.>^

THE (/iu%¥^

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECOR

'' AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

E])1TEU BY

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by

RiCHABD S. BAGNALL, f.e.s., T. HUDSON BEAKE, b.sc, f.k.s., k.r.s.i

Geobge T. BETHUNE-BAKER, f.z.s. f.l.s., f.e.s.

M. BUKK, D.sc.F.z.s., F.L.S., K.E.s. (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, f.e.s

Jas. E. COUnN, f.e.s. T. a. CHAPBIAN, si.I)., I.Z.S., fe.s.

H. St. ,). K. ])()N)S'I HdKPE, r.z.s., f.e.s. Alfred SICH, f.e.s.

J. R. le B. TOMLIN, m.a., f.e.s. Henry J. TURNER, f.e.s.

George WHEELKR, m.a., f.e.s.

VOL. XXII.
JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1910.

PRICE 10s. 6d.

Special Index (with every reference) Is. 6

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LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Row. EC

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PREFACE.

In presenting vol. xxii. to our readers and subscribers, we have to
thank again a large nun^ber of our friends for their kindly help. The
Magazine has been filled with the usual complement of varied entomo-
logical subjects, for which we have to thank, most heartily, our large
body of contributors. Although we have done well with plates, the
number is rather fewer than usual, and we shall be very glad for
further help in this direction. Our best thanks are due to those
gentlemen who have aided in giving us the illustrations for then-
papers.

The best thanks of the editor are due to the kindly aid of the
efficient editorial staff, among whom we now have representatives of
the leading students of ahnost every order of insects. We still ask
for the stronger support of those entomologists who particularly
confine themselves to British insects. We are always thankful to
receive notes relating to collecting in Britain, and to the life-histories,
habits, and distribution of British insects. Young and old collectors
may again be reminded that reports from districts already well known
to the old hands, read quite fresh, and are quite new, to the large body
of recruits, who, every year, join our ranks.

Whilst therefore thanking all those who have in any way supported
the Magazine, either by their subscriptions, or by their contributions
to its contents, we would again urge our supporters to bring the
advantages of it under the notice of any entomologist whom they find
does not yet support it.

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JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Vol. XXII. No. 1. Januaby 15th, 1910.

Retrospect of a Coleopterist for 1909.

By (rrof.) T. HUDSON BEARE, B.Sc, F.E.S.E., F.E.S.

The additions to onr list which I had the pleasure of recording last
year \Yere more numerous than they had l)een for many years. In view
of this, one might expect that there would be a lull in the outburst of
activity this year, but the following records will show that the output
of the present year has been quite equal to that of the precedmg one.
It will be necessary, therefore, for me to condense the remarks I have
to make in regard to the various additions which are to be chronicled.
A few general remarks must be made, however, before I begin to
record the various additions. First of all, it is necessary to point out
that no fewer than seven of this year's additions are new to science ;
moreover, we have, for the first time for many years, to note the
addition of a new Buprestid to our scanty list of insects belonging to
this family. In regard to some of this year's additions, there will be
differences of opinion. We have undoubtedly entered upon an era of
" species-splitting," if I may use such an expression. With our
present scanty knowledge of the life-history of the majority of beetles,
this creation of new species, based generally upon obscure structural
differences, differences moreover which are, as a rule, only comparative,
is in my view of little real service to science. It is to be observed that
this splitting into species is resorted to only in the case of insects
which are so minute that they have to be examined under a fairly high-
power microscope before the supposed structural differences can be
detected; in the case of insects of comparatively large bulk, differences
far more easily observable are either never noticed, or, if they are noted,
no one dreams of proposing to divide into different species insects
showing such differences.

Laccobiiis avutellarU, Motsch. — Introduced by Dr. Sharp, ]'!nt. Mo.
Mai/., xlv., p. 217. A specimen was taken at Chobham as far back as
1878 b}^ Mr. Champion, and Dr. Sharp has himself recently captured
specimens at Brockenhurst ; it is most nearly allied to siniiatus,
Motsch., but is much darker in colour.

Anacaena ovata, Reiche. — Mr. J. Edwards says [lor. <it.,i^. 1G9) that
he can satisfactorily separate the insects so far known as limbata, F.,
into two distinct forms, and the lighter in colour of these two forms is
the above species. In the latest European Catalogue, and by
Ganglbauer, ovata is considered a synonym of Umhata. The whole
question turns upon what constitutes a claim to specific rank.

Z THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Ocyiisa defecta, Muls. et Rey. — Introduced by Mr. E. A. Newbery
{loc. cit., p. 150) on a specimen taken at Tiverton, Devon, by Mr. S. (x.
Rendel, in November, 1908 ; it is most nearly allied to O. iiiaura, Er.

Calodera rufescena, Kraatz. — Introduced by Mr. G. C. Champion
(loc. cit., p. 52) on specimens taken at Sandown, Isle of Wight, and at
Colchester. It is allied to C. n'paria, Er.

Howalota scotica, sp. n. — Described {Eut. Iter., xxi., p. 38) by Mr.
E. G. Elliman from specimens taken by Mr. Douisthorpe and the
writer out of flood refuse on the banks of the Spey at Nethy Bridi>-e, in
September, 1908.

Howalota parois, Muls. et Rey. — Introduced by Mr. G. C. Champion
(Ent. Mo. Mai/., xlv., p. 5) on a specimen taken near Guildford. It
has the general facies of H. melanaria, Man., but is not nearly so large,
and has much shorter antennae.

Homalota fm^Ki, ^Qvnh, — nitens, Filss. — Introduced liy Mr. G. C.
Champion {loc. cit., p. 31) on a specimen taken at Mickletfam in 1875 ;
it has much the general appearance of a I'lacusa.

Mi/nnecopora hrecipea, sp. n. — Described by Mr. E. A. Butler (loc.
cit., p. 29) from specimens taken at Tintagel, Plymouth, etc. It differs
from M. uvida, Er., in its proportionately shorter antennji^ and legs; it
is a less robust insect.

Kpipeda niyricans, Thoms. — Introduced by Dr. .Joy {tor. cit., p. 268),
on two specimens taken under pine bark at Blair Atholl, Perthshire,
on September 5th, 1909.

Lutkrohiinn diliitiiiH, Erichs. — This species was also introduced by
Dr. Joy {loc. cit., p. 268) on specimens found under stones on the shore
of Loch Ericht, and in flood refuse on the river Truim, in September
and October, 1909.

Bledins denticollis, Fauv. — Introduced by Mr. F. H. Fryer (/or. cit.,
p. 6) on specimens taken on the banks of the Nethy at Nethy Bridge.
Dr. Sharp also took it at the same place. It is veicy like B. npacus,
Block., but is distinguishable by the right-angled tooth-like projecting
hind angles of the thorax.

Tltinohiitfi pallidum, sp. n. — Described {loc. cit., p. 4) by Mr. E. A.
Newbery from specimens taken by Mr. Britten under stones at the side
of the river Eden, Great Salkeld, Cumberland. It may be known by
its entirely testaceous colour, and the structure of the antenna'.

Hoiiialiuiii brevicolle, Thoms. — Introduced by Dr. Joy {loc. cit., p.
102) on a specimen taken in carrion at Great Salkeld by Mr. Britten;
it comes near to e.d<inuiii,(ay\\. Dr. Sharp was of opinion {loc. cit., p.
135) that the correct name was H. foioniinosHin, Milklin, but he later
(p. 214) abandoned this idea ; he had captured the insect in Scotland.

I'roteiniiscrcnulatns, Pandelle. — Introduced by Dr. Sharp {loc. cit.,
p. 267) on specimens found at Nethy Bridge ; it is like 1\ brachypteras,
F., but is blacker and more shining, and the base of the antennae is
not clear red.

Scydiimentis barncviUei, Reitt. — Dr. Joy introduced {loc. cit., p. 54)
this species on specimens taken out of cormorants' and gulls' nests
from the Scilly Isles. The identification was confirmed by Reitter,
who was of opinion that barnerillei was a synonym of poiveri, Fow.
Dr. Joy says this is not so. It may be mentioned that the latest
European Catalogue treats poireri as a synonym of acittellaris, Miill.

Euplectiis aKheaniix, Reitt. — In an article on our so-called species

RETROSPECT OK A COLEOPTERIST FOR VMK 3

/','. kimzei, Aube, and /•-'. ilitjioitti, Aube {Inc. rit., p. 74), Mr. Champioa
showed that all our specimens standing under the name ki(n:^ei were
really anheaniis. Roitt., and this name must, therefore, be added to our
list. The name kiinzei, or rather hritnnei(fi, Grimmer, of which
kimzci is only a synonym, remains in our list, because some of the
specimens hitherto called dupnnti have been incorrectly determined ;
they are bninnens, Grimmer.

Micropeplus caelatiix, Erics. — Introduced by Dr. Joy and Mr.
Tomlin {lor. rit., p. 149) on specimens taken at Cloghane, Co. Kerry, in
April, 1909. It is most nearly allied to M. porcatns, Payk.

llioliifi {Elmis) sndalis, Er. — Introduced by Mr. J. Edwards {Inc. cit.,
p. 76) on a specimen taken at Christow, Devon, bj^ Mr. Champion; Mr.
Edwards gave a tabic for separating our four species of this sub-
genus.

Parnas (jriseiis, Er. — Introduced by Dr. Sharp {lur. cit., p. 123),
who stated that he considered that we had now seven indigenous
species of this genus.

ParniiK (Dn/ops) ait'ilicanus:, sp. n.— Described by Mr. J. Edwards
{loc. cit., p. 218) oa specimens taken at Horning in May, 1888, and
again in 1909. IMr. Edwards gave a drawing of the vertical aspect of
the oedeagus to show the difference between it and that of auricnlatus,
Fourc.

Aphoflins iiii/cr, Panz. — Dr. Sharp reinstated this species in the
British list {l<>c. cit., p. 129) on the strength of a specimen taken at
Brockenhurst, and Mr. Champion has since that date taken the species
freely at the same locality. In discussing the previous records of this
species as a British insect, Dr. Sharp expressed the opinion that they
were all erroneous ; he also stated that he had two specimens, one
taken at Deal, and one in the New Forest, which did not agree with
niiier, Panz., or with the immaculate ab. of plai/iattts.

Melaunfi/tila acniiiinata, De G. — Introduced by Mr. Chiimpion [luc.
cit., p. 247) on specimens taken in the pine-woods near Woking, in
August and September, 1909 ; this fine Buprestid is a most unlooked-
for addition to our list, and the most interesting of the year's captures.
Mr. Champion gave an account of all the beetles he had taken in these
pine-woods, including such insects as Criocephalm ferns, Muls., and
Anc/ioineniis (ji(a(lripi(nctat)(s, De G.

(Jhaetncnenia arida, Foud. — Introduced by Mr. Donisthorpe [Ent.
Uecord, xxi., p. 259) on specimens taken in the Whitefield Woods,
Ryde, Isle of Wight, on August 2Gth, 1909. The species comes near
to hortennis, Geof., but has a narrower thorax, and thorax and head are
more finely punctured.

Piabocerna [Salpinaus) bisjinpi, sp. n.— Described by Dr. Sharp (Eut.
Mo. Maff., xlv., p. 246) from specimens taken at Grantown, Speyside,
by himself and Mr. T. G. Bishop.

In the same article. Dr. Sharp described another European species
new to science, R. championi, from specimens taken in Switzerland by
Mr. Champion.

Anaapis hudsoni, sp. n. — Described by Mr. Donisthorpe {Ent.
Record, xxi., p. 60) from a specimen found at Netby Bridge in the
centre of a hard, woody fungus, on Scots fir, on September 16th,
1908. The article is illustrated by a plate showing the male append-
ages of the whole of the British species of the genus.

4 THE ENTOMOIiOGIST S RECORD.

Pitj/'iiii'iu's tn-panatiis, Noerdl. — Introduced by Dr. Joy {Knt. Mo.
Mail; xlv., p. 269) on a specimen swept up at Blair Atholl, Perthshire,
on September 3rd, 1909.

Edrrhesopa jordani, sp. n. — This is an exotic insect found at Kew
Gardens, new to science, and described by Mr. W. E. Sharp {lor. cit.,
p. 221). It was introduced in a consignment of lily seeds from the
Tanganyika district of Africa ; it is a very remarkable and fine
Anthribid.

Du'titota tratacca, Kraatz. — This insect Avas found by Mr. W. E.
Sharp at Shirley, in the debris of decayed wood [Inc. cit., p. 269). It
was first described from the East Indies. It appears to have become
acclimatised in South Europe, and possibly may become so hei'e ; in
the meantime it must go into the special list of known introduced
insects.

The following new varieties and aberrations have been added :—
Tric/tnptcn/.v intermedia var. t/toiimoni, I. B. Ericson.— Introduced by
Mr. Donisthorpe (Knt. Kecord, xxi., p. 58) on specimens taken l)y
him and the writer at Newtonmore, in June, 1907.

Coccinella lOpiinetata ab. conjiitem, Haworth. — This was also
introduced by Mr. Donisthorpe (loc. cit., p. 136); he captured a
specimen at Darenth on May 16th, 1908.

Sitaris )in(ralis, Forst. ab. fiava, n. ab. — This new aberration was
described by Mr. Hamm {Knt. Mo. Ma;/., xlv., p. 277) on specimens
taken at Oxford ; it has the whole of the elytra, wing membrane, and
abdomen clear yellow in colour.

CrjiptopkwjHs palliiliia var. an/enteus, n. var. — Dr. Joy exhibited
this new variety at a meeting of the Entomological Society of London,
on November 8rd {loc. cit., p. 284); it differs from the type by having
silvery pubescence.

We have thus an addition of 28 species and 4 varieties and
aberrations : two, however, are introduced species, and one at least
of the others is a somewhat doubtful species.

In view of the length of the above list of additions, I can only
afford space for a brief notice of the capture of rare species during the
year. Dr. Joy records Olophnun conuwile, Gyll., from Ben Wyvis ;
Mr. Keys, Anthicus angmtatuH, Curt., from Bigbury Bay, in plenty ;
Mr. Butler, Cathorniiocerus waritiinun, Rye, from Tintagel (this insect
has been found recently by Mr. C. J. C. Pool, in the old localitj' —
Portsmouth); Mr. Day, 21di;/ethcs subrunosus, Gyll., from Cumberland ;
Mr. de la Garde, Sibinia .sot/«^/.s. Germ., and (Jardiophonis eijaiseti,
Hbst., both in numbers f rom Braunton ; Commander Walker, Trimimn.
hrevicorne, Reich., from Cobham Park, and Neuraphes ruhicnndus,
Schaum, from Strood (Mr. Collins has also taken it at Oxford); Mr.
Cameron, Emus hlrtits, L., from Sheppey, in fair numbers; Mr. Bedwell,
Hetaerius ferruffinens, 01., and Cassida fastnom, SchalL, from Box Hill,
and what appears to be Hi/pera meles, F., from Coulsdon ; Mr. Tomlin,
Tropideren sepicola, ¥., and Cionns lonijicollis, Bris., from Harewoocl
Forest. In conclusion, I may mention that Mr. Donisthorpe and the
writer took Trechns rivularis, Gyll., at W^icken Fen in September.

Many interesting notes have appeared in our entomological
journals. Mr. Newbery {Ent. Mo. Ma;/., xlv., pp. 32 and 63), in his
" Notes on various British Coleoptera," pointed out that our Adraatus
limbatns, Fab., was now called on the continent A. nitididas, Marsh,

EETROSPECT OF A COLEOPTERIST FOR 1909. 5

and that the At/ums nitfer, L., of our collections, was really A. kiitKs,
Hbst. ; in the same article he gave some further characters for separat-
ing Trachifphloeun aristatm, Gyll., and T. stjnaiiinlatns, 01., and also
(H/iiiis melanocephalus, Grav., and (>. vn/niiecophilus, Kies ; he also
again expressed the opinion that the insects we call Melanotits castanipes,
Payk., are only large specimens of M. niripes, Herbst. I must again
express my disagreement with this view. In an interesting note
entitled" On the Mlanis micros of British Catalogues" {lor. cit., p. 99),
Mr. E. A. Butler adduced evidence to show that this species does occur
in Great Britain, having been taken at Caterham, Mickleham, Box
Hill, etc. ; he thought it was possible we had another species (un-
described) coming very near to J/, fiiicroti, but distinct from it. Mr. J.
Edwards discussed in an article entitled " On the British species of
Chalroiihs, Foudras" {loc. eit., p. 127), the synonymy of the five
British species, and certainly, if we are to follow continental usage,
we must change at least three of the names : chloris, Foudras, becomes
pltitiis, Latr. ; K)iiayc((i(liii(i, Foudr., becomes fulvicoiiUK, Fab. ; and
lu'Lviiu's, Brit. Cat., becomes anrea, Geoff. Mr. Edwards gave a new
table for separating the species (I personally have never found any
difficulty in doing this with the aid of the table given by Canon
Fowler), and mentioned most of the colour aberrations of the various
species. Dr. -Toy, in a paper "Notes on the male genitalia of Aytisn-
t(>iiia amjlica, Rye, and (r)iatJionci(s nidicola, Joy " {loc. cit., p. 219),
showed that Avith the aid of these characters he was able to separate
definitely A. ant/iica from A. ciyoiaviomra, Pz. (in this he differs from
Dr. Fleischer, who professes his inability to see any ditierence in these
organs in the two forms), and (t. nidicola, Joy, from (i. rotundatiis, Kug.;
in the latter ease an illustration was given to show how very different
in shape this organ is in the two forms. Mr. H. Britten had a useful
note on the distinctive characters of Clanibus minutiis, Sturm., and C.
jinHctidion, Beck. {lor. cit., p. 250); it will be remembered that Mr.
Donisthorpe remstated this latter species in our list last year.

There was only one article dealing directly with mimicry, that by Dr.
Chapman on "Mimicry of Phi/todcrta varictbilifi, Oliv., and L'occinella
>icpt em punctata,'" L. {loc. cit., p. 18G), in which he gave an account of his
observations at Amelie-les-Bains, with some remarks on Mr. Bateson's
previous account of the species /'. rariahilis {Proc. Zool. Soc Lond.,
1895, pp. 850-860).

Of notes dealing with the distribution of our fauna throughout the
country, there were several to which attention may be drawn. Dr.
Joy in " A further note on the Coleoptera of the Scilly fsles " {loc. cit.,
p. 54) brought up the total recorded to date to 331 ; in this note he
stated that he was now convinced that Snniiis li/onexsius, Joy, was a
distinct species ; I see no reason to modify the opinion I expressed on
this point in my "Retrospect for 1908 " (/•,'»^ llcnnd, xxi., p. 27). Mr.
de la Garde gave a valuable list of coleoptera found at Braunton and
other places in Devon {Ivnt. Mo. Maii., p.86j ; and Mr. Tomlin published
lists of captures in the county of Hereford {loc. cit., pp. 6G and 252).

Attention must be drawn to a paper {loc. cit., p. 19(3) by Messrs.
Champion and Lloyd on some interesting British insects, which was
accompanied by a beautiful and accurately coloured plate, illustrating
seven of the most interesting additions made to our list during recent
years. This plate should stimulate collectors to endeavour to add new

6

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

records ior these species, all very rare and very local. Those
coleopterists who are studying the Cassnnidae should consult Mr.
Champion's notes on that family (loc cit., pp. 103, 121), in which
there is much valuable information on synonymy, distribution, etc.

There were two references to the dispersal or migration of coleoptera ;
one by Mr. W. E. Sharp describing his experience last May at Brid-
lington (Ent. Rmord, xxi., p. 164), when he found the sea-shore
covered with vast hordes of Gastroidea polygoni, L., and other species
of beetles, a sudden spell of warmth after severe cold having given an
impulse probably to nuptial flight ; the other was an account given by
Dr. Longstaff at the meeting of the Entomological Society of London
on 2nd June, of a flight of Coccindla 11-pnnrtata, L., which he had
witnessed about 40 miles above Khartoum {Ent. Mo. Ma;/., xlv., p. 168).

Mr. Donisthorpe published {Ent. Eecord, xxi., p. 257) his Myrmeco-
philous Notes for 1909, in which he gave additional localities for many
ants' nest species ; the conclusion of the notes for 1908 appeared on
p. 17 of that journal.

In the Transactions of the Ento)iiolo(/ical Society of Londo)i for 1909,
there appeared only a few papers dealing with coleoptera ; one of
these, however, was a valuable memoir ; it was by Mr. A. M. Lee, the
government entomologist of Tasmania, and Avas entitled, " A Eevision of
the Australian and Tasmanian Malacodennidae.'' It extended to just
over 200 pages (pp. 45-252), and was illustrated by five plates. Mr. Lea
brought up the total known species of the family from these regions to
363 ; he described a large number of new species, corrected synonymy,
and gave valuable tables for separating the species of the different
genera. He drew attention to the fact that several species of
Oedenieridae bear a very remarkable resemblance to certain members of
the Malacodermidae in the company of which they are usually found.
He instanced Pseudohjchiis lioemorrlioidalis, Fab., which is usually found
with M«trio)i/n/nchiis ni/'ipennis, Fab., which it strongly resembles, in
fact, like that species, it varies in regard to colour of elytra from
entirely reddish to a mere tip of red at the extremity of the elytra. In
pt. iii., pp. 397 and 413, Mr. Donisthorpe had two papers; the first,
entitled " On the Origin and Ancestral Form of Myrmecophilous
Coleoptera," gave an account of the species of coleoptera which are
occasionally or often found with ants or in ants' nests in Britain, but
more generally away from them ; in the second paper, entitled " On
the Colonisation of new nests of Ants by Myrmecophilous Coleoptera,"
after discussing briefly possible hypotheses, the author proceeded to
consider the evidence afforded by some of the ants-nests' beetles found
in Britain ; both papers are very interesting, but much more extensive
field observation is wanted before any definite conclusion can be
arrived at.

In " The Annals of Scottish Natural History," 1909, April, p. 76,
July, p. 146, October, p. 218, Mr. F. Balfour-Browne contributed a paper
on " The Aquatic Coleoptera of the Solway District," in which he
summarised the previous records of this district, and gave the result of
his own three years' work. The paper is characterised by the thorough-
ness which we always expect from Mr. Balfour-Browne. He recorded
about 120 species, and gave a full account of his discovery of such
interesting and unexpected species as Bidessus i)iinvtissi;nns, Germ.,
and Oeldhchius lejolisi, Key et Muls.

RETROSPECT OF A. COLEOPTERIST FOR 1909. 7

Two valuable local lists appeared during the year. " A Survey
and Record of Woolwich and West Kent," published this year
at Woolwich, the outcome of the visit of the South-Eastern Union
of Scientitic Societies to Woolwich in 1907, a volume of 526 pages,
contains a list of the coleoptera of that district by Mr. West ; he
recorded 1350 species, and gave brief notes of the habitat and localities
for each species. The second list appeared in the " Guide to thp
Natural History of the Isle of Wight," edited by Mr. F. Morey, and
published at Newport this year. The list was prepared by Mr.
Newbery, but, owing to the fact that that gentleman omitted to con-
sult several well-known colcopterists, who have for years collected in
the Island, and, further, owing to the fact that for some extraordinary
reason, quite inexplicable to most people, Mr. Newbery purposely
omitted several interesting and undoubted records, Mr. Donisthorpe
was asked to prepare a supplement to Mr. Newbery's list, which con-
tained 1309 species. The supplement increased this by 125, and Mr.
Donisthorpe has published {Knt. liecoid, xxi., p. 272) an addition to the
above two lists, increasing the total to 1516 species.

It is desirable to mention that the year has seen the beginning of
a very ambitious scheme, namely the publication of a " Catalogue of
Coleoptera" by Mr. W. Junk, of Berlin, the editing being entrusted to
Mr. S. Schenkling ; so far three parts have appeared.

I conclude my Retrospect with the feeling that the year 1909 will
be one upon which we can look back with satisfaction, as one which
has seen a distinct advance in oar knowledge of the coleopterous fauna
of our native land.

Depressaria putridella, Schiff.— A species new to Britain

{wit/t tiiu plates).
By ALFRED SICH, F.E.S.
(Concluded from. vol. xxi., p. 281).
The older British entomologists could only have had the meagre
description of the " Vienna catalogue " and Hiibner's figure to work by ;
it is, therefore, not at all surprising that they mistook a dark-veined
form of Depreaauria yeatiana, Fab., for the genuine />. putridella,
Schift". The first author to consider is Haworth. He describes a
JJepresaatia pntrida (the brown -veined), and refers to Hiibner's figure
of D. putridella {f.ep. Brit., p. 509, part 3, 1811). Haworth never
saw the msect alive, and evidentlj^ describes a specimen taken by
R. Scales. His description is an excellent one of the dark-veined
form of J>. ijeatiana. Indeed, Haworth himself writes, " Ultimae
(!/eatsii—i/eafia)ia) simillimje sed suflicienter diftert, venis fuscis."
His description of the stigmata runs as follows: "In medio, at costam
versus, puncta quatuor, quadratic pusita : horum duo antica minuta,
atra ; tertimu triplo iiiajiis, rotundatiiiii, fiisrinn : quartum minutum
subocellare, iride nigra, alba pupilbl." This applies exactly to
/>. i/eatiana, but those words I have written in italics could form no
part of a description of the stigmata on the forewings of J>. putridella.
Again, of the bindwings, Haworth says, " Posticie albida-, ciliis amplis,
stramineis, sericeis." This is accurate as regards />. i/eatiana, but
inapplicable to D. putridella, as has been already shown when
comparing these two species.

b THE EXTOMOL0(tIST S RECORD.

This description of Hawoi'th's, which, I think, would have been
veiy different if he had the real D. ptitriddla before hina, seems to
form the basis of all the descriptions published under this name by
British authors till that by Stainton in 1870, when he described
specimens of the true species from Germany. Curtis mentions the
name only in his Guide (1829). Stephens, in his Cataloi/xe of Brituh
Inserts (1829), lists D. imtridella, citing Hiibner, Haworth, and Curtis.
We learn here that he took the moth himself, and that it occurred
within 25 miles of St. Paul's Cathedral, London. Later, in the
Illustrations, Stephens describes an insect under the name of D.
putridella, and mentions Norfolk and the New Forest as localities, but
not the London district, though he refers to bis Cataloi/i(e. His
Latin diagnosis is very similar to Haworth's, and indeed his whole
description reminds one very strongly of that by Haworth. Of the
stigmata be says, " Four dots on the disc towards the costa, two of
which are minute and black, and placed obliquely before the middle,
then a larger fuscous one, and finally a white one, with a black edge."
Of the hindwings he says, " Posterior wings whitish, with pale
ochreous cilia." The larger fuscous dot, the colour of the hind-
wings, and the cilia point to D. yeatiana (llhist. Brit. Ent. Haust.,
vol. iv., p. 202, 1834).

Stephens' own specimen, now in the collection at the British
Museum, labelled " jrutrida" clears up, however, all doubt as to what
species he had before him. This specimen is certainly D. yeatiana,
but curious!}' it is almost the least-veined example of Stephens' series,
the veins being only marked by dots. Above it are other specimens
with quite strongly-marked veins. In fact the specimen, labelled
" yeatiana,'' is much more strongly marked than that labelled
" putrida.'' There is one curious point about the label attached to
this specimen. Stephens himself called the species putridella, but
this insect is labelled " juttrida,'' which is the name Haworth used.
We know that Stephens bought some of Haworth's insects ; can this
specimen be the type of Haworth's Depressaria putrida / This is
hardly possible, as it has not dark veins, a feature on which Haworth
insists. My own idea is that the specimen labelled " yeatiana " is
really Haworth's type specimen of putrida, and the specimen now
bearing the label putrida is Haworth's type of yeatsii, and further that,
at some time, both these labels became in some way detached from
the specimens, and were wrongly replaced. Each of these labels has
two pinholes. The one bearing the word putrida is evidently con-
temporary with those bearing the names purpurea, alt rem i (sic), and
wediopeitinella, but the other, judging from the colour of the paper
and the darker ink, seems to have been written later. If so, then
that may account for its bearing the word yeatiana, instead of yeatsii,
as if Haworth, in later years, adopted the name originally given by
Fabricius, or as if the label had been written by another.

There is an interesting figure in Wood's Inde.r (1839). It is
numbered 1180, and by reference to page 172, we find it represents
Depressaria putridella, the brown-veined. Wood refers to Stephens,
but does not say whence he obtained the specimen he figures. The
ground colour of the forewings is pale brown, near the base is a
longitudinally elongate triangular dark spot from which a darker
brown shade runs to the hind margin ; there are similar shades along

LEPinoPTEKA AT DIGNE AND LA GRAVE IN .IfLY, l!)()i). 9

the costa and the hind margin. The discoidal spot is dark, and the
space hetween it and the dark triangular mark is of the pale ground
colour. The veins are strongly marked in fuscous. The hindwings, and
the fringes of all the wings, are pale brown. This figure neither
represents D. pidridella nor />. i/eatiana, and, after comparing the
figure with various species of Deprexsaria, I have come to the
conclusion that it may have been drawn from a specimen of ]>.
iiltiitiella, Stt., a species not then described, though it was probably
then no rarer than it is now. In the second (Westwood's) edition of
this work, the figure is coloured much more like the hgure of />.
yeatiana. We need not consider Rennie, as he tells us nothing that
previous authors did not mention {('itusjH'ctnx, p. 18G, l(S;-32). There
]s a figure in Humphreys and Westwood's llritish Moths of a
Dcpreasarta piitriiidla, but this figure is too poor to be identified with
any species. The accompanying description, more or less borrowed
from Stephens, again shows that, even if the authors had a moth
before them when they drew it up, the insect was not J>. piitndella,
Schill'.. but D. i/eatiana, Fab. {Brit. Mothn, etc., vol. ii., p. 188, pi. ciii.,
f. 2, 18.51).

In conclusion, 1 think Mr. Green is to be congratulated on his
discovery that this pretty and variable species is an inhabitant of the
British Isles. My very best thanks are due to Mr. Hugh Main for his
kindness in supplying me with the beautiful pliotographs from which
plate \v was reproduced, and also to the authorities of the Natural
History Museum who allowed me to examine the very interesting-
series of this species collected from the continent by the late
Mr. Stainton.

Lepidoptera at Digne and La Grave in July, 1909.

By (Key.) FEA.NK E. LOWE, M.A., F.E.S.
Mr. A. H. Jones and myself agreed this summer upon a joint
expedition to Digne and to la Grave. At Digne, where we arrived
on -July 11th, we had but poor sport considering the well-earned
reputation of the place. We have not to record a single species, so
far as I know, that is not generally common there. As a matter of
fact, insects on the whole were scarce. Of Papilio ale.mnor and Po'-n-
oniniotiis inelcnf/er $ , we took respectively rather less than a dozen
decent specimens between us. I got one good l'id]iii(inia ei/ea, and saw
two or three more ragged specimens, one Hipnarrhia fiilia, but of
Satijnis (irtea not a sign, though S. eorrhda in both sexes was tine and
common. Jones was more fortunate in securing two good aberi-aut
forms of Melitaea diili/nia, but I think we are both of opinion that our
visit to Digne resulted in disappointment. It is quite useless to repeat
the oft-told tale of things taken or noted. We packed up, therefore, and
left on -luly 23rd, arriving at la Grave in the Dauphiny Alps on the
24th. This ground has been less exploited, and, though it did not
prove " the El Dorado of butterfly life " surmised by our editor (Hut.
llerord, ix., p. 202), it was not without considerable entomological
interest. We were a fortnight earlier than the date of Mr. Tutt's
visit, and also favoured with better weather, but we saw nothing of
F.rehia sripw''-, which he reports from the Plateau d'Emparis, " two

' This was reported through a hipxitu calniiii for Erehia s^ti/ipie, and corrected
Fnt. IxL'c. xvii., p. 214. — Er>.

10 THE entomologist's RECORD.

specimens worn." By far the most interesting event of our sta^^ was
the discovery, on July 29th, of Melitaea deione, on the sides of the
road one mile below the village. Unfortunately, it had been out long,
and was almost over, and very few of the specimens taken were fit for
the cabinet. Jones secured one truly magnificent female, and for the
rest we got together a short series of fairly presentable examples of
both sexes. This we believe to be the most northern station for M.
deione yet recorded in the French Alps. It seems to be a race of some
little peculiarities of its own, and not, as might have been expected,
to approach the Swiss var. ben'salensis, or to reproduce the Digne form.
To my mind it is nearer to the form taken at La Granja, than to those
that 1 have seen from Digne. It is altogether a darker insect. The
ground colour duller, and the black tracery coarser, but it is pratically
indistinguishable from specimens kindly sent me by Mr. A. S. Tetley,
taken this year at Axat, Aude, Sth. France. The Spanish insects,
on the average, are larger, and even more strongly marked with black,
while at the same time possessing greater brilliancy than the Dauphine
form, due possibly to superior condition. Among the Coenonymphids
and Erebiids, it was not possible, unfortunately, to carry on the
observations made by Mr. Tutt, and noted antca, vols, viii and ix,
as the species ( '. iplds and (\ mtijiion were scarce, as also were
Melawpin!^ indaiiipiis and M. pliarte, and in the last two from the
absence of females I think not fully out. I took M. wclampna only at
le Lautaret, where we spent July 31st, and M. pliarte only on the
slopes at the foot of the Meije Glacier ; both were at the time very
local and scarce. 3Z. Duiainpus is a small form with spots on upper
wings generally reduced in number and size, exactly corresponding
with the prevailing form at Pontresina. Five M. pliarte came from
la Grave, on the last two days of my stay, July 81st and August 1st,
taken in a restricted corner of an uncut meadow just before the rough
ground that leads up to the glacier. These were quite ordinary, and
might have come from Mt. Pilatus. Each species was easily dis-
tinguishable, and the few obtained showed no unusual signs of
approximation to each other.

Of the " blues" at the lower altitude below and above the village,
hlirsiitina daiiion was the most abundant, smaller and darker than
those from Berisal — or Aigle — ^tending perhaps to var. ferreti,
Favre — Fidi/oiiiiiiatiis escheri \va:S magnificent both in size and colour.
Higher on the mountains /'. <^j-o.s- was the commonest of the genus, small
and not so bright as specimens from the Simplon. Zermatt, and Pon-
tresina and the black borders appear to be generally narrower and less
inclined to suffusion. I got a few females. Pamassiiis delitis was
decidedly common, mostly without white centres to the red spots, and
some without red on upper wings, ab. inornata. In the list below, taken
at la Grave between July 25th and Augustlst,I haveadded "L" tothose
species noted at le Lautaret only: Papilio uiachaon, scarce; I'arnassiKs
apidlo, f. deliiis ; Aporia crataeiii ; Pontia callidice : I'ieria brassica.e,
P. rapae : Anthocaris helia var. aiisojiia, one worn ; Colias palaeno ?
(L.) (this I chased but did not take); C. pliiconinne, C. In/ale, C. ediiaa ;
Kliiiiia s/yini, very common; Heodes virf/aiireae; (Jhripwphamis hippotho'e
var. euri/hia (on the Col du Lautaret the females were very fine, not
quite the full black of a complete enri/hia, but with a suggestion of a
central blaze of taAvny); Lmveia alriphron var. ;inrdius : Plebeiiix anina

NOTES OX COLLECTING IN 1900. 11

{afijon): Latiorina orbitulitf (1); Aricia astrarche ; Pobjottnnatiis eras,
P. tear us (rare), /'. ('f«:/u'i-i, J'. In/las ; Afpiades bellarfpia, A. coridon ;
<}i/amris aemiariina and var. viontana (L.); Lycaena avion (1); Aijlais
nrticae ; Va7iessa io : Melitaea cynthia (1 2 ^^orxi), M. phnebe, M. didyma,
M. dicti/nna (rare), M. deione, M. parthenieveir. varia (scarce and worn);
Brenthis ]>ales, \evj light colour, emerging, B. r«o, just emerging 800ft.
above the village of la Grave on July 31st; hsoria lat/i(»iia: Aryyunis
aylaio, scarce and poor, A. niobe var. eris, only two, August 1st,
remarkably scarce ; Mrlavaryia yalathea : Mclanipicoi epiphron, M.
tiK'laiiipits (L), M. jiharte : Krebia veto, one worn (L), K. oeine (L), one
worn, /','. >ifyyne, tine, K. tyndariis, fine, both at le Lautai'et and la
Grave, often ab. droiiinn: ilipparchin alcyone ; Satyrus rardida :
I'ararye inoera : Epinrplude lycaon, males only , Cocmouympha iphis, C.
.satyriou, <'. pcnnp/iiliis (L); Krynvu alceae (L); l^rhicola cmiiuia :
Ailopaca llava : I'oirelUa sao : Hesperia alveiis.

Some notes on collecting Lepidoptera in 1909.

By C. W. SPERRING.
Without doubt, the year 1909 opened very satisfactorily for lepi-
dopterists, the mild nights of March and April producing a good
number of insects. The district lamps were, as usual, well patronised
by Auisopteryx aesciilaria (Kidbroolve, Elthain, and Chislehurst), while
Pnlyplora flai-icomis was similarly attracted by light on the borders of
the oak-wood running along the main road over Shooters Hill.
Ijybeniia viaryinaria 3 s were captured sitting on the bushes at Petts
Wood, Chislehurst, and males of Anipliidasys strataria were attracted
in plenty by means of virgin females secured in muslin-covered boxes
affixed to the tree-trunks. The latter are very sluggish, and, when
released from captivity and placed on the tree-trunk, sit very still.
Sallow-beating also proved very remunerative, the following turning
up in the beating-tray in considerable numbers, viz., Tamiocampa yothica,
T. piilrfnilcnta, T. >itabilis, T. yiacilix, T. vunida, and Faclmobia nibricosa,
all at Chislehurst, with a few hybernated (Jrrhodia racriuii, which were
also found in great abundance on the sallows on the railway-bank at
Crown Woods, Eltbam, being more common there than any of the
other species. The appearance of a 2 T. pulverulcnta in the beating-
tray, was the cause of a great deal of excitement on the part of at
least half-a-dozen males, which buffeted and whirled one over the other
in an attempt to secure the female, until the boxing of the latter put
an end to an extremely lively and interesting interlude. During the
early part of April, lirephos partlieniaa turned up at Chislehurst in
considerable numbers as usual, and were frequently disturbed from
the heather on which they rested, only to immediately flutter off' to
the tops of the birches. Many specimens were also found on the
sallow- blooms, but required very careful stalking to get within striking
distance.

Perhaps the two most noticeable features of the early part of 1909
(from a lepidopterists' point of view) were the wonderful abundance
of spring larva^ with consequent damage to enormous numbers of
trees, and the wide difference between the dates usually accepted as
normal for the appearance of insects and the actual appearance of
the same.

12 THE entomologist's RECORD.

The warm sunny days of April and May had such an excellent
effect on both larvte and pupfe, that the end of the latter month saw
('ii/jido iiiiniinus in profusion on the chalk-hills of the south coast
(Portsmouth), accompanied by Rtimicia phlaeas, Coenonyuipha pamphiluSf
I'objoinmatns icarus (nearly all males), Celatttrina anjiolus, A/piades
t/u'tis [bellarfius) (Ventnor), Aricia astrarche (Ventnor), Brenthis
eiijihrosune ( Waterlooville, Hants.), Enddo'e carda mines, Pieris rapae,
P. napi, and /'. bras^icae, Xisnniadcx taf/es, and CaWiphriis rubi
(Shoreham, Kent), while the hybernated Vanessids, I'urameis atalanta
and \ ani'i<m to, and (T07iepteri/.r rhainni, disported themselves in the
brilliant sunshine, /'. atalanta being still on the wing on June 10th,
at Ventnor, and all these also being seen at Porchester.

KuMoe cardaiiiines was without doubt one of the commonest of
the spring insects this year, at least twenty being counted on the wing
at one time, of which seven ^ s disported themselves together, but 2 s
were extremely scarce, and few were captured despite careful searching.
In connection with Coenoiu/iiijdiapaniji/iiliis, the early-emerging examples
seem certainly worth more than a passing glance, examination result-
ing in more pallid examples than are usually found at a later period of
the year. Careful turning over of everything captured, resulted in an
almost entirely white Pieris rapae, and another of the same species
measuring only f inch from tip to tip of extended wings, several good
underside abs. of Ai/riades bellan/iis (now to be known as A. thetis),
females of J'olijniiniiat}is icariis, strongly embodying the male colora-
tion, together with the ab. icariuns. Searching the mullein growing
in the warm shelter of the hedgerow at the foot of the chalk-hills at
Portsmouth, gave small larvfe of Vncidlia vcrbasci (earlyJune), while,
at the same time, the larvae of Malacosouia neustria which were on
every hedgerow in the same locality, were in a most forward state, as
were also those of Lachneis lanestris, many being in their last instar, a
most unusual thing so early in the season. Great depredations by
the commoner larvte were everywhere noticeable, for which Hi/bemia
defoliaria, Cheimatobia brn\uata, and Oporahia dilutata were largely
responsible, their large numbers being due, no doubt, to the mild
weather experienced during October, November, and December of last
year, the writer counting nearly 60 specimens of C. bruniata and
(>. dilntata on one lamp. The larviE of Diloba coeruleocepliala were
also found in al)undaiice, between 40 and 50 being tumbled out of a
hawthorn hedge at Waterlooville, Hants, during the first week of
June, in less than half-an-hour, while larva^ of Crocallis eliiuiuaria,
Abraxas //rossidariata, Poecilocaiiipa populi, Arctia caja, Cosinotn'r/ie
jintatoria, Triphaena ia)itliiita, T. praniiha, < 'ahjiiinia trape::ina,ete., v^'eve
equally common.

Walking through the rough herbage of the hillside at Porchester,
or beating the hedgerows adjacent, one disturbed Bapta temerata,
Axpilates ochrearia, Venilia viacidata, (!/riasiiiia clathrata, Lobophora
seicalisata, Coreiiiia femujata, ('. toiidentaria, Atuoebe riridaria,
Xanthnrlio'e sociata, X. niontanata, Anaitis pkujiata, Kndidia mi, Acontia
Inctiiosa, and Hipocrita jacoboeae, with one female Diajdiora mendica at
rest on the hedgebank, a very light form of Apatela aceris at rest on a
sycamore-trunk (Ventnor), and a nice banded form of I'riaena psi at
rest on a fence (Waterlooville). A walk through the adjacent pinewoods
gave Thera variata (one specimen only), and dusking in the same

SOME NOTES ON COLLECTING IN lllOil. 18

locality Apanwa nonina and Hcpialiis lii/m/iini,^, iho only insect taken at
sugar being (irannnesia tr'Kjraiinirica.

One specimen of Aiujiades sylraniin was captured on June 4th, and
also Hcfijicria molrae, the date mentioned ])eing a very early one for
the insect in question.

The collecting on the south coast was carried out during Aveek
ends, and also during a week comprising the last few days of May,
and the first week of June. Work nearer to London was, however, in
force during the earlier days of the week. Searching for larvie, the
writer was pleased to find that of T.asiocainpa ijiicrcus at the back of
Shooters Hill, showing that it had not entirely forsaken its old haunts
despite the growth of greater London, and that motor traffic passed
constantly, while larva^ of < 'nsmotrichi' /lotatana were largely in
evidence. Dusking at Chislehurst gave Scoliopteiy.r libatri.r, Ejilnjra
jicndiilaria, Tcplnosia junictulayia (on tree-trunks), (Tonodoritis buleiitofa ,
and Cahcra pnmria, with the following at Shooters Hill, ri\., Anticha
bailiata, Aatlwna randidata, lodis lartearia, <'ainpt(i(ira}inita bilineota,
tiHinia crataei/ata, Apatiwa badlinea (Kidbrooke, May 28th), and
Hi/driuinena itnphniata (Blendon, June 13th).

Sugar during the spring and early summer gave exceedingly poor
results, constant wet days and cold nights spoiling any possibility of
good results, and even such insects as were captured, were generally in
poor condition, the only ones to record for June being Dipteryriia
srabriiisrida, XijlDpliasia lithoxylca, X. viono(fl>/p/ta, iivaphipliora aiiyur,
Xaenia tj/pica, yortiia festiva, Tn'phaena proniiba (also on the wing
in mid-September in perfect condition everywhere), Phloyophora
tiieticiddsa, and Mcoiiestra brassirat', with Dasydiira piidibidtda at light,
a very sorry list for several nights' work at Crown Woods, Eltham.
A newly-emerged Hylopldla praainana was taken at rest on a nettle
stem (Blendon), T/icrctra porcelliis (Ciilham, Oxon), ParaHeivia
plantayijiis (South Downs, Hants), all in June, and Mdanoryia yalatca
(Shoreham, Kent), Knndia hyperanthtts (Cudham), and Epiiifphcie
tithonuH (Portsdown Hill) in July. At this time (July) the breeding-
cage was giving large numbers of Anthrocera /ilipendulaeivom collected
pupai from the last-mentioned locality, Porthesia siviilis (Blendon
larvte), Kupructia ehrysorrhoea (Southend, larv* collected in autumn
of 1908), Plasia iiinneta (larvae collected at Shoreham, Kent), and a
few Kiitrifha (pienifolio, and iMsincanipa ijiierci'is from larvte taken on
hawthorn at Culham, Oxon, earlier in the year.

Dusking from mid-June till end of July, secured Acidalia atrrsata
(Kidbrooke), llcpicdna hcrtiis (Chislehurst), and H. lutmidi (Black-
heath), Lozoy 1(1)11 Ilia petraria (Chislehurst), Metrocoiiipa maryaritaria,
and Kiichloiis puatidata (Shooters Hill), llciiicropldla abrnptaiia
(Blackheath, at rest), Mamestra perdcariae (Blackheath), Acidalia
imitaria (Shooters Hill), Mesoleiira albicillata (Chislehurst), Srotoaia
vetidata (Chislehurst), Xanthorho'e sociata (Eltham), Hypcna probosci-
dalis (Chislehurst), XactKa trianyidum (Chislehurst), and Asthena
vandidata (Eltham), also the day-fiying Oit/mlitlia liniitata (Cudham).

During the first three weeks in August, the writer w'as practically
unable to undertake any field work, but in the last week of that month
took a trip to Devon, staying inland about three or four miles from
Sidmouth, Devon. Probably the stormy weather of the several weeks
preceding accounted for the poor condition of many of the insects

14 THE entomologist's RECORD.

seemed. Pulyoiiiniatiis icartis appeared to be entirely over, only two
ragged specimens being observed, but Pararge iiie(/aera was observed
in profusion, there being literally dozens of them on the wing, some of
them too worn for cabinet purposes, but others in excellent condition.
Vaneaaa io did not appear to be very abundant, but Pi/ranteis atalanta
was prevalent everywhere. The borders of the oak-woods gave Bithys
(jiierrits, and, in the shady lanes, both worn specimens of the second
brood oi Para n/e eticria and newly-emerged specimens of a possible third
brood of the same were on the wing, the latter being secured in con-
siderable numbers by a fellow collector in the week following. Not a
single specimen of either I'ljraineis carchii or Colias edusa was
observed, although the clover-fields were carefully walked through
each day (the latter insect seems to have been very uncommon every-
where this year. One specimen of this insect travelled over from the
continent this year, to the writer's knowledge, and when last seen was
observed feebly flattering on the decks of a cargo boat at London
Bridge). A very beautiful specimen of Iliimicia phlaeas was observed,
the margins of both fore- and hindwings being outlined with white,
but, unfortunately, a net was not at hand, and an attempt at capture
with a cap, was a failure. The insect, however, was sufficiently still
for some little time, to permit of inspection at a short distance. At
sugar in the same district, Ainphipyra pijraniidea occurred in large
numbers, both light and dark forms, this insect being also observed at
sugar at Chislehurst in the second week in September, in perfect
condition, whereas they were going over fast in Devon at the end of
August. Pharetra riimicix, Mania luaara, Hydroecia nictitan.s, Noctiia
iniibrosa, Scolioptery.c libatria-, I'Idngopliora )iipticidosa, and Aiiiphipyra
tragopoyonia, also visited the sugar-patch. Ejdnne apiciaria and
LithoHla lurideola came to light, while Abra.ras giossidariata, Mesuleiica
ocdlata, XanthorJuH' sociata, Coreniia ferriiyata, and (,'. mioiitata were
taken on the wing at dusk. Beating for larv:^ in the same district,
proved quite a failure, only JJasychira jnidihnnda and Ainphidasys
bettdaria being secured.

Field-work near London was resumed immediately (September).
As usual, the males of Notolophiis {Orgyia) antiqua were common, and
specimens of the second- brood of Celastriiia aryiola>< were frequently
observed (Bu^chwood and Shoreham, Kent); also a worn specimen of
Aryynnis aylaia (Shoreham, Kent), and Agrotis agathina at light
(Chislehurst). Larva-beating at Birchwood, on the banks of the railway,
gave Amorpha popiili (aspen), and Lophopterya; canielina, Drepana
lacertinaria, and Dasychira padibunda from birch. Examples of the
second-brood of Anaitis plagiata were taken on the wing both at Eltbam
and Westerham (Kent), and BryophHa peiia on the lichen-covered,
walls at the last locality, likewise Thera finnata (on pine), and Corenna
propugnata at rest on an oak-tree trunk. Larvte of Triaena psi were
common towards end of September (Eltham and Blackheath),
Hylophila pram' nana (Chislehurst), and several of SmerintJius oceUatUy
were picked up, evidently wandering about looking for a suitable spot
for pupation ; also one Maniestra pisi at the former locality. Sugar, at
Chislehurst in September, resulted, as usual, in the attraction of
considerable numbers of Ortho&ia macilenta, also Anchocelis {CJmpha-
loscelis) limosa, Mellinia circellaris, Phlogophora meticidosa, Peridrorna
{Agrotis) saucia, Asphalia dilitta.

MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR ISKHI. 15

Catnlora nii/ita was fairly common, as usual at the street lamps (all
males Blackheath), also Ennonins tiliaria (alnian'a), and T/iera rariata
(last named locality).

October, at Chislehurst, saw great numbers of On-limUa iaai>iii
both at sugar and at rest on the tree-trunks, a very fine series being-
secured, including most of the known aberrations. Only one specimen
of Onhodia liijiila was secured, though several hundred specimens of the
genus were examined. ScniH'ldsonia (Kii})silia) safellitia was very
common, but there were few J//.sx'//« o.vijacantliae, though both type and
ab. cajiiirina were taken. During both October and November, Hiiiiera
jicnnaria, including well-suffused examples, were attracted to light or
found at rest on birch twigs, as well as Hybernia defulian'a and H
aurantiaria, Chriniatobia hrtimata, ('. horeata, and Oporabia Jilutato.

Myrmecophilous Notes for 1909.

By H. St. .J. K. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
[Concluded from vol. xxi., p. 291.)

Chalc'idid.e. — SpalanctIa erythkomkra, Foerst. — This species
occurred with its usual host, Imsjiis fnliiii)it)^iis, at Darenth Wood, in
July. I have taken various other Chalcids in ants' nests, but have
been unable to get them named at present.

HeTEUOPTERA. PlEZOSTETHUS FORMICETORUM, Boh. — I tOok this

insect sparingly with Foriinca riifa at Nethy Bridge, in May. This is
another new locality for the species. It has now been found at
Braemar, Rannoch, and Nethy Bridge in Britain.

Bracomd.e. — EuPHORUs BisTiGMATicus, Morley, Kut. Mu. Maij.,
1909, p. 212. — T captured 2 s hovering over nests of F. rufa at Wey-
bridge and Bewdley Forest, in July. It was first taken in Britain by
me at Weybridge, in July, 1906 (see Ent. llec, 1907, p. 5), and I
bred a g in my F. rufa observation-nest, June 13th, 1907 (see Fnt.
Fiec, 1907, p. 256). Mr. Hamm has taken it over /''. rufa nests in the
New Forest. Wasmann has found it at Luxemburg with F. nifa and
F. pratensis. The 2 s hover steadily over the ant, gradually getting
nearer, and when they get the chance strike at it to lay an egg. The
ants often notice its presence, and reach up to try and drive it away.

Spilom.ma falconivibrans, J^Jorley [Ent. Mo. Ma;/., 1909, p. 211). —
Morley has described this new genus and species from specimens, J s
and $ s, bred by me in an observation-nest of F. fuKca, from Porlock
(see Ent. Hec, 1907, p. 255).

Pachylomjia buccata, Breb. — I captured a 2 hovering over a nest
of Lasias niijer at St. Helens, Isle of Wight, on August 29th. In the
Ent. Mo. Ma;/., 1909, p. 209, Morley records the few known British
examples. Marshall found the 2 s associating with Mi/nnica scabri-
nodis. Giraud found both sexes hovering over a society of very little
ants. De Gaulle found it associated with Lasius bnonwns and .W.
scahrinodis.

AspiLOTA NERVOSA, Hal. 3 .—This is a small Braconid that I took
in a nest of Laaius fuliiiiiiosKs, last June, at Darenth Wood. I sent it
to Morley, who writes as follows : " I am satisfied that it is Aspilota
nervosa, Hal., of which Marshall gives a lot of vars., which he thinks
are probably all good species. Yours is var. 6, of which only the <? is
known." These Braconids are parasitic on diptera, and it is most

16 THE entomologist's RECORD.

probable that my specimen was bred from one of the many specief< of
diptera which inhabit this nest, some of which are abundant.

Aphid.e. — Paracletes cimiciformis, C. Heyd. — This species was
taken in some numbers in nests of Tetiattmrium raespitniti, the other
side of Rarae Head, in April. This is the " Myrmecophilous aphis "
par e.rcellenre, it is much more active than the others found with ants.
When the nest is disturbed the plant-lice themselves hurry down into
the chambers, as well as being carried by the ants. Evans found it with
LaaittH fiavHs at Queen's Ferry {Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1906, p. i^41), and
Newstead with the same ant at Loggerheads (/v»^ Mo. Mat/., 189B, p.
115), but the principal host is 'ietrauiorinni caeH/iitinii (see Schonteden,
" Les Aphides Radicicoles de Belgique et les Fourmis," Aiui. Soc. Kitt.
Bel;/., xlvi., 1902, p. 138). I have taken a number of other specimens
of Aphidae in ants' nests, which have not yet been determined.

CocciD.E. — RiPERsiA suBTERRANEA, Newst. — This species occurred in
numbers in nests of l^asiits }ii;/ef and Tetramoriiiiii caea/iitiiin at Whitsand
Bay, in April. This species has now occurred at Ingoldisthorpe (New-
stead), North Queen's Ferry (Evans), Dartmouth and Whitsand Bay
(Donisthorpe). According to Newstead it has not been recorded from
any other part of the world. I must thank my friend Mr. Ernest
Green for kindly naming these specimens.

AcARiNA. — Trachyuropoda coccinea, Mich. — Occurred with jb . ritfa,
Parkhurst Forest, Isle of Wight, April 26th, Buddon Wood, Leicester-
shire, May 5th, and with F. fia^ca, Bradgate Park, Leicestershire, May
3rd, and Forth Bridge, May 14th.

Trachyuropoda laminosa, C.B. — This species Avas taken with [fctra-
moriinii, eaexpltum at Whitsand Bay and Rame Head, in April.

T. ExcAVATA, Wasm. — Found with LaKinn nii/er at Whitsand Bay
and Rame Head, in April.

Urotrachytes formicarius, Lubb. — In nests of La>>iiis jianis,
Virtuous Lady Mine. April 20th, Bradgate Park, May 3rd, and Forth
Bridge, May ISth.

LiELAPs myrmecophilus, Berl. — In plenty as usual with L. ri<ri-
barbin var. fiifsco-ru/i.barbis at Whitsand Bay.

L. EQuiTANs, Mich. — In nests of Tetraiiioritnn caeapitiuit at Whit-
sand Bay, in April, jumping on and off the ants.

L. cuNiFER, Mich. — Taken with F. riifa at Virtuous Lady Mine,
April 20th, Parkhurst Forest, April 26th, Buddon Wood, May 4th,
Nethy Bridge, May 18th; with F. rnjibarhiH var. fiisco-ruribarbis, Whit-
sand liay, April ; with Lasius unibratna at W'ellington College,
June 19th; with Formica samiidnea at BeAvdley, July 2 1st ; and with
Lasius fali(iinosiifi at Darenth Wood, July 26th.

L. oopHiLus, Wasm. — In and amongst the egg-masses of Formica
ritfa at Virtuous Lady Mine, April 20th, Parkhurst Forest, April 26th,
Buddon Wood, May 4th ; of F. riijibarbia var. fnsco-rufibarbis, Whit-
sand Bay, April; of F. ftisca, Bradgate Park, May 8th, and of F.rufa-
pratemis, Nethy Bridge, May 16th.

L. L^vis, Mich. — Very rare with Tctranioritim cacspitum at Whit-
sand Bay, in April. This species is new to Britain.

L. vacuus, Mich. — One specimen taken in a nest of Lasius nvjer
at Whitsand Bay, in April. This is also a species new to Britain.

Uroplitella minutissima, Berl. — Taken with L. nitjer at Whit-
sand Bay, in April.

SOME NOTES ON THE EGYPTIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 17

U. ovATULA, Bed. — This species new to Britain occun-ecl with
/.. jhivtis at Bradgate Park, Leicestershire, May 3rd.

Antennophorus (rRANDis, Berl.— On ants in a nest of Lasixs fuli-
i/iuunKs at Wellington College, June 19th.

A. puBEscENs, Wasm. — On ants in nests of Lasins Jiavus at Whit-
sand Bay and Rame Head, in April. It is another addition to the
British list, and the first native specimen, taken by my friend Mr. Keys,
was riding on the chin of an ant, as is usual with Antennop/ionis.
On a special search being made next day for more we soon found it in
numbers. I subsequently found specimens on ants in a nest of Laaiiis
flanis, sent to me by Mv. Forsyth from Portland, and kept them alive
for some time in a small plaster nest with some ants.

A. FORELi, Wasm. — This is also new to Britain. I swept a
specimen of Lasiiis niffcr at Abingdon, near Oxford, on July 12th,
which I perceived had, as I thought, an Antcnnop/torits on it. On
looking at it, when I had put it in a tube, with a lens, I found it had
two specimens of the mite on it, a <? and $ , one on the chin and the
other on the top of the head, they were vibrating the front legs
rapidly and tapping at each other round the ant's jaws. We now
possess all four species of Antennophorus in Britain.

Uroobovella obovata, C. and B. — Taken with Lasiiis /lariis at
Whitsand Bay, in April, and Bradgate Park in May, also new to
Britain.

CiLLiBANO coMATA, Leou. — In plenty on the larvte of L. ilai-ua at
^^'hitsand Bay, in April, and very sparingly on larvie of L. nuji'v at
Whitsand Bay, and Luccombe Chine, Isle of Wighi. I kept some
alive for some time in a small plaster observation-nest. They always
remained fastened to the larvae of the ants.

Sph.f.rol.elaps holothyroides, Leon. — I found a specimen of this
species with Laaius itinbrattiH at Woking, in May, and in some num-
bers with the same ant at Wellington College, in June. We now
possess 22 species of myrmecophilous Acari as British, of which I
have had the good fortune to add 15 species myself. I must again
thank Mr. N. D. F. Pierce for his kindness in identifying most of my
specimens for me.

Myrmecocorus iSeeds. — I have not been able to collect many seeds
from ants this year, the following, however, are such as I have found.
Melica uniflora, the wood Melick. — I took a number of these
seeds from the ants at a nest of Lasins fidif/inosKs at Darenth Wood,
as they brought them up to the nest. Tliis seed belongs to one of the
types of seeds attractive to ants by reason of the food stored in them.
Cardamine Seeds. — I found a great number of seeds in many of
the nests of Tetnunorinin caespitttm at Whitsand Bay, in April. Pro-
fessor Weiss tells me they are those of Caniainine, probably either
tiexttosa or hinuta. There does not appear to be any reason why the
ants should collect them, as they do not possess food bodies.

Some notes on the Egyptian Lepidoptera.

By (Miss) D. .J. JACKSON.
A short account of ;i few lepidoptera taken ijy myself in Egypt
daring the spring of 190)S, may be of interest to some of the readers
of this magazine. I observed very few different kinds of butterflies ;

18 THE ENTOMOliOGIST's RECORD.

probably it was too early in the year, but I should hardly think at
any time the richly-cultivated banks of the Nile would favour a very
great variety of species. Certainly, all the land in the neighbourhood
of Cairo seemed thoroughly to suit I'ljrameis cardtti, which, with (Jolias
cdiisa and the less common PieriH rapae, was one of the most abundant
butterflies in the fields and gardens during the early part of April ;
even up the river at Assuan, in March, I observed one or two
specimens rejoicing in the few parched-looking flowers growing in the
little gardens at the edge of the desert.

The large and handsome Limnas chri/sippiis I saw for the first time
at Komombo, where several were flitting about in a field amongst
some castor-oil plants. I afterwards observed it at Cairo and Assuan,
but it seemed rather local. Still more local was Plebeins loeirci,
which I only took in one locality, viz., the Mokattam Hills near Cairo,
on April 17th, flying with Melitaea didyvia over the scrubby desert
plants which spring up here and there after rain, and give a green
tinge to the vast expanse of golden sand. Of the other " blues "
observed Lainiiidca boeticus was a common insect in every field and
garden from Cairo to Luxor (February 6th) and Assuan (March 3rd);
the pretty little Tarncus thenphrastits was constantly seen flitting about
the flower-beds at Luxor (February 6th), and at Assuan (March 2nd),
and Zizera hjsiiuon seemed universally distributed from Cairo (April
17th) to Assuan (February 26th).

In the Barrage gardens, near Cairo, I took two specimens of
Cliajtru viathias on April 11th and 16th, and Gei/eiics ndstradaiints.
taken in the afternoon of March 18th at Assuan, completed the very
short list of Ijutterflies observed.

The lights on the steamer at night, as we sailed up the Nile, or
lay at anchor oil' the bank betAveen Cairo and Assuan, attracted quite
a number of species, such as Peridrunia ijimlo)i (suffiisa), abundant
Assiout, Januaiy 31st ; Euxoa spinifera, Assiout, January 29th ;
.Sjioduiitera abysdnia, Dendera, February 2nd ; Trichiitra obsoleta,
Luxor, February 5th ; Hydrilla tnacidifera, Luxor, February 5th ;
Kroiiieue ocellea, abundant everywhere ; Thylacuptila pairyaseuia, Luxor,
February 8th ; and, in greater numbers than all, Nomophila noctiiella,
which not only abounded at the lights at night, but was on the alert all
through the day, ever ready to start up from the grass at the approach
of an intruder's footstep. All through the latter part of January, in
February, March, and April, it was on the wing, extending from
Alexandria to Assuan.

The only hawk moth I observed, was Phrya'iis livornica, which I
took both at Cairo and Assuan during March and April. It was a
common sight to see one or two of these beautiful creatures hovering
over the flower-beds immediately after sunset, poised in the air for a
moment with quivering wings, and then darting oft' as quickly as they
had come. About twenty minutes later, simultaneously with the
croaking of the frogs and the shrill chirping of the crickets, numerous
small moths began to flit about amongst the low-growing herbage in
the neighbourhood of Assuan. Chief amongst these were Tcplirind
dispiitaria, NncfKcHa /loralis, Cornifrons idceratalu, hhiiatlieudcs HtrcDin-
ndla, Hellida, uudatis, Heter(i<iraphhconni'xella, H. af/rajdidla, fl. carrua,
H. dccoloiella, Sescunia cretiea, Mestlcto r/aynen', and I'cntholopha hidis.

In the same locality, at about the same time, a row of sunflowers

SALE OF THE LATE J. A. CLARk's COLLECTION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 19

was very attractive to such moths as tleliothia pelti;iero, Plnsia
iiaiitma, Cirphis Inrci/i, Lap/ii/rpiia exirjaa, and Aijrotis se;irtinii, and
light attracted Tavariama acacia, and Pandeso)na querava<ll.

Deiopeia pidclwlla seemed fairly common at Assuan, one specimen
I took flying of its own accord 'in the sunshine on March 9th, and
others were disturbed from the long grass towards sunset, to fly for a
^hort distance with a wild, erratic flight, before settling again in a
similar place.

Such are the few lepidoptera I took during my three months'
stay in Egypt, and, from what I was able to observe, they presented
quite a British aspect, as will be obvious to any reader from some of
the familiar names mentioned above. On the whole, the country did
not seem very rich in lepidoptera, all the ground suitable to insect
life being richly cultivated, and the only Avaste ground desert. May
not, too, the flooding of the green parts in summer, caused by the
rising of the Nile, make the struggle for existence doubly hard ?

Sale of the second part of the late J. A. Clark's collection of

Lepidoptera.

The second portion of the collection of lepidoptera formed by the
late J. A. Clark was sold on December 7th and 8th, 1909. The prices,
on the whole, ruled low, except for verj' special aberrations and great
rarities. The -10 specimens of Papilio machaon described by Farren
{Knt. Iter., iv., pp. 100-108) produced only £1 16s., but three other
aberrations brought 10s. Some good forms of Kuclilo'e canlainiiics,
Cnliaa ediiaa, and C. hyale produced 10s., lis., los., 7s., and 8s. per lot,
whilst lots (8) of var, helice produced 18s., 14s., and 21s. respectively.
A gynandromorphic Gonepteryx rhanrni (left forewing chiefly g , the
rest 2 , with streaks of g colour, "Tilgate, July 9th, 1900") produced
£4: 5s.; a remarkable Broit/iis selene {? B. eiiphmsyne) aberrant on both
sides (Abbott's Wood, 1892) £3 5s. ; a pale cream-coloured B. enp/irosync
(New Forest. 1893) £2 ; a dark heavily blotched example of the same
species (Epping Forest, June 7th, 1891) £4 8s. ; another, forewings
deeply suffused, hindwings with basal f black (" Rev. S. Patterson,
Bournemouth, 1901") £5 10s.; another dubiously B. aelene or B.
eiipliroaync without black spots, except in cell, but dusted with black
between nervures (Sutherland, 1892) £4 ; another B. selene (Ashdown
Forest, 1881, figured in South's Bnttevjiien, pi. Ivi., fig. 3) £5 ; another
banded through both wings £1 Is. A fine Aniynnisaylaia (Molescombe,
near Brighton, July 13th, 1903, figured in South's B>utterfiies, pi. Ixi.,
fig. 5) £9; A. adippe var. cleodoxa (W. G. Pearce, New Forest, July
27th, 1895), with others, 16s. ; A. niobe (Chichester, September 19th,
1895, S. M. Scholefield), with six A. adippe, 14s. This is funny,
especially the date, as the species is well over at 8000ft. elevation in
the Alps in August. If the A. niobe were British, it would be, judged
by " Di.spars," worth at least £50, if foreign (or an escape!) worth Id.,
but someone gives 14s., estimated, it has been suggested, by adding
together the British and foreign value £50 Os. Id., dividing this sum
by the 100 to 1 chance that it is not British, leaving 10s. for this, and
4s. for the A. adippe; J)ryas papltia, with blotches of valesina coloui',
which was once publicly stated not to exist in these specimens, fetched
Gs. and 10s.; a remarkable rayed cT (New Forest, 1897), broken, £1 2s.;

20 THE entobiologist's record.

another, with dark margin and small submarginal spots (Watford,
July, 1895), £1 5s. ; another, with the left side ralesina, the right hind-
wing deficient in pigment, together with several examples with bleached
spots, £1 2s.; whilst a fine silvery-white AnlaU urticae (Dover, August
11th, 1874) produced £3 ; a fine form with the costal black blotches
broadly confluent and very dark hindwings (Bexley, 1909), £2 5s. ;
a similar one, but larger, and rayed with blue on the forewings (Bexley,
1907), £2 10s. ; a curious smoky aberration of Vanessa io without the
pigment (Sligo), £2 2s.; Pyrameis conhd, the white costal blotch absent
(Dover, 1872), 10s. ; IJnumitis sibi/lla, white bands obsolete (New
Forest, July 11th, 1901), £1 10s. ; another, with band very obscure in
forewings and absent in hindwings (New Forest, July 8rd, 1901), £1 ;
Melananjia galatea, hindwing suffused with black, brought lot 89 up to
£1 10s., and two other aberrations (lot 90) to £1 Is.; a fine Epinephele
ianira, unicolorous light brown 5 (Williamson, St. Margaret's Bay,
1876), fetched £1 6s.; a "white" aberration of Hipparchia sewele
(Arhngton, July 17th, 1902) £3 3s. ; a dark 3 (New Forest) and very
pale J £2 5s.; £'»oc?/« A//p('rrt»?/(».s- with large streaked ocelli, £2 ; and
another similar, £1 15s. The ChrijsophaiiKu dispar produced, 3 s,
£8 5s., £3, £2 12s. 6d., £3, and £3 each ; 2 s, £3 3s., £3 7s. 6d.,
£2 5s., and £1 10s. each, and a 3 underside £2 ; three gynandro-
morphous PZ^ft<^ms aef/on fetched 18s. ; Cyaniris sewiavfjus [3 and ? ),
£1 5s. ; 3 , ? , and ? underside, £1 Is.; a gynandromorphic I'olymii-
matus icarus, left side 3 and right side J (Dover, July 7th, 1873),
produced 18s.; another left side ? right side 3 (no data) 15s.; whilst
lot 148 [with a fine blue Ayriades thetis {beUanjus) $ masquerading as
/'. icaruft] , went up to 17s.; a fine " grey " or " leaden "3 oi A. thetis
£2 12s. 6d.; two ab. striata and one ab. obsoleta 18s. ; a 3 with white
underside, £2 ; another ab. striata with an ab. obsoleta, £2 2s. ; a <? of
Ayriades coridon, grey or leaden in tint (Sussex, July 10th, 1895),
another with dusky forewings, etc., 12s. ; others with pale borders,
catalogued asfowleri (/) fetched, lots 159 and 160, up to 12s. and 16s.;
another ab. obsoleta and two ab. parisiensis, 14s. ; another ab.
obsoleta and ab. parisiensis, 16s.; a light brown J and two ab. parisiensis,
£1 4s.; a $ with suggestive gynandromorphism (a streak of 3 colour)
and other forms, 10s. ; whilst abs. of Hesp)eria malvae, a pale ab. of
Thymelicus acteon, an ab. of Auyiades sylvamis, and a rayed ab. of
Cyclopides palaeinon brought their respective lots (171-174) up to 9s.,
9s., lis., and lis. respectively. So much for the butterflies.

There were some good Sphingids in the collection, and, on the
whole, these produced good prices. Series of six Xlanduca atropos
(each with one good aberration) produced 15s., 16s., and 16s. per lot ;
a very dark aberration of Ayrius convolvuli, 12s. ; a very dark 5 and a
very light 3 of Sphinx Uyustri, 10s. ; a light 3 and dark 3 , 12s. ;
whilst a very fine example strongly marked with black (Hackney, July
11th, 1883) produced £3 10s. ; Hippotion celerio (Bannister, East
Brighton, September, 1896), 18s. ; Phryxxis livornica (Gates, South-
ampton, June 17th, 1872) and three Celerio yallii, 10s. ; whilst two
hybrid Smerinthns hybr. hybridus, 3 and $ , for 10s., would suggest a
slump in the price of this interesting insect, only, that, for others, bred,
1902, lis. (1), 10s. (1), lis. (2), were produced. Unusual asymmetrical
aberrations of Sesia stellatarum produced only 10s., surely much more
mportant and valuable insects than most " blue" 5 Lyc^enids. Aber-

SALE OF THE LATE J. A. CLARK's COLLECTION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 21

rations of Amorpha i>opidi went at 14s. and lis. each; a fine asyni-
inetrical ab. of Mimas tiliac l)i'onght lot 200 up to i'l 4s., and a fine
unicolorous ab. (lot 202) up to £2 7s. 6d. The beautiful series (ten) of
this species (figuretl Kntoiii. Lievovd, 1891, p. 317) produced £5 10s.,
whilst two other interesting series (15 and 13 specimens resp2ciively)
fetched &\ 2s. and £4.

The Anthrocerids produced 7s., 7rf., 6s., 5s., lis., 12s., 17s., 9s.,
18s., and 13s., per lot. A specimen of Setina irrorella ab. sif/nata, 5s.;
series of Xnla albulalis (8) and iY. centnnalu (9), £1 12s. 6d. per set;
a specimen of Kulcpia vribrmn with white hindwings (Bright, New
Forest), 4s. ; another, with a pale Kuthoitnnia nissula, 14s. ; two
Eitchelia jamhaeoc (one with suffused hindwings, the other with left
hindwing yellow, but nervures and base red), 12s.; another E. jacohame
with yellow hindwings (Wicken Fen, 1898) brought lot 238 up to 14s.;
whilst some good abs. of ( '(dli)iu>yplia doininnia, (■. heia, and Xenieopliila
plantai/inis produced 10s., £1 Is., 9s., 10s., 10s., 16s., and £1 for
successive lots, the X. plant (Kjin in looked as if they were worth more ;
a fine Spihtnoma viendica ab. niiiiottiariiinata and other abs. brought
lot 247 up to £2 2s. The Antia caia fetched very mixed prices, the
first 29 went for 24s., then lot 255 (2), 10s.; lot 256 (2), 8s.; lot 257
(1), £1 12s. 6d.; then 43 for £1 2s.; but lot 265 (1) (Gravesend, 1901)
produced £8 8s.; lot 266 (1) (Harwood, East Suftblk, August, 1903),
£4 15s.; lot 267 (the ab. darld, figured J'hit. /.'«•., 1909, p. 88), £8 8s.;
lot 268 (1) (Harwood, Colchester, July, 1903), £6 ; then 12 for £1 2s.;
lot 272 (3), £2 ; then 56 for £1 5s.; lot 282 (1) for £2 5s.; lot 283 (1),
£2 16s.; then 8 for 3s. finished off this species. Four fine Arctia
villica produced £1 Is., £1 Is., £2 2s., and £1 6s. each ; but the series
of Spilosoiiia lubricipi'da, S. mcnt/iastri, and S. nrticae fetched very low
prices.

For the purpose of monographing Sayrothripiia nndidaniis {rerai/ana),
similarly to his treatment of Feronea cristana, Clark had collected 352
picked examples, and these were unfortunately split, and not bought,
as one had hoped would be the case, by one person in order to treat
them as Clark had intended. They were sold as lot 217 (66 specimens),
£1 7s. (Bright); lot 218 (79 specimens), £1 5s. (Hanbury); lot 219 (78
specimens), £1 4s. (Hanbury); lot 220 (6 specimens), £3 (.Janson); lot
221 (83 specimens), £1 (Hanbury). It is stated in the " Catalogue "
that lot 220 contained Curtis' types of ab. stonanns and ab. ranndaniia:
one would like to know on what grounds; it is rather improbable, one
would suspect, and certainly we should like to know the evidence on
which the supposition is based.

Among the 2euzerids were three interesting examples of Zen una
pi/rina, one with the central spots of forewings large and confiuent,
sold for £2; another with coalesced spots £1 4s., and another with
spots large and confluent, £3 15s.

A series of Laelia voenom produced 17s., 14s., 18s., 17s., and 13s.
for pairs ; and 21s. and 18s. (for 2 J s and 1 ? ); 21s., 16s., and 18s. for 2
3 s and 2 ? s in each case, whilst 4 J s and 2 $ s produced £1 4s.; a dark
ab. of Dasijc/nra pudihunda (New Forest, 1895) and others, produced
£2 10s.; whilst the series of black and intermediate forms of I'sHma
mnnaclia (figured Ent. Record, 1892, and of foreign origin), produced
16s. Some good Cosmotnche potatoria fetched £1 4s. ; a J Satuniia
pavonia, with obsoletely marked hindwings, and a white ? , £1 6s. ; and

22 THE entomologist's record.

a S Diniorpha versicolor with orange-yellow hindwings (Berkshire,
bred, 1902), £1 4s. ; Avhilst a Douholivnis fdni (stated to have been
taken at electric light at Brighton by William Scrase, September 3rd,
1894), produced 12s, One feels that one Avould like to know the
nearest continental locality of this species to Brighton. Drepana
harpai/ida (Leigh Woods) produced {<i and 2 ) 12s., 2 Js 12s., 3 ^s
14s., whilst 4 abs. of P/ialera biicepliala went up to £2 10s.

The Noctuids produced, on the whole, low prices, among the higher
being — series of Bryophila iimralis and B. perla which brought 8s., 13s.,
and 16s. a series ; sets of four Hyboma utrit/ofia and seven Jocheaera alni
12s., 12s., 14s. ; the fine Peridroma ypsilon {fni^'nua) ab. albescens, £1 2s. ;
six Ai/rotis as]iirort/ni, 12s.; A. sitbrosm (J and $ ), £1 2s., 12s., 12s., and
10s. per pair, £1 (for 4), £1 Is. (for 5). The 12 specimens of Triphaena
orhona (figured Ent., xxii., pi. vi.) produced only 7s., but Pavlvmbia
alpina reached 14s. (6), 14s. (6), 12s. (7) ; Xylina amforwis went at
£1 Is., £1 10s., £1 4s., and £1 Is. for 3 in each case.

Among the Geometrids, a curioiis dwarf liuniia rratacijata, with
white hindwings (Berwick, July 7th, 1904), and Venilia macidata near
nh. qiiadriniacidata, £2 5s.; four more lliiinia crataeyata (one white, one
dark, two light), £1 lOs. ; three aberrations of Anyerona priinaria pro-
duced £2 15s. ; a hybrid Selenia iUnnaiia xiUu^traria brought lot 521
to 13s. ; a pair of melanic Knnonioa aittiimnaria (Newman) £1 Is. ;
a pair of melanic K. anyxdaria £1 Is.; Cleora viduaria ^ s at 12s., lis.,
12s., 12s., lis., and 10s. each, 15s. for two; $ s 15s. and 12s. each,
12s. (2), 10s. (2), 15s. (2), and 14s. (2, with other species) ; a series of
Heinerop/dla abrnptaria (84) bred by W. G. Pearce, and described F.nt.
Bee, X., p. 121, including a gynandromorphous example, produced
only 14s.; Ep/iyra pendidaria with four picked abs. 18s., and six abs.
of Kiucittin/a atomaria £1 15s., were among the best. The two days'
sale totalled about £490 Os. Od.

jg^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc,

Late appearance of lkpidopteea in 1909. — It may be well to note
re Mr. Front's observation on H ipocrita jacobaeae {ctntea, vol. xxi., p. 245),
that when I was at Worthing, on August 14th, I saw a perfectly fresh
$ of this species on an oak fence near Honielield Park, w'here there
appeared to be little or no ragwort. It struck me that the example
w^as a late specimen of the first brood, as I have never known even odd
specimens of a second brood to occur. Many other insects were
remarkably late, notably perfectly fresh $ Melanaryia yalatea, at
Dover, during the second week of August. — C. P. Pickett, 28, Col-
worth Road, Leytonstone. Novewber 11th, 1909.

W^ AR I AT 10 N .

Some minor aberrations of Ccenonympha pamphilus. — The almost
universall}^ abundant little Coenonyinpha }ianipluliis does not occur in
Guernsey, though it is common in the adjacent islands. This may in
part account for the attraction it has for me, with the result that,
wherever I go, I net many more of this species than I do of other
common things. In consequence, I have taken one or two really good
aberrations, but, in addition, I have observed three minor departures
from the normal which may be worthy of remark. To begin with

VARIATION. 23

the u7i(h'rsi(U'. I have a specimen from Samaden which has on the
primaries an additional black spot surrounded with white above the anal
angle corresponding with the apical spot, but smaller ; this is not visible
on the upiwrsiclc. Tbe form appears to approximate closely to halearica,
Musch., Knt. liec, xvi., p. 222. Two others, one Wcesen Marsh, and
anotber taken this year (1909) at Digne, are unusual, in that the apical
spot in these specimens is duplicated, at least enlarged, by a second and
smaller spot beneath which touches it, but is not merged into it, and con-
tains a small white centre. In neither instance is the second spot visible
on tbe upperside, thus disagreeing with Riihl's description of hipiipillata,
Cosm. Trilling as this variation is, it must be tolerably rare, as these are
the only two I have come across among the many hundreds I have
examined. This summer I spent a couple of days at Orta Novarese,
hoping to renew acquaintance with a washed form of MeUtaea phocbe
which I found there in 1900, but incessant rain kept all insects under
shelter. I came across, however, one beautiful specimen of C.
Iiantjihiliis $ , of a strong tawny colour, and broad, well-defined, dark
border (var. h/lliis f), which had special claim to notice. In this
example the lower wings on the upperside each contain two small, but
strongly marked black spots, just beyond the border, as in some
specimens of C. tiphon, or more exactly in ('. darns, w'hen the normal
number of spots is reduced in size and number. These marks are not
visible on the underside. The chief interest in this aberration
was revealed to me after my return home. I have still six
specimens of C pamphilnn from Orta in my cabinet, taken in May,
1900, and of these I found that one male and one female had these
same spots, though not so strongly developed. It appears, then, to
be an aberration common in this district, and probably other warm
corners of the south side of the Alps. The form seems to be a transi-
tion to the var. tliyrsifles as reported by Graves [Ent. lice, xix., p. 67).
— (Rkv.) Frank E. Lowe, M.A., F.E.S., Guernsey.

Note on Bkentuis selene var. castiliana, n. var. — In a list of
insects which I caught at La Granja in 1908, detailed in the Knt.
lu'coni of this year, p. 65, is included Breiit/ds hecate. A few weeks
ago I was preparing to remove these specimens from the store-box to
the cabinet, and was at once conscious that I had made a mistake, and
that they were not IJ. hecate, but JJ. selene. Nevertheless, they are
sufficiently remarkable to, in some degree, excuse the mistake, for they
have not a trace of silver or mother-of-pearl, these usually conspicuous
spots of the underside secondaries being replaced by dull yellow. I
had come to get /<. hecate, and as nearly as I could judge to. the very
spot, from which, the year before, Mr. Sheldon had recorded that he
" netted several examples of Btenthis hecate, which was evidently on
the wane." These unburnished examples of a JJrenthis found me, in
consequence, an easy victim to their disguise. They do not appear
to have a claim to be ranked as var. hcla, Stdgr., which is spoken of
as a variety from Lapland and the extreme north, and which Riihl
describes as smaller and darker than the type, and without, or nearly
without, the rust-brown spots on the underside of the bindwings.
In tile La Granja examples, these spots are very pronounced, and the
more conspicuous as they rest on a much lighter ground than in the
type. In size, too, the specimens are above the average. Therefore,
until 1 know what to call them, I sliall name them var. castiliana. -
(Rev.) FiuNii E. Lowe, M.A., F.E.JS., Guernsey, yuieiiiber dth, 1909.

24 THE entomologist's record.

@^URRENT NOTES.

The followino- is the list of Officers and Council appointed by the
South London Entomological and Natural History Society for the
current year: — President: W. J. Kaye, F.E.S. Vice-Presidents:
A. Sich, F.E.S. , and A. E. Tonge, F.E.S. Treasurer: T. W. Hall,
F.E.S. Librarian: A. W. Dods. Curator: W. West (CT/Tt'H^n'c-//). Hon.
Secretaries : Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., etc. {('orn'nj'ondim/), and H. J.
Turner, F.E.S. (lleportinn). Council: R. Adkin, F.E.S.,"S. R. Ashby,
F.E.S., E. C. Joy, F.E.S., H. Main, F.E.S., A. M. Montgomery,
F.E.S., R. A. R. Priske, F.E.S., and B. H. Smith.

Dr. D. Sharp notes [Knt. Mo. Ma<i.) the capture of Proteinns
rrcnitlotiis, Pand., at Nethy Bridge, in 1906 and 1907, making the
whole of the five European species of I'mteinus British.

Dr. Norman H. Joy adds Kpipeda nijiricmis, Thoms. (Blair Atholl,
September 5th, 1909), Latlirobimii dibitiDii, Erchs. (Dalwhinnie,
October, 1909, and Loch Ericht, September 20th, 1909), and I'iti/n-
!/enes trepaiiatiis, Nord. (Blair Atholl, September 3rd, 1909).

Mr. W. E. Sharp records the capture of Diestota testarai, Kraatz
(D. iiiai/eti, Muls. et Re}'), an exotic species originally described from
the East Indies, at Shirley.

Mr. Colbran J. Wainwright adds Setida i/rinea, Mg., to the
Tachinids of Britain, from specimens taken by himself, August -Ith,
near New Milton, Hants, and by Mr. A. H. Hamm, near Oxford.

Mr. Eustace R. Bankes shows cause [Eiit. Mo. Matj.) for consider-
ing (ii'lechia vicinella, Douglas, and (J. leucoiiwlanella, Zell., cospecific.
This has been a very general opinion among micro- lepidopterists for
many years; we suggested it [Ent., xx., p. 294) more than 22 years
ago, after going through Stainton's series with its owner, and without
knowing that Zeller had made the same suggestion 20 years before
that. Mr. Bankes, after a very thorough discussion of the literature,
deals with the Stainton specimens, and makes a point (p. 206) of the
arrangement of the specimens in the collection iinder the two names,
particularly the Ragonot specimens. There is no doubt that the labels
truly represented Stainton's opinion of the specimens in 1879 and 1885,
written when the two sets of insects were respectively received, but
one doubts whether Stainton did not later fully appreciate that these
were referable to one species. At any rate, he discussed the matter
fully with the present writer in 1887, and, although then still inclined
to look on the white markings as in some measure diagnostic, he had
already thrown over any doubt as to the two lots of Ragonot specimens
being specifically different, and it is only fair to state that, when, on a
later visit, the question of these Gelechias was again discussed,
Stainton had practically ceased to believe there was any differential
characters between the supposed species. He would no doubt have
supported Mr. Bankes' opinion of these tAvo insects being co-specific
most whole-heartedly.

A tremendous book, weighing several pounds, is Indian inject Life,
by H. Maxwell-Lefroy, M.a!, assisted by F. M. Howlett, B.A., published
under the authority of the Government of India, and to be obtained
from Thaeker and Co., 2, Creed Lane, London. The preface, under
the title of " Acknowledgments," states that the work has been done
entirely in India, and most of the plates by native artists. The scheme
of classification is set forth in a sort of Index, and after the intro-
ductory chapters, the Orders are dealt with in the following sequence —

CURRENT NOTES. 25

Aptera, Oitboptera, Neuroptera, Hyraenopteia, Coleopteia, Lepidoptera,
Thysanoptera, Diptera, and Rliynchota. The book is beautifully
printed and exquisitely illustrated, the contents seem happily chosen,
and the book reflects the greatest credit on everyone concerned. We
are not surprised that Mr. Lefroy is proud of his Hindoo artists —
descendants, no doubt, of highly-civilised races when our ancestors
were still clad in skins and seated on their haunches in a cave. Anyway,
they are well ahead of the best colour-printers that try to illustrate our
entomological work in Britain. We should be glad if Mr. Lefroy
would let the Publication Committee of the Entomological Society of
London know somethmg of cost, etc., for the plates in this work.
There are 786 pp., 84 full-size coloured plates and SJ-^O text-figures,
and the book is capitally indexed. It is a work entomologists should
make a point of seeing; they are not likely to carry it about with them.

Mr. South has, with the aid of Mr. F. N. Pierce (who finds the
genitalia distinct), apparently run to earth the Noctuid captured at
St. Anne's-on-Sea, noted by Mr. South in 1889 {Knt., xxii., p. 271)
as " pale grey," and by ourselves {Brit. Nuet., i., p. 140) also as "pale
grey," and then under the name of inccrta as " greyish fuscous, with
a slight ochreous {i.e., yellowish) tinge." He finds that these agree
with one of the two original examples that were named (jiieneei by
Doubleday in 1864 (from Rhyl), and which is now in the British
Museum coll. {via the " Burney coll.") ; the other is in the possession
of Mr. E. R. Bankes, and these, we understand, are also tinged with
ochreous ; so also is a second example captured at St. Anne's-on-Sea in
1891, i.e., all the four old specimens are now tinged with ochreous.
It is remarkable that neither Doubleday, South, nor ourselves saw any
yellowish tint in (jueneei and incerta when the specimens were fresh ;
one suspects, therefore, that this slight ochreous tint is a sign of
maturation in a species belonging to a genus that tends a little to
grease.

At two or three recent meetings of the South London Entomo-
logical Society we have been shown, perhaps a dozen, examples of this
insect of the pale grey tint we remember the 1889 (and ? 1891)
specimens to have had when quite fresh ; our description for the
I'arieties of British Noctiiae made two years later notes the change.
But Mr. South has named these pale examples ba.vteri. It would be
unfortunate if the specimens of ba.vteri were to change to <iueneei in
the course of a year or two in the cabinet drawers, but we are afraid
they will. We understand that most of this year's captures have been
put on the market at a high figure. There is a long range of sandhills
on the Lancashire, Cheshire, and North Wales coast; no doubt this
species will be found to be widely distributed there.

No. xvii. of the Memoiren de la Soc. Knt. Beltiii/iie has just been
issued, and contains two important papers on Coleoptera — Bevisioji des
rrionides — 8rd mem. Deraneistrines, by Professor A. Lameere, and
KataliKi der Stajihi/liniden-Gattnnnen, etc., by Dr. F. Eichelbaum.
The former paper deals with the genera DeraiiciHtrus, Serville,
Poecilnsunia, Serville, CalocoiiiKH, Serville, Pyrodes, Serville, and
Sobariis, Harold. The genus J>erancistn(s, Lameere uec Serville, has
already been shown to be composed of very divergent elements, and the
species have been spread among Prosteriiddes, Thoms., Ih'ra)icititn(s,Serv.
{sens, restr.), Salenoptera, Serv., HolonntuK, Thoms., Klateropsis, Chevr.,
and Spfienostethus, Hald. All these have been well defined, and

26 THE entomologist's record.

Lameere diagnoses them and divides the species up among them ; he
also gives in tabulated form a resume of the genealogy of the groups
under these names, and, having shown the value of all this detailed
work, and the relationships of the groups, sinks the names entirely as
subgenera, so that we read —

Genus: DERANCISTRUS, Serville.
Subgenus : Pkosternodes, Thorns.

Species : Derancistrus cinnamipennis, Chevrolat.
Denmcistrus oberthiiri, Gahan.
Derancistrus scutellatus, Galiaii.
Subgenus : Deeancisteus, Serville.

Species : Derancistrus anthraciniis, Gahan.

Derancistrus elegans, Pal. de Beauv.
Subgenus : Solenopteka, Serville.

Species : Derancistrus thoniae, Linne.

Derancistrus parandro'ides, Lameere.
Derancistrus hilineatus, Fab.
Derancistrus canaliculatus, Fab.

etc., etc., etc. That is Derandatrun, Serville, whilst standing
for the naturally restricted genus, containing anthraciniis and
elegans, is also maintained for the whole of the species in the
group, in order to maintain the necessary binomial nomenclature
to include this name, and thus, in the Catalogue, the whole of this
natural grouping is lost. Lameere's diagnoses show distinctly
that t'rosternodes, Thoms., Derancistrus, Serv., Solenoptera,
Serv., Holonotns, Thorns., Elateropsis, Chevr., and Sphenostethus, Hald.,
are sound sections, and that Solenoptera, Serv., does not = Derancistrus,
Serv., yet, instead of giving these proper generic rank as sections of
the tribe Derancistridi — he calls the tribe the genus, gives one of the
included generic names a double meaning, and then loses the proper
genera under the sunken titles of subgenera. What Lameere's classi-
fication really shows is —

Tribe: DERANCISTRIDI (-DERANCISTRUS, Lam. »(;c Serv.)
Genus : Prosteknodes, Thoms.

Species : Prosternodes einnamipennis, Chevrolat.
P. oberthiiri, Gahan.
P. scutellatus, Gahan.
Genus : Derancistrus, Serville.

Species : Derancistrus anthracinus, Gahan.

D. elegans, Pal. de Beauv,
Genus : Solenoptera, Serville.

Species : Solenoptera. thomae, Linne.

S. parandro'ides, Lameere.
;S'. bilineatus. Fab.
S. canaliculatus. Fab.

etc., etc., etc. Surely a simpler arrangement, and one that shows the
real relationship of the species, inter se. Why maintain a binomial
nomenclature if the two names are not (1) the specific name, (2) the
generic name, uniting the most closel}^- allied species into the next
highest group above species ? The species included in the group
Pyrodes, Serville, also appear to be capable of subdivision into a
number of natural sub-groups or genera, and hence Pyrodes seems
also to be of tribal value.

Dr. Eichelbaum, in his paper, follows the normal and more natural
grouping, and we get the Staphilinid.e divided up into — Subfamilies
— -Tribes- — Genera— Species. Here we get no " subgenera." If the
sections into which a "genus" has been subdivided by previous
workers are not, in the author's opinion, warranted, the names are

CURRENT NOTES. 27

clropped, or, if they are considered sound, thej' are given generic rank.
There is, at least, no attempt to diagnose the various sections of a
gi'oup under dift'erent names, show what species belong to each group,
and then drop the names as purposeless.

" The egg is green and laid on cabbage." Such was the favo\irite
formula of our earlier entomological authors if they ever mentioned the
egg of the pai'ticular species of lepidoptera they were describing ; a very
slightly modified form is sufficient for most makers of entomological
books now. Buckler and Hellinsfirstcommenced to give short intelligent
diagnoses of the eggs of the species of lepidoptera whose biology they
attempted to unravel. Edwards did the same, but Scudder went much
further, and showed us how to describe the egg so as to bring out its
scientific detail. So few, however, were done when Dr. Chapman
attempted to show us the value of the egg-characters as an aid to
classification [Trans. Knt. Sac. Land., 1893), that most of us found
ourselves in a state of hopeless ignorance concerning the eggs of even
the most common species. So far as we were concerned, we found that
when we were collecting the material for our yatmal Histonj of British
jA'pidnpti'va, that practically everything had to be done, and, in our very
little spare time, whenever eggs of lepidoptera came our way we made
a few notes about them, even if only a hand lens was available, and we
were wandering from one place to another on our annual summer
holiday. This mode of work has naturally been unsatisfactory, but
there are many eggs of which these notes are the only descriptions
available. As the volumes of the Xatural HUtor<i of British Lepidop-
tera have totalled up, the number of species of which the eggs have
been fairly described has been largely increased, and, with the great
improvement in photography, Messrs. Noad Clark and A. E. Tonge
have revolutionised our ideas of these important structures.

On the continent, Mr. Max Gillmer has continued the work as
opportunity has ofiered, and now we have a volume entitled Zur Mor-
pholofiie der Sh-andinavischen Sc/iwetterUnuseier, by Dr. -John Peyron
(William Wesley and Son, 28, Essex Street, Strand), dealing with the
eggs of a considerable number of species in a really first-class manner.
The author gives — (1) Literature. (2) Appearance, shape, and size of
egg, with outline sketches. (B) Microscopic structure. (4) Ten
excellent lithograph plates (i-x), chiefly dealing with the surface and
micropylar structure. If one excludes the references to the pictures of
the old masters, at least three-fourths of the other references of any
value whatever are to our British magazines and text-books. We
welcome Dr. Peyron as a most valuable addition to the small band of
workers who do not think the careful description of the eggs of
lepidoptera a matter unworthy of serious attention.

We have just received three quite excellent papers from Count
Emilio Turati — (1) " Some new forms of Lepidoptera (1905) " with
9 plates {Xat. Sic, xviii., nos. 2-3); (2) " New forms of Lepidoptera
(1907) " with 6 plates (Nat. Sic, xx., nos. 1-3); (3) " New forms of
Lepidoptera (1909) " with 7 plates [Xat. Sir., xxi.). They are full
of most interesting material, which wants careful study, digestion,
and consideration. There is so much that wants testing with an
abimdance of material, and there is a great deal more that will have to
be brought into line with work already done, and herein appears to lie
the weakness of Count Turati's work, viz., he seems to be altogether
wanting in a knowledge of the literature of many of the species with

28 THE entomologist's record.

which he attempts to deal. On the first page that we opened (vol.
xviii,, pi. 1) we find a newly-named form of Aporia ontaiyi. Surely
the diagnosis and figures of this var. aiujunta agree absolutely with
ab. suffum, ab. himdata, and ab. melana [Brit. Butts., pp. 226-227,
1896); then is not the Anthrocera trifolii ab. incarnata (xx., p. 15)
referable to ab. hitennedia, Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep., i., p. 487 (1899);
and how does Gramniesia tri(irammica var. crnbescens (xxi., pi. 6, fig. 11)
differ from ab. eridens, Brit. Noct., i., p. 141 (1891)? Or, how
does Xylophasia monoiih/plia var. sictda (xxi., p. 89) differ from
var. ohscura, Brit. Nuct., i., p. 73 ? And, why figure (xxi., pi. v.,
figs. 4-5) Dasypolia teiiipli ab. ochravea, Brit. Xoct., iii., p. 50,
as the type of this species, the original description of which we
quote (op. cit., p. 50) ? And, again, does Count Turati suppose
for a moment that his pi. v., fig. 12 answers at all to Guenee's
description of Polia fiavicincta var. vicridiunalis (see Brit. Noct.,
vol. iii., p. 48) ? w^hilst his figure of the type surely does not satisfy
the Fabrician description " fulvo punctatis ;" his \Siv.snblatea also should
be compared with what we have written of var. meridionalis [op. cit.).
In the Geometrids, too, the Count figures (pi. vi., fig. 42) as Heniero-
pliila fd)ri(ptaria var. theobromaria our ab. iinicolur, Ent. Bee, x., p. 172
(1898), and so on ad nauseam.

We can only judge the Count's work oft'hand by what we are
really conversant with, and, if he does not attempt to check his own
studies in Avhat seems the simple matter of reference to the
better- known work relating to the species with which he is dealing, he
is surely courting failure ; nor is it fair to future workers that they
should have to unravel the Avholesale synonym}- that the Count appears
to be creating.

With regard to the two new species of Paltearctic butterflies with
which the Count deals, much more evidence is wanted in support of both.
We have already stated our opinion that Autjiades faunus is only a form
of A. sylvanus (Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep., viii., p. 136), and the work we
have tested and dealt with above gives us no real confidence in accept-
ing An/i/nuis auresiana, Fruhst., as distinct. Fruhstorfer, who is in
possession of 1 ? only, and Turati oil S and 1 $ , received from Nissen,
of Mustapha, have no doubt whatever of its distinctness. We must
await further material and knowledge of the early stages. We shall
probably refer later to other conclusions put forward by Count Turati.

It is with the greatest regret that we have to announce the death
of the Rev. Henry Charles Lang, M.D., Vicar of All Saint's Church,
Southend, at the age of 59, on December 20th. His only entomo-
logical work of importance. The Bntterjiies of Europe, was published in
1884, all that he has done since being comprised in magazine notes of
his holiday trips to various parts of the continent, useful so far as
additions to our knowledge of the geographical distribution of some of
the butterflies is concerned, but containing little in the way of observa-
tions on the habits of the insects recorded. Dr. Lang has been, how-
ever, in very indift'erent health for a considerable time, although the
sudden breakdown came rather as a shock to his friends. A short
time since, his collection of Palaearctic butterflies was dispersed at
Stevens' sale-rooms, but he was already busily engaged on the forma-
tion of another collection, and had made several trips abroad with this
object in view. Our deepest sympathies are offered to the widow in
her great trouble.

Vol. XXII.

Plate 2.

Gkohge Henry Vekrall, M.P., F.E.S.

TJie Eiitoiuoloyist^s liecoid, etc., 1910.

AGRIADES POLONUS, ZELLER. 29

Agriades polonus, Zeller, a British insect, witli some account of
tlie recorded examples of this form.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

We have alread}' noted in considerable detail (A Xat. Hist. Brit.
Butts., iii., pp. 323-4) that this is a British insect. On May 20th,
1893, we captured at Cuxton, among A. thetis, a 3 example of a
"blue" that, in size, shape, and general appearance, might be A.
coridon, but which approaches more closely A. thetis [hdlaniua) in
colour. This example was exhibited at the meeting of the Entomo-
logical Society of London, April 11th, 1891, as a possible hybrid of
thet is y coridon. Another specimen, captured at Airolo in June 1907,
also among A. tlwtis, was exhibited by Mr. Dadd, at the meeting of the
Entomological Society of London, (Jctober 21st, 1908, and again the
suggestion was made that it was a hybrid thetisx coridon, Kej'nes
recorded {F.nt. Bee, xx., p. 178) that, on June 25th, 1907, he captured,
with an abundance of typical A. thetis, two fine specimens of A.
coridon ab. cori/doniiis, which could not possibly have been the latter,
but which we now know {teste Wheeler) is the same insect as those
noted above. In the British Museum collection, when studying the
material for our work, A Natural History of British Lepidoptera, we
discovered Zeller's original type of polonns from Posen, described Stett.
Ent. Xeit<i., 1845, p. 351, and which he said he should have considered
a hybrid betAveen thetisx coridon, had he not known of three exactly
similar examples. Herrich-Schiiffer then figured (.s'/ys. Bearb., i.,
pi. xci., figs. 432-3) an insect which, he says (supp., p. 27), was drawn
from a specimen received from Zeller. Then Gerhard figured [Mon.,
p. 21, pi. xxxvii., figs. 4a-i) the entirely different eastern form of A.
coridon (now known as var. corydonins) under the name polona, whilst
Staudinger recorded [Hor. Soc. Knt. Boss., xiv., p. 244) the
capture of a <? polonus on June 28rd, 1875, at Kerasdere, in Asia
Mmor, flying with typical A. thetis, but then, again, he (like Gerhard)
unfortunately mixes it up with A. coridon var. cori/donius from
the Taurus mountains, citing both under the name polonus : he also
notes {op. cit.) another possible specimen of the real polonus, Zell.,
captured on the Pomeranian border of Silesia, and supports
Zeller's view of a hybrid origin for this form. With this information
at disposal, and knowing that Zeller's original types came from
Germany, htaudinger, in 1871, referred {Cat., 2nd ed., p. 12) polonus,
Zell., to A. thetis, as a variety, and unaccountably gave only " Asia
Minor " as a locality for it, and from this blunder spread the general
error of referring the blue forms of A. coridon (the true cori/donius,
H.-Sch., and often caucasica. Led.), from Asia Minor, to polonus,
Zell., an error intensified in the 1901 Cataloi/ (3rd ed., p. 86),
where Staudinger gives, as the range of Zeller's polonus (still
accounted a var. of A. thetis), " Eastern Prussia, Aragon, Taurus,
Syrian jNIts.," so that, on this occasion, the true polonus, A. coridon var.
hispana, A. coridon var. corijdonius, and A. coridon var. si/riara, all "ot
jumbled into the A. tJietis var. polonus of Staudinger. There appears
to have been no other British example of this species yet recorded
except the Cuxton S . We had wondered whether Pickett's example
of ^1. cnr/Wo», described as of " bfllarnus" tint {I'roc. Sth. Land. Knt.
Soc, 1906, p. 47) was one, but we have seen this, and find it merelv
February 15th, 1910.

