, 10mm.- 12mm. $ .

This is the first of the second division of the genus ; it resembles
P. tesselata superficially, but the ovipositor is quite different, being
long, and regularly curved.

It was discovered on the Appian Way, near Rome.

142

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S KECORD.

11. Platycleis carpetana, Bolivar.

Resembles the above, but somewhat larger and stouter ; the pro-
notum is broader posteriorly, the elytra larger, with the radial vein
fused with the ulnar, as in P. montana ; the feet are longer; the ovi-
positor more than twice as long as the pronotum ; the tooth of the
cerci is nearer the apex, whereas in the preceding it is near the
base. Length of body, 20mm. J , 22mm. 2 ; of pronotum, 4-5mm.
$ , 5-5mm. 2 ; of elytra, 16mm. $ , 21mm. 2 ; of posterior femora,
16mm. $ , 19mm. 2 ; of ovipositor, 15mm. 2 ■

In central Spain, at Escorial and Villaviciosa.

12. Platycleis Montana, Kollar.

Small, grey, varied with green ; elytra distinctly pointed, and well
developed ; anal segment of $ with longitudinal sucius, and rounded
lobes ; cerci of $ conical, toothed at base ; ovipositor distinctly
incurved, pale, reddish towards apex ; subgenital lamina of 2 ample,
transverse, submarginate ; 7th ventral segment of 2 plain. Length
of body, 14mm. -16mm. $ , 15mm. -19mm. 2 ', of pronotum, 4-2mm.-
48mm. $ , 4-8mm.-5mm. $; of elytra, 12-5mm.-15mm. $ , 15mm.-
16mm. 2 ; of posterior femora, 14mm.-16-5mm.<? , 16-5mm.-18mm. 2 ]
of ovipositor, 10mm. -12mm. 2 ■

A native of north-eastern Europe. In Germany it occurs at
Frankfurt, Berlin, Thiiringen, Glogau. In Austria, at Felixdorf and
Oberweiden.

13. Platycleis sepium, Yersin.

Larger ; side flaps of pronotum reddish, with broad, white border;
elytra short, not passing 5th abdominal segment, somewhat pointed ;
general colour pale ; posterior femora very long, and thickened at the
base ; 6th and 7th ventral segments of 2 with two tubercles ; ovi-
positor sickle-shaped, sharp, reddish-brown ; cerci of $ long, distinctly
surpassing the subgenital lamina ; subgenital lamina of 2 transverse,
deeply triangularly emarginate, with obtusely triangular, stout lobes.
Length of body, 20mm. -25mm. $ and 2 \ of pronotum, 7mm. -8mm.
$ and 2 ', of elytra, 8mm. -10mm. $ , 7mm. -11mm. 2 \ of posterior*
femora, 25mm.-29mm. $ , 27mm. -31mm. ?; of ovipositor, 11mm.-
15mm. 2 •

Easy to recognise by the shape of the subgenital lamina of the 2 >
by the extremely long legs, by the dark side flaps of the pronotum,
with a well defined white border, and by the large size and short elytra.

It is a native of southern Europe, and frequents rough grass by
old stone walls, in hot places. In France, it is not rare in a few
localities in the south, as Hyeres, Bagnols, Montauroux. In Italy it
occurs at Venice, Voltaggio, Pegli, and in Sicily, but does not appear
to be common. In Spain it appears to be confined to the Catalan
coast.

J^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Luffia lapidella near Margate. — On the afternoon of May 20th,
on an old wall, between Broadstairs and Margate, I saw a large num-
ber of active larvae of this species in their remarkable cowl-like cases.
At present the species is very little known as British, in spite of our
extended account of it, published in 1900 (Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep., ii.,
pp. 234-245).— J. W. Tutt.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 143

Euohloe cardamines near Gravesend. — The cold winds, perhaps,
have prevented me from seeing many newly-emerged butterflies in my
walks this year, but on the afternoon of May 21st I saw a $ Euchlo'e
cardamines in Thong Lane, between Chalk and Cobham. The interest
of the observation was that it settled for some time on a flowering-
spike of Lamium album, the first time, at any rate, that I have seen E.
cardamines feeding on the nectar of this plant. Freshly-emerged
Lithocolletids were in hundreds on the palings in the lane, towards
Cobham, chiefly the oak- and maple-feeding species. — Ibid.

Lepidopterological notes from Ste. Maxime, Var. — Egg-laying of
Papilio machaon. — On April 16th I saw several Libythea celtis flying
about an oak-tree, and took two (exhausted $ s) ; strangely there was
no celtis plant near. On the same day I observed Papilio machaon J
searching for places to lay eggs. She worked about near the ground,
rarely a foot above it, and zigzagging about, so slowly, however, that
very little effort kept one close to her, at least close enough to see her
proceedings without disturbing her. The spot had no carrot, though
there was some not many yards off, but had many plants of Ruta
(sp. ?). She was attracted by a number of these, and settled on
several, but seemed to be almost at once dissatisfied and left. On one
she settled on the bare stem, close to the ground, and on this, and on
another, occasion, seemed about to lay, but stopped short on her ovi-
positor touching the plant. At length she settled on a little plant of
rue, with about an inch of stem and two leaves two inches long, a
seedling of last year, and on this she laid an egg close to the ground.
By going to this plant to verify the egg I lost sight of the butterfly,
and so observed her no further. I found the egg on a dead and dry
leaf of the plant close to the ground. I was rather struck by her
obvious intentions, both in this successful and several of her abortive
attempts, to lay her egg near the ground. Eggs I have seen laid
before were laid on the upper sides of the ground leaves of carrot,
certainly close to the ground, but this I had supposed to be because there
were practically no others. [I also saw a Papilio machaon, with the
usual yellow colour pure white. It settled, and I got a close view of it. It
had lost its tail, and was otherwise worn, so that, no doubt, the loss of
colour was fading from weather, etc. The black, however, was very
dark, a little rubbed, but in no way faded.] On April 21st, the egg of
machaon, at first a richly greenish-white, is now a yellowish-terracotta,
with a brown cloudy band round it and above the equator, and a small
patch (or spot) of similar colour at apex, agreeing fairly well in tone
with the bit of dead dry leaf it is on. — T. A. Chapman.

Lepidoptera at Halling. — On the morning of May 12th, during
a walk to Halling, I observed a larva of Wheeleria baliodactyla, nearly
fullfed, feeding exposed in the hot sun, also several imagines of
' elastrina argiolus, Q-onepteryx rhamni, Strenia clathrata, and Fidonia
atomaria. — J. Ovenden, Frindsbury, Strood. May ISth, 1907.

Celastrina argiolus at Chislehurst. — On May 12th, a walk through
Mottingham, Paul's Cray Common, and Chislehurst, was remarkable
for the almost entire absence of freshly-emerged butterflies, except
Pieris rapae, which, abundant here during the last "week of March,
almost ceased to emerge tor nearly six weeks, and have now become
frequent again. The only exception was Celastrina argiolus, oi which,
however, only three examples were observed, all apparently J s, and

144 the entomologist's record.

this, in spite of most brilliant sunshine, and the remarkable summer
temperature of rather over 80° F. Not a single hybernated butterfly
was noticed in a five hours' walk. — A. M. Cochrane, Lewisham. May
Uth, 1907.

Feeding-habits of Gonepteryx rhamni. — On the morning of May
5th, a moderately sunny morning, but with considerable haze, and
rather more than a nip of east wind, Mr. Ovenden and I walked to
Bush on an exploring expedition for Trochiliitni andrenaeforme mines
and patches of Conyza squarrosa, in which we hoped for larvae of
Hellinsia carphodactyla. Whilst success attended Mr. Ovenden's
efforts in one of these directions, I was personally much more in-
terested in the feeding-habits of Gonepteryx rhamni. The coolness of
the morning was sufficient to prevent many species flying, and, with
the exception of two or three Pieris rapae, and a single nicely banded
Nisoniades tages, no other freshly-emerged specimens were noted.
Vanessa io was observed on three occasions, all busy sunning on the
bare ground, resting with wings well expanded, but far too wary to
allow a close approach when an attempt was made to determine the
sex. The most interesting point, however, was the fact that, though
no $ s of Gonepteryx rhamni were observed, three females were spotted,
each of the three seated closely down on a capitulum of dandelion,
exceedingly busy, feeding on the nectar of the freshly-blown flowers.
They were not at all wary or keen, one not objecting to allowing itself
to be picked up with the fingers after a little care, whilst the others
were scarely more active, and, being disturbed, soon returned to their
gastronomic labours. The interesting point to me was the apparent
certainty that the hybernating J s of this species at least have to do
considerable feeding before commencing the important functions of
pairing and egglaying. — J. W. Tutt.

Hemerophila abruptaria and Celastrina argiolus in Westcombe
Park. — Hemerophila abruptaria is not at all uncommon in the garden
this year, and on May 9th a 3 came into the house to light. On the
11th two or three Celastrina art/iolus were also seen in the garden. —
F. M. Tutt. Mai/ 12th, 1907."

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

An episode in the pairing of Pieris brassicjE. — On March 30th,
at Hyeres, I saw three white butterflies whirling round each other in
small circles, as cabbage (and other) butterflies often do. They
happened to come quite close to me, and one settled on the ground.
They were Pieris brassicae, and the one that settled was a female, she
sat quietly with her wings closed (very different from the attitude, with
wings spread and abdomen raised, with which the fertilised female
shows her objection to, and, in fact, prevents, the attentions of the
male), and after a further circle or two, both the male butterflies
settled down beside her, not, however, quietly, but moving actively
beside her. They were only a few feet from me, but I thought I
should like to be a little nearer them, but almost before I could move,
and within only a few seconds of the male butterflies settling, one of
them flew off, carrying the female with him, the other followed for a
few yards, and then went off. The pair then settled down some ten
or fifteen yards away. The whole episode took place within something

LIFE-HISTORIES. 145

like 80 seconds. How long this circling had been going on before I
saw them, of course I do not know. The circling is obviously an
excellent method of ensuring the use of the androconial scent in
fascinating the female. — T. A. Chapman.

■ Courtship habits of Aglais urticje. — On May 16th, I was deeply
interested in watching the courtship of Aglais urticae. The two
butterflies were flying about and settling on nettles. The male took
up a position behind the female, with wings outspread and quivering,
and immediately commenced to tap the anterior wings of tbe female
with his antenna?, one on either side of the thorax. The tapping
was fairly rapid, about 96 to the minute, both antenna? working
simultaneously. When the female flew, he pursued her closely, and
always settled again in exactly the same position behind, and repeated
his tapping. Whenever the female jerked her wings up and down
above her back, he was very sharp in getting his antenna? out of the
way, so as not to get them caught between her closing wings, but was
ever ready to resume his tapping the instant it was possible for him to
do so. Whether his suit was accepted I cannot say, as they flew
away, and I lost sight of them. — J. F. Bird, The Nurtons, Tintern,
Monmouthshire. May 21st, 1907.

On the hybernation of Apatura iris and A. ilia. — Is it commonly
known that the hybernating larva? of these species vary somewhat in
colour according to the position taken up the purpose of hyber-
nation ? I have taken young larva? of these on several occasions in
different winters in the Bavois woods, and always remarked that, on
green wood the hybernating larva? are green, on red wood, red, and on
grey wood, grey ; I placed several little batches into the poison-bottle
for a few minutes and let them dry, so I have constant evidence of
this assertion. I may add that, in raising the larva? in sleeves ab ovo,
with plenty of room, the imagines are uniformly small in size. I have
never remarked any tendency to partial double- broodedness in either of
these species in Switzerland. I have taken females of both at the end
of June, and persuaded them to lay on Salix capraea, in my little
garden, but, in spite of warmth, and even attempted forcing, could
never get them beyond the regular hybernating stage in the autumn. —
P. A. H. Muschamp, F.E.S., 20, Chemin des Asters, Geneva. May
20th, 1907.

J^OTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARYjE, &c.

Pyrameis atalanta double-brooded. — I have evidence that this
species is, at all events occasionally, double- brooded in nature. On
August 18th, 1895, at Freshwater, Isle of Wight, I witnessed a very
fresh specimen lay an egg upon nettle, which duly produced a butterfly
later on (October 7th), at a time when the species was appearing
abundantly at large. The parent specimen was captured, to make
sure as to its condition, and, apart from the entirety of the wings
(which may always be somewhat a matter of "luck"), there was no
mistaking the absolute freshness of the red and black colours for those
of a hybernated specimen, the former soon becoming brick-red, and
the black fading to a dingy sepia, these changes taking place under
dark and dry cabinet conditions, and, of course, far more quickly under
natural exposure. Black, indeed, seems one of the least stable colours,

146 the entomologist's record.

as is painfully evident should one have occasion to compare current
year captures of Erebias with the specimens at South Kensington. —
R. W. Prideaux. May 29th, 1907.

Further Notes on Thecla ilicis. — Until the last moult the larvae
are reddish-brown, closely resembling the bud-scales and stipules of
the oak ; finally, however, they become bright apple-green, with
pinkish-brown sides, this colour gradually giving place to the green
colour ; the head is black. On ceasing to feed, the larva becomes a
dingy, mottled, flesh-coloured brown tint ; in the present case they
left their foodplant for pupation on the sides and top of their cage.
The pupa is secured by a silk belt ; it is flesh-coloured brown in tint,
freckled with dark brown specks, and the abdominal and dorsal areas
are covered with pale, rather closely-set bristles. Time, from hatching
until pupation, 43 days ; the cage being kept in a dwelling-room
artificially warmed in cold weather. — Ibid.

URRENT NOTES.

It is with the greatest regret that we hear of the premature death
of our esteemed colleague, Mr. Louis Naniot, of the Entomological
Society of Namur. With Mr. Lambillion he has worked to make this
Society a success, and has seen a comparatively powerful organisation
develop from the seed so carefully sown some eleven years ago. The
work he has done will largely live again in that done by the younger
members, whom he has helped so much to educate in scientific
methods.

Mr. G. C. Champion adds (Ent. Mo. Mag.) Aleochara discipennis,
Muls. and Rey, to the British fauna, from an example taken in sheep-
droppings at Queendown Warren, near Chatham, on August 20th, 1906.
It is like a small A. fuscipes, but with antennae as in A. lanuginosa.
Mr. E. A. Newbery adds Enicmus fungicola, Thorns., to the British list
on the strength of examples taken by Mr. Britten at Edenhall on May
13th, 1906, in dry fungi. Mr. Champion also records it from Aviemore,
and Mr. Tomlin has taken it on Cannock Chase.

The Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural
History Society (1906-7) have just been published, and contain a most
interesting series of papers, notes, etc., on the various branches of
Natural History. The entomological papers are "Notes on the Butter-
flies of Saskatchewan," by A. J. Croker and H. J. Turner ; " The
occurrence of Tortrix pronubana in Britain," by R. Adkin. Reports
of Field Meetings — "At Wisley Ponds," " Ranmore Common,"
" Leith Hill," " Horsley," and " Oxshott." There is also a full and
interesting report of the Society's " Exhibition," held on March 10th,
1906, and the " Presidential Address," by Mr. R. Adkin, the main
portion of which is occupied by " Some thoughts on the probability of
the abundance of certain species of Lepidoptera in 1906 being due to
immigration, and its possible effect on our insect fauna." This contains
some thoughtful remarks, and gives food for reflection — Phryxus
livomica, Pyrameis cardui, Heliothis peltigera, Laphygma exigua, being
the species chiefly dealt with. The illustrations are delightful, two
on " Protective Resemblance," by Mr. Lyle and Mr. Step, are particu-
larly good, whilst with egg- batches of Aporia crataegi and Pachetra
leucophaea, Mr. Tonge excels himself. His photographs, too, of

SOCIETIES. 147

Eupithecia consignata at rest, and its egg in situ, are also splendid.
The volume is to be obtained at the Society's Rooms, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge, S.E.

Thanks to our readers, we have been able to complete almost abso-
lutely our life-histories of Callophrys rubi, Biihys i/uercus, and
Edwardsia it-album ; also of Strymon pruni, except the second and third
larval in stars, and largely that of Ruralis betulae, of which, however,
Mr. Main (Almondale, .Buckingham Road, South Woodford) could
still do with fullfed larva? for photographing. With material of
Agriades corydon, A. bellargus, Polyommatus icarus, and Celastrina
aryiolus, we have also done pretty well, but a pupa of each of the two
latter, and eggs of C. aryiolus are still required by Dr. Chapman
(Betula, Reigate). Of Aricia astrarche, ( 'upido minima, Plebeius aegon,
Lycaena argus, and Nomiades semiargus, our material is still defective,
and Dr. Chapman particularly wants eggs of these in order to make
drawings of the newly-hatched larvas, but larva? and pupa? are also
wanted, and should be sent to Mr. Main (see above) or Mr. Tonge
(Aincroft, School Hill, Reigate). We are anxious to get our material
of the "blues" sufficiently advanced to clear the group up in the autumn.
If material should be got during the holidays, July and August,
perhaps our friends will "pickle " a larva in each stage for us. Will
our continental friends please note ?

Mr. W. D. Kearfott is exceedingly busy with the Micro-lepidoptera
of North America. He has described a large number of new Tor-
tricids in the Trans. Am. Ent. Society, 1907, and the Canadian Ento-
mologist, 1907, also many Tineina (sens lot.), etc., in the Bull. Amer.
Mas. Xat. History, 1907. Considering how easily most Tortrices can
be bred, it is remarkable that some of those who are providing him
with material, in the form of imagines, do not give hints of the habits
of the larvae, etc., even though they may be unable to describe them in
detail.

SOCIETIES.

South London Entomological Society. — April 25th, 1907. —
Exhibits. — Dimorpha versicolora. — About a thousand ova laid upon
a branch of birch twigs, around which the females had been sleeved, Mr.
L. W. Newman. Lithocolletis concomitella ova, Mr. Sich. May 9t/i.
— Exhibits. — Hybernia marginaria (progemmaria). — A long bred series
from Wimbledon, Mr. Goulton. Aporia crat^egi. — A brood of larva?,
nearly fullfed, from Kent ova, Mr. L. YV. Newman. Hoporina croceago.
— Living larva? from Gomshall, Mr. Kaye. Morchella exulenta, the
Morel, found at Reigate by Dr. Chapman, Mr. Edwards. Eupithecia
consignata. —Bred specimens from Hayling Island, Mr. Tonge.

City of London Entomological Society. -Mag 1th, 1907. —
Kxhibits. — Acronicta auricoma, from " Sabine's " collection, labelled
Abbott's Wood, but undated. T^eniocampa stabilis ab. pallida, Tutt
(Mucking, 1903), Mamestra anceps ab. renardii, Bdv. (Mucking, 1902),
ab. ochracea, Tutt (Rainham, 1896), and hybrid (?) Oporabia dilutata
x christyi, the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows. Anarta cordigera (Rannoch,
1906), Mr. J. A. Clark. Oporabia autumnaria and O. christyi, larva?
and imagines, Mr. A. W. Mera. Mr. Grosvenor reported the occurence
of Anarta myrtilli, Hesperia malwe, Saturnia pavonia, in Reigate

148 the entomologist's record.

district, on May 5th. May 21st. — Melanippe fluotuata was the special
feature of the evening, and series from various localities were exhibited
by members ; ab. costovata, Haw., was sparingly represented in most
of the series, showing that the form is generally distributed, but does
not seem to show any tendency to form a local race. Mr. J. A. Clark
exhibited a particularly fine series, including most of the named, and
some as yet unnamed, aberrations, and Mr. Prout showed this and
allied species from all parts of the world. Other exhibits, were
Polia cm, larva? in last stadium, from Yorkshire ova, Mr. S. J. Bell.
Aleucis pictaria, bred from ova laid by an Epping Forest $ , Mr. J.
A. Clark. Gonepteryx rhamni ova, in situ, Dr. G. G. C. Hodgson, who
observed that it is to be generally found in groups of three or more
on a single leaf. As he found that these batches usually hatched
simultaneously, he suggested that the female evidently lays more than
one ovum on a leaf, this being, he believed, contrary to the general
impression. Dryas paphia, larvae in penultimate stadium, bred from
ova. Aporia cRATiEGi, pupae bred from Kent ova, Mr. L. W. New-
man. Polia flavicincta, almost fullfed larvae, Mr. J. Riches.

Entomological Society of London. — May 1st, 1907. — Exhibits. —
Mimetic resemblance in Coleoptera. — Coleoptera collected in Pahang,
showed some interesting cases of mimicry between weevils of the
genus Episomus and Longicorns of the genus Niconia. Also a speci-
men of a Cicindelid, Collyris apicalis, which closely resembles the
Heteromerous insect Styrax tri condyloid es : and lastly, a Longicorn of
the genus Zelota, apparently a new species, which resembled a species
of Amphisternus of the family Endomychidae, Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse.
Quedius riparius and Trypodendron quercus. — Specimens of Quedius
riparius, Kell., and Trypondendron quercus, Eich., taken at Porlock,
Somersetshire, on April 16th and 17th. The former insect was found
somewhat sparingly in flood refuse caught by fallen logs lying in one
of the mountain torrents which came down from Exmoor; it was to
be found only in flood refuse actually over the surface of the water —
apparently when the flood refuse is deposited on the banks the insect
very quickly leaves it. There are only records of the capture of this
insect, by Mr. Kidson Taylor, in Derbyshire, one specimen, and by
Mr. Chitty in flood rubbish on the river Beauly, Invernessshire, since
Mr. Blatch discovered it at Porlock, in 1896. The Trypodendron was
found in the bark and in the solid wood of a small oak bough ; there
are few records of its capture outside the Sherwood Forest district.
Also Hydro vatus clypealis, Shp., taken on April 14th, at Worle, near
Weston-super-Mare. This very local little water-beetle is only recorded
from Portsmouth, by Fowler, but has since been taken at Sandown,
Isle of Wight, by Professor Beare, and in the New Forest by
Dr. Sharp; Mr. Donisthorpe. Dipteron associated with ants. — The
larva and pupa of a Dipteron of the genus Microdon, taken in a nest of
Formica fusca, at Porlock, last month. A number of larvae were
taken, and one of the nests in which they occurred. The ants are
stated to nurse the larvae as they do their scale insects (Coccidae),
Mr. Donisthorpe.

LEPIDOPTEKA OF THE DAUPHINE ALPS CLELLES. 149

Lepidoptera of the Dauphine Alps — Clelles.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

There was an idea when I started on my summer holidays, in
190G, of reaching the Alpes-Maritimes and collecting over the little-
known district lying in the upper parts of the valleys of the Verdon
and the Var. Mr. Powell was reporting excellent weather from the
slopes of Mt. Pelat (where he was then camping under canvas) and
excellent sport, so I thought I could not do better than join him later
on the slopes that give rise both to the Verdon and the Var. However,
there are many old proverbs bearing on the point of intention and
consummation which might be well applied to this journey, and
though I reached Mt. Pelat ultimately, I did not explore the Var
Valley, and, I am afraid, satisfied myself with a very perfunctory
attempt to work the upper part of the Verdon Valley.

Starting on July 28th, and making Digne my first objective, I
changed my mind as the journey proceeded, and, on the early morning
of July 30th, was of two minds whether I had not had sufficient fag to
stay at Grenoble for a day or two, for it was quite clear that I was not
in fit condition to march about the mountains, but ultimately I
decided to go on. However, as the train slowly climbed the
two wonderful curves above Vif, I made up my mind, when the
Mont Aiguille came in sight, that the plateau of the Trieves, spread
out as it were on the foothills of the Dauphine Alps, was the
place for me to spend a day or two, and where, without undue
fatigue, I could hunt butterflies to my heart's content and pick up the
health I had come to seek, and hence, when the train pulled up at the
little station of Clelles-Mens, where is neither Clelles nor Mens, I
put out my collecting impedimenta and baggage, gave directions,
relying on the previous recommendation of Mr. Sheldon in these
pages, that they should be taken to the Hotel Ferat, and made myself
as comfortable as was possible in a district with not very distant
memories of Bourg d'Oisans, La Grave and Le Lautaret beyond the
mountains to the north-east, and proceeded to look up the butterflies
of this, to me, quite new part of the Dauphine Alps.

I may premise by saying that I found nothing special in lepi-
doptera at Clelles, but I made a "bag," adding good series of a few
insects at which our old continental trippers turn up their highly-
trained noses, and not only enjoyed myself thoroughly, but found here
the necessary intermediate stage that allowed me later to enjoy
equally the more laborious part of my trip. I stayed here until the
morning of August 3rd, and so had three clear days in which to do
my collecting. I did not wander far; each time I went off in the
direction of the Mont Aiguille, spending first some little time down by
the river, then under the viaduct and up among the scrub on the hill-
sides, and so until one got in the land of " apollo," and then down
again. Just a lazy outing each day, which ended, however, from my
point of view, most satisfactorily.

The butterfly of the district was tLipparchia briseis; this fine
species flew everywhere, most frequent, perhaps, settling on the road,
particularly on any horse-droppings there, but, at other fcirni
the flowers, and at others again merely on the ground. It was
interesting to see the insect, as soon as it had settled, sidle round so as

July 15th, 1907.

150 the entomologist's record.

to get edgewise, as it were, to the sun, its head from the sun, and
throwing its narrow shadow well ahead. Many of the males appeared
to have the androconial patch at the base of the forewings especially
pale, reminding one in some faint measure of H. prieuri. The speci-
mens, on the whole, were small, and somewhat dark, especially the
males ; I had hitherto only seen a race as small as this in the neigh-
bourhood of Barcelonette. The road, sloping steeply on one side down
to the stream, was well-wooded, whilst a contiunation of the slope on
the other side formed a bank, whence many species appeared to come
into the open space formed by the road. Among these, Satyrus alcyone,
the males now rather worn, and S. circe were, perhaps, the most
conspicuous, and they kept S. briseis company on the horse-droppings
on the road, where, however, in the hot sun they were more readily
disturbed than one would have supposed, and often got away.

Easy as S. circe looks to catch, it has a 'habit of escaping from the
net much more frequently than the collector likes, but I found no
trouble in netting a fair series by observing a habit that the species
adopted in a field just before the descent began. A ditch, about two
feet wide and two feet deep, dug across a field, apparently for drainage
purposes, although then quite dry, was observed to hide more than
once one of these fine creatures, so I walked slowly up the side of
it. Coming towards me I soon saw a fine large jet-black female, with
its white band, slowly flying along the bottom ; I watched to see if it
would pass me, but my shadow was enough, and it immediately flew
out and rapidly escaped. Continuing my walk I scooped up two very
fine specimens as they approached me, and I left the field. On my
return some four hours later, I was rewarded with three others in the
same way, and altogether, possibly, I netted some 20 or 30 examples
in this newly-dug-out ditch, unfortunately, most of them not
in perfect condition. Among the fruit- and other trees near the houses
themselves, Euvanessa antiopa, Eugonia polychloros, and Polygonia
c-album were not uncommon, whilst Papilio machaon, though common
at the overflows of the springs in the roads, was not seen elsewhere.
Satyrus cordula w7as also common on the wooded slopes, but the males
were worn and the females almost equally so, although a few of each
sex were good enough to set. Here, too, Colias eilusa, C. hyale, and
Gonepteryx rkamni were rather frequent, and Pier is daplidice, in the
pink of condition, sunning itself by the roadside, defying pursuit except
by waylaying it or when it pulled itself up quickly to settle on a flower
that attracted it. Epinephele lycaon was abundant, much more so than
E. ianira, whilst Erebia aethiops was scarce, and down by the side
of the stream E. neoridas was just emerging. Leptidia sina/iis, too,
was frequent, and, on a species of elder, in full flower, Epinephele
tithonus was in great numbers with Melanargia galathea and its ab.
leucomelas, with white underside, past its first freshness, however, with
occasional specimens of Nordmannia ilia's ab. cerri, and worn N. acaciae.
Small fritillaries were rare, but we captured Brenthis ilia, Melitaea a'n.ria,
M. didyma, M . />h<irl>, , and M. parthenie, the two first-named certainly of
the second brood. On the lavender flowers at the viaduct, the best place for
E. neoridas, Thymelicus acteonvi us in great abundance and in very fair con-
dition, but Adopaea lineola was going over, and only a few females found
their way to the setting-boards. Syrichthus alveus, a fine well-marked
form, affected the scabious flowers, and a few odd examples of Erynnis

I,K1'I1)0PTERA OF THE DAUPHINE ALPS — GLELLES. 151

alee a e and Xisaniudea tat/rs, freshly-emerged, were also taken. Augiades
sylvanus was going over, but Urbicola comma was only just emerging,
and not yet common. Single examples of Polyommatus meleager and
P. hylas were taken, but even /'. icarus was far from being abundant,
although common, whilst Aricia astrarche was rare, and an occasional
Nomiades s< midrgus occurred. One suspects it would form a good locality
for Hipparchia arethusa later, but only two or three quite freshly-emerged
males were noted. The common "blue" of the district was Agriades
corydon, but Plebeius argus bad evidently been common, and one mud-
patch, where the water ran over from a trough into the road, was a
veritable trap for newly-em6rged male /'. aegon, the only place where the
species was observed. On some tall thistle-blossoms, growing high among
the straggling willow-bushes by the side of the stream, Dryas paphia,
Argynnis adippe, and Papilio podalirius, mostly large worn examples,
disputed for place with Hipparchia briseis, Vanessa io, V. atalanta, and
swarms of E. tithonus, E. lycaon, E. ianira, Enodia hyperanthus, worn,
and Melanargia galathea, whilst, by getting down into the bed of the
stream, one found Hipparchia semele with H. alcyonc on the rocks
beneath the bushes, and swarms of A. corydon on the uncovered sand
at the side. Limenitis Camilla was seen, large worn (or torn) specimens,
suggesting the first, and not, as one might suppose, the second, brood.
At the same time a fullfed larva of Papilio podalinus was discovered. On
the stony slopes under, and by the side of, the tall railway arches, a
flowering elder attracted swarms of common species, of which No->'d-
mannia ilia's and Satyrus alcyone were perhaps the best; whilst, on the
stonework itself, two species of Catocala were not uncommon. On the
thistle-flowers, here, too, were observed Lithosia com plana and L.pygmaeola
of the lowland type, whilst a little farther along the path, on a lavender-
covered bank, most of the insects of the district were in abundance, less
so, however, than in an adjacent field, which, apparently planted with
potatoes, was covered with a wilderness of wild flowers, of which
thistle and teasel were among the chief, and where Acidalia rubricata
I. corata (?), closely aXlie&toornata, Acontialuctuosa, Agrophilatrabealis,
Heliothis dipsaceus, etc., were not infrequent. The most surprising

here, however, was the absence of Anthrocerids, two or three
exam h of Anthrocera Jilipendulae, and A. carniolica being all

that : t bin our observation. Just beyond this, the ground

alters, and the sloping banks are covered with rose-bushes, birches,
hawthorns, viburnum, etc., and here a discovery was made. Pushing
my way through the bushes, I disturbed a "plume," which, being
followed up, proved to be Encnemidophorus rhododactyla, and 1 at
once remembered mj previous capture of this insect at La Grave,
another Dauphine* locality, although at a considerably greater eleva-
tion, for Clelles is only some 2700ft., whilst the La Grave locality
Was fully 5000ft. This " plume," however, roused the old instinct,
and I soon found out how to get /•,'. rhododactyla in the daytime, a

i that 1 was never able to achieve in the old days in Ch
Woods, before the "collector" had there set his seal upon it. On
the slopes, too, Merrifieldia tridactyla (tetradactyla) occurred, and a
single specimens of Wheeleria xanthodactyla was also disturbed, whilst
Nordmannia ilicis ah. cerri became quite common on the late bramble-
blo 30m, but already they were badly worn. Farther up, the oak-scrub
developed into well-developed trees, and here Bithys quercits was not

152 the entomologist's record.

uncommon, and then Parnassius apollo appeared, showing that the
mountain species were possibly up the Mont Aiguille, but I did not
go to see. Here, too, a late 5 Aporia crataegi was detected in the act
of oviposition, and we found many nets containing newly-hatched
larva}. Pararge maera was common but worn, the females of a fine
full, fulvous type, and there were a few Issoria lathonia, swift on wing,
but occasionally to be captured as they swung on a scabious flower.
Polyommatus damon, in one place, near the railway, was locally not
uncommon, but it was evidently not at all generally distributed.
One, perha.ps, ought also to notice that Chrysophanids were con-
spicuous by their absence. Only one specimen was taken, a fine
banded example of Rumicia pldaeas.

I was much surprised at the small size of many specimens taken.
I should call the $ Hipparchia briseis, on the whole, well below
average size, and this was certainly the case with Melanaryia galatea,
some of which were very small. Several of the Agriades corydon and
Polyommatus icarus were undersized, and one Colias edusa ab. helice,
was quite a pigmy.

To many British collectors, no doubt, a large bed of Saponaria
officinalis near the roadside would have proved a greater attraction than
dinner, for, waiting one evening for dinner to be served, I sauntered
up to the flowers, and was pleased to see the large Sphingids
exceedingly busy. Successive strokes of the net brought in Phryxus
livornica, Hyles euphorbiae, P. livornica, and no doubt, had one been
disposed, one could have caught as many P. livornica as one wished,
but one cannot pack Sphingids when "tripping," and so one has to
let the lovely creatures go. At any rate, I brought away some 500
nice specimens of other species as trophies of the three days' lounge,
and I set off for Digne with more verve, and better fit by ages, than
when I had arrived at Clelles four days before.

A special aberration of Callophrys rubi var. fervida.

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
On February 14th, 1907, I exhibited, at the South London Ento-
mological Society, a specimen of Callophrys rubi J , which I afterwards
handed over to Mr. Tutt. It was taken near Hyeres in 1907. Mr.
Tutt mentions it under the heading var. fervida in his Brit. Butts., ii.,
p. 96, now appearing. This year I took another precisely similar
specimen at Hyeres, I say precisely, but, actually, I have this specimen,
Mr. Tutt has the other, and not having seen them side by side, there
may be slight differences. This seems to be an aberration quite
distinct from var. fervida, which is a southern race rather than an
aberration, the specimens I have seen, supposed to be fervida, are
smaller if anything than C. rubi (type), and have not the peculiar
antennae of these two specimens. C. rubi has the shaft of the antenna
ringed, the club black, with the last three (or four) joints red ; the
black portion has scales dorsally, gradually narrowing, and ceasing
just before the red joints, the under and lateral parts are bare of scales
and structurally identical with the red portion, only black. In the
aberration noticed, the scaleless portion of the antenna is entirely red, so
that it looks dorsally very like the normal form, but from beneath shows
nearly the whole club as red.

COLOUR DIMORPHISM IN THE LARVA OF BRENTHIS EUPHROSYNE. 153

The specimen is large, 34mm., against 32mm. of an ordinary
Hyeres 0. rubi J . The brown colour is very rich on the hinchvings,
the wings seem a little broader than in the type, and the anal angle of
the hindwing has no trace of the " tail." Beneath, the upperwing is
of a very blue-green, the under inclining to yellow. The white dots
are represented by a continuous narrow white line, wanting only on
that portion of the upperwing that is not green, as it is covered by the
lower in most positions. It is narrower than individual spots often
are in individuals spotted in the ordinary way. I captured a good
many specimens in hopes of getting another of this aberration, but
not only got none, but found nothing like an intermediate form.

Colour dimorphism in the larva of Brenthis euphrosyne.

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S,
This spring, Mr. St. Quintin and Mr. Powell called my attention to
the occurrence, at Hyeres, of two forms of the larva of Brenthis
euphrosyne in about equal numbers, and Mr. St. Quintin provided me
with the larvae from which the following notes are made. I suppose
we are all familiar with the great range of colour and marking in the
larvae of, say, Aglais urticae and Pyrantels atalanta, and with the great
invariability of Vanessa io. It is curious that, as regards larva? which
we see more seldom, we are apt to classify them as to their stability of
colouring with such species as V. io rather than with P. atalanta. The
following notes may contain nothing new, but are interesting in the
aspect just alluded to. I do not know of any English reference to the
black spined form of this larva.

Fullgroum larvae of Brenthis euphrosyne, Hyeres, April 8th,
1907. — The special point to be noted is the colour dimorphism; certain
larvae being black and others with yellow spines. Some of the larvae are
very large, as much as 35mm. long. The larvae are black dotted over
very equally with minute yellow points, which are probably pollen
grains and really nothing to do with the larvae. The spines are three
on each side, i ?, iii ?, and v ? Laterally, between iii and v, the
spiracular region, is a varying amount of bluish or bluish-white
marking. It looks as if it might in the extreme be a broad lateral
band from iii to v. An average specimen shows a patch on each side
of each incision at level of v that would be a line were it not divided
by incision and by spine v. There are much smaller spots just below
the level of iii, but similarly disposed on each side of the incision,
a patch round and chiefly below the spiracle, and many other minute
dots surrounding the bases of the black skin-hairs in this region. In
the blackest larvae these blue markings are much reduced, and there
only remains a spot or two of the lower series, a narrow ring round the
spiracle, and the skin-hair dots, but only below the spiracle. On the
black larva) the spines are also black, but with a pale tendency to the
bases of the dorsal series usually, as if the black material was in
insufficient quantity. Certain larvae, however, have the spines
brilliant yellow, producing a specially fine effect. The yellow spines
have the basal half, or a little more, yellow, the tips being black. One
larva has only the dorsal series yellow in this way, others have the
series of iii also so ; and rarely v is also yellow, as in a blown specimen
received from Mr. Powell. In the yellow larvae, however, the bases of the

154 the entomologist's record.

spines that are not yellow are very distinctly pale, so that one might
call all the spines yellow, with the qualification that some are not
so bright.

Larva of Brenthis euphrosyne, received from L. W. Newman, May 21st,
1901. — 16mm. long, and apparently in penultimate skin; this larva is
deep black, except a blotchy ashy, rather than white, lateral band. The
dorsal spines are yellow, delicate and transparent, for the lower (and
thicker) three-fifths of their length, the remainder black and dense.
The skin-hairs have slightly swollen bases that glisten in some lights,
giving the (erroneous) impression that the larva has white dots (like
Vanessa io). At the front border of most segments, on either side of
the dorsal line, and only visible in specially good light, is a faint
trace of a fine pale line, a representation of the double dorsal line (of
Dryas paphia, etc.). This larva agrees very well with the usual
description of the larva and with that by Buckler, and is identical
with the yellow-spined form from Hyeres. Buckler's description
gives the larva black spines until the last skin. This larva had the
yellow spines in the penultimate. The black Hyeres larvae have the
black spines in the last skin.

Lepidoptera of the Basses-Alpes — Digne.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

On the afternoon of August 3rd, 1906, I arrived at Digne, the
capital of the Basses-Alpes, renewing an acquaintance of April, 1898.
I had already seen Digne under " spring " conditions, and I had an idea
that it was possible for the place to be warm under " summer " conditions.
The morning of August 4th was as brilliant and sunny as its pre-
decessors, and I may here say that although I saw a few cloudy days,
I did not, in 1906, experience a really wet one between mid-July and
early September.

A Aval k in the direction of the "baths" soon brought me to the
Eaux-Chaudes stream, and when I came out on the broad parade just
before passing the second little bridge, I was at once reminded of the
musical peculiarities of Digne, for there, just as I had left them rather
more than eight years before, were various soldiers (? recruits), each
playing his own musical instrument, his own tune to his own time,
the rat-tat of the kettle-drum, and brazen-mouthed cornets and
trombones mastering all. It is as if Pandemonium were let loose ;
the noise and din are alike indescribable. Whether this is the band-
practising ground for recruits, whether the men are here for punish-
ment (which I much doubt, as there appears to be little or no attempt
at discipline) I do not know, but when 20 to 30 men are at this
kind of work the noise is something never to be forgotten. However,
it does not seem to interfere with the insects, for, as I walk over to
avail myself of the shade of the plane trees, a black butterfly rapidly
gets up and flies onwards, settling again a little further on. A wary
approach and I had soon, as I supposed, netted my first Hipparchia
statilinus. From the trees flew fine Satyrus hermione, not the alcyone
of Clelles, and directly after, fluttering pa mphil us -like, I netted my
first Coenonympha dor us, whilst Pontia daplidice kept up a steady
stream under the trees. Dropping over into the river-bed, I found a
variety of insects on the thistle-flowers at the side. Freshly-emerged

LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BASSES-ALPES DIGNE. 155

Pararge maera, P. megaera, Epinephele tit honus, especially large Loweia
dor His, the females, unexpectedly no more brilliant than those of the
spring, Brenthis dia, Melitaea phoebe, Urbicola comma, fine grand
specimens, were among the commonest, with more ( 'oenonympha
(hints, Hipparchia statilinus, Gonepteryx rhamni, (Julias edusa,
< '. hi/ale, and hundreds of Pieris rapae. Back on the parade again,
on the sea-holly flowers, I successfully worked at Hipparchia stati-
linus, and found also H. arethusa 3 s in considerable numbers. A
single H. fidia, unfortunately with damaged hindwings, left hopes
unfulfilled, for of this fine species I failed entirely to get more than
about six or eight specimens, and these not all fine. Walking over
the bed of the river and ascending the other side, I found more
Coenonympha dorus, many badly worn ; some newly-emerged bnt
second-brood M. didyma, smaller and brighter than those found at
Clelles, which probably, after all, were only late first-brood specimens.
The walk under the rocks towards the "baths" was tremendously hot,
in spite of the comparatively early morning, and we added more
H. arethusa, S. hermione, and some fine $ S. actaea to the contents of
the now filling " zinc box " as they let themselves over the pathway
from the slopes above to go down to the river. On the rocks two
specif s of ( ■atocala were in abundance, and could have been taken in
numbers had one been disposed, but it was not until I approached
the baths that I captured my first Melitaea deione. This is an active,
somewhat quick-flying Melitaea, rather different from its congeners,
and now seen by me for the first time in its southern haunts, although
the previous year I had captured one or two examples of the
autumn brood of its Swiss form, berisalemis at La Batiaz. Here
I have to make a confession, viz., that many of the magnificent
Melitaeas brought home by Dr. Chapman from Spain, and
hitherto referred to by me as a southern form of M. athalia, are
undoubtedly a giant race of this interesting species, at present little
known and understood. These Spanish females are particularly
athalia-like, but there can be no doubt they are deione. Mr. Burr,
too, gave me some that he took in the Spanish Pyrenees two years
ago in quite early summer, the species being evidently fully double-
brooded. Here I began seriously to add Satynts actaea to my bag,
magnificent velvety black males in fine condition, and their females
with characteristic banded underside to the hindwings.

Along past the " baths," and from the trunks of the fruit-trees on the
right-hand side, Satyrus hermione, in the pink of condition, came off in
swarms. Fine magnificent examples of both sexes soon filled up the
zinc-box, and one felt one could get in no more. Still there were so
many insects one wanted. A few Pararge egeria, of the southern type,
and here and there a Hipparchia fidia, must go in, whilst an occasional
Leptidia duponcheli came along with many L. sinapis. The large
fritillaries were past. Dryas paphia, Argynnis adippe, and Brenthis
daphne were mere shadows, but Polygonia eyea showed up one or two
freshly-emerged examples only, whilst P. c-album was more abundant,
but worn. A weedy field was swarming with butterflies — newly-
emerged Erebia neoridas, Hipparchia arethusa, both species represented
entirely by males, with swarms of Agriades corydon, A. bellargus,
Polyommatus hylas, /'. icarus, very variable in size, Nisoniades
tages, Erynnis alceae, Scolitantides baton, Melitaea cinxia, Epinephele

156

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

lycaon, Pieris rapae, Pontia daplidice, Colias edusa, C. hyale, and
many of the species already mentioned. It was noticeable that,
whilst Satyrus actaea was in fine condition, S. cordula was in
tatters, the males particularly, and not worth netting. A single worn
example of Heodes virgaureae, and two or three worn specimens of
Loiveia var. gordius showed that these species were over ; whilst two or
three freshly-emerged Ghrysophan usphlaeas were the only representatives
of this species, but, in addition, on this arid, thistle-grown ground, one
found almost all our special Tuddenham insects — Acidalia rubricata,
Agrophila trabealis, Acontia luctuosa, Botys flavalis, and all the species
that love such spots, but again no Anthrocerids, except an odd and
brilliant example of Anthrocera carniolica, although Lithosia pygmaeola,
L. caniola, and a few other interesting species were noticed.

Leaving the field and taking a shady footpath down towards the
river by the side of the stream that supplies the drinking-water to the
cottage here, large numbers of Satyrus her in tone and an occasional
8. circe flew off the tree-trunks, and on the open ground beyond,
Agriades bellargus males were in great numbers, whilst by the trees
the lovely Ldmenitis Camilla floated with inimitable grace above and
below the spreading walnut branches, or around the summits of the
apple-trees ; Melanargia t/alatea was over, only stray remnants were
occasionally seen, but, on the sloping ground just beyond, on the
trunks of the apple-trees, Satyrus hermione no longer swarmed alone,
for with it were a fair sprinkling of grand S. circe, Hipparchia sewele,
and at least two H. fidia, whilst numbers of Catocala sponsa dashed
madly off as one gently inspected the butterflies that remained for a
time so quietly on the tree-trunks, as if they knew that their colour
was their safety, as indeed it was. Papilio podalirius flew among the
fruit-trees, whilst, everywhere, one still picked up C. dor us, which, if
already past its prime, yet left enough good specimens to satisfy one
by using a little careful selection. Returning into the bed of the
stream and following up the drinking-supply at the side, one saw
swarms of Agriades corydon on the black mud, with P. icarus, P.
astrarche, and Scolitantides baton as its chief supporters. Crossing the
Eaux-Chaudes to a large bed of Eupatorium, at the foot of the little
gorge whence issued the stream of drinking-water already noticed, one
came on the concentrated insect wealth of the district, for, certainly,
here were at least half the species of the neighbourhood, foremost
among which was Gallimorpha hera in swarms, but much worried by
the worn Dryas paphia, Satyrus cordula, and newly-emerged Pyrameis
canlui, which insisted on standing on them. Near here, too, was seen
the only Gonepteryx cleopatra observed. It was now two o'clock
and the sky dulled over — butterflies soon became scarce and ceased to
fly ; in addition, my boxes were full, the lining of my hat also, so I
returned to Digne to go on with the setting.

At dinner that night, I saw Mr. Sheldon, just returned from an
entomological conquest of Corsica.

Arrangements were made that, next morning, I should accompany
Mr. Sheldon up the gorge, at the entrance to which my hunting had
ended that afternoon, as I learned from Mr. Sheldon that this was
excellent hunting-ground. However, at the time for starting, I found
Mr. Sheldon very unwell and quite unable to leave the hotel, and so I
went off to explore the gorge on my own account. Covering the

LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BASSES-ALPES DIGXE. 157

ground that had kept me the previous day much more rapidly, I observed
little that I had not already seen. Certainly, the bag I had made the
preceding day had made no difference to the abundance of the
specimens, for it was quite evident that most of them were still
more abundant, Hipparchia statilinus, II. arethusa, Erebia neoridas,
and several others, evidently only just coming out, all the speci-
mens taken being males, whilst Coenonympha dorus, etc., were
going over. I saw two or three Hipparchia briseis this time,
one of which, a female of full yellow colour, ab. pirata, is parallel with
the female ab. uhagoni of H. prieuri, a form that I had never captured
before, nor were there any among the numbers I had seen the previous
week atClelles. The specimens taken here, too, were comparative giants
compared with those of Clelles. The abundance of Satyrus hermione
near the " baths " was phenomenal, and it was a real pleasure to see the
grand fellows flutter off the tree-trunks, circle round on the side
opposite from that where they were disturbed, and then back again to
the nearest tree to rest again. They were equally abundant in the
orchard, some distance further on, on the trunks of the apple-trees
there. Here, too, I saw the only Enodia dryas that crossed my way.
However, my objective was the gorge, and having arrived there, serious
work began. Climbing the rocks to the right I found an abundance
of //. statilinus, with a couple of females, and further on a specimen
or two of H. fidia. On the Eupatorium flowers there wrere swarms of
Erebia neoridas $ s, Hipparchia arethusa g s, Callimorpha hera, Epine-
phele lycaon, Satyrus cordula, but very worn and mostly females, whilst
Loweia dorilis in excellent condition, Coenonympha dorus gener-
ally poor and worn, and especially the males, were somewhat less
abundant. The gorge itself is worth a word or two. At its termination
it is only the width of the stream, say five or six feet, with two or
three feet on either side heavily clothed with willow and alder, and
just behind again on the steep sides, bushes of oak, birch, etc. One
threads one's way on such dry patches as one can find, or otherwise
steps into the water where it is shallowest, and this for 200 or 300
yards is the only path. The feature of this piece, though, is the
Eupatorium, great tall plants in full bloom fringing either side and
occupying ;ill the available space beneath the taller bushes. Further
up, it widens out, and a steep stony bank rises to the left, and willows
of considerable size fill up the space to the right with masses of
Eupatorium and thistles in full blossom. Still further up it expands
yet more, until one reaches the source of the spring, a wonderful
little nature-spot, with large poplars and willows overhanging the banks,
whence the water rapidly runs. Beyond, the ground is more open and
less special in character, tending to produce a mountain fauna, where
/•.'/ ebia stygne and /','. tyndarus both maybe taken. This little gorge teems
with insect life. There were thousands of Erebia neoridas and Hipparchia
arethusa settled by the water edge and rising in clouds from under one's
feet. Beautiful indeed were the finely-coloured females of Loweia
dorilis, and almost as brilliant were the females of Polyommatus meleager,
the dark ground colour plentifully shot with blue. This is the first time
I have ever taken this form. At Pre St. Didier and other places, where
I have captured the species somewhat abundantly, the female has always
been of the dark form. The delicately, though brightly, tinted males
are also among the most attractive blues, but though a few fine ones were

158 the entomologist's record.

taken, many were worn. Thiswas the best place formanyof the more in-
teresting species — Coenonympha dorus, Brenthis deione, and, particularly,
Satyrus actaea. The black, velvety males of this lovely species are very
fine. They have a marvellous love for a light grey coat, and preferably
choose the small of one's back for a resting-place, an awkward position
from which to net them. By hanging up the coat, they divided
their attention between one's coat and flannels, and, by this means, I
captured a fine series without going over the rough stony slope, down
which most of the specimens seemed to come. The females were on
the flowers in fair numbers, strangely, not in such fine condition as
the males, although even then tbey were as yet rare, compared wdth the
wrorn S. cordula. Among the taller willows and poplars near the source of
the spring, Limenitis Camilla were in good condition and busy pairing, of
the males, in some instances especially small. The small males appear
to carry the much larger females when disturbed. One would like
observations in this direction on L. sibylla. The males of the second-
brood of Celastrina argiolus, too, were frequent enough, circling round
and round the summits of the willows, sometimes two or three together,
but not often coming within reach. Only one female was taken, and
this at rest on a head of Eupatorium. One suspects this to be a
splendid. " fritillary" corner. There were dozens of Dryas paphia
and Argynnis adippe, but all much worn, even the cleodoxa not
being worth keeping. It was interesting to watch the male liuralis
betulae sunning on the willow-leaves, and a single Bithys quercus male
was rather in the nature of a surprise on the Eupatorium
flowers, where also R. betulae sometimes came. Eugonia polychloros
was seen but not netted, but several Polygonia c-album were taken in
not too fine condition on Eupatorium blossoms. Agriades corydon,
Plebeius argus, Polyommatus icarus, and P. hylas appeared to be the
commonest blues, the argus females mostly shot with blue, and a single
male Nomiades semiargus now and again was all that one saw of this
species. Erynnis lavaterae was evidently over, as also was Thymelicus
acteon, of which only one or two specimens worth setting were taken.
The second broods of Nisoniades tages, Hesperia alveus, Erynnis alceae,
were well out. Bang over the stones a swallow-tail comes straight at
you, and a rapid turn of the wrist has ended tbe career of a Papilio
alexanor, unfortunately rather worn, though not broken. Late for the
species, one thinks, as larvas already in the third instar were seen, on the
slender Umbellifer so abundanthere, not twenty minutes before ; only one
or two other examples were noted. One is surprised to find Satyrus her-
mione quite worn up here on the slopes, whilst so fine in the valley below,
and one wonders, at this distance of time, whether, if one had been a
bit more thoughtful and collared at least one or two of the best of
these worn examples, they might not have proved to be 5. alcyone.
Pararge megaera and P. maera live together in friendship, the males of
the latter rather dark, the females, howrever, bright. Here and there a
worn Loweia gordius shows that this brilliant species had possibly
abounded two or three weeks before, and another worn Heodes riryaureae,
male, was also taken. Melitaca cinxia, M. phoebe, M. didyma, M. par-
thenie worn, Brenthis dia, several Issoria lathonia, a single worn
Coenonympha arcania, and many other interesting species occurred.
One must not forget Dr. Chapman's new Marasmqrcha, M. tuttodactyla.
I had been specially commissioned to get eggs of this, and so one had

AMERICAN DECTICID/E.

159

to find the Ononis to which we knew it was attached. A few plants
were found in the river-bed almost opposite the " baths," and here a
few of the moths were found ; but, well up the little gorge, where the
stream spreads out about half-way to its source, a large quantity of the
foodplant was found, with an abundance of the species, and eggs
obtained in due course. The habits of the imagines are exactly similar
to those of M. lunaedactyla, and they were easily disturbed in the early
afternoon. About 2 p.m. a haze again came over the hills, the sun
was largely overpowered, insects ceased to fly at all freely, and I
returned laden with spoils to the city.

On my return in the afternoon 1 was much perturbed. I had
noticed in the early morning that my setting-boards, some in one of
the drawers of a large chest, others standing on the mantelpiece,
had here and there a tiny black ant on them — not enough, however,
for serious wrong — but when I returned home I found, not only the
boards, but my setting-case, overrun with thousands of the destructive
creatures. Many of my best specimens were irretrievably ruined, and
three or four hours' heart-breaking work did not suffice to clear them
off; nor was I quite free for three or four days after I left Digne. I
had intended only staying one day for a rest, and stayed a second (and
third) because of my meeting Mr. Sheldon, but the last two days were
made a "holy terror" by the depredations of the ants. I would
suggest to future visitors to the Hotel Boyer-Mistre to avoid the back
rooms of the left-hand side of the upper floor as they would the
plague if they want to save their specimens. A serious matter to
entomologists are the ants of the Hotel Boyer-Mistre, and affording
but little compensation for the extra comfort that this particular
hostelry offers.

The next morning Mr. Sheldon was better, and so I accompanied
him over the same ground. Nothing more was added to the bag, but
the abundance of Erebia neoridas and Hipparchia arethusa was pheno-
menal. It was no uncommon thing to have half-a-dozen of the latter
resting on one at the same time, and on one occasion no fewer than
twelve or fourteen were resting on Mr. Sheldon as he stood in the
shade, near the source of the stream. On the way back (as well as on
our outward journey) we saw several fine large females of Mantis
religiosa, under the jutting rocks- that stand up from the roadway,
between the " baths" and the city, no doubt they had crawled there
to lay their eggs, as some that I brought home, for school purposes,
from the same place a fornight later, laid their egg-masses shortly
after my return. One specimen that I captured was of a brilliant
orange colour, ab. aurantia, a striking contrast to the normal bright
green form.

On Tuesday, August 7th, I commenced another step towards the
Alpes-Mari times.

American Decticidae.*

By MALCOLM BUlUt, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
Tbis very interesting family has a wide distribution, a few genera
occurring in South Africa and even in Australia, but it attains its

* "The Decticinae (A Group of Orthoptera) of North America," by Andrew
Nelson Caudell (Proc. U.S. Nut. Mu*., vol. xxxii., pp. 285-410, May 23rd, 1907).

160 the entomologist's record.

maximum development in the temperate regions of both hemispheres;-
genera, species, and individuals are numerous in Europe, but the
number of American forms will probably come as a surprise to most
European orthopterists.

In 1893, Brunner knew 25 genera, of which only six were
American. Caudell describes 59 species inhabiting North America,
distributed through 20 genera. The only Old World genus repre-
sented is Platycleis, with P. fletcheri, Caudell, from Calgary. From,
the illustration, this species somewhat recalls P. bicolor, Phil., from
central Europe, but when compared carefully with European
collections, it will probably require a distinct genus for its reception.

There are numerous illustrations, which should be very useful for
purposes of identification. Aglaothorax and Neduba seem to resemble
Olyntlioscelis ; the male of Neobarrettia looks like the large south
European Platycleis septum; Rehnia is like Drymadusa; Capnobates-
recalls Decticus, and Anoplodusa is like the winged Platycleis of the
group of P. grisea. Apote is a fine insect, like a short-winged
Drymadusa ; Stipator recalls Rhacocleis. Anabrus is the only
Decticid which ever occurs in sufficient numbers to do damage.
At times, hordes of these invade the cultivated areas in the western
States, and are popularly known as " Army Cricket," " Idaho Devil,"
and by other complimentary names. The several species are sunk by
Caudell as mere colour varieties. They are big, stout, flightless
insects, something like our largest species of Olynthoscelis : the
ovipositor of the female is long and straight. Peranabrus scabricollis
is a big, powerful creature ; the female has been figured by Snodgrass
in the act of oviposition ; she stands on her long hind-legs, and
supports herself by clinging to a clump of grass with her shorter
anterior legs, while the sword-like ovipositor is buried up to its hilt
in the ground.

The majority of the species have the elytra and wings abbreviated ;
in fact, Capnobates and Anoplodusa appear to be the only fully- winged
American genera.

Their habits do not appear to differ materially from those of our
European forms, except in the case of Anabrus and Peranabrus. The
hordes of these genera are said to be often several miles in extent ;.
such an invasion occurred in Koute County, Colorado, in 1904, and
is described in detail by Gillette and Johnson in the Bulletin of the
Colorado Experimental Station, no. 101. They breed in barren
clayey soils, where the cracks in the dry ground facilitate oviposition.
Though chiefly herbivorous, like the European Decticids, they readily
eat animal food, such as worms, insects, dead snakes, cooked fish, and
even fresh horse manure and cow dung; they are also cannibals;
females exhausted by oviposition are frequently eaten by their more
vigorous mates, and disabled members of the swarms are pitilessly
devoured.

Many birds prey upon them, and toads and fish consume the
drowned crickets. The Indians of the valley of the Great Salt Lake
used to remove their horny heads and legs, and eat them like shrimps,
though without the formality of cooking.

When on the march they travel about half a mile in a day ; they
advance in serried ranks, one specimen to every square inch of
ground, about fifteen of them crossing a given point every minute.

GEOMETRIDES OF SPAIN. 161

They appear to move late in the afternoon ; before noon they sit still
or walk aimlessly about. By the middle of July they are mostly dead,
and, towards the end of their career, the males outnumber the females,
the majority of whom have offered their bodies as nourishment to
their lords and masters, making a sacrifice in corpore irili, after
exhausting themselves in the act of propagating their kind. Truly
an excess of altruism !

Furthur contributions to a knowledge of the Geometrides of Spain.

By LOUIS B. PROUT, F.E.S.

In earlier volumes of the Ent. Rec. (xiv., p. 198 ; xv., p. 96; xvi.,
p. 284) I have discussed some collections of Geometrides brought from
the peninsula by Dr. Chapman, on former occasions. I desire to
express anew my thanks to him for his continued help on his recent
visits, and to offer a few notes on the material provided, especially
during his excursion of 1906, of which he and Mr. Champion have
just published an account in the Transactions of the Entomological
Society of London (1907, pp. 147-171).

Considering that Geometrides were not the special " quarry," a
considerable variety of species was obtained, the total number reaching
34. The localities were the following : Vigo, June 18th-27th, 1906 ;
Casayo, July 2nd-8th ; Branuelas, July 10th-16th ; and Pontevedra,
July 19th-22nd. Casayo yielded the longest list (20 species), but two
or three of the Vigo and Branuelas species were very interesting.

Pseudoterpna coronillaria, Hb. (?pruinata, var.), occurs both at Vigo
and Casayo, one of the females from the latter locality is extremely
large, with the black lines very sharp. I am gradually getting together
a very interesting series of these southern representatives (or forms) of
P. pniinata ; they are decidedly variable, but never with any suspicion
of the green colour that characterises the northern type. The Corsican
form (P. corsicaria, Rbr.), of which — through the kindness of Mr.
Powell of Hyeres — I possess a nice pair, is hardly distinguishable from
certain forms of coronillaria. I unfortunately failed to rear the larvaa
from ova of the last-named, which Dr. Chapman obtained.

Sterrha sericeata, Hb., another widely distributed southern species,
was also brought from Vigo and Casayo, and is noteworthy in that the
female from Vigo is a very pretty aberration, with the two lines (or
bars) behind the discal spot joined into one, a rather broad clear
central area containing the spot itself. The local S. luteolaria, Const.,
was again in evidence (cfr. Ent. Rec, xv., p. 97; xvi., pp. 286, 287),
two examples coming from Canales. I have not yet recorded it from
Puerto de Pajares and La Granja (Chapman, July, 1904).

In the genus Ptychopoda [Eois, Meyr., Acidalia, Hampsn.), several
interesting species occurred. /'. robiginata, Stgr., only recorded for
Castile, was apparently not uncommon at Casayo ; Dr. Chapman
brought me ten specimens, unfortunately nearly all worn, but showing
some slight variation in the position of the lines. /'. politata, Hb.
(Vigo), was represented only by the var. abmarginata, Bhtsch., lacking
the dark borders of the type form ; one of the three is quite extreme,
the other two slightly intermediate, showing some slight tendency to
darkening in the marginal area. The P. fuscovenosa, Goeze (inter-
jectaria, Bdv.), also from Vigo, are rather full-coloured, and, on the

162 the entomologist's record.

whole, well marked. P. straminata, Tr., which seems neither common
nor widely distributed in Spain," occurred at Branuelas ; so did P.
infirmaria, Ramb., one normal specimen and four larger, with more
distinct black lines, which, if they be not forms of var. aquitdnaria,
Const., might almost be a distinct species ; the var. aquitanaria, by the
way, does not seem to be yet recorded from Spain.

( 'yclophora (Zonosoma) pupillaria, Hb., always a variable species, is
represented by a single female from Vigo, an almost unicolorous
aberration which I cannot quite fit to either of the named forms.

The beautiful genus Rhodostrophia is represented by R. calahra,
Pet., from Vigo, and both this species and R. vibicaria, CI., from
Casayo. The latter also certainly occurs at Vigo, as I have four
variable specimens taken there by Mr. G. F. Mathew in July, 1886 {eft.
Ent., xxxvi., p. 204), but this was perhaps not out when Dr. Chapman
left. One of the Casayo calabra is typical, the other is ah.. separata,
Th.-Mieg (with the red band replaced by two lines); the two from Vigo
are very brightly coloured.

Among the Larentiids, the most noteworthy are Minoa muHnata,
Scop, (a nice dark aberration from Casayo approaching the form
cyparissaria, Mann), Lythria sanguinaria, Dup. (an interesting little
series from Casayo), Larentia frustata, Tr. (a handsome dark green
female from Vigo, rather far removed from the var. fulvocinctata, which
is understood to be dominant in Spain) and Chesias spartiata, Herbst
(the variety, or aberration, which I already have from Canales, but in
better condition — a transition towards my var. capriata from Capri,
Ent., xxxvii., p. 60).

Rhoptria asperaria, Hb., include one very sharply marked example
from Vigo, the rest from that locality grading towards ab. pityata,
Rbr., the nearly unicolorous blackish form, which is represented by a
single specimen from Casayo. The other characteristic south-western
species in the Boarmiidae are Anthometra plumularia, Bdv., and Athroo-
lopha pennigeraria, Hb., both of which Dr. Chapman has turned up on
some of his earlier Spanish tours — Bejar and Moncayo (both species),
Canales (A. pennigeraria), La Granja, in 1904 (A. plumularia). Both
occurred at Casayo, A. pennigeraria also at Branuelas, whence came
the largest male I have seen.

Samples of the ever-welcome, because endlessly variable, Ematurga
atomaria, Linn., were brought from Vigo, Casayo, and Pontevedra,
showing again the tendency for the southern females to assume a
yellower ground colour — a rather characteristic feature in this group,
compare Chleuastes piniaria, Linn., and Chiasmia clathrata, Linn. It
is no exaggeration to describe the example from Pontevedra as a
" female with male coloration."

I may add that Dr. Chapman's 1904 excursion resulted in one or
two apparent additions to the Spanish list, which ought to be put on
record. Of Anaitis praeformata, Hb., a short series in grand condition
was obtained in the Puerto de Pajares district ; and a fine series of
Cleogene peletieraria, Dup., from the same place, extends, I believe, the
recorded range of this very restricted species. Two specimens also
occurred of Rlieumaptera hastata var. subhastaia, Nolck., quite as extreme
in their way as the bulk of those from Scandinavia.

* Staudinger's Catalog only gives the Bilbao district.

FOOD FOR BABES. 163

Food for Babes. The Insect Hunters' Companion, 1907.

Rather more than 50 years ago [viz., in January, 1857), a paper
on " Pupa digging " by the Rev. Joseph Greene, was published in The
Zoologist, pp. 5382-5398. At that time of day it showed a considerable
knowledge of a particular branch of field entomology, for then nothing
was known of the subject, to-day possibly few lepidopterists who have
done a couple of years work could not reproduce all the facts then
noted and many more besides. Later, to these crude notes were
added sundry similar elementary notes on other branches of entomology,
and the whole became " The Insect Hunters' Companion," a book
specially fitted for children and working-men with limited education
starting to make a collection. That such a book was needed at the time,
before the passing of the Elementary Education Act, 1870, there
appears to be no doubt ; that it has any scientific value now one cannot
believe ; that it may possibly aid in the maintenance of a race of
collectors, whose aim is collection and not ultimate scientific results,
appears certain. As the author says (p. 97) "the 'mere collector' has
my heartiest good wishes, for I fear I am little more than this myself,"
and when one thinks of the contributions of the author to entomological
Bcience as a result of collecting over a period of some 60 years, one
regretfully has to agree with his own personal estimate.

Taking haphazard some items from the various parts of the book,
we note from that on "pupa digging " —

Thecla rubi. — A pupa of this was once found, under moss, on a log of wood.

Satyrus egeria. — I have several times met with the pupa .... suspended
from blades of grass It passes the winter in that state.

Smerinthus ocellatus. — Scarce. Willows. October, etc.

Petasia cassinea. — One ? (?pupa) at roots of elm. July. Gloucestershire.

Notodonta cucullina. — Once found under moss, on a beech-tree, having doubt-
less wandered from some neighbouring maple. October. Halton, Bucks.

Pygaera bucephala. — Various trees. October, etc.

Acronycta aceris. — Five, all on oak, not sycamore. October, etc.

Noctita c-nigrum and N.jestiva. — Occasionally, at roots of trees. July.

Noctua plecta.—Yerj common, at roots of various trees. October, etc.

Axylia putris. — Very common, at the roots of various trees. October, etc.

Mamestra persicariae. — Common, under moss, on various trees. October, etc.

Heliothis marginatum. — Once found, but I cannot say where.

Odontopera bidentaria. — Common, under moss, everywhere. October, etc.

Hybernia leucophaearia. — One female, at roots of, I think, a sycamore.

Now, in 1857, the above may have constituted excellent scientific
knowledge on " pupa digging," but that, in 1907, it should be served
up as good enough for "insect hunters," or even for children who
have been through an elementary school, appears to us to be too sad.

Under the heading " Collecting," we have along list of the "kinds
of localities" butterflies frequent. The writer, by the by, says (p. 51):
" It is 'long, long ago' since I collected butterflies," that is apparently
" long, long before " 1857 or thereabouts ; let us suppose ^5
repres nts "long, long," and this gives us just three-quarters-of-a-
century-old experience that reads as follows:

Pens and marshy places. — Papilio machaon, Melitaea aurinia, Polyommatus
dispar.

Generally distributed throughout lanes, meadows, cloveb fields, etc. —
Gonepteryx rhamni, Colias edusa, C. hyale, Pieris brassicae, P.rapae, P.napi,
P. daplidice (near coast), Euchloe' cardamines, Pararge megaera, Epinepheleianira,
E. tithonus, Coenonympha paraphilias, Vanessa atalanta, V. id, V. niitit>]>", I'.

164 the entomologist's record.

polychloros, V. urticae, Argynnis lathonia (near coast), Thecla w-album, T. rubi,
Polyommatus phlaeas, Lycaena icarus, Hesperia thaumas, and H. sylvanus.

Lycaena acis. — Kough pastures and railway-banks.

L. argiades. — On heaths, may readily be passed over as L. aegon.

and much more to this effect. Now suppose one grants that " long,
long ago," the writer ever did take Polyommatus dispar in " fens and
marshy places," and that he remembered when Argynnis lathonia
and Pieris daplidice were "generally distributed throughout lanes,
meadows, clover fields, etc., near the coast," and when Vanessa
antiopa was found in similar places not confined to the coast,
when Thecla w-album was found in meadows and clover fields,
and T. rubi in similar places, does one really think that the veriest
beginner at Marlborough, Winchester, or any County School in
the country, would hunt " marshy places " now-a-days for " Polyom-
omatus dispar," or expect to find P. daplidice and Argnnis lathonia
generally distributed " near the coast," " throughout lanes, meadows,
clover fields," and soon? Are such statements as these fair to the
beginners, who want facts applicable to 1907, and not those that are
assumed to have been, but most certainly were not, applicable to 1857?

Another item is interesting. It is the advice to the entomologist
under the heading " Entomological Books " and reads —

Of these, so many might be named, that I must be content to mention one or
two only which will aid the beginner, and then must leave any further selection to
him as his experience may dictate. Stainton's Manual of British Butter/ties and
Moths, although written so many years ago, has not been superseded, but it is a

matter of regret that it has not been brought up-to-date The Insect

Hunters, by Edward Newman, which, in simple and graceful language, treats of
the four stages of insect life, of Lepidoptera, and all Orders, and of classification.
It is written in verse, and is addressed to a child, but contains, nevertheless, such
sound information as can scarcely be -found elsewhere. But, beyond all comparison,
the best works are Newman's Illustrated Natural History of British Moths and
Illustrated Natural History of British Butterflies. They contain, with a few
exceptions, all the recently discovered insects .... the descriptions of the
larvae are drawn up with a care and minuteness almost too elaborate, etc.

What advice!! Stainton's Manual, out of print, exactly half-a-
century old, is a mere catalogue of the butterflies and moths that were
then known, and without a word of natural history from one cover to
the other. Newman's Insect Hunters a little older, perhaps, and in verse ! ! !
Newman's Natural History of British Butterflies, nearly 40 years old,
where Argynnis adippe hybernates as a larva, Polyommatus astrarche
and P. icarus as eggs, Rumicia phlaeas as a pupa, (Udias edusa and C.
hyale as imagines, and the pupa of Enodia hyperanthus hangs by its
tail", and, finally, the British Moths, a year or two younger, which lay
no eggs, and have no pupae, whose natural history is conspicuous by
its absence, and whose larvae are "described with a care and minuteness
almost too elaborate," and yet of not one of which is there an account,

* At the end of the paper on " The hybernating stages of British Butterflies,"
published in the Ent. Rec, viii., pp. 97-102, we read : " Such a paper as this
summarises the advance that has been made in one direction during the last twenty-
five years, and shows us how completely out-of-date Newman's British Butterflies
is, and how much beginners, who use it as their first text-book, have to unlearn
even on such a subject as this, and when we consider that every page of Newman's
book went through the hands of Mr. H. Doubleday, who represented, at that time,
the highest point of British lepidopterology, we can pride ourselves that the labour of
the last quarter of a century has chronicled a distinct advance in the facts that have
accumulated about our British butterflies." What was true in 1896 is infinitely
more true in 1907.

NOTES ON THE RURALIDS. 1(55

be it ever so meagre, in all its stadia, or in any stage except its final one.
Is this fair to the better-educated youngsters of 1907 who may really
wish to become scientific entomologists ? or was the statement, at the
commencement of the quotation, that "the beginner," who is presum-
ably without experience, is to "select as his experience may dictate,"
written with the writer's tongue in his cheek, so little did he know or
care of the entomological literature upon which he self-imposedly
advised ! ! !

One extract to illustrate the literature (p. 100):

I remember, on another occasion, being " out " with a brother naturalist on a
pupa-digging expedition. Our occupation was pursued under difficulties, for, it
being a steady downpour of rain, an umbrella was held in the left hand, while,
with the right, the trowel was worked as best we might. I had been digging for
nearly a quarter-of-an-hour at one tree under the shelter of the umbrella. Upon
standing up to relieve my aching back, I found myself surrounded by a double
" cordon " of sheep and cows. The inner circle was formed of the sheep, the outer
of the cows. The solemn open-mouthed wonder of the sheep, and the grave
dignified astonishment at my proceedings expressed in the faces of the cows, was
one of the most ludicrous sights I ever witnessed, etc.

Fancy sheep in "open-mouthed" wonder standing in a ring, inside
an outer ring of cows. Natural history on the wider scale evidently.
The concluding paragraph is almost as remarkable as literature in a
book of this kind : —

To end a book well is, perhaps, as difficult as to begin and carry it on well, but
I trust my readers will agree with me in thinking that no better or fitter words
could be found to conclude a work of this nature than those of the Psalmist :
" O Lord, how manifold are Thy works; in wisdom has Thou made them all ; the
earth is full of Thy riches."

This little antique work, " revised and extended," and dated
" 1907," has been sent to us for serious review. In this age of
" Nature-study classes," and thirty-seven years after the passing of
the really first important Education Act, one wonders of what value
much of the contents can be to any really serious beginners who are
approaching the scientific study of entomology, and have no desire to
be exterminators of our ever-decreasing " butterfly " fauna. Whatever
value it had in 1857, it is difficult to understand what it can now have
in the more scientifically enlightened age of 1907.

Notes on the Ruralids, from a Friend's Diary and Collection.

By Rev. C. R. N. BURROWS.

By the kindness of my old friend, Mr. F. Norgate, I have been
allowed to gather the following notes from his collection and diaries: —

Callophrys rubi. — Captured at Sparham, Norfolk, and Bury St.
Edmunds. Of fourteen specimens, set for undersides, six have only
one white spot on the underside, that on the costa of hindwings; the
maximum number being eight.

Bithys qu^rcus. — Two specimens of a J aberration inclining to the
ab. bell us, Gerhard, one with a much better developed orange spot
than the other. Mr. Noroiate's note reads: " August 1st, 1874. — At
Drayton Drury (in Norfolk) I took . . . five Purple Hairstreaks
from the top of an oak (where I sat for an hour or more). One $ had
a distinct, and the other an indistinct, orange central spot on the
upper surface of each forewing. Such are recorded from Hungary as
Tkecla querent var. bellus, Gerhard." These specimens are still in
Mr. Norgate's collection, and, in spite of their age, are in a fair state

166 the entomologist's record.

of preservation. The capture is recorded in the Entomologist, 1874,
p. 69, but without details. [Of course these are not bellus, Gerh.,
which is a much more strongly developed form, and has three orange
spots, not one. (See Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts., ii., p. 237). — Ed.]

Edwardsia w-album.. — Bury St. Edmunds, sometimes abundant.
In spite of the orange spot at the anal angle of hindwing upper side being
noted in books as normal, but one of the fourteen upper sides show
it. One specimen from Suffolk has on the underside of hindwing
only the main long line without the W. This is distinctive of
ab. butlerowi, Kroul.

Strymon pruni. — One ? with four orange spots on upper side of
forewings, and complete row of six orange spots on hindwing.

Itiiralis betulae. — One enormous $ quite If inch in expanse, and
as large, if not larger, than the ordinary size of the females ; so large
that the abdomen is quite as large as that of a female.

Rumicia phlaeas. — A specimen with bright copper base to hindwings.

Plebeius aegon. — From Tuddenham, Suffolk. All fine and bright ;
some females suffused with blue. One female with bright orange spots
on margins of all wings, upper side.