30 THE entomologist's record.

a specially bright <? A. coridon : South speaks of a greenish-blue
example of thetis (Ent., xx., pp. 80-81) from Dover, but this is, one
supposes, as no special mention is made of its similarity to A. coruloii
in shape, merely a form of A. thetis (bellanjus) as South says.
Odd specimens of polonns, ZelL, however, appear to be picked
up occasionally here and there on the continent, wherever A.
thetis and A. corido)i occur together. Wheeler mentions [Ent.
liec, xxi., p. 250) the capture of five examples at Assisi in June-July
1909 ; Stefanelli records {Bull. Sue. Ent. Ital., xxxii., p. 339)
two very beautiful j s, one taken in the plain of Mugnone at the
end of July, the other on the hills to the east of Fiesole at the
beginning of August, of a colour between that of A. coridon and A.
thetis, and which he considers to be of hybrid origin. Favre notes
{llitt. Schw. Ent. iresell., xi., p. 4) under the name caucasica, the cap-
ture of a fine <y above the Chateau de la Batiaz, on the Kavoire side ;
Oberthiir records {Etudes, xx., p. 21), also under the name caucasica,
the capture of two examples in the Pyrenees, one from Vernet-les-
Bains (Pyrenees-Orientales), the other from Cauterets (Hautes-
Pyrenees); whilst Forbes {Ent. Mo. Mag., xv., p. 277) mentions the
capture, in 1878, of a ^ ^4. coridon, remarkable for the brightness of
its blue which resembles that of A. thetis, on the Bella Tola, at about
CSOOft. elevation ; Muschamp notes {in litt.) one taken at Digne,
and Rosa records what appears to be another as A. var. corydonius
{Ent., XXXV., p. 96), at Pfyn, in July 1900. Reverdin speaks
{in litt.) of one from Brides-les-Bains, July 19th, 1904, and
IBlachier mentioned another from the same place, July 1st, 1891, in
which he notices the fros-like coloration, and states that he has
seen, in the collections of friends, two other examples taken in
the Geneva district, one in the Bois des Freres, and the other
at the foot of the Saleve. The most recent doubt arises over
Preissecker's hafneri [Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, p. 68 (1908)] , which is
obviously polonus, Zell. He records examples (1) from Feistenberg,
taken June 19th, 1900, (2) another at Oberfeld near Wippach, June 28th,
1907, by himself. At the meeting of the Vienna Society,
March 6th, 1903, the first was referred to polonus, ZelL, but this did
not satisfy Preissecker, who forthwith redescribed it ; one suspects
Preissecker's dissatisfaction arose from the fact that he did not know the
true polonus, Zell., and was comparing the 1900 example with one of the
Asia Minor forms, conjdonius or caucasica, which are now generally but
erroneously doing duty under Zeller's name, whilst the Spanish hispana
are posing as cor?/(/am"»s, Anotherexampleof 7>oZo)i»s, Zell., in the British
Museum coll., came from " Shar Deresy, North Syria," so that it seems
possible for an odd example to appear wherever A. thetis and A. coridon
occur together. We have left calydonius, Lowe, out of consideration,
as Wheeler is in doubt whether it is to be referred here. So far, too, we
have only dealt with the ^ form, but, in working over our material
very closely, we found, among our coridon J s, an undoubted $ of
this form, captured at Neu Spondinig, August 12th, 1909, with
beautiful violet lunules edging the marginal spots of the hindwing.
It is quite distinct from any other example of either species
that we have ever seen, and its reference to polonus has been
immediate by every expert to whom it has been submitted. As bearing
on the possible hybrid origin of A. polonus, we would call attention to

NOTES ON MELAMPIAS EPIPHRON. 31

the facts that (1) The iiniloubted specimens enumerated above, have all
been taken where both species occur. (2) The ^ genitalia are almost
precisely alike in both species. (B) Sabine notes {Proc. Sth. Land.
E)it. Soc, 1886, p. 61) that he once took & ^ A. theth in copula with
a 2 J. coridon. (4) The chief (? only) food plant of both species,
in places where both occur, is HippDcrepis co)iiosa. Now that the
various blue races of A coridon found in Asia Minor and Spain have
been referred to the names originally given to them, and polonus,
Zell., retained for the form that Zeller described, it w^ould be interest-
ing to learn whether an}^ other examples than those noted above are
to be found in any British or Continental collection.

Notes on Melampias epiphron, its habits and habitats in Cumberland.

By GEORGE WILKINSON.

Melampias epiphron is one of our characteristic Cumbrian insects,
and for this reason it has always possessed a special interest for me,
and these stray notes may, I hope, be found of interest to others.
Melampias epiphron is essentially a mountain species, and, in Cumber-
land, is seldom taken at an elevation of less than 1500 feet. Below
this height it may be taken rarely, and, on one occasion, I noticed an
individual of this species as low as the foot of Green Gable, near the
farm of Seathwaite ; but the occurrence of specimens below the
1500 feet level, is probably due to their being blown down by strong
winds. With regard to the special nature of its habitat, an erroneous
impression seems to be prevalent. The general impression is that this
species is partial to high-lying, marshy places. Stainton, in his
" Manual " says, " always at a great elevation in marshy hollows on
the mountain-sides ; " and an entry in a MS. diary in my possession
reads, " June 30th, 1888, E. cassiope, at the head of Teesdale, on
marshy, peaty ground ; " but my own observations do not confirm
those just quoted, nor do they support the general impression that M.
epiphron shows a preference for marshy ground. On several of our
Cumbrian mountains it certainly does occur in marshy places, but it
appears to have a stronger partiality for 'dry, stony places; for, in the
latter localities, one can always find it in greater abundance. It is
found in some numbers ail around Styhead and Sprinkling Tarns, but
it is much more abundant on the rough boulder-strewn ground, which
surrounds the foot of Great End and Sprinkling Tarn, than on the
more boggy ground about Styhead Tarn.

As regards the distribution of M. epijdiinii in Cumberland, it may
be said to occur on all our Cumbrian mountains possessing the
requisite elevation and suitable ground. Its headquarters are
undoubtedly at the head of Honister Pass, and behind Honister
Crag. On Dubs Moor, near the Drum-house — or Windlass-house —
belonging to the Slate Quarries, the species abounds in company with
Xemeophila pla)tta(/i)iis and Crambas ericelliis, M. epiphron is not un-
common on Helvellyn, and all around Ambleside ; it is very well-
established on all sides of Scawfell, Great Gable, and the Haystacks;
and the area of its distribution extends almost without a break from
Grasmere on the east, to Ennerdale Water on the west. At Styhead
and Honister at the end of June and throughout July, I have collected
A/, epipliron under the most diverse climatic conditions, and have been
able to take specimens even on the wettest days. On wet, dull days.

32 THE entomologist's record.

it may be taken by opening and searching the tufts of grass which
grow on the mountain sides ; the number taken by this method
averaging about ten in an hour. 21/. epip/irnn is on the wing as early
as 6.40 a.m., and continues in flight until about 4.0 p.m. ; there is a
slight break about noon, and it appears to be most abundant between
two and four in the afternoon. After the latter hour, the numbers
seen in flight gradually decrease, and they can then be found at rest
on the grass stems. As evening draws on, they make their way into
the centres of the grass-tufts, and can then only be found, as on wet
days, by opening and carefully searching the tufts of grass. On a fine,
bright day, in suitable localities, one may be sure to find M. epiphmn
gently flitting to and fro like flakes of soot carried by the breeze ; but
sunshine is necessary to tempt the species take to flight. I have noted its
habits on days with dull and bright intervals, and have found the
insects during the dull periods sitting low amongst the herbage, very
often on the flowers of Tormentilla, with wings widespread, waiting
for the sun to break forth. As soon as they feel the influence of the
sun's rays, they close and open their wings a few times before gently
taking flight. To and fro they flit, generally about two feet above the
ground. The flight is somewhat W'eak, and M. epiphron would be an
easy insect to capture, but for the fact that there is generally a breeze
blowing more or less strongly in the localities inhabited by the species,
and the insect either permits, or cannot prevent, its being carried by
the breeze, very often quite out of the range of sight.

It is generally between two and four in the afternoon, the favourite
time of flight, when pairing takes place. Apparently the ? is not
possessed of strong powers of attraction, for only once have I noticed
more than one <? attracted by a " calling " ? , and, in this instance,
as soon as pairing was accomplished, the second ^ settled within a
few inches of the paired insects, and shew^ed no further interest. In
the case of M. epiphron, the courtship is very simple, and is quite
devoid of those aerial evolutions or other elaborate preliminaries
exhibited by some species of llliopalocera. The $ , when "calling,"
sits low on a grass stem, and appears very much agitated, constantly
moving her body, both in a lateral and vertical direction. As soon as
the 3' appears on the scene, he also exhibits much agitation, but,
gently fluttering down, takes a few short flights from one blade of
grass to another, and soon finds the 5 . Up to the point of actual
contact, the ? has had its wangs fully expanded, jerking them slightly
at intervals, but, upon copulation taking place, it immediately folds
them over its back. The insects appear to be very sluggish w^hen
paired, for several times I tried unsuccessfully to make a pair fly in
the hope of finding out which sex would lead when they took flight.

It is b}- no means a difficult matter to induce the J insect to
deposit ova; in fact it is not at all unusual to find ova in one's collect-
ing boxes after a collecting expedition, and, in this connection, I should
like to record the fact of a number of ova being laid by an enclosed ?
in a small glass-topped box between 9.80 p.m. and 6 a.m., on July
28rd-24th, 1907.

With a view to observing the ovipositing habits, I placed some 5 s
which I took on July 21st, 1907, in a glass-sided cage containing a
sod of grass, and placed the cage where it would receive the sun's rays.
On July 22nd, only one ovum was noticed ; on the 28rd, seven ova

NOTES ON MELAMPIAS EPIPHRON. 83

were seen ; but on the '24th, about one hundred ova were counted. In
the process of ovipositing, the $ usually alighted at the top of a blade
of grass, which it gradually descended head downwards until it
approached the base, when it would turn quickly upwards, attaching
an egg near the roots, and usually well hidden from view. The ova
were laid singlj^ and, only in two instances, did I find two ova in
contact, but whether these were laid on separate occasions or not, I
cannot state. The most remarkable feature about the ova was the
variation in their size, some being quite twice as large as others. The
ovum is about twice as long as it is broad, and is delicately ribbed
longitudinally, with faint reddish spots showing between the ribs.
The newly-laid ova were of a bright canary colour, but very gradually
they became darker, until, by the third day, quite a perceptible change
in coloration had been effected. On the seventh day some of the
larger ova still retained their yellowish coloration, but the majority at
this time were of a dull greyish colour, with a faint inclination to a
reddish tinge. On August 8th the ova were of a dark greyish-blue
colour. The following day it was possible to trace the outlines of the
enclosed larvae through the egg-shells, and, on August 10th, the
larvae commenced to emerge. The duration of the egg state was thus
from eighteen to twenty-one days. The young larvae invariably ate a
small portion of the egg-shell whilst hatching, and the remaining egg-
shell appeared quite transparent. To the naked eye, the newly-
hatched larvio seemed to be of a pale putty colour, the head appear-
ing disproportionate on account of its being broader than the body.
With the aid of a lens the colour and markings were more distinctly
made out, and it was seen that the young larva was light grey in
colour, with a dorsal line of a slightly darker grey, extending from the
head to the last segment ; the spiracular line appeared very distinct on
account of its being flanked on each side by a much lighter line ; there
Avas a small black spot on each segment above the spiracular line, and
on the face were two black spots. I posted the young larvae to Mr.
Alderson, who had been successful in rearing the insect from ova the
previous year, but owing to an accident in transit, all the larvae were
dead on arrival.

Even in the breeding-cage, the larvae are difticult to distinguish
from their surroundings, hue, in their natural habitat, it is a much
more difficult matter to detect them, and the stunted nature of the
grass renders it almost impossible to sweep for them. An all-night
search for the larva? upon the mountain sides is not a very enjoyable
occupation for the entomologist, nor has it the compensation of being
profitable. I have spent several nights upon our Cumbrian mountains
working for lepidoptera, and would strongly advise anyone who intends
working elevated ground after nightfall to select fairly level ground
for this purpose, unless one is prepared to take the element of danger
which is always present when working rough elevated ground in the
darkness. I have very lively recollections of one of these nocturnal
expeditions when, on a damp and misty night, I lost my bearings,
and judged it prudent to squeeze myself in between two boulders, and
there await the coming of dawn. When sufficient light came to
enable me to distinguish my surroundings, my feelings can be
imagined when I found my.self on the verge of a precipitous face of

34 THE entomologist's record.

rock, down which I might have plunged through a single careless
step.

In specimens of M. epipliron from Cumberland, a great range of
variation is noticeable. I have seen specimens ranging from ab.
obsoleta, Tutt, which is quite devoid of the usual fuhous band on the
upperside, to a form in which the fulvous area is greatly extended.
In a $ form which I now possess, nearly the whole area of the upper
surface of its wings is suffused with fulvous, and the usual black spots
are large and very distinct. I have also a specimen of which the fore-
and hindwings on the left side are bleached, reminding one of the
bleached aberrations of Epinephele janira. Typical A/. epi}ihion are
not commonly met with in Cumberland, the prevailing form being ab.
cassiope, Fab., in which the black ppots are devoid of white centres.
Mr. Beadle, I believe, records the occurrence of the type in Cumber-
land, as being in the proportion of one in a hundred. The 2 insect
is generally slightly larger than the 3 , and its wings differ in shape
in possessing a much more rounded outline than those of the J .
Scotch specimens of M. epipluon are slightly larger than those from
Cumberland, and the fulvous coloration appears of a brighter hue. I
took a series of this species some years ago in Perthshire, on Ben
Ledi, and what I saw^ of the insect in this particular locality, left me
with the impression that Scotch J7. epipliron vary quite as much as,
or even more than, our Cumbrian specimens. Irish specimens I
have not yet had the pleasure of seeing.

In the localities frequented by M. epipliron, one may usually meet
with a few more interesting species to which it may not be out of
place briefly to refer. ISenieop/iila planlae/inia is usually common and
variable, and ab. hospita is by no means uncommon. The larvae of
this species can be freely taken, and often a fair percentage of these
produce ab. huspita. Hadeno contii/ua is not uncommon, and may be
found sitting on the rocks. In searching the faces of the rocks for
the latter species during the daj'time, one is almost certain to find
Cidaria mlicata sitting on the rocks ; but it is not so easy to capture,
as it flies off directly one approaches, and must be netted as it takes
flight, for the nature of the ground is all in favour of the insect, and
if once missed it seldom offers a second opportunity of capturing it.
At dusk it can be found flying freely. Towards the latter part of
June, Crawbus fiircatelhts can be taken, and in July one can rely on
finding specimens of Crambiis ericdltis. The latter flies freely from
about 1.30 until 4.0 in the afternoon, while the former can probably
be best taken from 7 a.m. until 9 a.m., when one can rely on finding
it sitting on the tops of the grass-stems. Besides the species
mentioned, several local micros are found more or less commonly
resting on the rocks.

Diurni at Reazzino near Locarno.

By (Rev.) F. E. LOWE, M.A., F.E.S.

Bellinzona being a convenient centre for various places of entomo-
logical interest, we stayed for a week at the Hotel de la Gare. I found
myself too early for much success in excursions made to Monte Bre
and the Upper Misox Valley, but at Reazzino, when weather permitted,
had excellent sport. I spent some hours at the latter place each day

DIURNI AT REAZZIXO NEAR LOCARNO.

85

of June 25th, 27th, 28th, and July 2ntl. My hope was that as the
season was late, I might be in time for the spring brood of Melitaea
hritoiiiartix. The species was fairly plentiful, but very worn, and
though I netted some dozens, only three males and five females were
worth bringing home. I tried in vain to obtain eggs from some worn
females, and think the failure was probably due to the fact that they
were too wasted, and the better specimens I was loath to risk. What
struck me most was the very large variety of insects it was possible to
obtain in an hour or two, remembering, of course, that collecting here
differed from two hours' mountain entomologising, in that it was all
done at the same altitude. The weather, too, was broken and uncertain,
and the season decidedly backward. The list of insects observed or
captured is, I think, sufficiently long to be of interest, for, though
Reazzino has been often visited, I do not know that a record has been
made of its butterflies at midsummer. My own visits to the locality
have always been made in the late summer. M. bnto)iiartis is, I should
say, fairly common, but not abundant. In habit it seems to be a less
active flyer than M. othalia, and to fly persistently at a lower level,
keeping very near the ground, and preferring the sides of ditches
and the edge of the marshes which lie under the hills of that part.
On the other hand, the only other butterfly that I particularly wanted
— Scolitanti(}ex orion — has a predilection for the dry ground and rocks
just above the path which skirts the clifl's. It never, or rarely, comes
down with the other "blues" to damp places on the road. I have
noticed the same peculiarity in the Val Strona, Val Anzasca, and at
Crevola. This species was in magnificent condition, and mostly very
large, and with a much more brilliant orange band, and more heavily
marked with black on the underside than in the autumn brood, which
I have taken here. But here there were small examples hardly more
than three-fourths the size of the giants which appeared to be normal
for the spring brood. Thus the measurements ranged from 35mm. to
25mm. in both sexes. Arijynnis adippe was almost without exception,
in the males, var. deodo.va, in the pink of perfection. One very
beautiful specimen has the underwings of a dark, but bright, ochre
colour, instead of the usual strong primrose tint. And this colour lies
uniformhj over the whole surface of the disc of the wings, only broken
by the veining, i.e., there are no lighter spots, or faint green shading
as in others. The same colour is also reproduced on the tips of the
upperwings. This distinction is difflcult to describe, but it is very
apparent when the specimen is seen in a series. The females had
hardly emerged ; I took one fine typical example. I ought, perhaps, to
add that Mclitaeo rt^/m/m was generally remarkably tine, both as to size
and colouring. This is interesting, because Mr. Wheeler, to whom the
specunens were submitted, notices it with surprise in the first number
of the Entoniolofiist for this year. He knows Reazzino as well as any-
one, and M. othalia better than most, and his experience of specimens
from Cadenabbia and Reazzino, had led him to the conclusion that
they confirmed the opinion of Riihl and other Swiss authors, that
there is a tendency in this species to decrease in size in Tessin, and the
south of the Alps generally. The following is a complete list of the
butterflies observed at Reazzino, June 25th-July 2nd, 1909: —
Urbicolides. — hlnjnnis althaeae, Hesperia alreu.^ var. fritilliim, fJ.
inalrae, Ani/iade.'i .fylranu.'i. Ruralides. — Callnphnja rubi, Heodes.

36 THE entomologist's record.

viiyaureae, Loweia alciplirun var. i/ordiMs, and var. interijiedia, Ruinicia
pidaeas (very large and common), and Plebeins ar<:/ns, Scolitant.iden
onon, Aricia astrardie, Polyoiiniiatiis icarus, P. escheri, P. hylas,
Aijr lades thetis (bellargus), Ciiindo viiuiiiiiis (very fine), Celastrina
anjiolus. FAPiijioyiiDES.— I phiclideH podaliritis, Papilio tiiachaon (dark).
PiERiDEs. — Aporia crataeyi, Pieris brassicae, P. rapae, P. napi, Leptosia
.siitapis, CoUas hyale, C. edusa, Gonepteryx r/iaiiini. Nymphalides. —
lirenthis selene, B. dia, Issoria latJwnia, Aryynnis aylaia, A. adippe and
var. cleod(i.va, Mditaea phoehe, M. didyma, J/, dictynna, M. ntlialia, M,
hritoniartis, M. jiart/ienie (one worn), Pyrameis cardui, P. atalanta,
Vanessa to, Aylais nrticae, Polyyonia c-albiiiii, Melanaryia yalathea,
Satyriis heniiione, S. semele, Pararye maera, P. 7iieyaera, P. var. aeyerides,
Epinepltde jiirti}ia , Knodia Jiyperanthns, Ooenovyiiipha paiiijdiilKs.

Moles'=nest Beetles in the Harrow District.

By HEEEWAED C. DOLLMAN, F.E.S.

The difficulties of " moleing " in the meadowland of Perivale,
Sudbury, and Harrow, does not by any means arise from the paucity
of nest-hills ; rather, indeed, from perplexity as to where to start
one's operations, so numerous are nest-mounds, sometimes from five
to seven in one field. The nests do not apparently contain a great
number of forms ; this is to a great degree compensated for by some of
them occurring in considerable numbers.

Aleochara spadicea, Er. — This species is certainly rare, perhaps
not more than four or five have been met with.

Aleochara succicola, Th. — This species is decidedly scarce.

Oxypoda spectabilis, Mark. — I was most delighted to secure a
specimen of this fine beetle from a very dark " leat'-nest." 1 believe
this constitutes the first record for 0. s/n't'tabilis as a "mole " species.

Oxypoda longipes, Muls. — This is, with the exception of the
Heterathrops, quite the most abundant species. It seems to prefer
the leaf-nests, from which I have sometimes taken from twelve to
fifteen to a nest.

Heterothrops nigra, Kr., is nearly always present, frequently in
profusion.

QuKDius LONGicoRNis, Kr. — Thjs fine (Jiwditis is by no means
uncommon in the nests around Sudbury and Harrow, although as yet
I have not taken it in the Perivale district.

QuEDius vexans, Epp. — This species is frequent in nests at Perivale,
sometimes six or eight occurring in one nest. It would seem to take
the place of Q. Umqicomis at Perivale, and gradually to become more
and' more scarce towards Sudbury; it is very rare at Harrow, the focus
of Q. lonyicornis.

Oxytelus sculpturatus, Gr., and 0. tetracarinatus. Block, are
both fairly frequent. At present all my small Oxytelus have proved
to be the common species.

Choleva angustata, F. — I took two J s and one $ from a nest
near Harrow.

Choleva nigrita, Er. — A rare capture ; only a few examples have
been met with.

This concludes the roll of species at present noticed in the district,
the result of two expeditions on January 19th and 22nd, 1910, each
of only a few hours.

LEPIDOPTERA IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 37

Lepidoptera in Gloucestershire: The Wye Valley in 1909.

By J. F. BIKD.

Not having spent so much time in the pursuit of lepidoptera as in
former years, 1 am not a fair judge as to whether the season 1909 here,
in the Wye V' alley, was a good or a bad one entomologically. Treacling
was useless until September, ivy blossom was an absolute failure owing
to the inclement weather we experienced during the autumn, and larvae,
with the exception of some of the garden pests, were mostly conspicuous
by their absence; yet when I sallied forth with my net it generally
■came in for a good deal of use, and, on many a night, moths, chietiy com-
moners I am sorry to say, trooped into the house, attracted by the
lamps, so, on the whole, I found the past season fairly productive,
although I cannot report captures of any of the recognized lepidoptero-
logical prizes.

The following is a list of the lepidoptera captured or observed, with
•a few notes inserted here and there which I hope will be found of
interest. Unless otherwise stated, all the species mentioned were met
Avith in the parish of St. Briavels in Gloucestershire.

DiURNi. — Adopaea Jiara. AtKjiades sijlrauKs. — I took two males SO
very diflterent from one another that I think they may, perhaps, be
worth mentioning. One is rather larger than usual, the forewings are
narrow, long on the costa and pointed at the apex, and the outer
margins of all the wings are very straight, giving to the butterfly an
•extremely angular appearance ; colour of wings light golden-brown,
not very different from the fulvous markings, but darkening slightly
towards the outer margin, where they are edged, as usual, by a dark
brown line, and the fringe is pale ochreous. The other has well-
rounded wings, the colour a dark, rich brown with a smoky- brown
fringe ; it is much the darkest specimen we have in our cabinet, while
the first one described is the lightest. Hesperia uialrae, Xisoniades tali's.
Iliniiicia phlat^as was more abundant during August and September than
at any other time of the year, and was still to be seen during the first
week of October. An ochreous ? taken on May 24th is probably
referable to ab. intennedia, although the ground colour can hardly be
■described as brassy; and on August^ 31st I took an example of ab.
radiata g at rest, the marginal band on the hindwings being reduced
to a few copper streaks. (Jallophri/s rubi. IJit/iys (jiiorfts. — I took one
$ I saw fly from an oak to a larch, attracted thither by the presence
of honeydew ; and I was interested early one morning, while fishing,
to see one, or perhaps two, of these little butterflies flying about and
settling on the reeds by the riverside. Cela)<trina an/iidits, — Both
broods. Polijonimatns icarus, like B. pidaeas, was especially common
during August and September, and stragglers were to be seen on the
wing during the beginning of October. PierU hrassicae was only too
abundant, to the detriment of the vegetable garden. A villager
remarked to me, at the same time pointing to a regiment of the larvae
■demolishing a cauliflower, " I fancy butterflies has something to do
with them blessed things," but not feeling altogether satisfied with his
theory, added cautiously, " leastways to a certain extent." During
October the fuUfed larvit were to be seen crawling along the ground
some distance away from the garden Brassica, up trees, outbuildings,
the sides of the house, in fact, almost everywhere ; nearly all my

88 THE entomologist's record.

windows had lines of web spun on the panes of glass, showing w-here
larvfe had travelled upwards, and they even entered the house to
pupate on the window^ frames and ceilings. Luckily, Apanteles
(jloineratits was ready for them, and I should imagine a good percentage
was accounted for, judging from the numerous patches of yellow
cocoons everywhere. Besides the cocoons of the parasites, I was rather
surprised to find several pupae of the Pierids on tree-trunks, suspended
below" the lower branches and a few even attached to the upper
cladodes of Huscas aciileatiis in the shrubbery. P. rapae, P. napi,
Eueldo'e cardawines, Gonepteryx rliamni. Polygonia c-albuiii keeps more
to the warmer slopes of the valley, but I met wath two specimens of
the second brood about 500 feet above sea-level going to heather
blossom. At/laifi iirticae was exceedingly common, and a large flower-
ing privet-bush in my garden was an interesting and pretty sight with
these gay butterflies swarming on it, in company with other common
butterflies, and a multitude and variety of bees and flies. A week or
two later, Vanessa io, also very common, frequented the same bush in
numbers. Fyrameis atalanta was not uncommon about the fallen fruit
in October. P. cardiii. — I only saw one, a fresh -looking specimen
flying round some thistles by the riverside, on August 27th. Dryas
paphia. — I saw one only, a <? , extracting the sweets from the privet
blossom in my garden. My father tells me he found it rather less
common on the Monmouthshire side of the river. Aryynnis adippe.
Brenthis enpln-osyne. — Towards the end of May, I had the great pleasure
of seeing this species in countless numbers swarming in some lately
cleared woodland, and also on the rough, heathy, and bushy slopes of
the valley. Heaps of dry faggots, trimmings from the felled timber,
partly overgrown with brambles, honeysuckle, and various other plants,
were a great attraction to this butterfly, round which they loved to flit,
frequently settling on the dry sticks with wings displayed to enjoy the
warmth of the sun. I was interested in seeing how " tame " this
species is, and how slowly it flies, when in the company of a multitude
of its own kind ; so different from the swiftness of casual specimens
observed during a poor year, or wanderers from their special haunts.
I kept a good lookout for aberrations, and took one, in shocking con-
dition, with the spots in the basal area of all the wings much enlarged
and coalescing ; but the majonty were disappointingly typical, and
did not vary much excepting that on the upperside the number of spots
in the row between the basal markings and the border varied on the
hindwing from five to six, the upper one being sometimes absent ;
and, on the underside, the corresponding row- on the forewing varied in
a similar manner, but, in this case, it was the lowest spot which was
not always present. On May 24th I spent some time studying the
habits of the females when ovipositing. Mr. Tutt notes {Fhit. Eec,
xix., p. 232), when observing this butterflj- for the same purpose, that
he found several eggs on violet, although the actual operation of egg-
laying was not observed. I was lucky enough to see two females ovi-
posit, yet did not see either do so on violet. The butterfly floats very
leisurely round and about the bushes, skimming just above the tops
of the herbage, seeking a plant to suit her purpose, and considering
she does not invariably select the pabulum of the larva, takes great
pains in making her choice. After alighting on a plant, evidently
found to be suitable, she rests so that the sun shines on her outspread

LEPIDOPTERA IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 39

wings, then curving her abdomen, deposits one or two ova on the under-
surt'ace of a leaf ; when more than one, placing them side by side, but
not touching. They apparently oviposit on any small plant in the
neighbourhood of the foodplant, choosing those growing in well-
sheltered nooks among bushes, thus placing the ova in spots Avhere
violets flourish luxuriantly. The first female I observed doing this,
laid a single egg on a straggling plant, I think a species of cbickweed,
but, not being in flower, I was unable to identify it ; and the other
deposited two on a tiny leaf on a small plant of ivy. The young larva&
hatched out 24 days later, one only eating its eggshell. They soon
began to nibble at the violet leaf I gave them, and two or three days
after hatching out, commenced eating the leaf at the edge. They are
not very active, and, when disturbed, immediately tumble ofT the leaf
and curl themselves into a ring, but soon unroll and crawl in a
leisurely manner. At the beginning of August, two of them stopped
feeding to hybernate, and shrivelled up to Ye^n. long ; the remaining
larva continued to feed well, and I was hoping to succeed in rearing
the butterfly the same year, but a fortnight later, when it was about
half-an-inch long, this also ceased to eat, and shrivelled up to a stubby^
black larva, half that length. B. sclenc. — One male I captured is a
rather nice specimen, as the black spots parallel with the outer margin
are larger than usual. It was curious that I only saw one female,
although I was particularly looking out for specimens of that sex, yet
I could have obtained plenty of males. Paraiye ef/eria was, I am glad
to say, common, especially during the latter end of the summer. It
has, until last season, been getting more and more scarce every year
since 1904. 1'. xwiiaera, F^pincp/idc ianira, K. tit/toniis. Enodia Injper-
antJtiis was much less abundant across the river at Tintern and
Llandogo. It is not so plentiful on this side. Coenonytnplia ]ianipJiiltis.
— In August I took a freshly emerged ab. ocellata : the ocelli on the
underside of the hindwings, are very conspicuous.

Heterocera. — AmorpJta popiili, Scsia stellatartnii, Antlnocera
tilipendiilcie. A. trifalii. — Besides seeing a few imagines in the neighbour-
hood, J bred a 2 from a solitary larva found in one of my meadows
where I only saw A. filipendnlae on the wing. A. hmicerae. — I acci-
dentalh- netted one at dusk whilst attempting to capture a Noctuid
flying low over heath ; the only specimen we have met with in the
Wye Valley district. Hepialiis li(pidi)ii(s, H. aylriniis. H. Iiiinntli was
most abundant, and the larvse and pupte dug up in quantities while
putting a much-neglected garden into order. Lithosia biridcola. — I
found two of the larvfG " grazing" in the company of a "flock" of
i\udaria nmndana larvfe on the minute lichens on a stonewall. Setina
mewntclla. Kuchdia jacobaeae swarmed, commencing to appear in mid-
April (I did not note the exact date, but it was during the " teens " of
the month) and were observed until July 24th ; nearly everj- ragwort
plant was tenanted by the larva), and even an edging of Cineraria in
my garden was attacked. During the winter months I found several
pupte under the top layer of stones on the " dry walls " round the
fields, from which I bred this species. Xemeopkila planta<iini>i. — My
father netted several and saw others flying in the sunshine in
Llandogo, but I did not come across a single specimen, although col-
lecting in what appeared to be suitable localities on this side of the
river, riiratjwatohia fuli(jinosa. — One 3 was attracted in the house by

40 THE entomoloctIst's record.

light on August 7th, Spilosoma lubricipeda, S. wenthaatri, ])(t:<>i(hira
piidibiiiida, ()riiyia antiqua. Denias corijli. — Until last season, all the
lai'Vfe I have found of this species have been very plain, practically
unicolorous with a more or less smoky line down the back and always
on beech. In September I found, on birch, a beautifully variegated
larva which I describe : Dorsal band wide and black, rather lozenge-
shaped at each segment, the outline well-defined ; a wide band of the
same hue along each side joining up with the dorsal band at the 5th
segment onwards ; between these two bands a narroAV streak of buff-
coloured, transverse strife, intersected by a thin, wavy, black line, and
rather interrupted at the 10th and 11th segments by a smoky-black
clouding ; below the band along the side, commencing about the
middle, are six snow-white, diagonal and rather hook-shaped
protuberate markings, the last one continuing as a streak to the
anal flap (these became yellowish a day or two before the larva
spun up) ; the pencils of hairs on the 1st segment and the erect tufts
on the 4th, 5th and 11th segments, a rich, deep brown ; warts emitting
soft white hairs, while those on the 11th and 12th segments have also a
few long, black hairs mixed with the shorter white. Fuecilocainpa jinpuli.
— On June 29th I found a full-grown larva in a crevice in the trunk of a
damson tree a few inches from the ground. Two days later it spun
up at the bottom of a chip box under a leaf ; the cocoon, both in colour
and shape, greatly resembles a fancychocolate. L'oi^uwtrichc ptitatoria,
Drepana falrataria, Cilix (/laucata. Centra hllida. — I bred a fine ? from
a larva I found in 1908 on poplar at Tintern ; the first specimen we
have obtained in the Wye Valley, although we have several times
found old and empty cocoons on poplar trunks. Notodonta dromedarim.
Petasia cassinea. — At light, Tintern. Dilnba caentleocephala, Gonopliora
derasa, Thyatira batis, CyinatopJiora dilitta, Asphalia fiavicornis.
Acronycta lepnrina. — I found two larvas ; both, unfortunately, were
" stung." Triaena psi. Craniophnra liyiintri. — I bred one from a larva
found in 1908, but no amount of searching will produce another,
althoughthereareplenty of ash-trees and privet bushes to hunt on. Pha-
retra rtiuiicia. Ai/rotis pnta. — One at treacle; the first I have seen since
leaving the London district. A. e.irlaiiiationi-t. Lycapliotia strii/ula was
fairly common at dusk during July, flying over heath. Trip/iaena
iantliina, T. orbona, T. pronuba, Nocttta (/lareosa, N. triaiu/nliiiii, N.
brminea. N. festiva. — The males were to be obtained in plenty on the
heathy ground, but, as usual, no females. I wonder if other collectors
find a difficulty in procuring the females of this moth ! Feeling-
curious as to their seemingly secretive habits, I shall be much obliged
if somebody will give me some hints how, when and where to obtain
the females otherwise than by breeding them from larvae found in the
spring. N. baja, N. rnbi, N. nnibrosa. N. xanthoyrap/ta was most
variable ; one form to be taken here is rather undersized, a very dark
chestnut-brown, so dark that the lines of black spots are only faintly
visible, the orbicular spot totally obscured, and the reniform nearly so,
the latter represented by a faint reddish spot. Charaeas yraviinh was
obtained by us for the first time in the Wye Valley, my father taking-
several <3^ s at light at Tintern, and I one 3- at light and a ? netted
at dusk. Neiironia popularis, Lnperina cenjjiti.i, L. testacea, Aplecta
nebulosa, Hadena contiyiia, H. yenistae, H. dentina, H. protca, Mamcstra
brassicae, M. persicariae. Hecatera nerena (?). — At the end of August

LEPIDOPTERA IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 41

two larv;T', I think of this species, were accidentally "swept," and after
a lengthy search I found another feeding on the blossom of a species
of Crepia. Folia chi, P. fiarieincta. Cleoceris viiinnalis. — A $ was
attracted into the house by light on August 8th ; the first time I have
taken this species in the imaginal state. Cervjo matura, Xylophaaia
lithoxylea, A'. mono<ilyplia, X. riirea and ab. combusta, X. hepatica,
Apmnea basilinea, A. (jemina, A. didyma, Miana strigilift, Kiiple.i'ia
liicipara, PJilognphoya Dictinilosa, Hydroecia micacea, H. nictitaiis,
Lencania iiiipiira, L. coiiniia, I., conigera, L. lithargyria, J'aeniocaiiipa
gotlnca, T. stabilis, AmpJiipyra pyramidea, A. tragopngonis, Caradrina
cubiculaiis. C. ahines. — I netted a number of these in July, flying over
the heath at dusk, but only J s. ('cdywnia trapezina. Tet/iea sHbtusa.
— I took one at light at Tintern. Mellinia circellaris, Ancliocelia pista-
cina, Tiliacea citiago, Citria jlavago, Orrhodia vaccimi, Xylocaiiipa
lithoriza, Flimia chrysitis, P. iota, P. pnlchrina, P. gaiiiwa, Habrostnla
triplasia, Heliaca tenebrata, Bryophila muralis. B. perla was rather
commoner than usual. I noticed a female one evening at dusk,
crawling about a stone terrace in my garden, and imagined she was
egglaying, as she frequently curved her abdomen to press the ovi-
positor against the stones ; I marked the spot, and carefully searched
for the ova next morning, but failed to find a single one. Phytometra
inridaria {aenea)^\a,s common at the end of May, flying about the heath in
the sunshine, and I secured a nice series showing considerable variation.
Go7ioptera libatii.r, EncUdia glyphica, E. mi. Aventia jiexida. — My
father met with one at Tintei'n. Henninia tarsipennalis, II. (/risealis,
HypcnodeH costaestrigalis, BoDiolocha crassalis, Hypena jrroboscidalis.
Brephoa parthniias was common in March and April, but kept well
out of reach when I had my net with me. Urapteryx m)iibi<caHa,
Angerona priinan'a, Riniiia liiteidata, Macarianotata. M. litnrata. — One
found at rest on the trunk of a larch-tree in my garden. Panagra
pptraria. Eniatarga atomaria was common on the heathy ground, and
very variable. Nirneria pidveraria, Eurymene dolabraria, Oduntopera
bidentata, Crocalli'ti elwgiiaria, Himera peanaria, Selenia bilunaria, and
var. juliaria, Pericallia sy angaria, Epione advenaria, Metrocampa
margaritata, Anqjliidasys hftidaria, Phigalia pedaria, Tephrusia crepus-
cularia [biundidaria), T. rxtcrxaria, T. pitnctidaria. Boarmia repandata^
and ab. conrersana, also smoky-brown specimens. H. rhoinboidaria,
Hyberniaaii rantiaria. H. dcfoliaria. — The first one was attracted by light
on November oth. H. iiiargiiiaria, 11. rupicapraria, Aniaoptcryxaoicidaria^
Abraxas grossidariata. — One larva only! The first season for over 20
years that I have missed seeing the imago of this usually very common
species. Ligdia adiistata, Louiat^pilin inarginata, Pseudoterpua pridnata,
Geoiiictra papilionaria, G. rernaria, lodis lactearia, Comibaena pustidata,
Hemit/iea aestiraria (thymiaria), Zonosoma porata, Z. punctaria, Z.
anmdata, Acidalia scutulata, A. biaetata. A.subsericeata. — Very common
at dusk flying over the heath in June. A. reumtata, A. ai-emata,
Melanippe subtristata, M. iinangulata, M. montanata, M. jiuctuata,
Melanthia rubiginata, M. ordlata, M. albicillata, XL procellata, Coremia
designata, C. ferrugata, Larentia riridaria, L. didyiiiata, L. niultistrigariay.
Anticlea nigrofaftciaria. Asthena candidata. — Both broods. Eupisteria
Iteparata. — One as late as August 5th. Minoa muriuata. Enniielesia
affinitata is one of the commonest moths at Tintern and Llandogo, so
it is rather remarkable that I did not sec a single specimen on this

42 THE entomologist's record.

side of the river. K. alc/teinillata is less uncommon here than on the
Monmouthshire side. E. albulata, E. decolorata. E. hlandiata. — Already
recorded [Ent. Rec, xxi., p. 216). I obtained one or two of the larvse
at the end of September by bending the foodplant with my right hand
and shaking it over the palm of my left. Cidaria uiiata, C. conjlata.
C. picata was not uncommon at rest on the trunks of trees. It has a
protective habit of sitting sideways so that the narrow patch of Avhitish
ground colour between the dark basal area and the outer marginal
border resembles a streak of the chalky excrement of a bird on the tree-
trunk. C. russaia, C. siijfitniata, C. ulaceata, C. fulvata, C. testata,
Scotosia dubitata, Camptof/ramvia bilineata, Tliera varinta, Hypsipetes
inqditviata, H. sordidata, Oporabia dilittata, Cheimatobia bruniata, C.
boreata, LobopJiora lobnlata, Cliesias spartiata, C. obliqitaria. Anaitis
plagiata is common at rest on rocks and stone walls and also at dusk ;
the first brood is the most abundant. At Tintern and Llandogo,
where it is less common, we have, until last season, only observed
specimens of the second brood. Eubolia paluiiibaria, E. liinitata,
Enpithecia pulchellata, E. sub fulvata, E. lariciata, E. albi punctata, E.
mtyrata, E. plumbeolata, E, vidf/ata. E. expallidata. — These vary
greatly in expanse ; the largest I captured measures 1-lG in. from tip
to tip, while the smallest is only -95 in. E. abaynthiata, E. tenuiata,
E. abbreviata, E. e.rif/tiata, E. debiliata, E. coroyiata, E. rectangidata, and.
K. piimilata. On the last day of the year, which was warm and sunny,
I had the pleasure of watching a specimen of Vanessa io flying about in
my garden.

Egg=Iaying of Vanessa urticae, L, and result of teniperature=
experiment on a freshly=laid batch of eggs.

By T. EEUSS.
August 10th, 1909, was fine and sunny, the temperature in the
shade rising in Hertfordshire as high as 77°F., after falling as low as
49°F. at night. Towards noon, I was cutting down nettles in a
meadow, intending to satisfy the wants of a few thousand Vanessid
larvae which I was rearing, when a large specimen of Vanessa urticae
appeared, and, after circling round a moment, dropped on a leaf of
nettle close in front of me. Hoping that it would prove to be an
egg-laying female, I kept motionless and watched it expectantly.
Presently, it spread its wings, then flew up, but settled again not far
away. After two minutes, it was flying round again, and now began
to flutter and hover over the nettles as if searching for something. I
could see by this time, that the specimen was a fine dark female, with
much red in the ground colour of the wings. It settled repeatedly,
crawled over the nettle leaves, touching and evidently testing them
v.'ith its antennae, and then commenced to hang on to, and sidle along,
the margins of the leaves, holding the abdomen and hindmost pair of
legs underneath the leaf, and assisting its progress by fluttermg its
wings. After a very few minutes it had evidently found a suitable
leaf on the sunny margin of the nettle-bed, and, with half-opened
wings, became quiescent in the position just described, suitable for
depositing the ova on the underside and near the margin of one of the
larger leaves, where this species always seems to place them."

* The young larvae, on emerging, first perforate the leaf in the vicinity of

EGG-LAYING OF VANESSA UKTIC^E, L. 43

Doubting no longer that the eggs would be duly laid, I noted
the time, 11.40 a.m., and van to get my net in order to capture the
specimen when it had finished laying. After about five minutes I
returned, and found the butterfly still in the same position as before.
Then I stood ready with my net — but half-an-hour went by, it was
past twelve o'clock, and the insect had not stirred from its position.
Ten minutes later things were the same. Then, suddenly, just as I
was noting the time once more, I felt something flap against my
cheek and looked up, only to find the nettle-leaf empty and to see the
butterfly, which had first darted straight into my face, rapidly
disappearing on the other side of the high barbed wire fencing and
quite out of reach. I did not mourn my lost capture long, however,
but immediately examined the nettle leaf, on which it had rested. I
found to my delight a fine batch of green ova, the laying of
which evidently occupied 43 minutes — from 11.40 a.m. to 12.23 p.m.
under the existing weather conditions.! Left out among the nettles,
the ova would have been subjected to natural temperature-variation
ranging from 7°C.-10"C. at night, to 30°C.-3&°C. during the hottest
hours of the day (the temperatures were measured by me under the
nettle leaves), but I took the ova home and subjected them to a
temperature of 30°C.-37°C. night and day, with the result that they
•emerged on the 14th between 4 and 5 a.m. (after three days and 16-
17 hours). The larvte and pup^e were also kept in temperatures not
below 23°C., but most of the former succumbed to " flacherie," and I
only reared five imagines, which, however, as I had hoped, reminded
jne of the Corsican var. ichntisa.

How ants greet members of the same colony.

By W. CECIL CRAWLEY, F.E.S.

[Foreword. — The following paper is the first of a series of jDapers and
notes by my friend Mr. Cecil Crawdey, which we hope to publish from time
to time on the habits of ants and their guests. Mr. Crawdey has been
working at ants for over fifteen years quite independently, and has
amassed a number of valuable facts and observations, many of them
entirely new and others very valuable, as they help to confirm some of
the modern views on the subject. We therefore think ourselves
fortunate in persuading him to put them into print. — Horace

DoNISTHORPE.]

When two ants from the same colony meet, they usually cross

the cluster of empty eggshells. They do not stop long for this, however, but
wander (in the wild state !) almost immediately up higher and into the nettle-top,
where they spin up and create the impression of having hatched there*. But the
young i( ;(icae larvffi do not "hatch in the nettle-buds"; the empty shells, from
which they emerged, are never to be found there, but nearly always on the under-
side of one of the larger leaves lower down on one of the nettle-plants. I was
surprised to find that last season, from May 2'6vd to the end of September, I
could continuously collect fully-grown and newly-hatched larva) of this species
seemingly without any break whatever.

t The days from August 5th-18th, were among the warmest on record since
early September, 1901). The shade maxima here were always above 70'^F., and, on
five days, the thermometer stood over 80°F., and twice reached nearly 90^ (31°C.
in the shade on the 1.3th). At night, the thermometer fell to 47-5°F. on the 5th
and 18th (on the 4th it had been down to 42°F.). The warmest night was that of
the 17th with 59°F.

44 THE entomologist's record.

antennae before moving on. If the ants be of some species of Myrmiccty
they merely touch each other with their antennae, and then separate,
the mere touch being sufficient to satisfy both that they are friends.
If the species be Formica rufa, fiisca, or .'iani/uinea, the greeting is
often prolonged, the antennae playing rapidly on each other; and often,
especially in hot weather, one of the ants will be seen to make a rapid
jerk of the whole body towards the other. This rapid motion of the
body does not consist (as is sometimes stated) in striking the head
against the other ant. I have watched innumerable cases with great
care, and the only parts of the body touching at the time are usually
the antennae. With Formica, too, ants will often paw each other
rapidly with the forelegs.

One seldom sees two specimens of Formica make more than one or
two of these curious jerky motions when meeting each other, but when
specimens of any species of Lasiua meet, a succession of rapid jerks is
kept up for several seconds. Indeed, on uncovering an artificial nest
of L. //«r(^s or niger and exposing it to the light, almost every ant may
be seen thus jerking its whole body to its neighbours. It is a very
distinctive characteristic of iMsiita. An ant may be watched in its
progress through an artificial nest, and seen to thus salute almost
every ant it meets. In case of alarm, ants rush about the nest in a
state of great excitement, infecting every ant they meet with alarm,
until the whole nest is roused.

When a nest is full of young winged $ s and J s, the workers may
be seen greeting them in this way, and the young $ s sometimes
respond, the <y s never. When a young fertile 2 has succeeded in
rearing a few workers, she often responds to their salutes, but an old
queen in a large nest never does. Lasitis fiilif/inosHfi, a somewhat
sluggish ant, does not make so much use of this jerky salute as do
nii/er, fiavus, and umbratiifi. It does not exist among the Myrmicidae,
hardly at all with Campnnotiis, and not at all with Tapinoma.

Lasiiis seems to be able to express alarm, or to communicate the
news of a desirable find of food, etc., more by means of this salute
than by the play of the antennae. I have considered it worth while
to give a somewhat detailed account of this phenomenon, as I have
never seen it described in any work on the subject.

Contribution to a list of the Macro=lepidoptera of Bucks.

By KENNETH EAYNOR, B.A.
Dr. Carlier's contribution to your columns of a list of species taken
by himself near High Wycombe tempts me to supplement his account
by recording the few I have come across during the last three seasons
at Tingewick, m the same county. The soil here is principally gravelly
loam and clay, the subsoil being various. Tingewick is in the northern
division of the county, on the borders of Oxfordshire, and bounded on
the north by the river Ouse, about three miles from Buckingham.
The greater portion of the land is pasture, and there are three woods,
of which the Round Wood is about a quarter of a mile square,
Lenborough Wood is half a mile long and a quarter broad, whilst
Tingewick Wood is three-quarters of a mile long and half a mile broad.
The land by the Ouse is naturally swampy. I have not been here con-
tinuously enough to do any very regular collecting, but as so little has

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 45

been published of late years concerning the insects of the county,
I feel that the following list may possibly .be of some interest and
value : —

DiURNi — Gonepteryx rhamni, Pieris brasdcae, P. rapae, P. najii,
Leptosia siiiapis, Euchlne canlawines, Kpinephele janira, Enoclia
hyperanthiis, Hesperia vialvae, Nhnniades tayes, Adopaca flora, Aiu/iades
sylrcniis, Coenonympha painphilvx, Pyra)neis atalaiita.

Sphingides — Kiimorpha elpenor, Sesia stellataruiii.

Hepialides — Hepialits lupulimi'i.

Arctiides — Niidaria senex, N. mimdana, Arctia caia, Spilowma
menthastri.

Anthrocerides — Anthrocera filipendulae, A. lonicerae.

Lachneides — Ecitricha querci folia.

Cymatophorides — Thyatira derasa, Asphalia dihita.

NocTuiDBS — Tapinostola fiilra, Gortyna ochracea, Bryophila perla,
Heliophobits popularin, Miana striyilis, Apamea oculea, Afiroti.t seffetinn,
A. exclamationis, Peridroma sujf'itsa, Graphiphora augur, Noctua
c-nigrum, N. plecta, N. umbrosa, Triphaena interjecta, Matnestra
brassicae, Xylophaaia lithoxyUa, X. sublustris, X. monoglypha, ('aradn'na
quadn'piinctata, Mellinia gilrago, M. circellarh, Anc/iocelis pistacina,
OrtJioxia lota, Aplecta advena, Polia fiavocincta, P. r/ii, Taeniocampa
gothica, Hadena oleraeea, Scopelosonia satellitia, Xylocampa areola,
Orrhodia ligiila, Miselia oxyacanthae, Habrostola tripartita, Plusia
gauiuia, P. chrysitis, P. iota, P. nioiieta.

Geometrides — Urapteryx saiiibticata, Angerona prunaria, Bamia
cratargata, Selenia biliinaria, Boarniia repandata, Kpione apiciaria,
Abraxaa grosfiiilariata, Corycia tenierata, Panagra petraria, Asthena
Inteata, Heiiiithea strigata, Hybernia inarginaria, Acidalia dimidiata,
Emmelesia decolorata, Fhipithecia vulgata, Melanippe sociata, M. fJuctuata,
M. bicolorata, Oporabia dilutata, Anticlea nigrofasciaria, A. badiata,
Triphosa dubitata, Larentia didyviata, Cidaria innnanata, C. truncata,
C. asftociata, C. fnlvata, C. prnnata, C. miata, Tanagra atrata.

The list is at present very tentative, but is, I think, sufficiently
good to justify the inference that this is an excellent locality for
collecting. If any species are worthy of special note they are Leptosia
sinapis, Plii.va tnoneta, and Polia chi, of which the last is probably
quite new to this part of England.

J^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

LiMENiTis SIBYLLA IN HEREFORDSHIRE. — I have been asked to record
the occurrence of this butterfly in Herefordshire, as it appears to be a
new county record. I saw a single example on the wing on August
29th last, close to Kilpeck Church, about a mile from St. Devereux
Station, on the Great Western Railway. As the district is well wooded,
no doubt the L. sibylla was near its native haunts, but I had no chance
of following the matter up, as I was only paying a hurried visit to the
old Saxon church, and had a train to catch. — J. R. le B. Tomlin,
M.A., F.E.S., " Stoneley," Reading. January lit/i, 1910.

Abundance of winter moths at Wimbledon. — The evening of
January 2nd being more like early June than early January, I went
for a stroll through the wooded portion of the Common. I found
Hybernia defoliaria and Cheimatobia britmata in almost incredible

46 THE kntomolooist's record.

numbers, the former hangino- in thousands on every tree and bush,
and some on bla les of grj^ss, etc., apparently just emerged, while every
oak-trunk was literally covered with ('. bnnnata, which flew off in
clouds as soon as the light fell on them. Many of these were also
freshly emerged with still undeveloped wings. There would appear to
be a poor lookout for the foliage on the Common next summer judging
by the number of females of both species crawling about the trees and
bushes. On the way home I observed several I'hiyalia pedaria
(pihimria) on the lamps, and one which I examined had evidently been
out some little time, as the fringes were very worn. By the way, I see
the list of Geometrids noted on the Common by Mr. Smallman {Knt.
Berniil, XX., pp. 60-61) does not include Cheimatobia boreata, which is
exceedingly common among the birch bushes here. — (Capt.) P. A.
Cardew, 50, Melbury Gardens, Cottenham Park, Wimbledon. Ja)tiia)i/
8t/i, 1910.

(CURRENT NOTES.

The Entomological Society of London held its Annual Meeting
on January 19th, when Dr. F. A. Dixey read an excellent Presidential
Address, the special portion of which related to the Androconia of the
Pierine butterflies. The President after congratulating the Society on
its continued prosperity, and paying a tribute to the memory of
distinguished entomologists who had died during the past year, referred
to the appointment by the Colonial Office of a Committee for Entomo-
logical Research, which, he hoped, might be taken as evidence of
increased recognition by public authorities of the value of scientific
advice and co-operation. The recent Darwin commemoration at
Cambridge and the approaching International Congress of Entomology
at Brussels were then noticed.

Much has already been published on the subject of " Androconia "
or " male plumules," as they are sometimes called, especially with
regard to those of the Lycjienids, but Dr. Dixey opened new ground in
bringing forward details of those of a considerable number of species,
and entering into a comparison of the broad features of those of
different generic groups. Dr. Dixey, in the wider outlook that he has
taken, necessarily lays himself open to criticism of details, but his
final statement is really an appeal for such criticism, and one can
heartily congratulate him on a very excellent address containing
much that is evidently " both new and true."

On the critical side one feels at once that one would like to know
many more details than could possibly be given in the address, of the
androconia of many groups. We are particularly interested in the
group that Dr. Dixey calls Juichlo'e (pp. 20-21). Here we have such
species as (1) scolynnut, sara, eupheyioides (in which there are said to be
no androconia); (2) ijenutia, jdnia, belia (in which they are scanty);
(3) cardaiiiincs, aiisania (in fair numbers); (4) creiisa, belled ice {7 =
hellezina), beleiiiia (in which they are abundant), all united under the
name KiicJihie. Based on the characters of the early stages, as well as on
the neuration, these species are not at all so closely allied as the putting
of them into one genus would suggest, and they consist of representatives
of at least two fairly widely separate genera — EiH^.HLoii — carda)iihiei<,
[iriini'vi, dauinne, eiipJteno, evplienm'des, sara, ! f/e)iiiti(i, Anthochakis —

CURRENT NOTES. i't

belia, and its summer- brood form ausimia, belemia, fallmii, tai/is,
bellfzina, chaiionia, aiisajiides, oUjitipia, etc. (see Can. H)it., 1894,
pp. 47, 100, 166). This latter group is much more closely allied to
Pniitia and I'ieris than is the former. That this is so, is readily seen
later on in the address (pp. 47-49), when the President comts to consider
the androconia of our common Pierids (1) Pieris (^Oauuris) hrassicae,
rapae, napi, and (2) Pontia [Syncldue) ila/didice, chloridur. With the
latter he finds himself in some little trouble, and his statement that
the androconia of " the genus Sijiichloi' show a strong resemblance to
those of many forms of h'ttc/Uo'e, e.<j., the laminae in N. cldoridice being
strikingly like those of A', creusa, exhibiting a similar expansion
towards the blunted discal margni, whilst the discs in both genera are
small and circular or oval," supports our position. He further notes
that Si/nc/iloe helLica and N, johnstonii have plume-scales " of the like
character, while those of S. (jlaitcononic differ chiefly in the sharpness
of their apex. The lamina) in .S. daplidice vary considerably in
breadth ; they bear much resemblance to those of KuMo'c aii-finiia and
K. belemia, ^hi\,\hig like them a somewhat short apex. In both genera,
hUichloe and Sipic/doe, the laminte are characterised by a well-marked
longitudinal ribbing, which is in obvious relation with the fimbriae."

This is exactly as it should be. Everything pomts, in the biology
of the insects, to a clear separation of lua-ldo'e [seius. rent.) — cardmuinen,
eup/teiKiides, etc., from the other group generically; whilst Anthocharis,
containing that part of Dr. Dixey's Enchloe comprising bdia (and its
summer form anxnnia), belemia, etc., is biologically closely allied to
Pontia (Dr. Dixey's Synrhhie) — daplidice (its spring form bellidice),
lllauconome, r/doridice, etc. — and that these fall quite near together,
Dr. Dixey's facts (supra) confirm. Indeed, these criticisms merely
show the accuracy of Dr. Dixey's facts, which only want a little re-
arrangement and reshuffling to make them fit the biological data
considered to be of taxonomic value in this little group.

The figures by m.eaus of which the address was illustrated, formed
another excellent feature, and permitted everyone (including specialists
in other orders) to follow the details throughout, whilst the President's
book of careful drawings of these structures — a work spread over
several years — indicated the desirability of fully illustrating the address ;
no doubt this will be arranged between the President and the Council
of the Society. Indeed, Dr. Chapman and Mr. Tutt both voiced this
necessity at the meeting.

The vote of thanks to the Officers, proposed by Mr. W. E. Sharp
and seconded by Mr. H. C. Druce, was well-deserved. Commander
Walker's work as editor of the Transact ioiDi, is no sinecure, and the
fact that during the last 25 years the fellowship has doubled indicates
the accumulation of work thrown upon Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, the
General Secretary, and Mr. A. H. Jones, the Treasurer. The library,
too, Mr. G, C. Champion's concern, is continually growing, and requires
continuous attention. But it is for their attempt to overtake accumu-
lated arrears that thanks this year are mainly due, and the fact that
Part iv. of the 7Vrt//.sflrf/o?;,s was ready before the new year, and delayed
in forwarding merely by the printers, changed what should have been
a matter for congratulation into a feeling of grejit annoyance. It was
fully intended that Parts iii., iv.. and v. ot 190*^, and Parts i., ii., iii.,
and iv. of 1909, should have been published and paid fur withui the

48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST* S RECORD.

current financial year, and thus all arrears of publication and pay-
ment met before the new financial year began. Better luck, perhaps,
next time. It, perhaps, is not generally known by lepidopterists in
the provinces that books can be forwarded to Fellows : one is some-
what astonished at the large number of evidently good lepidopterists
who have not yet become Fellows ; we should be glad to hear from
any of our subscribers who can spare a guinea a year in support of the
society, and would like to join.

The North London Natural History Society has removed its home
to the City (Salisbury House, Finsbury Circus, E.C.). The officers and
council for the year are : — President : L. 13. Prout, F.E.S. Vice-
Presidents : C. S. Nicholson, F.L.S. and L. J. Tremayne. Treasurer:
C. B. Smith. Librarian : A. B. Hornblower. Curators : J. E.
Gardner, J. 0. Brathwaite. Secretaries : R. W. Bobbins, S. W.
Bradley. Council: Stanley Austin, A. Bacot, F.E.S. , Mrs. R. W.
Robbins, and Mrs. C. B. Smith.

At the Annual Meeting of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomo-
logical Society, held on December 20th, 1909, an address was delivered
by Dr. H. H. Corbett, the retiring Vice-President, who took for his
subject — " The evolution of the natural order Insecta." The lecturer,
by means of lantern slides and diagrams, described how possibly the
great family of insects had arisen. Beginning with the simplest animal
organisms, and proceeding to others more and more complex. Dr.
Corbett constructed a tree showing the probable genealogy of moths,
butterflies, and beetles. The address was greatly appreciated by those
present, and, at the close, a vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. R.
Newstead, which was carried with acclamation.

The following gentlemen were elected officers and council of the
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society for the current year,
CT3. .—President : S. J. Capper, F.E.S. Vice-Presidents: E. R. Bankes,
M.A., F.E.S., Robert Newstead, M.Sc, F.E.S., W. J. Lucas, B.A.,
F.E.S., C. E. Stott, Claude Morley, F.E.S., P. F. Tinne, M.A., M.B.
Hon. Treasurer : J. Cotton, M.R.C.S. Hon. Secretaries : H. R.
Sweeting, M.A., William Mansbridge, F.E.S. Hon. Librarian :
F. N. Pierce, F.E.S. Council: E. G. Bayford, F.E.S., W. D. Harrison,
W. A. Tyerman, E. J. B. Sopp, F.R.Met.S., William Webster,
M.R.S.A.I., George Arnold, F.E.S., William Mallinson, W. T. Mellows,
L. H. Lister, G. M. Taylor, M.A., J. H. Leyland.

There has recently been a discussion in the Tiines re the transfer of
the " Walsingham collection " of micro-lepidoptera to the Natural
History Museum, South Kensington, in which Sir E. Ray Lankester
animadverts on the action of the Trustees of the British Museum
in accepting" the original deed of gift drawn up by Lord Walsingham
. . . . without consulting" him (Sir E. Ray Lankester), although
they have been advised by Sir E. Maunde Thompson to accept it,
Sir E. Ray Lankester objecting on the ground that "the expenditure
demanded by Lord Walsingham on the part of the Trustees (in provid-
ing a curator, attendant, special rooms, etc.), represented a sum the
annual value of which exceeded the market value of the collection."

But the point of the value of the collection to those who can make
scientific use of it lies just in this condition, and every lepidopterist
who knows the ways of the Museum will recognise that Lord
Walsingham's conditions are really as important to science as the gift

CURRENT NOTES. 49

of the collection, in fact without the conditions the collection would be
lost there, as have so many others, and as 8ir E. Ray Lankester must
know full well. Indeed, the illogical position taken up, that students
are not to be allowed to study an already excellently prepared collection
of one group, to which hundreds (nay thousands) of specimens will be
added annually (if it be under the care of an expert assistant), because,
in the Museum, there are over "one million specimens of insects (of
other groups) — representing about 900000 species, of which about one
quarter (240000) were, in 1904, unidentified, i.e., unstudied," is
amazing, and it does not seem to have occurred to the late Director
that the possibility of making this acquired unknown material ready
for use, suggests one of two things, either (1) that the present staff is
sufficient, and its work is being largely wasted in rearranging Orders
or Groups already comparatively well-known, and which might be left
alone except for placing additions where they fall, the rest of the time
being spent on the unknown material, or (2) that the present staff is
hopelessly insufticient for the work, and wants increasing to make the
material in hand effective, both of which points should have come
under his purview as Director.

To talk about Mr. August Busck, the well-known American micro-
lepidopterist, as " A writer in Washington, U.S.A.," and his letter as
"foolish and ill-mannered abuse" is, one supposes, excellent form.
To call the governing body " a body of ill-informed Trustees, acting
in opposition to the advice of expert officials who have the grave duty
of administering a complex organisation by an annual vote of public
money " is no doubt the acme of good manners. We wonder if it
would surprise Sir E. Ray Lankester to learn that entomologists
prefer Mr. Busck's view of the matter to his own, and that the one
thing from which naturalists per se pray to be saved, is the handing
over of the management of these scientific collections to "professional"
scientists. Professor Adam Sedgwick's letter (published December
28th) and Sir E. Ray Lankester's diatribes are too transparently
simple to deceive anyone. The " Walsingham collection " is only a
detail in a much larger matter ; men like Sir Archibald Geikie are not
to be deceived by such simple devices any more than was the late
Professor Huxley. Mr. Carruthers says, "as Keeper of Botany for
24 years, I cannot recall a single occasion in which my department
suffered from the action of the Trustees ; I always found them intelli-
gent and sympathetic in the affairs of the department." It would no
doubt be a fine thing to hand over the management of the Natural
History Museum entirely to paid officials— for the officials ; entomo-
logists, at any rate, recognise that they are much better off under the
present conditions.

It may be well to add that Mr. A. Busck estimates the value of the
Walsingham collection — consisting, as it does, of a minimum of
300000 carefully mounted, labelled, and determined specimens, in-
cluding thousands of types of new species from all parts of the globe —
at 250000 dollars, i.e., £50000, and that Dr. Dyar and Mr. W. Schaus
agree that this is a fair estimate, and we quite agree with him that
"several American museums would jump at the chance to obtain these
priceless collections, which Professor Lankester advises the British
Museum against accepting as a gift, subject to the condition of their
proper maintenance by a separate expert assistant."

60 THE entomologist's record.

Messrs. Dukinfield Joiics and W. J. Kaye have gone to Brazil for
the purpose of collecfcirig lepidoptera. They left on January 27th, for
Rio de Janeiro, and propose collecting in the Organ Mountains,
travelling southwards as far as Castro, in Parana, so long the home of
Mr. Jones, and whence he has already brought a marvellous collection
of Heterocera, now housed at Eeigate.

We have to congratulate Mr. G. H. Verrall, F.E.S., on the con-
summation of his desire to become M.P. for the Nevi^market division
of Cambridgeshire. Our long since Ex-President of the Entomological
Society has twice before unsuccessfully contested the constituency
against Sir Charles Rose. This time, with a turnover of nearly 1000
votes, be won. On account of the election, the Entomological Club
supper, given annually by Mr. Verrall, a function usually held in
January, on the evening before the Annual Meeting of the Entomo-
logical Society of London, was held this year on February 1st.

The members of the club and guests numbered altogether about 80,
including the Hon. Walter Rothschild, Professor Meldola, Colonel
Yerbury, Commander J. J. Walker, Revs. E. C. Bloomfield, F. D.
Morice, C. F. Thornewill, G. Wheeler, Drs. M. Burr, T. A. Chapman,
F. Dixey, K. Jordan, Messrs. R. Adkin, Andrews, Austen, Barraud,
Bethune-Baker, Bliss, Bouskell, F. B. Carr, Cant, J. H. Carpenter,
Champion, F. Noad Clark, Collin, Distant, Hereward Dollman, Donis-
thorpe, Hamilton-Druce, S. Edwards, Willoughby Ellis, Enock, Fenn,
Gahan, Gibbs, T. W. Hall, A. Harrison, P. Harwood, S. Image,
Jacksoii, Janson, Jennings, A. H. Jones, W. F. Kirby, Lewis, Lister,
Lucas, Meade- Waldo, H. Main, Guy Marshall, A. H. Martineau,
F. Merrifield, Morley, W. Nicholson, H. E. Page, F. N. Pierce, G. T.
Porritt, Rowland-Brown, Sauze, Scollick, W. E. Sharp, Sheldon,
Sich, Skinner, E. A. Smith, South, Step, Tomlin, Tonge, H. J.
Turner, J. H. Tutt, J. W. Tutt, Wainwright, E. A. Waterhouse, etc.
An excellent supper was served at 8. HO p.m. in the Gordon Room,
after which the host, in an excellent speech, proposed " The Entomo-
logical Club," and after heartily welcoming his guests, briefly referred
to the contest from which he had successfully emerged, noting that in
olden times the politics of Egypt had been upset by a plague of flies,
but that now the study of flies had been interrupted by politics ; he
congratulated his guests on the fact that they had a republic of their
own, the only passport to which was a love of entomology, and from
which outside politics were rigorously excluded. Referring to enforced
absentees, he particularly regretted the accident that had prevented
Professor Poalton from attending. He had a regretful feeling that
for a time at least he would possibly be prevented from taking so active
a part in entomological matters as heretofore, but felt that the
cessation would only bring him back more enthusiastic than ever. He
thanked his many friends for their " personal congratulations," and
commented on the good feeling that had prevailed in his own and
other constituencies, and, referring to the Entomological Club as the
oldest entomological and scientific body of its kind, hoped that it
would for many years be the vehicle of forming and cementing personal
friendships among entomologists.

Dr. Dixey, President of the Entomological Society of London, in
proposing the health of the host, said he had no doubt the late
government fixed the date of the dissolution in order to allow

SOCIETIES. 51

them to congratnlato Mr. Verrall on his election as a member.
He stated that there could be no doubt that the party to which
Mr. Verrall belonged was that with " two wings," he could not
belong to the other which had more, but he could be claimed as
Conservative, for he upheld the best traditions of the race ; he could
also be claimed as Liberal, his liberality in the matter of the invita-
tions he annually sent out to the guests of the Entomological Club,
spoke for itself ; his volumes on the Diptera proved conclusively that
he could be claimed as a Labour member. The health of the host
was then drunk with musical honours, to which Mr. Verrall briefly
replied. The rest of the time was filled by personal gossip among the
guests, who began to disperse about 11 p.m., those staying in the town
for the night, however, remaining some time longer.

Another Conversazione will be held in May next by the Entomo-
logical Society of London. Fellows who are willing to assist in any way
by exhibiting, etc., are kindly requested to communicate with Mr. H.
Eowland-Brown or Commander J. J. Walker, the Honorary Secretaries,
at 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.

We should be very glad of any information with regard to the
range of the J form of Pob/otiniiatufi icarus, in which the red lunules
are noticeable on the upperside of the hindwings (ab. nifoliiniilata):
also of information relating to the underside aberrations addenda,
costajiincta, and basijimrta of the same species, parallel with those of
A. thetix and A. coridon bearing the same names.

We have just received from Mr. Culot (Villa-les-Iris, Geneve)
Part ii. of his Xoctnelles et Geowetri'n d' Europe, with eight pages of
letterpress and two plates of the Noctuids, quite equal to those issued
with Part i. They are indeed quite masterpieces of hand-coloured
work.

It is with the greatest regret that we hear that Professor E. B.
Poulton has met with an accident, breaking his arm in Switzerland.

SOCIETIES.

City of London Entomological. Society. — January i.th, 1910. —
Pocket Box Exhibition. — Exhibits: Series of Hydrcecia nictitans, L, ;
PALUDis, Tutt ; LucENs, Frr. ; and crinanensis, Burrows ; with micro-
scopic mounts and photographs of the genitalia of both sexes of each
species, to show the specific distinction, the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows.

AgRIADES coridon ab. $ SYNGRAPHA AND A. THETIS ( = BELLARGUs)

var. $ ccELESTis, Ob., both from West France, Dr. T. A. Chapman.
NoNAGRiA EDELSTENi, Tutt, froui Sussex, with the new aberrations
nift'sreiis, Edelsten, and fiisca, Edelsten. with the ova and pupa in fiitu,
and photographs of the early stages, by Mr. Main, to illustrate the life-
history of the species, Mr. H. M. Edelsten. Agriades coridon, males
and females from the South Downs, August, 1909, the males showing
shades from steel-grey to bright blue, and some females of ab. wmi-
syniirafilia, Mr. A. F. Hemming. Catocala fraxint, bred from eggs
obtained from female taken at Horsham, September 9th, 1908 [It would
be interesting to get further particulars of these ova; information has
come to us that leads us to ask for details of their British origin. —
Ed.] Mr. G. H. Leach. Arctia villica, Phragmatobia fuliginosa,
DiAPHORA mkndica, Spilosoma LnBHiciPEDA and var. radiata, and S.
menthastri, with its buff aberrations, Mr, A. W. Mera, Venusia

52 THE entomologist's record.

CAMBRicA, with its two melanic forms, ab. bradyi, bred from Sheffield
district with both wings melanic, and ab. lofthousei from the Middlesex
district, with only the foiewings melanic, yet still streaked longitu-
dinally with white, Mr. L. B. Prout. Abraxas grossulariata, aberra-
tions bred from larvae taken wild in North London, upon FJuonymns.
One other specimen suffused and spotted with black, taken by
Mr. Southey at Barnsbury, in 1884, Mr. J. Riches. Lepidoptera
FROM Rannoch, including a remarkable aberration of Aplecta prasina
(lierbida) with centre of forewings very pale, and Boarinia repandata
var. conversaria, Reigate and Potter's Bar, Mr. L. Sabine. Smerinthus
hybr. hybridus, three specimens bred October, 1909. Amorpha populi,
a gynandromorph, left side ^ , right side ? , bred June 10th, 1909,
and a series of Bithys quercus, bred from New Forest larvae, July,
1909, Mr. V. E. Shaw. Depressaria putridella, Schiff., first taken
in Britain by Mr. E. D. Green, who took the larvae at Whitstable in
1906. An interesting addition to the British fauna, on account of its
southern distribution and large amount of variation; also/), lunhellana
and D. yeatiana for comparison, Mr. A. Sich. Tapinostola fulva,
series taken in Richmond Park, September, 1909, Mr. P. W. Tautz.
RuMiciA PHL^AS AB. ALBA, taken at Brasted, Kent, August 28th, 1909,
and several specimens of Cupido minimus, unusually small, little more
than half the usual size, taken at Winchester, June, 1909, Mr. H. J.
Turner. Agriades coridon ab. fowleri from Swanage, and ab.
suffusa from Shanklin, Mr. C. H. Williams. Melit^a cinxia, groups
showing gradation of ground colour and intensity of markings. Some
of the specimens were distinct from the groups, and formed striking
aberrations. The insects exhibited were picked from specimens bred
from wild Isle of Wight larvae collected over a series of years, Mr. A. J.
Willsdon.

The South London Entomological and Natural History
Society.^ — Mounting Coleoptera: Mr. South, on behalf of Mr. More
of Barnet, specimens of Coleoptera, etc., mounted on transparent
gelatine cards allowing of ready examination. Selenia bilunaria : Mr.
Adkin, a series of Selenia bilunaria, bred from Eastbourne ova, and
read notes on the brood. Photographs of Resting Hybernias: Mr,
Lucas, photographs of Hyhernia defnliaria taken on January 4th and
8th on Esher Common. Hydrcecias: Mr. Turner, on behalf of Rev.
C. R. N. Burrows, series of the genus Hydroecia, H. nictitans, H.
palustris, H. lucens, and H. crinanensis, together with microscopical
preparations of the genitalia and photographs of the same. Lepi-
doptera and Hymenoptera Exhibited: Mr. Tonge, a bred series of
I'idaria miata from Chichester, a bred pair of Catocala fra.riniivom ova
laid by a 2 taken at Horsham, and two species of Hymenoptera bred
from a bamboo cane standing in a garden at Red Hill. Living
Pyrameis atalanta: Mr. Newman, living specimens of Pyrarneis
atalanta, which he was endeavouring to hybernate. Aberration of
Polyommatus ICARUS ; Mr. A. H. Hemming, an underside aberration
of Polyoniiitatus icanifi taken at Red Hill, in which the submedian spots
were closely clustered around the discoidals ; on the hindwings some
spots were obsolete. Lantern Demonstration: Mr. Enock gave a
lantern demonstration of the life-histories of Gonepteryx rhamni,
iJicianitra vinida, and Vrapteryx mwbucaria : followed by a series of
photographs of the delicate hymenopterous egg-parasites, M?/»(i7J7V/ae'.

Vol. XXII.

Plate III.

?^-

->■' <

^

y^v

^%^- .

i

A

%Wv-.

'^'\

i

Photo. F. N. Clark,
Peridea tkepida, stellate bodies of ancillary appendages.
Fig. 1.— ? . Fig. 2.— <r.

The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, etc., 1910.

ON THE CONJUGATION OF PERIDEA TREPIDA. 53

On the conjugation of Peridea trepida (in'th plate).

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D.

Students of the male ancillar^^ appendages of lepidoptera are
familiar with certain small spines [roniiiti (misprint for cornidi ?)
of Pierce] , very varied in form, size, arrangement and number, that
arm the eversible membrane (resica of Pierce) of the aedoeagus. It is
also very general!}' known that in a few cases these corimli in conju-
gation, break away from the vesical membrane, and are left behind
in the bursa of the female. I have obtained specimens and photo-
graphs illustrating this fact in several species, and have hopes of
enlarging the series.

However, am lonr/a, and I may not attain to being able to set forth
the subject in any definite order ; indeed, the cases so far known to
me are distributed erratically in various totally unrelated families, and
a due co-ordination of these must mean a long and wide research. It
seems, therefore, not undesirable to set forth one of the most remark-
able of these cases, with a view to interesting a larger number of
observers in the subject.

I owe to Mr. Burrows the knowledge that the fedceagus of F.
trepida contained a collection of star-like bodies. An examination
of a number of specimens showed that these very curious bodies
were swimming quite free in a dilatation of the eversible tube in
the fedceagus of S" specimens of i'. trepida that had never paired,
but that they were absent from those individuals that had paired.
Further, that in females that had paired, the bursa contained a swarm
of these bodies, which were quite absent in the case of virgin females.

As most specimens of P. trepida in collections are bred, it was less
easy to obtain specimens that had paired than in the case of many
other insects.

There can be no doubt that these little stellate bodies of dark
chitin, wdth their five to eight raj^s, are identical in all respects with
Pierce's cnrnidi, are in fact cornidi, yet they are unattached. It would
probably be safe to assume that, at a date earlier than the complete
maturity of the jnale moth, these cornidi have an attachment as in
other cases, but certainty can only be attained by examining moths in
different stages of development before they emerge from the pupa.

Probably other species of Peridea are similarly provided ; these I

have had no opportunity of examining, but I have examined a large

number of other Notodonts without meeting, not merely with any

similar arrangement, but with anything that could be supposed to be

. any stage in the evolution of this remarkable arrangement.

The photographs show a portion of the cedoeagus of P. trepida g ,
crowded with these caltrop-like engines x 45 (pi. iii., fig. 2). The
other shows the bursa of the $ , containing a large number of the
same structures ; this is only magnified 20 diameters (pi. iii., fig. 1).
I do not figure these same organs devoid of these irritating particles,
for the simple reason that they practically show nothing ; yet it
is perhaps necessary to say that I have found several specimens of
these also.

These remarkable structures occurring nowhere else amongst the
species with which trepida has been associated by Kirby, Meyrick,
Hampson, Staudinger, etc. {i.e., with dnnitedariua, dictaea and other
March 15th, 1910.

54 THE entomologist's record.

species equally distinct generically), suggests this as a proper occasion
to point out that trepida in most of its stages, especially the larval
ones, has nothing to do with the species these authorities have placed
with it. It ia clear that in providing for it the monotypical genus
Peridea, well on to a century ago, Stephens (and Stainton more
recently), had more real grasp of the matter than our so much valued
modern authorities.

The British Hydroecias of the '* nictitans " group— with some

remarks on natural modesty and entomological problems

awaiting workers in the British fauna.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Some 22 years ago I was greatly interested in these insects, and
differentiated the three species Hydroecia nictitans, Linn., H. lucens,
Frr., and H. paludis, a species not before described. Of H. nictitans
and H. jMludis, a coloured plate of comparative forms was published
{Entom., xxi., pi. i) in December, 1888.

In 1891 I further dealt with the variation of these three insects at
length {Briti^tli Noctiiae and their Varieties, vol. i., pp. 58-64), but few
of our British lepidopterists at the time appeared to have a grip of the
insects comprising the group, although Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher at
once recognised that the species whose larvte he had found and noted as
H. nictitans was H. paludis, nor did the importance of his statement that
he had "bred a considerable number of so-called H. nictitajis from larvse
found on the south coast near Worthing," and that they "all, without
exception, produced H. palndis," appear to have the weight attached to it
that it deserved. Later I paid further attention to the matter, and
notes on examples of Hydroecias from Morpeth were published {Ent.
liec, viii., pp. 45-56), whilst, with Mr. Acton, I worked out details of
the " moss " forms of Lancashire and their variation, the results being
published {Ent. Bee, vii., pp. 78-79), and the specimens exhibited by
myself at the meeting of the Entomological Society of London, held
on October 2nd, 1895, and at the meeting of the City of London
Entomological Society the preceding evening. With the results
of the examination of some of these I was less satisfied than
with that of any other specimens that came under notice, but
have not since given them any attention. Then, in 1899, the
Rev. C. R. N. Burrows called attention to the distinctness of H.
palndis [Ent. Bee, xi., p. 94). But Mr. Burrows' and our own con-
clusions were set at nought almost at once b^'' Barrett, who wrote the
same year {Brit. Lep., v., p. 64) : " Variation in this species (H,
nictitans) is very great ; some entomologists profess to be able to
separate some of the forms as a distinct species under the name lucens,
but for this there is not, in my opinion, any ground ; all the variations
in size, colour, and distinctness of the reniform stigma, interchange
and shade imperceptibly into each other," etc. Not a word about
Hydroecia paludis, the most distinct species of all, not a hint as to the
differentiation of the forms, just a jumbling in his further remarks of
three (or more) species together, and the final statement that " its
variations might be dwelt upon indefinitely." With Barrett's experi-
ence, he ought to have felt that he was " lumping," and have
remembered what has become almost an entomological proverb — " All

BRITISH HYDRCECIAS. 55

l)ef>:inners lump (they are not trained to see differences), but everyone
•ends by splitting (small differences become easily noticed with experi-
ence)." Anyway, Barrett evidently studied these Hydrcpcias in-
sufficiently to make anything of them.

In 1902, Dr. A. R. Wallace requested me to write for the new
edition of Island Life a list of the various forms of the lepidoptera
peculiar to our islands. The compilation worked out at so great a
length, that I at last eliminated only the most striking cases for Dr.
Wallace's book, but published the whole list ,in the I^nt. Record,
vol. xiv. Here, among other things, I note (pp. 116-117) the
Hydroecias, and of Ji. paludis I write, " A quite distinct species, Ixit
closely allied to H. nictitans, chiefly confined to coast districts of the
south-east of England," etc. Then Mr. Studd and the Rev. E. C.
Dobree-Fox {Ent. Rcc., xvi., p. 107) write on H. paludis, and point
out its distinctness, and I note {op. rit., xvii., p. 305) on its abundance
on the saltmarshes of the Medway in 1905, Mr. Ovenden doing the
same {op. cit., xviii., p. 18), whilst the sale of some fine ones at
Stevens' in Mr. G. F. Mathew's collection, is chronicled {op. cit.,
p. 330). Then, in 1907, Mr. South {Moths British Isles, i., p. 284),
without even mentioning lucens, sinks paludis as a form of H. nictitans,
in the following authoritative sentence: " Specimens found in marshes,
•especially those by the sea, are usually somewhat larger than normal,
but I cannot see that they otherwise differ from forms of H. nictitans."
H. paludis, therefore, after all our careful study and attention, and in
spite of the fact that it would apparently breed true — at an}' rate,
larvae obtained in certain districts produced nothing else — was
ultimately settled as being undifferentiable from il. nictitans. Here
was a state of bliss which personally I hoped would last for ever.

But Mr. F. N. Pierce was, whilst Mr. South \vas publishing this
welcome conclusion, microscopically examining and photographing the
S ancillarj' appendages of the Noctuids for his forthcoming book on
the subject, and the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows was busy helping with the
same work. The latter gentleman, when he came to deal with the
Hydroecias, started to worry me to name specimens, and it was in vain
that I told him that, whatever little I had once known about them
was dissipated in the clouds of the past, and that the more recent
authorities, who had dropped them, would be able to give all their
reasons, because still fresh in mind, for ignoring what had been
written in 1888 and 1891. A further plea that I had other work on
hand was useless, and I had to name Hydroecias, and determine
nictitans, lucens, and paludis, at sight, as in the days of my roseate but
past 5'outh, and as if these had not been sunk because there were no
differences by which they could be separated. Then came the wonder-
ful discovery — the genitalia proved that Hj/droecia nictitans, H. lucens,
and II. paludis, were distinct species, widely distinct ; and I was
cynical enough to retort that I knew that 20 years ago ; that I had
described {Brit. Xoct. and their Varieties, vol. i., pp. 58-64) six clearly
distinct aberrations of H. nictitans, four of IJ. lucens, and three
(almost racial) of H. paludis. I further spitefully added, that no
collector who could distinguish Catocala nupta (the red undervving)
from Triphaena pronnha (the yellow underwing), could fail to distin-
guish IJi/droecia nictitans and //. paludis, even if he came a cropper
over //. lucens. What 1 was told about my amazing cleverness by my

56 THE entomologist's record.

reverend friend, had better be left unsaid, but it is necessary to take
the entomological public thus far into confidence to lead up to what
follows.

Whilst examining the genitalia of these species, Mr. Burrows came
across a form that, in its ancillary appendages, could not possibly be
either of the three above species. Specimens were submitted to me,
and on every occasion, without hesitation, I referred them to H. Incem^.
The appendages showed that they could not be this species, and,
finally, I was begged to find some distinguishing imaginal character
by means of which this last-mentioned insect could be discriminated
from its congeners ; the specimens were exhibited at the meetings of
almost all the larger entomological societies in the country, in the hope
that some lynx-eyed discoverer would spot a difference, but without
success, and, after referring to the unnamed insect in a " Current Note "
(E)it. Recnrd, xx., p. 146), as crinanemk, I advised Mr. Burrows to con-
firm the name he, or Mr. Pierce, had suggested on its genitalic characters.
This he did {op. cit., xx., p. 184), describing it as crinanensis, and
finally, in 1909, Mr. Pierce published his work The Genitalia of the
Noctiiidae, differentially describing (pp. 34-35) the <? genitalia of the
four species — nictitans, lucens, pahidis, and crinanensis, whilst on p. 17
he observes that Burrows and Pierce examined close on 100 examples
of the " nictitans group," before they satisfied themselves of the exist-
ence of several species " amongst insects which have previously been
popularly considered one, confirming Mr. Tutt's suggestions of
20 years ago." This is one way of putting it, but it would have been
perhaps a little more accurate if it had been urged that the examina-
tion confirmed the already settled opinion of those few who had
carefully studied the species from other standpoints. The point is
that the species for years had never been doubted hy those feir vho
knew thevi ; what others thought was immaterial, and did not affect
the scientific position. Anyway, the confirmation by Mr. Pierce and
Mr. Burrows was most welcome and opportune in the face of Mr.
South's more recently-published statement.

One would have supposed that the matter would have remained
here, but Mr. Burrows, with unwearying energy, commenced the task
of dissecting all the examples of the group he could appropriate. He
discovered that, apart from the striking genitalic characters shown by
the J s of the four species, equally marked characters distinguished
the $ s. He proved up to the hilt that the genitalic characters of
each sex were permanently fixed. There can be no doubt on these
characters whether one is dealing with H. nictitans, H. lucens, H.
jmhuMs, or H. crinanensis. So strikingly different are the genitalic
characters of crinanensis from those of lucens, that one wonders
whether they can even belong to the same genus, yet I must confess I
cannot seize on an obvious superficial character that will unfailingly
discriminate the imagines. Nor is this really all, for we understand
that other genitalic puzzles still exist, and remain to be cleared up.

Now Mr. Burrows brings me his imagines — long series of the four
species — all the crinanensis, most of the lucens, and many of the
nictitans and j)aliulis, tested as to their species by the genitalia ; he
hands over to me his mounted microscopic slides, the genitalia so
splendidly mounted that one is consumed with envy to think how far
in this respect he has out-distanced us all, he hands over Mr. Pierce's

THE SOUTH-EASTERN PYRENEES IN EARLY JUNE. 57

excellent photographs of these slides, the most perfect that we have
yet seen of these structures, and he commands me to discourse
on these Hj'droecias before the Entomological Society of London.
Why I should be dragged in I do not know — I suppose to satisfy
his conscience that he has, at least, done all that a human can be
expected to do, to get the species he knows to exist, defined for
the collector. I ask him what it matters whether a lepidopterist,
who will not take the trouble to examine (through ignorance or
laziness) the genitalia of his specimens, can distinguish liicens and
cnnaneufn's or not. I have myself tried to find obvious iraaginal
characters of distinction, and, like him, I have failed. However, he is
adamant. I am to point oat the facts as they stand to the entomo-
logical public, then, I suppose, I may put these Hydroecias in the
pigeon-hole of memory again, get on with "blues" and "plumes,"
and look back on this upheaval as a bad dream.

I have looked through what I wrote in 1891 in the British Xocfiiae
and their Varieties, pp. 58-61, and later in the Knt. Ilecord, to which
reference has already been made. I see that all that we know now of
the obvious characters of the imagines H. uictitans, H. lucens, and H.
palndifi, and their parallel variation, was known then. The facts
remain exactly as they were written, the differentiations of these three
species are there for those who seek them, I can add practically
nothing to them.

I have, as will be seen above, no false sense of modesty as to what
I know and what I do not know about the Hydrcecias of the "uictitans
group." Stated in this absurdly truculent and assertive manner, it
will draw attention to at least one of the puzzles still remaining to be
solved in the British fauna, puzzles infinitely more difficult than some
of those which have been attempted wnth regard to the Tropical fauna,
and infinitely more interesting, because workers at the British species
can get their own material — alive and illustrating in its living
activities the phenomena we wish to explain in the one case, whilst, in
the other, the Avorker is dependent so much, if not entirely, on the
dead material collected by others. At any rate, the path is open to
the stay-at-homes to breed these insects side by side, to discover the
differences they exhibit in each of their early stages, to determine, in
fact, if the eggs, larv;>', and pup* of luccns and crinanennia are more
easily separable by obvious characters of structure or habit than are
the imagines.

The South=eastern Pyrenees in early June.

By a. S. TETLEY, M.A., F.E.S.

At the beginning of last June I spent a week in the upper valley
of the Aude in the Eastern Pyrenees, and, as the district seems to have
been very little visited by the entomologist, it ma_y be as w'ell to set on
record some of the more interesting lepidoptera observed. Our head-
quarters were Axat, a small place of some five or six hundred inhabi-
tants, its one street running close to, and parallel with, the river, and
surrounded by low bare hills with forest-clad mountains in the back-
ground. It can be easily reached by rail from Carcassonne by Quillan,
and from it a good road runs to Mont Louis, and so over the frontier
into Spain. Limestone is the prevailing formation in the neighbour-

58

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S EECORD.

hood, though as you climb the mountains the jagged granite peaks
thrust their heads above the overlying sedimentary rocks. Good
accommodation is to be had at the Hotel Labat, and though our week
was sadly marred by rain, I feel sure from what we saw of the country
that its fauna and flora would prove as varied and interesting as those
of the much better known district around Vernet.

North and south of Axat the road runs through two superb defiles.
The latter, known as the Defile of St. George, is about a mile from
Axat, and the narrow valley beyond it was by far the best hunting
ground we investigated. The road runs south for 15 miles from Axat
to the Baths of Escouloubres (2300ft.), with steep pine-covered
mountains on either hand, and everywhere along the roadside and in
the little gullies that ran up the cliffs, we found butterflies in abun-
dance. The most generally-distributed butterfly was Melitaea deione,
May 30th to June 4th. It was evidently past its prime, and, though
it looked fresh enough on the wing, we found that hardly one in four
or five was worth keeping. Mr. Lowe (aittea, p. 10) pronounces the
form as indistinguishable from that taken by him at La Grave last
summer. In the males the ground colour is very uniform, though in
most the third row of the brown spots (counting from the hind
margin) is just perceptibly lighter than the others. The females, as
might be expected, were much more variegated ; in one the outer row
of lunules on the hindwings is very pale straw colour, and the black
markings are coarse and heavy. The most conspicuous, if not the
commonest, butterfly was Ki(chloe etip/wnoiilefi, in splendid order, the-
females obviously not fully out, as we found plenty- of them a week
later at Vernet. In the males the red apical blotch was heavily
marked with black on the inner edge ; the black tip in the females
much suffused with orange. Both sexes were large fine insects, some
as large as 45mm. in expanse. Wherever the Bisnitella grew, one
was sure to find /'-'. euphenoidea and its ova, and one dull showery after-
noon we boxed quite a number of the butterflies from the yellow-
flowers they mimic so wonderfully. Iphidides podalirius gen. xevn.mieau,
the spring brood of var. feisthcunelii, flew everywhere, even up and
down the village street to the vast excitement of the petits garcons.-
Aporia cratae//i, Leptosia sinapu, and Aciriaden tlietis complete the list
of really abundant butterflies. In one field just beyond the St.
George defile, Mditaea aurinia was common though passe. A few
specimens seemed to be var. provinrialis. Here and there one picked
up il/. dictj/nna var. vernetensis, a form almost as bright as typical M.
athalia. It occurred a little more frequently a week later at Vernet..
M. athalia was hardly out, odd specimens only being observed. Single
examples were taken of Loaeia alciphwii var. (pirdiua S and Pnntia
daplidice ^ .

Two days devoted to the exploration of the big forests to the east
of Axat proved very disa|3pointing to the entomologists of the party ..
Butterflies were almost entirely absent, both from the meadows at the
foot of the mountains and in the open sunny glades among the trees.
Pararge egeria occurred sparingly, typical or nearlj^ so, bat very little
else. The doctor, who wielded a net with great enthusiasm and
success, brought back a single worn specimen of Brenthis dia from
the Foret des Fanges. Rondou gives it as uncommon in the Pyrenees.
The bare and stony slopes close to the town, covered with cistus and

THE SOUTH-EASTERN PYRENEES IN EARLY JUNE. 59

various aromatic plants, were likewise very barren of insect life.
Everes alcetas occurred freely in one place close to the high road to
Rivesaltes, and a few " Burnets " flew on one difficult slope ; Anthro-
cera lavandulae and A. trifolii were caught and identified.

On June 5th we left Axat for Vernet. Taking train to the next
station east, we walked over the mountains in a south-easterly direc-
tion to Molitg, and so to Vernet. A glorious morning gave way about
eleven to clouds and mist, and the whole of the tramp across the
watershed between the valleys of the Aude and the Tet was spent in
heavy rain. The highest point reached was about 4000 feet, and we
had hoped much from our journey over this terra incognita. We lost
our bearings on the top, a boggy, treeless plateau, had an adventure
with a Pyrenean bull, which warmed our damp half-frozen limbs, and
finally got down late in the day to Molitg, a spa on the little Castillane
River some five or six kilometres north-west of Prades. Molitg would,
I tbink, well repay a prolonged visit. Behind it lies an immense
expanse of wild mountainous countrj^ while in front the ground slopes
southwards down to the valley of the Tet, and is bathed in sunshine
nearly all the day. The accommodation was by far the best we fell in
with during our journeyings, and the price very reasonable. On the
roadside below the hotels, I made my first acquaintance with Thais var.
medesieaate, which seemed to turn up singly wherever the Aristolochia
grew. A single specimen of ScoUtantides orion was taken, but to us
Eptnep/tele pasiphae was even more interesting. It flew among the
cistus bushes on the rubble slopes above the road, diving in and out of
the stems close to the ground, a most provoking habit, which rendered
it very hard to catch. All taken were males, and in the finest condi-
tion. A dozen satisfied us, for we fully expected to find it at Vernet,
but we never saw it again. Among other butterflies there occurred
Melitaea deione, M. didi/ma, Plebeins aripis, and Kveres alcetas.

A week at Vernet closed our short tour, a week of low temperatures
and heavy rain. Vernet has been so much written of that I will not
add thereto. Enough to say that Melitaea deione and Euchloe euphe-
noides were equally common, M. didi/ma and M. cin.via only a little less
so, while Aporia crataef/i swarmed in thousands. I noticed that red
clover seemed to be far and away their favourite flower. At one place
in the road above Casteil, I counted 42 A. rrataei/i sitting on a patch in
the road small enough to be covered with a net, and 17 more on a
smaller patch within a j'ard. I think M. deione and other butterflies
found at both places were fresher at Vernet than at Axat, 1000 feet
lower. ScoUtantides orion gen. vern. ornata was nearly over at Vernet,
while Plehi'iiis arr/us referable to var. pj/renaica was only just out.

The following is the complete list of butterflies seen or taken at
Axat (May 30th to June 4th), Molitg (June 5th), Vernet (June 6th to
18th): — Erijiuiis alt/taeae, C alceae (\ ernet) , Hesperia cart/ianii,II. alvcns,
H.serratnlae, H. jnalrae, Poirellia sao,Xisoniadt'S tai/es, Aiiiiiadea sijlraniis,
TJujinelicKs /iavus, Loireia var. (p>rdiiis, L. dorilis, Itioiricia phlaeas, Ciipido
ininiiiius, ('. osiris [sebrns) i'l/aniris seiniari/iis, Glaucopsyclw cyllarus,
Aijriades t/tetis, Poli/onnnattis icarns,Aricia astrarc/ie (atjestis) , ScoUtantides
orion (not at Axat), Plebeius arifus, Everes alcetas, Callop/irijs ruhi,
Neineobiiis liicina, Iplticlides podalirins Yur. feistliainelii gen. vern. inieffii,
Papilio niacliaon, Thais var. inedesicaste (not Axat), Parnassius apollo
(Vernet), P. inneinosijne (Vernet), Aporia crataeyi, Pieris brassicae, P.

60 THE entomologist's record.

rapae, P. napi, Pontia daplidice, Euchlo'e cardamines, E, euphenoides,
Leptosia sinapis, Colias hyale, C. edusa, Gonepterijx rhamni, lasoria
lathonia, Brpnthis eaplirosyne, B. dia, Melitaea aurinia, M. pJioebe, M.
cinxia, M. didyma, M. deione, M. athalia, M. dictynna var. vernetensis,
Pyrameis cardui, P. atalanta, Euvanessa antiopa, Vanessa to, Aylais urticae,
Eugonia polyckloros (larvffi), Polyyonia c-album, Lmenitis Camilla,
Pararye maera, P. megaera, P. egeria, Epinepliele jiirthia and var.
hispidla, E. pasiphae (Molitg), Coenonympha arcania (Vernet), C.
pamphilus, Erehia evias.

The few Heterocera noted included Diacrisia sanio, Macrothylacia
rubi, a big J at light at Vernet, Plusia gauima, Ophiodes lunaris, Enclidia
mi 3ind E. glyphica, Acontia liictnosa, Venilia maculata, Strenia clathrata,
Eidonia conspicuata, and the Anthrocerids mentioned above. I might
add that Brenthis selene occurs at Escouloubres, as I have specimens
taken there in 1908 by my friend James Backhouse, the well-known
ornithologist. The flowers between Axat and Escouloubres, and
beyond the latter place to Querigut, were wonderful in their beauty
and abundance. Specially noteworthy were the large sulphur-coloured
Antirrhinum and purple Alpine Aqiiilegia, and at Querigut wide
expanses of white narcissi, reminding one of the hillsides at les Avants
in May, 1907.

Agriades coridon var. constant!, generatio praecox.

By Dr. J. L. REVEKDIN.

At the beginning of April, 1906, I found myself on the shore of
the Bay of Cavalaire, in the department of Var, and was much surprised
to see on the wing a Lycyenid, which was evidently neither Volyom-
matus icarus nor Celastrina argiolus ; I captured a ^ , and for the first
instant did not know with what species I had to deal, but, on exami-
nation, recognised at once that it was Agriades coridon. This A. coridon
was so different from the type that we have in Switzerland, whether
in the plains or on the Alps, that my doubt was easily explained, the
date of my capture, April 6th, being also very surprising, since with
us this species makes its first appearance in the first days of July.

In 1906 and 1908 I took in the same locality, at Pardigon,
a series of 120 specimens, of which 15 are 2 s. Monsieur Charles
Oberthiir, to whom I showed them, informed me that this very special
form of A. coridon was not unknown to him, since he had formerly
examined a long series of ^. coridon exactly similar, taken by Alexandre
Constant at St. Tropez, a small town on the coast of Var, about
twelve kilometres from Pardigon. He told me that Constant had
intended to describe and name this form, but had unfortunately died
before doing so. M. Oberthiir has strongly urged me to study and
describe this variety myself. It is, in fact, in my opinion, a special
variety, which, if my information is correct, inhabits the littoral of
Var; it is probably the form which Mr. Wheeler found not far from
Pardigon, between Cavalaire and le Canadel {Ent. Bee, 1909, p. 186),
on May 6th ; and which, as M. Oberthiir informs me by letter,
Mr. Powell has taken in the Foret du Dom (Var). At Pardigon,
this butterfly flies either on the shore, or by the side of the rail-
way that mounts towards the station of La Croix, at a short distance
from the shore. In the spring of 1906 and 1908 I took it from

AGRIADES CORIDON VAR. CONSTANTI.

61

April 6kh to the day of my departure, the 19th, and, at this latter
date, this spring brood was probably not yet nearing its end, as the
specimens were still very fresh. As to the 5 s, I only took one
specimen in 190G, on April 6th, and it was worn, the rest were taken
between April 11th and 19th, 1908. The following are the distinctive
characters of this variety ; these characters are remarkably constant,
judging at any rate, by my series :

Upperside : General ground tint less vivid and brilliant than in typical
A. coridon, this tint is slightly greyish ; if one places side by side two series
of A. coridon, the one of the ordinary form, the second of those from
Pardigon, those of the latter appear noticeably duller and more greyish. The
forewing generally shows a small black line, more or less well-marked, at the
extremity of the discoidal cell ; the grey marginal border is broad, and often shows
a series of dirty white lunules in its centre. The hindwing is ornamented along
its outer margin with eye-spots, which are generally complete, i.e., formed by a
large black point surrounded by a whitish ring, which is whiter in the part border-
ing the black point externally, and is generally blackish-grey internally. Under-
side: The ground colour, instead of being whitish as in the type, is grey, and of a
very marked grey, scarcely at all browner on the hindwings, whilst in the type the
two wings differ much from one another as a rule, the hindwing being yellowish,
the fo.ewing whitish. The margin of all the wings presents a complete series of
black points encircled by white, these eye-spots are on the hindwings surmounted
by orange lunules, bordered in turn internally with little black chevrons ; on the
fore wings the eye-spots are edged internally with chevrons of a dark grey, which
sometimes form a continuous blackish band. All the spots on the underside of
both wings are very large.

These characters are, apart from the dull tint of the upperside and
the dark grey colouring of the underside, similar to those of var.
rezniceki, Bartel, which is distinguished by the discoidal mark of the
forewings and the large size of the eye-spots on the hindwings above,
and the large spotting beneath ; but while rezniceki is whiter beneath
than the type, the variety of Var is much greyer. The eye-spots on
the upperside of the hindwings are often in the 3 edged internally
with a little fulvous (ab. suavis, Schultz) ; I do not know if this form
of aberration occurs in rezniceki. The variety which 1 have just
described shows a tendency to the increase of the black pigment, and
the presence on the underside of the <? s of additional black spots
is frequent; of the 92 ^ s which I possess, apart from one ab.
biarctiata and one ab. radiata, 12 specimens have these additional
spots, one of these specimens has no fewer than 11 of them. In the
2 s I do not find any special characters so accentuated as in the
^ s, but of these I only possess 12 ; the only thing that strikes me
is the darker coloration of the underside and the less marked difference
in tint between the fore- and hindwing than is the case in other races.

In any case, the characters of the S s seem to me so distinctive and
so constant as to indicate that we have to do with a variety which
deserves to be distinguished. In remembrance of the entomologist
who first studied it, I name it " var. conManti gen. praecox."

As Mr. Wheeler supposes, it is very probable that, in the localities
where this variety flies, A. coritlnn may have three broods in the year.
Further, if in Switzerland it has only one, it has two at Mentoue, as
I am informed by M. Balestre.

62

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD,

A phylogenetic sketch of the Pyrameid group of Vanessids

(^ivith plate).
By T. REUSS.

While studying temperature forms I became convinced that the
reason why so many aberrations often looked so curious to one, lay
chiefly in the fact that the observer would always, in his mmd's eye, see
the fades of the type behind that of the aberration, simply becauseit came
natural to him to look upon an aberration as a dependent form, and
that, therefore, when for instance I had tried to grasp the facial details
of unfamiliar foreign species, l'i/ra»ieis iiujrinna, Doubl., and F. indica,
Herbst, by comparmg them mentally with those in the familiar
facies of P. canhd, L., and P. atalanta, L., I had unwittingly acknow-
ledged the existence of what might be called a facial interdependence
between the different species. This, if it could not mean that P.
myrinna was an aberration of 1'. cardui or P. atalanta, certainly
pointed out that these different species of to-day had radiated from a
common ancestor, beginning as aberrations, local (climatic) or seasonal
varieties of the central form, for, just as aberrations, budding round a
central type, still facially betray their common origin, so also might
a group of different species, thought of as ramifications from one
central palfeentomological form (generic ancestor), be expected to show
signs of their common origin by an interdependence in facies. Of
demonstrative material in this sense, those of the Vanessids, usually
grouped under the generic name Pyrameis, offer perhaps some of the
best by reason of their daintily elaborate markings ; and the aberra-
tions that are available of P. cardui and I', atalanta, as also the
veritable encyclopaedia of " family likenesses " exhibited (in the field !)
by Araschnia levana-prorsa with its intermediate forms, tender
excellent material for checking the value of the evidence found in the
facies of the Pyrameids themselves. In the accompanying plate (vol.
xxii., pi. i) I have tried to depict some of these forms in " black and
white," purposing to show the details of the patterns free from the
differentiating element of colour.

These Pyrameids, which include species of world-wide distribu-
tion, as well as species which are of comparatively (or even extremely)
local occurrence, illustrate strikingly that the experimentally
ascertained climatic influence* of light and temperature on the facies
of butterflies, figures as the chief factor of facial change, that, indeed,
when the efforts of this factor are obliterated by the habits of a species,
then that species will remain facially comparatively constant all the
world overt .

* To be exact, the power of climatic influence was discovered by the natural
example of .-1. levana-prorsa (the first publication on the subject being by Dorfmeis-
ter, 1864), and was afterwards experimentally corroborated.

t Before proceeding, a short sketch of the Pyrameid species giving a general
oversight in the sense implied, would help to simplify my text. As is well-known,
only two Pyrameids, Fyrameis cardui and P. atalanta, occur in the British Isles ;
both come as regular immigrants from the south. In appearance the two species
are extremely unlike each other, at least to a casual observer. Now, looking on
the Pyrameids of the world, the first thing that strikes one is that the several forms
are divided by their facial appearance into two apparently well-defined groups of
six or seven species each, in one of which the constituent species all remind one
facially of the familiar P. cardui, and in the other they all resemble P. atalanta,
much in the same way as aberrations resemble their types. For the sake of con-

THE PYRAMEID GROUP OF VANESSIDS. 63

Plate i., fig. 1, represents a very light specimen of F. canliii. In
Mr. South's Butter/lies of the British hies, pi. xlv., fig. 4, a dark
specimen of P. carditi is figured from an excellent photograph. The
lifjht form, induced by heat, occurs wherever the climate is suitable ;
the dark foiin, induced by comparative cold, is found fiying in the
summer either on high mountains, or, for instance, in Lapland, where
its parents are always spring emigrants from the south, and are of
the light or intermediate forms. These light and dark specimens
seem to represent the limits of the regular facial variation of /-'. cardui
under climatic (orseasonal) influence. Someexamples have blue-centred,
even-sized, eye-spots (ab. ocellata, Rbl.) on the upperside of the hind-
wings (perhaps an atavism), and occasionally extreme symptomatic
aberrations, ab. eli/Dii, Rbr., are captured. Distributed over the greater
part of the globe, P. cardui occurs from Cape Colony, Australia, and
New Zealand in the south, to Lapland and Siberia in the north ; from
Spain it ranges eastward through Europe, Asia, Japan, across to the
Polynesian Islands and to North and Central America, thence south-
wards, erratically, perhaps, even to Cape Horn (compare footnote).
Except in Tasmania (Australia) and in the Sandwich Islands,
where P. cardui occurs regularly with blue centres to the eye-spots
of the hindwings, as hen^hairi, the species does not appear to
indulge anywhere in any variation other than that already mentioned.
Climatic influence would seem not to afiect this species. Whether
captured in the tropics or near the arctic zone, on continents or in
islands, on plains or among mountains, P. cardui is nearly always

venience. I will call the first group of species cardui-loxm and the second atalanta-
form. When the distribution of these Pyrameids on the face of the globe is con-
sidered, the lact is seen that the cardui-torm species are at home in South and
Central America, while those that remind one strongly of P. atalanta, occur in
southern and eastern Asia (one species), in Java (one species), Australia (one
species), New Zealand (one species), and the Sandwich Islands (one species), and
tbat thus the two groups remain neatly separated also by their geographical
distribution. In P. carduiand P. atalanta, however, each group owns a migratory
form of wonderful flying powers, and these two, especially the cosmopolitan P. cardui,
roam almost everywhere, but P. atuhmta, perhaps because a younger, and physic-
ally more sensitive, because more highly differentiated, form, has not yet extended
its range so far as P. cardui, and especially does notyet occur east and south of the
continent of Asia, where four of its nonmigratory relatives flourish. As to the
occurrence of P. arrdui in South America, the home of the cardui-iovn\ group,
entomological authors seem to contradict each other, one recording the occurrence
of P. cardui throughout South America, another allowing P. cardui to roam every-
where except in South America, but perhaps P. cardui will be found to have pene-
trated down to Cape Horn, and it is possible that only a very erratic occurrence of
the species — more uncertain than anywhere else — has given rise to the contra-
dictory evidence. Two other species, one again in each group, P. virgiuicusis,
Drur. (pi. i., rigs. 3, 7, 11) (cardui-iovm), and P. indica, Herbst (pi. i., flgs. 13, 17)
(the nearest relative of P. atalanta, fig. 18), also show migratory tendencies, but
in a lesser degree, the first-named ranging from South America across the Isthmus
into the United States' territory, the second spreading from its Indian home into
Southern Siberia (where it meets with P. atalanta), and eastwards to Japan. In
the Canary Islands P. virginieiixis and P. i)idica, the latter as var. rulcanica, Godt.
(perhaps both introduced by shipping?) occur together with P. atalanta (and P.
cardui?}. It is recorded that rin/f/u'en.s-i'.s has been captured in England twice
during the last century, and has been called the " Scarce Painted Lady," but I
think one may assume that more specimens than those captured, were introduced
accidentally, or had migrated, and that, had the climate been suitable, the species
would have stayed, just as it appears to stay in the Canary Islands.

64 THE entomologist's record.

" typical " in facies. The specimen I figure (pi. i., figs. 1, 5, 9) came
from the Himalaya Mountains, but I have seen specimens just like it
which came from northern Germany.

When, however, the species is subjected to temperature experi-
ments, the results show that /'. carclui is as susceptible as any other
species and capable of great facial changes. The form induced by low
temperature, ab. iviskotti, Stdfss., is in some ways an exaggeration of
the natural dark form of Lapland, and exhibits a bright atalanta-iovm
margin on the dusky upperside of the hindwings, while the underside
facies, as also the shape of the hindwings (fig. 19), showing the
tendency to develop the Vanessid " tail," points to Vanessa urticae
(fig. 20) and (in shape only !) to Araschnia levana-prorsa (fig. 14 shows
an aberration) thus suggesting general " family likeness." A. levana-
p)-orsa may be noted to exhibit in the forewing the shape peculiar to
the Pyrameid group, and in the hindwings that peculiar to V. urticae,
V. 10, etc., but also in normal P. cardui a sunlit projection of the third
vein of the hindwings is perhaps always distinctly visible. When exposed
to high temperatures the pupae of P. cardui produce exaggerations
of the light tropical forms. P. canlni ab. orellata, Rbl., distinguished
by blue-centred eye-spots on the upperside of the hindwings, as in
P. carye, Hb. (pi. i., fig. 6). The aberrative detail in ab. ocellata seems
to be an atavism, as it tends to equalise the size of the spots, two of
which are already subject to " favoured development" in light forms
of P. cardui. The figs. 5, 9 (P. cardui), 6, 10 (P. mn/e), and 7, 11 (P.
virginiensis, with a tiny spot still remaining between the two large
ones in 11) illustrate this, and induce me to suggest that P. carye, of
which ab. ocellata reminds one, approaches most closely to the proto-
type of the Pyrameids (1) from its small size, (2) from its nearly all
orange forewings (fig. 2) — the light costal blotch near the apex is
orange (and in shape reminds one of that in P. atalanta ab. werrijieldi,
Stdfss.) — and (3) from the markings of the underside facies of the hind-
wings, which are much like those of P. cardui, P. indica, and P. atalanta
(figs. 9, 17, 18), but exhibit more plainly than any of these a whitish
band as in P. virginiensis (lower part of band also slightly masked !)
and P. vrgrinna (figs. 11, 12). Such extreme facial changes from
spotted or chequered to banded forms is excellently illustrated by the
example of the well-known northern species A. levana, with its
var. prorsa, which, perhaps, in the form levana, gives a good idea of
what the " generic ancestor " of the Vanessids was like. The light
band in fig. 14, an aberration, is not white as in var. prorsa: it is
pale orange, but the apical blotch is whitish. In contrast with P. carye,
P. viyrinna (figs. 4, 8, 12), which, by its large size (the figure is from a
very small specimen !), pinkish-red ground colour, and the banded
facies of the hindwings, suggests that the peculiar markings and colours
of P. atalanta (upperside facies) may be easily developed from the
car'dui-iovm facies, is, perhaps, the most highly difierentiated species
of its group, reminding one, as Professor Standfuss has noted, also of
the purely tropical genus Jnnonia. I do not, of course, intend to
imply herewith that /'. myrinna is more closely related to P. atalanta
than P. carye, indeed, exactly the opposite appears to be the case. P.
carye being nearer the generic prototype would also be nearer to the
species of the atalanta -iox:TQ. groups, which to-day, by their geographical
distribution as compared with those of the t'rt/(/«i-form species,

THE PYRAMEID GROUP OF VANESSIDS. 65

plainly suggest that they had developed from separate swarms of
the prototype, which once must have flooded the lands from some
northern centre. But I think P. viifrinna certainly proves that the
atalanta-fonw tendency is strongly inheritent also in the ranliii-iovm.
group. If, in fig. 4, one covers up the light inner marginal spot in
the central area, and in fig. 8 the light median band with one's finger-
tips, both wings (in nature also in the matter of colour) at once
look as though they belonged to an aberration of /'. atalanta.
Another phylogenetic aberration of P. cardid, which came to my
notice at a time when, unfortunately, I placed no value upon it, is
transitory to P. terjmcltore of Chili in the underside facies of the
hindwings, and, perhaps, is a progressive form ; of the row of ocelli
in the outer area, only the two that are favoured already in light
specimens of P. cardid (fig. 9) were beautifully marked, the others
had disappeared, leaving only three white discs (as in P. terpsicJiore) to
mark their places in the ground colour, which was much lighter than
usual. 1 cannot go farther in my description to-day, as no specimen
of the kind is in my possession at the moment. Extreme cold or
extreme heat produce the symptomatic form ab. eh/iiii, Rbr. (in 4 per
cent, or more of the pupje). Direct sunshine acts like artificial heat or
cold, and the bred specimens are like those (rarely) captured in the
field. These results, demonstrating the sensibility of P. rani id to the
influence of light and temperature, stand apparently in direct contra-
diction with the remarkable facial constancy evinced by the species in
nature under all possible climatic conditions, in which a butterfly
can exist. Hopeless as the antagonism of facts may appear, the
harmonising solution to the problem comes of itself, when it is
remembered that (1) P. cardid. is by nature a polygoneutic species
belonging to the tropical or subtropical regions ; (2) being a
tropical species it is not accustomed to hybernate, and is, there-
fore, easily destroyed by any long period of cold ; that (8) for the
latter reason it cannot propagate its kind for any length of time in
localities where the winters are occasionally severe ; (4) therefore only
the notoriously migratory habits of P. cardiii explain the constant
recurrence of the species in countries with well-marked seasons, such
regions being dependent on a constant renewal of their stock from the
south. All this, now, implies nothing less than that, under natural
conditions, the climatic extremes to which the species subjects itself
by migration have not time to take any considerable effect, as they
only act on one generation (in Lapland where the specimens could
never survive the winter), or, on two, three, or more generations in
Central Europe under favourable conditions, when, however, th&
specimens would not remain, but would press on till they perished in
the sea or in the cold of a northern winter. But, if a group of
the species belying the migratory habit were inclined to stop and
accommodate itself to northern conditions, or in the south to develop
a special "mountain form," even then there would be little or no
chance of climatic variation within that group, because any budding
varietal, or even non-migratoiy tendency, would be simply "swamped "
by the continuous influx of typical migrants, before sexual alienation
had even a chance of development to prevent this. Evidently, only
when local isolation assists the local climatic factors by (1) giving
them time to act, and (2) allowing the effects of that action to be

66 THE entomologist's RECORD.

cumulativelj'' recorded and " fixed " by hereditism, can (lasting !)
physiological and facial changes be brought about in a butterfly in
nature — but P. cardui does not stop to allow for that. It could be
supposed, however, that the whole bulk of the species were slowly
altering. Only in Australasia, where the chances of migratory
swarms reaching the land are more restricted than elsewhere, there
flies as a regular variety (and perhaps in Tasmania as a separate
species), P. kerahawi, the atavic form of P. cardui, with the blue-centred,
even-sized, eye-spots, which, in Europe, occasionally appears as an
aberration. Bearing these facts in mind, it is of interest to note that
the Pyrameid species resembling P. cordni, four of which have already
been mentioned, viz., P. carye, P. virginiensis, P. myrinna, P. terpsi-
chnre, as well as P. bradliemis and P. aequatonalis, are at present still
chiefly confined to different localities in South America, and do not
range farther than Central North America (P. carye and P. vir-
yiriiensis), that, indeed, these species are local or comparatively
local forms, of which only two of the less highly specialised forms have
found energy enough to develop a migratory tendency. Thus P.
tcrpsichore flies in Chili, P. hrasiliensia (facially between P. terpsichore
^ and P. viryinien.us) from Brazil down to the Argentine, P. )iiyrinna in

-^ Brazil, P, aeqiiatorialis in Ecuador. Of P. viryiniensis, as of /'. rardid,
a form with fewer black markings is known, and has been distinguished
as ab. fidvia. P. terpdcliore and P. branliensis are differentiated from
P. viryiniemis by their smaller size, greater brilliancy of colour, absence
of the tAvo median spots in the usual row of black spots (in P. terpsi-
chnre only) and conspicuous dark median fascia (as in P. cardui but
stronger), in the upperside facies of the hindwings and smaller ocelli,
in a beautiful cream-coloured (but also banded) underside facies of the
hindwing. P. braailieusis is further distinguished from P. terp.^chore
by a whitish costal spot on the forewings between the first and second
black costal spots (the latter merging into the black of the apex) the
second costal blotch is better visible in P". carye, also the third blotch
appears in some specimens of P. cardui ab. elywi, P. atalanta ab.
klcniensicwiczi (fig. 15), and the row of black spots on the upperside of
the hindwings is mostly complete. The whitish or rosy spot between
the first and second costal blotches is familiar also in P. cardui,
■especially in its Tasmanian form var. kershairi. As may be gathered
from these notes, the interdependence in the markings and colours
of P. terpsic/iore, P. brasilioisia, and the other species of the group
figured in pi. i., is very great, though this does not interfere with
the fact that each species, as compared with the others, may be
looked upon as a " perfectly original, highly finished work of art,"
which latter, very significantly, cannot be said of an aberration like
that shown in fig. 14, the facies of which consists of a veritable
pot pourri of undiiTerentiated designs, while the typical summer
form prorm, is again in its own way perfect in style and finish.
In fig. 14 the apex of the forewings is atalanta- or c'rt)(/;(/-form, the
rest of the wing shows details found also in Vanessids, like Polyyonia
c-album, Kuynnia xanthomelas, V. urticae, Y. iirilbcrti, and the hindwing
compares, in all but shape, well with that of P. myrinna (fig. 8)
implying that, if the light orange median band, somewhat masked
in most specimens, is assumed to be absent, then the remaining
details are like those in P. atalanta. The bright-veined underside

WORKERS OF LA9IUS FLAVUS. 67

compares again with that of P. wyrinna (fig. 12), but it has a row of
simple violet spots instead of large, ringed ocelli. As regards these
latter highly differentiated markings in P. myrinna and P. viriiiniensis,
their development has, perhaps, to a great extent, been induced by the
conditions of light to vvhich a species which flies among rich vegeta-
tion is subjected, though as the aberration of P. cardui resembling P.
terpdchore has shown, the influence of teinperature alone, or together
with physiological predisposition, can cause a row of eye-spots to break
^^p and leave only two larger and better-marked ocelli on the wing.
It has probably been noted that the cardui-iovm. species are best
differentiated facially by the undersides of their hindwings ; it may
now be pointed out that, on the other hand, they all resemble each
other most in the underside facies of their forewings, and that an
atalanta-ioxvi). species, P. indica {callirrhoe, Mill.) has a very similar
underside facies.

{To he concluded).

Workers of Lasius flavus (? L. umbratus) among L. fuliginosus.

By CECIL CRAWLEY, B.A., F.E.S.

Some years ago I lived in a house where a large nest of Lasius
fuli>li)i()sn>i had been established, partly in the beams in the cellar, and
partly in an old stump in a hedge about 30 yards from the house.
This nest had been in existence, to my knowledge, for ten years, but
it was not until August, 1898, that I attempted to dig out the part of
the nest that was in the hedge, and place it under observation. I
succeeded in obtaining a large number of ants, pupae, and larvse, which
I settled in a " Lubbock formicarium," allowing the ants to roam over
two tables connected by a stick. The result of my excavations was to
drive the ants to settle entirely in the beams of the house, where they
were completely inaccessible. They travelled in search of aphides all
over the grounds, and had regular tracks all round the house and
garden. Their means of egress from the cellar was through three or
four small holes in the angle formed by the wall of the house and the
flagstones along the sides of the house. On several occasions in the
spring of 1898, I had noticed odd specimens of a yellow ant walking
about on the flagstones, and had supposed them to be L. r^arus, as the
lawn below abounded with nests of that ant, though it is rare that L.
fiavus ^ s leave their nests to go any distance. One peculiarity about
these ants was their large size and brilliant colour, which leads one
now to think that they were L. umbratus and not L. jlants. I had
established my artificial nest of L. fnliyinosus in a small room
detatched from the house, about six yards from the entrance to the
nest in the cellar. Previously to my digging up the nest in the hedge,
the ants used to skirt the outer wall of this room on their way between
the two nests. I took my nest on August 20th, and the next day
found that the ants had changed their pathway, and were now coming
through the inside of the room along the wall.

On the night of August 25th I was watching the stream of ants
with a lantern, and saw one of the large L. uuibratus ^ s among the
L. fuliijinosus. I watched her salute two [.. fuliyinostis, who took

68 THE entomologist's record.

little notice of her. She greeted some others, one of whom made as if
to attack her. I thereupon took up this L. nwbratns ^ and put her
into my artificial nest. She was at once seized by an antenna, but
released almost immediately. Several ants threatened, but did not
attack her. Shortly after a large L. fiilu/ijwsus dragged her out of the
nest. Immediately after being released, she ran back into the nest.
At 5.0 a.m. next morning she was dead, and an ant was carrying her
about the nest.

On August 26th I found another />. Hmbratits coming out of one of
the holes in the wall used by the L. fttlijiinnsus. I put her in my nest
at 11.35 a.m. She entered readily, saluting all the ants she met,
though they seemed to threaten her. At 12.10 p.m. a L. fuliginosus
was cleaning her, and at 12.13 p.m. another was feeding her. At
12.20 p.m. a L. fulif/inosns was holding her by an antenna.

At 12.30 p.m. I found another large L. iiiubratus and a Mtjrwica
scabrinndis, among the L. ftdu/inosits. I put them both in the nest.
The former behaved like the previous one, but the iV. scahrinodis ran
away from every ant she met, and hid in a corner, eventually escaping
from the nest. The first L. lonbratus was still held by an antenna.
I then went out and found two more L. nmbratiis ^ s on the flagstones,
and put them in the nest. They saluted the L. fiilif/ifwaiis, who this
time returned the salute by rapid jerks of the body. There were now
four in the nest, none being attacked, the one held by an antenna
having been released. Presently one came out and crossed from one
table to the other on the stick connecting the two, just as numbers of
L. fiiliffinosHs were doing. I watched this ant cross and return, going
straight back to the nest. I then took two L. faviis ^ s from a nest
in the garden, and put them in my nest. The larger one soon found
her way out without having encountered any ants, but the smaller one
encountered some L. fuUijinosm, and was at once killed. I then put
a L. }d(ier in the nest. She was at once chased throughout the whole
nest, but her greater speed enabled her to escape. At 1.35 p.m. three
L. mubratiis were in the nest unmolested. At 2.30 p.m. two were un-
molested, the third being held by a leg. At 4.10 p.m. all three were
untouched, the fourth was not in the nest. At 5.0 p.m. all well, one
being fed by a L. ftilifihwsus. At 7.2 p.m. two were in the nest unhurt.
At 7.20 p.m. I saw a L. unibratns just entering the nest carrying a
L. fiili(/inos)is larva (the L. fidif/inosKs used occasionally to carry larvfe
across to the other table and back again). Just inside the nest she
met a L.fidif/inosns, who took the larva from her. The L. xnibratus then
turned round and crossed the stick to the other table again. No others
were inside the nest, but I could see no dead ones anywhere.

Next day, August 27th, at 10.45 a.m., one was in the nest. At 12.0
noon two were in the nest. At 1.45 p.m. ditto. At 3.28 p.m. ditto.
One was moving the L. //(Z/V/Mio.s^s larvae about. At 6.10 p.m. still two
inside. One was being fed by a L. fulif/inosKs. August 28th, at
9.30 a.m. one was in the nest, no others being visible. At 10.40 a.m.
two in the nest, one occupied in plastering earth against one side of
the frame. At 2.0 p.m. two in nest. At 10.0 p.m. ditto. August
29th, at 10.0 a.m. two inside nest. At 3.30 p.m. ditto. One was
feeding the larv*. At 5.45 p.m. one inside being fed, another out
on the table. When I disturbed the nest the former helped the L.
fuliijinosus to move the larva?. August 30th, I could see no L. umbratu^

WING MEASUREMENTS OF LEPIDOPTERA. 69

anywhere, but there were no dead ones to be found. I put a Formica
riifa in the nest. They attacked and chased her out. September 1st,
at 10.0 a.m. I found two more L. uwbratns on the flags, and put them in
the nest. The first /.. fiili;iinosi(^ they met greeted them as friends.
At 10.80 p.m. both at home in nest. At 11.0 a.m. one inside, the
other not visible. At 11.30 a.m. both inside. At 2.0 p.m. ditto.
I visited the nest at 4.0 p.m., 5.0 p.m., and 6.30 p.m., and found both
all right, one helping to clean the larvce. September 2nd, at 9.30 a.m.
one was dead, but showed no signs of having been damaged. The
other one was all right. At 7.0 p.m. the remaining ant all right.
They had removed the dead one. September 3rd, at 10.0 a.m. the ant
still in nest, quite at home. September 4th, ditto, at 9.50 a.m.,
1.5 p.m., and 6.30 p.m. September 5th. at 10.45 a.m., the L. uiiibratita
was dead, though apparently uninjured. I was unable to continue
these experiments from this date.

About one ant in eight in this nest of Lasius fulir/inosus carried an
AntemiophoniR-'. Some had white parasites located on the back of the
thorax. There was also a number of small red spider-like mites which
ran about among the larva^, and some larger parasites, about the size
of an Antennophnrux, among the larvae, sometimes on a larva, but not
attached to it.

Wing Measurements of Lepidoptera.

By .T. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

I have recently been much interested, and not a little disturbed,
by my inability to make the measurements (wing expanse) sent
to me by some of my esteemed continental correspondents tally
with others of the same species, which I myself supposed were
accurate for the same districts, in some of which I had worked. A
little enquiry soon elicited the fact that measurements cf wing-expanse
are generally made by continental lepidopterists not from the centre
of thorax to the wing-apex on either side (or from the centre of
thorax to one wing-apex x 2) as in this country, but across an
imaginary line drawn in front of the set insect from the apex of one
forewing to that of the other. This, of course, not only cannot give
the real expanse of the insect, but it is sometimes so much less than
the real expanse that one forms an entirely erroneous idea of the size
altogether. In some specimens of of A. coridon in question, in which
the real wing-expanse amounted to 38mm. -40mm., the measurements
from wing-apex to wing-apex was fully 6mm. less when measured
across in continental fashion.

Another matter has discovered itself. It appears that some of our
own collectors, in giving information re insects set to shovr the under-
sides, speak of the wings as left or right exactly as they appear in the
underside insect. Of course, set to exhibit the underside, the true
right wings are on the left side of the pin and rice versa, but they
remain the true right and left wings nevertheless, and should be so
called. Great muddle might otherwise occur (possibly has already

* The species would be Antennophorus grandis, Berl. It was described by
Berlese in 1903 {Rcdia, i., 1903, p. 392). I took it at Wellington College, in 1006,
with its host, Lasiux fulii/iiui.oi^, and have since found it with the same ant in
various localities, and recorded it as new to Britain (Ent. Ecc, 1907, p. (i). It will
be seen that Mr. Crawley observed it in 1898. — Horace Donisthorpk.

70 THK KNTOMOLOMST's RECORD.

occurred). The right pair of wings, in Avhatever manner (underside
or upperside) the insect may be set, must always be the pair on the
right side of the insect when at rest alive, and in a natural position.

These points are important to the writer just now, and he hopes
that his continental correspondents will copy the facts of this note
into their own magazines, so that some intelligible uniformity in these
matters may result.

E 0 P T E R A .

QuEDiiTs NiGRoccKRULEUs, Rey. — -I have to record this interesting
species from a fresh habitat — a wasp's nest. The nest was unearthed
on Ditchling Beacon, Sussex, September 12th, 1909. Besides the
Quediuii, of which I took one 3 specimen, the nest yielded a few
(_^niptnpha<ius setidosus, Stm. I also took Q. nigrocoeruleus at Grant-
chester Meadows, near Cambridge ; on this occasion, the beetle was
found in moles' nests, some eight specimens being secured in half-a-
dozen nests. — Hereward C. Dollman, F.E.S., Hove House, Bedford
Park. January 28th, 1910.

Amara anthobia. Villa, near London. — I captured a specimen of
A. anthobia on Barnes Common, in February, 1903. It is a very
typical example, presenting all the characteristics of the species. — Id.

CoLEOPTERA IN THE CAMBRIDGE DisTRicT. — I securcd scveral
specimens of liadister unipuatidatKs, Bon., by searching broken reed
debris in May, 1909. Scyuuuis liwbatns, Steph., I found very rarely
on Coe Fen, under willow-bark, in May. — Id.

CoLEOPTERA FROM DiTCHLING, SuSSEX, IN AuGUST AND SEPTEMBER,

1909. — Falayria thoracica, Curt., a few specimens at roots of Lotus
(■orniculatini on the Downs. Of Trichony.r inarkeli, Aub., one more
specimen of this interesting beetle was taken on September 17th.
It was found when searching at the roots of low plants on the face of
Ditchling Beacon. Cyrtusa pauxilla, Schm., one specimen only swept
off Filayo sp. ? Hydnohius punctatiasimHn, Steph., some half-dozen
specimens taken in all, two on wing at the end of September, the
remainder by sweeping. Hydnohius striyosus, Schm., two specimens
by sweeping. Clinocara tetratonia, Th., a $ and 5 taken by beating
an old hedge. Pnylhndes dulcamaras, Koch, is extraordinarily local in
the Ditchling district ; in 1906, 1907, and 1908, I worked the
Solaniiiu hard for it, but not until this last year was I rewarded, when
I found some large plants bejewelled with it on nearly every leaf.
Mordellistena parvula, Gyll., var. inaequalis, Muls., a ^ specimen
swept up on the 12th, and a ? on August 13th, 1909 ; both from
the same flower-covered slope. Chorayun sheppardi, Kirb., one specimen
taken on October 10th, by beating Cleiuatis. ritalha. Liosouia
oldonyidum, Boh., I was very pleased to find that a single Lioaoma I swept
up in September, proved to be L. oblonyuluni. In April, 1908, I took
a couple of the var. collaris, Rye, of L. ovatuluvi by sifting thick wood-
moss. Hypera murina, F., one 9 swept off Onobiychis sativa, and one
(J by general sweeping. This is always a scarce weevil at Ditchling.
Cis^ophayus hederea, Schm., one specimen from ivy in the garden hedge
— this ivy is riddled by Poyonochaerus. dentatus, Fourc, which may be
beaten out in moderate numbers. — Id.

VARIATION. 71

Jg^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Oktholitha BiPUNCTARiA IN NoRTH Devon. — On August 14th last,
I took a pale typical specimen of OrthuUtha bipunctaria. There is no
chalk anywhere near here, and I do not know of any record of it in
tliese parts. I have never seen it before here during the twelve years
I have been here. Perhaps you may think it worth recording. —
T. H. Briggs, M.A., F.E.S., Rock House, Lynmouth, Devon.
Januarii 20th, 1910.

Yponomeuta evonymellus, L., in Roxburgh.— We have much
pleasure in recording this southern Yponomeutid for the first time in
Scotland. We found it during September, 1909, in some numbers along
the north bank of the river Liddel, which here forms the " border."
The insects were thus only just in Scotland, but, curiously enough,
they were also within a few hundred yards of Dumfries-shire. The
actual locality was about two miles downstream from Kershopefoot
Station, but on the north bank of the river Liddel. The Yponomeutids
are a " difficult " group. It may therefore be well to confirm our
identification b}- stating that the insect is thus distinguished from its
near allies — white fringes to forewings — five or six longitudinal series of
black dots, lowest including eight to eleven dots. Meyrick says,
" England, North Ireland, local." — P. A. and D. A. J. Buxton, School
House, Rugby. February 18th, 1910.

Cemiostoma (Leucoptera) laburnella, Stt., in Cumberland and
Roxburgh. — On August 23rd, of this year, we observed this insect in
large numbers on Cytisus laburnum in a garden at Stanwix, Carlisle.
We also found it during August and early September in great numbers
on a laburnum, at Liddelbank, which is in Roxburgh, within 100
yards of Cumberland and 300 yards of Dumfries-shire. Meyrick does
not notice it north of York. It may be worth mentioning that it is
common at Rugby, and also in Leeds. — P. A. and D. A. J. Buxton,
School House, Rugby. February 18th, 1910.

W^ ARI A T 10 N .

Melit.ea dictynna var. britomartis, Wheeler, from Reazzino. —
Mr. Lowe's paper, in Fnt. Rec, xxii., p. 34, just to hand, reminds me
that I ought to proceed faster with the examination of the ancillary
apiDendages of the Melitagas, which I have for some time contemplated.
There is, however, one fact that I think I have determined with
certainty, thanks to Mr. Wheeler having generously supplied me with
specimens, and that is, that the britoiuartis, of Reazzino, whatever the
true britdiiiartis may be, is a form of M. dictynna, very close, therefore,
to the var. vernetensis. It deserves a varietal name of its own, and I
should note it as var. uheeleri, the diagnosis being a form of dictynna,
very similar to the var. rernetends, which is found (double-brooded) at
Reazzino, in the Ticino. — T. A. Chapman, M.D., Betula, Reigate.
February 14t/(, 1910.

BrENTHIS SELENE VAR. CASTILIANA, LoWE. BrENTHIS HECATE

recorded in error at La Granja. — On reading the Rev. F. E. Lowe's
note on p. 23 of the current number of the Fntouioloyist's Record, I
examined carefully the examples, two in number, I had taken at La
Granja, in 1905, and had recorded in vol. xviii., p. 59, as Brenthis
hecate, and found that they are not that species, but are identical with

72 THE entomologist's record.

the form of B. selene which Mr. Lowe has taken there and named var.
rastiliana. Like Mr. Lowe, I was led into the error, by the superficial
resemblance of the specimens to B. hecate, which, being a widely
spread Spanish species, one would think should be found at La
Granja ; they resemble some Spanish examples of that species I have
from the Albarracin Sierra much more closely than they do specimens
from Eastern Europe.— W. G. Sheldon, Youlgreave, South Croydon.
Februari/ 5t/t., 1910.

Aberrations of Anthrocerids. — At the meeting of the South
London Entomological Society, held in December, 1909, I exhibited
five peculiar specimens of Anthrocera Jilipendidae, Ijinn., viz.: — <J ex
collected cocoon, June, Lewes, <? ditto, Winchester, end of July;
$ ditto, Clandon, mid-August ; <? captured Clandon, mid-August —
all, especially the last, with grey ground, pale pink spots, etc.,
and whitish cilia to all wings ; also 3 captured Winchester, mid- July,
all spots small, the 6th (divided by nervure) especially so ; hindwings
with indigo-blue border, l-5mm. wide ; all the above taken on dry
chalk slopes. I also exhibited, from a Sussex locality, Anthrocera
hippocrepidis, Stphs., a specimen with brownish border, 1mm. wide to
hindwings, the 5th spot large squarish, budding at the lower external
angle, looking like on 6th spot, but apparently too high and too far
from margin for the normal 6th spot. Anthrocera trifolii. — (1) Pale
cherry-red and dark grey-green in colour, with whitish cilia to hind-
wings ; captured in Sussex. (2) Two series of dwarfs from two
Sussex localities some miles apart, the first locality giving only small
examples — 23mm. -27mm., with occasional specimens up to 30mm. ;
the second locality producing examples grading from 22mm. to 34mm.
— G. Hodgson, M.D., Stoneleigh, Redhill, Surrey. January SQth, 1910.

:]^OTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARY^, &c.

Egg of Argynnis nitocris var. nigroc.erulea. — Among some old
papers, I have come across my wife's unpublished notes on the eggs of
Anjy^inis nitocris var. niyrocaerulea (original description of this race,
Kntom. News, vol. xi., p. 622, 1900). 1 transcribe them just as
originally written : —

"August 24th. — Confined females [from Beulah, New Mexico] over violets.

August 25th. — Saw female in act of placing eggs ; glue placed on surface, then
egg: [egg slightly over Inim. high and broad], cone-shaped, flattened on top,
bearing from fifteen to twenty ridges, each ridge marked with from ten to twenty
cross-lines ; colour when first laid light yellow. Eggs laid on violet leaves, lower and
upper sides, and petiole, also on grass leaves, dried stems, and screen on top of cage.

August 28th. — Eggs laid on 24th look brown, examined with lens, the brown
colour found to be due to irregular small brown spots. A yellow line extended
around the cone about half way from top to bottom." — Wilmatte P. Cockerell.

This may be worth printing in Ent. Bceord, especially if you can
add any comments showing how all this compares with other species.
A. nitocris is one of a group of very striking species, with dark females.
I remember that we compared the egg with that of A. enrynome, Edw.,
and found it decidedly different. — (Prof.) Theo. D. A. Cockerell, 908,
10, W. Boulder, Colorado. January 6th, 1910.

Ants and LvCiENiD larv^.— On June 26th of last summer, near
Crevola, on a bank where Seduru album and S. telephium grow, I
picked up an apparently full-fed Lycaenid larva, which I took to be

CURKKNT NOTES. 7B

that of Sculitantides {J'oli/onDiiatiis) oHon. It was of a pale dingy green,
with a light claret-coloured dorsal stripe — head black. A raised lump
on each segment, from one of which I think the penultimate, it pro-
truded, and quickly withdrew, two little warts. It was crawling
slowly along, across a stone, attended by some small reddish ants, two
of which I boxed with it. It never fed, and after several days of rest-
less wandering about its prison, it took up its position, as I hoped, for
a moult. However, it had been " stung," and next day parasitic grubs
began to emerge, and by nightfall 14 or 15 small white cocoons were
in " evidence," upon and around the shrunken body of the larva.
The ants still faithfully stuck to their posts, until I threw the lot
away. Whatever other advantages the association of ants with
Lycsenid larvae may bring to the latter, it is clear that protection from
parasitic flies is not always (if ever) to be counted as one of them. —
W. H. St. Quintin, Scampston Hail, Rillington, York. February 4:t/i,
1910.

URRENT NOTES.

Dr. Malcolm Burr is representing the Entomological iSociety of
London, the Lmnean Society, and we believe also the Zoological
Society of London, at the Jubilee of the Entomological Society of
Kussia. He left for St, Petersburg on March 5th, and will be absent
about ten days. It is most fortunate that we have a quite first-rank
entomologist able to speak for us in the native language at such an
important ceremony as this. His energy also as the British secretary
of the International Congress of Entomology to be held at Brussels is
making itself felt, but we believe we are right in stating that he does
not consider the more wealthy British entomologists are supporting
this important venture so strongly as the occasion demands.

The last meeting of the Entomological Club was held on February
22nd, 1910, at 58, Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, when
Mr. H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe was the host. The members of the club
and friends, who were received by Mr. and Mrs. Donisthorpe, began to
arrive at 6.30 p.m., and by 8 p.m. the following were present: —
Drs. Malcolm Burr, F. A. Dixey, S. F. Harmer, K. .Jordan, Messrs. R.
Adkin, E. C. Bedwell, F. Bouskell, Rowland-Brown, J. Collin, Here-
ward Dollman, Willoughby Ellis, Selwyn Image, A. H. Jones,
C. Morley, J. R. le B. Tomlin, J. W. Tutt, and G. H. Verrall. Supper
was served at 8.30 p.m., and the pretty menu, decked in Mr. Verrall's
" election colours," pink and white, as were also the table decorations,
will long remind one of a most enjoyable evening spent in most
congenial society.

Professor W. Bateson has given up his post as Professor of Biology
at Cambridge University, to become director of the new Horticultural
Institute at Merton. Mr. Reginald Crundall Punnett, M.A.,
Fellow of Gonvilie and Caius, has been elected to the Professorship of
Biology in his place. Professor Punnett is now Superintendent of
the Museum of Zoology ; he was Walsingham Medallist in 1900,
Balfour Student in 1904, and Thruston Medallist in 1908.

" A contribution to our knowledge of the entomological geography
of the Upper Klar river valley" {Arkiv Zool. Sv. Vetensk. i:)tuckli(iliii) ;
" Lepidoptera from the oak-region of Varmland " {Hut. TuUkrift,
1908), and " Survivals and pseudo- survivals of the glacial period

74 THE entomologist's record.

among our butterflies" (Faun. Flora Ma<i., 1909), are three
interesting papers that have been forwarded to us by the author,
Herr Einar Wahlgren, and, as a contribution to our very incomplete
knowledge of the distribution of Scandinavia (Swedish) butterflies, are
especially welcome. To the majority of British collectors, Sweden is
terra incof/inta. With few exceptions, the observations of local ento-
mologists, especiall}' lepidopterists, are scanty, and Herr Wahlgren is,
therefore, the more to be congratulated upon the pioneer work he has
done (1) in the upper valley of the Klaralf, the magnificent river which
falls in Lake Vettun, at Karlstad, rising far away north in the lakes of
Norwegian Hedemark. North Finnskogen is situated just under 61*^
(the latitude of the Shetlands), Ekshiirads — the southernmost point of
observation — about 56 to 60 miles lower down the stream. The fauna
appears, however, to be more middle-European than arctic, including
Papilio inachaon and Ci/aniris seDiiargas, whilst Brenthis aphirape var.
ossianus on\Y appeared at the most northerly point visited. In addition
to this — the pine-wood region insect fauna — Herr Wahlgren gives us
(2) a supplementary list of lepidoptera compiled by himself and various
entomologists — especially the local museum authority at Karlstad, Herr
Christrernsson — " The butterflies of Varmland's oak-region," and these,
among others, include Pamassius apollo, Liinenitis populi, and Coen-
ompnpha hero, while, putting his observations to practical use, he sums
up, in the third paper (3) under review, hip conclusions as to (a) the
Scandinavian butterflies which are to be regarded as true arctic species,
and (b) those which have in post-glacial times established themselves from
the south and the south-east, the gradual recession of the ice and the
amelioration of the climate favouring, for example, a wider distribution
of true arctic survivals, as well as species like Coliaa palaeno and
Brenthis pales, which, coming from the south, are to be regarded as
" pseudo-relikter."

Mr. E. A. Butler adds Cyrtorrhinus gemhms, Flor., to the list of
British hemiptera, on the strength of a specimen taken at Broxbourne
last September, and another of uncertain locality. He also adds
ChLoriona dorsata, Edw., to the list of British Homoptera, from
specimens taken on reeds in a pond, in Epping Forest, in June and
July.

Dr. Wood states {Fnt. Mo. Ma;/.) that the dipteron introduced by
him some five years ago as British, under the name of Calliniijia
ehujantula, proves to be a Callinn/ia of unknown species, and not
Ai/athomyia eleijantula, Fall., as was supposed, and two examples of
which have now been identified ; these latter were swept from under
old spruce-trees in Stoke Wood, Herefordshire, in October, 1905, and
September, 1908. He also states that between September 25th and
October 13th, 1907, he found five examples of Ayathoviyia zetterstedti,
Zett., in Ashperdon Park and Tarrington, so that this species has to
be added to the British list.

Mr. J. E. Collin, in some additions and corrections to the British
list of Muscidae-Acalyptratae, notes Cordylura atrata, Zett., from
Nethy Bridge, June, 1905 ; Acanthocnevta niyrlmana, Zett., from
Braemar, July, 1872, and A. ylauca, Lw., taken at Tarrington, July,
1909, as new to the British list.

Dr. N. B. Joy states that all the British (Kvytelns fairnmirei, Pand.,
recorded from moles' nests, are most probably (>. sanlcyi, Pand., a

CURRKNT NOTKS. 75

species new to the British list, the former being apparently a dung
species. Besides moles' nests, Dr. Joy says that ho has taken O.
saidn/i in flood refuse.

Dr. Sharp states that Phaedun conchiini.s, Steph., is specitically
distinct from P. annoraciae, whilst he separates the allied tiDin'dnlKs
generically under the name Paraphaedon.

Mr. E. R. Bankes adds Ceniiostonia snsinella, H.-Sch., to the
British list from two specimens taken among its foodplant, aspen, at
Aviemore, on June 17th and 19th, 1909. The species is double-brooded,
the larvtB mining aspen leaves in July and again in September.

Mr. Edward Saunders notes that Thomson has split the examples
hitherto combined under the name Peiiipliredoii morio, Fab., into two
species, both of which occur in Britain. These Thomson renames,
neither being referred to morio, Fab., nor to ant/iracinits, Smith. The
names given by Thomson are riypealis and mriiiatns, but it is clear
the matter of names cannot end here.

Mr. Saunders also adds J>iodontii>; frieaei, Kohl., to the British list,
from examples taken at Oxshott and ? Woking, and Dnfoinea halistida,
Nyl., from a ? taken on Woking heath. He also describes a new
species FfalictKn arnoldi, near //. minntissimus, from specimens taken
at Hellingly, near Eastbourne, August 14th, 1908.

In August, 1868, the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., D.C.S.,
F.R.S.C, published the first number of the Canadian fjUtoniolonist.
Since then 41 volumes have been published, of which Dr. Bethune has
edited all but B {viz., vols, vi-viii), which were produced under the
editorship of Dr. Saunders. In his 72nd year, Dr. Bethune finds his
eyesight failing, and his desire that a successor should be appointed
has ended in the Executive of the Entomological Society of Ontario
appointing him Editor Emeiitus of the journal, whilst Dr. E. M.
Walker, Lecturer in Biology at the University of Toronto, has accepted
the position of General Editor. It would be impossible to find any-
one who has done more for Canadian entomology than the hard-
working entomologist who has so well-earned his retirement.

It is with the greatest possible regret that we have to note the death
of Edward Saunders at the age of 61, on February 6th. Twenty-five
years ago when we first joined the elect as represented by the Entom.
Society of London, one of the most interesting personalities in the
Society was Edward Saunders. Ever since, he has been, as far as his
unsatisfactory health would allow, an active supporter of the Society,
serving ofhcially as Vice-President, Treasurer, and Member of Council,
whilst, at the time of his decease, he was a member of the ]>usiness
and Publication Committee of the Society. He would more than once
have been unanimously elected to the Presidency had he allowed his
name to have been brought forward but he always refused on the
ground of ill-health. He was first and foremost an excellent
hemipterist and hymenopterist. His standard works on these
orders are known to all, and need no commendation from us ; they
are sound and trustworthy, and no one, perhaps, had a better grip
of, or did more to elucidate our knowledge of, the British species than
himself, and he was particularly well-informed in the work of the
authorities on these orders. His books contain fewer mistakes,
perhaps, than those of most authors who have dealt with the less
exploited orders. He was also a good coleopterist, and we believe

76 THE ENTOMOIjOGISt's RECORD.

began his entomological work as a student of this order. He was made
a Fellow of the Eoyal Society in 1902, an honour nowadays rarely
conferred on an entomologist, owing to there being so much competition
for the few available Fellowships each year among those whose pro-
fessional work lies in other branches of scicence — especially applied
science. An excellent obituary notice (and photograph) is to be found
in the Ent. Mo. Mai/azine, on the editorial staff of which he has been
since 1880.

Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse was elected unanimously to the vacancy
on the Business and Publication Committee of the Entomological
Society of London at the meeting of the Council held on March 2nd,
in the place of Mr. Edward Saunders, deceased.

We regret to hear also, after a long and painful illness, of the
death of Harry McArthur, a professional collector of great acumen,
exceedingly well-informed, but of most modest and retiring disposition.
His decease took place on February 8th. He was 64 years of age.

We hear that Mr. T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher has been appointed an
assistant at the Pusa Agricultural College, by the Indian Govern-
ment, and left for Calcutta about the commencement of March. There
must be unlimited opportunities for scientific entomological work in
India, and one expects great things from this appointment. There
have been many lepidopterists at work in India, but Mr. Fletcher's
well-known preference for certain groups of the micro-lepidoptera, and
his keenness in field observation, leads one to feel satisfied that, in
these directions, many new discoveries will be made in the immediate
future.

At a Congregation held at Cambridge University, on February 17th,
the Vice-Chancellor (Dr. Mason, Master of Pembroke) presiding. Pro-
fessor W. Bateson (St. John's), the Hon. N. C. Rothschild (Trinity),
and Mr. H. Scott (Trinity) Avere appointed to represent the university
at the International Congress of Entomology to be held at Brussels in
Aueust.

SOCIETIES.

The Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — January
nth, 1910. — Mendel's theory of Inheritance.^ — Mr. C. F. Walker,
M.A., by means of some excellent lantern slides, gave a very lucid
and interesting account of Mendel's discovery, and also adverted
to the recent work which has been done by numerous investigators.
Mr. Walker mentioned the experiments of Messrs. Prout and Bacot
with AcidaUa viiiiidaria, instancing it as a case of " Blended
Inheritance," in which the Mendelian principle did not appear to
apply. HYDEfficiA cRiNANENsis IN England AND Ireland. — Mr. F. N.
Pierce exhibited a female specimen of Hydroecia rrinanejiais captured
at Bolton, Lanes., in 1897, by Mr. J.' E. R. Allen. This is the
first record for England. Mr. Allen has also recorded the species from
Enniskillen, Ireland.

The South London Entomological and Natural History
Society. — January 21tJt, 1910. — Autumn Lepidoptera. — Mr. Tonge
and Mr. Colthrup exhibited long series of Hybernia aurantiaria, H.
defoliaria, and Hlmera pennaria, taken in the New Forest, November
17th-19th, 1909, where they were abundant in spite of the weather
being clear and frosty. Mr. Colthrup exhibited a Gonepfery.r rliamm,
found at the same time hybernating among holly.

THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE STAEFA BOGS IN 1909. 77

The Lepidoptera of the Staefa Bogs in 1909.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The Lake of Ziirich sparkled gloriously, and Sfcaefa was bathed in
brilliant sunshine when we arrived there on July 23rd, 1909, to pay
another visit to Mr. Muschamp, and Avith the idea of picking up some
thi'eads that we had lost all too soon the previous year when exploring
the bogs among the hills at the back of Staefa. These bogs were so
•entirely new to us as a collecting ground that one feels one could
never get tired of them, and we still feel that we would like to spend
some considerable time studying the micros which abound there, and
which we unfortunate!}^ had no time even superficially to sample.
The work we are engaged on, the life-histories and habits of our
butterflies, demand all our attention, and more than all our leisure,
and one has to keep one's nose very closely to the grindstone, both in
and out of holiday season, to get ahead with what seems a never-
ending entomological task. This will be considered, perhaps, only a
lazy excuse by our micro-lepidopterists who might reasonably expect
one to give them at least some material and some details from so
prolific a spot, as a contribution towards their special work. We
have already described the bogs of Staefa, their numerous springs
welling out from the hillside, and the pine-woods that back them up
on the side nearest the lake and Staefa, and there is no need to add to
what we have already said as to the beautiful outlook as one climbs
up behind the town into the fields and looks across the lake to the
mountains on its southern side. The morning of the 24th was
perfect, as we wended our way towards the bogs again, with memories,
however, that would not be silenced, that had recently come from
■other visitors to Switzerland, to the effect that the weather had been
atrocious in Switzerland right into July, that storm and cold had
been the order of the day, that insects were amazingly backward and
scarce, and that one need not expect to get much in the usual well-
provided haunts this season ; Mr. Muschamp had also reported
unfavourably, and so our spirits were not unduly elated at expected
success.

That the season was later and altogether less prolific than the
preceding year was evident. The large numbers of common species
observed in the town itself, in 1908 were altogether wanting, scarcely
any Pierids, and no sign of Coliads or Vanessids. Enodia hi/pt'ranthus
and Kpinephele ianira were only just emerging, and the former was
apparently especially well-spotted on the underside, with, occasionally,
the spots tending to a slightly elongated pear-shape (ab. cloiKjata, □.
ab.) suggesting the more highly developed form ab. lanceolata, Frohawk,
whilst a very bright brown form of the underside (ab. brunnea) appeared
to us unusual. Aiifiiades sj/lvanus and Adopaea jiava were still
abundant and not worn to shreds as they were in 1908, and a beautiful
•example of Papilio mackaon proved quite worth the time spent in care-
fully stalking it. f.cptosia sinapis now and again fluttered along in its
leisurely manner, but the summer brood was evidently not fully out,
whilst an occasional Loiccia dorilis only made up for its comparative
abundance of the preceding year. Turning into the open wood just
before the bogs were reached, Melanariiia (jalatea was frequent, as it
had been by the roadside just previously ; so also was I'ieris napi, and
April 15th, 1910.

78 THE entomologist's recokd.

one was not altogether surprised to find Dryas paphia and Argynnis
adippe getting somewhat passe, whilst an overhead stroke at a specimen
not clearly determined as it flew swiftly past, settled the insect for a
newly-emerged Euynnia polycJdoros. On the thistle-flowers were some
freshly-emerged Anthrocera trifolii and A. filipeudulae, the former
wanderers from the adjacent bog, and Gonepteryx rhanmi occurred
frequently, though in nothing like the abundance of the preceding
year. Over the bushes a fresh brood of Celastrina argiolua
was on the wing, only 3 s, however, were netted, and there was a
suspicion that these were rather obsoletely spotted on the underside of
the forewings. Turning into a piece of bog enclosed in the wood, the
first somewhat unexpected capture was CalUnwrpha dominula, several
of which were observed on the thistle-flowers. A few eggs were
obtained, the larvfe of which have fed steadily ahead, chiefly on roses,,
and not one of which died until a few days since (February 20th, 1910),
when the more forward ones moulted apparently into their last skin,
and a serious mortality set in. A number of Bntys hyalinalis were
disturbed from among the undergrowth, whilst just at the entrance a
small bright form of Coenonyiuplia arcania, in fine condition, was not
uncommon, yet so localised, that all the specimens observed must
have been within an area of about 20 yards square ; Melanaryia
yalatea, too, was common on the edge of the bog, whilst Melitaea
dictynna was frequent, and some examples still in really good trim.
Occasionally a swifter-flying Anthrocerid crossed one's path, and one
knew at once, now that one was alive to it, that it was Anthrocera
viciae [meliloti). The habits of this species are quite different from
those of A. trifolii. It is altogether more alert and more active than
its congener, and, even when resting on its favourite flowers, is not by
any means to be picked ofl' with the fingers as is the case with most
species of the genus; it flies most freely in the early afternoon but
the net may be wanted for its capture at all times of the day. Soon the
first Coenonympha tiphon appeared, although the species Avas by no means
common here, and the chance disturbance of a To.vocanipa pastinioit
soon prompted us to a hunt sufficiently successful to show the species
was common, whilst a similar chance capture of Hydrelia mica also led
to further investigation, and one was interested in finding these two
species together as in our homeland fen at Chippenham. A few
Coenonympha pamphilus were noted and a few large and rather worn
Cyaniris semiarym, and then a start was made for the larger bog. Walk-
ing through the open wood, it was noticed that a single Thymdicus acteon
alone represented the dozens of the previous season, whilst Acidalia
ochrata was an unexpected addition to the fauna. An occasional
example of Adscita statices occurred as in the preceding year, altogether
four were noted, all <? s, and three in good condition. A single 3
Agriades coridon was in the nature of a surprise, it was the only
specimen seen on either visit.

Reaching the larger bog, Coeyionytnpha tiphon was found at least
as abundant as the preceding year and in about the same condition, so
that the unsatisfactory weather of the spring or early summer had
afi"ected this less than the other species already noted. A beautiful
series was captured exhibiting a very wide range of variation both on
the upper- and underside, yet all within the limits of the British
" middle" form, the finest example being one in which the pale stripe

THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE STAEFA BOGS IN 1909. 79

on the underside of the forewing was extended towards the margin in
the form of a wide pale band containing five ocellated spots, of which
the third and fifth were the smallest — the usual pallid outer rings of
the spots being seemingly greatly extended to help to form the pale
band (ab. riv(jata); the underside of the hindwing is normal except that
the seven ocellated spots are exceptionally widely-ringed with pale. No
other example approaches this form, and, although several have the pale
transverse line crossing the underside of the forewings well-developed
and somewhat extended towards the ocellated spots, in no other does it
form a band so as to include the spots.

On our previous visit we made acquaintance with another species
which we had never met in nature before. This was Anthrocera
viciae [meliloti). So busy were we with the butterflies that were so
numerous and abundant, that we paid little attention to the Anthro-
cerids, and, as a result, did not collect more than a dozen examples,
and these not in good condition (see vol. xxi., p. 248), as reminders that
they were there. In writing up our reminiscences of the bog,
the mind did not specifically dwell on these examples, although Mr.
Muschamp had called our attention to the peculiarl}'- small forms that
lived there. We had casually glanced at some examples that we had
no doubt were A. trifolii, but failed entirely to grasp that we were
dealing with two species, one of which, known well enough in the
collection, was quite unknown to us in nature ; this species, as noted
above, was A. viciae, and it was not until we were moving the specimens
from the box in which we had packed them that we appreciated the
blunder that we had made in our short notes {antea, vol. xx., pp. 247,
248) which want cancelling altogether, but will, unfortunately, remain
an excellent witness against us of being " too clever by half." The
species there noted as A. trifolii-tninor is A. viciae and theab. rufiicincta
is the well-known ab. stentzvi, Frr. (see A Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep., i.,
p. 456). This year we nearly fell into another pitfall, one, at any rate,
that has done us good by pulling up our knowledge, now alas, getting
rusty, of these interesting insects. The fact is there are four of our
British Anthrocerid species living almost on the same ground on the
Staefa bogs. The first is Anthrocera viciae var. biu/lossi, Duponchel,
originally described, as we have already noticed {A Xat. Hist. Ih-it. Lep.,
i., p. 457), from specimens that came from this very district (Zurich).
(2) Anthrocera trifolii, inclining to a somewhat small race of the
paliistris form. (3) A. /ilipendiilae interesting enough in their bright
colour but certainly not A. hijipocrepidis, Stphs., as we had thought
might be the case. These all occur in the grassy openings of the
woods all along the upper edge of the bog, and extend into the nearer
parts of the bog itself, where, however,^, trifolii is more frequent than
on the banks. Much farther along, on the banks under the wood and
beyond the bog itself, a great mass of what we believe was Vicia cracca,
mixed with flowering thistles, was found to be covered with (4) Anthro-
cera lonicerae and A. filipendidae, the former quite separate and distinct
from A. trifolii,vfhich. did not appear to occur just here, the former being,
indeed, wonderfully localised ; nor did we among our samples get a speci-
men of A. lonicerae the previous year; whilst (5) a single A. tramalpina
added yet another species to this prolific district. Out of the clumps
of undergrowth here also, we disturbed several Toxocatnpa pastinum, a
species that lives on the same foodplant with A. lonicerae in the woods

80 THE entomologist's record,

at Chattenden. It must be a rare thing to find ail these species so
nearly on the same ground. To us A. trifolii has always been a most
elusive species on the continent, and we have no recollection of having
ever seen it elsewhere.

The species that showed the most marked difference in the seasons
was Lycaena alcon. This insect was much more abundant than during the
preceding year, when it was practically over at the time of our visit.
This year the species, though more frequent, was localised almost be-
yond belief in a place where the foodplant was widely spread over
many acres. Nearly all our captures were made in two little corners
of the bog, although odd ones might be seen almost anywhere. The
(? s were in none too good condition, but the J s were much better and
presented two very distinct forms, one tinged with blue on the base of
all the wings, extending in some instances to the disc, the others uni-
form greyish-fuscous without blue.

A few other insects were noted — Adkinia bipimctidactyla, Stenoptilia
pterodactyla, Marasmarcha phaeodactyla, Merrifieldia tetradactyla, Cram-
bus maryantellns, C. selasellus, Glyphipteryx cladiella, &c. Searching the
tree-trunks in the pinewood, soon showed that Hyloicns pijiastri was
there, wonderfully well-protected as it sits closely on a trunk during
the daytime with the wings well-drawn down to the resting surface.

The poverty of the season was apparent rather in the almost absence
of a large number of species seen the preceding year and in the fact that
others did not appear at all, evidently not yet out, than in the actual
number of specimens seen. The abundance of Enodia hyperanthus,
Coeiionympha tipJion, Lycaena alcon and Anthrocera lonicerae suggested
that cold late seasons are not equally deleterious to all species. Of whites,
Gonepteryx rhamni, &c., not a hundredth part of the specimens were
on view compared with the preceding year, nor did there seem evidence
that they would later be as abundant as in 1908. We made three
journeys to the bogs and, on each occasion, although apparently work-
ing the same ground, made some observations that escaped us on the
other visits, and it was not until the morning of our last visit that we
discovered Anthrocera lonicerae at all. Entering the bog from another
direction we scarcely saw a specimen of A. trifolii, but found as described
A. lonicerae abundantly, whilst, on the two earlier occasions, we never
got a specimen of the latter species, and, though A. trifolii 3- s were not
uncommon, we got very few ? s. Still, although insects were not so
abundant as in the preceding year, there was none of that dearth we
had almost been led to expect.

On the Variation of Hydroecia crinanensis, Burrows and Pierce.

By (Kev.) C. E. N. burrows, F.E.S.
It appears to be advisable while the material remains in my hands,
to put on record the forms of this new species which have, so far, been
identified by Mr. Pierce and myself. This material, consisting of
only 47 specimens, is not sufficient, of course, for me to attempt so
complete an examination of the aberrations, as Mr. Tutt drew up in his
descriptions of the forms of H. yiictitans, H. paludis, and H. lucens in
his British Noctuae and their Varieties, vol. i., pp. 58-64, and later in
the Entomoloyist' s Record, vol. vii., pp. 78-79. On this account also it
seems premature to embark upon a discussion of parallel-variation

ON THE VARIATION OF HYDROECIA CRINANENSIS. 81

with the other members of the group — to which H. crinanensis (so far
as British species, and so far as appearance goes) belongs.

The first fact to notice is its extreme inchnation to form local
races. Of the sixteen original specimens, brought from the Crinan
Canal locality by Messrs. iJacot and Simes in 1899 — which survive,
or have reached my hands, all are light. The three specimens from
the Maddison Collection, labelled " Inveran," are light. Mr. J. E.
R. Allen's single Bolton (Lanes.) and Enniskillen specimens are
light. On the other hand, of the 23 specimens which Messrs. P. A.
and D. A. J. Buxton captured at Liddlebank and neighbourhood in
the autumn of 1909, only one or two are light, the rest dark, some
almost melanic. Of the seven which Mr. Le Marchant captured at
Aberfeldy in 1909, two are quite melanic, while the rest are light.
With colour, goes size, the light specimens being appreciably larger
than the dark.

There appears to be no particular relation between the localities
and the variation in colour. The light form coming from the extreme
north of Scotland and from the Crinan Canal, the dark from Aberfeldy,
at a considerable elevation, and from the Liddlebank.

All these localities are, as far as I have been able to find out, in the
neighbourhood of running waters, as opposed to the mosses and bogs
of H. lucens, the salt-marshes of H. paladis, and the general habitats
of //. nutitans. I have been unable to detect any trace of sexual
variation. As to the type form of the insect, there exists the difficulty,
that the species was named from its genitalia characters and not from
the wing-colour or markings. Two specimens, given to me by Mr.
Bacot, were the first detected. These two specimens, males, are un-
fortunately of difterent forms, so I suppose I shall be compelled to take
the first examined as the type, and as such I describe it.

Light Forms.

1. Pale yellowish-grey, yellow reniform stigmata =ab. pallida-flavo, n. ab.

2. Bright brick-red, with darker central area reniform

and orbicular stigmata orange =ab. crinanensis, B. and P.

3. Dull red, dull orange reniform stigmata =ab. riifescens-flavo, n. ab.

4. Dull red, white reniform stigmata =ab. rufescens-albo, n. ab.

5. Gi'ey-red, yellow reniform stigmata (to which the

second type specimen belongs) =ab. grisescens-Jlavo, n. ab.

6. Grey-red, white reniform stigmata =ab. grisescens-albo, n. ab.

Dark Forms.

7. Dark chestnut-brown, yellow reniform stigmata =ab. castanea-Jlavo, n. ab.

8. Dark chestnut-brown, white reniform stigmata =ab. casta nea-alho, n. ab.

9. Pied-black, white reniform stigmata =ab. nigrescens-albo, n. ab.

The orbicular stigmata are rarely distinctly tilled in with lighter
colour. The dark central area appears throughout the pale forms.

The impossibility of distinguishing this species by the eye has been
acknowledged by so many entomologists that the fact must be known by
this time. There seems to be a general look about the insects, which
differentiate it from H. lucens. The occurrence of the pale central
line on the hindwing is not unusual, and is commoner than in H.
lucens, H. nictitans, and //. paludis, in all of which it is, however, also
found. But the dark specimens of //. crinanensis are much darker
than any H. lucens or H. paludis I have ever seen, and, although H.
nictitans occasionally occurs very dark, there is happily no difficulty in
distinguishing between it and Jl. crinanensis.

82 THE entomologist's record.

On the founding of nests by Ants; and a few notes
on Myrmecophiles.

By HOEACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
The early idea of how a colony of ants was started was that a
solitary female ant, after her marriage flight, found a suitable spot,
and laying her eggs, brought up the brood herself. This, of course,
holds good with many species (Lasias flacus and L. nir/er, Myrmica
rubra, etc.), but of late years much progress has been made in our
knowledge of how some other species found their colonies, and the
reason of our finding mixed nests of ants. Much patient research has
been given to the subject by Wheeler, Wasmann, and others. I propose
to deal briefly with a few of these points, having recently carried
on some successful experiments which appear to help to confirm the
new views.

It is quite clear that in the Formica rufa group (F. rufa, F.
pratensis, F. sanytiinea, F. exsecta) the queens have lost the power of
founding colonies by themselves. They either do so by branch nests,
by being accepted into a nest of their own species near at hand, or
received back into their own, or by entering a nest of another species
of ant belonging to the F. fusca group. In the latter event, the F. r)ifa
5 enters a new, or weak, F. fusca nest, and, after more or less fight-
ing with the F. fusca ^ s, is accepted by them, and her first brood
is brought up with their help. It is exceeding^ probable that she kills
the F. fusca $ , if present, as there is now evidence on this point.
I determined to try and see if I could get a F. rufa $ accepted in one
of my observation nests, and have been entirely successful, as the
following notes will show,

I had some 40 ^ s of F. rujibarbis var. fusco-rufibarbis, which
Mr. Keys had sent me, last July, from Whitsand Bay, in a combined
Fielde and Janet nest. These, on January 28th, I confined in the one
compartment of the nest by blocking up the connection between the
two with cotton wool. Into the empty compartment I put a 2 F. rufa
from a rufa nest I had in a glass bowl, and which I had brought from
Nethy Bridge last May. I kept the ? by herself till February 1st, to
allow her to somewhat get rid of her own nest aura, as she would do
in nature. A $ , after her marriage flight, would be wandering about
for some days. She would also remain in the neighbourhood of the
F. fusca nest she had found, and would work her way in by degrees.
On February 1st, I removed the obstruction between the two compart-
ments. Several ^ s entered her compartment, the ? seemed very
restless, repeatedly entering their compartment and returning again ;
at first when she met ^ s they ran away, and she also seemed to
hurry out of their way. On February 2nd she was attacked, but
regained her own compartment, in which five ^ s had entered.
I blocked up the connection for the night leaving her with these five.
February 3rd she was again attacked, and she killed a very
persistent ^ after trying hard to conciliate it by much antenna-
tapping and stroking. Later, another pulled her along by the antenna,
the 2 only tapped it with her other antenna, and finally it let go.
Meanwhile, another ^ climbed over and under the 2 without attack-
ing her. Later, the 2 was fed by a ^ ! At night the 2 was sitting
with two ^ s in a corner, quite friendly, and tapping antenna together.
I allowed more ^ s to enter. On February 4th I introduced another ^ ,

ON THE FOUNDING OF NESTS BY ANTS. 83

the 2 tapped it hard with her antennte and stroked it briskly on both
sides of the head with her front feet. February 6th the $ was attacked
by a ^ , which eventually she killed. February 7th, as half the ^ s
remained in the other partition of the nest, I put the ? and the ^ s
with her into a small plaster nest with only one compartment, and
gradually introduced the remaining '^ s. One of these persisted in
attacking her, and, after fighting with it all day, both rolling over and
over, she killed it in the evening. By February 9th I had introduced
all the S s into this very small nest ; they are now all quite friendly,
and the ? sits on and among them in a corner. They clean her legs
and body and feed her. To-day, February 24th, having given them
some honey, at which nearly all the ^ s fed, the J was afterwards fed
by some of them. It is, therefore, quite clear that if this ? will lay
eggs the larvfe will be brought up by these strange ^ s. It also confirms
the fact that ^ s of the F. fusca group will accept a strange F. rufa ? .

In the event of a F. saiKjuinea queen entering a strange F. fusca
nest, she takes possession of the pupse, fights with, drives away, or
kills, the F. fnaca ^ s, and, when the F. fusca pupne hatch, they help her
to bring up her brood. The mixed character of the nest is kept up by
slave raids on other F. fiisca nests. I carried out some experiments
last year with F. mwiulnea ^ s, and these I recorded in detail in a
paper on " Experiments with Ants' nests," which I read before the
Entomological Society of London on December 1st, 1909.

In the two experiments which were successful {i.e., in which the
F. nawjHinea $ was not killed), the $ s killed all the F. fusca ^ s in the
nests into which I introduced them, and took possession of the F. fusca
-cocoons, and sat on them in a corner of the nest. These two experi-
ments also confirmed what had been recorded about F. sanguinea.

Formica e.vsecta appears to generally found its colonies, according
to Wasmann, with F. fusca. The $ F. e.vsecta is smaller in compari-
son with her ^ s than is the case with the rest of the F. rufa group, and
is of a darker colour, and would thus be more easily accepted by the
F. fusca ^ s. Wheeler has also shown this to be the case with the F.
-exsecta race in America. Forel, however, has recorded that it also forms
colonies by branch nests, where the species is numerous and many
nests are found together. This was probably the case at Bournemouth,
where I found manj' F. e.vsecta nests all together, but in the Isle of
Wight, and at Aviemore in the Highlands, where I discovered this rare
species, the former method was probably that used. At Parkhurst
Forest the few nests were in the ground, and with very little nest
materials built on them, suggestive of a recent fusca origin. At Avie-
more, two nests close together were of the usual e.vsecta type, built up
of grass and ling, but the third, which was a mile or two away, was
partly under a large stone, a heap of the nest material being built up
on one side. Under the stone were galleries such as are constructed
by F. fusca.

Lasius umbratus is said sometimes to found its colony in a nest of
L. )ii;ier. Mr. Crawley records that he had a $ L. umbratus accepted
by a L. ni/jer nest {Knt. Mo. Ma;/., 1909, p. di), which agrees with
this view.

Lasius fulit/inosus, which is often very numerous in a district in
which it occurs, partly founds its colonies by branch nests. Wasmann
has pointed out, however, that nests of Lasins umbratus are frequently

84 THE entomologist's recoed.

found at the foot of trees inhabited by L.fidiiiinoaua, and he goes ovs
to demonstrate that the J L. fidiginosns has founded her colony in the
L. iwibratas nest. Crawley has recently recorded that he found ^ s of
L. ujiibratHs in company with L. fulif/inosiis.

In the Ent. Record, 1897, p. 246, I recorded that I found a large
nest of L. fidiginosuii in the hollow of a tree at Lymington, and that
Lasius tl((vus was living with it, both species coming in and going out
together. I am now convinced that the species was reallj^ L. uuibratus,
I was not so well acquainted with our ants at that time, and I remember
distinctly thinking how large the L. ^lariis ^ s were. Dr. Joy has
shown me a large nest of L. nmbratua at Wellington College, in the
heart of a district thickly populated with L. faluiinosus nests.

The following observations should have appeared in my Myrmeco-
philous notes for 1909 : —

PsEUDOscoRPiONiN^. — Chemes scorpioides, Herm. — In May last this
species was found in the greatest profusion in F. mfa nests at Buddon
Wood, Leicestershire. Mr. Wallace Kew, who kindly identified them
for me, told me there were $ s, $ s, and $ s carrying eggs externally,,
present. They occurred in the nests, literally in thousands, especially
at the very bottom of the nest. Every handful of the debris of the
nests placed on paper was seen to be swarming with the Chelifers.
The ants paid no attention to them. It has been recorded with the
same ant in Denmark by Hansen. I have taken it sparingly with F. rufa
at Weybridge {Ent. Bee, 1907, p. 255), and have introduced specimens
into my observation-nests. The ants treated them with indifference..
When a F. rufa ^ was forced to take hold of a Chelifer, it dropped it at
once. I think it is quite clear that this species, at least, cannot be said
to have " nothing to do with ants." Ideoronciiscambridf/ii, L. Koch. —
Several specimens Avere found in nests of L. jinvus at Virtuous Lady
Mine, in Devonshire, in April. Chthonius rayi, L. Koch, occurred in
a nest of F. mfa in Parkhurst Forest, Isle of Wight, in April. I have
taken this common species before with L. fulujinoaiis at Oxshott.

PEOCTOTRYPiDiE. — Farai/ri/on mijrwecuphilus, n. s. — My friend, Mr.
F. Bouskell, and I found this little apterous species in a nest of
Lasius flavus in Bradgate Park, Leicestershire, on May 8rd last^
Teleas inyrniecobius, n. s. ^ and Hoplocirijon Dnjniiecobius, n. s. 2 . —
I took these two specimens in a nest of Lasius fulii/inosus at Darenth
Wood on September 24th. Dr. Kiefi'er, who proposes these names for
the three above new insects, tells me that he gives the same specific
name to the last two because he believes that the genera Hoploijnjon
and Teleas are not distinct, and that these are possibly, therefore, 3
and $ of the same species.

AcARiNA. — Vroplitdla minutissima, Berl., occurred in nests of Lasius:
niger at Box Hill in May. iJrotrachytes forwicarius, Lubb., with
L. flavus at Sandown, Isle of Wight, in April. Trachyuropoda cocciiiea
var, sinuata, Berl., with L. niyer at Cothill, near Oxford, in June.
Mr. N. D. F. Pearce tells me he considers this to be the same species as
T. excavata, Wasm. Laelaps laevis, Mich. ? — I took this specimen with
F. exsecta at Aviemore in May. Mr. Pearce writes that it is very large,
1200fi, and the hairs seem too pronounced for L. laevis. It is probably
new. Laelaps ooi)hilus,\N?iSi'n.- — I took a $ Forwica ru/ibarbis va,Y. fusco-
rufibarbis at Sandown, Isle of Wight, on April 24th last, with a number
of this little mite on her body. As this little species lives amongst the

A PHYLOGENETIC SKETCH OF THE PYKAMEID GROUP OF VANESSIDS. 85

egg-masses of the ants, they would leave the ? after the eggs were
laid. Later in the year, when all the eggs would have hatched,
Mr. Keys sent me specimens from Devonshire, taken loose in the
nest of F. rufa.

Mr. Pearce considers two mites I took in nests of Tetrainoriion
caespitutii at ^Yhitsand Bay, m April, 1907, to be Laelaps iiiyriiiophilKn,
Mich. It has not been recorded from Britain before.

A phylogenetic sketch of the Pyrameid group of Vanessids

{with plate).
By T. KEUSS.
(Concluded from p. 67).
Turning now to the atalajita-iovm. group of species two of which
have been mentioned already in connection with the cardui-ionn
species, one finds that all these forms, while exhibiting great disparity
in size, may be characterised facially as follow^s : Upijersule ground
colour black or brown-black, often showing a bronze gloss, with bands
of red or reddish-orange, crimson, orange or yellowish; and with the
apex of forewings blotched with white. As will be seen, this descrip-
tion could be applied also to P. atalanta and its aberrations alone. The
vndersidi's are generally like those of atalanta and indica (fig. 17), but
often show less detail, and are more plain in their colouring, as is, how-
ever, often the case also in aberrations of P. atalanta. Sometimes the
blue marking beyond the red band of the forewing is ring-shaped, as
in the large P. itea, F., of Australia, with creamy-yellow bands, and
P. (jouiTilla, F., of New Zealand ; also a large species, with red or
crimson bands; another time the blue appears as a narrow brilliant
streak crossed by the veins of the wings, so in P. tainnwamea, Esch., a
giant form from the Sandwich Islands, with fiery orange bands shaped
as in P. indica, while otherwise the blue marking is intermediate in
diflerent ways between the ring and the streak, as in P. atalanta, P.
indica, and in P. dejeani, Godt., from the mountains of Java, the latter
very much resembling P. atalanta in size and character of mark-
ings, but in the ground colour P. dejeani is lighter bronze, and the
bands are dull yellow in colour. In all the species mentioned,
including the Araschnids, the curious markings that look like the
number 980 in the hindwing of P. atalanta, (pi. i., fig. 18) are more or
less plainly indicated.

According to the shape and position of the red or yellow colour-
bands, the six species divide into three pairs : (1) atalanta, dejeani,
(2) indica, tannneamea, (3j itea, (lonerilla. The two latter species from
Australia — New Zealand differ from the others in the colour-bands
of the upperside of the hindwings, which are placed and ocellated much
as in the well-known British Erehia aetldops or E. epiphmn. The white-
centred and white-ringed ocelli show up where in atalanta and indica only
a row of dark patches follows the inner margin of the I'ed band (fig. 13),
but, in Pi/irnneis atalanta ab. incrri/ieldi, these patches are blue-centred
and blue-ringed. On the forewings of itea and (jonerilla the bright bands
are much shorter and broader than in atalanta, and form large blotches
of colour. The ground colour in the yellow-marked itea is bronze-
brown ; in the crimson-banded gonerilla it is black. Except for the
blue ring on the forewing, the underside facies in both species is some-

SQ

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

what like the underside of P. atalanta. P. intUca and the gigantic
P. tammeamea differ from P. atalanta chiefly by exhibiting broader and
more angular bands of fiery orange, a patch of which colour extends
in the central area towards the inner margin of the forewings. The
orange band on the hindwings of P. tainineaniea consists of very large
separate patches of brilliant colour with very small marginal dots.
The undersides are again very similar in general appearance, and
P. inclica suggests by its underside that it is the most atavic of the
whole group. Lastly, P. dejeani looks like a pale form of P. atalanta;
the ground colour is light bronze, the bands are dull yellow, the other-
wise blue markings on the underside of the forewings are greyish
{cardui-iovm). The white apical spots are smallest in P. rndha and P.
ta)iiiiieaiiiea, in which species they are also yellowish in colour. As
these comparative descriptions point out, the two Australian species
own facial markings of a very distinct character. I do not think that
any of these foreign species have as yet been experimented upon, no
doubt the difficulties in obtaining ova and larvae have been too great so
far. Of P. atalanta, however, many aberrations have been bred, most
of which, if rarely, occur in the field, while others, for instance the
beautiful ab. meyrifieldi, Stdfss., which was bred first in 1892 by Mr.
Merrifield, and a year later by Professor Standfuss (who at the time was
ignorant of Mr, Merrifield's experiments), have never been seen in the
wild state. This latter point is explained in the case of ab. merritieldi,
which is a low temperature form, by the fact that P. atalanta, like P.
cardui, and for the same reason, could not establish itself as yet in the
north, so that low temperature forms have had no chance of development
in nature. P. atalanta ab. merrifieldi is a very beautiful form, blue-black
in colour, with crimson bands, much broken up by black in the forewings,
very large white apical blotch (of a shape like the orange one in P. carye),
and much whitish suftusion between this apical spot and the crimson
band. The black spots (corresponding with the lunules of Vanessa
vrticae) in the crimson band of the hindwings are broadened out and
centred with blue (or yellowish), and also the median row of otherwise
dark spots are blue (or yelloAvish) centred and blue-ringed, but only on
the basal side, while the blue centres still touch the red band. In good
specimens all the blue markings of the forewings have already changed
to white or greyish, and, doubtless, also the blue-marked half-formed
ocelli of the hindwings would, if they were fully developed under
natural conditions, become white-centred and white-ringed, in which
case they would draw the red markings round them, exactly as is seen
in P. (/onerilla, which also has been described as a crimson and black
white- blotched form. It is, therefore, possible, with the help of ab.
merrifieldi, to understand the facial development of P. (jonerilla of
New Zealand in connection with that of P. atalanta. I do not, how-
■ever, wish to suggest that P. //onerilla had necessarily once looked just
like P. atalanta. I think it is more likely that the peculiar conditions
of climate and surroundings in Australia and New Zealand influenced
the prototype in such a manner as to lead to the immediate develop-
ment of the markings characteristic of P. gonerilla. If the facies of
the prototype be near that of fig. 14, such a process of development
could easily be pictured, for, in other aberrations somewhat similar to
the one figured, the marginal spots of the hindwing coalesce and leave
no trace of orange in the outermost margin, while, on the other

A PHYLOGENETTC SKETCH OF THE PYRAMEID GROUP OF VANESSIDS. 87

hand, the orange parts of the inner half of the marginal band and of
the wavy median line spread and meet along the veins, thus isolating
a row of black patches, which correspond in position with those in
fig. 13, or with the ocelli described in P. {lonerilla. Indeed, if the
aberration of Araschnia levana be held against the light, each one of
these black patches will be seen to have a transparent white spot in its
■centre, due to a full row of correlated violet-white spots on the under-
side of the wings, the (abnormal) development of which appears to
■depend on that of the said black spots on the upperside, which thus
plainly betray the ocelliform tendency leading up to the markings in
P. fionerilla. The Siberian Arasclinia hurejana and davidis exhibit
these markings in nortnal specimens. But for its large size hurejana
would be the model form of a "cross" between levana and prorsa.
Such aberrations of the well-known A. levana-prorsa, as those described,
are by no means rare. Anyone desirous may breed a few of these
interesting forms simply by keeping his pupse of the summer form
prorsa in a dark box, which must be placed in a cool room. Professor
Standfuss' father already, in 1852, bred two examples of A. levana
ab. porinia by keeping the pupte in a cellar for a time. A few of the
pupte, kept in the way suggested, will then even hybernate and
produce the type, A. levana, or some interesting phylogenetic aberra-
tions, in the spring following. On February 6th, 1 bred from a pupa
■of the latter kind, after eight days of + 1G°C. to 25°C. and seven
nights of 8°C. to 15°C., an aberration ((?) that exhibited large
■confluent blue lunules in an otherwise, in many details, urticae-
form upperside, while the levana underside could be described as being
of the Pyrameid kind, most resembling P. indica and P. nu/rinna,
especially in the hindwings, while the forewings showed something of
the bone- white ground colour found in V. urticae. These harmoniously
coloured, strigated, undersides of levana-prorsa, and of the tropical
Pyrameids, are evidently primitive in their composition, while the
dusky undersides of Vanessid species, like urticae, io, poli/Moros, etc.,
have developed in adaption to special habit. It may be noted that all
the species of the latter category with very dark undersides have
acquired the habit of hijhernatinn in the iiuat/o state, which fact— con-
sidering the conditions under which hybernation takes place — may
well account for the suppression of colour-development in their under-
sides. Though my levana aberration was bred from among summer
pupae (which Mr. Merrifield had kindly sent to me), it was far
smaller than any of the ^ jirorsa that had emerged in August, six
months before, though the pupa itself showed no visible dift'erence in
size from the others. In this connection I would like to remind that
extreme heat can produce the same physiological, not only the same facial,
results as cold. In E.vp. Zool. Stud., p. 19, Professor Standfuss records
that (fresh) pupae of A. levana var. prorsa, if exposed to high tempera-
tures, behave in a way which I find is quite similar to that I have
suggested above, and, moreover. Professor Standfuss figures on pi. iv.,
fig. 11, an aberration as typical of the case in question, which only, in
the hindwings, is nearer to prorsa than my fig. H, but otherwise
resembles it closely, and is also a $ specimen. Of P. atalanta aber-
rations, which, I think, might be, or have already been, captured in
the field, and which are also of phylogenetic interest, I bred several
during the two last seasons. The first one, bred from among wild

88 THE entomologist's record.

continental larvfe, emerged on July 30th, 1908, and reminded one
strikingl}' of P. dejeani (of Java) by exhibiting creamy-yellow (somewhat
browned) bands and a remarkably colourless yellowish underside with
pale greyish-violet (instead of blue) markings on the forewings. The
specimen diflered from dejeani, however, in the ground colour of the
upperside, which was brown-black, with a reddish flush instead of light
bronze, but, as is well-known, normal examples of P. atalanta often
exhibit a ground colour of shining bronze, so that the detail is
evidently also inherent in the species. A week later, two aberrations
bred from wild Herts larvas, emerged on August 7th, one of which was
transitory to P. indica in the facies of the underside forewings, the
blue markings being especially well-developed in this sense. Doubtless
also these blue indica-iovm markings are very near to those in
P. tatumecunea. The other aberration, a progressive form, appeared
unlike any existing species by exhibiting on a deep black ground colour
beautiful rose-coloured bands, shaded with white near the costa of the
forewings, and interrupted by black in the median part. The blotches
in the apex of the forewings are pure white, and whitish scales seem
mixed up with the black ones in the ground colour, making the speci-
men look abnormally transparent when held against the light, in which
case, also, the rose bands appear almost mauve-coloured. Near the
inner margin, and close to the bright band, there is a whitish blotch
or suffusion, and this is a detail which often occurred in other aberra-
tions of P. atalanta which I bred. On the hindwnngs, one of the
median ocelli is centred with white on the upperside, reminding one of
ab. )iu'rrifieldi, but these whitish spots occur also in ab. klemensiewiczi^
Schille. I suggest the descriptive name ab. rosea for this aberration,
which made a beautiful and uncommon spectacle when flying. Several
specimens that emerged later exhibited brilliant scarlet bands, which
on the hindwings were nearly 6mm. broad, and had only very small
black dots close to the margin, reminding one of the parallel development
in P. taimneamea. Other specimens had orange-yellow bands, and
the apical spots tended to bluish-violet. An aberration of this (pro-
gressive) class with pure lilac-coloured apical spots, but normal under-
side, is in the British Museum coll. In two otherwise almost typical
specimens the shape of the blue markings in the underside forewings
suggested a " ring," as in P. itea and P. (/onerilla, and, in a third
specimen, the blue formed a compact patch. Two specimens
had fewer white spots in the apex, and showed a red spot on the
underside near the inner margin and in the centrtil area of the fore-
wings, thus approaching the markings of P. indica in these respects,
and a few also showed well-known rusty-red markings between the
white apical blotches. On August 19th last, T reared from among
Lancashire larvaB an aberration which was sun-bred, and emerged
twenty days after pupation. The upperside exhibited a deep black
ground colour with rich brown-orange narrow bands. The bands on
the hindwings were abbreviated, showing only three instead of four
(or five) black spots, of which the one next the anal angle is blue
centred, while the third is wedge-shiiped, and nearly touches the black
ground colour. The underside of the hindwings was of an exception-
ally dark brown colour, much suft'used at the base Avith violet, and
violet- white spots mark the centres of the median ocelli (an atavism !)
which Avere partially disintegrated. The forewings (underside) showed

A PHYLOGENETIC SKETCH OF THE PYRAMEID GKOUP OF VANESSIDS. 89

a conspicuous ring-shaped blue marking, while the red parts spread out
towards the inner margin, someAvhat as in ab. klemenaiewiczi. The
basal part of the wing, adjoining the red, was violet.

On plate i., figs. 15, 16, the upper- and underside forewing of an
extreme form of ab. Ideniensieiviczi is figured. Besides the large
symptomatic patches of red, blue, and white (fig. 16), which look as
though an artist had drawn them in the secessionistic stjde, with one
straight dash of the brush, it is interesting to note, in fig. 15, the
unmasking of the three costal blotches, which seem to underlie the
facial patterns of all the Vanessids. As is well-known, these costal
markings are most conspicuous in T'. nrticae, in which species they
!ire usually very equally and fully developed, but it is the primitively
marked Poh/iionia c-albinn (and the local forms resembling it) which,
I think, still pictures the evolution of these black markings from the
original brownish-yellow colour. The costal spots of 1'. c-albiim are
perhaps mostly described as black, and, no doubt, they are nearly black
in the darkest forms, characterised by very dark moss-green speckled
undersides, but in other lighter forms of the species only the first
(basal) and second costal spots have black in them, the markings are
chiefly dark tawny red in hue, and the apical blotch is, indeed, either
wholly of that colour, or only its costal rim is black. Very often the
black disappears out of all three spots, but, if present in part, it is then
strongest in the first basal blotch, while the second blotch has only a
streak of black on its basal side. In darker specimens the second
blotch will be seen to consist of two separate lines of black — which
stage of development is also plainly exhibited by A. lerana, A. hurejana,
by the primitive Pyramtis carye, fig. 2, and, in a lesser degree, by all the
species of the ra/Y/»/-form group. In the darkest forms of P. c-cdbioii,
then, the interstice between the two lines is filled up with black, and
the costal blotch at last appears as in V. tirticae. But the undersides
of both P. c-alhurn and V. urticae still exhibit tlie three distinct parts
that have joined up in the black upperside blotch, and in the under-
sides of the Pyrameids the, in itself, very variable middle part of this
costal blotch is outlined by grey (t'a?Y/((i-form) or blue {atalanta-iovm},
thus causing the well-known beautiful markings. In aberrations of
both P. c-album and V. urticae the apex occasionally tends to become
as black as in a Pyrameid. In light-coloured specimens of Polyiionia
egea, it may, on the other hand, be noticed that only the first' basal
spot and the basal half of the second costal spot have developed at
all, and that the apical blotch is almost obsolete.

This facial development is also pictured by the successive stages by
which the pigmentation of the wings takes place in the pupal state.
When, for instance, the wings of the strongly blotched V. urticae are
taken from the pupa during the suitable stages of development, it is
seen that the pigmentation of the black costal blotches does not begin
till the red pigment of the ground colour has dift'uscd into the wing,
leaving the parts that are to become black and the margin bare (the
yellow costal spots begin red, like the ground colour), and that then
first the basal blotch turns black, while the apical one is left without
pigment to the last. The blue lunules, however, appear already in this
stage. After the development of the red in the upperside, the
underside markings are laid out in a beautiful golden-brown
•colour, reminding one of A. lerana and hurejana, especially as the

90 THE entomologist's record.

brown is crossed by the still whitish veins, which will receive their
pigmentation last. In A. levana these veins are still transparent. The
median and inner marginal spots also blacken in the pupa before
the apical blotch, which is just what P. c-album and P. efiea picture in
the perfect state, besides showing how black markings are graduallj^
evolved out of the orange ground colour. Similar evidence of the
gradual development of wing-markings is, however, still more strikingly
supplied by Araschnia levana and its different aberrations, the latter,
for instance, beautifully illustrating the development or the masking
of the white bands of A. prorsa, the process evidently being con-
ducted in the same way as is suggested in the Pyrameids — Fyrameis
carye, P. virginiensis, and P. myrinna, figs. 10, 11, 12, Though it does
not appear as yet to have been possible to cause specimens of
P. atalanta to revert to the primitive light upperside, yet the species is
well linked with P. indica by aberration (and by its life-history), and
this latter more primitive form shows comparatively strong transitory
details to the orange ground colour of P. cardiii, or of that phylo-
genetic mirror, A. levana.

Explanation of Plate I.
Vanessids :

Figs. 1, 5, 9. — Pyrameis carddi, L., ? .

Figs. 2, 6, 10.— Pyeameis carye, Hb., ? .

Figs. 3, 7, 11. — Pyeameis virginiensis, Drur., ? .

Figs. 4, 8, 12. — Pyrameis myrinna, Doubl., ,J .

Figs. 13, 17. — Pyrameis indica, Herbst, c? .

Fig. 14. — Araschnia levana, L. ab. 'i .

Fig. 18. — Pyrameis atalanta, L., <j .

Figs. 15, 16. — Pyrameis atalanta ab. klemensiewiczi, Schille, ? .

Fig. 19. — Pyrameis carddi ab. wiskotti, Stdfss., ? .

Fig. 20. — Vanessa urtic^e, L., ? .

Lyc^nids :

Figs. 21, 22. — CupiDO minimus (greenish cf and normal ? ).

Figs. 23, 24, 25, 26. — Polyommatus icarus (two brown and two blue ? s, the-

latter exhibiting only very slight traces of red in the margins ; for

text, see vol. xxi., pts. 9 and 10).

On the Conjugation of Lepidoptera.

By (Rev.) C. E. N. BUEROWS, F.E.S.
Dr. Chapman's interesting note and plate in your last number
encourage me to carry the subject of the transference of the cornuti
between the sexes of lepidoptera a little further. In examining the
males of the Noctuids neither Mr, Pierce nor I noticed a trace of this.
In fact, I satisfied myself that the cornuti in this group are generally so
firmly attached to the vesica that they have to be torn away, carrying
with them a portion of the epidermis of the vesica. It is to be regretted
that we did not examine the females, as we might perhaps have found
some species in which the transference occurs. But I have traced it in
other groups, A pair of Gnophos obscurata, taken m cop. by Mr, Prout,.
and intended to be forwarded to me in that position, separated on
death. No force was applied, as the object Mr, Prout had before him
was definite. On preparing their bodies I found the cornuti within the
bursa of the female. In the Tortricids the occurrence seems likely to
be more frequent, as I have, with very limited opportunity for investi-

SOME BUTTERFLIES OF THE BLACK FOREST AND RHINE PLAIN. 91

gation, already detected it in Kpliijipiplwra foeneella and Paedisca
solandriana, out of tiie four species which I have so far mounted. It
IS, of course, useless to search for evidence with bred or unpaired
specimens, hence the difficulty I have found in getting a mount of the
female of Perldea tirpida to compare with Dr. Chapman's. It was
j\Ir. Pierce who called my attention to the stellate cornuti in the latter
species. I passed the information on to Dr. Chapman. I may add
that 1 have found males of one and the same species with the whole
complement of cornuti, proved by the absence of " scars," and also
with the whole of the "cornuti " disposed of.

Some Butterflies of the Black Forest and Rhine Plain.

By B. C. S. WAKREN, F.E.S.

It is strange how few notes or records of entomological excursions
in the above localities are published. During the five years of my
collecting there, I only met one English entomologist. For such an
easily got-at place, so close to Switzerland, where every year the number
of English entomologists is steadily increasing, this is most surprising.
Perhaps it is partly due to the thought, as Mr. G. L. Keynes says in
his article on this locahty {Ivnt. Uec, vol. xix., p. 88), that " The Black
Forest is composed almost entirely of beech trees and gloomy pines,
Avhich have little attraction for butterflies." This is hardly correct,
for, even in clearings in the depth of the forest, butterflies are often
common, and, at higher altitudes, on the upland moors and grassy
hillsides they often abound, in as great numbers, and as large a variety
of species, as in many of the more celebrated localities of Switzerland.
In Mr. Keynes' case, it may partly be accounted for by the fact that,
as he says in the end of his article, he " never went more than ten
miles from Lahr." Freiburg, where I was living, is an ideal centre for
an entomologist, situated as it is on the spot where the sun-baked
Rhine plain joins the pine-clad slopes of the Black Forest. The prin-
cipal localities round Freiburg are : to the west, Alt-Breisach, on the
banks of the Rhine ; a small hill-district of volcanic origin known as
the Kaiserstuhl ; and a wooded-district between the Kaiserstuhl and
Freiburg called the Moos Wald. To the south-east, through the
Hollental, one gets to Hinterzarten, a little village 2900 feet up, on
the edge of a turf moor and bog (one of the most interesting spots
imaginable for entomologists) and two miles further to the lake of
Titisee, from which the Biirental stretches up to the lower slopes of
the Feldberg, the highest mountain in the Black Forest.

The following are the most interesting species found in this
district : — T/u/melicus acteon : Rare at Alt-Breisach. Ci/clopides palae-
iiion, from May 10th, at the Moos Wald, also on the Kaiserstuhl, but
scarcer there. Heodes viri/anreae: This species is found at Hinterzarten,
and may be had for a few miles down the Hollental, but is never very
common. Chrysophanus dispar var. ri(tiliis : I have taken one specimen,
a 5 , at Wasenweiler, a little village 4^^ miles from the Rhine, but have
never met with it on the banks of the Rhine, though formerly local col-
lectors recorded it from Alt-Breisach. It is always very scarce. C.
liippatlin,', is common by June 15th, at Hinterzarten, though the ? s
are often still to be had in the middle of July. Loueia dorilia is com-
mon throughout the whole district from May to September. Lycaena

92 THE entomologist's record.

ureas : Very local, occurring a few miles to the north of Alt-Breisach
in late July and August. L. eKphemus, rare in the same locality.
Glaucopsyche cyllarns : Widely scattered over the mountainous part of
the district, always rare. Hirfnitina dawon : Kaiserstuhl, rare. Vac-
ciniina optilete : In July, at Hinterzarten, fairly common, generally
getting over by the 15th. Kreres argiades is very common in August
at Alt-Breisach. Chattendenia iv-alhiwi : Alwaj'^s very rare, have only
taken one specimen. Nordmannia ilicis: Appears to be scarce, though
widely distributed, while KLugia apini, though very local on the
Kaiserstuhl, is fairly common. Strgnwn pruni is local in the Moos
Wald in early June. It has never been seen there later than June
29fch. Iphidides podalirim : This magnificent species is common in
both broods throughout the mountainous parts of the district. In
the spring brood on the Kaiserstuhl, a transitional form to ab.
zanclaeas is not uncommon. Parnaftftius apollo is often abundant
in the neighbourhood of Hinterzarten, ab. nevadenais occurring occasion-
ally. Pontia daplidice is common at Alt-Breisach and also, sometimes,
on the Kaiserstuhl, but I have never seen it on the wing before
August 1st. Colias palaeno var. europome : This beautiful species,
specimens of which often measure 62mm. across the wings, is very
common at Hinterzarten during the first three weeks of July. On
July 19th, 1907 a yellow ? of this var. corresponding with the ab. lierriclii
of the type was taken by myself. Drgas paphia is very common
everywhere up to 2500 ft. I once took a beautiful ab. of the g . The
double row of black spots round the outer margins of both fore- and
hindwings, being absent, leaving a broad orange band. A local
collector told me he had seen a similar specimen, but had not taken it
as it was very worn. Mine was quite fresh, being taken early in July.
Iswria lathonia : Common on the Kaiserstuhl, and found throughout
the district. Brenthis selene is very common and of large size at the
Moos Wald in the spring brood, also in July at Hinterzarten, where a
transitional form to ab. rinaldus occurs. In this the silvery spots of
the central band (underside hindwing) are lengthened into streaks,
joining the basal ones, the marginal row remaining normal. Although
this form is never common, a few specimens of it are taken every year.
B. palea var. arsilachu: This var. is common at Hinterzarten in late
July, Mr. Wheeler, to whom some specimens of it were sent, tells
me it is much smaller than Swiss arsilache. Mr. Tutt notes with sur-
prise (Ent. Rec, vol. xix,, p. 269) that he found B. pales and B. selene
on the same ground, and that he also captured Vacciniina optilete with
them, a species never taken by him before at a lower elevation than
5000-5500 ft. Hinterzarten is a similar case, where all three occur
together at 2900 ft. Melitaea matitrna occurs abundantl}^ (though very
locally) in the Moos Wald, its usual time of appearance being the
second week in June, but in 1907 I took a <y on May 27th. This is
of course \evy unusually early. M. athalia is found throughout the
district, specimens from the Moos Wald in June are often very large,
44mm. Araschnia levana is found on the Moos Wald, generally
appearing about May 25th, but is never common, though the var.
prursa is one of the commonest butterflies therein late July. Limenitis
populi and ab. tremnlae usually occur in the Moos Wald in numbers,
though some years they are scarcer. Apatitra iris and A, ilia and var.
clgtie are exceedingly common in the Moos Wald, the ^ s may be seen

»*r.E OP LEPTDOPTEfiA. 93

in hundi-eds, generally flying up to about 1 p.m. The ? s are often seen
between 12 and 1 p.m. as well as later in the day. These magnificent
species are more abundant here, even than at Mclepens, but ab. iole has
never been recorded. I'arar;ie achinc : This species is locally abundant
in the Moos Wald. Hipparchia arethiisa is found in numbers at Alt-
Breisach from the second week in August, ab. nbwleta occurring
occasionally, though intermediate forms are very common. ( oenonynipha
hero : This species usually appears between May 25th and 30th in the
Moos Wald, and, though very local, is much commoner than it is
supposed to be, for, by beating about in the undergrowth in the
neighbourhood of its haunts, one finds it in much greater numbers
than in the clearings. A curious fact about this butterfly is the short
time its season lasts. In 1906 the first specimen seen was on May
29th, and on June 8th, when the spot was visited by Mr. Lowe and
myself, it was very worn and practically over. This is perhaps an
exceptionally short time, but I have never seen it later than June 12th.
Erebia st;/i/ne: Common at Hinterzarten though local. On July 14th,
1905, I took a c? in which the white wedge on the underside of the
right hindwing is showing through on the upperside.

The following is a list of the species taken by myself between the
Feldberg in the west and the Rhine in the east, a distance of less than
40 miles : — FJnjnms alceae, Hesperia iiialvae, Powellia sao, Nisoniades
taijes, AiKjiades sylratiKs, Urbicola coiiniia and ab. catena, ThynielicuH
actcon, Adopaea lineola, A. jiava, Ct/clopidea palaeiiion, Heodes vir-
ijanreae, Chrysoplianus var. rutilus, C. hippothoe, Loweia dorilia, Riiinicia
phlaeas, Lycaena areas, L. eupJienuis, L. arion, ('iipido ininuniis, ( yaniris
aeiniaryK.i, Glaucopsyclie cyllarna, HirHutina damon, Polyoiiniiatns hylas,
P. icarus, Agriades coridon, A. thetis, Aricia astrarche, Vacciniina
optilete, Plebeius aryus, P. aryyrognoniun, Kveres aryiadea, ('dastrina
aryiolus, i'aUophrys riibi, Bit/iys quercus, Ruralh betidae, Chattende)iia
ir -album, Nordmannia ilicis, Klugia spini, Stryrnon prnni, Nemeubiiis
liicina, Iphidides podalirius, Papilio machaon, Parnasdus apollo, Aporia
rrataegi, Pieris brassicae, P. rapae, P. napi, Pontia daplidice, Eiichloe
cardantiiies, Leptosia ainapis, Calias palaeno var. enropotne, C hyale,
('. edusa, (joneptery.v rhainni, Dryaa papliia, Aryynnis aglaia, A. adippc,

A. niobe, hsoria lathonia, Brenthis eupliroayne, B. selene, B. ino, B. dia,

B. pales var. arsilaclie, Melitaea maturna, M. aiirinia, M. dnxia, M.
didyuia, M. parthenie, M. athalia, M. dictynna, Araschnia lerana and var.
priirsa, Pyraiiieis cardiii, P. atalanta, KHranesaa antiopa, Va)iexsa io,
Aglais urticae, Eugonia polyckloros, Polygonia c-aihwn, lAmeiiitis populi
and ab. tremulae, L. sibylla, Apatura iris, A. ilia and ab. dytie, Pararge
iiiaera, P. megaera, P. egeria var. egerides, P. ackine, Satyrus liermione,
I'.nodia dryas, Hipparcliia seniele, H. arethusa and ab. obsoleta, P!pine-
phele jnrtina, E. tithonns, Enudia hyperanthus, Coenonywpha hero, ('.
(ircania, (.'. paiiiphiliis, ('. tiphon, Erebia medusa, E. stygne, E. ligea,
/'.'. aethiops, Melanargia galatea. To these may be added Coenonympha
ifihix, which was taken by Mr. Wheeler at Hinterzarten. This brings
the total number of species up to 104.

Sale of the remaining portion of the Collection of Lepidoptera
made by the late J. A. Clark.