Polyommatus teams. — At Sparham, Norfolk. I notice that, of the
basal spots on underside of forewings, the upper is generally the most
distinct. Several have the lower of these spots without the black
centre, and almost obsolete, while there is one ab. icarinus.

Agriades corydon. — Bury St. Edmunds, Devil's Dyke, Newmarket.
One male, the edges of all wings suffused ochreous, from Devil's Dyke.

Cupido minima. — Taken at Mildenhall, Suffolk.

Celastrina drgiolus. — Gynandromorph ; right $ , left $ . Bury
St. Edmunds, 1902 (2nd brood).

Notodonta torva. — Ova found on Balsam Poplar in Norfolk, 1882.
Only one emerged, about July 8th, 1883. The specimen is still
in Mr. Norgate's collection. Superficially it looks amazingly like
N. trepida, but with dark hindwings.

Mellinia ocellaris. — Male, at sugar. September 26th, 1895.
Bury St. Edmunds.

International Entomological Congress in 1908.

The following circular letter, setting forth the desirability of holding
an International Entomological Congress in 1908, has been forwarded
to the leading Entomological Societies throughout the world from the
Zoological Museum, Tring :

" Sir,— The undersigned Entomologists consider it opportune to organise an
International Congress of Entomology, to meet for the first time in 1908. In order
to render the Congress a success the moral support by the Entomological Societies
is an absolute necessity for the undertaking, and we therefore write to solicit the
kind co-operation of the Officers and Eellows of the Entomological Society of London,
France, Belgium, etc., as the case may be. Should the Council, as we venture to
hope, favour our plan, we beg the Hon. Secretaiy to read at the next meeting,
and to publish in the Proceedings, the note here appended, a similar note being
sent to the various Entomological Societies abroad,

Yours faithfully,
Chr. Aurivillius, E. L. Bouvier, I. Bolivar, L. Bedel, T. Becker, M. Bezzi, P.
Bachmetjew, S. Bengtssen, J. C. Bradley, W. Beutemniiller, C. J. S. Bethune,
T. A. Chapman, G. H. Carpenter, T. D. Cockerell, Ph. P. Calvert, K. Daniel,
F. A. Dixey, W. L. Distant, E. C. Van Dyke, H. Druce, Ed. Everts, A. Forel, J.
Fletcher, H. C. Fall, L. Ganglbauer, A. Giard, R. Gestro, F. Du Cane Godman,

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. 167

W. Horn, A. Handlirsch, K. M. Heller, G. Horvath, 11. J. Kolbe, G. Kraatz,
F. Klapalek, P. Mabille, J. C. U. de Meijere, A. L. Montandon, P. Magretti|
F. Merrifield, L. W. Mengel, Chas. Oberthiir, P. Oberthiir, H. Osborn, E. B.'
Poulton, H. Rebel, F. Ris, W. Rothschild, E. Schoutenden, A. v. Schulthess-
Rechberg, G. Severin, F. Silvestri, Y. Sjostedt, H. Skinner, J. B. Smith, M.
Standfnss, S. Sehenkling, J. W. Tutt, G.'H. Verrall, E. Wassmann, Chas. 0.
Waterhouse, and others.

As a result of an extensive correspondence with Entomologists of various
countries of Europe and America it has been agreed upon to issue, in the course of
this summer, invitations for an International Congress of Entomology to meet
in 1908.

The purposes of the Congress is to promote the interests of entomological
research, and therefore of Biology in general, by furthering cordial co-operation
between the Entomologists of different countries, and by discussing questions of
general entomological interest, thereby stimulating research and directing it into
channels where it may be most fruitful or where special research is most needed.
Questions of applied Entomology will likewise be dealt with in the discussions and
lectures, the greal experience gained by the devotees to pure Entomology being
applicable with profit in economic and hygienic Entomology.

Entomologists are cordially invited to advise and assist in the, organisation of
the Congress. All communications, till further notice, to be addressed to Dr. K.
Jordan, Zoological Museum, Tring (Herts.).

It has been decided to hold the Congress at Brussels. The Ento-
mological Societies of Belgium, Berlin, France, London, etc., have
pronounced in favour of the undertaking.

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe.

By MALCOLM BURR, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
(Continued from p. 142.)

14. Platycleis decorata, Fieber
( = andalusicus, Bolivar).

Dark reddish ; side flaps of pronotum chestnut, with well-defined
white border ; elytra hardly surpassing second abdominal segment,
narrowed from the base, obtuse, at the apex pale ; femora varied with
darker ; the seventh ventral segment of the female has a slight
compressed tubercle. Length of body 20mm. $ and 5 ; of pronotum,
6mm. 3 and ? ; of elytra, 3mm. $ and 5 ; of posterior femora,
19mm. S and ? ; of ovipositor, 9mm. $ .

Occurs in the extreme south of Spain and Portugal ; Algeciras,
Huelva, Gibraltar ; Setubal in Portugal.

15. Platycleis oporina, Bolivar.

In appearance closely resembles P. roeselii; differs in the stout
head, pronotum not narrowed in front, anal segment of male broadly
sinuate posteriorly, the long triangular lobes very far apart ; sub-
genital lamina of female with broad lobes, sinuate on inner side, and
rounded at the apex. Length of body 18mm. $ , 20mm. $ ; of
pronotum, 5mm. $ , 5'5ram. ? ; of elytra, 10mm. $ , (?) 8mm. $ ;
of posterior femora, 17mm. 3 , 18mm. $ ; of ovipositor. 8mm. $ .

In Spain, at Castillo de Castillejo, near Saelices, on the banks of
the Giguela.

1G. Platycleis brachyptera, Linn.

Black, banded with green ; pronotum flat, with a keel on posterior
half ; olive, the side flaps marbled with dark ; elytra not surpassing
4th abdominal segment, triangular, subacuminate, black, the costa
banded with green ; anal segment of male angularly excavate, roundly

168

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

emarginate, the lobes very narrow; cerci of male not surpassing sub-
genital lamina, toothed in the middle ; subgenital lamina of male
deeply and triangularly excised, green, with black sides ; ovipositor
little curved, twice as long as pronotum ; subgenital lamina of
female triangular, broad, very long, triangularly emarginate at the
apex. Length of body 12mm. -16mm. $ and 2 ; of pronotum, 4mm.-
4-6mm. $ and 2 ; of elytra, 7mm.-9-5mm. $ , 4,5mm.-8mm. 2 ; of
posterior femora, 14mm. -17mm. $ , 16mm. -17mm. ? ; of ovipositor,
8mm. -10mm. 2 .

There is a very scarce variety in which the organs of flight are
perfectly developed ; the elytra have then the mediastinal area green,
the rest dark, and the wings are smoky anteriorly ; the length of the
elytra is then 19mm. $ , and 18mm. 2 .

Found on moorlands from Lapland to the Alps. In Lapland
and Sweden ; in England local, ,but common where it does
occur, on moors and heathland, chiefly in Surrey, Sussex, and Hants.
In France, common in the north ; in the forest of Bondy, Herbelay,
the Vosges, Ermenonville, Neufmoulin, Foret de Touft'on. In Belgium,
not very common; Charleroi, Spa, Geronstere, Sauvemere, Vieil Salm,
Campine, near Pietersheim, Calmpthout. In Scandinavia, in Skane,
at Finjasjon, Andrarum, Vinslof ; in Smaland on the frontier of East
Gottland, at Nerike ; Stockholm, and in Gottland, and Jutland.

17. Platycleis saussureana, Frey-Gessner.

Resembles the preceding in appearance, but there is no green on
the elytra, which reach the 6th abdominal segment. Subgenital
lamina of the male with the hinder margin slightly triangularly
emarginate ; ovipositor slightly curved, pointed ; subgenital lamina of
the female broad, as broad as long, triangularly excised. Length of
body, 17mm. $ , 18mm. 2 ; of pronotum, 5mm. $ , 5-5mm. 2 ; of
elytra, 9mm. $ , 7mm. 2 ; of posterior femora, 17mm. 3 , 18mm. 2 ;
of ovipositor, 11mm. 2 ■

A native of the mountains of central Europe. In France it occurs
in the Vosges, at Mont Dore, also in the Pyrenees, on Canigou, and at
Bagneres; also in the French Jura. It occurs throughout the Swiss
Jura, in the higher parts.

18. Platycleis bicolor, Philippi.

Green or yellowish ; pronotum yellowish, with a pale yellow line
at the insertion of the side flaps ; elytra green, pellucid, abbreviated
normally, but perfectly developed in the extremely scarce variety,
sieboldii ; wings hyaline, rudimentary, or abnormally developed ;
femora yellowish or green, the hinder pair with a chestnut stripe on
outer side ; anal segment of male triangularly emarginate, with sharp
triangular lobes ; cerci of male surpassing the subgenital lamina,
nearly straight, toothed at the apex; subgenital lamina of female
convex, triangularly produced. Length of body, 16mm. $ , 17mm. 2 ;
of pronotum, 4-8mm, $ , 5mm. 2 ; of elytra, 9mm. -22mm. $ , 6mm.-
22mm. 2 ; of ovipositor, 6mm. 2 •

Occurs in moist or dry fields in the mountainous countries of east
central Europe. In France, it is recorded from the Bois de Boulogne,
the torest of Saint Germain, at La Roque, Esclapont, Vaugueray and
in the Vosges. A single female is recorded from the neighbourhood
of Brussels, but this requires confirmation ; it is also found in

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. 1G9

Bohemia ; it does not penetrate south of the Alps. The variety
sieboldii has been taken in the Vosges.

19. Platycleis roeselii, Hagenbach
(=brevipennis, Linn.)

Reddish testaceous ; side flaps of pronotum reddish, with a
distinct yellowish border all round ; elytra olive-reddish with black
veins, pellucid, broad towards the apex in the male ; in the female,
rounded ; a macropterous variety is known, but is exceedingly rare ;
abdomen reddish; anal segment of male triangularly excised, with
lobes long and triangular ; cerci of male easily surpassing subgenital
lamina, toothed near the apex ; subgenital lamina of male deeply
triangularly emarginate ; of female, keeled, deeply triangularly
emarginate, with flat triangular lobes ; ovipositor curved sharply
upwards at the base, shorter than the pronotum ; in the fully winged,
variety, the elytra are yellowish and pellucid, with black veins, and
the wings hyaline. Length of body, 14mm. -17mm. $ , 15mm.-
18mm. 2 ; of pronotum, 4-2mm.-4-8mm. $ , 4-5mm.-5mm. 2 ; of
elytra, 8mm. -10mm. J , 5mm. -6mm. 2 ; of elytra in the macropter-
ous variety dilitta, 20mm. $ , 23mm. 5 ; of posterior femora, 14mm.-
15-5mm. 3 , 16'5mm.-17mm. 2 ; of ovipositor, 7'8mm.-8mm. 2 .

A native of northern and central Europe. It occurs in Sweden
doubtfully, but is recorded from Denmark. In England it is scarce,
but has been taken at Heme Bay. In France, it is common through-
out the country, especially in the north and mountainous regions.
The var. diluta is recorded from Bordeaux and Alsace. In Belgium,
it is recorded from Lisseweghe, near Heyst. It is found in South
Germany, near Tubingen in Wurttemberg. Brunner mentions a
female from Chioggia near Venice, which agrees with the variety
diluta, but is more than twice as large, and has a narrow white border
round the side flaps of the pronotum.

20. Platycleis marmorata, Fieber.

Large; reddish olive ; side flaps of pronotum uniform dull green;
elytra dirty green, very ample, subtruncate at the apex, a little shorter
than the abdomen ; cerci of male very short, strongly thickened at the
base, toothed in the middle ; subgenital lamina of female broadly
emarginate with thin pointed lobes. Length of body, 20mm. $ ,
21mm. 2; of pronotum, 6-5mm. $ and $; of elytra, 13mm. $,
12mm. 2 ; of posterior femora, 20mm. $ , 21mm. 2 ; of ovipositor,
11mm. 2 .

A rare species recorded from Chioggia, near Venice.

21. Platycleis marqueti, Saulcy.

In colour and appearance, it resembles the preceding ; superficially
resembles /'. brachyptera, Linn. Length of body, 14mm. -18mm. g,
16mm. -19mm. 2 ; of pronotum, 4mm. -6mm. g , 5mm.-6-5mm. 2 ;
of elytra, 8mm.-ll-5mm. 3 , 7-5mm.-llmm. 2 ; of ovipositor,
6'7mm. 2 •

Taken at Bagneres de Bigorre, and near Pau, in the French
Pyrenees.

22. Platycleis buyssoni, Saulcy.

Greenish, varied with reddish and brown; elytra reddish-green,

170 the entomologist's record.

reaching the 6th abdominal segment in the $ , the 4th in the 2 •
Length of body, 18mm. $ , 19mm. -24mm. 2 ; of pronotum, 5-5mm.
$ , 6'5mm. 2 ; of elytra, 9mm. $ , 8mm. -9mm. $ ; of ovipositor,
7mm. -8mm. ? .

Discovered in marshy fields among reeds, in the forest of
Montauban, near Mail de Criq, and also at Bagneres de Luchon.

23. Platycleis azami, Finot (Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., lxi., p. xxxv).

Resembles 11. roeselii, but larger, and the incision of the subgenital
lamina of the male is stronger ; the subgenital lamina of the female
has truncate lobes. Length of body, 23mm. -24mm. $ , 20mm. -2Gmm.
2 ; of pronotum, 6mm. -7mm. $ 5-5mm.-6-5mm. $ ; of elytra,
11mm. -12mm. J , 10mm.-10-5mm. 2 ; of ovipositor, 7mm.-7*5mm. 2 .

Between Cogolin and le Foux, in August.

Genus XIII : Decticus, Serville.
This genus includes the largest species of the family occurring in
western Europe ; it may be recognised by the characters given in the
table ; the ovipositor is long and narrow, and gently upcurved ; the
elytra and wings are perfectly developed, and marked with black
spots.

Table of Species.
1. Anal segment $ broadly ernarginate, with the
lobes distant ; cerci j toothed in the middle ;

subgenital lamina ? triangular; size medium .. 1. verrucivorus, Linn.
1.1 Anal segment <? shortly excised, the lobes con-
tiguous ; cerci c? toothed at the base ; sub-
genital lamina ? transverse . . . . 2. albifeons, Fabr.

1. Decticus verrucivorus, Linn.

Stout and large ; brown or green ; elytra and wings generally
about as long as abdomen in northern specimens, but somewhat longer in
southern examples ; elytra brown or green, with a row of black spots;
elytra somewhat narrowed apically ; ovipositor gently and regularly
curved upwards, narrow. Length of body, 26mm. -38mm. $ , 30mm.-
44mm. 2 ', of pronotum, 8-3mm.-10*5mm, $ , 8mm. -11mm. $ ; of
elytra, 25mm. -35mm. $ , 23mm. -30mm. 2 ', of posterior femora,
27mm. -35mm. $ , 28mm. -37mm. 2 ; of ovipositor, 17mm. -26mm. 2 •

Occurs throughout Europe, from Lapland to Greece.

In Sweden it is common, and in England it is known to occur, but
very sparingly ; it seems to have been less rare 60 years ago in Hants,
where Bingley and Curtis took it near Christchurch, but since then it
has only been taken at St. Margaret's Bay near Dover. In France, it
is common throughout the country. In Belgium it is fairly common,
especially in the Ardennes ; it formerly occured at Schaerbaeck near
Brussels, but has not been found there recently. In the Alps it is
found up to an elevation of nearly 7000 feet, and in Spain it seems to
be found only in the mountains.

Azam describes a variety under the name buyssoni, in which the
pronotum is more rounded posteriorly, the spot on the side flaps more
cleanly marked, the elytra longer, and the points of the supra-anal
plate straight, instead of curved, and also the excision of the sub-
genital lamina stronger ; this form has been taken at Puy de Crouelle,
Clermont Ferrand.

2. Decticus albifrons, Fabricius.

Easy to distinguish from the preceding by its much larger size,

LONGEVITY OF RUMICIA PHL^AS. 171

invariably brown colour, longer elytra, whicb are more ample, and
broadened instead of narrow at tbe apex. Length of body 32mm.-
38mm. $ and $ ; of pronotum, 9mm. -10mm. $ and $ ; of elytra,
42mm. -55mm. g and $ ; of posterior femora, 35mm. -43mm. $ and
2 ; of ovipositor, 20mm. -26mm. J .

This magnificent insect is a southern species ; it often betrays its
presence by its loud and clattering stridulation among dried grass and
rough herbage in very hot places. In France, it occurs in the south
only, at Marseilles, Hyeres, all Languedoc, where it is very common,
Anielie-les-Bains, Agay, Frejus, Carcassonne, Toulon, Montpellier,
Vaucluse, Drome, Ramatuel. Also in Corsica, Sardinia, and all Spain
and Portugal, except the north. In Italy it is found, but at all events
near Pegli it is said to be rare and local.

A variety with shortened elytra and wings, named montpelliensis is
recorded by Eambur from Montpellier.

Unusual Longevity of Rumicia phlaeas ; Notes on Larvae of, etc.

By Payrnaster-in-Chief GEEVASE F. MATHEW, K.N., F.L.S., F.E.S.

On September 28th, 1906, when collecting larvae at Walton-on-the-
Naze, and while I was sitting eating my lunch under the shade of
some tamarisk bushes growing on the sea-bank, one of these brilliant
little butterflies settled on the grass close to me. My net was not made
up, as I had only seen one or two late P. rapae, and was not expecting to
meet with much else. The specimen of R. ]>hlaeas looked like a female,
and I thought I would try and secure her, so took a large-sized,
glass-bottomed box from my pocket, and, advancingmy hand cautiously,
succeeded in popping it over her. The next day she was placed under
a muslin hood, over a large flower-pan in which there was a big clump
of Rumex acetosella, and with her, upon a forked twig, a piece of
sponge saturated with syrup, so that she might regale herself when
she felt hungry. The pan was then put on a table close to a window
facing south, and when the days were bright she was in the sun for
several hours. She began laying at once, and, by the end of a week,
when I took off the hood to replenish the syrup, I noticed a good
supply of ova — some on the upper surface of the leaves, some beneath,
others upon stalks and dead twigs, a few on the edge of the pan, a few
on the muslin, some on tbe painted wire framework, and one or two
on small stones and bits of earth — she had not been at all particular
where she had laid them. The ova began to hatch in about ten days,
and by October 19th some of the larvse had grown to a respectable
size, and the leaves were becoming much eaten, so I removed a good
many to other pans that had been prepared for them. At this date
the parent butterfly was alive and strong, and very lively when the
sun shone on her.

( )n ( )etober 22nd some of the larva? seemed to be nearly half grown,
and on this day I placed the butterfly in a pan where there was a fresh
clump of sorrel. She continued to lay, and, in a day or two, there were
many eggs on the fresh plant, and she kept well and vigorous until
November 1st, when I thought she did not look quite so active.
However, she was as Lively as ever again on the morning of
November 3rd, when there was a warm sun, and was still alive on
the afternoon of November 6th, but on the morning of the 7th I found

172

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

her dead. This I think must be an unusual case of longevity, for I
had had her alive for forty-one days, and she was probably some days
old when captured. During this time she must have laid nearly 500
eggs, for on November 16th I counted no fewer than 420 larvae, and
at this date many ova had not hatched.

I will now quote from my journal : —

November 18th. — Some larvae appear to be nearly full grown, and
one or two have spun leaves together and attached them to the side of
the pan, and look as if they were about to pupate. The larvae are now
contained in several large pans, half of which are out-of-doors in an
open shed facing north-east, and the other half indoors in a window
facing south, and in a room where there is frequently a fire. Some of
the larvae are hybernating under the leaves, but the greater number
have gone down among the stems and roots of their food — those
indoors occasionally crawl up, but they do not feed. They are of all
sizes, from tiny individuals not much larger than when first hatched,
to others apparently nearly full grown ; these latter have shrunk a
good deal since they ceased to feed, and a few have dropped off the
plants and are lying dead on the ground beneath, so it is doubtful if
I shall rear many of the butterflies.

December 1st. — The food in the pan in the shed out-of-doors is
becoming covered with mildew, and many larvae have fallen off the
leaves and are lying dead, so I have brought all the pans indoors.
This shed is very damp and gets very little sun on it during the
winter months.

January 14th, 1907. — It has been remarkably fine and mild for the
past ten days, and during the bright sunny weather many larvae
crawled up and basked in the sun upon the upper surface of the
leaves, but I do not think any of them attempted to feed. They are
still dying off notwithstanding the more favourable change in their
surroundings.

February 1st. — A fine bright day after a sharp frost last night and
a spell of bitterly cold weather ; many larvae sunning themselves on
the upper surface of the leaves, and some of them seem to have fed a
little, but they are still dying off.

February 16th. — A good deal of frost and snow since the first of
the month, but brighter and warmer to-day, and many larvae crawling
about and feeding.

March 16th. — Variable weather since the 16th of last month, but
mostly mild for the time of the year. Observed that one larva had
attached itself for pupation to the top of the muslin hood.

March 22nd. — The larva that fixed itself for pupation on 16th
inst. has become a pupa. Several other larvae are now full grown.

March 27th. — Several larvae spinning up in moss, and one that
had attached itself to the side of the earthenware pan, just above the
earth, and had drawn a little moss over itself with silken threads, has
changed to a pupa.

April 22nd. — Boxed a female, evidently just emerged, sitting on
some grass on a bank facing the sea. My larvae are now greatly reduced
in numbers, and most of those that are fullgrown are dying off.

May 7th. — This morning, upon examining my breeding-pans, I
found a butterfly trying to emerge from its pupa-case, and as it seemed
to be in difficulties I released it, but after doing so the insect failed to

LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BASSES-ALPES BEAUVEZER. 173

attain perfect condition — its wings did not grow in the least — so I
imagine it had been endeavouring to escape for some time before
I noticed it.

May 9th. — The larva that had attached itself to the side of the pan
emerged this morning — a male of typical form. There are now only
two fullgrown and three small larvae and about half-a-dozen pupae left
out of the large number I had before Christmas.

May 21st. — Only one larva left and all the pupae seem to be dead.

June 7th. — The last larva discovered dead and black among its food.

It is difficult to understand why these larvae should have died off in
this manner, for they were treated as near to natural conditions as
possible, having been fed on healthy plants of Rum-ex acetosa and R.
acetosella growing in large flower-pots and -pans placed in a window
facing south, which was kept open whenever practicable, so they had
plenty of fresh air and plenty of morning sun when it was shining.
They all looked perfectly healthy up to within a day or so before they
died, when they changed from bright green to olive-green, and
gradually got darker until eventually they became almost black, and
so died ; and others shrivelled up without much change of colour, and
most of the fewr pupae also shrivelled up, though a couple of them
contained dead imagines.

A few years ago I tried to rear this species through the winter, and
with almost the same results. I think it probable that, in a state of
nature, there is a great mortality among the larvae, for, as far as my
experience goes, the butterfly is never very plentiful anywhere, and
the spring brood is always scarce and much less numerous than the
succeeding broods. I should like to hear if others, who may have tried
to rear this butterfly, have been more successful than myself.

Lepidoptera of the Basses=Alpes— Beauvezer.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
Leaving Digne on August 7th, I at last made a start for Alios via
St. Andrc-les-Meouilles. Not knowing the country, I let the open
"char," apparently attached to the Hotel Alp at Beauvezer, go oft', and
took a seat in one of the terrible little diligences that ply between here
and Alios (and indeed to Barcelonette). It was a hot afternoon, and
by the time that the conveyance reached Beauvezer, I had quite made
up my mind that Alios would not see me that day. The country here
really is too fine to be shut up in a diligence, and one wants to walk
every step of it. It is, however, a long uphill grind to Alios of 25 miles,
with more than 2000ft. rise, and one suspects the country capable of
producing much entomologically, but I feel certain that it must be
;it ;i much earlier date than early August. Even Coenonympha dorus,
of which, certainly, good specimens were obtainable a day or two before
at I >igne, was quite over in the valley, one worn wreck only being seen
at Alios, at 4700ft. elevation, suggesting the Verdon Valley to be even
earlier than Digne. However, having planted my baggage in the road,
and waited for the porter, I found very comfortable quarters at the
Hotel Alp, and, on the morning of the 8th, commenced to explore the
country behind the hotel, i.e., to the left hand as one goes towards
Alios. Here everything showed I was much too late, although I
captured a lot of odds and ends, and was more than satisfied with a

174 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

lovely series of Anthrocera fausta, which I had not seen alive since I
left Barcelonette, in August, 1899, except for a few examples of
A. genevensis, generally considered to be distinct, when I had stayed a
few days at Geneva, in 1905. Starting up the mountains at the back
of the hotel, I worked away till I reached the pine-woods, but, with
few exceptions, butterflies were scarce. There was certainly an abun-
dance of Melitaea didyma, of the form obtained at Bourg St. Maurice,
and which one doubts being of the second-brood, both from the size
and the colour of the females; Melitaea vhoebe, second-brood, was just
coming out. Erebia neoridas, too, was abundant, as also were Epine-
phele ianira, E. lycaon, and E. tithonus. Melanargia galatea was over,
the specimens dark and rather small ; Pontia daplidice, Colzas In/ale,
C. edusa and ab. helice were in fine condition, but neither really
common ; whilst Callimorpha hera, Urbicola comma, Agriades corydon,
Goenonympha pamphilus, and Polyommatu's damon were everywhere.
A well-marked race of Hesperia ulceus was also common, but Powellia
sao was practically over, as also was Dry as paphia. Polygonia
c-albuDi occurred now and again, and an occasional specimen of
Polyommatus m-eleager was also found. Worn examples of Heodes
virgaureae, Thymelicus acteon, and Adopaea thaumas suggested tbat these
species were over, but a single, large, freshly-emerged female of Loweia
dorilis, of bright coppery form, led one to suppose that this species might
be just coming out, although one could hardly explain a single good
male L. alciphron var. gordius similarly, whilst an odd worn example
of Polyammatus escheri suggested that the species also was over.
A few Rumicia phlaeas were of the dark southern form. I picked
up odd specimens of Lithosia complanula, Phibalapteryx vitalbata,
Acontia luctuosa, Fidonia conspicuata, Pseudoterpna pruinata, Acidalia
rusticata, A. ornata, A. emarginata, Anticlea berberata, Phytometra
aenea, whilst a short series of Naclia punctata, which I had hitherto
met with throughout the Val d'Aoste, was very acceptable. A single
Grambus alpinellus awakened hopes of a series, but no others came to
the net. Among the Ononis was an abundance of the Marasmarcha,
named by Chapman tuttodactyla. Its habits appear to be almost
identical with those of our British species, and it would have been
quite possible to have made a large bag among the rough prickly
yellow Ononis, which it here frequented. Disturbed at the same time
was a single Wheeleria xanthodactyla. The sun had shone some-
what intermittently most of the morning, and the arid, dry
country covered had led us to seek the clumps of flowering lavender
for insects, for the Basses-Alpes is a real "lavender" country, as
noted years ago by the early hunters in these districts. Here and
there a specimen of a fine large race of Anthrocera carniolica had been
met with, but most were worn, and the species was distinctly passS.
After passing a great tract of bushy broom, where Fidonia conspicuata
and Pseudoterpna cytisaria were the leading features, the pines were
struck, and one felt a sort of regret that one had not known enough
about the country to have pushed on here earlier, for the open edges
of the woods formed a wild-flower paradise, in which lavender still
was the leading feature. The larger fritillaries, and most of the
species seen on the way up, were somewhat common, but above all,
Anthrocera fausta, odd specimens of which had been occasionally
netted, was in abundance, flying in the sun-lined openings, where the

THE UPSALA CELEBRATIONS. 175

shafts of bright sunlight fell between the branches of the pines, or
settling on the lavender flowers, paired. A beautiful series of the
insect was taken, all characterised by a considerable excess of red,
the ground tint varying from a brilliant vermilion through a more
brick-red, to some more or less distinctly orange, yet, on the whole,
not showing so great a variation as A. carnlolica, of which extremes,
with a maximum and minimum of cream, were not infrequent. The
large race of Antkrocera lonicerae was common but worn, so also were
A. filipendulae and A. transalpina, whilst a single ghostly specimen of
A. achilleae showed that this had been in the district ; a fine freshly-
emerged specimen of A.sarpedon with its red abdominal band was the
only other species of this group. On the outskirts of the wood a
bank covered with wild flowers produced a single specimen of what
I wTill suggest, not too certainly, is Oxpytilus pilosellae. A careful
search failed to produce other specimens. The next morning I tried
the left bank of the Verdon, which seemed more promising ground,
though very difficult from its rocky nature to work easily. Here one
soon reached the level of Pamassiw apollo, and saw an occasional
specimen of the lovely Papilla alexanor hurtling with its long rapid
flight, over the rocky boulders, and not at all easy to bring down,
whilst Ascalaphus coccajus, hitherto a May insect in my experi-
ence, was swinging abundantly near the river, but nothing fresh
was added to the bag, that had not been seen the preceding
day, and, after lunch, preparations were made for an afternoon
start to Alios. This plan was followed out, and the weather in
the early evening, when the latter part of the journey was made, did
not look too propitious, heavy clouds hanging over the higher moun-
tains, whilst, in the direction of Larche, a storm seemed imminent.
Alios, however, was reached at nightfall without contretemps, and
comfortable quarters secured at the Auberge Pascal.

The Upsala Celebrations. — The Swedish Celebration of the Two
Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of Linnaeus, May 23rd, 1707.

By Professor E. B. POULTON, M.A., D.Sc, F.B.S. ■
Travelling by way of Harwich and Esbjerg, we met on the steamer
Dr. F. A. Bather, representing the British Museum of Natural History
and the Zoological Society, and, in Copenhagen, Mr. W. Carruthers,
representing the Linnean Society, and Mr. B. Daydon Jackson,
General Secretary of the same Society. From these latter friends we
found that it was quite possible to accept the kind invitation of the
University of Lund to be present at their festivities, arranged for
May 21st, so as not to conflict with those at Upsala (May 23rd and
24th) and Stockholm (May 25th). We travelled together on the
morning of the 20th to Malino, and then on to Lund, arriving early
in the afternoon. Lund, the second University in Sweden, has about
800 students, easily recognisable by their white caps. The afternoon
was spent in visiting the beautiful cathedral and interesting University
buildings. The next day was that lixecl for the Lund celebration, and
several other Delegates appeared, among them Colonel Brain, Director
of the Kew Gardens, and an old friend through his books, whom 1 had
never before seen — Professor Eaeckel of .Jena. It was a great pleasure to
visit the zoological collections with him under the kindly guidance of the
curator. About midday, the Delegates and Frofessors of the University

176 the entomologist's record.

were hospitably entertained at lunch by the Sector. There was rather a
rush to finish feasting and catch the special train which was to carry
the large party to Rashult, where Linnreus was born ; for it was here
that the University had decided to celebrate the Anniversary. Some
three hours elapsed before the long train, crowded with students,
reached the temporary platform at Rashult, and it was at once evident
that other special trains and other means of conveyance had been
bringing men and women and immense numbers of school-children
from all directions. An ample space, on the slope in front of the
house standing on the site of the one in which the father of systematic
natural history was born, is enclosed by low walls, and towards its
centre bears an obelisk set up in 1866. All the upper part of this space
and the wide top of the surrounding walls were thickly packed.
There was no room for any one to sit. Little sprays of imitation
Linnaea borealis in flower were generally worn, purchased from the
ample supplies carried by numerous small boys. The celebration had
been going on for a long time before we arrived, the first part being
performed by the school-children. Then the great party from Lund,
the students bearing their banners, marched into the enclosed space,
took up their position close to the obelisk, and began the second
part of the celebration allotted to them. This was made up of songs
by the students, alternating with poems and addresses delivered by
senior members of the University. All were received with the utmost
attention in spite of the exhausting hours during which the great
audience had been standing on the slope. Before the end we visited
the church of which the father of Linnams was pastor. It is reached
by an extremely beautiful woodland path, and here I imagined that
the life-long interest of the great naturalist was first aroused. I
afterwards found, however, that the family moved to another parish
soon after his birth. Finally, an immense special train, which had to
draw up three or four times at the platform before each section was
loaded, conveyed us to Elmhult, the first station on the return journey.
Here the University party to Lund entertained the Delegates at supper
in the hotel, and afterwards to more students' songs in the garden.
Our kind hosts then returned to Lund, and we patiently waited about
four hours for a night train to Stockholm due at Elmhult at 12.50. a.m.

The sleeping arrangements on the Swedish lines are exceedingly
good, so that we were not as tired as might be expected when we
arrived at Stockholm about 10 a.m. I visited the museum, and left
there four boxes of cockroaches, collected by Professor Y. Sjosted in
the Kilimanjaro district. These had been worked out in the Hope
Department by Mr. R. Shelford. Being very delicate insects, it was
important to seize the opportunity of conveying them by hand.
Incidentally they served to interest some of the Lund students on the
journey to Rashult.

A special train had been arranged to convey the delegates from
Stockholm to Upsala early in the morning of May 23rd, but a glance
at the programme showed that this was to be a tremendous day, and
we therefore thought it better to go on by a late afternoon train on
the 22nd. We soon found that many other Delegates had come to
the same conclusion. At Upsala we were driven to the beautiful
rooms provided for us by the University, and it was thus possible to
unpack and arrange things the same evening.

THE UPSALA CELEBRATIONS. 177

The principal buildings of the University of Upsala (1477) are
finely situated high up on the steep west bank of the Fyrisa. It is
much the largest University in Sweden, with nearly 2000 students.
Every student must belong to one of the thirteen associations or
" Nations." Each of these possesses buildings, which, however, are
never residential. The banners of the Nations form a conspicuous
and imposing element in all University ceremonial.

The Commemorative Fete of the birth of Linnaeus was arranged
for 2 p.m. in the great hall of the University Palace, a splendid semi-
circular theatre facing a smaller semicircular apse, which forms a
commodious stage. The delegates were asked to appear an hour and
a half earlier in another part of the Palace, where the procession was
to be formed. When we entered the hall Ave saw that the great
gallery was filled with ladies, while all, except the very front of the
stage, was occupied by an orchestra and large chorus. When the
Prince Regent and several members of the Koyal Family entered, the
whole audience rose and sang the Swedish National Anthem, and
then the proceedings commenced, interspersed throughout with
beautiful music, orchestral and vocal. After an address by the Rector
of the University, the foreign delegates, grouped according to their
countries, presented addresses. The sixteen countries were arranged in
alphabetical order, and a single representative was selected to introduce
the delegates of each group in a speech of not more than three minutes.
The British delegates came under the letter S (Storbritanien och
Irland), and were followed by those from Germany (Tyskland). The
sixteen countries were represented by fifty-one Delegates, one or two
of whom were Swedish members of foreign institutions. The numbers
in the separate groups varied from one (Portugal) to seven (Germany),
and ten (Great Britain and Ireland). The Delegates themselves were
arranged in alphabetical order within each group, except for the name
of the introducer, which stood first. The British group was intro-
duced by Sir Archibald Geikie, one of the representatives of the Royal
Society. Then followed the Swedish delegates arranged in two
groups, the first including Lund University and the "Ecoles supe-
rieures," introduced by the Bishop of Lund ; the second including
Academies, Learned Societies, etc., introduced by Count Morner,
dent of the Royal Swedish Academy. I have explained in some
detail the arrangements which were made, because they had evidently
been thought out with a great deal of care, and gave a complete
answer to a rather delicate question. I should add that each Delegate
was given a card with the number of his seat. These were arranged
in groups so disposed as to facilitate the passage of each set of repre-
sentatives in turn to the stage to be received by the Rector and to
present the addresses.

The ceremony in the great hall, with much delightful music and
singing, occupied about three-and-a-half hours. The Rector then
presented the foreign Delegates in turn to the Crown Prince in the
Chancellor's Room. At the conclusion of this ceremony a few of the
Delegates were recalled into the room one at a time, and received
decorations from the hands of His Royal Highness. Those that I saw,
and probably the whole, were of the Order of the North Star, this
being the Order which is most generally conferred for academic,
scientific, or literary distinction. It was of special interest that this

178 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

decoration, conferred on the 200th anniversary of the great naturalist's
birth, was the very one bestowed upon Linnaeus himself, and to be
seen in many of the later portraits.

There was just time for lunch before going to the concert given by
the students at 4.30 p.m. and the " Fete du Printemps " at 5 p.m.,
both in the Botanical Garden. At 6.30 p.m. the guests of the
University were entertained at dinner by the Archbishop of Sweden,
who resides at Upsala, and by the Rector of the University and Mrs.
Schiick. I had the pleasure of forming one of this latter party. We
were entertained in the fine hall of the Norrland Nation. On such
occasions as this it is the custom in Sweden for the invitation to be
sent in the name of the wife as well as the husband, and for the
hostess to be present as the only lady. After toasts to the foreign
guests, the Swedish guests, and the Linnean Society of London had
been proposed by the Rector sneaking in French, Swedish, and
English respectively, and responded to by Professor Haeckel, Count
Morner, and Mr. Carruthers, the party broke up to attend (9.0 p.m.-
11.30 p.m.) the reception in the Palace of the University. Thus
ended an extremely interesting but very exhausting day.

The proceedings on May 24th opened at 7 a.m. with the firing of
twenty-one guns. At 8 a.m. the great bell of the Cathedral began to
ring, and continued for a quarter of an hour. Before the great
ceremony of the day there was just time for some of us to rush to the
University Library and see the chief treasure of Upsala, the fifth-
century Codex Argenteus, a volume bound in embossed silver with
leaves of purple vellum, bearing in letters of silver and gold a trans-
lation of the four Gospels into Gothic. This volume, prepared by
order of Bishop Ulphilas, is the foundation of existing knowledge of
old Gothic. The priceless manuscript is in the most perfect condition.
After a too hasty visit to the fine collection of portraits of Linnaeus in
the building of the Upplands Nation, it was time to go to the Palace,
where the procession to the Cathedral was to be formed for the cere-
mony of conferring the degrees. No academic gown of any kind is
worn in the Swedish Universities. Doctorates of Theology, Law, and
Medicine are conferred by the Promoter placing on the head a black
silk top-hat with sides vertically pleated : Doctorates of Philosophy by
the Promoter placing a crown of bay on the head and a gold ring on
the finger. The Promoter who confers the degree is himself a Doctor
of the Faculty in which he is about to create new degrees, and his
assumption of this office is indicated by his placing the hat or crown
upon his own head and simultaneously by the discharge of three
cannon. It seems possible that we have here preserved in an extreme
form privileges which at one time were possessed by Masters of Arts
and Doctors in the University of Oxford. The dominance of the
Faculty is also extremely interesting and remarkable.

In the fine entrance hall of the University Palace was a table
bearing the large crowns and the rings, both marked with the name
of those who were to assume them at the moment of receiving the
degree. A second table was heaped with smaller crowns, to be worn
pinned on the left side of the breast by those who were already
Doctors of any University. The large crowns were at first worn in
the same position, and if the recipient of a Doctorate was already a
Doctor, he wore a small crown as well as a large one. A Jubilee

THE UPSALA CELEBRATIONS. 179

Doctor is privileged to wear two large crowns. The hats of the other
faculties were not carried in the procession by the recipients of degrees,
but had been taken to the Cathedral. The procession formed at noon,
and marched to the beautiful Cathedral which stands on the slope a
little below the Palace. The great banner of the students was carried
in front, followed by the Nations of Students, each preceded by its
banner. Then came the small banner of the students. Women
students are admitted into the University, as also at Lund, and join
the various Nations. Forming a little group among the far more
numerous male students of each Nation, the women students in some
cases marched in front immediately after the banner of their Nation,
but more often their place was near the middle. They wore white
dresses, and the men dress clothes, while both were distinguished by
the regular white cap. A special place was allotted in the procession
to the male relations (fathers, brothers, and sons) of those about to
receive degrees, as also to Members of Parliament and to the Municipal
Authorities of the City of Upsala.

As we entered the Cathedral the orchestra played a solemn march,
and then, after the arrival of the Prince Regent, was sung the first
part of a cantata composed by Rydberg for the promotion of Doctors
in 1877, and set to music by Josephson. The promotions in each
Faculty were preceded by special parts of the cantata. The book of
words contained translations in Latin and French. A particularly
interesting feature of the ceremony was the part taken by the students.
On each side of the broad central aisle stood students holding the
banners of the Nations. On one side of the Promoter stood students
to call the names of the recipients, to hand the hats and unfix the
crowns, and to make electrical communication with the soldiers who
fired the cannon from a neighbouring hill. On the other side stood a
student who handed the diploma to the recipient after the degree had
been conferred. All these, as well as the standard-bearers, wore long
scarves of the Swedish colours — blue and yellow — passing over the
shoulder and tied at the opposite hip. The Archbishop was the
Promoter of the thirty Doctors of Theology, nominated by the grace
of the King. He stood at a kind of reading-desk facing the main
entrance, and was distinctly visible from nearly every part of the
space. After an address in Swedish, His Grace assumed the doctor's
hat and the three cannon boomed forth. Then followed a few
introductory words, and the recipients came forward in single file to
receive the degrees. Each in turn paused at the Promoter's right
hand while the hat was placed upon his head, and simultaneously, a
single cannon was fired. He then passed between the Promoter and
the reading-desk, received his diploma, took off his hat, and made a bow
first to the Chancellor and then, a little further on, to the Prince Regent
and the Royal Family, and returned to his seat. All this took place
without any delay, and the echoes of the cannon followed one another
in quick succession. Degrees in absence were conferred by pronouncing
the words in absentia, and moving the hat or crown of bays in the air
as if it were being placed upon a head. Here, too, the cannon was
fired at the appropriate moment. Towards the end of the promotions
in Theology the Archbishop waved a hat in the air as though to
indicate that some recipient had not come forward. It did not,
however, appear to produce the desired effect. The Promoter of the

180 the entomologist's record.

Doctors of Law was Professor Blomberg ; of Medicine, Professor
Petren ; of Philosophy, Professor Tullberg. In the Faculty of
Medicine, Professor Ernst Haeckel was made a Jubilee Doctor, and,
with Professor Otto E. A. Hjelt, Jubilee Doctor in the Faculty of
Philosophy, was accorded a double salute. Dr. Hjelt had been
originally created a Doctor at Helsingfors on June 22nd, 1847, and
had become a " halfsekel-jubeldoktor " on May 31st, 1897. The
latter distinction was now received by no fewer than nineteen Doctors
of Philosophy, originally promoted at Upsala by Professor C. W.
Bottiger, on June 5th, 1857. Among the Honorary Doctors of
Philosophy was H.R.H. Prince Eugene, who does so much for the
intellectual and artistic life of Sweden. Another Honorary Doctor
in the same Faculty was Selma Lagerlof, the eminent Swedish
authoress, and the only lady who received a degree on May 21th.
Twenty-four Upsala students who had submitted theses received the
degree of Ph.D., the names being placed under their respective
Nations just as ours are arranged according to the Colleges.

The ceremony in the Cathedral occupied about two and a half hours,
and then the procession reformed, marched out by the great entrance
doors, and broke up outside. The ceremony which followed was
especially pleasing and impressive. With the exception of the
students, every one made his way back to the University Palace. The
new Doctors grouped themselves on the wide entrance steps, all others
in a semicircle enclosing a spacious area below the steps, or lining the
way up which the students were to march. Presently the banners
and white hats became visible as the procession slowly wound its
way upwards. The singing, at first faint and distant, swelled into a
grand volume of sound as the students filled the open space and faced
the newly created Doctors. Then a representative stood forward and
delivered — unfortunately for me in Swedish — with wonderful elocu-
tionary power, an address of respect and congratulation. Prince
Eugene advanced and replied on behalf of the Doctors, and the
ceremony came to an end. It is impossible to imagine anything more
beautiful or dignified, or more calculated to instil into the mind of the
student a reverence for the great aims of his University as expressed
and epitomized in the conferment of the highest degree.

At 6.30 p.m. a banquet was given in the Great Hall, which was
afterwards rapidly cleared for a ball given by the students at
10.30 p.m.

Next morning at 9.30 a.m. we left the University of " the lofty halls "
with much regret. The whole of the arrangements had been thought
out so carefully beforehand that success could only have been marred
by the weather ; and the weather was perfect. An incredible amount
of labour must have been thrown upon the Rector of the University
and Professor Andersson, who acted as Master of the Ceremonies.
Their geniality and kindness was such that the foreign guests felt
like old friends and not strangers visiting the great University for
the first time.

We reached Stockholm rather before 11 a.m. The meeting of the
Royal Swedish Academy was held in the great hall of the Musical
Academy at 2 p.m. The programme included two addresses by the
President, Count Morner, and the announcement by him of the award
of the special Linnean medal in honour of the occasion ; beautiful

THE UPSALA CELEBRATIONS. 181

singing by a very large choir and accomplished soloists ; and the
presentation of addresses by the delegates, SAvedish and Foreign.
The point of central interest to the British Delegates arrived when
the President, speaking in English, announced the award — until then
kept secret — of the Linnean medal to our great veteran botanist,
Sir Joseph Hooker.

The Delegates presented their addresses, and were introduced by a
single representative for each country precisely as in Upsala, save that,
on this occasion, the order was varied, the two groups of Swedish
Delegates advanced first instead of last. At 6.30 p.m. the Delegates
were entertained by the Academy at a banquet at Hasselbacken, the
ladies dining with the Countess Morner. At 8.30 the Corps of Stock-
holm Students came to conduct the party to the Zoological Gardens at
Skansen for the " Fete du Printemps." On Sunday there was an
excursion to the country-house of Linnaeus, at Hammarly, which we
were unfortunately compelled to miss, and in the afternoon a garden-
party was given by the Prince Eegent. Heavy rain fell at first, but
weather fortunately cleared, and Stockholm has a wonderful
property of drying quickly after a thorough downpour. Professor
Montelius, an old friend at Oxford and at British Associations, here
offered most kindly to show us the prehistoric collections in the
National Museum. When I hesitated thus to encroach on his time,
he said, ,(Oh! I have nothing to do!" This, from one of the greatest
and most prolific workers in Europe was altogether too much for my
gravity.

On Monday we were invited to see in the Zoological Gardens a
most interesting and amusing exhibition of Swedish national dances
in the picturesque costumes of various parts of the country. Heavy
rain delayed us, so that we were a little late in meeting our kind friend
at the National Museum. The hour there with him was one of the
most interesting I have ever spent in my life ; but the already too
great length of this article prevents me from speaking of the wonderful
demonstration he gave us of the art and commerce of Sweden during
t'n neolithic and bronze ages.

We found on returning to the hotel that our chance of getting
back in good time depended upon departure from Stockholm that
very night, and so this remarkable visit came to an end.

I had greatly looked forward to the pleasure of meeting for the
first time Professor Chr. Aurivillius, who has most kindly aided the
Hope Department on many occasions. He occupies the important
position of Secretary to the Royal Swedish Academy, and his serious
illness was the one cloud upon the celebration in Stockholm. I had
the pleasure of spending several pleasant hours with his colleague,
Professor Yngve Sjosted, and in studying the insects under his
charge in the Natural History Museum.

Looking back on the whole of the celebrations in memory of the
illustrious naturalist who was born 200 years ago, the fact which
impressed itself most was the manner in which the occasion was felt
and honoured by all classes of the nation. The Prince Regent and
his brothers attended every meeting and, with a single exception,
every banquet I have mentioned in Upsala and Stockholm, and on
every occasion took the most active interest in the proceedings. The
part taken by the most important officers of the State was also most

182 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

striking. But to me most impressive of all was the way in which
the people entered into the spirit of the occasion.

In Upsala there was an entire absence of crowding and pushing
on the part of those who lined the routes of the processions, while the
authorities on their part had intentionally lengthened the short
distances in order to make the conditions favourable for as many
spectators as possible. The same national interest in the occasion
was even more evident at the comparatively simple ceremonial of
Rashult, thronged by school-children and country-folk.

Our densely-crowded country presents special difficulties, but
allowing full weight for these, we have much to learn from Sweden.

The British Cryptinae.

It is a pleasure to take up an entomological book dealing so
thoroughly with its subject-matter as does Mr. Morley's second
volume of the British ichneumons, and the writer is to be con-
gratulated on having been able to complete his second volume so soon
after the appearance of the first. This disposed of 310 species of the
lchneumoninae in 291 pages, with 50 further pages of introductory
matter. The present volume is of 328 pages, and deals witn 317
species, forming the group Cryptinae, with but a very short intro-
duction, which reproduces the table of the families of Ichneumonoidea
and the subfamilies of the Ichneumonidae, published in the first
volume. There are 43 (the introduction says 41) genera, into five of
which 199 of the species fall, so that most of the genera contain few
species. A considerable number of British specimens of the family
are, however, already known to the author, which he has been unable,
as yet, to assign to described species, so that captures must not be forced
into the tables. Unwilling to add to the number of synonyms of
species, which have probably been already named, Mr. Morley has only
described seven species as new to science in the present volume. This is,
in some measure, a compilation. It consolidates the present know-
ledge of the subfamily Cryptinae so far as relates to the British species,
and cannot fail to be of great value to students desirous of working at
the group. It may be hoped that it will lead to more entomologists
studying the Ichneiwionidae. The most original part of the work is
that dealing with the genus Pezomachus, and we are inclined to think
that this is the best part of the volume, which is throughout a
monument of well applied industry and perseverance.

One of the difficulties that confronts a student of the parasitic hymen-
optera, or rather those insects includedin the superfamily Ich mum onoidea
is undoubtedly the difficulty of ascertaining the family to which
an " ichneumonoideous " insect belongs, but any one who will take the
trouble to divide up, as far as he can, some two or three hundred insects
of the superfamily, according to the tables given in the introduction by
Mr. Morley, will probably, at the end of the time, find that his difficulties
have to alarge extent disappeared and that specimens, which at first would

Ichneumonologia Britannica, vol. ii: The ichneumons of Great Britain, a
descriptive account of the families, genera, and species indigenous to the British
Islands, together with notes as to classification, localities, habitats, hosts, etc., by
Claude Morley, F.E.S. (author of the Hymenoptera of Suffolk, lchneumoninae of
Britain, etc., etc.), Cryptinae. — Printed (for the author) and published by James
H. Keys, Whimple Street, Plymouth, 1907.

THE BRITISH CRYPTIN^. 183

have given trouble, are seen to have a decided affinity to some one or other
of the specimens already known, and that there is no real difficulty in
deciding on the family (or subfamily in the case of the Ichneumonidae)
to which they belong. Further help may be obtained by illustrations
from works easily accessible to all, such as Curtis' British Entomology,
Stephens' I /lustrations, Westwood's Introduction, Marshall's British
Braconidae, Cameron's Phytophagous Hymenoptera [Cynipidae), Ash-
mead's North American Proctotrypidae, etc. Illustrations are particu-
larly valuable to the early study of a new group of insects.

The present group of the Cryptinae contains many wingless forms,
and a knowledge of the structural characters, and not merely of the
venation, is essential for discrimination ; still, the general look will,"
after a comparatively short practice, enable a wingless Cryptid to be
separated from other wingless hymenoptera almost at first sight.
Mr. Morley has expressed a doubt as to the position of one of the
species described by him in the volume {Thaumatotypus billupsi,
Bridgm.), so it may not be amiss to add a few remarks on the
characters used for such discrimination.

The characters which appear to distinguish the wingless Cryptinae
from the other ichneumons are the petiolate 1st segment of the
abdomen the sculpture of the post-petiole and the exserted ovi-
positor in the $ , combined with the furrows on each side of the
iiu'<< internum (see Introduction, p. xv). The chief difficulty will thus
be found (as is usual in the Ichneumonidae) to lie with the $ , but
still good characters are left even for this. Passing to the other
families which form the complex super-family of Ichneumonoidea,
we may observe that wingless Bracons, of which there are few in
Great Britain, may (except in the case of the Braconid group
Flexiliventres, to which belong the minute insects that feed on the
Aphidae of our gardens — recently written about and illustrated in the
Daily Mail as Chalcids, which, if any wingless forms exist, could
probably be distinguished by their minute size, slender bodies, and
many-jointed antenna)), have the 2nd and 3rd joints of the abdomen
united so as to have no power of bending at that point even where a
suture (the " suturiform articulation" of Marshall) exists. This is
never the case with a Cryptid. On the other hand, wingless Chalcids
have usually a distinct scape to the antennas and show traces of
metallic coloration. They are also, in this country, usually extremely
minute, resembling at first sight wingless diptera rather than any
other order. The intermediate legs are often more developed than the
posterior, and they often have the power of jumping.

Wingless and brachypterous Proctotrypids are, perhaps, more
difficult to know, but, being almost in every case females, the second
character assigned in the text to the family, viz., the extrusion of the
ovipositor from the anal extremity of the abdomen is usually sufficient
in practice, and other characters which apply to both sexes may
be obtained from the extremely smooth, hardened body of the
Proctotrypidae, with an abdomen having closely united dorsal and
ventral plates ; from the antenna', which in the British species have
never more than fifteen joints, and in many cases much fewer, and
from the fact that, in brachypterous forms, the prothorax invariably
reaches back to the base of the forewings (as in the Cynipidae).

Wingless Cynipidae being $ s, should be known by the terebra,

184

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

which originates close to the base of the abdomen and is usually
semi-spiral, but, in the case of some of the parasitic Cynipidae, they
run very close to certain of the Proctotrypidae ; the abdomen is, how-
ever, usually compressed in these Cynipidae. In the case of Cynipidae
with wings, the absence of a stigma and the peculiar zigzag type of
neuration::, which can be seen from any illustration of the family,
prevents confusion with the Proctotrypidae.

Most of these points are brought out by Mr. Morley in his first
volume. There is only one small criticism to make, and that is with
regard to his character for distinguishing the male winged Chalcids
from the male Proctotrypids. Ashmead has pointed out that, in the
old genus Proctotrypes (which includes Exallonyx, Kieff.), there exists
a ring joint, and, in winged forms, one would, in practice, in the
Proctotrypidae, rather have recourse to the prothorax reaching back to
the base of the forewings, which it does not in the ( 'halcidae, and the
presence in the wings of most Chalcids of a vein running from the
costa obliquely into the disc of the wing, and there terminating in a
round dot, or stigma, which is not, so far as we know, present in any
other group of Hymenoptera.

There is another group usually assigned to the Proctotrypidae, viz.,
the Mymaridae, microscopic insects with fringed wings, which feed on
the eggs of other insects. These are mostly invisible to the naked eye,
except on a window-pane. Ashmead relegated them to the Chalcids,
but Dr. Kieffer has apparently restored them to the Proctotrypidae,
where they previously stood, and, as this family is probably a collection
of many families as divergent from one another as, say, the Ichneu-
monidae and the Braconidae, there seems no objection to this inclusion
for the present. We may here point out that some of the Proctotrypidae
may even approximate to the aculeates, with which Haliday included
the Bethylinidae on account of his observation of their habits (see Knt.
Mag., vol. ii., p. 219), lately confirmed by an observation recorded
by Dr. Kieffer [Andre, vol. ix., p. 522). Ashmead, in his latest
classification, separates the Bethylininae, the Embolemininae, and the
Dryininae from the Proctotrypidae, and says that they ought to be
regarded as more nearly related to the fossorial aculeates. That the
three subfamilies are nearly related appear by their all having (when
winged) lobed posterior wings. In habits, however, the Dryininae are
true parasites (Entomophaga), while the Bethylinae, or some of them,
appear to store their prey for the larvfe to feed upon.

There is, we believe, another reason which has rendered the study
of the Ichneumonidae unpopular — the fact that the main divisions of
the group are so badly distinguished that it is no easy matter to assign
an ichneumon approximately to a correct place, even with the help of
the most carefully-framed tables. This difficulty applies between the
tribes and genera of the Ichneumoninae, and even the most carefully-
framed tables in Mr. Morley's first volume did not wholly remove it.
Thomson's divisions of Gravenhorst's genus Ichneumon, as there
adopted and praised, separate the Joppides and the Ichneumonides by
a primary character, viz., the sulcus between the metanotum or
propodeum and the scutellum or post-scutellum, which is very
difficult to properly appreciate, and the generic characters are in
many cases hardly easier of application. The result is practically

* The Proctotrypidae with the wings without a stigma have them almost veinless.

THE BRITISH CRYPTINiE.

185

that a superficial acquaintance with the Ichneumoninae is almost
useless, and that to make any real progress in the group it is neces-
sary to get to know the insects as individual species rather than by
means of tables or primary characters, and it is here that Mr. Morley's
careful descriptions should prove so useful. The Cryptinae appear to
us to be little or no better in this respect. The primary divisions
adopted by Mr. Morley are apparently most simple, and consist in
differences in the metathoracic ridges, but there are, in reality, many
exceptions, and the gradations from one form to another and the
individual variations render it no easy task to assign some of the
forms to the right group. Even primary characteristics in the
Ichneumonidae are so inconstant that we would suggest that it would
be an advantage in dealing with them, to place in many cases families,
genera, and species, more than once in the tables, and to give
secondary characters which can be used to assist, where the primary
fail. Mr. Morley's tables, which we believe are largely taken from
continental works, are mainly founded on structural characters, and
usually deal with both sexes together. Scientifically, this is correct
and desirable, but we suggest that, in future volumes, if room can be
found, it would be an advantage if alternative tables simply for
naming purposes were added when the scientific characters are likely to
prove difficult to beginners, or seem to require the destruction of the
specimen. Thus, a character like " pronotum centrally carinate and
laterally foveate," see p. 117, is scientifically of great value, but
practically difficult of application. A supplementary table would have
been useful here, and Mr. Morley knows his insects so well, that we
are sure he could supply one. Another slight disadvantage to the
student arises from Mr. Morley's objection to classifications dependent
on the presence or absence of wings. In this objection we entirely
agree with him, but, by abolishing the genus Aptesis, Forst, Mr. Morley
will probably agree that he has not made the mere task of identifica-
tion easier. Perhaps an opportunity of publishing easy alternate
tables, and some further illustrations of critical points, giving help to the
identification of the wingless and brachypterous forms, may arise here-
after. The little woodcuts dealing with some of these points are
capital. Wo hope that the subscriptions to the next volume will be
sufficient to enable us to have a few more, and also a few more tables
dealing with the sexes separately, like that of the $ s of Microcryptus.
It is impossible to give too much help in a really difficult group like
the lchneum.onidae.

There is, in the preface, an explanation of the way in which the
descriptions of the insects contained in the text are drawn up. This
is very acceptable. In too many works of our acquaintance it is
impossible to say whether the description given is taken from an
earlier writer, or is a new one made tor the occasion. We apprehend
it is important for the student to know which it is. Mr. Morley, in
building up his descriptions from the earlier writers, and checking and
adding to them, undertook a laborious task, but the result should be,
and is, where we have checked it, complete and satisfactory in every
way, and, so far as we have been able to see, Mr. Morley has avoided
introducing different systems of nomenclature of the parts of insects
into his descriptions, a fault common, and in fact difficult to avoid, in
compilations, and particularly irritating in hymenoptera, in which

186 the entomologist's record.

group, the parts, and especially the wing-veins and areas, have had so
many different names assigned to them by different writers.

Mr. Morley has, for the first time, brought together the two sexes
of many species described in the volume. Some of his combinations
require further proof before they can finally be accepted, but as there
is a first rate index of synonyms no harm can, in any case, be done,
and we think it extremely desirable that writers with experience in
this group, like Mr. Morley, should attempt the work of combination,
as long lists of insects of opposite sexes, such as exist in many of the
groups of the other families, are very unsatisfactory. At the same
time it is undoubtedly a fact that, in the Parasitica, one sex is often
common and the other extremely rare, and it is not uncommon that
all the insects bred from one host on one occasion should be of the
same sex.

Mr. Morley uses many difficult words, but as they make for brevity
and clearness they appear to us an advantage, such words as " sternauli,"
" notauli," " apophyses," etc., can easily be looked up in the glossary
to volume i, and are so much more compendious than the meanings
there assigned to them that their use is quite justified.

The volume does not suffer from the necessity of having to bow to
the will of a publisher desirous of selling to a non-entomological
public. The result is most satisfactory. The synonymy is fully
given with full references, and, when necessary, discussed; there are
tables which are as complete as possible without increasing the size
and cost of the volume, adequate generic descriptions and a full specific
description in all cases except when it is sufficient to point out the
differences from very closely allied insects, while plenty of space is, in
volume ii, given to the habits, so far as known (though, alas, the
knowledge is yet inadequate), and also to localities. Most of the
recent captures alluded to appear to have been identified by Mr.
Morley himself, so there is every reason to accept their accuracy.

Mr. Morley has already, we understand, started on his third
volume, which is to deal with the Pimplinae, and it is to be hoped
that the support necessary to enable him to produce not only this,
but also the fourth and fifth, and, if necessary, a supplement, which
will complete the Ichneumonologia Britannica, will be forthcoming.

Mr. Keys is to be congratulated on the printing and general get-up
of the work which is of a high standard, and volume ii will, we are
sure, have been heartily welcomed by all desirous of becoming better
acquainted with our British entomological fauna, and should,
together with the first volume, find a place in the library of every
British entomologist and every continental hymenopterist.

QUOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

A COLD BUT SUCCESSFUL HUNT FOR PUP.E OF /EgERIA SPHEGIFORMIS.

On Monday, May 20th, I visited Pamber Forest and its outskirts. The
cold northerly blasts and the general gloominess effectually prevented
imagines from showing themselves. An occasional tap of a branch or
a kick of the undergrowth did now and then show an insect, but such
revelations during seven hours could be counted on the finger-tips.
About 3 p.m. other collectors were met, but enthusiasm was dying out,
and the one desire seemed to be to get away from the damp and
dismal surroundings. Fortunately, with me was a young and ardent

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 187

spirit, at that time of life when all is new, and all is for the best, when
the highest tree-top is not too high for a big climb, and even if no speci-
men is got, the joy of exercise satisfies. Such an one kept me going,
and by searching and cutting, we got pupa? of JEgeria sphegiformis and
jE. cynipiformis, and in the evening returned not altogether un-
successful.— J. Clarke. June 6th, 1907.

Callophrys rubi and Brenthis euphrosyne at Westerham. —
Callophrys rubi was out at Hill Park, Westerham, on May 29th ; on
that day only one Brenthis euphrosynew&s seen. — (Rev.) E. W. Bowell,
Penshurst, Kent. June ith, 1907.

Breeding Hellinsia carphodactyla. — 1 am pleased to chronicle
the emergence, during the last week, of half-a-dozen specimens of
H. carphodactyla, from larva? found in this neighbourhood. I learn
also that Dr. Chapman and Mr. Sich have been successful in rearing
specimens from larva? with which I was able to supply them. — J.
Ovkndex, Frindsbury Road, Strood, Kent. June lAth, 1907. [Those
lepidopterists who wish to rear the second brood of this species should
search for the larva? on the seedheads of Inula conyza in July. — Ed.]

Hybernation of Pyrameis atalanta. — As bearing on the discussion
on this subject, and as presenting a fact of the species actually being
observed whilst hybernating, the following may perhaps be worth
repeating :

" When watching some straw being taken out of a barn on January 15th last,
I observed three specimens of Vanessa atalanta on one of the bundles. Two were
dead, but the other was living, and on being removed to a warm room, was soon
flying about. Might not the dead specimens give a clue to the comparative rarity
of hybernated specimens of this species being observed, some being too delicate to
live through the winter. They were close together when seen, and very much
worn." (R. Freer, Gouville and Caius College, Cambridge, Entom., 1885, p. 121).

This, at any rate, deals with the species in a state of hybernation in
January. — (Rev.) C. R. N. Burrows, The Vicarage, Mucking, Stanford-
le-Hope. June 15th, 1907.

Strymon pruni, etc., in the neighbourhood of Geneva. — I took
ten specimens of Strymon pruni in half-an-hour at Hermance, on June
9th, 1907, Hying round a few dwarf oaks and low shrubs, in a tiny
valley formed by an equally tiny stream. All the captures made were
males, which, after flitting through the shrubs, settled on the leaves
and sunned themselves. I took five, one after the other, on a little
branch of scrub oak, which seemed to have some attraction. On June
12th I found another locality for the species, in a place about three
miles from Geneva, in the direction of the Jura. I captured fifty-five
examples, all on oak-leaves, only a few females among them. Why
oak ? There was not a sign of plum or sloe or other wild fruit-tree in
the wood. I am trying for eggs, and shall attempt feeding the larva?
on " oak." — P. A. II. Muschamp, F.E.S., 20, Chemin des Asters,
Geneva, Switzerland. June 19th, 1907.

Aberrations of butterflies on the Saleve. — On June 16th, I
captured a specimen of Agriades bellargus ah. striata on the Baleve,
where I also captured four examples of Hesperia malvae&b. taras. — -Ibid.

Slef.pini; position of Pararge egeria. — Late in the afternoon of
May 19th, 1907, 1 saw a specimen of Pararge egeria take up its position
for the night. It flew up into some ivy growing round the trunk of a
tree, and settled a good twelve feet from the ground on one of the
inner leaves, where, after opening and shutting its wings two or three
times, it composed itself for the night. To make sure it had settled

188 the entomologist's record.

for good, I watched it for some time, and nearly an hour later found
it still there. — J. F. Bird, The Nurtons, Tintern, Monmouth. June
20th, 1907.

Fixed position of moth extending over several days.- — On May
19th, I found, or rather re-found, an example of Triaena psi, on the
trunk of an apple-tree. I had noticed it there in the same spot several
days before, 1 think either on the 15th or 16th, and there it remained,
without moving, until the night of the 22nd, when it rained in torrents.
The next morning it was gone, probably washed away, for the tree-
trunk was soaking wret. It was in perfect condition, and, as we wish
to obtain T. tridens, we have been looking out for females of the
" daggers " so as to obtain ova ; I, therefore, when I first noticed this
particular specimen, lifted one of the wings with the blade of my pen-
knife to ascertain its sex, and I felt so sure that it was a male that I
left it. I also remember for certain that an example of Hemerophila
abruptaria I saw on successive days resting in one spot on a Avail in
our garden at Hammersmith was a male. The weather was very
cold for May all the time. Once before I remember having seen
a moth stay in one spot for several days previous to bad weather.
This was at Fairlight, near Hastings, when I noticed a specimen
of Atupliidasys betvlaria remain for some days on the edge of a
thatched roof until it disappeared during a violent thunderstorm.
I have several times observed moths, Geometrids only, I think,
resting, without moving for days at a stretch, in the London district,
but do not remember if stormy weather always followed. — Ibid. [It
would always be well to observe the condition and sex of these
"fixtures." In our experience, they are usually females that have laid
all their eggs, and, having nothing left to do, remain in one spot
and do it. — Ed.]

Erastria fuscula in Monmouthshire. — On July 1st, I beat an
example of Erastria fuscula at Llandogo. Monmouthshire is not
given by Barrett as a locality for this insect, although the neighbour-
ing counties of Herefordshire, Gloucestershire, and Glamorganshire
are mentioned. — Ibid.

Oviposition of Polyommatus Icarus.— On June 16th, I noticed a
female Polyommatus icarus ovipositing on a lawn. One egg I saw laid
in the interstices of a budding flower-head of Trifolium repens. — Ibid.

Strymon pruni in the Dept. du Nord. — I captured, on June 20th,
some examples of Strymon pruni in the woods of Bourlou, near
Cambrai. This species has not before been recorded for the Dept. du
Nord, and I trust that this will be sufficiently interesting to indicate
it as a new locality in The Natural History of the British Butterflies.- — ■
E. Brabant, F.E.S., Morenchies, near Cambrai, Nord, France. June
22iui, 1907. [It is unfortunate that the part of ISrit. Jlutts., containing
the "Localities" and "Distribution " of Strymon pruni, was passed for
press, and printed, about a week before the capture was made, so we
publish the fact here. Subscribers can carry it over into their copies
as a marginal note. — Ed.]

Wheeleria migadactyla (spilodactyla) in the Dept. du Nord. —
I also wish to record the fact that I am taking, at the present time,
Wheeleria migadactyla, in my garden on some plants of Marrubium
vulyare. — Ibid.

Lepidoptera on the Kentish chalkhills. — -While wandering to-

NOTES ON COLLECTING.

189

day on the chalk uplands between Chatham and Maidstone with Mr.
Ovenden, I had the fortune to capture a female Colias edusa, from
which I trust my friend may get ova. Of imagines, there was a
remarkable absence; one Augiades sylvanus, one Merrifieldia tridactyla,
a few Stenoptilia pterodactyla, one Acidalia ornata, a few Coenonympha
pamphilus, some Epinephele janira, a solitary blue (probably Polyom-
matus icarus), two TLpichnopteryx pulla, larvae of Marasmarcha lunae-
dactyla (common), two or three very small larvae of Dicranura vinula,
a few of Gonepteryx rhamni, an abundance of larva? of Anthrocera
filipendulae (just spun up, or in the act of doing so), odds and ends of
Tortrices, but scarcely a Tineid moth to be seen, the usual varied
assortment of Crambi (but not in the usual numbers), Tortrix viridana,
of course, in numbers, with an extremely small et caetera, is an
unprecedentedly poor record for a day in early July. — Henry J.
Turner, F.E.S., 98, Drakefell Eoad, New Cross, S.E. July 1th, 1907.

Yponomeuta malinellus, or padellus, at sea. — On July 26th,
1895, when proceeding down the English Channel in H.M.S. "Mersey,"
to join the Keserve Squadron at Torbay, and when some 20 or 30
miles to the southward off the coasts of Dorset and Devon, a large
number of this pretty little species flew on board. It was a calm
steaming-hot day, with intervals of bright sun and thick drifting fog,
and what little movement there was in the air appeared to be from the
south and southwest. The moths flew on board between 11 a.m. and
3 p.m., but I was unable to satisfy myself from which direction they
came, for there was scarcely enough wind to influence their flight; we
just seemed to steam into them as they were fluttering in the air, and
they were as numerous on one side of the ship as the other, and some
seemed to float down from the air above. A fresh breeze from the
southwest sprang up shortly after 3 p.m., and the moths disappeared.
I was not very much interested in Micros at the time, and only boxed
and set a couple of these visitors, which I came across a week or two
ago, while I was looking over and arranging my small collection of
Micros. I thought, when these moths came on board, that they were
Yponomeuta cagnagellus, but, on comparing them with that species,
there seemed to be a slight difference, so I placed one of them among
a small lot of Micros I was sending to Mr. Eustace K. Bankes, who
had kindly undertaken to examine them, and he determined them as
above. As far as I can remember, all the examples noticed had white
forewings; I do not think there were any of the grey varieties among
them. — Gervase F. Mathew, Dovercourt, Essex. May 25th, 1907.

Notes on Yponomeuta padellus, L., and malinellus, Z. — I am in-
debted to Paymaster-in-Chief Gervase P. Mathew, R.N., for having, at
my request, so kindly contributed the above note on his interesting
and valuable observations. Very seldom, I imagine, have any of the
Tineina been actually noticed on migration, though strong circum-
stantial evidence that at hast one of them, viz., Plutella maculipennis,
Crt. {cruciferarum, Z.), not infrequently reaches our shores in immense
numbers, from across the sea, has often been forthcoming. It is
impossible, for the reason given below, to say with any certainty
whether the specimen submitted to me was Yponomeuta padellus, Li.,
or malinellus, Z., but the fact that all the individuals seen are believed
to have had unclouded white forewings, as had the two that were
captured, makes it probable that a flight of malinellus was winging its

190

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

way towards our south coast from the continent, the apparent direction
of the wind at the time favouring this idea. Y. malinellus, which
feeds upon apple, and of which the typical imago has white forewings,
has been generally, though not universally, regarded by continental
authorities as distinct from padellus, in which the primaries are
usually either grey, or else white, more or less clouded with grey. It
has never, except temporarily long ago, been admitted to a place in
the British List, our specimens bred from or taken amongst apple
(upon which the larvas are often far too abundant, and, alas ! do not
confine their attentions to the leaves, but frequently, I notice, gnaw
and devour portions of the unripe fruit as well) having been referred,
on Stainton's authority, to padellus. But among these there occur
certain individuals with the ground-colour of the forewings unclouded
white, and these seem quite inseparable from malinellus [cf. Snellen,
Vlind. v. Ned., Micr., p. 510 (1882)] . Stainton at first treated our apple-
feeding form as a good species, under the name malivorella [Syst. Cat.,
p. 15 (1849)] ; then he sunk it, somewhat doubtfully, as a form of
padellus in Ins. Brit., Lep. Tin., p. 60 (1854), and obviously, from the
mention of "apple" as one of the foodplants, included it under
padellus in Man., ii., p. 308 (1859), but he finally appears, from a
remark made in Ent. Mo. Mag., xxii., p. 101 (1885), to have considered
our apple-pest as not identical with the continental malinellus. Some
interesting notes "On the Hyponomeuta of the Apple," from the pen
of the late Mr. C. G. Barrett, will be found in Ent. Mo. Mag., xxii.,
100-1. Two questions, however, still remain unanswered, viz., (1) Is
Y. malinellus, Z., specifically distinct from padellus, L. ? (2) If so, does
malinellus, Z., occur in Britain, or is our apple-feeder merely padellus,
L. ? I hope to breed a lengthy series of moths from my apple-trees
this summer, but their emergence will clearly be so abnormally late,
owing to the prolonged spell of unseasonable weather, that I must
report upon them separately later on, instead of any longer with-
holding the note that Mr. Mathew placed in my hands. — Eustace R.
Bankes, Norden, Corfe Castle. July 10th, 1907.

OLEOPTERA.

Coleoptera in Sherwood Forest. — A few days spent in Sherwood
Forest after coleoptera, from June 21st to 25th, with Professor Beare
and Mr. Kidson Taylor, who was staying there, proved not un-
productive, in spite of the wet and cold weather. Beating birch
produced Saperda sealaris and Cryptocephalus coryli in some numbers,
Magdalinus carbonarius a few, Brachytarsus varius, Rhynchytes inter-
punctatus, Deporaus megacephalus, Malthinus frontalis, several specimens
of Elater lythropterus, and an Anobium, which turned out to be
paniceum., this must have been introduced in pheasants' food. Under
bark the best thing was a short series of Synchita juglandis, not
recorded from Sherwood before. Other species obtained in this way
were Hypophloeus castaneus, not uncommon, Quedius asanthopus,
Agathidium varians, Bolitochara obliqua, Scydmaenus exilis, ('urticaria
serrata, and Philonthus splendidulus. Ptinus subpilosus, newto Sherwood,
Oligota apicata, Micropeplus margaritae, Orthoperus atomarius, etc., were
beaten out of faggots. Enicmus rugosus occurred in a powdery fungus,
and Ptenidium gresneri was found with Lasius fuligihosus. — Horace
Donisthorpe.

LIFE-HISTORIES.

191

Coleoptera of Epping Forest. — I have been fortunate enough to
take two rather rare coleoptera within the last fortnight ; an entirely
fuscous male specimen of Nacerdes melanura, L., and also Phloeotrya
stephensi, Dur. (P. rufipes, (iyll.), taken under bark of dead tree,
in Epping Forest. — Humphrey S. Evans, 70, Huron Koad, Upper
Tooting, S.W. July 2nd, 1907.

^OTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARY.E, &c.