The remaining portion of the collection oi British lepidoptera
formed by the late J. A. Clark, was sold at Stevens' sale rooms on

94 THE entomologist's record.

February 22nd and 23rd, 1910. The Geometrids were first offered,
and of these some of the Ahraxas i/rossidariata produced good prices.
On the other hand, the dark Aberdeen specimens hardly fetched Id.
apiece. The ab. Jiavofasciata produced 8s., but an ab. albomarginata
(York, July 10th, 1907) fetched JB3 5s. whilst a specimen tinged
with brown, and one with the basal two-thirds of forewings black,
produced £1 4s. ; an aberration broadly bordered with black went for
£2 2s., another with basal half of forewings black, hindwings with a
band of V-shaped spots, £2 2s. ; one with disc of forewings orange and
curiously blotched with black, £1 Is.; another example with broad
black markings, £2 ; and fine ab. varleyata 12s. and 10s. each, etc.,
were the chief individual prices. The of late years over-looked h'hlba-
lapteryx pulygrannnata produced 16s., £1 6s., £1 5s., 16s., £1 2s., for
sets of six, according to condition, whilst single specimens of the
immigrant Sterrha sacraria produced 15s., 10s., 7s., 5s., and 7s. per
specimen. A tine melanic ab. of Ligdia adustata (Bexley, March 25th,
1908), fetched £3 3s.; two quite white Emmelcsia albulata brought lot
101 up to 17s.; and four aberrations, including a large unicolorous
brown Caniptogntinma bilineata lot 116 up to £1 2s. More Phibalap-
teryx poly g ram mata (labelled Cambs, 1872) produced 18s., and 12s.
for 5 each; whilst Cidaria reticulata sold for £1, £1, 18s., 18s., lis.,
13 s., for 2; a fine Eubolia bipunctaria with outer half of wings and
band near base of forewings black, went up to 5 guineas ; and a
specimen of Odezia atrata with margin and fringes white, £1 is.
Madopa salicaiis (a series of nine) ran lot 134 up to £1 5s., not much
for so long a series of this rare British species. Two examples of
Diaseiiiia ramburialis, one labelled (Folkestone, October 12th, 1878)
and the other "Burney coll.," went for 12s., whilst there was another
" Lines, 1873," in lot 158. We would like to know something beyond
what is published about this as a British species. Then there were
two Ebulea catalaunalis (one from " Meek ") and one Margarodes
unionalis (Gravesend, 1870), the latter, of course, a well-known
immigrant species, brought lot 163 up to lis. whilst eight Lemiodes
pidveralis, brought lot 164 to 13s.; and three more Margarodes unionalis
lot 165, to 12s. Three Craiiibus cerellus (two Hodgkinson's sale) raised
lot 168 to £1 Is., and eight Craiubus contaminellus brought lot 170 to
17s. One would like to know something also about the four Crambus
rorellus from the " Burney coll.," which brought lots 172 and 173 up
to £1 2s. and £1 4s. respectively, whilst the four ('rainbuti
rorellus in lot 184 went for 7s. One supposes somewhere in England
this species is nearly as abundant as " gooseberry moths." An
excellent feature of the sale were the prices brought by the Phycitids,
which from lot 174 to lot 183 produced per lot £1 12s. 6d., £1 2s.,
£1 6s., £1 8s., lis., lis., £1 12s. 6d., £1, 6s., and £1 respectively.
Four Ditula ivoodiana produced £1 10s.; two Penthina grevillana,
£1 4s. on two occasions ; whilst Spilonota pauperana and H. sim-
plana raised lot 204 to 16s.; and three Penthina fuligana, lot 206, to
£1 2s. ; similarly, P. postremana, eight and five, caused lots 207 and
208 to go up to £1 12s. 6d. and 15s. respectively; and a single Tortrix
pronubana (Bognor, October, 1908) produced £1 12s. 6d.; whilst
Stigmonota legumiitana, S. cugnatana, and i>. ir«»«ia/m, were responsible
for lots 226-228 reaching £1 2s. £1 10s. and £1 7s. respectively ; fifteen
Eupoecilia Jiaviciliana for lot 237 producing £1 5s.; and E. manniana,

SALE OF LEPIDOPTERA, 96

lot 238, 14s.; four Aniyrolepia schreibersiana, lot 241, £1 Is.; although
Lozopera beatricella, twelve and seven, did not raise lots 242 and
244 above 10s. each.

The Psychids produced very fair prices — ^14s., £1 6s., 5s., 7s., 13s.,
9s., 12s., and £1 2s. per lot, whilst the Tineids {seiix. restr.) in some
instances were also satisfactory. Among the Gelechiids, Gelechia
(jibbosella, G. semidecandriella, (jr. Imaijiiaiella, G. hiibneri, and G.
iiinctella, brought up their lots to 10s., 14s., 18s., lis., £2, and 10s.
respectively. When will some of our young collectors rediscover some
of these latter, now almost lost, species in Britain ? The Butalids and
Glyphipterygids produced £2 17s. 6d., £2 2s., £1 4s., £1 12s. 6d., and
18s., 6s., and 5s. per lot, the sale on the 22nd producing altogether
about £216.

On February 23rd the first species offered was the series of Peronea
rn'stana, on which was based the Mnnoiiraph of the species published
in the Knt. Record, vol. xiii, together with the types of the new
aberrations there described and figured. The whole series produced
£40 14s., some of the examples commanding excellent prices, thus,
single examples of tolana, 10s. each ; curthana, £2; masoniana, £1 Is. ;
cliadottana, £3 and £3 5s. ; gumpiana, £1 Is., £2 2s. ; near tolana, £2,
and so on. The series of P. hastiana, fetched £5 18s. 6d. We had
intended working these out with the late J. A. Clark, as we had done
/'. cristana, but like so many human intentions it never came off.
We observe, however, that the whole series was bought h}^ Doncaster,
we hope for one person, who will monograph them similarly to P.
rn'stana some day. The rest of the Microlepidoptera produced, on the
whole, high prices, particularly the Nepticulids, which went, in con-
secutive lots, for £1 8s., £2 10s., £2, £1 12s. 6d., £2 5s., £2 10.,
14s., 14s., £1 Is., £1 7s. 6d., £1 6s., and £2. The Alucitids one might
have supposed would have sold for more. They only brought 7s.,
12s., 6s., 7s., 7s., £1, and 10s. per lot.

These were followed by a great number of valuable insects that
had never been amalgamated with the collection. Among others,
C/irijsoi>homiH dispar $ , £3 15s., 5 , £4 10s., £3 15s., £2 2s., $
(Grigg coll.), 18s., <? underside (without antennae), £2 5s.

It is well known that Clark was very interested in Australian and
exotic insects generally, and some fine examples were brought under
the hammer. These were sold in large lots, and, in many cases, small
cabinets full of Hymenoptera or Diptera, etc., without dividing them
into lots. The second day's sale produced roughly £189. Altogether
the collection and the cabinets in which they were contained produced
jnst upon £1300.

On the same day some beautiful Ornithoptera victor iae, collected
l)y Woodford in the Solomon Islands, were sold, and fetched £6 15s.,
£5 10s., £3 10s., and £2 5s. per pair, according to condition. Ornithop-
tera n r I- illeana only brought lis., 10s., 14s., 9s., 9s., and 8s. per pair. A
fine ^ Atpotix siibrosea brought £3 10s., but the marvel of the day's
collection came at the end, when Ai/riailes cnridon ab. sifntiraplia,
labelled " Alton Barnes, Wilts," appeared as abundant as " tiger "
moths ; anyway, 20 of stated British origin were sold in foui's at
£2 2s., £1 10s., £1 10s., £2 2s., and £1 12s. 6d., whilst an ab. fowlcri,
also from " Alton Barnes, Wilts," produced £1 15s., and a specimen

96 THK entomologist's RECORD.

labelled " Adonis, 2 , a fine underside variety, entire disc of hind-
wings white; Winsley, Wilts," was bought by Mr. Bankes for £9 9s.

After this one cannot doubt that British collections are still worth
an immense amount of money ; buyers only want to know that they
are getting value for money, either in the way of rarity or careful
working out of local forms. Still, there were a few things sold as
British, handed on from other cabinets, that one would like to know
something more about.

OLEOPTERA.

Tychius polylineatus, Germ. — This species was reintroduced into
our British " list " by the capture of one specimen at Ditchling,
Sussex {vide Ent. Rec, xxi., p. 232). I now find I have two more
specimens, one captured in July, 1909, the other on August 10th,
1909. Both specimens were secured by sweeping on Ditchling Beacon,
From T. sc/oteidfri, Hbst., its nearest sAly, it may easily be distinguished
(a) by its larger size ; (/3) elytra broader at shoulders than thorax ; (>)
dark femora ; (S) the more conspicuous band of white scales on the
suture ; (e) one white band on thorax only ; (f) penultimate joints of
antennae more transverse. — Hereward C. Dollman, F.E.S., Hove
House, Bedford Park.

Synonymy of Apion gyllenhali, Kirby. — Apioti iinicolor, Kirby,
must I think be sunk as a synonym of A. //yllenhali , Kirby. After
careful inspection of the types in Kirby's collection in the British
Museum (kindly placed at my disposal by Mr. C. J. Gahan), I am
unable to see any differentia betwdten his species unicolor and his type
of ijtjllenhali, other than may be attributed to differences of sex. The
species standing in our collections under the name of unicolor, Kirby,
must therefore be referred to the platalea of Germar ; the latter name
is sunk by Fowler as a synonym of unicolor. — Id.

Galerucella pusilla, Weise, at Lewes. — I have a few examples
of this recent addition to our coleopterous fauna (due to Dr. David
Sharp, ride Ent. Mo. Mag., February, 1910) captured at Lewes in
August, 1906. The specimens I had in my cabinet as " cahuariensis "
(?), and I owe it to Mr. W. E. Sharp (who also, I believe, has specimens
from Lewes) that I have become aware of their true specific identity.
—Id.

Xantholinus glaber. Nor., in Richmond Park. — Although recorded
from Richmond Park by Mr. G. C. Champion, I yet think that the
capture of a specimen of A', ylaber on March 1st, of this year, is per-
haps worth placing on recoid. I captured the specimen by breaking
up a decayed bough of a standing oak. — Id.

Gnorimus nobilis, L., in London. — I captured a specimen of this
fine Cetoniid on the wing in my garden, Bedford Park, during late
June. As a considerable part of this district was, in the past, devoted
to fruitgrowing, 1 may, perchance, come across the head-quarters of
this beautiful and rare beetle among the vestiges of the orchards that
yet remain. — Id.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

A suggestion as to some markings in lepidoptera.- — I have been
breeding a few specimens of Callnphrys ruhi and L\ aria, and some of

CURRENT NOTES. 97

these attracted my attention, as appearing to have on the underside,
as well as the usual line of white markings, a faint white line along
the discocellulars on both wings. On examining this line more care-
fully, it was seen that there was no white line, but that the thickening
of the vein caused the scales on its basal side to be raised up, and this,
of course, in a continuous line across the wing for the length of the
discocellular veins. This different angle at which the scales are set
gave in some lights exactly the appearance of a white line. In de-
scribing C. rubi, Tutt {A Nat. Hist. Ih: Lep., vol. ix., p. 90) notes
some trace of a white median spot. I am not, however, desiring to
improve the description of ('. rubi, but to suggest a question as to how
far this structural condition, giving the appearance of a coloured line,
may account for, or be in some way the starting point in, the evolution
of the discal lines or spot that is so frequent a feature of butterfly and
other lepidopterous markings. Or, rather, more clearly since the
discocellular veins do in some way determine the existence of a discal
spot, have we here some indication as to how its evolution begins ? —
T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.E.S., Betula, Keigate. February 2Qth, 1910.

URRENT NOTES.

Dr. Sharp records {Eiit. Mn. Maf/.) the capture of Crepidodcra
iitipressa, Fab., in Hayling Island, in September, 1909. It is probable
that the species occurs along the western shores of France. The same
coleopterist gives the opinion that Galerucella pusilla, Weise, captured
at Mildenhall, Horning, and in the New Forest, is distinct from G.
calainariemis, this differing from Bedel, who considers them specifically
the same.

Mr. J. R. Malloch adds two new species of Anthoini/iidae to the
British fauna, viz., Fannia ni;fra, captured at Bonhill and Cardross in
Dumbartonshire (founded on four ^ s taken between June and August),
and Fannia feniorata, founded on a single <? taken at Aberfoyle on
June 30th, 1904.

Another welcome part of the Xoctuelles et Geomctris d' Furope by
J. Culot (Villa-les-Iris, Grand Pre, Geneve) has come to hand. This
livraison 3 deals with the genera Triphaena parts of Noctua and
Afp-otia. The figures are exceedingly beautiful and the book is one that
ought to be in the hands of all British lepidopterists. We are unable
to quite follow the numbering of the figures of Plate v., relating to
AijrotiH /ii/pcrborea in the references, and the author appears not always
to apply the right names to the forms figured, the original descriptions
of which are to be found in T/w Varieties of tlie British yoctuae,\o\. ii.,
pp. 85-89. Humphrey and Westwood's var. alpina could not possibly
have come from Shetland, the specimens from which locality are
referable to our var. cacndcacens, and entirely different from the
Rannoch form which Guenee erroneously referred to camica, Hering.
We dealt with all these difficulties in 1892, and it would be well to
get the names of the local forms of this beautiful species rightly
applied. But this m no wise detracts from the altogether delightful
illustrations.

A special effort was made to secure a good collection of exhibits of
applied photography at the Exhibition of the Birmingham Photo-
graphic Society, and as the result a fine collection of scientific prints

98 THE entomologist's record.

was shown illustrating various branches of natural history, etc.
Entomology was well represented. A series of photographs showing
"Habits of Butterflies and Moths," by A. H. Hamm, obtained a medal,
while certificates were awarded to A. E. Tonge for "Photomicrographs
of Eggs of British Butterliies and Moths," and to H. Main for the
" Metamorphoses of (.'haraxes ja^ius." Messrs. W. Farren, J. J. Ward,
F. S. Worsley, and J. G. Duncannon also sent specimens of their work.

The last meeting of the Entomological Club took place on the
evening of March 15th, at " Wellfield," Lingards Road, Lewisham,
when Mr. R. Adkin was the host. The guests were received by Mr.
and Mrs. Adkin, the latter of whom served tea, after which an
adjournment was made to inspect some of the treasures and recent
additions in Mr. Adkin's collection and entomological library. An
excellent supper was served at 8.30 p.m., when a particularly strong
muster of members of the Entomological Club and entomological
friends sat down, among whom were noticed, Messrs. J. E. Collin,
W. Distant, H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, T. W. Hall, A. Harrison, A. H.
Jones, H. Main, A. Sich, E. Smith, R. South, H. J. Turner, J. W.
Tutt, and G. Verrall, M.P. The table was delightfully decorated with
white and yellow narcissi and tulips. A most delightful evening was
spent, the meeting breaking up about 11 p.m.

In continuation of our remarks {antea, p. 49) we may state that
in The Standard, of February 25th, we observed the following relating
to the British Museum staff. " The situation of First Class Assistant
(Walsingham collection) in the Natural History Department of the
British Museum is added to Schedule B appended to the Order in
Council of January 10th last." Consequent on this, on March 3rd
last, Mr. J. Hartley Durrant was appointed by the Principal Trustees,
First Class Assistant in the Department of Zoology, the appointment
to date from April 1st. This is, no doubt, from the purely entomo-
logical point of view, the most important appointment that has taken
place in connection with the curating of the insects, in the Natural
History Museum, for very many years — viz., the appointment of an
entomologist of the first rank, who knows his work before taking up
his appointment, and who will not have to learn after appointment,
the scientific importance of the collections placed under his charge.
The care of the Walsingham collection will be continuous, there will
be no need to waste the years in the re-arrangement of the insects,
whilst new material is accumulating and put aside undescribed, and
the maximum of use to the entomological public must naturally
follow.

We suppose that some day the Trustees of the National Museum
will learn that the two important pieces of work to be done in the
Museum collections are — (1) The proper curating of the specimens so
that they are accurately named and readily found, and that this part of
the work can be done quite well by the young assistants if a recognised
Synonymic list like that of Staudinger and Rebel be followed, and
they act under the instructions of the highly-educated Senior Assistants.
(2) The describing of new species which should be published separately
by the Trustees, or in one or other of the recognised channels, after
which they should be handed over to the young curators to be placed
as determined by the Senior Assistants. This should surely be the
main work of the highly-qualified members of the staff.

CURRENT NOTES. 99

In so large a collection, the disturbance of the arrangement of the
species of well-known groups when once placed on the lines of some
recognised list is harmful to science, in-as-much as advanced workers
at these branches find difficulty in locating species sometimes placed
far away from the position assigned in the recognised catalogues, and
hence much valuable time is wasted. There are, besides, other details
to be considered when cataloguing is in progress, e.(i., (1) the tendency
for the curators doing catalogue work to look on time as ill-spent that
is bestowed on the advanced scientists who use the collection, (2) the
waste of time spent in describing already well-known species, when
hundreds of unknown ones are awaiting description, (8) the tremendous
expense of issuing complete descriptive catalogues of comparatively
well-known superfamilies, when the same expense would possibly
cover the cost of publication of the thousands of undescribed species
now in the boxes of the museum — as unknown to-day as if they had
never been captured (perhaps 20 or even 50 years ago).

If there was a large staff, capable of deahng with all the desirable
issues that crop up in a large public institution of this kind, the matter
would be different, but the fact that there is only a small staff"
necessitates Laving an organisation that shall be most effective under
the circumstances, and there can be no second thought that what we
want as advanced entomologists are — (1) that the material shall be
readily available, (2) that the unnamed material shall, at the very
earliest opportunity, be placed in position in the collection and
represent an advance of knowledge, and no longer be looked upon with
awe as buried treasure, involving a large element of ignorance.

With so many enemies attempting so sedulously to filch, for other
purposes, the present government contribution to systematics, it be-
hoves us to see that we are getting the maximum scientific value out
of our marvellous entomological heritage, a heritage that is the envy
of all other workers throughout the world. That a new arrangement
could possibly end in the loss of old types, because their names are
supposed to be synonyms, should be unthinkable in our National
Collection. No individual, however eminent, should be allowed to
deal with our public material so that this is possible. Our enemies
must have no ground on which they can make any stand against
" systematics," which they pretend to despise, but without which they
cannot themselves stir hand or foot, and there can be no question
that the appointment of Mr. J. Hartley Durrant as First Class Assistant,
and the removal of the " Walsingham Collection," to South Kensing-
ton, will make for the strengthening of our hands, as well as an increase
in the public use and value, of those unrivalled collections in the
" cellars " of the Natural History Museum.

The 10th volume of A Natural Historji of the Jhitis/i Lepidopti'va
has at last been published ; although finished almost three months
ago, a series of delays over which we have had no control prevented its
being forwarded to subscribers until March was well in. If any sub-
scriber has been overlooked in our sending out the volume, we should
be glad to hear. We trust that our subscribers will find vol. x at
least as valuable and interesting as its predecessors.

We are most anxious to get all possible details of gynandromorphic
Pnli/mnntatHs icartis in British collectio'is, together with all known
data. We have traced a large number of those that have been recorded,

100 THE entomologist's RECORD.

or sold at Stevens', of late years, but there are still some recorded
examples the whereabouts of which at the present time is quite
unknown. We want the facts for our volume iv of A Natural Histdri/
of the British Biitterjiies. We also want particulars of good obsoletely-
marked and striate examples of this species and Aricia astrarchc,
particularly of the extreme forms with the submedian and basal spots
absent on all the wings = ab. obsoleta, or of the antico-obsoleta and
postico.ub.^oleta forms.

The Conversazione of the Entomological Society of London will
be held in the rooms of the Civil Service Commission, Burlington
Gardens, W., kindly placed at the disposal of the Society by the First
Commissioner of H.M. Works, on the evening of Friday, May 27th.
The Secretary, Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, will be glad to hear from
those entomologists willing to exhibit, and would be glad to have
details of any proposed exhibit as early as possible. Tickets, price
2s. 6d. each, for ladies or gentlemen (evening dress optional), may be
obtained from the Resident Librarian, Mr. G. Bethell, 11, Chandos
Street, Cavendish Square, W., and cheque or postal order should
accompany all applications.

SOCIETIES.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
— Febriiarjj 2At.h, 1910. — Callophrys avis alive : Dr. Chapman ex-
hibited a bred living specimen of Callophrys avis from South France,
and pointed out its divergence from the closely related C. rubi.
Hybernia aurantiaria abundant : Mr. Barnett, a long series of Hybernia
aurantiaria from West Wickham Wood, where it was abundant in
November of last year. Gynandromorphic Lepidoptera: Capt. Cardew,
gynandromorphs of Amorpha populi, Ayrotis puta and Dryas paphia,
the last-named captured in the New Forest. Aberration of Polyom-
matus ICARUS : Mr. Russell, a strikingly aberrant form of Folyoinwatus
icarus from Reigate, the underside was striated on the right wings only.
Chislehurst Lepidoptera: Mr. Sperring, Ayrotisayathiiia, from Chisle-
hurst, and a smoky example of Arctia rillica. Peronea permutana in
Sussex: Mr. Adkin, a bred series of Peronea perwutana, from Sussex,
and read notes on its occurrence and characteristics. Swiss Lepidop-
tera : Mr. Alderson, a large collection of butterflies taken by him in a
six weeks' holiday in and near the Rhone Valley, during May and
June of last year. Over a. hundred species were represented, most of
them being in very fine condition.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — February
21.S?, 1910. — Variation in Lancashire Lepidoptera: Mr. Wm. Mans-
bridge gave an address specially instancing the local variation in
such species as Boarmia repandata, Aplecta ncbidosa, Macaria
liturata, Odontopera bidentata, and Melanthia bicolorata. The various
local forms of these species were described and their distribution
within the Society's area noted. Mr. Mansbridge exhibited his series of
B. repandata to illustrate his remarks, also the well known Cheshire forms
of A. nebulosa. Dr. Tinne also shewed B. repandata, including vars.
niyra and conversaria, the latter from the New Forest. Mr. A. W.
Boyd, B. repandata var. niyra from Delamere, as well as Hybernia
defoliaria and H. aurantiaria also from the same locality. Mr. Tait'g
exhibit included a fine and varied series of Hiiuera pennaria from
Monks Wood.

Vol. XXII.

Plate IV.

Gkorge Willis Kirkaldy.

The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, etc., 1910.

Vol. XXII.

Plate V.

Del. T. A. Chapman.

The ^dceagu8 of the Plebeiid genera of elues.

TJie Entomologist's Beeord, etc., ]910.

GENERIC CHARACTERS OF THE LYC.ENIDS. 101

On the generic characters of the ancillary appendages of the
Plebeiid section of the Lycaenids [nith plate).

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.E.S.

In A Xatioal Histoii/ of the Britifih Lepldoptera, vol. x., pp. 155
H xeq., are some remarks on the male appendages of Plebeiids. I have
since arrived at some conclusions of importance in this matter,
although they leave many points still to be co-ordinated.

The form of the clasps and dorsal processes define the group very
distinctly from any other, but are also very slightly different in
different species, yet almost always sufficiently to afford specific
characters. But their failure to afford characters to define genera is
remarkable, in view of their affording such good tribal and specific
cliaracters. This failure is noted specially {loc. cit.) in the case of the
^enns I'iebeiits. In regard to the other genera there referred to, the
cbaracters are also rather too indefinite, so much so that they made
me very sceptical as to the value of the genera accepted by Mr. Tutt,
especially as he gives no definitions of them except by saying what
species he puts in them. Nevertheless, besides recognising the
groupings so made to have each a somewhat distinctive facies, I had
much confidence in Mr. Tutt's instinctive power of recognising generic
groups in a case like this. It is, therefore, with some pleasure that I
find a character of the appendages that defines several of these genera
more exactly than any other yet suggested, and does so fairly in accord
with Mr. Tutt's divisions. The jedoeagus affords a ver}^ distinct form
in several of the genera. Especially, for example, it separates ^7r/rt(/<'.s-
(eunilon) from PolyonDiicitiis {icanis), two genera for which no differ-
entiating characters had been proposed.

Aijriaden has perhaps the most easily recognised form of fedoeagus,
well seen in vol. x., pi. xxi., fig. 4, a straight shaft, with a contracted
neck at the base, but most characteristically a bulbous swelling at the
top. Here it is necessary to define a point in the connections of the
iedoeagus ; this is its attachment to the floor of the genital cavity,
through which it passes. The aedoeagus has this membrane attached
to it at a particular zone or circle. In Af/riades this zone is on the
bulbous swelling near its lower margin, and the portion of the organ
above the membrane is merely the upper part of the bulb and a small
projection beyond. Poli/oiiuiiatKs [icants) agrees with Aifriodes in
having a comparatively small portion beyond the zone of attachment,
but this portion is in fact a shade longer, and differs iji toto, in taper-
ing from the zone onwards, and having no trace of a bulb. This
portion is also of much slighter texture than the bulb in Aijriades,
which is a dense and highly chitinised structure.

Aricia {astrarc/te) has a highly characteristic structure, very different
from the two we have been considering. In this, the portion beyond
the zone is much prolonged. It may be noted that, throughout the
Plebeiids, the portion of the fedoeagus within the zone does not vary
much in length in the different species, generally about 0-65mm. in
length, it varies in different species to 0'5omm. to 0-8mm., rarely
outside these limits. The portion beyond the zone varies much more
widely — in Afiriades about 0'22mm., in Aricia {astrardic) it is nearly
O'Bmm., longer than the basal portion. It tapers gradually to a point,
and appears to have a long lateral opening instead of the nearly
May 15th, 1910.

102 THE entomologist's record.

terminal one in the shorter examples. One inclines to suggest here
the question whether this lengthened fedoeagus implies any relation-
ship with the Theclids, which one would not perhaps do but for the
resemblance to the latter in the dark colour of the upperside of the
wings in both sexes, again indicating Theclid afKnities. Antcros and
isaarica have a very similar aeda^agus ; one doubts whether they belong
to Aricia, however, but require a separate generic position.

Plebeiiis is not altogether dissimilar to Aricia in having the external
portion prolonged, but not so much so as in Aricia. The sedo'agus is
broader and stouter, and the outer portion tapers more rapidly, and
more evidently shows an opening (for the exsertion of the eversible
membrane) extending along nearly the whole side of the external
portion. It is here that one finds the j^dceagus giving a note more in
accordance with our notions of the genus than the other portions of
the appendages. These would place an/ us {aeijon) and ar(/iiro<i}i(iiiinn
in separate genera, but the }eda?agus places them together ; it also
separates from Aricia certain species whose claim to belong to that
genus consists in little beyond having comb-like teeth to the clasps
something like those of afiina {act/on).

Another very definite form of a'dojagus is found in Tutt's genera
Cyaniris (^sei)iiar(ius), Albtdina (plieretes), and Latiorina {orbitidita). In
these forms the general aspect is not unlike that in I'oli/(>niiiiatiii<
(icartis), but the extremity has a special structure ; on its dorsal side it
has a process bent into the lumen of the tube, that has on dorsal view
a square end (see orhitulus), but on lateral view looks like a hook pro-
jecting inwards from the dorsal margin. It seems, however, to be a
thickening of the wall of the tube possibly straightened outward when
the eversible membrane is exserted.

Vacciniina {optilete) does not agree with any of the other genera
very closely. It has a broad straight tube suddenly tapering at the
zone.

There are some doubtful species, for example, eHnijiilnH seems to
be a riebeiits, but the }edo?agus is very short, and extremely so beyond
the zone ; alcedo and Incifera seem to belong to a separate genus
having unusually short and broad tedoeagi.

CliiladcK has the jBdoeagus very like that of Aricia, but the clasps
here mark it oft" distinctly, the serrated end being on a comparatively
long neck. It may be noted that owjus has nothing to do with Cata-
chri/wiis, but it is a Plebeiid belonging, or close to, Chilades.

Referring to the examples of each genus given on page 154 (vol. x.),
this classification by the structure of the a?d(ieagus alters the position
of some of the species. I'si/lnrita is not an Aricia, but is much closer
to, if not actually in, Poh/ouinuitiis : perseidtatta is not a (i/aniiis, but
& riebeiiis : escheri \s not a ['(dynnnnatiis, but an Af/riades : Hirsxtina
is indistinguishable from Ayriadcs : iiwleayer is a Polijo)ii»iatits.

So far as my examination has gone, the great mass of Plebeiids
belong to the genus Ayriades. It includes the following forms, of
which I have not verified the correct naming of all examples, but I
believe there are few, if any, errors — actis, avianda, aec/af/rus, armena,
athis, celeatina, dai/iiiara, dania, damon, danione, eroides, erschoffi.,
esclteri, ylaitcias, Itopff'eri, hi/las, ipldgenia, iiicsopotauiica, inithridatiSy
phyllides, pliyllis, poseidon, potithuiiiKS, siiperba.

Under Polyounnatvs come amor, candalu^, celina {not = icarui<), eros,

OBSERVATIONS ON THE HYBERNATION OF GONEPTERYX RHAMNI. 103

/i/iir.ii, martini, >iii'lfa;i('r, psi/lnrita, sorta, roiiix, and especially icariis,
•with its many forms ariona, pcmica, icadiiis, etc., and one ov two other
forms whose names I have not ascertained — nitilns and /njrcona
appear to belong here rather than to I'lebeius.

I'lebeiuR has onjitfi, ar;ii/}'o;/)ii)iii()U, zep/ii/nis, i-lcohia, p/icrcs, acwnu,
inelisfta, perNep/iatta, aster (?), pylann, ercrsnianni, loireii.

To Aririo I find no species unquestionably to belong except
asfrarc/ic, eiiincchDi, iilas and ilomelii, but imiirica, In/acinthiix, fulla,
and auteros, may do so, or may require a separate division or divisions.
To Varciniina belong, as Avell as optiletc, ferf/ana and tor/toKta. As
already noted, this is near to Ci/anirin, which has smmarijus, and
to Lati<iri)ia, with nrhitidns and fn/rowica, and Alhidina with plieretea.
I much question whether these four groups are not congeneric.

I know little of the American forms, but of these some, such as
isfl/iJithabiia, are very remarkable in structure.

It may be noted that in some species the indications are not so
crisp and decided as I appear to represent them, and that, for example,
in I'lebeius and Aricia I have chosen the most marked examples at
hand. Further, I have worked with the actual specimens, prima facie
the correct way, but really more liable to error by inadvertence and
confusion than by photographs, with the specimens to refer to in cases
of doubt or difficulty only.

Explanation of Plate V.

Pi.EBEiiDi. — Camera outlines of the /Edceagus. — The transverse lines mark
the " zone " or point at which the ipdreagus passes through and takes attachment
to the rioor of the cavity.

1. Pleheiux argyrognomon, nearly lateral view.

2. Afiriddes tlieti-t, it is not usual for the " bulb " to have such a neck above,

it usually declines gradually into the terminal portion, dorsal view.
n. rolyommatuA icarus, dorsal view.
4. Aricin astrarche, dorsal view.
■5. Vacciniina optilete, dorsal view.
0. Cyaniris semiaryus, lateral view.
7. AVmlinn pheretes. semilateral view.
s. Latiorina orhituliis, dorsal view. Viewed in the same aspect, the hooked

process is very similar in the three last species.

Observations on the Hybernation of Gonepteryx rhamni.

By .J. F. BIRD.
]\lost of the hybernating butterflies, such as Kn'ionia pidijvhloma,
Aijlais iirticae, ]'aiu'ssa in, etc., seek their winter-quarters, when the
weather is still warm, in hollow trees, wood-stacks, lofts, sheds, and,
A. nrticae especially, in the attics and dark corners in dwelling-houses,
and there remain until spring, safely protected from the perils of frost,
snow, and winter storms. But (ronepteri/.r rhamni is evidently a less
delicate species that requires no particular shelter, and probably passes
through the winter clinging to a plant it sought only for its night's
rest at the end of a tine day in autinnn, but it happening that the
subse(]uent days were cold, or else a spell of bad weather arriving, it
just remained where it was until induced to fly once more on some
sunny day in early spring. Twice have I found hybernating specimens
of this butterfly, and both times remarked that they were in positions
sheltered on the north and east from the bitterly cold winds which
blow from those two quarters of the compass. Have other observers

104 THE entomologist's record.

noticed if this is usually the case ? If so, I doubt if this happy choice
of position is due to either intelligence or instinct on the part of the
insect, but is, in all probability, the accidental guidance of nature,
brought about by the butterfly's love, or perhaps I ought to say need,
of sunshine. All day it haunts the warm sunlit spots in and near
woods, and avoids the coolness of the shade, and, in thus following the
progress of the sun during its daily course from east to west, would,
when the hour comes for it to settle down for the night, be in a
situation lighted by the setting sun, that is to say, with a westerly
aspect, and, being a woodland species, frequenting principally the rides
and clearings as well as the neighbouring lanes and hedgerows, the
sleeping-place chosen would almost certainly be screened on the east
by bushes or trees ; so when the wintry weather arrived at the end of
autumn, which would numb the butterfly and make it disinclined to
fly, such a situation would be sufficiently sheltered for this hardy
species to exist in until the advent of spring.

I add some notes, jotted down from day to day during January and
part of February, on the effect of the weather on a hybernating
specimen of (i. rlicunni, which may be of some interest, as they treat
of the habits of this species at a season when few observations are
made, except to record its appearance on the wing, when it has been
tempted to indulge in a brief flight on an unusually warm and sunny
day, during its period of quiescence through the winter months.
I regret that I did not come across the butterfly before the heavy falls
of snow we had in December, and also feel rather disappointed that my
observations for nearly eight weeks have ended so unsatisfactorily that
I am unable to state whether it flew away on its own accord, or
whether it met with an untimely end, or was removed, or accidentally
disturbed by some person or animal passing by.

January 1st, 1910. — A warm, sunny day. Found a hybernating
specimen of Goneptenj.c iliamni on a stem of Hypericitiii cahjcinum by
the side of the most used path in my garden. The butterfly rests
head upwards, with the antenna pressed close to one another and
extended in front; it clings below the stem by its second and third
pairs of legs only, the front pair is not used, but kept neatly folded
together between the others and against the thorax, after the manner
of a Nymphalid. The position is well sheltered on the north by a
thick group of evergreen trees and shrubs, and on the east by a terrace,
but is nevertheless rather a cool situation, as it receives very little
sunshine owing to a Cedrus dendara, which shades the spot most of the
day ; the only times the sun's rays reach there are between 9 and 10
o'clock in the morning, and again for a longer period at sundown.
The clump of Hypericum was trimmed well back, late in the autumn,
as it was spreading over the pathway, and the stem on which the
butterfly rests is one of the outer shoots which has been clipped down
to about six inches, and, as the new leaves have not yet grown very
large, they do not afi'ord much protection from the weather. I am
unable to say whether the butterfly was there before the shrub was
trimmed, but it is quite possible that it may have only taken up its
position on the plant quite recently, for the last few days have been
warm and spring-like, and yesterday, December 31st, I noticed a
specimen of Vanessa io on the wing in my garden.

January 24th. — Weather neither very bright nor warm, but a still

OBSERVATIONS ON THE HYBERNATION OF GONEPTERYX RHAMNI. 105

day. Since the beginning of the year we have had samples of all kinds
of weather, including a few bright sunny days, but until to-day the
butterfly has not moved. It has now crawled an inch or so higher up
the stem.

January 25th. — Frosty, but sunny ; temperature 28°F. at 10 a.m.
The butterfly has crawled right to the top of the stem, and, to me, is
very conspicuous, so am afraid it will be noticed by passers by and
disturbed.

January 27th. — Yesterday was another frosty day, and last night
it was bitterly cold, the mercury falling to 16°F., the lowest tempera-
ture recorded by my thermometer this winter, and it is now, at 11 a.m.,
26"F. The butterfly has fallen off its exposed perch on to a stem
below ; it lies flat on its side on a leaf and looks very helpless, but is
still able to cling on by its claws to the stem.

January 28th. — A rapid thaw set in, commencing yesterday after-
noon, followed by very wild weather, a regular gale, with rain, snow,
sleet, and hail in turn. The butterfly has managed to get below the
leaf upon which it lay, and is now holding on to the stem below with
its head pressed against the overhanging leaf.

January 29th. — The weather greatly improved, and the butterfly
has crawled up well under the protecting leaf, to which it now partly
clings, and is well hidden from view.

February 5th. — The last few days have been wet and windy, but
to-day is bright at times, and the sun, when it shines, is nice and warm.
The butterfly has not moved.

February 6th. — It blew rather hard in the night, but the wind
dropped towards dawn. After a showery morning, we had a lovely
sunny afternoon, and it has been very mild all the day. The butterfly
has crawled up the stem and is clinging to a green shoot sprouting
from the top, quite exposed to the weather and to view.

February 7th. — Last night was again rather windy until dawn,
when the wind dropped. Weather very mild and dull. The butterfly
has not moved.

February 8th. — Blew hard in the night and very showery, with
some hail until 10 a.m. The wind, which is from the north-west,
continued in gusts until the evening. Weather from 11 a.m. very
pleasant and sunny, with cloudy intervals, but after 4 p.m. until 6 p.m.
several showers of rain and hail, followed by a clear starlight night.
Temperature at midday 45°F. The butterfly has not moved since the
6th, but on looking at it to-day, I notice that it is holding on by all
three pairs of legs to the leaves.

February 9th. — The butterfly has slightly altered its position so as
to face the sunniest aspect; it is, again, only clinging by the second
and third pairs of legs, and is holding the front pair in the manner
I described on January 1st.

February 11th. — Fine during the morning, but showery in the
afternoon, and a terriflc hailstorm about 3 p.m. The butterfly remained
in its exposed position throughout the morning, but when I looked at
it again after the hailstorm, found it had crawled down the green
shoot to take shelter among the leaves on the leeward side, and was
still only using the last two pairs of legs.

February 17th. — The weather during the last few days has been
fairly bright and sunny, but showery at times, and generally windy at

106 THE entomologist's record.

night ; the showers frequently mixed with hail and snow. Tempera-
ture during the last week has varied from 49°F. down to 31°F., but only
one frost in that time. Last night a gale blew from the south-west
accompanied by a good deal of rain ; the wind increased in force after
dawn, and at mid-day was blowing violently, but towards evening-
moderated considerably. The sun shone brightly during the day, but
was frequently obscured by the scurrying clouds. In the morning,
the butterfly was clinging under a leaf, and was being much blown
about, and later in the day was evidently forced by the high wind to
seek a steadier foothold, for, in the afternoon, I found it holding on by
all three pairs of legs to the woody stem below the green shoot.

February 20th. — The weather on the 18th was very unsettled, and
several heavy showers fell during the day. The wind, which had
fallen since the day before, rose again in the night, and another
terrific gale raged the whole of next day (February 19th), but decreased
slightly during the night, and blew with moderate strength until 9.30
this morning when it again became violent. The gale continued, with
rain from 11.30 a.m. until nearly 3 p.m., when there was a tremendous
hailstorm, during which there was a single flash of lightning and a
peal of thunder, after which the weather improved and the sun
appeared. During the last three days the butterfly has been using all
its legs to hold on with. This morning at 8.30, while only a
moderately strong wind was blowing, it was again resting the front
pair, but two hours later, after the wind had increased in force, it was
using one of the front pair as well, the one on the windward side. I
had another look at it after the hailstorm, and found it had forsaken
its old twig for another immediately below to which it was hanging
with all six legs under the shelter of a shoot of sprouting leaves.

February 22nd. — Yesterday was a lovely sunny day after another
boisterous night. The temperature during the day varied from 48^F.
down to 39'^F. The butterfly was at 11.30 yesterday morning still
where it had taken refuge from the fury of the storm the day before,
and, as I noticed then, using all its legs. This was the last I saw of
it, for, unfortunately, I was away from home the rest of the day and
did not return until after dark. This morning at 8.30 I found the
butterfly gone ; so my observations have come to an end without my
bavins the satisfaction of knowing what has become of it.

Jubilee of the Russian Entomological Society.

The Entomological Society of Kussia, one of the oldest scientific
bodies in the empire, celebrated its jubilee on February 26th (Old
Style) ■= March 11th (New Style), in the Ministry of Agriculture at
St. Petersburg, in the presence of a numerous and distinguished
company.

The chair was taken by the venerable president, Petr Petrovich
Semenoff-Tian-Shansky, the eminent explorer and traveller in Central
Asia, discoverer of the mighty mountains of Tiaii-Shan, president
also of the Russian Imperial Geographical Society, and member of the
Imperial State Council. There were also present Mr. Kozloft", another
distinguished explorer in Central Asia, Colonel G. V. Kakhovsky, an
enthusiastic coleopterist who has made important collections in
Abyssinia, Professors Rimsky-Korsakoft', Inostranstseft", and Shim-

JUBILEE OF THE RUSSIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 107

kievich, academicians Borodnik and Karpmski, J*i*ince Massulsky,
Mr. Dostoievsky, secretaiy of the Russian Imperial Geographical
Society and kinsman of the famovis author. Messrs. Alferaki, Adelung,
Bianki, Skarikoff, Kuzetsoft', and E. E. Groum-Grgimailo, lepidop-
terist and zoogeographer.

The president opened the proceedings by reading a letter from
H.I.H. Grand Duke Nicolas Mikhoilovich, regretting his inability to
attend personally, and sending greetings to the society, with his con-
gratulations upon its fiftieth anniversary. The president then greeted
the society, and especially congratulated Baron Th. R. Osten-Sacken,
the only surviving original member.

One of the Hon. Secretaries, Mr. G. G. Jacobson, gave a brief
outline of the Society's history, after which the Vice-President,
Mr. Andre Petrovich Semenoft'-Tian-Shansky, one of the foremost
entomologists in Russia, scarcely less distinguished by his work upon
the < 'hri/siilidae and Dcnnatuptera of the Russian fauna than by his
studies of the Coleoptera, then read a paper upon the scientific
achievements and literature published by the Society.

The Secretary then read out, amidst cheers, the names of the
honorary members elected in celebration of the Jubilee. These were
Councillor V. Th. Oshanin, the veteran hemipterist, who has resided
over forty years in Turkestan, Professor N. A. Cholodkovsky, of the
Institute of Forestry and Military Medical Academy, A. P. Semenolf-
Tian-Shansky, Vice-President of the Society, Professor .John Sahlberg
of the I'niversity of Helsingfors, and V. E. Petersen, of the Real
Institute of Riga.

Delegates from various institutions next presented their addresses.
The only foreigner present. Dr. Malcolm Burr, congratulated the
Society on behalf of the Linnean, Entomological, and Zoological
Societies of London, and presented their addresses with the expressions
of heartiest good will. The references in the addresses to the bonds
of scientific good fellowship which does so much to promote the
comity of nations, were received with enthusiasm by the meeting, and
accepting the addresses, the President charged Dr. Malcolm Burr to
convey to the council and fellows of the societies which he represented,
their deep appreciation of the compliment paid by English men of
science in sending a representative so far, and his hearty concordance
in the value of such international courtesies in the scientific world,
which strengthened the bonds uniting friendly peoples.

Dr. Poppius and Professor Sahlberg, delegates of the Finnish
(jeological Society and University of Helsingfors, read an address in
French, after which followed a number of addresses from numerous
Russian and learned bodies and institutions of agriculture and
forestry.

Mr. Oscar I. .Jon, Assistant Hon. Secretary, then proceeded to read
very many letters and telegrams of congratulations from all parts of
the world, including the Rothschild Museum at Tring, the Senchen-
burgische Natnrforschergesellschaft, and the Naturforscherverin of
Steiermark, the Royal Society of Naples, and the Entomological
Societies of Belgium, Holland, Bohemia, Ontario, Switzerland, and
Bulgaria, the University of Upsala, the New Vork Academy of Sciences,
the Smi.thsonian Institution of Washington, the Indian Museum of

108 THE entomologist's record.

Calcutta, the Society Iris in Dresden, the Geological Society of France,
and from very numerous private individuals.

The Society and its g-uests were then photographed, and after
some light refreshments the meeting terminated.

In the evening, the delegates were entertained at a banquet as
guests of the Russian Society. Numerous speeches were made, one of
the most striking of which was that of Mr. Kuznetso, editor of the
Revue russe d' Kntomolonie, who spoke in admirable English, addressing
his remarks, through Dr. Burr, to the English nation, ever leaders, as
he said, in action and in thought. Since Newton laid the foundation
of modern mathematics, and Darwin revolutionised the theory of
modern biology, England has continued to pour forth many leaders of
science, and in the domain of entomology, he mentioned the names of
Stainton, MacLachlan, Saunders, Poulton,Dixey, and Tutt. Dr. Burr"''
briefly thanked him on behalf of his fellow countrymen.

Butterflies in the Pyrenees in 1909.

By J. N. KEYNES, M.A., D.Sc, F.E.S., and G. L. KEYNES.

In the summer of 1909 we paid our second visit to the Pyrenees,
and, in spite of unfavourable weather nearly all the time, we were
fortunate enough to find most of the butterflies which we specialty
desired to catch. Our previous visit to the Pyrenees in 1907 extended
from June 16th to July 10th. On this occasion we began collecting
on June 28th, ending on July 20th, and the alteration of date enabled
us to make the acquaintance of several species for which we were too
early in 1907. Nevertheless a full account of our experiences would
involve some repetition of facts already recorded {Ent. Bee, vol. xx.,
p. 176), and we shall therefore mention here only those species that
seem to be of special interest.

From June 28th to July 24th we were at Bagneres de Luchon and
collected chiefly in the Vallee du Lys and above the Hospice de France.
In the former locality we searched carefully for further specimens of
the hybrid A(jyiades poloiins (tlu'tisxcnriiJon) of which we took two in
1907, and which we then recorded erroneously as A. coridon var.
cor;/donius. Unfortunatel)', however, we never succeeded in getting a
really bright day in the Vallee du hys, and we did not see more than a
few specimens of A. thetis itself. A. coridun was again absent. We
did not meet with any Puntia daplidice var. bdlidice, which we
previously found in this locality; but we were glad to get several
specimens of Parnassin^ apollo ? s which were very large and dark,
much more so than any we have ever taken in Switzerland.

Above the Hospice de France we obtained several specimens of
Anthocaris uwplonia, but they were not in very fresh condition, and
their restless and rapid flight made them extremely difficult to catch.
In the fields round the Hospice, we were able to supplement our
series of Erebia oe)iie, but this species seemed to be very much
localised. We found it again in some numbers on the ascent to the

* In the account given in the Peterburgski Listok, Dr. Burr is described as
" Ser Bur, Professor of the Cambridge University," also " Doctor of Paleontology,"
the scarlet Oxford robes of a Doctor of Science and mortar-board cap caused a
profound sensation, and were specially mentioned in all the accounts in the
Russian press.

BUTTERFLIES OF THE PYRENEES IN 1909. 109

Lac d'Oo, where it was restricted to a very narrow zone, at a height of
about 4500 feet. Later, on July 14th, we took a single $ at Gavarnie,
at a considerabl}' higher elevation. Erebia epiphron occurred above the
Hospice de France, and on the ascent to the Lac d'Oo, and, especially
in the latter locality, was of very varied form. In nearly all the
specimens, the rusty band upperside front w4ng is maculate and
reduced, so that, in this respect, they do not correspond with the
desciiption of var. pi/reuoica given by Kane, who says that this variety
has the rusty band as well as the ocelli very conspicuously developed.
On the other hand, a considerable number of the specimens have large
ocelli, though in only one is there any suggestion of white pupils.
The size of the ocelli is in no way correlated with the development of
the fulvous band ; the ocelli may be large, while the fulvous band
either is reduced to narrow rings or is comparatively well-developed.
In one specimen where the ocelli are wholly wanting, the band is
quite conspicuous. A similar range of variation was found in
specimens obtained later at Gavarnie, the fulvous band being
occasionally well-developed, but usually reduced and sometimes almost
completely absent. The specimens from both localities are, on the
average, distinctly larger than var. cassiojie, and the ocellations are
certainly more conspicuous ; also the fulvous band, though not
markedly developed, is brighter and more definite than in var. camo]ie.
On the whole, there can be little doubt that the majority of the
specimens must be referred to var. pyrenaica.

From July 6th to 15th, we collected at Gavarnie, and on July 9th,
we were fortunate to take two specimens of what we believe to be
Hespeiia andromedae. Mr. Wheeler agrees with our identification of
one of them, but feels doubtful about the other. We took another
doubtful specimen on July 12th. We do not remember seeing any
previous record of this species from the Pyrenees, and perhaps this is
not surprising considering its obscurity and apparent rarity. The
most plentiful Hesperiid at Gavarnie was H. alceiis; we also took //.
vialrac, H. carthaiiii, 11. scrratiilae (a little doubtful), and Poirellia
sao. In 1907, we found Krynnis lavaterac fairly common, but in 1909
saw only one or two specimens of this species.

We seemed to be a little too early for that speciality of Gavarnie,
Lati<iri)ia pyrenaica, but we took ten specimens, including two ? s, all
in good condition. We were unable to find any locality which might
be termed its headquarters, meeting only with scattered specimens
from just above the village up to 6500 feet. This species is very incon-
spicuous on the wing, and difficult to follow when once sighted. L.
oihitiiliis was still rarer ; the few specimens we took answered to the
description of var. oberthuri. We also found I'ob/iDiiniatiia eras at
Gavarnie, but only three scattered specimens. One of these, a $ ,
differed from the Swiss form we have taken by having a considerable
amount of blue on all four wings ; the <? s do not shew any variation.

Ilr()it/iis pales was not abundant at Gavarnie, but the few specimens
which we took are peculiar on the underside front wing, in having the
black markings almost as pronounced as in the form var. arsilar/ie :
otherwise, they do not differ from the type.

On our previous visit we had been too early for Krebia lefebvrei, but
on this occasion we were able to take a very fine series. As stated by
Dr. Chapman {Tram. Knt. Soc. Land., 1908, p. 308), this species

110 THE entomologist's RECORD.

occiu-s in almost eveiy suitable locality from the level of the floor of
the Cirque, up to the Port de Gavarnie, that is, from about 5400ft.
to 7500ft. It is not easy to distinguish on the wing from E, ^ti/nne,
•which was extremely abundant, but the two are not as a rule found
flying together. K. lefebvrei confines itself almost entirely to the very
steep screes, which does not facilitate its capture, whereas E. >>ti/iine,
though it frequents the ground on either side of such a scree, is not
found actually on the scree, unless it be flying casually across it. E.
h'fchi-rei does not as a rule take long flights, unless disturbed, but
flutters up and down the screes, pitching at frequent intervals on the
stones. Apparently, however, it is very sensitive to sound, and it is,
therefore, exceedingly difficult to approach. The habits just described
are those of the J only ; the 2 is less active, and is found on the
rough ground at the foot of the screes. The majority of the specimens
have the fulvous patch containing the ocelli on the upperside front
wing fairly well developed ; but in many it is reduced, and in some it
is absent, so that the specimen is uniformly black. Such a specimen,
fresh, and with the Avhite pupils well developed, is indeed a magnifi-
cent insect. Ji. ti/ndanis var. ilroiinn^, E. lappuna var. sthenni/o, and
(as already mentioned) E. epiphmn var. pi/renaica, were the other
Erebias of interest at Gavarnie. E. t/ori/cme was not j'et out.

Amongst species taken at Gavarnie on this occasion, but not in
1907, were Farnassiiis tnneniosijne and Mditaea tliih/uia. An un-
expected capture, at a height of 6000ft., was Kln<iia (Thecla) spini.

On July 10th, one of us made an expedition into Spain by the
Port de Gavarnie, spending two nights at the auberge in the Val
d'Arras. In the lower part of this valley he found Mclaiianjia
lacheais, and higher up, some fresh specimens of Glancojifii/chc iiwlcDiops.
He took one specimen of the latter species at a height of 6000ft.

On July 16th we moved on to Biarritz, and renewed our search for
HeteroptevK^ iiiorpJteiis, on the margins of the Lac de Mouriscot, and
in the swamp near the railway station. In 1907 we took a single
specimen only. This time we Avere more successful, though the species
was still by no means plentiful. (Joenonyuipha aedipus, on the other
hand, was fully out and abundant. A curious sexual character in this
species is the line above the ocellations on the underside of the hind-
Avmg. In the J this line is conspicuous, and always shows a metallic
glaze similar to that of the ante-marginal line ; in the J it is usually
absent, or, if present, always without the glaze. In both sexes, the
ocellations on the underside of the front wing vary considerably in
number, and in some J s they are altogether wanting. In one J that
we took the ocellations on the hindwing are white-pupilled on the
upperside. In the same locality Enodia dri/as and Kpinephele tithonits
were abundant and in fine condition ; Thi/meliciis acteon, Ereres anjiaden,
and l'arar;/e eijcria (type) were getting over. We did not see any
specimens of Lanipides boetirus.

Reflections on the phylogenetics of the Pyrameid group.

By G. T. BpyrHUNE-BAKEE, F.L.S., F.Z.S.

The basis of the thoughtful paper on this subject (rt»Yfrt, pp. 62, et .st/y.),
by Mr. Reuss is apparently that both Pi/riDiieis cardni and P. atalanta
are regular migrants. Is this a fact ? We have abundant evidence

REFLECTIONS ON THE PHYLOUENETICS OF THE PYRAMEII) GROUP. Ill

•of sporadic migration, but regular migration is a different thing.
What evidence have we of it ?

We are told that I', kers/tani from Australia and New Zealand is the
atavic form, and again, that P. cari/e from South America is nearer the
generic prototype — which of the two are we to consider as nearer the
prototype, and is the assumption correct '? Ocellated spots are not
usually considered atavic — are they not an advance on the less intricate
pattern of the supposed generic prototype? Hence it follows that
blue pupilled eyespots are rather a recent acquisition than an atavism.

It is interesting to note that the blue-centred spots in /'. canliti are
spreading all over America, well up north. I have specimens from
many parts of Canada, British Columbia, ^Manitoba, Montreal, and
•elsewhere, and we are not surprised when New Zealand specimens
show a similar line of development. There are evidently factors in
those parts of the world that are favourable to the evolution of this
feature, Avhich apparently do not obtain in the Elastern Hemisphere
generally. These blue ocellated specimens are stated in the paper we
are discussing to occur aoleh/ in the Sandwich Isles, but this is incor-
rect, both forms Hy there.

It is of interest to remember that, in Madeira, where migration
scarcely comes in, no special form has developed. 1 say where migra-
tion scarcely comes in, my old friend, Mr. WoUaston, who lived there
for years, and was also constantly to and fro, never saw one of those
periodic migrations, and I had another entomological correspondent
there in recent years who never reported such an occurrence to me,
though we were constantly writing on kindred matters to each other.
This raises the point stated by Mr. Reuss that dark forms as from
Lapland are induced by cold, and light forms by heat. This I must
again query. I have a short series of ./'. canlni from the Island of
Nias, fine large specimens which are as dark as any examples I know
of, except possibly those small specimens where all the markings are
compressed into a very limited area — the fact is that moisture, possibly
in combination with other causes, induces darkness, and dryness
induces the light forms.

Again, " P. vn/n'iina proves that the ataUoita -form tendency is
^strongly inherent also in the rarihii-iovxn," but surely if, as is surmised,
both species (and I would say others too that I shall mention a little
later on) came from the same prototype, we should expect the same
tendency in all, the point that would be of special interest would be
the development of those species that had gone away from the original
stirps, and here I would suggest that an al)erration is an individual
Hying off at a tangent from the parent form rather than a "dependent."

1 am rather at a loss to understand why Mr. lleuss places itra and
ijotwrilla in the same category — apart from the fact that the one occurs
in Australia and the other in New Zealand, and so to the man in the
street they ought to have something in common, I do not say they ought
to experts- — to my eyes they are as far apart, specifically, as two species
of the genus could be if Ave take colour and pattern as the standard,
and this is what Mr. Reuss is theorising on. This brings me to my last
point. Why have the species belonging to the Ethiopian region been left
out altogether ; ahi/aniuica for instance, or Itipjiotiwne .' The latter is most
important of all for it is tlw transitional species between /'. canlni and
/'. atalanta. It is true that it is placed now in the genus Ihijxinartia, it

112 THE entomologist's RECORD.

has a short broad tail, but it is a Pyrameid in everything else, on the
upperside it is very close to P. atalanta, with the red changed to yellow
in both wings, but with two ocellated spots by the tail of the
secondaries, whilst the underside of the secondaries is in pattern a
transition between F. cardui and P. atnlanta. The other species of the
genus are not so close, but tend to show the line of development, if
indeed luppoinene may not be nearer the generic prototype. I am led
to pen these reflections not in any spirit of controversy, for we need
theorisers, and the paper in question betokens much thought, but when
we theorise the scientific mind should be most careful to make its
theories centre round the facts, and not turn the facts to centre round
its theories.

Notes on Agrlades thetis (bellargus).

By G. C. C. HODGSON, M.D.

I have just been able to look through the recently- published account
by Mr. Tutt on Auriades thetis {A Nat. Hist, of Brit. Lep., x., pp.
331-333), and offer the following remarks on some of the points
raised, based on the British material in my own collection.

^ AB. viRiDEscENs, TuTT. — All the fomis show, and the greenish ones
to a marked extent, the presence of scales of more than one tint. In
the greenish specimens, the green scales are of a pale emerald. A
viash of emerald-green water colour "scumbled" over the mixture of
ccerulean and ultramarine just reproduces the effect. The best
examples in my series come from Lewes (2), Keigate (1), Dover (1),
while many others not quite so marked come from Dover and
Folkestone, with a few from Surrey and Lewes. One from Wrotham
in a friend's collection about equals the best of mine. They occur
mostly in the first brood, but some are second brood examples.

Doubtful pathological examples. — In wet seasons {e.(j., 1904
1st brood, 1907 1st brood, 1909 2nd brood, especially) I have netted
blue males showing patches or spots or lines of purple, quite distinct
from the purplish patches observed in bleached specimens. In one of
these the patches are quite symmetrically arranged on the right and
left wings.

Local colour variation. — In one locality near Lewes, there is a
tendency for the S to become darkened to a blackish-blue violet or to a
blackish-greenish blue. These examples often show dusky or smoky
fringes in which the usual darker patches are obscured. There are
always obtainable on this ground, more commonly and regularly than
elsewhere observed, specimens of a deepish pure blue colour. All these
aberrations just mentioned are, in my mind, particularly associated
with August specimens. The conditions, whatever they may be,
which give such abundance of A. thetis in the August brood, seem to
afford a larger percentage. Occasionally (especially in August, 1906)
specimens occur of 5 s with dusky fringes, and always both J s and
2 s are to be found with heavily marked fringes.

(J s with fringes approaching plain = ab. hyacinthus, Lewin. —
In the seven specimens of this form in my collection, twenty-two
stri^ fail to extend through the width of the fringe. In one example,
the failure is in the inner half of the fringe opposite four of the
nervures of the right upper wing, thus leaving four detached blotches

NOTKS ON AGRIADES THETIS (bELLAKGUs). 113

on the outer half of the fringe. In another example, the failure is in
the outer half of the fringe, only two strife extending through the
fringe on one wing, the rest terminate as in the more advanced forms
of Poli/onDiiatiis icariis, I'lcbciiis anpiK, and Aricia aatrarche. It often
happens that the outer half of the fringe is darker that the inner
half, or that a dark line occurs in the middle of the fringe running
parallel Avith the wing outside. Sometimes the marks in the outer half
of the fringe tend to form a band parallel to the wing margin.

InTERXEURAL markings in the ^ = ALBOLINEATA, TuTT. A fomi

with white lines inside the margin and no black spots, was well-
marked and somewhat prevalent in the second brood in 1903, at
Folkestone and Dover, but since that year I have in vain endeavoured
to supplement and replace that form in my collection.

A. ab. PUNCTA, TuTT. — The form with black submarginal spots with
a white edge is common enough, as also is one having white lines
with more or less of a black spot. The combination of these markings
in a greater or lesser degree, is certainly the commonest form in my
experience from 1904 to 1909 in Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. I append
statistics from my series, which consists of 194 specimens, 126 upper-
side, and 68 underside. '•■

Interneural
markings
present.

White
lines
only.

Black

spots
only.

Both.

No inter-
neural
markings.

Uppersides 126

75**
.. 49
.. 124

8

25

42

51

Undersides 60

>t

75

ii«r

34

11

Totals

12

49
36

76

62

II.

124
Interneural markings on upper wings. — In the eleven specimens
showing this character, it is not a mere partial presence of some black
or white scales or both, but markings are distinctly present, as can
be proved by examination with a lens. These markings may be
described thus : —

I. In two or three specimens a shade, usually subtiiangular in shape, with
apex pointing towards the base.

II. A number of white scales occupying part of the space immediately inside
the marginal black in the anal angle of the wing. In one specimen the black
margin is throughout a very delicate line, but is partly obliterated in the anal
angle by the presence of the white scales.

III. In two specimens both black and white scales are present in no fewer than
six of the interneural spaces. The white scales are, of course, external to the
black ones in position.

IV. In one specimen shades of black scales of arrow-head shape occur in the
interneural spaces, leaving in the lower spaces plain blue ovals on the margin.

In the apex of the forewing, black scaling is of course not un-
common, and some of the rest are no doubt developments of this.
In Surrey, Sussex, and Kent, I should be inclined to consider the

* Eight are striata, obsoleta, etc., and not tabulated.

** Eleven have distinct interneural markings in margins of forewings.

t Five of these have whitish lines edged with black scales.

"[ The best ab. puncta, is devoid of white, but most have a few white scales.

Hi THE entomologist's RECORD.

presence of interneural combined markings on the hindwings as
common, but to an extent approaching unmarked specimens rather
than complete development.

Note. — Of the 126 set upperside, at least 27 were collected purposely for
presence of interneural markings, and 10 set purposely to show their absence. Of
the 60 ( + 8) set underside, all were collected without reference to interneural
markings.

Female uppersides. — I. Pathological tendencies. — In certain
seasons, under the influence of cold (?), frosts, etc., 2 s occur in which
the upperwings have grey apical wedges approaching those which
are so markedly noticeable in Poh/oDiiiiatus icanifi 9 s. Grey scales
may, in some instances, mark the costal area, or specially the nervures
also, as well as replace the orange chevrons. Sometimes these grey
scales may even alter the general colour of the upperwing, and render
prominent the submarginal black spots.

II. Chevrons of a primrose colour = ab. flavescens, Tutt. — In
the paper in which my remarks on this character occurs, only a very
cursory mention of A. thetis aberrations in this direction was made.
I should have added that I have seen this colour only in specimens
Avhere some bleaching has taken place or is present.

Dark 5 ab. urania, Gerh. — On pp. 344-5, when reference is made
to ab. urania, the character, the absence of the orange chevrons on the
upperside is given, but no mention is made of other forms which lack
these markings. I possess a 5 almost plain, with only traces of blue,
and sub-uranial forms without orange scales. A marked aberration
occurs at Folkestone (Sidebotham), and has been found in the same
spot in Surrey for two years running. In this the blue entirely replaces
the orange and other markings above the white-edged black spot ; the
rest of the upperwing may be either with or without blue. In most
of these, eight or ten specimens, no orange scale was visible.

Nervures. — Two specimens of the brown female, one from Folke-
stone, have distinctly paler nervures. Two specimens, one from
Folkestone, have grey nervures over the upper wings for the most part.
Two or three specimens have nervures largely indicated by blue scaling
(Cf. ab. of P. icariit>).

Measurements.

Largest. Smallest.

? s. > 38mm. = (2 examples) \ All in June, 1907,
38mm. = (4) I except one in 1904

37mm. = (1 ab. nigra) \ and one in 1906.

Mr. Grosvenor's coll.
just < 22mm.

Largest.

> 39mm. =2 (1 ab. parvipttncta).
39mm. = 1
38mm. = 4 (1 advanced obsoleta).

Undersides (series of 98). — I note a recurrent variation in dis-
placements of the submedian series of ocelli, observed in 1904, 1905,
1906, 1908, and 1909. A remark on one form of this occurs
incidentally in the work with reference to a mixed form. This
peculiarity is the displacement of the ocelli outwards towards the
submarginal row. As a rule they are very fairly constant in position

COLEOPTERA. 115

halfway between the submarginal row of spots and the tliscoidal spot,
but may occiu' much nearer to the sul)marginal series and even in a
regular curve without obsolescence or confluence or mixture such as
may occur with all underside aberrations. My friends and I always
call this form which spreads '' discrefa,'' and the form with opposite
tendency " <iloiiicrata," where submedian and basal spots cluster round
the discoidal with oi without mixture of cnnjinicta or ohsnleta develop-
ment (since described with reference to this species and A. coridon, A
Xat. Hist. Brit. Butts., iv., p. 16). Either of these two, " ilhcn'ta'' or
" liloiiierata,'' occurs separately on hindwings or forewings, or all
together often asymmetrically. I have diacreta in Aijriades mri'lon,
rifln'iiis arf/itu (aci/on), Aricia astrarche and I'oliioiiDiiatiia icarus : and
filni/urata in A. aatrarrhe, and /'. iranis, and have seen it in A. carithm,
besides having both in several specimens of A. thetis {bellar<ius).

0 Colour. — A. ab. czekelii, Aign.-Abafi. — Grey after frost. On
p. 389 is noted: — "Ten days after frost,"'' should be about September
lOtb, after two nights' frost. The frosts were, I think, on September
11th and 12th, and the insects were taken on the 13th and ]4th. 1
went because of the frosts, as in the " Webb collection " are steel-grey
specimens of r? s taken under similar conditions, except that the
frosts were more severe. Two were taken in Surre}' on the fiist day
after the 2nd frost, and a third at Lewes the next day after that.

Length of time that the first brood is ox the wing. — Since the
year 1902 I have found A. thcfis in July every year, except 1909, when
I was too busy to go out after June 26th, at which date there were plenty
to be had. In 1907, on July 23rd, both sexes of Auriadea tlietis, A.
coriibni, I'leheiio^ artfiis {acijon), Pob/onnnatiis icanis, and Aricia astrarche,
with 3 Ciipido imniiinis, were taken in one valley near Dover.

Variation in discoidal spots of underside. — I have two complete
specimens of ab. discoidalis-niilla, Tutt (p. 337), one taken in Kent in
1905, second brood, and the other in 1909, also in Kent and of the
second brood. Several of my specimens have discoidals missing on
one wing, c;/., one from Surrey in 1907, but all these, both in Mr.
Grosvenor's and my own collections, are teratological examples, in
which the costa of the primaries is more or less concave. All my
specimens are largely obsoleta, or else with large white wedges
running from the margin towards the base ; Grosvenor's example was
not nbsoh'ta. It was taken in Surrey in 1907. I have seen no specimen
with a discoidal spot absent without some imperfect development in
the shape of the wing.

(gfOLEOPTERA.

Coleoptera at Wicken Fen in September, 1909. — In addition to
those species given by my friend, Mr. Donisthorpe (vol. xxi., p. 231),
I find I took the following: — In sedge refuse, Habrocerus rafiillari-
(■(ir)ils, Gr., Ueterot/io/'s dissiniilis, Gr., Leistotraplms intirhiim, L.,
l'/iiln)itJtus innhratilis, Gr., /'. rerualis, Gr., Steniifi ni(/ritiiltis, Gyll.,
S. bif or eolatus, Gyll., N. latifronx, Er., Lesteva punctata, Er.,
Scj/dinaoiiis collaris, ^[iill., Sllji/ia tristis, 111., Corticaria creuicnllis,
Ms^nnh. , ('ah/idnnieriis d)d)ins, M&vsh., by sweeping in the fen, Apion

" I did not myself record the capture. The insects were exhibited at the
City ot London Entomological and Natural History Society.

116 THE KNTOMOLOGIST's RECORD.

vorax, Hbst., A. viciniiin, Kirb., and Helophoriis riif/osus, 01. — (Prof.)
T. Hudson Beare, B.Sc, 10, Eegent Terrace, Edinburgh. April 2nd,
1910.

Steni in Scotland in March. — I have had two or three oppor-
tunities, during the glorious spring Aveather which has characterised
the last half of March in the east of Scotland, of working moss and
flood refuse, and have found many species of the genus Stenua in great
abundance. At Dunkeld, the following occurred: — Steniis jnuo, F.,
speculator, Lac, r/injneineri, Duv., inipresxitsi, Germ., nitidiu-scidiis,
Steph., ar'tilis, Hbst., tarsalis, Ljun., and latifrons^, Er., all in moss.
At Leadburn, also in moss, similiK, Hbst., foceicollis, Kr., biipthalnnis,
Gr., and pai/anus, Er. At Cobbinshaw, in refuse around the shores of
the Loch, pnhescens, Steph., canaliciilatun, Gyll., hiipthahinis, Gr.,
iiitidinncidus, Steph., bifoceolatus, Gyll., tarsalis, Ljun., jiino, F.,
hrnnnipes, Steph., speculator, IjSlC. ,impressiis. Germ., ossiimi, Steph. — Id.

Ptinella britannica. Matt., in a Mole's Nest. — On March 20th
last, when digging up a mole's nest at Burwell Fen with my friend,
Dr. Nicholson, I found a specimen of this very rare beetle. This is
the fourth example that has occurred, the first was taken by Matthews
on the back of a slug. Dr. Joy took the second in a mole's nest, a
third was recorded from France. — Horace Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., 58,
Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, S.W. April 12tJi, 1910.

Recording Coleoptera. — It would greatly facilitate the labour of
those who are compiling local, or county, lists, or are working at the
British distribution of Coleoptera, if all coleopterists would mark
with an asterisk when recording captures of beetles, such species as
are new to the district, or the county, or when this is not possible,
from a locality not given for the species in Fowler's Coleoptera "f the
British Isles. In last year's Eat. Mo. Ma/j., Mr. Tomlin published
some most interesting and useful lists of beetles from Herefordshire,
nearly all the insects, say nine-tenths of these lists, were new records,
but the tenth would be perhaps recorded in Fowler from " the Malvern
Hills," say, where Mr. Tomlin also recorded it from ! It thus meant
that every one of these insects had to be checked with Fovv^ler before
the records could be made use of, a great waste of time and labour,
which could have been avoided if the nine-tenths had been marked
with an asterisk ! I think I may say I know the British distribution
of our Coleoptera as well as most, but it is impossible for anyone to
remember the exact distribution of over 3000 species. As I am
endeavouring to keep records of our species up-to-date, I shall be very
much obliged if coleopterists will kindly fall in with this plan.^ — Id.

j^ClENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

The Reazzino Melit^a. — In the March number of the Ent. Eec,
Dr. Chapman has pronounced ex cathedra on the Reazzino Melitaea as
being a local race of M. dictynna, on the very insufficient ground of a
similarity in the <? genitalia. The grounds, given elsewhere at some
length, on which I had pronounced it to be M. britomartis, were entirely
different, and I still maintain them to be sufficient, especially when it
is remembered that there is a brood of 3/. dictipma, at Reazzino, be-
tween the two broods of M. britomartis. As I am already treating of
the subject in a long paper in the Entomoloyist, it is manifestly im-

NOTES ON COLLECTING.

117

possible for me to go into details here also; but I will take thia branch
of the subject as soon as possible, though luy notes on the genitalia of
the group are not so full as I naight have been able to make them, had
I felt able to finish the subject in the order I had origina% planned. —
Georgk Wheeler, M.A., 37, Gloucester Place, W.

Hearing ix Ants. — -It is still unknown to what extent ants can
hear. Forel has expressed the opinion that they are quite deaf. Lord
Avebury could never find that they seemed to hear any noises of a
variety of different kinds which he tested them with. He considered
it probable, however, that ants might produce sounds entirely beyond
our range of hearing. We know they possess stridulating''^ organs,
and some organs in the antennic and tibia' have been suggested as
hearing apparatus. Recently, through the kindness of my friend
Dr. Gordon Wilson, I have tested my ants in captivity with the whistle
known as the Galton-Edelmann. The human range runs up to
iO,000-50,000 vibrations per second, but tested by the sensitive Hame,
this whistle is seen to give ofi" musical notes far above that limit.
We tried my ants in every way with it, up to its highest range, before
which no sounds whatever could be heard by us, but the ants never
appeared to notice anything at all. — Horack Donisthorpe, F.E.S.,
oH, Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, S.W. Ainil Itli, 1910.

r^^^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Hybernatei) Lepidoptera on the Wing. — It may be worth notice
to say, I found two Scopelowvnt satelUtia at " sugar " last evening,
and to-day I saw a Goneiitenjx rhaiinii sporting in a sunny lane near
here. All through Novemljer and December N. mtelUtia was very
abundant. — H. G. Gregory. March 'did, 1910.

Epunda lichenea and other species at Mull of Galloway
Lighthouse. — During 1909, Mr. Henderson, the keeper of the ^lull of
Galloway lighthouse, kindly sent me a considerable number of moths
which had been attracted by the light. Amongst a host of commonei-
species, I was very pleased to find a beautiful specimen of K}iunda
Urhenea (var. rin'iliriurta), and one of Litliasia ctHiiplana, as well as
I'rridroiiia n/isilnn (.s/(//'W.s«), /'. sdnria, Diaiithoecia ronspersa, and a
number of handsome specimens of IhisypoUa titnpU. Antlirocera fili-
lieitiliilan appears also to occur in that locality.- — Dorothy •). Jackson,
Swordale, Evanton, Ross-shiie. April 8th, 1910.

Hydr(Ecia crinanensis at Ennisktllen. — I am pleased to record
the detection of four more specimens of IJt/ilroecia trinaneHiii!^, all c? s;
taken by Colonel Partridge, at Enniskillen, during his residence in that
place, these were and are now in the collection of Mr. C. Fenn. They
are of the light form. With thein were two IJ. Inims ivoni the same
locality. — (Rev.) C. R. N. Bukkows, F.E.S., The Vicarage, Mucking,
StanfJrd-le-Hope. April Uth, 1910.

Ai'LASTA ONONARIA IN THE NeW FoREST.- Ou AugllSl ^Jitll UlSt

year, 1 captured a sixicimen of Aploftta nmmarin at liurley. New Forest.
As I believe tliis uiotb has not been caught for several years, perhaps
this may be worth recording. — E. L. Strekt, Caithness House,
Melville Street, Ryde, Isle of Wight. April IWi, 1910.

* See also a paper by Dr. Sharp " On Stridnlation in Ants," Tran^. Ent. Soc.
LoiuL, 1893, pp. 199-213.

lift

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECOKl).

Is THIS A Yeak for Biston HiKTARiA '?■ — It luav Le of interest to
record that, on April 20th, I observed no fewer than twenty examples oi
this species resting on the trunks of four lime trees, which form part
of a row of these trees in one of the main thoroughfares in New Cross.
These trees have been under my observation for sixteen years, during
which period there have always been three or four examples (never
more at one time) on the tree-trunks during April. Until this year
(1910), however, they have never been so abundant. It would be
interesting to learn whether this is general. Another fact that struck
me was, that the whole of the twenty specimens mentioned were 5 s,
and, although I searched closely, not a <J could I see. The proportion
of ? s is always in excess of the J s, but this seems exceptional. —
Rosa E. Page, B.A., New Cross, S.E.

URRENT NOTES.

The I'vuieedini/s of the South Lomlon EntoinuloijicaL ami Satiiral
ILutorij Societi/, 1909-10, has just come to hand. It consists of 13:{ +
xvi pp., and 13 full-page plates, and is especially well- indexed. We wish
some of the larger Continental Societies (Belgium, Italy, Berlin,
Vienna, etc.) would adopt the method of indexing found here in their
publications- — most of the work in the Annals or Transactions of the large
Contmental Societies is absolutely buried for want of proper and
sufficient indexing. The published price is 5s., and it can be obtained
from The Secretary of the Society, Hibernia Chambers, London
Bridge, S.E.

The papers are of a high standard of excellence, and when we
remember that our three most capable illustrators of entomological
subjects by photography in the whole of Europe, possibly in the world —
Messrs. F. Noad Clark, Hugh Main, and A. E. Tonge — are essentially
South London Society men, and are responsible for the plates, it is
needless to add that they are of the very best that photography, aided
by half-tone process, is able to give us.

The papers most attractive to the lepidopterist will be '• Stray
notes on the variation and distribution of Boannia repandata in
Britain," by K. Adkin, F.E.S. ; " Resting attitudes of Lepidoptera," by
A. E. Tonge, F.E.S. (excellently illustrated); "Ticks," by F. Noad
Clark (with an abundance of beautiful photos) ; " Notes on the
Diptera," by H. W. Andrews, F.E.S.; " Our Authorities," by H. J.
Turner, F.E.S., "Notes on the, earlier-stages of Xola albulalis, by R.
Adkin, F.E.S., great credit is due to Mr. Adkin and his illustrators
for the work in this paper, whilst the " Larval stages of Chri/sojiora
hennamuila, Fab.," by A. Sich, F.E.S., and illustrated by his own
drawings, will, no doubt, as in the case with all the biological work
done by Mr. Sich relating to the Micro-lepidoptera, become the standard
work of reference on the biology of the speci(!s. Mr. Sich's thoughtful
Presidential address, " Lepidopterous Kvolution," also will not be
overlooked.

The large number of references to aberrations, varieties, particulars
of life-histories and habits of various species, makes this one of the
most valuable of the smaller annuals published in Britain, and reflects
great credit on the Publication Committee — Messrs. R. Adkin, T. W.
Hall, A. Sich, R. South, H. J. Turner {Secretary), and E. Step {Editor).

CURRENT NOTES. 119

One cannot help noticing as one looks through the list of members and
workers of this active Society, with its 28 years of virile work behind
it, what a splendid training ground it has been for much that is best
in the larger cosmopolitan society of which its Fellows are so proud —
the Entomological Society of London.

The Entomological Society of London, at its meeting on April 6th,
nominated the Rt. Hon. Lord Avebury, Mr. H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe,
and Dr. F. A. Dixey, to be its representatives at the International
iMitomological Congress to be held in Brussels in August next. It also
appointed Dr. Karl Jordan to be its representative at the International
Zoological Congress to be held at Gratz.

Our attention has been drawn to the fact that at the last
Conversazione held by the Entomological Society of London, regret was
felt by some Fellows that more exhibits of Coleoptera were not made.
We are desired to suggest that a larger show in this order would be
welcome. Further that, as the function is, on this occasion, fixed an
hour earlier, c/c, 8 p.m., that a larger attendance might fairly be
expected. It is trusted that all entomologists will make an effort to
be present and so support the committee and ensure that the
Conversazione shall be a success. It appears to us an excellent idea to
strengthen the means by which entomologists can get a better personal
knowledge of one another.

The Thirty-third Annual Report of the Lancashire and Cheshire
Entomological Society has come to hand and contains several interesting
items of which probably the most welcome to us is an excellent portrait
of Mr. Robert Newstead, M.Sc, one of the Vice-Presidents. A short
illustrated paper on " The Luperinas," by F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., will be
found interesting, as also will papers on "The Value of Variation to a
Species," by H. R. Sweeting, M.A., "The Micro-Lepidoptera in the
Liverpool district," by W. Mansbridge, F.E.S., whilst the annual
address, this year by II. H. Corbett, M.R.C.S., is equally attractive.
The Society has a great abundance of Vice-Presidents, w^hilst the
veteran S. J. Capper, F.E.S. still holds the Presidential chair.
Altogether the Report will be found very interesting.

A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at the Savage Club
on the evening of April 20th, 1910, when Mr. H. Rowland-Brown was
the host. The walls of the dining-room were covered with mementoes
of the prowess of old " Savages" with pen and pencil ; and two noble
" Savage " clubs lay on the table, when an excellent spread was
negotiated at 7.30 p.m. Among those present were Messrs. R. Adkin,
EI. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, T. W. Hall, A. H. Jones, Guy Marshall,
Meade- Waldo, W. Sheldon, A.- Sich, R. South, J. W. Tutt, G. H.
\'errall, M.P., Commander J. J. Walker, the Rev. G. H. Wheeler, etc.
After supper, business was transacted, and an adjournment was made to
the smoking-room, where discussion of matters mainly entomological
was indulged in until 11 p.m., at which hour the party dispersed after
a most enjoyable evening.

Mr. J. Edwards states {Ent. Mo. May.) that Tijc/iius haiiiiatoinis,
Gyll. {=JiinceHs, Boheman), should be added to the list of British
coleoptera, and gives a table characterising the species of the genus.

We learn that the Special Board for Biology and Geology have
appointed Mr. Leonard Doncaster, M.A., Fellow of King's College, to
be superintendent of the museum of zoology, and the Vice -Chancellor

120 THK KNTOMOLOGIST's riKCORD.

has approved of the appointment. Mr. Doncaster took first class
honours in both parts of the Natural Science Tripos, and was
Walsingham medallist in 1902.

In the Revue Meii^'iieUc dc la Societe K»tumnloi)i(jne A'<7)»»roj.sf (April,
1910), Mr. Lambillion gives an interesting account of Apatura iris and
A. ioLe in the Forest of Bure (which, he says, is really an extension in
French territory of the Belgian woods of St. Mard), together with a
long list of minor aberrations of these species which appear to be very
frequent in this district. The species seem to be even more abundant
here than in the well-known woods of the southern Jura.

The 15th Annual Congress of the South Eastern Union will be
held at Guildford on June 8th, 9th, 10th, and 11th, 1910, when
Professor E. A. Gardner, M.A., will deliver the presidential address.
A very extensive programme of Excursions and Lectures by well-known
scientists has been arranged, the lecturers including Mr. Fred Enock,
"Aquatic Autocrats and Fairies" (Saturday evening), and Mr. J. W.
Tutt, "Colour in Insects" (Friday evening). Members of local
societies may become Associates of the Union and thus entitled to
attend the meetings, etc., and enjoy all the privileges of the Congress
on payment of a sum of -Is., which should be sent to the Rev. R.
Ashington Bullen, Englemoor, Woking, Surrey. A large contingent
of well-known entomologists attended the 1909 Congress at Winchester,
and it is expected that a larger party will foregather at Guildford, an
excellent country for collecting under excellent guidance.

jp^OCIE TIE S.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
— March 10th, 1910. — The Society's Collection of Coleoptera : Mr.
West exhibited two cabinet drawers of the society's collection of
coleoptera, which he had just remounted and arranged. Early
lepidoptera : Mr. J. P. Barrett, specimens of yyma hispidaria, Pldgalia
pedaria, and Hybernia leucophaearia from Richmond Park, and noted
that he took the first-named species in the same locality 40 years ago,
and that quite one-third of the last species seen were more or less
crippled. A rake earwig : Mr. Lucas, the photograph of a very rare
earwig, 0. leicisi, from a specimen recently obtained in the Liverpool
Docks. Melanic Nyssia hispidaria: Mr. Cowham, two bred intensely
black $ s of Xyssia hispidaria. Aberrations of Anthrocerids, etc. :
Mr. L. W. Newman, an interesting series of Anthrocerid species from
Bristol, taken by Messrs Smallcombe, including A. kippocrepidis ab.
rhrysantheiui, a yellow form, a fine pink form, and a red form with
yellow spots, with a confluent form of A. lonicerae. He also showed
a confluent specimen of A. riciae {nidiloti), and reported that pupa? of
a 2nd brood of Abraxas (/rossulaiiata kept out of doors were still alive.
Lantern slide exhibition : The remainder of the evening was devoted
to the exhibition of lantern slides by Messrs. Tonge, West (Ashtead),
Lucas, Dennis, and Edwards, including series illustrative of the resting-
attitudes of insects, the crystals formed from various solutions, rare
plants from the New Forest, details of insect structure, various plants
attacked by galls, and the natural history and structure of the cock-
roach. AI arch 2nd, 1910. — Larvae of Micro-Lepidoptera : Mr. Sich
exhibited specimens of Coleophora troglodytella bred from larvas fed on

SOCIETIRS. 121

Achillea millefoliiini, and also larvae feeding on mignonette seeds,
probably those of Borkhausenia pscudo^in-etella. Spking lepidopteea :
Mr. R. Adkin, series of Taeniocampa (jothica and ab. (jothicina, selected
from a large number of bred and captured specimen?. Captain Cardew.
a bred series of Faclmohia Icncoiirapha, very dark in colour, a series of
typical T. ii«tMca bred from 'lothicina parents, and specimens of
Pliifialia jicdaria from Wimbledon, one taken on January 2nd, worn,
two on March 18th, in good condition. Mr. -J. P. Barrett reported
having recentlj- observed iirt'iilmx /lart/miias and (ianf/iti-rt/.r r/uninii in
woods near London.

The BiRJiiNGHAji Naturai- History and Philosophical Society
(Entomological Section). — January 11th, 1910. — Elkction of
Ppesident and Secretary : Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker was re-elected
President of the section, and Mr. H. Willoughby Ellis was elected to
the vacant office of Hon. Secretary. Aberration of Geometra papilio-
naria, etc. — Mr. Fountain, <Teumetia papilicmaria, L., from Moseley,
with wings pinkish-brown, which from its condition must have recently
emerged. Knnonios autuiniiaria, Wernb., Elswood. Warwickshire.
('heiniatohia horeata, Hb., and Uporabia dilntata. Bork., Elswood.
Collembola abundant: Dr. W. T. Elliott, a species of CoUembola
which occurred in enormous numbers on the gravel walks round the
filter-beds at Stratford-on-Avon waterwoi'ks. Agriades coridon and
A. THETIS : Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, forms of these species from Asia
Minor, Spain, Greece, Algeria. February 21.'<^ 1910.-— j\fr. P. H.
Harvey, a fine specimen of Abraxas yrossidariata ab. lacticolor, taken
at Warwick. Abnormal cocoons of Lachneis lanestris : Mr. Lloj'^d
Chadwick, curious cocoons of Lachneis lanestris: some were double,
and some contained more than two pupje, the cocoons being joined
together laterally with an outer envelope to cover the group.
Stylopised hymenoptera, etc : Mr. A. H. Martineau, Andraena
iriltsella, Kirby, and another specimen of the same species attacked by
Stylops. The parasite alters the whole appearance of its host, and led
to Kirby describing stylopised specimens as another species, A.
rore.riuscida. Also a nest of Odynerns, sp., in the hole of a cotton-reel
which was filled with cells and sealed up at both ends. The Bradley
COLLECTION : Several drawers of the Bradley collection of Diptera and
Odonata (which the Society is holding in trust for the Birmingham
Corporation pending the completion of the Municipal Natural History
Museum) were examined by the members. March 2lst, 1910. —
Spilodes palealis from Jersey : Mr. G. T. Fountain exhibited a
specimen of Spilodes palealis from Jersey. Bryophilid.t: and Bomby-
coid.e : i\Ir. Lloyd Chadwick, Bryophila perla (Warwick), Triaena
psi (Warwick), Acnmicta Icjiurina (W^ye Valley and Denstone, West
Staffs), Apatrla aceris (Brockenhurst), Pharetra uieyacejdiala (Prince-
thorpe and Snitterfield), P. nonicis (Long Itchington), Craniophnra
lii/nstri (Snitterfield), Dilnba caeriileocephala (Warwick). He also
stated that a larva of Jocheaera alni had been sent to him from Loek
Wootton, Warwickshire. Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, species of Zallissa
and Pseiidozallissa from New Guinea ; species of Diphthera, Diptcryyia
and Eitple.ria from New Guinea ; species of Acmnycta, New Guinea
and Europe, and Bryophila, Europe. Mr. H. Willoughby Ellis
exhibited aberrations of Bryophila perla from Knowle, Triaena tridens,
2\ psi, Pharetra meyacephala, P. riimicis, and Diloba caeruleocephala,

]22 THE F.NTOMOI.OfHST's RKCORn.

Knowle, and a bred specimen of Jocheaera aim from Moseley.
CoLEOPTERA : Mr. W. Ellis also showed the following Coleoptera : —
Liparis coronatus (Falmouth), Hylecoetes clertnestoides (Cannock Chase),
yecvophorus vestigator (Bedfordshire), Carahus nitens, dark ab. (Ne^^
Forest), Malacldua aeneiis, (New Forest), Clythra quadripmictata.
and illustrated its life-history, the species dwelling in the nests of F.
nij'o, L. LucANus cEKvus IN THE BiRJiiNGHAM DISTRICT ; Mr. Wjdlard
Griffiths remarked upon the few records that had been made of Liicaiins
ccrviis in the Birmingham district, and said that one had been sent to
him from Bewdley. Copulation of the Boarmiid.^e : Professor Carlier
stated that the Boarniiidae copulate in a vertical position, the ^ being
below the $ , and, therefore, in order that fertilization may take place,
the spermatozoa must pass upwards. The interesting question was
raised as to whether it was accomplished by ciliary action, or by an
ejecting apparatus in the J . Scales of Lepidoptera : Information
was also asked for as to the composition of the colour pigment in the
scales of lepidoptera, great difficulty being experienced in analysing
the very small quantities of material available. Semi-loopixg habit ok
NocTuiD larvae : Mr. Lloyd Chadwick pointed out that veiy young
larva^ of Triphaena fi)nbria behaved like "loopers," and were apparently
not furnished with the usual number of prolegs which developed
later ; he also pointed out that Buckler says that the larvfe of Triphaena
proniiba do the same. Mr. Fountain said that young larvte of Pieris
bra.'isicae also " looped," [The question of the semi-looping habit and
its possible origin and use have been discussed at length in connection
with the structure and modification of the prolegs in A Natural
HUtory of the British Lepidoptera, vol. i., pp. 35 et secj., and pp. 52 et seq.
It is, of course, quite normal in a very large number of species, — Ed.J

OBITUARY.

George Willis Kirkaldy, F.E.S. {xith portrait).

By the early death of George Willis Kirkaldy, entomology loses
one of her most active and enthusiastic devotees, who, had he been
spared, would certainly have achieved a great career.

He was born at Clapham on July 26th, 1873, and so was barely
37 years of age when he died. His father was the late William Hay
Kirkaldy, and his mother Jane Steele Kirkaldy, daughter of John
Willis. Inheriting Scottish blood from both his parents, intense
pride of nationality was one of the most striking features of his
character. He traced his ancestry to Sir James Kirkaldy, Treasurer
to James \. of Scotland, and father of the famous Sir William
Kirkaldy de Grange, who held Edinburgh Castle for Mary, Queen of
Scots,

During his life in England, he joined the London Scottish
volunteers, and studied the Gaehc language with enthusiasm ; he used
to tell with pardonable pride, how, when tramping, in kilt of course,
in the wilder parts of the Highlands, his acquaintance with the
language, though necessarily far from perfect, was of the greatest value,
if not actually indispensable ; it certainly made him a welcome guest
in the humble but hospitable huts of the crofters.

OBITIIAHY. 123

As is the case with all really enthusiastic entomologists, his love
of science and natural history showed itself at an early age, and
quickly became a veritable passion. At the City of London School,
he became a vigorous membei- of the Natural History Society, and
impressed his personality upon his young colleagues and masters, so
that he was appointed Curator of the School Museum.

He followed both his father and his mother's family's example in
entering a shipping business, where his overflowing energy manifested
itself as much in his work as in his hobbies. In spite of the strain of
daily toil in the city, he worked early and late at entomology : a
voracious reader, he studied late into the night ; in summer, when the
days are long, he snatched a brief hour with the microscope before
starting for the city in the morning, and on returning home in the
evening was not too fatigued to make the most of the remaining day-
light.

A regular attendant at the meetings of the Entomological Society,
which he joined in 1898, he was a famiHar figure among piles of books
in the library ; he occasionally was seen at the meetings of tbe South
London Entomological Society at Hibernia Chambers.

A glutton for work and an omnivorous reader, he had a wide and
sound knowledge of zoology, and yet fo\md time to gain a very useful
ac(iuamtance with a variety of subjects. Music, above all, was a
passion v.'ith him, and sometimes a good orchestral concert could (h-aw
him away even from entomological meetings.

Living in London, he had little opportunity of gaining a colloquial
acquaintance with many languages, but from his correspondence with
numerous colleagues all the world over, and his literary researches,
he could read with varying ease, not only French, German, Italian,
and Latin, but also Spanish, Danish, Sw^edish, Bohemian, and after-
wards Hawaiian. He occasionally published brief papers in the first
three languages, and his manuscript did not require a great deal of
correction.

Although in later years he included within his scope the Hemiptera
of the world, his first favourites were the aquatic groups of the British
Fauna. In 1897, he published " Notes on the genus Siiiara,'' in the
I'.ntoinolntjist, followed by "Synonymic notes on Aquatic Khynchota,"
which led to " A (iuide to Ihe Study of British Waterbugs," which
ap])eared at intervals in the pages of the Entiviwloijist until 1906. He
contributed numerous papers to the Annah and Mat/azinc of Natural
Uisturi/, the Journal of the Qiieketl Microscopical Society, the Natural
lliatori/ of Soltotra, Fauna Uawaiionsis, and several continental
journals. His earliest important original paper was his " Revision of
the genus A'oto»('(trt," published in the 'rraiinidtinns of tlif f'litniunloiiiral
Sncieti/ nf London, in 1898.

But though the days at liilliter Avenue were very happy ones,
when he was surrounded by friends and familiar faces, he gladly
accepted a post which fdl'ered more scope to his abilities and (|ualilica-
tions, on the entomological staff of the United States Department of
.\gricultare and Forestry at Honolulu, shortly afterwards transferred
to the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association. In the summer of 1903
he said good-bye to his l^nglish friends, and sailed for the perpetual
summer (jf the South Pacific. But he i-emained on the advisory stall"

124 THE entomologist's recokd.

of the E^ntonioloc/ist, which he had joined in 1901, frequently con-
tributing to its pages.

In 1906, he married Miss Annie K. Bienhani, and had two
children ; the firstborn, the son and heir of whom he was so proud,
died a year ago ; the other, a daughter, survives to console his widow.

Not long after his arrival in Honolulu, he met with an accident
that crippled the rest of his life, and eventually brought him so early
to the grave. While he was riding on horseback, his leg was caught
in the spokes of a buggy wheel, nearly wrenched off, and fractured in
five places. The bone refused to set, in spite of repeated operations.
Early this year, when visiting San Francisco with his family, he was
persuaded to undergo yet another operation, five days after which he
succumbed, on February 2nd.

His uncomprising advocacy of the rule of priority in nomenclature,
his stern adherence to the strict letter of the law, his absolute refusal
to admit emendations or the slightest elasticity in the rule, his un-
swerving confidence in himself, and impetuou.s character, sometimes
brought him into collision with his fellow workers. It was a funda-
mental article of faith with him, that only by such means could
ultimate stability of nomenclature be attained, and that was the object
for which he was working in the general *' Catalogue of the Hemip-
tera," a monumental and voluminous work, the first tome of which
appeared last year (Cimicid<e); a second is in the press, and will appeal'
posthumously.

He leaves many friendf: in all parts of the world, friends who
admired and respected him. We may perhaps be allowed to quote an
appreciative letter from a mutual friend and colleague from the other
side of Europe. " Ce n'est pas seulement un ami sincere et trt^s
devoue que nous veiions de perdre, mais nn homme de grande valeur,
loyal et tres-consciencieux, conime on n'en rencontre pas souvent.
Son oeuvre colossale'-' nous restera comme le fruit d'un puissant et
infatigable travailleur qui a eu le courage de faire de precieuses et
('.irelU')ites refoniies en Hemipterologie, et on aurait grand tort de lui
reprocher les (j^uelques petites erreurs de detail qu'il aurait pu
connnettre, car il etait le premier a les reconnaitre et h les reparer
lorsqu'on lui en signalait avec des apparences de raison. Malgre les
(^uelques ennemis qu'il a pu avoir et que seule, sa grande franchise
aurait pu rendre jaloux de son oeuvre, il n'en restera pas moins dans
les premiers rangs des Hemipteristes de notre epoque oil il avait su se
creer une place d'honneur. Enfin cette mort si inattendue m'a
absolument consterne, car j'avais pour Kirkaldy non seulement une
profonde et sincere affection, mais encore une tres haute estime que
justifiaient amplement ses vastes et solides connaissances. La
siirete de ses vues d'ensemble le sortait tout-a-fait de la vulgaire
banalite ou se complaisent tant d'entomologistes. Sa perte est
certainement pour la Science un malheur irreparable pour le moment,
et je la deplore du fond du coeur."

That is indeed a noble epitaph, but it is thoroughly well-deserved.
— M.B.

He had fleseiibed nearly a tliousand species of Hemiptera.

A MONTH IN THE RHONE VALLEY IN 1909. 125

A Month in the Rhone Valley in 1909.

By ROSA E. PAGE, B.A.

The spring and early summer of 1909 had been unusually cold and
rainy ; reports from all parts were most unfavourable ; in the middle
of July we were warned not to attempt the mountains, as people who
had ventured thither were spending their time round hotel fires, the
clouds being quite low down.

However, buoyed up by the hope that we might be more fortunate
than those who had gone out earlier in the season, and that species
might be later than usual, we arranged to spend the first few days at
Eclepens. Here, indeed, we had magnificent weather, but did not find
insects so plentiful as in 1907.

On Friday, July 23rd, we went in search of Apatara ilia, five or
six of which were seen, but proved to be very much on the alert and
difficult to net. Limenitis Camilla was flying in the wood, but did not
come within reach. Returning to the road, and continuing up the
hill in the direction of Cossonay, we captured several Apatura ilia and
one A. iris, which Avere alternately skimming up and down the road,
and settling on mule-droppings. Many others were flying from tree
to tree, but could not be coaxed down, when once they had settled.
Goneptenjx rhaiimi, Lcptosia sinapis, and Pieri.i ??a/jt were all in splendid
trim, gently flitting from flower to flower, along the tall hedges.

The marsh proved disappointing; Enodia Iiyperanthus was
abundant, mostly of the ab. vidua form ; a few Lycaena avion and
L. alcon were netted in good condition ; Melanavgia galatea was
numerous, but going over. On the 24th, the steep path near the
mouth of the tunnel was taken. On the ground above, Pavnaasius
cipollo var. pseudonniiiion, Nisoniades taf/es, (ronepiteri/x rhatirni, and
Cuenoni/inpha arcania var. daviciniana were found, all in good condition,
but Xonhiianitia ilicis was worn.

Farther on, through the Avood, w^e found nothing of note, so
returned to the Cossonay toad about 4 p.m., hoping to see more
Apatnva ilia. In this we were disappointed, not a specimen was to be
seen, although the road was still bathed in brilliant sunshine ; evidently
it Avas too late in the day.

The next morning we went straight to the Apaturid haunts, but
although scA'eral A. ilia Avere seen, Ave failed to net them. Returning
to the La Sarraz Road, we turned off to the right, and took the rough
road up the hill and through the oak-Avood. On the slopes, among
the scrub, Avas hfioria lathouia, evidently just out ; a fcAV Goneptenjx
rJiauini and Avuynnis niohe were resting on the floAvers, and a couple of
Sculitantidefi baton Avere netted. In the AVOod Avere Litnenitis Camilla
flying round the trees, and across the glades, together Avith Apatava
ilia. We Ave re very pleased to see Pararye achiiie for the first time;
these AA-ere plentiful, but A^ery much Avorn. Very finely marked
Coenonyrnp/ia arcania Avere taken, both in the woods and on the edge
of the marsh.

On examining the captured specimens, A\'e found that, while

Apatnva iris Avas in first-rate condition, A. ilia had lost much of its

freshness ; we Avere evidently too late for the latter species in spite of

the season having been so much retarded. We were, hoAvever, amply

June 15th, 1910.

126 THE entomologist's record.

compensated by the pleasure of having seen these species in their
habitat, and cannot imagine anything more beautiful than one of these
fine insects resting on the dusty road, with wings outspread, the
brilliant hues glowing in the sunshine ; or the sudden flash of colour
as they dash past one.

From Eclepens Ave went on to Aigie, and on the 27th spent a
delightful day on the Sepey Eoad. As we commenced the ascent,
Hirsutina da)iwn ^ s and Ai/riades coridon (chiefly S^ s) soon appeared,
both in fine order, with a few Celastrina an/iolus, which species was
just emerging; then, as we approached the rocks, Satijrus curdida and
S. alcijone in numbers. The 5. cordida, mostly ^ s, were as fresh as
one could wish them to be, which is more than one can say of S.
alcyone. Among these flew swarms of blues, mostly Hirmtina daman
and Agriades coridon, with an occasional Nordiiiannia ilich and Klt(;iia
spini and one or two Krynnis lavaterae ; Urbicola comma and Adopaea
lineola mingled with the rest. A few Melitaea didyma ^ s added flashes
of vivid colour, all beautifully fresh, among them being a few nice
underside abs. Apatura ilia and Limenitis Camilla were also met
with (but not in any numbers), with a stray Colias phicomone, and one
splendid specimen of Euvanefisa antiopa. A little above the cafe were
Erebia aethiops var. violacea and some small Farnassitis apollo with
pale spots. Near Le Sepey village, the hay had all been mown, and
there was a scarcity of insects, so we turned back ; but by four o'clock
the road was partly in shadow, and collecting was over for the day,
with the exception of a few belated specimens, which seemed loath to
leave the flowers.

On the 29th, Mr. Page went over to Charpigny, at Mr. Fison's kind
invitation, and was much interested in looking through his choice
collection. He secured in the grounds, thanks to Mr. Fison, some
Papilio machaon approaching var. aurantiaca, and a single specimen of
Bithys qHercm. Another visit to the Sepey Road on this date produced,
besides more specimens of the insects previously mentioned, many more
Theclids (both Rlitgia spini and Nordmannia ilicis), but these were mostly
in rags. They were very fond of resting on the flowers of the dwarf
elder, especially in one corner near the rocks. Erebia aethiojjs were
more numerous than on the 27th ; a few Polyyonia c-album and
Aporia crataeyi were netted. Limenitis sibylla was met with at
intervals resting on the road, and Leptosia sinapis flitted gently along
the hedges. Near the cafe, much to my surprise and pleasure,
I chanced to meet Mr. and Mrs. H. J. Turner, who had come over
from Montreux, and were working in the reverse direction.

On July 30th, we reluctantly left Aigie and went on to Sierre, and
in the afternoon walked over to Chippis. On rough ground to the
left, among vineyards, Fontia daplidice was flying, together with Pieris
rapae. By the right bank of the Navigenze, we came across Pajmassius
apollo, Euyoyiia polychloros, Limenitis Camilla, and Colias edusa. Melitaea
didyma was flying on the slopes with many M. phoehe, the latter very
much worn. Iphiclides podalirins was also there, though not in good
condition. A specimen of Polyommatus meleayer 3' was taken near
the electric generating station. On marshy ground near Sierre we
captured two Ramicia phlaeas ^ s, in fine condition, but otherwise the
marshes produced very few insects.

July 31st was spent in the Pfynwald, walking from Leuk to Sierre ;

A MONTH IN THE RHONE VALLEY IN 1909. 127

a very hot, dusty, and monotonous walk, with a strong wind and very
little sun. We secured, however, a very nice series of Brenthis dia on
a little spot of ground near Susten. We searched all the meadows for
Pob/oiiimatiis melecujer, but without success. Af/rmdes coridon and
roli/omnwtKs icarun were ubiquitous. In some meadows on the right were
many Iphidides podalirias, which were a delightful sight, with their
skimming flight and graceful poising on the flower-heads, from which it
Avas often difflcult to distinguish them. Velvety Knodia (/r^as emerged
heavily from the low bushes, but proved to be more wary than they
looked ; perfectly fresh Gonepteryx rJiaiiini fluttered here and there ;
E)}inepluie bjcaon, Urbicola comma, and Colias In/ale (the two latter not
in good trim) were in numbers. Nearing Chippis, we took a specimen
each of Euvancssa antiopa and Pontia daplidice, with a few Sati/nis
alcj/oiw.

The next day we tried the slopes on the right bank of the Navigenze,
towards Niouc; but, although the day was sunny, we were unsuccessful
with regard to PobjommaUis meleai/er. There was a complete dearth of
insect life on the same ground that teemed on the previous visit.
All the Melitaea phoebe had disappeared. But, on returning to Sierre,
we found Pontia daplidice flying on the patch of waste ground
mentioned before, all in fine condition, and mostly ^ s. We were
tempted to remain at Sierre for the emergence of the 2 s, but were
anxious to push on to Zinal, where we spent the following fortnight.