Larva of Mkliivf.a didyma. — Final instar : Length (when
crawling) 28mm. Head shiny, divided medially at crown; clypeus
white, with black edges, the black running up between the two
lateral lobes, which are of a bright orange- brown colour, covered
with white pimply elevations giving rise to black hairs ; ocelli
black ; antennas black ; mouthparts black, edged with white. The
whole body porcellanous white, lined longitudinally and trans-
versely with black, giving it a marbled or tessellated appearance;
nearly cylindrical, tapering slightly to prothorax, which is narrower
than the head, and also the 9th and 10th abdominal segments.
Prothorax, with tubercles i and ii united as a pale plate bearing many
black hairs. The supraspiracular (iii) of prothorax well-developed, and
typical of the other supraspiracular spines. The meso- and metathorax
with i absent, ii forming, as in the lst-9th abdominal segments, fme,bright,
orange-brown spines, with many black hairs, the apex paler, inclining
to whitish ; iii is typical on all the segments — pro-, meso-, meta-
thorax, and Ist-lOth abdominals, except the 9th (this carrying ii but not iii,
and the 10th iii but not ii), being of a dirty yellowish- white colour with
black hairs. From the lst-9th abdominal segments i + i consolidated,
form a mediodorsal spine, yellowish-white in colour, with many black
hairs, so that i and iii are similar in appearance, as also are ii and iv+v.
A striking black mediodorsal line runs from head to anus, breaking,
at each of the mediodorsal tubercles i, to form a horseshoe, running
from in front backwards, on the 9th abdominal, i is pushed quite to the
front of segment, and is well in advance of ii and not in the same line,
as is the case on the other segments. The thoracic segments, as well
as the abdominal segments, appear to be divided into one very wide
anterior subsegment, carrying the tubercles and one narrow posterior
sul»egment. The subsegmental incisions are ringed with black,
the true segmental incisions appear not to be so, except on the
thorax. A spinous structure, in the place of the anal plate, suggests
modified tubercle i. Lateral rim- : A moderately well-developed
subspiracular flange ; tubercles iii placed above, but slightly anterior
to, spiracle ; the black spiracles deeply embedded in the groove
between the line of iii and the swollen flange that carries iv+v;
the combined tubercle, iv + v, is placed directly below the spiracles,
and forms, on the lst-8th abdominal segments, a well-developed
spine, the base bright orange-brown, the apex whitish, bearing a
number of black hairs. These are placed on the swollen white
subspiracular flange. Directly below these is a double tubercle
(vi+vii), with two white spines, projecting downwards, of which the
anterior appears to be the longer, and which is present on each segment,
from the prothorax to the 8th abdominal. These also carry black hairs.
Ventral viae: Venter somewhat flattened, whitish in colour, a well-

192 the entomologist's record.

marked, deep, red-brown medioventral line ; prolegs somewhat glassy
(a little opaque), with black terminal hooks ; the true legs glassy,
shaded with black externally, black terminal book, ring of pale hairs
at joints, anal prolegs larger and stronger than the other prolegs.
The colour of the thoracic segments, ventrally, is slaty-grey, a little
more white and black like the back, but altogether less marbled, that
is, the venter of the abdominal segments slaty-grey and unmarbled
(most difficult to get a view of the ventral surface). There is a black
longitudinal line on the outside of the prolegs. The colour of the
venter is inclined to be slaty, nor is the thoracic region really more
marbled than the abdominal. Habits : Rolls itself in a ring when
disturbed ; crawls pretty rapidly when actively in search of food,
otherwise its habits appear to be rather sluggish, resting on the edge
of the leaf which it is eating in full daylight, and slipping down
readily to the ground if disturbed. [Larva3 at Draguignan. May 6th,
1905.]— J. W. Tutt.

Egglaying of Euvanessa antiopa. — On April 26th, 1907, I saw an
Euvanessa antiopa, resting on a twig of willow, at about eighteen feet
from the ground, and quite out of reach. Its attitude was peculiar.
Head downwards, its wings were strongly deflexed, their angle above
about 250°, below about 100°. It was motionless thus (so far as could
be seen at the height it was) for a quarter-of-an-hour, in the evening
it was no longer there. Two days later, a close scrutiny showed that
where it was rested were some eggs, but not a full batch. I incline to
believe the butterfly had been seized (by the head ?) by some spider or
other enemy, but it is possible, so far as I know, that this may be an
usual attitude in oviposition. — T. A. Chapman. June 2nd, 1907.

Egglaying of Eugonia polychloros. — On April 9th, 1907, I found
eggs of Eugonia polychloros on the way to Carqueiranne, they were
near the end of a last year's twig, with shoots of this spring about
one-and-half inches long. The eggs were laid closely together on the
upperside of the twig, encroaching on the sides, but not beneath, in
two patches, a larger and a smaller, the larger about an inch from the
end of the twig, the smaller separated by a narrow space, apparently
that they might be at the base of the next shoots of the year. The
eggs are very like those of Euvanessa antiopa in size and colour, all
appeared to have exactly eight ribs. The shoot was a horizontal one
towards the top of a small sapling, about six feet above one's head,
and were detected, by the slight appearance of thickening of the twig,
where the eggs were, on looking up into the tree. [These eggs have
been photographed by Mr. Tonge.] . — Ibid.

Notes on eggs and larvae of Eugonia polychloros. — On June
21th last, I found two nests of E. polychloros larvae on adjoining elms.
They were both facing south, and about fifteen feet from the ground.
I cut off the end of the bough containing one of the nests, and found
the eggs on the middle of three branchlets, about ten inches from the
tip. They were laid along the stem on the north side. The larvae, on
hatching, had evidently started eating from their birthplace, working
upwards to the tip of this central branchlet, and when I found them,
had also denuded the upper half of the left branchlet of its leaves.
All the twigs on which they had fed, and even the cluster of eggs, were
densely covered with webbing. — (Rev.) G. H. Raynor, Hazeleigh
Rectory, Maldon. July 4th, 1907.

CURRENT NOTES. 193

Melanic larva of Ellopia prosapiaria (fasciaria). — While beating
for larva? of E. prosapiaria (fasciaria) in the Tyne valley, near
Hexham, on the 18th ult., I secured an entirely black caterpillar of
this species, even the head, feet, and ventral area being black. The
colour of the ventral surface not quite so deep and decided as the
dorsal. As is known, the larva? vary greatly in coloration, here we
get the reddish-brown and a sepia-coloured form in about equal pro-
portions. I only remember once previously seeing a black larva, and
obtained it in the same locality- I obtained thirteen larva? on the
above date, they seem scarce this season, but the percentage of melanic
larva? to the other forms, based on a few seasons, will approximate
about one per cent. only. — G. Nicholson, 26, Lancaster Street,
Newcastle. June 1th, 1907.

URRENT NOTES

Our valued correspondent, Herr Konst. Freih. v. Hormuzaki, has
just published the third part of his Lepidoptera of the Bukowina. It
contains the remainder of the superfamilies not already dealt with in
parts 1 and 2, viz., from the Pyralides to the Micropterygides. All
our students of the geographical distribution of the lepidoptera —
especially micro-lepidoptera — will certainly have to refer to this work.

Commander J. J. Walker has recently given some interesting notes,
in the Ent. Mo. Mag., of some of the rarer butterflies in the " Dale
collection," now deposited in the Hope Museum, Oxford. It is to be
noted that many of the labels are in Mr. C. W. Dale's handwriting,
often referring to specimens taken many years before he was born, e.g.,
" Argynnis dia, 1847," "Melitaea athalia, 1802, 1803," " Chrysophanns
virgaureae, 1824," "C. hippothoe, 1824," " C. disj>ar, 1841," " dory las,
ZmiL, 8402," etc. One does not doubt that Mr. C. W. Dale may have
had materials in his possession that might serve as a guide, in adding
the assumed facts in label form, to some particular specimen to be
found in the collection, still, details like these, added from 50-90 years
afterwards, must only carry their due weight, and must not be put in
the same category as labels placed by the captor on a specimen, and
preserved in a collection where the labels could not possibly be shifted.

Mr. A. N. Caudell has recently published (Proc. Unit. St. Nat.
Museum) a first class systematic review of " The Decticinae of North
America." A considerable amount of exceedingly well-illustrated
detail makes this paper exceptionally valuable.

The Rev. G. H. Raynor has presented to the Cambridge University
Museum, the contents of two drawers of his cabinet, comprising the
families of Abraxas grossulariata and its var. flavofasciata (lacticol'or),
which he exhibited at the British Association Meeting, at Cambridge,
in 1904, and, with additional specimens, before the Zoological Society
(see Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1906, i., pp. 125-133). The insects
illustrate the Mendelian theory of heredity which is just now receiving
great attention at the hands of the scientific biologists resident at the
University.

Among all our lepidopterists, are there any who can give us
reliable data on the mode of pupation of Ruralis (Thecla) betulae, also
reliable notes on (1) dates of capture wild, and (2) dates of emergence
in confinement? We shall also be grateful for any information of the

194 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

larvse feeding, in nature or confinement, on any other plants than
plum, sloe, and apricot. Has anyone ever found the larva on birch,
or confirmed the statement of Crisp (Ent. Rec, xv., p. 243), that he
obtained it from Querent robur? Our information on these two points
— foodplants and pupation-habits — is very vague and unsatisfactory.

Mr. E. E. Austen exhibited, at the meeting of the Entomological
Society of London, June 5th, 1907, examples of a South African fly,
parasitic in the larval stage on human beings and mammals — a true
Muscid — hitherto confused with another fly. He said it was rare to
find Diptera parasitic on mammals, and gave an account of the various
" new " descriptions persisted in by writers on this species.

The last meeting of the Entomological Club was held at The Hand
and Spear Hotel, Weybridge, on July 8th, when Mr. G. T. Porritt was
the host. It was a cold and cheerless afternoon from the weather
point of view, but otherwise the meeting was a most successful one.
Supper was served at 7 p.m., when among the members and friends
present were — Messrs. B. Adkin, R. Adkin, H. Rowland-Brown,
M. Burr, G. C. Champion, A. J. Chitty, H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe,
L. Gibb, T. W. Hall, A. H. Jones, W. J. Lucas, R. South, A. Sich,
and J. W. Tutt. A most enjoyable evening was spent. The
collectors of British insects, used to the rain, snow, and cold of the
last few weeks, were charmed with Mr. Jones' account of his recent
entomological conquest of Hungary, where the sunshine had been
nearly continuous for five weeks, and where the collecting had been
magnificent. Our own feelings were that we might have been there
to see.

The Upsala celebration of the 200th anniversary of the birth of
Linne, May 23rd, 1707, proved a huge success. Many well-known
zoologists from Britain were present ; among others, Professor

E. B. Poulton, who represented the University of Oxford, the Rev.

F. D. Morice, representing the Entomological Society of London.
Professor E. B. Poulton, we believe, received one of the few decora-
tions conferred on British representatives. We understand that the
address by the Rev. F. D. Morice was particularly well received,
delivered as it was in the purest Latin, pronounced in the continental
manner, and hence clearly understanded by the assembly.

<§§> BITU AR Y.

Charles James Watkins (Born July 12th, 1846, died May 27th,
1906). — Many of us have learned, with the greatest regret, of the
death of C. J. Watkins, for many years a resident at Kingsmill House,
Painswick, but who only last year removed to Watledge, Nailsworth,
where he had hoped to spend the remainder of his days in the natural
history pursuits to which he was so much attached. One of the most
delightful of correspondents, no trouble within his power was too great
to obtain information or material for the use of his friends, and to
him we owe very much for kindnesses received in the course of our
own work. Even in late April and early May several letters passed
between us, and, although, then, he was soon to undergo an operation
at Clifton, there was no thought that it would not, as several previous
ones, be entirely successful, and that he would soon be himself again.
Fate decreed otherwise. His general ill-health since Christmas had

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 195

undermined his usual stamina, and, in addition, it was discovered that,
besides the kidney trouble for which he was being treated, he was also
suffering from cancer, and, although the operation was skilfully
performed, and up to a point was successful, the patient gradually
sank and died on the morning of May 27th. Born at Lightpill, in
1847, he removed with his parents to Cap Mill, and thence to King's
Mill, and always spoke of himself as a Painswickian. He was a
" pin " manufacturer by trade, and his father was one of the earliest
to supply entomologists with the special pins we now use for our
study. He was a thorough all-round naturalist — a good microscopist,
geologist, botanist, as well as a first-class entomologist — studying not
only lepidoptera, but most of the other orders. He was an especially
good hymenopterist, and had a first-class general acquaintance with
coleoptera and hemiptera. Like many other Gloucester boys, he was
largely influenced in his school days by his master, Moses Pullen, who
inculcated in the minds of many of his scholars a taste for natural
history. As an observer be was exact, thorough, and competent, and
one could perfectly rely on his statements and observations, backed up
as they were by reference to a careful diary, kept over a period of more
then 40 years. He was particularly interested in the fauna of
Gloucestershire, and took considerable pains in collecting details for
the faunistic list to be published in the Victoria County History series
for that county. We have often alluded regretfully to the fact that
he published so little out of his great fund of knowledge, but he
always retorted that what he knew was at the disposal of those who
wanted it, that, for the rest, ill-health and business left him little time
for real relaxation, and that, when able, he liked to be among the
plants, birds, and insects in the places he knew and loved so well.
He was after all a naturalist rather than a scientist in the modern
sense, preferring to know things rather than to know about them, and
as such, his contributions to the habits of our insects with which he
regularly supplied us for amalgamation in our own work, were always
useful, and will be most certainly missed. Our sincerest sympathies
are with the widow whom he has left to mourn his loss.

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

A Preliminary List of Coleoptera observed in the Neighbour-
hood of Oxford from 1819 to 1907, by Commander J. J. Walker,
E.N., M.A., etc. — This list of the coleoptera of Oxford by
Commander J. J. Walker, is very interesting to the student of our
fauna, comprising as it does the records of the late Kev. F. W. Hope,
as well as nearly all the available captures up-to-date. It is only
necessary to glance at it to see what a fine area for collecting it
embraces ; a radius of seven miles from the centre of Oxford beino-
taken as the limit. In a Synoptical Table at the end of the list the
total number of species for Oxford, some 1399, is compared with that
of Rochester, which totals 1615 species, but no doubt many more
species will be added to Oxford after further researches have been
made, and all the species captured have been incorporated. Much is
due to the enterprise of Messrs. W. Holland and A. H. Hamm,
as well as to the indefatigable compiler himself. We can add the
following species taken at different times on our various visits to

196 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

Oxford — Harpalus attenuatus, Homalota succicola, Thamiaraea cinna-
momea, Mycetoporus clavicomis, Philonthus albipes and P. cephalotes,
Oxytellus inustus, Trogophloeus rivularis, Soronia punctatissima, Olibrus
liquid-us, and Longitarsus lycopi. To mention a few points which strike
us in this list, we should not consider Xaniholinus tricolor a coast
species, having taken it at Wicken Fen, Tewkesbury, Wallingford,
Sevenoaks, Chippenham Fen, etc., Dr. Joy has taken it at Streatley,
Fowler records it from Gloucester, and it is not uncommon at
Rannoch and in the Scotch Highlands generally. Bembidium
minimum, on the other hand, we have always regarded as entirely a
coast species, but we notice it is recorded as generally distributed in
the Oxford district. We cannot believe in Hope's record of Liarus
algirus taken off rushes and water-plants, when it is exclusively a
thistle feeder, especially as he speaks of L. paraplecticus as only a
variety of it, when the two species are totally unlike each other.
We do not quite understand the system by which rare species are
marked with a single and double asterisk, for example — Helophorus
nanus is marked with a single asterisk, whereas H. brevicollis, one of
the rarest species, of which there are hardly any records, taken by
Mr. Holland at King's Wier, has no asterisk at all ! Again, very
common species like Cryptocephalus aureolns, Batophila riibi, and
Agathidium carious, etc., have a single asterisk, and a very local and
rare species like Coccinella 5-punctata also has only a single asterisk,
whereas Anisotoma nigrita, which is certainly common and widely
distributed, has two. However, on the whole, the list is a very useful
piece of work, and should be in the hands of all British coleopterists.

SOCIETIES.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
— May 23rd. — Exhibits. — Aberrations of Noctuids. — Mr. Brown
exhibited (1) varieties of Trachea piniperda from Oxshott, in some the
red markings were dominant, and in others the green ; (2) a dark
Agrotis exclamationis from Folkestone ; and (3) a very light A. puta
from Deal. An ant-beetle. — Mr. Ashby, a long series of the ant-
beetle, Thanasimus formicarius, from Oxshott, where it had occurred
commonly. June 13th. — Darenth insects. — Mr. West, of Greenwich,
the rare coleopteron, Triplax lacordairei, and the uncommon hemip-
teron, Verlusia rhomboidea, both from Darenth. Larva of Issoria
latona. — Mr. Tonge, a living larva of Issoria latona, reared from an
ovum sent from Hyeres by Dr. Chapman. Tinea cloacella. — ■
Mr. H. J. Turner, a specimen of Tinea cloacella just taken in
Greenwich Park. Coleophorid larvae. — Also the living larva3 of
< 'oleophora discordella, sent by Mr. Wilkinson, of Workington. Strange
choice of foodplant by larva. — Dr. Chapman exhibited a living larva
of Calocatnpa exoleta, and remarked on their curious custom of feeding
on stale foodplant ; several species of larvae were noted as having the
same habit as C. exoleta, and, in their final instars, voluntarily changing
their pabulum. Aberration of Papilio machaon. — Also an example
of Papilio machaon, in which the costa of the forewings was much
more arched tban usual towards the apex, whilst in another the black
inner line of the dark submarginal band was wanting, and the black
basal circle of the ocellus was absent.

LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BASSES-ALPES ALLOS TO LAC D'ALLOS. 197

Lepidoptera of the Basses=AIpes — Alios to Lac d'Allos.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Continuing my notes in the preceding number, I may say that,
on August 10th 1907, I set out seriously to find Mr. Powell, and made
straight for the Lac d'Allos. This piece of country is quite delightful.
It is of the type so characteristic of those arid Basses-Alpes, with their
black shaly beds, worn out along the valleys into great elephant-back
curves that are seen possibly nowhere else in Europe. The fauna
and flora of the lower part of the valley is more of a lowland type, but
a rise of some 700 or 800ft. leads one to a long walk by the side of the
river, on a slippery shaly path, and, when one leaves this and strikes
the limestone beyond, the fauna and flora change, as if by magic, and
a mile or so further, one reaches a pretty waterfall, where one can say,
almost definitely, sub-alpine conditions begin to prevail, and from thence
up to the lake, at above 7000ft. elevation, the alpine conditions get
more and more marked. I tried many other walks up and down the
valley, none of which were really very successful, and I should plump
for the walk up to the lake and the heights above, as being the best
collecting-ground in the district. The long grind from Alios to the
Lac d'Allos is good collecting-ground almost all the way. It rises
from 1675ft. to about 7400ft. The guide-books say that the journey
can be done in two hours ; personally, for entomological purposes, to
get up there, I prefer eight, although three is long enough to come
down. Possibly Pontia daplidice, Colias hyale, and C. edusa are among
the most widely distributed species in the lower part of the journey,
whilst equally generally distributed, and found almost everywhere here,
are Pararge maera, Epinephele tycoon, Issoria lathonia, Melitaea didyma,
certainly of the single-brooded, higher-level form of the species, Erebia
neoridas, at this time, almost all males, and Melitaea phuebe, the large fine
alpine form. Some way along this path were a few wych elms and an
abundance of blackthorn ; here we found a few worn Edwardria w-album
and Nordmannia acaciae, the latter in rather better condition than the
former, and very busy about the blackthorn shoots, or, later in the after-
noon, sitting on the flowers in the meadow between the trees and the
stream. This meadow was a splendid corner for many insects, of which
one may note Melitaea didyma, Melanargia galatea, Gonepteryx rhamni,
Colias edusa, C. hyale, Issoria lathonia, Aglais urticae, Pyrantels cardui,
P. atalanta, Urbicola comma, Agriades corydon, Coenonympha pamphilus,
Hesperia alveus, Adopaea thaumas, Loweia gordius, going over, Polyom-
matus icarus, and Thymelicus acteon, also passe, whilst a little further on,
where the road reached the level of the stream, we met, for the first time,
Erebia euryale, in numbers, and a sprinkling of the larger fritillaries,
Argynnis aglaia and A. niobe. Here, too, strangely, a few male Aporia
erataegi, not at all in bad condition, occurred ; one is not surprised
at late transparent females, but these (four) were all males, no female
being seen, whilst a specimen or two of Limenitis Camilla showed the
species past its prime. Brenihis amathusia, too, also worn, still persisted
in moderate numbers, and Melitaea pkoebe was frequent. Near
here, too, a splendid large butterfly swiftly moved along the path,
and, suddenly sailing back in straight line, a fine Euvanessa antiopa,
quite recently emerged, was in the net. On the torrent-slope here,
also, I worked some time for a short series of the large and fine
September 15th, 1907.

198

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Coleophora ornatipennella, which was not altogether common, whilst a
few Stenoptilia pterodactyla (fuscus) were also taken, and, on the level
just above, Plebeius argus with a few blue $ s was rather scarce, and
going over. Here and there, too, a Polygonia c-album was to be found,
whilst Dryas paphia in poor condition, and Argynnis niobe and A. aglaia
in first class order, were abundant. The spot where one leaves this
bushy path and strikes across the steep slope is the outpost of Pontia
daplidice and Limenitis Camilla. Here, by the stream, a specimen of
the latter was generally to be found, and several of the former were
always racing madly on the slopes at this corner, but beyond this one
was rarely seen, although rather farther on, where one crosses a little
stream, the solitary male Gonepteryx cleopatra seen in the district, was
observed. Along under the bare, steep, rounded, black, shaly rocks
that rise above the footpath for a mile or more, was nothing, and one
suspects that the pine-wood on the other side is much too well
grazed to be productive, although it was not explored, but, once
past the corner where dozens of little springs bubble from the
ground, and out on the steep limestone slopes, among the wild
gooseberry-bushes laden with ripe fruit, in the tall thistle-beds,
the common Argynnids — niobe and aglaia — and Vanessids — cardui
and atalanta — find a rich feast, and, at the end of the path across this
steep slope, sub-alpine conditions and a different fauna commenced to
prevail. Erebia neoridas was seen no more, and most of the other low-
land species failed. A fine spring of clearest water, surrounded by tall
heads of cat-mint, was most attractive. Here were the first examples seen
of Heodes virgaureae, with bright golden ? s, some, I am thankful to
say, not yet past their prime. Here, too, was an abundance of Adopaea
lineola, which also gave some good examples, though dozens certainly
were not fine, flying with Coenonympha iphis, a strange pairing observed
here being a $ A. lineola coupled with a 2 C. iphis. I tried to out-
manoeuvre them without separating them, but failed, but it looked as
if the hold obtained by the J of the $ clasps was of the flimsiest.
Plebeius argus, Agriades corydon, Poivellia sao, were captured on the
flowers with Klugia spini and Polyommatus eros, but Aricia astrarche,
as all through the district, was rare. On to the lovely waterfall the
country and fauna were quickly changing, Erebia goante appeared soon
in numbers, Parnassius apollo of large size swung lazily over the rocks,
and then Erebia tyndarus appeared, whilst, within a quarter of a mile, all
these species became abundant. A steep, damp slope, where the irrigating
streams overflowed, with tall thistles several feet high, was a marvellous
collecting ground. There were absolutely hundreds of Argynnis niobe,
both with and without the silver spots on the undersides, and Argynnis
aglaia was, if anything, more abundant, Erebia tyndarus equally so,
and E. goante hardly less. Oolias edusa and C. hyale still swung
along, mixed here, however, with C. phicomone, of which the yellow
males were more abundant than the white females. Coenonympha
iphis, rather larger spotted beneath than the Dauphiny race, was
abundant, and so was Pier is rapae and Urbicola comma ; Parnassius
apollo was quite frequent, and so was Hesperia alveus, and here, too,
was the outpost of Melanargia galatea, of which several rather poor
specimens were seen. Pararge maera, Coenonympha var. darwiniana,
Melitaea phoebe, Polyommatus escheri, Aglais urticae, Issoria lathonia,
Pyrameis atalanta, P. cardui, Gonepteryx rhamni made up the tale.

LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BASSES-ALPES ALLOS TO LAC D'ALLOS. 199

Beyond this was another delightful stretch, more heath-like
and moorland in character, and easier to work than the steep
slope just left, where the long grass, flat sloping stones, and
slippery slopes made one's back come in occasional and unnecessary
contact with the earth, and a bruise or two was something in the shape
of a necessity. Here the " blues " of the district were frequent —
Polyommatvs eros, /'. daman, Agriades corydon, Nom-iades semiargus,
Plebeius argus, Aricia astrarche, and a single worn Cupido sebrus, whilst
still Coenonympha pamphilns occasionally occurred, with an abundance
of C. ipkis. Beyond this, up to the lake, there was little to do, and,
at the lake, full alpine conditions prevailed, as may be expected at
7400ft. elevation. On the path directly above the marvellous outflow
of the lake, where, after passing through some 500 feet of ground
separating the lake and outfall, the stream breaks forth with remark-
able power, and, falling cascade-like, rushes away to make fertile the
almost flats that we have just passed, and every possible inch of which has
been put under cultivation, one finds many insects. The rocks here again
are the home of Erebia goante, and here, too, I captured the first male E.
gladalis, small, it seemed to me, but black as night, and in good condition.
Is this insect glacialis .' I found, on the nettles, many webs of larvae
of Aglais urticae, and then, turning a corner, suddenly came in full view
of the lovely Lac d'Allos, some four or five miles in circumference at
a guess, surrounded by slopes running up to the mountain-peaks
from 1000ft. to 2000ft. above, and surmounted by the lofty Mount
Pelat 10000ft. in elevation. Here, on the margins of the lake,
I found a small brood of Chrysophanus hippothoe, only just emerged,
the females varying from black with copper tinge to a strongly coppery
form, the males bright with black border, and not a trace of any purple
tinge, and of rather small size. I went on to the little hut where
refreshments are to be got, and discovered that Mr. Powell and his
friend had been gone a week. I was on the mountains separating the
Basses-Alpes and Alpes-Maritimes, and had reached, at least, the point
at which I had intended coming, and then found that my friend, who was
to have piloted me, had disappeared. The rest of this unhappy tale had
better not be told, suffice it to say that, a week later, whilst my friend
was lunching in an inn at Colmars, I must have sauntered through the
street past the inn, and we went in different directions, and failed to
see each other. It was now 4 p.m. I had been eight hours on the
warpath, and after making arrangements to stay at least a night at the
lake, I returned to the Auberge Pascal. The next day was largely
occupied in setting some two to three hundred insects that came down the
mountains in a zinc box, hat, and a few glass-bottomed boxes. They look-
very well though ! How I longed, on the way down, for a couple of
hundred of glass-topped or -bottomed boxes, to tackle the moths that
seemed to abound everywhere. I did pick up a few that perfect evening,
when, not a breath of air stirring, the alpine flowers at dusk were literally
alive with Gnophids, Euboliids, and other things. At 7.30 p.m. I
walked into the Auberge, had a bath, ate my dinner, and went to
bed, sleeping the sleep of the tired till awakened by the sun and the
swallows about 7 a.m.

200 the entomologist's record.

Lepidoptera of the Basses-Alpes — Lac d'Allos.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The lovely Lac d'Allos is at an elevation of between 7000ft. and
8000ft., yet far above this, for quite 2000ft., the alpine pastures roll
free, with lovely stretches of wild flowers and capped by rocks of
surpassing grandeur.

I had made up my mind for a day here, and having prospected, as
already noted, on the 10th, I collected all the way up the valley, and
arrived at the lake about 5 p.m. on the afternoon of August 13th, having
been promised a comfortable shake-down by the hostess of the shanty
here at my previous visit. I found out, however, all through this trip,
that what was. proposed did not always come off. A large party of
tourists from Marseilles were in possession, including three ladies, the
best quarters in the little alpine hut were already commandeered,
and, after having supper with a company whose lively habits would
have helped to make the fortune of a professional paragrapher, I had
to turn in the straw with a dozen others, in the long, roomy, and not
altogether uncomfortable, quarters of the hut. I turned out early
next morning, and, after a wash in the lake, went off for a stroll on
the slopes before partaking of a substantial breakfast, of which trout
from the lake, and fresh milk were two very pleasing features.

Nothing was on the move till 9 a.m., for the night had been cold,
and a specimen or two of Brmthis pales picked up were quite numbed
and unable to fly, but as the sun got more power, the flowery slopes
were alive with insects. Not that the number of species here was a
large one, on the contrary the number was small, but the species
present were mostly in great abundance. First and foremost was
Chrysophanus hippothoe, by the lake side, the males brilliant and
sparkling in their freshness, the copper bright, the black edging deep,
but with no trace of purple tint, and with none of the black shading
that leaves, on the hindwings of the upperside, an apparent band of
copper colour, representing that of the females, and which we
strangely find in the examples at the extreme north and south of its
European range, viz., in Scandinavia (Bossekop) and Spain (Moncayo).
The females were of two forms, one almost uniformly fuscous-brown,
the other with the centre of the forewings coppery. A lovely black female
of Loireia subalpina, Speyer, supposed by many to be an alpine form
of L. dorilis, was also taken, but, although search was made, not another
example was discovered. Down by the lake side also, as well as on the
slopes far above, almost every flower was occupied by a Brmthis pales,
there must have been many thousands, even in a comparatively limited
space. The females are brown, but particularly pale, especially towards
the centre of the inner margin of the forewings, only one dark one of
the napaea type was observed, and, although many were worn, others
were in prime condition. Next to Brenthis pales, Colias phicomone
was the commonest species. Many specimens were getting thinly-
scaled and worn, but others were in the pink of condition, the males
showing considerable variation, some with yellow forewings and only
the nervures and marginal band dusky, others with the forewings
entirely clouded except for a patch on the inner margin ; the females
were more uniform, with delicate pink fringes and heads, almost
exactly of the same form as the specimens from Larche, on the

LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BASSES-ALPES LAC d'aLLOS. 201

northern side of the Mt. Pelat range. High as it was. a male Colias
hi/ale occasionally threw itself across a slope with amazing speed,
whilst ( '. edusa, of large size and rich colour, pulled itself up quickly
at a flower and gave the chance of a shot, often successful. Argynnis
niobe, too, was in grand form, many of the undersides with fine silvery
spots. A. aijlaia appeared to be outreached here, for it rarely occurred
at this elevation, and was almost as rare as Oonepteryx rhamni, of
which one reached quite 8000ft., and more so than Pyrantels cardui,
which occasionally flew across. Urbicola comma seems to be independent
of elevation if it can get the ground it wants, and so does Hesperia
alveus. Only four species of " blues" were observed at this elevation,
Polyommatus eros, which I have looked upon as quite the queen of the
high mountains of the Basses-Alpes, for it was at Larche, in 1900, I
first found the females of this species in abundance, and here above
the lake I found several Plebeins argus, a pretty form of female, shot
with blue, and a single worn female Nomiades semiargus completed our
captures of this group, except that a few Polyommatus donzelii were
taken, as one feels should be the case, Donzel having been, in his
day, the student par excellence of the Basses-Alpes' lepidoptera,
and this species was named after this celebrated collector.
Like most other species Anthrocera exulans seemed to be over, for
only a few worn females were seen, but here the insect is only found
at specially high elevations and I may not have reached its headquarters,
as I certainly did not those of the pure black Erebia glacialis var. pinto,
which Mr. Powell says abounds here. As a matter of fact, I only
found one Erebiid species really common above the lake, viz., the
ubiquitous Erebia tyndarus, although E. goante and E. gorge were
locally not rare, Aglais urticae flew at the highest point reached, and
larvse at the the lake side were abundant. A small race of streaked
Setina aurita was not uncommon, the lovely blue-green Colastia
auriciliella, with its orange fringes was common, and one of the
Psodos species, locally abundant. ( 'rambus radidlus was generally dis-
tributed, and a fine pair of Gnophos glaucmaria ('?), with well-marked
grey male and ochreous female, was captured in cop., as well as other
females ; a rather small, ill-marked, silky race of Gnophos obfuscata
was also not infrequent. A pair of a Stenoptilia, which I cannot
separate from bipunctidactyla, was taken near the lake. There were
many other species, no doubt, of which I have no example, and which
I do not carry in my memory, but Mr. Powell has promised that some
day he will write us up the fauna of this delightful district, so that
my shortcomings may possibly prove less serious than at present
they may appear.

The Lepidoptera of the Basses-Alpes — Colmars to Col d' Alios.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The country immediately round about Alios is just lovely for a lazy
man, but mid-August, one suspects, is too late for an entomological
visit. I tried the country up as far as the Col d'Allos, leading over to
Barcelonette and the Ubaye valley, where I spent a most delightful
month in 1900, the notes of which, however, have never yet been
published. It may be well to note what one met here, separately
from what was found in the more alpine regions of the Lac d'Allos,

202 the entomologist's eecord.

although these was really very little except the usual common species
of the district, Pontia daplidice, Oolias edusa, C. hyale, Paranja maera,
Erebia neoridas, Issoria lathonia, and, most abundant of all, Argynnis
aglaia and A. niobe. But the district was a lowland one compared
with those already noted. The poverty of this district undoubtedly
is due to the geological (and consequent floral) conditions. Here
and there a piece of limestone breaks out of the interminable shales,
and then, as if by magic, a new insect fauna is seen — Melanargia
galathea, Epinephele lycaon, Melitaea didyma (the females of a fine
dark mountain type), Aglais urticae, Urbicola comma — but on the
whole the country is exceedingly poor in insects. Two or three
newly-emerged Euvanessa antiopa were observed, near La Foux, and
the stalking of these grand fellows gives an abundance of sport, but the
only one that I captured was a grand female, so deeply engrossed in
sucking the nectar from a large thistle-head that she fell a most easy
prey. Another district over which I roamed one day, and that was
equally disappointing, was that known as the Vacheries. It evidently
acted up to its name, for it was covered with cattle, and the cause of
the scarcity of insects was evidently due to them, for there was nothing
really seen in a long walk that was not common everywhere, e.g.',
Erebia neoridas, Pontia daplidice, Colias edusa, C. hyale, Argynnis
niobe, A. aglaia, etc., until we dropped over into the valley leading up
to the Lac d'Allos, when Nordmannia acaciae, and a few insects already
noted as occurring in that valley, were met with. Going down the
road produced better results. On the steep slopes between Alios and
Colmars, as well as on the lower ground by the banks of the Verdon,
was an abundance of species, although nothing much that had not
been seen elsewhere. Taking these in order, one could, almost as
soon as one was out of the village, begin to ascend the slopes, and,
serious as they look from the road, are, attacked in this way, really
rather easy to work. Erebia neoridas was here in swarms, Anthrocera
fausta and A. corniolica, of beautiful forms, were more sparingly
represented, Pontia daplidice was both fine and abundant, Melitaea
didyma frequent, but for the rest most of the species were distinctly
passe. Those particularly noticeable were Hcsperia carthami, Loweia
gordius, Nomiades semiargus, Cupido sebrus, Brenthis amathusia,
Adopaea lineola, A. thaumas, Thymelicus acteon, Powellia sao,
Melanargia galathea, and Epinephele lycaon, the females of which
have particularly well-marked, elongated, ocellated spots on the
forewings. Hesperia alveus, Urbicola comma, Melitaea phcebe, Pararge
maera, Polyommatus icarus ab. icarinus, Aricia astrarche, Ayriades
corydon, A. bellaryus, A. damon, Coenonympha pampJiilus occurred
everywhere, and were usually in fine condition, whilst the flowers were
frequented by an abundance of Colias edusa, C. hyale, Gonepteryx
rhamni, Issoria lathonia, etc. Anthrocerids were certainly over,
Anthrocera achilleae, A. ochsenheimeri, A. lonicerae, A. transalpina,
a few of each rather worn, being the only species besides those
already noted. Melitaea athalia (?) of the mountain form was frequent,
but worn altogether beyond cabinet stage, and only captured for
reference. Leptidia sinapis was also pretty generally distributed, but
not at all common. Polyommatus escheri was already over, also
Kluijia spini in the lower levels, although towards the lake the species
was still in very fair condition. Here and there on the slopes

FURTHER NOTES ON TROCHILIUM ANDRENAEFORME, LASP. 203

Aspilates gilvaria was very abundant, and occasionally one saw a
few other Geonietrids. Down near the river, the old road, now
disused, is overgrown with the food of Papilio alexanor, and it was
a grand treat to see the female fly up and down in long, undulating
curves as she selected the spots suitable for egg-laying. Here, too,
were clumps of the coarse, prickly Ononis, from which I disturbed
what I assume to be Marasmarcha var. tuttodactyla, but the species
swarmed on a small dwarf smooth-leaved species of Ononis that was
growing on the other side of the road a little nearer Colmars, and a
little Gelechiid, black with a white transverse stripe, that I have not
yet named, was also abundant. There were really lots of things to
keep one busy at Alios. Only once before, viz., in 1897, when I
visited Susa, did I bring home so large a bag or so varied an assortment
of insects, as in 1906. But, after all, as I said at first, I was too late for
satisfactory work, and I still hope that Mr. Powell, who knows this
district in a way that few lepidopterists perhaps know any other
district of Europe, will find time to give us his notes thereon. It is
a lovely country, separate and isolated, free from tourists, and prac-
tically unknown, where much work can evidently be done, but where
one's visit should be paid in late June and early July.

Further notes on Trochilium andrenaeforme, Lasp.

By Hon. N. CHARLES ROTHSCHILD, M.A., F.L.S.

Mr. Percy C. Reid states (antea, p. 102) that, in his opinion, the con-
struction of the " cap " which closes the mine of a full-grown larva of
Trochilium andrenaeforme can readily be explained. I should like to
know the views of other entomologists on this point.

Since the publication of my original notes on this species (Trans.
Ent. Soc. London, 1906, pp. 471-482), [ have been able to examine a
number of mines containing living larvae. My conclusion is that the
mine is only closed in two ways, that of the immature larva, and that
of the larva which is destined to become a moth in the summer
succeeding the formation of the "cap." At some periods of its exist-
ence the larva appears to live between the bark and the wood, but I
have found quite young larva? in the centre of twigs of the foodplant.
Young larvae, and larvas that are halfgrown, never make a " cap."
Their presence in a twig or branch can generally be detected by the
blister-like swelling of the bark, usually with a small fissure in it.
The raised portion of the blister is not separated off from the rest of
the bark. The larva in its final stage apparently makes the " cap "
referred to above. This "cap" is a genuine operculum. That is, it is a
more or less circular piece of bark which can be readily removed, and
which apparently operates as a covering to the opening of the mine.
When this "cap" is removed, the mine has the very characteristic
appearance which all old mines (from which the insect has emerged)
of Trochilium andrenaeforme show. In those cases where the insect
emerges from a mine which lacks the "cap," its absence can be
explained by the operculum having been accidentally removed.

204 the entomologist's record.

Lepidopterological notes from Freshwater.

By RUSSELL E. JAMES.

Since Mr. Hodges discontinued his interesting notes on the Isle of
Wight, one has heard little of Freshwater, and some notes on a three
weeks' visit may be of interest. With his usual generosity, Mr.
Hodges posted me well up beforehand, so that I started for Totland
Bay on July 12th, with every prospect of a good time. The fine
weather began simultaneously, and I just found the good local species
coming out with a rush. Totland Bay is a little farther than Fresh-
water from the best grounds, but is far pleasanter to stay at, especially
when one has small children, who reckon on a sandy beach.
Immediately upon arrival, I quite unexpectedly met Mr. W. J. Kaye,
who was bent on taking a quiet holiday before starting on an entomo-
logical trip to Trinidad.

The display of a fine lot of Acidalia humiliate and Setina irrorella,
however, which I took before breakfast on my first morning, roused
his enthusiasm for British field work again, and the holiday hence-
forward proved less " quiet " than he had anticipated. A. humiliata
daily increased in numbers in its special locality until July 20th,
when it began to get worn, and by the end of the month was over.
My last visit on August 2nd only showed two very worn females. It
is excessively local, but I should imagine it has gained ground since
Mr. Hodges first discovered it. Moreover, as only a few yards of its
special spot are workable, it should be quite safe from over-collecting.
As a matter of fact Mr. Kaye thought none of it looked workable, and
declined to accompany me. He took a few, however, by the much
more laborious means of working in a boat from below.

The other great Freshwater insect, Agrotis luni<jera, also at leas;
maintains its numbers. This species was only just starting, too, and
the first night (July 13th) produced eleven specimens. The following
night 44 turned up, and then I did not treacle the Downs again until
the 20th. On this night, had I cared, I could easily have taken 500,
or even more. I had 70 bunches of treacled hemlock, and every one
had three or four on, several running into double figures, and when I
left, with every box full, at 11.30 p.m., they were still coming on thick.
All these flowers were placed within six feet of the cliff edge, and a
fence running back inland, which I treacled the same night, did not
produce a single specimen, although other species were common
enough. In the matter of flowers, I found white ones were much
more remunerative than other colours. On the last night, nearly
running short of my supply of hemlock, I used yarrow, ragwort,
and hemp-agrimony as well. The yarrow proved almost as attractive
as the hemlock, but on the ragwort and agrimony, there was scarcely
a quarter as many moths as on the others. This was the more
remarkable, as, being an excessively cold and windy night, the thicker
ragwort and agrimony foliage offered much more shelter to the feeding
moths than either of the others. These cliff species stand a lot of
" weather." On this last night (July 31st) the hemlock stems were
snapped again and again, getting shorter and shorter as they were
cut and stuck up afresh ; and the temperature was so low, that at
11.30 p.m. I could scarcely box the moths for cold hands. Yet I
selected 60 fine A. lunigera, and left many others, whilst Xylophasia

LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL NOTES FROM FRESHWATER. 205

polyodon and Caradrina taraxaci, with a smattering of other things,
were in numbers, and still coming when I left.

Strange species visit the Downs on a good night. Noctua festiva
was always common, and Habrosyne derasa fairly so; but more re-
markable were Hylophila prasinana and Boarmia repandata-. Strangest
of all was a worn female of Acosmetia caliginosa, on July 20th. This
puzzled me considerably, and for some time I had vague ideas of an
addition to the British list. I was only familiar with the male, but a
visit to South Kensington soon settled my doubts. Agroiis lucernea
was unaccountably absent, one fine specimen on the 14th being the
only representative, and A. cinerea (a nice whitish form) was remark-
ably late ; three very decent males turned up on July 20th, and odd
ones on the 13th, 14th, and 21th, the last in quite good condition.

During the first few days the moth of the moment, however, was
Agrotis corticea. It already wanted picking over for condition, but
was in countless numbers and great variety. Contrary to one's
expectations for a chalky district, dark forms were more numerous
than pale ones, and some very striking varieties were taken. On
July 20th, a specimen was found eagerly feeding on treacle, although
only just emerged, with wings quite undeveloped. I boxed it and left
it quietly on the ground, and in half-an-hour it was fully expanded.

These are the more interesting moths taken at treacle on the
Downs, but among many others, the following occurred : Hadena
dentina (a nice pale form, commonly), Noctua rubi (very ochreous),
Xylophasia sublustiris (three, July 31st), Mamestra anceps (on the earlier
nights), nice white forms of Miana bicoloria, and occasional Neuria
reticulata. Caradrina ambigua never occurred, but all the four common
species of the genus were in evidence, especially C. taraxaci.

Treacle in a wood bordering the marsh near Freshwater was only
tried once (July 27th), and attracted Craniophora ligustri, Thyatira
batis, Habrosyne derasa, Triphaena fimbria, Agrotis corticea (one), A.
nigricans, Apamea gemina, Xylophasia sublustris (about a dozen), X.
hepatica, Lithosia lurideola, Lencania straminea, L. conigera (in plenty),
numbers of Caradrina taraxaci (more on ragwort than on trees), Bivula
sericealis and Rhodophaea suarella.

The neighbouring marsh was worked at dusk more frequently.
ilia emutaria was almost over, five specimens on July 16th being
all I took, and although these were in fair condition, I saw none after-
wards. Mr. Kaye, however, took a couple the following night. Odd
Toxocampa pastinurn were taken on the 16th by Mr. Kaye, but I did
not find their headquarters until the 21st, when I netted 25, and
Mr. Kaye another dozen, in a grassy field where the foodplant grew
freely. This ground was all cut the next day, and, with the exception
of an occasional specimen in the marsh, T. pastinurn was practically
finished. As the species rarely comes to treacle, it is worth mention-
ing that Mr. Kaye took a couple on some small posts that he had
treacled, the night after the grass was cut. Leucania straminea
occurred at dusk in the reed beds in fair numbers. Many were
"bald," and they were, moreover, difficult to distinguish on the wing
from the much commoner L. impura, but, in the end, about a dozen
good ones were taken. Nonagria gendnipuneta pupae occurred in the
same place, especially where the reeds were growing close into the
wood. The larvae apparently always entered fresh stems for pupation.

206 the entomologist's record.

Although I found a good number of larva? in the upper workings, I
never found a pupa. All the pupa? were found in large stems close to
the ground, and, in the end, I found the best way to work was to
ignore the yellow leaves, and simply examine, on hands and knees,
every well-grown stem. The holes where the larvae entered were
easily found, and just above them the brown discs, where they had
almost gnawed through before pupating, leaving only the merest film
for the moth to penetrate when emerging. Still more interesting is
the curved hood the larva forms with reed gnawings and silk immedi-
ately above the opening, so that the escaping moth is automatically
impelled in the right direction. Wellgrown reeds were none too
common, and, in consequence, nearly always contained one or two
pupae, frequently three, twice five, and once six. In some of these
crowded stems, the top tenant below a " knot " had scarcely an inch
in which to pupate. The "hood" above referred to effectually
protected the pupa below from any overhead disturbance.

Crambus selasellus, which I had not seen since I took a series at
Chippenham Fen eight years ago, was common in the marsh nearer
towards Yarmouth, and Rivida sericealis and Ebulea crocealis were not
rare on the edge of the wood. Plenty of Enodia hyperanthus among
the reeds again recalled Chippenham.

Several Gillmeria ochrodactyla and a number of Chortodes
arcuosa occurred whilst working for Toxocampa pastinum, and, amongst
a crowd of common woodland species and Clrilo pkragmitellus that
flew over the reeds at dusk, odd Cymatophora duplaris and Phorodesma
pustulata were netted ; also one or two lAihosia griseola.

Eeturning to the downs, by day Phycis subornatella swarmed, and
amongst them Hypochalcia ahenella and Homaeosoma binaevella, while,
later in the month, Botys flavalis got up from the short turf at every
step. On the cliff slopes, where workable, Ennychia cingulata, Herbula
cespitalis, and Pyrausta ostrinalis were plentiful, Stenia punctalis rather
scarcer, and occasional Acidalia marginepunctata, and very pale Gnophos
obscuraria. Towards the end Algeria ichneumoniformis occurred, the
first of which I found in my net by chance. After this 1 only had
two suitable mornings for working it, and took four more and missed
another. I failed to find it by sweeping, and those taken I got by
sitting still and watching patches of bird's-foot trefoil. The clearwing
flight is soon distinguished amongst the host of flies. Polyommatus
corydon flies on these slopes, Satyrus semele on the downs above, and
a few Mesotype virgata occurred among the gorse bushes.

Setina irrorella swarmed at first, and justified its name of " Dew
Moth " by flying freely and fairly strongly at 6.30 a.m. It was
moderately active during the day, and again flew freely at early dusk.
I never saw a female fly, and the males never strayed many feet from
the cliff edge. They were most abundant on the slopes and wherever
the ground was broken and the grass longer. I failed to detect any
variation, except in expanse, but in this they varied greatly, some
males being of immense size. They lingered on till the end, and I
saw several specimens on my last morning (August 2nd).

In a hollow on Afton Down, where the white horehound grew,
Wheeleria migadactyla (spilodactyla) was in great abundance on July
21st. On the first patch I came to I boxed three dozen without
moving a foot, and then contented myself with taking pupa?. They

LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL NOTES FROM FRESHWATER. 207

were in immense numbers on every plant, but so wonderfully in
harmony with the leaves that, although in full view on the top
surface, it was some moments before I found the first. When once
seen, however, there were more than enough for my wants on one
small patch, and larvae also were still feeding — some quite small. As
some of my pupae gave imagines as late as August 14th, these small
larvae would probably keep the insect going into September. Cledeobia
angustalis also occurred here, and one or two worn Homoeosoma
binaevella.

The only other form of collecting was dusking in the lanes at
Totland, especially up the Alum Bay Road. Here the hedge-bedstraw
abounded, and for the first few days Anticlea rubidata was plentiful,
but Mr. Kaye had found it still commoner before my arrival. It
speedily became worn, however, and was gone after the first week.
"NYe both found it very sluggish and hard to beat out by day, whilst
Melanippe rivata flew out at the least touch. This latter species was
very abundant and lasted longer than A. rubidata, and a number of
other Geometrids also occurred, Acidalia imitaria and Melanippe
galiata perhaps being the best. Showing the lateness of the season,
a very fair Arctia rillica was seen on July 23rd, and Euchelia jacobaeae
was flying in good condition at the end of the month. Odd Hecatera
serena, Nola cucullatella, and Eupithecia isogrammata occurred on
fences, and Emmelesia unifasciata, Cleora lichenaria, and Cilix glaucata
came in the house to light. The only other oddments of interest were
a few Triphaena interjecta flying at early dusk, Cidaria pyraliata and
Aphomia sociella on ragwort blossom, and Pseudoterpna pruinata on
Colwell Common. A nearly pure white Scoparia occurred on the
cliffs, probably a form of S. dubitalis, and on some small willows
Dicranura c inula and Notodonta ziczac larvae and one Leucoma salicis
pupa were found.

Although the season was late in the island, it was still later in the
New Forest. My first visit was on July 17th, when I went across by
early boat, had an hour or so at Holmsley, and then on to Ringwood.
At Holmsley, under ideal conditions, I saw two male Dryas paphia and
half-a-dozen Limenitis sibylla just out, when, normally, they should be
almost going over. The same day, at Ringwood, Eulepia cribrum was
still banging on, about a month late, and several quite good ones were
picked out. Anarta myrtilli was abundant over the heather, and
Nemeophila russula, Lithosia mesomella, Acidalia straminata, and
Pseudoterpna pruinata, occurred sparingly. Heliothis dipsacea had the
usual very dark upper wings one finds in this peaty district, so different
from those of the Tuddenham specimens. Treacle, the same evening, at
Brockenhurst, produced a few things, of which Leucania tinea, Moma
orion, and Eurymene dolabraria were the best; several Thyatira batis
and MelantJiia albicillata were netted at dusk, and a larva of Asphalia
ridens was found on an oak-trunk.

Next morning, before going back to Totland, 1 went to the
Anthrocera meliloti ground, and found them quite common, but hard
to find. They sit on the undersides of leaves and grass blades, and I
found the best way to search, was to sit down and look carefully round
sideways for a few yards, when they could easily be seen at rest. In
spite of a bright sun, I only saw one fly, and then for only about a
yard. This sluggishness is a safeguard, but, in spite of it, the species

208 the entomologist's record.

could scarcely hold its own, were not its headquarters in private
ground. The workable spot is happily only an overflow. I found one
professional on the ground, and was informed by a labourer that he
had "lived" there for a week, and had taken some 600 specimens !
Bupalus piniaria was still about, and a collector I met showed me
Cidaria picata, which, I believe, is new to the New Forest district.

At Holmsley again, on the 24th, the big butterflies were still very
backward. Limenitis sibylla was getting commoner, but Dryas paphia
was scarce, the only female taken or seen being a fine var. valezina.
Argynnis adippe and A. aglaia both occurred singly, and a nice Cleora
glabraria was found on an oak-trunk. On August 5th, IK paphia
females were still exceedingly rare, and L. sibylla and D. paphia males
still in good condition. On this day, I saw the first fresh Gonepteryso
rhanmi and the first Eugonia polychloros, although one or two hyber-
nated specimens of the former were about as late as July 18th.

I had been staying at Brockenhurst on my way home since August
2nd, but did not do much systematic collecting, as I was with motoring
friends. Two nights' treacling was a failure, except for two Hypenodes
albistrigalis (which I wanted badly), and I was told that the "crimsons"
were not out. A few dark Gnophos obscuraria, Selidosewa jihnnaria,
and Crambus pinellus, were netted at Setley Plain on the 4th, and
Heliotkis dipsacea was seen, but missed, the same day. At Burley, an
odd Psilura monacha was seen on an oak trunk, and Hydrocampa
nympheata and H. stagnata were abundant among Sparganium. at
Holmsley. A motor ride to Swanage on August 5th, gave me two
hours's grace, and, contenting myself with sandwiches while the others
lunched at a hotel, I ran up to see how Thym.elicus acteon was holding
out, and, to my delight, found it was in marvellous numbers — much
commoner than when I first saw it nine years ago. 1 netted a few
picked specimens, and, on my way along the cliffs, walked up Botys
verticalis commonly in a clover field, where Melanargia galatea also
abounded in perfectly fresh condition. The best capture, however, was
one fine Polyommatus corydon ab. fowleri.

A number of Orneodes hexadactyla, Pyralis glaucinalis, and other
oddments at light, complete my meagre New Forest list, but as during
the three weeks — with Macros, Plumes, Pyrales, and Crambi only — I
had seen or taken 215 species, I cannot complain of lack of variety.
For this result, however, I have very largely to thank Mr. Hodges, as
without his elaborate directions I should possibly have missed several
desirable species, or at any rate should have wasted much valuable
time in finding: them.

Reports of Entomological Societies and Entomological Records.

By Kev. C. R. N. BURROWS.

I am engaged in compiling an " Index Entomologicus " for my
own use — condensing into one ponderous volume records from the
various entomological works which come within my reach — localities,
dates of capture, aberrations, etc., etc. Should I live long enough, the
work might become of value, could it find a publisher, but the clerical
labour is tedious, monotonous, and sad. It is this sadness which
prompts me to write these lines. I find in floundering through the
ancient pages (for I have scarcely got within twenty years of the

REPORTS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES. 209

present date), a most lamentable lack of definite information, which
effectually prevents many records being either of use or interest ; and
unless records are of use or interest, they surely cease to be records at
all. To make a long story short I will try to show what I am driving
at, by illustrating from the magazines published since the year 1890
what I mean. I take one of these volumes haphazard — I open it at
the first page of its Societies' Reports :

"Mr. exhibited for Mr. of , and read notes on Arctia

lubricipeda var. radiata, which had been bred by Mr. this year."

"Mr. exhibited dark varieties of Acronicta leporina, bred by Mr.

, also a white variety of Triphaena pronuba, taken at , by

Mr. — ."

" Mr. exhibited a monstrosity of Abraxas grossulariata."

"Mr. ■ — exhibited a series of striking varieties of Satyrut hyperanthus,

bred from ova laid by a female taken in the New Forest — "

and so on. These are not striking instances, for I have honestly
quoted from the report of the first society which I dropped upon. One
asks : What good do these records do ? What were the peculiarities
of the specimens exhibited ? Where were they taken ? When ? How?

Without details one only learns that Mr. had bred Arctia

lubricipeda var. radiata, that there is a dark (how dark ?) aberration
of Acronicta leporina, and a white ab. of T. pronuba. What was
the nature of the monstrosity exhibited we are left to guess ; and we

learn that Mr. has bred Satyrus hyperanthus, and that this

species occurs in the New Forest and is liable to variation. In these
cases it is not fair to blame either the secretaries, who can only forward
such information as they receive, or the magazines, who, pledged to
publish, must publish, what they receive.

To pass on to paragraphs as to captures. Here is one : —

" Gxophria rubricollis in June. — A friend took this insect in June last in
Somersetshire. Is not this early in the season ? I have never myself taken this
moth, but relatives used to take it in Gloucestershire in August. I see Newman
gives August as the time of its appearance."

Now here was an opportunity of making two points — localities,
which would be interesting, and dates, perhaps more so. Unfortunately
both June and August comprise four weeks, a long period in our brief
summer, with only an equal period between, and the record is of no
use to me. And so on. A correspondent has had a month's collecting,
he naturally does not always collect in one spot. The record may
run: "Last July" — or oftener "from the middle of July to the

middle of August — I spent at ■" I took "so and so."

Here would be a consolation, if one always felt sure that the insects
recorded came from one locality. But, alas, I have recently read some
collectors' notes wTho evidently travelled about, yet do not say where,
when, or how their captures were made.

I say we must not blame the secretaries, or the editors, but
ourselves. Every record, every note, ought surely to carry some
information with it, as I should put it something which would allow
it to be placed in my " Index." It is wonderfully interesting to hear
or read that a brother entomologist has taken Pieris brassicae, Manduca
atropos, Laphygma exigua, or even Tkalpochares paula, but it is not of
lasting interest unless we know either when, where, how, or at
least something more about it. In notes recording the rearing of
species, surely it would be of interest to notice the oval period, the

210 the entomologist's kecokd.

appearance of the young larva, the length and number of the stadia,
pupal period, time of its emergence from pupa, length of time taken
in drying its wings. Newman's was a wonderful book, but no one
can study it without discerning how little he knew of the insects he
wrote about.

May I urge upon all entomologists that virtue withont which
science is but a delusion — exactness. If we make records, let us try
to be as precise as we can ; if we exhibit, give the secretaries a chance
by supplying them with particulars which contain something of
permanent interest and value.

Nemoria viridata, L, ab. mathewi, n. ab.

By EUSTACE R. BANKES, M.A., F.E.S.

This aberration differs from all the named forms of this species in
that both fore- and hindwings are dusted with orange scales. These
are fewest towards the bases, but become increasingly numerous
posteriorly, and are especially noticeable between the subterminal line
and the termen of the forewing, and on the corresponding portion of
the hindwing.

In the five examples examined, the thorax also differs from that of
the ordinary forms, being of a dingy greenish-buff, and the actual
ground colour of the wings is rather paler and somewhat tinged with
dingy buff. It seems probable that the orange dusting, upon which
alone I rely as the characteristic of ab. mathewi, might occur in either
the typical form, or in any one of the named varieties that only differ
from the single-lined type in the number or distinctness of the trans-
verse white lines, but I have only seen it in var. cloraria, Hb., which
is the commonest form in Britain.

A few individuals of this singular aberration, which occurs in both
sexes, were bred, amongst a goodly series of ordinary forms, in June,
1905, by Paymaster-in-Chief Gervase F. Mathew, K.N., after whom I
have much pleasure in naming it, from ova laid by a female captured
in South Devon. The larvae were reared on hawthorn, of which they
showed a preference for the most succulent shoots, and fed up very
slowly. I have little doubt that at first sight anyone would suppose
that the peculiar sickly appearance of ab. mathewi was due to discolora-
tion, but an examination, under a lens, of the orange scales precludes
any such idea, and Mr. Mathew, whose accuracy of observation is
well-known, informs me that the specimens, when freshly emerged,
were of the present colour, or, if anything, a trifle brighter. They
were killed, as were all the rest of the beautiful brood to which they
belonged, by an injection of oxalic acid following on stupefaction by
chloroform. The ordinary forms of viridata begin to fade, as they
invariably do in the cabinet, at the bases of the wings, but in ab.
mathewi the departure from the normal coloration is far more notice-
able near the termen, and much less so at the base, than elsewhere.

Notes on Collecting Lepidoptera in Egypt in May and June.

By PHILIP P. GRAVES.
Save for a day in the Wadi Hof, near Helwan, in mid-March,
when two or three Anthoeharis belia were taken, I was unable to do

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 211

any collecting this year till the last week in April, when I visited
the Wadi Rished to look for the blue which I call Plebeius allardii,
Obth., but which, judging by specimens of that insect in the British
Museum collection, is intermediate between that species and loewii.
On arriving at the Wadi I found a terrific wind blowing, and could
do nothing. I noted one A. belia, a few Lampides boeticus, and many
Pyrameis car dux. During the last few days of the month and early
in May ( 'atochrysops theophrastus abounded in the Ezbeniah Gardens
at Cairo, and large numbers were obtainable from grass stems after
4.30 p.m. A visit to Ezbet el Nakhla produced nothing but a few Polyom-
matus lysimon, the ground having been ruined by the operations of a
building society. On May 7th, I again tried Wadi Rished, and found
hundreds of Pyrameis cardui and Heliothis armigera (tomato-feeding
species) everywhere. Of the much-needed Plebeius allardii I only got
two males, seeing a female which escaped. I also, to my great surprise,
saw one ('alias edusa male, and took two Pieris rapae, small specimens
with very white undersides, which I had never before seen in the
desert. Crucifers were exceptionally abundant in the Wadi, which
may explain the occurrence there of a field and garden species. I took
several Pontia glauconome — rather worn — one P. daplidice — my third
in Egypt, also the worse for wear — and several worn Poly ommatus lysimon
and fresh Lampides boeticus, with a female Langia telicanus ovipositingon
Alhagi manniferum, and a fresh Sterrha sacraria. To return to Cairo,
Gatochrysops theophrastus, rarer at the end of the month, grew very
common again in June, when Langia telicanus appeared in a fresh brood,
the first specimens being taken by me on the 20th. I obtained numerous
larvffi of Hypolycaena livia on fitneh, but have thus far only obtained
one male and three females from pupae. Pending a full description
of the ova and larval stages of this interesting insect I may make the
following observations :

1. The ova are deposited on occupied and unoccupied pods by the female
butterfly. On a pod which contained a three-parts-grown larva 1 found eight ova.

2. More than one larva may be found in a single pod. I took two large
larvae in the penultimate instar in one pod on June 15th. I surmise that if two
larvfE meet one devours the other : three cases of cannibalism — one of a pupa
freshly-formed and two of larvae — have come to my notice while rearing the
larvae.

3. The insect, like the Indian Virachola isocrates, will devour pomegranate
fruit, and is reported by Mr. Willcocks to do much damage to the pomegranate
orchards in Upper Egypt.

On June 26th, I noticed two or three very small Lampides boeticus
g. a. aestira, Zeller, on grass stems in the Ezbekiah Gardens, but had,
unluckily, no means of catching them. On the same afternoon
Polyommatus lysimon, Gatochrysops theophrastus and Langia telicanus
were greatly in evidence, the first two roosting on grass stems, the
latter on bushes. Finally, I may note that the local press recorded
a " plague of butterflies of all sizes and colours " as troubling Suez
in the first half of May. Enquiries showed that only one species,
Pyrameis cardui, was at all common there, but that, in revenge, this
species occurred by the thousand in the town, the desert, and the
small cultivated area near the port.

j^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Lepidoptera in Cumberland. — This season up to now has been one
of the wettest known. Insects have consequently been very backward.

212 the entomologist's record.

I collected a number of mines of Nepticula aurella from bramble, and
pupae of Lithocolletis faginella from beecb, and bred a nice lot of both
species by gently forcing them. N. aurella invariably emerged in
17 to 21 days, whilst L. faginella was always over 28 days in
appearing. I noticed in March a few cases of Coleopkora gryphipmnella
on rose ; this insect is apparently much scarcer here than at Carlisle.
Hybernia marginaria was common on March 28th. During April I
took one Asphalia flavicomis (April 1st), and one Anisopteryx aescidaria,
also on the 1st. On the 21st I heard of one Amphidasys strataria being
taken from the sallow bloom at Carlisle during the daytime, and
Brephos parthenias was also common flying over the birches. Twelve
Xylocampa areola were taken this day by a Carlisle collector. Larvae
of Arctia caja appeared on the 28th, and on the 29th I saw Pieris
napi for the first time, and, at night, by searching, I took two
larvae of Boarmia repandata and one of Noctua xanthographa, two
of N. baja, and one N. f estiva. A journey to Scale Hill on May
5th produced one very dark smoky form of Tephrosia crepuscu-
laria {biumhdaria) and one Lobophora viretata. Along the road-
sides I took several larvae of Arctia caja, and saw a good many
Pieris napi flying. I noticed a 2 on a flower, and presently up
came a $ , a- d after circling around about twice about two feet above
her he descended and immediately copulated with her. The $ had
been excitedly waving her body up and down by first curving it up
above her back and then throwing it out straight again. I disturbed
them, and the ? flew away with the $ attached, and although I
several times made them fly, not once did the $ make any attempt to
use its wings, but remained quite passive with its wings raised above
it, the same as when at rest at night. On the moor at Mockerkin I
took a cocoon of Phragmatobia fuliginosa. The hills on every side
were snow-capped on this date. Larvae of Arctia caja were common
wherever one visited now, and, on May 15th, Melanippe fluctuata and
Elachista rufocinerea appeared. I discovered a few cases of Coleopkora
discordella on Lotus comiculatus on the 16th, and saw cases of
C. alcyonipennella on Centaurea nigra and C. nigricella in profusion,
and also a few larvae of Tortrix palleana on Plantago lanceolata. A
visit to Carlisle to look up larvae of Melitaea aurinia was successful.
Although it has been exterminated at its old locality, it is still to be
taken in fair numbers in several places within a few miles of Carlisle.
I took five larvae of Nemeophila russula, and saw Cosmotriche potatoria
larvae in profusion. I have only taken two of this latter near
Workington. I also took, at Carlisle, two Pararge megaera and two
Melanippe fluctuata , one Acronycta menyanthidis, one Nola confusalis, and
one Anticlea nigrofasciaria, besides five larvae of Lasiocampa quercits, and
noticed several Micros — Adela viridella, Nomophora swammerdammella,
Elachista cygnipennella, Amphysa prodromana, &c. On the 22nd I took
one ( 'ucullia chamomillae sitting on some railway sleepers at Workington.
On the 25th, I saw Pieris napi, a nice dark $ , also Eupithecia venosata
(six), and E. vulgata (one). At Flimby, on the 26th, I got three
Nola confusalis and two Euchloe cardamines 3 s, and saw plenty of Pieris
rap/tr, P. napi, and a few P. brassicae, and, on the moor near Broughton,
I took a nice Nisoniades tages, and saw several hicurcaria maseulella
and Lithocolletis pomifoliella amongst hawthorn. I also got one
Dianthoecia coyispersa and one D. carpophaga at rest on railway sleepers.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 213

On the 27th Eupitheda venosata was very common, and, rather re-
markable, a fine; Larentia salicata was taken on the shore at dusk. I
found ova of E. venosata on the unopened flowers of Silene maritima on
May 29th. They were laid singly on the side of the flowers, and, when
the eggs hatched, the young larva? bored into the flowers and fed upon
the seeds inside which had developed. It rained almost incessantly
for a fortnight, and no collecting could be done. On June 10th four
nice Melitaea aurinia emerged, and one Noctua festiva, the latter from
a Workington larva. June 17th produced two Emmelesia decolorata,
one Spilosoma lubricipeda, and several S. menthastri. I sugared
on the 27th, and moths were in fair numbers on the first five trees,
but a sudden burst of rain came on, and I could only find where I had
sugared by the moths sitting on the wet trees. I got some nice
Xylocampa rurea and dark aberrations, Hadena thalassina, II. adusta,
and Grrammesia trilinea. A journey to Buttermere in search of larvae
of Erebia epiphron was very disappointing, and, although I spent the
night upon the mountains I saw no signs of it, and I could not sweep
as everything was so wet with a very heavy dew. Later I will send
notes of my captures at Buttermere. — George Wilkinson, 211, Moss
Bay Road, Workington. July 15th, 1907.

Notes on the "blue" butterflies of Cumberland. — We get
two species of " blues" regularly in Cumberland — Polyommatus icarus
and Gupido minima (alsus). The former is very generally distributed.
At Wreay, about four miles from Carlisle, a large bright form of the
male is common on the railway banks, and some interesting under-
sides are to be taken. The specimens from the seaside seem to be
much duller and smaller, and the females vary much more than inland
ones. It is fairly common around the hills, but I have not noticed it
at any elevation at all out of the common. Gupido minima (alsus) is
locally common, and in one small dip in the railway bank near Wreay
it is abundant. The examples from Gelt and Newbiggin Woods are
very much more blue than the Wreay ones, especially the males.
They vary considerably in the undersides, some being spotless, others
much streaked and spotted. < 'elastrina argiolus occurs here, but is
spasmodic and uncertain in its appearance. — Ibid.

Trochilium andren.eformis, etc., in Kent. — You will be pleased
to hear that I have just bred a beautiful specimen of this species from
a larva found in this neighbourhood. It may also be worth noting
that, on the 17th, Mr. Crocker and myself found Odontia dentalis
and a good many Toxocampa pastinum in the Hailing district. — J.
Ovenden, Strood, Kent. July \%th, 1907.

Notes on Nordmannia acacle and Edwardsia w-album in the
Basses-Alpes. — (1) Nordmannia acacle. — Habitats: The path by the
Verdon, on the way from Alios to the Lac d'Allos, where blackthorn
bushes grow on either side of the path, and edge the fields above and
below ; the top of the gorge itself, where also stunted blackthorn
bushes edge the fields that terminate at the shaly sloping banks that fall
down to the river, as also the rough rocky slopes higher up towards
the Bois de Vacherie, where stunted blackthorns are found with
the juniper bushes here and there, where the ground is less rocky,
are all spots where N. acaciae is to be found. It also occurs at
the edge of the pine-wood that terminates the steep rocky slopes
before entering Alios from Colmars. At Clelles-Mens, it is at

214 the entomologist's record.

home on the stunted sloe-bushes by the side of a field, where
tall grass and wild flowers are half as high as the bushes, with a
steep stony torrent-bed on the other side, not far from the station,
but on the opposite side of the railway from the Hotel Ferrat.
Habits: At Clelles-Mens, the specimens were going over by the last
days of July and the first days of August, 1906, flitting, however,
strongly about the sloe-bushes, resting on the leaves, and apparently
neglecting flowers; their habit of running over the leaves and
terminal shoots, led one to hope for eggs, which, however, were
not discovered. At Alios, where the species appeared to be widely
distributed, although going over during the second week of August, its
habits proved to be very interesting. The imagines flew rapidly from one
side of the road to the other with a quick darting flight, rested on the
blackthorn leaves, or settled towards midday and in the afternoon on
many species of flowers, of which yarrow, lavender, scabious, and a
large yellow composite plant were the most frequently chosen. Here
they sucked the honey towards noon, in the sun, rather restlessly
moving their hindwings alternately to and fro, or giving chase to a Poly-
ommatus damon that disturbed them, whilst, in the later afternoon, they
rested quietly in the shade on the flowers, and sometimes even did not
object to be picked off a flower with the fingers. A female, noticed in
the bright sun, on the morning of August 12th, set itself across a leaf
of blackthorn and carefully inspected the leaf and then the stem near
the base of the petiole, doing the same to two or three other leaves
before flying away, but nothing appeared to result from the examina-
tion. (2) Edwardsia w-album. — By the side of the path near Alios
described above, a few elm-trees grew, which were fearfully attacked
by some aphid-looking gall-making insects, and these elms were un-
doubtedly the local home of this species, two or three exceedingly
worn examples of which were picked up on the morning of August 11th,
1906, resting on flowers in their immediate vicinity. — J. W. Tutt,
119, Westcombe Hill, S.E.

Lepidoptera of 1906. — I am very late in sending you an account
of our success here last year, but, at the same time, it was such a record
year with us at Paignton that it may be of interest to record what
occurred. On May Blst, 1906, I went to watch Silene flowers for
Dianthoeciae. On arriving at the place, while still quite light, I saw
some hawk moths whizzing about, especially over a patch of pink
flowers, and I succeeded in capturing two of them. These turned out
to be Phryxus livornica. The same night I also took a specimen of
Heliothis peltigera. Both moths are first records for the Paignton
district, at all events, as far as any of us now working here are con-
cerned. Between May 31st and June 9th, my son took two more
Phryxus li vomica, and a friend captured one. I am pleased to say I
have these five moths in my cabinet. Heliothis peltigera came to
sugar in the autumn, and also Laphygma exigua, so we had a record
year. You may be sure I was on the lookout this year, but neither
P. livornica nor H. peltigera put in an appearance. I may add that I
never remember Geometrids so scarce or backward as this season of
1907.— W. E. Goodale, Oaklands, Paignton. J nig 22nd, 1907.

Abundance of insects at light. — With the change in the weather
that occurred about July 10th, the abundance of insects in the south-
east London suburban districts at light was quite phenomenal. Many

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 215

species whose emergence appears to have been delayed by the cold
winds, appeared to come out with a burst, and one saw specimens of
Spilosoma lubricipeda at liftht, with numbers of Urapteryx sambucaria,
as well as many Mimas tiliac, Arrurrpha populi, and Dicranura vinula.
Common Noctuids were particularly abundant — Xylophasia polyodon,
Noctua fleet a, and Ai/mtis exclamationis being particularly plentiful in
the main streets, both of Lewisham and Greenwich. But the night of
July 20th was the most remarkable. On this evening there were
absolutely millions of moths on the windows, and round the electric
lights, in East Greenwich, the bulk of the specimens consisting of the
common ( 'minims culmellus, which must have been attracted from the
waste ground of what still exists of Greenwich Marshes. But the
common garden Tortricids and Pyralids — of which the beautiful
Hypsopygia (Pyralis) costal is was particularly conspicuous — were also
in numbers, and Cossus cossus and Zeuzera pyrina were also noted.
There appeared to be little worth catching, but this was probably
rather from difficulty of observation in a crowded street than from
absence of many things one might have taken.- — J. W. Tutt, 119,
Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, 8.E. July 24th, 1907.

Habits of Cidaria populata. — The morning of August 15th, 1907,
was cloudy in the Upper Engadine, a walk through the pine wood between
St. Moritz and Pontresina showed little enough entomologically.
The feature, however, was the abundance of Cidaria populata which
was in great abundance. One supposes there must have been many
thousands in the wood, apparently almost all at rest on the underside
of the bilberry leaves, both sexes almost equally abundant. I was
much interested to notice that the males in particular held up the tips
of their abdomina, cuving them upwards and forwards almost exactly in
the manner of Pyralis farinalis. That the habit is of value to them was
proved by my observing an ant, evidently hunting a plant pretty
closely, on which a male was resting. The ant at last reached the leaf
beneath which the C. populata was, and, advancing quickly over the
edge, made a dash for the body. Had the point of the abdomen been
in the same plane as the thorax and front part of the abdomen, the
ant would assuredly have grabbed it ; as it was, it bustled into a higher
point of the abdomen, disturbed the moth, which quickly moved to
the top of the leaf, ran quickly along a branch, and prepared to fly
off. Many odd examples of the moth were observed on the wing,
and one suspects that these may have been similarly disturbed. —
Ibid.

Habits of Fidonia brunneata.— At the same time the males of
Fidonia brunneata were flying freely in the wood at a height of from
five to seven feet from the ground, but not a single female was observed
either on the wing or resting. Similarly, on the morning of July 31st,
at Goeschenen, the males were flying commonly. We remember one
afternoon in early August, 1903, the males flying freely, and also very
many settling on the mule-droppings in the road nearly to Arolla, and
picked up one or two females resting by the roadside. When is the
active period of the female ? Is she quiescent while the male is active,
although ready to pair, and is she active egglaying at night, when he
mmably at rest'? Has anyone notes on the habits of the species?
— Ibid.

Issoria lathonia attacked by an ant. — It is a coinmoD experience

216 the entomologist's record.

in the Alps to find insects in the very finest condition captured by,
and in possession of, an ant. Such was my experience on the after-
noon of August 13th, high up on the moraine of the Morteratsch
glacier, when a fine male Melampias epiphron was observed gently moving
forward with outspread wings on the road, and, already dead, was
taken from the clutches of an ant. The next morning, in the Roseg
Valley, a rather small example of lssoria latlmnia was observed flying
rather near the ground. It flew as quickly as is usual with the species,
and dodged with equal facility, but kept low down among the herbage.
Netting it, I was surprised to find clinging to its left hind-leg an ant,
which I killed as well as the butterfly, without it yielding at all in the
tenacity of its grip. I set the lathonia, with the ant still attached
to its leg. I have no doubt that this example would, in the usual
course of events, have succumbed to the ant, and that when it had
settled again the ant would have obtained a higher and equally secure
grip, whence it could have attacked the body. — Ibid.

Unusual red-currant feeders. — During the last few years, I have
fed my larva3 of Abraxas grossulariata on red-currant, whenever obtain-
able. A few autumns ago I discovered, on a leaf of a cut red-currant
stem, a batch of large lepidopterous eggs, which turned out to be those
of Arctia caia. The resulting larvae fed up well on this unrecorded
pabulum and produced fine moths. This spring I similarly discovered
a batch of Geometrid ova, which proved to be those of Crocallis elingu-
aria. The larvae (which are now in the pupal state) grew and throve
amazingly, and having plenty of food, never displayed any cannibalistic
tendencies. — (Rev.) G. H. Raynor, Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon.
August 21th, 1907.

Note on the foodplant of Gonepteryx rhamni. — When I came
here eleven years ago, I was anxious to obtain and place in my garden
various shrubs and plants frequented by the larvae of British butterflies.
I could not hear of any nurserymen able to supply Bhamnus catharticus
and R. frangula. So I had to be content with a couple of bushes of R.
hybridus, which I obtained at the modest outlay of 6d. each. This species
is supposed to be a hybrid between R. alatemus and R. alpiniis ; it is
sterile, and has leaves which persist till the second winter. These two
bushes flourished exceedingly, and, of late years, 1 have pruned them
hard back every spring, with the result that they have produced most
luxuriant foliage. On several occasions I have noticed the latter to be
much eaten, and once found larvae of Scotosia dubitata feeding on it.
This year, the larvae of Gonepteryx rhamni were more than usually
abundant on R. frangula, and this fact induced me to examine my
R. hybridus bushes more carefully, the result being that, on June 28th,
I found a large number of G. rhamni larvae of all sizes feeding upon
them. These larvae, as well as those I collected this year from wild
bushes of R. frangula, were unusually free from parasites, and almost
every one produced an imago. — Ibid.

Larentia c^siata on Exmoor. — On June 29th, my brother and I
noticed a number of moths flying on a moor in North Somersetshire,
about 10 miles from here (Lynmouth), but, as we had not any nets,
we only managed to secure one, which turned out to be a well-marked
example of this species. We went again with nets on July 18th, but
they were all past, and we did not see a single one. I think this
is the most southern recorded British locality for this insect. — T. H.

CURRENT NOTES. 217

Briggs, F.E.S., Rock House, Lynniouth, R.S.O., North Devon.

August 28?//, 1907. [Record for Yes Tor, Dartmoor (Benbow, Ent.,
1878, p. 21).— C.R.N.B.]

CURRENT NOTES.

Mr. W. J. Kaye, who intended sailing to Trinidad on August 21st
on an entomological tour, has, unfortunately, had to postpone his
visit owing to the prevalence of yellow fever there.

Having completed our lifehistories in detail of all the British
" hairstreaks " in A Natural History of British Butterflies, vol. ii.,
parts 1-12, we shall be exceedingly glad for any careful observations
and notes on the "variation," "egglaying," "larval habits," "imaginal
habits," "habitats," "exact dates of appearance," and "localities"
from entomologists at home and abroad, relating to any species of our
British "blue" butterflies. We particularly want accounts of the
gynandromorphs known to be in various collections.

It is with the greatest regret that we learn of the death, on
July 11th, of our valued correspondent, Mr. J. Harrison, of Barnsley,
at the age of 73. His careful and reliable observations were always of
the greatest value to all those who sought his aid, and we ourselves
have often been greatly indebted to him both for information and
specimens of local forms of Yorkshire lepidoptera. He was one
of the five original members of the Barnsley Naturalists' Society,
established in 1867, and now one of the most successful of the Societies
affiliated to the Yorkshire Union.

Mr. E. R. Bankes (Ent. Mo. Mai/.) shows cause for considering
Epiblema costipunctana, Haw., to be an aberrative form of the well-
known E. trigeminana, Stphs.

British lepidopterists are fortunate in having two accounts of the
lifehistory of Chrysophanus var. rutilus at disposal in less than twelve
months. The first account, published about a year since, gave a
detailed structural account of the insect in all its stages, by Dr.
Chapman and Mr. Sich, and appeared last year in A Natural History of
British Butterflies, i., pp. 417-461, the second, less complete in structural
detail, is now being published by Mr. Frohawk. The latter, however,
was extremely fortunate in breeding a splendid gynandromorph, figured
in The Entomologist, p. 178. Right side $ , left side 2 .

In the Irish Naturalist (August), the Rev. W. F. Johnson has
some interesting "Notes on Irish Hymenoptera."

Our entomologists will find a most interesting paper in Science,
n.s. vol. xxiv., pp. 621-628, 665-666, and 695-699, by Professor
Vernon L. Kellogg, entitled " Is there determinate Variation ? A
note on assortative mating variation in Parthenogenetic Insects."
The paper should not only be interesting to all students of variation,
but particularly so to coleopterists, the species Diabrotica soror being
particularly dealt with.

Mr. F. Lowe has done good service to Economic Entomology by
his publication of a pamphlet entitled 77<,> Parasitical Insect Scheme
for Treatment of Insects Infesting Vegetation. The good work done by
economic entomologists has for long been much discounted by the
patent humbug and absurd performances of quacks, and Mr. Lowe in
his paper exposes some of the methods followed out, particularly in

218 the entomologist's record.

Australia, by certain so-called economic entomologists, whom he
charges with exploiting the governing powers, and in wasteful
expenditure for purposes that, presumably entomological, are wholly
personal. Mr. Lowe's own common-sense remarks on the subject
show him to be a thoughtful and well-informed naturalist with an
excellent grip of the principles that must underlie any successful
application of human means to combat such insect pests as are
injurious to cultivated crops. The booklet (55pp.) has, we understand,
been widely distributed, and can be obtained from the author
(6, Beacon-street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.) Both for the critical
portion, as well as the excellent first-hand information of practical
methods, the pamphlet should be in the hands of all interested in
Economic Entomology.

To those who are interested in the study of the " hairstreaks,"
some papers appearing in the current numbers of The Canadian
Entomologist, by Mr. J. H. Cook, are worthy of attention. One
wonders whether the genus lncisalia, the species of which are dealt
with in these papers, is not wholly congeneric with our genus Callophrys.

Mr. Oliver records the capture of a specimen of HippoUon celerio
on the North Cornish coast on June 20th, about 11.30 p.m., and adds
that " it does not appear to be an immigrant, as its condition is
perfect." We would ask why its perfect condition should prevent
a specimen of this species from being an immigrant. » This species
and Phryceus livornica fly far and long without much injury (if any)
to their wings.

Our orthopterists will be interested in a critical appreciation of
Kirby's excellent Catalogue of Orthoptera, vol. ii., by Mr. A. N. Caudell
(Can. Ent.). His suggestions re the use of some of the generic names
should receive careful attention.

Three more important Memoirs are issued by the Department of
Agriculture in India. One is entitled " The More Important Insects
Injurious to Indian Agriculture," by H. Maxwell-Lefroy ; another,
" Individual and Seasonal Variations in Helopeltis theivora, Whse.,
with Description of a New Species of Helopeltis," by Harold H. Mann;
the third, "The Indian Surface Caterpillars of the genus Agrotis," is
also by H. Maxwell-Lefroy.

We regret to learn that the Rev. G. H. Raynor has decided to
dispose of his collection of British lepidoptera, with the exception of
the butterflies, in which he intends to specialise. For the last eight
years Mr. Raynor has devoted the greater part of his leisure to rearing
Agrotis grossulariata, and we may safely assert that such a series of this
species has never come under the hammer before. Our advertising
columns contain a specific announcement of this important sale.

The complete clearance of the stock of Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist, Part I, leads to the consideration as to whether a second
edition of this part should not be published during the winter months,
ready for next year. In view of this possibility, we should be greatly
obliged to every lepidopterist who will point out any slips or errors
occurring in this part. It is, of course, advisable to retain the original
paging, because Part I is indexed with Parts II and HI at the end
of Part III, but it appears to be advisable to extend the part some-
what. This can be done by separate paging in Roman numerals.
We should be glad of suggestions as to what general subjects, not

SOCIETIES. 219

touched on in the three parts, could he best added to improve and give
a greater completion to the whole -work.

Mr. E. R. Bankes describes a form of Olyphipteryx thrasonella, with
"the terminal portion of the forewing more or less completely occupied
by a large, brightly metallic, iridescent blotch," as ab. nitens.

Mr. C. F. Saunders captured a specimen of the rare British species,
TrochUium vespiformis, in his garden at Woking on July 28th this year.

Lord Walsingham and Mr. Bankes are agreed that the specimen
supposed to be an unique example of Meessia vinculella is merely a
specimen of the allied M. richardsoni, which varies somewhat in its
facies in its Dorset locality.

Dr. Franz Werner gives a list of the Dermaptera and Orthoptera
of Bosnia and Hercegovina in the 117.x;. Mitth. aus Bosnien und der
Hercegovina, Band x., 1907. The list is based on material collected
by the author in 1897 and 1903, together with specimens in the
B runner collection and in the Landesmuseum in Serajevo, together
with published accounts. The list of the latter is very meagre, being
confined to the author's own paper in 1897, Redtenbacher's little book
on the "Orthoptera of Austria-Hungary," and Burr's "descriptions of
three new / 'latycleis " from Hercegovina, published in this journal, vol. xi.,
1899, but the author appears to be ignorant of Burr's short paper "On
Orthoptera collected in S.E. Europe," published in this journal, vol. x.,
1898, in which a number of localities are mentioned, and including the
following species omitted by Dr. Werner ; Aphlebia maculata, Schreb.
(Bosnia) ; Stawroderus biguttulus, L. (Bosnia) ; Isophya obtusa, Br.
(Bosnia) ; Olynthoscelis transsylvanicus, Fisch. (Bosnia, Hercegovina) ;
0. fallax, Fisch. (Hercegovina) ; Decticus albifrons, Fabr. (Herce-
govina) ; Nemobius Ivneolatus, Brulle (Bosnia). It is probably quite
accidental that Dr. Werner has omitted Decticus albifrons, which is a
striking and a common insect near Mostar. Dr. Werner describes
two new earwigs, Chelidoura apfelbecki, allied to P. orsinii, and C. reiseri,
resembling P. edehtula, and also a new Platycleis, P. hormanni, allied
to P. roeselii and /'. modesta. The list is a valuable contribution to
our knowledge of the orthoptera of these two provinces, so alike
politically, yet so distinct geographically and faunistically.

8 0CIE TIEli.

South London Entomological Society. — July 11th, 1907. —
Exhibits. — Agkiades bellargus, Polyomjiatus icarus. — Fine-bred
specimens by Mr. Rayward, who commented upon their size and
brilliancy in spite of the fact that ants were almost constantly in
attendance upon the larvae. Euchelia jacob.e.e. — From Dunkirk sand-
dunes, one of which was exceedingly pale — Mr. H. Moore. Cedestis
fakixatella cocoons. — A lepidopteron, the larva of which lives in the
needles of Scotch fir — Mr. Sich. Amorpha populi. — -A gynandro-
morphous specimen. Melit.ea aurinia. — Bred series from Kent and
Ireland. Smerinthus ocellata, with extreme development of pink
coloration of the forewings. Dicranora iucuspis. — Bred specimens
from Tilgate. Polyommatus icarus. — -A selection of undersides from
North Kent. Dryas paphia and Argynnis adippe. — Fullgrown larvae
and pupae. Agriades cokydon. — Living larvae. Cucullia graphalii.
— Bred specimens. Boarmia repandata. — An extremely varied series
from Leigh Woods, Torquay, Epsom, and North Kent, including
extreme forms of var. oonversaria and melanic forms — Mr. L. W.
Newman. July 2oth, 1907. — Exhibits. — Arctia villica, a bred series

220 the entomologist's record.

from North Kent, including a number of asymmetrical forms, with
aberrant markings — Mr. L. W. Newman. Anobium panaceum, a
coleopteron which has been found destructive to tobacco — Mr.R. Adkin.
Tortrix pronubana, a specimen taken in his garden, at Chiswick —
Mr. A. Sich. Abraxas sylvata, a short series, including some
curiously clouded forms — Mr. South. Esycorus ^neus, Coriscus
maculatus, and Lopus gothicus,' rare species of Hemiptera from the
New Forest — Mr. West. August 8th, 1907. — Exhibits. — Malacosoma
castrensis x M. neustria, hybrid — Mr. South, who read notes there-
upon. Toxocampa cracoe, a bred specimen from North Cornwall —
Mr. Montgomery. Saturnia carpini, an unusually pink form. Smer-
inthus ocellata, a very dark form. Arctia caja, a dark bred speci-
men. Ennomos autumnaria, living larvae from Dover — Mr. L. W.
Newman. Sirex gigas, female, from Sutton — Mr. Goulton. Cemio-
stoma laburnella, egg-shells, mines, cocoon, and imago, from
Chiswick — Mr. Sich.

City of London Entomological Society. — June 4th, 1907. —
Exhibits.— Ennomos quercinaria, including ab. equestraria, from
near Ipswich — Kev. C. R. N. Burrows. E. quercinaria, including

abs. CARPINATA, INFUSCATA, and EQUESTRARIA. CrOCALLIS ELINGUARIA,

including Scotch specimens of a deep, almost orange, colour, and
without the usual central fascia on forewings ; and other " thorns" —
Mr. J. A. Clark. Gonodontis bidentata. — Melanic forms, from Leeds
district. Ennomos quercinaria, from near Ipswich — Mr. A. W.
Mera. Ennomos quercinaria ab. infuscata, from South Kensington —
Mr. L. B. Prout. Ennomos quercinaria, a long and very variable
series, from South Kensington — Mr. J. Riches. Nola cucullatella,
pupa?, Xylophasia scolopacina, larvae, both from Bexley — Mr. V.
Shaw. June 18th, 1907. — Exhibits.- — Erannis leucoph^earia. — Very
dark specimens from the New Forest, with usual median band on the
forewings, nearly obsolete — Mr. J. A. Clark. Calocampa vetusta. —
Larvaa from South Tyrol, which, instead of being green, as in the
case of British specimens, were black, with yellow dorsal and lateral
stripes, and pale whitish subdorsal line — Dr. T. A. Chapman.
Nyssia lapponaria. — From Bannock, including a male with a pale
yellow dorsal stripe, and costa. Taeniocampa gothica ab. gothicina. — ■
From the same district. T. incerta. — An unicolorous specimen, with
only the reniform and orbicular stigmata faintly indicated — Mr. E. A.
Cockayne. Chilo phragmitellus. — A very dark, almost black, male,
from the Norfolk Broads. Lithosia caniola. — Larvae nearly full-fed —
Mr. H. M. Edelsten. Nemoria viridata, from Surrey ; one with
reddish-brown forewings necked with irregular green patches, and
hindwings of the usual green colour, except at the anal angle ;
another, of the normal coloration, with wings dappled, with
irregular and asymmetrical reddish patches — Dr. G. J. C. Hodgson.
Erannis leucophvearia ab. fuscata, from Huddersfield, and ab.
marmorinaria, from Richmond Park — Mr. Shepherd. Synopsia
abruptaria. — From Holloway, including many very dark examples,
and an extraordinary gynandromorphous specimen, the right-hand
wings being those of an almost black male, the left wings being those
of a typical light female — Mr. C. W. Simmons. T.eniocampa
opima. — From Epping Forest district, including a specimen of the
type of Hubner — Mr. A. W. Wilsden. Macrothylacia rubi. — Ova laid
on wing of dead jay in Ashdown Forest — Mr. Grosvenor.

Yol XIX.

Plate VII.

Photo -F. N. Clark.

CllF.MASTRAT. AUF.A OF RuiULTD PIT.F.

Fiy. 1 . — Strymon pruni, portion of cremaster < 100.

Fig. 2 — Calloplirye rubi, portion of cremaslral area ■ LOO.

The Wntom. Tlecord, etc., 1907

Vol. XIX

Plate VIII

Photn — F. .V. Clurk.

RURALIS BETUL.E— PORTION OE m KM ASTRAL AREA OF PUPA X ] 00.

I he Enlom. Ferovd, etc., 1907

NOTES ON RURALID PUP.E. 221

Notes on the cremaster of certain Ruralid pupae (with two plates).

By Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN.

(1) Ruraijs betul.e (Portion of the cremastral area x 100).
PL viii., fig. 1. — In this and other similar preparations, there
is an irregular fracture due to forcing the pupal skin to a flat
surface, to enable it to be easily examined and to be photo-
graphed. In this case, less than half the area is broken away.
The greater part of the photograph is of the dorsal portion of the 10th
abdominal segment, with a pale (less chitinised) band, and a darker
terminal portion, on both these the cremastral hooks (?), reduced to
very short blunt hairs, are seen. The plate is not quite clear enough
to demonstrate it, but it may be seen that they originate at the inter-
sections of the fine ribbings of the skin sculpture. There is a Large
lenticle in the middle of the dark area, and one also in the pale area
(to left of lower part of dark area). There are also two on the ventral
area (to right). These are all repeated on the opposite side of the
specimen, but are not symmetrical, i.e., they are near the same place
on the other side, so near as to appear to correspond, but are
sufficiently distant to make it possible they do not. Down to the

. i.e., above or dorsal to the pale band, fine skin-spiculse come out
well in the plate, as well as the ribbing of the skin-sculpture and the
points they carry.

(2) Callophrys rubi (Portion of cremastral area x 100). PI. vii.,
fig. "^. — We have, here, both sides of a fracture running through a portion
of the cremastral region. This photograph, and the plate reproduces
it fairly satisfactorily, illustrates at least three very remarkable points,
that give this structure so much interest in the pupa of Callophrys rubi.
In the first place, no one has noted that this pupa ever takes any
attachment by its cremaster, I have never seen any indication of
anything of the sort, and I have handled a, good many pupae of the
species, yet the pupa possesses a good many very well-developed anchor-
hooks of the pattern usual in the Theclid group, and, one would say,
obviously quire capable of functional use. The two other points,
however, afford support to the view that the cremaster is not used, and
has reverted to more simple conditions, except, most extraordinarily,
in the structure of the hooks themselves. The first of these items is
that the hooks are, more plainly than in any other species I have
examined, developments from the points that exist at the crossing of the
skin reticulations, and have, therefore, no direct relationship with the
ordinary hairs; with ( '. rubi before us to suggest the enquiry, one may
note a similar condition in other species, but not pointedly enough to
call attention to the structural fact. The other item is equally m
illustration that the cremastral area is reverting to ordinary skin
conditions; this is the occurrence amongst the anchor-hooks of the
cremaster, of ordinary hairs, as usual, unattached to the reticular ribs.
I do not know any pupa that has ordinary hairs mixed with the hooks
of a functional cremaster, however closely they may approach it. It is
to be observed, that the hairs are so much longer than the hooks that

would probably much embarrass, if not prevent, their proper
functions, if its exercise was desired.

Sitiymon i'kini (Portion of the cremastral area x 100).
PI. vii., fig. 1. — Like the others figured a fractured portion, which fails
October 15th, 1907.

222

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

to show much in the plate over the central part of the photograph
owing to the density of colour or chitin in this species, hut atones by
showing very well, certain of the hooks which project beyond the
fractured edge. It also shows that, on the more dorsal portion of the
10th abdominal segment, the skin sculpture is not the neat network
of some other Theclids, but rather an irregular wrinkling. Some of the
ordinary hairs are seen at the fractured margin of this portion.

The Lepidoptera of the Basses=Alpes — Digne.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
On the morning of August 18th, 1906, I left the delightful country of
Alios on my return journey. It was a lovely day, and, on the drive
down, there were many interesting things to see, and, at Colmars, the
fortifications, the old narrow streets and the church, all claimed
attention whilst a stoppage was made. At Beauvezer I had expected
that if Mr. Powell were really coming, I should hear news, and so I
did, viz., that he had passed through Beauvezer that morning, and
that I had missed him somewhere in Colmars. However, it was too
late for anything but regrets, and, that afternoon, I was back in Digne.
The next morning broke almost cloudless, and I was early on the
move. I went off up the Eaux-Chaudes Valley and explored the
little glen that had produced such excellent results a fortnight earlier.
Some changes had taken place. Hipparchia statilinus was more
abundant, but beyond its best ; H.fidia was not up to the standard of
setting ; Hipparchia arethusa was in great abundance everywhere,
literally thousands, but now largely females; Pararge macro, with
particularly bright females, reminding one of those at Susa ; large
but not very specially marked Epinephele ianira were abundant.
( 'olias edusa hurtled along with Pontia daplidice by the roadsides, but
C. injali' was less abundant, and worn. Many Hipparchia her mi one
were still in passable condition, and so were a few H. circe, but only
one large female Enodia dryas was taken, on the last grass before
crossing the bed of the stream. From the Baths onward, grand
Erebia neoridas shared with Hipparchia arethusa the front position
in the lepidopterous picture ; this species was in hundreds everywhere,
no longer chiefly males, but females of variable spotting, and showing
marked differences in the width and intensity of the colour of the
band. Brenthis ilia, a rather small second brood, was abundant in the
weedy field previously noted, and so was Agriades bellargus, but,
strangely, only three females were seen, although worked for. A.
corydon was equally abundant, but A. hylas was, with A. meleager,
going over. Here then, A. corydon and A. bellargus were on the same
ground, fighting at the same flowers, whilst C. phlaeas was occasionally
seeen sunning on leaves, in the same place. Working over to the
glen, one found on the Eupatorium flowers the lovely Anthrocera
fausta, Lithosia caniola, that sneaked off and fell down to the ground
as soon as notice was taken of it, Loweia dorilis, Coenonympha pam-
philus and still some shadows of C. darns. Here were also Brenthis dia,
Melitaea cinxia, M. phoebe, and a small, bright race of M. didyma
occurred, but none really common, whilst Melitaea deione was getting
towards the end of its time. Everes argiades, rather small, Plebeius
argus, also small, and almost pigmy Polyommatus icarus, the latter

l.KPIDOPTEHA IN CUMBERLAND. 223

very common, whilst fine large Urbicola comma hustled everywhere.
Over the willows a few bright males of < 'elastrina argiolus flew almost
unceasingly, whilst the darting Euralis betulae either took flight
from a willow leaf as one approached or sat less suspecting on the
Enpatorium blossom. Here and there a second-brood example of
Leptidia duponcheli, with more frequent /.. sinapis, was to be
observed. I'p towards the poplars, where the spring rises, was quite
a number of Limenitis Camilla, two or three couples being disturbed,
the males particularly small, and, if I remember rightly, these pigmies
always carried the females when in cop. Only a few odd Scolitantides
baton were observed, and a solitary Rumicia phlaeas. Two quite
different forms of Hesperia alveus worry one — one large, strongly
marked with clear white, and the undersides of some of these as
bright red as in Poicellia sao, the others smaller, greyer, with smaller
dots, and rather of the usual form. An occasional worn Nisoniades
tages suggested that the partial second-brood was over. Polygonia
c-album still haunted the Eupatorium blossom, and Pyrameis cardui,
of the most lovely colour, was frequent. Flipparchia actaea, like
Coenonympha ilnriis, was over, although shadows of the fo

in plenty. In the weedy field Heliothis dipsaceus, Pyrausta
purpuralis, very small, Pyrausta sanguinalis, Homaeosoma sinu-
ella, Acidalia promutata, A. rubricata, Botys flavalis, Endotricha
dammealis, Crambus geniculeus, Odontia dentalis, and Emmelina
monodactyla were taken. A single individual which I am not prepared
to refer to Setina irrorella with certainty, because it may be S. aurita,
and an abundance of larva? and their beautiful cocoons of Simaethis
nemorana (?) on the fig leaves are perhaps the only other species
noticed worth mentioning. The great abundance of Mantis religiosa
at this time is perhaps worth noting, and, on the rocks by the side
of the road, the large females were in considerable numbers, no doubt
there in order to lay their eggs, which some did in due course, after
they had been in England a week or two. There were large numbers
of males and females everywhere among the herbage.

Lepidoptera in Cumberland — Buttermere, etc.

By GEORGE WILKINSON.
A journey to Buttermere in search of larva1 of Melampias epiphron
was very disappointing. With a companion, I set off about three
o'clock on the afternoon of June 29th. We went via Dean Moor
and Ennerdale, along the mountain path, up through Scarth
(la]» to Eonister, and buck via Buttermere, Crummock, and Lowes-
water. On the moor at Dean, which looks a good place for collecting,
1 noticed a few Saturnia pavonia Hying furiously. This is a xwy late
date tor this species in ( iambi Hand. 1 took a, few ( 'oenonympha pamphilus
and Rumicia phlaeas, and noticed several xmcvos^Glyphipteryx nisi-,,.
viridella, Ephippiphora cirsiana, Gelechia ericetella, Crambus pratellus,
Catoptria ulicetana, Ephippiphora pflugiana, etc. At Ennerdale,
Larentia viridana (pectinataria), Cabera pusaria, C. eccanthemaria, and
Melanippe montanata were very common. By seaching the fir-trunks
I got three nice Hadena dentina and one Gonodontis l>i<l, nt<ttii.
Hepialus velleda was netted as it flew about above the rushes which
grow along one end of the lake.

224

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

The most notable feature between Ennerdale and Buttermere was
the abundance of night-jars, and the journey, being between the hills,
the jarring of these birds made the place seem quite wierd between
nine and twelve at night. When Honister was reached, I found
everything so wet, that I could not sweep for larvae, and, by searching,
nothing was to be seen but the grass hanging with great drops of dew.
Along the shores of Crummock, I took several species of Noctuids
sitting on posts — Hadena dentina, Xylophasia rurea, H. thalassina,
II. pisi, and a single Apamea unanimis. In the woods at Scale Hill, I
took one Tephrosia crepuscularia, several Spilosoma menthastri, and saw
Scoparia truncicolella common on Scotch fir-trunks. July 2nd saw
//. dentina still about, whilst Cosmotriche potatoria, Arctia raja, and
Melitaea aurinia appeared in my breeding-cages. On July 4th, larvae
were scarce in the Silene pods, the recent rains having dashed the plants
to the ground, and the pods were full of water. Several dead larvae were
seen, having been no doubt drowned. Between now and the 13th,
some nice forms of A. raja appeared, and, on the 15th, Miana frasciun-
cula was abundant, but all were of the drab form, and not one of the
bright red form so common at Carlisle was noticed. Camptogramma
bilineata was in swarms, and a few Coleophora discordella, I', nigro-
maculana, and Scoparia cembrae were taken along the railway-banks.
A visit to Schoose Wood on the 18th, was productive of a great many
insects, the most common being Phlogophora meticvlosa, < 'ilix glaucata,
Emmelesia alchemillata, Eupithecia minutata, Miana. arcuosa, Hadena
gemina, Emmelesia decolorata, ELypena proboscidalis, Leucania pollens,
Triaena psi, etc. All these were taken by dusking alongside the Avood.
On the 20th, Polyommatus icarus was in swarms on the site of the old
ironworks, and some nice females were taken. The 21st was not a
bad day, and a visit to Honister was undertaken. This is always a
laborious undertaking, as after a ride of about twenty-two miles, there
is a walk up Honister Pass of another two, and then a climb of over
1000ft., and, by that time, one feels generally pretty well done up.
This particular visit was for the females of Melampias epiphron. In
1900, Mr. Alderson reared a few through as a second-brood, and I had
intended to give him the chance of again trying his hand with the species.
Although very common, they were well worn, and only about six good
ones Avere taken, including a nice aberration without any red markings.
I was fortunate in getting some fertile females, and the young larvae
resulting 1 sent on to Mr. Alderson, who will no doubt report later.
( 'rambus ericellus Avas very common, but I only took a few, as I Avas
quite tired and wanting in energy to go after them. C. ericellus is
in fine condition just Avhen M. epiphron is over, and C. furcatellus is in
the same condition when E. epiphron is just coming out. On the
way back Triaena psi was found to be common, and I took a nice
female of Tephrosia bistortata, which I kept for ova, but it subse-
quently proved infertile. I also got one Xylophasia lithoxylea sitting
on a fir-trunk at Scale Hill. This place was producti\*e of some nice
Argynnisaglaia, Epinepheleianira, and Coenonymphapamphilus. Brenthis
selene was common but very worn on July 21st. A female specimen
of Lasiocampa quercus emerged from larvae taken from heather on
May 19th, and fed on hawthorn, and a $ emerged on August 3rd.
This makes the third I have reared in the last two years from larvae
of the same year, and I have pupa? iioav (September 17th, 1907)

THE LEPIDOPTERA OF SAVOIE.

225

resulting from larva? taken along with the above, going over. Emme-
lesia decolorata continued out on the 25th, and, on the 28th, I took
two males of Satyrus semele on the shore. I was also fortunate
enough to take a slight aberration of the female of Polyomm.atus icarus
with a dash along the inner margin (underside) of the forewing. I
also captured a male with three red spots on the upperside of the
hindwings. [This is most exceptional. What was the character of
the spots ? — Ed.] Up to the present (September 17th) the season
has only been very moderate, and insects have been very much out of
their time owing to the bad weather. I was quite unable to get
( 'oenonympha tvphon (davus) and many other species through bad
weather during week-ends. One notable item of the year has been
the entire absence of larva? of Aglais urticae here.

The Lepidoptera of Savoie— Gresy-sur=Aix and Mont Revard.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
With the morning of August 20th, another move was made, this
time to Aix les-Bains, a rather long and tiring journey on a hot day,
but safely reached, and the morning of August 21st found me on the
road to Gresy-sur-Aix. Here everything was absolutely parched, there
had been no rain for weeks, and the usual haunts were a wilderness,
the plants withered, the flowers absent, the herbage often dried, but
how delightful is the return, if only for a few hours, to the old place,
to see the insects and flowers one feels one knows so well. Since my
first introduction to the Gresy hills, by Dr. Chapman, some thirteen
summers before, I have revisited them again and again, and to me they
breathe the freshness of renewed vigour, for here I love to rest a few
days, before attempting the, to me, more arduous work on the higher
mountains, and to prepare, as it were, for the labour to come. Some-
how, I never feel worried about what I am likely to catch at Gresy
now ; I feel that I long ago exhausted the butterflies that I can
possibly take at the time of my visit, and, if a good thing comes my
way, I am always glad, and there are many species that are always
rare, and that one has to pick up a series by getting a specimen or two
at the time. On the lovely hot morning of the 21st 'then, I went
along, most lazily inclined, and picked up the Melitaea parthenie;
M. didyma, M. cinxia, and Brenthis dia as the fates offered them,
and studiously left the Callimorpha //era on the flowers of the
tall thyme plants. I wish some of our subscribers would tell me
just before starting for the summer holiday that they wanted ova of
C. hera, because it is some excuse to take a few females, and I do
like to catch the lovely creatures, and while, as at present, a purpose
is wanting, I have not a real reason for disturbing them. The M.
parthenie, as usual, gave some heavily-marked females, and made one
again doubt the alpine race of M. athalia. All our common Melitreas
have alpine races — M. parthenie has its yar,. carta, M. dictynna its small
form alpina, M. aurelia its race alpina and its ? still higher alpine race
asterie, and .1/. athalia, I .believe, a heavily-marked race that haunts the
valleys up to about 5000ft., not much smaller than the typical form of
the lowland woods. Here I may note that I seem to have erroneously
recorded the captures of M. asterie on the alps of south-eastern France,
for the species I took, and meant to record, was certainly .1/. var. raiia,

226

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECOKD.

a nice form of which I got on the high alps far above Abries. This is
very culpable, as I ought not to have been guilty of such a lapse.
When I say that insects were rare at Gresy, it must only be considered
as comparative. Enodia dryas abounded on the isolated lucerne heads,
but the males were badly worn, and the females chipped. A tiny race
of Polyommatus icarus ab. icarinus was also abundant, and so was
Erebia aethiops, in the very finest condition, the spotting remarkably
heavy, as usual, and the best specimens just as easy to scratch.
Hipparchia arethusa was in good condition, but small and scarce, and
no females, and whilst all other species were early, the drought seemed to
have thrown the species here late. Colias Injale, instead of being at its
best, was nearly over, but C. edusa was in excellent order, and Agriades
bellargits, rarely seen abundantly in mid-August, was well out, even
females falling to the net. The Coenonympha pamphilus undersides
were particularly brown. A single small male of Loioeia dorilis and a
couple of rather worn male Polyommatus hylas were found with an
abundance of Agriades corydon and a single Hesperia alveus, as well as
plenty of Urbicola comma. A pair of Limenitis Camilla were taken, the
male very small, hardly so tiny, however, as some of those from Digne.
The second-brood specimens of Leptidia sinapis were also much smaller
than usual. Of species usually common, of which few only were seen,
one may note Epinephele tithonus, Pararge megaera, and P. maera,
and whilst Epinephele ianira was common enough, E. lycaon was not
seen at all.

Next day, August 22nd, the continued fine hot weather tempted
one to get as high as possible, and hence, by a morning train, I made
the ascent of the Eevard. It was a lovely day, but the summit is
much too grazed for insects. Still, the day was not altogether wanting
for sport. On the highest point of the Eevard, several frne large
Papilio machaon flew like birds, swift and wrary, settling with open
wings, quickly drawn up, and ready to dart off at the slightest sign of
a too near approach. It was splendid sport catching the alert and
beautiful creatures, a memory to last till the summer holidays come
round again. Here, too, were a few female Parnassius apollo, in none
too good condition, suggesting that the species was nearly over.
On the thyme blossoms in one of the gullies, Gonepteryx rhamni was
abundant; here, also, was Aglais urticae, Pieris brassicae, Polyommatus
icarus, Argynnis niobe, and Hipparchia alcyone, all in fine condition,
with a single Polygonia c-album. Over the pasturages, magnificent
< 'olias cthi.sa were flying swiftly, some of the largest I have seen, C. hyale
also occurring therewith. The commonest insect, however, was
Urbicola comma. Hesperia alveus occurred, but was too worn to keep
examples. The only Crambids observed wrere (.'rambus geniculens and
a very pale form of ( '. tristellus. All these specimens were captured at
an elevation of 5000ft.

Entomological Societies and Scientific Records.

By S. J. BELL.
As one of those secretaries whose reports, by implication rather than
by overt statement, are attacked in the Eev. C. E. N. Burrows' article
on " records," I crave permission to enter a protest on behalf of the
unfortunate reporting secretary.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES AND SCIENTIFIC RECORDS. 227

Belonging to the genus abhorrent to the Record's editorial mind
(Genus, Collector; Species, Mere). lam not so deeply moved in the
matter as the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, who evidently spends weary
hours burrowing amongst records, ancient and modern, in the faint
hope of discovering something of value, even as the more humble rag-
picker burrows in the city dustbins in the dewy morn ! Even I,
however, recognise that, if such records are to be of any use whatever,
they must be detailed and complete, and I have therefore endeavoured
to obtain such records, for the inclusion in the reports of that Society
to which, for my sins, I am reporting secretary. I trust that the
Ke\ . C. R. N. Burrows' efforts will be attended with more success than
mine have been.

Having found it impossible to note from labels [when attached) the
dates and locality of an exhibit before me, and at the same time record
remarks being made during the announcement of subsequent exhibits,
I announced, with the approval of the Societ3T's council, that no
exhibit would be reported unless the exhibitor furnished the secretary
with an adequate report of the points of interest in connection with the
same: the result is that on an average, about one- third of the exhibitors
furnish me with such notes, and .those, with a very few honourable
exceptions, only do so under pressure.

Now any reasonable being must surely admit that I am 'twixt devil
and deep sea ! If I record only those exhibits of which adequate details
are given to me, it must appear that the Society does nothing worth
recording at its meetings ; on the other hand, if I endeavour to do
justice to the transcendent interest of those meetings by noting what I
can of exhibits not so reported to me, I incur the wrath and contempt
of the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, editors, and others who hunger and thirst
after scientific accuracy and wealth of detail.

1 suggest that there are two methods more likely to lead towards the
distant goal of perfect reports than abusing secretaries or even (save
the mark) editors ! The one is to persuade the individual entomologist
of the necessity of properly recording his capture, exhibit, or what not.
This I have failed to accomplish in a modest way, partly owing to the
indifference and indolence of the aforesaid individual, and partly, be it
admitted, because he often lacks the knowledge necessary for the full
appreciation and description of the facts to which he wishes to draw
attention. The other and better way is for those gentlemen who
thrive on records, and* possess the scientific knowledge necessary to
their proper compilation, to add shorthand to their accomplishments,
and then present themselves as candidates for secretarial posts in our
entomological societies! I, for one, in the cause of science and my
own peace of mind, shall be only too happy to resign the doubtful
privileges of secretaryship in favour of sued) an individual when he
presents himself. So far as my experience goes, however, those best
qualified to act as secretaries are usually the leasl willing or able to
spare the necessary time — to which, no doubt, it may he replied that
my case is an illustration of the old saw that •• fools push in where

angels tear to tread."

228

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Lepidoptera of the Juras — Versoix.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

My last day's collecting in 1906, August 24th, was in the neigh-
bourhood of Versoix, a village on Lake Geneva, and just north of
the city. These waste lands on the foothills of the Juras form
a delightful collecting-ground, and under another cloudless sky,
Mr. Muschamp and Dr. Denso, with Mr. Muschamp's active little
son, piloted me over some fresh entomological ground. The
season, I was warned, was over ; the drought had hurried off
everything, and little could be expected. To a certain extent
this was true, yet a most interesting morning's outing was the
result. One of the first insects noted was Celastrina argiolus,
apparently ovipositing on the hedges, and, as usual in this district,
Colias edusa and C. hyale swung rapidly across the roadway, or flew
busily from flower to flower of the lucerne or sainfoin plants. In a
rough overgrown meadow, Satyrus circe was discovered, and here, in
glorious abundance on the scabious flowers, were quantities of newly-
emerged Brenthis dia, Melitaea parthenie, and M. didyma. The latter
were undoubted second-brood, with fine pale females that are so
characteristic of the lowland autumn race, and quite different from
the darker examples of Beauvezer and Clelles which had been met
with during the preceding month. Erebia aethiops was comparatively
rare, and the second-brood of Melitaea phoebe was only just on the
move, or otherwise rare. Here, too, webs of larvae of what we thought
were Melitaea aurinia, were found, but Mr. Muschamp suspected them
to be M. dictynna, a species for which this place is a locality, and as
we failed to rear those we brought away, we at any rate cannot say for
certain what they really were. On the drier ground towards the river,
Agriades bellargus, too, was common, although the females were
scarce ; there were plenty of Hex/ieiia alveus, a fine strongly-marked
form of the type I know only in the south of France, but Erynnis
altheae was rather scarce, a second-brood of rather small specimens
evidently just emerging; Urbicola comma, rather large females, with
somewhat small white spots on the underside ; whilst Polyoiinnatus
hylas was going over, and Aricia astrarche not at all common. On the
other hand Issoria lathonia was frequently seen and in fine condition,
and Pontia daplidice had also evidently only just emerged, and was not
uncommon. I 'lebeius argus (argyrognomon) was still out, and there wTere
some pigmy Polyommatus icarus, suggestive of the tiny specimens
observed at Gresy-sur-x\ix a few days previously. Very few moths were
noted, possibly due to our inattention, and not to absence of the
moths, but among others, Acidalia straminata, A. immorata, Botys
flavalis, Adkinia bipunctidactyla, etc., were sampled. Cerigo matiira
buzzed about by day ; it had been common at sugar at the Bois des
Freres the preceding evening, August 23rd. On this evening three of
my fellow-members of the Geneva Entomological Society piloted me
round one of their best sugar preserves, and generously made me accept
the spoils of the chase. Mr. Mottaz had kindly gone ahead and
prepared the ground, and, by the time I arrived with Mr. Muschamp
and Dr. Denso, the moths had begun to arrive. Five large Cato-
calas haunt the trees, including Catocala fraxini, C. nupta, C.
promissa, and C. sponsa, but the night was not too favourable, and the

A FORTNIGHT IN THE HIGHLANDS.

229

commonest species observed were Leucania albipuncta, L. pollens,
second-brood, Noctua xanthographa, ( 'osmia trapezina, some very nice
forms, Gerigo matura, Agrotis exclamationis, Caradrina ambigua, Miana
furuncula, Amphipyra pyramideq, etc. A single Citria fulvago (cerago)
appeared, and some worn Boarmia repandata and Phycis tumidella were
also observed. One suspects that, on the whole, the district of Geneva
would be a rich one in Noctuids.

So ended my collecting for 1906. The memories of a lovely
summer holiday still linger as I empty the boxes in the hope of
refilling them again this year, and now, within a week of starting
afresh, if my hopes be fulfilled, I can only trust that I may derive as
much pleasure from the outing of 1907 as from that of 1906. To
those who regularly collect week by week in the country, and whose
lot has been cast in more leisure places, the hurry of a month's
butterfly-hunting possibly seems a poor entomological result compared
with their more thorough and scientific exploration of their own home-
lands. Still, it is all I have now to offer, and the notes here published
are the firstfruits of the apparent results.

A Fortnight in the Highlands.

By H. St. J. K. DONISTHOEPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
On July 15th, I went up to Edinburgh to join my friend, Professor
e, for a trip in the Scotch Highlands. Antalia puncticollis and
Ptenidium wankowiezi? wore taken in numbers in sheep-dung on the
Pentlands, and I went on to Rannoch, and from there to Newton-
more, where my friend was to join me again. At the former place,
where I only stayed one day, Trichius fasciatus was the beetle sought
for, but, on account of the backward year and the total absence of
flowers, it did not put in an appearance. It, however, turned up later
on umbellifers, at Aviemore. The best capture at Rannoch was a
pupa of Athous undulatus under birch bark, this has since hatched, but
is, alas, a cripple ; it is very disappointing, as the insect has not been
taken since Turner's time. ( 'arabus glabratus was taken on the road,
Saperda scalaris, Asemum striatum, < 'lerus formicarius, and Tripodendron
lineatum occurred in the saw-pit, Tropiphorus obtusus and Sericosomtts
fugax were swept, Cryptophagus parallelus was beaten off dead moun-
tain-ash flowers, Tps quadripustulata, Qaedius xanthopus, Scydmaenus
eanlis, and Biros aurora, with a lot of its curious larva1, were taken
under bark, and Otiorrhynchus Ida nil us was common under stones.
At Newtonmore, our best capture was a small series of Cryptohypnus
pulchellus, in the shingly bed of the river; with it occurred ( '. riparius,
dermestoides, and the var. ^-guttatus, Coccinella 5-punctata, Aegialia
sabuleti, and Morychus aeneus. Otiorrhynchus septentrionis, Magdalis
phlegmatica, Rhinomacer attellaboides, Corymbiles impressus, Ernobius
nigrinus, Malthoides pellucidus, Cryptophagus parallelus, Cispunctulatus,
and a small Trichopteryx, in numbers, were beaten off " fir to
Harpalus ^-punctatus, Miscodera arctica, Cymindis vaporarium, and
Pterostichus vitreus were taken under stones, and Barynotus schonherii
was picked up on the road. We next moved on to Aviemore, \
under fir bark, Nudobius lentus, Unties glabra, Agathidiym convexum,
some eighl pupae of Astynomus aedilis, and larva' of Dendrophagus and
Pytho were found. Cychrus rostratus and Elater nigrinus were taken

230

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

under stones, Otiorrhynchus maurus was common on the roads, and
Malthodes mysticus was swept. Our next stop was Nethy Bridge,
where, by beating fir-tops, besides the same species taken before, the
best capture was Magdalis duplicata; they are, of course, very distinct
from .1/. phlegmatica, which was common. Other species, not taken
at Newtonmore on fir-tops, were Atomaria elongatula, Corticaria
fenestralis, Pissodes pini, P. notatus, Bolitochara lunulata, Pityo-
genes bidentatus, and Pitydpthorus pubescens. Taphria nivale and
Silpha nigrita and its larva were found under stones. Carabus
glabratus and Tachinus elongatus occurred on paths, and Oaoypoda
pallidula, Xantholinus tricolor, Ocalia badia, and Ptinus fur
were found in sand-pits. Asemum striatum, Rhagium indigutor, and
Clerus formicarius were common on Scotch fir-stumps, and the larvae
of Criocephalm rusticus were observed to be common in the bark of
stumps and felled trees. Elater nigrinus and Rhagonycha elongata
were swept, and the latter was also beaten off young firs and fir-tops.
Nudobius lentus and Ips k-pustulatus again put in an appearance under
bark of fir. Eeturning south again, Staphylinus stercorarius was found
in a nest of Myrmica scabrinodis, at the Forth Bridge. I may mention
that large nests of Formica sanguinea were found, both at Aviemore and
and Nethy Bridge, and Mr. Saunders tells me this is a new record for
Scotland. I only got Othious myrmecophilus in the nests, but at Rannoch
I took the small bug, Piezestethus formieetorum, in some numbers, with
Formica rufd ; this is a new record for this interesting little species, as
it has never been taken since Buchanan-White first took it at Braemar.

Lepidopterological Notes for June, 1907.

By J. OVENDEN.
First and foremost, the wretched weather for collecting nearly
the whole month of June must be noticed. It opened with a heavy
thunderstorm on the 1st, and on the 3rd was cold enough for snow,
with a biting wind. Larva-collecting was most miserable work, for
if one beat the trees one got soaked through with the moisture, and
if one searched one had the same moisture running up one's sleeves
and soaking through one's boots. The larvae of Edwardsia w-album
occurred as usual in Chattenden Woods, but in lessened numbers
than usual. However, to compensate for this, I took over a dozen
larvae of Petasia cassinea. Larvae of Leucania strammea also occurred
fairly commonly among the reeds by the Medway — 30 being taken
one night — in company with those of Leucania pollens, L. impura, and
L. conigera. Nonagria geminipuncta also occurred in the reed-stems,
whilst, on the buckthorn, the larvae of Gonepteryx rhamni and Scotosia
dubitata were to be taken rather freely, and those of Luperina cespitis
on .lira caespitosa, and Cucullia verbasci, Malacosoma neustria, Porthesia
aiirifhia, and Arctia caja were very common on their respective food-
plants, either at Cuxton or Strood, Avbile larva? of Lasiocampa quercus,
Porthesia chrysorrhoea, Notolophus antiqua, and Amphipyra pyramidea
were only represented by single examples. Ova of Euchlo'e cardamines
were to be found fairly commonly on the wild mustard by the wood-
sides, and those of Hadena suasa on the leafless stems of last year's
( 'henopodivm plants on the marshes. Among the Diurni, imagines of

THE HABITS AND HABITATS OF BRENTHIS SELENE, ETC. 231

Euchloecardamin.es, Gonepteryx rhamni (hybernated), Hesperia malvae
{alveolus), Polyommatus bellargus (adonis), Rumicia phlaeas, Nisoniades
tages, and the three common li whites " were to he obtained very freely
by working for them, whilst two Sphinx ligustri, two Dicranura vinula,
two Cilix spinula, and two Arctia villica were all that were noticed of
the larger mollis usually common here in the imaginal state. The
Geometers were fairly well represented — Tephrosia biundularia, Runria
lnt< n/, //a, Melanippe fluctuata, M. rivata, Coremia designata, Phibalap-
teryx vitalbata, Acidalia ornata, Camptogramma bilineata, Lomaspilis
marginaria, Iodis lactearia, Asthena candidata, and Eupithecid isogram-
mata were very common, whilst Eurymene dolabraria, Boarmia
consonaria, B. roboraria, Eupithecia linariata, !■'.. oblongata, E. subutn-
brata, E. venosata, Venilia maculata, and Angerona prunaria were less
often seen. Sugar produced a fair number of species, but in far less
numbers than usual, Mamestra anceps, Hadena suasa, A /hi mm basilinea,
A. gemina, Grammesia trilinea, Rusina tenebrosa, Agrotis exclamationis,
A. segetum, Minna fasciuncula, M. furuncula, Noctua c-nigrum, Cara-
drina cubicularis, < '. morpheas, < ' . alsines, ( '. blanda, Xylophasia
polyodon, and X. lithoxylea swarming, while Hecatera serena was very
common on posts, etc., and among the smaller fry to be taken very
. were Scoparia ambigualis, S. dubitalis, Botys pandalis', with
Rhodophaea suavella in the larval state, two or three Ebulea verbascalis
were all that were noted, although some seasons this species is exceed-
ingly common amongst the Teucrium. The Alucitids, in the larval
state, occurred fairly freely in their respective haunts, but were very
loth to fly as imagines ; among those taken in the larval or imaginal
stages — Adactylus bennettii, Porrittia galactodactyla, Ovendenia septo-
dactyla, Stenoptilia pterodactyla (fuscus), Oidaematophorus lithodactyla,
and the new plume, Hellinsia carphodactylus.

1 have not attempted to differentiate the localities, bur the district
worked included, not only the immediate neighbourhood of Strood, but
tin woodlands around Chattenden and Cuxton, the chalkhills of
Cuxton and Hailing, and the marshes of the Medway.

The Habits and Habitats of Brenthis selene and B. euphrosyne.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
Our insular ideas of Brenthis selene and II. euphrosyne lead us,
particularly in the south-east of England, to look upon these species
as largely lowland, wood-loving, insects, although Scotch and south-
wesl England experience is rather suggestive otherwise. Nor is this
general view at all controverted as our experience widens in the
direction of the species southwards, for, in the woods at the back of
the castle at Hyeres, a, fine large race of B. euphrosyne is quite
abundant. Our early views in this direction have, however, Long
been changed with regard to the latter species, and we have seen it
in many quite high localities, of which the flowery meadows ;it the
foot of tin' Perpecle -lacier on the glorious Dent Blanche, in mid-
August, 1899, remain a very vivid picture. The late season of l'.)()7,
over the greater part of the Alp-, however, has largely increased our
knowledge of the distribution of these insects so far as altitude is
concerned, as 1 1 u • \ are no doubt usually over w hen our own personal

visits to the Alps are made.

232 the entomologist's record.

In 1907, we first observed Brenthis selene at Goschenen, the species
being abundant on July 29th on the slopes just above Goschenen,
between the Sprengi-Briicke and Teufels-Brixcke. Many of the
specimens were worn, but some were still in good condition. They
were Hying in the afternoon sun, on a steep bank with an abundance
of flowers— scabious, knapweed, hieracia, etc. — on which they rested,
and as the sun went off the bank, many took up a position on the
summit of a flower, drew their wings up, and slowly slid back into a
position of rest, but, strangely, an hour or two afterwards scarcely an
individual was to be found in this position, nor did continued
searching discover them. The females were less immediately affected
by the absence of the sun than the males, and some minutes after the
sun had gone off the bank a female was observed busy egg-laying on
a small species of violet of dwarf habit, common here among the
short grass, eyebright, gentians, etc. She was watched most carefully
flying low down among the herbage, and observed to settle on a culm of
grass, down which she slid, feeling carefully with the ovipositor as she
went, finally depositing an egg about 1-J-in. above the ground, on a
stem of grass, several violet-leaves being quite near the spot where the
egg was laid. This was followed by a similar operation on the part
of the same female. The first thought was whether the egg could
possibly be the hybernating stage at this altitude, but one suspects
not. Has any one information on the egg-laying of this species ?
Brenthis selene was also found sparingly in the wood at the back of
Goschenen, at the entrance to the Goschenen -Thai, with 11. amathiisia,
on July 80th and 31st, and, on the afternoon of the first-named day,
in dull Aveather, a single female was found asleep, seated on the top
of a flower with its wings drawn well over its back, at the very
entrance to the level piece of ground leading up to the Damma-Gletscher
Hotel.

Brenthis euphrosyne was first observed on July 30th, on the steep
flower-clad slope just before reaching Andermatt, from Goschenen.
It was found about noon flying with a number of quite Alpine
species, e.g., Erebia pharte, A.', euryale, Colias phicomone, etc., and some
other less-expected species, e.g., Lycaena arion, Cupido minima, etc.
It was then seen on August 2nd, 1907, flying on the slopes on the
outskirt of the pine-wood between Madrano and Brugnasco. This
was a splendid butterfly corner, Avith a large variety of species. Two
or three worn males Avere noted, and a female Avas Avatched as it
busily inspected the leaves of a violet groAving there, and several
abortive attempts at egg laying Avere obseiwed. On searching the
plants a single egg Avas found on the underside of one of the leaves,
but as that had already changed colour, it had evidently been laid
some days. On the folloAving day other specimens Avere observed
flying on the open slopes Avell aboATe the pine-Avood lying above
Airolo as one makes the ascent of the St. Gothard Pass, and near the
entrance to the Val Tremola. Tavo females Avere A'ery busy inspecting
the violets, but although older eggs were soon discovered, the opera-
tion of egg-laying Avas not observed. On August 5th and 6th the
species Avas unexpectedly found at a much lower eleA'ation, fairly
abundant but worn, on the floAvery slopes that edge an alder Avood
near the little bridge betAA-een Airolo and Piotta, flying amongst
crowds of Melanargia galathea, Dryas paphia, Melitaea didyma

COMPARISON OF THE OVA OF MELITAEA ATHALIA, ETC. 233

Brenthis amathusia, Lycaena arion, Erebia aethiops, etc., and spreading
into the glades of the alder wood through which the Ticino Hows, a
very different locality from the bleak, exposed dopes on the St. Gothard,
where it< only friends were Erebia tyndarus, /'.'. euryale, /•.'. mm itra,
Coenonympha satyrion, Argynnis aglaia, and Cyaniris semiargus. On
the early morning of August 8th, 1907, at about 9 a.m., a worn
specimen was observed near Brugnasco, feeding on flowers of thyme,
to which flowers it seemed especially partial, for the species was
observed again tin's morning, towards noon, on the flowery slopes by
the side of the cascade at Piora. flying freely with Brenthis pales,
/>'. amathusia, Argynnis niobe, A. aglaia, as well as a host of other
mountain species, repeatedly settling on flowers of thyme, scabious,
etc. The next time the specie- came under notice was on August 11th,
when several somewhat worn examples were observed flying on the
flowery banks of the Roseg Valley, between noon and •! p.m., amongst
Brenthis ino, />'. amathusia, B. pales, Argynnis aglaia, A. niobe, etc.
One was observed settling on flowers of eyebright, others on thyme,
whilst a female was observed busily inspecting some small violet
plants at the edge of a heap of stones, but again the actual process
of oviposition was not observed. The last oh-ervations on this
species in 1907 were made on the Alhula Pass, above Preda, a
locality made historical by the researches of Zeller. On August 18th,
1907, it occurred with Brenthis amathusia, on the Albula road, about
H miles on the Preda side of the Hospice, whilst, on the 19th, a
i good example was taken with Polyommatus pheretes on the

flowers of a plant of thyme growing in the stony wilderness forming
the floor of the valley still nearer the Hospice, i.e., at some little
distance above the source of the Albula, and on the same side of the
valley, and not far from the entrance to the Teufels-Thal, and just
beyond the home of Parnassius delius. Such was our experience Avitb
these species in 1907, and it was a new delight to find them and
/.'. amathusia at home at from 4000ft. -7000ft. altitude, with such
species as Parnassius delius, Erebia tyndarus, K. mnestra, /•,'. ceto,
; phicomone, Polyommatus pheretes, and in the case of the last
taken, within 50 yards of the spot where I captured a fine
example of Erebia glacialis.

Comparison of the Ova of Melitaea athalia, Rott., and
M. aurelia, Nick.

By ALFRED SICH, F.E.S.
Melitaea athalia: Laid in batches, one up . Pale yellowish-

tlour. In shape rather conoid than spheroid, flat at the
more or Less com 6 i base when laid in groups, (but

.)\\\<] probably be flal if the ova were Laid sim i
The egg is widest at about one-third from the base, wh< ntline

Blopes up to the wide flat apex. The micropylar axis mea
0 ■(>:*> 1 1 1 1 1 1 . , while the horizontal axis is only a Little 1 tiring

0-62mm. The micropylar area is extei O'Shim. in

diameter. From the boundary of this area, about twenty primary ribs
run to about halfway down the walls of the ovum. These rather
prominenl tit 0-07mm. apart, with wide furrows between

them. The furrows are crossed by about a dozen secondary ribs which

234 the entomologist's record.

are rather weakly developed, thus the furrows have a rather smooth
appearance. The walls of the egg below the termination of the ribs
are almost smooth showing only an indication of their cellular structure.
The micropylar rosette consists of about eight more or less pear-shaped
cells ; these are surrounded by two rows of small quadrangular cells
which are encircled by two rows of similarly shaped, but very much
larger, cells. [Described, July 31st 1907, from ova, kindly sent by
Herr Max Gillmer, from Teplitz in Bohemia.]

The eg-g of this species is larger and has a more conical appearance
than that of M. aurelia. The secondary ribs are much weaker and the
lower half of the walls are almost smooth.

M. aurelia: Pale yellowish-grey in colour, rather shining. Spheroid
in shape, flattened at apex and base, greatest diameter at about }. from
base. Rather flat at the apex, whence the walls slope evenly outwardly
to about frds. down, and then curve inwards rather rapidly to the base.
The vertical axis measures O.jomm., and the horizontal axis, 0-53mm.
About 18 primary ribs run from the micropylar area, to about half-
way down the Malls where they degenerate into rows of pits. These
ribs are about OOBnnn. apart, fairly strong, with a wide, rather
shallow, furrow between them. Their ridges are fairly prominent, but
blunt. The ribs cease entirely on reaching the micropylar area. A
number of secondary riblets run horizontally round the walls between
the primary ribs, but cease with those ribs. The lower half of the
egg is shallowly pitted in a sponge-like manner, and likewise the base.
The micropylar area is slightly sunken. The boundaries of the cells
not well marked. There are about three rows of large quadrangular
cells between the terminations of the ribs and the rosette. The rosette
is about O04mm. in diameter, and consists of about eight very small
more or less pear-shaped cells. The eggs, 22 in number, were loosely
attached to the upper surface of a leaf, they were laid in a group con-
sisting roughly of two rows. [Described 26th July 1907. The eggs
were kindly sent by Herr Max Gillmer. from the Mosigkauer Haide,
Anhalt.]

The ovum af M. aurelia is smaller and more globular than that of
.1/. athalia. The secondary ribs are more strongly sculptured, and the
Avails below the primary ribs are pitted, not almost smooth as in
M. athalia.

Notes on Hemithea aestivaria, Hb. (ivith plate).

By (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS.
Unlike Gometra papilionaria, the last species of the Geometrinae, to
which I had the pleasure of calling attention, Hemithea aestivaria is
one which has suffered much from the uncertainty as to its correct
name. There is no doubt but that the lepidopterists of bye-gone
days often deceived themselves, or were deceived (unintentionally, of
course), in the identification of species, and in the application of
names, and this, we, their successors, can easily understand, and
make excuses for, when we remember the difficulty of communication,
and especially of exchanging specimens, in times happily now long-
passed away.* Many mistakes were made and copied, to the great

* As lately as 1872-75, I found it impossible to send home set specimens from
Natal, except as merchandise — unless I happened upon a friend on his way to
England, and willing to carry the parcel for nie.

. HE >IITH1 HB.

detrii
with '

.
their i
nomenclature. All tit

,• Hemitliea thymiaria. When
■i. it hud become //.
//. '/< te'raj "'. Really this co

L
I

. L. B. P
published in the Tran o) hona

< ty, ] 900, fchi @& H. aestivaria.

'I

]

Jl-182 L

uncertain, biflermtiller's 7/. thymiai

Linne,

-
that I

-out which I shah
I 7 1 1 1
had p

.'
can 1 • in M . P

I i
habits, variation, i

ed none. I pre it I am ;

bo common an

•hat there is really n
varie* >eing km

gathered from the vbich I I

-
which I have not ai
captui

if /y.

;rfar. W

igham, Abbotte Wood. • land,

and
Hounslow. Mr. I:.

New 1 ack upon Btaudin

then, for information. Here 1 find our
Hemii I ... 1764. ;

and then ac

2919 . 1 h -:rra-

tion will I

I have not Hubn-
■ er, the insecl
we have identified it. Perha]

red-brown, fillet wfaifa
dentat rigs dull c

23G the entomologist's kecokd.

whitish, barred with dark grey. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent. A
darker discal mark. Termen sub-caudate angulated."

To this description I would only add that the underside (how sadly
undersides are neglected) is spotless, with the exception of the fringes,
which are spotted, as on the upperside. The only variation which I
have noticed, save such as is obviously due to fading of the peculiar
green shade which characterises the species, is the spreading of the
dark spots upon the cilia (a specimen showing this peculiarity is in
Mr. Prout's collection), and there is sometimes a suspicion of darkening
between the transverse lines upon the forewings, suggesting a band,
but it appears to me to be more the effect of imagination than a fact.
There also appears to be a little variation in the distance between the
transverse lines, with a slight tendency in the inner line to become
obsolete. Otherwise there is but little difference between one specimen
and another so far as I have been able to observe.

The form alboundulata, which Staudinger mentions with a query
as to its being this species, is a foreigner, and Mr. Prout has been good
enough to look it up for me. Hedemann. in a paper entitled " A
Contribution to the Lepidopterous Fauna of Amurland " (Horae Soc.
Ent. Boss., xiv., p. 511, pi. hi., fig. 8), gives a description and figure
under the name. Mr. Prout has translated his words thus : —

" Dull bine-green forewings, with a darker central band, enclosed by two
wavy whitish lines, hindwings with a wavy whitish line, the lighter fringes
chequered with brown on the nervures. Frons and palpi red-brown, vertex white,
antennas finely ciliated, yellowish, thorax and abdomen green, legs yellowish-grey.
The hind tibiae of the male compressed (or aborted, which is one of the distinctive
features of the genus HemitJiea). Form of wings exactly as in strigata, Miill., to
which it comes nearest, but from which it is at once distinguishable through its
more grey-green colour (He has called it above dull blue-green !) and the whitish
transverse lines of the forewings. Of these, the first is much further from
the base than in strigata, hence much nearer the second line, and the enclosed
darker band is consequently narrower. Also, in alboundulata, the transverse lines
are more strongly angulated. The hindwings have, in strigata, a dark lunular discal
spot [Does he mean as in strigata, but the figure does not show this?]. The
transverse lines as in that species The undersides of all the wings and fringes
are clear white-green, silky, without any markings. At Blagoweschlschemsk (a
place situated in Amurland).

Mr. Prout, and I, by his kindness, have examined his figure, and have
come to the conclusion that Staudinger is probably right. Mr.
Prout writes me that no such species has ever turned up in sub-
sequent explorations of the- region from whence it came. The colour
is right, the lines have the same form, but the two on the fore-
wings are much closer together than in our H. strigata. This latter
however, is not an uncommon form of variation amongst the
Geometrids, as in the case of Hitnera pennaria, Eugonia quercinaria,
in the rotundaria form of Cabera pusaria, and many others. Thus
far, therefore, the identification would appear to be certain. But
the figure, otherwise a good one, does not show the broadly chequered
fringes, nor a sufficiently tailed hind-wing. I may add to this, that
the figure gave me the impression of having been made from a
specimen which had lost its fringes, which may explain why, in the
description, the fringes of the hind wing are spoken of as unspotted.

This is as far as I can go with the variation of this very invariable
insect.

(To be continued).

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. 237

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe.

By MALCOLM BURR, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

(Continue! from. p. 171.)

Family VI: Ephippigerid.f. (=Subfam. V: Pycnogastrinae, Kirby).

This great family contains a large number of curious, beavy,
flightless grasshoppers, occurring through the Mediterranean countries,
but dominant in the western part of that province. A number of
species occurs in Northern Africa, but the majority are peculiar to the
Iberian Peninsula; a few species are recorded from the Mediterranean
islands, Italy, and the Balkan Peninsula, and one species is found in
Central Europe as far north as Belgium.

The wings are absent, and the elytra are reduced to mere flaps, the
venation being highly modified for purposes of stridulation. It is
remarkable that the females have these organs as well-developed as the
males, and are equally capable of producing sounds. This is a departure
from the general rule, and is, perhaps, connected with the fact that these
insects stridulate when angry or alarmed. Grasshoppers generally only
stridulate when undisturbed, but the Ephippigeridae will chirp angrily
when held in the finders, and endeavour to bite the offending captor.

They are sluggish and ponderous insects, and may be found slowly
crawling about on bushes and shrubs ; they assimilate well with their
surroundings, and are difficult to see, but with care may be stalked
down as they betray their presence by their stridulation. The eye
becomes accustomed to distinguish the outline of the immovable
creature, but a keen observer will often detect them by the short quick
movement of the elytra.

Owing to their sluggish habits and incapacity of flight, the dis-
tribution of the species is generally restricted, and consequently the
multiplication of forms is great, while their discrimination is subtle.
The Spanish and Portuguese species are dealt with by Bolivar in his
" Catalogo Sinoptico de los Ortopteros de la Fauna Liberica" ; for further
information concerning this interesting family, the student is referred
to Brunner's " Prodromus," various works by Finot, and above all to
the numerous short articles by Bolivar, whose knowledge of this
family is unrivalled.

The; Ephippigeridae are probably omnivorous; they are certainly
carnivorous ; if several specimens are kept together alive i i a box, they
will always mutilate each other, and fight savagely, tearing each other
with their powerful jaws; it is not difficult to keep them alive, and
it is interesting to watch their habits; their large roundhead, with
prominent eyes, gives them a grotesque semi-human appearance, though
they are not such entertaining pets as the Mantids.

The genus as understood by Brunner was so large as to be unwieldy,
and it has been split by Bolivar into a number of genera and subgenera;
the latter should be given generic rank.

[The writer claims special indulgence for the faults of this part of
the paper. Though be has taken a, number of the species in different
parts of Spain, and in the Balkans, lie is far from being familial' with
the characters and distinctions of the whole group, and tins part of the
papers dealing with tin; Ephippigeridae is avowedly more of a pure
compilation than any other part of this work.]

238

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

3.3.

1. Ephippigera, Burm.

Uromenus, Bolivar.

3. Stebopledrus, Bolivar.

Tarle of Genera.
1. Posterior tibiae with an apical spine above ; prozona
of pronoturn arched, and so in a different plane from
the metazona ; presternum unarmed.

2. Vertex inclined, with the fastigium forming a
tubercle, and generally sulcate longitudinally,
contiguous beneath with a frontal tubercle,
which is narrower than the first segment of the
antennas.

3. Pronotum with no lateral keels separating disc
from side flaps, more or less cylindrical
Pronotum with lateral keels separating the
disc from the side flaps.
4. Supraanal plate <? not separated from the
anal segment, which is produced between
the cerci ; (ovipositor, in the European
species, strongly curved upwards). .
4.4. Supraanal plate $ more or less separated
from the anal segment. Ovipositor
slightly curved.
5. Ventral segments entire, that is, repre-
sented by a smooth or lumpy central plate;
supraanal plate 3 joined to the anal
segment, the point of union marked by
a distinct furrow. Cerci <? conical or
cylindrical and truncate obliquely at the
extremity, with an inner tooth in the
middle or apical half; infraanal plate
? smooth, with no keels. .
5.5. Ventral segment represented, at least
at the base of the abdomen, by two
callosities, placed one on each side of
the median line, and near to each
other. Supraanal plate <J placed below
the anal segment. Cerci <$ large,
with the base broad and produced
interiorly into a strong tooth, then
slender, and longer than the supra-
anal plate, bent inwards, at the apex,
which ends in a sharp point. Infra-
anal plate ? armed at the base with
two oblique keels and bent inwards,
forming a depression on each side,
and membranous in the rest
2.2. Vertex vertical, with fastigium little prominent ;
no frontal tubercle; suture of the union with
the vertex greater than the breadth of the
first segment of the antennas.

3. Side flaps of pronotum roundly inserted; pro-

notum with no lateral keels.
4. Elytra present as small flaps
4.4. Elytra absent
3.3. Side flaps of pronotum set at an angle ; meta-
zona with lateral keels
1.1. Posterior tibias with no apical spine above; pro-
notum flat above ; (with a keel on each side,
separating disc from side flaps) . . . . . . 8. Pycnogaster, Graells.

Genus I : Ephippigera, Burmeister.
This genus, in the strict sense as defined by Bolivar, includes a
number of species inhabiting Spain, Portugal, and Italy, as also the
north part of Africa. It is characterised by the almost cylindrical
pronotum, with no lateral keels, so that the disc passes into the side
Haps with no marked division.

4. Callicrania, Bolivar.

PRJEPHIPPIGERA.Bolivar.

B^tica, Bolivar.

7. Platystolus, Bolivar.

VARIATION. 239

Table of Species.
1. Supraanal plate £ rectangular, with more or less
prominent lobes.

2. Cerci £ bifid apically (short, ending in a strongly
curved tooth, sometimes also with an internal
tooth) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. provincialis, Yers.

2.2. Cerci £ conical or truncate.
3. Cerci £ conical.

4. Pronotum with disc uniform, rugulose ; hin-
der part arched . . . . . . . . 2. vitidm, Serv.

4.4. Pronotum with disc marked with black ;

hinder part raised, but not inflated . . 3. crucigera, Fieb.

{ — bitter ensis, Marq.)
3.3. Cerci £ conical, but obliquely truncate at

apex, with an internal tooth near the apex 4. conii, Bol.
1.1. Supraanal plate £ triangular or rounded.
2. Supraanal plate £ triangular.
3. Elytra densely reticulated.

4. Elytra flat, but little elevated . . . . 5. perforata, Rossi.

4.4. Elytra very distinctly convex.

5. Pronotum rugose . . . . . . . . 6. terrestris, Yers.

5.5. Pronotum smooth . . . . . . 7. zapateri, Bol.

3.3. Elytra with open reticulations.

4. Cerci £ shorter than supraanal plate, conical 8. paulinoi, Bol.
4.4. Cerci £ longer than supraanal plate.
5. Anterior tibiae with two rows of spines ;

Spanish species . . . . . . . . 9. hispanica, Bol.

5.5. Anterior tibia? with one row of spines

above, or only an apical spine . . 10. dorsalis, Fieb.

2.2. Supraanal plate £ rounded.
3. Side flaps of ponotum straight beneath.

4. Anterior tibia? with one row of spines above,
or only an apical spine.
5. Ovipositor four times longer than pro-
notum.
6. Feet long and slender ; Spanish species 11. longicauda, Bol.
6.6. Feet not noticeably long and slender,

French and Italian species. . . . 12. bormansi, Br.

5.5. Ovipositor three times longer than pro-
notum. (Feet not noticeably long.
Spanish species).
6. Size medium ( £ l.-corp. 18mm., l.-ovip.

17mm.) . . . . . . . . . . 13. areolaria, Bol.

6.6. Size larger ( £ l.-corp. 28mm., l.-ovip.

24mm.) . . . . . . . . 14. pantingana, Navas.

4.4. Anterior with two rows of spines above . . 15. carinata, Bol.
3.3. Side flaps of pronotum sinuate beneath.

4. Supraanal plate £ longer than cerci . . 16. saussureana, Bol.

4.4. Supraanal plate £ as long as cerci . . 17. dildta, Bol.

JiEMIPTERA.

Tiuecphora vulnerata in East Kent. — I found a single specimen
of this very handsome, but local, Homopteron, on June 3rd, on the
railway cutting at Hnowdown, halfway between Adisham and Shepherds-
well stations, on the line from Canterbury to Dover. — Malcolm Burr.
June Gilt, 1907.

IfARIATION.

Cidaria picata ab. lacteomarginata. — At 9.20 p.m. on July 13th,
1906, I took a female < 'idaria picata at rest on a flower-head of

240 the entomologist's record.

Centranthus ruber in my garden. Of the pupae obtained from eggs
deposited by her, fifteen produced imagines in August of the same year.
The other pupae lay over the winter and emerged in May and June,
1907. Among these latter appeared, on June 10th, a beautiful aberra-
tion which, occurring in a species so little liable to variation, may
perhaps be deemed worthy of a separate name. For this I have fixed
upon lacteomarginata, because the whole subterminal area (posterior
to the green central band) is entirely devoid of green, being of a dull
creamy-brown except for two small black, horizontal, wedge-shaped
marks, situated a little inside the outer margin, and about a third of
the way down it from the apex. This specimen was killed with
chloroform — an agent I have invariably used of late years in dealing
with delicate insects, on which I feel sure both ammonia and cyanide
of potassium have a deleterious effect, — (Rev.) G. H. Raynok, Haze-
leigh Rectory, Maldon. August 21th, 1907.

^OTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARVAE, &c.

Egglaying of Emmelesia blandiata. — -There were thousands of
individuals of this species flying just before and just after the sun went
off the flower-covered banks, a little way above Goschenen, on the after-
noon of July 29th, 1907. They flew very gently directly above the
herbage, and the females, standing fairly high on the plants, deposited
their pale eggs on the upperside of the leaves of the eyebright, just
showing its earliest white flowers. I at first thought the moths
selected only the upper-sides of the leaves, but, as eggs were found in
very varying situations, I came to the conclusion that any position on
the upper part of the plant was chosen provided only that, at the
time, it was fairly well hidden, so that eggs were pushed in upon
the stem, or among the young leaves at the apex, as well as on the
leaves themselves. The eggs became more conspicuous as the plant
grew, but their change of colour made them considerably less so.
The species appeared to be very abundant right through the district. —

J. W. TUTT.

On the Pairing of Polyommatus icarus (alexis). — I found
Polyommatus icarus common to-day, the males very constant, the
females showing a good deal of variation both of upper and under-
sides. The species swarmed on the site of the old West Cumberland
Iron Works. The old tip-heaps are carpeted with restharrow, Lotus
comiculatus, Silene, etc. Some of the males were worn, but the
females were fine. The latter, when calling, seem to be very restless,
and I noticed a single instance of copulation taking place during flight.
I saw a female rise, and was watching it, when up came four males ;
they all made for the female, and one succeeded in joining itself
when about a yard from the ground. The actual contact I could not
see, as all were in a heap. The females are very lively, and lead the
males a merry dance before allowing sexual contact. Not once did a
male get in copula without several attempts and much fidgetting and
flying of the female. — Geo. Wilkinson, 241, Moss Bay Road, Working-
ton. July 15th, 1907. [This mode of pairing is so unusual a habit
among butterflies that one feels that further observation and informa-
tion is desirable. — Ed.] .

CURRENT NOTES. 241

Ova of lepidoptera. — Acidalia decorata. — Pale green in colour,
tall, conical, tapering slightly to the rounded top; length 5 : 8 (widest
end = ? base). Surface shiny, a number of well-developed longitudinal
ribs, about nine visible on one side. Apparently a large number of
faint transverse striations cross the longitudinal ribs at right angles.
The ribs go over the two ends, suggesting that the eggs are not
attached by the base, otherwise they have all the appearance of being
upright eggs. The rive eggs examined are laid in a little heap end to
end, the narrower end against the broader end of the egg in front of it.
[Egg described under a hand lens, August 1st, 1906, laid by a female
taken the previous day at Clelles.]

Acidalia rubricata. — A long, slender, somewhat conical, egg when laid
loosely, one end only slightly less in diameter than the other, '? micropylar.
Of a delicate yellow-green tint, with a number of slender longitudinal
ribs, seven apparently on one face, crossed with a number of delicate
transverse striations. The eggs are laid in three little heaps of 3, 3, and
6, but one left in the box is laid as a flat egg, its long axis horizontal.
Compared with the egg of A. decorata (supra), that of A. rubricata is more
slender, that is, less wide compared with length, much less shiny in tint,
the longitudinal ribs rather better marked, the transverse striations
less so. It is duller in colour, much less pearly in appearance, and
less green and more yellow in tint. It tapers more distinctly at the
narrow pole, and is less wide at the opposite one. [Egg described
under a hand lens August 1st, 1906. Female taken previous day at
Clelles.]— J. W. Tutt.

CURRENT NOTES.

We Britishers go to Switzerland for our holidays in order to leave
the bustle of life behind, and one who lives rather among the people
than in the hotels feels somehow that, even in the towns, things are
moving Blower there. This was borne particularly on our notice
to-day as we sorted out a great pile of magazines, etc., for the binder.
In February, 1862, was published the first number of the first volume
of the Mittheilungen der Schweiz. Entom. Gesellschaft. This volume
of 352 pages (about the size of an annual volume of the Ent. Record)
was completed in May, 1865. Since its start ten volumes have been
completed, and the 11th has been commenced, i.e., an average of
something like four years per volume. But our word just now
concerns vol. x. When this was commenced in 1897 it was intended
to index the back volumes and publish the index at the end of the
volume. When it was completed in February, 1903, therefore, the
title-page was held back for the index. We have now patiently
waited l.V years, and neither title-page nor index has yet arrived. It
becomes imperative to get volumes bound, or parts get lost, and so,
after trying to slowdown to the Swiss standard, we are obliged to
bind without title-page or index. Cannot our editor give us a title-
page at once for vol. x, and let the index come with vol. xi, when
the latter is completed? After all, " work wins," and index-making
is only a bit of automatic grind at which many of us have had a turn.