The walk from Sierre to Zinal was easily managed in a day, and
proved to be a most interesting one, although very little entomology
was done en route. The abundance of the mistletoe on fir-trees, and
the variety of wild fruit, especially the tiny wild gooseberries, and the
ripe but small black cherries of delicious flavour, were noticed. The
day being dull, with sunny intervals, and the valley mostly in shadow,
very few insects were about. Some rather yellow Melananjia (jalatea at
Fang, with Epinephele lycaon, Hipparchia semele, Sati/7-iis alcyone,
Erebia aetldops, and Agriades coridon were the only butterflies seen.
Fine broods of Vanessa io larvfe, almost fullfed, and tiny larvfe of Aylais
urticae were feeding on nettles by the roadside. The first few days at
Zinal were dull, wet, and very cold, with snow falling at night.

On August 5th, on the path leading to the Cabane de Mountet,
were Erebia tyndariis, Melitaea dictynna, and Colias pincomone : Heodes
viryaureae of rather deep hue, with a few Aricia domelii and one
Albidina pherefes. Coejwnyuipha satyrion was, however, very much
worn, while Pieris napi was in good order and well-marked, and
included some var. bryoniae, some of which were inclined to be small.
Here we found Parnassius deliiis <? s in fine condition, flying swiftly
on steep slopes near a rushing stream, and difficult to net, owing to
the roughness of the ground. Another welcome capture was a 2
(Eneis aello, the only one seen. The slopes above the moraine of the
Durand Glacier were evidently good ground, as was shown by the
rising of insects whenever gleams of sunshine came, the sky having
clouded over during the morning. Mr. Page, however, while pursuing
a particularly provoking Parnassius delius, had the misfortune to
rupture the ligaments of one of his ankles, which confined him to the
hotel, where he was obliged to spend the remainder of his holiday in
setting.

An expedition to the Roc de la Vache on the 6th, produced no

128 THE entomologist's record.

Alhulina pheretes, although all the slopes were examined. Colias
phicomone was very common, and, strange to say, those on the lower
slopes were fresher than those found higher ; while Brenthis pales was
everywhere, mostly with dark undersides. CoenonywpJia satipion were
numerous on rough ground in one of the bends in the path, as were
Erebia tyndarus; Pontia callidice was scarce.

The path to the Cabane de Mountet was visited on the next day,
when Parnassius delius was in abundance with Colias phicomone and
Brenthis pales of lighter colour than those found on the opposite slopes.
Scarcer species were Aricia donzelii, Albtdina pheretes, Latiorina
orbitidus, and Vacciniina optilete (these four blues were just coming on).
A very ragged and belated specimen of Parfiassius ninenwsyne, the four
wings being whole, but quite devoid of scales, and a 5 Aporia crataegi,
completed the list.

On August 11th, I worked along the left bank of the Navigenze,
and found that Parnassius delius and Pieris napi were now becoming
worn, but a fresh brood of P. brassicae had emerged, these being of
good size. Brenthis ino was evidently over, a few worn specimens
being taken, but Polymnmatus Jiylas and Issoria latlionia were emerging.
In the afternoon, 1 tried the slopes leading to the Col de Sorrebois,
and was delighted to find, in the wood, many bushes laden with wild
red currants, at that time very far from being ripe. Beautiful Piosa
alpina and another variety of pale pink wild rose were still in bloom.
Argynnis niobe var. eris was just out, and an interesting capture was a
Cyclopides palaenwn, which, I think, has not been previously recorded
from this valley,

The next day was spent on the Corne de Sorrebois. Another
Cyclopides palaenwn was taken, in splendid condition ; the only insects
seen in the wood were Erebia ligea, E. yoante, and PJ. ceto (very worn),
which were flying at the tree limit, 7000ft. up. Above this height
Brenthis pales was very abundant, and the captures included two very
nice ab. napaeae. There are numerous mountain streams on these
slopes, and the ground being mostly spongy, forms fine Parnassius
delius ground. This species and Colias phicomone was common, but
both had seen their best days ; in some sheltered corners Erebia
melampus and E. tyndarus were in swarms. In the late afternoon a
good many B. pales were observed asleep in the centres of ox-eye
daisies, the various tints of the marbled undersides toning beautifully
with the paler colours of the flower.

The banks of the Navigenze were worked on several occasions.
On moist patches of sand were swarms of Urbicola comma and Hesperia
alveus. Parnassitis delius was fond of settling in the grass in the
afternoon, and would rustle out with much fuss at one's approach ;
under these conditions it proved very much easier to net than when
flying at full speed up and down the rocky and steep mountain slopes.
Aricia donzelU, always in fine condition, mostly S- s, was spread
sparsely all over the valley, i.e., from the Chapelle St. Laurent
upwards, and generally occurred in company with Latiorina orbitulus,
Vacciniina optilete, Plebeius argus, Cyaniris semiargus, Cupido osiris
(sebi'us), and Aricia astrarche, while Colias phicomone appeared to be
quite the commonest butterfly at Zinal.

I will conclude with the following dialogue, which took place at
Zinal, and may perhaps throw a little light on the attitude of the

ANTS AND PLATYARTHRUS HOFFMANSEGGII. 129

peasant towards entomologists: — Peasant iroinan: "Bonjour, madame,
avez-vous beaucoup ramasse?" Kntoinoloiiht: " Un pen, madame."
Peasant: " Qu'est-ce que vous faites avec ces papillons — la'?" Ento-
7)iolo(iist: "Pour faire collectione." Peasant: "Ehbien! Pourquoi ?
Pour manger ? " (tres serieusement) ! !

Ants and Platyarthrus hoffmanseggii.

By C. CEAWLEY, B.A., F.E.S.

It is generally stated by entomologists that ants take no notice
whatever of the small white crustaceans that live in their nests. The
following notes will show that under certain circumstances the ants
interfere with their guests, and generally seem aware of the presence
of strange ones.

It must first be noted that the Platijarthri themselves often shun
contact with their hosts. If a Platyarthrus be observed carefully in
an artificial nest, it will be noticed that it turns aside whenever it
touches an ant; and when, as often happens, an ant steps on the back
of a Plati/arthnis, the latter remains motionless for a few seconds
before hurriedly moving away. The ants also often turn round with
open mandibles when a Platijarthrus passes close to them.

In August, 1896, an ant {Lasius niger) was observed, while walking
about the nest, to rest her forefeet on a Platyarthrus. The latter
raised its tail, and the ant started back and went away. A similar
thing was noticed not long after, in the same nest. Also in September,
1896, a L. niyer was seen lifting a Platyarthrus that had been intro-
duced from a nest of L. jlarus, and a few minutes later another of
these strangers, on being examined by an ant, raised its tail, and the
ant immediately went away. Another stranger, on entering the nest,
was met with every appearance of hostility.

Again, on August 12th, 1897, I put two fullgrown Platyarthri
from a nest of L. flarus into one of L. niger. Soon after an ant
picked up one of them by the edge of its shell, and carried it to the
door of the nest, then dropping it. The Platyarthrus ran back into
the nest, and no more notice was taken of it.

On July 11th, 1898, I brought some Platyarthri from a nest of L.
flarus in Surrey, and put them into a nest of L. niger taken in Oxford-
shire. The ants attacked them, killing one and subsequently eating
it, and driving all the rest from the nest. (This nest of L. niger, as well
as the others mentioned above, possessed Platyarthri of its own). A
few weeks later I put some from a strange nest of L. niger in the
neighbourhood into ray nest of L. niger. The ants attacked them at first,
but eventually desisted, and the J'latyarthri were allowed to remain
unmolested, with the exception of one, slightly injured in capture,
which was devoured. Three days afterwards this nest remained too
long in the sun, whose heat through the glass cover killed all the
Platyarthri. The ants dismembered the dead bodies and used them as
food. To replace these Platyarthri, 1 transferred several the following
day from another nest of the same species of ant. These Platyarthri
were examined by the ants, but not molested.

Again, on September 22nd, 1899, I put three Platyarthri from a
nest of Myrtiiica scahrijindis, into a nest of L. niger. On visiting the

180 THE entomologist's record.

nest five hours later, I found all the Platyarthri dead and outside the
nest.

All the Platijart/rri in a nest of M. scabrinodis were found outside
the nest dead, many being in a mangled condition, on December 14th,
1899, after a sharp frost. Those in the other nests exposed to the
same conditions, lived all through the winter.

In March, 1900, I saw a Lasius umhratns attempt to seize a Plafy-
arthrus in her mandibles. It was one of those belonging to the nest.
Some specimens introduced in February, 1903, from a nest of L.
flavus into one of L. niger, were attacked at first, but not for long. I
then put some into a nest of F'ormica sanguinea, but these ants took
no notice of them whatever.

On May 19th, 1908, I put five Platyarthri from a nest of M. scabri-
nodis into a nest of L. fiavus. The ants attacked them, and the
Platyarthri seemed reluctant to enter the nest, even when no ants
stopped them. On returning a few hours later, 1 found three outside
the nest, the other two not being visible. I put these three into the
nest several times, but they came out again of their own accord each
time, though the ants no longer took any notice of them. The next
day they were still outside. I put one into a nest of M. ruginodis. It
remained motionless while two workers examined it, and then left the
nest.

Two Platyarthri from one nest of L. niger were put into another
nest of the same species on May 9th, 1909, and were both attacked,
one being carried some distance. The following day I saw an ant
carry a dead Platyarthrus out of the nest.

The last case recorded was in November, 1909, when some
Platyarthri were introduced from a nest of L. flavus into another nest of
L. fiavas and a nest of L. 7iiger respectively. One was attacked for a
moment by a L. flams, but those put into the nest of L. niger were
unmolested.

As a general rule I found L. flavus receive Platyarthri from nests
of its own species, and from nests of L. niger and others, without
taking any notice of them.

These small blind woodlice pass their whole existence in ants'
nests, and when about to moult or produce offspring, are found in
small cells of earth made in the walls of the nest, where they remain
for some time, finally breaking their way out. I have never seen the
Platyarthri actually constructing these cells, though I have seen the
ants carefully plastering earth round them. In one case the ants
buried the Platyarthrus so deep that I doubt whether it could ever
have broken out without assistance. Two or three young ones are
sometimes left by the parent sealed up in an earthen chamber after
she has herself left it. On one occasion recently, I observed two
fighting, butting one another with their heads, till the arrival of an
ant separated them.

Notes on the Lepidoptera of the Scottish Highlands.

By DOEOTHY J. JACKSON.

I am able this year to add a good many species to the list published
at intervals in the Ent. Record, vol. xxi., and, as many of them
seem to be unrecorded from such northern localities, perhaps the

LEl'IDOPTERA OF THE SCOTTISH HIGHLANDS. 131

following notes may be of intere?t. My best thanks are clue to
Prof. J. J. F. X. King for his kind help in the identification of
a niiraber of the micros recorded below.

My year's collecting began with an examination of the shoots of
Arctiistaphi/loK nva-ursi, which, interspersed with heather and whortle-
berry, cover large tracts of a moorland hill in this neighbourhood
(Swordale, Evanton). I was rewarded with quite a number of larvre,
mostly fullfed, of Com/.j; nenxniva/ia, each devouring the parenchyma
of a leaf, which latter, in consequence, was swollen out to a bladder-like
form. One could easily detect the presence of a larva by the withered
leaves on a growing shoot which had been formerly tenanted by a larva,
and were now connected with those more recently excavated by means
of silken threads passed through a small hole from one leaf to
another. The larvae still continued to feed for a little time, and the
first pupa I noticed — inside one of the bladder-like leaves — was on
April 29th, and the first imago emerged on June 23rd.

In the end of March, a visit to some neighbouring cliffs edging a rush-
ing mountain burn and overgrown in parts with clumps of wet moss and
Sa.vifraiia a Glides produced seveviil lavwe oi Larentia jiavicinctata {rufi-
eincta), which, still very small, were easily shaken out of the saxifrage
plants. I noticed the larvje of this species again in the same ravine,
where they seemed fairly common, towards the end of April, whilst
searching for larvse of Brentlm enplimsijne on the steep grassy slopes,
where the leaves of Viola canina were just appearing above the withered
bracken fronds. In this quest I was also successful, securing one or
two larvae by turning over the withered leaves near freshly eaten violet
plants and in so doing accidentally dislodged an imago of Pachnobia
riihrirona. The imagines of Brentlm eiiphrosyne were particularly
abundant near Swordale this year (1909) and were to be seen flitting
about in numbers in their favourite localities in the few days of sun-
shine at the end of May and beginning of .June. The same weather
brought forth PJn/tometra viridarin (all ab. fmca, Tutt), frequenting
either the dry grassy slopes, where the bright little Pancalia latreilldla
abounded, or the sheltered heathy banks, the haunt of Anarta nii/rtilli
and the much more local Venilia maodaria. The latter I found here
quite commonly in its very few favoured spots, always on some sunny
slope in the neighbourhood of Tencrium scorodonia.

A light trap, placed near here in a wood of birch and aspen,
attracted on the mild nights of April, such species as A^phalia
davicnrnis on the 9th, and Taeniocainpa popideti on the 23rd. Owing
to continued bad weather the trap was not lit very often during the
summer, and the only moth captured of any interest was Ptiifiina
tenchriisa on July 11th. A short time spent beating in a wood of
birch and sallow on the shores of Loch Maree on June 25th was
rewarded, in addition to many common larvji?, with imagines of
Adela cKpiclla, Litliocollctis idiiiifoliella and Hepialtis ht'ctus. The
latter was also taken a little later near Swordale. Other Lithocolletids
observed here this year were /.. fai/iiiella on ^lay 30th, and /.. (jiierci-
foUella on June 10th, and again on September 2nd.

The small birch trees which clothe in parts the banks of the ravine
spoken of above, swarmed from the end till the middle of June with
Phloeodea tetraquetrana. The same locality produced on June 21st,
two specimens of Swaminerdamia hcroldclla, and one of Pentliina

132 THE entomologist's record.

sororculana. Other species of the genus Penthina taken near here this
year were P. corticana, several specimens of which on July 2nd- — along
with Tinea oehlwanmella — were readily disturbed by the beating stick
from some small birch bushes growing on a sunny hillside amongst
heather and whortleberry ; P. bettdaetana which on August 10th was
beaten from small birch trees edging a boggy heath at Kincraig,
Invergordon, P. pntniana which was a common insect amongst the
blackthorn hedges in early June, and P. diwidiana, a specimen of
which was reared on June 13th from larvae feeding the previous
autumn on shoots of Myrica gale.

Whilst collecting amongst the varied herbage of roadside and
railway-bank in this neighbourhood during the few bright days of an
exceptionally gloomy summer, I was rewarded with Elachi»ta apici-
jninctella on May 28th, Glyiihipteryx fischeriella on June 3rd, Coleophora
alhicoata on June 26th, Cemiostoma spartifoliella on July 5th, Lampronia
rnhiella on June 24th, and L. quadripunctella on July 4th.

July 10th I spent collecting in a plantation of Scots fir on a
neighbouring hill, and captured Paedisca rubiyinosana and Coccyx
cosiiinphnrana, the former beaten from the branch of a fir to resettle
immediately on the ground, and the latter flying actively around the
smaller trees in the sunshine. On the grassy slopes free from trees,
I took Acidalia fuwata and Micropteryx seppella. On the same day
I beat several specimens of Aryyresthia ephippella from a cherry tree in
a garden near Swordale, where again some specimens were taken on
August 26th. Of the other Argyresthiids observed around Swordale
this year, A. nitidella was exceedingly common amongst hawthorn
trees from July 22nd to October 1st, when a few worn specimens were
still on the wing (this species was also taken at Aberfeldy on July 26th),
A. se»iitestacella was beaten from beech on August 23rd, A. albistria
abounded amongst blackthorn bushes from July 21st to October 1st
(also noticed at Lochearnhead on August 2nd), A. conju'iella frequented
the mountain-ash during July, A. retinella was beaten from birch on
July 13th, A. cHTvella was beaten from an apple-tree on August 17th,
A. goedartella and A. hrockeella were abundant amongst birch-trees in
July, A. arceutliina was beaten from juniper on July 4th, and Cedeatis
farinatella was taken on August 17th (also at Aviemore on August 6th),
Arf/yrestJna snrbiella was beaten from mountain-ash near Kingussie on
July 25th with Onii.v scoticella ; in the same locality on July 24th
I took a specimen of Paedisca bihmana, and the next day's collecting,
also near Kingussie, produced Hedya la) iciana, Coccyx distinctana, and
Gracilaria alc/iiiniella, while Tanayra atrata seemed locally abundant
amongst the long grass in waste places. I noticed this species again
at Lochearnhead a little later, where also I took, on July 31st,
SciapJnla octomacidana, Depressaria litiirella, and Aryyrotoza co)urayana
(the latter was also taken at Swordale on July 15th).

While staying at Lochearnhead, I was tempted to make an expedi-
tion up Ben Voirlich, and July 30th being the only day available,
I started at an early hour to make the ascent, although the hills were
veiled in mist. Nothing of interest was taken until the long grassy
slopes of the mountain were reached — still considerably below the
summit — and here Scopida alpinalis and, in lesser numbers, Aphdia
oaseana abounded, rising every here and there from the short rushes
and grass at one's feet, flying for a short distance, and then resettling

LEPIDOPTERA OF THE SCOTTISH HIGHLANDS. 138

on the dripping herbage. After continued climbing, when not far
below the cairn, at what must have been an elevation of little under
3000 feet, I trod up a specimen of Mi.vodia pahtstrana from the
Vacciniinn i)i>jrtilli(s growing in a sheltered spot. Subsequent search-
ing produced several more — rather dark richly coloured specimens— but
they were loath to fly, even though the mist had cleared away and the
sun was shining brightly.

August 5th I spent collecting on the hills on the south-eastern shores
of Loch Kanuoch, and was rewarded with one or two specimens of
Melawpias {Eirbia)epi)iInon (I had previously taken this species in much
better condition on a mountain in Glen Lyon on July 27th). They
seemed to frequent chietiy the grassy spots which are often to be found
near a trickle of water on a heathery hillside, and here they flitted gently
about while the sun was shining. On the lower slopes Evniielesia
vnnorata was readily disturbed from the heather, and in one favoured
spot in an open pine-wood, by the shore of the loch, Craiiihiis vianjari-
telhis was common, and easily disturbed from the long rushes, in
company with Gbjphiptenjx thrasonella. On the next day I was pleased
to capture four rather worn specimens of Aricia astrarche var.
artaxerxes flying amongst rushes in a sunny meadow near Kinloch
Rannoch.

The next interesting capture was Erebia aetJnnps, close to Loch
Hulan, in Strath Bran, Eoss-shire, on August 13th. Although the
afternoon was cold and windy, without a blink of sunshine, I disturbed
several specimens of this species from the long grass that was growing
in a slightly damp open space in a wood of small birch-trees. They
flew in a slow, heavy, undulating manner, but soon resettled on the
tall grass blades, off which several were boxed with the greatest ease.
Further on, in a similar locality, I noticed one or two specimens
resting on a head of ragwort growing by the roadside.

The next day, spent at the North Cromarty Sutor, resulted in the
captuie of a specimen of Aiirutia restinialis resting near a rabbit-hole on
the sand}' clifTs, and several (Jiwp/ios ubsciiraria, which flew away in a
lively manner when disturbed from the gorse bushes or the shelter of
a rabbit hole.

Other species taken at or near Swordale in August were Poecilo-
cltroina occiiltana, Peronea eowariana, Lijonetia clerckella, and at
Kincraig, Invergordon — Hydrocawjia stajpiata on the 17th, (Kcophova
fulriiinttclla beaten from a sallow bush on the 10th, and, from a larva
feeding on sallow in June, Depresmria conterwinella was reared early
in August.

Daring November and the early part of December beating the tufts
of grass growing on walls, rocks, or the upturned roots of trees
produced, in addition to other hybernating species, specimens of
Depressor ia arenella, D. apjdana (in great abundance), 1). subpropin-
qtiella, Teleia liiiiiieralis, Graiilaria eloufidla, CoriHciiim sulphtirellum,
Cerostowa radiatrlla (exceedingly abundant in suitable places and
extraordinarily variable), and Lept(>;/ranniia literana, one specimen of
which was taken on November 16th.

In conclusion, the following specimens, taken during 1908 and
1909, may be worth recording for their respective localities : — Ai/rotis
ni'jrircDis, a very dark and rather small specimen, reared in September,
1909, from a larva which was working havoc amongst the pansies in

134 THE entomologist's record.

the garden at Kincraig, Invergorden, in June ; and from the same
locality : — Adhinia hipinictidactyla, flying amongst marshy ground on
August 10th, 1909 ; Grapholitha nisella, on September 23rd, 1909 ;
Faedisca sordidana, on November 9th, 1909 ; Tortricodes hyemana,
reared in March, 1909, from a larva feeding on oak the previous
year ; and Atewelia torquatella, flying over a boggy heath on June,
6th, 1908. At Swordale, the following were taken : — (Hiortodes arctioxa,
on July 18th, 1909 ; Haqiipteryx xylostella, reared on July 14th, 1909;
Gracilaria aiirofiuttella, first imago reared on May 27th, 1909, from
pupa found during April in folded leaves of Bypencnni pnlchniin ;
Coleojihora laricclla, reared on July 14th, from a larva found dangling
on a silken thread from the branches of PIukh sylvestris, on May 2nd,
1909 ; Sclireckensteina featalliella, flying amongst heather and Ruhus
chaDiaeinorus on the moor, on May 28th, 1908 ; Gracilaria atifpnatella,
taken in May, 1908 ; and Micropteryx atireatella, swept from
Vacciniuia niyrtillus, on June 4th, ]908. During 1909 the following
were taken : — Kphippiphora trigeminana, flying over waste ground near
the sea at Tarbat Ness, on July 12th ; Sirammerdamia pyrella, reared
on July 11th, from a larva taken at Loch Achelty, Strathpefier, in the
previous October; Prays curtisellm, Dingwall, July 5th; Gelechia
fayitirella, Aberfeldy, July 24th ; and Biiccnlatrix dewaryella, beaten
from birch at the Conon Falls, Strathpeffer, on June 23rd.

Japanese Work on Dermaptera."

By MALCOLM BUER, D.Sc, F.E.S.

(I) MatsiDinira, S., and Shiraki, T., "Monographie der Forficuliden
Japans" [Journ. Sapporo A'/ric. Coll., vol. ii., pt. 2, pp. 75-86,
figs. 1-3, 1905).

(II) Shiraki, T., "Neue Forficuliden Japans" (Tr. Sapporo X. H.
Sac, vol. i., pp. 91-96, taf. iii., 1905).

(III) Shiraki, T., " Neue Forficuliden und Blattiden Japans " {<jp.
cit., vol. i., pt. 2, pp. 1-14, 1905-6).

(IV) Shiraki, T., " Neue Blattiden und Forficuliden Japans " {op.
cit., vol ii., pp. 103-111, 1907).

When a man buys a new motor car he does not enter for big
competitions until he has learned to drive, for a knowledge of the
functions of the various levers will not save him from accident until
experience and practice have rendered manipulation instinctive. The
mere possession of a new horse does not teach a man to ride, and if he
enters for a jumping competition in an International Horse Show, he
will probably come to grief, especially if his horse be difficult to ride.
In the same way, the mere possession of a new monograph of any
group of insects does not qualify the owner to be a systematist until he
has spent several years in special study and familiarised himself with
the degree of variation and relative value of the characters employed.
Acquaintance, too, with the pre-existing literature is also an essential.

It is a plaintive lament of that great entomologist, Brunner von
Wattenwyl, that the publication of his wonderful Prodromus der
europaeischen Orthopteren was the signal for the appearance of a flood of
local faunistic lists of species, which were generally full of errors. But

* This review appeared first in Eussiau in the Revue russe d'Entomologie,
1909, p. 335.

JAPANESE WORK ON DERMAPTERA. 135

that ProdroiiiKs was so excellent a work that it contained its own cvire,
and this reduced to a minimum the mistakes of even inexperienced
recruits. But de ]3ormans' monograph of the earwigs in Tierreicli is not
the same remarkable lexicon as Brunner's Frodronnis. The worthy
author was handicapped by the form of the work, by the prohibition
of erecting new genera and describing new species, and even of bringing
it up-to-date, for many species were omitted which had been described
before his monograph was published. But the greatest obstacle lay in
the fact that the sum total of our knowledge of the group was
relatively so small; the number of known species has been nearly
doubled since 1900, and so the monographer of that date had seen
scarcely more than half of the species which we now know. It was,
of course, impossible for him to construct a system with such
meagre material, and it is highly creditable that he succeeded in
producing so good a work as he did.

The inevitable consequence of its appearance was that many
entomologists not unnaturally began to try to work out collections by
means of this monograph. The most prominent was Dr. Verhoeff,
who attacked the material in the Berlin Museum. This acute
zoologist at once perceived the faults in the old system, which he
ruthlessly swept away, but he offered little in exchange; he only gave
us an outline of portions of a system. In the words of a well-known
American entomologist, he built a new house, but only erected the
doors and windows. His ignorance of the general literature and his
lack of familiarity with the actual insects involved him in numerous
errors.

In the same way, Japanese entomologists sought to do original
work on this unsatisfactory foundation, and in the four papers quoted
above, we find the result of their efforts. Before criticising, we must
remember the difficulties under which they laboured ; remote from
the libraries and collections of Europe, out of touch with European
workers, they could never have been familiar with the actual creatures
about which they were reading, and so could not have been capable of
appreciating the relative value of many of the characters employed by
de Bormans, man}' of which, as time has since shown, are quite useless;
such are the coloration of feet and antenna, the development or
abbreviation of the wings and the elongation of the forceps.
Consequently we find the errors in their works are of two kinds,
unavoidable and avoidable.

Among the more or less unavoidable errors, we may mention the
failure to appreciate true generic affinities and ignorance of recent
literature.

But the avoidable errors are more important ; the greatest is the
erection of new genera based on insufficient material. The genus
Mesolabia, Shiraki (siiiira, III, p. 12), is based upon a single specimen, and
what is infinitely worse, that one a female. It ought to be a recognised
principle in systematic entomology, that no new species may be
founded upon females alone ; how much worse, therefore, is it to erect
a genus upon such slender foundations. In Dermaptera especially it
is fatal, for it is an unfortunate fact that, in many cases, not only
specific, but even generic, characters are discernible in the male alone.

The second avoidable error is the description of new species with-
out figures. This should be condemned in Entomology as it is in

136 THE entomologist's record.

Palseontology ; the ideal is perhaps difficult of attainment on account
of the expense, but outline illustrations are cheap, and are decidedly
better than nothing.

A third avoidable error, and a serious one, is the poverty of general
remarks upon the affinities of new species.

A fourth is the form of the descriptions, reduced to extreme con-
ciseness on the model of those given in de Bormans' Monograph, where
stress is laid on unimportant characters, valuable features being often
overlooked.

We may now proceed to consider the four papers in order, dealing
with the different species described.

No. I is a synopsis of the earwigs known to the authors to occur
in Japan. It is interesting to learn that Labtdura riparia, Haan, and
Forjicnla tomis, Kol., are harmful to the silk growers, as they eagerly
devour the larvfe ; that Aptenji/ida japonica, Borm., as well as Aniso-
labis inaiitiwa, Bon., is a coast-loving insect, and that both feed on
dried herrings, and that Labia yezoensis, Mats, and Shir., is useful,
devouring insects which damage leaves, such as Cacaecia rosaceana oxidi
C. sorbiana, which do great damage to fruit in Hokkaido.

The synoptical table of genera on p. 76 is adopted direct from
de Bormans, whose arrangement of the innumerable forms of Labidura
riparia is naturally followed by the authors.

We observe here for the first time that each species is credited
with a trivial name ; this leads us to wonder whether the Japanese
peasants discriminate the various species of earwigs, or whether these
are invented by the authors, on the lines of some of the egregious
popular names of our Biitish lepidoptera. They all appear to end
with the word " hasamimushi," which is the name for Anisolahis
marifiiiia : Ohasamimushi is L. riparia ; probably this simply means
"earwig," the various prefixes being fancy epithets, as we see Labia
yezoensis is called " Yezo-hasamimushi." Labia yezoensis is a new species
of which the male is figured, together with the forceps of the female.
In figure and description it appears to agree fairly well with Spongi-
phora leirisi, Borm. {Ann. Mag. N.H. (7), xi., p. 234, 1903), although
the pygidium appears to differ somewhat. But it is a well-known fact
that, in species where this organ is large, and specialised, its develop-
ment varies to a considerable extent in dift'erent individuals. As
8. lewid was described two years before this paper appeared, the burden
of proof lies with the latter authors, and it is pretty safe to assume that
»-.^ Labia yezoensis is a synonym of 5. leuid until the contrary is proved.

Forficula tomis, Kol., has recently been divided into two species by
Semenoff (Rev. Ritsse d' Ent., 1908, p. 166) who restricted that name to
the Eurasian form, separating the Japanese stouter and larger insect
as a distinct species under the name F. robusta, Sem.

Apterygida japonica, Borm., is now recognised as a true Anechnra.
"^ Apterygida longipygi (p. 84, fig. 2) is beyond any doubt whatever

identical with Furficida mikado, i3urr {Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1904,
p. 319), under which it consequently falls as a synonym.
_^^ Chelidura diminnta (p. 85, fig. 3) is obviously immature; the des-

cription of immature specimens of fully-winged forms as new species,
even as new genera, is a mistake not uncommonly made by Dermap-
terists whose experience has not been very extensive. To what species

JAPANESE WOEK ON DEEMAPTERA. 18?

this larva should be referred it is impossible to say; very likely to
jF. mikado. It is certain that it cannot stand as good.

No. II is a supplement to No. I, and, like that paper, is fortunately
illustrated by a plate which, though not very clear, is still useful.

Labidarodcfin'Kjritm (p. 91, fig. 1) is described as having the body
robust, but the figure belies this ; compared with the figure given by
Dubrony of L. robufitiif:, the type of the genus, it is decidedly slender;
the appearance of the creature, and long, slim forceps, show that it is
not a Labidnrodes: it is probably one of the Labiidae, and is very
likely a good species. Labidnrodes furmosanit^{]i. 92, fig. 2) is described
as a male, but the figure looks suspiciously like that of a female and is
suggestive of CheUaochidae. It is recorded from Formosa, and so
belongs to the rich Oriental fauna. Like the preceding, it is probably
not a iMbidnrodcs, but its true position cannot be suggested until the
type be examined, nor determined until the male be associated with it.

Aninolabis pallipes (p. 93, fig. 3) has rudimentary elytra, and so we
must place it m the recentlj^ -erected genus BorelUa, Burr ; no species
of the genus has yet been recorded from Japan. The male is not
known ; it is probably a good species.

Anisolabis fallax (p. 94, fig. 4) is compared with A. margirialis,
Dohrn. The writer of this notice possesses three species of Anisolabis
from Port Hamilton, Tsushima, and " Japan " respectively, but is
uncertain which to refer to the true A. manjinalis of Dohrn, as he has
so far had no opportunity of examining the type. A. fallax is probably
to be referred to one of these. The points referred to by the author to
separate it from A. warfiinalis, are mere distinctions, without being
differences ("dunkler," "nicht heller," " aber deutlich duenner"), and
so we have little hesitation in sinking it as a synonym.

A. picens (p. 94) only differs from A. fallax in having 27 segments
on the antenme, instead of 16 (probably the others have been broken
off in A. fallax). This is a valueless character, as these organs are
very subject to damage, even during the life of the insect ; it is not
even known what is the normal number in the common F.anricidaria,
L. The other character lies in the unicolorous feet and antennae.
Whoever has handled many specimens of A. annidipes knows how
untrustworthy this is. Consequently we sink A. jiiceus as a synonym
of A. fallax, and therefore probably of A. inan/inalis.

No. III. This paper is unfortunately not illustrated, so we must
struggle with the descriptions. As all new species described are from
Formosa, this is the more difficult, the Der)iiaptera-ia,una> oi that island
being practically unknown ; we may expect many of these new species
to be good, but it is quite impossible to determine their affinities with-
out seeing the types or receiving fresh material from Formosa.

Labidnrodes okinaivaensis (p. 7) is compared with L. formosanus,
Shir. It may well be only a variety.

L. siwinlaris (p. 8) is compared with L. niijritia^, but the pygidium
is different.

Forficida ruficeps (pp. 8-9) is certainly not Forficida rajicepsof. Erich-
son [Arch. f. Natimjr., viii. (1), p. 246, 1842), which is an Australian
Neso(/aster : nor is it Forficida ruficeps of Burmeister [Handb., ii.,
p. 755, 1838), which is a Mexican Keolobophora. From the description
of the forceps, it seems to be a true Forficida, and is probably a

138 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

perfectly good species, but there are no remarks upon its affinities with
any known form,

Apterygida aeris (p. 9) is described from a single female. As it is
only in the male forceps that it is possible to distinguish the genus
Aptenjfiida from For/iada, we wonder why the author hit upon the
former instead of the latter genus for its reception. It is impossible
to even guess its affinities.

Apterygida flavocapitata (p. 10) is unfortunately not figured ; from
the description it appears to be a well-marked species. It is strongly
suggestive of the genus Timovienux, and perhaps allied to T. biciispis,
Stai.

Apterygida crinitata (p. 11), from the undulation of the forceps,
might well be an Anechura, or perhaps an Allodahlia.

Meaolabia (p. 12) is a new genus based upon a single female, and so
must be unhesitatingly rejected. It is said to resemble Labia, but to have
a less rounded penultimate ventral segment. In how many of the sixty
or seventy species of Labia has the author examined this organ? The
last dorsal segment is more exposed ; this feature depends upon the
distension of the abdomen ; the last dorsal segment is sometimes well
exposed in gravid females. The presence of the scutellum is suggestive
of the Pygidicraniidae, as the author remarks.

The unique species is called M. niitakaensis (p. 112), its position is,
of course, doubtful.

No. IV is also not illustrated. The specimens are all from
Formosa,

Labia flavognttata (p. 103) is described from a female alone, and its
position is consequently doubtful.

Diplatys fiavicollis (p. 101) is probably a good species. This genus
is so difficult that a new species can hardly be arranged in its true
position without a careful comparison of the type with a good authentic
collection. De Bormans described half a dozen species, separated by
colour alone ; two dozen are noAV known, discriminated by structure,
regardless of colour. Fortunately, the description of this new species
is good ; the subcontiguous conical forceps, inflated last dorsal segment,
and amply subquadrate penultimate ventral segment (referred to as
" letztes Sternit ") suggests relationship with!), liberata, Burr, from
Burma, and the African group of I), rafrayi, Borm., and J), aethiops,
Burr,

Taipinia (p. 105) is a new genus, " akin to Apterygida." Unfortu-
nately Apterygida, as understood by de Bormans, has been split into
several genera, and most of the species removed to other groups, so
this tells us little about Taipinia. The forceps are remote in both
sexes, and the abdomen has four tubercles; this suggest Eparchus,
though the single species, T. pulla, suggests Anechurine relationship.

I can find no reference to anything that might be Anechura
{Odontopsalis) harmandi, Burr, or A. lewisi. Burr, neither of which
appear to be rare in Japan.

All the papers are written in German ; it is a pity they were ever
written at all; there are Japanese appendices, which are probably
translations ; misprints are numerous.

Resume.

Labia yezoensis. — Vexh&^s = Spongipliora lewisi, Borm.

Forftcula tomis, KoL = Forficula rohiista, Hem.

OLOPHRUM NICHOLSONI, N.S. 139

Ai^terygida japonica, Borm. — Now in Anecliura.

Apteryqida loiir/ipygi = Forficula utikudo, Burr.

Cheltdura diminuta. — Unrecognisable larva ; perhaps F. mikado.

Labidttrodes mgritua. — Certainly not a Lahiditrodes ; probably Spongiphorid.

Labidurodes fonuosaniis. — Probably a Cbelisocbid.

Anisolabis pullipes. — A BoreUia ; J unknown.

Anisolabis fallax. — Perhaps a var. of A. nuiryinalig, Dohrn.

Anisolabis piceusf. — Probably identical with above.

Labidurodes okinaicaensis. — Probably a var. of L. formosanus.

Lahiditrodes singularis. — Probably a Spongiphorid.

For/icula ruficeps. — Apparently a good species ; new name required.

Apterygida aeris. — Generic position unknown ; j unknown.

Apterygida jlavocapitata. — Perhaps a Timomevus.

Apterygida frtH//(a((/. — Apparently an Ancchnra or Allodahlia.

Mesolabia. — A genus founded on a single ? cannot stand.

Mesolabia niitakaensis. — Generic position doubtful; <? unknown.

Labia Jiavoguttata. — g unknown ; true affinities doubtful.

Diplatys flavicoUis. — Apparently a good species allied to D. literata, Burr.

„ P. . ■ I — Apparently an Opisthocosmiid ; perhaps = £pflrc/ms.

Olophrum nicholsoni, n.s., a species of Coleoptera new to Science.

By HORACE DONISTHOEPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Shining, reddish testaceous, occasionally darker, with elytra red. Depressed,
and somewhat parallel-sided. Head triangular, red, with two black spots or
blotches in front of ocelli, finely and distinctly, but variably, punctured ; antennae
testaceous, slightly thickened at first joint, apex elongate, third longer than second,
4-10 not transverse, 11 about twice as long as 10, joints 7-9 being the shortest.
Palpi long, darker than antennse, the second joint being the longest, last joint
pointed, about twice as long as third. Thorax transverse, 1^ times as broad as
long, slightly more narrowed in front than behind, posterior angles rounded, finely
and distinctly punctured, with a bare oblong spot on disc. Elytra parallel-sided,
2^ times as long as thorax, finely and distinctly, but diffusely, punctured, the
punctures arranged more or less in rows. Punctures on scutellum variable. Hind
body alutaceous, with a few very fine scattered punctures. Legs testaceous.
Underside testaceous, metathorax smooth and almost impunetate, abdomen
alutaceous, reflexed margin of elytra finely punctured. Length 4mm.-4-5mm.
This species comes in the group with the posterior angles of the thorax rounded,
and is nearest to 0. fuscum, Grav. From the latter it may at once be known by
its finer, more distinct, but diffuse punctuation. The antennre are narrower, the
third joint is slightly longer, joints 7-10 are a little shorter, so that the antennte
are about the same length in both species. The maxillary palpi are longer, second
joint longer and more parallel sided, the apical joint being blunter, since in O.fitscum
it is broadest at its base, whereas in this species it is broadest in the middle. The
thorax is less transverse, and is more narrowed in front, and the side margins are
less explanate. The bare patch on disc is more oval and more encroached on by
the punctures. The reflexed margins of the elytra are more finely punctured than
in J'usciuiL, and the scattered punctures on the ventral surface of the abdomen are
much less marked. The metasternum is smooth and almost impunetate, whereas
in fuscum it is punctured and wrinkled. It is a brighter, and more parallel-sided
species than either fuscum, Grav., or piceum, Gyll. The latter species is a larger,
broader, and more convex insect; it is much more strongly punctured, and has
much stouter antennae and palpi.

As it was evident that this insect was new to us, I sent it to
Capt. Claire Deville, who has returned it to me, and written that it is
new to science. He possesses most of the known species. Moreover,
I have compared it with all the species in Dr. Sharp's collection at the
British Museum. It also does not agree with anything described in
Herr G. Luzo's excellent " Revision of the pala?arctic species of the
genus Olnp/irinii " {Verh. d. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesell. in Wien., 1905,
pp. 33-47).

140 THE entomologist's record.

I have named the species in hononr of my friend Dr. G. W. Nichol-
son. On March 19th last, we took several specimens at Wicken Fen
under sedge-stacks and sedge refuse. The week after, Mr. Hereward
Dollman took it independently in the same place in some numbers, and
Dr. Nicholson and I have been again, and took 15 specimens, some 50
having been taken in all. It is remarkable that so distinct a species
should not have been detected before. I must thank both Dr. Nicholson
and Mr. Dollman for help with the description of the species.

Variation of Vanessa io, L.

By T. REUSS.

Usually the white spots in the ocellus on the forewing of Vanessa
io, are surrounded by violet scales of metallic lustre, blue metallic
spots appear in the black marginal band, and a slight greenish
suffusion may be found in the margin next the yellowish costal spot.
Sometimes (most frequently in the males) the black marginal band is
wholly suffused with blue scales, which leave only a narrow black
margin uncovered (see antea, pt. 4, 1909, pi. vii., fig. 12, and Entoni.,
p. 311, fig. 3).

Last August I reared numerous specimens of Vanessa io from
mostly wild-grown Herts' larva?, which exhibited the following colour-
aberrations : (1) With the normal violet and blue tints in the ocellus of
the forewing, but both colours change to a most brilliant whitish-green
= ab. viridi-ocellata ( 2 emerging after nineteen days' pupallife), when
the light falls on them at a suitable angle, (2) the normal colours
almost entirely replaced by metallic blue, or (3) reddish-violet, or (4)
bluish-green, or (5) silvery- white.

The hindwing ocellus usually violet-blue with two black bars joined
transversely by a black projection (which occasionally reaches right
across the ocellus), also changed in different ways, showing (1) one
black bar (always the lower one, ab. lucid-ocelluta), (a) with the trans-
verse projection, {b) without the projection, (2) only vestiges of one
black bar (ab. splendens) J emerged after nineteen days' pupal life,
{Entom., 1909, p. 311, fig. 4).

In several specimens, the ocellus of the hindwing showed one, two
or three white spots in the three blue interneural parts, Avhich latter
varied in colour, exhibiting — (1) Brilliant green-blue (in the hindwing
ocellus belonging to ab. viridi-ocellata), (2) white-blue, (3) light and
dark reddish-violet, (4) silver-grey. Specimens with faded grey
instead of yellow markings along the costa of the forew4ngs, and
partially disintegrated ocelli have been distinguished as ab. iocaste and
ab. antidone, but as forms which only result from the action of extreme
temperatures (either from the heat of direct sunshine in the field,
artificial heat or cold), and showing, therefore, chiefly symptomatic
characters in their facies, these specimens are also characterised as ab.
belisaria trans., for which aberration the excellent descriptive name ab.
exoculata is a synonym.

About August 10th, and again on the 23rd and 26th, I bred a series
of specimens, which emerged after 10 to 13 days of pupal life, all of
which exhibited a very beautiful elongated forewing ocellus, suffused
with greenish or blue and an abnormally dark rich ground colour with
a black median fascia (ab. oiif/rifasciata, 3" ) in the forewings, formed
by a suffusion of black scales just over the position, where, on the

A TRAMP ACROSS CORSICA.

141

underside, the dark band common to all the "tortoiseshell" forms of
Vanessids may be found. Together with these very dark forms and
under the same temperature conditions (warm days and cool nights),!
reared three large sized female aberrations (pupal life 11-14 days)
which exhibited the exactly opposite tendency to develop very light
colours. One emerged on the 10th August and two came out on the
24th. In all three the ground colour is a clear cinnamon-tinted orange
(showing up conspicuously also in the centre of the ocellus in the fore-
wings), there is an unusual amount of yellow along the costa, and the
ocelli of all the wings are sufiused with light violet, ab. dara-riolacea.
In the coming season Vanesm io promises in this district (Munden,
Ware, Herts) to be as common as it was last summer, if it be possible
to judge by the number of hybernated specimens which may be now
seen during a short walk in fine weather. On April 20th I saw two
pairs of Vanessa io bufieting each other in the air over a spot at which
evidently they had established themselves. The specimens settled
repeatedly in damp places in the road and allowed me to approach my
face to within half a yard of them. 1 noticed one clean or scratch its
head with its right leg very energetically, and it repeatedly tapped the
earth with a rapid movement of both antennte — the yellow-tipped
"clubs" touching the ground simultaneously — before unrolling its
proboscis to suck up the moisture. The females evidently had not yet
deposited their eggs. Finally three of the specimens were in excep-
tionally good condition, and one of the males exhibited the blue-banded
perfect type of forewing ocellus, but the ocellus of the hindwings was
nearly black, containing only five separate violet-blue spots. Specimens
with a perfectly clear, bright blue hindwing ocellus, crossed once only
by a deep black bar and short black projection without any other black
suffusion (ab. luridocellata) seem to be rare in the field. Even among
the more than two thousand specimens which I bred and examined
last August, there were not many complete specimens of this kind.

A Tramp Across Corsica.

By p. a. H. MUSCHAMP, F.E.S.
Seven years ago I passed my Easter holidays in Corsica and was so
enchanted with the perfume of the "maquis," and with the simple
hospitality of the good people, that I have often wished to pay a
second visit to the "island of unrest." As nothing hindered me from
spending my short Easter holiday wherever I might feel inclined in
this year of grace, I found my way to Bastia by way of Leghorn and
decided to use shanks's mare as a substitute for the little yellow
Corsican pony that had consented to trot me over the country on my
last visit. As the weather was not yet warm enough to admit of my
going off inland — for inland means highland — and as one cannot very
well walk where there is a train running by one's side, my young
companion and I took the train as far as it goes along the coastline
towards the south, to a little village called Ghisonaccia, just fifty miles
from liastia, where we lunched and then started off on our tramp.
Corsica is so very thinly populated that one has to be very careful not
to aim at a too distant village, for though quite sure of a most
hearty welcome anywhere, villages are very few and far between, and
it is unusual to find any roof tree between one village and the next.

14S "tHE ENTOMOLOGIST*S RECORfe.

On our first afternoon's tramp, which was one of fifteen miles, we only
passed a single tiny hamlet where the inhabitants were all assembled
round the one oven preparing Easter bread and cakes. The ovens in
this country are all of them built at some little way from the houses
and resemble nothing so much as a big heap of stones. It is the
custom for the several families of the tiny communities to take it in
turns to cook and to bake. We were forced by the good people of this
tiny little hamlet of Casamozza to taste their bread and cakes which
were terribly stodgy sweet things, made chiefly of chestnut flour. They
also insisted upon our carrying some of their bread away with us
(fortunately dogs swarm in Corsica and eat this bread ravenously).
Near here I picked up my first butterfly, Pararge wegaera var. tigeliiis.
There were a fair number of them flying by the roadside and they were
in excellent condition ; farther south a good percentage of the tigeliiis
were too worn to be worth carrying away from their island home. We
spent our first night at Solenzara, a hamlet situated in a forest of
eucalyptus trees, whose penetrating smell in this and in many other
villages overpowers the strong scents of the maquis or undergrowth of
lentisk, giant white heather, strawberry trees, myrtle, rock-roses,
lavender, and fern, which covers the entire island, except where there
are forests of cork and other evergreen oaks, of maritime pines and
larches. The greater part of the Corsican coast-line is uninhabitable
after the first fortnight of May, but where the eucalyptus trees abound
they act as a counter-poison to the malaria fraught marshes. At
Solenzara one may stay with little risk in the very hottest part of sum-
mer. From Solenzara we strolled the next day — Easter Sunday — to
Sta. Lucia, only fifteen miles off, and managed to take the whole day over
it. On the road I netted a goodly number of tigeliiis, as many Pararge
egeria, a couple of Rnwicia phlaeaa, and two or three Orgyia corsinnii.
Along the roadside were different kinds of evergreen prickly-leaved oaks
and around these Celastrina argiolns swarmed, the males rather worn, the
females very fresh and extremely busy ovipositing here, there and
everywhere on leaves, stalks, and twigs. A smaller number of Callo-
phrys rubi bore them company and these two Ruralids were the only
members of the superfamily seen in Corsica this spring, but these,
indeed, remained with us during the whole of the trip. After a good
swim in the deep blue sea (deep refers to the colour) we felt very
hungry and consulted the map to find out where we were and where
we could find food. To our astonishment we found that we were not
more than four miles from Solenzara and that we had quite twelve
miles before us to get to the next village, Sta. Lucia. Rather than
return to our last night's shelter we decided to tramp on hungrily as
far as Sta. Lucia, if necessary, and our courage was rewarded a mile
or two further on the road by the welcome sight of a house, or rather of
a wretched shanty. I stepped boldly into this abode of man and found
a poor fellow in bed ill and half a dozen children playing about the
one room in which they all lived. The place looked clean enough and
we were fearfully hungry, so we demanded food which we elected to
eat outside, and we were soon provided with eggs, bread (made of
chestnuts), sheep cheese and water. We ate very heartily, and
as our host was evidently so extremely poor, I ventured to
beg him to let me pay for my entertainment. Alas, I only
succeeded in changing the good man's cordial hospitality into polite

A TRAMP ACKOSS CORSICA. 148

standoffishness. I satisfied my conscience however by persuading the
two youngest girls to accept a franc apiece, which was doubtless very
immoral of me. A few yards from this cottage I saw, but did not get
near to, a fine Papilio Iwspiton that flew cahnly across the road in
front of me and sailed away over the maquis that was here some ten
or twelve feet deep, and quite impossible to swim through. While
looking for another on the slopes running down to the sea, I picked
up a couple of Puntia var. bellidice and a Colias eduaa, and then further
on a few Gonepteryx cleopatra ^ s ovipositing on barberry bushes, and
some (? s, far harder to net, as they rushed up and down over the
maquis, burying themselves deep in great white heather bushes that
were twelve feet high, disappearing just when I was surest that I had
correctly stalked one, and reappearing just out of reach of my net the
moment I had made up my mind to give it up and make a move in
the direction of supper and bed. At Sta. Lucia we received a hearty
reception and some excellent wild boar steaks — our host had been out
gunning the day before. I might mention here that the cost of an
excellent dinner of six or seven courses, with wine, coffee, liqueur, and
cigar, is only two francs in the Corsican villages. From Sta. Lucia to
Porto Vecchio is only ten miles by the high road, but by way of the
seaside and the crosscuts and short cuts, we made a long day's walk of
it (short cuts are wonderful things), lunching on wild boar from Sta.
Lucia by the seaside after a pleasant swim. After luncheon I was
fortunate enough to take five Papilio hospiton flying over the maquis
close to the seashore in a place where wild carrot was abundant ; this
beautiful swallowtail however settles on the gaudy agave and other
flowers, and I have not found any female hovering over the foodplant,
though they are never very far away from it. On my last visit to
Corsica I had found P. hospiton very hard to catch, as it was flying on
a hilltop in a regular gale of wind, this time I found that its flight is
very similar to that of P. niachaoi, and is quite as easy if not easier to
net. We were well rained upon for an hour before reaching Porto
Vecchio, so were very glad to let the kind-hearted landlady of the tiny
little tavern, which calls itself the "Hotel de France," mother us to
her heart's content and to our body's recomforting. The next day we
tramped on after seeing all that the old village, once an important
town, has to show. After following the road for about ten miles with
nothing more interesting than Pietis brassicae, Paran/e var. tii/elius,
P. er/eria, and Cdastrina ari/iolus — most of them hens — to animate the
landscape and flirt with the rock-roses, we struck ofi' to the sea for a
bathe, knowing by the map that we were now near a place where we
could feed. We bathed, and tried to take a short cut across the maquis
back to the road, and found ourselves landed up to the middle in fresh-
water marshes ; after half an hour of this, we luckily happened upon
a goatherdess, a maiden of about eighteen years of age, fair as an early
summer dawn, and wearing the happiest smile it has ever been my lot
to see. She knew no word of French, but in reply to my Italian, she
spread out on the myrtles the skirts she had been washing, and bare-
legged ran by our side through the maquis that scoured our well-clothed
lower limbs, and which seemed to her a very Turkish carpet. Thanks
to our fair guide we soon struck the high road and got to a house, the
house. I ventured into the bar, nobody there, hunted up the kitchen,
nobody there, went upstairs, found on one side of the landing of the

144 THE entomologist's record.

upper story a schoolroom, and on the other a bedroom. My loud
shouts being quite useless, I returned to the bar and mixed refreshing
drinks for my companion and myself. Gaining strength, like giants
refreshed with lemon squash, we now shouted afresh, and managed to
attract the attention of the school marm and the school marm's father,
who had been somewhere in the maquis near at hand, and who now
did their best to make us feel at home. After feeding, I struck up
into the hills rising behind the house, and very much troubled some
peasants who followed me to assure me that it was impossible to get
through the maquis and over the rocks. All I managed to net in this
wild spot were a dozen Folyf/onia c-albiun and two Codonia piipillaria
of a brick-red colour. Returning to my schoolhouse inn I rejoined my
companion, and decided to take the automobile that runs into Bonifacio
every day since some six months ago. We waited patiently and long
for the said motor, which ultimately turned up three-quarters of an
hour late, as it had been retarded by a bandit, who unfortunately
happened to be an enemy of progress, and had held up this forerunner
of civilisation, its two conductors, and a round dozen of tourists, com-
mercial travellers, and in-the-movement-Corsicans, ordering them from
behind his well-directed gun to go back, and go back they had been
obliged to, till this very conservative gentleman had gone on his way
elsewhere. Well, we got safely into Bonifacio, which is just as dirty,
picturesque, and fourteenth century-like as it was seven years ago, in
spite of the wonderful motor-car service a political intrigue has endowed
it with. We visited the fort, where we had spent an hour before one
of the French piou-pious (Tommies) noticed that I had brought my
camera in with me and had innocently used it. Next day we left on
foot, and made our way to Pianattoli (thirteen miles), the only new
butterfly I took on the way being an example of Ipkkiides podaliriiis.
I was attracted to Pianattoli by the memory that on my last visit to
Corsica I found many Papilio hospiton flying on a little hill there, but
alas the weather, which had been perfect, changed, and after lunch we
found that the sky was clouded over and no butterflies flew at all.
A single P. hospiton was all that my little hill gave me for my trouble,
and not even a single commoner was bagged. While waiting for
dinner and the motor to come, I watched from the hotel (?) window a
nuiBber of children playing in the road, and threw some sous to a
number of little ragged boys who were larking about in the dust; they
at first picked up the sous, then put them back on the ground just
where I had thrown them, and an hour later, when I left, I found the
poor despised coppers where I had thrown them.

Starting from Pianattoli after nightfall, we had a pleasant ride to
Sartene in the motor-bus, only stopping on our way to remove a log of
wood that had been carefully laid across the road by some playful
objector to indiscriminate innovations. Sartene is charming, but
there is really too much talk about politics going on in it for the man
in the street. We visited Sartene next day, and then did a goodly
walk on to Bicchisano, 24 miles nearer Ajaccio, stopping at the little
port of Propriano and the charming little eagle's nest called Olmeto on
the way. The only new thing seen on the way, was one pupa of
Chara.vefi jadna, the only representative of the butterfly I came across
in Corsica, though I hunted several hundred Arbutus unedo bushes
through and through, and glanced casually at several thousand.

A TRAMP ACROSS CORSICA. 145

The following morning we decided to take the coach all the way to
Ajaccio, but on arriving at Sta. Maria Sichc, discovered that the places
were all taken from there onwards by a party of officers ; they had
also hired all that the country could produce in the way of traps, carts,
and horses, so we were compelled to make the best of our way on foot
to Ajaccio. Twenty-two miles is quite enough for an afternoon's
walk, especially when one starts very late, and two very weary people
at last arrived in Ajaccio to an all too late dinner, after having been
obliged to waste a whole hour with a couple of French gendarmes, who
arrested us on suspicion because my young companion is a hater of
head-gear, and I was bearing a box of butterflies around my neck and
had a camera with me, clearly proving to these Sherlock Holmes that
my bright-faced English companion was an escaped prisoner, and that
I was a government spy ! While discussing things with these gallant
gentlemen, I was fortunate enough to net a Poaellia sao var. therapne,
which rather consoled me for the waste of time and temper. Pyraiiiein
carthii was abundant all along the dusty road, and there was an
occasional Vanesaa io, but not a sign of A(/lais var. ichnusa did I see in
any form or shape, though, and for the first time, I saw very many of
the dark-coloured Corsican nettles by the roadside. For the first time
on our walk we came across a little tract of country which seemed to
have undergone some rough attempts at cultivation, and I presume that
that is why nettles were plentiful.

Parar(ie var. ti<ielius was here going over, not more than one in four
of those that I picked up was worth keeping. Its flight, so far as I
could judge, is a trifle less jerky than that of typical P. wefiaera, but
quite jerky enough to make it an easy thing to lose in the maquis.
Fortunately, from an entomologist's point of view it has a particular
aft'ection for the roadsides and the bare spots in the unending maquis.
It very rarely settles on flowers or shrubs but squats down on the bare
spots, doubtless winning a colour protection. Its ground colour
varies very little, I have only one example with hindwings slightlj'
paler, a mild form of albinism. The 5 s are rather larger than the J s,
the difference however is slight, out of 160 butterflies the largest ? is
20mm. in the expanse of the forewing, and the smallest <? 17mm.
The eyespots on the hindwings vary in number, I have examples with
one, two, three, four, five, and six spots, a large majority of them
however have four spots. The spots on the upper wings vary in a very
interesting way which is worth giving in detail. Almost every eyespot
is white pupilled. Out of 34 $ s 16 have one spot above the large
single apical one, four have one spot above a double-pupilled apical
one, four have one spot above and a second below this double-pupilled
one, two butterflies have two eyespots above the single and two above
the double-pupilled apical spot, three have one above and one below the
single-spotted apical, two have a single-pupilled and one a double-
pupilled apical with two spots above and one below. The J s vary
still more, perhaps only because I took more of them. Out of 126
butterflies 90 have apical spots with one, 82 with two, and four with
three pupils. Of the former, 74 have only one eyespot above, 12 have
two, three have two above and one below, and one has none either
above or below. Of the two-pupilled 18 have one spot above, six have
none, four have two above and four one above and one below. Of the
three-pupilled, three have one additional spot above and one below. It is

146 THE entomologist's kecord.

evident that the commonest form has only one spot above the large apical
spot and none below ; out of the whole number of 160 there are 115 of this
form. It will be remarked that the corresponding form of albeiti is fairly
common in tigelius, and there is also a form which has a three-pupilled
apical eyespot, caused by the extension of the principal double-pupilled
spot till it unites with the spot above in such a way that the black has
the form of an English cottage loaf. I think it deserves a name of its
own and propose to call it triopes (n. ab.). In addition to the tit/eliiis
described I took a perfect gynandromorphic one at Porto Vecchio.

My tramp across Corsica terminated at Ajaccio as from there to
Bastia we hurried back by the train, anxious to get home news and
fresh linen, two luxuries we had been obliged to forego.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

New Gynandromorphic Butterfly. — Pararge megaera var. tigelius.
— I believe I am right in stating that no gynandromorphous example
of Pararge niei/aera var, tigelius has been recorded up till now. I was
fortunate enough to net one on March 27th, at Porto Vecchio. This
butterfly has the left wings and abdomen $ , the right wings S • The two
forewings are of exactly the same length, the ^ wing being, however,
rather narrower ; the <? hindwing is 1mm. shorter than the $ and
narrower also. The forewing displays the normal dark bar, which is
of course wanting on the ? wing. The eyespots are the same in
number on the S' and ? wings, but rather larger on the ? . — P. A. H.
MuscHAMP, F.E.S., Stiifa. April 26tl,, 1910.

:]^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

The Late Season. — The cold winds and wet seem to have delayed
insects somewhat. A very hot sunny day at Folkestone, May 15th, only
showed an abundance of Pierin brassicae, several /■'. rapae, a single
Celastrina argiolus, two Nisotiiades tages, and two or three 3' Epicli-
nopterix pulla flying on the chalk banks at Folkestone. A search of
the heads of Tnssilago farfara showed that most had been vacated by
the larvfe of Platyptilia gonodactgla, although some quite small and
other fullfed larvae were detected not yet scattered for pupation. On the
next day, still hot and sunny, at Hythe, several Celastrina argiolus
of both sexes were seen in the town and by the side of the canal bank,
but no other freshly-emerged butterflies, except the two Pierids. A
few Aglais urticae were observed both at Folkestone and Hythe, but no
other hybernators. — J. W. Tutt, Westcombe Hill, S.E.

Lepidoptera at Strood. — How backward the season appears to be !
A run to the Medway marshes after larvae on May 16th, produced only
a few Leucaniid larva3 about three-quarters grown, some of which, I
hope, will produce Leucania favicolor. The most surprising capture to
me, however, was that of two $ Taeniocampa opima, new to this
district, as far as my experience goes. — J. Ovenden, Frindsbury Road,
Strood, Kent. May 11th, 1910.

@^URRENT NOTES.

The overwhelming grief of the nation at the sudden and unexpected
death of His Majesty King Edward VII. has necessarily put all social
functions out of the question. Among other postponements is that of the

CURRENT NOTES. 147

Conversazione of the Entomological Society of London, notice of which
we regret to say came just too late for us to notify in our last number.

It may not be generally known that King Ferdinand of Bulgaria,
who was present to pay the last sad homage of dutiful respect to the
memory of His Majesty, is an entomologist of great ability, although
with little leisure of late years to prosecute the work. He has a con-
siderable collection — to which was added a large part of the Milliere
collection at the death of that renowned lepidopterist.

Mr. E. R. Bankes adds a new Tortricid to the British list. This
is Knarinonia {Eriopsela) ericetana, H.-Sch. (not to be confused with
Epihlema ericetana), which was first captured by Canon Cruttwell
at Aviemore in June, 1907, and again by the Canon and himself at
the same place, in the latter half of June, 1908. It is closely allied to
K. qiiadrana, and the imagines are to be beaten out of aspen (and more
rarely birch) by day, the natural time of flight being from 4.45 p.m.
onwards.

Mr. F. C. Woodforde describes a new form of Kphyra pendidaria,
bred from N. Staffordshire-reared parents, with the central portion of
the forewings ochreous, as ab. snhnrlDyata.

The most important volume that has been offered to the orthop-
terists of Europe for a considerable time, is Dr. Burr's Si/nopniH of tlie
Orthoptcra of Woitern Europe. It is a systematic work with short
detailed descriptions of every species occurring in Europe this side of
the Carpathians, with notes on habits and habitats, and giving the
distribution of each species so far as known, often in considerable
detail. The Tables of Genera and Species are most useful, short,
simple, and easily followed ; indeed, the book reminds us as much
of Stainton's Manual as anything we know. The book contains
further revised classificatory lists of the Dermaptera and BLATTmEA,
with an excellent Index. It is strongly bound in cloth, consists of
160 pages, and is not too large to be placed in the travelling bag as
part of the impedimenta of the collector on the war path. The book
will no doubt prove as useful to the orthopterists of France, Belgium,
Holland, Scandinavia, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Spain,
and Portugal, as to those of Britain, and even if the orthopterists of
Russia and the Balkan States, do not find all their species mentioned,
the bulk of those that are essentially European and not Asiatic in their
origin, will be found here. At the price of 3s., the book ought to sell
freely, and, as we understand there is only a comparatively small
edition, entomologists who have only a passing interest in the orders,
would do well to get a copy, whilst libraries should obtain their copies
without delay. We say this advisedly, knowing how diflticult it is after
a time to obtain books of which only a very limited number is put on
the market. The volume is published by the well-known entomo-
logical booksellers, Oliver Janson and Son. It is, we understand,
the author's sincere hope that lepidopterists and coleopterists on
collecting trips in Europe, will add this to their bag, so that they may
identify any captures that come their way, and thus add to our know-
ledge of the distribution of these interesting insects.

We are afraid we did less than justice recently to the energy of
those responsible for running the Rugby School Natural History
Society, which has just issued its Eepnrt for 1909. Considerable
praise is due to Mr. R. B. Henderson, President, Editor and guiding

148 THE entomologist's record.

spirit of the society at the present time, as well as co-secretary with
Mr. P. A. Buxton of the Entomological Section. When one looks
round the active members of the Entomological Society of London,
and recalls the fact that several of its most prominent Fellows are old
Rugbeians, one wonders why several of them do not appear on the list
of Honorary or Corresponding members of the Society. We see
Canon Hutchinson, Rev. F. D. Morice, Dr. Longstaff, and others, but
where are the names of other equally well-known Rugbeian entomolo-
gists. Mr. Hutchinson must fix some of these up for lectures next
year — busy as they are. It is always busy people who make most time.
There are some good papers in the Report — Mr. E. 0. Webb's on
" Dragonflies," shows considerable promise, and the illustrations are
most useful — but why, oh why, has he let through the statement that
" true ants are Hies, of the order Diptera " ? Of course, it is a howler
to the making of which we are all subject. Mr. P. A. Buxton's notes
on " Lepidoptera in Jamaica," are useful, whilst the notice of
the Exhibition, the Report of the Entomological Section, and the
Observations and Captures of Lepidoptera in the Rugby district in
1909, are all interesting. We would suggest that the report would
run better if the specific names were written in small letters, if the
generic names Avere written in full, and general terms, such as
LycjBnids, Urbicolids, Sphingids, etc., were kept in ordinary type.
There is much hard work connected with the keeping together of a
School Natural History Society, the members of which must, of
necessity, always be changing, and where the officers must see year by
year the products of their energy pass out of their immediate ken
into the wide world of science, but this must never be a matter for
regret, but must be looked forward to as the natural course of events,
the end that the society exists and works for. One suspects that the
Marlborough Natural History Society is still in existence, but what
has become of the Winchester Society, erstwhile one of the most
go-ahead of all the Natural History Societies attached to the public
schools ? We must congratulate the Rugby School Natural History
Society on its continued success.

SOCIETIES.

The South London Entomological, and Natural History
Society. — April 2i8th, 1910. — Captures of bare Lepidoptera. — Mr.
W. West (Greenwich) exhibited numerous rare and interesting speci-
mens taken mainly by himself forty or fifty years ago. Many were of
local interest to entomologists of S.E. London. Included were Puntici
(laplidice (Folkestone), Ayrius conrolnili (Greenwich Park), Hippotion
celerio (Greenwich), Deiopeia pulchella (St. Margaret's Bay), Spilosoma
urticae (Greenwich), jEgeria cynipiforiiris, and .K. inyopaefornris (Green-
wich), ufJ. culiciforitiis (Darenth), .E. ichnennionifor^iris (Lee), Colias
liyale, C. ednsa and var. IwUce from the Brockley railway banks.
Anthrocerius. — Mr. R. Adkin, specimens of Anthrocera, including the
example supposed to be a hybrid between A. achillae and A. lilipendnlae
and stated that an examination of the genitalia by Mr. Pierce had
shown that the example in question was the latter species. Dark-
BANDED Amphidasys strataria. — Mr. Spcrring, specimens of yi //'/>/( /f/«.s7/.s
fitrataria bred from ova and having extremely dark bands. Legs of
Lepidopterous Larv^. — Mr. Sich read a paper on this subject.

Vol. XXII.

Plate VI.

Photo. A. E. Tonge.
AbEBRATIONS of SeNTA MARITIMA.

'ihe KntomologisVs Record, etc., 1910.

THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE VORARLBERG. 149

Aberrations of Senta maritima (in'tli plate).

By H. M. EDELSTEN, F.E.S.

The interesting specimens of Senta inaritiina exhibited in plate vi
were taken in the Isle of Wight last August by Messrs. Prout and
Capper. The photograph shows clearly the peculiarities of the first
and second specimens. The third specimen is a combination of the
aberrations bipnnctata and nii/rostriata. I have only once seen another,
and that was taken in the Norfolk Broads. Mr. Capper suggests the
varietal name of combinata for this form. The date of capture,
August 9th, seems to me to be exceptionally late for the species,
though Mr. Prout tells me they took a good number. I have always
looked on it as being over by July 20th, though I once took an odd
specimen on July 31st. Mr. Tutt says that on the Cliffe Marshes he
considered it a June rather than July insect, and that August appears
to him also to be remarkably late.

The photo is by Mr. Tonge, enlarged by 2.

The Lepidoptera of the Vorarlber^ — St. Anton and the Arlberg Pass

— the Moosthal.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
The tourist entering the Tirol, and approaching Innsbruck, its
capital, by train, does so by the Arlberg route, leaving the main
Ziirich-Engadine line at Buchs, and crossing the valley of the Rhine
into the Vorarlberg, as far as Feldkirch ; here the valley of the 111
is entered, the route passing along the valley as far as Bludenz,
where it diverges into the Kloster-thal watered by the Alfenz,
which it finally crosses above Langen, plunging into the Arlberg
tunnel, somewhat over 6J miles long, emerging on the other
side at the little village of St. Anton, the highest in the Rosanna-
thal, and beautifully situated ; the part of the valley above the
village is known as the Fervall-thal, and below it the Stanser-thal.
The village is surrounded by moderately high mountains and the
country around is all good butterfly -ground, although the weather
would not let us fully test it in this direction. Arriving there about
noon on July 30th, a glance round at the end of the afternoon promised
well, as there seemed an abundance of species quite near the village, but
the sun soon went oft' the banks and the butterflies, as usual, disappeared
as by magic ; the next day the 31st was dull and chill and a long swinging
walk up the Arlberg road was the best thing that could be done, but
the morning of August 1st broke delightfully warm with a delicious
air that set every fibre of the body on the move. A fairly early start
was made for the summit of the Arlberg and ere long the net was
occasionally and usefully at work. In the pinew'Ood some few kilo-
metres above the village, Erehia liijea was in good condition, but many
Aporia crataejii produced nothing better than worn ? s, the centre of
the wing nearly or quite transparent, whilst from the rocks Daaydia
obftiscata flew off in abundance. Eubolia niensnraria was equally com-
mon,and on the pine-trunks a fine banded race of Larentia caesiata was
not at all infrequent. A few worn Pleheiic^ onfiia (aei/on) showed that
this species was over, whilst a quite hopeless specimen each of Heapcria
July 15th, 1910.

150 THE entomologist's record.

malrae and Nisoniades ta(/es showed that these species had been on view
there. Pushing along the road several specimens of Hesperia alreiis were
captured and, in one place, Coenonijuiji/ta satt/rio7i showed up on the
banks by the roadside. Atiriades coridon was comparatively scarce, as
also weis Polyoinniatus ican(s, more a,hunda,ni being Aricia astrarche, the
examples mostly small-spotted beneath, of marked discreta form in both
fore- and hindwings, and tending also to the obsnleta form in the absence
of spots 6 and 7 of the submedian series of the forewings and the absence
of some of the basal spots as well as some of the submedian in the
hindwings. Two somewhat worn ^ Foli/oimiiatus hylan also showed
very small spots on the underside of the hindwings, whilst most of the
examples of Cyaniris semiari/Kx were worn and were also of the obsolete
form, several being referable to the intermediate form caeca, and a single
one to the extreme form spadae. Here and there, on the footpath, one
came across Ennycliia cinyiilalis and I'yratista piirpiiralia, whilst
L'ranibas pratelliis and Merrifieldia tridactyla {tetrad actyla) were not
uncommon by the roadsides. Melanipias melampus was the only really
common Erebiid in the earlier part of the walk, though later Erehia
tyndants and E. euryale became abundant enough, and several K.
fityi/ne were taken, whilst a solitary E. pit/to was also observed. Of
the larger Argynnids, Aryynnh adippe was only occasionally met with,
but A. aylaia of good colour, the 2 s tinged with deep blackish-purple
(piirpiirascens) ,vfa,s not uncommon, whilst Brenthis awathasia varied con-
siderably in condition, some being quite worn to shreds and others quite
presentable, a remark that might also be made of Pararye, maera. In
one place Melitaea athalia came down to the roadside, mostly recently out
and in fine condition, skimming just over, or settling at, the wet spots
on the road. A single worn Lycaena arion showed this species to be quite
over. Three Anthrocerid species were observed by the way — Anthrocera
traiualphia, A. lonicerae, and A. piirpnralis, all quite fresh and recently
emerged. Two examples of Loneia siibalpiua, ^ and ? , alone were
observed of this species. The long grind upwards to the summit was
amply repaid, for the steep slopes to the east of the top of the Pass,
almost directly opposite the hospice of St. Christoph was a brilliant
picture, covered with dense tangled thickets of " alpenrose " in full
blossom, acre upon acre, a most lovely sight and indicating the
lateness of the season here. High up these slopes a huge water-
spring wells out of the side of the mountain, dashing wildly
down over a rocky bed thickly edged with great bushes of alpen-
rose, in the full glory of their rich crimson flowers. Whether or
no this is one of the bead-waters of the Rosanna we do not know,
but it apparently must be as there seems to be none higher on
this side of the pass. Here and there near the upper part of the
stream, small, flat, swampy patches spread out, sometimes on one
side, and then on the. other, and then the bed suddenly slopes
downwards in a thicket of dwarf alder and alpenrose. By the side of
the stream, sometimes nearer, at other times at a greater distance, a
path could be picked, often with difficulty, and occasionally one had to
let oneself bodily over the boulders, but this we heeded not, for it was
a favourite haunt of Brenthis selene and B. euphrosyne, the first
abundant, the latter going over and long past its first prime ; whilst,
on the swampy patches, Brenthis pales was not uncommon. It was a
new experience to us to find these three allied species flying together,

THE IiEPIDOPTERA OF THE VORARLBERG. 161

and this locality, at an elevation of about 6500 ft., must be a
very bleak spot during the greater part of the year, for large
snow-patches still lay here and there below us, and this delightful
day might well have been believed to have been a chosen day of
June rather than early August. Here, high above the highest
point of the Arlberg Pass, we sat and ate our frugal lunch
and drank the water where it bubbled madly out of the groimd,
and here among the Brenthids where an occasional Colias palaeno
or i'untia callidice crossed oui' path, we spent the loveliest afternoon
of the Slimmer holiday of 1910. To see either Brenthia selene or
B. eiiphrosipw with wings outspread, on the alpenrose flowers, in the
hot early afternoon is a sight not soon to be forgotten. Why
Bri'iit/ih selene is one of our favourite species we cannot say, unless it
be that the species has always been almost wanting in our collecting-
grounds in Britain, but such is certainly the case and probably
atibrds the explanation. About 8 p.m. the tall peaks commenced
to send their long shadows over the slopes and we began to descend,
not before, however, Anthri>cera e.culans and Neinenp/iila /ilnntaiiinis
had fallen prey. CrauthKn cnulonelluN and ('. peiieUus were found
somewhat abundantly, whilst Acidalia fuinata and Melanippe
hastata were also occasionally observed, and Krebia lappona and
Melunipiaa epijilinm were frequently noticed as one traversed the marsh
to the road, whilst, on the slopes of the mountain on the other side, the
latter was seen flying abundantly as we walked slowly back towards
St. Anton. Lower down, a single worn ( 'alias In/ale suggested that
we were between broods. Over the banks and heather-clad wastes,
a little later, Kninielesia adaef/iiota (blandiata) flew abundantly in its
quiet manner, the ? s seeking out the eyebright for egg-laying.

Next morning a walk through the Moosthal was projected, but
the weather looked none too promising. Keeping bj' the river,
the first waste bank beyond the cottages proved a source of great
pleasure. Ant/irocero piirpiiralis was just over, but hundreds of
newly-emerged A. lonireiae hung on every blossom, or stood on
every upright stem, whilst brilliant A. tranmlpina and A. tiUpt^n-
tliilae w'ere also just coming out. Affrlades coridon was in great abun-
dance and Ave were able to make observations on the pairing-habit,
already published in A Nat. Hist, of the Bntish Butts., iv., p. 88.
Hundreds of Chri/soplianiis /lippothoe and a few Heodes einianreae
disported on the bank, but the former were very worn the latter quite
fresh. Brenthis amatliKsia, too, was abundant, and we observed that
Epinephele ianira was just emerging. Both Erehia Wjea and
E, euryale occurred on the same ground, a few $ s of the former
being of good colour. Anfi/nnis adip/ie was much more abundant here
than A. aijlaia, and I'aranie inaera swung swiftly to and fro as it took
possession of the waste places on the bank. Hesperia alveus was also
common and Tanai/ia atrata {chaerophyllata) hung on the grass blades
in great numbers. Hustling into the fiower-heads was Leitcayiia
conif/era, at St. Anton, as at Deal or Cuxton, bustling after nectar in
the hottest sunshine, Ariria ostrarc/w was also abundant, the spotting
on the hindwiag of some specimens of the nbsoleta form, whilst Polij-
oiniiiatiis icariis gave a fine lilac-blue 2 , with dark margin to forewing
and with orange red spots on hindwings only, a form common
enough in England but not so frequently taken in its Continental

152 THE entomologist's record.

haunts. A single fine J Poli/onnnattis Itylas was the only representative
hereof this beautiful species. Swarms of blubolia wensuraria moved from
place to place as one forced one's way through the long herbage, whilst
Dasydia obfuncata was in smaller numbers. Acidalia perochraria
occurred frequently on the bank and one or two Acidalia funiata were
disturbed; Scapula alpinalis Sbh. punctata (with white discal spot on the
wings) was stirred up, as were (Jrambns pratellus, ('. dinnetellus, and
C. faUellm, whilst Phycis (?) adornatella was also disturbed. Among
the plumes, Stenoptilia pterodactyla and Merrifieldia tridactyla {tetra-
dactyla) were very abundant, as were also one or two other species of
which we do not seem to have retained a sample. Heaps of other
interesting species were seen on this bank, but we had been already
here more than two hours and the clouds appeared to be gathering.
No sooner were we off the bank than the sun disappeared, but,
hoping that it would not rain, we started up the narrow valley.
We disturbed nothing fresh that we had not seen on the bank
till we had got a considerable distance up the valley, when,
in the corner of a field, we 'noticed at rest a fine example of
Cyclnpides palaemon, and soon afterwards netted two others, during
a gleam of siinshine, on the wing, and a fourth at rest, but, with the
exception of the first example, none were really good. We continued
our walk up the valley, examined the lovely mosses, whilst the sky
grew ever more and more threatening. Soon the rain began to
descend, and before long we were driven back. The climbers ran by
us at full pelt, and, knowing the appearance of the sky, showed their
wisdom in their haste; having made little or no preparation against
the weather we had to shelter and push on between the worst parts of
the storm, but arrived at St. Anton sufficiently wet to require a
thorough change. It continued to rain all that day and night, and all
next day, during which we moved on to Innsbruck. It rained all the
4th, and, on the morning of the 5th, so, as the Meteorological Chart in
the Maria-Theresien-Strasse had registered "Botzen, schon," for some
days, whilst all the rest of the world was wet, I set my nose in the
direction of Botzen, by way of the Brenner Pass.

Summary of experiments with fertile ? s of several species of ants.

By C. CRAWLEY, B.A., F.E.S.

1. Camponotus lictNiperdus. — In June, 1905, I found an apterous
? of this species on a road near Ouchy, Switzerland. On June 16th

I put her in a box with three ^ s of the same species, who immediately
attacked her. I removed the ^ s, and next day put three more from
another nest with the ? . They were not so hostile as the first ones,
but seemed frightened of the ? , and avoided her.

2. Formica rufa. — During August and September, 1904, I had a
nest of F. rufa containing one 2 . On August 7th I put a strange
fertile $ into my nest. The ants took very little notice of her, and
she seemed quite at home among them. I then procured another 5
from a different nest, and put her into my nest on August 16th, with
a similar result. Two days later I put in a third, from another nest,
with a similar result.

3. F^MicA sANrtuiNEA. — On September 18th, 1908, I put several
^ s from different nests of this species at Wellington College with a

young fertile $ that I had picked up in the neighbourhood. They

SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILE ANTS. 153

were all hostile to her. 1 then put her with a number of pupas and a
few newly-hatched ? s, not yet fully-coloured, from a nest I had under
observation. I found these immature ^ s indifferent to the 2 , though
the full-coloured ones were hostile. The $ assisted the pupa3 to hatch,
thus forming a small nest. On September 17th I introduced some $ s
from the parent nest into this small one. They very soon found the
2 and attacked her, so that I had to take them out of the nest and
separate thein. I then put in a F. ftmca slave from the parent nest.
This F. fnaca, though friendly to the ^ s, as were the ^ s from the
parent nest, attacked the 5 viciously. Eventually the i<'. sajir/z/tHCfl 2,
during the struggle, caught the F. fitt^ca by the back of the thorax, killing
the ant with a single bite. On October iind I again introduced a ?
from the old nest. It found and attacked the 2 immediately. I put
no more in till March, 1909, when I put in two ^ s on the 12th.
I watched carefully, but could see no signs of fighting. On March
17th and 18th 1 put in two more, and on the 19th, 20th, and 21st put
in two each day. There w'as no fighting at all, so at 12.45 p.m. on
March 21st I placed the two nests about four inches apart and opened
the entrances. On returning at 2.10 p.m. I found the 2 transferred
from the new nest to the old, and the ^ s from the latter were engaged
in carrying the workers from the new nest to their own. The two
nests became one, which is still in existence (January, 1910). During
1909 the 2 laid a number of eggs, all of which were devoured by the
^ s. In a nest of F. saiujuinca and F. fiisca with no ? , a number of eggs
were laid by the F. sannuinca and F. fusca ^ s during 1904, but all were
eaten. On .July 19th, 1903, I put a number of F. fusca pupse (both ^
and 2 ) ^iitl larvae outside a small observation nest of F. saiujuinea.
The F. saniiiiinea carried in the larvte and pupte, killing a few ^ s that
were among them. About the same time I put in a fertile F. fusca 2 ,
which they killed. Some of these F. fusca larvte w'ere eaten by the ants,
but others became pupae.

On September 18th, after having been away for a fortnight, I
found most of the F. fusca pups had hatched, and there were in the
nest a F. fusca 2 with one wing, another with only the two lower
wings, and two 2 s without wings. There had been noc? s in the nest,
and these $ s were not fertile. During the autumn of 1903 and the
winter the examples of F. fusca in this nest (they outnumbered the
F. sa)Uiuinea) were continually being pulled about by the F. saufiuiuca,
two or three of the latter often attacking one F. fusca. The larger F.
fusca ? s and the 2 s seemed to be chiefly molested. One of the 5 s died
during September, and another on October 14th, both having been
attacked by F. sani/uiiwa and F. fusca ^ s. The headless body of the third
was found outside the nest on May 4th, 1904, but the fourth lived till
June 20th. This same nest of F. saufiuhica was doubled in size by the
addition of ? s from two nests at Wellington College. At first they
seemed inclined to fight with the original occupants, but in a few hours
they voluntarily entered the nest and joined forces with the others
(August 16th, 1904). I gave the nest a number of F. rufa pupa?,
which they readily carried in. On September 9th, when there was a
large number of F. rufa ^ s in the nest, I put a fertile F. rufa 2 to the
door of the nest. She entered without hesitation, and was unnoticed
by the F. satic/uinea and F. rufa, but two F. fusca attacked her violently,
and later a /*'. samjuhwa and a /•'. fusca. The following day she was

154 THE entomologist's record.

still alive, but some F. saiu/iiinea and a F. fiisca were pulling her
about the nest. On the morning of September 11th she was dead.
The same evening I put another F. nifa 2 about six inches from the
nest. After a moment's hesitation she went straight to the door and
inside. A F. rufa pulled her by a mandible for a moment, but she was
otherwise unmolested. Next morning I found her outside the nest,
quite unhurt, being dragged about by a 7''. fuaca. On April 21st, 1909,
I put a fertile F. fiisca ? into a nest of F. sanuidnea which only contained
two F. fusca 5 s. The F. saiu/iiinea made some show of attacking her,
but she was allowed to escape unhurt.

4. Formica fusca.— I made several experiments with fertile ? s of
this species, and nests both with and without queens. All these
experiments resulted in the strange $ s being attacked, but unfortu-
nately I omitted to record most of these cases. On April 18th, 1909, 1
tried a fertile F. fusca ? with some workers of the var. rufibarbis.
They attacked her. On the 21st I put her in an observation nest of
F. fusca which contained one $ . These ants also attacked her.
Again, May 22nd, I put the same J with a few ^ s and a $ of the
same species. The strange $ was found dead next day. A rather
unusual case occurred last year. In a small plaster nest I had a
F. fusca 5 with one ^ . I put a § of F. subserica (?) from America in this
nest on October 6th, 1909. The solitary ? immediately began to fight
with her, but after a few minutes they stopped. Next day there was
one of the ^ s dead, probably the F. fusca. The F\ subserica ^ seemed
perfectly friendly with the ? , so on October 9th I put the remaining
thirteen F\ subserica with them. They were all friendly with the 2 ,
and, at the present moment (January, 1910), there still remain ten
F. subserica ? s and the F. fusca 2 •

5. Lasius flavus. — Besides several unrecorded failures to induce
nests of this species to accept strange ? s, I have noted the following: —
August, 1893, I introduced a fertile 5 to a queenless nest of the same
species; the ants attacked her and penned her in with earth in a corner.
August 6th, 1897, 1 put into a queenless nest of /^.. //rtr//.s- a fertile ? that
I had kept alone since the previous summer. She entered the nest
readily and was soon surrounded by ants, who saluted her as they do
their own queen. Only one ant attacked her for a moment, and she
was accepted as queen. On January 14th, 1910, 1 put an old fertile $
of L. fiavus into a queenless nest of the same species. Very little notice
was taken of her, and she was soon attacked by several ants. All the
apterous $ s of L. jianis that I have captured immediately after
swarming, have laid eggs a few days afterwards. I have found this species
very hostile to $ s of L. nit/er (January 14th, 1910, and other
occasions), and L. umhratus (September 18th, 1909, and other
occasions).

6. Lasius niger. — In August, 1895, I took part of a nest of this
ant and established it with its queen in a Lubbock nest. Wishing to
possess the whole colony, a few days later I again dug up this nest and
found another queen, which I put in my nest. The ^ s were perfectly
friendly, but a few hours afterwards they dragged her out of the nest
and left her. Workers from the old nest were readily received in my
nest. On August 13th, 1898, I introduced some '^ s from a nest of
I J. niger (containing a 2 /..»»?/>/•« ?».s as queen) to a fertile ? of their
own species. The following day, when these ^ s were on friendly

SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILE ANTS. 155

terms with the $ , I put them all into the nest. The ? was at once
attacked, and a few hours later was dead. On January 9th, 1910, 1 put
a fertile $ of an American variety of L. Jiiffer in a nest of the same
species which contained a $ . The strange $ avoided every ant she
met, and was very soon attacked. Two queenless nests of L. nii/er
accepted fertile $ s of L. nmhratKfi (August 21th, 1896, and September
19th, 1908), as already recorded {Scioice (inssip, May, 1900, and The
Hntoiiioldf/ist's Montlilij Mai/azinr, April and May, 1909). Lasius flavtis
$ s were always attacked by L. niner (January 14th, 1910, and other
cases not recorded). Isolated ? s of L. niifer kept by me have always
laid eggs shortly after swarming (September 12th, 1901, and other
cases), except two $ s of an American variety of L. 7ii;ier, 1909, whereas
$ s of L. niiibratKs have never begun to lay till the year after fertilisa-
tion (the two cases of L. umbratus J s and L. ni(jer above mentioned,
1896 and 1908, and solitary L. nwbratiis ? s in 1895, 1896, 1899,
and 1909).

7. Hostility to strange 2 s. — I have found Myrinica ruginodis,
M. laevinodin, and A/, acabrinodin invariably hostile to strange $ s. The
only case recorded was on May 18th, 1909, when I put a strange M.
laerinndis J into a nest of the same species. She was at once attacked
and dragged out of the nest. I put her in again later, and she was
again dragged out, one ? trying to sting her.

8. Embryo nests. — With regard to embryo nests, I have found what
seemed to be the beginnings of nests among the following species
only:—

(«) Laaiiin niner. — One solitary $ in sand at Wellington College,
April 13th, 1903; a 5 with larvae under a stone at Ouchy, Switzer-
land, June 7th, 1905 ; and two 5 s alone under a stone, Cleveland,
U.S.A., September 18th, 1909.

(b) L. tlaritx. — Four J s together under a stone (probably only a
temporary retreat), August 6th, 1904; and a single ? in a small
chamber in the earth under a stone (date not recorded).

(f) L. uinbratKs. — A ? under a stone with two ^ s, March 23rd,
1903.

{(I) Mipmira ruifiuodis.—A solitary $ in the ground, April 18th,
1909.

(e) Leptofhiira.r tuhenun, race nylanderi. — A $ , one ^ , and three
larvfB, inside a beech-nut, at Pangbourne, Berks, September 24th, 1903.

9. Lasius fuliginosus. — At Ouchy, Switzerland, June 15th, 1905, 1
saw ^ s of L. fuliijinosuH pulling apterous $ s after swarming into their
nest. The ? s apparently came from the same nest.

10. Small-winged Lasius flavus and L. niger.— Females of Lamina
nvjer and L.fiarux are sometimes found with small wings, otherwise per-
fectly formed, but barely one-half the normal size. In Oxfordshire,
August 21st, 1898, I found a $ of L. flonm on a road, with very small
wings. Next day I found another near the same place. There were
several normal ? s about, as a nest had swarmed close by. A few days
later, August 28th, I found some similar J s of L. ni;ier in a nest, close to
where I had found the A>. t^anis 5 s. On July 17th, 1900, I again
found five short-winged /.. tlana^ $ s in a nest in the same neighbour-
hood, and six more on August 7th, 1901, on a road. I threw some of
these into the air, but they dropped straight down, and seemed unable
to fly. Again on July 19th, 1901, I found four short-winged L. niger

156 THE entomologist's kecord.

J s in a nest in the same neighbourhood. I have most of these
abnormal $ s in my collection.

11. Peculiarities re swarming. — It seems that it occasionally
happens that all the winged 5 sdonotalwaysleavethe nest when swarm-
ing, as some are found in nests long after the usual time for swarming.
On September 14th, 1908, I found a large number of L. fttWimosus
^ s and winged 5 s on a bank close to their nest. There were no c?" s
among them. This species usually swarms at the end of May or
beginning of June. On October 13th, 1909, there were numerous ^ s
in a nest of L. Jiavus, and they certainly never left the nest before the
cold weather began. From observations on nests kept in captivity, it
seems possible that under such conditions there is an analogous
proceeding to the killing of drones by worker bees. In all the following
cases the ants were allowed to wander over a large table, so that the
<y s and 2 s were not prevented from flying off. In August, 1896,
the 5^ s of a nest of L. ni(/er that had just accepted a new queen, killed a
solitary winged 2 that had been in the nest for some time. On
August 6th, 1897, ten winged ? s in a nest of L. //ai-w.s that had just
received a new queen, were killed, their wings having been previously
removed. By August 26th, 1898, twenty-eight winged $ s and four
(? s that had hatched in a nest of 7v. ni;/er with a queen, were all killed
and the wingless bodies thrown out of the nest. On August 26th,
1895, in a nest of L. niiier containing a queen, one winged $ and six
(? s were killed ; and two winged $ s and one J in another nest of L.
ni(ier in August, 1896, were killed. In this last case, some days before
they were killed, the $ s had become very excited, had removed their
wings, and begun to carry pupas about the nest. In another nest of
L. niijer the young $ s and ^ s had been gradually destroyed, the last
pair being killed on August ii9th, 1898. On September 17th, 1908,
three $ s that had hatched in a nest of L. nuier (that had just received
a new queen) were stripped of their wings and killed. Lastly, in
October, 1909, a solitary J that had come to maturity in a nest of
M. laevinodis, was killed, having first lost her wings.

The Lepidoptera of the Tirol — The Sarnthal.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.8.

Surely enough, as we surmounted the Brenner Pass on the morning
of August 5th, the clouds broke, and by the time we had reached
Botzen we found it fine, almost brilliant, the sun shining, and, as a
good baking was nothing more than we then desired, we walked up
into the Eggenthal, but the entrance to this lovely valley in the
porphyry mountains is narrow, and the afternoon being largely spent,
little was to be done there, and we believe that I'arnassiiis apolln,
Dryas pap/da, Ar(/ynnis adippe, Jirenthi^i daphne, Coenonywpha arcania,
Paran/e tneyaera, Leptosia fiinapis, Hipparchia lieruiione, Libythea celtis,
and Anthrocera ephiaUea, of lovely steel-blue colour and white spots,
were all the species observed.

The next morning was bright, hot and sunny, and so we made for
the Sarnthal, and certainly August 6th and 7th were a real pleasure,
yet we only explored a short distance up the valley, only knocked as
it were at the door of the promised land. How the sun did pour
down into that valley, how the heat was reflected from the steep

THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE TIROL. 157

precipitous sides of the porphyry mountains, but had -we not been
living in the rain since August 2nd, and did we not want drying body
and soul. Indeed, we got all the drying we wanted on August 6th-7th,
1909, and they were poor, parched, thirsty souls that called for a drink
on the return to Botzen after about eight or nine hours' work each day
at the entrance of the baking Sarnthal.

It appears remarkable, as well as fortunate, that one of those
species about which we had been writing so much the previous six
mouths, FA-eres alcetas, and which we had lately been sifting from its
near neighbour, PJveres anjiades, was one of the first species observed,
and, as it was evidently just out, we took pains to get a nice long series
of both sexes, hardly long enough we venture to think now we have
them at home for all possible necessities. The species occurred on
thickly overgrown weedy banks, where leguminous plants of various
species were abundant, the 3 s flitting strongly above the taller plants
and settling well up on the topmost points, the $ s less active, but
still prominent enough, often settling in front of the 3 s, when their
hindwings rapidly moved wheel-like, and then scurrying off through
the herbage to rise higher as soon as free of the undergrowth ; in
another place, where the Talfer had got over its usual banks and
silted up a great bed of loess, now largely covered with willow,
epilobium, coarse grass, and other herbage, at the foot of the wooded
bank sloping from the roadway to the river, a tall, bare-looking
leguminous plant, with minute white flowers, was the attraction, and
above these Evcres alcetas gambolled like Celastrina artjiolas, and here,
strangely enough, the latter species was not uncommon above the
trees, and we netted two or three 3 s. On the level loess flat, I'lati/tcs
alj)i)ielliis, Kndiitnclia fhuinnealis, Cledeobia angustalis, Pyraiista
purpiiralis, Acidalia ornata, and many other species were not
uncommon, and samples of each were taken. Here also a fine large
form of Plebeius ari/ijroiimniion was captured ; whilst a second
brood of Sn)litantides orinn, small, and the very antipodes of the
splendid large black form, ma(/ninca, occurring about the same time in
the Vaudois Valleys of Piedmont, Avas already worn. Polyoniniatus
melcat/er was not uncommon, the ? , inclining to the steveeni form, but
with the bases of the wings sprinkled with blue scales, the discoidal
spots edged with pale, and the outer margin with a marginal and sub-
median row of pale lunules, and hence rather a form inlenuedia than
real sterecni. I'oli/onniiatiis icarxs was also common, the $ s without
blue scaling, one J" of the icariniis form; the only other "blue" appeared
to be P. Jti/las, g s only being captured, the species evidently only just
coming out. High up round an ash-tree flew many llithys ijuercus, of
which only one J was taken on this and another the following day.
Until icia pitlaeas and Loireia alciphron var. ijordias were the only
" coppers" observed, the specimens in each case, perhaps, represent-
ing a partial second-brood, which was certainly the case with several
ISisoniades taf/cs which we picked up. On the other hand, Ainjiades
sylraniifi and Coenomjmplia arrania were still on the wing, the former
in not at all satisfactory condition, although the latter were not bad ;
the specimens were small, however, and we had an idea that the Botzen
examples taken in June were larger. Leptosia sinapis was abundant,
freshly-emerged, and very vai'iable in size, the 3 s with strongly-black
apical tips. There were plenty of examples of Melanaii/ia ijalatlua

158 THE entomologist's record.

about, but worn to shreds. A brood of Paratije niegaera was found in
one corner on the road, mostly of the a/iieiorellata form at the apex, but
some with a third ocelhis below the others — triocellata. A very
characteristic dark 3 form of Epinephele ianira, with one small apical
eye on the upperside (and underside) of the forewings, and two very
marked ones on the underside of the hindwings (biocellata), and a
race of E. lycaon with the basal two-thirds of forewings dark,
were just emerging, and a single Enodia dn/as was disturbed,
suggesting that this species also was just commg out ; a single
Erebia liijea was captured, whilst Melitaea didijuia was not infrequent,
but worn. A magnificent $ of what we suspect must be a very large red
form of M. trivia, we are not able satisfactorily to place. Now and again
a newly-emerged, but small-sized, Issoria lathonia found itself in the
net, and, in one place, we found several Breyitlm daphne, which must
have been very abundant early in the season in the valley, but was now
over, as also appeared to be Vararge maera, FJnodia lii/peranthas and
Parair/e egeria, the latter suggestive of the intermedia form. Of the
common whites, one $ I'ieris napi is interesting in its huge size and
wonderfully large black spots on the forewings, although it is not of
the creamy ground colour expected of the ? s of this species in this
district. Up and down the main road Iphidides podalirias floats with
inimitable grace ; the S Lastiocanipa ijitercii^ are rich deep chocolate in
tint, mad as usual, and making a rare fuss when they have flown into
the net. Fapiiio machaon, of large size, now and again shows it.self, and
the I'aniassins apollo are not abundant though large. Of the fritillaries
Driiafi paphia and Arfii/nnis adippe are the most abundant, the former
exceedingly fine and large, especially the J s, with an occasional ab.
ralesina. One of the most beautiful insects in the valley is Anthrucera
ephialtes, of steel-blue ground colour, forewings with five (rarely six)
spots, white, except the two basal which are cream-coloured, hindwings
with one white spot, abdomen with one yellow ring round the middle.
One would think one would know these anywhere — and a mile away.
We thought we did. They love the thyme-flowers, and, as they sit
thereon, one can pick them up with finger and thumb and examine them
at leisure. We saw, on the morning of August 6th, a clump of thyme
blossom with several busily sucking the nectar; we gently swept
the net over them, enclosed the lot, and sat down to look at
them at leisure; result — one Ant/imcera ephialtes and six of a
hymenopterous species that we had mistaken for the burnet. We
were interested; everywhere up the valley the two occurred together,
the Hymenopter always more abundant than the Anthrocerid.
The Hymenopter is steely blue-black, no spots on wings, two
yellow rings round abdomen, nothing like the Burnet when in the
collecting box, yet, till we made an actual close examination, or
rather looked carefully, we couldn't tell t'other from which, and have
no doubt that one or other, the moth probably, gains protection
from the similarity. We came across Satyrus hertnione but could
not catch them ; rather, only a few of them and then they were
mostly broken; what fine fellows these are, and what an education
they have had in artfulness. We spent many hours at the entrance to
the Sarnthal and we had boxed we did not know what, and we knew
someone would ask us some day what we thought of the Sarnthal, but
we had never lifted our eyes to the sky, nor to the river, the trees nor

LATHROBIUM LONGIPENNE, FAIRM. 159

anything. We had just been catching butterflies, so we shouldered
the net and intended having a look at the valley; we walked on
through the lonely gorge, between the precipitous porphyry rocks,
when, suddenly, the valley expanded and, a large black velvety
Hrebia came down from the clouds above right into the net, J Krebia
nerine, another and another, and yet others, all in the pink of condition.
What could we do with /','. nerine- The perpendicular rocks fell back
suddenly; a steep, rocky slope, with scabious and other flowers came
sharply down some 50 feet to the roadside; the sun shone on it hotly;
from every flower hung a lovely K. nerine, many 9 s ; the only species that
really disturbed them were hri/as paphia and Callii)iurji/ia hero. We
climbed the bank and having good nails feared not, we gently gathered
those K. nerine to the collecting- box, already over full. Presently
there were very few nerine left on the lower part of the bank. We
descended, and sat down to rest, looked longingly up the valley,
and turned back to Botzen. We slept the sleep of the tired that night,
but, alas, we had barely entered the Sarnthal.

I apologised to myself, and promised that next morning I really
would go up the Sarnthal. I set out insects for two or three hours, had
an early breakfast and started. Oh, but it was hot. How we struggled
to get up the valley that day, we worked as those having a promised
land in front, and when, at about 3 p.m., we reached exactly the same
spot that we had discovered the previous afternoon, we set resolutely
forward. We must have got a good 100 yards further when we saw a
flower-choked gully on the right-hand side. We went up that gully,
we nearly broke an ankle. We found a tree covered with ripe wood-
nuts, and sat and bathed and nursed the ankle and then we went home,
hot, tired, and happy. We still have to organise a raid, when it is
less awfully hot, on the Sarnthal. On the second occasion we found
many nice things not seen the previous day ; one was a lovely deep
purple (instead of steel-blue) example of Antlirocera ephialtes (=ab.
inirpitrascens) ; a very flne 5 Antliroeera achilleae with the red spots
occupying the greater part of the wing (var. sarntlialia) ; an unexpected,
small, probably second-brood, example of Knclielia jacobaeae, specimens
of I'!ri/nnis aleeae, a J Loiveia durilis, Ciienonijniplia paitipliilitx, Melitaea
at/ialia, Brenthix ino (worn), Setina irrorella, typical (^ , Mirra ostrina,
Anarta niijrtilli, Naclia ancilla, i\Iadopa mliealis, Sijntoinin pheijea,
Tlialera /iinbrialis, and a specimen that, one thinks, must be a second-
brood example of Hesperia uialvae, all common things of course, but
most important when one is working up the fauna that occurs at the
entrance of a fine hot valley.

Lathrobium longipenne, Fairm. ; an addition to the British list.

By G. W. NICHOLSON, M.A.., M.D.

On March Gth, 1910, I took a single specimen of a small Latltn^-
hiinn at Roydon, P^ssex, in a tuft of grass at the roots of a willow. On
comparing it with Dr. Sharp's collection at South Kens^ington, it
proved to be identical with his two specimens of [.. hnKjiiiefnu', Fairm.,
both of which are lal)elled " Germany."

The following is a free translation of the original description of
this species [Faune entomoloijiijue fronraise. Paris, 1854) —

160 THE entomologist's record.

Dark brown, moderately shining. Antennae reddish-testaceous, as long as
head and thorax ; third joint slightly longer than 2nd ; the others almost monili-
form, gradually diminishing in length. Head slightly broader than thorax, almost
square behind eyes, with posterior angles rounded; punctuation fairly strong.
Thorax half as long again as broad, with all its angles rounded ; slightly contracted
at base ; punctuation strong, with a shining smooth line on middle of disc.
Scutellum smooth. Elytra broader and a little longer than thorax, moderately
depressed at sutures ; punctuation finer and closer than that of thorax. Hind-
body very finely and closely punctured, narrower at base than elytra, somewhat
widened towards apex ; fifth segment with a whitish apical border ; 6th fuscous at
tip. Feet, pale reddish-testaceous ; anterior femora broad, with a fairly strong
tooth on inferior surface. L. 4mm.

This species resembles L. loihiuliaii, Gr., in size and general
appearance, but differs from it in having longer elytra, which, in Dr.
Sharp's, as well as my own, specimen, are brick-red, with a darker
base.

Both the last edition of the European catalogue and Gangibauer,
consider L. lom/ipenne to be merely a variety of L. lon(/iilinii. It
appears, however, to be quite distinct enough from it to deserve to be
treated as a separate species. I may add that Gangibauer does not
mention the red elytra.

Subsequent visits to Roydon have not, as yet, produced any more
specimens of L. loiKjipcnne, nor have I ever found L. lon;iiiluiii there.