This brings us to another matter, viz., the utter uselessness of much
of the material buried in many of the Bulletins, Annals, and Trans-
actions of the foreign societies. After all, the material published by

242 the entomologist's eecord.

societies and magazines is only of value so far as it can be got at after
publication by those who would use it, yet, an actual index appears to
be the very last thing that some of the societies think about. The
index (!) to a volume of the Bulletin delict Societa Entomologica Italiana
occupies less than a page ; of the Entomologisk Tidskrift, about a page ;
of the Annales de la SociSte Entomologique de Belgique, less than two
pages. We have often thought that it would be a great gain to
science if the Council of the Entomological Society of London stopped
publication for a year and put the whole of its income for the year
into a good " general " and " specific " index of the volumes already
published, so that the matter hidden away could be more readily
reached. Excellent articles lie buried for want of means to reach
them, and the keenest workers of today have not the slightest notion
of the mines of information that are at their disposal could they possibly
work them. "We trust that the continental societies will soon see their
way to give a " Special Index " to each volume they publish, and thus
offer some clues, by reference to which lepidopterists may know what
lies buried in the ponderous tomes of the past.

Mr. Shuguroff, of Odessa, has published a very useful essay on
the remarkable genus Gallimenus, F. de W., in the Revue russe d' Entom.,
nos. 3-4, p. 176, December, 1906. The work is in Russian, which
renders it useless to most western orthopterists, though this is not
so serious as it might have been, for the few members of the genus
are confined to South Russia and the Levant. The author describes a
new species C. brauneri, from the valley of the Don, allied to C.
montandoni, Burr, from Wallachia. The difficult synonymy is
worked out as follows : — C. pancici, Br., gives way to G. longicollis,
Schulth ; G. inflatus, Br., falls before C. dilatatus, Stal ; C. longi-
collis, Pieb., is not regarded as synonymous with G. pancici, but
more likely as identical with G. montandoni, Burr. A synoptical table
of the species is given, unfortunately in Russian ; but the distinctions
between the five species is epitomised in a brief Latin synopsis.

Frings publishes (Soc. Ent., xxii., pp. 89-90) the description of
a new hybrid Eutricha hybr. johni, obtained from a cross between
E. c/uercifolia, male, and E. populifolia, female. Five males and nine
females were bred altogether.

Mr. E. Saunders gives (E.M.M.) a list of " Addition to the British
Hemiptera-Heteroptera since 1892." He mentions: Gydnus flavicornis,
Fab. found at Freshwater, in the Isle of Wight, July, 1895 ; Elas-
mostethus ferrugatus, Fab. taken at Bangor in July, 1900 ; Pseado-
phlaeus waltlii, H.-Sch., taken at West Walton, in Norfolk ; Corizus
hyalinus, Fab., taken near Gosfield and Norwich ; Drymus pilicomis,
M. & R. ; Ploiariodes baerensprungi, Dohrn, from Esher and the New
Forest ; Nabis brevis, Scholtz, from Byfleet and Weybridge ; Salda
morio, Zett., from Buxton ; Salda setulosa, Put., at Poole Harbour in
August, 1901 ; Xylocoridea brevipennis, Reut., in Richmond Park,
March, 1898 ; Myrmecoris gracilis, Sahib., at Fleet ; Megaloceraea
(Trigonotylus) brevipes, Jak., on Culbin Sands, near Forres; Poecilo-
scytus vulneratus, Wolff, at Yarmouth in September, 1897 ; Plagio-
gnathus (Agalliastes) evanescens, Boh., at Colwyn Bay, Augast, 1890 ;
( 'orixa selecta, Fieb., from the Norfolk coast marshes ; and Gorixa
saundersi, Kirk., on Chobham Common.

Our readers will observe that some little change has been necessary

SOCIETIES. 243

in the sale of the Rev. G. H. Raynor's fine collection of Lepidoptera.
It has been arranged that the sale shall occupy two days, viz., on
October 22nd and November 5th.

It has been twice recently put on record that < 'elastrina argiolus
does not occur in Scotland. We understand from Mr. Sloper that
this is not so, and should be exceedingly obliged for records or
references to records of this species in Scotland.

Mr. L. B. Prout has been on a trip to America, and was for ten
days at Wellington, British Columbia, as the guest of the Rev.
G. W. Taylor, the specialist in the American Geometrides.

Can any of our readers please inform Mr. Graves (Turf Club,
Cairo) whether there are any German entomologists living at Haifa
(Mt. Carmel), Jerusalem, or Jaffa, or who can help him with regard
to Palestine examples of Lampides boeticus, jesous, and balcanica ?

We ourselves are anxious to write up a more or less model life-
history of Lampides Inn-tint*, and should be glad of information from
any source referring to the species.

We are very doubtful as to the specific value of the American
( 'elastrina pseudargiolup. We are unable, from the accounts and
figures of Scudder and Edwards in their classical works, to
discriminate the insect in any stage from our C. argiolus. Can
anyone give us evidence on the subject, please? A British ento-
mologist settled in America, or vice versa, or a lepidopterist who
collects both the Nearctic and Palsearctic species might perhaps be
inclined to help.

SOCIETIES.

City of London Entomological Society. — September 3rd, 1907. —
Exhibits. — Anthrocera trifolii-major, from north Cornwall, end of
July, 1907. Most of the specimens having the spots more or less
confluent, while in one instance, they were merged into one large
blotch occupying two-thirds of the wing-area, Mr. S. J. Bell.
Hemithea thymiaria (.f.stivaria) larv* feeding upon thyme, marjoram,
dock, and knotgrass; Orthosia upsilon (fissipuncta) ab. nigrescens, Tutt;
Grammesia trilinea (trigrammica) ab. obscura, Tutt, and Xylophasia
monoglypha ab. infuscata, all from Mucking, 1907, Rev. C. R. N.
Burrows. Dryaspaphia : Twelve specimens reared from valezina
ova, live of which followed the female parent, Mr. J. A. Clark.
Anthrocera trifoliuiajor from the Norfolk Broads, late July, 1907,
mostly with confluent central spots, Mr. EL M. Edelsten. Nemeobius
lucina, larva) and pupa?, reared from ova laid by a West Horsley
female, Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor. Spilodes palealis, a long series
taken at Dover, between July 24th and August 3rd, 1907; Rumicia
PHT.asAS ab. intermedia from Reigate ; Theretra porcellus, with
right wings of normal southern coloration, and left of the almost
unicolorous yellowish shade often seen in northern specimens. Dr.
G. G. Hodgson. Callimorpha ijominula, a yellow specimen from Deal;

POLYOMMATUS ICARUS (ALEXIS) ab. OBSOLETA from Chllldoll, Mr. C. P.

Pickett; Abraxas grossulariata from North London, 1907, including
two specimens with wings thickly powdered with black scales =ab.
nigrosparsata, Raynor, Mr. J. Riches. September llt/i, 1907. —
Exhibits. — Lycena arion from North Cornwall, in excellent condition,

244 the entomologist's record.

although taken between July 25th and 31st, 1907, Mr. S. J. Bell.
Agrotis obscura, two living, but wasted, females taken at Mucking,
on September 7th and 14th, with the eggs laid by them, Rev. C. R. N.
Burrows. Boarmia repandata from Pitlochrie, similar to dark forms
taken in London, Mr. J. A. Clark. Agriades bellargus females taken
in Surrey, Sussex, and Kent, from May 26th to July 23rd, 1907.
The specimens were unusually blue, the captor suggesting this might
be brought about by the inclement weather, Dr. G. G. Hodgson.
Abraxas ulmata from Chalfont Road, July 8th, 1907, with black
markings almost obsolete, Mr. A. W. Mera. Epinephele tithonus
from Dawlish, August, 1907, including specimens with abnormally
large ocelli on forewings, and additional spots, others lacking the usual
central white dots in the ocelli, Mr. C. P. Pickett. Cosmotriche
potatoria from Eastbourne larva3, dark forms of the female, and one
strikingly dark male, Mr. J. Riches. Stauropus fagi, taken at
Chorley Wood, July 15th, 1907, Mr. P. H. Tautz. Possible second-
brood example of Mimas TiLi^E : Mr. Riches reported having observed
a spent female of Mimas tiliae, on September 14th, at Hornsey.

South London Entomological Society.- — Aiu/nst 22nd, 1907. —
Exhibits. — Hyria muricata (auroraria) from Wicken and the New
Forest, Mr. Harrison, who made some remarks on the variation of the
species. Saturnia pyri larvae from continental ova, and Dipterygia
scabriuscula, larva?, from ova laid by a female taken at Reigate,
Mr. Tonge. Dicranura bicuspis, a larva from Tilgate Forest,
Mr. L. W. Newman, who pointed out the difference between this
and the larva of D. bifida. Aricia eumedon from Gavarnie,
Pyrenees, apparently an extreme form of the ab. subradiata ;
Plebeius argus (iEGON) with unusually well-marked spot varia-
tion on the underside, Dr. Chapman. Cucullia lychnitis, living
larvse, Mr. Rayward, who remarked upon the curious colour differ-
ences between captured larvae and those bred in captivity from ova.
Cucullia verbasci and C. lychnitis larvae, Mr. Turner, who pointed out
the difference in markings. Eupithecia dodoneata, taken on the cliffs
at Eastbourne, Mr. R. Adkin, who commented on their occurrence so
far from the nearest oak-trees, and suggested that their foodplant had
been the evergreen-oak, which grew somewhat near to the place where
they were captured. E. oblongata, bred from flower-heads of Centaurea
at Eastbourne, Mr. R. Adkin. Coleophora albicosta, cases found on
a furze-bush, in Surrey ; Pararge m^era larva?, bred from the ova, and
feeding on Poa annua, but only in the early morning and in the
evening, Mr. A. Sich. September 12th, 1907. — Exhibits. — Lithosia
caniola, bred from larvae, fed upon lettuce, which they would only
eat when in a decaying condition, Mr. South. Eugonia autumnaria,
bred specimens, including two very beautiful dark fulvous forms, the
offspring of a pairing between the unique melanic form bred last year
and a specimen of the typical form. Aglais urtic.e, including forms
with black hindwings, rayed hindwings, and with the discal spots
almost obsolete, Mr. L. W. Newman. Banksia argentula, living
larvae. Anticlea badiata, a series showing much variation in the
transverse banding and general coloration, Mr. Goulton. Trifurcula
immundella, from Surrey, Mr. Sich, who read notes on the habits of
the imagines and larva?, and the characteristics of the ova. Agriades
corydon ab. syngrapha, from Wiltshire, Mr. South.

Vol. XIX.

Plate IX.

Hemithea .t:stivakia, Hb.

The Entomologist's Record, etc., 1907.

LEPIDOPTERA IN HUNGARY IN JUNE. 245

Lepidoptera in Hungary in June (with two plates).

By ALBERT HUGH JONES, F.E.S.

I arrived in Budapest on June 4th, 11)07. and, on the following day,
visited the Museum, where I made the acquaintance of Herr Abafi-
Aigner Lajos, the well known authority on Hungarian lepidoptera.
Herr Aigner took an infinite amount of trouble in showing me the
collections — a special one solely of Eungarian lepidoptera was tome
naturally very interesting. The weather, the first week in June,
during my stay at Budapest, as elsewhere in Europe, was decidedly
bad; there were days of sunshine, but others were so cold and windy
as to render collecting quite out of the question.

The first warm day, June (5th, I [err Aigner and I started by tram for
Kelenfold, and, after walking about two miles on the way, meeting with
only a, few Plebeius (L/ycaena) argus (aegon), we arrived at an extensive,
but narrow, strip of marshy ground, which had the appearance of having
been an old river-bed — there being a bank on either side. This was
the home of Chrysophanm dispar var. rittihix, and great was my delight
at seeing this beautiful snecies on the wing — specimens in the most
perfect condition, and as large as our dispar, whilst in the bright
sunshine the copper was most gorgeous. Yet another Chrysophanus,
almost as brilliant, < '. thersamon, occurred here. 1 secured one or two
very beautiful specimens of this, the first, brood, so much larger and
finer than the second. The latter species, however, was nearly over,
and so was ( '. dorilis, of which I took one or two examples. On the
banks of the marsh Coenonympha iphis was, particularly common
and in the finest condition. Here also I took a pair of Erynnis
(Careharodus) altheae. The most interesting moth was a black
Liparid with diaphanous wings, Hypogymna morio, which flew in
the bright sunshine and reminded one of a Psychid. Two days later
I again, with Herr Aigner, visited the marsh, but the wind was so
high and cold that nothing could fly in the open ; however, with some
difficulty we discovered a sheltered spot by the side of a wood a mile or
so distant, and butterflies were here most numerous — Coenonympha
arcania, a fine form, was in great abundance, and I took, among
other ' specimens of Melitaea trivia and Parnassius mnemosyne.

1 was surprised to find this latter species so low down, probably the
high wind had blown it there.

On June 11th, Herr Aigner organised an expedition to Svabhegy —
one of the numerous hills on the outskirts of Budapest. The elevation
was roughly about 1500 feet. Totally different species were here mel
with- Argynnis niobe var. eris was not uncommon, Colias myvmidone
was occasionally met with; Powellia (Hesperia) orbifer was very
abundant, but not in fine condition. Geometrids were numerous,
tlic most interesting being Siona decussata ah. fortificata, a species
peculiar to Hungary.

Every collector of butterflies going to Budapest visits Peszer,
it possible. I particularly wished to do so, being anxious to take
Melanargia japygia var. mwarovius, which only occurs in Europe,
here and in South Russia. Herr Aigner told me that June 12th
would In- a good date, o, a1 the early hour of 6 a.m., lie and I
left Budapest for Dabas, a two hours' run by railway. At Da has
we chartered a trap, and. after there taking in supplies for two days

November 15th, 1907.

246 the entomologist's record.

(for we proposed to stop one night at the inn on the outskirts of
the forest), started on our journey. The road for a few miles was
somewhat rough, but the remaining portion of the route was rougher
still ; the road disappeared and tracks across the marsh were mapped
out iu every direction, the one chosen by the driver being apparently
selected at the whim of the moment. We drove through various
lagoons, passed herds of cattle, and eventually reached Peszer. The
forest is a comparatively narrow strip of woodland, but extending
many miles, and the trees, consisting chiefly of oak and poplar, are
not large ; the undergrowth, principally blackthorn, is in places some-
what dense ; there are swampy spots and open sandy spaces both
of which, for .their respective species, offered splendid collecting-
ground. The species of Apatura, Limenitis and Neptis — which I saw
so abundantly later — were all conspicuous by their absence, yet
Herr Aigner told me that be once took a solitary specimen there of
Neptis aceris. Their absence, however, was made up by the abundance
of Melitasid and Argynnid species — Melitaea phoebe, M. cinxia, and
M. didyma were fairly common — M. trivia was plentiful, but getting
a little "passe." I however took, by careful selection, a fair series,
including two females. M. athalia was very abundant and so were
Brenthis hecate and Issoria lathonia, and in the finest possible condition,
whilst that magnificent species, Dryas pandora, was quite common,
although not always caught. In the swampy places in the wood I
took a magnificent series of Chrysophanus alciphrm, including two
females. The Theclids were well represented by three species — Thecla
$pini, T. ilicis, and T. acaciae, the last two being in the greatest
profusion at the flowers of the privet. Melanargia suwarovius so far
we had not seen, and we could only assume that it was not yet out.
On our homeward journey to the inn through the forest, I found, on
Aristolochia clematitis, full-grown larva? of Thais polyxena in the
greatest abundance, but, as I was starting in a few days for Hercules-
bad, I reluctantly had to leave them. Outside the wood on a sandy
waste, many moths were seen. Heliothis dipsacea was not rare, and
one H. scutosa was taken; at rest Cucidlia balsamitae was occasionally
met with.

We were very comfortable at the inn, everything being clean, and
we returned to Budapest after two days' delightful collecting. Culti-
vation is making sad inroads into Peszer, and in not many years
to come it will probably not remain as a forest, and one of the
finest collecting-grounds in Hungary will be no more.

On June 27th, on my return from Herculesbad, accompanied by
Herr Aigner, I made another excursion to Peszer after Melanargia
suwarovius. The day, as on the last visit, was absolutely perfect. All
the species of butterflies, with the exception of Dryas pandora, had
quite disappeared, which shows that the life of a butterfly in those
warmer climes is but a short one. Other butterflies now appeared on
the scene. Beautiful freshly-emerged specimens of Scoliiantides
(Lycaena) orion var. nigricans, a black form, second-brood, of course,
were common, and, in swampy places, Heteropterus morpheus was fairly
abundant, whilst here and there were specimens of Colias hyale and
' '. myrmidone. The day was well advanced, and we had not seen a
trace of Melanargia suwarovius, but, after having practically given up
all hopes, two male specimens were seen and captured. They were

NOTES ON HEMITHEA .ESTIVARIA, HB. 247

uot absolutely fine, so 1 can only assume that, during my absence in
Herculesbad, the species had come out and was over ; yet I strongly
suspect it to have been a bad year for the Melanargias, as M. galathea
was exceedingly scarce in Berculesbad, where it usually swarms;
moreover, Miss Fountaine further tells me that the Melanargias were
this year very scarce in Bosnia.

I To be concluded.)

Notes on Hemithea aestivaria, Hb. (with /date).

By (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS.
(Continued tram p. 236).

I do not feel inclined to dilate upon the life-history, although this
has, as far as I know, never been carefully written. There is a descrip-
tion ol the full-grown larva, by Edward Newman, in the Entomologist,
l^GG, p. 65. My own observations are not, I suppose, very different
from those of other collectors.

The ova are laid some time in July, or thereabouts. Some, which
I have been watching, were laid on July 24th. These hatched on
August 10th, which makes the oval-period about 17 days, but
Dr. F. J. Buckell gives 9 days in his note (Entom. Record., vol. hi.,
p. 2*)-">j. The larva appears to be exclusively a tree-feeder. Birch,
blackthorn, whitethorn, oak, etc., are given as foodplants. It feeds
up well upon whitethorn. If anybody knows of any other food-
plants it would be well to have them straightway put on record,
especially if low-growing plants be amongst them, for the special
reason which I shall mention further on. The larvae proceed to feed
leisurely so that, in the third stadium, they are ready for the sleep
of hybernation. Early in May they niay.be found feeding again.
They pupate in a very slight web, amongst leaves, and emerge from
the middle of June to. the middle or end of July. The moth comes
to sugar and to light, flies at dusk, and is often more of
a nuisance to the collector than a pleas;; re. yet it is, in perfect condi-
tion, a decidedly pretty insect, with its peculiar blue green upperside,
and almost white underside, but, unfortunately, it soon ^ets quite
horrible when living ah ait. and worse still when faded. So a series
always looks unattractive and shabby, unless renew ''1 year by year.

There is a note of the capture by Mr. Charles Capper, in the Entom.

/, vol. xv., p. 273, of a, specimen of the very closely allied

ra ftmbrialis, in England. This is interesting, as bearing upon

what 1 have written before respecting the confusi >n in the works of

authors between this insect and Hemithea aexticaria. Perhaps

I may be allowed to quote the note, which appears t > be editorial :

".Mr. ('In is of the capture of a sing] aoiH.fimbrialia

allied to H. strigata, thai we e have once or twice
■ 'mitineut, a-> tli;it of the latter species at BeachyHead,
on Augusl 7th, L903. The locality appears to us to Bavour

of the latter Mr. Capper prom to I Mr.Prouti men,

bo that we may hope to i fntheme loubtful II. strigata
from down ully exami

No further note has, so far as 1 have l! • i

published, but Mr. Proul assures in. , thai
identified, and tha ,ini ■. Vhalera jimbrialis bas a valid

248 the entomologist's record.

to a place in the list of occasional visitors to our country. I know
nothing of the lifehistory of this insect (T. fimbrialis), except what I can
gather from this note. It appears to he not a tree-feeding species, and
to frequent non-wooded places, while thyme is, at least, one of its
foodplants. I have had the pleasure of examining Mr. Prout's series
and wondered, I must confess, why the authorities had seen fit to
separate it, generically, as well as specifically, from Hemithea aestivaria.
It appears, however, that the distinction is structural, if not very
obvious. The structure of the antennae, and of the legs, with, above
all, a striking concavity above the tail on the hindwing, are the marks
of the genus Thalera. Otherwise T. fimbrialis is wonderfully like
H. aestivaria in colour, and general appearance, except that the fringes
on all the wings are dotted with red-brown, instead of dark grey. The
concavity in the margin of the hindwing does not appear to be very
constant in extent. One would like to complete the comparison with
freshly-emerged or -caught specimens, for both species appear to fade
in the same manner, and to the same extent. I would endorse
the hope expressed above, that those who collect in likely places, will
keep a sharp lookout for this insect.

The young larva of Hemithea aestivaria, is a much more difficult
one to deal with, than those which I have taken in hand before, and
I have, in my accustomed diagrams, finished the task, with the con-
viction that its complications, and obscurities, would occupy a truly
scientific person for well nigh a life-time. Small, very transparent,
with almost undiscoverable organs, in its earliest stages — the only
comfort I have is that others, with better eyes than mine, are quite
as unable to make out the details as myself.

This larva is not a clothing larva, any more than is that of
Geometra papilionaria, hut it shows just as that does a very close
approach to the habit. Mr. Bacot observes in a note which he made
on these larvae : " The silken threads which they spin about their
bodies, cling to, and afford a hold to foreign matters such as dust
and dirt," and I have found that one of my chief difficulties in tracing
the more obscure or transparent organs, has been the accumulation
of these foreign matters upon, or about them, and concealing the
details.

In my paper on Geometra papilionaria, I mentioned, in passing, the
close resemblance, which, on a cursory examinination, this larva in its
earliest stage, bears to that which is now under consideration, and I
paralleled this resemblance with the position of Butler's prasina in
the general collection at the British Museum, an insect closely
resembling (again the examination was but cursory) H. aestivaria,
except for its much greater size.

As a matter of fact, further, and more careful examination
somewhat modified my conclusions with respect to the larva, and,
before my paper was published in the Kntom. Record (vol. xvii., pp. 200
et seq.), I was able to add a note to the effect, that the larval
resemblance is as great to Comibaena pustulata, as to Geometra
papilionaria. Such is the case, as all may perceive by comparing
my drawings. It is also quite possible that I mistook the position
of the giant prasina in the Museum drawers as intentional, whereas
its place may have been 1 rought about more by the question of spare
room, than by an acknowledged relationship to Geometra papilionaria,

COLLECTORS. 249

for I do not suppose for a moment that any very deep study has as yet
been possible of the huge family of the " Emeralds" both in life and
after death.

(To be con eluded.)

" Collectors."

By JOHN BULL.

Mr. Bell's reference to the " Record's editorial mind " on the subject
of "collectors" {anted, p. 227) is surely a matter that requires definition.
If by " collector " Mr. Bell means a person who hunts, kills, pins,
sets, and stores away large numbers of the most beautiful inhabitants
of our wild places, without noting, or desiring to note, any facts about
their distribution, lives, or habits, then there can only be one opinion
which the Editor and his coadjutors, no doubt, share in common with
all thoughtful educated men, entomological and otherwise.

But of the Editor's personal opinion of the real "collector" it were
better perhaps to quote his own words: "There is no need to urge that
collectors and collecting have a very definite and legitimate position in
relation to science .... The legitimate position of the collector
ily stated. He obtains material on which scientific observations
are based ; he should himself make observations on the living indi-
viduals he collects ; he should preserve well the insects he captures ;
he should note exactly the date of capture, and the locality where
captured, of each specimen ; he should record carefully, and with
clearness, the observations he makes. He should also be prepared to
make deductions from his observations, for true science correlates facts,
and suggests logical deductions from the observations made. Only the
collector in the field can know the relationship of an organism to its
environment, the fundamental basis of much of the modern science of
natural history, and, hence, from the men who have started as 'mere'
collectors, attracted first of all by the beaut}' of some striking
butterfly or moth, have risen all our foremost scientific lepidopterists,
both of the present and of the past days, the only difference between
these and those who, starting with them, have lagged behind, being
the difference in the power to observe, or to record their observa-
tions, or to draw obvious conclusions from their observations.
Without the collector no really scientific work in certain branches of
lepidopterological study can be written, and the man who collects his
own insects, makes observations, and records such, is a most valuable
addition to the ranks of those who study lepidopterology. For the
mercenary collector, who merely collects insects like a man collects old
' pots,' in an auction room, one can only feel the heartiest contempts"

Surely then (if this be the personal opinion of the Editor, and I
take this very definite quotation from Practical Hint* for the Field
Lepidopterist, pt. hi., p. 1, more fully amplified by the author
some 17i years ago in this Magazine, vol. i., p. 99) the collector,
per se, has received full justification at the Editorial hands, and
can hardly be as Mr. Bell says, " abhorrent to the Record's editorial
mind." Other names than "collectors" may he found for those
who purposelessly exterminate our insect fauna, and all those
who know Mr. Hell know that these individuals are as abhorrent to
Mr. Bell as to the writer. For the remainder, Mr. Bell seems

250

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECOKD.

evidently to misunderstand the Eev. C. R. N. Burrows' position.
Mr. Burrows can perhaps make his own case clearer without any out-
side help. Any way, there can be no doubt of the justice of this
gentleman's contention. No person bas a right to waste the time of
scientific men, as busy as, or more so perhaps than, himself. There is
another old saw, of which one might remind Mr. Bell, viz., " a
thing tbat is worth doing at all is worth doine- wTell."

An October Evening at Mucking.

By (Key.) C. R. N. BURROWS.

In my diary I notice the gradual falling off of captures towards
the decline of the year. Whether this is the measure of my activities or
a natural result I do not know, though it is certain tbat if we do not
collect vigorously in the autumn we shall not take much. Last evening,
October 3rd, was an improvement upon tbe last week or two, and I
was much elated by my success. Perhaps my experience may prove
of interest to others as well as to myself.

I laid on my sugar, mingled with beer, methylated spirit, oil of
cloves, zinc valerianate, amyl acetate, oil of aniseed, etc., soon
after 6 p.m., and as soon as I had sugared commenced my round. I
have ere this noticed my experience, that, at this time of the year the
most successful rounds are the earliest, because the moths are flying
in the greatest numbers before it is dark. At about 6.35 p.m. then, I
lighted my lamp, put on my hat and satchel, and started forth. This
is the time for Emmelina monodactylus, which appears in some
numbers now, and is rarely on the sugar later. Anchocelis pistacina
is in countless numbers at sugar, and later on at light. The variation
is extreme, from dark to palest clay-colour, which latter form I love best,
because to me it is the rarest. I cannot trace it in The British Aoctuae
and their 1 arieties unless it be ab. serin a, Esp. A.lunnsa is getting scarce,
and the lighter forms have disappeared. The same remark holds good with
A. litura. I am not sure, but imagine, that, in the case of the former,
as well as the latter, the lighter are the males. Cerastis lignla is but
three days old, in splendid condition of course, hut not a sign of the
type form, that with the white hindmargin. Agrotis segetum has
appeared at last, the first specimen of the second brood turning up on
the 1st inst. I had not seen it since August 23rd. Peridrom.a saucia
as usual, quite common, including the (to me) rare form ab. nigrocosta,
Tutt. Hypena rostralis, Pionea forficalis, and even Pyralis costalis are
yet about. The latter I have taken as late as October 21st, and is my
instructor as to the direction of the wind, as true as the weather- cock,
which I cannot see in the dark. P. costalis appears when the smell of
the sugar is carried towards the barns and farm-buildings. Citria
(Xanthia) fulvago, with one ab. flavescens, and more rarely C Jiarago,
appear amongst the earlier visitors, with innumerable Mellinia
circellaris of all colours from pale yellow to bright red. I am on the
constant look-out for Mellinia ocellaris amongst them, of course without
success. I have wondered why, of late years, the true Xanthias have
been so few in numbers. M. gilvago comes now by ones and twos,
Tiliacea citrago has not turned up in my garden since the year 1900.
It is not too late to-night, for I took the insect on this very night in
1897. But it does not come, T. aurago also is among the absentees,

AN OCTOBER EVENING AT MUCKING. 251

although it has never died oui here yet, one ortwo specimens rewarding
me each year. Nor is it yet too late for this insect, fori have taken it
more frequently in October (as late as the 25th) than in September. But I
must not turn aside after insects which do not greet me this evening.
Phlogophora meticulosa is in swarms, all the evening, by far the
commonest insect about. It his been thus for days, for weeks,
perhaps for months. Of all our British Noctuids, this appears to me to
be one of the commonest, and with tie' longest period of continuance.
I have taken it from April 4th to November 15th. Dr. Buckell
records it (Entom.., 188(>. p. 138), in November and December, and
after Christmas ; and Mr. Hunt [In,-, ,-it., p. 65), a, specimen at rest,
December 26th, 1885. I am tempted to take several of these, they
look so brilliant with their red and green, by the light of the
acetylene lamp. But, alas ! when it comes to setting them out by
daylight .... Noctua c-nigrum is another common visitor,
some worn to sbreds, some " fresh as paint." How red this insect js
hereabouts! Again I box the tempting beauty. But the red is not
half so charming in the morning, and when set out rarely shows.
Like so many other insects, their glow is not stable, and soon passes
away. Yet the living insect is amongst the prettiest I see to-night.
Now. there appears quietly sitting with closed wings, drinking the
sweets, a little Geometer, which I box in case it may be something I
want. It proves to be a nice male Camptogramma fluviata, the fourth
I have taken in my life ! I have never seen it at sugar before, nor
have I so far found a record thereof. And I have only once taken a
female, which I netted at Wanstead when but a lad. Of course I
killed her, and have never seen the gentler sex since. I netted a
male on May 80th, 1892, in my garden, at Rainham, and another
male in my garden here on August 14th last year. I see that it is
recorded at ivy and light. As to ivy, I do not do much at that. I
cannot see the visitors thereto easily, and when I do examine the
flowers find mostly wasps and earwigs. I dislike both these creatures,
and so am not keen upon ivy-collecting. Warned to night by my
capture. I lighted my big lamp and illuminated the sheet from 7.o0 p.m.
to 11.0 p.m. I burned out 21bs. of carbide, took one female /h'!<>li<i
caeruleocephala, and saw hundreds of ••Daddies," many Anchocelu
pistacina, and a few Eubolia cervinaria, but no Camptogramma
fluviata.

My favourite moth, Epunda lutulenta, is represented by a single
specimen. The insect has played me false this year. It is no fault
of mine. I have been lazy, negligent, despondent some years, but
this year 1 have worked for it like a nigger. Only on Sunday nights
has Epunda lutulenta been safe My records for its occurrence have
been most carefully kept for years. The earliest date 1 have for its
appearance is September 3rd, L906; the latest, October 9th, ls<)9and
1900. In every case a heavy Tail of rain has determined t lie date of

nee Phis year it appeared on September L3th— the h
fall of rain came on Tuesday last, October 1st. I ha □ two

specimens since, and do no! an} more. My captures in 1906,

from September y>rd to October 3rd, totalled 11)5! In 1907, they
cannot much exceed the pre 16 !

I remember some years since some correspondent suggesting that
the reason Epunda lutulenta disappeared about October 5th, was that

252

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S KECORD.

it then removed its attention from the sugar to ivy blossom. This
idea would be tenable if the ivy at Mucking burst out into blossom on
that date. I do not know whether the plant has such a habit any-
where, but, in these parts, different plants in different situations,
blossom at different periods, covering, perhaps, four months of the
autumn. How thankful one ought to be for hints ! However, I am
getting tired of going my rounds, of getting blinded by the glare
of the lamp, and lastly of writing. I note a worn-out Trvphama
pronuba, a late visitor, kicking the sheet to give notice to the daddy-
long-legs to clear out, so I turn out the gas and get in-doors as quickly
as I can, for it is past mid-night.

Orthoptera in East Kent in 1907.

By MALCOLM BURE, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S.

As four years had passed since I had had a day's collecting in
England, I noted with considerable satisfaction the improvement in
the weather at the end of August, but not until September 8th was I
able to go into the field under a brilliant sun and perfect sky ; a
picnic at the Warren afforded once more the opportunity of taking
Forficula lesnei, Finot. After hard sweeping among flowers and
shrubs, only a few captures were made, but as evening drew on, they
appeared to be more active, and a dozen at a time were frequently
found in the net while sweeping among nettles. F. lesnei appears to
outnumber the common species at this particular locality, but I have
not yet found it elsewhere in this neighbourhood. I picked up a
solitary male walking across a footpath at the Warren on Septem-
ber 28th.

Of other interesting Orthoptera, (fomphocerus rufits, Linn., was not
plentiful. Persistent search at the very spot where it swarmed in
1890 failed to reveal more than a few isolated specimens. Stenobothrus
lineatus, Panz., was fairly common, as also Platycleis grisea, Fabr.,and
Leptophyes punctatissima, i!osc, the latter, of course, on shrubs.
Locusta viridissima, Linn., was numerous, and its harsh stridulation
resounded on all sides during the afternoon. Olynthoscelis griseo-aptera,
De Geer, under which name it is hard to recognise our old friend
Thamnotrizon cinereus, Linn., was also abundant, and very busy chirping.
This insect was formerly regarded as a prize owing to its retiring-
disposition and great activity, which renders it extremely difficult to
capture among the dense and thorny thickets which it haunts. But
those who are familiar with its stridulation cannot fail to recognise its
presence in almost every roadside hedge, at least in the southern
counties ; on a still night in the late summer and autumn, it may be
heard almost continually, when driving or riding, by those who have
an ear trained to the stridulation of Orthoptera. There is not a road
in this neighbourhood along which I have driven at dusk without
hearing its characteristic chirp, and I have frequently checked this by
catching sight of the insect itself. The Eev. J. G. Wood regarded
the capture of a fine male of this species as marking a red-letter day
in the entomologist's calender, but, as the male betrays its presence by
its song, the female is the rarer in collections. These may often,
however, be found crawling at the edges of the thickets haunted by

ORTHOPTERA IX EAST KENT IN 1907. 253

the male. In the same way, the female of L. uiridissima is usually a
chance find, while the male betrays his presence by his song. I have
heard him in many nettle-beds by the roadsides near here, at Fredville,
Barfreston, Wingham, Kearsney and Alkham.

I took no great rarities at the Warren, but was exceedingly lucky
in another locality, which, I believe, has not hitherto been worked.
That is Stonehall, a farm near Lydden, occupying a little flat ground
in the valley of the Dour, and the precipitous hillsides which bound it.

When walking over these steep grassy slopes, gun in hand, after
partridges, on September 21st, my attention was attracted by the buzz
of innumerable grasshoppers rejoicing in the noonday heat. I
recognised the voice of the universal Stauroderus bicolor, ('harp., and
( 'horthippus parallelus, Zett., as well as the prolonged whirr of
Omocestus viridus, Linn. In addition to these, there was Stenobothrus
lineatus, Panz., a new locality for this interesting and handsome
species, and another chirp unfamiliar to me. A vague hope which
arose within me was quickly realised by the view of a fine green male
of Decticus verrucivorus, Linn., stridulating merrily on a bit of bright
green grass. This discovery is very satisfactory, as this fine insect
has been taken only singly at St. Margaret's Bay, since the days when
Curtis and Bingley found it near Christchurch. At Stonehall there
i> a colony which frequents the steep rough sides of a deep coombe in
the chalkhills. These slopes are so precipitous that it does not pay
to cultivate the poor chalky ground, and so they are, perhaps, virgin soil,
where the autochthonous fauna (and I daresay the flora too) of this part
of the county has found an asylum from the universal agriculture which
has seized upon every available scrap of land in the neighbourhood.

I returned to Stonehall a day or two later, and took four or five
more males, all green, but found no females. In vain I lay silently
on the grass basking in the sun, smoking a pipe, waiting to see a
female attracted to a male by his persistent love-song. I smoked four
pipes, but found no females.

It is a fine handsome species ; its oily-green colour and the terrific
leaps which it is enabled to make with its enormously long hindlegs,
give it a striking likeness to a frog as it springs through the grass.
On several other sunny days I found it there, but could never take a
female, though males were always chirping when the sun shone. But
I had not exhausted my luck; on the afternoon of September 24th I
went there again. It was, however, too late in the day and grass-
hoppers were not in evidence, so 1 swept some nettles in the old farm-
yard, in the hope of turning up Forficula lesnei. The first stroke of
the net revealed Apterygida albipennis, Meg. ; I took over two dozen of
them before I had done; females greatly out-numbered the males, and
it is curious that although nettle-beds were numerous, it was only in
one patch that this earwig was taken.

The value of this find is hardly lessened by Mr. Chitty's re-discovery
of this species near Charing, in 1904. Probably it is widely distributed
not only in Kent, but in England; witness Mr. .hours Edwards'
capture in Norfolk several years ago. Persistent search will probably
reveal a number of new localities.

Of other Orthoptera there is little to relate. Stenobothrus lineatus,
Panz., occurs at Golgotha, a clump of firs just outside Sibertswold.
Meconema varium, bain-., strays occasionally into our house, and Lepto-

254

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

phyes punctatissma, Bosc, is numerous round Sibertswold and out on the
Warren, and, indeed, probably wherever it is looked for in suitable places.
I have done no systematic collecting this year, but Decticus ver-
rucivorus and Apterygida albipennis make a fair record for a season's
work. Luck seems to be sometimes more profitable than persistence.
The ground where these two rarities occur will probably before long
be occupied by a colliery, but it is to be hoped that steps will be taken
to preserve the remnants of the aboriginal fauna of East Kent.

Paracymus aeneus, Germ. — a British Beetle.

By R. S. MITFORD, C.B., F.E.S.

Last year I obtained from Mr. W. H. Harwood, of Colchester, an
example, as it was supposed, of Paracymus nigro-aenens. Recently my
friend, Mr. E. A. Waterhouse, when looking over my collection of
British coleoptera, expressed some doubt as to the identity of this
species with P. nigro-aeneus, and I sent it to him for examination.
He has now informed me that it is undoubtedly. P. aeneus. I have
since obtained six more specimens from Mr. Harwood, all of which
turn out to be P. aeneus. They were taken on the North Essex coast
in June, 1898.

The Bev. Canon Fowler describes (British Coleoptera, vol. i., p. 226)
P. nigro-aeneus as having the maxillary palpi " broadly pitchy at the
apex, and the legs pitch-black." He goes on to say "we do not
possess the true P. aeneus, which is rather smaller and narrower than
P. nigro-aeneus, with the palpi unicolorous red, and the legs also red."
These characteristics of P. aeneus are borne by all the examples sent
to me by Mr. Harwood, and I think there can be no doubt that that
species is established as a Uritish beetle, and should appear in the
British lists. Probably it will be found in other collections, in which
it may have been placed as P. nigro-aeneus. I am indebted to Mr. E.
A. Waterhouse for his kindness in examining and identifying my
specimens.

Myrmecophilous Notes for 1907.

By H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, F.E.S.

FormiciDjE. — Formica sanguinea was discovered by us at Aviemore
and Nethy Bridge, in the Highlands, in July, its first record for
Scotland. Mr. Willoughby Ellis has found it in the Midlands this
year, also a new record.

Leptothorax unifasciatus. — We found a nest of this little ant, with
winged male and female, in company with a nest of Lasiiis niger, under
a stone, at St. Margaret's Bay.

Coleoptera. — Atemeles emarginatus was taken by us at Porlock,
with Formica fused, in April, and Atemeles paradoxus was taken, both
by Professor Beare and ourselves, with its host, Formica rufibarbis var.
fusco-rufibarbis, at Whitsand Bay, also in April.

Lomechusa strum osa-. — This grand species was again found by us at
Woking this year, with Formica sanguinea, in some numbers ; some
60 specimens being taken in the spring in one nest alone. We have
kept it alive, and have established it in an observation-nest of the ant,
and have observed the courtship for the first time. We also discovered

MYKMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR PJ07. 255

that it can give off the " Myrmedonia " smell when seized, and have
dissected it under the microscope, and disclosed the glands which
contain the acid.

Myrmedonia limbata, Pk., was taken with Formica sanguined at
Woking.

Myrmedonia cognata. — When a, few Lasius fuliginosus were put into
a small howl containing several Myrmedonias, one of this species was
observed to immediately attack an ant and kill it, biting it behind the
head.

Staphylinus stercorarius was taken in a nest of Myrmica scabrinodis,
at the Forth Bridge, in July.

Othius myrmecophilus was taken with Formica sanguinea at Nethy
Bridge.

Ptilium myrmecophilum. — Dr. Joy has taken this little species with
Formica rufa at Bradford. Chislehurst and Scarborough are the only
two records south of Scotland given by Fowler. Bagnall has taken it
in Northumberland and Durham, and we have taken it at Oxshott
in June.

Ptenidium gressneri, Er., occurred with Lasius fuliginosus at
Sherwood Forest in July.

Dendrophilus punctatus has been bred by us this year in our
observation-nests of both Lasius fuliginosus from Wellington College
and Formica exsecta from Bournemouth.

Diptera. — Microdon mutabilis. — On April 18th, a larva and pupa
of this interesting fly were taken on the underside of a stone over a
nest of Formica fusca at Porlock, and next day a number of larvae were
found in the galleries of another nest. This nest was taken, female,
workers, and all, and established as an observation-nest in my study.
A larva pupated on April 24th, and hatched May 21st. The pupa
puts out two small horns in front a day or two after pupation. The
ants are said to nurse these larvae as they do their ( 'occidae. I have
seen them gently bite at the larva. The latter generally sit in the
bare galleries of the nest among the ants ; there are still a good many
in my nest, which will probably hatch out next year.

The Scatopse and the Phyllomyzas have hatched out of my Formica
rufa and Lasius fuliginosus nests in some numbers, as usual.

Heteroptera. — Piezostethus formicetoi"um was taken in some
numbers with Formica rufa at Rannoch, it has not been taken in
Britain since Buchanan- White first discovered it at Braemar.

Bracomd.p..- ( hasmodon apterus was bred out of my formica fusca
nest from Porlock on July 7th. It is recorded by Carpentier with
Lasius niger in France.

Sp. 1, of my last year's list. I have bred a male of this handsome
species out of my Formica rufa nest this year.

Sp. ? I have bred some six or seven specimens of a yellow
Braconid from my /•'. fusca nest from Porlock.

Cynipid^;. — Kleditoma myrmecophila, Kciffer, n. sp. I bred this
species, one of the parasitic Cynipids, new to science, in some numbers,
in my Lasius fuliginosus nest from Wellington College. For description
see " Ann. de la Soc. Scientifique de Bruxelles," vol. 32.

PsEUDoscoKPioMNA. — Chernes scorpioides. This species, which has
been kindly identified for me by Mr. Wallis Kew, has been taken on
several occasions with Formica tufa, at Weybridge. Mr. Kew went

256 the entomologist's record.

with me one day, and I was able to show him the Chelifer in the
nest. I have since taken it, with F. rufa at Buddon Wood.

Lepidoptera. — Tineina. — I bred two little moths from my Formica
exsecta nest from Bournemouth. Mr. Eustace Bankes tells me they are
certainly distinct from all our known British species of Gelechiids,
and perhaps new to science.

Polyommatus icarus. — Mr. A. L. Bayward has shown that this
species, like Lycaena avion, Agriades corydon, and Agriades bellargns, is
possessed of a gland which secretes a fluid very attractive to ants.
(ait tea, p. 103).

Agriades corydon. — Mr. Bayward having kindly sent me two larvae
of /'. corydon, I introduced the following ants to them : Formica rufa,
L . sanguined, F. e.csecta, F. fusca, and Lasius fidiginosus. The
larvae were put into plaster nests with glass tops, and six or eight
specimens of an ant put in with them. Most lepidopterous larvae,
under these circumstances, are attacked and killed, and I often use
them to feed my ants, but such was not the case with these larvae.
One Formica sanguinea seized a corydon larva and dragged it along a
little way, the caterpillar remaining quite rigid, but soon dropped it,
and all the ants mostly sat on the larva at different times, tapping
the posterior part of the body with their antennae. I left the
caterpillars with a species of ant for a week at a time, and I put one
into my F. rufa nest itself, where it crawled about among hundreds of
ants without coming to any harm.

Acarina. — Trachyuropoda laminosa, C. B. — I took this species with
Lasius flavus at Whitsand Bay, in April.

Trachyuropoda boatocki, Mic. — I took this large and rare species in
some numbers in nest of Lasius umbratus at Whitsand Bay.

Urotrachytes formicarius, Lubb. — I took it with Lasius jiacus in
June, on Arthur's Seat, Edinburgh.

Trachyuropoda excavata, Wasm. — I took this species, which is new to
Britain, and recorded for the first time here, with Lasius fidiginosus at
Sherwood Forest.

Urodiscelia ricasoliana, Berl., was taken with Lasius fuliginosus in
Sherwood Forest.

Laelaps myrmecophylus, Berl., was taken with Formica ru/ibarbis
var. fusco-rupZbarbi-s, in plenty, at Whitsand Bay.

Laelaps equitans, Mic, was taken in nests of TetramoHum caespitum
at Whitsand Bay. The mite rides on the ants, jumping off and on as
they run along.

Laelaps cuneifer, Mic. — I took this species with Formica rufa in
some numbers at Weybridge, in May.

Laelaps oophilus, Wasm., a new species to Britain, was taken on and
among the egg-masses of Formica fusca at Porlock, and of F. rutibarbis
var. fusco-rufibarbis at Whitsand Bay.

Antennophorus grandis, Berl. — This interesting species was found
in plenty at Porlock, and in Sherwood Forest with Lasius fuliginosus.

Cillibano comata. — This species, new to Britain, was taken in plenty
on the larvae of Lasius flavus at Whitsand Bay.

Myriapoda. — Blanjulus guttulatus was bred out of my observation
nest of Formica exsecta in some numbers this year.

(To be continued).

COLEOPTERA IN THE WEST OF ENGLAND. 257

Coleoptera in the West of England.

By Pbofessor T. HUDSON BEARE, F.R.S.E., F.E.S.

I left London on the morning of Saturday, April 13th, with my
friend Mr. Donisthorpe, for a short collecting trip in the west of
England. Our first halt was at Weston-super-Mare, where we spent
April 13th and 14th. The special ohject of our stay in this district
was the capture of Haliplus mucronatus, Steph., but in this we were
unsuccessful ; and, though we worked a number of flitches in the marshes
near the town, nothing better than Haliplus variegatus, Stm., was
found. On the 14th, we discovered a large pond near the village of
Worle, a few miles out of Weston ; here were taken Hydrovatus
clypealis, Slip., a new locality for this very local insect; Hydroporus
Uturatus, F., Laccobius sinuatus, Mots., L. alutaceus, Tb., Haliplus
fulvus, F., Hydraena Hparia, Kug., Ochtkebius pygmaeus, F., 0. nanus,
Steph., and by sweeping the rough herbage growing in the water of
the pond. Stenus niveus, Fauv., Othius laeviusculus, Steph., and
Prasocuris junci, Brahm. In bunkers on the Weston golf links, we
found Sitoiics griseus, F., and Hypera variabilis, Hbst., and under
stones on the high ground south of the town, Aphodius zmkeri, Germt.
(a remarkable find), and A. pusillus, Hbst., were taken. On the whole
we were much disappointed with this district ; though there was a hot
sun, the wind was very strong and cold.

Early on the 15th we left for Porlock, on the coast of Somerset-
shire, where we remained until the 18th. The beetle we were intent
on capturing was Quedius riparius, Kell., taken for the first time in
Great Britain in this district, in scanty numbers, in 1896, by Mr. Blatch.
We were able on the second day of our visit to run it down, and, on
the third day, to secure a good series each, and some duplicates. It
occurred almost exclusively in flood refuse caught against half-sub-
merged logs, and overhanging tree-trunks and branches in one of the
small rapid streams which come down from Exmoor ; the flood refuse
on the banks of the stream was of little use, as the insect appears to
leave it almost as soon as it is deposited. Other captures in this flood
refuse, and in refuse on the banks of another stream, were ijm'iliiis
auHcomus, Kies., Q. umbrinus, Er., Stenus guynemeri, Dixv. , Ischnopoda
coerulea, SahL, Callicerus obscurus, Gr. By sluicing shingle-banks in
these streams, the following were taken, Homalota currax, Kr., //.
pavens, Er., and Bembidium tibiale, Duft. In one of the valleys there
was a, good deal of fallen timber and rotten tree-stumps, and by
working these the following species were secured: — Diphyllus lunatus,
F., in its usual black fungus; Ips quadriguttatus, F., in numbers;
Quedius xanthopus, Er., Ischnoglossa />n>Ii.ra, Or., PMoeopora reptans,
Gr., Rhizophagus dispar, l'k., Prognaiha quadricornis, Kirb., Oca a
castanea, Er., and Proteinus brachypterw, F. A comparatively fresh
oak bough, with its wood in an inti o i I- hard condition, showed signs
of the burrows of a, Scolytid, and we were able, but only with great
difficulty, to dig out of tb. !se burrows in the hard wood a nice series
each 'if Trypodendron querciis, Eich., hitherto found very ran l\ outside
the limits of Sherwood Forest, and /'. domesticum, L. Other captures
in this district, mostly under stones, were Ocypns brunnipes, F., Oxypoda
spectabilis, Mark., Philont/ius longicornis, Steph., and Medon piceus, Kr.,
this last insect is vary rare ; from the nests of Formica fusca, we' took

258 the entomologist's record.

Atemeles emarginatus, Pk. ; a very fine nest of Latins fuliginosus
produced in the beetle line only Parens parallelopipedus, L.

From Porlock we proceeded on April 18th direct to Plymouth where
we spent lour days. Two days were devoted to Whitsand Pay with,
on the whole, very satisfactory results, though every capture worth
recording involved a considerable amount of hard labour and much
time spent in careful searching for likely spots. From the nests of
Formica rufibarbis var. fusco-ruftbarbis we took Atemeles paradoxus, Gr.
(two only), and Dinarda pygrnaea, Wasm. ; other captures, under stones,
or by cutting tufts, were Barypeithes sulcifnms, Boh., Hypera planta-
ginis, De G., Caenopsis waltoni, Boh., Chrysomela banksi, F., Corymbites
aeneus, L., Panagaeus quadripustulatus, Stm., Gonosoma immaculatum,
Steph., Encephalus complicans, West., Sunius jiliformis, Lat., and
Oorylophus sublaevipennis, Duv. Under seaweed and shingle on the
shore in the old locality, Actocharis readingi, Slip., and Trogolinus
ant/Uranus, Shp., were found, but only in scanty numbers owing to bad
weather conditions, while, on a pouring wet afternoon, spent at
Yelverton, we obtained from moss, on boulders in the river, Trogo-
phloeus arcuatus, Steph., Ischnopoda coerulea, Sahl., J<!lmis parallelo-
pipedus, Mull.. Bembidium monticola, Stm., and a black specimen of
Paramecosoma melanocephalum, Hbst.

On the 21st it poured hard all day, but, taking advantage of a fair
interval just before dark, we were able, thanks to Mr. Key's kind
guidance, to secure a good series of Pentarthrum huttoni, Woll., and a
few Rhopalomesites tardyi, Curt.

Mr. Donisthorpe returned to London on the 23rd, but 1 remained
a day longer, and had a hurried rush across to Slapton Ley; unfortun-
ately the weather, which had been cold and uncertain during the whole
trip, was again as bad as it could be, so I got very few insects — a series
each of Scopaeus rubidus, Bey., and hLomalota longula, Heer, and odd
specimens of Cassida nobilis, L., and Medon pocofer, Peyr.j completed
the baer.

The British Association at Leicester.

The British Association for the Advancement of Science held
its 77th annual meeting this year at Leicester, from July 31st
to August 7th. The town had done everything possible to make the
meeting a success, as well as for the convenience and comfort of the
visitors. The Loggia in the Museum grounds was tastefully arranged
with awnings and floral decorations. Avhere tea could be had and the
band of the 2nd Seaforth Highlanders played every day. The Recep-
tion Boom was at the Drill Hall, in the Newarke. The proceedings
were opened with the presidential address by the president, Sir David
Gill, K.C.B., etc., in the Royal Opera House on the evening of
Wednesday, July 31st. The Address on astronomy was very
technical, but wonderfully interesting, and the author carried the
large audience with him, and the short speech with which Lord
Kelvin followed was most appropriate and much appreciated.

The Mayor, Sir Edward Wood, gave a Fete in the Abbey Park on
Thursday evening ; Sir Samuel and Lady Faire gave a garden party at
Glenfield Frith on Friday; and on Tuesday a Conversazione was given

COLEOPTERA. 259

by the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society in the Museum
buildings.

Dealing with entomology, Mr. F. Bouskell, chairman of the
Leicester Entomological Society, exhibited a type collection of coleop-
tera, comprising nearly every species taken in the county ; under each
species were neat labels giving all the localities and interesting notes.
The series of Tetropium gabrielli being perhaps the most interesting, as
they were the first specimens captured in Britain (and of the red-
legged form, indeed, in Europe), discovered by Mr. Bouskell at Market
Bosworth.

The Rev. G. W. Whittingham and Mr. G. B. Dixon exhibited a
type collection of Leicestershire lepidoptera, and Mr. W. Pearson, life-
histories of the same.

In the " Guide Book " the chapters on entomology were contributed
by Mr. Bouskell, and comprised a complete list of all the coleoptera
and lepidoptera captured in the county up-to-date, with notes and
localities to all species. One hundred and eighteen species of beetles
were marked as not being recorded by Canon Fowler from the Midlands.

Some of the coleopterists visited Buddon Wood under the guidance
of Mr. Bouskell, and many interesting species were observed, including
the capture of Ocypus simUit by Mr. Donisfchorpe, a new record for the
county. On Friday, August 2nd, in Section D, Dr. Dixey read a paper
on " Experiments on Seasonally Dimorphic Forms of African Butter-
flies," and on Monday, August 5th, he gave a discourse in the
Temperance Flail, with lantern slides, on "Recent Developments in
the Theory of Mimicry." Professor Poulton, who came up specially
from the Isle of Wight that day, moved the vote of thanks.

Professor T. Hudson Beare, Mr. F. Bouskell, Dr. Dixey, Mr. H.
Donisthorpe. Mr. J. Hawthorne, Mr. C. B. Headley, Mr. W. Kirby,
and Professor Poulton, were among the entomologists noticed at the
various meetings.

COLEOPTERA.

Coleoptera in iiik Norfolk Broads. — I had three days' collecting
in the Broads, near St.tlbam, with my friend Mr. Donisthorpe, on
June 14th to 16th; unfortunately the weather was abominable, one
day it poured in torrents, and the other two days were stormy and
dull, the gleams of sun-bine being rare and of short duration, how-
ever, in spite of these drawbacks we secured a good number of insects,
many of them local and rare. By sweeping, the following were
obtained: -Donatio obscura, Gyll., l>. impressa, Pk., Anthocomus
terminatus, Men. (this was the only common beetle), Galerucella
lineola, F., <i. sagittariae, Gyll., Thyamis holsatica, L., Psylliodes
dulcamarae, Koch, Eubi-ychius velatus, Heck., Limnobaris t-album, L.,
Thryogenes festucae, Bbst.. Rhinomus gramineus, P., /,'. perpendicularis,
Reich., Mordellistena pumila, Gyll., (''•(■<-i<Iitl<t scutellata, Bbst., Telma-
tophilus sparganii, Alir., /'. schonherri, Gyll., and Stilbus oblongtis, Er.
Forced to abandon the use of the sweeping-net, owing to the violence
of the wind, we devoted some time to shaking cut reeds and marsh
hay; from these we obtained: — Uybaxis sanguinea, L., Atotnaria
basalts, Er., A. mesomelas, llbst., A. gutta, Steph., < 'orticaria pubescens,
Gyll., Hypocyptus discoideus, Er., Myllaena minuta, Gr., and Telma-

260 the entomologist's record.

tophilus schonherri, in great numbers. A single specimen of Carabus
monilis, L., was found walking in the kitchen of the village inn. —
T. Hudson Beare, 10, Regent Terrace, Edinburgh. October 21.s£, 1907.

MYfflENOPTERA.

Xestophanes brevitarsis, and X. potentill^e. — 1 bred males and
females of both these gall insects from my Formica fusca nest from
Porlock, the latter in some numbers. The former, our hymenopterist
editor (Mr. Chitty) informs me, is new to Britain. Of course they
have nothing to do with ants, but were bred out of some subterranean
galls of Potentilla reptans which happened to be in the nest. — Horace
Donisthorpk, F.Z.S., F.E.S., 58, Kensington Mansions, W.G.

Cephalonomia formiciformis. — These curious little Proctotrupids,
which look much like ants, having both winged and apterous forms,
were taken by Mr. C. J. C. Pool, in burrows of Cis boleti, in fungus
from Epping and Enfield, and I subsequently took some specimens
when with him, on a tree infested by Cis pgymaeus. Chitty says
they occur in faggots, etc., being parasitic on a small fungus-feeding
insect, very likely on different species of Cis. I am indebted to the
kindness of Prof. Dr. T. T. Kieffer for the names of these species. — Id.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Ckoss-paibing of Insects. — As an addition to the large number
of unusual pairings, between individuals of different species (Nat.
Hist. Brit. Lep., v., pp. 3-4), I may say that, this afternoon, in the
Bois des Freres, near Geneva, I noticed a very strange-looking pair of
butterflies in cop., viz., Cyclopides palaemon $ and Hesperia malvae $ ;
I observed them for a good minute, and could scarcely believe my eyes,
so boxed them, after which they remained together only for about 30
seconds, before disengaging. I have never seen anything so abnormal
before, except on one occasion, now some seven years ago, when 1 took
two beetles, Pachyta virginea S ■ paired with a $ /'. qua l-rimaculata,
at St. Croix, in the Jura. Last year, Mongenet took, killed, and
brought home, still in cop., Anthrocera lonicerae and A. carniolica. —
P. A. H. Muschamp, F.E.S., 20, Chemin des Asters, Geneva. June
4-th, 1907.

BlTHYS QUERCUS ATTRACTED BY HoNEYDEW ON TREES. 1 Spent SOlUe

little time, on August 20th, watching the imagines of Bithys qitercus,
which were frequenting some wild-cherry trees growing on a wooded
slope, and noticed that they were especially fond of settling on leaves
that were curled up by the ravages of aphides, about which they
continuously walked. Next morning I again visited this spot, and
with the aid of binocular glasses was able to obtain a good view of
one of these butterflies with its proboscis at work, feeding on the
honeydew. This, I expect, is its principal food, and probably explains
the habit of this species of frequenting the tops of various trees and
so seldom visiting flowers. — J. F. Bird, The Nurtons, Tintern.

Resting habit of Aporia. — Aporia cratakgi apparently pairing
more than once. — -Whilst staying at Airolo, from August 2nd — 10th,
1907, I found Aporia crataegi, going over, but fairly common both
near Piotta and Brugnasco. Both sexes, when feeding on flowers of

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 261

knapweed, scabious, etc., hang down beneath the capitulum very
much in the same manner as Gonepteryx rhamni. A pair observed
in cop., on the afternoon of August 5th, near Piotta, were both
busily sucking nectar from the same flower-head of knapweed, the
bodies forming a curve between the two, the insects individually
hanging down in the usual position. When captured, both male and
female were found to be old and worn ; strongly suggestive that this
species, like Melanargia galathea, Satyrus cordula, and some other
butterflies, pairs more than once. The female's body appeared still to
be fairly well-distended with unlaid eggs, but the centres of her fore-
wings were almost transparent, and their edges frayed. The male was
in this respect quite in similar case. — J. W. Tutt.

Habits of butterflies when paired. — On August 4th, 1907, near
Piotta, I was very busy all day making observations on the butterflies,
with a view to using the same in due course in A Natural History of
the British Butterflies. Amongst other observations, I saw paired
examples of Epinephele lycaon, Pararge maera, Melanargia galathea,
and Melitaea didyma, and, purposely disturbing them, found that,
on every occasion, the female flies, carrying the male who hangs
apparently helpless and without aiding at all in flight. On the
contrary, I saw several pairs of Agriades corydon, and in every case
it was the male that took to flight. The habit seems, in all cases
observed, not only a fixed specific, but a fixed generic, if not even
family, habit. My notes on this and other interesting habits of the
British species of " blues," etc., I hope to publish shortly in the
butterfly book now going through press. — Id.

Crosspairing in Anthrocerids. — We have already stated (Nat.
Hist. Brit, hep., v., pp. 1-2) that, in spite of the statements of many
continental lepidopterists, the evidence goes to show that cross-pairing
between different species of Anthrocerids is really very rare, and we
have enumerated the various cases of cross-pairings, which have been
recorded, and about which no doubt seems to exist (pp. cit., pp. 3
and 36). In the upper Ticino valley, from the St. Gothard to Faido,
Anthrocera purpuralis (minos), A. transalpine, and A. lonicerae (the
large mountain form var. major) are very abundant, as also locally are
A. carniolica, A. ochsenheimeri, and A. nlipendulae. These all feed
greedily during the morning and early afternoon, and are often to be
seen about noon, standing with quivering wings in the hot sun, on
the same flowers, but making no attempt to pair. After about 3 p.m.,
however, the whole energy of life seems to be absorbed in the act of
copulation, and thia happens not only with freshly-emerged indi-
viduals, but also with those so worn that their wings are largely
transparent, and it is unusual to find, between 3 p.m. and 5 p.m. on
a sunny afternoon, a single female not paired, and often two or three
superfluous males are seen hustling a couple already paired. As soon
as pairing has taken place, the excited moths settle quietly down on
the flowers to feed again, both sexes soon being absorbed in their
gastronomic functions. It was, therefore, with great surprise that I
found near Piotta, on the afternoon of August 5th a male ochsenheimeri
paired with a female carniolica, although further examination of a
\<T\ Large number of other paired " burnets" did not provide another
similar lapse. I had hoped to have killed and set them while still
paired, but they separated as soon as they were placed under the

262

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

influence of ammonia, the female dying with her ovipositor and
abdominal fans protruded, a most unusual proceeding, and perhaps
something to do with this strange union. — Id.

Vitality of Zeuzera pyrina, L. — Walking round the garden on
July 29th, 1907, I noticed something curious lying on the path. It
proved to be the remnant of a female specimen of Zeuzera •pyrina, L.
The head, the four wings and four-and-a-half of the legs were all
gone. The prothorax and half of the mesothorax had been apparently
eaten away so that only the upper chitinous parts remained. The
metathorax still carried one entire leg and femur of the other leg.
The abdomen appeared entire, and the astonishing thing was that the
ovipositor was still active. Seeing this I took up the torso and applied
it to a crack in the bark of an apple-tree, when the ovipositor was
thrust deeply into the fissure, but no eggs were laid. Subsequent
examination proved the abdomen to contain a mass of ova, but none
seemed ready to be laid. Had the moth already laid ova, I believe
even these poor remains would have continued oviposition, such was
the vitality of the ovipositor. — Alfred Sich, F.E.S., Corney House,
Chiswick. September 6th, 1907.

l^OTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARY^, &c.

Cap over the Mine of Trochilium andren^eforme. — With regard
to the Hon. C. N. Rothschild's remarks on the construction of the cap over
the mine of Trochilium andrenaeforme, I may say that I have had
occasion to examine several this season. It appears to me that the
full-fed larva, on entering the stem, does not eat its way straight
into the pith, but feeds in a circle under the bark, hollowing out a
sort of chamber which gets filled with f rass round the sides, the centre
being kept clear. On the completion of the circle, the larva, that I
had under observation, bit almost through the bark in the centre of
the chamber, and appeared to me to attach some threads of silk to the
completed cap ; I presumed it then ate its way into the centre of the
twig, as I could no longer see the bark being moved. I did not notice
any frass ejected at all after the larva had got beneath the bark, it was
all packed away round the edges of the chamber, and the edges of the
cap rested on the frass. — H. M. Edlesten, F.E.S., Forty Hill, Enfield.
October 10£//,1907.

Egglaying of Langia telicanus. — On June 27th, I watched
Langia telicanus and Lampides hoeticus laying eggs. L. telicanus was very
common about some bushes of Adenocarpus near the sawmills on
the way to Porrino, and many were observed to oviposit. The point
preferred was on the bunch of buds at the end of a flowering spike, on a
bud i-inch long, about J-inch from the end ; the egg was usually laid on
the outer surface, but with the abdomen so pressed down between the
buds as to be practically covered, and from many directions quite
hidden by the buds below. In curling her abdomen under her, and
into the buds, ifc seemed necessary that the end of the abdomen should
feel that it was thus between two surfaces, i.e., that the back of the
end of the abdomen should be touched by the protecting bud. Other
situations, as on the calyx of a half-opened flower were occasionally
used, and only when the proviso of something partially protecting it
was met. On these bushes eggs and larvae were freely observed, as

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 263

well as some larvfe of /.. telicanus. — T. A. Chapman. October 13th,
1907.

Ovum of Char^as graminis. — Eggs of C. graminis deposited August
15th, 1907, by a female taken in the Roseg Valley were laid loosely ;
at first of a pale yellow colour, they turned somewhat orange two days
later. The shell looks absolutely smooth under a lens of low power,
but under a higher appears to be minutely pitted or covered with a
whitish reticulation (? obsolete ribs). The egg is rounded in outline,
little flattened at the micropylar area, but much depressed at its nadir,
which gives it a safe bottom on which to rest. In the centre of the
micropylar area, is a rather dark micropylar point, but the structure is
most difficult to make out with a hand lens. In two days more the
eggs become slightly reddish-brown, getting deeper in tint until they
become quite red-brown. — J. W. Tutt.

Egglaying of Epinephele janira. — I have lately been watching
females of E}>inepliele ja nira ovipositing in a field of rough pasture.
These butterflies lay their eggs amongst coarse grass, selecting spots
where the grass has grown in, or been formed accidentally into, small
hollows. Settled on the grass within one of these hollows, with
wings closed above their back, the ? stretches its abdomen down as far
as it can and deposits one egg, choosing for this purpose fine grass
growing well down below the coarse, the ovum being attached to the
underside of the blade. Well-grown and sturdy grasses, with broad
blades, are avoided. Only one egg is laid on a blade, and I think it is
usual for the ? s to take short flights between the laying of each, but
they will sometimes lay two or three within a few inches of one another.
One female I was watching on August 22nd, settled on a concave patch
of bare earth, where the working of a mole had sunk ; here it ap-
parently laid two eggs, as I at first thought on the soil itself, but
after it had flown away I could only find one, and that was attached
to the lower side of a rootlet of grass, which protruded half-an inch
from the earth. After laying two or three eggs, the $ s fly a little way
and then settle to bask in the sunshine, with wings outspread and
with abdomen slightly raised, frequently remaining in one spot for as
long as ten minutes. — J. F. Bird, "The Nurtons," Tintern, Mon-
mouth. September 2nd, 1907.

^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Thymelicus acteon in Mid- August. — It may be worth noting that
I captured some very good couples of Thymelicus acteon at Lulworth,
during the third week of August. — H. G. Gregory, Westleigh, Salisbury.
October 10th, 1907.

Late appearances of Lepidoptera. — On October 5th, I noticed
several specimens of Ooenonympha pamphilus, Epinephele ianira, and
['ten's rapae, on the wing, on the downs round Jevington. These
appear to be very late dates for these species. — Raleigh S. Kmallman,
Wressil Lodge, Wimbledon Common. October 8th, 1907.

Unusual habit of Catocala nupta. — I do not know whether the
habit here noticed is really unusual, but at any rate it was quite so
to me. On the hot sunny afternoon of September 28th, about 2.30
p.m., I turned from the High Road, Lee, into Eastdown Park, and
was much astonished a short distance up to see what, at first, I thought

264 entomologist's eecord.

was a butterfly drinking at one of the puddles left by the water-cart in
the road. The insect's quivering wings were partly raised, I thought
at once it was Pyrameis cardui, a closer approach, however, dissipated
this idea, and, for a moment, I could hardly realize that the specimen
was an example of Catocala nupta. Its proboscis was in the water,
and it was evidently quite enjoying the draught, a nearer approach
disturbed it, and it flew up, and would, I thought, surely settle on the
grey stones of the chapel there, but it had no such intention, and, after
circling up and down the wall two or three times came to the road
again and settled at another puddle near. A passing cart now
startled it, but again it returned, until an innocent passer-by once more
disturbed it. This time it flew over some gardens (at the back of
Gilmore Road), and I thought it had finally departed, so I walked
on. What was my astonishment, however, as I crossed the last named
road, to see the moth come sailing along and settle at a puddle at the
entrance of Wisteria Road. Here it stayed some time, until again
disturbed, and then it flew over the gardens at the back of the opposite
row of houses in Gilmore Road, and I saw it some way along flying
over the brickwork as if seeking a resting-place. It, however, flew
further along and I lost sight of it, so that whether it returned to the
road or not I do not know. As I said before, the observation made
known to me a quite new habit for this species, although I have seen
some strange visitors to the puddles on the paths of the Alps of
Central Europe, where some moths are constant visitors even in the
day time, e.y., Ennychia octomaciilata, etc., but not species of Catocala. —
J. W. Tut't. October 2nd, 1907.

Note on the resemblance between the larva of Dimorpha
versicolora and its foodplant. — I am aware that the likeness between
the larva of Dimorpha versicolora in its last stadium, and the green
pendulous tassels of the birch, has often been pointed out, but I have
not come across any reference to the striking resemblance which it
presents in middle life to the young birch leaves. When not feeding,
it stands out almost straight from the tip of the birch-twig, with its
back arched concavely, and its legs clasped together and at right
angles to its body ; the three pairs of legs presenting a perfect copy of
the serrated edge of a young birch leaf.— Cecil Floersheim, 16,
Kensington Court Mansions, London, W. October 5th, 1907. [See
Nat. Hist. Brit. Lepidoptera, iii., pp. 248-248, where the larval
similarity to leaves, catkins, etc., of birch, also to Tenthredo larvaa
when quite young, is dealt with at length. — Ed.]

Reappearance of Eugonia polychloros in the Bagshot district.
— After an interval of Ave years I was glad to see this insect again in
this district. I saw the imago on the wing on several occasions
towards the latter end of August, and found one fluttering on a
window.— Id.

Cidaria picata and Anthrocera meliloti. — May I note, apropos of
Mr. James' statement on p. 208, that I took a fine specimen of this
insect in a lane east of Ringwood, and nearly on the border of the
New Forest, in the third week of July, 1902. I suggest that the
article should have the words " New Forest and Swanage " added to
its title in the index. If Mr. James' informant was correct, what
steps are to be taken to prosecute the ruffian who deprived the New
Forest of 600 (!) specimens of one of its most interesting insects ? —

CUKRENT NOTES. 265

C. Nicholson, F.E.S., Hale End, Chingford, N.E. October 3rd,
1907.

Colias edusa at Chichester. — Colias edusa occurred here and in
the neighbourhood sparingly during the months of August and
September. The last date upon which it was noticed, or taken, to my
knowledge, was on September 24th — a truly glorious day, when two
males were captured by my brother, Mr. Frederick Anderson, in a
clover-field not far from our house. They appeared little the worse
for wear, and, not requiring them, I gave them their liberty. — Joseph
Anderson, Chichester. October 22nd, 1907.

Sirex juvencus at Chichester. — A very large female of this
somewhat rare Sirex was brought to me by a boy, who found it alive
on the pavement of one of the streets here on October 7th. Sirex gigas
is much more common, and few seasons pass without its occurrence in
this locality. During a period of over 30- years, on tbe contrary, I
have not seen or heard of half-a-dozen specimens of Sirex juvencus. —
Joseph Anderson, Chichester. October 22m/, 1907.

CURRENT NOTES.

The Entomologischen Jahrbuch (Frankenstein and Wagner, Leipzig)
for 1908 is well before time as usual. It contains a fair amount of
useful matter for students of all orders. The lepidopterist will find
what is called a "Monthly Calendar of Micro-lepidoptera " but the
actual notes are limited to casual remarks on the Pyralids and
Crambids, which are not very enlightening, and in many instances
merely tell one that a species is taken in Hungary, or the Valais, and
without any "biological" or "habit" note of interest. Something
more useful might surely be attempted. Gauckler gives a short paper,
entitled "Xylomiges conspicillaris, a Monograph," which falls short of its
title, e.g., " The pupa is brown " is all the information that one gets
of this stage. A much more scientific note is that by Gillmer on
Gortyna ochracea, his observations on the egg being more than usually
interesting. Harmuth has a short paper on Hyles hybr. epil<>l>ii,
in which the attempt to deal with the literature of the Eumorphid
hybrids fails rather lamentably. Strohmeyer has a note on the food-
plants of Melitaea maturna, stating that he reared the larvae on
Veronica, Taraxacum, Plantago, Lonicera xylosteum, etc., instead of tbe
usual ash. Some data on the measurements of Pieris bramvac are noted
by Auel. Tietxmann gives an account of his captures in the Wandsbek
district in 190G, among which an abundance of hybernated Xylina zincken ii
in the spring and ( 'yclopides sylvius at the end of May, are to be
noticed. " Night collecting in Styiia," by Hoffmann, is the title of
another paper, whilst there is also a note stating that Staudinger's
collection of lepidoptera was purchased by the Prussian State for £7,500.
The coleopteristwillfind several interesting articles, <.//. /'Aquatic beetles,"
by Kulmt. " Melanic and other forms of Coccinellids," by Reichert, " The
Larva of Steatoderus ferrugineus," by Dorn, etc. A paper on tbe genus
Volucella, by Speiser, will attract dipterists. Another on Ohrysopa,
by Reichert, will prove interesting to neuropterists. Papers on " The
Ants of Tirol and Vorarlbeg," by von Dalla Torre, and on " Cynips
calycis," by Scbuster, deal with the Hymenoptera. Papers on Rhyneota,
the general subject, and a lengthy obituary, also find place. The " books

266 the entomologist's record.

of the year," so far as those noticed are concerned, appear to be a poor
choice.

Twenty years ago the eggs of lepidoptera were practically unknown.
Only a few lepidopterists in the world — so far as we remember, one in
America and one in England — knew how to describe them at all, so as to
be of use for scientific purposes. Until Chapman published the first of
his papers on the eggs of lepidoptera (1893) the application of their
characters to scientific purposes was of the vaguest, and had one at
that time offered £10 each, one could not have obtained a single
printing at all approximating the poorest (if such a term be admissible
where all are good) of the sixty photographs, now issued by Gowans
and Gray, Limited, in their little booklet — " Some Moths and Butter-
flies and their Eggs." For the improvement in the technique of
photographing the eggs of lepidoptera we owe almost everything to
Messrs. F. Noad Clark, and A. E. Tonge; and not the eggs
only, but also the larvae, pupae, and living imagines. And now we
have sixty plates, each with the imago and eggs on a separate plate,
of sixty species of lepidoptera, by A. E. Tonge, apparently at the
marvellous price of 6d. (or post free for 7d. from Gowans and Gray,
Ltd., 5, Robert Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.). From what one hears,
whenever discussions occur at the meetings of the Entomological
Society of London, involving the character of even the eggs of the
commonest species of lepidoptera, the booklet will prove as useful to
the most advanced entomologist as to the schoolboy; and one can
only advise every entomologist to get it at the earliest opportunity.
In our own hands the photographs raise a desire to discuss detail,
e.g., the difference between the egg of Enodia hyperanthus and
Coenonympha pamphilus, the upright egg of Urapteryx sambucaria
(in a flat-egged superfamily), etc. It is hard to shake off the
"old Adam," and so we find, the "flat-egged" Sphingids between
the " upright-egged " Urbicolids and Hylophilids, and the " flat-
egged " Lachneids, between the "upright-egged" Lymantriids and
Notodontids. It is just on these points that we expect Mr. Tonge to
put us all right some day.

Gadeau de Kerville published some years ago, in the Ann. Ent.
Hoc. France, some interesting notes and figures on the pairing of
certain lepidoptera, in which, however, he came down a " cropper "
with regard to the mode of pairing of one of the Psychids. He has
now published a most important brochure entitled " Note sur l'accou-
plement, les oeufs et l'amour maternel des Insectes Orthopteres de la
Famille des Forficulidees," with figures showing the pairing habits of
Labidura riparia and Eorftcularia auric ularia. As a contribution to
the habits of this interesting group, the paper will prove most interesting
to all naturalists as well as to orthopterist specialists. The work is
obtainable from MM. Lecerf Fils, Rouen.

Professor T. Hudson Beare has just been elected a member of the
Council of the Royal Society of Scotland, whilst the Royal Scottish
Society of Arts has expressed a desire that he should serve for the third
successive year as its President.

As our subscribers were notified in previous issues of the Ent. Record,
etc., the sale of the first portion of the Rev. G. H. Raynor's collection
took place on October 22nd. The chief features of this British collec-
tion were the fine varieties and aberrational forms of Hpilosoma lubrici-

SOCIETIES. 267

peda, Abraxas grossulariata, and Angerona prunarva. Usually, species
which were quite normal or typical as to markings were sold at merely
nominal prices, and the mere "collector" will be interested to learn
that it is far easier and cheaper to "collect" in Stevens' rooms than
elsewhere, to say nothing of the economy of insect life. A specimen
of fflgeria culiciformis, with an extra orange band, changed hands at
50s. Two specimens of Euchelia jacobaeae catalogued as (1) " a dusky
var.," and (2) "one with costal streak and apical spot united," with
others, were appraised at 32s. 6d. A specimen of Arctia villica, with
dusky hindwings, ex Briggs' coll., sold for 26s., and another, with
large cream-coloured blotch covering apical third of forewings, 27s. 6d.
Sixty-eight specimens of Sjrilosoma lubricipeda vars. deschangei, fasciata,
zatima, and intermediates totalled £17 7s. One pair of Laelia coenosa,
ex Briggs' coll., 35s., and a pair of Drepana sicula 25s. One fine
banded FJpftyra punctaria, with others, 22s. Ninet}7-six specimens of
Abraxas grossulariata, sold for the most part singly, totalled £91 Is.,
and varied in price from 2s. 8d. to £6 10s. for a female var. nigrolutea.
The remaining portion of the collection, including the Noctuids, were
sold on November 5th, and the chief points of interest will be duly
chronicled.

Mr. E. A. Butler adds Idiocerus scurra, Germ., to the list of British
homoptera. Mature examples of both sexes were found on some
Lombard v poplars growing on a piece of waste land at Crouch End
towards the end of September, although some specimens were nymphs
even at this late date.

Mr. Eustace R. Bankes names an albinistic form of Gelechia
soluteUa taken by the Rev. C. T. Crutwell at Aviemore during the
past summer, ab. cruttwelli.

SOCIETIES.

South London Entomological Society. — September 2Qt/i, 1907. —
Exhibits. — Cucullia astkkis, living larva, and stereographic views of
insects at rest, Mr. Tonge. Donacia crassipes, from the New Forest,
D. clavipes from Wicken, and H^monia curtisi from Gravesend.
Mr. Ashby. Pikkis ergane, both sexes of the two broods. The
spring specimens from Montenegro, and the autumn from Hercegovina,
Miss Pountaine. Acidalia aversata, a portion of a brood, all of
which had followed tbe colour and markings of the banded parents.
Messrs. II,u rison and Main. Abraxas grossulariata a fine aberration
captured at Denmark Hill with mere remnants of the usual black
markings, Mr. Gadge. Pararge egebia, ova in situ upon grass.
Phorodesma smaragdabia, living larvae, Mr. Main. Celastrina
abgiolus, living larvae upon ivy berries (?buds) from Eastbourne.
A.GBIADES corydon var. obsoleta, from Eastbourne, Mr. Coote.
Tinkola biselliella, bred specimens of large size, fed on red cloth,
Borkhausenia pseudospretella, from larvae found iii flax secil by
Mr. West. Zonitoides nittdus — a snail from the Thames Hank, Mr.
Sich. Plebeius argus (jEGon), uniformly dark on the upper surface.
Cleogene pelktikiii a. Larvae, and imagines from Gavarnie, and
specimens of C. ntveata from Carinthia for comparison, Dr.
Chapman. October 2ith, 1907. — Exhibits.— Dasychira pujdibunda,
from the Pyrenees — measuring 2^ inches in expanse, Dr. T. A.
Chapman. Clavaria in^qualis, a rare fungus from Oxshott, and

268 the entomologist's record.

Hyles euphorbia, bred recently from a pupa found in Kew Gardens,
Mr. Lucas. Polia xanthomista var. nigrocincta, a series bred from
North Cornwall ova. Cirrhosdia xerampelina, and Ennomos fuscan-
taria ova, in situ, upon ash twigs, and a number of very fine dark
brown specimens of Ennomos autumnaria, Mr. L. W. Newman.
Hyponomeuta cagnagellus, reared from an Euonymus shrub in his own
garden, and ova of Tortrix pronubana, Mr. A. Sich. Aglais
urtice : Two fine aberrations similar to those recently exhibited by
Mr. Newman.

Correction. — September 12t/i, var. syngrapha, was from Surrey,
not Wiltshire.

Entomological Society of London. — October 2nd 1906. — Exhibits.
— Sitaris muralis living specimens from Oxford, Commander J. J.
Walker. Fidonia atomaria, melanic specimens, from Harden Moss
Moors, Huddersfield, Mr. G. T. Porritt. Apion semivittatum, from
Mercurialis annua, plentifully at Deal in August and September, 1907.
Magdalinus duplicata, Nethey Bridge, July, 1907, the first record for
Scotland. Formica sanguinea, from Aviemore and Nethey Bridge,
July, 1907. Piezostethus formicetorum, taken with Formica rufa at
Rannock in July ; the first Scotch specimen since first taken by Dr. B.
White, at Braamar, in 1874, Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe. Agriades
bellargus ab. ceronus, and ab. cinnides, from Folkestone, autumn
1907, Mr. Jacoby. Cryptophagus subdepressus, a specimen taken
at Garva, Ross, August 4th, 1907, Dr. Norman Joy. ^Egeria
andren^eformis, bred from pupae taken in Bedfordshire and Kent.
Nonagria cann^e, ova in situ, Mr. H. M. Edelsten, who explained the
manner of oviposition of the latter species. LygjEus equestris, a
specimen of this rare bug, found by Mrs. Hudson Beare upon a
flowering umbel, on the cliffs at St. Margaret's Bay, August 29th, 1907.
Only four previous records exist of its capture in this country —
Bath, 1837 ; Devizes, 1864 ; Dover, 1886 ; Sheppey, 1906, Professor
T. Hudson Beare. Hypera tigrina, specimens from St. Margaret's
Bay. Apion semivittatum, from St. Margaret's Bay, Professor T.
Hudson Beare, who gave some details of the habitat and occurrence of
both species. October lQth, 1907. — Exhibits. — Pieris napi var.
bryonle, from Peszer, near Budapest, in June 1907, showing a
wide range of variation ; P. napi and aberration napje.se, bearing a
strong resemblance on the underside to P. rap.e, Mr. A. H. Jones.
Apterygida albipennis, taken by Mr. Burr, at Dover, two years
since ; Decticus verrucivorus, male, an inhabitant of Scandinavia,
also taken at Dover by Mr. Burr, Mr. W. J. Lucas. Platycleis
roeselii, female, taken September 13th, 1907, near Heme Bay, by
Mr. H. Campion, also Sympetrum sanguineum, male, from Epping
Forest, September 15th, 1907, taken by Mr. E. W. Campion, Mr.
W. J. Lucas. Callicore aurelia, specimens, with photograph of its
larva, showing the remarkable branch-like horns rising out of the
head, Mr. Guppy, who is rearing the species in Trinidad, and writing
a detailed account of its life-history ; he found that the eggs hatched
in four days, the larval period being eight days, Mr. W. J. Kaye.
Anthtdium manicatum a teratological specimen, presenting segmental
confusion, Rev. F. D. Morice. Hestina nama, a melanic specimen
from Darjeeling, Papilio Krishna, a monstrosity in which the wTings
on the right side were much larger than those on the left, from
Seuchal, in Sikkim, Lt.-Col. Neville Manders.

Vol. XIX.

Plate X.

Looking north-east dp the Valley of the Cserna

PROM HeRCULESBAD.

The Entomologist's Record, etc., 1907.

Vol. X!

XI.

HflKi*

w .

KBi ^^Hcf j"^P^&2?l

5 .

^aArSjBP

■^fggp&

"**<•*

Mm^s

1 ' \

1

»

, 4*8^ ..... '

m

1

&^HSik ■

1. — View towards Orsova from Herculesp.ad down the
valley of the cskrna.

2. — Rocks close to Hisrcdlesbad, with the River Csekna in thk
foreground.

Hie Entomologist's Record, etc., 1907.

IMPORTANT NOTICE.

Following on my practice of the last four years, I again take the
liberty of calling the attention of subscribers to certain facts and
suggestions which I have thought would save much trouble, incon-
venience, annoyance, and unnecessary correspondence. Although a
few subscribers seem never to have seen last year's notice, the working
of the suggestions has been on the whole so successful, that I again
repeat them for general information.

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Brockley, S.E.

LEPIDOPTEEA OF THE GOESCHENEN DISTRICT. 269

The Lepidoptera of the Goeschenen District.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
Although at no great elevation, the conditions of the Goeschenen
district are decidedly sab-alpine, inclining to alpine. It may be
noted that one has only to reach a very little altitude above the Lake
of Lucerne before this sub-alpine character forces itself upon one,
and, although one finds Limenitis sibylla in abundance, with Dryas
paphia, at Vitznau, on the borders of the beech and pine woods, little
above the lake level, and many other usually lowland species at this
and other spots on the shores of the lake, yet, so soon as one
commences to get above the lake, one meets with Erebias and other
lepidoptera, which we usually look upon as purely sub-alpine in
their distribution. True, the Lake of Lucerne is at an elevation of
1435ft., but this elevation counts for very little in some places on
the western and southern outskirts of the main Alpine chain. As
one climbs the St. Gothard Railway from Amsteg to Goeschenen
one is still more struck by the sub-alpine conditions, and by the time
that Goeschenen is reached one finds the fauna and flora of the
country almost alpine in its character, although the elevation is
only some 3640ft. These preliminary remarks to explain the facts
that strike one much on the walk from Goeschenen to Andermatt,
which reaches an elevation of 4738ft.

Arriving at Goeschenen on the afternoon of July 29th, I set off
towards Andermatt, collecting on the slopes that sweep down to
the Reuss on the right-hand side of the lower part of the Schollenen
defile. It was a perfect afternoon, and insects were in great abundance
and one suspects it to be a magnificent hunting-ground. Erebia
goante and Pararge maera, specially dark males and females, just
emerged, occurred right in the village ; Erebia stygne, 1 leginning to go over,
and E. euryale, just emerging, were both abundant, and then, crossing
the river, an excursion on the slopes proved most productive. I
counted ten species of Crambids, and more than a dozen of Pyrales all
within the space of a few yards, the most attractive being Scopula
alpinalis, of which the hindwings were white with a grey marginal
border; and the centre of the forewings also with a whitish patch. I
once had specimens of this form sent me as coming from Scotland
but it is so long ago that the details have been lost. Here occurred
my first surprise. Brenthis selene was not uncommon, flying with
Coenonympha darwiniana and Brenthis pales; the place was exactly
similar to one in which C. darwiniana was abundant on the Cristallo
in the Dolomites, in 1895, a little stream trickling down the slopes
and making here and there a flat marshy spot that this species appears
to love. Of course, the surprise relates to B. pales; to find B. selene
and B. pales on the same ground seemed to me remarkable. 1 have
always looked on B. pales as a purely alpine species, rarely, if ever
occurring at a lower elevation than 5000ft., with 5500ft. to 7000ft. as
a much more natural limit. The imagines were jus! emerging, and
both sexes were larger than usual, and the females very dark; [near
the summit of the St. Gothard Pass a few days later, at some 6900ft.
altitude, the specimens were much smaller, and both forms, brown and
dark, of the female occurred.] Here also 1 captured Polyommatin
pheretes, a species that I had also considered particularly alpine. : -

December 15th, 1907.

270 the entomologist's record.

well as Plebeius optilete, never before taken by me at a lower
elevation tban 5000ft. -5500ft., whilst Aricia eumedon occurred
with A. astrarche. A purely British collector would have been
delighted here, for Emmelesia blandiata was in countless thousands,
laying its eggs on the young plants of eyebright, as yet scarce-
ly breaking into blossom ; leaves, upperside generally, and stems
were chosen, the females fluttering gently, and standing on the
plant as if on tiptoe, then, leaning backward and feeling carefully with
the ovipositor before they chose the right place on which to deposit the
egg ; this was generally well hidden, or appeared to be so, although
a search to prove the point resulted in the easy find of some dozens
of ova in a very short time, but they were in great abundance.
Gnophos obfuscata, too, was frequent, the females feeding on the flowers
of knapweed and easily captured. This species appears always to lay an
upright egg. Among other species captured were Cyaniris (Nomiades)
semiargus, the females fine the males worn, Cyclopides palaemon, the
first time I had seen the species on flight and which reminded me
much of a small Melitaea parthenie, which species also occurred here
with a small form of M. dictynna. Melanippe tristata was also very
abundant as was Larentia caesiata throughout the district, whilst
Nemotois scabiosellus sunned itself on the scabious flowers, its long
antenna? moving incessantly up and down. The sun left the
valley about 4.45 p.m.

The next morning broke none too promising. Heavy clouds
scudded above the valley, and collected round the peaks, and pre-
saged rain. However, a start was made in the same direction as
on the preceding afternoon, but heavy showers made repeated halts
necessary, and collecting was done during gleams of sunshine that do
not produce the best entomological results and leave large tracts of
country unexplored when one jogs ahead in the sunless or rainy
intervals. Still enough was seen to confirm our previous ideas of
the district and about twenty minutes' continuous sunshine on the
slopes, just before reaching Andermatt, was productive of several
interesting species, among others Lycaena avion of a distinctly pro-
nounced central European and not particularly alpine form, Erebiapharte
fairly abundant, a species not seen for some years, Cupido minima singly
and going over, and a race of Melanippe montanata that reminded one
somewhat in its bands and brownish tints of some of the specimens
from the Shetlands, whilst a few Colias phicomone came down the
slopes to the road. Among other things captured were Erebia
melampus, abundant just before reaching the Teufels-Briicke, whilst
also, by this time, we had taken Syricthus alveus, Adopaea lineola, etc.,
and Larentia caesiata, Melanippe galiata, and many other Geometrids
had been boxed from the rocks. The flats between Andermatt and
Hospenthal looked promising, but the sky clouded completely over,
and, near Hospenthal, shelter had to be sought from a very heavy
storm. Walking back to Andermatt, one found the entrance to the
Schollenen defile enveloped in dense cloud and it was raining hard all
down the valley to Goeschenen. I was much struck with the fact that
at Andermatt and Hospenthal the species observed seemed distinctly
less alpine than at Goeschenen, the presence of Cupido minima,
Lycaena avion, lowland form, Polyo'mmatus icarus (at Hospenthal) being
something in the nature of a surprise, as also was a single Brenthis

LEPIDOPTERA OF THE GOESCHEXEN DISTRICT. 271

euphrosyne on the bank near Andermatt. On this bank, too, Aricia
astrarcke, Eubolia mensuraria, Melanippe tristata, and the beautiful
Psodos quadrifaria were abundant. It is a remarkable fact that
not a single Agriades corydon was observed here.

The weather next morning- was very broken, but a start was made
for an exploration of the Goeschenen-Thal, as far as the Dainma-
Gletscher, and, as the following morning, bright and sunny, was spent
in the part of the valley nearest the village, the observations made
are included here. The few opportunities presented suggested that
this valley was also excellent, entomologically. To approach the
Thai, turn up by the footpath between the Hotel Krone and that ■
directly above, and you come out at once on to an alp swarming
with Erebia stygne, E. euryale, E. melampus, E. tyndarus, Pararge
maera, Coenonympha darwiniana, Argynnis aglaia, A. niohe, and
lots of other species, whilst an unexpected stranger seen here was a large
female Arctia caia, crawling on the path. A single, very worn
Brenthis thore told its own tale. Entering the pine woods one finds
Brenthis amathusia abundantly, B. selene, and Pararge egeria, of
dark form, less so, whilst Dryas paphia was just emerging, a male
now and again in excellent condition being observed, and Cyclo-
pides palaemon, on knapweed flowers, Adopaea lineola, etc., were
also noticed. Crossing by the bridge, one finds good collecting-
ground all along until one recrosses the Goschener-Keuss again
and enters the pine wood. Here, on the flowery banks are
lovely Chrysophanus hippotho'e, Heodes virgaureae and Loweia sub-
alpina, swarms of Anthrocera lonicerae and A. purpuralis on every
flower-head, Polyommatus icarus occasionally, with Cyaniris (Nomiades)
semiargus worn and over. Adopaea lineola is worth a word, for, not
only are the specimens very abundant, but they are also some-
what dark. In the hot sun, on the morning of August 1st,
they were in little flocks, -10 to 50, in a congeries, sunning on
a (lamp place on the road, or on the damp loess deposited by a
trickling .stream. They were in the pink of condition, whilst Adopaea
tliaumas was largely over. Hesperia alveus was widely distributed, but
rather less common. Here among the tall herbage, too, Stenoptilia
pterodactyla was common, whilst a fine Oxyptilus sat quietly on my
coat-sleeve; there was plenty of time to box it, I found a box, carefully
opened it, popped it over — nothing. The Oxyptilus had flown, nor did
ten minutes' sweeping suffice to produce another. A species lost to
science, I feel certain !! Perhaps not though, it may have been only
pilosellae. A little further along, a low swampy piece of ground
covered with flowers, swarmed with insects ; one could have spent a
day among them comfortably, and one regretted that time would not
allow one to work as one would at home, a field or wood per day.
Most of the species here were common to the whole of the valley,
perhaps some thirty species altogether, of which a fine banded Brenthis
amathusia much pleased me, as also did some female Heodes virgaureae,
fine forms with golden ground, and blackish bases to hindwings, but
not so intense as com the neighbourhood of Bobbie in the

Pellico Valley. The females were scarce, evidently only just coming
out, for the males, more abundant, were in prime condition, Loweia
mbalpina was possibly nearly o\ ' rags, but I got one

good female; Chrysophanus hippnthn'e was mixei t,

272 the entomologist's record.

however, showed signs of wear ; all these species preferred the thyme
blossom by the roadside. Here, too, was Lycaena avion of most
pronouncedly darker form than at Andermatt, and already badly
worn, yet one exceptionally pallid example was taken in fine
condition, an almost albinistic aberration, whilst Gyaniris [Nomiades)
semiargus, abundant, was also quite over, the males off colour and
the females ragged. The dark purple colour of the males of
this species makes them practically unmistakable on the wing,
whilst the black females are easily overlooked among the zizgagging
Aricia astrarche, although the flight of the two species is considerably
different. A single worn Pararge hiera was captured, and, although not
"Seen elsewhere in this valley, Melitaea parthenie came readily to the
road to sun in the damp places, and a single freshly-emerged Erebia
aethiops also fell a victim owing to the same habit. Similarly, an
occasional Ennychia cingulata and E. octomaculalis found its way
into the net. The sides of the path were covered with nettles, on which
Aglais urticae larva? of all sizes and ages, from babies just born to full-
grown, were very abundant, whilst pupse hung from the stones, and
newly-emerged imagines were already on the wing. The only "white"
seen here was Pieris rapae, fine large examples, no brassirae nor napi,
although an occasional Aporia crataegi, not much the worse for wear,
now and again crossed our path. A willow-bush, with rather hard
leaves, was covered with larva? of Euvanessa antiopa, still black, with
bright orange spots, their course from babyhood being easily traceable
on the bush by the web and cast skins. They moulted on August
5th-6th, and, in spite of later unheard-of expedients, and amazing
difficulties, produced a fair percentage of imagines at home between
September 19th-30th. A heathery piece of ground disclosed Plebeius
aef/on on the flowers, and a rapid shot brought in a fine Brenthis ino as
it was flying past. Then the sun went in, and the rest of the walk to the
Damma-Gletscher was in shade, and, although Gnophids flew out, the
stiff climbing occupied most of my little energy, and few got into the
net. Almost the last halt made in the valley, before stepping out
into the broad flat piece of cultivated land leading up to the foot of
the glaciers, and to the Hotel, was to take a fine female Brenthis relate
sitting upright on the top of a knapweed flower. It is a fine country
this Goeschenen-Thal, with the Damma and Kehle glaciers on the one
side, coming down the steep sides of the Winterberg, and the Brunnen
glacier, and its attendant monsters, coming over the Fleckistock and
the Sustenhorn, the hotel on an eminence between the two, and within
easy walk of either. What cares one for insects when one stands on a
wooden bridge, 50ft. above a boiling torrent with the spray of the
Goschener-Reuss blown by the warm air into one's face ! What
matters it when one stands at the foot of a waterfall tumbling
sheer some 800 or 400 feet from the rocks above, or when one looks on
line after line of rounded, waterworn, gigantic rocks, and appears to
trace with ease the course of the river through the ages ! 'Twere
wrong to say that the sun did not shine for us at the Damma-Gletscher,
for the pinnacles of white snow and black rock stood out brilliantly in
necklets of cloud, now closing in and hiding them, now breaking and
showing the sun-tipped peaks in all their splendour. We were able to
do nothing to the entomology of the Goeschenen-Thal. It is left for
someone else, under better conditions of weather, to tell us what insect

HABITS AND HABITATS OF MELIT.EA AURINIA. 273

treasures it holds, but whoever he may be who unfolds these to us, he
will bring away, besides the trophies of his collecting-box, memories of
a land of ferns, of brilliant wild flowers, rushing and falling water,
terrifying precipices, glorious sparkling snow, and, above all, thoughts
of the long ago, written in those marvellous curves of solid rock that
rise darkly and sullenly everywhere above and around him.

Habits and Habitats of Melitaea aurinia.

By GEORGE WILKINSON.

I have had experience with this insect for a period now extending over
many years. The old collectors of the "Carlisle " district tell of seeing
as many as twenty collectors at one time in the fields haunted by the
" Greasy Fritillary " at Orton. The locality itself is Great Orton,
where is a considerable expanse of very wet woods in which plenty of
undergrowth flourishes, no clearing whatever being carried out. The
chief reason is, I believe, due to there being so many small landowners.
The woods, which are probably between 600 and 700 acres in extent,
vary considerably. This district includes meadows and moss-land and
extends to the Solway. The woods consist for the most part, however, of
Scots fir, with a very thick undergrowth of bramble, whilst here and
there are small oak-woods of, perhaps, half an acre, and similar woods
of birch, etc. All have a very thick undergrowth, amongst which the
bilberry flourishes. On all sides of these woods are very damp and
wet meadows, with a general undergrowth, yet it is remarkable how
different each meadow may be from its neighbours as far as plants go.
On one side of the woods there are eight meadows, and they were all
known by different names to the old collectors. The first one was the
" burnet " field, because of the quantity of Anthrocerid pupae which
were taken annually to supply imagines for butterfly- cases. Needless
to say, there are no longer " burnet" pupa? to be had in this particular
field. This field was, at this time, also a great haunt of Melitaea
aurinia, and larvae might at one time have been taken by gallons.
Mr. Routledge was amazed when he first saw the abundance of the
larva' in this particular area. He tried to introduce the species on to
his own "moss" at Hayton, but, although several impregnated females
were set at liberty, they did not seem to thrive. The fifth meadow
was known as the "forester" field, and only last year I saw
plenty of Adscita statices in their old haunts. The fourth was the
" mica n a " field ; I have seen hundreds of Sericoru mica no living here,
and, at such times, one has only to sweep the net around and then pick out
the good specimens; the females are much larger than the males. The
lower portions of these fields are sometimes practically under water in
the winter months, and I have actually walked on ice when I have
known quite well that beneath were sonic thousands of larvae of
Melitaea aunnia, for these wet parts were the favourite haunts of the
species. As one walked over these fields, one could not but notice the
difference in the fauna of each, but the last one was considered the
best of all for the entomologist. Here M. aurinia, a rather slow-flying
butterfly, was always to be seen about the second week of June, fighting in
all directions with Brenthis selene, etc., and here I have netted several
interesting specimens of the former species, some of which are now

274 the entomologist's record.

ill the Carlisle Museum. One of our local collectors, who disposed of
his insects to dealers, would work this field every day whilst ISIelitaea
aurinia was to be had, and many good aberrations fell to his share.

When in the larval state, the species has many enemies besides
ichneumons. I have watched the cuckoo devour many hundreds of
larva?. Several beetles kill them, notably Pterostichus versicolor, and
I have noted several larva? bitten behind the head by this beetle, and, so
attacked, they invariably die. Mr. Day, of Carlisle, took one specimen of
Lebia crux-minor from a nest of M. aurinia larva?. Some of the larger
bugs also kill them, and I have several times seen these insects hanging by
their forelegs from a stem of grass or other plant with the skin of Melitaea
aurinia in their hind-legs, and with the juices apparently sucked from
the body ; they invariably presented, when noticed, the appearance of
flattened-out skins, but in no case can I remember having actually
seen the bugs sucking the larva?. Frogs and toads also eat the larva?.
I have, further, on four occasions, bred an imago from a larva which had
been apparently stung, and from which I had removed cocoons of one
of its parasites. All four specimens were in some way crippled,
and one had only three wings, and was a very small starved-looking
specimen. There must be several broods of parasites from the one
brood of M. aurinia, as, in early March, some of the smaller larva?
have little white cocoons adhering to them, and, later, they may be
found again when the larva? are half-fed and when fullfed, yet I have
never bred parasites from pupa? of M. aurinia. (Reference, however,
should be made to Mr. Wolfe's note on this subject, antea, vol. vii.,
p. 111.) I always find that, if struck sufficiently, the larva? never pupate
as those of some lepidoptera are known to do. The pupa? are suspended
from a small silken pad at the anal extremity. They turn very dark at
least two days before the imago emerges, and some pupa?, which I
opened just before emergence, contained well-developed imagines, Avith
well-developed colour and markings traceable. The larva? invariably
pupate under dead leaves, and generally are to be found hanging
from a leaf which is half turned, and is resting at the point of
the stalk. Occasional larva?, however, appear to pupate on their
foodplant (Scabiosa succisa), as I once found one in this position.
It is remarkable that they do not seem to care for scabious in confine-
ment, preferring honeysuckle, and the best aberrations seem always to
be bred from almost fullfed larva?, gathered wild, and placed on honey-
suckle for a few days only. I am afraid Melitaea aurinia will never
again be what it was with us. Last year, when I was badly in want
of a series for myself, I only bred 24 (from 26 larva?), and these were
all the larva? that were found by three of us in over two hours' search.

The following notes may be of interest : — Imagines, June 3rd,
1881, common. In 1896, young larva? well on the move, and in
profusion, April 6th ; they were just about fullfed April 25th (very
early), spreading to the lanes adjoining the meadows, and some found
as high as 8ft. up, feeding on honeysuckle ; the pupa? were also
to be found in plenty, under dead oak-leaves, on May 9th, some had
spun a few blades of grass together to form a sort of tent. The first
imago emerged on May 29th. In 1897, young larva? were noticed
breaking up their webs, April 4th ; on April 18th, some were three-
parts fed, and others were very small ; on May 2nd, they were fullfed,
and some were spinning ; on May 20th, pupa? were common on grass

NOTES ON THE LIFE-HABITS OF EUVANESSA ANTIOPA. 275

and stems of low plants, and under oak-leaves. It is rather curious
to note that only once have I found a pupa on the foodplant, Scabiosa
succisa. In 189.S, on February 27th, the young larva? of a single brood
of Melitaea aurinia were seen sunning themselves; by March 12th, the
larva? were well on the move, and were breaking up their webs ; on
April 23rd, the larva? were about half-fed; by May 14th, these were
fullfed, and on June 6th, the first M. a mini a was out of pupa.

Notes on the life-habits of Euvanessa antiopa.

By CECIL FLOERSHEIM, B.A., F.E.S.

On May 6th, 1906, I received from Schwerin-in-Mecklenburg,
Germany, twenty dozen ova of Euvanessa antiopa which my corres-
pondent informed me had been laid on April 22nd. They were in
two batches, one containing ninety ova, and the other a hundred-and-
fifty, which completely encircled a birch twig at intervals of about
two inches. They were brown in colour, turning afterwards to a
leaden grey hue as the young larva' developed inside them, and
presented a striking resemblance to colonies of such aphides as I have
observed on the birch and willow, the sculpturing on the egg-shells
heightening the likeness by producing the effect of filamentous grey
proce-

I cut the twig on which the ova were laid into two portions, and
tied the smaller batch to a young birch in my butterfly-house, which
was fully exposed to the sunshine, whilst I attached the larger one to
a willow opposite which was rather more shaded. On May 13th, the
ova on the birch which I will in future refer to as Batch A, began to
hatch. The emergence of the young larva? began at about 7 a.m., and
lasted until 1 p.m., when all except one or two that died without
breaking the ovum, had come out.

The ovum was not eaten, and I noticed that immediately after
emergence, the larva', without exception, crawled in an upward
direction— a habit acquired I suppose to ensure that the little
caterpillars should meet and cluster upon the terminal shoot or
leaf of the twig.

The larvsB were gregarious from the first, and by twelve o'clock,
such of them as were already gathered together had eaten the upper
part of the leaf upon which they had collected.

Later on in their lives the Larvse, whilst still small enough to be all
crowded upon one leaf, enveloped it simult.'iueously from abovi
beneath so that nothing could be seen, but a black mass like a
miniature swarm of bees.

The nextdaythe batch on willow, which I will call Batch l'>, I"
to emerge. Their hatching commenced at about 9 a.m., and lasted
until 1 p.m. This difference in time from Batch A is. I suppose,
accounted for both by the sun's cays reaching the willow later than
the birch, and by the greater numbers of B.

By May 17th, both batches had constructed small carpets of silk
on the stems of the twigs upon which they were feeding with threads
connecting the leaves, to facilitate their movements. These carpets
increased in size with the larva' until they became large webs,
completely enclosing all the twig hut the Leaves. The caterpillars
were still uniformly gregarious; a ha hit which I noticed per

276 the entomologist's record.

until the end of their existences as larvae. Indeed, when undergoing
ecdysis, if any members of the colony had succeeded in moulting first,
and had wandered off in search of food, I noticed that after a few
minutes their protective habit would reassert itself, and they would
hurry back to the main body on finding that their companions were
not ready to join them. When the bough on which they fed was
jerked the larvse would simultaneously raise their heads and front
segments after the manner of Sphingid larvae when at rest, and remain
in this posture for some time. This habit was, however, gradually
abandoned as they grew larger, though individuals persisted in raising
their heads when alarmed until the end. Perhaps the cause of the
change may be found in the adoption of another means of defence ;
for, on June 17th, when "Batch A" was in its fourth and penultimate
instar, I remarked that the overlapping and intertwined mass bore an
obvious likeness to a snake resting on the tree-stem, the large rust-
coloured spots on the backs of the larvae giving just the effect of the
carpet-pattern which adorns those of so many snakes. I wonder if
this resemblance protects the larvae of E. antiopa from birds ; if so it
would account for the constant gregariousness of this very conspicuous
caterpillar.

The various instars of the larva of E. antiopa have been so fully
described by Scudder and others, that it would be superfluous for me
to attempt to treat of them anew. But the following note upon the
final ecdysis may be of interest. " The larva gradually lets go its hold
with all claspers but the anal pair and the pair immediately before these,
and, straightening itself out erect like the larva of a Geometer, moves its
head from side to side, the whole process of ecdysis seldom taking more
than three minutes. The body is now covered with a fine grey down,
but the armature appears at first only as inconspicuous points of pinky-
orange, growing after five minutes to oleaginous-looking, yellowish,
spines, which, however, are as yet not more than one-third of their
after length. In a short time they turn black, and grow so rapidly
that the larva, which is twisting about all the time, appears to be
pumping fluid into them, or inflating them." Their ecdysis completed,
the whole batches of larvae went on striking their heads sharply from
side to side at intervals. On June 24th, the larvae were crawling about
the butterfly-house in all directions, seeking for suitable places in which
to pupate, and the next day I found many already suspended. Unlike
the pupa of Eugonia polychloros, which almost invariably secretes itself
in the bushes of my butterfly-house, that of Euvanessa antiopa seems to
prefer the open, and I counted some two hundred of them, mostly under a
wooden ledge about two-and-a-half feet from the ground, in the south-
western corner of my cage. Though the greater number of these were
hanging with their heads pointing west or south, the proportion of
those I counted (54 to 31) was not sufficient to warrant any rule as to
their orientation. But I noticed that, when the suspended pupa hung
so near any object that it might strike against it when impelled by its
own wriggling, or blown by the wind, it always \&y with the head
turned towards it, not the projection on its thorax, as one might
perhaps have expected.

I never saw the larva attacked by any ichneumon, but several of
the pupae were stung by a minute black fly which I have found also
attacking the pupa of Papilio machaon. When an insect of any kind

NEW FORMS OF POLIA CHI. 277

crawled over the pupa, even after its chitinous envelope had completely
hardened and was, I suppose, proof against the enemy's ovipositor, the
pupa would wriggle furiously as if to shake off the intruder. In
fact I generally discovered the presence of the ichneumon through
unusually violent struggles of the pupa.

On July 16th, the first imago emerged, and, by the 22nd, there were
at least 150 flying about. I gave most of them their liberty, and saw
them on the wing in the gardens and park, at intervals, until late in
August. Towards the end of that month, those remaining in my
butterfly-house began to hibernate, mostly choosing the lower stems
of Skimmia bushes for the purpose. The butterfly, whose blackness
harmonized perfectly with the dark stems of the Skimmia, was generally
found at a distance of about one foot from the ground, and always
with its head pointing downwards, a position which I have observed
Vanessa io and other butterflies to adopt in like circumstances. I gave
some of the butterflies to a friend, who wished to see whether he could
keep them alive through the winter in natural surroundings, and his
experience, which was that directly a warm day came E. antiopa began
to fly, confirmed my own suspicions as to the cause of its absence
from our native fauna. It seems to be far more susceptible to a
bright day in winter than Vanessa to or Gonepteryx rhamni, which
latter, indeed, will sleep even through a warm day in early March.
The only two habits which struck me as peculiarly developed in the
imago of E. antiopa, were the strong creaking noise which it made
with the wings, and its fondness for shamming death when picked up
with the fingers.

New forms of Polia chi.

By J. W. HARRISON, B.Sc.

For several years I have been accustomed to take a form of Polia
chi which, although very distinct, is apparently at present without a
name. Why this should be it is hard to tell, for it is fairly well
distributed within the limits of the ab. olivacea in Northumberland,
Durham, and Yorkshire. The following is a description of the form : —

JBorewings: — The markings follow those of ab. olivacea except that the
Bubterminal white line is much reduced and tends to disappear, and the black
pnESubterminal wedges are either obsolete or at most merely indicated. The cilia
are not conspicuously barred as in olivacea, but are almost uniformly black. The
ground colour of the wings is a rather dark slate colour. Underside: The
underside of the forewings instead of having only the costa black, and the
subterminal line shown as in olivacea, is wholly black with the merest indication
of the line. Hindwings : — The hindwings are like those of olivacea except that
the cilia have a black line on them which olivacea is nearly always without.
Underside : The underside of the hindwings is just a little darker than that of
olivacea. Haiti/ : — The thorax, instead of being powdered with yellow-green scales
as olivacea, is powdered with scales the same colour as the ground colour of the
fore wing. The abdomen is so much darker than that of olivacea as to appear
nearly black.

For this aberration I propose the name langei. It is very curious
that, although this is evidently a melanic form, there is less real black
in its coloration than in either olivacea or the type. In time of appear-
ance it is a little later than the type, just as that of olivacea is. The
first specimens of Polia chi (all types) appeared August 22nd, and
the first olivacea male (paired with an ab. langei female) was taken
September 1st this year. All the various forms only became plentiful

278 the entomologist's record.

about September 21st, so that I missed them this year, and had to
rely on my brother for data. The ab. nigrescens has not been so
common as it was three or four years ago. I only got one last year, and
my brother took one female this year. My brother also captured, on
September 16th, a fine male intermediate between the type and langei.
This form, while possessing the ground markings of the type, is thickly
powdered, except in the white lines, with dark slate scales. It
recalls vividly to one's mind Polia var. nigrocincta. It is not unique,
for I took one in August 1905, which I unfortunately allowed to
escape. This form I desire to name robsoni in honour of my friend
Mr. Charles Robson of Birtley, who, in spite of the fact that he is a
confirmed invalid, has done such splendid work in entomology, more
particularly in the Aculeate Hymenoptera.

Notes on Hemithea aestivaria, Hb. (with plate).

By (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS.
(Concluded from p. 249).

On emergence from the egg, the young larva of Hemithea aestivaria
(pi. ix., fig. ii), measures l-4mm. in length, by 0*19mm. in width. At this
stage the larva of Phorodesma smaragdaria measured l-7mm. by
0'3mm., Comibaena pustulata l-4mm. by O'Smm., and of Geometra
papilionaria 2-4mm. by 0'4mm.

Our larva is then, at its birth, rather more slender than the other
species which we have been considering. This is perhaps to be ex-
pected, from the size of the perfect insect. Yet there is not that
difference in size which I had expected to find. In colour it is a de-
cided yellow. The dorsal area is decorated on the thoracic segments
with a number of upright, clubbed hairs, and the 1st to 5th abdominal
segments carry posteriorly a T-shaped hair (c) resembling in shape
that upon the dorsal area of the young larva of Geometra papilionaria,
though smaller and less slender. Anteriorly these segments carry a
reverted clubbed hair, (d) which is, in the mounted specimen before me,
most difficult to make out. The dorsal area of the final abdominal
segments appear to be occupied by a few clubbed hairs, with squared
tops. The lateral flange is very marked, but much more broken
between the segments, and extends from the 1st thoracic segment to
the end of the body. It bears, as far as I can see, only one kind of pro-
cess (//), a short dark balloon at the highest point, and two perfectly
transparent and almost invisible ones of the same shape, but possibly
flat, upon the right- and left-hand lower extremities. The 6th
abdominal segment bears, as usual, the tactile hairs (e) at the anal end
of the portion of the lateral flange belonging there, and there is another
similar hair upon the 2nd thoracic segment, below the highest balloon
hair, and projecting forward.

Two very strange clubbed hairs project from the forward edge of
the first thoracic segment (/), which may, perhaps, serve the purpose
of protecting the eye.

The spiracles, as in P. smaragdaria and C. pustulata (at the next
stage of those species, for they are not visible in this) appear to
descend to the 6th abdominal, and then to rise to the 8th. The
thoracic spiracle appears to be unusually high up the first segment,

NOTES ON HEMITHEA .ESTIVARIA, HB. 279

and has the appearance of a large eye. I have drawn the 1st abdo-
minal segment, as usual, to a larger scale (pi. ix., fig. iii), from which
a general idea of the arrangements may be gathered. I have blackened
all the balloon organs in most of my drawings for the sake of clear-
ness, but, I fear, at the sacrifice of truth.

There is a considerable change in the appearance of our larva at the
next stage (pi. ix., fig. iv). My specimen measures 3-6mm. in length by
0-3mm. in width, and has greatly changed its adornments. The two
projecting hairs on the 1st thoracic are still in position, but appear
stouter in proportion to their length (k). The arrangements of the
other thoracic segments are much as before, the spiracle on the first
being very obvious, and apparently protruding considerably (j). For
the whole length of the body the lateral flange is still well-developed,
but has taken a position more parallel to the length. There are now
no considerable breaks, and it has become difficult to distinguish the
segmental divisions. On the abdominals the hairs have altered their
character, those directed towards the head being what may be called
crocus-flower shaped (?'), rather than T-shaped, as before, while the
hinder ones appear very short and almost heart-shaped (It).

Above the lateral flange, and running from the 3rd thoracic
segment to the 8th abdominal, there are now, on what may perhaps
be called the margin of the dorsal area, and also upon the lateral
flange, two bands of those curious white objects, (k) which may be
spicules, but are more probably concretions of uric acid, which we are
told takes so much part in the final pigmentation of the imagines,
amongst lepidoptera. The evident effect of these objects is to produce
the light belts or bands along the body, which are very observable
with a pocket-lens, on larvse at this stage. Whether all lines and belts
among larvas are thus produced I cannot say, but I think not. We
have noticed these objects before, in the case of G-eometra papilionaria,
but, in the larva under consideration, they appear to be much more
numerous, and certainly much more ornamental. I have tried to
emphasise these in my drawings, as white marks upon a dark ground,
but I hope it will be clearly understood that this representation is
(|uiit incorrect. These concretions are more or less pin -shaped, that is
to say they have generally a shaft, and a head. They are embedded in
the skin, and I do not think that, in any case, do the heads project.
From the 1st abdominal forwards I have relinquished the dark back-
ground, and it is possible that one has here a juster idea of their true
appearance. Compared with teeth, their positions are somewhat irregular,
and I think that they look under the microscope far more like old
tombstones on a moonlight night, for some have tumbled over, and
some appear to have been broken to pieces. The spiracles still pre-
serve their former positions, and all appear to project more or less.
The balloons are still in evidence, but have become increasingly
difficult to see and locate. I have indeed, spent hours trying to see
them without success, until I have hit upon the exacl angle of
illumination. It is still noticeable that the the most distinct of these,
is always that upon the highest point of the lateral flange, that this is
still more or less coloured, and thai it represents the special organ which
is so highly specialised in the larvae of Phorodesma smaragdaria, and
Comibaena pustulata for the purpose of securing the garment of fragments.
I had assured myself that the balloon upon the forward portion of each

280

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

segment, on the lower side of the portion of the lateral flange, was
doubled, and I am still confident that it is so in the specimen under
examination. This seems so unlikely, that I have concluded I must
have seen shadows, or had before me a larva on the point of changing
skin, and have therefore deleted the twin hairs from the plate. Here
also I have drawn the 1st abdominal segment to a larger scale (fig. v),
to help a clearer perception of the arrangements.

My third figure (fig. vi) represents, I believe, the larva at the point
of changing its skin from the second to the third stadium (the hyber-
nating instar). This is evidently not the first instar, and cannot be
the fourth. The general arrangements are the same as in the last
figure, the only difference being that the body is extended and relaxed.
It gives, therefore, a clearer idea of the true shape. I drew this figure
with the intention of indicating the next skin within, but have desisted,
lest I should confuse what I have already drawn. There is a great
difficulty in distinguishing the outer from the inner skin. However,
as its stands, I think it exhibits well the fact that the white objects are
not thrown off with the skin, while the hairs and balloons are. I
cannot see whether these reappear in the same form on the new skin.

By a happy chance one of my mounts of the third stadium shows
the dorsal surface, so I have taken advantage of the opportunity to
draw the thoracic (pi. ix., fig. viii) and the 5th abdominal segments
(pi. ix., fig. ix) to show the disposition of the white objects, spicules, or
whatever they may be, at this stage. Mr. Bacot points out to me that
they are very much more symmetrically arranged than in Geometra
papilionaria, and are, as we have seen, in parallel lines, along the
length of the body. The effect, when viewed under the microscope as
an opaque object, is very beautiful. These sketches also show the
arrangements of the balloons, and it will be noticed that there are no
T-shaped, or heart-shaped, or crocus-shaped hairs.

The bifid head is plainly shown, or rather the bifid front of the
1st thoracic segment, with the bifid head beneath. When alarmed,
the larva tucks its head down and presents these points to the enemy.
The position of the thoracic spiracle still seems to me strange, partly,
of course, by reason of a certain amount of flattening in the mounting.
But all the same my observations show it as still thrown very high up
on the segment.

I think that all will agree with my suggestion that the usual
position of Hemithea aesticaria in our systematic arrangement deserves
reconsideration ; I do not believe in arrangement by one detail,
be it nervures, antennae, foodplant, or colour. Angulation of the
lower wings in this case may provide something to go upon, but surely
when H. aestivaria comes forth from the egg it deserves a place
between Geometra papilionaria on the one hand, and Phorodesma
smaragdaria and Comibaena pustidata on the other.

[The foodplants of Hemithea ^estivaria. — I have, since writing
the above paper on Hemithea aestivaria, had an opportunity of testing
the suggestion that it is not a consumer of low plants, e.g., thyme.
I offer the following observation for what it may be Avortb, without com-
ment for the present. A batch of ova of the species hatched upon August
10th, 1907, and the larvae were fed to the second stadium upon hawthorn.
On the 27th, twelve of these larvae were transferred to a box, in which were
contained leaves (carefully selected and free from previous injuries,

LEPIDOPTERA IN HUNGARY IN JUNE. 281

eatings, etc.) of dock, dandelion, violet, clover, milfoil, plantain,
thyme, marjoram, and knotgrass. The marjoram was least appreciated,
but I saw larva?, with many a shake of the head, nibbling the flower-
parts. The younger leaves at the tops of the thyme spray gave the
greatest satisfaction, though only the upper surface seemed to be
consumed. The dock and knotgrass were eaten quite through. The
more partial eating of the thyme leaves may be attributed to the
difference in size between some larva? and others, for, although of one
batch, the size as usual varied much. The larvae have not yet (Octo-
ber 4th, 1907) hybernated. Of the twelve originally set apart for the
experiment but four are left — owing, probably, to my carelessness in
providing fresh food. The survivors are quite as large as those left
upon hawthorn, and appear to be more brightly coloured.]

Explanation of Plate IX.
I.— The egg.
II. — Larva newly-hatched —

(c) Forked hairs on dorsal area.

(d) Reverted hairs.

(e) Tactile hairs on 6th abdominal segment.
(/) Two hairs on 1st thoracic segment.

(g) Clubbed organs on the lateral flange.
III. — The Isi abdominal segment enlarged.
IV. — Larva second stadium —

(7j) Cupped hairs on dorsal area.
(i) Heart-shaped hairs,
(j) Thoracic spiracle.
V. — The first abdominal segment enlarged —

(k) The spicules.
VI. — Larva preparing to change to third stadium.
VII. — Hairs on 1st thoracic — (I) first stadium, (m) second stadium.
VIII. — Larva third stadium — thoracic segments, dorsal view.
IX. — „ „ „ 5th abdominal, „

Lepidoptera in Hungary in June {with two plates).

By ALBERT HUGH JONES, F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 247.)
On June 15th I left for Herculesbad, being distant 294 miles in
a south-easterly direction from Budapest. It was a good day's journey,
even for a Hungarian " Schnellzug." I arrived late in the afternoon
and found comfortable quarters in the Stefaniehof. No meals of any
kind were supplied in the hotel, and these were all obtained at the
restaurant at the Kursalon which had all the comforts of a good club,
there were some excellently placed electric lamps, which, after the
dining guests had departed from the verandah, gave plenty of employ-
ment to the moth collector. For all these privileges there was a
visitors' tax of 24 kronen. Herculesbad consists of a number of showy
hotels, the Kursalon — the baths and a few shops — the village of
Pecseneska being about two miles distant near the railway station.
The elevation of 485 feet is low for a locality so far south, which
accounts for so many species being out so early. In addition to the
many acts of kindness shown to me by Herr Aigner, I am yet indebted
to him for giving me a letter of introduction to Dr. Hermin Fischer,
a retired surgeon -general in the Austrian army. There was not a
single day that we did not make excursions together, and I found him
a most agreeable companion and ;i keen lepidopterist. The nature of
our collecting-grounds in the neighbourhood i any be judged fairly by
the photographs reproduced as plates x and xi.

282 the entomologist's record.

Sad was the appearance of the hills on the opposite side of the
Cserna, not a leaf on the trees, even the grass was devoured by the
larvae of Porthetria dispar, Esp. The authorities, rather late in the day,
placed a ring of greasy matter round the trees, as is the practice in
our own orchards. The larvae crawled up to the ring, forming a living
mass all round the base of the trees, and they were then swept off with
a broom by the men in charge. I also noticed a few Lymantria monacha.
On the Domogled side of the stream there were no traces of larva?.

The weather was not quite so settled as it might have been, and Dr.
Fischer and I decided, until it improved, to devote our attention to the
valley (pi. x.). Neptis aceris was not uncommon, flitting about
wherever the sunlight was admitted ; I was, however, too late for the
first brood, and the second was not yet out, but I managed to take a
fair series. About a mile or so from the town, the valley widens and there
is some excellent open collecting ground. Brenthis daphne was in the
greatest abundance, flying over bramble blossom. Melitaea athalia var.
mehadiensis, a fine form, was also very numerous. Limenitis sibylla
and Dry as [Argynnis) paphia were not uncommon, and occasional
specimens of Limenitis populi, Apatura iris, A. ilia, and var. clytie, were
taken at rest on the muddy roads. Flying over loose stones in the
road in the hot sunshine, Libythea otitis was fairly common.

On June 21st, the weather improved, and we made an excursion to
the "quelle" or "spring," about 1000ft. above Herculesbad — a zigzag
path through the wood led to the " Weisses Kreuz," where a beautiful
view over the valley was obtained. The route now became of quite a
romantic character. The trees were of great size and grandeur, the foliage
scarcely admitting any daylight beyond a few glints of sunshine on the
undergrowth beneath. The " quelle " was reached — a spot of about
half-an-acre which had been cleared in the forest — and there was
naturally, as the name would suggest, a brook. The butterflies con-
gregated here was a sight not to be forgotten. Limenitis populi, L.
Camilla, L. sibylla, Neptis lucilla, and N. aceris were practically all on
the wing together, although .V. aceris was represented by a single
specimen only, the others were quite common. A little further up the
valley, in another open space, Melitaea maturna was not uncommon ;
beyond a solitary specimen of Parnassius mnemosyne, no other species
of butterflies was seen, not a single Argynnis !

It seemed quite a lottery, on June 23rd, when we left the Kursal at
6.30 a.m. in the morning for the Domogled, how the weather would
turn out, but it remained perfect throughout the day. We secured a
youthful guide, Nikolas Kolopenza, of Pecseneska, who was a bit of a
collector, and who, after I left, captured and sent me a beautiful series of
Erebia melas. At the " quelle," the road diverges to the right, the guide
for some reason took us by a roundabout route, by way of the Kleiner
Domogled. I was not sorry, for the collecting here was good. We
searched in vain for E. melas — but there were other butterflies of
interest — Neptis lucilla was extremely numerous, the specimens being
large and in beautiful condition. This species occurred almost to the
top of the Domogled (3630ft.). The view was very fine — to the left
we could see the fields of Eoumania, for we were practically on the
frontier, and to the right those of Servia, and on the horizon line the
Danube. On the summit we saw one butterfly, Limenitis populi ; on
the southern grassy slopes Erebia medusa var. psodea was not uncommon,

LEPIDOPTERA IN HUNGARY IN JUNE. 283

but in wretched condition ; I managed, however, to secure two passable
specimens, male and female, of this very interesting form of this species.
We returned by way of Pecseneska, but did not meet with anything of
interest on the way; we walked for some miles through the forest, and,
on leaving it, found the road bad, and the walk to the village a very
hot one.

Dr. Fischer, taking a Pararge roxelana at rest on a barn on June
24th, indicated that the species was out, and, during the next two
days, I managed to take a short but beautiful series among the rocks
and undergrowth as indicated in pi. xi., fig. 2. It was, however, a very
difficult species to capture, as it had the habit of resting in crevices of
old trees, where it was impossible to take it.

Some nights the electric light proved a great success. Strange and
unexpected were the visitors. One would hardly expect to find
( 'ochlidion testudo, male and female, coming freely to light, but stranger
still were the visits of three butterflies — Melitaea aihalia, Thecla ilicis,
and Bithys (Zephyrus) quercus.

The following is a list of species observed :— Papilio machaon, Esp.
— Peszer, June 27th, second brood, fairly common. Thais polyxena,
Hb. — Peszer, June 12th, fullgrown larva? very abundant on Arutolochia
clematitis. Parnassius mnemosyne, Esp. — Occasionally, Budapest and
Herculesbad. Aporia crat^egi, Esp. — Very common all round Buda-
pest, also at Herculesbad. Pieris brassioe, Esp. — Budapest. P.
rap^e, P. napi and var. nap.e.e, of which we obtained a fine
form at Herculesbad. Pontia daplidice, Esp. — Occasionally, Buda-
pest. Euchloe cardamines, Esp., Leptidia sinapis, Esp. — Occa-
sional specimens, Budapest. Colias hyale, God. — Budapest and
Peszer, both sexes fairly common. C. myrmidone, Esp. — Svabhegy,
two or three specimens of the first brood, which was getting
over, June 11th. Gonepteryx rhamni, Esp. — Herculesbad, a few.
Apatura iris, Hb. — One male. A. ilia ab. clytie. — Several,
June 19th, Herculesbad, resting on the road. Limenitis Camilla,
Hb. — In the gardens of the Kursal, also at the " quelle," Herculesbad,
fairly common. L. populi, Esp. — I took a very beautiful series of this
species, several ab. tremulae, and its intermediates ; one specimen I took
in the centre of the town ; I also saw it at the top of the Domogled.
L. sibylla, Esp. — Fairly distributed and common, Herculesbad.
Neptis lucilla, Hb.— -Occasional specimens were seen in the valley
(pi. x), but at the "quelle," about 1000ft. above Herculesbad, it was
not uncommon ; it was most abundant on tbe summit of the Kleiner
Domogled. N. aceris. Esp.— Not uncommon in the valley (pi. x),
but the first brood was practically over, and the second not yet out.
The specimens I took were not very perfect. Vanessa to, Esp. —
Larvae common, Herculesbad. V. xaxthomelas, Esp. — Dr. Fischer
took one fresh specimen, June 25th. V. polychloros.— Very common
and fine, June 25th. Polygonia c-album, Esp. — Occasionally. Buda-
pest and Herculesbad. Mktjt.ea maturna, Hbst. — In an open space
about a mile beyond the "quelle," June 20th, fairly common, but
mostly worn. M. phxebe, Hb., M. cinxia, God., M. didyma, God. —
Occasionally, Budapest and Herculesbad. M. tkiyi \, Schiff. — Budapest,
one specimen ; at Peszer it was common. M. athat.ta. - Peszer, very
abundant; at Herculesbad there was a very fine form of this species,
var. mehadiensis. Brenthis hecate, Esp. — Very abundant and fine,

284 the entomologist's record.

Peszer, June 12th. B. daphne, Schiff. — Locally common in the
valley (pi. x), fond of resting on bramble blossoms; not on the
Doinogled side of the stream. Issoeia lathonia, Esp. — Very common,
June 12th, Peszer ; also occasional specimens at Budapest and
Herculesbad. Argynnis niobe var. eris, Esp. — Svabhegy, June 11th,
occasionally. A. adippe var. cleodoxa. — Occasionally, Herculesbad.
Dryas paphia, Esp. — Budapest and Herculesbad, a very common
species. D. pandora, Esp. — June 12th, 13th, and 27th, fairly
common at Peszer. Melanargia galathea, Esp. — By no means
common at Herculesbad, it is usually a most abundant butterfly.
M. japygia var. suwarovius, Hbst. — June 27th, two males, Peszer.
Erebia medusa var. psodea, Hb. — On the grassy slope near the
summit of the Domogled, June 23rd ; it seemed to be fairly common,
but the specimens were mostly very dilapidated ; I secured a pair, one
male and one female, fairly good representatives of this interesting
form of medusa. E. melas, Hbst. — My guide sent me a very beautiful
series, which he took in this same locality towards the end of July.
E. euryale, Esp. — Just emerging, Herculesbad. Satyrus semele,
Esp. — Herculesbad. Pararge roxelana, Hb. — I took a short but fine
series of this species on June 24th, Herculesbad (pi. xi., figs. 1 and 2). P.
m^ra, Esp. — Occasionally, Herculesbad. Epinephele jurtina, Hb., E.
lycaon, Esp. — Fairly common, Herculesbad. Ccenonympha iphis, Hb.,
C. arcania, Hb. — Very abundant, Budapest. C. pamphilus, L. —
Svabhegy. Libythea celtis, Esp. — Rather common, found at
rest in the afternoon on the stones in the road ; took a beauti-
ful series ; Herculesbad. Thecla spini, Schiff. — Peszer and Her-
culesbad, occasionally. T. pruni, Esp. — One specimen, Budapest.
T. acacee, Hb. — A very abundant species wherever I went. T. ilicis,
Esp. — Common also in most localities. Callophrys rubi, Hb. — On
June 12th, and Bithys quercus, Esp., on June 27th, Peszer.
Chrysophanus thersamon, Esp. — Several fine specimens, June 6th and
10th, but the first brood was practically over. C. dispar var. rutilus,
Hb. — June 6th and 10th, Budapest. C. alciphron. — Very fine and
fairly common, Peszer, in swampy ground. Rumioia PHLiEAs, Esp., and
Loweia dorilis. — Only occasional specimens. Scolitantides orion var.
nigricans. — Peszer, very common, June 27th. Aricia astrarche. —
Kelenfold, June 10th. Polyommatus icarus. — A large fine form,
Budapest. P. hylas, Esp. — Generally distributed. Cupido minima. — •
Svabhegy, very common. Cyaniris semiargus, Nomiades cyllarus,
and Celastrina argiolus. — Herculesbad, occasional specimens. Heter-
opterus morpheus. — Common in swampy ground, Peszer, June 27th.
Adop^ea lineola. — Budapest. Augiades sylvanus, Esp. — Peszer, com-
mon. Erynnis (Carcharodus) lavater^e, Esp. — Very abundant, Peszer.
E. aethe.e. — One male and female, Budapest. Hesperia carthami. —
Peszer, most abundant. Powellia orbifer, Hb. — Common, but
worn, Svabhegy, June 11th. P. malv^e. — Scarce at the same
place. Sesia stellatarum, Esp. — Generally common. Porthetria
dispar, Esp. — I found a female at rest on June 27th. Lymantria
monacha, Esp. —Larvae, Herculesbad. Hypogymna morio, Esp. — Not
uncommon, Budapest ; flying with Chrysophanus rutilus. Heliothis
dipsacea, Esp. — Peszer, common. H. scutosa, Schiff. — One worn,
Peszer. Agrophila trabealis (sulphuralis). — Generally distributed
and very common on all sandy wastes. Siona decussata ab. fortifi-

LEPIDOPTERA ON THE KENTISH CHALK-HILLS IN SEPTEMBER.

285

cata. — Svabhegy, June 11th, rather common. Anaitis plagiata and

PsEUDOTERPXA PRUINATA (cYTHISARIa). — I hldapest. CUCULLIA BALSAMIT^.

— Several at rest, June 11th, Peszer. Diacrisia sanio (russula). —
Budapest. Adscita statices and Syntomis phegea. — Herculesbad,
common.

Lepidoptera on the Kentish Chalk-hills in September.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The lateness of the season, 1907, led me on September 15th to go
on a hunt for Aricia astrarche, a species of which one or two items,
required for our Natural History of British Butterflies, bad been missed.
One expected that it should not have been difficult to get, but I did not
see it, nor many other things one might ordinarily expect to have
seen. Leaving Strood about 11 a.m., there appeared to be some hope
of a bright day, but, although it was warm, and there was evidently
an attempt on the part of the sun to get through, a dense haze
prevented it doing so, and this conduced, perhaps, to our not
seeing more insects than we did. Taking the road past the cemetery
across the fields to Ranseombe, we met, almost at the outset, a number
of Epinephele ianira, a few ( 'oenonympha pamphilus, and large, freshly-
emerged examples of Polyommatus icarus, males only seen; these were
sitting either on the scabious and centaurea flowers growing on the rough
banks, or on the leaves of a second crop of clover (about as forward now,
as is usually the case in early August). They tried to get all the wan nth
from the sun they could, opening their wings so that the sun's rays
might fall on them, but it was a half-hearted result evidently, and,
instead of the wings being flattened horizontally and the forewings
brought far forward, they were opened rather less, perhaps, than
a right-angle, and moved sluggishly. A few freshly-emerged Stenop-
tiliit bipunctidactyla were disturbed, and this was all.

Through the hop-gardens, and then over the fields from Eanscombe
to Bush, was really a delightful walk, but butterflies were scarce. A line,
freshly-emerged Vanessa in was sunning on the bare path, its body so
turned that it should receive as much heat as possible, but often edging
round from this position to which, however, it returned ; then a patch of
lucerne in bloom, gave a lot of Polyommatus icarus, both sexes, the
females hardly at all shot with blue, a few Aglais urticae, Coenonym-
pha pamphilus and Epinephele ianira, and this, again, was all ; but a
little further on, walking under the woods, the eye caught sight of a
male Gonepteryx rhamni, hanging from the underside of a, buckthorn
leaf, only about six inches or nine inches from the ground, and
a closer inspection showed the empty pupa-case, not on the same, but
beneath an adjacent, leaf. It was quite impossible to see the pupa
from above, and, to any but a, trained eye, the imago would not have been,
at first glance, discovered. Then on to the " bank," and here Agriad.es
corydon was fairly numerous, the males in moderately good condition,
but like Polyommatus icarus, not sunning in their usual full-hearted
manner, but with the forewings pulled hack for a considerable distance
over the hindwings and not let down horizontally, as one had just been
accustomed to see them in the hot sunshineof the Alpsof Cenl ml Europe.
The females were abundant, mostly quite fresh, and some well-marked
with blue (one nearly ah. syngrapha), and engaged in feeling on the vari-
ous wild flowers — chiefly, however, thyme and knapweed, plants that are
abundant there. The Epinephele ianira were in all sorts of condition,

286

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

some quite fresh, but, with the exception of Polyommatus icarus on the
thyme flowers, we saw nothing else.

Walking from here through Cuxton village, we struck the Hailing
hills. Not a single Agriades bellargus or Urbicola comma was observed;
although again A. corydon and P. icarus were not uncommon, nor did
an afternoon's wandering discover much else; a few worn Hipparchia
semele, plenty of Crambus geniculeus were, besides E. ianira, about all,
unless one mentions quite a lot of larvae of Euchelia jacobaeae, on the
ragwort. Although Epinephele ianira were, in many cases, in first class
condition, I felt quite convinced they were all of one brood, and my
observations on the larval and pupal babits have led me to doubt
even a chance second-brood example occurring in our latitude, all the
specimens from June to September representing only one long-drawn
out brood, whose larvae mature rapidly or slowly, according as they
are well- or ill-placed during the winter, spring and early summer
months, and some of which, in sunless and wet summers last on for
a long time without making much progress. One other item may be
mentioned, viz., the occurrence of a female Hepialus sylvinus, which,
just fresh from pupa, with unexpanded wings, came rolling down a
bank to the roadside, on the walk home. In a box, its maturation
rapidly took place, and it proved to be a very nice example. I felt much
disappointed entomologicaliy, and yet obtained a delightful September
walk. What a contrast with the work one can do at the same time
on a fine day almost anywhere in an entomological locality on the
Continent. Yet I remember when I used to put my nose in the air,
and say (and bonestly believed) that British collecting and British
entomology were good enough for me, and that I did not envy those
who took their walks abroad and saw as much of insects in a day as
one can, in a season like the present, see of insects here in six months.
Well, time has its revenges, and we would modify the old saw and
add "other times, other manners," and, after all, we Britishers can
salve our consciences and fairly brag that the entomologists of no
other country know its butterflies and moths as we do.

Some Silkworm Moth Reflexes.

By Professor VERNON L. KELLOGG.

Silkworm moths, Bombyx mori, are sexually mature and eager to
mate immediately on issuing from the pupal cocoon. They take no
food (their mouth-parts are atrophied), they do not fly, they are un-
responsive to light ; their whole behaviour, in fact, is determined by
their response to the mating and egg-laying instincts. We have thus
an animal of considerable complexity of organisation, belonging to a
group of organisms well advanced in the animal scale, in a most
simple state for experimentation.

The female moth, nearly immobile, protrudes a paired scent-organ
from the hindmost abdominal segment, and the male, walking nervously
about and fluttering its wings, soon finds the female by virtue of its
chemotactic response to the emanating odour. Males find the females
exclusively by this response, but orient themselves for copulation
(after reaching the female) by contact. When two males accidentally come
into contact in their moving about they try persistently to copulate.

A male with antennae intact, but with eyes blackened, finds females
immediately and with just as much precision as those with eyes un-

SOME SILKWORM MOTH REFLEXES. 287

blackened. A male with antenna? off and eyes unblackened does not
find females unless by accident in its aimless moving about, but, if
a male with antennre off does come into contact, by chance, with a
female, it always (or nearly so) readily and immediately mates. The
male is not excited before touching the female, but is immediately and
strongly so after coming in contact with her. Males with antennas on
become strongly excited when a female is brought within several inches
of them.

The protruded scent-glands of the female are withdrawn into the
body immediately on her being touched by a male. If the scent-glands
are cut off and put wholly apart from the female, males are as strongly
attracted to these isolated scent-glands as they are to unmutilated
females ; on the contrary they are not at all attracted to the mutilated
females. If the cut-out scent-glands are put by the side of, and but a
little apart from, the female from which they are taken, the males
always neglect the near-by live female and go directly to the scent-
glands. Males attracted to the isolated scent-glands remain by them
persistently trying to copulate with them, moving excitedly around
and around them and over and over them with the external genitalia
vainly trying to seize them.

The behaviour of males with the antenna of only one side removed
is striking. A male with left antenna off, when within three or four
inches of a female (with protruded scent-glands), becomes strongly
excited and moves energetically around in repeated circles to the right,
or rather in a flat spiral thus getting (usually) gradually nearer and
nearer the female and finally coming into contact with her, when he
is immediately controlled by the contact stimulus. A male with right
antenna off circles or spirals to the left. It is a curious sight to see
two males with right and left antenna off, respectively, circling violently
about in opposite directions when the immobile female a few inches
removed protrudes her scent-glands. This behaviour is quite in
accordance with Loeb's explanation of the forward movement of
bilaterally symmetrical animals.

The results of all the experiments tried show how rigorously the
male moths are controlled b}r the scent attraction (chemotropism) and
how absolutely dependent mating (the one adult performance of the
males) is on this reaction. If we can find specialized animals in a
condition where all attractions and repulsions (stimuli) but one are
eliminated we may readily perceive the rigorous control exercised by
this remaining one. We are, unfortunately, in the general circum-
stances of animal life too much limited to the use of very simply
organised animals for reaction and reflex experimentation. This
tends to make it difficult to carry over to the behaviour of complexly
organized animals the physico-chemical interpretation which is steadily
gaining ground as the key to the understanding of the springs and
character of the behaviour of the simplest organisms. Bui where the
complex stimuli and reactions that determine the behaviour of com-
plexly organized forms can lie isolated and studied the inevitableness
of much of this behaviour can be recognized.

Reflexes of Moths without Cephalic and Thoracic Ganglia. — A
number of experiments was made to determine the need, or absence
of need, of the principal ganglia of the central nervous system in the
performance of the two chief reflexes in the silkworm moth's life, viz.,
mating and egg-laying.

288 the entomologist's record.

Males mate with headless females, and the headless females, after
mating, lay a few eggs which develop normally, that is, hecome fertilized
by the release of spermatozoa from the spermatheca in the female's
body, are oviposited by the repeated extrusion and retraction of the
ovipositor, and make the usual colour changes (from yellow to cherry-
red and then to lead-grey) incidental to normal development. But in
no case did a headless female lay her full complement of eggs, in fact
in no case were more than a score of eggs laid (the normal number is
from 200 to 350). Headless females (and headless males) usually live
as long as unmutilated individuals, i.e., from a week to two weeks.

Females with head and thorax cut off (and even part of the
abdomen) can be mated with by males, and this fractional part of
the female can fertilize and oviposit a few eggs which begin normal
development. In one case 10 eggs, of which 8 are now normally
developing were oviposited by such an impregnated part of female
abdomen, this abdominal relict remaining alive (!), i.e., flexible and
responsive to stimulus and capable of extruding the ovipositor and
laying eggs, for forty hours.

Males with head removed cannot find females, nor can they
mate if placed in contact with them. When the head or head and
prothorax of a male is cut off immediately after the male and female
are in co/mla the female, although uninjured, lays no eggs. If heads
of both males and females in copula are removed no eggs are laid
although both moths remain alive usually as long as do unmutilated
individuals.

A silkworm moth can maintain itself right side up with antennae
off or with antennae off and eyes blackened, but with head off one
position seems indistinguishable from another to it, i.e., it lies on one
side or the other, on the venter or dorsum equally willingly. The
organs of equilibrium are not on the antennae, then, but are lost when
the rest of the head is removed.

Coleoptera from near Garve, Rossshire.

By NORMAN H. JOY, F.E.S.
Besides Cryptophagus sub depress us, Gyll., which has already been
recorded, several interesting beetles were taken during a visit to the
neighbourhood of Garve, Kossshire, in the first fortnight of August
this year, and as, so far as I know, no coleopterist has visited the
district before, I think they are worth recording, some, no doubt, never
having been taken so far north. A comparatively small amount of
time was spent in actual collecting, the distance to the collecting
ground being often so great, and, as was to be expected this year, rain
fell every day. Evening sweeping, Avhich promised well, was only
carried on with a sopping wet net on two or three occasions. Most of
the time was spent in shaking moss, etc., and a great deal wasted in
examining the banks of rivers, where beetles were very scarce, on
account of the excessive dampness. A visit was paid to the summit
of Ben Wyvis (3429ft.), and to Fionn Bheinn (3060ft.), near Achna-
sheen. I am not recording all the common Scotch species, but species
which are generally regarded as rare, and others that are local in the
highlands of Scotland ; some of the latter are, of course, common in
the south of England. All the following beetles were taken within a

RANDOM NOTES ON NOCTUID MOTHS, ETC., IN 1907. 289

few miles of Garve except where otherwise stated: — Oychrus rostratus,
L.; Carabus glabratus, Payk.; Clivina fossor, L. (common under stones
on Ben Wyvis) ; Bradycellus cognatus, Gyll. ; Harpalus latus, L. ;
Pterostichus diligens, Sturm. ; Amara aulica, Panz.; A. Uvula, F. ; A.
communis, Panz. (the only specimen of this is quite black with no
metallic reflexion); Calathus piceus, Marsh.; C. melanocephalus var.
nubigena, Hal.; Bembidium bruxellense, Wesm. ; 11. femoratum, Sturm.;
Gymindis vaporariorum , L. ; EJydroporus lepidus, 01. ; //. morio, Dej.;
Orectochilus villosus, Mull. ; Helophorus rugosus, 01. ; Oxypoda
haemorrhoa, Mann. ; 0. annularis, Sahl. ; Homalota alpestris, Heer ;
H. pagana, Er. ; H. xanthopus, Thorns.; H. cadaverina, Bris. ; Ischno-
poda coerulea, Sahl. ; Leptusa analis, Gyll. ; Bolitochara obliqua, Er. ;
Millennia minuta, Grav. ; Bryoporus rugipennis, Pand. (in moss, Fionn
Bheinn) ; Tachyporus humerosus, Fr. ; Megacronus inclindns, Grav. ;
Euryporus picipes, Payk. (three specimens from' moss) ; Quedius vexans,
Epp. (from a mole's nest) ; (v>. xanthopus, Er. ; Q. fumatus, Steph. ;
Q. maurorufus, Grav.; Q. fulvicollis, Steph.; Philonthus albipes, Grav.;
P. umbratilis, Grav. ; Stenus geniculates, Grav. ; S. foveicotlis, Kr. ;
Geodromicus globulicollis, Mann. ; Lesteva sharpi, Rye ; Anthophagus
alpinm, Payk.; Acrulia inftata, Gyll. (on four separate occasions under
bark, and in fungus on birch) ; Romalium rile var. heeri, Rey ; Aniso-
toma punctulata, Gyll. ; Liodes glabra, Kug. ; L. castanea, Herbst ;
('//■/era angustata, F.; ('. intermedia, Kr.; C longula, Kell.; C. coracina,
Kell. ; Neuraphes elongatulus, Mull.; Bibloporus bicolor, Denny ; Ulster
marginatus, Er. (from a mole's nest) ; Hhizophagus nitidulus, F. ;
~Epuraea oblonga, Herbst ; Atomaria gibbula, Er. (by evening sweeping);
Aphodius rufescens, F.; Malthinus frontalis, Marsh.; Malthodes mysticus,
Kies. ; Cis boleti, Scop.; C. hispidus, Payk.; C. birfentatus, 01.; C.
nitidus, Herbst ; C. jacquemarti, Mell. ; G\ lineatocribratus, Mell. ; C.
punctulatus, Gyll. ; Longitarsus suturellus, Duft. ; Rhynchiies nanus,
Payk.; Otiorrhynchus maurus, Gyll.; Orchestes rusci, Herbst; 0.
avellanae, Don. (the form with black legs).

Random Notes on Noctuid Moths, etc., in 1907.

By W. J. OGDEN.

A note on the habits of the larvae of Senta ulvae fired me with en-
thusiasm to find and breed the larvae, and, being down in Suffolk last
December, I organised a search with the Rev. A. P. Waller, in a marsh
where we knew the insect occurred. We found the roots of the reeds
sufficiently matted together to be able to walk among them with
tolerable comfort, and, by splitting open the old stems which had been
tenanted by Nonagria geminipuncta larvae, we finally managed to get
some 30 larvae of 8. ulvae.

I put mine into a large pot, with about three inches of wet earth at
the bottom, and a number of pieces of old gnawed reed stuck into the
earth, and I stood the pot in a saucerful of water. I fed the larva'
with shreds of raw beef and baked apple, boiled pork fat, rice-pudding,
etc., and syringed the reeds thoroughly every three or four days (see
also Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist, pt. ii., pp. 15, 139). The
larvae used to come out and wander about, after being syringed, but
they seemed for the mosl part to keep inside the stems, even at night.
They grew steadily though slowly, but, from one cause or another some

290

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

died, and some escaped by gnawing a hole through the covering. I
fancy they are cannibals, too, and they certainly are carnivorous in
a state of nature, I should say, as, when I was down in Suffolk, at
Easter, I found the larva? wandering about on the reeds at night
evidently searching for prey, whilst no sooner had I put one into a box
containing a young larva of Noctua xanthographa than it attacked it,
and in a very short time had eaten the whole except the head. The
young larva? of Leucania straminea were fairly plentiful wandering
about the reeds at the same time, and I expect they form one
of the items in the bill of fare of the larva of S. itlvae. About
the middle of May my larva? all spun a slight cocoon in the
top of the cut reed-stems, covering the opening where the stem had
been cut with a thin web, and changed to slender chrysalids, head
upwards, the perfect insects emerging in about five or six weeks' time.

While splitting the reeds in December, I came across a larger larva
snugly ensconced inside a reed near the root, in a sort of cocoon, or
rather, I should say, with a thin film of silk above and below it.
About February, I noticed, or thought I noticed, that this larva had
changed colour to a leaden, corpse-like hue, and, as it made no response
whatever to my unscientific proddings with a blunt pin, I at last
concluded it was defunct, and threw7 it away with the piece of reed con-
taining it. Some weeks after, my little girl, who has a very keen eye
for larva?, brought me, in great triumph, the same larva still in its
piece of reed, and to please her I put it into a large pill-box, and kept
it, as it was looking a better colour, and I fancied had slightly changed
its position in the reed. About the beginning of May it turned to a
pupa, and produced a nice specimen of Leucania obsoleta about the
middle of June. I have given its history somewhat fully, as it con-
tains useful hints on the way to successfully rear this insect.

I found Stilbia anomala larva? fairly abundant in one part of a
wood in Hampshire, on March 7th, feeding on tufts of a hair-grass
which I believe is Aim caespitosa. As seems to be the case with
so many Noctuid larva?, these were coloured, some green, and some
brown, with intermediate shades. A good many were full-fed, but
some were quite small, and these, I think, all produced solitary
ichneumons. These larva? seem a bit difficult to rear, as, after they
have spun up, they remain for a long time in their cocoons without
changing to pupa?, and tend either to dry up or go mouldy. Some
pupated in the middle of the tufts, and some in the loose earth round.
The perfect insects began to emerge about August 12th.