Lepidoptera of the Tirol— The Mendel Pass.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
It was in 1895 when Ave last visited the Mendel Pass. It was the
first locality in which we had ever collected in the Tirol, and we found
it a place overflowing with milk and honey. No one can imagine the
delicious isolation of the beautiful Mendel Pass as it was fifteen years
ago, unless he had visited it then. However, we had read a report
that the Mendel Pass was no longer what it had been entomologically,
that the best ground was covered with hotels and overrun with crowds
of visitors, that a wretched mountain railway had penetrated the very
heart of our solitude, that, indeed, the slopes of the Penegal resounded
with ribald laughter and other concomitants of a place opened to the
public on a large scale, and we felt that it was necessary for us to judge
of this desecration for ourselves, so, on August 8th, 1909, another lovely
morning, we found ourselves in the decried railway mountain-car en route
for the summit of the Mendel Pass. Quite a crowd of people seemed to
be going with us, and when we were discharged at the station, it is
quite true that we did not know where we were. New roads, new
buildings, lots of people everywhere, and our heart sank, but, as we
stepped out beyond the circle of buildings along the new upper road,
on the side of the Penegal, and going towards Fondo, and had,
perhaps, advanced 500 or 600 yards, we felt no more fear, for already
we had left the little hustle at the top of the mountain railway far away
in this highland solitude, and we were almost as alone as in the days of
yore. Butterflies abounded everywhere on the slopes on either side of
the new road, we counted some 30 species as we stood still in one
position for about 10 minutes. Last season was, perhaps, a good one,
but the insects appeared to us quite as abundant as in 1895 — -Krebia
etiryale, E. aetldops, E. tyndaius, E,. (joante, Melanar<iia ffalathea,
Paicnije inec/aera, Coenonyinplta arcania, ( '. painp/iiliis, Aporia crataeiji,

LEPIDOPTERA OF THE TIROL. 161

Pierin napi, P. rapae, P. brassicae, LepUma unapis, Brenthis aniathimia,
Melitaea didyina, M. at/ialia, Af/n'ailes coridon, Polyoiiniiatus imriis,
Aritia astro) che, L'l/aiiirix sennarf/Ks, Arf/i/nitis adippe, A. niobe, A.ai/laia,
Dri/as papliia, Hesperia alvens, i'rhicola cuninia, Adopaca liueola, A. /iai:a,
KliKjia spini, etc., were all quite abundant among the houses, and doubtless
many more that we do not remember, e.<i., I'aniasaiKs apollo was in
numbers, and Pa/dUn tnachaun, Goncpteri/.v r/uniuii were observed as
soon as we left the train, etc. The three usually common Anthrocerid
species — Anthrocera achillcae, A. transalpina, and A. luniverae — were in
great abundance, and we found Krebia nerine on the Fondo road,
within 200 yards of the hotels. Having, as it were, quite settled in
our own mind that the butterflies that used to occur here were as
abundant as ever, we turned back, intending to walk the whole
distance from the Mendel Pass to Botzen by the well-known zigzags,
the " serpents of the Mendelstrasse."

It was noon before we had returned to the station, and the distance
from Mendel to Botzen is little short of 17 miles, so if we were to
collect on the road back there was but little time to lose. From the
summit of the Pass, about 4600ft. elevation, one of the most glorious
views away across the Adige valley unfolds itself. Due east the lovely
pinnacles of the Dolomites stand out in splendid array — the Schlern,
the Rosengarten, the Latemar, Schwarzhorn, etc. — but one dreams of
the amphitheatre of peaks from the summit of the Penegal, to which
one must climb if one really wants to see the surrounding mountains
in their glory. Krebia nerine was found abundantly even close to the
summit, the ^ s often hidden away in the crannies of the hot rocks,
or on the saxifrage flowers, whence the 2 s were usually to be dislodged.
Two fine ^ examples of the dark form in which the fulvous band on
the forewings is all but obsolete, and on which the little white centres
of the ocelli stand out contrastingly against the black, were taken;
this extreme form, remin,di ng one a little of the eastern uwlas, we first
took at Cortina, in 1895, when we named it, if we recollect rightly,
ab. obsrura : it is a most striking form. The species up here was in
fine condition, much better than 1000ft. lower down, where one leaves
them as one parts with the rocks and enters the woods " through
which the serpents " curve their way. From the rocks, too, Basydia
obfiiscata was in great force, both large and abundant. The Parnassius
apollo of the slopes is a fine large race, and all four of the usually-
common large fritillaries — Dryas paphia, Aryynnis aglaia, A. adippe,
and A. niobe — are very common. A few hundred feet below the summit
we came across a sight that does good to the eyes of a naturalist
— a large lime-tree in full bloom shed its luscious fragrance around.
To the nectar were attracted not only large numbers of flies
and bees, but crowds of butterflies and " burnet " moths. The
two most abundant butterflies were Dryan paphia and Aryynnis
adippe, which sailed round the trees, settling now on the leaves,
then on the blossom, with wings outspread. To these Pyranieis
atalanta added its graceful beauty, and a sudden smaller species with
somewhat bustling flight told of Libytliea relti.s. It stood a moment,
then darted ofi' rapidly and returned again, whilst swarms of
Erebia enryale continuously fluttered up and down to the feast ;
it would have been possible to have stood on the path on a level with
about the centre of the tree, and swept off almost every visitor. We
saw no other lime-tree in blossom, and hence this, no doubt, was

162 THE entomologist's record.

attractive for a large area round. From here one still gets an excel-
lent view of the Dolomites across the Adige valley — the Schlern,
Eosengarten, and Latemar standing up in picturesque grandeur in the
distance. Below the valley looks flat, and the lovely lakes, of which
Lake Kaltern is the largest, appear to be embosomed in the vineyards,
but, as we descend we see clearly that the lakes are hidden among
the hills, the height of which is lost at this greater elevation. Lower
down, Kiijfonia poli/ehloros and both Liiiienitis catnilla and a worn
L. aibylla are brought to the net, and FA-erea alceta>i, worn Lycaena
avion, and a 5 PolyomDiatiis anmmlKs were taken. But the insect of
the upper slopes, next to Krebia nerine, is Lihi/tlwa celtis. As one
comes over one of the stone bridges where a steep ravine serves as a
stone-shoot from near the summits of the Penegal to the skrees below,
a brown butterfly, with flight almost like that of a large " skipper,"
only just clear above the surface of the ground, doubling and redoubling
with great vigour, invites a scufiie, and it is some time before the
artful Lihythea celtis is safe in the box, where it settles down, its fore-
wings pulled tightly down between the hindwings, the lower margin
on a level with the ground, the antennte and long palpi stuck out
in front, the tips just touching the ground, the colour, shape, and
general ensemble producing the complete resemblance to a leaf.
All the slopes attract one because of the abundance of their insect
fauna, and, where the steep precipitous dolomite rocks fall hundreds
of feet sheer down on to the Mendelstrasse, every cranny holds
Krebia nerine. There is no need to try to catch the wayward ones,
yet it may be worth while to notice how, once this species is
worried, it goes down to the road, and, by maintaining itself almost
flat and not ceasing to flutter towards the edge where the slopes
on the other side descend, it generally manages to get away. Now
and then Satynis heniiione rushes past one, and is occasionally netted,
such as fall to the net appear to be in better condition than at the
entrance to the Sarnthal, due probably to the very considerable differ-
ence in elevation, a suggestion supported by the condition of the
common Melanaryia yalatea, many of which are still quite fresh,
whilst Epinephele ianira appears to be only just emerging. In one or
two places Hipparchia seniele, a fine large form, is not infrequent, but it
appears to be local, and, on such stony sloping ground, difficult to
catch. Now and again round the trees one sees Celastrina argiolus,
but the species is not common, and then past the saxifrage-covered
stone walls, beloved of Klnyia spini and Krebia aethio/is, one comes at last
to the well-known little " quelle" or stream by the wayside. Here
numbers of Ayriades coridon, Krebia aetkiops, and the last specimen of
Libythea celtis are captured. It was now nearly 3 p.m., we seemed to
have been hustling ourselves all the way from the summit, yet there were
very few kilometres done, and lots yet remained to be done. There
was no hope for it, so we took the short cuts through the woods, where
we saw many Pyrameis atalanta, a single Kuvanessa antiopa quite out
of reach, a single worn Limenitis sibylla, an abundance of Leptosia
sinapis, (Tonepteryxrhamni, Aryynnis adippe, Dryas paphia, thefritillaries
getting very worn, low down. Callimorpha hera also became abundant,
and, in one of the gardens near Sigmundskrone, we saw Bithys
querciis flying round the plum trees. Here, too, by the roadside,
Epinephele tithonns was in great abundance, apparently just emerged

A NATURAL HISTORY Of THE BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 163

and mostly <? s. By this time more than another hour has sped, but
the kilometres have lessened and we go steadily on. Our ignorance
of the locality here led us astray, for we might have struck the
railway and saved at least half a dozen miles in which no entomology
was to be done, but we did not, and it was fully 6 p.m. before we found
ourselves washed and comfortable in our hotel at Botzen, perfectly
satisfied though that Mendel is still safe for the butterfly-hunter even
if he has to walk a few hundred yards for his specimens instead of
taking them almost in the hotel grounds as of yore.

Note on the Habits of Nemeobius lucina.

By a. S. TETLEY, M.A., F.E.S.
I found Xeiiifdbitis lucina generally distributed from May 15th to
29th, 1910, in the Rhone Valley at S. Maurice, Lavey, and Martigny,
and also near les Avants on the northern slopes of Lac Leman. It
occurred freel}' at Baveno and Laveno, on Lake Maggiore, from
May 18th to 21st. On May 28th I noticed specimens between 9 and
10 a.m. sucking honey from Medicai/o satira and Antlii/llis vnlneraria.
The sun had not been long on the meadow and the grass was still wet
with rain. The buttertl_y sat with wings inclined upwards at varying
angles, generally from 100° to 120°, but occasionally much closer. I
do not remember seeing it with wings closed above the back. All I
observed sat with "tail" to the sun; if they pitched otherwise they
appeared always to twist round to the aforesaid position. The
primaries were drawn up from the secondaries, but not excessively so,
the inner margin of the fore- covering the costa of the hindwings
for perhaps three-fifths of length. On May 15th, in hot sunshine,
between 11 a.m. and 2 or 3 p.m., I noticed a number flying among low
bushes, mainly hazel and little spruces, or similar conifer, at Lavey.
They sat m the way above described, and, when disturbed, generally
returned to the same place, often to the same leaf. Several times I
observed two, when meeting, flying up in the air 15 or 20 feet and
apparently attacking each other, but quickly separating and returning
to their original posts. I noted them as being both c? s in one case.
The insect generally flew with short sailing movements interspersed
with numerous little jerks. In all places where they were seen there
was abundant growth of Primula veris. Some $ s were very large and
bright in colour and conspicuous on the wing. I saw no pairings and
no oviposition, though the general scarcity of butterflies left me ample
time and opportunity for observation of this little creature. It was in
excellent order, but far scarcer than in 1907 and 1908 at Lavey, where
it was very abundant in those years. It flies there with llesperia
olri'oliis, Nisoniadcs tatjes, Cupido miniums, and Melitaea partlienii'.

A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera. •

By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
Another exhaustive volume of the British Butterflies has been

A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, vol. x., pp. 410 + viii, plates
i-liii, by J. W. Tutt, F.E.S., Published by Swan Sonnenschein A- Co., 25, High
Street, Bloomsbury. Price, £1 net. [Published separately as A Natural History
of the British Butterflies, vol. iii. Price 1 guinea net.]

164 THE entomologist's RECORD.

completed, and it goes without saying that it is replete with much
varied information. The facts gathered together about the larval
habits of the species dealt with, to say nothing of many others that
do not come within the ordinary range of the work, are most useful
to all field-workers. The " Chrysophanid," or, as I should say, the
Heodid, caterpillars, appear to be very restricted in the choice of their
pabulum, though, in America, there are more than one species that
depart from the European restriction, for, besides epixantlte, mentioned by
Tutt as feeding on cranberry, dorcas makes another departure feeding
on Dafiifjhnra fruticuHa. We notice six genera suggested, some new with
the type species merely indicated, r/5., Vacciniina optilete, Cijaniris semi-
argus, AlhuUna pJwretes, Latiurina orbit aliis, Agriades coridon, Polyom-
matiis icaruH, When a genus is created we think it should be definitely
described, this precedent scarcely seems in keeping with the rest of the
book, so particular as to facts and accurate in details. We notice
Dr. Chapman {antea, p. 101) has a pregnant sentence, he says in some
remarks about the male appendages of the Plebeiids, " The form of
the clasps and dorsal processes define the group very distinctly from
any other, but are also very slightly different in different species, yet
almost always sufficiently to afford specific characters. But their
failure to afi'ord characters to define genera is remarkable, in view of their
affording such good tribal and specific characters. This faihire is noted
specially in the case of the genus PlebeiuR." The doctor then goes on
to indicate some possible classification on the form of the fedoeagus.
The failure referred to is, in our opinion, very definite indeed, and
with our experience of the genitalia, not forgetting their weaker
points, we think it indicates conclusively that the genus Plebeius
(including as it does the vast majority of the Palfearctic blues) forms
one good thoroughly homogeneous genus, and that it ought not to be
subdivided at the present time. Had the author of the genera named
had time to sit down to write an exact diagnosis of each genus from
the perfect insect, he might have found he had written the same
diagnosis over and over again, with the result that the genera would
have not been created. We will deal with all adverse (if I must use
the word) criticism at once, for the volume is really a monument of
hard thinking and hard working out, but we must refer to the
multitudinous naming of aberrations, personally, I should never name
anything that was not a local race, these aberrations are purely
individual — may even not be naet with again — what is the object of a
name for them ? Are they to be catalogued, in say Staudinger's next
" Catalog " ? if so, it will reach many volumes, and the future student
will have his labour increased enormously. To our mind, the naming
of such specimens answers no scientific purpose, and we heartily wish
the author could look at the matter from our point of view.

There is another thing that we think would save our Editor a large
amount of labour. Would it not be possible to amalgamate the
" Time of appearance" with the "Localities" and "Distribution." It
would answer the same purpose and save the author the writing twice
over much of the same material ?

The amount of time spent in hunting up the original publications
must have been very great. The result is that we see some old friends
with new names ; we shall, no doubt, get accustomed to them in time,
and without doubt it is labour well spent. We scarcely expected to have

SPRING BUTTERFLIES AT SIERRE, ETC. 165

one name altered, and as we come to t/wtis we are tempted to ask, as it
were with the Winchester boys of old — thouo;h we hope not with their
arrogance — ''an/itft I know, and roridou 1 know, but who are you"?
doubtless, as of old, Marlborough forced itself into public recognition,
so will tlietis to-day, in fact, have we not already almost got accustomed
to it. Dr. Chapman's minute descriptions of the early stages, both
larval and pupal, are not the least welcome part of the volume which
is indeed a valuable monument of careful scientific working out, the
mass of material that must have been gone through, weighed up and
reformed must have been enormous, but the result is worthy of the
efibrt and the author, and the criticisms here ventured on will not
detract from the value of the work accomplished. Of the many
excellent plates we would mention those of the ova, Plates i and xxxiv,
and the proleg, Plate xxx, which will be most useful, but for intrinsic
beauty, though the imago of t/ietis, xlii, is very good, none come up to
the perfect delineation of semiarf/nti on liii. The Plate of the variation
of ari/iis (aef/oii) clasps, xxiii, is interesting, but to my mind rather
inclined to be misleading, for they are not in the same position, and
the least alteration of position renders some of the serrations or teeth
at the end of the clasps invisible, and alters the shape of others.
There is, however, no question that the Plates form a very valuable
attraction to the volume under review.

To the scientific worker however (apart from the mere collector) the
elucidation of the correct names of the various forms of sejiiian/iis and
coridon is of the greatest value. We had become accustomed to accept
the determinations of paltearctic species by my old friend Dr. Staudinger
as " gospel," and to learn that, on reference to types and figures and
descriptions, these determinations are mostly incorrect comes rather as
a shock, but there appears to be no doubt that, in both the species
referred to, he distributed large numbers of the various races to all the
more important collections under names that are here shown to be
incorrect. Taking into consideration the Spanish and Mediterranean
forms of vorvlon it would seem as if an actual reference to descriptions
and plates ought to have prevented these errors. In treating the
Asiatic races of seniian/ua, however, and in the unravelling of helena,
Stgr., ht'llis, Frr., and parnanna, Stgr., great difficulty must have been
experienced and very keen insight required, and the author is to be
congratulated on the success he has achieved in the discrimination of
these closely allied forms of this species.

Spring Butterflies at Sierre, Les Matecotles and Zermatt, in 1909.

By H. L. EARL, M.A.

After reading through Mr. Wheeler's interesting accounts of
successive butterfly seasons in the Canton Valais, I at first' concluded
that there was little more to be written on the subject, but a three
weeks' visit to that favoured region last spring proved of such interest
to myself that some account of it may be of use to other collectors.

My wife and I left England in cold w-eather on May 18th, and
reached the Bellevue Hotel, Sierre, on the morning of the 22nd, in
tropical heat, which lasted to the end of our week. Only the mornings
were suitable for collecting. Every afternoon the sky became overcast,
distant thunder was heard, and a storm of dust blew up the Rhone

166 THE entomologist's record.

Valley, though without rain. Our best work was done in a grass
meadow between Sierre and Miege. I call it grass, but in reality it
was a flower-garden past the wit of gardener to devise. The ground
growth seemed to consist of myosotis and a golden Enp/mrbia,
AnthylUs and Galium vernw, from which rose a tall crop of scabious,
trollius, aconite-leaved ranunculus, Geranium san<jiiineam, and some
attractive umbellifers, which I will not risk labelling, and lastly a
lovely blue Salvia. The best spot was a little bank facing south, where
the ground had been terraced to shore up the vineyard above. I could
reach the whole of this slope from the footpath, and yet respect the
" defense hors du sentier." The conditions for collecting were admir-
able, no swarm of anj- one kind, but abundance of species, and
specimens generally in perfect condition. Melitaea cin.ria was the
commonest butterfly, and after the first half hour I left them alone.
M. didijma was just coming out, and i was much struck by its brilliant
colour in the sunlight. iV. athalia and M. partlienie were scarce, and
M. phoebe was represented by three specimens, one very light coloured.
M. dictynna was just beginning, Brenthis dia was very much worn, and
Issoria lathonia very small and almost in rags. I noticed its
frequent habit of settling in the middle of a dry cart-track. Brenthis
euphrosijne had larger spots than those of the New Forest. Colias
hyale was hardly ever out of sight. Papilio machaon was not common,
while Ipkiclides podalirius was very much in evidence, mostly minus
the tails. I observed two curious features about this flower-meadow.
All our commonest species were there, but very scarce. I saw single
specimens of all our Vanessids, except Vanessa io, which was in fair
numbers, and our common whites, Coenonympha pamphilns, Colias
ednsa, Callop/irys riibi, Rumicia phlaeas, Nisoniades tayes, and Polyom-
matiis icariis [alexis), were only here and there. Melitaeids, with
Colias hyale, Aporia erataeyi, and l]/hiclides podalirius, were the
species that enlivened the scene. The other noticeable feature was
that butterflies known to us as possessing particular habits and tastes
seemed to abandon their peculiarities and meet on the common ground
of a flower garden. Thus Leptosia sinapis, Ayriades thetis, Papilio
machaon, and Ciipido minimus forsook their woods, chalk downs, and
marshes, and might be seen on the same scabious and sage blossoms.
Of the blues, Cyaniris semiaryus was on the wing on footpath, and high
road. Glaucopsychecyllaruswsis scarce, Ayriades thetis abundant and large,
and among the last I found one Pnlyommatus hylas on my return. A
single Kveres alcetas very nearly passed itself oft" as a small Polyonrmatus
tear us. We were unable to explore the Pfynwald thoroughly, as the
heat and dust of the road from Glarey were almost unendurable, but the
open spaces and rocky slopes a little past the Rhone bridge were full of
Colias hyale, Melitaea cin.ria, and M. didyma, and a single Hesperia
carthami was taken. Among the C. hyale were two whitish specimens,
and I also took a strange aberration of M. didyma, in which the rich
red of the upper wings gives place to a pale straw-yellow. May 27th
found us at Les Marecotles, an admirable base for collecting,
about one mile above Salvan, on the Martigny-Chatelard line, where
we found comfortable quarters at the Chatel Belmont, kept by English
proprietors, Mr. and Mrs. Macey. Our elevation was now 3400 feet,
the weather had cooled, and we feared we had done wrong to leave the
Rhone Valley, but the news that two swallow tails and a white had

SPRING BUTTERFLIES AT SIERRE, ETC. 167

strayed into the house that same morning put us in good heart, and
next morning a mowing field of less than half an acre turned up no
fewer than 37 species, while, except for a day at the Glacier des Bossons
and a walk to Finbaut, we could hardly get past the spot. Here, we at once
found ourselves among the Parnassiids; J'arnassiita apollo was well out
and in grand condition, careering round the field, and then hovering over
a flower with that hesitancy which often landed it in the net. P.
mneniosi/ni' appeared twice, one being imperfectly developed. Of the
Lyc«nids, Ctipido minitims and Cyaniris .s^»/ian/».s were more abundant
than at Sierre, but freshly emerged, a GlaKcopsi/che cyllarus and
Scolitcvttides nrion were fairly common. I took some J. tlietia J s with
very pronounced orange spots on the lower wings. A single IpJiidvles
podaliriiis would take possession of fifty yards of high road, sailing
backwards and forwards, well on the alert, 3'et without apparently
moving its wings. A large Erebiid, Krebia evias I believe, becamecommon
as the road approached Finhaut, at about 4000 feet. Lcptosia sinapis
haunted every firwood on the way up to La Creusaz, and seemed to
run through the whole gamut of possible variation, very large, very
small, with very dark tips, and without any tips whatever. Fieris
rapae were very diminutive, one no larger than a fine A. thetis ; Pieris
rapae was now common, and I was pleased to take P. napi var. bnjoniae,
with nearly the whole upper surface clouded by the nervure shadings.
A brilliant Chrysophanid was just appearing when we left, Lotceia
alciphrnn var. (/unlius, skipping like a dancing flame from one blossom
to another ; L. dorilis was much more common, but worn. At
Chamonix I saw a splendid FJuvaneasa antiopa, and the pinewood
skirting the Glacier des Bossons was alive with F.uchloe canlaniines,
LeptoHia sinapis, and Mclonippe Iiastata. On June 4th, we went to
Zermatt, the weather was cold throughout the week, rain every after-
noon until the last few days, when it snowed continuously. Even in
the mornings we had only gleams of sunshine, the sun was often
obscured by one small cloud, which kept developing at the windward
side as it came up, and dispersing as soon as it was past the sun, so
we had the vexation of seeing the surrounding country bathed in
light while we were in the cold shade. I was much impressed
by the absolute necessity of the sun's rays for insect activity. One
morning about ten o'clock, before the sun had risen from behind
the Taeschhorn, I saw a fine Parnassius apolln on a grass stalk; the
net was carefully placed over it, but it did not move. I then tried to
tip it into the cyanide bottle, but it clung fast to the stalk ; finally I
pulled it off the grass and let it rest sideways on my hand, yet neither
leg nor antenna moved. Nevertheless, in ten minutes the sun had
risen hotly above the mountain, and /'. apollo were flying vigorously in
all directions. I often noticed this species and A/ioria rrataer/i drop
the instant the sunlight was clouded. It seemed as if they not only
preferred the sun, but were physically unable to fly without it. Can
this have anything to do with the supply of ox3'gen necessary to the
intense activity of insect flight? I^arnassius apollo also differs from
all butterflies of my acquaintance in its tenacity of life ; it was as
reluctant to die as the most intractable Sphingidor Bombycid. Lastly,
P. apollo must be made of good wearing material, for I have never
seen a specimen that was not in perfect condition. Pontia daplidice,
which I had not seen as yet, was common near Tilsch, also the Swiss

168 THE entomologist's RECORD.

form of Kuchlo'e cardantines, large and strong on the wing, the large
orange tips covering quite two-thirds of the upper wing. Pieria napi
var. bri/oniae were common and fine on a stretch of the road about a
mile and a half below Zermatt, one very large specimen being of a bright
yellow ground colour. I once mistook it for Colias phiconwne. On
the 9th we walked up to the Gornergrat, seeing nothing on the way
up, as the day was cloudy and threatening. The snow-line
was high for the date, there being practically none till some distance
above the Riftelberg Hotel, but the flowers made up for the want
of Rhopalocera. We saw large slopes almost covered with the
little Gent i ana venia, with here and there a discordant colour
caused by a large purple viola. The Gentiana acaidis was just coming
out, and a yellow field above the Riffel Alp, which might have been
cowslips at a distance, proved to be one mass of Anemone snlfurea above
the snow-line, and between the deep drifts the large Anemone alpina
was just lifting its oppressed head where the snow had melted. On
the way down, at about 9000 feet, midway between the Gorner Grat
and the Riffelberg, my wife noticed a white butterfly at rest on a stone,
and as every butterfly at such an elevation should be arrested on sus-
picion, I transferred it to the killing bottle, and found I possessed a
newly-emerged Pontia callidice, a species new to me. Suddenly the sun
burst forth, and the level patch, partly green, partly snow, was
alive with P. callidice, all perfect, and I secured a good series. To
look on the unclouded Matterhorn, Monte Rosa, Breithorn, Castor and
Pollux, and the Lyskamm, to stand on gentians and anemones, to
catch a score of P. callidice, and to breathe the Alpine air of 9000 feet,
made up an embarrassment of luxuries hard to beat. A single
Erebiid, flying over a drift, looked intensely black against the snow,
but it was impossible to pursue it ; its size was halfway between
Melanipias epiphron and Erebia aethiops. On the way down through
the pinewood below the Riffel Alp, Leptosia sinapis, as usual, abounded,
and we saw a few Acfriades thetis and Ci/aniris semiar<iiis with Pontia
daplidice in the meadow at the foot of the slope, but it was too early
for meadows at Zermatt, and the only good work that I did, except at
the Gorner Grat, was on the rock-strewn slope towards Taesch, on the
right bank of the Visp. A climb up the Trift Gorge was altogether
unsuccessful ; we saw nothing on the way up except a colony of
Nemeophila plantaninis, and, on reaching our goal, which was a high
level spot with sheds where cattle were kept in the summer months,
we saw only one A(/lais nrticae settled on a dense scrub of nettles and
dandelions which had elbowed the native gentians off their own ground.
(Why do nettles invariably follow the tracks of humanity' ?) Con-
sidering the early date of our visit, and the unsatisfactory weather of
the latter half, I was more than content with the fifty-eight species
seen or taken, and the result has determmed me, if possible, to devote
a longer time, and cover more ground in the summer of 1910.

A note on hybernation in Lepidoptera.

bt t. a. chapman, m.d.

The following observation seems of interest in its bearing on the
conditions governing hybernation in insects. Hybernation in most
species, I am thinking rather of lepidoptera, is a matter of inherited

I

A NOTE ON HYBERNATION IN LKPIDOPTERA. 169

habit and instinct, an individual of Ai/lais nrticae may thus be con-
strained to commence hybernation in June, and a larva must die rather
than hybernate, if unable to feed up to the proper stage. It is, no
doubt, a matter of natural selection that tlie habit and the conditions
(chiefly the seasons) shall be duly co-ordinated. The process or possi-
bility of hybernation no doubt originated (at some remote epoch) in the
quiescence of protoplasm at a low temperature and under starvation,
but it is now something much more definite than this.

The faculty of, or capacity for, hybernation is rather a function of
the protoplasm than of the organism as a whole. That it is so follows,
I think, from these considerations ; as a function of protoplasm it is
not only of very ancient date, but must have taken a long period for
its evolution, but, as we see it now, and if we regard it as a function
of the organism, it is necessary to suppose that it can be developed or
lost at very short notice. For instance, the cases are abundant in w^hich
closely allied species hybernate at different stages. The habit of hyber-
nating as an egg can be comparatively quickly lost and replaced by hyber-
nation as a half-grown larva (say Affriatlt's tin'tis and A. coridon) or vice
versa, or the change may be from pupa to imago [Arasclmia levana and
Aftlais nrticae), etc. It would seem, therefore, that, though the definite
power to hybernate must have been of slow evolution, the decision as
to the stage in the insect's life at which this power shall be exercised
is capable of much more rapid variation. For this, possibly a very few
generations will suffice, the motive for the change being that the
natural stimulants to hybernation be brought to bear at a different
stage. The following observations on Leinptilus tephradacti/la show
that questions of food still have a determining power, if not on the
commencement of hybernation, at least on the date of its termina-
tion, and that not merely an increase of temperature is necessary to
this end, but, in some larvae, at least, the protoplasm does not give up
the hybernating attitude till fresh nutriment is supplied to it, but once
the attitude is j'ielded it cannot be resumed. This last remark, as
more than a statement of a special case, is flatly contradicted by an
observation on Psdnophoras brachi/ilacti/liis, of which several hybernated
larvjB, instead of going ahead with their brethren on the spring
awakening, fed a little, moulted once (one twice), and finished by
starting hybernating again, to appearance, in the same instar in which
they had already hybernated ; a very similar occurrence is not unusual
in Anthrocerids.

Daring the winter of 1909-10 I had hybernating a number of larvae
of [j. tephrailacti/la on plants of Snliilafio cirt/aurea in three flower-pots.
They were, however, somewhat neglected, and, on examining them at
the end of March, I found that the plants in two pots were apparently
dead, that iu the third, however, in fair condition. Very few of the
larvae were, however, dead, but several on the living plant seemed to
be eating a little. Having to leave home, 1 put all the larvje on the
living plant, and left them to their fate till May 16th. I then found
that the living plant had been eaten away, a few larvjB still nibbling
at stumps. A few larvas were dead, from starvation almost certainly,
several hardly grown at all, but most had moulted at least once, and
were somewhat advanced. The living larvj^i were at all stages up to
half-grown in last skin.

I then found that, in one of the pots, laid aside as having the

170 THE entomologist's RECORD.

plants dead, the plant was alive, and had three larvae on a bud just
showing itself, these had grown slightly, one rather more than the
others. At another place in the pot were three other larvae, fairly
close together, possessed, one supposes, with some hope that a bud
would come up at that place, though examination showed that the
hope was without foundation.

These six larvae had, of course, been so hidden that I had passed
them over when clearing the pot of larvae at the end of March. The
points that strike one as interesting are that those larvae that were on
a living plant grew more or less till starvation set in, and tha.t then a
certain proportion, no doubt those that failed to obtain any of the
failing supplies, died, and not less those that had thriven and grown,
than those less forward. On the supposed dead plant there were,
however, six larvae, all alive and well, and a careful search failed to
discover a dead one. The three away from the newly-appearing shoot
were very small, smaller if anything than before hybernation, actually
2-8mm. long, and very slender, those on the, no doubt, quite recent
shoot were a little larger.

It would, therefore, appear that, when all circumstances are favour-
able for renewed activity in the spring, if food is present, all goes well,
but if it is not, the larvae can prolong their winter activity without
serious damage for at least six weeks (no doubt allowance must be
made for the weather during much of the period not being of a forcing
character). But if they obtain food, and make more or less progress,
and are then starved, they die within the total period of six weeks,
which has been comparatively harmless to their apparently more ill-
used brethren who have had no food at all.

I ought to state that the two pots were out-of-doors, exposed to the
same weather together.

Fredericina calodactyla (zetterstedtii).

By T. a. chapman, M.D.

Mr. Goodwin's notes on this species in Ent. Beconl, vol, xxi., 1909,
p. 205, interested me very much, and I am indebted to him for the
opportunity of verifying the point that seemed of most importance,
viz., the habit of the pupa of leaving its puparium for emergence.
I was not only able to verify this, but to note that the pupa emerged
in this way, and again retreated if disturbed, for at least some days
before emergence. I further found that the emergence of the pupa to
a dangerous or inconvenient extent is checked by a cremastral silken
cable. The length of freedom allowed being approximately the length
of the pupa.

My notes are that on May 23rd, 1910, Mr. E . Goodwin, of Canon Court,
sent me some material of F. calodactyla {zetterstedtii). One of the larvae,
in its burrow in the heart of the growing stem (or almost rootstock)
of Solidayo, was laid up for its moult to pupa, which occurred a day or
two after. Looking at it frequently, I noticed nothing particular in
connection with it till June 2nd, when I observed the pupa well above
its usual level in its burrow or cocoon, it might almost be called pro-
jecting ; looking more carefully, I very shortly shook or otherwise
disturbed it, when it at once retreated to its usual position, doing so
quickly and actively, and making some active movements when I so

VARIATION OF VANESSA lO, L. 171

far disturbed it as to get a fair view of it in its retreat. Its advance
was such, as I judged on this further examination, as to amount to
about three-quarters of the length of the pupa, or so as to bring the
wing-tips to about the usual level of the head. There was no question
of the pupa being ready to emerge, as the whole of the head and wings
were pale in colour, though with the opaque aspect of commencing
maturity. It seemed as if the object might be to obtain some sun-
shine, but it might have been regarded as a provision for keeping the
opening above from being closed by the further growth of the plant,
i.e., of the leaf-bases surrounding the opening, or again perchance to
escape some exudation of sap into its cocoon.

On June 8th, the moth emerged, and the empty pupa- case was
well above the cocoon, if its puparium can be so called, and if the
disturbance it had undergone from my examinations, and the short
journeys of the pupa itself had left what might be called its upper
end. On close examination, however, it was found that the pupa-
case was 10-5mm. long, and that the cremastral end of the pupa-case
was 11mm. from the base of the excavation forming the puparium.
The cremaster of the pupa was firmly held by a silken cable, which
was stretched straight, and descended 5mm. or 6mm. before it was
merged in the other silken spinning, lining (very weakly) the puparium.

The pupa-case was not, therefore, at liberty to leave its tube
further than it had done. The cable seems to hold the pupa from
further advance when the imago is leaving it, otherwise the imago
would fail to escape and would drag the pupa-case with it. A similar
provision exists in many Tortricids whose pupa-cases leave the
puparium.

The interest of this curious habit is by comparison with other
Platyptiliids. In Gilhueria (ochrodacti/la), etc., we have the usual
plume habit of a fixed external pupa. In I'latt/ptilia {i/onoflactt/la) an
enclosed pupa that does not, however, emerge. Neither does AJaina
uiirrodactyla (an Alucitid), also an enclosed pupa. Though the
structure of the plume pupa is that of the Incompletae, this retention
of the typical habit of the incomplete pupa is certainly rare in the
group. A not dissimilar habit in (Kri/ptilas, which has a similar larval
existence, is associated with a loss of cremastral hooks, and seemed to
me to be possibly a re-acquired habit, it may, however, be by immediate
descent from some relative of F. ralndarti/la. 8ome Oxyptilids have
the usual plume external habit of pupation.

This primitive habit, characteristic of the incomplete pupa, is a
strong point, which I was not aware of, when urging that the
Platyptiliids were the most ancestral group of plumes that I had
examined, in support of that view.

Variation of Vanessa io, L.

By T. REUSS.
{Concluded from p. 141.)
It might throw some light on these different results from the etiect
of "contrasts of temperature" on pupii? from wild-grown British
larvse, when I say that broods of I'fl/n'x.sa io (or V. urticae) reared under
stimulating contrastless temperature conditions from the early stages
will often vary from the type, but among themselves the individuals of

172 THE entomologist's RECORD.

the brood will, on emergence, be alike to an unusual degree, and this
brings me to a point which baffled me for a long time. I have bred
under different conditions both Continental pupae and British (insular)
pupae of V. to and V. itrticae. It was first with British pup^ of the
latter species that I found it impossible to produce the same results by
the influence of high temperature, as with continental pupae {vide
antea, pt. 4, 1909). There was comparatively less change in the
former. The pup^e from insular larvae resisted the influence of high
temperature much more than did the ■ pupse from continental larv«.
On the other hand, the insular pupae gave way more easily to the
influence of cold and darkness than the Continental ones. One of the
reasons for this appears to lie in the cnntrastless insular climate {ride
Entoiiioloifist, vol. xlii., p. 311) due in great part to the liiniiidity of the
atmosphere. This influence would in nature mainly take effect in the
larval stage. That the British climate exercises a special influence is
well known. In many moths it induces melanism, more or less
indirectly, and favours certain atavic forms {ride Tutt, Melanifun and
Melanochrvism. in British Lepidoptera, pp. 42, 43). The effect on V. io
and V. urticae appears most plainly in their uppersides* — the
influence on these species is not too strong, and their undersides
(comparable, so to speak, with the upperside forewings in most
moths) are too well adapted to their habits to be »iiich altered — and
from the results of my breeding-experiments with pupte which plainly
were affected by constitutional tendencies in the larvae, I suggest that
especially specimens of V. io ab. darariolacea (compare the insular
forms of T'. io var. (jeisha, Japan, var. sardoa, Sardinia, also specimens
from continental Asia), but also ab. nif/rifasciata, are characteristic
of the British insular climate, and in V. urticae the same seems
to be the case with ab. fiarotessellata, Rynr., ab. s^alnionicolor, Rynr.,
and ab. infascata, Rynr. The ab. infnscata is sometimes very dark
red-brown in the ground-colour (when stimulating conditions of
development act with the constitutional tendency induced by humidity),
more often it is pale brown-yellow, covering the tendency to var. polan's.
Larvae are thirsty creatures generally, and, in a climate in which the
sun's heat is not very great, humidity of the atmosphere (suggesting
condensation as opposed to evaporation induced by dryness) would
draw less on the resources of their bodies than would dry air. This
effect is clearly noticeable in the perfect insects in Britain (compare
Drinkimi Habits in Butterfiies and Moths, p. 2, by Mr. Tutt) which
rarely congregate in numbers round puddles, etc., on roads (I myself
only witnessed one case) as they do in lands where the sun is hotter,
clearly proving that these insects are less thirstj" in a contrastless
temperate climate. Near Desenzano, on the Lago di Garda, I once in
August found the road alive with " blues," and with a cyanide-bottle
two inches w'ide at the mouth, I covered 53 specimens of the short-
tailed blue (among them were two females) which had assembled thus
closely to drink.

* The uppersides of butterflies, which rest with closed wings, do not come
under the influence of " selection of the best-protected " as do the uppersides of
moths, which rest with wings spread out, and therefore the uppersides of butterflies
with their bright colours are specially well-fitted for the study of the direct action
of meteorological factors.

1

COLEOPTERA IN THK ISLK OF WIGHT. 173

Coleoptera in the Isle of Wight, with a few additions to the fauna

of the Island.

By J. TAYLOR, F.E.S.

Two interesting additions have been made to the Isle of Wight list
in '■'■'•Elaphrusi iiliiiinosiis, F., which Mr. Donisthorpe tells me Dr. Joy
took on the banks of the Yar, between Freshwater and Yarmouth, and
'■''llohates foitt'cornis, Lac, taken by Dr. Nicholson at roots of grass near
Sandown at the end of March. The following species with asterisk
are also additions: — ''O-ci/ixida a7?a<rt, Miirk., with Lasinf< fulii/inosiis,
Ninham, near Shanklin (Taylor). ■■'■Mi/iinedonia fiotesta, Gr., with
L.fiilifii)iofiiis, Ninham (Donisthorpe). Mjfrmedonia laticollis, Miirk.,
was taken with the same ants in numbers. '■■'■ Xatot/iecfa confiisa, Miirk.,
with L. fitli(/inosi(s, Ninham (Donisthorpe). '■'■ Bolitobius exulettts, Er.,
in fungus, Sandown (Taylor). '■Mycetojionis atit/idan'x, Hey, from a
heap of vegetable refuse, near Sandown (Taylor). This species,
although so distinct when mounted, might easily be passed over in the
field for Heterotlmps, if one had not seen it alive before, and were not
expecting to find it. ''Qnedit(s vexans, Epp., in moles' nests, December
to March, Sandown (Taylor). ■'Philonthns Uniiiicomis, Steph., Alver-
stone (Taylor). ■'Sfiiicus fraijilia, Gr., under withered grass, Sandown
(Taylor). ■'Stenita jiino, F., at roots of grass, Sandown (Taylor).
'■'■'•Cholera apadicea, Stm., Niton (C. J. G. Pool). '" Hister iiiarninatKs, Er.,
in moles' nests, Sandown (Taylor). ''■Crt/ptophai/iai subt'toiKitiis, Kr.,
in stale muscatel raisins, Sandown (Taylor). '' PtUiniis costatiis, Gyl.,
in wooden base of scales in chemists' shop, Sandown (Taylor). This
insect was kindly named by Captain Deville ; it is, of course, probably
introduced, but I think not in the wood from which it was taken, as
the scales have been several years in Sandown, and show very few
traces of boring. The beetle is common in France, but I believe has
not been noticed in Britain before. '^Bhanonycha linihata, Th.,
Bordwood Copse (Taylor). ■'■Ananinn nitilobris, Gyll., Greatwoods,
Shanklin (H. F. Poole). ■'•'■Lochmaea stitiiralu, Th., swept off Erica,
Parkhurst Forest (Taylor). ''P/inllobin^ ralcaratiis, F., Alverstone
(Taylor). '■'Acalles turbatus, Boh., Gatcombe (Jeflery).

In moles' nests near Sandown have been taken in some numbers — ■
Aleochara upadicea, Er., Heterotliopa nit/ra, Kr., (^>lledills rc.rans, Epp.,
Hister iiian/iiiottis, Er., and (hithnphihiK f/labosKs, 01., and single
specimens of QuediKs loniiicortm, Kr., and Medon casta)ieiis, Gr. The
two latter were taken in December in a dry sandy field close to but
higher than the marshes, the nest being of grass ; the other species
occurred in this and similar fields, and in the marshes indifferently,
and until as late as the end of March. The Ueteriitluips was, of course,
the most abundant, and the Aleochara next. I believe moles' nests
have not been worked in the Island before.

At Luccombe Chine the best part for collecting is unfortunately
nearly ruined for a time by the falling of sand from the cliff' above
burying everything to the depth of three or four feet. These occasional
falls from the cliff must, I think, account for the disappearance of
some of the best species formerly taken at Luccombe ; at the same
time they prevent the undercliff from getting so overgrown with gorse,
brambles, etc., as to be unworkable. That is the state of other parts
of this undercliff where no falls have taken place in my remembrance.
In a few years after such a fall the tiny streams which trickle over the

174 THE entomologist's record.

cliff form little channels and swamps in the sand, rushes, reeds, etc.,
grow again, and the few beetles not destroyed recover and spread once
more. Last year the ground was recovering, and Drypta, which had
not been found there for many years, was taken in some numbers,
together with other good species. This spring only one Drypta has
been taken, after much hard searching. Among other things at
Luccombe Chine were taken Badiater sodalis, Duft., Agabus nebnlosus,
Forst., and Atemeles emarriinatus, Pk., the last crawling on the sand at
some distance from the nearest ants' nest.

A June day's Lepidopterological observations on the
Folkestone Downs.

By JAMES BELL.

The morning of June 19th, 1910, was perfect for entomological work
at Folkestone ; the morning was clear, bright, hot, and sunny, the sky
at 11 a.m. blue and absolutely cloudless, the downs covered with
blossoming wildflowers, and yet lepidoptera were only moderately
abundant. Never before have I seen the slopes such a mass of bloom,
and the yellow heads of Lotus corniculatiis, Hippoerepis cowoaa, and
Anthyllis valneraria made a golden flower-carpet not to be excelled by
any of those described so picturesquely in Rambles in Alpine Valleys,
p. 162. Here and there masses of Helianthemuin bloom helped the
leguminous plants, but their abundance covered the slopes with a
blaze of brilliant beauty.

The white butterflies were apparently nearly over ; at anj' rate,
neither Pieris brassicae nor P. rapae were abundant, the first-named
commoner than the latter ; whilst, on the slopes itself, Ayriades thetis
was perhaps the commonest butterfly, but this was going over, and
many of the specimens were very worn. The $ s captured were all
strongly scaled with blue, not differing though, in this respect, from
those of last September in the same place {Knt. Bee, xxi., pp. 226-7),
but both sexes were much less abundant than then. Like almost all
species that go over the winter as larvfe, however, there was a great
deal of difference in their condition, and a few of both sexes were
quite fresh, and evidently recently emerged. This species was widely
spread over the downs, and the ^ s apparently much more abundant
than the ? s, although the brood must have been nearing its end,
Polyoitnnatus icariis was quite rare, not a dozen were seen altogether,
and only two or three $ s, these, as usual, strongly scaled with blue,
there bemg apparently, at Folkestone, as in most other British coast
localities, no difference in this respect between the spring and summer
broods. A single S Celastrina aryiolus was observed swinging itself
over the bushes, and a couple only of Aricia astrarche were noticed.
These were both small in size, and appeared to have a particularly
zigzag method of flight, especially when compared with the long
sweeping curves of A. thetis and P. icariis. Quite common was Citpido
viiniiiiKs in the grassy hollows, where it flitted actively from one point
to another, settling down on grass culm, flower, or bush to twirl its
wings in the manner specially affected by the "blue" butterflies.
Hardly had a specimen of either sex settled in the sun before the
wings were opened and the movement began. The dark colour of the
upperside of C. minimus, compared with its underside, makes it at the

A JUNE DAY ON FOLKESTONE DOWNS. 175

same time both difficult to follow, and yet when seen very conspicuous,
allowing it to disappear suddenly when the eye is fixed on it,
permitting it to appear quite suddenly thi-ee or four yards further on
when the underside is again turned towards one. It appears remark-
ahle, too, how^ really "blue" this insect looks when on the wing,
especially with the rising downs covered with brilliant yellow
and green forming a background, as it flits rapidly from one point to
another well above the herbage. Whether this is entirely due to the
pale blue-grey underside or the contrasting effect of the light and dark
under- and upperside respectively it is difficult to say, but the result is
certain, and the " blueness" of C. niininiKs on the wing is most marked.
It is an assertive little species also, attacking with the utmost imperti-
nence both A. thetis and P. irarus, driving them froiii its beat, to
which it returns again and again with unwonted pertinacity ; it is,
however, much slower on the wing than either of its larger relatives,
and when it attacks them, it is amusing to see how soon it is left
behind. No paired examples of A. theti^i were observed, but one pair
of P. icavKs were sitting exposed on the top of a plantain flower,
about noon, but several pairs of C. i)ii7ii)iius were observed, rather
conspicuously it seemed, on the grass culms towards the end of the
afternoon, the pairing evidently taking place then and not earlier in
the day, as is so often the case with F. icarus. The most common
butterfly of the downs, however, appeared to be Coimonymjiha
pawphiliis, which got up at every footstep, and was in first-class
condition ; at least two dozen were overhauled to see if there was any
variation in the spotting, but without result, although one or two
examples were particularly strongly marked towards the base of the
underside of the hindwings with a rich mahogany-brown (ab. hrnnnea).
Epinepliele ianira were only just coming out, two or three very fine
dark $ s alone being observed. Xisoniades tar/es was going over, but
still, some of the specimens were in not at all bad condition, and the
species would, one supposes, still last some days ; on the other hand,
Awjiades sijlvanua was just out, and dozens of beautifully rich-coloured
(? s rushed about everywhere, not a $ was observed however. These
were practically the only butterflies seen.

Flitting almost everywhere among the flowers was Kiniidia
(jlyji/iira, quite fresh and in good condition, whilst very abundant,
at the foot of the downs, was the little Kmiiuieiiia albidata, which
came up at every footstep, beautifully fresh, with an abundance of
golden-brown transverse markings; wdth it, literally in hundreds, was
BotijH fiiscalis, varying greatly in size, more readily disturbed,
perhaps, than the last-named species. Very common, too, was
Scofjaria diibitalis var. inijrateUa, the ground colour very white, as
might be expected here, although very few had the markings reduced
to the extent that is so frequent on the clifl's to the north of Dover.
Occasionally Strenia dathrata flitted ahead of one, but ('aviiiUuirminna
hiliiteata was very common, all the specimens apparently quite bright
golden colour with pale transverse lines, and none with the remarkable
band (ab. fasciata) of those of the London gardens, where the $ s
appear to be particularly large and strongly-marked in this direction,
A beautiful ^ Kuthi'monia ntssitla softly rises and gently flutters off
in the breeze, settling a dozen yards or so higher up the steep banks
and necessitating a climb to see that it was freshly out ; no amount

176 THE entomologist's RECORD.

of searching, however, could discover a 2 , although two or three other
c7 s were put up. A bustle, just above the herbage, and a scurry up the
slopes, again and again during the afternoon, told of S" Macrothylaria
rubi on the wing. This species is very abundant here, but one rarely
finds either the cocoons or J s, although in the late autumn the
larvae are abundant enough. The chalk-pit at the top of the hill was
a perfect picture of blooming Antlii/Uis vulneraria : never before have
I seen anything to equal its abundance or beauty. Among it, on the
summit of the more exposed overgrown heaps of chalk, the Tumlago
farfara lay buried, but the imagines of Platyptilia (jonodactyla came
up quite freely as I walked knee-deep among its foodplant and the
Antln/llis. A single Alticita pentad actyla was also disturbed, the species
evidently just emerging. Here and there with brilliant wantonness a
few masses of purple-blue Echiuni contrasted splendidly against the over-
whelming masses of yellow bloom that reached almost everywhere, but
with the exception of a few larva-cases of ('olenplwra onosuiella, nothing
special was found on it. Only one other insect, perhaps, should be
recorded, viz., a single imago of Nola fitnyida found resting on the trunk
of a sycamore by the wayside in the village before one reaches the
famous Eaindene wood, a walk through which, with the exception of
Melanippe montanata, produced nothing.

But such a June day as this lives in the memory, and makes one
glad one is a butterfly-hunter. The brilliant sun, and fresh air, the
spring flowers and delicious greenery, make a day on the downs some-
thing to be remembered in the dark winter days that follow, and
certainly lay up a store of health against the insidious attacks that
town life makes even on the most physically fit of our entomological
fraternity.

Comparative Notes on the Egglaying of Aglais urticae and

Vanessa io.

By T. REUSS.
From May 3rd to June 3rd, I have obtained ova from sixteen ? s of
Aylais urticae, and four 2 s of Vaneasa io. In each case I witnessed the

? in the act of ovipositing; there were also numbers of cases observed
in which the 9 s did not settle to lay, although they attempted to
select a leaf for doing so. In all cases, both the A. urticae and F. io

2 s were interested in the leaves near the top of the nettle-plants,
whilst the nettle-buds were often tested with the antennie, but the ova,
except in one case when an overhanging nettle-top offered the necessary
foothold, were laid on the underside of a larger nettle-leaf. The egg-
laying observed, took place chiefly in the morning ; one ? of V. io
laid from 12 (noon) till past 2 p.m. Towards the end of May as many
as four ? s of ^. urticae were observed ovipositing at the same time, and
at one spot not far from each other. While ovipositing, the two front
legs of the butterfly hold fast to the upperside of the leaf; the preliminary
tests with the antennae, and certain jerks of the head,* are the same in
both species. In two cases stunted nettles were selected, once by $ A.
urticae, and once by 2 V. io, the nettle even looking yellow and sickly
in the latter case. These nettles stood apart near rich patches of the

* Observed to be continually made while courting by the i , which as
continually taps the wings of the ? in front of it with its antenna? ; when the ?
closes heT wings, the g moves round to one side.

EGGIiAYING OF AGLAIS URTIC;E AND VANESSA 10. 177

plant, and I noted four other cases in which nettle-plants, growing
separate, were chosen. Once I found three clusters of A. urticae ova
underneath a single leaf, which ova I had not seen laid, and there was a
fourth cluster higher up on the same plant, which had evidently grown
very much since the deposition of the first three batches of eggs ; the
leaf with the three clusters of ova was nearly at the base of the
plant, and was twisted and deformed in growth by the resistance
•offered b}' the well-glued batches of ova to the spread of the leaf
tissues. Two of the egg clusters had been torn asunder by the
growth of the leaf. The ova of A. urticae were laid in a raised
heap, compact and roundish ; those of 1 . /" spread over a greater
surface in an also very compact but "Hatter" batch. The ova
■of r. in were often twice or three times as numerous as those of A.
urticae, an apparently full cluster took nearly two and a half hours to
lay, while I have only once seen an A. itrtirae laying longer than three-
quarters of an hour ; then the specimen was a ? of unusual size.
This 2 laid an exceptionally large batch of ova, which was as " wide-
spread," as one of I', io, and the time of laying was over an hour and
& quarter. The size of the ova appears to be the same in both A.
urticae and T'. io : their number in one cluster is evidently proportion-
ate to the size of the females, so also would appear to be the duration
•of laying. The females of both species do not always appear to lay
their ova all at one time, A. urticae J s occasionally laying only
part of their ova on one leaf, while V. io $ s, even if actually disturbed,
will try to return to their ova and continue laying on the same leaf.

So far, I have seen the ova of A. urticae in all shades of green,
from bluish-white to almost yellow. They keep their colour very well
from the moment of egglaying till a day or two before the emergence
of the larvae, when they turn grey. Bluish-white and yellowish-green
ova were found in one batch — the larvae from them were normal. I have
only seen the ova of V. in in bluish-white to blue-green, although they
have also been reported to be yellow in colour (olive-green). The ova of
V. io are easy to mistake for those of A. urticae unless magnified,
when their most apparent differences are shown, consisting in a
smoother surface, and in that the ridges of transparent cells are not so
much raised as in ova of A. urticae. 1 have found the ridges to vary in
number from seven to nine in V. io ova (all found in a single brood) and
eight to ten in A. urticae ova, the number ten appearing only in one
brood of the sixteeen, together with the numbers eight and nine.

While ovipositing the females of I', in seem often to be disturbed by
females of A. urticae when such fly near. The first time I saw a ?
V. io ovipositing, the insect had been laying for about an hour, a J
A. urticae then suddenly appeared, flying searchingly above the nettles,
and at once swooped down upon the V. io ? , causing the latter to fly
•off, while the A. urticae settled at once in the exact position of the
V. io ? and commenced laying a cluster of ova beside that of 1" io.
The V. to $ was chased and courted for a few minutes by a V. io $ ,
the two behaving much like cock and hen sparrows. Then the S
flew off and the $ flew straight back to the leaf where it had laid its
■eggs. It found the A. urticae J in possession and fluttered round in a
disturbed way. The A. urticae 2 only jerked its head a few times,
otherwise it would not move, and, after the two had warily tapped
antennae together from opposite sides of the leaf, the to gave way to the

178 THE entomologist's record.

smaller species and flew oft'. I captured it with difficulty some two
hundred yards away. On May 20th my attention was attracted to a
yellowish-leaved stunted nettle by a $ ^4. iirticae, which fluttered
round it. I then saw a 5 V. io ovipositing under one of the leaves.
The urticae $ continued to fly round and sometimes to buftet the io,
which latter, however, would not stir, when, to my astonishment, the
A. urticae got on to the leaf beneath, and behind the F. io, and fairly
pushed the larger species from its position. The V. io flew away and
settled in the road; the urticae this time did not take the place of the
io, but after searching a few minutes it selected and settled on a leaf a
few inches away, in the usual position for egglaying.

Meanwhile, the io, which had only deposited about a dozen eggs,
sailed about the road in the usual way, then suddenly made a bee-line
back to the yellow nettle, and taking no notice of the urticae J close
by, it fixed itself on the leaf as before, and laid eggs for over two hours.
The A. urticae was taken by me from its leaf after about 40 minutes,
when I supposed there would be enough eggs, and I did not want to
risk losing the $ , which is hard to capture after ovipositing. I then
found out that very curiously it had laid no ova at all, its body being
still quite full of them.

I only once saw a $ ^. urticae disturbed by one of its own kind
while ovipositing, when the female did not return to its ova, although it
had not nearly laid the full number. Though $ s of ^. iirticae passed
very often near or over those that were ovipositing, they were not
attracted to them as to V. io. Whatever this attraction may mean
which T'. io has for A. urticae, it certainly does not seem to be recipro-
cated by the larger species, which, indeed, appears to be much
disgusted at the bullying attentions of the smaller butterfly.

The numbers of larvae of both species which I have since found,
all showed by their sizes and dates of appearance, that A. urticae 2 s
had laid no eggs this year before May, and T'. io $ s not before May
15th-20th. After June 3rd both species disappeared suddenly. The
height of the egg-laying season for both species fell in the last days of
May.

Lepidoptera of the Tirol — Meran.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
It now became necessary to make another move. There routes were
possible (1) due east into the Val d'Ampezzo district, which we worked
well, but did not write up in August, 1895, (2) south to the Lake Garda
district, or (3) west to the foot of the Stelvio. Our minds were soon made
up and we plumped for the Stelvio, calling at Meran on the way. It
was a lovely morning when we left Botzen, but long before we reached
Meran we had entered a stormy patch. The Mendel mountains, so
beautiful the preceding day, were enshrouded in storm-clouds, and
thunder and lightning were the order of the day. At Meran station
we were held up for about an hour and a half whilst the heavens
flooded the town, and afterwards diggings had to be obtained, and we
settled ourselves down with such degree of comfort as could be
obtained. Next day, August 10th, was also stormy but not raining,
so about 10 a.m. a start was made for the Passeierthal, but the
weather was too threatening for a long walk, and the country too

LEPIDOPTERA OF THE TIROL. 179

wet to get far from the main road. Hence, as may be expected,
the entomology that wq did at Meran was practically nil, and all the
captures were made in the course of two or three breaks of sunshine,
each of which could not have lasted much more than ten minutes
apiece. One supposes it will be considered a sign of great weakness
entomologically to confess that the two species that interested us
most were Epincphele titlioniis and K. ianira. The former was a much
larger and more deeply orange race than our British examples, the $ s
especially fine and rich in colour ( = var. lueranensis), whilst the apical
spotting, usually one large ocellus with two white spots, and varying
much in size, was sometimes disintegrated, so that the lower half,
small and almost separated, had no white pupil, leaving only one for
the upper spot ( = ab. iinipnncta). The E. ianira g s were dark, with
little or no fulvous around the ocellus ; the J s were large, the fulvous
area large and very pale, almost yellowish, the ground colour pale
fuscous, the underside also pale, of two forms, one with the basal
area of hindwings and apex of forewings of a chamois-leather tint,
scaled strongly wnth yellow towards the bases of the hindwings, the
other with these areas strongly tinged with grey ( = var. nieraiiejisis,
ab. jiavcsccns, and ab. f/risencens). Of course, these are nothing like
the giants in size captured in Malta and other Mediterranean districts,
but still they are very striking when compared with our western
examples. In one meadow we came across a brood of Brenthis dia,
evidently out that very morning ; whilst not far from the city among
some thick herbage on the outskirts of some wooded ground, we
disturbed some 3 Rnodia dnjas : in the same place worn E. /n/pcr-
anthnu showed that this species was over. Over the bushes here,
Celastrina arijioli(s and I'oliji/onia c-albniii. were both noticed ovipositing,
the latter very worn, and evidently not yet reached the hybernating-
brood. Like the Epinepheles, the few Coenoni/inpha painijliilns were
very bright and yellow in colour. Polijoiiniiatns icarus was of the form
icarinus. A J and 5 Liumicia pJdaeas showed none of the marked
darkness of colour that one might have expected here, whilst several ? sof
Loiceia dorilii^ although not very dark were not so brightly red as again
one might have supposed. A single (? Everes alcetas gave hopes of more,
but these were doomed to disappointment, whilst a solitary g Irhicola
comma, a species only just emerging, closes the list of butterflies
observed except Leptosia sinapis, which fluttered about in sunlight
and shade without much break. A fine chocolate-coloured J
Lasiocampa rjaercih, similar to that taken in the Sarnthal, was made
prisoner. A piece of marshy ground covered more or less with bushes
proved interesting; swarms of Pi/raiisto cespitalis, ('rainhns si/lcelliis,
and C. pratclliis came up at every footstep, whilst Hi/ria auroraria,
Minoa eitpliorhiata, Timandra aiiiataria, Cabcra pnsaria, and MelanijiDe
sociata made up a family of Geometrids almost like those of an
English back garden. An immense bed of large white convolvulus
which had spread for twenty yards or so in all directions, produced
thousands oi Alucita pentadacti/la, and a single fine cinnamon-coloured
Emmelina mrmndactyla : we have rarely seen a more beautiful sight.
Most unexpected, however, was the occurrence of a specimen of
Nola ceiiUmalis, but a good half-hour's work produced only two more.
A poor list, perhaps, but not an uninteresting one for a dull, sunless
and damp day.

180 THE entomologist's record.

Lepidoptera of the Tirol — Neu Spondinig.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Next morning broke finer, and the inexorable wheel of necessity
moved us on, and about noon of August 11th we found ourselves
settled in the comfortable inn at Neu Spondinig, at the foot of the
Stelvio on the Austrian side. Exactly twelve months earlier I had
rushed through the village on the top of a diligence, and I had mentally
determined that, hot and blazing as it looked, I ought to return there
some day. Behind the village, the road leads over the Adige on to Trafoi
and the top of the Stelvio over the mighty Ortlers; directly in front, and
coming down to the roadside the mountains looked bare, parched,
hopeless, with a wilderness of knee-high, almost neck-high, thistles all
along the foot. The foothills seem to consist of a sort of brecciated mud.
Neu Spondinig itself is at an elevation of rather less than 3000 ft.,
and consists at present of the inn, a brand new railway station, and
about three cottages, but as it is the necessary place of call and rest for
everybody and everything going over the Stelvio, it is a very busy
place. The species that I knew I should get at Neu Spondinig was
Hipparchia briseh and I got it, as the series in all my friend's cabinets
testify, and I still have others for other friends whose series are not
satisfactory. In size the specimens vary from tiny pigmies (ab. minor)
to examples as large as the huge races from Spain, southern Italy, and
Asia Minor ; the spots, usually two (bipioicta) in number, but here almost
as frequently three {tripiincta),oi which the middle one varies most in size.
The butterfly abounds on thethistlesallalongthefootof the hills, resting
in dozens on the thistle-flowers, or flying over the slopes and settling in
the roadway; like all these Satyrid species the sexes have regular play-
habits, quite apart from pairing, but although we often watched them
took no notes on the spot. Much less abundant was Hipparchia semele,
the $ with rich orange-fulvous markings (clara) particularly brilliant in
tint, and occasionally with three ocelli (trijniHcta) as in H. briseis;
Melanargia ijalathea was also extremely abundant but already past
its best; the ^ s appeared to be particularly yellow as also were they
on the Mendelstrasse, and in the Sarnthal. The form of Epinephele
lycaon is small, the J s dark and poorly spotted, the $ s orange-fulvous,
the basal area of forewings suft'used with the ground colour rather than
fulvous, only one $ single-spotted [unipnnrta), i.e., with only one apical
eyespot. A piece of waste ground about a mile from the village
swarmed with Plebeitis ar(ii/ru(i)iomon. I was pleased to take three
freshly-emerged Melitaea athalia. Melitaea didi/ma was apparently
rare, the ? s captured pale, the ^ s beautifully bright ; M. phoebe was
just emerging, large, dark, of the alpina form; a brood of Pararge
megaera was on the wing, almost all with a small ocellus near the apex
of the forewing [apiciocellata); plenty of Coenoniity/iha painphilits were met
with, as also Hesperia alveus, but a few worn H. carthanii, one was quite
fine, proved that this species was going over, and only one Coenonympha
arcania was considered worth a pin. Powellia sao occurred very
sparingly, a brood of Erynnis alceae was just on the wing, quite
rich in colour, whilst a single llrbicola comma was the only one noticed
in the district.

Hipparchia cordula was over, heaps of very worn fragments were
everywhere, whilst only one Erebiid species was seen, Erebia goatite,

I

, LEPIDOPTEBA OF THE TIROL. 181

and this was scarce. H/H'urp/wle ianini was just appearing, the ? s very
different from those taken at Meran, the fulvous patch deep and not
pale in colour, hsoria lathonia was just emerging, the* examples
somewhat small though none the less active; Colias hi/ale also was just
out, and the specimens small, whilst, on the other hand, some of the
Colias ednaa were among the largest we have ever seen. I'ierin brassicae
was just emerging in numbers and a few <? Vontia (/rt/>^/t/ /re also looked
as if a summer brood was on the move. Lcptosia !<ina/)is of good
expanse, and trunepteri/.c rha^nni, variable in size and with very minute
orange central spots (ab. }>arvipnncta) in both sexes, were both frequent,
whilst the occasional stalking of a Papilio wacJiaon in the road gave
change to the collecting-work. Altogether these made a lovely sight,
although our main quarry Hi])parclua hriscis would not be lost sight of.
But we were disappointed with the Ruralids, though the character
of the soil somewhat precluded the hope of obtaining them in any
numbers. Next to I'lebeins ari/i/rofpioinon, Agriades coridon was the
commonest species, besides which Polyuuunatns icarm and ab. icarinus,
P. /ti/las, singly, Aricia astrarche, very few, Scolitantides baton, two J s
only, and Rionicia phlaeas, were all the species seen, except for a
beautiful 2 A/fviades hybr. polonus, Zell., the only specimen yet
recorded of this sex. There were no Anthrocerids seen, except one
worn c? Anthrocera lonicerae. On the other hand, Syntomis jihegea
was abundant, and from eggs then obtained, larvie fed up during the
winter, and the imagines appeared on June 21st, 1910, the pupal stage
lasting about a fortnight.

But it was among the moths that we obtained most sport. A large
electric lamp hung just outside our window, whilst those of the salle-a-
manger proved a first-class attraction — such species as Hijloiciis
pinastri, Eutricha quercifolia, E. popidifolia, Porthetria dispar,
Malacosovia neustria, Phragmatobia fuli(/mosa, Portliesia clirysorrhoea,
Plusia chrysitis, Arctomyscis euphorbiae (niyricae), Hadena ylauca,
Agrotis tritici, Eremobia ochroleuca, Hydroecia nictitans, Eniydia cnbnim
var. Candida, Lithosia lutarella, L. unita, as well as heaps of smaller
fry, provided excellent sport.

One of the most abundant species in the district was Spilodes
sticticalis, and this came to the lights of the inn in hundreds.
It swarmed all over the slopes, settling on the ground, grass,
and barberry bushes (which were very abundant), most active in
the hot sunshine, but flying also at dusk as well as late at
night. An occasional Mecyna polygonalis was also captured.
Common also was Anticlea berberata, the dark alpine form. We
came across a batch of Amblyptilia cosmodactyla {acantliodactyla),
but very worn; Adkinia bipunctidactyla, Emtnelina monodactyla,
and Merrifieldia tetradactyla were also taken. Scoparia cratae-
yella, llythia carnella, Stenopteryx hybridalis, Pyralis glancinalis ab.
ritfeticem, beautifully tinged with red, Pyrausta purpuraUs, Herbula
cenpitaliiy, Anerastialotella, Acidalia nibricata, Strenia clathrata, Lithosia
lutarella, and many other species are among the captured. Thalera Jim-
brialis was not uncommon, but the specimens chiefly worn. Crambus
selasdliis and ( '. perlellns came to light in great abundance, having fed, no
doubt, on the marshes that the Adige and the Trafoi-bach spread out
between Neu-Spondinig, Mais and Prad. Neu-Spondinig is certainly
an excellent place for the moth-hunter.

182 THE entomologist's RECORD.

Entomologists and Entomology at Oxford.

An ifivitation to the members of the Council of the Entomological
Society and the members of the Entomological Club, to visit Oxford,
by Professor E. B. Poulton, Hope Professor of Zoology, led to a
gathering of the clans, at the delightful old city, from July 2nd-4th.
In spite of the unsatisfactory state of the weather, a most enjoyable
time was spent, and, as usual, Professor and Mrs. Poulton, Dr. and
Mrs. Dixey, Dr. Longstaft", and Commander Walker did everything to
make the guests as happy and comfortable as possible. Most of the
visitors arrived on the Saturday afternoon, and soon found their way
to the Hope Museum, where they were able to pay their dutiful respects
to the host. To one who has not visited the Hope Mitseum for some
years, great changes were apparent, the collections have now assumed
a vastness that makes all the available rooms appear hopelessly
insufficient, the corridors are filled with cabinets, and still large collec-
tions are in hand for which house room, or rather cabinet room, has to
be found.

The necessity of building a new series of rooms for the students
who are studying electricity, has recently set free one large well-lighted
room, at least 80ft. in length. This has been seized by the Hope
Professor for the extension of his work, and is now in process of being
dismantled, before the alterations are made that will enable it to
become a suitable as well as a welcome addition to the present rooms
that accommodate the collections. When this is ready for use, the
Hope Museum bids fair to compete with the National Museum, if not
in size, at least, in usefulness.

This latter is the predominant note struck when one begins to
examine the material in the collection in detail. The system of
labelling makes most of the specimens of the highest scientific value,
and whether the specialist be studying variation, phenology, or
geographical distribution, he finds a wealth of accurately labelled
material which is of the greatest importance for his work.

Everywhere the directing hand of the Professor is to be seen, and
the way in which he has eft'ected his purpose in making the Hope
Museum worthy of first rank among the entomological museums of
Europe is self-evident, whilst the support that he has received from
his co-workers and the curators under his charge is patent as soon as
one commences to dip into the collection. The Pierines have been
arranged by Dr. Dixey, and are, as may be supposed, in excellent
order, but, in the general collection, the exceedingly efficient work of
the three highly-trained curators- — Messrs. Holland, Hamm, and
Collins — is everywhere apparent ; it would be difficult to find three
more capable men, judged from the results of their labours, and adds
yet another proof of our contention that our large National Collection,
to be properly curated, requires a more effective staff, that each of the
senior members should have two or three curators of the type of those
at the Oxford Museum under his control, so as to deal, not only with
the arrangement of the collections, but in order to get the large amount
of undescribed material in the Museum put in order with the least
possible delay. It is a real pleasure to be moving about among so
much that lives in a Museum.

Towards the end of the afternoon a pretty fair assembly of well-

THE BUTTERFLIKS OF THE RHONE VALLEY. 183

known entomologists was present, of whom Dr. K. .Jordan was obliged
to hurry oil", bound for the Dauphiny Alps to meet the Hon. VV.
Rothschild in order to explore that lovely region. There were also
Mrs. Burr, who accompanied Dr. Burr, Miss Walker with Commander
Walker, Mrs. Dixey, and Mrs. Poulton, who kindly provided tea for
the guests and the Museum staff.

About 6 p.m. Professor Poulton, Dr. Dixey, and Dr. Longstaft",
who had made themselves responsible for the hospitality of the guests,
led them oft" to prepare for dinner at Jesus College, and at 8 p.m. the
company sat down to dinner with Professor Poulton in the chair.
Among others who were then present were Professor Selwyn Image,
Dr. M. Burr, Dr. F. A. Dixey, Dr. Longstaft", Commander Walker,
Messrs. G. T. Bethune-Baker, Borrer, .J. Collin, H. St. J. K. Donis-
thorpe, H. Eltringham, A. Harrison, H. Main, Guy Marshall, -T. W.
Tutt, G. H. Verrall, M.P., etc., after which an adjournment was made
to the Common Room, and informal chat occupied the evening until
the hour was getting late. Entomological matters by the score were
discussed and settled — until they should come up for argument again.

The morning of the 3rd was stormy, but by 10 a.m., with our
various hosts for the night, the company adjourned to the museum,
where everyone was soon at work, and the hours passed happily
enough till lunch time arrived. It was only possible to look here and
there into the collection, but one could not help feeling astonished at
the huge an:ount of material that had been collected. The •' Dale
collection" also attracted a great deal of attention. The weather un-
fortimately spoiled the projected trip up the river, and, after meeting
at the Museum, an adjournment was made to Professor Poulton's
house, where again Mrs. Poulton served tea. Dinner at Wadham
College with Dr. Dixey, or at New with Dr. Longstaff, was the next
order of the day, and a meeting in the Common Room at Wadham
closed the evening. Unfortunately the writer and two other guests
had regretfully to leave for town, but the rest of the party stayed on
until Monday, when a most enjoyable visit was brought to a close.
The kind generosity of Professor Poulton, the good-humoured bon-
homie of Dr. Dixey, and the unfailing geniality and good nature of
Dr. Longstaft", as well as that of the members of the Museum staft'
who gave up their week-end to add to the pleasure of the guests, will
make the Oxford visit of 1910 one to be long-vemembered by those
who had the good fortune to take part in it.

Early Summer amongst the Butterflies of the Rhone Valley.

By .JOHN ALDEKSON.
Last summer I had the pleasure of spending six weeks amongst
the Swiss butterflies. As this was my first experience of Swiss
collecting, I was naturally very anxious that the weather should be
favourable, and so permit me fully to realise the entomological delights
of this most chai-ming country, but, in this respect, I was grievously
disappointed, for, during the major part of my stay in Switzerland,
the weather was most unsuited to the pursuit of entomology, and
although there lingers in my memory the remembi'ance of one or two
most delightful days, when the sun blazed from a cloudless sky, and
butterfly-life was in abundance, yet I do not think 1 have brought

184 THE entomologist's record.

away with me a true impression of the real wealth of Swiss butterfly-
life in its most favourable aspects, for the best weather occurred during
the early part of my stay, when only a comparatively small number
of species had made their appearance. Still I had no great cause for
complaint. I made the most of my time, and, during the six weeks I
spent in the Valley of the Rhone, I came across no fewer than one
hundred and six species of butterflies, of which I was able to take
specimens of all except three species, which, to anyone accustomed to
collecting only in the British Isles, is not a bad result.

Acting on the advice of Mr. Wheeler, who most kindly furnished
me with a mass of the most valuable information with regard to
routes and the most favourable localities, I decided to work the Rhone
Valley from different centres, keeping to the lowlands generall}' on
account of the earlj- nature of my visit — May 16th to June 25th.
Aigle was chosen as the first centre, and, when I arrived here about
10.30 on the morning of May 16th, the outlook was distinctly
promising, for the sun was shining brilliantly. The first insects seen
were Pterin rapae, I'araiije vieiiaera, Celastriiia ari/iolus, and (inneiiteryx
rhanrni, which were flying in the spacious garden attached to the Hotel
Beau- Site, where I stayed during my stay at Aigle.

After lunch, I walked along the main road in the direction of St.
Triphon. The weather conditions were now less favourable, for heavy
clouds were forming, shutting out the sun at intervals. Immediately
after leaving Aigle, some grass land to the left of the road attracted
my attention on account of the number of insects flying about. A
good proportion of the butterflies were " blues," and, on netting them,
the commonest proved to be Cyanin's sewiargus, in prime condition.
It was indeed a most pleasurable experience to see this rare British
species flitting about as commonly as one sees Polyoniniatus icarus in
our English meadows. Flying in company with C. seuiiarf/ns, in
equally prime condition, and almost as common, was Cujiido osiris
(sebnis), although I did not distinguish between the two species at the
moment of capture. Ctipido niininius, in fewer numbers, was flitting
here and there. Euddo'e canlamines was common, but showing signs
of wear. A few Colias Jiyale were frequenting the blossoms of clover
and other flowers, and I very much admired the fine powers of flight
possessed by Papilio marhaon, which I saw on the wing here for the
first time. At the foot of the wooded hill, Leptosia sinapis was common
and in good condition, with occasional worn Brenthis euphrosyne :
while hybernated specimens of Gonepteryx rliamvi and Vanessa io were
dashing backwards and forwards. A solitary worn specimen of
Erynnis alceae was taken here, with single examples of Issoria lat/icnia,
worn, and Brenthis dia. After an hour's collecting in this place, I
moved further on, crossing the road, and taking the footpath leading
through the St. Triphon marshes. Here, in the fields adjoining, I
found enough butterflies to engage my attention. The majority of
the species already noted were seen here in greater numbers, and, in
addition, Melitaea aiirinia, nicely varied, but getting rather worn,
with M, cinxia, in prime condition, were found. An Krebia flying
steadily just above the grass attracted attention, and on netting, it
proved to be PJrebia medusa, its fine condition showing it to be evidently
just emerging. Hesperia malvae was occasionally noted. An insect
with a pronounced " copper " flight turned out to be Loireia dorilis,

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE RHONE VALLEY. 185

two or three specimens of both sexes being taken. Entlienionia
rus.sula was not uncommon, several being disturbed from the grass.
EucUdia i/li/phica and Strenia dathrata were absolute pests, starting up
at every step, whilst Scoria dealhata was also very common, a cocoon
of this species being found on a grass stem. Kmatiin/a atninaria and
Melanippe sociata were other species of moths noticed. After heavy
clouds had taken possession of the sky, very few insects were seen on
the wing, although a few CijaniriH fieimaniiis and ( 'npido oains (^sebruK)
were picked oil' the grass stems.

On the following day, May 17th, it rained almost incessantly from
early morning until late afternoon. In the evening a search for " blues "
at rest in the locality of the previous day did not prove productive, as
only two r. sf'iDiarijiis were seen. The continued rainfall had evidently
driven the insects further down amongst the herbage, which was too
wet to permit of a more thorough search being made.

The next morning opened fine, but colder after the heavy rain of
the previous day, and the aspect of the sky was not very reassuring. I
took the train to Martigny for Branson, in the hope of being able to
find Sculitantidcs nrion in the latter locality. On reaching Martigny
the sky was clearer, and the sun was shining with increased power ;
afterwards it turned out a gloriously fine day, with the sun shining
brilliantly, although a rather strong wind prevailed. Solitary examples
of (rlaiicopsi/che ci/llarns and ( 'elastrina an/iohis were taken soon after
leaving Martigny. On the roadway leading through the fields to the
Rhone, numbers of Cj/aniris sciiiiari/iis and Cupido osiris (si'biiis) were
sitting. Near the bridge Colias hijale was flying in numbers, and an
occasional C ednsa was noticed. Crossing the bridge over the Rhone, the
footpath to the left was taken along the banks of the canal. Flitting about
the path were numbers of I'lebciits anii/roipioiiion in tine condition, with
occasional Paraiye we(/aem, equally fresh. A single Ei-cres alceton was
taken here, and both Hcsperia malrae and H. serratulae were netted.
One or two specimens of Iphiclides podalirius were flying up and down
the canal channel, but always at a tantalising distance from the net.
Pijratr-i'is atalanta and Vanessa io were both noticed hereabouts. A
search for Sculitantidi's orion amongst the rocks and vineyards on the
opposite bank of the canal was unsuccessful, A few hsoiia lat/ionia
were seen ; its habit of settling on the bare patches, and then dashing
off as one approached, being very provoking. Returning to the Rhone
bridge, I made for the rocks in the vicinity of Branson village. As I
approached, a small dark butterfly was netted as it flew off" the rock
face, and proved to be S. nrion in excellent condition. I worked all
the rocks liereabouts very carefully, but only found five more specimens,
two of which were too worn to keep. Large green lizards were basking
on the rocks in the brilliant sunshine, and from a neighbouring copse
a nightingale burst out in full song. Numbers of butterflies were
flitting about the grass and lucerne plots lying between Branson and
the Rhone. Picris rapae and /'. jiapi were common and typical, and a
single ragged Pontia daplidice was netted. Aporia cratari/i was fairly
common, and in fine condition. A few Melitara cin.ria and M. partlienie
were flying about the grass plots. Amongst the "blues," Plebrim
ariiijroiinoiiion and Pidi/omiiiatns i,:ari(s, including ab. icarinioi, were
fairly common ; Aijriadex thetis was less common, and Ariria astrarrlie
occurred sparingly. All were in fine condition, in fact, the fine

186 THE entomologist's record.

condition .of the majority of insects taken was the most gratifying
feature from a collector's point of view. Amongst the "skippers,"
HesiJi'iia cartJiaiiii was the most common, with Hesperia malvae, H.
serratiilae, and Nisoniades taijea occurring occasionally. Two worn
specimens of Erynnia aleeae were taken, and a few Lowcia 'lorilis were
noted.

In the evening during a stroll through the fields near Aigle, in the
direction of St. Triphon, a few species were noticed at rest. Cnpulo
osiris (sebnis) and Cijanins semian/us were sitting on the grass stems, and
Loireia (lorilis, Melitaca cin.da, and one Ci/clopidoi palaeinon were picked
off the flowers of sorrel. The next day, May 19th, was an ideal day
for collecting, for the sun shone brilliantly in a cloudless sky, with a
slight, and very pleasant, breeze to temper the heat. Taking the
train to St. Triphon, I collected among the meadows bordering the
railway, until I came to the Gryonne, afterwards working up and down
the banks of this stream. The meadows were swarming with insect
life. Colias In/ale was abundant and in very fine condition, but of its
congener, C. edn^a, only solitary specimens were noticed. At Branson
on the previous day one or two Melitaea parthenie had been noticed, but
here they were coming out in increasing numbers, flitting to and fro in
the company of M. cin.via ; while near the Gryonne, a single M. athalia
was captured. Krebia weduna was fairly common, flying about the
meadows and railway banks. Cyaniria sennaryus was as abundant in
the meadows as it was on the banks of the canal. A few rieris ra/iae
and /'. napi were observed, and occasional Eiichlo'e card amines were
frequenting the banks of the railway and the Gryonne. Along the
sides of the railway, a single C'l/clopidea paku'iiion, in prime condition,
was netted, and another darted oft" with the usual " skipper " flight,
Hesperia malvae and Nisoniades ta(/es were also flying fairly commonly,
and specimens of Augiades .s(//{Yn;/(x, evidently recently emerged, struck
me as being unusually early. A few Netueohiits Invina were noticed on
the privet hedges by the railway, and their fondness for settling on this
shrub was very noticeable, for they generally re-alighted on the privet
after being disturbed, and they could not have been attracted by the
blossom as it had not yet made its appearance. The railway-banks
were the resort of many " blues," chiefly Cupidn minimus and Ci/aniris
semiaryits, but it was not until I reached the Gryonne that I found the
headquarters of this family. The raised banks of the rushing stream
were covered with a profusion of wild flowers, and here " blues " were
simply swarming, the commonest species being L'leheins aryyroijmrmon
and Cyaniris semiaryns, with a fair sprinkling of Ctipido osiris [sehriis)
and ('. mini)iiiis, and occasional worn Glaiicopsyclie cyllarns. Leptosia
siiiapis, in fair condition, was plentiful. Paranje meyaera was taken
as it flitted about the stone embankment. One I'owellia sao was netted.
A specimen of Knvanessa antiopa dashed along out of reach, and
occasional IphicUdes podalirius flew up and down the stream. One or
two Ant/wcharis simplonia were seen, but this is a difficult insect to
capture on account of its very rapid flight, and I could not manage to
get more than one specimen. The broad -bordered bee hawk moth,
Hemaris faciformis, was not uncommon at the flowers of bugle.

The following day Avas fine and sunny, and, after spending the
morning working oft' arrears in setting, I walked out to the St. Triphon
marshes. In addition to the species noted on May 16th, I took a

OBITUARY. 187

couple of very nice CydopiileK palaeiiwn, (.'allophri/s ntbi, and Xe)ueobius
lucina. A fair number of Erehia medusa wereon the wing, but apparently
this species very soon shows signs of wear, for few of those captured
on this date were so fresh as those taken on May 16th. A single
Aporia c>atae</i was noticed, and I succeeded at last in capturing a
specimen of IpJu'clides podaliriiis, which, with I'ajiilio mac/iaou, was
attracted by a puddle in the roadway. Tattered specimens of \'anessa
to were fairly common, flying along the roadway, or sporting with an
occasional passing Kitvanessa antiopci.

The next day, May 21st, was a perfectly ideal day from an entomo-
logical point of view, for the sky was quite cloudless, with the sun
blazing fiercely. I took the train to St. Triphon, with the intention
of working for Melitaea pattlienic at Charpigny. Specimens of IphicUdes
podaliriits and hsoria lathonin were taken at the foot of Charpigny,
but both species were w^ofuUy ragged. The pathway to the top of the
hill led through a wood of mixed growth, where Paranie merjaera,
Enchloe cardainines, Xemeobiiis lucina, and Leptosia sinapia, were all
more or less common. In the grassy glades of the wood, and in the
adjoining fields on the summit of the hill, MeUtaea parthenie was
flying commonly, with M. cinxia in fewer numbers, both in prime
condition. (Julias lu/ale was in some numbers, and the specimens of
Pieris brassicae and P. rapae that were netted were in good condition,
and quite typical. The " blues " included ('i/aniiis scmiarinis, Ciipido
usiris [si'bn(s'), and P<d)/oiiii)iatus ieanis, whilst very worn Callophri/s
rtibi were occasionally noted. A $ Hijles ei(p/iorbiae\\SbS taken flutter-
ing in the herbage, and occasionally a specimen of Aijlia tan dashed
along the outskirts of the wood.

At this juncture a peasant who came up complained of the damage
I was doing to the grass, and informed me that the ground was private.
Fortunately, the owner of Charpigny, Mr. Fison, is an enthusiastic
lepidopterist, and a most courteous gentleman withal, and as I was
lucky enough to And him indoors, he not only gave me permission to
collect in the grounds, but most kindly showed me the favourite
corners for the difterent species. Subsequently I was much indebted
to Mr. Fison for supplying me with further information relating to
collecting in other Rhone Valley localities.

{To be continued).

(DBITUARY.

William Ambridge Luff, F.E.S.

A large circle of entomologists will hear with great regret that
William Ambridge Luft' is gone from us. He died at his residence. La
Chaumiere, Guernsey, on Thursday, May IDth, aged 59. From early
childhood he was ardently attached to the study of nature, saving his
pence for the purchase of collecting apparatus. His life was one of
singular energy, though outwardly remarkable for quiet manner and
unruffled calm, ^'er3• early, by the death of his father, he was called
upon to take up the responsibility of an important cabinet maker's
and upholsterer's business, and the practical fatherhood of his younger
brothers and sisters. This is not the place to speak of his personal
character, but it is not too much to say that he was held in universal
respect and esteem by all who were privileged to know him. He

188 THE entomologist's record.

leaves a widow, two sons and a daughter, to mourn his loss. As a
citizen he took an interest in public affairs, and has held various im-
portant offices in what in Guernsey is equivalent to municipal govern-
ment. He was a valued member of the council of that excellent
institution the Guille-Alles Library, and a chief influence in the
founding of the Guernsey Society of Natural Science and Local
Research, of which, from its initiation to the day of his death, he was
Hon. Treasurer. He was elected President at the Fifteenth Annual
Meeting of the Society, a post which is tenable for two years, and
delivered his address on retiring on December 19th, 1900. He had
amassed vast collections of local insects in nearly every department of
entomology, and it is to be hoped that these may be retained intact
and held in competent keeping for the benefit and education of
Guernsey. He had also formed a valuable library of entomological
books and other works and engravings connected with his native
place, and had lately added to his house two capacious rooms for the
reception of these treasures. It is a touching circumstance that, on the
Saturday, feeling suddenly a great increase of his illness, and walking
with extreme difficulty, he made his way to the door of his "Museum,"
and clinging to the door which he had opened, took a long silent look
around, before being led up to his bed from which he never rose again.
W. A. Luff has made his own name and place in the entomological
history of the Channel Isles- — and can never have a successor. He
has done a pioneer work which will doubtless receive additions from
other hands, and may occasionally require correction, but it will never
need to be done again. He has systematised our knowledge of the
entomological fauna of Guernsey in particular, and of the Channel Isles
in general. Every worker in the same field will be indebted to Luff.
All his life he had been collecting material, and his lists of the various
families of insects, indigenous to the Channel Isles, have extended
over a period of nearly thirty years. We need not point out the value
of such diligent and systematic work to the cause of science. His
knowledge, though chiefly confined to the insects of his own home, was
thorough, his industry unfailing, and his gifts of observation unusually
acute and accurate. We think it doubtful if any corresponding portion
of Great Britain has been so exhaustively searched, and the results as
minutely recorded by any one entomologist, as the Island of Guernsey
and its dependencies, by the subject of our notice. He, more fre-
quently before the foundation of the Guernsey Society of Natural Science,
1882, contributed notes to the various entomological periodicals, but
his chief and lasting work is to be found in the Transactions of the
local society. In these pages, from the first publication in 1882 to
within a few weeks of his death, appear, year by year, carefully
compiled lists of insects in all departments, recorded for Guernsey.
He began with the Macro-lepidoptera, using as a basis Ansted's not
very reliable earlier attempt to record the fauna of Guernsey. He
ended on December 15th, 1909. In cases admitting of doubt, he was
particular to submit his insects to the critical inspection of specialists
in England. This brief list of his principal contributions to the
Transactions of t/te Natural Science Societj/, will best show the wide
field of his investigations. 1882, " The Butterflies of Guernsey and
Sark," " A List of the Nocturnal Macros of Guernsey, Alderney, Sark,
and Herm ; " 1890 and 1892, " The Hemiptera-Heteroptera of

VARIATION.

189

Guernsey; " 1891, "A List of the Neuroptera of Guernsey;" 1895,
"Diptera;" 1896, "The Orthoptera ; " 1897-1900, "Three papers
and lists of the Insects of Alderney;" 1902, "The Cicada?;" 1903,
"The Coleoptera;" 1904, "The Aculeate Hymenoptera ; " "The
Coccidne of Guernsey," " The Insects of Herm and Jethou ; " 1906,
" The insects of Sark ;" 1908, "The Insects of Jersey."— F.E.L.

OLEOPTERA.

County records of colkoptera.^ — Mr. Donisthorpe makes a very
sound suggestion in the last number of the Bcmrd as to the starring
of new county records, but some definite basis is needed to make it
practicable. Either you must take some definite starting point to
work on, such as the lists given in the published volumes of the
Victoria CoKnti/ ilistories, or recorders must be recognised for the
various counties, to whom reference can be made regarding additions
to the county list. Reference to Fowler's Coleoptera is precluded in
cases where no list of localities is appended, and one cannot assume
the occurrence in any particular county of every species of more or less
general distribution. I have been much struck in working up the
beetles of Herefordshire (which is almost virgin ground to the
coleopterist) by the great rarity or apparent absence of many species
which I had always regarded as of general occurrence, and every
student of geographical distribution must have had similar experience.
I would therefore emphasise the importance of complete county lists,
and not merely records of rarities. Mr. Donisthorpe's note accuses
me groundlessly of making " vain repetitions." The notes to which
he refers are, as the title implies, entirely concerned with Hereford-
shire, whereas " the Malvern Hills," of Fowler's Coleoptera, is a
Worcestershire locality. It is true that the Herefordshire Beacon is
in the county to which its name refers it, but " the Malvern Hills," as
usaally so-called, are entirely in Worcestershire, and, moreover, I had
taken the precaution to ascertain from Canon Fowler that this was
the county to which his records referred. — J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A.,
F.E.S., Reading. Maij ISth, 1910.

Myrmecophilous Coleoptera in Herefordshire. — I paid a short
visit to Symond's Yat in April last, in order to work the F. rufa nests
on the Great Doward Hill. Beetles were remarkedly abundant, and,
with the exception of the Ptilium, all the following were more or less
common : — (h-ii/ioda foniriceticola, Miirk., C. Iiaemorrhoa, Sahl., Thiaao-
pliila aiKjidata, Gr., Dinanla )niirJ;eli, Kies., MijnneihDiia Iniiiieralia,
Gr., Xotothecta jlaripcs, Gr., (Jxediiis brevis, Er., A'ant/Kdinns: atratiiH,
Gr., f.eptariniis foriiiiretoriini, Miirk., I'tilinni tin/riiiecop/iilt(iii, All.,
]^e)id rop/iili(f> pi/t/inaeiis, L., Monotonia conicicollis, Aub., M. fonnicetonoii,
Th. All these ai-e new county records. — Id.

^E^ ARI AT ION.

Note on Amblyptilia cosmodactyla, Hu. (acanthodactyla, Tr.), ab.
NivEA, Bnks. — In the course of my notice of this beautiful aberration,
in Ent. L'ec, xviii., p. 39 (1906), I stated that the two specimens, from
which my description was made, were taken by Mr. W. Salvage,
" probably in Sutherlandshire, though this is uncertain." At the

190 THE entomologist's RECORD.

time of writing this, my firm belief was that, when I first saw the
individuals some years previously, Mr, W. H. B. Fletcher told me
that they had been taken in Sutherlandshire ; in the interval, however,
the data had slipped his memory, and no note, throwing any further
light on their history, could be found. Since then I have succeeded
in discovering Mr. W. Salvage's address, and he has kindly searched his
diaries in the hope of finding the desired details, but without success.
He tells me, nevertheless, that the moths in question were undoubtedly
taken at large, and that he feels almost certain that they were secured
at Invershin, on the banks of the river Kyle, in Sutherlandshire.
Mr. Salvage thinks that the year of capture was probably 1886, but it
may have been 1892 or 1894. — Eustace R. Bankes, M.A., Norden,
Corfe Castle. May 2iith, 1910.

JS^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Strange position of pupariuji of Hadena oleracea. — The follow-
ing instance of an unusual pupal habitation seems to be so remarkable
as to be worth recording. On August 19th last I was collecting pupae
of Xoiuiiiria anoidinis {ti/jihae) in a reed bed, when I found a Noctuid
larva on the point of pupating in the central stem of a reed, head
upwards. The larva had spun a little thin silk round itself and was
unrecognisable, but obviously not Nonagriid. It pupated on the way
home. I preserved the pupa carefully, as I had no idea what species
it would turn out to be. On June 13th of this year the moth emerged,
and proved to be Hadena oleracea. The reed was in the middle of a
large bed normally under water, which had been temporarily drained
oft' for the purpose of my search. There was no other growth near, so
to all appearances the larva had fed on this unusual pabulum. The
reed beloAV it contained a large amount of frass, and there was no
evidence that it had been tenanted by anj' other larva. — H. C. Hayward,
Repton, Burton-on-Treut. June 15th, 1910.

Diasemia ramburialis reported from Lings. — A request. — In the
account of the sale of the remaining portion of the collection of lepi-
doptera made by the late Mr. J. A. Clark in the Kntoniolof/ist's Record
for April last, I notice that a specimen of l>iase)nia rambiirialis labelled
"Lines, 1873," was sold in lot 158. As the Entomological Secretary
for the Lincolnshire Naturalists' Union, I shall be very much obliged
if the purchaser of this insect will communicate with me, and let me
have any further particulars if he knows them, should this note come
to his notice. — Guy W. Mason, Barton-on-Humber.

Lepiduptera in Sussex. — The hot weather about mid- May brought
things on. On May 22nd Brenthin selene was out in some numbers at
Abbott's Wood and <? s of JJ. eitphrusyne going over; on May 20th
rolj/ommatiis icanis was out in numbers on the downs but no Arpiades
thetis was seen until May 22nd. I have sugared several times at
Abbott's Wood but it proved quite a failure until last night when I got
a few insects, mcluding Aplecta prasina, (ionoptera libratrix, (Traiinnenia
triip-ain.niica, Hadena t/ialassina, B. dentina, Xijlopliasia nirea, Apamea
hadlinea, Noctiia rubi, I'Aiplexia lucipara, Miana strviilis, Erastria
fasciana, Thyatira batis, Cymatophora or, Eurymene dolabran'a,
Tephrosia consortaria, and Niuneria pulreraria, while a good number of
Melanippe viontanata and Acidalia reiniitata were also attracted. I have

CURRENT NOTES. 191

found a few larva? of Ganin'tra /lapiliiinaria on the birches, and a fair
number of those of Aiin'uph a}>riliiia in the crevices of oak-trunks. — J.
Alderson, 14, Daiibrne Road, Upper Tooting, S.W. Jinw 2n(l, 1910.
Pachetra leucoph.ea, etc., in North Kent. — It appears to nie to
be worth recording the capture of I'ailntya Ic'icnp/iaea at Haihng
yesterday ; it was resting on the trunk of a beech-tree at the top of the
downs. I saw very few butterflies, the most interesting were Cclas-
tn'na cm/ioluK and Breut/iis t'lip/imsi/ite. — J. Ovenden, Frindsbury Road,
Strood." June 9tli, 1910.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

A Sexual Habit in Satyrus HEKiMioNE.--In August, 1909, in the
Austrian Tirol I observed two specimens of Sati/nm hennionc, a
<? and 9 , fly up together from the ground several times and rest
on the ground for a considerable time between the flights. They
were then carefully watched. The ? was fairly fresh, the 3
considerably worn, having large pieces out of all four wings, quite
half of the forewings being absent. The butterflies seemed to be
evidently playing, there appeared to be no attempt whatever at court-
ship. As the two insects circle round each other and settle on the
ground, they come face to face, the wings touching over the back.
The 2 heriiiioiu' then throws her wings quite forward as she
stands facing the 3 ; the latter also throws his forward, then
depresses them slightly and follows this up by bringing them up
quickly so as to rub the edges of the costa of those of the $ on
the underside. The 3 also uses his antennte to strike the antenme
of the 2 and appears to do this several times, but, as soon as he
gets too close, the ? makes several sharp butts at him, sometimes
settling down again, whilst, at other times, this is the signal for both to
rise in the air, when they circle round and settle down again. The 2
stands quite still during the operation, until the J disturbs her sufiiciently
for her to butt at him. This habit appears to have nothing whatever
to do with paii'ing and is continued for perhaps five to ten minutes
before they fly oft' in dift'erent directions. In the particular case
described they were unfortunately disturbed before doing so of their
own accord. — A. M. Cochrane, Lewisham. Marcli, 1910.

(CURRENT NOTES.

It is with great pleasure that we are able to congratulate !Mr.
Selwyn Image, M. A., F.E.S., poet and artist, and one of the IMembers of
the Council of the Entomological Society of London, on his appoint-
ment to the Slade Professorship of l"'ine Art in the University of Oxford,
of which Chair Ruskin was the first occupant. The charming poems that
he has so often permitted us to print at Christmastidc or in tho New Year
are known to all our readers, whilst his work for the furtberance of Art
is recognised by all educated men throughout the country. His last
achievement entoniologically and artistically has been the designing of
a seal for the Entomological Society of London.

Dr. I). Sharp separates Melanoiihthahna from Coiticarina, merging
the latter however in Corticaria. He places the British species

192 THE entomologist's record.

transversalis and distinguenda in Melanophthalma, and the three remain-
ing species of the Beare and Donisthorpe Cataloi/ne — fuscula, tnmcatella,
shnilata — in L'orticaria. He then describes two new species : (1) C.
Imibiana found in the New Forest in August, 1908, on oak, and (2)
C. fonieriana named on a single specimen, apparently a J , found at
Braemar in July, 1871, and alluded to in Fowler's Col. Brit. Isles, iii.,
p. 294, as a variety of C. similata.

Mr. Newbery adds Lesteva fontinalis, Kies., to the list of British
species, on specimens taken by Mr. de la Garde on February 19th,
1908, and March 2nd, 1910, amongst wet moss on the face of the
cliffs at Shaldon, Devon, in company with L. pubescens and L. jnmctata :
Champion adds that all the southern specimens standing in his
collection as L. pubescens, and taken from moss along the margin of a
small stream at Sandown, Isle of Wight, are referable to this species.

Dr. Sharp diagnoses as new species — Gabrius stipes from Plymouth
(Keys), Mickleham (Champion), Cambridge (Sharp); (iabrius pennatus,
England and Scotland, rather common, without more exact indication;
Gabrius velo.c, on the banks of the river at Lymington ; Oabrins
keijsianns, Slapton Ley (Champion and Keys); Gabrius oppendiculatus,
England and Scotland; Gabrius bishopi, Beattock and Thornhill, very
rare (Bishop and Sharp).

Mr. Newbery records the capture of a single example of the well-
known southern Trechus suhnotatus, Dej., by Mr. P. de la Garde, at
Shaldon, near Teignmouth, February 28th, 1910.

Mr. J. Edwards distinguishes the three species of Swicro7iy.r,
Schon. — .S\ coecus, Reich. (= I'issodespyipnaeus, Curt.), Weymouth, etc. ;
S. junijermanniae, Reich., Bournemouth, Woking, Esher, Shirley,
Mickleham, Caterham, Guildford, etc. (Champion); .S. reichi, GylL,
Folkestone (E. A. Waterhouse), Caterham (Champion).

Mr. E. A. Butler adds I'neciloscytus ))alustris, Reut., to the list of
British Hemiptera, from specimens captured in marshy hollows on the
Pendine Burrows, Carmarthenshire, and Rookley Wilderness, Isle of
Wight, in August and September.

Dr. Wood continues (E.M.M.) his account of the British I'horidae,
and describes a number of new species — Phora pallens, P. spinata, P.
serrata, P. rerralU, P. latifrons, P. lata, P. ani/elicae, P. lomiipalpis,
P. (ireyaria, P. rujifrons, P. pectnralis, P. involuta and P. siniple.r.

The Rev. F.B. Morice records (E.M.M.) the capture by Mr.
Donisthorpe, of Xeurotonia iiiandibularis, Zadd., a sawfly new to
Britain, at Brockenhurst, on May 28th, 1910.

Two more beautiful plates of Mr. Culot's Noctuelles et Geometres
d' Europe with accompanying letterpress have just come to hand as pt. 4
of this excellent work. We are rather at a loss to know whence Mr.
Culot has derived the name N. dahlii ab. bicolor, Obth. The figure is
an excellent one of our British .V. daldii ab. rufa, Tutt, F>rit. Noctuae
etc., ii., p. 114. We did not know that we had been forestalled in the
naming of this common British 5 form. The plates are really splendid,
and any of our collectors of Noctuids who have not yet got a copy
should write to Mr. Culot, Villa-les-Iris, Grand Pre, Geneve, for
details.

Our further congratulations to the Societe Lepidopterologique de
Geneve on the publication of pt. 1 of the second volume of its Bulletin.
So many of our British lepidopterists have to be considered Switzers

CURRENT NOTES. 193

entomologically, that the publications of this active little society is
just as interesting to us as to the members themselves. Indeed, for
that increasing- army of British lepidopterists who do most of their
collecting in the Alps of Central Europe, the BidUtin of the Geneva
lepidopterists is as necessary as our own British magazines, and we would
invite those who have not yet joined the Society, to put themselves
into communication with that prince of Swiss entomologists, the editor
of the liiilletiii, Prof. C. Blachier, 11, Tranchee de Rive, Geneva, or to
the Honorary Life-President, to whom the foundation of the Society is
due, and to whom the President in his address pays a high compliment,
Mr. P. A. H. Muschamp, F.E.S., Staefa, Zurich, either of whom will
be pleased to give every information as to membership.

Of the contents of this part we cannot speak too highly. The
energetic President, our valued correspondent and helper, Dr. .J. L.
Reverdin, is responsible for three papers — " Li/caena corydon var.
cnn^tanti,'" "Note on the ^ genital armature of some Pala^arctic
Hesperiines," and " Aberrations of Lepidoptera." Professor Blachier
is responsible for one paper, "New Varieties and Aberrations of
Palcfarctic Lepidoptera." Mr. J. .Jullien writes on " Enterpia Iniideti,
Rbr.," and Mr. C. Lacreuze, "Observations on the Hesperiines of
Switzerland." The papers are illustrated by seven very fine and
beautiful coloured and half-tone plates.