I had to be in Southampton on business, on May 10th, and ran
over. to Brockenhurst for the night. Aleucis pictaria was then worn,
but I found the red aberration of Taeniocampa gracilis in good condi-
tion and not uncommon. The next day I found a few larva? of
Oenistis quadra, Cleora lichenaria, and C. glabraria, all of which fed
up well and emerged successfully in due course.

In July I was again down in Suffolk, and with the Eev. A. P.
Waller planned a campaign against the various marsh insects,
including Leucania favicolor. We rigged up a sheet and a powerful
motor head-light, the first night in the marsh where Scuta ulvae
occurred, but, though the illumination was brilliant enough to terrify
the gamekeeper, the wind was so strong that very few moths turned up.
The chief excitement was caused by the frantic efforts which the

RANDOM NOTES ON NOCTUID MOTHS, ETC., IN 1907. 291

sheet made to fly away, and, in some of the gusts, it was all we could do
to keep it in position. The night was much too rough for S. ulvae to
venture out, and not much appeared except a few Leucania straminea,
one very fresh L. obsoleta, and a large, but worn, Smerinthus ocellata,
whose furious charge at the sheet gave us quite a start. We found
numbers of Leucanias settled on the flowering heads of rushes, but
they were all L. pollen* or L. impura. Mr. Waller, however, was
successful in taking one specimen of L. favicolor on the wing.

The next night being equally windy we did not put up the light,
but tried treacling the thistles, palings, and trees on another marsh.
A few moths were attracted, out very few, and the only one of any
value was a specimen of L. favicolor, a second example of which we
also took on the wing. The few moths attracted were almost all on
thistles, the trees yielding hardly a single specimen.

The next night it was blowing a regular gale, and was, besides, very
cold, and we thought it would hardly be of any use trying treacle
again. However, as I only had one more night, we decided to try,
and we dosed most of the larger thistles on the same marsh liberally
with treacle and jargonelle pear. Of all methods of collecting, boxing
moths from thistles, which have been well treacled, on a cold and
boisterous night, is one of the most unpleasant. The moths get inside
the thistle as far as possible, and while one is manoeuvring to get the
pill-box close to the moth a gust of wind rocks the thistle, the moth
drops, one makes a frantic plunge with the pill-box to catch him ere
he falls, drives one's fingers on to the thorns, and emerges with the
hand covered with large drops of treacle, lucky if he has captured
the quarry. I take it as a creditable record to ourselves that we bagged
all the /-. favicolor and Mamestra abjecta which turned up that night,
without missing any, eight specimens of the former and six of the
latter. Very few moths of any other species were attracted, only
about two or three L. /'aliens, and a few Xylophasia monoglypha, etc.
The next and last night promised at first to be good for light, but a
heavy mist rolling up spoiled all hope of success, though two or three
more /,. favicolor occurred at treacle, and a nice grey specimen of
Aplecta occulta was taken at rest upon a, gate-post by Mr. Waller.

We kept a few of the /,. favicolor for ova, and obtained a fair
number, the larvae of which are now about half-grown. One or two
went ahead of the others and seemed to be full-fed about the beginning
of October, but have not yet gone down. We hope to get some
through the winter.

It was rather tantalizing that the evening on which I had to come
away, was an ideal one for light — dark, close and still, as was the
night before I went down.

In the day-time we found one nest of Malacosoma castrensis larvae
on the coast, where also Adactylus bennettii occurred amongst the sea-
lavender. Everything seemed terribly late, however, and possibly
that was the reason why all the close searching for Hyloicus pinastri
was a failure.

A couple of days' Larva-beating on the Norfolk Broads, at tin;
beginning of September, was not very successful as regards numbers,
though several fairly good species were represented. Geometra papi-
lionaria larvae were not so abundant as usual, and were very tiny,
Notolophus gonostigma larva' were very scarce, only three turning up.

292 the entomologist's record.

Farias chlorana was not uncommon, and nearly fullfed, Acronicta
leporina were very small and so were those of Notodonta dromedaHus.
Larvae of hobophora sexalisata were not uncommon, and a few Smerinthus
ocellata, Notodonta ziczac, Lophopteryx camelina, (.'crura furcula,
Hypsipetes impluviata, one Spilosoma urticae, and one Clostera reclusa,
also occurred. I was surprised to find Ennomos tiliaria still in the
larval stage, and not then full-grown.

Coleoptera at Deal and St. Margaret's Bay during August and
September, 1907.

By Professok T. HUDSON BEAEE, F.E.S., and
H. St. JOHN K. DONISTHORPE, F.E.S.

As we spent our summer holidays from August 10th to September
6th at St. Margaret's Bay and Deal respectively, we were able to join
forces on a number of days, and were able to make a pretty exhaustive
examination of the coleopterous fauna of these two places ; it seems
desirable, therefore, to combine the results into one note.

We Avill first give a list of those insects which were confined to one
of the two localities, and then conclude with a short list of those
beetles which were found in both places.

St. Margaret's Bay. — Zabrus gibbus, P., fairly common under
stones by cornfields ; Badister sodalis, Duft., and Harpalus azureus, F.,
var. similis, Dj., rarely, in similar localities ; Ocypus pedator, Gr.,
several specimens of this local and rare species were captured running
on roads and paths, and with them occasionally Staphylinus stercorarius,
01., Ocypus compressus, Marsh., and 0. ater, Gr. ; Otkius laeviusculus,
Steph., and Pldoeobium clypeatum, Mull., were swept up on the cliffs.
Off flowers at the foot of the chalk cliffs we swept up Olibrus flavicomis,
Stm., Antherophagus silaceus, Hbst., and Phalacrus comiscus, Pk.
The common toad-flax grows abundantly in many spots in this neigh-
bourhood on the chalk cliffs and at the edges of cornfields, and from
this plant we obtained ChrysomMa distinguenda, Steph., in some
numbers; Cetonia aurata, L., was quite common one fine sunny
morning on flowers at the foot of the cliffs, and, on the wild cabbage,
which is common on the talus at the foot of the cliffs, Psylliodes
chrysocephala, L., occurred in numbers, while ( 'ryptocephalus /ulcus,
Goez., was occasionally swept up off the herbage on the top of the
cliffs. On the wild carrot, which grows freely all over the district,
but only on the plants at the foot of the cliffs, we obtained Hypera
tigrina, Boh., in numbers ; though a handsome and conspicuous species,
it is not at all easily seen when at rest on its foodplant, especially on
the flower-heads ; in the same locality, a few specimens of Apiofi
limonii, Kirb., were taken off sea-lavender. Sweeping the wild flowers
and rank grass growing near the edge of the chalk cliffs and on the
uncultivated land near the South Foreland lighthouse, we captured
Apion ebeninum, Kirb., A. flavimanum., Gyll., A. vora.r, Hbst., A.
atomarium, Kirb., A. vicinum, Kirb., ( 'oeliodes cardui, Hbst., Ceuthor-
hynchidius rufulus, Duf., Hypera polygoni, L., Oymnetron antirrhini,
Pk. ; and at the roots of grass Ceuthorhynchidius termiriatus, Hbst.,
C. quercicola, Pk., and Oxyomm porcatus, F. Lastly, out of rotten
timber forming portions of old sea groynes, Caulotrypis aeneopiceus,
Boh., was dug out in numbers, and a few ( 'odiosoma spadix, Hbst.

SALE OF THE "RAYNOr" COLLECTION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 293

Deal. — Most of our captures on the sandhills were made by
sweeping, or by searching at the roots of the respective foodplants ;
the following list includes the better species found in this way : —
Amara curta, J)j., Masoreus wetterhali, Gyll., Licinus depressus, Pk.,
Philonthus longicornis, Steph., /'. lepidus, Gr., Alitalia rivularis, Gr.,
Oxytelus inustus, Gr., Oligota punctulata, Heer, Euthia schaumi, Kies.,
Anisotoma dubia, Kug., Melanotics punctolineatus, Pel., Mantura
rustica, L., and its var. suturalis, Weise, ( 'hrysomela haemoptera, L.,
Cassida flaveola, Thunb., Crypticus quisquilius, L., Caenopsis waltoni,
Boh., Orthochaetes setiger, Beck., Hypera fasciculate/,, Hbst., Limobius
mixtus, Boh., Cleonus sulcirostris, L., Strophosomus faber, Hbst.,
Sitones crinitus, Hbst., S. griseus, F., Tychius tibialis, Boh. (including
some interesting red forms), T, pygmaeus, Bris., Apion laevicolle, Kirb.,
A. curtisi, Curt., A. pubescens, Kirb., A. marchicum, Hbst., A. urti-
carium, Hbst., A. livescerum, Gyll., A. pomonae, F., A. ononis, Kirb.,
A. hydrolapathi, Kirb., A. loti, Kirb., A. sedi, Germ, (in the sand at the
roots of plants of the yellow stonecrop). Under decaying animal
matter, the following were found : Aphodius erraticus, L. (including a
very distinct black aberration), Heptaulacus sus, Hbst., Aleochara tristis,
Gr., A. morion, Gr., Saprinus immundus, Gyll., S. nitidulus, Pk., and S.
maritimns, Steph. Helops pallidus, Curt., was found, as usual, buried
in the sand.

One of the best of our captures was Apion semivittatum, Gyll. ;
this beetle we had both specially arranged to work for, and it turned
up eventually on its foodplant, Mercurialis annua, in both localities,
and in numbers. We were able to trace its life-history by finding it
in the pupal form in knots in the stems of the plant. This plant is a
garden weed found all over this district, and we have little doubt that
the insect, when properly searched for, though very local, will
be found to be widely spread in this south-eastern corner of England.
Another insect which occurred in profusion at both localities was
Cteniopus sulphureus, L., and one of us was lucky enough to take
an aberration (a single specimen, and the only one found out of
the large number examined), a male, with a black head, thorax,
antennae, and abdomen ; it is the ab. bicolor, F., and is an addition to
the British list. The other insects which occurred in both localities
were mostly common and widely spread species, such as Apion
dissimile, Germ., Trachyphloeus scabricvlus, L., and Phalacrus brisouti,

Rye.

One afternoon was spent on the chalk downs above Kearsney ;
there, on fungus on some old tree-stumps, we obtained Bolitochara
bella, Mark., and B. lucida, Gr., in plenty, with a few Dacne humeralis,
F., and a red form of Cerylon fagi, Brit.; by sweeping flowers and
grass just at dusk, when wet with a heavy dew, Trachyphloeus alter -
nans, Gyll., was found in abundance, and a few Ceuthorhynchidius
rufulus, Olibrus liquidus, Er., said Apion vorax, Hbst.

Sale of the " Raynor " Collection of Lepidoptera.

By (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS.
It is not given to the ordinary amateur to have two sales in a
life-time. That one has been able to do so, speaks volumes for his
energy and discretion in collecting. After the sale in 1891 the

294

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

writer remembers that Mr. Raynor expressed his intention of con-
tinuing to collect, but that henceforth he would house only the most
perfect specimens. This determination he has adhered to, and those
who assembled at Stevens' Auction Rooms on October 22nd last, had
the pleasure of seeing a collection of insects in most beautiful
condition, as well as many of unusual forms. Many a familiar face
was absent from the Auction Rooms ; but there was evidence of the
continuance of the race of buyers of days gone by.

It was quite evident from the commencement of the sale that the
interest centred about certain special lots, and as is so often the case,
in the " preliminary canter," lot after lot fell for sums which do
not appear magnificent. Twenty-seven " clearwings," including three
S. scoliiformis, for 8s. ; and eighteen, including four S. sphegiformis,ioT
5s., or even 6s., are not princely prices. Now, and at other periods of
the sale, one fancied one heard the heart-broken sighs of the worthy
dealers ; but towards the middle, it became evident that the noise
proceeded from an attendant snapping cracked crockery.

The first exciting lot was a single specimen of Sesia culiciformis,
with an additional band. Seriously, one felt inclined to think this
novel belt might be glue, but knowing the seller, and trusting the
discretion of the buyer, one was glad when it was knocked down for
£2 10s. Hereabouts appeared upon the scene the welcome buyers
who will not be denied, and business began in earnest. A fine
aberration of Hepialus hectus, which in somewhat plebeian company
fetched 6s. at the " Briggs' " sale, now, in much the same society
realised £'1, while a well marked aberration of H. kumuli var. hetMan-
dica, bought on the same occasion for 6s., raised the value of the lot
now to 16s. Arctia villica, with dusky hindwings, bought with 30
other insects at the same sale for £1, now fetched £1 6s. alone.
One could dilate upon the "unearned increment" in insects, but
these instances must for the present suffice.

Then were offered the Spilosoma lubricipeda aberrations, a most
interesting series of picked specimens, exclusively derived from Mr.
Raynor's Lincolnshire race, having, as is well known, no connection
whatever with the original " north country " strain. Of the 68 specimens
divided into 31 lots, only 11 sold for less than 2s. 6d. each. Of the
highest prices, £3 was given for a rayed example, quite out of the
common, £2 for a very fine var. zatima, and £1 15s. for a small, not
quite perfect, specimen of var. deschangei, entirely black, with the
exception of the thorax. The series brought in £18. A pair of Laelia
coenosa, bought at the Briggs' sale for £1 2s. now brought £1 15s.
One would expect this insect to increase in monetary value more
quickly than it does, seeing that the supply of English specimens has
quite ceased. Named aberrations of Malacosoma castremis and Lasio-
campa quercus did not seem to attract much attention, 46 specimens,
with 10 Pachygastria trifolii, realising only £1 7s.

Then came one of Peter Bouchard's Killarney specimens of Notodonta
bicolor, originally from the "Shepherd" collection, and bought at the
" Briggs " sale for £3 3s. It was now valued at £4 10s. Here, again,
in spite of our ignorance as to the number which were taken in Ireland,
one feels that the increased value is not without reason. Two excellent
specimens of Drepana harpaqula (sicula) fetched the moderate figure of
£1 5s.

SALE OF THE KAYNOR COLLECTION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 295

The next sensation was a series of Angerona prunaria, 77 specimens
divided into 15 lots varying from 10 specimens to 1. £3 3s. was given
for faultless pairs of the beautifully speckled form, but the best price
of all, £3 15s., was earned by an almost perfectly dark male, while a
pale female was valued at £2 5s. The series brought in £24.

Prices once again ranged from moderate to less. It was somewhat
sad to see three of the dark aberrations of Bormia consortaria included
in a lot of 56 insects, go for only 5s., and a little later on two fine
dark Tephrosia consonaria included with 27 other insects for 8s. This
last lot contained as an extra attraction " one curious variety of
Nemoria viridata," and Ave are still in doubt as to which insect
inspired the bids. As a matter of fact the writer encountered
nobody who understood in what the "curious variety" consisted.
A banded aberration of Zonosoma porata gave a lot of 41 insects
the value of 18s., and a similar form of Z. punctaria ran the price of
36 insects up to £1 2s. The next curious event was the competition
for three lots (of five specimens each) of Cabera rotund aria, for which
9s., 9s., and 8s. were given. Surely the buyers knew that a proportion
of all' bred C. pusaria are ab. rotundaria. Hearing the bidding, one
could not help concluding that the bidders do not trouble to rear
common species.

Then came the greatest event — Abraxas grosmlariata. Surely never
was such a display offered for public competition before. There
were 87 lots, containing in all 96 specimens. To the disinterested
bystander, the scene became now almost animated. But it was
evident that the great buyers had their eyes fixed upon certain lots,
leaving the less attractive, though often equally rare, forms, to take
their chance. It struck the writer forcibly that the interests of the
seller would have been better served, had the principal aberrations
been distributed between the two days of sale. There were too many
ab. Intra, for instance ; specimens probably never placed before the
public before were overshadowed by better and more striking forms
(of the same class) to come. This happened again and again with
each notable aberration. Had half of each been transferred to the
second day, and been exchanged for half those reserved, there would
probably have been a still better record for this portion. The ab. Intra
ran from 2s. 6d., for a slightly luteous specimen, to £2 15s. for a
magnificent female. Tw'O female ab. nigrolutea fetched £4 15s.
and £6 10s. The ab. fulvapicata ranged from 7s. per specimen to £3.
A single specimen of ab. albomarginata realised £3 5s., although
the writer has seen three or four specimens exhibited during the
last few months. This wras a magnificent insect, and rare enough
to justify the expenditure. Two ab. subviolaeea were bought for £2 15s.
and £2 10s. Ab. hazeleighensis £2, ab. nigrosparsata from 2s. 6d. per
specimen to £3 for a male, and £5 15s. for a female. Ab. lactea-sparsa
realised £5 10s. So these fine "magpies " were distributed, bringing
in £88 10s. Then followed a lot of irregular bidding. Two queer
Coremia quadrifasciaria raised the value of their companions to
£1 17s. 6d. The type specimen of Cidaria picata ab. lacteomarginata,
described and named in this Magazine last month, only earned £1.
Strenia clathrata then presented itself. Here again the specimens
were too numerous for the seller's interest — 28 lots, containing 143
specimens. The abei*rations ran dark and light. The best of the

296

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

dark forms was valued at £2 17s. 6d. The best of the light, £2 5s.
The whole series brought in £28 10s. The 40-drawer Gurney cabinet
sold for 30 guineas. The total result of the sale was about £280.

The concluding portion of the collection sold on November 5th,
consisted of the Noctuides, Deltoides, Pyralides, and a few Tortricides,
with the remaining aberrations of Abraxas grossulariata. The attend-
ance at the sale-room was as large and as enthusiastic as on the
former occasion, and it was again quite evident that the attraction
centred round the " Magpies." But few of the lots of the Noctuids, etc.,
brought enough to pay for the labour and time of setting ; only where
there happened to be included a striking variety or a rarity did the
bids reach a second figure in shillings. Among the Noctuids we may
mention two bred examples of C. xerampelina ab. unicolor, which
were bought at 18s. apiece. Including the magnificent forty-drawer
Longley Cabinet, which realised 27 guineas, the whole receipts,
exclusive of the " magpies," were £103 18s. 6d. Sixteen specimens
of Stenoptilia graphodactyla, in lots of four, brought 12s., 10s., 13s.,
13s., while two specimens of Newman's black Ennomos autumnaria
were disposed of for £1 4s. each. When the lesser things had been
disposed of, the room settled down to business, and perhaps one of
the most exciting periods in the history of sales of lepidoptera
commenced. We have already noticed in our remarks on the first
portion of this collection, the wonderful prices which were paid for
the choicer aberrations of A. grossularmta, and, after all, it would
appear that these had been fairly divided into two portions, arranged
according to their presumed value. On the first occasion, 96 speci-
mens brought in £88 10s., on this, 76 brought £108 lis. 6d. The
writer still feels, however, that the most was not made of some of the
insects first put up, but, in the end, the seller in spite of this, had
reason to congratulate himself upon the prices obtained. Although
five specimens in one lot were valued at less than 2s. 6d. each, only
22 went for less than £1 each. The first great event was the sale of
the beautiful ab. ehalcobares, almost certainly unique,. which went for
£6. Then three ab. lutea were brought up from 10s. to £1 5s. each.
Amagnilicent male ab. melanozona reached £6 10s. The ab. nigrosparsata
did not appear, curiously enough, to appeal much to the buyers, but a
fine female specimen brought £1 15s. Ab. varleyata, so rarely seen in
the auction-room, realised from £1 10s. to £4 10s. each. Ab. chalcozona
was bought at from £2 to £3 3s. per specimen. The ab. axantha, in pairs,
£1 5s. to £1 10s. Five lots of ab. jiavofasciata (lacticolor), in pairs,
£3 to £3 3s. Single specimens of the same aberration brought from
£1 5s. to £5 15s. Ab. lutea-lacticolor from £1 8s. to £3 per specimen.

The whole day's sale amounted to £212 10s., of which £109 was
paid for " Magpies." The total proceeds of the sale appear to have
reached about £487, of which nearly £200 was paid for the "Magpie "
aberrations.

This result must be most gratifying to Mr. Eaynor, whose patient
work, carried out as a scientific observation, has met with so
substantial a reward.

It is interesting to note that, so far as is known, the highest
amount previously realised from the sale of aberrations of a single species
was £120 for Arctia caja at Dr. Harper's sale. The surpassing beauty
and superb condition of the majority of the specimens offered account
in a large degree for the unparalleled prices attained at the present

COLEOPTERA IN ENFIELD DISTRICT, 1907. 297

sale. It is in this connection noteworthy that, at the first day's sale,
96 specimens of A. grossulariata brought in an average price of 18s. 5d.,
while, at the second day's sale, 76 averaged £1 8s. 6d. per specimen.

We heartily congratulate Mr. Kaynor upon this result. It is
probable that no one has ever devoted so much time and attention to
one species as he has to Abraxas grossulariata. We are glad to say
that he assures us that hi- interest in entomology has by no means
evaporated, and further, that, hesides specialising in the butterflies (as
previously announced), he has acceded to the earnest solicitations of
his many friends not to give up A. grossulariata, and also hopes to
devote special attention to a few of the most variable moths, amongst
which he includes .1/. tiliae, A. prunaria, and S. clathrata.

Coleoptera in the Enfield District, 1907.

By C. J. C. POOL, F.E.S.

As in previous years, most of my attention has been devoted to the
old timber in various parts of Enfield and Epping Forest.

I have succeeded in capturing additional specimens of several
rarities hitherto recorded by me, as well as a few species which are
most welcome additions to my collection. The following list will
perhaps be of interest to coleopterists in the London district : —

Notiophilus rufipes, Curt., Epping Forest. Platyderus ruficollis,
Marsh., Enfield. Quedius ventralis, Ahr., Enfield, and Epping Forest.
Eumicrus rufus, Mull., Enfield, rotten oak and beech. Orthoperus
brunnipes, Gyll., 0. mundus, Mat., on elm logs, Enfield, abundant in
September and October. Chilocorus bipustulatus, L., Epping Forest.
Symbiotes latus, Redt., in elder stump, Waltham. Aulonium sulcatum,
Enfield, in elm bark (abundant), and a few in burrows of Dryocaetes
villosus, F., in oak bark. Epuraea augustula, Er., beaten from oak,
Epping Forest, August. Laemophloeus bimaculatus, Pk., Enfield and
Epping Forest. Pediacus dermestmdes, F., Enfield. Elater coccinatus,
Rye, one specimen in old oak at Warlies Park, nr. Waltham Abbey,
June, 1905, recorded by me as /*.'. lythropterus, Germ., in error. Athous
rhombeus, 01., in old beech and oak. at Enfield. Anthocomus fasciatus,\j.,
Enfield. Haplocnemus impressus, Marsh., Enfield and Waltham Cross.
Hedobia imperialis, L.. Enfield and Edmonton. Anitys rubens, Hoff.,
several dead specimens in oak, Epping- Forest. Lyctus brunneus, Steph.,
abundant in oak logs, Enfield. Sphindus dubius, Gyll., one dead, in
spider's web, Enfield, August. Rhopalodontus fronticornis, Pz., abun-
dant in "holetus"on oak and beech logs, at Enfield and Epping Forest.
Prionus coriarius, L., one at Enfield, and a nice series from dead beech
in Epping Forest, late in September. Tetropium gabrieli, in larches,
at Old Southgate, this is a new locality for Tetropium-. Hylotrupes
bajiilns, L., a fine specimen of this rare Longicorne was taken on a
wall by my little daughter, at Enfield, September 3rd, 1907. This
is my second Enfield specimen. I hope to be able to locate
a colony of this beetle next summer. Callidium variable, L.,
C. alni, L., Enfield. Leptidea brevipennis, Muls., on a wall, Enfield.
Molorchus minor, L. ; a dead specimen and living larva in a fir log.
I just missed a fine series of this Longicorne as there were numerous
emergence- holes in the bark. Leptura seutellata, F., a pair from
beech, Epping Forest. Bmchus rufipes, Hbst., Enfield, Potters Bar,

298 the entomologist's record.

and Cheshunt. Eryx ater, F., Enfield. Mycetochares bipustulata, 111.,
oak-bark, Epping Forest. Orchesia micans, Pz., Enfield, abundant in
fungus on ash. Conopalpus testaceiis var. vigorsi, Steph., on the wing,
Enfield. Abdera quadrifasciata, Curt., running on the trunk of an
old beech, Enfield. Phloeotrya rufipes, Gyll., several specimens cut
out of an oak log, Enfield. Nacerdes melanura, L., on pavements and
fences, Enfield, Scraptia fuscula, Mull., one specimen from hollow
ash, Enfield, and one from oak-bark, Epping Forest. Mordellistena
abdominalis, F., hawthorn, Enfield. Xylophilus oculatus, Gyll.,
extremely abundant on oak logs during August. Pseudostyphlus
pilumnus was taken commonly by sweeping Matricaria at Enfield in
June and July. In conclusion I may as well mention the fact that
Hylesinus crenatus, F., occurs here regularly in the bark of fallen ash
boughs. This is interesting, as it usually attacks growing trees, rarely
doing sufficient damage to kill the trees, but when fallen timber is
attacked, the progeny appears to be much more numerous. I located a
great colony of larvas, and secured one imago, but unfortunately the
log was removed before the remainder emerged.

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe.

By MALCOLM BURR, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

(Continued from p. 239.)

1. Ephippigera provincialis, Yersin.

Large, of yellowish colour ; cerci of the male very short and

broad, with a large inner tooth, very attenuate at the apex and ending

in a recurved hook. Length of body, 30mm. -37mm. $ , 30mm.-

31mm. 2; of pronotum, 8mm. $, 9* 7mm. 2; of posterior femora,

17mm. $ , 18mm. 2 ; of ovipositor, 25mm. -28mm. 2 •

A rare species, inhabiting that part of Provence which lies between
La Chaine des Maures and the sea. Tn 1888 it multiplied so exceed-
ingly that it did considerable damage to oaks and vines. It is recorded
from Hyeres, La Louche, Kamatuel, Saint Tropez and Carpiagne.

2. Ephippigera vitium, Serville {= ephippigera, Fieb.).

Greenish-red or violet : pronotum arched and rounded ; elytra
reddish, coarsely veined ; cerci of male, long and conical ; ovipositor
nearly straight, not more than three times as long as the pronotum.
Length of body, 22mm. -25mm. $ , 24mm. -30mm. 2 ; of pronotum,
7-2mm.-8-5min. $ , 7mm. -8mm. 2 ; of posterior femora, 16mm. $ ,
of 15mm. -17mm. 2 \ of ovipositor, 20mm.-2lmm. 2 •

A native of Central Europe. It occurs sparingly in Belgium at
Pietersheim, near Lanaeken, in Campine. In France it is rare and
local in the north, but common throughout the centre and south ; it
is recorded as far north as Paris, and also occurs in the Forest
of Fontainebleau. In Switzerland it is rare, but is recorded from
Freiburg, Bale and Geneva. It apparently does not occur in Germany.
South of the Alps it is found in all the valleys, but does not appear
to extend down to the Mediterranean coast. In Austria, it is common
near Vienna and from Bisamberg to Semmering, but not in the Tirol.
In Spain it is recorded from Potes, Gayangos, Ona and Vitoria. Azam
notes a variety which he names silvicola, larger and darker in colour,
from Var and the Basses-Alpes.

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. 299

3. Ephippigera crucigera, Fieber (=bitterensis, Marquet).

Resemble? the preceding, but larger, and the pronotum is marked
with a black cross; the general colour is bright yellow, merging into
brown with yellow lines on the abdomen. Length of body, 30mm.
$ , 28mm. $ ; of pronotum, 9mm. $ , 10mm. 2 ; of posterior femora,
18mm. -21mm. $ , 21mm. ? ; of ovipositor, 23mm. -25mm. ? .

Occurs in France, where it is not rare in the south-west ; recorded
from Beziers, Montpellier, Carcassonne and Narbonne. It is found
on vines.

4. Ephippigera cunii, Bolivar.

This is the largest of the group of E. vitium : it is distinguished
by the unequal rugose frons, compressed pronotum, which is produced
forwards over the head, by the apically truncate cerci of the male, and
by the nearly straight, blunt ovipositor. Length of body, 31mm.-
34mm. 3 and 2 ; of pronotum, llmm.-11-omm. $ and 2 ', of
posterior femora, 23mm. $ and 5 ; of ovipositor, 27mm. ? .

It occurs on the northern slopes of the Pyrenees, at Canigou and
Banyuls. In Spain, down the Mediterranean coast to Barcelona ; the
writer found it commonby on Monseny, where the variety jugicola, Bob,
occurs. This is somewhat smaller, varying in colour from olive-green
to brown ; the elytra are darker, the anterior femora somewhat shorter,
than the pronotum, and the cerci of the male more pointed. Length
of body 30mm. J and $> ; of pronotum, 9mm. $ and ? ; of posterior
femora, 16mm. $ and 2 ; of ovipositor, 26mm. 5 .

This occurs in Catalonia at Ribas, Camprodon, and Monseny.

5. Ephippigera perforata, Rossi.

Bright green or violet ; resembles E. vitium, but the fastigium of
the vertex is more compressed, especially in the male, the pronotum is
flatter, the elytra narrower, and sulphur-yellow on the scapular area ;
the venation is clearer in the radial field ; the supraanal plate of the
male is roundly triangulate, and the subgenital lamina of the male has
very short styles, and the ovipositor is somewhat longer or more
curved. Length of body, 23mm. -26mm. $ , 28mm. $ ; of pronotum,
6,8mm.-7,2mm. J , 7mm.-7"8mm. $ ; of posterior femora, 16mm.-
19mm. $ , 18mm. $ ; of ovipositor, 26mm. J .

Rare in France; recorded from Saint-Sever in the Landes, and
Gavarnie in the Pyrenees. It occurs in Italy at Yoltaggio and Pegli,
and in Calabria.

6. Ephippigera terrestris, Yersin.

Resembles the preceding, but yellow in colour, with higher elytra
and two spines on the anterior tibiae above ; the cerci are bifid at the
apex, long and cylindrical. Length of body. 26mm. -28mm. J , 29mm.
$ ; of pronotum, 9mm. $ , 8mm. $ ; of posterior femora, 18mm. $
and J ; of ovipositor, 29mm. J .

A native of the south of France, occurring at Frejus and Grasse;
also at Bagnols, Montauroux, and Les Escolles.

Azam records a smaller variety, minor, in Provence. The length
of body in the variety is given as 23mm. -26mm. Azam defines the
area where this species occurs as a polygon from Saint Aigulf, by the
foot of the Chaines des Maures to Cuers, up to Saint Baume, to
Durance, following on to Sisteron ; then to the Col d'Allos, down by

300 the entomologist's record.

Puget-Theniers, Grasse, towards Esterel, on to Saint Raphael. It
is commonest in the southern part of this polygon ; the smaller
specimens are taken in the north, the smallest of all at the Col d'Allos,
at Colmars, on the Cheval Blanc, B roves, and Roque Esclapon to
Lachens.

7. Ephippigera zapateri, Bolivar.

Uniform green ; pronotum smooth ; elytra strongly arched ;
supraanal plate of male sharply triangular, with long styles. Length
of body, 30mm. g ; of pronotum, 7-5mm. 3 ; of posterior femora,
18mm. $ , of ovipositor, 30mm. 2 .

A native of Spain : Albarracin, Sierra de Cuenca, Montes de Toledo,
Escorial, Siles, on trees as well as on shrubs.

8. Ephippigera paulinoi, Bolivar.
Distinguished from the preceding by the shorter cerci of the male,

and by the slightly longer ovipositor. Length of body, 33mm. $ ,
34mm. 2 ; of pronotum, 9mm. $ , 10mm. 5 ; of posterior femora,
22mm. $ , 24mm. 2 ; of ovipositor, 30mm. 2 .
Recorded from Granada.

9. Ephippigera hispanica, Fieber.

Large, yellowish ; anal segment of male separated from the supra-
anal plate by a transverse fold ; ovipositor as long as the posterior
femora ; feebly reticulate elytra, with large dark areas ; cerci slender
and conical. Length of body, 30mm. $ and 2 ; of pronotum,
8-5mm. $ , 9mm. 2 ; of posterior femora, 24ram. $ and 2 ; of
ovipositor, 24mm. 2 •

A Spanish species, occurring only in the south ; Huelva, Seville,
Cordoba, where it is common in shrubs in summer.

10. Ephippigera dorsalis, Fieber
{=nigromarginata, Lucas).

Yellowish; with dark bands of square black spots on the abdomen;
elytra dark chestnut, with open reticulations, the radial vein not very
thick. Length of body, 26mm. $ , 28mm. 2 ; of pronotum, 7"2mm.
$ , 7 ■ 2mm. -8mm. 2 ; of posterior femora, 18mm. $ and 2 '» of
ovipositor, 28inm.-30mm. 2 •

Recorded from Messina. Occurs also in Algeria.

11. Ephippigera longicauda, Bolivar.
Characterised by the long and slender feet ; the anterior tibia? have

six spines above ; the cerci are as long as the supraanal plate in the
male; the ovipositor is longer than in E. areolaria, which it resembles.
Length of body, 18mm. $ , 16mm. 2 ; of pronotum, 6mm. $ , 5mm.
2 ; of posterior femora, ? ; of ovipositor, 19mm. 2 •
Recorded from Ciudad Rodrigo and Salamanca.

12. Ephippigera bormansi, Brunner.

Resembles E. terrcstris, but smaller; violet in colour; the pronotum
is smoother and more rounded, the lower borders are straight, and the
supraanal plate of the male is rounded. Length of body, 23mm. $ ,
25mm. 2 ; of pronotum, 7mm. $ , 6-2mm. 2 ', of posterior femora,
13mm. $ , 15mm. 2 5 of ovipositor, 24mm. 2 •

An Italian species, discovered by the late Auguste de Bormans at

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE.

HOI

Madonna del Monte, near Varese, and since taken by Azam at the
Cheval Blanc in the Basses-Alpes.

13. Ephippigera areolaria, Bolivar.

Small; cerci of the male shorter than the supraanal plate; ovi-
positor and feet shorter than in the allied /•:. longicauda. Colour
dark, with bright spots and sometimes yellow dorsal stripes. Length
of body, 18mm. S , 22mm. 2 ; of pronotum, 6mm. $ , 6-5mm. ? ;
of posterior femora, 15mm. $ and 5 ; of ovipositor, 17mm. 2 .

At high elevations in Spain : Albarracin, Madrid, Granada, Ser-
rania de Cuenca, Pehalara, Soria, Ona ; and also Camllonc, near
Berga in Catalonia.

14. Ephippigera pantingana, Navas.

Size large ; green or straw-greenish ; cerci of male with blunt
point and median tooth ; anterior tibia? wTith 3-4 spines on outer side,
and one median spinule on inner side, which may be obsolete. Ovi-
positor gently curved, about 3 times as long as pronotum. Length
of body, $ , 2mm., $ , 30mm. 2 ; of pronotum, 7'5mm. $ , 8mm. 2 ;
of posterior femora, 20mm. $ , 21mm. 2 ; of ovipositor, 24mm. 2 .

Resembles K. areolaria and E. carinata, but distinctly larger ; dis-
tinguished also by the form of the cerci, fewer spines on anterior
tibia?, more sloping metazona of pronotum. Discovered by Father
Navas in July on shrubs on Monte Aragon, Spain.

15. Ephippigera carinata, Bolivar.

In this species the side flaps of the pronotum are roundly inserted,
and there is a double row of spines on the anterior tibia?. Length of
body, 25mm. $ , 27mm. 2 ; of pronotum, 7'5mm. 3 , 7mm. 2 ; of
posterior femora, 21mm. $ , 20mm. 2 ; of ovipositor, 21 mm. -23mm. 2 .

A native of Central Spain ; Aranjuez, in valleys and cultivated
places among thorns.

16. Ephippigera saussureana, Bolivar.
Small, yellow or red in colour. Length of body, 25mm., $ and 2 ;
of pronotum, 5mm. $ and 2 ; of ovipositor, 25mm. 2 •
In Spain, at Burgos and Fuencebadon.

17. Ephippigera diluta, Bolivar.
Rather larger, very variable in colour ; ovipositor very long ;
keels of pronotum appear very sharp, as the disc is rough and the
sides are smooth, but there are no real carina?. Length of body,
30mm. -32mm. $ and 2 ; of pronotum, 6mm. $ and 2 ; of ovi-
positor, 31mm. 2 •

A native of the mountains of Central Spain ; common on the
Sierra de Guadarrama. Bolivar places /*.'. gracilis, Br., here : it is
recorded from Pehalara, where only this species and /*,'. areolaria occur.

HOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Effect of late season in the Swiss Alps on Leptidia sinapis. —
It is quite usual for there to be two broods of Leptidia sinapis through-
out the Alps of central Europe to an elevation of some 5000ft. One
suspects that, as happens at lower elevations in higher latitudes, the

302 the entomologist's record.

second-brood may be more or less partial, although often in the gross
more abundant than the first brood, and possibly the species occurs
frequently, as apparently with us in late and cold summers, as a purely
single-brooded species. It was our first experience, however, to find
the two broods overlapping this year. Near Brugnasco, on August 2nd,
at an elevation of 4500ft., several characteristic specimens of the
first brood were taken on the outskirts of a pinewood, flying with
Parnassius a polio, Krebia goante, Plebeius aegon, Aricia astrarche,
Melanargia galathea, Brenthis amathusia, Argynnis aglaia, A. niobe,
etc., as well as a single newly-emerged Gonepteryx rhamni. They
were, as might be expected, in poor condition, but there was no doubt
that they came from over-wintering pupa;. On August 4th, near
Piotta, in a locality directly below Brugnasco (probably nearly 1300ft.
lower), a few were taken on the outskirts of an alder carr, all again of
the first brood except a single male of undoubted second-brood. Near
Faido, the next day, in the Piottino ravine, examples of both broods
were again taken, two or three males of the first brood, and one male
of the second brood. Only one female came under notice altogether,
viz., near Brugnasco, on August 2nd. — J. W. Tutt.

Length of life of imago of Ruralis betul^e.— On my return
to England on August 23rd, 1907, I found some female Ruralis betulae
that had apparently emerged during the days immediately preceding.
One of these was kept alive for observation, fed on moistened sugar,
and allowed to sun itself for an hour or two on most days. It became
comparatively used to its surroundings, although a rapid movement
caused it to suddenly draw up its wings and jump (rather than drop)
as quickly as possible to the bottom of the box in which it was kept.
It remained most active and healthy until September 12th, when a
little extra moisture in its sugar caused the latter, without being-
noticed, to form a thick sticky mass ; in this it got somewhat
entangled, and its walking was affected, whilst, the wings, too, were
unfortunately rather involved. A few minutes in the sun, however,
seemed to put matters largely right, but it was clear that, on the
next day, it did not walk with the freedom it had hitherto shown.
This morning I found it moribund, so that, even with the accident,
it lived to my knowledge 24 days, and, possibly, but for the untoward
circumstance mentioned, might have lived still longer. It would be
interesting to know what is the length of life in our British species of
butterflies.— J. W. Tutt. September 16th, 1907.

Epinephele tithonus in Cumberland. — On August 23rd last I
saw this butterfly flying in hundreds with E. ianira in a lane between
Nethertown and St. Bees. Up to the present this butterfly has been
apparently almost unknown as a Cumberland insect. — Jas. Murray,
13, Grosvenor Gardens, Carlisle.

Late appearance of Thymelicus acteon at Lulworth. — On August
24th, I caught some 21 very fair examples of Thymelicus acteon, at
Lulworth. On the 18th inst., another collector captured 18. These
dates, compared with most of those in A Natural History of British
Butterflies, vol. i., p. 126, appear to be exceptionally late, although
a few records for particular years are still later. — H. G. Gregory,
Westleigh, Salisbury. October 25th, 1907.

Notable captures at Sandown in 1907. — For not the first time
in my career as " Research Secretary " of the North London

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 303

Natural History Society, the pleasant duty devolves upon me of
recording some very interesting captures by our "Associates." The
insects recorded below were sent me for identification or verification
by my friend, Mr. John Taylor, of Sandown, Isle of Wight, and were
duly exhibited at the meeting of the society on November 12th.
Leucania unipuncta {=extranea), a male in fairly good, though not
perfect, condition, was taken on September 10th. Gelaena haworthii,
a very unexpected addition to the Isle of Wight fauna, turned up on
August 16th ; it is an exceptionally large specimen of the brightly-
coloured and variegated form, which I believe to represent Curtis' type.
Hadena dissimilis, a very small second-brood example of the extreme
dark form (ah. confluens, Ev., fide Tutt) was taken on September 2nd.
I have myself taken a few of the moderate unicolorous forms (ab.
w-latinum, Esp.) at Sandown, but have nothing nearly so extreme as
Mr. Taylor's example, except from York. All the three specimens
were taken at sugar. — Louis B. Prout, F.E.S., The Elms, 216,
Richmond Road, N.E. November 12th, 1907.

Ruralis betul.e near Heybridge. — It may be of interest to record
that a Ruralis betulae was caught on October 3rd near here, as it is an
addition to the recorded Essex localities noted in the Nat. Hist. Brit.
Butts., ii., pt. 12, p. 316. It was the last day of the fine dry weather.
I was out shooting and picked it off a flower. I intended going next
day to look for more, but that night the rain set in and continued
tor some days, so that it was of no use to do so. — E. E. Bentall,
F.E.S., The Towers, Heybridge, Essex. November 8th, 1907.

Introduction of Anosia plexippus. — I want to introduce this
butterfly here, and I should be much obliged if any of the readers of
the Entomoloyist's Record could assist me in obtaining a quantity of
ova or pupa. Perhaps American readers would be able to assist.
Failing the above species, any other North American species, having
a foodplant which is well distributed here, would answer my purpose.
—Id.

OLEOPTERA.

Magdalis phlegmatica, Herbst, in England. — It will be worth
while to record the occurrence of this weevil south of the Tweed, as
hitherto it has been reputed a Scotch species, the only note of its
having been taken in an English locality being apparently that given
by Canon Fowler {Brit. Col., vol. v., p. 397). The record in question
is of a single specimen from the Portsmouth district, to which,
however, some doubt attaches in the opinion of Canon Fowler. While
collecting on a "moss" at Kirkhampton, near Carlisle, in May last,
1 swept two specimens from long herbage on the banks of a little
stream overhung by fir-trees, but, although I beat the trees on that and
two subsequent occasions, no further specimens resulted. 1 hope,
however, to meet with the species again another season. Three
other species of Magdalis occur in Cumberland — all sparingly;
carbonaria, L., by beating birch at Orton woods, arjnigera, Faure, in
the Gelt valley and Barron Wood, and pruni, L., in Barron Wood
also. The late T. C. lleysham. the pioneer of entomology in
Cumberland, took both M. carbon aria and M.armigera on the West Walks
of Carlisle, probably on trees in some of the gardens there. — F. H.
Day, F.E.S., 151, Goodwin Terrace, Carlisle, October 2~>th, 1907.

304 the entomologist's record.

YAR I A T 10 N .

Cidaria picata ab. lacteomarginata, Raynor. — With reference to
Rev. G. H. Raynor's record (antea, p. 239), it may be interesting to record
that I bred a similar specimen in September, 1906, amongst a series
reared from Torquay ova. I have compared the specimen with Mr.
Raynor's, and find both quite alike. — V. Eric Shaw, 20, Salisbury
Road, Bexley, Kent. October 28th, 1907.

URRENT NOTES.

Our esteemed contributor, Mr. P. A. H. Muschamp, has removed
from Geneva to Staefa, on the Lake of Zurich, having become the
Principal of the International College there.

We never saw such a jam of "gooseberries" as at Stevens' room on
October 22nd, and November 5th, when Mr. Raynor's collection was
sold. Nor were there wanting samples of the gooseberry fool, mellowed
though they were by some of that cream, which regards these fine
aberrations as matters of scientific interest, and not as so many say,
postage stamps. Besides long series of A. grossulariata in store-boxes,
there were especially two drawers containing some 170 specimens, which
sold for nearly £'200. It has been assumed that the value of these
specimens was partly due to the fact that they were the examples
which Messrs. Raynor and Doncaster had specially discussed as
bearing on questions of heredity, worked out by pedigree breeding.
This, of course, was not so, as Mr. Raynor presented to the Cambridge
University Museum, two cabinet-drawers full of grossulariata (chiefly
ab. lacticolor), containing all the families which he had reared for
heredity purposes, and which were described by Mr. Doncaster and
himself. This sale contained no members of such families. Their
value under Mr. Stevens' hammer was, however, certainly increased by all
being furnished with aberrational names. Nor were these always alien to
the Genius loci, for a specimen of var. chalcobares (laden with brass),
produced brass to the amount of £6, and a series of chalcozona (brass-
girdled) from Lancashire, from two to three guineas a specimen.
Amongst others, nigrolutea female, sold for £6 10s., lacteasparsa female,
for £5 10s., nigrosparsata male £3, female £5 15s., melanozona male,
£6 10s., varleyata female, £1 10s. to £4 10s., a lacticolor male £4, female
£5 15s., and others £2 to £3, lutealacticolor £3, and so on.

Of other species Xylina semibrunnea seemed to be prized, and
Cucullia gnaphalii was worth about a guinea a pair ; aberrations
of Spilosoma lubricipeda went mostly for a few shillings, but a
few specimens sold each for £3 3s., £1 Is., £1 15s., £2; a pair of
Drepana harpagula (sicula) £1 5s., aberrations of Angerona primaria,
at all prices up to £3 3s. a pair, and two were valued at £2 5s. and
£3 15s. respectively. Cidaria picata ab. lacteoniartiinata £1,
single specimens of IStrenia clathrata were worth £1, £1,£2 7s. 6d.,
£2 5s., £1 8s., £1 10s., £2 5s., £1 12s. 6d., £1 10s., and others down-
wards. Most of the collection brought fair but not startling prices.

On the afternoon and evening of November 2nd, several members
of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society
were invited by Mr. W. Kaye to spend a few hours socially at
" Caracas," Ditton Hill, Surbiton. Tea was served by Mrs. Kaye

SOCIETIES.

305

at 4 p.m., and after an examination of some of Mr. Kaye's lepi-
dopterological treasures, and the informal discussion of many matters
relating to entomology, supper was served at 8 p.m. A pleasant
evening terminated at about 11 p.m., most of the visitors leaving
between 10.15 p.m. and 11 p.m., to catch London trains. Among
others present were Messrs. F. B. Carr, Hugh Main, A. W. Mera,
A. W. Rayward, Percy Richards, Scollick, H. J. Turner, J. W. Tutt.

The last monthly meeting of the Entomological Club was held at
58, Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, on Thursday, November
21st, 1907, at half-past six o'clock, when Mr. Horace Donisthorpe was
the host. Tea was served between 6.30 p.m. and 7.0 p.m. by Mrs.
Donisthorpe, after which an adjournment was made to Mr. Donisthorpe's
museum. By 8.30 p.m., when supper was served, a large number of
members and friends were present, among whom we noticed — the Rev.
F. D. Morice, Dr. F. Dixey, Lt.-Col. Bingham, Col. Swinhoe, Com-
mander J. J. Walker, Messrs. R. Adkin, E. E. Austin, J. E. Collin,
J. C. Dollman, H. Willoughby Ellis, A. H. Jones, W. Kaye, W. E.
Sharp, J. R. Tomlin, J. W. Tutt, G. H. Yerrall, etc. A most enjoy-
able evening was spent, many of the visitors staying on until near
midnight.

It is proposed to hold a conversazione of the Entomological Society
of London about May next. This is quite a new departure for the
premier society, and a strong committee has the preliminary arrange-
ments in hand.

SOCIETIES.

City of London Entomological Society. — October 1st, 1907. —
Exhibits. — Leucania turca bred from Brentwood ova. Nonagria cann.e
ova in situ on Typha. The exhibitor explained that the female is
provided with special hooks, which enable her to lift the natural folds
of the cuticle and deposit the ova beneath, Mr. H. M. Edlesten.
Melit.ea alrinia (artemis), showingparallel variation in widely separated
districts, such as Central Ireland and South Wales, Devon and South
Wales, etc. ; also sketches of Adop.ea thaumas observed resting in the
sun, in the position assumed by Nisoniades tages, when at rest at night,
Dr. G. G. C. Hodgson. Aglais urticje, a very variable series including
specimens with the black costal blotches confluent (near ab. ichnusoides),
Mr. L. W. Newman. Dianthoscia luteago var. ficklini, bred July 3rd
1907, from a larva found near Bude at the end of July 1906, on roots
of Silene maritima, Mr. L. B. Prout. Agrotis puta from North
London, with forewings suffused with dark brown, Mr. J. Riches.
Polia nigbocincta, bred from North Cornwall larva1, reared upon apple
and sallow, Mr. L. A. E. Sabine. October 15th, 1907. — Exhibits. —
Lasiocampa var. callun.e, male, Dalnaith Bridge, N.B., with the usual
pale bands suffused with brown colour, Mr. J. A. Clark. Ccenobia
rufa, a dark red-brown form from Dorset, Mr. H. M. Edelsten.
Polyommatus alkxis, from Surrey and Aberdeen, those from the latter
district being the larger, and more intense in colour, Mr. T. H. L.
Grosvenor. Polyommatus alexis, taken during 1907, showing an un-
usually large proportion of blue females, Dr. 1 [odgson. Htmera pennaria
male from ova Laid by a typical female paired with melanic male from
Dover, a Eairnumberof tin series being melanic. Polia xantho.mikta var.
nigroctncta bred from North Cornwall ova, Mr. L. W. Newman. Toxo-

306 the entomologist's record.

campa cracce from North Cornwall and North Devon, 1907, all being of
the grey form, with no trace of the brownish coloration characteristic of
specimens taken some years ago in the latter district ; Mr. L. B. Front.
Macrogaster arundinis, Wicken, mid-Juno, 1907, a long series, Mr. R.
G. Todd. Leucania vitellina, L. putrescens, and Heliothis peltigera
from Torquay, 1907, also for Mr. E. C. Goulton, a long and extra-
ordinarily variable series of Hypsipetes elutata bred from Surrey
larvae ; Mr. A. J. Willsdon.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — October 21st,
1907. — Exhibits. — Mr. B. H. Crabtree showed a fine series of the local
melanic form of Boarmia repandata from Penmaenmawr, the females
especially showing the white blotches characteristic of this local race ;
B. gemmaria var. perfumaria from Manchester; aberrations of Angerona
pRUNARiAfromMonkswood; Aplecta NEBULosAab. robsoni f rom Delamere
Forest ; Agrotis ashworthii from Penmaenmawr; and Chariclea umbra
from Sidmouth. Mr. Robert Tait, Jr., exhibited Agrotis rip^e from
South Wales coast ; A. ashworthii from North Wales, a series captured
at rest ; Hemerophila abruptaria, the chocolate form, from the London
district ; Lobophora viretata, Anticlea derivata, and Larentia salicata
from Lake side, Westmoreland ; Dianth<ecia conspersa and Eupithecia
jasioneata from Abersoch. Preserved LARViE. — Dr. William Bell had
a drawer of beautifully preserved and mounted larva? of lepidoptera, in
which he had been able to preserve the green coloration in such
species as Saturnia pavonia and Papilio machaon, witbout recourse to
artificial aid. Dr. Bell had also been able to dry the plants on which
the larva' were mounted in their natural form and colour. Lepi-
doptera.— The same member further exhibited a box of Wicken
insects, which included Spilosoma urtice and an example of Tapinos-
tola extrema (concolor) from that district. [It is surely well-known
that this species does not exist in the Wicken district ; and it appears to
be a great pity that it should be so erroneously recorded. — Ed.] Aberra-
tions of Arctia caia, and a dark specimen of Ennomos alniaria from
Wallasey. Abraxas grossulariata. — Mr. F. N. Pierce, minor aberrations
of Abraxas grossulariata from Wallasey. Celerio gallii reputed in
1907. — Mr. W. Mallinson showed a beautiful water-colour drawing of
a larva of Celerio gallii, one of two found at Wallasey this year.
[More information of the find of two specimens in a year in which the
species appears to be otherwise entirely absent in this country and other
parts of Avestern Europe is desirable. — Ed.] Lyc.enids, etc. — Mr. H.
R. Sweeting exhibited Agriades bellargus and ah. cert/lea from
Eastbourne ; Agriades corvdon and ab. syngrapha taken by himself in
' Surrey; a series of Noctua castanea and var. neglecta from Delamere;
N. glakeosa and N. brunnea also from Delamere; Moma orion from
the New Forest. Geometrid aberrations, etc. — Mr. W. Mansbridge,
a long bred series of Boarmia repandata from Delamere ; a bred
series of Odontopera bidentata from Wakefield, including var. nigra
and diaphanous specimens ; series of Nyssia lapponaria, Anarta
melanopa, and A. cordigeka from Rannoch. November 18th, 1907. —
Lecturh; on " The androconial scales of butterflies," by Mr. F. N.
Pierce, who explained that these scales were only found upon the
males of the various species, and were even in that sex uncertain in
their appearance, e.g., they appeared to be entirely absent in the large
number of Lycamid species which had brown males. Mr. Pierce

SOCIETIES. 307

described a hitherto unobserved scale, that he had discovered when ex-
amining the male of Aricia astrarche, and which appeared to be confined
to a very small area, on the underside of the forewings, at the extreme
base of the inner margin, and where it was found only in small
numbers. The lecture was fully illustrated by micro-photographs of
the actual scales, shown by means of a lantern. Exhibits. — Pyg/era
curtula : From Ireland, one specimen showing failure of the brown
scales at the tips of the forewings. Delamere lepidoptera : Bred
series of Geometra papilionaria and Ellopia prosapiaria, the latter
showing the dusky greyish suffusion characteristic of the locality.

South London Entomological Society. — October Qith, 1907. —
Exhibits.— Agrotis ashworthii, a series bred from larvae collected in
North Wales, at Easter (Easter Monday, April 1st, 1907), including ab.
virgata, Messrs. Harrison and Main. Melanippe galiata, a bred
series, ova from Eastbourne, with notes on the variation shown, Mr.
R. Adkin. Swammerdammia cesiella ab. griseocapitella : Leaves
of birch showing the web, feeding-gallery, and cocoons, with notes on
the larval habits ; Melanargia galathea ab. leucomelas from
Gavarnie ; Aricia astrarche var. alpina from St. Moritz ; Abraxas
grossulariata, with but few traces of yellow, and extended and
coalesced black markings ; Polyommatus icarus ab. clara from
Effingham; Eupithecia oblongata ab. centralisata (?), bred from
golden-rod, Woolwich ; Malacosoma castrensis, a dwrarf, measuring
only 24mm., from Essex; Anthrocera filipenduljE, with the sixth
spot much reduced in size and brightness, and also very clearly divided
by the dark nervure, taken at Chatham, July, 1907, Mr. Turner. Agriades
bellargus, without the usual discoidal spot on the underside, Mr.
Grosvenor. Hypsipetes sordidata ( = elutata), from various localities,
including fine red forms. Amorpha populi, another gynandromorph.
Aglais urtic.e, two more of the abnormal race before exhibited and
recorded, Mr. L. Newman, who also recorded the occurrence of black
aberrations of Oporabia dilutata and Cheimatobia brumata, in north
Kent.

Entomological Society of London. — November Gth, 1907. — Rare
coleopteron in London : A specimen of the longicorn beetle,
Acanthocinus aedilis, L., a species common at Rannoch, but found in
Gray's Inn Road, Mr. A. H. Jones. New species of Pinacopteryx :
Male and female specimens of a new Pinacopteryx, discovered by Mr.
S. A. Neave in northern Rhodesia. The female resembled that of P.
rubrobasalis, but the male was quite distinct. Both sexes of P. rubro-
basalis and the female of Mr. Neave's species were stated to be mimics
of Mylothrts agathina, Dr. F. A. Dixey. Butterflies from the Aisne :
Limenitis populi and ab. tremulae, with intermediate forms, taken this
year at Laon, and a series of Chrysophanus hippothoe from the same
region, the females displaying a wide range of variation for so restricted
a locality as that in which they were captured, Mr. W. G. Sheldon.
[nsects from Devon: A fully-developed example of Mesovelia furcata,
M. and K., from Slapton, South Devon, and Thamnotrizon cinereus
from Lynmouth, North Devon, Mr. G. C. Champion. Variation in
Aplecta nebulosa : A case of Aplecta nebulosa, arranged to show the
great range of variation of this species in Delamere Forest; with
series from Epping Forest, North Cornwall, and the New Forest for
comparison. The Cornish and New Forest insects were of the light

308 the entomologist's record.

grey colour, which is the prevailing form in the west and south of
England, with the exception of the neighbourhood of London, where
a dark grey form is found, as shown in the series from Epping Forest.
The Delamere Forest insects ranged from a rather light colour to a
melanic form, with intermediates, showing a complete gradation from
one form to the other. The lighter insects were bred very sparingly
from collected larvae, from 10 to 11 per cent, of melanic forms agree-
ing more or less closely with the form robsoni, Collins, being obtained,
the remainder, about 90 per cent., disclosing the dark grey form, Mr.
A. Harrison and Mr. Hugh Main. Rare Coleoptera : Two males of
Cryptocephalus bipunctatus, taken at Niton in the Isle of Wight, in
July, 1907, while sweeping the grass on the slopes of the Undercliff.
The specimens were two forms or varieties which were understood to
be well-known on the continent, although neither had ever been found
in Britain before. No other example was observed, although the spot
was well worked. The locality seemed to be a strange one for this
beetle, as there were no hazel or birch trees in the neighbourhood,
Mr. Mitford. Mr. Mitford also showed Paracymus aeneus, Germ.,
which he had obtained from Mr. Harwood of Colchester, who had
believed these specimens to be P. nigroaeneus. The examples shown
were captured on the North Essex coast in June, 1898, and there
could be no doubt that P. aeneus must be regarded as a British beetle,
although Canon Fowler states, in his British Coleoptera, that we do
not possess the true P. aeneus. He also exhibited a specimen of the
very rare Lathrobium rufipenne, taken by him at Niton, Isle of Wight,
in July, 1906, a specimen of the rare Ceuthorhyncus viduatus, taken
by him at Brading, Isle of Wight, in July, 1907, and a specimen of
('is dentatus, taken by him at Sandown, Isle of Wight, in July, 1906,
and observed that this species, although well-known on the continent,
had never before been recorded in Britain.

JJ^HE HAUNT OF PERONEA CRISTANA.

Dedicated to J. A. CLARK, F.E.S.

Where thick-set stand the eldest Hawthorn trees,
Gray with gnarled lichen ; and one scarcely sees,
So dark-entangled are their wasted boughs,
The healthful sunbeams enter to arouse
The psyched gnats to gambol, or to enlighten
The mesh of silvery webs, that else might brighten
This obscure haunt with glistening tapestry : —
In such a gloom dwells she, our Beauty shy !

Ah ! hast thou tracked her to the lone recess,
Wherein she wills to enshroud her loveliness
Even from her kindred, not mere mortal eyes?

The mellowing August sun reposeful lies

On the outstretched plain, and warms to deeper green

The long grnss round the thickets, that between

Straight hoary oak-boles guard on either side

An emerald glade. Here, surely here, must ride

Oberon with Titania, their gay court aglee

At note of the hunter's horn : full many a bee

Here heavy with sweetness weighs the bramble down ;

INDEX.

While nymph by nymph nits sportive here to crown

Rich woodbine, plumy clematis, or the fruit

Ripening where erst the rose blushed at the suit

Of amorous lovers ; Dryad Paphia, see,

Aegeria, soaring Iris, Hyale

Strayed from the sea-down inland to the feast —

Fair, wanton company — how fair the least!

But 'mid these revels vainly our Nymph we track :
Proud on their 'lurements, ah ! she turns her back,
Wrapt in lone contemplation — anchorite,
Motionless within her cell gloomy as night,
She stirs not, nor hearkens, nor vouchsafes a space
To lend to this pageant her protean grace.

From all her fellows she though clad most rarely
Shrouds her strange beauty. You must enter, barely
Breathing, her grim environment. Now wave
The enchanter's wand, heedless your flesh to save
From many a savage thorn and rasping bough.
Ah ! she is startled, see : she flies ! Ah ! now
You think to embrace her ! Vision of Beauty, hither,
Hither ! I hold thee !

Fled, Cristana !

Whither?

309

SELWYN IMAGE.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XIX.

PAGE.

Coleoptera 11, 25, 29, 72, 94, 112, 136, 190, 257, 259, 303

Current Notes 20, 75, 97, 122, 146, 193, 217, 241, 265, 304

Hemiptera 239, 242

Hymenoptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . • 182, 260

Life-histories, Larv.e, etc. .. 8, 12, 22, 39, 58, 74, 121, 145, 191, 240, 262

Notes on Collecting .. .. 23, 73, 95, 120, 142, 186, 211, 263, 301

Orthoptera 18, 35, 68, 115, 137, 167, 237, 252, 298

Scientific Notes and Observations .. .. .. .. 95, 122, 144, 260

Variation .. ..21,119,239,304

Aberrations and Varieties of: — Abraxas grossulariata, 83 ; A. sylvata, 21 ;
Acidalia subsericeata, 22 ; Acronicta leporina, 76 ; A. rumicis, 91 ; Aglais
urticae, 305; Amphidasys (Pachys) betularia, 45,76; Anaitis plagiata,
124; Art-tin raja, 100; Boarmia repandata, 306; Callimorpha hera, 119;
Callophrys rvbi var. fervida, 152; Camptogramma bilineata, 76 ; Cidaria
picata, 239, 304; Coenonympha pamphilus, 67; Cosmotriche potatoria,
119; Ennomos quercinaria, 220; Entephria (Cidaria) caesiata, 22;
Epinephele tithonux, 244 ; Fidonia conspicuata, 21, 45; Lampides boeticus,
67; Leucania favicolor, 45; Luperina luteago, 22; Melitaea aurinia,
22; Nemoria viridata, 100, 210,220; Nonagria arundineta, 1 ; Papilio
machaon, 196; Pierisrapae (in Egypt), 65; Polia chi, 277 ; P.fiavicincta,
22; Polyommatus icarus, 41 ; Pyrameis cardui (in Egypt), 277 ; Rumicia
pMaeas . . . . . . . . • • ■ • • ■ • • • ..41

Additions to the British List : — Abraxas grossulariata ab. chalcobares,
Raynor, n. ab., 84; ab. lacteasparsa, Raynor, n. ab., s4 ; ab. nigrolutea,
Raynor, a. ab., 83; Aleochara discipennis, Muls. etRey, 146; Antenno-
pltorus grandis (?), Bed., 6; Apion (Exapion) kiesenwetteri, Desbr.,75;
ArmadiUium opacum, Koch, 7; Cardiophorus erichsoni, Buyss, 30;
Ceratophyllus borealis, Rothschild, 28 ; Cidaria picata ab. lacteomarginata
Raynor, q. ab. , 239, 304 ; Cillibano comata, 256 ; Cis dentatus, Mell.,136,
Cryptomorpha desjardinsi, Guer., 30; Enicmus fungicolor, Thorns., 146;
Entephria (Cidaria) caesiata ab. prospicuata, Prout, a. ab., 22 ; Fidonia
conspicuata ab. fumata, Mathew, n. ab., 21, 15; Gelechia, anew, 256;
Gelechia solulella ab. cruttwelli, Bankes, n.ab., 267; Gonatopus sociabilis,

310

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

PAGE.

Keif., 7; Glyphipteryx thrasonella ab. nitens, n. ab., Bankes, 219;
Gnathoncus nidicola, Joy, n. sp., 133 ; Halticus brevicornis, Schrank, 51;
Hellinsia (LeiojJtilas) carphodactylus, Zell.,78; Humalota paradoxa, Hey,
29; Hydraena britteni, Joy, n. sp., 99; Idiocerus scurra, Germ., 267;
Kleditoma myrmecophila, Keif., n.sp., 255; Laccobius oblong us, Gorham,
n. sp., 75; L. sinuatus, Mos., 28 ; Laelaps cuneifer, Mic, 6; Laelaps
oophilus, Wasm., 256; Lathrobium elongatum var. nigrum, Joy, n. var.,
30; Nemoria viridata ab. mathewi, Bankes, n. ab., 210; Ornithomyia
lagopodis, 75 ; Oxypoda metatarsalis, Thorns., 75 ; Paracymus aeneus,
Germ., 254, 308 ; Phoraspis leucogramma, 100 ; Phyllomyza, two new
species unnamed, 4; Polia chi ab. langei, Harrison, n. ab., 277; ab.
robsoni, Harrison, n. ab., 278 ; Porcellio ratzeburgi, Brandt, 7 ; Quedius
vexans, Epp., 29 ; Ripcrsia douisthorpei, Newstead, n. sp., 5 (plate L,
figs. 1-2) ; R. formicarii, Newstead, n.sp., 5 (plate i., fig. 3) ; Scatopse
transversalis, n. var., unnamed, 4 ; Ste7ius ossium var. insularis, Joy,
n. var., 30; Trachyuropoda excavata, Wasm., 256; Typhlopsylla
isacanthus, 51 ; Xestophanes brevitarsis . . . . . . . . . . 260

Eggs of: — Acidalia decorata, 241; A. rubricata, 241; Charaeas graminis,
263; Eugonia poly chlor os, 192; Euvaneisa antiopa, 275 ; Gnophos obfus-
cata, 270 ; Melitaea athalla, 233 ; M. aurelia, 234; Nonagria arundineta
(plate), 58; Poly g onia c- album.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 127

Genera, Species, Varieties, and Aberrations new to Science : — Abraxas
grossulariata ab. clialcobares, Raynor, n. ab., 84 ; ab. lacteasparsa,
Raynor, n. ab., 84; ab. nigrolutea, Ray nor, n. ab., 83 ; Acronicta rumicis
ab. suhrianna, Gillmer, n. ab., 91 ; Agdistis sphinx, Walsingham, n. sp.,
54; Callophrys rubi var. fervida, unnamed n. ab., 152 ; Geratophyllus
borealis, Rothschild, n.sp., 28; Cidaria picata ab. lacteomarginata,
Raynor, n. ab., 239, 304; Entephria caesiata ab. prospicuata, Prout,
n. ab., 22; Erebia fiavofasciata var. thiemensis, Theim., n. var., 45;
E. medusa ab. eviades, Wheeler, n. ab., 132 ; Eutricha hybrid johni,
Frings, n. hybr., 242 ; Fidonia conspicuata ab. fumata, Ma the w, 21, 45;
Gelechia solutella ab. cruttwelli, Bankes, n. ab., 267 ; Glyphipteryx
thrasonella ab. nitens, Bankes, n. ab., 212; Gnathoncus nidicola, Joy,
n. sp., 133 ; Gonatopus sociabilis, Keif., n. sp., 7 ; Hydraena britteni,
Joy, n. sp., 99 ; Kleditoma myrmecophila, Kief., n. sp., 255 ; Laccobius
oblongus, Gorham, n.sp., 75; Lathrobium elongatum var. nigrum, Joy,
n. var., 30; Mantis religiosa ab. aurantia, Tutt, n. ab. 159; Nemoria
viridata ab. mathewi, Bankes, n. ab., 210 ; Phyllomyza, two new species
unnamed, 4 ; Polia chi ab. langei, Harrison, n. ab., 277; ab. robsoni,
Harrison, n. ab., 278; Ripcrsia douisthorpei, Newstead, n.sp., 5; R.
formicarii, Newstead, n. sp., 5 ; Scatopse transversalis, unnamed n. var. 4

Larv.e oe :- — Agdistis sphinx, 54 ; Brenihis euphrosyne, 153 ; Coleophora
argentula, 8 ; C badiipennella, 40; C. gryphipejmella, 87 ; Ellopia pro-
sapiaria (melanic), 195; Eugonia polychloros, 192 ; Euvancssa antiopa,
276; Hemithea aestivaria, 272; Melitaea didyma, 191; Nonagria disso-
luta ab. arundineta, 37,57, 58; N. neurica, 36, 57; Polyommatus donzelii,
12; Sent a ulvae, 289; Thecla ilicis (young) 121, 146

Notable captures: — Apterygida albipennis, 253; Arena octavii, 94; Campto-
gramma fluviata, 251; Gelaena hauorthii, 303; C<lerio gallii, 306;
Chernes scorpioides, 255; Decticus verrucivorus, 253; Diantlioecia luteago
var. ficklini, 305 ; Heliothis peltigera, 214 ; Hippotion celerio, 218 ;
Lathrobium rujipeune, 308; Laphygma exigua, 214; Leucania favieolor,
290; L.unipuncta, 303; L. vitellina, 306; Luflia lapidella, 142; Lygaeus
equestris, 268 ; Manduca atrojws, 23 ; Medon piceus, 257 ; Mellinia
ocellaris (1895), 166; Notodonta torva (1883), 166; Odonlia dentalis, 213;
Phryxus livornica, 214; Piezostethus formicetorvm, 255; Polia nigro-
cincta, 305; Quedius riparius, 148; Q. ventralis, 136 ; benta ulvae (larvae),
289; Tapinostola extrema (concolor), 306; Tetropium gabrieli, 26;
Trachyuropoda bostocki, 256 ; Trochilium andrenaeforme, 101, 213 ;
T. vespiforme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Obituary :— W. C. Boyd, 28 ; W. Chaney, 28 ; W. J. Cross, 99 ; Louis Naniot,

146; J. E. Robson, 99 ; Charles James Watkins 194

Pup m of : — Callophrys rubi, 221 ; Euvanessa antiopa, 276; Loweia amphidamas,

55; Polyommatus donzelii, 17 ; Rwralis betulae, 221; Strymon pruni .. 221

Reviews and Notices of Books: — British Butterflies, Natural History of

INDEX. 311

PAGE.

the, vol. i, J. W. Tutt, F.E.S., 28, 96; British Lepidoptera , Natural
History of the, vol. v, J. W. Tutt, F.E.S., 97; Bulletin of the SociM
lepidopte'rologique de Geneve, Part ii, 98 ; Callimenus, The Gams,
Shuguroif ; Revue Russe d' Entom., "212; Catalogue of the British
Orthoptera, Neuroptera, and Trichoptera, W . H. Harwood, 123; Cata-
logue of Orthoptera, \V. P. Kirby, vol. ii. 218; Decticinae of North
America, The, A. N. Caudell, 159, 193; Dermaptera and Orthoptera
of Bosnia and Hercegovina, The, Dr. Franz Werner, 219; Die In-
secten-familie der Phasmiden, Brunner and Eedtenbacher, 128; Ento-
mologischen Jahrbuch, for 1907, 27; for 1908, 265; European Animals,
R. F. Scharff, Ph.D., D.Sc, 132; Ichneumonologia Britannica, vol.
ii, Claude Morley, F.E.S., 182 ; Insect Hunter's Companion, The, (Rev.)
Joseph Greene, 1907, 163 ; Lepidoptera of the Bukowina, Herr. Konst,
Freih. v. Hormuzaki, 193 ; Macrolepidoptera of the World, Dr. A. Seitz,
26 ; Parasitical Insect Scheme for treatment of insects infesting vegeta-
tion, The, F. Lowe, F.E.S., 217 ; Preliminary List of Coleoptera observed
in the neighbourhood of Oxford from 1819-1907, Commander J. J.
Walker, R.N., M.A., 195 ; Proceedings of the South London Entomo-
logical and Natural History Society, The (1906-7), 146 ; Schmetterlings-
Aberrationen aus der Sammlung des ungarischen National Museums,
Aigner-Abati, 98; Wing-veins of Insects, The, C. \V. Woodworth . . .. 28

Societies' Reports : — City of London Entomological Society, 51, 76, 100, 123,
147, 220, 243, 305 ; Entomological Society of London, 148, 268, 307 ;
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society, 75, 100, 124, 306; South
London Entomological Society, 52, 76, 99, 124, 147, 196, 219, 244, 267, 307

I.", ai.ities : — Albula Pass, 43 ; Alios, 197; Alvaneu Bad, 42; Andermatt, 270;
Beauvezer, 173; Bernina Hospice, 43; Brockenhurst, 290; Brugnasco,
302; Burnley, 74; Campfer, 44; Cavloccio Thai, 44; Chislehurst, 143;
Clelles, 149 ; Colmars, 201 ; Crummock (Cumberland), 224 ; Cumberland
(Coleoptera), 84, 112 ; Cumberland, 211, 213, 223 ; Deal (Coleoptera), 292; .
Dean (Cumberland). 223; Digne, 154, 221?; Dischma Trial, 42; Domo-
gled, The, 282; Ealing (Coleoptera), 136; Eclepens, 103 130; Egypt, 64,
210; Enfield (Coleoptera), 25; Ennerdale, 223; Epping Forest (Coleop-
tera), 191 ; Folkestone (Orthoptera), 252 ; Freshwater, 204 ; Garve
(Rossshire) (Coleopteia), 288 ; Germany, South (Butterflies), 88 ;
Giischenen Thai, 92, 269; Gn'sy-sur-Aix, 225; Hailing, Kent, 143;
Herculesbad, 240, 281 ; Highlands, The (Coleoptera), 229 ; Honister Pass,
224; Hungary (Coleoptera), 245, 247; Hyeres, 111; Juras, The, 228;
ki tenfold, 245 ; Kent, East (Orthoptera), 252; The Kentish chalkhills, 188,
285; Lac d'Allos, 200; Meiringen, 92; Mont Revard, 226; Mucking,
250; Miihlen, 44 ; Mublehorn, 42 ; New Forest (Coleoptera), 11, (Lepi-
doptera), 207 ; Neuhausen Forest, 44 ; Norfolk Broads, The (Coleoptera),
259, 291 ; Paignton, 214; Peszer, 246; Plymouth (Coleoptera), 258;
Pontresina, 43 ; Porlock (Coleoptera), 257 ; Ranscombe, 285; Rochester
district, 230 ; Roseg Thai, 43; Sandown, 302; Savoie, 225; Schafberg,
43; Schoose Wood, Cumberland, 224 ; Schyn Pass, 44 ; Sherwood Forest
(Coleoptera), 190; Spain (Geometrime), 161; Stalham (Coleoptera), 259;
St. Margaret's Bay (Coleoptera), 292; Ste. Maxime, Var, 143; Stonehall,
near Lydden (Orthoptera), 253; Suvretta-Thal, 44; Svabhegy, 245;
Switzerland (Butterflies), 1906, 92 ; Switzerland, Eastern (Butterflies),
1906, 12: Syria, 61, 210; Totland Bay, 204; Versoix, 228; Wales
(Coleoptera I, 91; Weesen Marsh, 42; Weston-super-Mare (Coleoptera),
257: Wimbledon (Butterflies;, 1905-6, 40; Wimbledon Common, 90, 95;
Wye Valley 59

PAGE. page.

Aberration of Callophrys rubi var. ' Anthrocerides, Crosspairing of .. 261

fervida, A special .. .. 152 i Ants, Connection with larvae of,

Abraxas grossulariata, Further Agriades corydon, 256 ; Poly-
notes on .. .. .. 83 i ommatus icarus . . .. 10*. 256

Aegeria sphegiformis, A cold but ' Ants attacking Cidaria populata,

successful hunt for pupa- of .. 186

Agdistis, Notes on the genus .. 53

American 1 > cticidae . . . . 1 5 I

Androconial scales of butterflies . . 306

215; Issoria lathonia, 215 ; dan-
ger to setting-boards . . . . 159

\ - .milling of Euclidi i mi, 62 ;
Dimorpha versicolora .. .. 121

312

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

PAGE.

Asymmetrical and gynandromor-
phous Hemerophila (Synopsia)
abruptaria . . . . . . 220

Asymmetrical Theretra porcellus . . 243
" Bath Whites " for sale .. ..23

Beetles, rare, in 1906 . . . . 30

Bembidium, The genus in Cumber-
land . . . . . . 84

Blind beetles not confined to caves 33
Blue butterflies in Cumberland,

Notes on the 213

Breeding Hellinsia carphodactyla 187
British Association at Leicester . . 258
Butterflies, First appearances of,
121 ; Habits when paired, 261 ;
of Eclepens, Canton Vaud, 103,
130; of South Germany, 1906,
88 ; of Wimbledon Common,
95 ; Swiss in 1906 . . . . 92

Callophrys rubi, Supposed absence

of, from some British counties. . 73
" Cap " over mine of Trochilium

andrenaeforme 101, 102, 103, 203, 262
Coleoptera from near Garve, Ross-
shire, 288; of Deal and St. Mar-
garet's Bay, 292; of Enfield
District, 1907, 297 ; of New
Forest, 11 ; of Norfolk Broads,
259 ; of West of England, 257 ;
Rare and local, taken in Cum-
berland .. . . . . . . 112

Coleopterist, Retrospect of a, for

1906 29

Collecting, Comparison between
British amd foreign . . . . 286

" Collectors " . . . . . . 249

Colour dimorphism in larvse of
Brenthis euphrosyne, 153 ; Stilbia
anomala . . . . . . . . 290

Congress, of the South-Eastern

Union of Scientific Societies . . 122
Conversazione, of the British As-
sociation, 258 ; of the Royal
Society . . . . . . . . 127

Cross-pairing of Adopaea lineola
with Coenonympha iphis, 198;
Anthrocera lonicerae with A.
camiolica, 260; Anthrocerides,
261 ; Cyclopides palaemon with
Hesperia malvae, 200 ; Nuvieria
pulveraria with Boarmia secun-
daria, 122 ; Paehyta virginea
with P. quadrimaculata, 260;
Xylophasia monoglypl\a with
Noctua buja . . . . . . 122

Cremaster of certain Ruralid pupaB,
Notes on (two plates) . . . . 221

Cryptinae, Tbe British . . . . 182

Day-flying habit of Tiliacea citrago 62
Decadence of Fidonia conspicunta
in Essex, 46 ; in Suffolk . . . . 21

Derivation of European Faunas

and Floras, The 132

Difference between Hydroporus

PAGE.

palustris and H. incognitas, 11 ;
Nonagria neurica and N. arun-
dineta (plate) . . . . 59

Dimorphism (colour) in larva of
Brenthis euphrosyne, 153 ; of
Stilbia anomala . . . . . . 290

Double -broodedness of Pyrantels
atalanta . . . . . . . . 145

Drinking-habits of butterflies . . 282

Early appearances of Euchloe car-
damines, 121; Hybernia defoli-
aria. 46, 73, 120; Pieris rapae,

47, 73

Egg of Gnophos obfuscata, Upright 270

Eggs of Lepidoptera, Study of . . 266

Egg -laying of Dryas paphia, 22;
Emmelesia blandiata, 240, 270;
Hipparchia semele, 23 ; Thecla
ilicis . . . . . . . . 121

Egyptian and Syrian butterflies,
Notes on 64

Enemies of Anurida maritime/,, 71 ;
Melitaea aurinia . . . . . . 274

Entomological Club Meetings, 27,

49, 98, 194, 305

Entomological Dinners, 27, 122 ;
Reception.. .. .. .. 304

Entomological Society of London,
27 ; Officers for the year 1907,
49; Presidential address, 51 ;
Proposed conversazione . . . . 305

Experiments on the Silkworm moth 287

Feeding-habits of /Egeriides, 48 ;
Gonepteryx rhamni, 144 ; Eu-
chloe carda mines . . .. . . 143

Fertilisation of mutilated ? of Boni-
byx inori . . . . . . . . 288

" Food for babes " . . . . . . 163

Foodplants of Aporia crataegi,
111 ; Bomoloclia fontis, 63 ;
Eupithecia virgaureata (1st
brood) 22, 74 ; Hemuhea aesii-
varitt, 243, 280; Melitaea ma-
turna, 265; Orgyia gonostigma,
124 ; Strymon pruui . . . . 187

Geometrides of Spain,. Further
contributions to a knowledge of 161

Gnathoncuts nidieola, a, Coleopterous
inhabitant of Birds' nests (plate) 133

Gonatopus, List of British species
of the Genus.. .. . . 8, 79

Gynandromorphic Amorpha }}0P-
uli, 219, 307 ; Celastrina argiolus,
166; Chri/soplianus dispar var.
rutilus, 217; Malacosoma alpi-
cola, 99; and asymmetrical
Synopsia abruptaria .. .. 220

Habits and Habitats of Brenthis
selene and B. euphrosyne, 231 ;
Decticus verrucivoras, 253 ;
Melitaea aurinia, 273; Nord-
mannia acaciae, 213 ; Olyuthos-
celis gviseoaptera . . . . . . 252

313

PAGE.

Habits of Adopaea lineola, 271 ;
^■Eqcria asiliformis, Feeding-,
48; of Butterflies when paired,
261 ; of Catornla vujita (un-
usual). 263; of Cidaria popu-
late, 215; of Euvanessa antiopa,
277; of Fidonia brunneata, 215;
of Pararge egeria (sleeping), 187 ;
of Polygonia c-album (oviposit-
ing), 125; Sciapteron tabani-
forme

Hairs, on larva of Hemimithea aesti-
varia, 278; Trumpet-, on pupa
of Loweia amphidamas

"Haunt of Peronea cristana,,i A
Poem

Hellinsia carphodactyla-, reinstated
in British list, 78 ; Breeding . .

Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Additions
to British list since 1892

Hemithea aestivaria (=strigata=
thiiiiiiiirin). Notes on (plate), "234.
247, 278 ; Foodplants of 243,

H. alboundultitn. Type description
of

Highlands, A fortnight in the

Honeydew, attractive to Bithys
quercus

Hybernation of Apatura ilia and
A. iris, 145; of Leucania obsoleta
(larva). 290; of Pyrantels
[Vanessa) atalanta in England,
47, 95, 105, 120, 187; of Xylina
zinckenii

Hybrid, Eutricha hybr. johni, A
New, 242 ; Malacosoma hybr.
schaufussi

Hydroporus incognitus, On the
specific characters of (plate)

82

55

308
187
242

280

236
229

260

265

.-)()

77

pupae

of

Ichneumons attacking

Euvanessa antiopa .. .. 276
Immigration of lepidoptera . . 149
Indexes, Inconvenience of delayed 241
International Entomological Con-
gress in 1908 166

Labels on insects . . . . . . 193

Laphygma exigua, an Old World
pest, 27 ; Larva found wild in
England, 46; latest date of
capture . . . . . . 46

Larva-beating in Norfolk Broads. . 291
Larva of Dimorpha versicolor,
Kesemblance to foodplant, 264 ;
of Leucania favicolor, Irregular

feeding of.. 291

Larvae, Subject to parasites . . 47

Larval habitsof Euvanessa antiopa,
272. 275 ; Trochilium andrenae-
forme, 101, L02, 203, 262; of
Senta ulvae, 289; of T.crabroni-
furme, 103; ot Rumicia phlaeas 171
Larval hairs of Hemithea aestivaria 278

PAGE.

Late specimens of Thymelicus

acteon .. .. .'. 263, 302

Lateness of Agrotis cinerea in 1907,
205 ; of Arctia villica and
Euchelia jacobaeae . . .. 207

Length of imaginal stage of
Ruralis betulae 302

Lepidoptera, of Basses- Alps, 134,
173, 197, 200, 201, 222; of
Cumberland, 211, 223; of Dau-
phine Alps, 149 ; dwarf, 51 ; of
the Goeschenen district, 269 ; of
Hungary in June (2 plates), 245,
281 ; of the Juras, 228 ; of the
Kentish chalk-hills, 189, 285;
Late appearances of, 263 ; Notes
on Collecting; in Egypt, 210 ; of
Paignton, 1906, 214; Savoie,
225 ; Spring, 121 ; of the Wye
Valley, 1906 59

Lepidopterological Notes, Burnley,
1906, 74 ; Freshwater, 204 ;
Hyeres, 111; for June, 1907,
230 ; St. Maxime, Var 143

Life-history of Ajnon semivittatum,
293; of Nonagria arundineta . . 58

Light, Abundance of insects at,
214 ; in Suffolk 290

Localities for Polygonia c-album
and Agriades corydon . . 24

Longevity of Rumicia jihlaeas . . 117

I.ymantria monacha, not in the Hull
district 119

Macrolepidoptera of Wimbledon
Common, Contributions to a
list of 90

Melanic Lepidoptera in Cornwall,
22 ; Agrotis agathina, 51 ; Acro-
nicta menyanthidis, 51 ; Amphi-
dasys betularia, 45 ; Ellopia
prosapiaria (larva), 193; Fidonia
atomaria, 268 ; Hestina noma,
268; Himera pennaria .. . . 305

Melanism, in various species, 52 ;
Progressive in Hastula hyerana,

51, 76

Mendelian Theory of Heredity,
Illustrative Collection presented
to Cambridge University . . 193

Migration of Tineids . . . . 189

Muscid fly, Parasitic upon human
beings and mammals . . . . 194

Myrmeeophilous notes for 1906
(2 plates) 4 ; for 1907 . . . . 254

Nerve-centres in Bombyx mori,
Destruction of, and results . . 286

Nonagria neurica, The identity of
the British (plate) ..1, 33, 56

Nod is on Coleophora argentula, 8;
C. badiipennella, 39 ; ( '. genistae,
87 ; C. gryphipennella, 87 ; on
Naenia typica, 23; Sesia Stella-
tiirum, 111; on Tortrixpronubana 98

314

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

October evening at Mucking, An . . 250

Orthoptera of East Kent, 1907,
252 ; of Western Europe, Sy-
nopsis of 18, 37, 68, 115, 137,

167, 237, 298

Ova of Euvanessa antiopa resem-
bling aphides . . . . . . 275

Ova of Melitaea athalia and M.
a urelia compared . . . . 233

Oval period of Polygonia c-album,
126 ; Nordmannia (Thccla) ilicis 121

Oviposition of Acidalia bisetata,
64; Dirnorpha versicolor, 147;
Emmelesia blandiata, 240,270;
Epinephele ianira, 263 ; Eugonia
polychlnros, 192 ; Euvanessa
antiopa, 275 ; Gonepteryx
rhamni, 148 ; Langia telicanus,
262 ; Nonagria cannae, 305 ;
Papilio machaon, 143 ; Poly-
gonia c-album . . . . . . 126

Pairing-habits of Butterflies, 261 ;
of Aglais urticae, 145 ; of Aporia
crataegi (more than once), 260;
of Forficulides, 266 ; of Pieris
brassicae, 144 ; of P. napi, 212 ;
of Polyommatus icarus, 240 ; of
Sesia stellatarum. . .. ..Ill

Paracymus aeneus, A British insect 254
Parasitic attacks on pupae. . .. 276

Parasitised larva1 producing
imagines . . . . . . . . 274

Parasitism of larvae . . 47

Phasmids, The 128

Polyommatus donzelii, Notes to-
wards a life-history of . . . . 12
Position of moths fixed for several

days 183

Planting out Anosia plexippus . . 303
Protective habit of Euvanessa
antiopa . . . . . . . . 277

Pseradia pusiella, Information
about— wanted . . . . 24

Pupal jaws in Hastula hyerana . . 99
Pupal skin of Loioeia amphidamas

(plate) . . 55

Pupation of Melitaea aurinia . . 274

Kandom notes on Noctuid Moths,

&c, 1907 289

Barity of Arctia caja, in 1907 . . 124
Beappearance of Eugonia poly-

chloros at Bagshot . . . . 264

Bearing Hellinsia carphodactyla,

87 ; Laphygma exigua . . . . 74

Bed-currant feeders, Unusual . . 216
Beports of Entomological Societies

and Entomological Becords 208, 226
Besting-habits of Adopaea flava

(thaum.as), 305 ; of Aporia, 260;

of Agriopis aprilina, 25, 73; of

Coenonympha pamphilus, 95 ; of

PAGE.

Papilio machaon, 73, 95 ; of

Polyommatus icarus .. .. 285

Betarded larval stage of Melitaea,

aurinia . . . . . . 74

Boyal Society, Conversazione of . . 127
Buralid pupae, Cremaster of certain

(2 plates) 221

Buralides, Notes on the . . . . 165

Buthless collecting of Anthrocera

meliloti 208, 264

Sales of Collections — Lang's, 98 :
Baynor's, 266, 293, 304 ; Stau-
dinger's . . . . . . . . 265

Scale, Newly-discovered, in Aricia
astrarche . . . . . . . . 307

Scent-glands of Bombyx mori ? . . 287

Season of 1907, 190, 211, 230, 263;
Effects of late, on Leptidia
sinapis in the Swiss Alps . . 301

Silkworm moth, Some Beflexes of
the 286

Sleeping-position of Pararge egeria 187

South London Entomological
Officers for 1907 49

Specific distinctness of Eupithecia
subfulvata and E. succenturiala,
23 ; of Hyponomeuta malinellus
and H. padellus . . . . . . 189

Specific value of Bagous nigritarsis 137

Stridulation of Ohjnthoscelis griseo-
aptera . . . . . . . . 252

Sugar, attractive to Toxocampa
pastinum, 205 ; Visits of Naenia
typica and Plusia gamma, 47 ;
at Freshwater (abundance of
Noctuids), 204 : at Mucking,
250; in North Kent, 230; in
Suffolk, 290; on Wimbledon
Common, 90 ; in Wye Valley . . 61

Sugaring hemlock, etc., 204 ;
thistles 291

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of
Western Europe 18, 37, 68, 115,

137, 167, 237, 298

Teratological specimen of Antliidium
manicatum . . . . . . 268

Trochilium andrenaeforme, as a
British species (plate) .. 101, 208

Upsala Celebration, Bicentenary of
Birth of Linnaeus . . 175, 194

Vertical distribution of lepidoptera.
149, 173, 197, 200, 224, 226, 232,
245,269,301; of Brenthis euphro-
syne, 232 ; of B. pales, 200, 269 ;
Eucnemidophorus rhododaetyla,
151; Gonepteryx rhamni, 201;
Plebeius optilete, 270 ; Polyom-
matus pheretes . . . . . . 269

Vitality of Zeuzera pyrina . . . . 262

"Walking Sticks".,

.. 128

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

315

PAGE.

srson, J.

.. 121

erson, Joseph

. . 265 (twice)

e, H. G.

. . 94

Bagnall, Richard S., F.E.S. 71, 72
Bankes, E. R., M.A., F.E.S. 189, 210
Beare (Prof.), T. Hudson, B.Sc,

F.R.S.E., F.E.S. 29, 257, 259, 292

Bell, S. J 226

Bentall, E. E., F.E.S. . .303 (twice)
Bethune-Baker, G. T., F.Z.S.,

F.E.S 23

Bird, J. F. 59, 125, 145, 187, 188

(thrice), 260, 263

Boult, J. W. 119

Bowell, E. W. W. (Rev.) .. ..187

Bowles, E. A., M.A., F.E.S. . . 95
Brabant, E., F.E S., ..188 (twice)

Briggs, T. H., F.E.S .. .. 216

Britten, H., F.E.S 112

Brown, H. Rowland, M.A., F.E.S. 24
Browne, F. B., M.A., F.R.S.,

F.Z.S 77

Burr. Malcolm, B.A., F.L.S.,

F.Z.S., F.E.S. 18, 37, 68, 115,

128, 137, 159, 167, 237, 239,

252, 298
Burrows, C. R. N. (Rev.) 23, 165,

187, 208, 234, 247, 250, 278, 293

Butler, W. E., F.E.S 121

Buxton, E. C 95

Chapman, T. A., M.D., F.Z.S.,
F.E.S. 55, 82, 143, 144, 152,

153, 192 (twice), 221, 262
Chitty, A. J., M.A., F.E.S. . . 79

Clark, J., F.E.S 186

Clutten, W. G. . . 74, 119 (twice)
Cochrane, A. M. (Miss) . . . . 143
Colthrup, C. W 25

Day, F. H., F.E.S. .. 84, 303

Dollman, H. C, F.E.S. .. 136, 137
Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K., F Z.S.,
F.E.S. 4, 7, 94, 136, 190, 229,

254, 260 (twice), 292

Editorial Notices 21, 23, 45, 47
(twice), 48 (twice), 52, 73, 79,
100 (twice), 119, 120, 122, 126,
166, 187, 188 (twice), 225, 240,

264, 306 (twice), 307
Edlesten, H. M., F.E.S. 1, 33, 56, 262
Ellis, H. Willoughby, F.E.S.

72 (twice)
Evans, H. S 191

Floersheim, Cecil, F.E.S., 264

(twice), 275
Freer, R., M.I) 22 (twice)

Gardner, J., F.E.S. .. ..23

Gillmer, M 24, 73, 74, 91

Goodale, W. R 214

Graves, Philip P. . .
Gregory, H. G.

Harrison, J. W., B.Sc. ..

Head, H. W

Hinchliff, K. M. (Miss) . .
Hobbs. J. G

Image, Selwyn, M.A., F.E.S.

PAGE.

64,

210

2G3,

302

277

47*,

74

120

47

309

James, Russell E. . .
"John Bull"
Jones, Albert H., F.E.S. .
Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S.

.. 204

.. 249
245, 281
F.E.S.
133, 288

Kellogg, V. L. (Professor). .
Keynes, G. L. . . . . 42,

Keynes, J. N., M.A.,D.Sc, F.E.S.

286

42

Lowe, F. E. (Rev), M.A., F.E.S.

98, 103, 120
Lyon, M. " Esqre " . . . . 23

Mathew, G. F., Paymaster- in-
chief R.N., F.L.S., etc. 21, 45,

47, 105, 171, 189
McDunnough, J. .. .. ..12

Mera, A. \V. . . . . 45, 4(j

Millward, G. D. 22, 23, 90,' 95

Mitford, R, S., C.B., F.E.S. 254

Murray, James . . . . . . 302

Muschamp, P. A. H., F.E.S. 145,

187, (twice) 260

Newbery, Charles . .
Nicholson, C, F.E.S.
Nicbolson, G.

73
264
193

Ogden, W. J.
Ovenden, J.

74, 289
143, 187, 213, 230

Pearson, Douglas H. .. ..92

Pennington, F., F.E.S. .. ..73

Pickett, C. P., F.E.S. .. . .' 21

Pool, C. J. C. . . . . 25, 297

Poulton, E. B. (Professor), M.A.'

D.Sc, F.R.S 175

Prideaux, R.M. .. 121,145, 146

Prout, L. B., F.E.S. 22, 46, 47,'

122, 161, 302
Purdey, W. . . . . . . . . 78

Raynor, G. H., (Rev.) M.A. 46, 83,

96, 192, 216, (twice) 239

Wayward, A. L., F.E.S. .. .. 108

Reid, Percy C, F.E.S. 22, 48, 102. 103

Rothschild, (Hon.) N.C., M.A.,

F.L.S 12l| 203

Sharp, W. E., F.E.S.
Shaw, V. Eric, F.E.S.
Sich, Alfred, F.E.S.

.. 132

.. 304

233, 262

316

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

PAGE.

Sloper, G. 0., F.E.S 120

Smallman Raleigh S., F.E.S. 40,

73, 95, 263
Stndd, E. F., M.A., B.C.L., F.E.S.

120 (twice)

Tulloeh, B. (Captain), F.E.S. .. 45
Turner, H. J., F.E.S. 8, 39, 87, 188
Tutt, F. M., (Mrs.) .. ..144

Tutt. J. W., F.E.S. 73, 101, 121.
142, 143, 144, 149, 154, 173,

PAGE.

191, 197, 200, 201, 213, 214,
215 (twice), 225, 228, 231, 240,
241, 260, 261 (twice), 263, 264,

269, 285, 302, (twice)

Walsingham, (Right Hon.) Lord,
M.A., LL.D., F.E.S., .. ..53

West, William 11

Wheeler, George (Rev.), M.A.,
F.E.S 130

Wilkinson, George 211, 213, 240, 273

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, d-c. (instructions to binder).

Plate I.
Plate II.
Plate III.
Platt IV.
Plate V.
Plate VI.
Plate VII.

Plate VIII.
Plate IX.
Plate X.
Plate XI.

To face Page.

New species of Myrmecophilous Coccids . . . . . . . . 5

Nonagria neuriea, Hb., and Ar. dissolutu var. arundineta, Schmidt 34

Pupal skin and hairs of Loweia amphidamas . . . . 55

Tarsal claws of Hydroporus palustris and H. incognitm 77

Mine of larva of Trochilium andrenaeforme . . . . . . 101

Front tibia of Gnathoncus rotundatus and G. nidicolor . . . . 133

Cremastral area of Ruralid pupa? — 1. Strymon pruni. 2. Callo-

phrys rubi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 221

Cremastral area of pupa of Buralis betulae . . . . . . 221

Hemithea aestivaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

The Valley of the Cserna (Looking up) . . . . . . . . 281

The Valley of the Cserna (Looking down) . . . . . . 283

The "Special Index" will follow this "General Index," and contains all
references to every species mentioned in the volume.

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Vol. XIX.

No. 1.

;v

THE

<#

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

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2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6,
4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; l£in., 8d.; 2in., 10d.; 2Jin., 1/- ;
3*in.. 1/4 ; 4in., 1/6; oin.. 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses,
9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-.
5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennre 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3$, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle,
2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com-
panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors,
2/- per pair ; Eggdrills. 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals ; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto
of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

THE WAND TELESCOPE NET (An innovation in Butterfly Nets).

We beg to call your attention to our new Telescopic Handle for butterfly nets. It is
made entirely in brass, and is light and strong, and, moreover, it can be shut up to carry
in small compass. A very compact pattern, effecting great saving in weight and bulk.
Prices— 2 joints, 8/6; 3 joints, 9/6; 4 joints, 10/6.
Complete with cane folding ring and bag. We shall be pleased to send on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, &c.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OP INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic.)
Birds, Mammals, etc., Preserved aud Mounted by F.i-i-class Workmen.

eSys_36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (S doors tiCm Gharing Cross)

Only

Addv

OVA, LARWE, AND PUP/g.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, ©utoutolo0i0t,

SCARBOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidojitem, Apparatus, Cabinets,

etc., sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARYiE A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON IYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Vernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

THE BUTTERFLY BOOK OF 1907.

Natural History

OF THE

British Butterflies.

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The second volume of the above standard work, fully and profusely
illustrated, will be published during the years 1907-8. In order to enable
every lepidopterist to obtain this desirable reference work, it will be pub-
lished in 20 monthly parts at Is. per part. The subscription for the 20
parts, payable in advance, and post free, is 17s. 6d. (It has been found to
be quite impossible to illustrate, publish and forward post free to subscribers
the parts as published at a lower price than this.)

The new parts will deal with the " Hairstreaks " and the " Blues," will
be of the same exhaustive and comprehensive character as the parts already
completed, and will similarly form a large volume to be later published
separately at 21s. net.

Subscription copies at 17s. 6d. must be paid in one sum in advance.
To those who do not pay "in one sum" and "in advance," the numbers
can only be sent at the face value of each number, and postage extra.

To ensure delivery as soon as published, subscriptions should be sent
direct, and the following (or a similar) covering note forwarded therewith.

Please enter my name as a subscriber for .... copies of the new series of 20
parts of A Natural History of the British Butterflies, for which I enclose postal order
for 17s. 6d.

Name

Address

Date

J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

jbscniptions for 1 907 are now over due.

Vol. XIX.

"V28

No. 2.

THE

s*

#

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

frsJ

:. '■■>

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by
T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.r.s.e.

M. BURR, B.A., F.Z.8., F.L.S., F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.8., F.E.S.

Jas. E. COLLIN, f.e.s. H. St. J.K.DONISTHORPE f.z.r. f.e.s

FEBBUABY 15th, 1907.

iSfci

Price SIXPENCE (net).

(WITH PLATE.)

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.)
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BE FOKWAKUKI) TO

J. HERBERT TUTT,

119, WeSTCOMBE Hii.i., Blackhkath, London, S.E.

IPs,

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK. 1.2, Patebnosteb Low, E.C.

BERLIN _>.

B. F1UELLAKDEL & SOHN,
11, Caklstrasse, N.W.

GRESHAM LIFE OFFICE.

Founded 1848. Assets, £9,500,000.

- ■ ■ ■ ocO^Oob

NEW FEATURE.

Endowment Assurance Policy,

WITH CESSATION OF PREMIUMS

DURING INCAPACITY

(Temporary or Permanent.)

VERY MODERATE PREMIUMS.

Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, EX.

JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secretary.
THE GEE SHAM LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, Limited.

I>. F. TAYLER & Co., Ltd.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.
NEW FOREST BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS

Ova, Larvre, Pupae, and (bred) Imagines supplied to order by

G. TATE and SON,
Entomologists, Lyndhurst, New Forest.

Established 1870.
Instructions given in Practical Entomology. Correspondence invited.

Kirby's Synonymic Catalogues of

Insects.

SUPPLEMENT TO DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA, 1871 = 1877. 3s.6d.net.
LEPIDOPTERA HETEROCERA. Sphinges and Bombyces, 1892. £2 2s. net.
NEUROPTERA ODONATA, 1890. 16s. net.

Taylor & Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, E.C.

"YOUNG MAN, aged 26, excellent COLLECTOR and SETTER of LEPI-
-1- DOPTERA, can also mount bird-skins, DESIRES a PLACE as ASSISTANT in a
MUSEUM, Professional Naturalist, or Private Collector. Is prepared to travel abroad. —
Write C, Box 4373, Willing's Advertising Offices, 125, Strand, London, W.C.

Breeding Nets.

Wire frame bow-shaped nets, to slip on 5-inch and 8-inch flower-pots or saucers, open
both ends. Useful for rearing larva? on growing plants. Fold flat when not in use.
lOin. by 9in., 9d.; 15in. by 12in,, Is. 6d. Also light pocket lamp-post nets, 2s., carriage
paid.

S. W. GADGE, 68, Chestnut Grove, Balham.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-.
Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc Relaxing Boxes,
9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted
or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6,
2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6,
4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; l$in., 8d.; 2in., 10d.; 2£in., 1/- ;
3£in., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses,
9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-,
5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3£, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle,
2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com-
panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors,
2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto
of Land and Fresh- water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

THE WAND TELESCOPE NET (An innovation in Butterfly Nets).

We beg to call your attention to our new Telescopic Handle for butterfly nets. It is

made entirely in brass, and is light and strong, and, moreover, it can be shut up to carry

in small compass. A very compact pattern, effecting great saving in weight and bulk.

Prices— 2 joints, 8/6; 3 joints, 9/6; 4 joints, 10/6.

Complete with cane folding ring and bag. We shall be pleased to send on application.

SHOW KOOM FOE CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, &c.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OP INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic.)
Birds, Mammals, etc., Preserved aud Mounted by F.r^t-class Workmen.

Addrne'sys-36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors trCm Charing Cross)

OVA, LARWE, AND PUP/E.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, WittomoloQi&t,

SCARBOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,

etc., sent on application.
Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARYiE A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYjE, LIFE SIZE, ON IYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Vernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

PARTS X, II and III

(II and HI interleaved for Collector's own notes),
Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.

Together with

GENERAL & SPECIFIC INDEX to Parts I, II & III,

Containing references to nearly 1600 British species,
By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on the

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs,

By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE.
And also Chapters on

Collections, Collecting, Collectors, The Egg & Eggstage,
the Larva & Larval Stage, the Pupa & Pupal Stage

(with model descriptions and hints for useful records), the whole illustrated by
SEVEN CAREFULLY EXECUTED PLATES.

Making this the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field lepidopterist.

PRICE (for the Three Parts as above) £1 net.
Separately— PART I, 10/6 (interleaved), 9/- (not interleaved), PART II, 6/-

PART III, 6/-.

(An Encyclopaedia of Field Lepidopterology.)

TIxe B**ttei?fiy Book of 19Q7.

A Natural History of the British Butterflies

THE1E WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The second volume of the above standard work, fully and profusely
illustrated, will be published during the years 1907-8. In order to enable
every lepidopterist to obtain this desirable reference work, it will be pub-
lished in 20 monthly parts at Is. per part. The subscription for the 20
parts, payable in advance, and post free, is 17s. 6d. (It has been found to
be quite impossible to illustrate, publish and forward post free to subscribers
the parts as published at a lower price than this.)

The new parts will deal with the " Hairstreaks " and the " Blues," will
be of the same exhaustive and comprehensive character as the parts already
completed, and will similarly form a large volume to be later published
separately at 21s. net.

Subscription copies at 17s. 6d. must be paid in one sum in advance.
To those who do not pay " in one sum " and " in advance," the numbers
can only be sent at the face value of each number, and postage extra.

To ensure delivery as soon as published, subscriptions should be sent
direct, and the following (or a similar) covering note forwarded therewith.

Please enter my name as a subscriber for .... copies of the new series of 20
parts of A Natural History of the British Butterflies, for which I enclose postal order
for 17s. 6d.

Na me

Address

Date

J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

Subscriptions for 1 907 are now over due.

Vol. XIX.

^\S6,

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by

T. HUDSON BEARE, B.8C-, f.k.s., f.r.s.e.
M. BURR, B.A..F.Z.S., F.L.S., f.k.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S.. F.E.S.

Jas. E. COLLIN, f.e.s. H. St. J.K.DONISTHORPE f.z.s. f.e.s

*r?iw

MARCH 15th, 1907.

Price SIXPENCE (net).

(WITH PLATE.)

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.)
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BE FORWARDED 10

J. HERBERT T^T0Jf^

NDON, S.B.

Wi?r''%..

119, WESTCOMBE HlI.L, Bl.ACKHKATH, LONDON

LONDON:
ELLIOT STOCK. 62, Pati knosti-k Kow, :

BERLIN
R.' FH1EDLAKDEB & SOBN.

GRESHAM LIFE OFFICE.

Founded 1848. Assets, £9,500,000.

NEW FEATURE,

Endowment Assurance Policy,

WITH CESSATION OF PREMIUMS

DURING INCAPACITY

(Temporary or Permanent.)

V E RY MODERATE PR EM I UMS.

Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, EX.

JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secretary.

THE GRESHAM LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, Limited.

D. F. TAYLER & Co., Ltd.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.
NEW FOREST BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS

Ova, Larvae, Pupas, and (bred) Imagines supplied to order by

G. TATE and SON,
Entomologists, Lyndhurst, New Forest.

Established 1870.
Instructions given in Practical Entomology. Correspondence invited.

Wanted, sl Secondhand

MAHOGANY INSECT CABINET

Of any number of Drawers from 18 to 30. Drawers must run easy
and be interchangeable throughout.

Apply E. F. STUDD. Oxton, Exeter.

Breeding Nets.

Wire frame bow-shaped nets, to slip on 5-inch and 8-inch flower-pots or saucers, open
both ends. Useful for rearing larvae on growing plants. Fold flat when not in use.
lOin. by 9in., 9d.; 15in. by 12in,, Is. 6d. Also light pocket lamp-post nets, 2s., carriage
paid.

S. W. QADQE, 68, Chestnut Grove, Balham.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-.
Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc Relaxing Boxes,
9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted
or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6,
2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor cells. 2/6,
4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, Hat or oval, tin., 6d. ; l£in., 8d.; 2in.. 10d.; 2Jin., 1/- ;
3£iu., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses,
9/6, 11/6; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9.1., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-,
5/-. 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle,
2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com-
panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors,
2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto
of Land and Fresh- water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

THE WAND TELESCOPE NET (An innovation in Butterfly Nets).

We beg to call your attention to our new Telescopic Handle for butterfly nets. It is

made entirely in brass, and is light and strong, and, moreover, it can be shut up to carry

in small compass. A very compact pattern, effecting great saving in weight and bulk.

Prices— 2 joints, 8/6; 3 joints, 9/6; 4 joints, 10/6.

Complete with cane folding ring and bag. We shall be pleased to send on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Mk uoscopical Objects, Fossils, Ac.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic.)
Birds, Mammals, etc.. Preserved and Mounted by F.i-t-cltrss Workmen.

Ada"esS-36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors trCm Charing Cross)

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP^E.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, GButomologiet,

SCARBOROUGH.

/*'(/// List a/' Ova, Larvae, ami Pupae, also hepidoptera, Apparatus, < 'abinets,

etc., sent mi application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARYiE A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYjE, LIFE SIZE, ON IYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Vernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

PARTS I, II ana III

(II and III interleaved for Collector's own notes),
Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.

Together with

GENERAL & SPECIFIC INDEX to Parts I, II & III,

Containing references to nearly 1600 British species,
By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on the

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs,

By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE.
And also Chapters on

Collections, Collecting, Collectors, The Egg & Eggstage,
the Larva & Larval Stage, the Pupa & Pupal Stage

(with model descriptions and hints for useful records), the whole illustrated by
SEVEN CAREFULLY EXECUTED PLATES.

Making this the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field lepidopterist.

PRICE (for the Three Parts as above) £1 net.
Separately— PART I, 10/6 (interleaved), 9/- (not interleaved), PART II, 6/-

PART III, 6/-.

(An Encyclopaedia of Field Lepidopterology.)

Tlie B\*ttei?fiy Book of 19Q7.

A Natural History of the British Butterflies

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The second volume of the above standard work, fully and profusely
illustrated, will be published during the years 1907-8. In order to enable
every lepidopterist to obtain this desirable reference work, it will be pub-
lished in 20 monthly parts at Is. per part. The subscription for the 20
parts, payable in advance, and post free, is 17s. 6d. (It has been found to
be quite impossible to illustrate, publish aud forward post free to subscribers
the parts as published at a lower price than this.)

The new parts will deal with the " Hairstreaks " and the " Blues," will
be of the same exhaustive and comprehensive character as the parts already
completed, and will similarly form a large volume to be later published
separately at 21s. net.

Subscription copies at 17s. 6d. must be paid in one sum in advance.
To those who do not pay " in one sum " and " in advance," the numbers
can only be sent at the face value of each number, and postage extra.

To ensure delivery as soon as published, subscriptions should be sent
direct, and the following (or a similar) covering note forwarded therewith.

Please enter my name as a subscriber for .... copies of the new series of 20
parts of A Natural History of the British Butterflies, for which I enclose postal order
for 17s. 6d.

Name

Address

Date

J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

jbscriptions for 1 907 are now over due.

Vol. XIX.

t

No. 4.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.r.s.e.
M. BURR, B.A., F.Z.8., F.L.S., f.e.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Jas. E. COLLIN, f.e.s. Arthur J. CHITTY, m.a, f.e.s.
H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.s., f.e.s.

APB1L 15th, 1907.

Price SIXPENCE (net).

(WITH PLATE.)

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.)
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BE FORWARDED TO

J. HERBERT TUTT, ^

119, Westcombe Hitf,, Biacxhkath, London, S.E.

L^AY941907

ELLIOT STOCK, ^Paternoster Row,

R. FRIEDLAXDER * SOHN.
11, Carlstrasse, N.W.

GRESHAM LIFE OFFICE.

Founded 1848. Assets, £9,500,000.

NEW FEATURE.

Endowment Assurance Policy,
WITH CESSATION OF PREMIUMS

DURING INCAPACITY

(Temporary or Permanent.)

VERY MODERATE PREMIUMS.

Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, EX.

JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secretary.
THE GRESHAM LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, Limited.

jy. F. TAYLER & Co., Ltd.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.
NEW FOREST BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS

Ova, Larvae, Pupfe, and (bred) Imagines supplied to order by

G. TATE and SON,
Entomologists, Lyndhurst, New Forest.

Established 1870.
Instructions given in Practical Entomology. Correspondence invited.

WILL the GENTLEMAN who sent—

LARWE, PUP/E & ICHNEUMONS

Of FOWL FLEAS to—
TMNGr JVITJSEXJM (for IDENTIFICATION)

Some time since, kindly communicate with the —

Hon. N. Charles ROTHSCHILD,
5 & 6, Chelsea Court, Chelsea Embankment, S.W.

Breeding Nets.

Wire frame bow-shaped nets, to slip on 5-inch and 8-inch flower-pots or saucers, open
both ends. Useful for rearing larvae on growing plants. Fold flat when not in use.
lOin. by 9in., 9d.; 15in. by 12in„ Is. 6d. Also light pocket lamp-post nets, 2s., carriage
paid.

S. W. GADGE, 68, Chestnut Grove, Balham.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/G, 4/-.
Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc Relaxing Boxes,
9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted
or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6,
2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6,
4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; l£in., 8d.; 2in., 10d.; 2Jin., 1/- ;
3£in., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses,
9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-,
5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3£, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle,
2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com-
panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors,
2/- per pair; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals ; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto
of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

THE WAND TELESCOPE NET (An innovation in Butterfly Nets).

We beg to call your attention to our new Telescopic Handle for butterfly nets. It is
made entirely in brass, and is light and strong, and, moreover, it can be shut up to carry
in small compass. A very compact pattern, effecting great saving in weight and bulk.
Prices— 2 joints, 8/6; 3 joints, 9/6; 4 joints, 10/6.
Complete with cane folding ring and bag. We shall be pleased to send on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Mhiioscopical Objects, Fossils, &c.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OP INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic)
Birds, Mammals, etc., Preserved aud Mounted by F.rl-class Workmen.

»mS.-36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors tr£m Charing Cross)

OVA, LARWE, AND PUP/E-

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, Wxttomologizt,

SCARBOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinet*,

etc., sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARYVE A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c,

By same Colour Process.

LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARY^, LIFE SIZE, ON IYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Yernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

PARTS I, II and III

(II and III interleaved for Collector's own notes),
Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.

Together with

GENERAL & SPECIFIC INDEX to Parts I, II & III,

Containing references to nearly 1600 British species,
By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on the

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs,

By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE.
And also Chapters on

Collections, Collecting, Collectors, The Egg & Eggstage,
the Larva & Larval Stage, the Pupa & Pupal Stage

(with model descriptions and hints for useful records), the whole illustrated by
SEVEN "CAREFULLY EXECUTED PLATES.

Making this the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field lepidopterist.

PRICE— PART I, 10/6 (interleaved), 9/- (not interleaved), PART II, 6/-,

PART III, 6/-.

(An Encyclopaedia of Field Lepidopterology.)

Tlie BiattervflLy Booh: of 19Q7.

A Natural History of the British Butterflies

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The second volume of the above standard work, fully and profusely
illustrated, will be published during the years 1907-8. In order to enable
every lepidopterist to obtain this desirable reference work, it will be pub-
lished in 20 monthly parts at Is. per part. (It has been found to be quite
impossible to illustrate, publish, and forward post free to subscribers, the parts
as published at a lower price than this.)

The new parts will deal with the " Hairstreaks " and the " Blues," will
be of the same exhaustive and comprehensive character as the parts already
completed, and will similarly form a large volume to be later published
separately at 21s. net.

To ensure delivery as soon as published, subscriptions should be sent
direct, and the following (or a similar) covering note forwarded therewith.

Parts I, II and III can now be sent. Price Is. each.

Please enter my name as a subscriber for .... copies of the new series of 20
parts of A Natural History of the British Butterflies, for which I enclose postal order
for 20s. Od.

Name

Address

Date

J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

_

Vol. XIX.

^

No. 5.

THE

Lv

* ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.e.s.e.
M. BURR, B.A..F.Z.S., F.L.S., f.e.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.
Jas. E. COLLIN, f.e.s. Arthur J. CHITTY, m.a, f.e.s.
H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, F.z.s., f.e.s.

MAY loth, 1907.

Price SIXPENCE (net).

(WITH PLATE.)

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.)
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BE FORWARDED TO

J. HERBERT TUTT,

119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E.
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Row, E.C.

BERLIN

LANDEJ

11, Carlstrasse, N.W.

R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,

GRESHAM LIFE OFFICE.

Founded 1848. Assets, £9,500,000.

ooOOOac

NEW FEATURE.

Endowment Assurance Policy,

WITH CESSATION OF PREMIUMS

DURING INCAPACITY

(Temporary or Permanent.)

VERY MODERATE PREMIU MS.

Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, EX.

JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secretary.
THE GRESHAM LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, Limited.

X>. F. TAYLER & Co., Ltd.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Pebfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.
NEW FOREST BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS

Ova, Larvae, Pupae, and (bred) Imagines supplied to order by

G. TATE and SON,
Entomologists, Lyndhurst, New Forest.

Established 1870.
Instructions given in Practical Entomology. Correspondence invited.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera

(Demy 8vo., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-.)
Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for the
forms of melanism and melanochroism; contains full data respecting the distribution of
melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin ; the special value of
"natural selection," "environment," "heredity," "disease," "temperature," &c, in
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the
Entomological Society of London, says, "An especially interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in
Mr. Tutt's series of papers on ' Melanism and Melanochroism.' "

Breeding Nets.

Wire frame bow-shaped nets, to slip on 5-inch and 8-inch flower-pots or saucers, open
both ends. Useful for rearing larvre on growing plants. Fold flat when not in use.
lOin. by 9in., 9d.; 15in. by 12in„ Is. 6d. Also light pocket lamp-post nets, 2s., carriage
paid.

S. W. GADGE, 68, Chestnut Grove, Balham.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Bing Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-.
Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc Relaxing Boxes,
9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted
or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6,
2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6,
4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; l£in., 8d.; 2in., 10d.; 2£in., 1/- ;
3£in., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses,
9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/0, 4/-,
5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennte 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3£, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle,
2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com-
panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors,
2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals ; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto
of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

THE WAND TELESCOPE NET (An innovation in Butterfly Nets).

We beg to call your attention to our new Telescopic Handle for butterfly nets. It is

made entirely in brass, and is light and strong, and, moreover, it can be shut up to carry

in small compass. A very compact pattern, effecting great saving in weight and bulk.

Prices— 2 joints, 8/6; 3 joints, 9/6; 4 joints, 10/6.

Complete with cane folding ring and bag. We shall be pleased to send on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, &c.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OP INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic.)
Birds, Mammals, etc., Preserved aud Mounted by Fir'i-class Workmen.

_36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors IrCm Charing Cross)

Only
Address

OVA, LARWE, AND PUP/C.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, Wittomolo$i&t,

SCARBOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, (tl*<> Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,

etc., sent mi application.
Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARY/E A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER PROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARY>E, LIFE SIZE, ON IYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Yernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

PARTS I, II ana III

(II and III interleaved for Collector's own notes),
Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.

Together with

GENERAL & SPECIFIC INDEX to Parts I, II & III,

Containing references to nearly 1600 British species,
By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on the

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs,

By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE.
And also Chapters on

Collections, Collecting, Collectors, The Egg & Eggstage,
the Larva & Larval Stage, the Pupa & Pupal Stage

(with model descriptions and hints for useful records), the whole illustrated by
SEVEN CAREFULLY EXECUTED PLATES.

Making this the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field lepidopterist.

PRICE— PART I, 10/6 (interleaved), 9/- (not interleaved), PART II, 6/-,

PART III, 6/-.

(An Encyclopaedia of Field Lepidopterology.)

Tlie Butterfly Booh: of 19Q7.

A Natural History of the British Butterflies

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The second volume of the above standard work, fully and profusely
illustrated, will be published during the years 1907-8. Iu order to enable
every lepidopterist to obtain this desirable reference work, it will be pub-
lished in 20 monthly parts at Is. per part. (It has been found to be quite
impossible to illustrate, publish, and forward post free to subscribers, the parts
as published at a lower price than this.)

The new parts will deal with the " Hairstreaks " and the " Blues," will
be of the same exhaustive and comprehensive character as the parts already
completed, and will similarly form a large volume to be later published
separately at 21s. net.

To ensure delivery as soon as published, subscriptions should be sent
direct, and the following (or a similar) covering note forwarded therewith.

Parts I, II and III can now be sent. Price Is. each.

Please enter my name as a subscriber for .... copies of the new series of 20
parts of A Natural History of the British Butterflies, for which I enclose postal order
for 20s. Od.

Name

Address

Date

J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

fO^' »

Vol. XIX.

,Vw

THE

Jf

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited p.y

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

ASSI-STED BY

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.r.s.e.

M BURK, B.A..F.Z.S., F.L.S., f.e.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Jas'. E. COLLIN, f.k.s. Arthur J. CHITTY, m.a, f.e.s.
H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f.k.s., f.e.s.

JUNE loth, 1907.

Price SIXPENCE (net).

(WITH PLATE.)

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.)
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO UK FORWARDED TO

J. HERBERT TUTT,

119, Wbbtcombe 1 1 ill., Blaoehxath, London, s.e.

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, 02. iVi i i.m.mi >. llw . E.C.

BER4^Ky.vVv
1{. FlUEDLAKl>i:ii & BOHN,
11. Carlsiisassi:. >s.\Y.

GRESHAM LIFE OFFICE.

Founded 1848. Assets, £9,500,000.

NEW FEATURE.

Endowment Assurance Policy,

WITH CESSATION ;OF PREMIUMS

DURING INCAPACITY

(Temporary or Permanent.)

VERY MODERATE PREMIUMS.

Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.C.

JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secretary.
THE GRESHAM LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, Limited.

I>. F. TAYLER & Co., Ltd.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.
NEW FOREST BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS

Ova, Larvae, Pupae, and (bred) Imagines supplied to order by

G. TATE and SON,
Entomologists, Lyndhurst, New Forest.

Established 1870.
Instructions given in Practical Entomology. Correspondence invited.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera

(Demy 8vo., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-.)
Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for the
forms of melanism and melanochroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of
melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin ; the special value of
"natural selection," "environment," "heredity," "disease," "temperature," &c, in
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the
Entomological Society of London, says, "An especially interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in
Mr. Tutt's series of papers on ' Melanism and Melanochroism.' "

Breeding Nets.

Wire frame bow-shaped nets, to slip on 5-inch and 8-inch flower-pots or saucers, open
both ends. Useful for rearing larvaj on growing plants. Fold flat when not in use.
lOin. by 9in., 9d.; 15in. by 12in,, Is. 6d. Also light pocket lamp-post nets, 2s., carriage
paid.

S. W. GADQE, 68, Chestnut Grove, Balham.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-.
Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc Relaxing Boxes
9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted
or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6,
2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6,
if-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; ljin., 8d.; 2in., 10d.; 2£in., 1/- ;
3£in., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses,
9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-,
5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennas Id. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle,
2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com-
panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors,
2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals ; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto
of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

THE WAND TELESCOPE NET (An innovation in Butterfly Nets).

We beg to call your attention to our new Telescopic Handle for butterfly nets. It is

made entirely in brass, and is light and strong, and, moreover, it can be shut up to carry

in small compass. A very compact pattern, effecting great saving in weight and bulk.

Prices— 2 joints, 8/6; 3 joints, 9/6; 4 joints, 10/6.

Complete with cane folding ring and bag. We shall be pleased to send on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, &o.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OP INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic.)
Birds, Mammals, etc., Preserved and Mounted by Flr'i-class Workmen.

.36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors trCm Charing Cross)

Only
Address

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E-

The Largest Breeder of Lepidopteni in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, ©ltt<mutl00t*t,

SCARBOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, ( 'abinets,

etc., sent mi application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARY^ A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYJE, LIFE SIZE, ON IYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Yernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

PARTS I, II axicl III

(II and III interleaved for Collector's own notes),
Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.

Together with

GENERAL & SPECIFIC INDEX to Parts I, II & III,

Containing references to nearly 1600 British species,
By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on the

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs,

By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE.

And also Chapters on

Collections, Collecting, Collectors, The Egg & Eggstage,
the Larva & Larval Stage, the Pupa & Pupal Stage

(with model descriptions and hints for useful records), the whole illustrated by
SEVEN CAREFULLY EXECUTED PLATES.

Making this the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field lepidopterist.

PRIGE— PART I, 10/6 (interleaved), 9/- (not interleaved), PART II, 6/-,

PART III, 6/-.

(An Encyclopedia of Field Lepidopterology.)

Tlie Butterfly Booh: of 19Q7.

A Natural History of the British Butterflies

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The second volume of the above standard work, fully and profusely
illustrated, will be published during the years 1907-8. In order to enable
every lepidopterist to obtain this desirable reference work, it will be pub-
lished in 20 monthly parts at Is. per part. (It has been found to be quite
impossible to illustrate, publish, aud forward post free to subscribers, the parts
as published at a lower price than this.)

The new parts will deal with the " Hairstreaks " and the " Blues," will
be of the same exhaustive aud comprehensive character as the parts already
completed, and will similarly form a large volume to be later published
separately at 21s. net.

To ensure delivery as soon as published, subscriptions should be sent
direct, aud the following (or a similar) covering note forwarded therewith.

Parts I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII can now be sent. Price Is. each.

Please enter my name as a subscriber for .... copies of the new series of 20
parts of A Natural History of the British Butterflies, for which I enclose postal order
for 20s. Od.

Name

Address

Date

J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by
T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.r.s.e.

M BURR, B.A., F.Z.8., F.L.S., F.E.S. T. A. CHAPWI AN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.B.8.

Jas. E. COLLIN, f.e.s. Arthur J. CHITTY, m.a, f.e.s.
H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.s., f.e.s.

JULY 15th, 1907

(For July 15th and August 15th).

Price ONE SHILLING (net).

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.)
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BE FORWARDED TO

J. HERBERT TUTT,

119, Wektcombf. Hill, Blackhkatii, London, S.E.

ELLIOT STOCK

GRESHAM LIFE OFFICE.

Founded 1848. Assets, £9,500,000. '

0OCXX33.

NEW FEATURE.

Endowment Assurance Policy,

WITH CESSATION OF PREMIUMS

DURING INCAPACITY

(Temporary or Permanent.)

VERY MODERATE PREMIUMS.

Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.C.

JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secretary.
THE GRESHAM LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, Limited.

D. F. TAYLER & Co., Ltd.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.
NEW FOREST BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS

Ova, Larvae, Pupae, and (bred) Imagines supplied to order by

G. TATE and SON,
Entomologists, Lyndhurst, New Forest.

Established 1870.
Instructions given in Practical Entomology. Correspondence invited.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera

(Demy 8vo., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-.)
Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for the
forms of melanism and melanochroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of
melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin ; the special value of
"natural selection," "environment," "heredity," "disease," "temperature," &c, in
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the
Entomological Society of London, says, "An especially interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in
Mr. Tutt's series of papers on ' Melanism and Melanochroism.' "

Breeding Nets.

Wire frame bow-shaped nets, to slip on 5-inch and 8-inch flower-pots or saucers, open
both ends. Useful for rearing larv® on growing plants. Fold flat when not in use.
lOin. by 9in., 9d.; 15in. by 12in,, Is. 6d. Also light pocket lamp-post nets, 2s., carriage
paid.

S. W. QADQE, 68, Chestnut Grove, Balharn.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/0, 4/-.
Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc Relaxing Boxes
9d., 1/-, 1/0, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted
or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/0 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/0,
2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6,
4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., Od. ; Hin., 8d.; 2in., 10d.; 2§in., 1/- ;
3£in., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/0. Setting Houses.
9/6, 11/0 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/0. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-,
5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/0, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
double tin, 1/0 to 4/0. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3£, best quality 1/0 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle,
2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com-
panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/0. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors,
2/- per pair; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals ; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., Od. ; ditto
of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

THE WAND TELESCOPE NET (An innovation in Butterfly Nets).

We beg to call your attention to our new Telescopic Handle for butterfly nets. It is

made entirely in brass, and is light and strong, and, moreover, it can be shut up to carry

in small compass. A very compact pattern, effecting great saving in weight and bulk.

Prices— 2 joints, 8/6; 3 joints, 9/6; 4 joints, 10/6.

Complete with cane folding ring and bag. We shall be pleased to send on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, Ac.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OP INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (Biilish, European, and Exotic.)
Birds, Mammals, etc., Preserved and Mounted by F.i- i-class Workmen.

Aadrne'sys-36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors Iron Charing Cross)

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E-

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, ©ntomolorttot,

SCARBOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, aha Lepidojitera, Apparatus, Cabinets,

etc., sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARVJE A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYjE, LIFE SIZE, ON IYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Vernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
JPJLRTS I, II sx*\dL III

(II and III interleaved for Collector's own notes).
Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.

Together with

GENERAL & SPECIFIC INDEX to Parts I, II & III,

Containing references to nearly 1600 British species,
By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on the

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs,

By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE.
And also Chapters on

Collections, Collecting, Collectors, The Egg & Eggstage,
the Larva & Larval Stage, the Pupa & Pupal Stage

(with model descriptions and hints for useful records), the whole illustrated by
SEVEN CAREFULLY EXECUTED PLATES.

Making this the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field lepidopterist.

PRICE— PART I, 10/6 (interleaved), 9/- (not interleaved), PART II, 6/-,

PART III, 6/-.

(An Encyclopaedia of Field Lepidopterology.)

Tlxe Bi*tter»fly Book of 19Q7.

A Natural History of the British Butterflies

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The second volume of the above standard work, fully and profusely
illustrated, will be published during the years 1907-8. In order to enable
every lepidopterist to obtain this desirable reference work, it will be pub-
lished in 20 monthly parts at Is. per part. (It has been found to be quite
impossible to illustrate, publish, and forward post free to subscribers, the parts
as published at a lower price than this.)

The new parts will deal with the " Hairstreaks " and thg " Blues," will
be of the same exhaustive and comprehensive character as the parts already
completed, and will similarly form a large volume to be later published
separately at 21s. net. The "Hairstreaks" are completed in 12 parts.

To ensure delivery as soon as published, subscriptions should be sent
direct, and the following (or a similar) covering note forwarded therewith.

Parts I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X and XI can now be sent.
Price Is. each.

Please enter my name as a subscriber for .... copies of the new series of 20
parts of A Natural History of the British Butterflies, for which I enclose postal order
for 20s. Od.

Name

Address

Date

J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath. S.E.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

A SSISTED BY

T. HUDSON BEABE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.r.s.e.
M BURR, b.a., 1-./..S., f.i,.s., f.e.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.z.s., f.e.s.
Jas. E. COLLIN, f.e.s. Arthur J. CHITTY, m.a, f.e.s.
H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.s., f.e.s.

SEPTEMBER loth, 1907.

>

Price SIXPENCE (net).
Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Including all DOUBLE NUMBERB, etc.)
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BE FORWARDED TO

J. HERBERT TUTT,

Hit, WxbTCOHBB Hni., Bi.ai kiii ■ ■■ in, London, S.E.

LONDON:
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, I'ah.knom i k Row, E.C.

I. IN

K. FlUEDLANJ)i:K & BOHN,
11, C,wu>ika>sk, N.W.

GRESHAM LIFE OFFICE.

Founded 1848. Assets, £9,500,000.

otOOCoo

NEW FEATURE.

Endowment Assurance Policy,

WITH CESSATION OF PREMIUMS

DURING INCAPACITY

(Temporary or Permanent.)

VERY MODERATE PREMIUMS.

Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, EX.

JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secretary.

THE GRESHAM LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, Limited.

D. F. TAYLER «& Co., Ltd.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.
NEW FOREST BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS

Ova, Larvae, Pupse, and (bred) Imagines supplied to order by

G. TATE and SON,
Entomologists, Lyndhurst, New Forest.

Established 1870.
Instructions given in Practical Entomology. Correspondence invited.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera

(Demy 8vo., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-.)
Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for the
forms of melanism and melanochroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of
melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin ; the special value of
"natural selection," "environment," "heredity," "disease," "temperature," &c, in
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the
Entomological Society of London, says, " An especially interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in
Mr. Tutt's series of papers on ' Melanism and Melanochroism.' "

Breeding Nets.

Wire frame bow-shaped nets, to slip on 5-inch and 8-inch flower-pots or saucers, open
both ends. Useful for rearing larva* on growing plants. Fold flat when not in use.
lOin. by 9in., 9d.; 15in. by 12in,, Is. 6d. Also light pocket lamp-post nets, 2s., carriage
paid.

S. W. GADQE, 68, Chestnut drove, Balham.

Practical Hints for the Field Lepidoptenst.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
TWO PARTS

(interleaved for Collector's own notes).
Containing about 3000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.

Together with

GENERAL & SPECIFIC INDEX,

Containing references to nearly 1600 British species,

By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on the

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs,

By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE.
And also Chapters on

Collections, Collecting, Collectors, The Egg & Eggstage,
the Larva & Larval Stage, the Pupa & Pupal Stage

(with model descriptions and hints for useful records), the whole illustrated by
SEVEN CAREFULLY EXECUTED PLATES.

Making this the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field lepidopterist.

PRIGE — SIX SHILLINGS EACH PART (not interleaved).

(An Encyclopaedia of Field Lepidopterology.)

The Biattervfl-y Bool* of 19Q7.

A Natural History of the British Butterflies

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The second volume of the above standard work, fully and profusely
illustrated, will be published as far as possible during the current year. In
order to enable every lepidopterist to obtain this desirable reference work,
it is being published in 20 monthly parts at Is. per part.

The new parts deal with the " Hairstreaks " and the " Blues," will
be of the same exhaustive and comprehensive character as the parts already
completed, and will similarly form a large volume to be later published
separately at 21s. net. The "Hairstreaks" are completed in 12 parts.

The attention of those interested in British Butterflies is directed to
this standard work. The present volume, so far, deals with the complete
life-histories, now worked out for the first time, of all our British " Hair-
streaks," and is illustrated by the unequalled life-history photographs of
Messrs. A. E. Tonge and II. Main, and the Photo-Micrographs of Messrs. F.
Noad Clark and A. E. Tonge. Everyone ought to see this work and its
illustrations. Parts I-XII, price 1/- each. Parts XIII and XIV will contain
plates showing full life-histories of w-album, prwii, betulae, and quercua — egg,
larva, pupa, imago from nature.

To ensure delivery as soon as published, subscriptions should be sent
direct, and the following (or a similar) covering note forwarded therewith.

Parts I, II, III, IV. V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XII can now be
sent; XIII is in hand. Price Is. each.

Please enter my name as a subscriber for .... copies of tin- new series of 20
parte of A Natural History of t lie British Butterflies, for which 1 enclose postal order
for 17s. 6d.

Name

Address

Date

J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-.
Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc Relaxing Boxes
9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted
or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6,
2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6,
4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; ljin., 8d.; 2in., 10d.; 2£in., 1/- ;
3£in., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses,
9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-,
5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle,
2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com-
panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors,
2/- per pair; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto
of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

THE WAND TELESCOPE NET (An innovation in Butterfly Nets).

We beg to call your attention to our new Telescopic Handle for butterfly nets. It is
made entirely in brass, and is light and strong, and, moreover, it can be shut up to carry
in small compass. A very compact pattern, effecting great saving in weight and bulk.
Prices— 2 joints, 8/6; 3 joints, 9/6; 4 joints, ~IO/6.
Complete with cane folding ring and bag. We shall be pleased to send on application.

SHOW BOOM FOB CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, tic.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OP INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic.)
Birds, Mammals, etc., Preserved aud Mounted by Wir-.t'Class Workmen.

Addresys-36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors trCm Charing Cross)

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/g.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, ©tttomolooist,

SCARBOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, ( 'abinets,

etc., sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARYffi A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON IYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Yernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

-ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD
JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted bv

'J'. HUDSON BEARE, ii.sc, F.E.S., ku.s.e.
M BURR, B.A..F.Z.8., F.I.S., F.E.S. X. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.2.S., F.E.8.
Jas. E. COLTjIN, f.e.s. Artimi: J, CH1TTY, m.a, f.b.8.
H. St. J. IC. DONISTHORPE, F.z.s., f.e.s.

OCTOBER 15th, 1907.

Price SIXPENCE (net).

(WITH TWO PLATES.)

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

[Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS,
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

10 HE FOUWARDJ

J. HERBERT TUTT,

22, Francemahy Road, Ladywell Road, Bbockley, S.E.

LONDON

ELLIOT STOCK. V.-Jt. r.m.'nwj kk ll.nv. E.C

tSHKLIN

B. FlUEDLAN^ER A- SOHN,
11, Caklstiussi . N.W.

GRESHAM LIFE OFFICE.

Founded 1848. Assets, £9,500,000.

NEW FEATURE.

Endowment Assurance Policy,

WITH CESSATION OF PREMIUMS

DURING INCAPACITY

(Temporary or Permanent.)

VERY MODERATE PREMIUMS.

Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, EX.

JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secretary.
THE GRESHAM LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, Limited.

I>. F. TAYLER & Co., Ltd.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Shall Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

NEW FOREST BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS

Ova, Larvae, Pupae, and (bred) Imagines supplied to order by

G. TATE and SON,
Entomologists, Lyndhurst, New Forest.

Established 1870.
Instructions given in Practical Entomology. Correspondence invited.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

minute

5/-

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

(To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.
Larger quantities pro rato. Orders executed in same order as
received. Bemittance in full must accompany each order.

Bannoch New Forest Shetland

16. vi. 97 4. ix. 97 5. v. 97

ADDRESS. — " Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road,
Westcombe Park, S.E.

Breeding Nets.

Wire frame bow-shaped nets, to slip on 5-inch and 8-inch flower-pots or saucers, open
both ends. Useful for rearing larva? on growing plants. Fold flat when not in use.
lOin. by 9in„ 9d.; 15in. by 12in,, Is. 6d. Also light pocket lamp-post nets, 2s., carriage
paid.

S. W. QADQE, 68, Chestnut Grove, Balham.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-.
Umbrella Nets (self-acting). 7/-. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc Relaxing Boxes
9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per tour dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted
or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce, rocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6,
2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use. 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6,
4/-. 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; ljin., 8d.; 2in., 10d.; 2£in., 1/-;
3$in., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses,
9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-,
5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube. 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1. 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle,
2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com-
panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors,
2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto
of Land ami Fresh water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

THE WAND TELESCOPE NET (An innovation in Butterfly Nets).

We beg to call your attention to our new Telescopic Handle for butterfly nets. It is

made entirely in brass, and is light and strong, and, moreover, it can be shut up to carry

in small compass. A very compact pattern, effecting great saving in weight and bulk.

Prices— 2 joints, 8/6; 3 joints, 9/6; 4 joints, 10/6.

Complete with cane folding ring and bag. We shall be pleased to send on application.

SHOW EOOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, &c.
Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (Brilish, European, and Exotic.)
Birds, Mammals, etc., Preserved and Mounted by Flr't-clati Workmen.

Addrnesys-36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors Ircm Charing Cross)

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E.

The Largest Breeder of Lepirtoptera in the British. Isles is

H. W. HEAD, Wntom0lo$i&t,

SCARBOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also hepidpj)tera, Apparatus, < abinets,

etc., sent on application.
Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & L.ARYJE A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SI, IDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYJE, LIFE SIZE, ON IYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Yernon, Doilymount, DUBLIN.

Practical Hints for the Field Lepidoptenst.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
TWO PARTS

(interleaved for Collector's own notes),
Containing about 3000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.

Together with

GENERAL & SPECIFIC INDEX,

Containing references to nearly 1600 British species,

By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on the

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs,

By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE.
And also Chapters on

Collections, Collecting, Collectors, The Egg & Eggstage,
the Larva & Larval Stage, the Pupa & Pupal Stage

(with model descriptions and hints for useful records), the whole illustrated by
SEVEN CAREFULLY EXECUTED PLATES.

Making this the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field lepidopterist.

PRIGE — SIX SHILLINGS EACH PART (not interleaved).

(An Encyclopaedia of Field Lepidopterology.)

Tlie Butterfly Booh: of 19Q7.

A Natural History of the British Butterflies

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
By J. W, TUTT, F.E.S.

The second volume of the above standard work, fully and profusely
illustrated, will be published as far as possible during the current year. In
order to enable every lepidopterist to obtain this desirable reference work,
it is being published in 20 monthly parts at Is. per part.

The new parts deal with the " Hairstreaks " and the " Blues," will
be of the same exhaustive and comprehensive character as the parts already
completed, and will similarly form a large volume to be later published
separately at 21s. net. The " Hairstreaks " are completed in 12 parts.

The attention of those interested in British Butterflies is directed to
this standard work. The present volume, so far, deals with the complete
life-histories, now worked out for the first time, of all our British " Hair-
streaks," and is illustrated by the unequalled life-history photographs of
Messrs. A. E. Tonge and H. Main, and the Photo-Micrographs of Messrs. F.
Noad Clark and A. E. Tonge. Everyone ought to see this work and its
illustrations. Parts I-XII, price 1/- each. Parts XIII and XIV will contain
plates showing full life-histories of w-albwm, pruni, betulae, and querci'is — egg,
larva, pupa, imago from nature.

To ensure delivery as soon as published, subscriptions should be sent
direct, aud the following (or a similar) covering note forwarded therewith.

Parts I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XII can now be
sent; XIII is in hand. Price Is. each.

Please enter my name as a subscriber for .... copies of the new series of 20
parts of A Natural History of the British Butterflies, for which I enclose postal order
for 17s. 6d.

No me

Address ;

Date

J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

Vol. XIX

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

No. 11.

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted ity

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, F.e.s., f.r.s.f..
M. BURR, b.a., f.z.s.. f.l.s., f.e.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., f.z.s., f.e.s.
Jas. E. COLLIN, f.e.s. Arthur J. CHITTY, M.A, f.e.s.
H. St. .T. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.s., f.e.s.

NOVEMBER 16th, 1907.

Price SIXPENCE (net).

(WITH PLATE.)

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.)
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BE FOBWABDBD TO

J. HERBERT TUTT,

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LONDQ
ELLIOT STOCK. 62

H. FHIKDLAND

1 1 , C ATtiuSTEAS;

GRESHAM LIFE OFFICE,

rounded 1848. Assets, £9,500,000.

oc<X»Ooo

NEW FEATURE.

Endoiftfnieiit Assurance JPolicy,

WITH CESSATION OF PREMIUMS

DURING INCAPACITY

(Temporary or Permanent.)

VERY MODERATE PREMIUMS.

Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, EX.

JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secretary.
THE GRESHAM LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, Limited.

Do F. TAYLER «& Co., LtcU,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.
Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

NEW FOREST BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS

Ova, LarvaB, Pupae, and (bred) Imagines supplied to order by

G. TATE and SON,
Entomologists, Lyndhurst, New Forest.

Established 1870.
Instructions given in Practical Entomology. Correspondence invited.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

minute

5/-

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.

Larger quantities pro rato. Orders executed in same order as

received. Remittance in full must accompany each order.

Ramioeh New Forest Shetland

16. vi. 97 4. ix. 97 5. v. 97

ADDRESS. — " Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycense Road,

Westcombe Park, S.E.

Breeding Nets.

Wire frame bow-shaped nets, to slip on 5-inch and 8-inch flower-pots or saucers, open
both ends. Useful for rearing larvaa on growing plants. Fold flat when not in use.
lOin. by 9in., 9d.; 15in. by 12in,, Is. 6d. Also light pocket lamp-post nets, 2s., carriage
paid.

S. VV. QADQE, 68, Chestnut Grove, Balham

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-.
Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/0. Zinc Relaxing Boxes
9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted
or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6,
2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6,
4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; l$in., 8d.; 2in., 10d.; 2Jin., 1/- ;
3iin.. 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses,
9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-,
5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennte 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3 J, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle,
2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com-
panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors,
2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals ; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto
of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

THE WAND TELESCOPE NET (An innovation in Butterfly Nets).

We beg to call your attention to our new Telescopic Handle for butterfly nets. It is
made entirely in brass, and is light and strong, and, moreover, it can be shut up to carry
in small compass. A very compact pattern, effecting great saving in weight and bulk.
Prices— 2 joints, 8/6; 3 joints, 9/6; 4 joints, 10/6.
Complete with cane folding ring and bag. We shall be pleased to send on application.

SHOW KOOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, &c.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OP INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic.)
Birds, Mammals, etc., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workmen.

AaS-36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors from Charing Cross).

OVA, LARWE, AND PUP/E-

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, mit0molo$i0t,

SCARBOROUGH-

Full List of Ova, Larvae, ami Pupae, also Liepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,

etc., scut i ni application.
Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARYJE A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYvE, LIFE SIZE, ON IYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Yernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
TWO PARTS

(interleaved for Collector's own notes),
Containing about 3000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.

Together with

GENERAL & SPECIFIC INDEX,

Containing references to nearly 1600 British species,

By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on the

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs,

By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE.

And also Chapters on

Collections, Collecting, Collectors, The Egg & Eggstage,
the Larva & Larval Stage, the Pupa & Pupal Stage

(with model descriptions and hints for useful records), the whole illustrated by
SEVEN CAREFULLY EXECUTED PLATES.

Making this the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field lepidopterist.

PRICE— SIX SHILLINGS EACH PART (not interleaved).

(An Encyclopaedia of Field Lepidopterology.)

The :Bi*tter»fiy Book of 19Q7.

A Natural History of the British Butterflies

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The second volume of the above standard work, fully and profusely
illustrated, will be published as far as possible during the current year. In
order to enable every lepidopterist to obtain this desirable reference work,
it is being published in 20 monthly parts at Is. per part.

The new parts deal with the " Hairstreaks " and the " Blues," will
be of the same exhaustive and comprehensive character as the parts already
completed, and will similarly form a large volume to be later published
separately at 21s. net. The "Hairstreaks" are completed in 12 parts.

The attention of those interested in British Butterflies is directed to
this standard work. The present volume, so far, deals with the complete
life-histories, now worked out for the first time, of all our British " Hair-
streaks," and is illustrated by the unequalled life-history photographs of
Messrs. A. E. Touge and H. Main, and the Photo-Micrographs of Messrs. F.
Noad Clark and A. E. Tonge. Everyone ought to see this work and its
illustrations. Parts I-XII, price 1/- each. Parts XIII and XIV will contain
plates showing full life-histories of w-album, pneni, betulae, and quercus — egg,
larva, pupa, imago from nature.

To ensure delivery as soon as published, subscriptions should be sent
direct, and the following (or a similar) covering note forwarded therewith.

Parts I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XII can now be
sent ; XIII is in hand. Price Is. each.

Please enter my name as a subscriber for .... copies of the new series of 20
parts of A Natural History of the British Butterflies, for which I enclose postal order
for 17s. 6d.

Name

Address

Date

J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

>r

Subscriptions for Vol. XIX. expire with this number.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted BY

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.r.s.e.
M BURR B I v Z s., v.L.s., f.k.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.B., F.E.S.
Jas E.' COLETN, f.e.s. Aethir J. CHITTY, K.A, f.e.s.
H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.r., f.e.s.

DECEMBER 15th, 1907.

Price ONE SHILLING (net).

(WITH TWO PLATES AND GENERAL INDEX.)

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.)
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BE POB.WABDED TO

J. HERBERT TUTT,

22, Francemahy Road, Laotwbix Road, Brockley, S.E.

./ L0NDON1
ELLIOT STOCK f.-\ lVni;N<.>n k Rov/E.C.

BERLIN

K. FlilEDLANDER & SOHN,

GRESHAM LBFE OFFICE.

Founded 1848. Assets, £9,500,000.

00CX&-000— — — —

NEW FEATURE.

Endowment Assurance Policy,

WITH CESSATION OF PREMIUMS

DURING INCAPACITY

(Temporary or Permanent.)

VERY MODERATE PREMIUMS.

Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, EX.

JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secretary.
THE GRESHAM LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, Limited.

X>. F. TAYLER «& Co., Ltcl.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Pekfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

NEW FOREST BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS

Ova, Larva?, Pupae, and (bred) Imagines supplied to order by

G. TATE and SON,
Entomologists, Lyndhurst, New Forest.

Established 1870.
Instructions given in Practical Entomology. Correspondence invited.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

minute

5/-

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.

Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as

received. Remittance in full must accompany each order.

Rannoch New Forest Shetland

16. vi. 97 4. ix. 97 5. v. 97

ADDRESS. — " Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road,
Westcombe Park, S.E.

Breeding Nets.

Wire frame bow-shaped nets, to slip on 5-inch and 8-inch flower-pots or saucers, open
both ends. Useful for re.iring larva? on growing plants. Fold flat when not in use.
lOin. by 9in., 9d.; 15in. by 12in,, Is. 6d. Also light pocket lamp-post nets, 2s., carriage
paid.

S. W. QADQE, 68, Chestnut Grove, Balham.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain King Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2'-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-.
Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc Relaxing Boxes,
9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted
or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/0 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6,
2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/'.) per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6,
4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; ljin., 8d.; 2in., 10d.; 2Jin., 1/- ;
3£in., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses,
9/6, 11/6; corked hack. 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d.. 1/-. 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-,
5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/0, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned,
double tin, 1/6 to 4/0. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/0 per
pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/0 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle,
2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen.
Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com-
panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/0. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors,
2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals ; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto
of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects^ Eggs, etc.

THE WAND TELESCOPE NET (An innovation in Butterfly Nets).

We beg to call your attention to our new Telescopic Handle for butterfly nets. It is

made entirely in brass, and is light and strong, and, moreover, it can be shut up to carry

in small compass. A very compact pattern, effecting great saving in weight and bulk.

Prices— 2 joints, 8/6; 3 joints, 9/6; 4 joints, 10 6.

Complete with cane folding ring and bag. We shall be pleased to send on application.

SHOW KOOM FOE CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, <£c.
Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic.)
Birch, Mammals, etc., Preserved and Mounted b;i Fir*t-cla*s Workmen.

Adaress-36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors from Charing Cross).

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/C.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, ©tttomtrkujtet,

SCARBOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,

etc., sent on application.
Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARVAE A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARY^ffi, LIFE SIZE, ON IYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount ^Yernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

The Entomologists Library.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, their world-
wide variation and geographical distribution (illustrated).
(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I, II, III, IV, V and VIII, Price £1 each volume, net. Demy 8vo.,

thick, strongly bound in cloth. Complete set of 6 vols., 5 guineas net.
The most concise and thorough work on Lepidoptera ever offered to the
entomological public.

A Natural History of the British Butterflies, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution [illustrated).

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vol. I. Price one guinea net. Vol. II in course of publication (Monthly

parts, 1/-).
A detailed account of the biology and variation of each British species,
and a consideration of the literature and classification of the Palaaarctic
species.

A Natural History of the British Alucitides, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution.

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vol. I. Price one guinea net. (To be completed in two volumes.)
Full details of the life-history of every British species ; full historical
account of the group and its classification.

Migration and Dispersal of Insects. Demy 8vo. Price 5s. net.
A detailed account of the migration of the Aphides, Orthoptera, Odonata,
Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera.

Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist (illustrated).
Two parts, 6s. each net. A detailed set of some 3000 practical hints.
Full information for collecting, preserving, and using the material for
scientific purposes.

The British Noctuae and their Varieties. Complete in 4 volumes.
28s. per set net. Demy 8vo., strongly bound in cloth. Full account of
the typical and all known described forms, with original descriptions.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.

Demy 8vo., bound in cloth. Price 5s. A full account of all the facts
known bearing on the subject, and a closely reasoned explanation of
probable causes.

lOO Practical Hints on the British Eupitheciids. Price Is.
A series of hints on the method of finding and rearing eggs, larvae, pupse
and imagines of the " pugs."

Monograph of the British Pterophorina. Demy 8vo., 161 pp.
Bound in Cloth. Price 5s. net. An account of every British species and
its life-history — each described under a series of detailed headings.

Rambles in Alpine Valleys. Crown 8vo. Bound in Cloth. With map
and photographs. Price 3s. 6d. net. A graphic account of the rambles
of a naturalist on the Italian side of Mont Blanc.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside, and Marsh. Crown 8vo. Bound
in Cloth. 242 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Price
2s. 6d. net. Descriptive account of well-known natural history localites
(botanical, entomological, geological, ornithological), including Cobham,
Cliffe, Cuxton, the Western Highlands, &c.

Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen, and Hill. Crown
8vo. Bound in Cloth. Price 3s. net. A detailed account of the fauna
and flora of some well-known British natural history localities — Wicken,

Deal, Chattenden, the Med way marshes, Freshwater,, Arc. ■

To be obtained from J. H. Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley,
S.E., to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be sent.