The paper of greatest interest to collectors of European Rhopalocera
is that of Dr. Reverdin on " The J' genital armature of the Hesperiines."
The difficulty of separating the Hesperiines of the alreus group is well-
known to every lepidopterist. Dr. Reverdin is able, by the J genital
armature, to distinguish specifically H('fi])eria alrena, Hb., ti. cariinoe,
Rbr., H. onopordi, Rbr., H. fritillnm, Rbr., and H. serrotidae, all of
which, except the last, stand in almost all our collections as forms of
H. alvetis. The spci/eri of Staudinger is considered an ab. of H. alveus
and cirsii, Rbr., and iberica, Gr.-Gr., as abs. of H. catiinae. Mr.
Lacreuze's well-illustrated paper on " The Hesperiines of Switzerland"
may be looked upon as supplementary to Dr. Reverdin's, and with
these two papers some considerable headway may be made in deter-
mining the species found in the Alps of Central Europe.

With pt. 1 of vol. ii of the Bulletin, the first part of the "Catalogue
of the Lepidoptera of the Geneva district" (with map) is also published.
This is an excellent list, well edited, and gives a first class idea of the
extent of the fauna of this prolific district, including as it does part of
Haute-Savoie and part of the Jura. The only objection we have to
the list is the fact that, although the editors are, perhaps, better able
than any other European lepidopterists to judge as to the validity of,
and, therefore, give effect to their knowledge of, the natural genera into
which the butterflies fall, yet, they have followed the often hopeless
and absurd divisions, mis-called genera, of the Staudingerian Cataloi/
of 1901, many of which have been the butt of all advanced systematists
ever since its issue.

Do the editors really believe, in spite of all the detailed information
to the contrary, that teliranutt belongs to the same genus fMiniddea as
that in which hnetirns is placed (see A Xat. Hist. Brit. BiitterfUes, ii.,
p. 331), and where Bethune-Baker is quoted as saying that " Boetieua
stands quite alone so far as Staudinger's genus is concerned, and is thft

194 THE entomologist's record.

only representative of the Lampididi : the remainder are quite outside
the tribe, and of these, telicanxs, Lang, and irebhianH>>, Brulle, belong
to the genus Lam/ia'' [afterwards renamed (op. cit., p. 484) Rayivardia,
LaiKjia, Moore, Pmc. Zool. Soc. Load., 1872, p. 567, being pre-
occupied] ?

Again, are the editors not satisfied that we have made out a case
for Everes for anjiadea and alcetas, for Ciipido for iiiinitnus, Pleheius for
ari/iis, arinjroiinomon, etc. [A Nat. Hutonj of the Briti^^h Butts., vol. iii.),
and do they really think that these species belong to the same genus
Lycaena containing avion and anas ! Then, again, are they satisfied
(see Brit. Butts., ii., pp. 378-387, and iii., pp. 248-253) that Cyaniris
is the right name for aryiolus !

We are disappointed that the Editors have not been con-
vinced by the accumulation of facts we have brought together on the
rsubject. On the other hand, if they are convinced, but follow a list
(proved to be erroneous) merely for convenience, we would ask whether
this will make for pulling the younger and eager lepidopterists up-to-
date in their work? It is well known that Staudinger's genera were
largely obtained haphazard from those who were at work at the time on
the various groups, but one expects the genera in a list published by the
■Geneva entomologists to rest on some surer foundation than Staudin-
ger's Vataloy. We hope the editors will forgive us this little howl, but
we cannot believe that they believe the Everids of the world, the
Plebeiids of the world, and the Polyommatids of the world should all
be put into a hotch-potch miscalled Lycaena, a name belonging to the
very separate and natural genus comprising avion, aveas,euplieunis, etc.
Dr. Reverdin will no doubt check our work, by means of the genitalia
of the "blues," and persuade his slower comrades that we are right and
that there is no advance unless one goes ahead. We expect to take a
long time to convince the mere collector that any change is just or
right, we know we shall never convince him thai it is desirable, but we
.are prepared to visit Geneva to prove to the elect there that our views
are both right and sound on this matter. "Festina lente " may be a
good motto, but however slowly we hasten, we must get ahead for all
that and putting io, polyclilovos, antiopa in one genus Vanessa, tdicanus
and boeticus in one genus Lampides, and avyiades, aryus, icavus, and
■avion in one genus Lycaena, is not hastening at all but going backwards.
We hope that we shall have got beyond Staudinger's Cataloy for the
Sphingids, Lachneids, Psychids, Noctuids, etc., when they come along.
Our readers must not forget, however, that, in spite of this wail, it is a
list to get, and the best of its kind ; we only want it better.

j^OCIETIES.

South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
May 12th, 1910. — Locality for Melit.ea aurinia gone. — Mr. Tonge
■exhibited a series of Melitaea auvinia taken at Verney Junction, about
1890, but apparently the species is now extinct there. Aberration of
Asphalia flavicornis. — Mr. Ashdown, a specimen of Asphalia fiavicornis
from Mickleham having a large dark blotch in the disc of the forewings.
Parnassids. — Mr. Edwards, numerous species of the genus Parnassius,
including l'. tvansiens, P. snrintheus, P. yracilis, P. imperator, etc.

SOCIETIES. 195

Aberration of Phigalia pedaria. — Mr. Conlson, a very pale buflf
■example of Phif/alia pedaria from Epping Forest. Butterflies of
Zermatt. — Mr. H. J. Turner, a number of species of Lepidoptera
from Zermatt, and read a paper entitled " A few days with the
Butterflies of Zermatt." June dth, 1910. — Aberration of Epione
advenaria. — Captain Cardew, a short series of h!pione adiunian'a, inclnd-
ing an unicolorous specimen from Godalming. Partial double-brooded-
NESS IN Pieris napi. — Dr. Hodgson, the imagines bred from a brood
■of Pieris napi from ova laid in IMay, 1909. Some enaerged in July-
August, 1909, but most of the insects did not appear till the spring of
1910. Amphidasys betularia ab. doubledayaria near London. — Mi'.
Harrison reported the assembling of 21 <? s of Amp/iidasi/s betularia, 14
■of which were ab. doiibledai/aria, at Woodford.

Entomological Society of London. — J)ine 1st, 1910. — Address to
the King. — The President proposed that an Address of Condolence
and Congratulation should be presented by the Society to His Majesty,
King George V., on his accession to the throne. The proposal was
seconded by Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, and carried unanimously, all
Fellows present standing. Postponement of the Conversazione. —
The President announced that the Conversazione, postponed from
Friday, May 27th last, by reason of the general mourning for His late
Majesty, King Edward VH., would be held during the forthcoming-
session on some date not earlier than the last week in November.
Rare British Beetles. — Commander J. J. Walker exhibited examples
•of Ceut/torrhi/nchiis pilosellus and ('. nii.rtii>< taken by him daring
May last, at Tubney, Berkshire. Rare Hymenoptera. — The Rev.
F, D. Morice showed a specimen of Clarelia pompiliformis, Luc, J ;
the only fossorial wasp with pectinated antennae taken by him this
spring at Oran, Algeria ; also examples of the saw-fly, Pliymatocera
aterriina, Klug, with photographs of the insect in the act of ovipositing
■on " Solomon Seal," and gave an account of the way in which the
saws are employed for the purpose. Instead of cutting vertically, the
saws are turned sideways, a characteristic method employed, said
Mr. F. Enock, by many of the Homoptera. Mr. A. Sich mentioned
that some years since many larvie, which appeared identical with those
of P. aterriina exhibited, occurred on the same plant in his garden
at Chiswick. Glow-worm pupa. — Mr. H. Main brought for exhibition
an empty larva skin of a cj Larnpi/ris noctilnea with a living pupa,
which was seen to be intermittently luminous. Melanism ok Ematurga
atomaria. — Mr. L. Newman showed a case containing a long and
varied series of Hinatiiri/a atomaria bred from a melanic 2 taken
in cop. with a dark typical J at Bury, Lancashire. It was noticeable
that melanic and semi-melanic forms of the offspring predominated.
Hybrid Lycenid.e. — Mr. Nev/man also exhil)ited a S and ?
supposed to be hybrid A<iriades tlietis {bellari/as) x A. eoridnn, taken
wild in North Kent, June^ 1909, by Sergt.-Major W. Crocker, R.E.
He said they resembled examples taken on the same spot about
sixteen years ago by the late Mr. E. Sabine. [We have, unfor-
tunately, not been able to see these specimens. They may, of
course, be examples of Aijriades hybr. polonas, but if they resemble
those captured by Sabine, they cannot be hybrids, as Sabine's
specimens were frequently exhibited, and have been fully described
under their own varietal names (see A Xat. IJist. Brit. Lep., x.

196 THE entomologist's record.

pp. 339-341). — -Ed. J . Ova of Sesia andreniforiaiis. — Mr. Newman
further exhibited ova in situ of Sesia anil leni form is : and Mr. A. E.
Tonge a photograph x 26 of the same. Cetoniid.e from Uganda. —
Mr. 0. E. -Janson showed a remarkable gynadroraorphic example of
Lioliatlnis ijii/anteus and other Cetoniidae recently collected by Mr. E.
Brown in Uganda, British East Africa, including both sexes of the
rare Formasimus ritssns. Nearly all the species exhibited were West
African forms, proving the great similarity of the central African
fauna, extending over a district of two to three thousand miles across
that continent. Variation in Amorpha. — The Rev. G. Wheeler brought
for exhibition a case containing many examples, showing a wide range
of variation, bred from identical parents of Amorpha popidi, taken in
Lancashire ; also a curious pale dwarf example of Smerintlnis ocellata
from the same locality. Beetles from the crop of pheasant. — Mr. C. 0.
Waterhouse exhibited specimens of a beetle of the family Chrijsomelidae,
Crosita altaica, found by a poulterer at Bournemouth in the crop of a
pheasant from Russia. He remarked on the brilliancy of the metallic
coppery-red and green colours, and said that it had been held by some that
bright metallic colours were warning-colours. Agriades coridon double-
brooded. — Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited specimens of the spring
emergence of double- brooded Ai/riades coridon, ta.\ieu in April and May last
at various places in the St. Tropez district of the Riviera, c/:., le Canadel,
Pardigon, and several difi'erent points near Ste. Maxime, at various
dates from April 28rd. to May 11th. He added that the original
locality where the species was abundant several years ago near Ste.
Maxime, afforded this year only a specimen or two, the Hippocrepis,
that abounded there having nearly died out, largely smothered by
growth of i'istiis viontpeliensis. In each place where the species
appeared Hip})ocrepis was present over areas of only a few dozen square
yards, so that one wondered how the butterfly could maintain itself.
No Hippocrepis was seen except where the A. coridon was found. The
butterfly must be able to wander (often for some miles) from one such
locality to another, or it could hardly maintain its existence as it does.
The specimens shown displayed a considerable variation, but all
appeared to be of one race. Living larv^ and imago from the south
OF france.^ — ^Dr. Chapman also showed (a) larvae of Thestor ballus in
last instar, feeding on flowers of Ule.v eiiropaeas: (b) Larva of Afiriades
coridon var. constanti, from eggs laid at Ste. Maxime at the beginning
of May, and now in third instar ; and ((/) a living imago of Callophrys
avis, Chpmn., a somewhat belated specimen, that emerged June 1st,
1910 ; the delay no doubt due to an unsuccessful attempt at forcing in
February. Rare insects from Portugal. — Dr. K. Jordan exhibited a
living specimen ( J ) of a species of Truxalis obtained by him at Portimiio
South Portugal, and also showed some living larvae and the cocoon of a
moth, Diplura loti. The larvte were found on Cistus in the Serra de
Monchique, Algarve, South Portugal, on May 13th, and were being fed
upon tielianthemnm. They apparently resemble the caterpillar of
Lachneis lanestris so closely that a generic separation appears to be
hardly justified. A Lyc^nid attendant on at Homopteron. — Mr.
Hamilton H. C. J. Druce read some notes received from Mr. J. C.
Moulton, of the Sarawak Museum, on the association of a Homopteron
with a Lycffinid butterfly observed in Borneo.

LEPIDOPTERA IN SUSSEX. 197

Lepidoptera in Sussex.

By JOHN ALDEKSON.
To the July number of the [■'jnt())i)olo iixt\ Uecnrd, I contributed a
brief note relating to collecting in the neighbourhood of Eastbourne.
In the following notes I have endeavoured to give a cursory review of
my collecting during the four weeks I spent in that locality. I was at
Eastbourne from May 17th to Jure 13th, and during that time the
collecting was not lacking in interest, for, on the whole, the weather
was very favourable. Tde days were usually warm and bright, and,
generally speaking, the nights were close and oppressive, with tem-
peratures that were unusually high for early summer. Consequently,
" sugar " ought to have paid well, for the conditions were often ideal ;
but, at Abbot's Wood, where I " sngared " fairly regularly, the
" sugaring" ground is much enclosed by high trees with thick under-
growth, and experience shows that, in this particular locality, a fairly
strong wind is necessary to carry the scent of the " sugar " in order to
ensure success. Though no very important captures were made at
" sugar," the results were fairly interesting. By far the commonest
visitor was Cirammenia trifjranuinca, and I was able to pick out a nicely
varied series, including var. bilinea, which was not uncommon. The
most interesting insect at "sugar" was A/dectn prasina, which was
fairly common throughout the whole period, the specimens being
generally in very fine condition, and the green ground colour very
bright. Ci/iiiatophnra or was an occasional visitor, but, as usual, was
very skittish and very restless when boxed. T/n/atira batis made its
appearance on .June 1st, but only occasional specimens were subsequently
seen. A few specimens of Lithosia sororcula were attracted, and
Enryiiiene dolabraria was a fairly frequent visitor. Moma orion was
just making an appearance at the end of my stay, and only a few
specimens were captured. Xoctiia brunnea became very common from
June 6th, and X festira appeared on the 9th, becoming quite as
common, and nicely varied. Miana strigilis was very common,
ranging from the type to ab. aethiops. Other species taken or noted at
"sugar" were — Xoctua rubi, N. plecta, Triaena psi, Craniophora
liiiaatri, Apainea basilinea, Rusina tenebrosa, Af/rotin segetum, A.
exclamationis, Leucania comma, Mamestra brassicae, Miana fasciuncida,
Hadena pisi, H. dentina, H. thalassina, H. oleracea, H. trifoln,
Xylnphasia rurea and ab. combusta, X. hepatica, Euplexia Incipara,
Pldoiiophora meticnloRa, Aplecta nebidnna, Gonoptera lihotrix, and
Erastria fasciana : amongst the Geometers at "sugar" Melanippe
montanata, Acidalia remutaria, and lodis lactearia were very common ;
other species less frequently met with being Boarmia repandata, B.
conaoitaria, Tephrosia luridata, Cidaria trnncata, and C. corylata.
Reference has been made to Lithosia sororcida visiting the " sugar,"
but it was met with much more commonly earlier in the evening,
when it could be seen flying high round the oak trees. This species
was getting worn by June 3rd. The evening of June 12th was spent
on the downs working for Agrotis cinerea by means of light. Seven-
teen specimens of A. cinerea were taken, this being the only species
attracted, except for occasional specimens of /yar/c/m f/c?«f/?m and Agrotis
corticea. A solitary larva of Hipparchia seuiele was picked off a stem
of grass.

September 15th, 1910.

198 THE entomologist's record.

Day work amongst the butterflies was confined chiefly to Abbot's
Wood. A fair number of species were on the wing at the beginning of
my visit, including Nisoniades tages, Hesperia malvae, Callophri/s rubi,
Celastrina argiolus, Brenthis euphrosyne and the three common Pierids.
I worked H. malvae closely for specimens of ab. taras, but I took only
one on May 24th, on which date I also took a specimen closely
approaching this aberration. Brenthis euphrosyne was very common
and one nice $ aberration, with the forewings heavily suffused with
black, was taken on May 24th. By this date B. euphrosyne had given
place to B. selene, which was now extremely common. I worked this
species very closely for aberrations, but failed to obtain anything that
was much removed from the type. I found that the best method of work-
ing this species was after it had taken up its resting position. During
the day B. selene ranged over the whole of the wood, bvit in its resting-
habits it was extremely gregarious, and numbers could then be found
in a very restricted area. Here and there amongst the dense growth
of bracken were little open patches, covered chiefly with coarse grasses,
juncus and sorrel, and it was in such places that B. selene was found at
rest. It seemed to be especially fond of resting on the flowering
heads of sorrel, and, when the insect has adopted its resting attitude,
only the underside of the hindwings and the tips of the forewings are
visible, and in this position it harmonises exceedingly well with the
flowering heads of the sorrel. It rests always with the head down-
wards. Other favourite perches are the flowering heads of grasses,
juncus and- thistle ; occasionally it may be found on a bracken frond,
and frequently on the dead heads of knapweed. Indeed, I have found
as many as five specimens clustered on one small head of knapweed.
Considering the brilliant appearance of B. selene when in flight,
skimming the bracken in the bright sunshine, the butterfly is
wonderfnlly inconspicuous when it has taken up its resting attitude.
Towards dusk the insect is not easily disturbed, and I found it then
did not occupy much time to go through a good number of specimens,
picking up each insect between the finger and thumb, and thus
affording an easy method of carefully examining each individual.
Other butterflies seen at Abbot's Wood were Euchloe cardaiuines,
Gonepteryx rhamni, Polyommatus icarus, Aricia astrarche, ( 'oenonynipha
pamphilus, and Auyiades sylvanus, both sexes of the last named appear-
ing on June 8th. Ruviicia phlaeas was noted on the railway banks
near Polegate.

On the downs near Beachy Head, Polyommatus icarus was common.
The 2 s were generally more or less suffused with blue, though none
was strikingly so, whilst ab. icarinus was fairly common. Agriades
thetis, first seen on May 27th (wrongly given as May 22nd in the July
number of the Entomologist's Record), was well out on June 3rd,
though it was not nearly so plentiful as I had anticipated it would be.
A single 2 Pararge megaera was taken on June 4th in the marshes
near Hampden Park.

Beating for Geometers at Abbot's Wood produced a good number
of common species. Amongst the bracken Panagra petraria was
exceedingly common, rising in numbers at every step one took; whilst
Melanippe montanata was almost equally abundant amongst the shrubs
and undergrowth. Although not a single specimen of Tanagra atrata
was observed when I was at Abbot's Wood, on June 3rd, it was

NOTES ON THE LARVA OF AGRIADES CORIDON. 199

extremely common there amongst the bracken on June 5th, and a day
or two later had become even more abundant than Pana</ra p<'traria
had been. Emiidia mi and E. t/lt/phica were quite common in the
meadows bordering the wood. Arctia villica was fairly frequently
met with from June oth, the o s flying in the sunshine, and the
$ s being seen resting on the undergrowth. On June 5th Melani/>}je
hastata was first seen, two specimens being captured flying in the
sunshine about midday, and others were seen on the wing on June
8th. Amongst the species beaten out were Lithosia sororcula, Venilia
macidaria, lodis lactearia, Asthena candidata, Cabera j)usaria, Ba/ita
teiiierata, B. himacidata, Nttmeria pidierana, Loinaspilis iiianjinata,
Larentia viridaria, Melanippe nociata, Coremia unidentaria, (J.
ferrnyata, Camptonramma hilineata, Cidaria corijlata, C. trunrata,
Pechypotfon barbalis, Boti/s hi/alinalu, and Emiijchia nrtnmacidata.
Boarmia consortaria and Tephmsia luridata were picked ott" oak-trunks,
and, on a lateral branch of oak, a single freshly-emerged ? Drijuirmia
triiiianda idndonea) was found at rest. Along the railway banks
between Folegate and Hampden Park, Heliaca tcnebrata was fairly
common on May 21st, and a 2 Spilowma mcndica taken here on the
same date, had by the 27th laid about 150 ova, the larvae from which
fed up quickly and well, producing a nice lot of pupae. On the tops of
the freshly-trimmed hawthorn hedges bordering the railway, the larvae of
Lasiocanijut qiieiriisweve sunning themselves in some numbers, and those
of Coamotriche potatnria were frequently noticed on the grass and herbage
at the foot of the same hedges. Here, also, were found on blackthorn,
three larvse of Kiitricha quercifolia. On June 5th, the oak-trees at
Abbot's Wood were beaten for larvre of Bithys qiiercus, which were found
to be fairly common, and quite fuUfed. A few larvae of Poecilocampa
popiili and HylopJdla bicolnrana were also beaten out amongst a host of
commoner species. No systematic work was done in connection with
larva-hunting or beating, but, in addition to the species already
mentioned, other species found in the larval state at Abbot's Wood
were Lithoda lurid cola, on oak, Pyyaera piyra, in spun leaves of aspen,
Geuiiu'tra papilionaria, on birch, Dyschorista itpsilon, under moss and
loose bark on willow, and Ayriopis aprilina, in the crevices of oak-
trunks.

No attempt was made to work the Micros, the only species taken
or noted being Tortrix podana, T. niinistrana, Ilo.rana arcnana, Batodes
anyiistiorana, Symaethif< u.ryacantlidla { fabriciana), Laiiipronia praela-
tella, Adela tibidellu and A. deyeerella.

Notes on the larva of Agriades coridon.

By R. M. PllIDEAUX, F.E.S.
In the hopes of finding some alternative natural food-plant to
Hippocrepis coiiiofia for this species, I visited the chalk-hills near
Oxted, 8urrey, on June 14th last. Having previously seen the
butterfly common on flowery slopes here, where the above herb was
scarce or absent, there seemed a possibility of some other leguminous
plant being utilized, especially bearing in mind the repeated occurrence
of Ayriades coridnn in situations where, chalk or limestone being
absent, it is hardly conceivable that a plant so restricted to the latter
as is ti. comnsa, could be found growing. Quite near by, however, //.

200 THE entomologist's record.

comosa was found locally in some abundance, and a search at the roots
of the plants soon revealed the larvae in question, in various stages.
They were invariably found huddled amongst the very bases of the
long, stringy stems of the plant, and it was no easy matter to dis-
entangle these without injury to the larvae.

In the majority of cases, yellow ants were found, if not in
attendance on, in close proximity to, the larvre so obtained, and, in one
instance, where eight were found at the roots of one plant (so closely
associated as to suggest a gregarious habit), an ant's nest had been
formed below, and the fine powdery earth thrown up had completely
enveloped the A. coridon larvae, in no way to their discomfiture,
apparently. Though the earth adhered so closely to their bodies as
completely to conceal the green and yellow markings, so that they
were barely recognisable.

These larvae retained their earthy powdering until the next skin-
change, or pupation. Having established them in a cage, with their
native food-plant, experiments were made with other plants of the
order, with a view to substitution, larvae being confined for 24 hours
with the leaves (and where possible, the flowers) of the following
plants — Lotus corniculatus, Ononis arvensis, Anthyllis vulneraria, Ono-
brychis saliva, Trifolium repcns, T. pratense and T. minus. With each of
these in succession the larvae showed the utmost dissatisfaction, slowly
wandering over them, and round their cage, and returning greedily to
the Hippocrepis, when their period of probation Avas over.

A minute nibble was essayed from one of the Lotus flowers, and
another from a young leaf of Ononis, after which these plants were
rejected with disgust. Whatever other plants L. coridon may possibly
select in some localities for egg-laying, it seems pretty evident from
the above, that larv^ accustomed to Hippocrepis from the outset are
unable to change their diet subsequently to any of the substitute
food-plants above selected, even Lotus proving a " starvation-
alternative," as the writer previously found to be the case when
rearing Ayriades thetis {adonis) from the egg.

No instance was found of the Hippocrepis blossoms, but only the
leaves, being devoured. Pupation is definitely subterranean in
captivity, a loose cocoon being formed about half-an-inch below the
surface of the earth.

This possibly accounts for the inability, some weeks later, to find
pupae in nature in the locality where the larvae were previously taken,
though they were hunted for at the roots of the foodplant for
some time, but without success.

The soil not being very dry on this occasion any that might adhere
to a dislodged pupa amongst the chalky rubble overhauled would
pretty surely render the pupa — never very conspicuous — indistinguish-
able from the surrounding earth.

Cross- Pairing of Papilio machaon and P. polyxenes.

By CECIL FLOERSHEIM, B.A., F.E.S.
On June 29th, 1908, I was fortunate enough to obtam a cross-
pairing of Papilio machaon and P. poli/xenes (asterias) in my butterfly-
bouse. Papilio polyxenes is an inhabitant of the central and southern
portions of North America, and belongs to the same group of

CROSS-PAIRING OF PAPILIO MACHAON AND P. POLYXENES. 201

umbellifer-feeding Papilios as P. machaon, from which, however, it
differs considerably in the imago as far as coloration is concerned, the
body in both sexes being black and only spotted with yellow, whilst the
male had large portions of what is yellow in the wing-expanse of l\
machaon taken up with black, and the female both in its larger size and
colouring closely resembles that of Eujihoeades troiliis, and that of the
black variety of Jasoniachs (/laucus ; all these being, presumably, mimics
of Laertias pliilcnnr, the only pharmacophagous and highly-protected
Papilionid inhabiting the greater part of the region of which they are
denizens. The day was a gloriously fine one, and the pairing, which
took place about mid-day, lasted about four hours. The P. machaon,
which was an English bred male, was a worn specimen, and had lost
almost the whole of the right, and part of the left, antenna. The
P. polyxenes was a freshly-emerged female and normal in all respects
save in that of size, it being rather smaller than is usually the case
with that species. When the pairing was at an end, I segregated the
P. polyxenes $ , and was successful in obtaining a fair quantity of aya
from her, laid on a growing plant of fennel on June 30th and the two
following days. The ova both in shape and colour were indistinguish-
able through a magnifying glass from those of P. machaon and P.
poly.veneii with which I compared them. They began hatching on
July 8th, and all the larvjB had emerged by the 11th. As I wished if
possible to obtain a second-brood of my hybrids in 1908, in order to
avoid the emergence of the butterflies in the autumn, I forced the
larvae in a vinery at a temperature which was seldom if ever uuder
85° in the daytime and relatively hot at night; for, had I allowed them
to remain out-of-doors, the imagines no doubt would have emerged at
too late a period of the year for me to have been able to feed up the
resultant larvae. P. polyxenea, I had found before to attempt invariably
a second-brood in England, whilst I knew that the hybridizatioii was
likely to prove an additional factor in accelerating development. In
their early stadia I found the larvae in all respects like those of their
parents, which, in turn, I am unable to distinguish between at this
period of their lives, both being subject to much variation. In the
penultimate instar the hybrids seemed to me somewhat less yellow than
those of P. polyxenes, and generally resembling P. machaon. The
full-grown larva, however, was exactly like neither. It was larger
than that of the average P. machaon, being identical in size with that
of P. polyxenea, and had the bluer-green ground colour of the latter,
but the chrome-yellow spots of P. polyxenes and the red ones of
P. machaon, were replaced by pale orange ones, which were larger than
those of the P. polyxenes larvae I have met with, and ahnost entirely
broke up the black bands as in some specimens of /'. uiadtaon. The
first larvae spun up for pupation on July 26th.

The resulting pupje resembled typical P. polyxenes pupte in all
respects, and were not in the least like those of /-". machaon, either in
shape or in colour wherever a difference presents itself between the
parent strains. They even followed those of /-". polyxenes in the longer
and slenderer stays of the thoracic girdle. The first imago, a male,
emerged on the morning of August 12th, the pupa' having been kept
in the vinery at the same heat as the larvre, save that the weather
outside had turned colder. It was followed by two others in the course
of the week (14th and 17th), both being males. Although T secured

202 THE entomologist's record,

some forty pupae of my hybrids, only these three produced imagines,
all the rest dying, probably through over-forcing. I have compared
the butterflies with the P. poly.rcnes in the National Collection, and
though they at first sight seemed to have more yellow on their hind-
wings than was the case with the P. pob/.renes, I succeeded in finding
some specimens of the latter which resembled exactly my hybrids,
which in every respect are unlike P. machaon. I kept one of the three
butterflies alive for some days in my butterfly-house, and it paired
readily with a fine $ P. machaon (second brood). Alas! the P. machaon
was drowned the next night in a thunderstorm. The fact of the
pairing, however, may be significant, as, both in 1909 and in 1910, I
have been unsuccessful in continuing my experiment, and have failed
totally in getting either <? polyxenea x $ machaon, or ^ macJiaon x
$ polygenes. Last summer, however, I succeeded in getting a pairing
between ^ P. machaon and $ JamniadeA ylaucus, which wdS normal as
far as duration was concerned. All the ova laid, however, proved
infertile.

Coleoptera at Braemar in June.

By H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, F.E.S., F.Z.S.

On June 8th I left London to spend ten days at Braemar in search
of beetles. My colleague, Professor Beare, met me at Aberdeen, as he
was able to join me for a few days before he had to be at Oxford.
After an early breakfast we continued our journey, the last stage of
which consisted of a twenty mile ride in a motor.

Fortunately the weather was fine during the whole of my stay with
the exception of one wet day, a remarkable thing in such a bad year.
The results of the trip were also very satisfactory and I added a number
of rare and interesting insects to my collection.

The chief object of our visit was to try and find Elaphrus lapponiciis,
and after a long hunt on Mount Morrone, we located a spot. This
consisted of a large area of Sphaf/nuin, sloping down towards the top of
a waterfall about 2300 feet above sea-level. Through this water was
running, the whole place being wet. Having removed our boots and
socks we waded about in the thick wet Sphagnum and soon found the
beetle. It comes up in the sunshine, runs about in the sun for a
short time, then disappears again. Several hours' work produced a
nice series each of this beautiful beetle. Its colours range from
copper, bronze, crimson, and steel colour to nearly black. Our feet
got sunburnt with the exposure to the sun and were very painful next
day. I paid another visit to this place before I left and found that the
spot was spoilt. I was told by two men who were digging in the
Sphagnum that it was the town water supply. They cut the water off
from the plateau and carried it off in ditches at the sides and quite
dried up the Sphagnum. I only saw one single Elaphrus, which looked
very like a fish out of water, as it crawled slowly away. I took a fine
specimen of the rare Amara alpina near this spot. Other mountain
species taken were Harpalus 4:-p>mctatus, common, Harpalus latus var.
erythrocephalus, Cymhidis vaporariorum, Carabus glabratus, Patrobu$
septentrionis, and Miscodera arctica under stones. Anchowenvs ericeti
was found on thick patches of pink Sphagnum at the foot of the
mountain, a variable series of this brilliant insect being taken. Like

ADAPTABILITY TO CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENT. 208

the Klaphrus, it only comes out when the sun shines and is exceedingly
rapid in its movements. In moss on the mountains and of the sides of
waterfalls occurred Leateva sharpi and L. pubescens, Homalnta silvicola,
H . obloiujiiiscida and H. eremita^Ocijin^a incrassata , A rpedium brachypterum,
Gymnusa variegata, etc. The very rare Brynporus ru/ipennis and
Mycetoporiis monticola were taken by me on Ben-na-buird nearly 4000
feet up.

Melanic forms of the following species were found — Lesteva longely-
trata (with quite black legs), Klaphrus lapponicus, Anchomenns ericeti and
A. parutn}iunctatns, Corymbites aerw/inosiis (nearly black <J), Tacliinxs
subterraneus, Pterosticliiia vitreus, Carabiis arrensis, Amara lunicollis, and
Phratora vitelUnae.

In the river bed of the Dee we took Coccinella 5-punctata and
Crypto/iypnus maritimus, a very agile and difficult species to catch,
occurring in numbers on the boulders, a new record, I believe, for the
Dee. It flies in the sun, runs as fast as a tiger beetle with its long
legs, and " skips " oif the large stones into the shingle. In a sand-pit
Tachinus eloncfatus, Byrrhus dorsalia (very finely marked), Barynotiis
schdnherri (abundant), Erirhinus aetliiops, and Phyllotreta fiexuoHa
occurred. Sweeping for the two latter in a marsh near was successful,
a series of each being taken.

Geodroniicus nigrita was captured on the wing, one specimen being
taken from the clutches of a predaceous Dipteron. Philonthus puella
in deer and cow dung, chiefly in the latter.

Gonioctena pallida was abundant on hazel and sallows, Dorytvinus
tiulaciniis being also common on bushes of the latter.

Beating fir-tops produced Eros aurora, Ernohius niyrinus, Crypto-
p/iayus eylindrus, Tomicus bidentatus, T. quadridensy etc.

ZeiKjophora turneri was very scarce on aspens, the beetle evidently
not being on, as it should occur in numbers. Several specimens of
Epuraea silacea were taken on birch stumps, and Ayathidium rliinoceros
scarce in the woods.

A fine variety of Coccinella hieroylyphica was found on a patch of
Sphaynum, the shoulder-marks being confluent in two semicircles.
Silpha opaca and S. niyrita were picked upon the roads, one of the latter
being infested with an enormous stout intestinal worm, very many
times longer than the beetle. Several specimens of Patrobus crcaratus
taken in a sand-pit were also infested with a smaller and thinner worm.
I hope to visit Braemar again ; the air, beautiful scenery, and moun-
tains well stocked wir.h deer, apart from the insects to be found, make
it an ideal place in which to spend a holiday.

Differences of adaptability to climatic environment in certain
Nearctic Papilionids.

By CECIL FLOERSHEIM, B.A., F.E.S.
I have been much struck during the past few years by the great
dift'erences in adaptability to climatic environment shown by the
various kinds of Nearctic Papilionids I have bred in my butterfly-
house. Indeed, the species which I should have thought most likely
to become single-brooded in England has remained persistently double-
brooded at least, whilst that which I thought I should stand verj* little
chance of restraining from its habit of producmg several generations

204 THE entomologist's recokd.

in the course of the year, has proved the easiest of all to cope with in
this respect.

Pap'ilio{Jasonia(les)(flaiiciis («»/»//*) is said by American entomologists
to be single- brooded in the extreme northern parts of its habitats, yet, in
1906, the larvae which I bred in my butterfly-house, in spite of being
removed to a specially cold, well-thatched, apple-house immediately
after they had spun up for pupation, without exception, produced
imagines early in September. Again last year, cold and Avet as the
season was, I was unable to induce any of my ,/. (/laiicKs pupae to go
over to the winter, but the butterfly obstinately kept on coming out
until well on into November. I do not think that the pup^ from
which my J. ijlaucus are bred come from the extremely southern part
of the range of this species, as, on an average, the black females are
only in the proportion of one to four to the yellow ones. With regard
to Scudder's statement that some of every brood of this species go over
the winter as pupffi, I can only say that I have never yet had one of
the first brood that did so, though, of course, the number of pupae I
have been successful in bringing through at present has not been
large.

On the other hand, having succeeded for the first time in getting
some of the foodplant of Kiiphoeades troilns for my butterfly-house
last year, I managed to rear about three dozen pupae of this species.
Now these, in spite of being left out-of-doors and exposed to whatever
sunshine there was until the middle of October, one and all went over
the winter, the butterfly being at least double-brooded in its natural
habitat, and a denizen of a more southern part of the United States,
upon the whole, than Jamniades glaticus.

With Pai)ilic pnlyxenes (asteriafi) my experience has been exactly
the reverse, and, on the only occasion upon which (1905) I reared a
large quantity of this species, the whole of the pupae of the first brood
gave rise to imagines early in August, and I was able to feed up a second
brood, Avhich all hybernated as pupte.

But it is with Laertias philenor, a butterfly of which I breed a fairly
large quantity every year, that my experience has been strangest.
According to Scudder and other American entomologists this species
produces several broods in the year in America. It is said to oviposit
even as late as October. It is the only representative of the great
tropical family of pharmacophagous Papilios in the United States, and
one would expect (it being a southern butterfly which has spread its
range northwards, not, as in the case of J. ijlaucus, a northern butterfly
which has spread its range southwards) that its habit of producing more
than one brood, would be deeply ingrained in it. However, this is so far
from being the case, that, in spite of my not collecting the pupae of this
species till October, never more than from about three to fifteen per
cent, (according to the warmth or otherwise of the early autumn)
produce imagines, but here, at least, it becomes practically a single-
brooded species under natural conditions. It seems to me that this
extraordinary difference in responsiveness to environment must prove
an important factor in the survival or non-survival of species at times
of great climatic changes in the earth's history, and I thought it worth
drawing attention to in consequence.

BUTTERFLIES OF THE RHONE VALLEY. 205

Early Summer amongst the Butterflies of the Rhone Valley.

By JOHN ALDERSON.
{Continued from p. 187.)

On the OUon side of Charpigny the hill is bounded by precipitous
•cliffs, where a few newly-emerged Paran/e viaera were flying about the
rocks. The two " swallow-tails " were both common at the highest
point in Charpigny, and occasional Eucanessa antiopa flew rapidly
past ; one specimen sitting on the leaf of a tree was netted, but its
•condition was very ragged. A few Krebia inedusa were flying in the
fields, and one <? specimen taken has the fulvous markings on the
upperside of the forewings quite as wedge-shaped, and as bright, as
those of E. ceto. A single Cijclopides palaenum was taken, and a few
Hesperia inalvae were noted. The return journey was made through
the woods on the St. Triphon side, where Paran/e egeria var. egerides
was added to the list, a few specimens, in a more or less worn con-
dition, flitting about the woodland paths.

May 23rd was another ideal day for insect life, although the heat
proved very oppressive for collecting. The morning was spent on the
marshes lying on the Rhone side of the railway, between Aigle and
St. Triphon ; but the number of species met with here was strikingly
small. Melitaea aurinia, fairly common, but very worn, Aporia
crataei/i, in fair numbers and in prime condition, and Issoria latJionia,
of which I took the first decent specimen since my arrival, were the
only species of any interest. On the opposite side of the railway
Auyiades sijlvanus was now out in numbers. In the meadows leading
to the Gryonne Melitaea parthenie was swarming. I spent some time
working for this species and got a very nice series. Here, and in other
lowland localities where the species was found, 3/, partlienie varied
little from a well-defined form, which there is no danger of confounding
with M. athaiia, and it was not until I got upon the Simplon that I
came across M. parthenie -with a tendency towards the M. otiialia facies.
In the specimens of M. partlienie, which I have from the lowlands,
variation is slight, and generally confined to the intensity of the
ground colour, and the development of the transverse bands. In some
of the St. Triphon specimens the central transverse band on the upper
surface of the forewings is strikingly developed.

The sun was now blazing fiercely, and the meadows were swarming
with butterflies, a large number of species being on the wing. Colias
hyale was most abundant, and Erehia meihisa and Melitaea cinxia were
both common. Amongst the "blues," Polyowmatus icariis and
Agriadea thetis were both frequent, and I was delighted to make the
acquaintance of that lovely " blue," Poh/oinmatiis lii/lus, which
was just emerging; flying in its pristine beauty in the brilliant sun-
shine, it is indeed a lovely little gem which cannot fail to inspire
admiration ; one specimen of ab. nigmpunctata was taken here.
Veniiia macnlata was noted flying in the meadows. A single specimen
of Eiigouia polgcldoros was seen flying over the Gryonne. I stayed
here until nightfall with the idea of working amongst the " blues "
after they had taken up their resting-positions ; buti found it not
such an easy matter to box them, for if one individual flew off, about
fifty would follow from the grass clump. I took nice series of both
Cupido usiris {sebrus) ^nA'^Plebeiim arggrognomon, one J of the former

206 THE entomologist's record.

having the spots on the underside of the hindwings almost obselete ;
whilst the females of P. anjyrognomon show a very strong tendency to
blue suffusion on the upper suface of the wings. The specimens of
this species run to a good size from this locality.

I visited the Pont de Pierre, near Sonzier, on May 25th, and the
weather conditions were generally favourable for collecting. The
train was taken from Aigle to Montreux, and thence by M.O.B. to
Chernex, walking from that station across to the Pont de Pierre via
Sonzier. Scarcely any butterflies were seen until Sonzier was passed;
between this place and the Pont de Pierre, a fair number of species were
seen, but none of them was at all common. One or two nice Papilio
machaon were taken, along with a few newly-emerged Polyommatus
liylas. The few MeUtaea parthenie seen were of no especial form. On
arriving at the bridge, I found it very favourable collecting-ground,,
for insects were flying in some numbers, both with regard to individuals
and species. In the chief object of my quest I was disappointed for
Mr. Wheeler had told me that here I would find Melitaea aurinia as
common as it was variable. Common it certainly was, but I was too
late for it, for nearly all those captured were too ragged to retain.
Here, for the first time, I saw how butterflies swarm at damp places.
On one side of the road the ground was inclined to be marshy, and in
one or two places the moisture had overflowed on the road. For
certain species these damp places appeared to possess an irresistible
attraction, and, to an entomologist who is unfamiliar with the sight, it
is a wonderfully interesting spectacle to witness siach masses of
butterflies continually in motion, struggling either to retain or improve
their position. Some non-entomological passers-by were also struck by
the sight, and watched the swarms with curious interest. The swarms
were composed chiefly of Cupido minimus, with a fair sprinkling of
C. osiris {sebrus), Cyaniris semiaryus, Polyommatus icarus, Agriade»
thetis, and Hesperia malvae, with an occasional Polyommatus hylas. I
do not remember seeing any J insects among these swarms. Amongst
the A. thetis taken were a fine ab. hyacinthus, and a well-marked ab.
puncta. Several Cyclopides palaemon were darting about over some-
rough, marshy ground on the hillside, and those netted were in prime
condition. Hesperia serratulae and H. alreus were also taken. Brenthis
euphrosyne was flying commonly about the roadway above the bridge,
and here I first met with Polyyonia c-alhuw, a hybernated specimen.
Melitaea cinxia was in good condition, and not uncommon, and a single
M. athalia fell to the net. Colias hyale was very common, with
Euchlo'e cardaurines less common, and Leptosia siiiapis was occasionally
noticed. Single examples of Pararye egeria var. eyerides, (Jelastrina
aryiolus and Pou-ellia sao were taken. As heavy clouds were now
gathering, the return journey to Montreux was made rather hurriedly
down the delightful Gorge du Chauderon. Just as the train reached
Aigle the rain came pelting down, followed by a terrific thunderstorm^
This storm proved to be the breaking-point of the spell of fine weather,
for after this date the weather proved very variable.

The following day. May 26th, was practically sunless, with very low
temperature and rain at frequent intervals. Almost similar conditions
prevailed the next day, the only improvement being that there werft
brief and distant intervals of sunshine. After lunch I went by train
to Bex, walking back through the fields bordering the railway to St.

BUTTERFLIES OF THE RHONE VALLEY. 207

Triphon ; but, except during the brief intervals of sunshine, very few
insects were on the wing. Near the Gryonne, I was very pleased to
get some 5 Melitaea partlienie, for nearly all those I had seen hitherto
were S s. On the Gryonne banks a few " blues " were picked up,
including an extremely blue $ Plebeius arijurotpiomon having almost
the appearance of a J , except for a row of black marginal spots on
the upper surface of the hindwings.

The next day the outlook was again disappointing, the day differing
from that preceding only in being colder and duller, with the sky more
full of rain clouds, and being in direct contrast with the weather of the
previous week, when one was being scorched by the blazing sun. A
walk up the Sepey Road proved almost fruitless, the only butterflies
seen being occasional specimens of Pieris rapae, Leptosia sinapis,.
Cyaniris fiennarijua, and Ciipido ))iinimus. It rained heavily from noon
until late in the evening, and the prospects of favourable collecting
weather appeared very remote, for notice had been issued to the owners
of vineyards to expect cold weather with frosty nights.

However, the following day. May 29th, opened much brighter, with
the sun shining in a fairly clear sky. I took the train to Villeneuve,
walking thence up the Tiniere Valley. As the day wore on the sky
became more overcast, but there were fairly long intervals of sunshine,
and the temperature was higher than that of the preceding days. After-
passing the reservoirs, Cyclojddea palaemon and Powellia sao were taken
as they flitted about some rough ground by the roadside. Further up
the valley, on a grassy hillside leading up to a chalet, several species of
butterflies were found commonly, including Melitaea parthenie, Colias,
hi/ale, Xeuienbiiis htcina, Cyaniris semian/Ks, and Cupido osiris (sebnis),
with occasional Melitaea cin.via, and Erebia medusa. Following the road
up the valley, a footpath crossing the stream by a bridge led to a sheltered
little corner, where wild flowers grew luxuriantly. Here Mr. Wheeler
had told me to look for An'cia euinedon and C/irysophaiuis hipjinthoe.
The first insect netted as it was resting on a flower proved to be ^.
eiimedon, but a careful search produced no further specimens, nor was
C. hippotlw'e found. With the additon of Loireia dorilis, the species were
the same as those seen further down the valley. Regaining the road,
I pushed on up the valley to where the road crosses the stream over a
stone bridge, taking a footpath to the left which led to some favourable
collecting ground on a steep hillside. In the intervals of bright sun-
shine it was delightful collecting at this spot, with a splendid view of
the Valley of the Tiniere spreading out below, and the head of Lake
Geneva in the distance. Here the species previously noted were flying
more commonly, with Melitaea partlienie and Krebia medusa in some
numbers. One or two more Aricia eumedon were found, and Aijriades
thetis was fairly common. Hesperia malvae occurred here, as well as
occasionally on the way up the valley, whilst Powellia sao was quite
common, Avith a habit of quartering the ground similar to that of some
of the " swift " moths. Tana(/ra atrata was not uncommon. Knnychia
octomaculata was noted, and the presence of E. niyrata, Pyrausta
purpuralis, and Aridalia ornata brought to my mind another hillside
more familiar, and almost as steep — Reigate Hill.

The morning of May 30th opened gloriously fine, with a brilliant
sun and a cloudless sky, although the wind was blowing rather
strongly. I had accepted the invitation of a Swiss friend to meet him

"208 THE entomologist's record.

at Vevey, and go for a ramble over the country lying behind Mt.
Pelerin, thence to Attalens, returning by Puidoux and Chexbres to
Rivaz. On the slopes of Mt. Pel6rin very little was seen, but the
strong wind which was blowing probably accounted for the scarcity of
insects. Here I first came across Melitaea didyma, a $ being taken
■on the way up; and I was pleased to net a nice ? Colias ediisa, for I
had not yet seen this species in any numbers, nor, indeed, did I find it
at all common in any locality during my visit. On the brow of the
hill a few Iphidide!^ podalirius, in good condition, were captured.

Between Mt. Pelerin and Attalens the eye was arrested by the
strikingly beautiful appearance of the fields of narcissus in full bloom,
which, at a distance, had the semblance of masses of virgin snow. In
the sheltered meadows insects were not uncommon, and the fine con-
dition of Erehia viedusa suggested a later emergence than at St. Triphon.
Colias hyale was abundant, while Melitaea parthenie, M. cin.via, Nemeo-
bins Incina, Fowellia sao, and Nisoniades tages were not uncommon.
During the remainder of the walk little of any further interest was
noticed, but the day was too windy for collecting, although ideal in
other respects. The following day I shifted my quarters to St. Maurice.

Vernayaz! I went there on June 1st with high expectations, for
the books had led me to expect an entomological " Tom Tiddler's "
ground, where the butterflies are almost anxious to fly into one's net,
and where, on a favourable afternoon in June or July, one can rely on
encountering quite a goodly proportion of the species which constitute
the butterfly fauna of Switzerland ; for with what frequency does the
phrase, "under the cliffs at Vernayaz," occur in the entomological
books and magazines ! The day Avas bright, the sun hot, and, although
a rather gusty wind gave rise to some misgivings, I found that
" under the chffs at Vernayaz " it was both sunny and sheltered ; and
butterflies were flying, not in such numbers as I had anticipated, but
enough, and in such varietiy of species as, to make it one of the most
interesting days of the trip.

After the first day or two of my visit I had been accustomed daily
to make one or two additions to my list of species seen, but on this,
my first visit to Vernayaz, I came across no fewer than eleven species I
had not previously met with. These were — Erynnis lavaterae, Loiveia
alciphron var. yordius, Polyomniatus amanda, Parnassius apollo, P.
mnemnsyne, Melitaea dictynna, M. phoebe, Epinepliele janira, Enodia
hyperanthus, Erebia stygne, and E. evias.

During the forenoon I worked under the cliffs in the direction
of Martigny. Angiades sylvanns and Melitaea dictynna were in some
numbers, flitting about the marshy ground, where also a single
very fresh specimen of Polyninmatiis amanda was taken. I was
very pleased to take my first Parnassius apollo, which was flying about
the boulder-strewn ground at the foot of the clifi"s ; a few other
specimens were noticed, but the species was not common. A 2 P.
mnenwsyne, with the abdominal sac, was taken on the same ground ; but
it was already showing signs of wear, and other specimens subsequently
seen were in quite ragged condition. Melitaea cinxia was common,
flying about the pathway, and Pararge egeria, of the egerides form, was
flitting in and about the bushes. At moist places on the footpath
numbers of S Aporia crataegi were crowding and jostling, and a single
sweep of the net captured no fewer than twelve specimens, all in perfect

BUTTERFLIES OF THE RHONE VALLEY. 209'

condition. Sitting on the path with wings widespread, was a J Loweia
alciphron var. (jordius, the brilliant upper surface of its wings reflecting
the bright sunlight. Seen thus, it is indeed an insect to arrest the
eye, especially if it be the eye of an entomologist gazing on it for the
first time. The warm summer day had induced a few scattered
specimens to burst their pupal skins, but the species was not yet fully
out. On the boulder-strewn slopes rising steeply from the rugged
pathway, a single example of Krchia xtyipw was taken, with two speci-
mens of 77. erias, all in very fresh condition and, on the same ground,
Erynnis lavaterae and Hesperia carthami were occasionally noticed,,
dashing to and fro with quick " skipper " flight. One of the new
species found here was Melitaea plwebe, which was fairly common, and,,
judging from its condition, recently emerged. It appeared to be very
fond of flying backwards and forwards along the footpath, a very
convenient habit from the captor's point of view. Of a much different
category was the flight of Ipldclides podaliriifs, which was strong on
the wing, ranging everywhere, showing little disposition to settle, and
although very common, was very difficult to capture. A very fine-
example of the ab. puncta form of Ayriades thetis was netted, and
amongst the other species noted were Pohjommatns icarus, Pararye
inaera, and /'. meyaera. As I wished also to work up the opposite
bank of the Rhone towards Branson, I retraced my steps in the direc-
tion of Vernayaz. On the ground lying between the Gorges du Trient
and the Rhone, I found Plebeiiift aryyroynonwn in profusion, and
Coenonyuipha pawphilus almost equally common. In the thickets
P. eyeria var. eyerides was very common, and, by the side of the Rhone,
I took my first specimen of Enodia hyperanthus, with a single example
of Anthocharis siniplonia var. flacidior, which was sitting in the sun-
shine on a patch of sand, with Avings widely spread. On crossing the
Rhone I found Aporia r/rtifl*'/// swarming at the puddles, and ParnasaiKu
apollo flying fairly commonly on the steep slopes, but difficult to
capture. Ayriades thetis and Aricia aHtrnrche were not uncommon ;
both sexes of Polynnunatus hylas were taken here, only c? s of this species
having been met with hitherto. Colias hyale was very common, and
here I took the first specimen of Epinephele ianira. Another specimen
of Erebia ecias fell to the net, and a few very nice Hesperia carthami
were taken, but the wind blew verj^ strongly in this quarter, and it was-
doubtless due to this fact that insects were not so numerous as on the
opposite side of the valley ; so I re-crossed to the Vernayaz side where
I picked up a few more Melitaea dictynna and Loweia alciphron var.
yordius before the sunshine prematurely disappeared; for the high,
overhanging clifts shut out the sun's rays from this favoured butterfly
corner at an early hour in the afternoon.

The following day, June 2nd, was fine and bright, with a rather
gusty wind blowing. After lunch I took the road from St. Maurice
behind the Hotel du Simplon, leading to the bridge which crosses the-
Rhone at Lavey-les-Bains, returning by the opposite bank of the
Rhone, and entering St. Maurice by the picturesque old Roman 15ridge.
From an entomological standpoint the ramble was not very productive.
On the St. Maurice side of the Rhone very little was seen beyond an.
occasional Pararye maera and /'. meyaera. After crossing the river,
Aporia crataeyi was observed in numbers on the cultivated plots of
ground, and in the meadows lying at the foot of the hillside. A single

210 THE entomologist's record.

specimen of Cydopides palaemnn, in perfect condition, was taken flitting
along the footpath, and a solitary, very ragged Eri/miis alceae. Some
marshy ground near the road, leading up to Lavey, produced Melitaea
dictijnna, and here I first came across Brentim ino, a perfectly fresh ^
being netted. A large blue butterfly which attracted my attention
turned out to be only a <? P. icarus, but of exceptional size. At the
foot of the wooded hillside one or two Melitaea phoebe were flying, and
in the meadows Enodia hyperanthus was making a sporadic emergence.

The next day, June 8rd, I left St. Maurice by an early train for
Sion, where I hoped to find Melitaea aiirelia and Polyoiiniiatus ainanda
in some numbers. The day was very hot and oppressive, and the sky
cloudy, with a hazy sun. At Vernayaz, two days previously, I had
only been able to find a single P. amanda, but here, in the marshes by
the side of the Ehone, the species was fully out, and, judging by the
condition of some of the specimens, had been out for some time. The
insect was very common, and I had no difficulty in picking out nice
series of both sexes in very good condition. Plebeiiis aryus [aeyon) was
very common all along the Rhone banks, with P. aryyroynonnm in
fewer numbers. On reaching the fields where Melitaea aurelia occurs,
I found it flying commonly with occasional specimens of M. parthenie
and M. dictynna. M. aurelia, though, was almost over, and I had to
work very hard for a fair series in presentable condition ; the
specimens varied a good deal in size, ranging from 28mm. in the <? s
to 39mm. in the J s. A few Pararye eyeria var. eyeridea were flitting
about the copses, where also occasional specimens of Leptuaia xinapin
and Aiiyiades sylvanus were seen. Amongst other species noted were
Gonepteryx rharnni, Vanessa io, Aricia astrarclie, Cupido itiinimus,
and, although a careful watch was kept for Evercs alcetas, none was seen.
Soon after midday the sky assumed a most threatening aspect, and
insects suddenly vanished; so a hasty return was made to Sion station,
which was reached just as the rain came pouring down. It rained
heavily during the remainder of the day and throughout the night.

The following morning broke fine, but the temperature was very
low, with a dull, heavy sky and a very strong wind blowing. It was
not a morning to flatter one's hopes, but towards midday the sun began
tentatively to peep through the overcast sky, and induced me to take
train to Vernayaz, where I hoped to pick up something under the
shelter of the cliffs ; but I found very few insects on the wing there,
and these were in evidence only during the brief and distant intervals
of sunshine. A certain amount of compensation was derived from the
•capture of about a dozen Loweia alciphron var. yordius, in splendid
condition, though all except one were <? s. Some of the specimens
captured of this species were in perfectly fresh condition, save for
small pieces chipped out of the wings through some obscure cause.
The capture of a very ragged specimen of Scolitantides baton added
another species to my list. Other insects noted were IphicUdes
podalirius, Parnassius apollo, Eryunis lavaterae, Potrellia sao, Pararye
niaera, and Ayriades thetis. Following its usual custom, the rain started
falling in the early afternoon, and came down heavily before I reached
Vernayaz station.

{To be continued.)

berge's schmetterlingsbuch. 211

Some thoughts engendered on turning over the pages of Berge's
Schmetterlingsbuch, 9th edition, 1910.

Probably the earliest systematists to use the general characters of
the early stages — egg, larva, pupa — in the classification of lepidoptera
were the Viennese lepidopterists, Denis and Schiffermiiller. By the
time they wrote the Systematisches Verzeichniss, in 1775, they had
accumulated many general facts of larval and pupal structure, possibly
■quite unknown to Linne. Antecedent to Linne the essential and
main work of the entomologist was the study of the life-history of
species, and it still remains a fact that some of the descriptions of
Reaumur and other authors, now nearly 200 years old, comprise the
best accounts of the natural history of the species dealt with. Linne's
Syiitenia Naturae was an attempt to deal with the insects already
described, whether in one or more stages, and was, as it were, a
short catalogue of then known species. Its great value, of course,
was the elementary one of enabling entomologists to know what they
were talking about, and bringing under a " name " the various
descriptions of the same insect made by different authors.

The application of the name did not at first alter the general view
of what was essential in entomology, viz., the working out in detail of
the main features and characters of an insect in all its stages. This is
well- illustrated by the line taken in the work of Esper and Borkhausen,
who were undoubtedly the two greatest naturalist-entomologists, not
only of their age, but from their point of view, with the exception,
perhaps, of Zeller, that Germany has yet produced. This phase is less
satisfactorily illustrated by Hiibner's works, in which the imaginal des-
criptions are, to a certain extent, divorced from the biological account
of the early stages. As time went on, and the known species became
more numerous, works, to hold a detailed account of the life-history of
the European species, became very bulky and expensive, and the life-
history parts were cut down to the minimum limits, and Ochsenheimer
and Treitschke, Stephens, Heinemann, and others, illustrate excellently
the slow decadence from the excellent natural history of Esper and
Borkhausen to the mere catalogues (miscalled text-books) of Stainton's
Manual and Frey's Lep. der Schweiz. From that time onwards, real
biological entomology, as exhibited by an account of the life-
histories of species, has largely been divorced from the systematic or
■catalogue making section, and where an attempt has been made by an
entomologist to show that he was also a naturalist, as in the case of
Boisduval, Stainton, etc., the life-histories of the species studied have
been published separately, but the catalogue-maker has gained more
.and more strength, in fact, the study of life-histories has been for
many years considerably discounted, and left to very few adv-anced
•observant naturalists, e.^., Curtis, Stainton, Milliere, Buckler and
Hellins, etc., or to individual entomologists who have become interested
in individual species, and published their results in the various journals
in connection with the local societies of France and Germany, or in
our English magazines.

The ultimate result of this has been fatal from a scientific "natural
history " point of view. For the last 50 years, series of books dealing
almost entirely with the Macro-lepidoptera, have flooded the British
and German markets, rarely anything useful has been collected and

212 THE entomologist's record.

collated therein, and, on the plea, that they are to aid beginners rather
than intended to be of service to men who wish to become students, it
has resulted that a whole series of such books has been printed, con-
taining not one single iota of original information, often full of the
grossest blunders relating to the commonest species, copied from authors
who flourished at least 100-150 years ago, usually due to ignorance of
the synonymy used by the original describers whose facts are correct
enough but apply to other species than those to which the modern
book-maker has applied them. These books are, by the confession of
the authors, not meant to help the real entomologist, but the authors
all the same would be grossly indignant if one suggested that, like-
the famous razors, the books were made to sell.

Of recent years, Germany has stood pre-eminent in this class of
book, and England stands but little behind, but, in one respect,
Germany has outdistanced England completely, and that is in the
excellence of its illustration by various colour processes. The result
has been that several editions of some of these works have been
published, and have paid merely because of the plates. One of our
chief purveyors of these German works in England recently told the
writer that it was no uncommon thing for the English buyer to take
out the plates and leave the letterpress (so useless is it) in the shop,,
whilst the profit on these works was so much higher than that
obtained on English publications of good class, that it paid the English
bookseller to push the German product. Whilst one would, in the
cause of science, therefore, have had no good cause for complaint
against these works, had the letterpress really been on the same level
as the plates, or even accurate in spite of its being so absolutely
elementary, yet, as pointed out above, the letterpress is really beneath
contempt and hopelessly useless for any scientific purpose. These are
picture books, usually accurately named as to the pictures, and nothing
more.

That such books represent the general level of entoinology through-
out Europe is certain. In most of the countries of Europe, collectors
flourish exceedingly, butterflies and moths are caught in thousands,
sold in thousands, to make collections, and for no further scientific
purpose whatever, and these books enable these collectors to name
their specimens more or less correctly, and this is all they want.
Even a great deal of the experimental work of lepidopterology has
been carried out for commercial purposes, and hybrids are reared,
aberrations and varieties (local races) described, not to add primarily to
scientific knowledge, but for the purposes of sale, and to add value to
the specimens by having a name attached to them ; whilst we heard,
during a recent trip to Switzerland, of a well-known Doctor attached
to a Continental University who collects all the specimens he can
whilst on his holidays, sells all not required by himself, and so tries
to pay the expenses of his holiday out of his duplicates. That all
this must react unsatisfactorily on scientific entomology is quite
apparent.

One of the most popular of this superficial class of illustrated works
has for years been Berge's Schmetterlimiabuch, of which eight editions
had been published under various editors before 1910. This year a
9th edition has been issued, "■= for which Dr. Rebel is responsible.

* E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart. Pag«s 1-114, 1-509 ; 53 coloured plates ; 219
text figures.

serge's schmetterlingsbuch. 213

Probably no man in Europe was better fitted to bring a book of this
character up-to-date, and, if he has not given us a scientific text-
book, he has so revolutionised the original that there is little or
nothing of Berge left in it, and he has based it on more modern
lines, so that it is, without doubt, the best picture book of its kind now
pubUshed in Europe, with fewer palpable blunders (though they are
still numerous enough, especially in the application of wrong names
to varietal foi-ms), much more detailed and accurate letterpress and
equally well illustrated with about 1600 figures on 53 coloured plates
and 219 text illustrations. Such a book as this must go for the
raising of the collector through Central Europe and give him a better
elementary idea of what has been done and what possibilities the study
of entomology holds out. The twenty preliminary chapters on the
general subject are good, contain a short summary of the information
obtainable on the subjects treated, together with a fair number of
references, so that the collector, if interested in any particular branch,
can go further on with its study, whilst, in addition, there are excellent
indexes to enable one to find one's way about what is necessarily a
large book. The plates are on the whole excellent, although some
are not quite on the same level as others.

The inequality in difterent parts of the work is shown much more
markedly, however, in the letterpress. In some groups, the result is
— so far as the treatment of the imagines is concerned — fairly ample,
in other parts rather less complete. This is particularly noticeable in
the butterflies, Sphingids, Lachneids, Attacids, Noctuids, Athro-
cerids, Psychids, etc., which, having already been more or less com-
pletely monographed, at least locally, are in the higher plane, whilst
the Geometrids are altogether in a lower plane, although one suspects
that, had more time been given to tbe actual working out of references,
the details known about the Geometrids should be quite equal to those
of the other groups, but these, being more distributed and less easily
get-at-able, would have involved considerable time and labour, more,
evidently, than the writer felt called upon to spend.

Biologically, the life-histories of the species are quite as hopeless
as usual. The description of the egg usually occupies about a line
of print, that of the larva half a dozen lines, and the pupa two or three
lines— even when the life-histories of the species is well-known ; one
suspects this to be the proprietor's, rather than the author's, fault, but
the hopelessness of such descriptions is well-illustrated by that of the
egg of Drymonia triwacula — " Das Ei kalbkugelig, weissgrun, fein
punktiert," or that of Hemaria titijits (which is, by the by, still called
scabiosae, Zell.) — "Das Ei kugelig, hellgrim," or that of Cerura fnrcula
— " Das Ei schwiirzlich. Die Puppe hellbraun mit griinlichen
Flugelscheiden," etc. One may note here that British authors have
no cause tor complaint against Dr. Rebel's reference to their work.
Scarcely a page occurs on which a British species is mentioned with-
out a reference, and on some pages a dozen may occur ; Barrett, Tutt,
Buckler and Hellins, are quoted wholesale, and their descriptions
summarised — whilst, of the German entomologists, the work of their
leading naturalist-lepidopterist. Max Gillmer, is repeatedly quoted.

On the systematic side, in which perhaps greater progress has been
made during the last twenty years than in almost any other branch,
matters remain in statu quo. The author appears, in spite of recent

214 THE entomologist's record.

discoveries and work, to follow the Staudinger and Rebel L'atalon of
1901. Poor boeticm and telicanus, the Everids, Plebeiids, and true
Lycsenas still find themselves in a common stew under the name
Lycaena. At the other end of the work betnlina, Zell., and mlicolella,
Bruand, are put into Finiiea. One would urge that such glaring
inconsistencies as these should, at least, be remedied, even if all
modern work that has been accepted be not recognised ; whilst one
wonders why the Lemoniidae are still sandwiched between the
Diniorphids [Endromidae) and Attacids {Saturniidae). An author
should be a teacher and stand for progress, and Dr. Rebel has just
missed, in his useful work, touching that modern view of the
things he deals with, by means of which he would have brought the
younger entomologists into line with what has been done by special
workers since the publication of the 1901 Catalu(/, and would have (1)
enabled them, through the means of his work, to pick up without
effort the strands of such advances as have been recently made, (2)
prevented them assuming (as beginners always must assume) that in
Dr. Rebel's mind the Catalof/ still illustrates all that is best and newest
in this excellent lepidopterological world of ours. In the use of his
terminology. Dr. Rebel is orthodox and accurate, following out none
of the new-fangled ideas relating to subspecies and forms, hybrid-
species, and hybrid-subspecies, by means of which certain lepidopterists
with much energy and little entomological knowledge are trying to force
their opinions to the front. Science must be based on facts and logic,
not words and bluster, and we are glad to see that Dr. Rebel maintains
the old and excellent methods which the newer terminologists seek to
destroy ; " varieties" for local races, " aberrations" for occasional or
frequent sports, " hybrids " for crosses between distinct species, and
"mongrels" for crosses between forms of the same species, appear to be
good enough for Dr. Rebel as they are for us. Dr. Rebel must forgive
us our howl. We recommend his book to our readers as the best work
of its kind yet published, and advise them to get it in preference to any
of the other illustrated works on European lepidoptera now laying
claim to their spare cash. Certainly no collector of European lepi-
doptera, or butterflies only, should be without it.

Jg^^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Abundance of Vanessa id. — There has been a noticeable increase in
the numbers of this species here during the last few seasons; indeed,
during the present summer, both in the larval and the imaginal states,
it has been more abundant even than A[/lah urticae. I counted two
large broods of larvse on one patch of nettles in mid- July, while, at the
present time, the Hemp Agrimony [Kuitatoriuin cannabinum), which I
had planted to attract the Vanessids in my kitchen-garden, has rarely
less than a dozen imagines feeding on it at a time. — Cecil Floersheim,
B.A., F.E.B., Pennyhill Park, Bagshot, Surrey. Augui^t Sl.sf, 1910.

Thais medesicaste ab. honoratii at Digne. — Whilst collecting
Rhopalocera at Digne, from May 30th to June Uth, 1910, I had the
good fortune to take a specimen of Thais mededcaste ab. honoratii on
June 9th. I found it just settling on the steep and stony path
which commences the ascent of the hill "La Collette " from
the Dourbes road, about 10.30 a.m. I did not succeed in getting
any of the ordinary type of the Thais, but, on showing the above

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 215

capture to the local naturalist at Digne, Mr. Cote Victor, he at
once pronounced it to be honoratii, which, he added, he had never
taken hinipelf on the wing. During the time I was at Digne i
succeeded, with the aid of Mr. Rowland-Brown's valuable notes pub-
lished in this magazine in 1900, in capturing a total of 800 odd speci-
mens including all the species on Mr. Rowland-Brown's list for the same
period, with the exception of Khujia (Thecla) spini, Nonhnannia ['IJierla)
ilicis, and Mdananiia (jalathea var. procicia which had not emerged.
On the other hand, Krebia erias were fairly plentiful and some in very
good condition. I succeeded in getting fine long series, in good
condition, of Hiichloe eitp/unioides, LinienitiH caiailla, Cnpido nuin'H
(Hebriis), (ilaucopsiichc ci/llartoi, Af/riades thetia (fine large form), Aporia
crataei/i, Xlclitaea cinxia, M. didynia, M. aurinia var. provinciaUs, (Jolias
liyalc, Lnweia alciphron var. i/ordiiis, Nciiieohius lucina, Papilio machaim,
lirenthis dia, IphicUdcs podalin'ns, Ayriaden coridon, Nisoniadi's tat/es,
Hesperia molvae, Brenthh nelene, B. eiiphwsyne, hhichloe cardaiiihws,
Pieris brassicaf, P. napi, P. rapae, Paranje iiioera, besides many other
butterflies in smaller numbers. Gonepteryx cleopatra was scarce and I
only succeeded in getting one male and four females. Out of thirteen
days, ten were perfect, and three sunless and thundery. — E. B. Ashby,
33, Park Road, Whitton, Middlesex.

A day's lepidopterolouy near Scutari. — The following butterflies
were seen by me in July, 1909, and June 6th, 1910, in a large rough
garden at Erenkeui, some Ave and half miles from Scutari on the
Asiatic side of the Bosphorus — Iphididea podalirius a few, I'apiUo
))iachaon, twice observed, Fieris bra^sicae, P. rapae, Pontia daplidicf
common, Colias edum, Gonepteryx rhamni very common, Pyraweix
cardtti, i'. atalanta a few, Pnlyyonia egea common, I'anessa io, one
seen, FJiivanesaa antiopa one seen, Epincplwlt' jmtina a few, Hatyrits
hennione two seen, vii. 09, Libythea celtis several seen, 30. vi. 10, Cliryao-
phaniis thevaaitwn a few, tiutiiicia p/daeas very common, KliKiia apini
occasional specimens, worn at the end of June, Polyonnnatm icanis
very common, Aricia astrarche common, Celastrina aryioUia very
common in July, Adopaea jdara (thaiiiiias) one seen, Erynnix alccar
worn in late June. Dryas pandora is not uncommon at Therapia, on
the European side of the Bosphorus, and in the park attached to
Yildiz Kiosk, the palace of the Sultan Abdulhamid, in the northern
suburb of Constantinople. I saw a worn specimen of this butterfly also
at Dibra, a wild town some 8000 feet above sea level in Central Albania,
in October, 1909. A few days earlier Pa/>ilio machaun had been
common at Elbassan, about 1200 feet above sea level, in West Central
Albania. — Philip P. Graves, 1, Lauriston Road, Wimbledon. Jiili/
20th, 1910.

Lepidoptera at ragwort bloom in Richmond Park. — Whilst
cycling through Richmond Park on the morning of August 12th, I
noticed that a mass of ragwort in full bloom was attracting a good
number of insects, although on inspection I found that only three
species of lepidoptera were represented. Of these the commonest was
lluinicia p/daeas, both sexes of which were flying in numbers, the
majority being in good condition. Scarcely inferior in point of
numbers was < 'haraeas yraviinis, though all appeared to be J s, and,
without exception, were in a very worn state. The third species,
Ilydroecia nictitans, was not so common, l)ut it was in fairly fresh

216 THE entomologist's record.

condition, and both sexes were attracted by the flowers. — J. Alderson,-
14, Dafforne Eoad, Upper Tooting, S.W. August 22nd, 1910.

Hyponomeuta cagnagellus and other lepidoptera at Lewisham
IN 1910. — During the last two or three years I have remarked on the
occurrence of Hyponomeuta cai/natiellKs at Lewisham, where it is usually
a very common garden insect, feeding on Euonyw us japonic a. In spite
of its great abundance last year, the species has been less common during
the present season than in any since I first observed it, but what has
been more remarkable, is the fact that it has appeared so much later
than previously. In other seasons, the bulk of the specimens have
occurred in July, sometimes earlier, at other times later in the month,
but this year scarcely any specimens appeared in July, and it was not
until the past week, August 28th onwards, that the species really emerged
in any numbers. During the last few days the species has been common,
much less so than usual, but between 4.30 p.m. and 5.80 p.m. several
? s were to be seen any day on the wing, flying heavily, but for
considerable distances, and busy selecting suitable spots for egglaying.
The species is, therefore, at least five or six weeks later than its
average time of appearance in this district. I may add also that
Bryop/iila perla, now a very local species here, has been more abundant
than usual this year ; perhaps the abundance is to be connected with
the wet season, which may have suited its foodplant, as the walls have
been damp enough and the lichens on those by the sides of the
Quaggy seemingly rather more abundant than usual, although I have
not paid much attention to the fact ; at any rate, during the last few
days several examples have been noticed on the lamps and at the
lighted shop windows in the neighbourhood. The partial second-
brood of Celastrina aryiolKs, sometimes not uncommon, has been so
far represented only by a single <? which I saw resting in my garden
on the morning of August 21st. There has been hardly a trace of the
work of the larvae of the second-brood Cenn'ostona laburnella on the
laburnum trees this autumn, very few mined leaves, and scarcely
a pupa was found even when looked for. On the other hand, the
larv« of the second-brood of Gracilaria syrinyella scorched the privet
leaves as badly as usual. — A. M. Cochrane, Lewisham. September Urd,
1910.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Phakmacophagous habit of Laertias philenor, a protection against
IcHNEUMONiDiE. — Besides affording it protection from birds and other
enemies, the fact that Laertias piiilenor feeds on Ariiitoluchia, seems,
so far as my own observation goes, to afford it complete protection
against Ichneumonidae and other parasites. For the last seven
years I have received pup^e from the United States, but have never
found one infested with any parasite ; while those bred in my butterfly-
house have been equally free, where all the Papilio macliaon which had
pupated near at hand had been stung, as well as many of the
Jasoniades ylaucns. On the other hand, as I have often found pupae of
Thais poli/.vena infested, I wonder how far this protection applies to
the pharmacophagous Papilios generally. — Cecil Floersheim, B.A.,
F.lii.S., Pennyhill Park, Bagshot, Surrey.

Earwig eating moth's eggs. — I had frequently observed the eggs
of some insect attached to the stop netting round a tennis court in the

CURRENT NOTES.

217

garden, but for a long time could not find out by what insect they
were laid. One evening last August, however, I was fortunate enough
to find the moth at work and it proved to be the common Tnnjhaena
prontiba. After this I several times watched the process and once,
while doing so, I observed a common earwig, so far as my recollection
goes a male, greedily eating the eggs which the moth had just laid.
It did not eat them quite so fast as the moth deposited them, but it
evidently made up in appetite what it lacked in speed, as the whole
batch, probably about 60, was consumed when I inspected the place
the next morning. So far as I am able to judge, the incident is not
of very common occurrence, at any rate, when the eggs are laid in
this peculiar situation, since several other batches hatched out and the
young larvBB, after eating all the egg-shell except the part attached to
the tarred string, let themselves down by a thread of silk to the ground,
doubtless to continue their lives in the grass. I may say that the
moth did not appear to be in any way conscious of the presence of the
earwig. I shall endeavour to observe the phenomenon this year again,
as these moths always lay their eggs on the netting. The above
observation was made at my home at South Shields. — Harry
Eltringham, M.A., F.E.S., 8, Museum Road, Oxford. July Sth, 1910.

URRENT NOTES.

We understand that Mr. J. C. Stevens will dispose by auction, late
m October or early in November, the best aberrations of Abraxas tjrus-
mlariata reared during the last three seasons by the Rev. G. H. Raynor.
Among them are some very striking insects, such as can only be
obtained by rearing the larvffi in very large numbers.

Mr. Charles Owen Waterhouse, ex-President of the Entomological
Society of London, was gazetted C.I.S.O., in the list of birthday
honours in June last. His long and excellent service in the insect
department of the Natural History Museum at South Kensington, is
too well-known to our readers to require any comment, and we feel
sure that his life-long interest in entomology will be continued in
spite of his well-earned retirement.

Another instalment on " The plume moths of Ceylon," viz., " The
Orneodidffi," has been received from Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher,
R.N., F.E.S., F.Z.S., no doubt our future authority on the world's
" plumes." It is an excellent piece of work, with preliminary notes
on the early stages (based on European species). Of the four known
genera in the superfamily Oniendes, Paella, Microsc/iiKinns, and
Triscaedia, the first and last only have been found in Ceylon. There
are some 40 species at present included in Orneodes, with remarkable
differential features, and no doubt capable of being grouped into quite
natural groups when the "all-butterflies-in-one-genus-/'rt7j'<7/o" stage is
passed, and more is known of their life-histories.

Besides giving the original descriptions of the already- described
Cingalese Orneodids and their distribution and habitats, Fletcher
describes as new species — Orneodes montinena, i>. ischalea, (). pinalea,
O. jjostfasciata, and O. viicroscoiiica. The life-history of none of the
Cingalese species appears to be known, yet some, at least, ought not to
be difficult to work out. Of the new species, 0. iiionti;iena and <K
pustfasciata are excellently figured, as well as nine others of Meyrick's
species and one of Hampson's. We could have wished for one more

218 THE kntomologist's recoed.

plate with illustrations of the other new species. We congratulate
Mr. Fletcher heartily on this piece of work.

Mr. T. Reuss describes {Entom.) a new form of Gonepteryx rhamni,
a 3' with black wing tips, as ab. niiiriaiiicata.

Messrs. Britten and Newbery give {Ent. Mo. Mag.) a revision of
the British species of Ptenidimn, Erichson, and a table based on
Flach's paper in the Verh. s.-b. Ges. Wien., xxxix. (1889). It is new
to find in the Eiit. Mo. Mag. the admission of the mythical and
nebulous subgenus, but the genus Ptenidiinn, Erichson, is broken up
into the subgenera — Matthewsium, Flach (with gressneri, Gillm.,
lafvigattiiH, Gillm., and turgidnm, Thorns.), Wankowizium, Plach (with
inter med ill III, Wank.), Ptenidium, Gr. (with pioutatum, Gyll., fiiKncorve,
Er., myr'>iecophilu)ii, Mots., pmillum, GylL, brisoiiti, Matt.), Gillmei-
sTERiuM, Plach {mtidinii, Heer), so that we get the logical result that
Ptenidium, Erichson = Matthewsium, Flach, Wankowizium, Flach,
Ptenidium, Erichson, and Gillmeisterium, Flach, in other words, that
Ptenidium, Erichson, is equal to itself and three other things, which,
in the face of our professed binomial nomenclature, appears to be
absurd. If the described group-names — Matthewi^imn, Wavknwiziiwi,
Ptenidinm, and Gilliiieisterium — are natural divisions, and represent
group names next above species, they must be genera, and the useless
absurdity termed subgenus falls through. The authors' arrangement —
Genus : PTENIDIUM, Erichson.
Subgenus : Matthewsium, Flach

Species : Ptenidium gressneri, Gillm.
P. laevigata, Gillm.
P. turgidum, Thorns.
Subgenus : Wankowizium, Flach

Species : Ptenidium intermediuvi. Wank.
Subgenus : Ptenidium, Erichs.

Species : Ptenidium punctatum, Gyll.
P. fuscicorne, Er.
P. myrmecophilimi. Mots.
P. pusillum, Gyll.
P. hrisouti, Gyll.
Subgenus : Gillmeisterium, Flach

Species : Ptenidium nitidum, Heer

looks to us a trifle absurd as a catalogue production. If the divisions
are sound, the arrangement, of course, should be —
Tribe: PTENIDIIDI.

Genus : Matthewsium, Flach
Species : grestineri, Gillm.
laevigata, Gillm.
turgidum, Thorns.
Genus : Wankowizidji, Flach

Species : intermedium. Wank.
Genus : Ptenidium, Erichs.
Species : punctatum, Gyll.
fuscicorne, Er.
myrmecopliilum, Mots.
pusillum, Gyll.
hrisouti, Gyll.
Genus : Gillmeisterium, Flach
Species : nitidum, Heer.

To call the division above species a " subgenus " instead of " genus,"
and the next division higher " genus " instead of " tribe," appears to
us to be merely juggling with the orthodox binomial code. Do not
British coleopterists also think so ? A good life-history of one of
these species would be worth a lot of subgenera.

SOCIETIES. 2l9

Mr. J. Ray Hardy mentions {Ent. Ma. Mwj.) that four or five
specimens of a dipteron, new to the British fauna, viz., Fannia
{Homalomiiia) imi{/)m, Stein., emerged in June last, from an old nest
of Vespa riihjath found in Cheshire in February last. Mr. Collin
suggests that lloinalniut/ia resparia, Meade, should be compared with
the specimens, as well as H. ciliata, Stein., possibly the same as
H. vesparia.

Mr. G. C. Champion calls attention {Knt. Mo. Macj.) to the descrip-
tion of the unique British example of Apion cantiannni, Wagn.
{hreficorne, Schulsky), of which other specimens might possibly be
found in series of A. Jilirostre.

Dr. Wood describes (Ent. Mo. Mar/.) three more species of Phora,
civ., P. haltera, P. minutiadma and l\ exii/xa. He also gives most
interesting notes on a large number of species.

Dr. .Joy describes a beetle new to Britain under the name Crijpto-
pharjuH fonieri from Bradfield, obtained in dry wood-dust in old beech
trees ; it will be probably found mixed with Cryptophai/Hx scanicus var.
patruelis in collections.

The first International Congress of Entomology, held at Brussels,
August lst-6th, proved a great success. A detailed report is promised
for our next number. The thanks of all entomologists are due
primarily to Dr. K. Jordan, who brought the idea to a successful com-
mencement, and to Dr. Malcolm Burr, who worked so splendidly in
its later stages to ensure success. The next Congress is fixed for 1912,
and will take place at Oxford — we hope not in early August. A
splendid general report by Dr. Burr in The Times for August 10th has
attracted a great deal of attention already, outside strictly entomo-
logical circles.

j^OCIE TIE S.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
— Jidi/ lith, 1910. — Special exhibition of Polyommatus icarus. —
Dr. Hodgson exhibited a large number of selected specimens, many of
them being blue 2 s and aberrant undersides. Mr. R. Adkin, geo-
graphical series, the most striking of which were those from the West
of Ireland. Mr. Joy, long series of the spring and summer broods
illustrative of seasonal dimorphism in size. Mr. B. Adkin, some
very fine examples from the Hebrides, Isles of Scilly, North Cornwall,
Ireland, etc. Mr. Turner, a few aberrations in colour, including
specimens from several Swiss localities. Mr. Hemmings, one or two
remarkable aberrations, including a thetis-like J , and an underside $
with the eyespots showing extreme displacement. Mr. Pickett, a
drawer containing the results of many years selection of forms.
Mr. Tutt, in summing up the exhibit, considered it one of the finest
and most complete ever got together, and stated that nowhere possibly
could such a series have been brought together except by the meml)ers
of the South London Entomological Society. Nowhere throughout its
range was the species so extremely variable as in the British Isles, those
most nearly approaching the British examples comingfromthemoun tain
valleys in the north-west of India. He commented on the geographical
distribution of the insect, and especially referred to the rarity of the
species in its most eastern haunts — in the Altai Mountains and Amur-

220

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

land. Bred Celastrina argiolus. — Mr. R. Adkin, some bred examples of
C'elastrma an/ioli(s J with much reduced border. Exotic butterflies. —
Mr. Edwards, a box of exotic species of Apatxra, Adelpha and Limenitis.
Variation -of Prays curtisellus. — Mr. Sich, specimens of Prays
curtisellus with ab. rnstica from Westerham. Selected Angerona
prunaria. — Mr. Pickett, an extremely fine bred series of Aru/erona
primaria, this year's result after twelve years' selection, crossing and
interbreeding. Many of the forms were extreme ab. pickettaria.
Delegates' report. — ^Mr. Step read the report of the Delegates to the
Guildford Congress of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies.
July 28th, 1910. — Ova and larva of Lampyris noctiluca. — Mr. Main,
the larvfe and luminous ova of the glow-worm, Lampyris noctiluca.
Mite on butterfly. — Mr. Clark, on behalf of Mr. Gadge, a specimen
of a species of mite found at Ventnor on a specimen of Melanargia
(jalathea. It was a species of the genus Tremhidium. A foodplant of
Cucullia verbasci. — Mr. B. H. Smith reported the larvae of Cvcidlia
verhasci found feeding on Budleyia variabilis. Exotic Satyrines. —
Mr. Edwards, a box of exotic Satyrines including Neorina crishna
from Java, and several species of the genus Citherias from Central
America. Foodplant of Zeuzera pyrina. — Mr. Sich reported finding
a larva of Zeuzera pyrina (acsculi) attacking jasmine. August 11th,
1910. — Ova of Acidalia straminata in situ. — Mr. Carr exhibited
the ova of Acidalia straminata from Oxshott on heather. Late
sallow-bloom. Eggs of Eupithecia subumbrata. — Mr. Sich, sallow-
catkins met with during the past week at Eastbourne, and ova of
Eupithecia subumbrata laid on leaves of yarrow. Adop^a flava attacked
BY mites. — Mr. Rayward, a specimen of Adopaea Jiara (linea) in a
moribund condition from being attacked by no fewer than 21 mites.
Ova of Emeralds. — He also showed the eggshells of Phorodesvia
smaragdaria and Geometra vernaria, and made comparison of the
surface structure and the method of oviposition. Coleoptera and
Hemiptera attacked by mites. — Mr. West (Greenwich), specimens of
Coleoptera and Hemiptera recently met with by him attacked by mites.
PiERiDs from North America. — Mr. R. Adkin, a number of " White
Butterflies " from North America sent him by Mr. Lachlan Gibb,
including a series of the introduced Pieris rapae, a series of P. oleracea,
and three specimens taken near Lost River, Canada, in May last, about
which comment and opinion were requested. Coleophora silenella ?
BRED. — Mr. Turner, a short series of Coleophora silenella (?) bred from
the heads of wild sweet-william sent him by Dr. Chapman from the
South of France. Wasp's nest. — He also exhibited the nest of a
species of Polistes wasp, found at Zermatt in July, 1909, suspended
in a bush of alpine rose (Rhododendron). Anthrocera vici^ ab.
coNFUSA, Staud. — Captain Cardew, an extremely fine confluent
example of Anthrocera viciae {ineliloti), taken in July in the New Forest.
A detailed account of this will be found in A Natural History of the
British Lepidoptera, i., p. 458. Algerian Epinephele jurtina. — Mr. A.
E. Gibbs, a series of Epinephele jurtina from Algeria, having the $ s
of the extremely large and bright form ab. fortunata. Exotic
Satyrines. — Mr. Edwards, a box of Satyrines including a series of
the extremely dimorphic species Heteronympha merope from Australia.
Living Mymarids. — Mr. Enoch, living specimens of the egg-parasites,
Mymaridae, taken in Richmond Park.

ANOTHER BRITISH EXAMPLE OF XYLOPHASIA ZOLLIKOFERI. 221

Another British example of Xylophasia zollikoferi.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Probably one of the most elusive of the Noctuids occasionally
captured in Britain is Xylophasia zollikoferi. Up to date only some
four specimens have been captured in Britain, full details concerning
the first two of which were published in The British Noctitae and their
Varieties, vol. i., pp. 71 et seq., whilst a third was noted as captured by
Lofthouse at Linthorpe, near Middlesborough, on September 26th,
1903 {Naturalist, p. 456 ; Ent. Rec, xv., p. 345 ; Ent. Rec, xvi., p. 24).
This last was figured by Barrett {Lep. Brit. Isles, pi. 424, fig. 5),
and has more the appearance in figure of Nonagria arundinis {tijphae)
than the species it is intended to represent, owing to the width of the
wing on the outer margin. Lofthouse, in recording his specimen,
states that " he sugared in his garden throughout the autumn, and
on September 26th captured a large Noctuid, which has proved to be
Xylojdiasia zollikoferi, particularly worthy of note as having been
taken at the time that large numbers of Fijrameis cardui was noticed
all along the coast here from Redcar to Sunderland." So far as this
is a suggestion that A', zollikoferi is an occasional immigrant, which
appears to be absolutely certain, the reference to P. cardui is weak, as
the latter immigrates here in May and June, and the autumn
specimens are no doubt home-bred from immigrating parents.

The earliest example was captured by Harding, at Deal, in October,
1867, the second by Tait, at Inverurie, a few miles from Aberdeen, in
September, 1871. The former specimen is in the " Doubleday coll.,'"
at the Bethnal Green Museum, whilst the latter was, when The
British Noctuae and their Varieties, vol. i., was published, still in
Tait's possession. The first was commented on by Doubleday (into
whose possession it passed) (see Brit. Noct., i., p. 71), the second by
Buchanan-White {Scot. Nat., i., pp. 267-8, and quoted in Brit. Noct.,
i., p. 71). Freyer, in his Neuere Beitrage, etc., pi. 184, figs. 1-2,.
figured and described the species in 1836, and it was then figured by
Herrich-Schaffer {Schwett. v. Earopa, figs. 103-104). These figures of
Continental examples are all rather different from Harding's and
Tate's examples which we described as ab. pallida (see Brit. Xoct., i.,
p. 72), and Buchanan-White notes {Scot. Nat., I, p. 268) that Herricb-
Schilffer's fig. 103 is more like the Inverurie specimen {i.e., our ab.
jiallida), and further observes that H.-Schtiffer's fig. 104 looks almost
like a different species. This latter has quite a different appearance,
though a similar facies, being strongly marked with black longitudinally
in the discal area of the wing, and hence having quite a lineated
appearance.

Recently Mr. A. Plunkett, of Norwich, asked me to name a Noctuid
that he could not place, and sent the specimen through Mr. H. J.
Turner for this purpose. As soon as I saw it I recognised it as another
example of A', zollikoferi. The specimen was captured on September
4th, 1905, atCarrow, near Norwich, considerably worn, but superficially ♦
not at all unlike Herrich-Schilffer's fig. 104, the discal area is dark
(had probably been blackish -grey) on which the nervures and
outlines of the reniform and orbicular stand out in the pale, somewhat
fawn, ground colour, the outer margin is also strongly shaded with
October 15th, 1910.

222 THE entomologist's record.

dark grey, as well as the cuneiform marks ; the hindwings nearly white
with a grey outer marginal band, and grey discoidal. The specimen
appears to be a ? . It is a pity that one of the British examples ha«
not been risked for eggs as we believe the life-history of the species is
quite unknown.

Mr. Plunkett writes (September 27th, 1910) concerning his capture,
" I took the moth at light, it was sitting quietly under a large electric
lamp fixed on the corner of a building, at rest on the brickwork about
12 feet from the ground ; I have curiously taken Nonar/yia arimdinis
{tijphae) at the same place before and since, the locality, however, is
only about 50 yards from the bank of the Wensum, and open meadow
land and marshes extend quite to Yarmouth. When the specimen
was pushed off the wall it was skittish, and flew several yards before
alighting on the ground, a habit very different from that of N.
arundinis, which, being disturbed under similar conditions, drops
down like a stone. This really was the first reason I had for
suspecting the insect was not A', arundinis.''

There are only five examples (all ^ s) in the British Museum coll.,
all quite pale in form, and with the exception of the dark shading in
the lower part of the discoidal cell, practically without any darker
markings. These are labelled " Hungary," " Sarepta (Christoph) "
(two), " Kurusch (Christoph)," and " Tura (1903)." Herrich-Schiiffer's
fig. 104 represents a $ ; Mr. Plunkett's example also appears to be a
? . One wonders whether the dark striata form is confined to the
latter sex. But Herrich-Schiifier's figure shows quite a red tint
{r)ifescens) lacking altogether in Mr. Plunkett's specimen.

Rebel {Berf/e's ScJwiett., 9th ed., p. 195) says that it flies in Middle
Europe in September and October is " very rare near Berlin, Dresden,
Chur (Switzerland), Chodan (Bohemia), Lemberg (Galicia), also occurs
in Hungary, England, and the Ural district, more common in Central
Asia." He adds that " Nothing is known of the early stages."
Staudinger gives as its distribution: " Berolinum (2), Helvetia (1),
Anglia (2), Halicia (1), Hungaria, Ural, Tui'a oc, Korla, Kaschgar."

Notes on Micro=Lepidoptera of South=west London.

By ALFRED SICH, F.E.S.
Though it is not yet quite the fashion to collect the Tineuia, I am
glad to find that several entomologists do take an interest in these
small insects, and keep those they happen to capture. This looks
hopeful, and, perhaps, in time, we shall have quite a good number
interested' in this group, instead of about two dozen as at present.
This season, 1910, has been too cold and sunless for the tastes of the
Tineina, yet the few bright days have yielded some interesting species.
Ill Chiswick, on April 21st, I noticed the larv^ of Bmculotrix cristatella
ivere feeding, in their last stadium, on Achillea millefolium. Later
1 had the pleasure of watching one larva spin its peculiar cocoon.
Two cases of Coleophora albitarsella were found. May 11th, on Nepcta
glechoma, as usual among nettles. I have never yet succeeded in
gathering these cases without stinging my hands. In the third week
in May Nepticula pygmaeella and N. ignohilella appeared among the
hawthorns. On June 16th Ornix guttea was seen at rest on an apple
trunk. A few days later I took two Argyresthia brockeella. It is

A FEW DAYS AMONGST THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CAITHNESS. 223

strange that I have never before taken this very common species in
Chiswick, A specimen of Xepticula centifoliella was bred from rose,
July 8th. This species is now more common than N. annmaldla.
During this month Gelechia rhomhoidella appeared, but more sparingly
than usual. It is very easy to pass over this species as it creeps into
the crevices of the bark of apples. I have frequently found it by seeing
the tip of one wing only, all the rest of the insect being hidden from
view. On August 1st I took a cocoon of Ornix betidae off birch, and
one of Xepticula vimincticola from a narrow-leaved willow, this cocoon
was spun up on the very tip of the leaf. Both insects emerged the
next morning ! It was also pleasing to breed Lithocolletis ^pinicnlella
from Chiswick, as I had not before taken it on the Middlesex side of
the river. (See Ent. Record, vol. xxi., p. 86.)

In Richmond and the surrounding parishes the following species
occurred : Lithocollctis stettinensia off alders, and the little green larvje
of Ci'destis farinatella in the needles of Scotch pine on May 23rd.
On June 3rd Coleophora albicosta was common on furze, but slightly
worn, and the larvse of Deprchsaria coatosa fell from the same plant.
On one of the few oak palings still existing, Prays cwrtueUus and its
var. ritstica was common and in good condition, June 14th, and one
Elachista albifrontella was taken among grass. A fortnight later
E. triatoiiiea occurred. One Tinea corticella was taken, July 15th, off
an oak-trunk. On August 31st I found several cases of a Coleoplmra,
very like the cases of C. paripennella, attached to the underside of the
leaves of Potentilla torinentilla. I fancy there can be little doubt that
they will prove to be cases of C\ potentillae if they are successfully
reared. Off the above-mentioned palings one Stenolechia gniiDicUa
was taken. On September Gth I went to Ealing to get some cases of
Coleophora paripennella to compare with the above-mentioned cases,
and found also C. siccifolia. The whitethorn hedges were much
discoloured with the m.ines of Cemlostoma scitella.

A few days amongst the Lepidoptera of Caithness.

By DOROTHY J. JACKSON.

Caithness does not appear to possess a very varied lepidopterous
fauna, but nevertheless great interest is attached, not only to those
species whose favourite haunts are the wild moors and rocky coasts of
the far north, but also lo those others, which, spreading northwards,
have established themselves firmly where the least encouragement is
given them, be it in a hawthorn hedge or a group of storm-bent trees.

This year — 1910 — I was fortunate in spending a few days of con-
tinual sunshine — from August 22nd to 2Gth— collecting in this
interesting county, devoting most of my time to the seaccast and the
few far-distant woods. The high cliffs which, in most places, border
this fiat expanse of country, are provokingly inaccessible, and only in
a few parts can descent be made with safety. There was just such a
place at Whahgoe, a little fishing -village about eight miles southwest
of Wick, and here amongst masses of knapweed and long grass
Epinepliele janira, and even Pohiommaius icariis, in worn condition,
abounded. Enbolia mensnraria rose up from the herbage on one's
approach, and a specimen of Cidaria fidrata was also noticed. Col-
lecting on the cliffs at Noss Head produced but a small variety of

224 THE entomologist's record.

insects, such as Sericoris littoralis, Plutella cruciferariim and P, annida-
tella, and a specimen in good condition of Scoparia angustea, resting
on a grassy bank in a cleft in the perpendicular wall of rock.

Dotted over the otherwise uninterrupted surface of the tableland,
clumps of trees stand out, sheltering, as a rule, some farm-house
from the prevalent northerly winds, which have bent many a tree-top
and stunted much of the foliage. The largest wood in the north of the
county, planted about 80 years ago, is to be found near Stirkoke, three
miles from Wick. Here a miscellaneous collection of such deciduous
trees as alder, birch, oak, ash, mountain-ash, hazel, and sallow, struggle
upwards to the light, overshadowed by tall spruce firs, whose lower
branches are dead and decaying. All are more or less smothered with
lichen, for the ground in parts is swampy, the drains being choked up
by the spreading roots of the trees. Here from almost every bush
Paedisca solandriana was beaten, the most prevalent variety being of a
dark reddish-brown ground colour, mottled with whitish-brown,
excepting on the edge of the otherwise undefined dorsal patch. Two
specimens only of the pale whitish-grey form with purple-brown dorsal
blotch were taken, and one of a pale ochreous ground colour with a few
dark chestnut -brown markings, somewhat resembling var. trapezina.
Next in abundance to P. solandriana came Cidaria immanata, the
specimens having the central band varying from dark grey, dusted
with white, to black or brownish-black, the portion beyond rich
chestnut-brown and the apical region similar in colour to the central
band, the difierent colours beautifully separated by slender white
transverse lines. Other species noticed were Sciaphila virgaureana,
beaten from bushes, and ArgyreMhia conjiigella from mountain-ash.

There is very little natural wood in the north of Caithness, but
here and there some bushes may be seen by the sheltered bank of a
stream; and one such place— the Camster burn — affords a most
interesting collecting ground. From the moors in the centre of the
county the burn flows between heather banks until, about eight
miles from the sea, it passes through a small valley, which is
densely covered with such bushes as sallow, birch, hazel and aspen.
On a closer inspection the birch bushes in particular were seen to
be almost defoliated, and all the leaves that remained were crumpled,
brown, eaten, and silkspun. The cause was evident on using the
beating-stick, when, from the apparently lifeless bushes, a positive
shower of moths came forth, filling the air for a few minutes with
their fluttering forms and then settling once more on the bushes or
the rocks. Chief amongst these was Paedisca solandriana, exhibiting
great variety in colour and markings, var. sinuana being present, in
addition to those varieties taken in the Stirkoke wood, and also one
interesting form with a pale longitudinal streak extending through the
middle of the wing from the base almost to the termen, and cutting
up the ordinary markings. One specimen — a $ — has the forewings
of a rich dark brown, the only marking being this longitudinal streak
in a deep ochreous colour. Ephippiphora similana also abounded, the
specimens being rather small, and a few Cerostoma costeUa and Argy-
resthia retinella had successfully struggled as larvffi for their share of the
birch leaves which now the larvae of Donas coryli-weve finishing. From
bank, bush and rock Cidaria immanata arose, all of the dark, handsome
aberration described above, and Hypsipetes sordidata was also common,

VIRACHOLA (HYPOLYCiENA) LIVIA, KLUG. 225

no particular aberration being predominant, and the colour ranging
from the palest sea-green, with a few dark interrupted transverse lines
to an almost unicolorous brownish -black. From the sallow bushes,
Hypermecui crnciana {muinatana) and Rliacodia caialana were beaten,
the latter having a light brownish-grey ground colour strigulated with
red or purplish-black. The aspen trees alone appeared lifeless, pro-
ducing only a larva of Leiocampa dictaea ; Paedisca opthalinicana, which
I have taken here commonly in September, not being yet on the wing,
and not a specimen of TacJujptilia populella, which is so abundant in
Ross-shire, being seen. From a rose-bush Dictyopteryx bergmanniana
was beaten, and in a hawthorn hedge away from the burn Aryyresthia
nitidiila abounded.

Another day I visited a deep gully near Lybster, through which
the Riesgill burn rushes to the sea a quarter of a mile below. Its
high steep banks, unlike those of the Camster, are clothed with
luxuriant herbage, yet the same bushes of hazel, birch, and sallow,
flourish here, unhindered by the winds which sweep across the valley
of the higher burn. Despite the greater shelter, the Riesgill valley
contained nothing like the same profusion of moths, only one specimen
of J'aedisca solandriana being seen, and not even one of Ephijipiphora
dmilana. From the dark steep rocks at the water's edge, and from the
overhanging bushes and tufts of grass, Hypsipetes sordidata, Larentia
olivata, and Cidaria iiiinianata were beaten, and amongst the low-
growing herbage Larentia didyiuata and Scopnla lutealis abounded. A
specimen of Adkinia hipunctidactyla was also taken.

Such are the more interesting species observed, and though I can
record no rarities amongst them, the examples to be found of distri-
bution and variation would well reward a more lengthy visit to this
northern part.

Virachola (Hypolycaena) livia, Klug — A Syrian Insect.

By PHILIP P. GRAVES.

While examining a collection of insects made mostly near Beiriit,
by Sig. F. Cremona, I was asked by that gentleman to identify a 2
Lycaenid which he had taken near that town this year. It proved to
be a ? of Virachola livia. On September 16th this year I visited two
localities near the town where Acacia farnesiana, the food-plant of
V. livia in Egypt, grows, and obtained a number of pods containing
larvae of this beautiful butterfly. I moreover caught a large and fairly
fresh 2 of V. livia, which was ovipositing on pods and flower-buds of
the Acacia.

Neither Zach, who collected at Beirvit in the forties, nor any other
collector has, to the best of my knowledge, reported the presence in
Syria of this interesting African species. The question now arises — has
F. livia been introduced into Beirut by human agency, or is it a species
of African origin, but long established in Syria, as are Castalitts jesous,
Uypolimnas niisippus, Danais chrysippiis, and other species which occur
near Beirut and in other hot localities in Syria ? The discovery of V.
livia at points intermediate between Beirut and the Nile Valley would
certainly strengthen the latter hypothesis, and I venture to hope that
naturalists who may hereafter visit the Jordan Valley or the plain of
Esdraelon will look out for the butterfly wherever " fitneh " {A. far-
nesiana) grows. As for the theory of recent introduction by human

226 THE entomologist's record.

agency, I may say that the pods of A. farnei^iana, on which F. Ihia
deposits its ova, and inside which the larva feeds and often pupates,
were at one time much used in Egypt for the tanning of the native soft
leather. Owing to the decline of the industry, the use of other
tanning materials, etc., they are seldom used now for this purpose,
but it is quite conceivable that pods containing larvas or pupaj may
have been imported in recent years into Syria from Egypt. The
sweet, and to our noses, cloying scent of the flowers of A. farnesiana)
makes it a favourite tree in Syria. It grows in a semi-wild state about
Beirut, and is cultivated in many gardens in the town. With plenty
of its foodplant in easy reach, and a climate warmer than that of
Alexandria, V. livia should find no difficulty in establishing itself at
Beirut. So much for these two theories. Should the first prove
correct, I should expect to see Castaliiis jesons, the larva of which (I am
informed) feeds on the same foodplant, give ground before V. livia at
Beirut (assuming the latter to have established itself). The voracity
with which one larva of T^ livia will devour another in the same pod,
notably when the victim has fixed itself for pupation, has always
seemed to me to explain the rarity of CasttalinH ubaldus, a near ally of
C. jesoKs, in Egypt. I have only twice seen this little "blue" at
Cairo, and have but one specimen, a worn 5 taken in November, 1907,
while ovipositing on the acacia. One more point and I have done.
I stated some time ago in the Ent. Record that I believed that the ants
which attend the larva of V. livia devoured its frass. I have seen
them pick up pieces thereof and carry them in their mandibles. But
at Beirut, I was lucky enough to catch an ant in the act of " stroking "
a larva of T'. livia with its antennae, which would suggest that the
larva possesses the eversible gland found in so many Lycjenid
caterpillars.

A few notes on the life-history of Cucullia lucifuga.

By P. A. H. MUSCHAMP, F.E.S.

Judging from the literature at my disposal, the life-history of
Cncidlia lucifiKja seems to be little known, and what information I
have managed to gather has proved wonderfully incorrect. Un-
fortunately I did not think of hunting up this information until to-day
and it is now too late to enlarge upon the few notes I jotted down on
my breeding-box. They will, however, prove, I hope, more useful and
rather more interesting than the delightful " caterpillar-is-green-and-
feeds-on-cabbage " style of description given by Seitz, Spuler, Berge
and Co. I will give my notes exactly as I find them jotted down on the
paper attached to my breeding-box, notes, which, to my inexperience,
setoi rather wonderful and decidedly instructive.

On June 27th a Cucullia lucifuga flew in through my study window,
and, after banging about the room in an orthodox manner, settled on
my writing-table. I boxed it, because there happened to be chipboxes
lying on the table; and put it on one side with the intention of looking
at it the next day. On the 28th I was too busy to open the box and
did not find time to do so till the afternoon of the 29th, when, to my
no small surprise, I found 22 promising young larvfe waiting to be fed
and their worthy mother still alive in the midst of her descendants.
Trusting to their appetites I gave them a piece of dandelion leaf which
they promptly attacked with great vigour and execution. The next

A FEW NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF CUCULLIA LUCIFUGA. 227

day the upper surface of the leaf was completely eaten away and the
mother was dead, I have, unfortunately, very little time for breeding
insects, but as there is plenty of dandelion to be found in our badly
weeded garden I decided that I was by duty bound to help these poor
hungry orphans out of their difficulties. The little fellows grew
rapidly, and, after three days of chipbox existence, I had to hunt up
one of my old breeding-boxes to avoid overcrowding. Their
larval life lasted only fifteen days and they fed the whole time
right royally. The young larva is of a coal-black colour ; its
dorsal and spiracular bands are of a pale yellow, thickening at
regular intervals into orange-yellow patches ; the orange-yellow patches
look as if they had been painted first and then covered up with ^
pale yellow band, rather smudging the original work. On the
spiracular bands the orange spotting is only half as thick as on the
dorsal, only one spot to each segment ; each segment of the spiracular
has also three setiferous tubercles, set like a triangle. Anything more
unlike the young larva of this species than the one represented as such
by Spuler (Tafel xxxiii., fig. 18b) it is hard to imagine. At the last
moult, the larva gets rid of its skin in the usual manner of the
Cucullid larvae; the head grows very pale and then transparent, the
insect stays motionless for a couple of hours, then the head splits down
the centre and the larva worms its way slowly out. The new skin
presents exactly the same appearance as the one it has just got rid of,
which also closely resembles the preceding skins ; it is naturally
diractly after the moult rather paler, the black is palish browny-black,
the yellow spiracular and dorsal bands are, however, just the same as
before moulting, the head is of a pale auburn. The larva then
remains still and after about an hour has got the normal coat of the
preceding instar. Then, as a rule, it moves about a bit, but does not
eat, and, finally, takes up a fresh position with the segments well
lumped up together and the colour of its last coat proceeds very slowly
to change. First a little bluish-grey begins to dust itself into the
pigment of the spiracular and dorsal bands ; this deepens very slowly,
but regularly, the orange-yellow patches take a deeper orange tint and,
after about two hours, the larva I specially note has little to show
that there had ever been broad yellow bands; where the bands once
were is now a trifle paler than the rest of the skin, which is bow coal-
black, the orange patches are very bright and the setiferous tubercles
are just barely visible. An hour later the transformation is complete,
the larva is now of a rich black colour with, from the 1st to the 8th
abdominal segments inclusive, a dorsal row of orange spots, two to
each segment, and a spiracular row, one to each segment. The first
segment (prothorax) has one (two combined) triangular orange blotch
spiracularly and three (first two separated only by fold) dorsally and
on the second and third segments (meso- and metathorax) there are
two orange blotches spiracularly and three dorsally ; on the two last
(13th and 14th) segments the dorsal orange blotches run together and
form a continuous line.

One abnormal larva had a curious deformation of the 3rd abdominal
segment, on which the dorsal baud was broken and turned oft' at right
angles laterally right and left, the bands thrown oft' laterally being of
the same dimensions as the normal dorsal band contained by one
segment ; these lateral bands in order to find room had pushed back the

228 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S KECORD.

spiracular bands out of their places so that the latter invaded in their
turn the prolegs. The larva moved about awkwardly like an animal
with a crooked spine, the 3rd abdominal segment being slightly
swollen. I first noticed this abnormal larva during the second instar
and naturally expected that it would die ; it, however, successfully went
through all the changes, although always retaining its awkward
wobbling gait, and in due time pupated. This abnormal larva has,
quite unexpectedly, produced an externally normal moth.

The larvae pupated in the frass and broken off dandelion leaves.
After finishing their cocoons, made by attaching together the refuse
with a light web of silk, they remained quiescent at least eight days
before metamorphosis.

After seven days in the pupal form the first two of them emerged
and they have nov/, August 2nd, all become moths.* As the only
authorities to whom I could refer speak of the species as passing a
considerable length of time in the pupal stage, I felt rather puzzled;
even for a species with only one brood the transformations appeared
very rapid, but I understand from Mr. Blachier that Guenee notes
(Noct., ii., p. 144) the species as common in the Alps in May and
August, and Berce {Lep. France, iv., p. 120) the species as double-
brooded, occurring in June and August. In conclusion, I venture to
express the hope that Monsieur Culot will give us a good figure of the
larvae of this moth when he reaches this stage of his present publica-
tion, for the figures to be found in the popular picture books might just
as well be the larva of any other Cucullid as that of my interesting
friend, C. liicifiuja.

The moth seems to merit its name, for, although the parent rushed
into my room so rashly a month ago, the examples I have bred will
make no movement in the daylight, hide themselves in the old
dandelion leaves that served as their last meal, and when I open the
box make no attempt to escape. One that I threw up into the air did
not try to make off by the open windows but just dropped down into a
corner of the room.

Yesterday, September 28th, I picked up on the road in the middle
of the village a full grown larva of C. lucifuga, which is now
spinning up.

The First International Congress of Entomology at Brussels.

The first International Congress of Entomology was held at
Brussels from August 1st to 6th, and was a great success in every
way. The beautiful weather that was experienced the whole time
made the visit most enjoyable. The gay and bright city of Brussels
crammed with people, its streets teeming with life all day and a greater
part of the night, when the principal parts were brilliantly illuminated,
and the fine exhibition, all helped to make our stay there a most
■enjoyable one.

All the meetings of the Congress for business were held in the
exhibition itself (fortunately the disastrous fire did not occur till after
we left Brussels), and the members of the Congress were given free
passes.

* Spuler says : "DieBaupe lebt im Juli, August an Milchdistel

Die Puppen iiberwintern, manchmal zweimal."

THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS AT BRUSSELS. 229

It was pleasant to notice that Great Britain was so well repre-
sented, having the largest number of members. On the evening of
July 31st a reception was given to members of the Congress by the
Entomological Society of Brussels ; this was very well attended, and
it was a great pleasure to make the personal acquaintance of so many
entomologists from all parts of the world whom one had only known
by correspondence heretofore.

The papers read at the meetings were of great importance, being of
a high standard and of much interest. In this direction also our
countrymen took their full share. It is impossible to cite all the
papers read in this notice, but mention may be made of a few of them.

Mr. R. Blanchard, a first-class speaker, at the conference on Medical
Entomology, gave an excellent account of Sleeping Sickness, Malarial
fever, etc. Rev. Pere E. Wasmann, the great authority on the subject,
gave a very interesting paper (with lantern) on " Ants and some of
their Guests." Mr. W. Schaus read a paper entitled " A quoi sert le
Mimetisme? " taking as the basis of his argument the following resiaiie —

"Les lois de la nature et de revolution. Observations faites pendant de
longues annees dans les foret de la region neo-tropicale. Les oiseaux n'attaquent
que rarement les papillous diurnes, qui n'ont pas besoin de se parer de couleurs
protectriees."

The lecture, by a master, who has spent a vast time in the tropical
forests of America, was bound to attract attention. It seemed to us
that, in the discussion which followed, the supporters of "Mimicry" had
far the better of the argument, both Prof. E. B. Poulton and Mr. G. H.
Marshall discussing closely the "Mimicry" side. Mr. A. Handlirsch
gave a very fine lantern lecture on " fossil insects " illustrated by many
excellent slides. Papers were read by the following of our country-
men : — Messrs. R. S. Bagnall, G. H. Carpenter, F. A. Dixey, H. St.
J. Donisthorpe, R. S. MacDougall, F. Merrifield, Sir Daniel Morris,
Messrs. E. B. Poulton, R. C. Punnett, and F. Theobald.

The resolutions relating to Nomenclature and passed by the
Congress, read as follows : —

1. It is desirable that the international rules of zoological nomenclature be
followed equally by entomology as far as they are adapted to the requirements of
this science.

2. It is desirable that descriptions be, as far as possible, accompanied by
figures.

3. The names of authors ought to be written, as far as possible, in full. The
Committee on Entomological Nomenclature is instructed to draw up, for the next
Congress, a list of abbreviations of authors' names.

4. Descriptions which are published only in dealers' catalogues and in news-
papers, are to be disregarded (without retro-active effect).

5. The Committee on Entomological Nomenclature is instructed to prepare,
for the next Congress, a list of names of genera, species and varieties, whose
orthography it is desirable to correct.

6. It is highly desirable that entomological publications bear the exact date
of their publication. The Permanent International Committee is instructed to
make known this resolution of the Congress to all the publishers and editors of
entomological publications.

7. Entomology adopts the law of priority, without exception, for the names
of genera, species and varieties. The starting point of nomenclature is the tenth
edition of Sijstenia Naturae of Linn6 (1758).

8. The nomenclature section of the first International Congress of Entom-
ology considers as being of the greatest importance that a new clause be added to
the international rules of zoological nomenclature providing that, at the time of
description of a new species or new variety, one example only should be labelled as
"type," the other examples examined by the author at the same time as "co-types."

230 THE entomologist's record.

Excursions were made to the battlefield of Waterloo, the Congo
Museum, etc., etc. On the occasion of the visit to the Brussels
Natural History Museum all those present were photographed ; the
result is a very good picture of the group.

The next Entomological Congress is to be held at Oxford in two
years' tinie, when we hope to meet all our friends again.

Considerable thanks are due to Mr. Auguste Lameere, president of
the Congress, Mr. G. Severin, chief secretary, whose kindness and
courtesy to all was much appreciated, and to Dr. K, Jordan and Dr.
Malcolm Burr, the promoter and indefatigable International Secre-
tary, respectively, to whose untiring energy and support much of the
success of the Congress is due. A good general account of the Con-
gress may be found in The Times of August lOfch. We hope to deal
with the more strictly entomological papers, which at present have
received no attention whatever in the reports, when the volume of
Proceedings comes to hand. The following is a list of the members
assisting at the Congress (an ■''■ represents Life-Members) : —
Messrs. Andres, A., Alexandria; Arrow, G. J., London; Assmuth, J.,
Berlin; Bachmetjew, P., Sophia; Bagnall, R. S., Penshaw ; Ball, F.,
Bruxelles ; Becker, Th., Liegnitz ; Bivort, A., Fleurus ; Blanchard, R.,
Paris; Bondroit, Bruxelles; Boone, A., Turnhout ; Bourgeois, J.,
Ste.-Marie-aux-Mines; Bouvier, E. L., Paris; Braem, R., Bruxelles;
'■'Burr, Malcolm, Eastry ; von Buttel-Reepen, H., Oldenbourg; *Candeze,
L., Liege; Carpenter, G. H., Dublin; Champion, G. C, London;
Glavareau, H., Bruxelles; de Crombrugghe de Picquendaele (baron G.),
Bruxelles ; Crahay, N. I., Bruxelles ; Dampf, A., Koenigsberg ;
Desguin, E., Anvers ; Desneux, J., Bruxelles ; Dewitz, J., Metz ;
Dixey, F. A., Oxford; de Dobbeleer, F., Frasnes ; Dodero, A., Genes ;•
Donisthorpe, H., London; Dupuis, F., Bruxelles; Eltringham- H-.,'
Oxford ; Encobet, J. Arias, Madrid ; Engels, Ch., Bruxelles ; Everts^;
Jonkheer Ed., La Haye ; Ferrant, V., Luxembourg; Forel, A.,
Yvorne ; Gahan, C, London ; Garcia y Mercet, R., Madrid ; Gedoelst,
L., Bruxelles ; Gillanders, A. J., Alnwick ; Goetgebuhr, Gand ;
Goffart, L., Bruxelles ; Gounelle, E. Paris ; Guilliaume, A., Bruxelles ;
Guilleaume, F., Bruxelles ; Handlirsch, A., Vienne ; Hasebroek, K.,
Hambourg ; Hastert, P., Luxembourg; de Hennin Boussu-Walcourt
(Dom), Maredsous ; de Hennin Boussu-Walcourt, Em., Bruxelles;
Hepburn (Sir A. Buchan), London; Holdhaus, K., Yienne ; Holland,
W. J., Pittsburgh ; Horn, W., Berlin ; Horvath, G., Budapest ;
Howlett, J. M., Pusa; Lnhof, 0. E., Windisch; Jacque, L., Bruxelles ;
Janet, A., Paris; Jones, A. H., London ; '-'Jordan, K., Tring; Joseph,
Edw. G., Oxford; Junk, W., Berlin; Kerremans, Ch., Bruxelles;
Kertesz, K., Budapest ; Klapalek, F., Prague ; Kolbe, H., Berlin ;
Kosminski, P., Moscow ; Kiinckel d'Herculais, J., Paris ; Kuntze, A.,
Dresden ; Lahille, F., Buenos Aires ; Lameere, A., Bruxelles ; Lesne,
P., Paris ; Longstaff, G. B., Putney Heath ; Lyman, H. H., Montreal;
MacDougall, R. S., Edinburgh; Magretti, P., Milan; Marchal, P.,
Paris; Marshall, Guy A. K., London ; Martin, H., Bruxelles; Martin,
R., Paris ; Mayne, R., Bruxelles ; Merrifield, F., Brighton; de Meijere,
J. C. H., Amsterdam ; de Moffarts (baron P.), Botassart ; Morris (Sir
Daniel), Boscombe ; Navas, Longinos, Saragosse ; d'Orchymont,
Menin ; Olivier, Ern., Moulins ; Osborn, H., Columbus ; Philippson,
M., Bruxelles ; Pirsoul, F., Namur ; Poulton, E. B., Oxford ; Punnett,

NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF BKINL>ISI.

231

R. C, Cambridge ; Reh, L., Hambourg ; Renard, A., Liege ; Riotte,
C, Steyl ; Ris, F., Rheinau ; Roelofs, P. J., Anvers ; von Rosen
(Baron), Munich; -Rothschild (Hon. N. C), Tring; *Rothschild (Hon.
W.), Tring; Rowland-Brown, H., London; Saint Claire Deville, J.
Capfe., Epinal ; Sasaki, Chujiro, Tokio ; Schaus, W., London ;
Schenkling, S., Berlin ; Schmiedeknecht, 0., Blankenburg; Schnabl,
J., Varsovie; Schouteden, H., Bruxelles ; Schubert, K., Berlin;
von Schulthess, A., Zurich ; Schultz, A., Villefranche ; Seeldrayers,
E. Bruxelles; de Selys-Longchanips (baron M.), Bruxelles; Seitz, A.,
Darmstadt; Severin, G., Bruxelles ; Simon, E., Paris ; Sjostedt, Y.,
Stockholm; Skinner, H., Philadelphia; Smits van Burgst, La Have;
Solari, F., Genes ; Speiser, P., Sierakowitz ; Steinraetz, F., MaHnes ;
Stringe, R., Konigsberg ; Sturgess, W. B., Gerrards Cross ; Szilady,
Z., Magy Enved;^ Theobald, F.^ Wye; Trimen, R., Oxford; Tullgren,
A., Experimentalfaltet ; Van Biervliet, J., Bruxelles; Van Dissel,
E.. D., Utrecht; Vaughan-Williams, R., London; Vermorel, V.,
Villefranche; Veth, H. J., La Haye; Villeneuve, J., Ramboillet ;
Wainwright, C. J., Handsworth ; Meade-Waldo, C, London ;
Wasmann, E., Luxembourg; Willem V., Gand ; Wytsman, P.,
Bruxelles.

Ladies. — Mesdanles Ball, Burr, Donisthorpe, Dodero, Horn, Janet,.
Junk, Kertesz, Kunckel d'Herculais, Kolbe, Lameere, Longstafi',
Morris, Poulton, Rousseau, Saint Claire Deville, Schouteden, de Selys,
Severin, Speiser, Smits van Burgst, Trimen, Veth. Misses Brown,
Bouvier, Engels, Forel, Kerremans, Le Lorrain, Merrifield, Poulton,
Rowland-Brown, E. and M. Solari.

. The number of supporters (Universities, Museums, Institutes,
Societies) is 270, of which 24 are life members. The complete list will
appear in the Proceedings of the Congress. — H. St. J. K. D.

Notes on the Lepidoptera of Brindisi.

By JAMES A. SIMES.

If one may judge from the paucity of notes in entomological
journals the far south of Italy is almost terra incognita to British
entomologists ; and as, during the last lew years, business has carried
me very many times to this region, it has occurred to me that some
rough notes on its lepidoptera in so far as I have been able to observe
them might not come amiss. On nearly every occasion the town of
Brindisi, in the province of Lecce, has been my base and from it I
have made short excursions in almost every direction.

The extreme south-east of Italy is one vast plain, raised very few
feet above the sea-level. The rich red soil is extremely fertile and
seems to be exceedingly favourable to vines, which are planted here in
enormous numbers and cover huge areas. The few tracts that are not
dedicated to Bacchus are planted with olives, apricots, peaches, oranges,
lemons, maize, melons, fodder crops and vegetables ; and, between the
various plantations, run innumerable mule tracks, where the wild
plants of the district struggle fiercely to maintain a footing. In one
or two directions, large tracts of moorland are to be found where the
Lentisciis and Erica carnea are the principal competitors ; while along
the coast and round the harbour mouth there are big areas of rough

232 THE entomologist's record.

unclaimed land covered with aromatic plants and shrubs of many
species. This coast waste is my principal hunting-ground, and on it I
have taken the bulk of the species referred to in the following notes,
though, at times, when the fierce sun has burnt up the flowers and
herbage of the wild I have been glad enough to make friends with
the owners of gardens and seek my quarry amongst their flowers.
Here let me say that, personally, I have found the natives of the south
quite harmless, inoffensive folk with whom it is quite easy to get on ;
and I have made it my business to establish friendly relations with
all the goatherds and muleteers whose work has brought them frequently
into my hunting-grounds. This is an easy matter, for your southern
Italian would almost sell his soul for tobacco ; and the judicious
distribution of a few cheap English cigarettes (purchased for the
purpose before leaving England), will generally secure for you the
good-will of all the contadini in the neighbourhood. If you also add
to your entomological outfit a few cheap biscuits wherewith to propitiate
the canine belongings of the aforesaid goatherds, you may wander at
will over the Brindisine country-side without fear of difficulty or
molestation, provided always you do not act rashly. Above all things
one should remember never to strike a Southern Italian whatever the
provocation. Personal violence is hotly resented ; and I heard of one
case where a box on the ear administered to a troublesome boy — who
richly deserved what he got — very nearly had a tragic result, and had it
not been that a boat was at hand in which the boy's chastiser made
good his escape in the nick of time, he would undoubtedly have met
his death at the hands of a band of infuriated peasants armed with
scythes and mattocks. And there is also an unwritten law as to dogs.
If these rush at you and make an unfriendly demonstration, you are
free to act as the peasant would act, but you must do no more. The
peasant would pick up as big a stone as he could find, and if the dog
waited for him to regain the upright position the stone would be used
as a missile — but the dog rarely waits for the stone. Most of them
have learnt in early days that Brindisine peasants are uncommonly
good shots, and Brindisine stones painfully hard, and they regard further
demonstration of these ascertained facts as superfluous and unpleasant.
If no stone is handy the mere pretence of picking one up will usually
suffice.

It may be well to mention that a good working knowledge of Italian
is necessary to a wanderer in Southern Italy. The peasants understand
nothing else ; while even in the towns it is rare to find a person —
outside the Hotels and Consulates — who understands French. English
and German are almost unknown tongues.

To judge from the surprise and curiosity evinced when I first took
my walks abroad in this neighbourhood armed with a butterfly net an
entomologist had never before been seen by the peasant folk. I well
remember the little gathering of contadini who watched me from a
respectful distance with absolute bewilderment stamped on their faces.
" Ma, che fa qua ?" asked two or three simultaneously of a grizzled
old veteran, the doyen of the group. "Non so" replied the oracle, "^
inglese ! " "What further explanation could be required ? Without
further preliminaries I will now pass on to the enumeration of the
species of lepidoptera with which I have met.

Papilio machaon is of frequent occurrence from April to October

NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF BRINDISI. 233

being most numerous in May when it is to be seen commonly at
thistle and scabious blossoms. The examples tend to run larger than those
at home but on the whole there is no marked variation. I have frequently
found specimens at rest on the dry, inflated seed-heads of Nigella,
which is a common weed throughout the district. The females will
oviposit on the most stunted and unpromising plants of fennel, and
the resultant larvi^ may be found in every month from June ta
December. It was in the middle of December that I once found a
very dark larva of this species in which the bright green ground colour
had practically disappeared owing to the expansion of the black band
on each segment. The orange spots were also much reduced in size.

Iphiclides poihlini(s is not on the wing so long as the last species.
It appears in April and continues in varying numbers until September.
The specimens are larger and paler than my Rhone valley examples and
the tails are somewhat longer, though the difference is not very marked.
When a male and female chance to meet they will often fly to a great
altitude chasing one another till almost out of sight, and it is a fine sight
to see them sail down from the height with motionless wings and tails
trailing out behind like a swallow's. In my experience P.vwchaon rarely,
if ever, glides with motionless wings. This species will often oviposit
on a bush less than two feet in height. Pieris brassicae and P. rapae
are met with the year round, but they vary greatly in numbers from year
to year, especially the former. In 1907 P. brassicae was in enormous
numbers from May until August, but a very large percentage of the
larvffi found in the autumn months were "stung." Both species
roost largely in the great clumps of a herbaceous yellow-flowered
Salvia which is common in the lanes. The undersides of the leaves
of these plants are nearly white and the Pierids deliberately seek them
out for their roosting-places. Pieris napi I have never met with here
and doubt very much whether it occurs. Pontia daplidice is to be
met with from March to September and at times rivals P. brassicae
and P. rapae in numbers, but it does not share their preference for
the purple composite flowers, haunting instead the small incon-
spicuous blossoms of many species of [Mbiatae such as Melissa. The
form bellidice is met with, but not frequently, the majority of the
examples found being fine, large and well marked insects. Colias
editsa is another of the species to be met with the year round, but it is
most abundant in May and August. The Brindisi specimens are of a
large size and well coloured, many of the males having a rich purple
safi'usion when fresh. The spring brood begins to appear very early
in May in good years, and a week later the butterfly is everywhere, but
is especially common on the rough ground at the mouth of the
harbour. The ab. ? helice I have not met with. C. edusa commonly
rests on the yellow leaves of a herbaceous Senecio, choosing its roost
very carefully and seldom, if ever, settling down upon a leaf that does
not " tone " with its own colours. Gonepterux cleopatra is common
from February onwards except for about eight weeks, viz., from the
middle of April to the middle of June, at the end of which time the
new brood appears. Ova and larvfe are to be found freely on the
evergreen buckthorn but I have not yet succeeded in finding the
pupa. This butterfly is especially fond of red flowers and I should
think there can be few finer sights in Nature than that to be enjoyed
at Brindisi on a fine day in June, when numbers of f I'esh S G. deupatra

234

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

are hovering round the large vermihon flowers of the pomegranate
under the deep blue Mediterranean sky. The whole makes up a scene
'Of almost tropical brilliance. Goneptery.v rliamni I have never seen here,
and my reference to it on page 133^ of vol. xv., of the Knt. Bee. was a
lapf!us calami. Celastrina aiy/iolus is common in both broods. The
males are more of a lilac tint than ours, and in the females of the
second brood there is a strong tendency towards the disappearance of
the blue coloration entirely, its place being taken by a dusky suffusion.
Polyoiiimatiis icarus is distinctly scarce and I do not think I have come
across a score of specimens all told. Several of the males taken are small,
undersized insects, but otherwise my specimens would pass for our
ordinary English form. This is not the case, however, with Aricia
astrarche, which is nearly always of the var. calida, the orange spots
being very pronounced. It is by no means an abundant insect here,
but is much more frequent than P. icanis. Scolitantides baton I have
taken once only and (jrlaucopsi/che cyllarus only twice, one example in
February and one in May. Lampidas hoeticm occurs in two broods —
in May and August — and is to be met with in the neighbourhood of
the Spanish broom, on which the larvae feed. It is not common and is
very capricious in its appearance, and it seems to get worn very quickly.
Most of the examples which I have come across, both at Brindisi
and in other parts of Italy, have been unfit for the cabinet. Ritinicia
phlaeas is more abundant than any of the " blues," and is found
commonly in the grassy lanes. I have met with the type in the early
spring, but a little later the ab. elens is the only form to be found.
The Argynnids are but poorly represented, owing, no doubt, to the
absence of woodlands. Is!<oria latona occurs sparingly in the weedy
lanes, and Dnjas pandora in plantations and gardens. The latter
species is on the wing as early as June 20th in a favourable year. A
dark form of Melitaea phoebe is to be met with occasionally in the lanes,
and M. didyma — a fine large form — on the rough ground at the
harbour mouth. The females of this species are especially interesting
and though many of those taken present a facies similar to that
commonly met with in Switzerland (var. alpina), many more show not a
trace of dark green, the ground colour of both fore- and hindwings
being but little less bright than that of the males. To me, however,
the striking feature about them is their size, for they look like giants
.against their kindred from the Alps. Fyrameis atalanta is occasionally
met with in the neighbourhood of gardens but P. cardui is abundant
everywhere, as, indeed, it ought to be, seeing that. thistles of numberless
species form a very large proportion of the flora of the neighbourhood.
The fresh brood appears on the wing in the third week of May.
Polyyonia egea is not infrequent on the stone walls of the wine-presses
and tool-houses dotted about the countryside, and my examples from
Brindisi are considerably brighter in colour than those which I took at
Grasse in the Alpes-Maritimes last j-ear. Epinephele janira appears at
the end of April and a fortnight later is very common. It is a fine and
very large form which is met with here, the females being verj- brightly
coloured and, in a large proportion of them, there are large fulvous areas
on the hindwings. E. ida keeps more to the lanes than does its near
relative E. janira, and, in these situations, it is very common from the
middle of May to the end of June, though towards the end of its time
it is scarcely recognisable. It is an insect that soon loses its freshness,

NOTKS ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF BKINDISI. 235

and a series required for the cabinet should be netted in the third week
in May. F.. tithmus I have not seen in Southern Italy. Vararge
merjaera is to be found the year round in varying numbers — I have
never failed to meet with it on one of my thirty odd visits ranging from
the earliest days in January to the latest in December, The males are
quite typical but the females are paler in ground colour and much less
well marked than the females of the spring brood on the Riviera. The
only form of Coenonynipha pamphiluH which I have met with is the ab.
■lijllus. Satyriix fidia is in great abundance on the rough ground near
'the harbour about the middle of August, and the same ground produces
one or two other very interesting Satyrids, notably Mela)wr(iia arije
which is I understand usually considered one of the most difficult of
European butterflies to obtain. There is no difficulty about it at
Brindisi if you get there at the right time and hit the right plr. e,
ivhich is the rough ground by the side of the outer harbour between
the P. and 0. coal wharf and the signal station (Port Amara). It is espec-
ially abundant towards the fort. Its habits are exceedingly like those of
our familiar .V. <ialatea. On a fine day in early May it is to be found in
plenty at the blossoms of scabious and thistles and flitting up and down
weedy banks ; but if it is blowing scirocco, M. arye does not venture forth,
and must then be searched for at rest. It is fond of roosting on a big
rush, which grows in plenty in wet hollows and has points like
bayonets ; but it also rests on the stems of barley and rye in the
adjoining fields, and on various low plants. About 4.80 p.m. it
begins to seek its roost, and then the butterflies may be seen on the
rush stems in scores, with wings half open to catch the late sunshine
before finally settling down to sleep. Then, and a little later, is the
time to get one's specimens. On May 9th last I examined over 400
in one evening, and found among them eight fine examples of the ab.
caeca, Stdgr. On the following morning, about 11 a.m., I saw several
pairs in copula, and I noticed that, when the paired couples were dis-
turbed, the female carried the male. The lizards were taking toll of
these paired insects, and several sets of detached wings showed where
a tragedy had been enacted. The female of this species will often
deposit its white spherical eggs on the cork of the collecting-box, just
as M. f/alatea does. M. arr/e is widely distributed in the neighbour-
hood, and I have met with it miles away from the harbour, but the
rough ground near Fort Amara seems to be its headquarters. M.
iapyijia also occurs on the same ground in some numbers, but I have
not met with it in such plenty as M. artje. By the way, Spuler gives
June and July for this insect, but, at Brindisi, the latter month would
be much too late. M. iapyyia appears about May 20th, and the
majority of those taken three weeks later are scarcely worth pinning.
M. f/alatea var. procida is abundant in the weedy lanes about the
same time as M. iapyyia, but it appears on the wing a little earlier.
Amongst the Urbicolids the most interesting is Gef/enes nnstradannis,
of which I have only managed to secure about eight or nine examples
all told. The first one I took was a fine female which I noticed at
rest on a thistle. I approached, and was surpri^^ed that the insect
was so bold as to remain unmoved ; but approaching still closer, I
observed it was held fast in the callipers of a crab-spider, whose body
was sunk deep in the capitulum of the thistle, while the callipers,

286 THE entomologist's record.

tinted purple like the flower, looked exactly like a couple of florets.
These spiders are very common, and account for a goodly number of
butterflies. Their normal colour is white, but they are capable of
assuming the hue of almost any flower in a short time, and are thus
enabled to trap any insect visitor to the flower. Three of my nostra-
damns were found thus entrapped, but, fortunately, they were quite
suitable for cabinet purposes. Erynnis alceae is frequent from May
to August, but by far the most abundant Urbicolid is TInjmelicus acteon.,
which is to be met with in great plenty. Here it is really at home,
and one may see little parties of ten and twenty together dashing
about the lanes and vineyards at a great pace. In Italy the butterfly
seems to be more or less gregarious in habit, and large numbers may
be found together at dusk roosting on rye and barley stems or on
grasses.

Amongst the Heterocera the most noticeable species is Sesia stella-
tarum, which is in the greatest plenty, and is found in every month of
the year. It is very fond of flying along walls in the hottest afternoon
sunshine and of settling there to bask. The latter habit gives oppor-
tunities for the lizards and geckos which they are not slow to seize.
Phryxus livornica is common in some seasons in June, and flies in the
bright sunshine as well as at dusk. Ayrius convolvidi is common in
the same month over flowers at dusk, and I have netted several in the
short Italian twilight at a single patch of flowers. Coscinia striata is
common in May and June in the vicinity of barley and corn fields ;
and on the rough ground by the coast Heliothis armiyera swarms at
the same time at the flowers of Melissa, which are also beloved of
Acontia luctuosa, A. urania, and A. lucida. The same ground produces
Emmelia trabealis, Rhodostrophia sicanaria, as well as Nenwria pulmen-
taria, of which I took a female in May last, and obtained therefrom a
batch of ova. The larvas of this species are said by Spuler to feed on
Peucedanum, Buplenrum, and other Unibelliferae, but, in the absence of
these plants, I had to try them with other pabulum, and found that,
they fed up readily on southernwood ("old man"). The imagines
bred from these ova appeared at the end of July. Grammodes alyira
and Leiicanitis stolida are to be found in the weedy lanes, and occasion-
ally a huge male Satumia pyri flies in to light. Large forms of
Synto)nis plieyea and Antlirocera purpuralis are to be taken near
the harbour, and everywhere one meets with Plusia yamma. Arctia
villica is common in early May, and is frequently disturbed during
the day when one is working for butterflies. At such a time
it will rise from the herbage and fly considerable distances before-
settling down again. Larvae from ova laid on May 10th last, are now
going into hybernation, not one of them having fed up this summer.
I have not been able to induce them to eat anything since early in
August. Pacinjyastna trifolii is common in the larval state on low
plants. I once came across about a dozen larvse of a Noctuid feeding on
Spanish broom which closely resembled the larva of our Hadena pisi
in coloration, but were as big as fuUgrown larvffi of Miutas tiliae..
Unfortunately, owing to the vicissitudes of travel, they perished before
I got back home, and I have never yet succeeded in finding out to-
what species they belonged.

BUTTERFLIES OF THE RHONE VALLEY. 237

Early Summer amongst the Butterflies of the Khoue Valley.

By JOHN ALDEKSON.
(Continued from p. 210.)

June 5th was a most unfavourable day. Not once did the sun
fully succeed in forcing its rays through the densely packed clouds
that held possession of the sky, whilst cold drizzling showers fell at
intervals. Alter lunch i made my way to the opposite bank of tlie
Rhone in the direction of Lavey. Here, three days previously, odd
examples of Knodia Injperanthm had been noted, but now the species
was fully out, rising in numbers at every step one took. Naturally,
the insect was in prime condition, and a very short time sufficed to ob-
tain a good series. None of the more striking aberrations was observed,
although there was a good deal of minor variation, consisting chiefly
of the obsolescence of some of the usual spots on the underside of the
wings. The capture of a newdy-emerged Melananjia yalathea added
another species to my list, but apart from these species very little else
was on the wing.

For some days I had been awaiting a favourable opportunity to go
up to Caux, in order to see if 1 could hnd Luweia [C/irysophanus) ainphida-
viaa in its special haunt there ; but as the days passed without bringing
any improvement in the weather, I decided to wait no longer, and I
made up my mind to go the following day and take my chance. The
outlook was most unpromising when I left St. Maurice the next
morning by an early train, and, on reaching Aigle, the rain pattered
upon the windows of the train, the carriages of which were filled
with a joyous crowd of Swiss singers making their way to
Montreux to take part in the great musical festival. The rain
had ceased by the time we reached Montreux, so I took the funi-
cular railway to Glion, walking thence to Caux. The sun had
not yet made an appearance, and the long grass hung heavy with
raindrops, while on the slopes below a dense white mist was rolling
slowly upwards, completely concealing the Lake of Geneva from view.
Scattered specimens of Cujiido ininimna and rolyommatua icanis were
found resting on grass stems by the roadside, but not a single insect
was seen in flight. On reaching the amphldaiiias ground, 1 searched
long and carefully in the hope of flndmg stray specimens of the
species at rest, but, beyond stirring up one or two Geometers, my
search was quite unsuccessful. Suddenly the sun burst through the
clouds, and simultaneously a small butterfly darted amongst some
herbage near the dry bed of the torrent. On sweeping the insect off
the blossom on which it had alighted, I was very pleased to find
I had captured my tirst specimen of Loweia ainphidajiias. By-
dint of working hard I managed to get a fair series during the brief
intervals of sunshine, but, judging from the condition of the majority
of the specimens captured, it was evident that the species had been
out fully a fortnight. The sunny glades along the banks of the
torrent were its favourite haunts, where it darted in and out amongst
the rough herbage with a swift, jerky flight. Brenthis eup/nosi/nc was
not uncommon flying rapidly along the bed of the torrent, which was
almost dried up, and occasional hybernated specimens of l'oi;/(/uma
c-album and Fyrauieis atalanta were also noted. In the adjoining
meadows l\nhia mcihisa was on the wing, but it was verj- much worn.

238 THE entomologist's recoed.

Agriades thetis and Aricia aatrarcJie were fairly common, whilst several
specimens of the broad -bordered bee hawk moth, Hemaris facifonnis,
were seen flying in the sunshine. At damp places along the footpath
Ciipido minimus, Folyommatus Icarus, Cyaniris semianjus, Hesperia
malvae, and Powellia sao were congregated, though not in any great
numbers, and out of the group I picked a very nice specimen of
Cyclopides palaem.on, and one or two Hesperia alveus. Keturning to
Territet, I took the train to Villeneuve, and walked from there in
the direction of Noville. In the marshes lying between Noville and
the head of Lake Geneva, I found Enodia hyperanthus very common,
and picked up a few specimens of Melitaea athalia and M. dictynna.
Newly-emerged Aglais urticae, of a larger size than one gets in
England, were flitting along the footpath, and their capture added
another species to the list. I was very pleased also to get one or two
very nice Brenthis ino, and might have got more had I stayed longer,
but the mosquitos were as a horde of ravening wolves, so I left them
in possession of the ground.

The morning of the following day, June 7th, opened very dull and
cold, with a strong wind blowing. I went by train to Vernayaz,
crossing over to the Branson side of the Rhone by the bridge near
Vernayaz station, with the intention of working along this bank of
the river to the Collutea patch at Branson, for I was anxious to try
for Lycaena tolas in that well-known locality. In the absence of
sunshine very few insects were on flight. Plebeius aryyvoynomon was
not uncommon resting on the grass stems, and an undersized ^ was
taken, measuring '24mm., with nearly all the underside submedian
spots obsolete, the remaining spots showing up very faintly owing
to their being much reduced in size. Occasional specimens of
Ayriades thetis, Cupido osiris (sebrus), Aricia astrarche and Loweia
alciphron var. yordius were disturbed. A single Erynnis alceae was
picked up, and a few Hesperia carthami were observed. A search was
made on the rock faces for stray pupse, but only a cocoon of Lasiocampa
quercus was found, spun up at the foot of the rock and well hidden
by the long grass ; from this cocoon a $ of this species emerged on
July 6th. In addition, the search revealed a number of Fararye
maera resting on the rocks. Here I first came across Lycaena avion,
two $ s being captured, flying over some rough stony slopes, and
immediately afterwards I netted a specimen of Op/dodes lunaris, which
was flitting along the footpath.

Parenthetically I may remark that an easier way to reach the
Collutea patch is by the usual one across the meadows from Martigny
station to Branson. I cannot recommend the route I followed. I
had expected to find a footpath leading along the bank of the river as
far as Branson, but in this I was disappointed, for, where a sharp spur
of the FoUaterres comes steeply down to the Rhone, the path dis-
appeared. I found it somewhat exciting scrambling over the steep
slopes, for, in this exposed quarter, the wind was blowing with the force
of a hurricane. However, the little grove where the Collutea grows
was safely reached, and the first insect seen flying about the bushes
was a specimen of Lycaena iolas, which on netting was found to be a
trifle worn. I spent some time in the grove, but the sun was very
intermittent, and I saw no more L. iolas. Another species new to me
was Nordmannia (Ihecla) ilicis, four or five specimens in fine condition

VARIATION.

239

being beaten out of the hazel and oak bushes. Crossing the fields
to Martigny Station, 1 found very little by the way except occasional
Alelauan/ia (jalathea and L'tdiaa htjale. In the interval of waiting for
the train, I strolled round La Batiaz, but nothing was seen except a
few Pararf/e maera and P. iiwciacra.

The following day brought no improvement in the weather, for the
sky was packed with clouds and the temperature was low. After lunch
1 went by train to Bex, walking through the fields by the side of the
railway to the Gryonne. In the meadows Melananjia (/alathea was in
abundance, and I had no difficulty in getting a good series. The ? s
were far from common, and there was no variation to speak of.
Epinephele ianira was now getting more abundant, and resting on the
grass stems were several specimens of " blues," including Agriades
thetis, Poli/omwatKs hijla-f, and occasional Aricia astrarche. Near the
Gryonne a few fresh MeUtaea athalia were flying in the company of
worn ? s of M. parthenie. On some marshy ground near the banks of
the Gryonne, Coenonympka iphis, in perfectly fresh condition, was
added to the list. Here it was flying in fair numbers with C. pam-
philiis : but I had only time to take one or two specimens of C. iphia
before the rain came down in so steady and determined a manner as
to put collecting out of the question for the remainder of the day.

(To he continued.)

:]^OTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARY^, &c.

Note on new foodplant of Papiijo machaon. — The Papilio
Diar/iaon $ s in my butterfly-house this summer readily deposited their
ova on some plants of Acj/Ie xepiaria {< 'itrus trifoliata) which I have
grown there, and the larvae have fed up on this new pabulum, though
much more slowly than on fennel or skimmia. — Cecil Floersheim,
B.A., F.E.S., Pennyhill Park, Bagshot, Surrey.

ir ARI ATION .

Aberration of EucHLoii cardamines.— I took this year, on June
2nd, an aberrant form of Fhu-Idoe canlamines, which I have not any-
where seen described. The species is usually so constant that this
variation seems to be worth recording :

(? , of normal size. On the upperside hindwing, the upper margin of the
central cell, and the upper four veins radiating from the cell to the margin of the
wing, are all strongly marked with bright sulphur-yellow. This does not correspond
with the yellow venation which seems to be normally present on the underside of the
hindwing, for, on the underside, it appears along the greater part of the margin of
the central cell, the basal portions of the radiating veins, and the two free veins
near the dorsum. In the specimen here described, the yellow suffusion at the
base of the forewing, underside, is perhaps slightly more strongly developed than
is usual in English specimens.

If this form has not been previously described, I propose for it the
name ab. sitlfitrenvenata, suggested by Mr. Raynor. — G. L. Keynes,
6, Harvey Road, Cambridge. September ISth, 1910.

Three new aberrations of Abraxas grossulariata, — As I am
parting with all my best aberrations of Abraxas urossulariata, I take
this opportunity of naming three striking forms which do not fall
under any of my previously given varietal names. Within the last

240 THE entomologist's record.

twelvemontha I have bred several specimens of ab. centralipuncta, n.ab.,
a form of Jiavofasciata in which the costa, instead of having three
black blotches, has only one, and that situated above the discal spot.
The whole insect has thus a very light appearance, especially as the
discal spot is, as a rule, strongly developed. A very striking form of
ab. hitea has the hindwings pure white, and I decided to name this
ab. semilutea, n. ab. Of this I have only reared five specimens.
A very peculiar form of A. urossnlariata has all the wings tinged with
pale black, and may be aptly described as ab. nigrotincta. Only two
specimens of this have emerged in my breeding-rooms. All the three
above-named forms are of Lancashire origin. — Rev. G. H. Raynor,
M.A., Haz;eleigh Rectory, Maldon, Essex. September llth, 1910.

:^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Agrius convolvuli at New Brighton. — I have recently had brought
to me a specimen of Afiriufi convolvuli, which was captured in a house
at New Brighton, near Liverpool, on August 29th. Having made
enquiries locally, I find there appears to have been no other records of
captures of this moth this year. Can you say if there have been any
recorded captures in the south of England this year ? — E. Watts,
Balmoral House, Stalybridge. September dth, 1910. [We have heard
of none. Perhaps our readers may know of some. — Ed.]

Breeding Tapinostola extrema and T. hellmanni for the first
TIME. — I am glad to report that Mr. Todd and I have succeeded in
breeding Tapinostola extrema and T. hellmanni. With the exception
of a few minor details their life-histories are complete, and I hope
shortly to publish the same. I believe it is the first time these species
have been bred in this country. — H. M. Edelsten, F.E.S., Forty Hill,
Enfield. September 1th, 1910.

Gastropacha ilicifolia reported from Tavistock. — On Friday,
September 2nd, I caught a female Gastropacha ilicifolia at light about
11.15 p.m. Weather thick, misty rain. Is it not rather late for this
rare moth to be out ?— W. J. Monk, Tavistock. September 15th, 1910.
[We suspect our correspondent has named his capture wrongly. The
species occurs in the imaginal stage only in early spring, and by
September the latest larvte should have spun their cocoons. A full
account of the " Habitats and habits " of this species, both in Britain
and on the Continent, was published in A N'at. Hist, of the British
Lepidoptera, vol. iii., pp. 196-198, and is readily available, whilst all
the actual dates of the insect's capture recorded to date are given (op.
cit., p. 198), including not only the British, but Continental, captures.
Reference to this paragraph shows that March 20th and 25th, 1857, are
the earliest recorded dates (both English), whilst mid- June is given as an
outside late date for the turf-moors near Hasik, in the Baltic Pro-
vinces, by Nolcken. Our knowledge of the species therefore suggests
a specimen emerging in September as most improbable. Horton
records a Bomby.v larva, said to be of this species, but the nnago not
reared, as having been taken August 3rd, 1864, near Lynton, in North
Devon (see Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep., iii., p. 193). This is, of course,
reasonable for the fullfed larva, but a September imago is so far quite
unknown. — Ed.]

Thymelicus acteon in the Isle of Wight, — About the middle

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 24

of August Mr. G. W. G. Baass, of Sandown, captured a pair of
" skippers " in this neighbourhood, which on closer examination
proved to be Thymeiivns avteon. Unfortunately, thinking his identifica-
tion might be wrong, an idea that I am afraid I encouraged until I saw
the specimens later, he made no special search for more. There is no
doubt, however, that they are ^ and 2 of this species, and to make
quite certain I sent them to Mr. L. B. Prout, who kindly allows me to
say that he confirms their identity. Of course, this seems a most
unlikely insect to occur at Handown, but it will be interesting to recall
Mr. Prout's record of Acidalia de<jenerana {Ent. Rec, vol. xiv., p. 274),
and in a lesser degree, my own capture of Celaena haworthii {Knt. Rec,
1907, p. 303), both in the same locality, although, as Mr. Prout points
out, there is a great difference between the capture of those single
specimens and this pair of insects. If any entomologist has been
trying to establish T. acteon here, and this should meet his eye, perhaps
he would kindly inform us in the pages of this journal. — J. Taylor,
23, High Street, Sandown. September 26?/i, 1910.

A Ramble in the Cheviot District.- — A few notes on the
lepidoptera of this district may be of interest. On June 21st, a friend
and I left Newcastle for Wooler, and after staying there overnight we
walked on the following day up the Harthope Burn to Langleeford.
The alder grows by the burn -side in many places, and, resting on
the trunks of these trees, we found Larentia pectinataria and
Hypsipetes iinpliiviata common, the latter species being very worn. A
single speciemen of Lophopteryx camelina was taken, and near
Langlees a fine specimen of Hndena contiyna was secured, this species
has not been previously recorded for this county ; Cilix spinida and
F.nplexia lucipara were also taken. We were obliged to take shelter
in the afternoon during a heavy thunderstorn, in a small hay shed,
and we took from the beams supporting the roof, a good many pupae of
Caradrina cuhicidarh. On leaving Langleeford, the grassy tufts
on the top of a stone wall were examined and traces of the larvae of
Mamentra fiirra were soon discovered by the abundant frass at the
roots of the grass. My companion, Mr. H. Sticks, put me on the
right track of this larva as he had taken it previously in the Alston
district. We soon discovered larvae, and afterwards found them
generally distributed in the locality, that is to say, wherever there
were stone walls on the tops of which sods of grass had been laid, M.
furra could be found at the roots ; the grass I think is the couch grass.
The roots weie very tough and took some tearing apart with the fingers.
I secured a good many larv* and also brought back a supply of grass
tufts for their food but was not very successful in rearing them, only
obtaining o specimens out of some 40 or 60 larvie, it was however chieHy
due to the fact that they were badly parasitised. The first imago emerged
on August 2nd. In the evening, specimens of Hepialus velleda, H.
liipidinus, Melanthia ocellata, Melanlppe tnuntanata, M. subtristata,
and M. tristata were common. We put up for the night at Lang-
leeford, and, on the following day, skirted the Cheviot by way of
Lambden Burr, a tributary of the College. Larvae of Cleoceris riinhialis
were observed about full-fed. Empty cocoons of Saturnia pavunia
and Pliraymatubia fuUyinosa were seen on the heather. We rested a
little while at Dunsdale Farm, at the foot of Cheviot, on the north
side, where we learned that the Peregrine Falcon had successfully nested

242 THE entomologist's recokd.

on Cheviot, rearing three birds out of four eggs. The birds and nest
had been under careful observation to prevent molestation until the
young were able to get clear away. Between Dunsdale and Southern
Knowe, the latter place a small fan near the junction of the Lambden
Bun with the College, we observed dying about the hill sides in the
sun, numbers of Phi/tometra aenea and Pi/rausta osttinalis. A walk
through a beautiful district, down the magnificent College Burn, from
Southern Knowe to Kirknewton Station on the Wooler line, finished
our little tramp. — G. Nicholson, 26, Lancaster Street, Newcastle.
September 28th, 1910.

srURRENT NOTES

We are pleased to congratulate Sheffield University in having
honoured so excellent a biologist as Mr. W. Bateson by conferring on
him the honorary degree of D.Sc. The meeting of the British
Association at Sheffield was made an occasion for the bestowal of
honorary degrees on a number of eminent men of science at a special
congregation of the University held on September 6th. The first
occupant of the Chair of Biology at Cambridge University was one of
this select company.

On July 19th, 1910, at 4.30 p.m., the unveiling of the James
Fletcher Memorial Fountain, took place at the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, by the Hon. Sydney A, Fisher, Minister of Agriculture.
The ceremony was a complete success, and, besides a number of
distinguished visitors from a distance, official representatives from the
Royal Society of Canada, the Entomological Socitety of Ontario, and
other learned societies, assembled with the members of the Ottawa
Field Naturalists' Club (under whose auspices the Fountain was
erected), and a large number of local visitors, took part in the
proceedings. The speakers included, besides the Hon. S. A. Fisher,
Mr. E. R. Cameron, K.C., Chairman of the Fletcher Memorial Com-
mittee, the Rev. Dr. Bethune, the learned Professor of Entomology at
the Ontario Agricultural College, and for so long editor of the
Canadian Entomologist, Dr. Wm. Saunders, C.M.G., Director of the
Dominion Experimental Farms, Dr. W. D. Le Sueur, Secretary of the
Royal Society of Canada, Mr. F. T. Shutt, Chief Chemist of the
Dominion Experimental Farms, whilst Mr. R. B. Whyte spoke on
behalf of the Ottawa Field Naturalists' Club, with which James
Fletcher had so intimate a connection. The Memorial Fountain, an
excellent picture of which appears in the Canadian Kntomoloc/ist for
September, 1910, bears the inscription —

1852 — 1908.

James Fletcher, F.R.S.C.

A Pioneer Canadian Naturalist.

A tribute of affection from the Ottawa Field Naturalists' Club

and his many friends.

As Dr. Bethune says, the Memorial has been erected less as tribute
to his scientific attainments, then as a token of our love for the
man himself, and the devoted affection in which we all held him.
As a man of Kent, all Kent naturalists will think of James Fletcher
with pride, whilst his adopted country adds to that pride the intimate
feeling of kindly affection.

An important section of the Royal Photographic Society's Exhibi-

CURRENT NOTES. 243

tion, held afc the Pall Mall Gallery, 5a, Pall Mall East, was devoted
to Natural History photography, and there was a large number of
excellent studies in botany and ornithology by well-known workers.
Of entomological interest, a series of prints by Hugh Main, F.E.S.,
illustrating the metamorphoses of the glow-worm, were deserving of
notice, the descriptive notes stating that the ova, larvte, pupje and
imagines were all luminous. Another frame by the same worker
showed Di/ticKs marginalis in the various stages, and were examples of
good photography. P. J. Barraud, F.E.b., exhibited an enlarged
print of the queen wasp ; Ve^ipa vitUjaris, $ , showing the attitude
assumed during hybernation. A. E. Tonge's fifteen studies of British
moths at rest revealed careful work in this somewhat difficult branch
of photography.

The stick insect, Bacillus rossi, was represented by Dr. G. H.
Rodman in twenty well-executed prints of the life-history of this
much -photographed insect, and by Walter Bagshaw, another well-
known worker. These serve as admirable examples of protective
mimicry. A. E. Smith showed an enlarged photograph of the
blow- fly, Midica voinitoria. Of particular interest was a specimen of
natural colour photography by the autochrome process by Edward J.
Bedford, the transparency showing eight specimens of the better-
known Lycaenids, giving very good colour values. A. W. Dennis, a
member of the South London Entomological Society, exhibited
excellent specimens of the British lichens, one, Gongylia riridis,
being new to science. In this connection it is worthy of notice that
a thoroughly representative exhibit of natural history photography
by the best-known authorities is to be seen in the Shackleton
Gallery at the Anglo-Japanese Exhibition. Entomologists will
also be interested in an extensive exhibit of life-histories of noxious
insects in the Agricultural Economic section in the gallery devoted
to British Science exhibits.

It can be no longer said that the collection of Micro-Lepidoptera
at the Natural History Museum, South Kensington, is beneath
contempt. The " Walsingham Collection " is housed, and already
the task of moving the specimens into the cabinets has been begun,
and a brave show the Adelas and their allies make. Never, probably,
has so valuable a gift of scientific natural history objects been made
to the nation, and it would be humorous, if it were not so serious,
that the Micro-collection, with all its difhculties of naming, etc., will be
immeasurably superior to, and freer from blunders than, the butterflies,
the " Neps," for example, more accurately named than the " blues." The
understaffing of this department is a public scandal ; work as hard as
the present staff" may, it is quite impossible to keep pace with every-
day requirements. Cannot the Trustees move the Treasury just a
little in this matter ? Every Britisher is proud of the Natural History
Museum, and the suspects would find no fault with providing necessary
means for its minimum upkeep. At present, the staff is hopelessly
overweighted.

Attached to the Walsingham Collection, is the " Walsingham
Library," a most useful adjunct to the efficiency of the collection,
referring as it does more particularly to the necessities of the worker
at the Micro-Lepidoptera. Mr. J. Hartley Durrant, the capable and
energetic curator, would be very grateful for "Separata" containing

244 THE entomologist's record.

any references to Micro-Lepidoptera from any part of the world, in
order to make the " 8eparata section " of the hbrary as perfect as
possible. Anyone with [Separata of the Victoria County History liats
of lepidoptera is particularly requested to note.

Mr. Durrant further wants for the Museum, examples of British
species of Cordyceps on British larv«. Material should be sent to
Mr. J. Hartley Durrant, Natural History Museum, South Kensington.

Mr. Bankes discusses [Ent. Mo. May.) certain Tineids, and
concludes that Monopis wearerella, Scott, " Zool.," 1858, pp. 5963-
5964 ( = seinispilotella, Strand), is distinct specifically from M. rusticella.

The Rev. W. W. Fowler describes a new Coleopteron, Galerucella
feryuttsoni, captured at Fossil, near Glasgow, in early June and again
in August on Comarum palustve. But is not this the species that Mr.
A. Adie Dalglish first took in 1900 on Fossil Marsh, and that is men-
tioned in Fergusson's list of Coleoptera, published in the Clydesdale
Handbook, p. 296, 1901, as a fine dark variety of G. nymphaeae ' If
this be so, should not some reference have been made to Mr. A. Adie
Dalgiish's captures, as they appear to have been the first recorded
examples of the species taken in Britain '?

We have received the 5th livraison of Mr. Culot's excellent work
on the Noctuids of Europe, the plates, if possible, better than ever.
We learn that the stones on which the earlier plates were engraved
have to be re-used in February next, and that after that time the early
parts will only be purchasable at an increased price. Any lepidop-
terists who have hitherto held over their subscriptions to this excellent
work are advised to make up their minds before the price of the early
parts is raised.

je 0 C I E T I E S .

The South London Entomological, and Natural History Society.
— Auyust 25th, 1910. — Resting-Habit of Hesperia malv^. — Mr.
Adkin exhibited a series of Hesperia malvae and read notes on the
peculiar resting-habit of the species. Satyrines. — Mr. Edwards, a box
of Satyrines, and called attention to the varied local forms of Eryolis
ariadne. Typhlocyba cruenta, etc. — Mr. West (Greenwich), a series
of the rare Homopteron, Typhlocyba cruenta, from Box Hill, and
specimens of Oncotylk vlriilifiorm from Ranmore. Aberrations of
Lepidoptera. — Mr. Newman, an intermediate form of (Miontopera
bidentata, a 5 Bithys quercus with adonis-hlne blotches on forewings,
bred examples of Dryaa paphia ab. calesma, a ? Euchloe cardamines
with a thin streak of bright yellow scaling on the left forewing, and
another much darker at base of wings, with aberrant marbling on the
underside, a partially gynandromorphic Aworpha populi, and a very
darkly marked specimen of Fseudoterpna pruinata {cytisaria). Morpho
cytheris. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, a long series of Morphe cytheris (thawyris)
taken by him at Castro Farana, South America. Swiss Lepidoptera.
—Dr. Chapman, rich brassy examples of Antkrocera filipmidalae, and
specimens of Fieris rapae from near Hospenthal, of large size and
single- brooded. Lepidoptera. — Mr. Sich, a specimen of Aventia jiexula
from Wisley, a series of Coleophora albicosta from Sheen, and a cocoon
and imago of Nepticula centifoliella.

Plate VII.

WW.

INf w9

Photo. A. E. ToTKje and H. Main.
Callophrvs avis (Figs. 1, 2, 4, -5, 6, 7) and Callophius kubi (Fig. 3).

The Entomologist' It Record, etc., 1910.

NOTES ON CALLOPHRYS AVIS. 245

Notes on Callophrys avis {n-ith plate).

By Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN.

Some more specimens of Calluphri/s avis having emerged after
having given my account of the species to the Entomological Society
of London {Tra)is. Knt. Soc. Loud., 1910, p. 85, and I'roc. Knt. Soc.
Land., 1910, p. xxi), I am able to give a few further notes on the
range of variation in the species, and to report a very curious result of
" forcing." I am also able to present photographs of the living butter-
fly taken by Mr. H. Main with that perfection that is in no need of
further praise from me.

To take first the results of " forcing." Expecting tbat the pupa? I
had would probably emerge naturally in April, and wishing to leave
home during that month, I proposed to get the butterflies out before I
left by '• forcing," and accordingly put some pupae in a temperature of
60° to 70^ on January 28rd, and the remainder on February 5th. The
first unexpected result was that two specimens emerged four days after
being so placed, and several others a day or two later. These
individuals must have differed from their fellows in having already
made some progress in the maturation of the imago at the end of
January. After a further few days other specimens emerged, and
continued to do so till towards the end of February, when they ceased
to appear. There still, however, remained some pupae, and I concluded
that my forcing operations had resulted in killing these. However, I
left them at ordinary temperature when I left home on April 2nd, and
found them unchanged when I returned home on May 13th. The
result was very gratifying, as instead of these pupae being dead, it
appeared that they might have been most carefully consulting my
convenience, as on May 15th a 3' emerged, and others during the
following ten days, only two pupae remaining over really dead. The
precise explanation of this efi'ect of forcing is not very evident. I
ought to say that from the laying of the eggs to placing the pupa? in
a warm temperature at the end of January, all were treated alike and
had kept fairly well together. The theory I frame on the matter is,
that C. flf?.s naturally spreads its emergence over a long period, probably
from mid-February to well into Ma}^, perhaps a period of nearer three
than two months. Forcing brought out at once those that proposed
to be earliest, and hastened forward those that represented emergences
up to perhaps mid-April or later. Those booked for later emergence
had made no progress towards leaving pupal conditions, and were in
consequence rather retarded than hastened by the too early high
temperature.

There is, I think, no record of Callophn/s rubi passing two years in
the pupal state, and C. aris (a much more southern insect) would be
even less likely to do so. Nevertheless, the eftect on these later pupaj
would be quite parallel with that on pup.i? of species that do pass,
upon occasion, more than one winter as pupfe. In these species it is,
I think, usual rather than occasional, to find that, if pupfe are forced
before they have had proof of winter having come (and gone?), an
unusual proportion, or even all, refuse to emerge that year, but "go
over." It may be easier to appreciate this curious result if tabulated
thus : —

NovKMBKi; 15th, 1910.

246 THE entomologist's record.

January 23rd. — Some pup;t^ placed at temperature of 68°.

February .5th. — Remainder placed at temperature of 68°.

February 9th. — <; and ? emerged from lot of January 23rd and also from lot
of February 5th, and continued to emerge till February 24th.

March 14th. — None having emerged for more than a fortnight, removed to
ordinary temperature.

May 15th. — Two c? s emerged. Came out at intervals till

June 7th. — Last one emerged.

I may here refer to and correct a curious oversight in my paper in
Traiu. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 105. I say that the honey-gland had not
been recorded in the Tlieatoridi, as a matter of fact I had myself
referred to it in Thestor hallus {Ent. liec, xvi., pp.279, 281, 1904),
and others had done so. The error arose from my writing first
Callophryidi (mcluding Callophrys, but not Thestor) and correcting to
Tlieatoridi, without thinking of the error so resulting, on feeling
satisfied that L'aUojihrys and Thestor belonged to the same tribe.

In Froc. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1910, p. xxi, I give some notes on the
earlier emergences. The later ones differ from those earlier ones in the
decidedly greater accentuation of the sexual dimorphism. This is so
great as to be quite a specific character (arranging these with the
others where it is less strong) in comparison with C. rubi. In C. rubi
it is comparatively absent, and actually very slight. Beyond the
androconial brand the J s differ from the J s in averaging slightly
smaller (in all races ?) and in having the " tails " at anal angle more
pronounced than in the ? s, but there is no difference whatever in
colouring. In these late emerged ('. avis the ^ s are the smaller, but
only slightly, one is 37mm., about that of the largest 9 s, the smallest
specimen is a <? 32mm. The great difference is in coloration, the 5 s
are with considerable uniformity of a ferruginous-brown, contrasting as
light and bright with the richer dark brown of the ^ s, whose darkness
is enhanced by the often nearly black of the lines of the veins, a
feature hardly seen in the 5 s. The <? s vary more in colour than the
5 s, two are very light, one almost lighter than the 5 s, the light tint
looking even lighter than in the $ s in the specimen owing to the
contrast against its dark veins. In this specimen the forewing fringes
are of the same colour as the rest of the wing (pi. vii., fig. 7), the
normal condition being white fringes with dark (blackish) coloration
opposite each vein, and tipping each white scale, the amount of black
varying in different individuals, more abundant on the forewing than
on the hindwing, but never entirely overwhelming the white.

In C. rubi the forewing fringes are usually dark, always uniform,
and when paler are greyish-white, the individual scales paler (not
darker) towards their tips, and with no variation opposite the veins.
On the hindwings the fringes of C. rubi are markedly white and dark,
giving an appearance very often of a tail to each vein.

One eccentric aberration of the $ has the left forewing 1mm.
longer than the right, with slightly darker hind margin above, and a
bluer green below than its fellow.

On the underside there is also a decided sexual dimorphism, the
males being of a bluer green. The females have the yellower or
almost ruddy tone alluded to in Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. The similar
variations in colour in C. rubi there referred to, have not, I think,
usually any sexually dimorphic character, but are sometimes, perhaps,
racial.

NOTES ON CALLOPHRYS AVIS. 247

The white line beneath varies a good deal, it fades towards the
hind margin, so that one may be in doubt in many instances whether
to say, for example, it extends to vein 7 or to vein 2. There are
several specimens in which it is absent from the forewing ; there is
always one spot on the hindwing, and it usually extends down four
interspaces, perhaps to be reported as visible, but hardly so, for several
further spaces in most examples.

The dark margin to inner side of the white spots so usual in C. ruhi,
is present in a few 2 s of C. avis on the forewings, distinct only in the
interspace between veins 2 and 3 as a brown shade, never on the
hindwings, and onlj' faintly indicated on the forewing in front of the
space 2-3 in the few cases where it is present.

Mr. Main's photographs of the underside of the living butterfly
bring out well the peculiar velvety smoothness of aspect of C avis
when alive, as contrasted with the more crisp and sharp appearance
of C. nihi.

I noticed that though Coriaria is the foodplant of C. avis, and that
the larva could not be got to eat any of the ordinary foods of C. ritbi,
it was, nevertheless, the case that Coriaria did not grow at Hyeres,
although ( '. avis occurred there. The conclusion, of course is, that
C. avis must have some other foodplant. Last spring (1910) I spent
several weeks at Hyeres, with a view, so far as entomology was
concerned, of finding out something about this. Unfortunately, the
season was unpropitious, even ( '. nibi, though on the wing all the
time, was often invisible, and scarce even in places where I have seen
it abundant. I failed to find a specimen of ('. avis, so that the only
result of my search was confirming the fact that Coriaria did not grow
there, a fact that the local botanists had sufficiently established, and
the question of the alternative foodplant remains for the future to
solve.

It seems desirable to note an imperfection in pi. xv. (Trans.
Ent. Soc. LomL, 1910), since it is of some importance. It is that of
the coloured drawings of the larva, in which Mr. Knight's drawings show
certain oblique shadings, bringing out very well the undulating surface
of the " slope." In the plate these shadings are accentuated, so
that, in the right upper figure especially, they rather show markings
than mere shadings to bring out humps and hollows. This is un-
fortunate, since the fact is that there are no oblique markings on the
larva of C. avis, a circumstance (with others) sharply distinguishing it
from that of C. mbi.

I have heard from Professor Mendes (Sao Fiel) that he has
received a specimen of C. avis taken in May, 1910, at Jerez.
Through Mr. C. Oberthiir and Mr. H. Powell, I have been in
communication with Mr. E. Holl, from whom I learn that he has a
series of C. avis taken near Algiers. He has a specimen ( $ ) taken at
Ben- Aknoun, April 6th, 1904. This year he took a number at Maison-
Carree from April 20th to May 1st. He thought they were a form of
C. rubi var. fcrvida, being struck by the difference of the streaks and
spots, and especially on account of their late appearance, April 20th,
at about 120ft. above sea level, whilst at P)onzarea (about 1200ft.),
C. riibi was taken end of March and l)eginning of April.

The specimens are smaller than the P>ench ones, 28mm. to 30inm.,
the 9 from Ben-Aknoun, 32min., they resemble Oberthiir's fig. 420

248 THE entomologist's record.

of a Tunisian specimen. Both localities are uncultivated, and covered
with a variety of plants and shrubs, very similar, apparently, to the
rough ground of the Riviera. The place (at Maison-Carree) where he
took the species this year was of an extraordinarily limited area, and he
and Madam Holl searched in vain twenty yards away from a bunch of
Lentisques, to which the butterflies came to bask in the sun, sheltered
from the wind. His observations do not suggest what the foodplant is
in Algeria.

Explanation of Plate VII.

Figs. 1 and 2. — Calloplirys avis from life. Photographed by H. Main.

Fig. 3. — C. rubi from life. Photographed by A. E. Tonge.

Figs. 4 and 5. — Average j and ? of G. avis, showing usual amount of

sexual dimorphism.
Fig. 6. — Rather darker <? with pale brand.

Fig. 7. — Male aberration with very light ground colour and brown cilia.
Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7. — Photographed by A. E. Tonge.

The Lepidoptera of Ruffet's Wood and neighbourhood, 1909=10.

By FREDERICK J. COULSON.

Having for the past two summers spent my vacation at Eastbourne,
I have been enabled on several occasions to visit that old time locality
— the Abbot's Wood region. The following recital of the insects
taken or seen upon these occasions ma}', therefore, it is hoped, be of
some interest to those who may anticipate paying attention to this
district — more particularly to those, who, like myself, are interested in
the Micro-Lepidoptera ; though I have to admit that I have not yet
passed out of the tyro stage.

My first visit to this locality was on June 16th, 1909, and the
district being entirely new to me, the visit was more for survey
purposes than for solid serious collecting. Having no entomological
friend to indicate the most profitable route, my inexperience prompted
me to take train to Polegate, and set out for a four mile tramp along
the main road to Haiisham. This route afforded little opportunity for
collecting other than hedge searching and beating. The sun was
obscured during the greater part of the time, and except for solitary
examples of Pobjommatus icarns and Coenojiyiiipha panrphiliis no butter-
flies were on the wing. Opposite some old houses, about a mile from
Polegate, the spindle bushes were covered with nests of Hyponomeuta
coynatellus, and the tall hawthorns a little beyond, were greatly
disfigured by the nests of its congener, /-/. padellm. Occasionally a
larva of Diloba caendeocephalo was to been seen resting upon the tips
of the sideshoots of the hawthorns, and from the willow bushes in a
swampy tract further along the road, some larvte were picked which
subsequently produced Tortrix rosanci, and some fine dark T. poclana.
From a few ova laid by a 2 Coreniia fernti/ata, beaten from a clump of
sallows near by, the resultant imagines, which emerged August 11th-
14th were all red-banded, closely resembling the ? parent.

Abbot's Wood was reached in the early afternoon by a path to the
left after passmg a few houses, and the sun just then breaking from the
clouds some hope of good work was entertained. Several examples of
Au(/iades sylvanns were observed flitting along the hedge leading to
the wood, and in a clearing scattered over with fallen logs, near the
entrance, Brcntliis euphrost/ne occurred commonly but in rather sad

THE LEPIDOPTERA OF RUFFEt's WOOD. 249

condition. One example of IhenthiN sdene was also taken. From a
bole a <y example of Hoannia comortaria was fanned, and Veniiia
niacidata, in rather faded condition, was not uncommon, starting from
the bushes as one passed by. I'echipor/on barbalu flew sparingly during
the late afternoon amongst the birch and firs, and Eiih/pe hastata was
netted flying in the sunshine. An example of Perinephila lancealin rose
from the long grass of the coverts to the left of the path through the
wood, and several Asthena liiteata were disturbed from a maple bush in
a narrow lane. Boti/s fnscalis was turned out rather frequently during
the day, whilst Bactva lanci'olana occurred in every rushy spot.

Sunshine becoming intermittent, attention was turned to the trees
and bushes fringing the pathway through the wood, and a succession of
Geometers and Micros resulted until I gave over after sundown. At
every shake Adela dcijeerdla, in excellent condition, flew out, frequently
accompanied by (Ecopltora panzerdla. The following were also met
with — Taleporia tiihiilosa, IncKvcaria ochhnanniella, Lamfivonia luzella,
Harpella f/eoff'rella, commonly, Xemophora metaxella (one), (Ecophora
tripuncta (one), Scapula olivaUs (one), lodis lactearia, occasionally,
Acidalia siibsericeata (one), Xanthorho'e montanata , commonly. A', sociata,
commonly, Amocbe viridaria, in good condition but scarce, Cidaria
corylata, commonly and in fair condition, Cabera pusaria, a few, Bapta
te)iierata, in splendid plumage occasionally, Capua favillaceana (two), and
several Pardia tripunctana. About 4 p.m. Roxana arcuana was flying
abundantly about those bushes that caught the slanting rays of
sunshine through the foliage.

The thick clumps of sloe at the other side of the wood produced
Penthiua pniniana, and P. ra/vVva^rtin great abundance; whilst tapping
the privet bloom in the hedges on the road to Wilmington dislodged
an example of Adela croesella, in splendid condition.

The tedious return walk to Polegate via Wilmington was not
entomologically profitable. Of the Crambids, C. hortnellus was noticed,
and Lemania iinpura alone of the Noctuids was observed, the latter
being not infrequently netted in the dusk, flying by the roadside above
the grass growing at the base of the hedges. One Boarmia repandata
was caught and 3" OnrapU'ri/x sa)iibiicaria, together with IleiiiitJtea
fitrit/ata, were not uncommon, flying along the hedges as darkness set
in.

On the next occasion, June 21st, the start was made from Hail-
sham, and the weather, compared with that on my previous visit, was
glorious. Gli/phipteryx fiiHcoviridella was in abundance all over the
second field after crossing the recreation ground, threading its way
amongst the long grass in the bright sunshine, together with an occa-
sional rather worn Dicroramjiha phonbaijana. The rushes bordering a
small pond in this field were the veritable home of (Tli/pliipteri/x thru-
snnella, the brilliant little gem flitting out in dozens whenever the
rush stems were touched. The conformity and condition of the pond
margin did not, however, lend to observation upon the fanning habits
of the species. Hiplrocampa ni/mpliacata alone of the "china-marks"
was disturbed from the bordering vegetation. In the field beyond,
Anthrocera jilipendnlae could be seen darting over the long grass, and
Kpinephele jiotina was flitting about on all sides. The hedges produced
only a few dilapidated Tinea cloacella.

Upon reaching the road and enquiring as to the direction of

250 THE entomoloctIst's record.

Abbot's Wood, I was much gratified by a courteous invitation from
the owner to explore Buffet's Wood, wfiich, needless to say, I promptly
accepted. This wood lies on both sides of the road in the direction of
Milton Hide, but it was to that portion lying on the left the invitation
was given. The entry was through a white gate, and at a short
distance beyond after passing through a similar gate, I entered upon
what I believed to be new ground to the entomologist. A broad
direct path has been cut the entire length of the wood, and minor
straight paths branch off at various points. Three distinct areas
occur. The first portion lying on either side of the central avenue
was covered with a pretty fluffy grass, and amongst this, small firs
had been planted near the path, the background to the edge of the
wood consisting of scattered bushes. Here in the blazing sun, at the
slightest movement of the ornamental grass, Crambus }iascaeUi(s, in
excellent condition, rose m half dozens, soon, however, to resettle upon
the grass and small firs. Brenthia eiiphrof^yne and B. selene, both in
poor condition, were also on the wing in moderate numbers; and one
specimen of Stenoptilia pterodacfyla ab. fusca was netted flying over the
undergrowth.

The main wood was not entered, but passing along the main
avenue the first broad path to the left was followed. Upon the slope
to the right — an ideal collecting ground — Coemynympha paiirphiluH Avas
flitting in numbers. Wild flowers were here in abundance, and several
Anthrocera fHipendnlae were observed upon the blooms. Catoptria
hypericana was flying rather commonly in the sunshine at the base of
the bushes, and one Kmiychia ocUniiaculata was netted rising from the
long grass. From the hazel bushes two $ Ntimeria pnlreraria were
disturbed, and a faded VeniUa macnlata also appeared. Upon the larger
boles Scoparia dKhitalis (pyralella) was abundant. The glades about
here, however, were productive of little beyond Xanthorho'e montanata,
Sericoris urticana and (.'rambiia pasctiellus, the latter, at about 2.30 p.m.,
flying at the edge of the firwood.

The route to Abbot's Wood was continued, and an occasional tap
at the hedges resulted in the capture of Cabera piisaria and typical
Cidaria tnincatn. The Hide was entered by a swing gate, and keeping
to the left along the edge of Wilmington Wood, promiscuous beating
was indulged in. Catoptria ulicetana was as usual in great abundance
about the furze bushes, and a stray worn example of Orneodes
hr.vadactyla was disturbed from a clump containing honeysuckle.
Occasional Geometrids and Crambids were also netted, but as a whole
they did not readily take to the wing. Xantlimetia hawana was
obtained from the thistles scattered over the waste.

An example of Anaitis plaf/iata wsis ionnd resting upon a post at the
farmhouse, by the Old Oak Inn, and an Acidalia arersata ab. spnliata was
observed resting upon the upper surface of a hazel leaf in the shady
lane. In the field on the right of the farm-house Anthrocera Jili-
jiendulae were to be seen in numbers upon the clover-heads.

The return journey over the Hide, between 4.30 p.m. and 6 p.m.,
was devoted to the Geometrids and Crambids, now appearing upon
the wing. Bapta temerata was now worn, but still fairly numerous,
as was also Cidaria corylata. Amoebe viridaria was also faded, but
lodin lactearia, in fair condition, was noted. From the heath Crawhiis
hortuelltis was rising in numbers, the greater portion being of the

THE LEPIDOPTEKA OF RUFFEt's WOOD. 251

cespitea form. An example of Cromhiis inqtiinatelliis was also netted,
and three Pechipoijon barbalh were taken fiying past.

On June 30th, when the next opportunity of visiting this locality
occurred, a slightly different route to Abbot's Wood was followed.
After crossing several fields beyond the Recreation Ground at liail-
sham, a green path to the right leading, between high hedges, to the
north edge of Eufitet's Wood, was surveyed. From the hedges, at the
slightest touch, clouds of Sciaphilidae — S. subjectana, S. vinjanreajta, etc.
—started upon the wing. LomafipiUs nianjinata and Mi'trocaiiijia iiiar-
(jaritaria fairly commonly, and numbers of the commoner Tortrices
were disturbed before the wood was reached. Along the edge of the
wood, after turning to the left, beating produced Gelediia terrella and
Catoptria ulicetcnia in great abundance, as well as specimens of Acantho-
phila alaccUa, typical Cidaiia tnnicata, the Baptas, I'.pltippipliora
pjiuijiana, L'apna farillaa'ana, and man}' others.

As the start had been made late in the morning, I pressed on to
the Old Oak Inn, beyond the Hide, and entered Abbot's Wood about 4
p.m. About an old hawthorn bush, in a little meadow near the Inn,
Tinea arcella was in moderate numbers — settling frequently upon the
twigs. A stray example of Stenoptilia pterodactyla was taken near by.
Mamentra dentino, a light form, was found resting upon a fii'bole about
a foot from the base, and 6'c'o/;rtr/rt rt;»i/r/;/rt^/.s- was also noted, frequently.

A muddy path through the thickets being followed, a meadow
surrounded by the wood was reached. Here Anthrucera trifolil was
observed, and Ad^ciia statices was netted as it rose from a flowerhead.
As the last rays of the sun touched the upper portion of the meadow,
leaving the lower part cast in shadow, huudreds of Stenoptilia
pterodacti/ht, in all its forms, were to be seen threading their way
amongst the mixed herbage, frequently clinging to the stems of the tall
grasses. Kbnlea croccalis, apparently just emerged, was taken as it
commenced its flight. Botys fimculiii also appeared amongst the grass
and wild strawberry, and one Pevinepliila lancealis was secured. At
the upper portion of the meadow, Kphi}i}iipliora tri(/eiiii)ia)ia was noticed
riying in clusters above the smaller l)ushes.

The following were noted during the return across the Hide —
Scojiaria dnhitalia (ab. pijralella), rising from the heath clumps, and
Phycis (niiatella, flying over the waste; whilst Xauthosetia hainava, in
the usual worn condition of the species, was common. PJapta tcnicrata
was now considerably frayed, and Jodia lactcaria had completely gone.
A 3 Tiiiiandra a)iiata was netted amongst the ditch herbage.

In the dusk, Dasyeera oliveiella was netted, flying at a height of
about six feet along the edge of Kuftet's Wood, and a 5 Hepiuhis lucltis
was taken flying near the base of the hedge. Sericoris lacmuaia and
S. urtivana were noted at the woodside in abundance, together with
Symaetlns oxyacanthella [fabiiciana). Upon arriving at Hailsham I
found the train had departed, so I set out in the darkness for a four
mile tramp to Polegate. Being without my lantern my captures were
necessarily few. A J Ptilodontis palpina was netted flying alongside
the wood past Hailsham, and the J s of Metrucampa niaryaiitaria, and
Poaniiia repandata were observed rather frequently.

j\Iy first visit during the present summer was on July 7th, and for
the greater part of the day beating engaged my attention — the sun
only occasionally peeping out. Sciaphila mibjectana, S. viryauieuua

252 THE entomologist's eecord.

and -S. nuhilana were, of course, numerous in the hedges near
Hailsham ; and Spilouota dealbana, with Dicti/opteri/.r loeflinr/iana also
occurred in plenty. Along the hedge to the left of the field, past the
Recreation Ground, larvfe of Depresaarin nervosa were frequent in their
silken tubes amongst the seeds and flowers of Oenanthe crocata. Some
individuals of the series from these larvae, bred during August, showed
a pink shade over the forewings. At the pond the <? s of Hydrocampa
nyinphaeata were common, and one ? Catadi/sta lemnata was also noted.
In the fields beyond, Epinephele jnrtina was flying in abundance
amongst the long grass, but no Glyphipteri/j; fttscoviridella were observed.
The slightest disturbance of the undergrowth or of the tall Liwhelli ferae
along the hedges caused S})haleroptera ictericana to rise.

In the lane leading to the wood, beating was extremely profitable
as regards common species. Spilonota dealbana, Dictyopteryx,
loefimyiana and Tortrix licparana were in excellent condition and
much in evidence, coming out in dozens at each touch of the oaks and
hazels. Several Rhodopliaea consodella, in splendid plumage, were
taken, and typical AcidaUa arersata were common. The progeny of a
5 Ani/erona primaria ab. corylata, which was taken here, are now
feeding contentedly upon privet, having emerged from the ova on July
'22nd and 23rd. A splendidly-marked example of Paedisca corticana
was taken from a birch bole ; and along the edge of the wood at the
end of the lane several examples of LoniaHpilis inaryinata and Heviithea
striyata were disturbed whilst worn typical J s of Anyerona primaria
proved to be rather common. Tortrix wrbiana (worn), T. crataeyana
(one) and Gelcchia terrella (commonly) and T. rosana were also noted.
Judging from the number of pup^e obtained from the small quantity
of yellow rattle seedheads which I collected from the field at the side
of the wood, FJiiiutelesia alhnlata must occur in great abundance in its
season.

The roadway was reached about 3.30 p.m., my attention was then
given to a patch of nettles and thistles, and several examples of Ehulea
croccalis, and a specimen of Era^tria fasriana were netted. No fresh
species were noted until 4 p.m., when, upon reachmg the gate at the
Hide, several Stenoptilia ptcrodactyla were observed amongst the long
grass by the roadside. On the heath a stray example of OrthoUtha
plumbaria was netted, and from the furze bushes an example of
Dicrorltainpha petiverana was disturbed, in company with the usual clouds
of Catoptria idicetana. The trees bordering Wilmington Wood were
the home of countless Tortrix viridana, T. heparana, T. corylana and
T. xylosteaua, the great majority being in excellent plumage. On the
right of the Hide, about 5 p.m., GraplioUtha pciikleriana, varying
considerably in the amount of white in the central area, were flying
commonly about the undergroAvth at the base of the hawthorns ; and
Aryyresthia nitidella Qnttared out in abundance wherever the hawthorn
twigs were touched. From the latter species a selection was made of
the cream variety (os.sra), which appeared to be fairly common. An
example of (jrelechia ndyella was also seen.

Between .5.80 p.m. and 6.30 p.m., attention was paid to the small
meadow lying to the left of the road near the Old Oak Inn. Anthrocera
tilipendulae was noted frequently upon the flower-heads. Sweeping
the Lotus cornicalatiis, here growing in clusters amongst the long
grass, produced fine fresh Gelechia liyulella abundantly, as many as a

THE LEPIDOPTERA AT RUFFEt's WOOD. 253

dozen examples being found in the net after one stroke. In company
with these occurred Aristutelia tenehrosella, and flitting from bent to
bent Ste)iojitiiia pterodactt/la was in profusion. lodis lactearia and
Hemitliea stiif/ata were early upon the wing, both, however, being-
much faded.

On the return journey over the heath, Crambits culmellus and C.
■hortitclliis were noted, the latter not in the profusion of the last occasion.
Scoparia diibitalis {}njralella), worn, was seen, and an example of
Cledeohia (oii/itstalis was netted as it rose from a heath clump about
•6.46 p.m. Clouds of Tortrix .vi/lusteana, T. viridana, T. conjlana, etc.,
with a few Crocsia herijiiianniana and Tortrix adjnnctana, were now
upon the wing, and the walk alongside Ruffet's Wood and through the
lanes towards Hailsham, was therefore devoted to the detection of
peculiar forms. Nothing striking was observed beyond some splashed
examples of J'ortrix cori/laua, and well-marked individuals of Dicti/op-
tcrijx loetUn(jiana. At the edge of the yellow rattle field by the wood
at 7.45 p.m., Tortrix roaana was flying in dozens about a hedge
contaming roses and hawthorn, in company with worn Spilonota
rosaccolana. A $ F.ucldoris pustulata was boxed from a low hazel
twig, but her progeny, I regret to say, was not carried beyond the first
ecdysis, because of the scarcity of oak in my neighbourhood.

On the last visit, on July 19th, the weather conditions were the
most favourable of all. The whole day the heat was extreme, and
consequently the greater portion of the time was devoted to diurnal
lepidoptera. Epincpheh' Jurti)ia was in profusion in the fields. Beat-
ing produced principall}' Spilonota rosaecolana, S. ocellana, S. dealhana,
LXcti/optcri/x locjlinijiana, D. fomkaleana, Miana bicoloria, Sjihaleroptera
ictericaiia, Anpjrest/iia nitidella, and typical A. (joedartella. Occasional
Stenoptilia pterodactyla were still to be observed amongst the long
grass by the hedge-sides. Worn J Hydiocainpa nymphaeata were still
•common, and a worn 2 Catadynta lemnata was disturbed at the
small pond. A typical J Anyerona prtinaria was disturbed from the
oaks in the lane, and fertile ova were again obtained. Numerous
Epinephele jurtina and E. tithonus were sunning themselves upon a
group of thistles by the roadside, whilst worn r? Ebulea crocealis were
obtained from the mixed herbage, in company with Sericoris urticana
and S. lacunana.

In Rutfet's Wood, Cramhaa pasnidlus was the first insect noticed,
and proved to be more worn and less comn)on than on the previous
visit. Tall thistles had grown up amongst the bushes on the IJ. eupltro-
syne ground, and upon these occasional Dryas paphia were seen
slowly fanning their gorgeous wings in the bright sunshine. Enodia
hyperanthus was in abundance, with Epinephele tithonus, flying about the
brambles; whilst several Stenoptilia pterodactyla were disturbed from the
undergrowth, and Adopaea flava ((/(«(/)»».s) was noticed frequently darting
over the tops of the long grasses. An occasional shake of the bushes
resulted in a few more or less typical Acidalia bisetata being started.

The firwood added Vaediaca vortirana (grey form), to the list, but
no var. )tiyrica}in was noted. In the upper portion of the wood,
Endotricha jiaiiiinealis was on the wing in the afternoon, and five
examples of Heruiinia deriralis were secured, being possibly disturbed
from their resting-place amongst the long grass. In the narrow rides
•of the main wood, towards late afternoon, many examples of Acidalia

254 THE entomologist's record.

bisetata were disturbed from the overhanging trees — one specimen
being wholly suffused with dark grey, and the remainder of those taken
included several ab. fimbriolata. From the dark form and a banded
example ova were obtained and the larvae are at present hybernating
upon the remnants of their foodplant, knotgrass. An example each
of Brachiiiia riifeftcens and Setina inorella were also taken, the latter
apparently just emerged ; and about 6 p.m. Bhndophaea co)W)ciella
was on the wing about the oaks. The following were also more or
less abundant throughout the wood, An/ijreMhia nitidella (no ab.
ossea), Spilonota dealbana (including the grey suffused form), *S'.
ocellana, Argyresthia gaedartella, ]>iftyopteryx loefiinijiana, D. forska-
leana, Tortrix xylosteana , T. crataegana, T. rusana, T. viridana and T,
corylana.

Three weeks in the Abruzzi.

By GEOEGE WHEELER, M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

An unexpected opportunity of visiting the Abruzzi in July,
particularly since for me entomology was to be admittedly the
principal point of the expedition, was indeed a thing to be hailed with
joy, even though the time at my disposal was all too short. The
whole district is practically unworked (with the exception of the Gran
Sasso d'ltalia, the highest point of the Apennines), and, though
during my stay at Roccaraso, I saw in the distance two nets,
belonging I am told to German collectors, yet I believe that,,
entomologically speaking, " we were the first that ever burst into
that " — unexplored land must be substituted for " silent sea." I
made up my mind from the beginning that information was a much
more important thing to acquire than cabinet specimens, so that the
collection I brought back with me is remarkable rather for its interest
than for the number of its specimens or the excellence of their
condition. This being to some extent of the nature of pioneer work,
it will, I think, be more useful to depart somewhat from the general
run of papers on better known localities, and to enter into more
detail as to the geography ot the district, the means of transit, the
nature of the "hotels," and so forth, than would be needed in writing
of Switzerland or the Riviera. I propose, therefore, to begin with a
few general observations, and then to take each of the places visited
separately, ending with a list of all the species taken or observed,
with the localities in which each was to be found. I shall add in
parentheses the names of places in the Apennines, but outside the
Abruzzi, i.e. (" Subiaco "), and in square brackets ["Rome"] for
such species as I took in my one afternoon on the Palatine Hill.

We were favoured throughout with magnificent weather, one
glorious day succeeded another, and this, in itself, was, in such a
summer, a priceless boon ; a bad thunderstorm during my one after-
noon at Fiesole was the only disappointment. On the whole,
especially at the higher altitudes, the number of specimens was greatly
in excess of what I had been led to expect from previous experience of
other parts of the Apennines, though there was nowhere quite the
profusion that one is accustomed to in Switzerland, or even in certain
favoured parts of England ; the lower-lying localities, however,
produced a much poorer fauna, which is doubtless accounted for by
the fact that the valleys are cultivated to the extreme of possibility,
while the cornfields on the heights are largely interspersed with short

THREE WEEKS IN THE ABKUZZI. 255

pasture and woodland, as well as with considerable tracts of waste
land, much of which is quite beyond a possibility of cultivation. On
the other hand, the tree limit is far lower than in Switzerland, and
the upper parts of many of the mountains are utterly bare of vegetation,
and consequently also of insect life. My time was, however, too
short to enable me to form any general conclusions, and as I never
got in more than two visits to any given spot, with the exception of
one specially favoured locality at Roccaraso, the fact of any species
not having been seen at any particular place is no argument
against its occurring there, especially since in each locality that I
visited twice, I found species on the second occasion which had not
put in an appearance on the first. I am convinced that the possibilities
of this region are great, and going into it absolutely without knowledge,
I have found three excellent spots in the Abruzzi, viz., Roccaraso,
Scanno, and Palena, and one — perhaps the best of all — out-
side the province, but still well in the Apennines, viz., Subiaco.
I only hope that my short experience will stimulate others
to try their luck in these parts, for I am sure they will be richly
reAvarded. Of course, there are drawbacks. In the first place, it is
absolutely necessary to be fairly at home in Italian, for not only does
one I'arely meet anyone capable of speaking a Avord of anything else,
but their own dialect is a difficult one to understand even for Italians
from other parts of Italy ; the end of most words and the beginning
of many is entirely omitted, which, while it simplifies the inflected
parts of speech, makes sad havoc of the others ; still, a few days makes
one accustomed to their idiosyncrasies, and they never have the least
difficulty in understanding the more usual form of the language.
When they speak anything else, moreover, it is almost certain to be
English, as many of the Abruzzesi spend some years in America, so
that if difficulties in mutual understanding should occur, it is always
worth while to try English on the chance that, if one's interlocutor
does not know any himself, he may be able to fetch someone who does.
Then, again, the accommodation at most places is extremely primitive;
but to set against that, the primitive inns are mostly very cheap, and
the cooking is almost universally beyond reproach; moreover, the beds
are extremely clean, so much so, that one must be on the look out
against damp sheets. All water, even for tooth-brushing purposes,
should be boiled, and milk is safer boiled too. The people are kindly
and interested, and quite without contempt for one's net, though it is
perhaps better only to let it be seen by grown-up people, lest the
friendly interest of the children should show itself in numerous
"followers," or in the offer of crushed and useless specimens, caught,
after careful stalking, with the hand or the cap, and which one cannot
hurt the captor's feelings by refusing to accept. One advantage
further — the Abruzzesi never beg I the difference at Subiaco was
painful. Brigandage, even in the remotest mountain districts, is
absolutely a thing of the past, and has been so for more than thirty
j^ears ; on the other hand, there really is in some districts, c.;/., Palena
and Subiaco, a certain amount of danger from wolves, if one adventures
oneself quite alone too far into the heart of the wooded mountains,
but, in the summer, even this is reduced to an almost negligeable
quantity, and two or three people together are always considered
quite safe.

With regard to the butterflies to be found in the month of July,

256 THE entomologist's record.

two things struck me specially, the large number of Lycngnids (in the
widest sense) and the extreme poverty of the Erebias. Of the former I
took 25 species in the Abruzzi (I have taken others elsewhere in the
Apennines), of which 17 were "blues," 4 " coppers," and 4 "hair-
streaks"; on the other hand the Erebias were represented by a few
worn Erebia stymie, and this at a height at which in Switzerland one
would probably have found seven or eight species at least. The Hesperiids
were fairly well represented, as were the Pierids, and, in the latter
group, my most interesting discovery was made, for Pierls enjane is
widely distributed in this part of the Apennines; 1 took it at Sulmona,
Roccaraso, and Subiaco, though unfortunately it was only at the latter
place that I became suddenly aware of the fact, otherwise I might have
had specimens for some of iny kind friends. The Melitasas were
represented only by a few Melitaea didi/uia, still fewer specimens of a
small, heavily-marked form of M. phoebe, and by numerous M. partlunie ;
the Brenthids only by a few worn-out Brmthix daphne at Scanno ; but
I took all the large fritillaries except Dn/as pandora, though Ari/i/nnis
af/laia and A. niobe were the only two that were even fairly common.
Vanessids were scarce, Envanessa antiopa and Poh/gonia et/ea being the
least so, but the former were unapproachable and the latter generally worn
out ; Limenitls caiidlla was not uncommon at Roccaraso, but I saw it
nowhere else till I got to Subiaco. For most of the Satyridae I was
perhaps too early; Paran/e meijaera however was everywhere, P. egeria
was scarce, and not of the southern form, and P. viaera was common
only at Roccaraso. I saw one Satynis cordula only at Palena,
Hipparchia alcyone being common at one spot below Villalago, and a
few H. semele appearing at Roccaraso ; the genus Epineplide was more
in evidence, while C. pampldbia and C. arcania alone represented
Coenonyinpha. Melanori/ia i/alatca Avas to be found everywhere, the
lowland form having a strong tendency to obsolescence of the under-
side markings, while many of the upland specimens might have come
from the Vale of the White Horse, or some other English locality.

Our first destination in the Abruzzi was its capital, Aquila, but it
is impossible to get there direct. The shortest way is probably by
Ancona and Pescara, but the temptation of even one day in Florence
was great, so leaving Charing Cross at 2.20 p.m. on the 5th, we arrived
at Florence at about 11 p.m. on the 6th, remaining there for two nights.
The morning of the 7th was so bright that I never thought of the
possibility of rain in the afternoon, and put oft" my visit to my old
hunting-ground at Fiesole till after lunch, but alas ! I had hardly
arrived when a violent thunderstorm broke out, and I had not more than
five minutes of sunshine. I disturbed a few Lycaenids in the grass and
heather, but Polyowwatus escheri on which I had reckoned, was only
represented by one $ , and P. icams was the only other species taken.
Adnpaea lineola was common, as were also Epinephele jiirtina and
Melanargia galatea, the only other butterflies I saw were Pieris hrassicae,
P. rapae, and Colias edusa. Even from Florence it is impossible to get
to Aquila in the day, the trains on the branch line being few and
awkward, so our journey was again broken by spending the night at
Assisi, where we arrived in time for a short hunt on the grass slope
above the cemetery road where I had so often been last year. Ar/riadefi
thetis 3 s were worn out but the $ s were still in good condition ; I
was not, however, lucky enough to pick up any more specimens of the

THREE WEEKS IN THE ABRUZZI. 257

hybrid polonus. ScolitantideH baton, PohjounnatuK icarits, Adopaea lineola
and Thymelicusi acteon were as common as last year, and I took one
(Jiipido osiris (sebrus) 2 ", several of last year's species were also in evidence
but nothing of special interest and nothing new. The trains from
Assisi are not convenient, and, but for the pleasure of returning to the
Hotel Giotto, it would really have been better to go on to the junction
at Terni and spend the night there. As it was we had to wait two
hours at Terni between trains. Had we known it, we had plenty of
time to visit the famous falls, by driving up to them and catching our
train again at Marmore just above the falls, but, as we did not know
this at the time, I found a hopeful-looking lane just at the end of the
platform which I followed for some distance, taking the following
species: Pobjowmatua icanis, worn, Kveres alcetas, fresh and rather
large, Paranje e(jeria, tending towards the southern form, P. meyaeuiy
Knjnni>i aleeae, Poli/i/onia c-albnni, all worn, and Melanan/ia yalatca.
It is worth while noting that there is a good bufiet at Terni station, as
one leaves for Aquila soon after lunch time. From all I could see, I
should think that there was much good hunting-ground above Terni,
especially in the neighbourhood of Marmore station, some 700ft. above
Terni, which only stands a little more than 420ft. above sea level.
One or two other points are passed between Terni and Aquila which
look as if they might well repay a visit, but trains are very few ;
Piediluco, however, might easily be reached from Terni and the Sella
di Corno from Aquila ; the latter station is over 8000ft. above sea
level.

x\quila is a very flourishing and prosperous-looking town of nearly
19000 inhabitants, situated at some 2000ft. above the sea, but the air
of which reminds one more of 4000 to 5000ft. in the Alps. I really
do not know what to say of the hotels. "We stayed at the Albergo di
Roma, where they profess to give "pension" terms, but on enquiring
what they would be the landlord exclaimed with a shrug " How can I
possibly tell till I see what you eat ! " It turned out to be rather
expensive and not very satisfactory, but I have no reason to suppose that
the "Italia" or the "Sole" are different. However, entomologically,
it could only be used as a centre. I have no opinion of its immediate
surroundings as a hunting-ground. There is a hopeful-looking bank
just below the fortress (known as the "castello ") on which one could
pick up odd specimens of Eri/nnis altkaeae, and K. aleeae, lluniieia
phlaean var. eleita, Scolitantides baton, I'oli/oiiniiatiiii icariis, < 'hattendenia
iv-albiiin (worn out), Pieris rapae, Pontia dapUdice, Leptosia .s/;m;;/x,
Colias ediisa (very fresh), Pijrameis cardui, Polyi/nnia er/ea (in rags),
Issoria lathonia, Epinephele jurtina (not approaching Jiii^pidla), and
Coenoni/mplia pam}ihilii>i. These species I took on the afternoon of
the 11th, but no others. On the afternoon of the lOtb, we drove up
to Assergi, the point of departure for the ascent of Gran Sasso d'ltalia
(9585ft., the highest point of the Apennines), the slopes surrounding
which form, I have no doubt, admirable hunting ground. There is
however no possible place to stay at in or near Assergi, and the only
way to get a good day there would be to drive from Aquila in the
early morning, and walk back as far as Paganica station (two miles
beyond the village) from which there is a train to Aquila, the next
station, in the late afternoon. My only experience of these slopes
was obtained by starting to walk back directly we arrived at Assergi,

■258 THE entomologist's record.

while the carriage waited for half an hour. It was getting late
however, and the only species I took were, Agriades thetis and
Polyoiiiwatiis escheri, both worn, P. hylas, very fresh, P. icariis,
Cupidn minimus (one only), Kliujia spini, Pieris napi, and Pararge
mcfiaera. I succeeded, however, in getting so far ahead that the
driver was most anxious to turn back to find nie, feeling sure I must
be behind, and assuring the ladies that it was " molto pericoloso " to
leave me there ; they, however, knowing that I was very well able to
take care of myself, insisted on continuing, and eventually overtook
me, nor did we ever discover in what the " great danger " consisted,
though the man was evidently genuinely perturbed.

With regard to the insects taken in these two localities, the most
interesting forms were certainly those of Krynnis althaeae and Pohjcm-
matiis escheri. The former Avas small, square and compact-looking,
the hindwings very dark, the forewings much lighter than in more
northern specimens, giving something of the same contrast that one
gets in Erynnis lavaterae, except that, in this case, the tint is mauve
and not buff. The latter is also small, and of the blue of hylas rather
than that of icartis ; the one specimen I took was not so brilliant as
those of Fiesole, but this may be due to its condition, which was far
from fresh. The only specimen of Ciipido mininnts seen during my
expedition was rather large (though not approaching the alsoides of the
Laquinthal in size) and well spotted ; it is certainly a scarce species
in central and southern Italy. Polyommatns hylas is large, and of a
very brilliant blue. The other species taken show no peculiarity.

(To be concluded).

Early Summer amongst the Butterflies of the Rhone Valley.

By JOHN ALDERSON.
[Continued from p. 239.)

On June 9th I shifted my quarters to Martigny. The conditions
were still unfavourable for collecting, and slight showers were falling
at intervals as I set out about mid-day with the intention of walking
under the cliffs to Vernayaz. In the fields, Enodia hyperanthus was in
swarms, and a solitary Rnmicia phlaeas formed an addition to my list.
A single fresh Erebia styyne and three worn E. evias were picked up on
the stony slopes, and then the rain came down steadily and persistently,
compelling a retreat. In the morning, a J Melitaea parthenie, taken
the previous day at Bex, had been placed in a cage with fresh sprigs
of scabious and leaves of Plantafp) lanceolata. I put the cage upon
the window-sill where it would catch any fleeting rays of the sun, but
no ova were laid this day.

The morning of June 10th opened brightly with a clear sky, in
pleasant contrast to the day preceding. I walked across the fields to
Branson with the intention of working the Colutea patch for Lycaena
iolas. On the roadway, just before reaching the bridge over the
Rhone, I took my first specimen of Hipparchia alcyone. After
crossing the Rhone, a single perfectly fresh Scolitantides oHon
was captured flitting about the rocks, and one or two Issoria lathonia
were noticed hereabouts. On reaching the Colutea patch, I found
Li/caena iolas flying about the bushes in the bright sunshine. Half a
dozen specimens, including both sexes, and in varying condition, were
captured, but the species were not very common, nor was it very easy

BUTTERFLIES OF THE RHONE VALLEY. 259

to net. Lycaena arion was not uncommon flying about the steep
slopes, and showing a strong tendency to variation in the direction of
var. obacura. I added two other species to my list in the capture of
odd examples of Ari/i/iinis adippe and Hippaychia scinde, both recently
emerged to judge by their condition. Occasionally Kripinu laratcrae,
lli'speriit cart/iaiiii, and H. alrcus were noticed on the steep hillsides, and,
at the blossoms of privet Nordinannia (T/iecla) ilicis, in fine condition,
was quite common. A few Loweia alciplirun var. (/ordinn, were on the
wing, and Aricia ostiarche occurred sparingly. About eleven o'clock,
clouds came up rapidly and obscured the sun, which remained
hidden for the remainder of the day. On patches of lucerne, between
Branson village and the Rhone, large numbers of Plebeius arrpis [ae(io)i)
were found at rest. Three more specimens of Scolitantides orion were
found on the rocks near Branson, their condition suggesting that they
belonged to a second brood, for all were in prime condition, whereas
the majority of those seen and taken in this locality on May 18th,
were more or less worn, some, in fact, being very tattered specimens.
One or two batches of larviB of Vauesxa io were seen on nettle, and one
batch almost full-fed was found feeding on hop. On returning, I
found that the sunshine had induced the caged ? M. parthenie to
oviposit, for about 80 ova had been laid in batches along and near the
midribs of the scabious leaves, but on the leaves of plantain none was
laid.

The following day the outlook was again far from favourable, the
sky being overcast and the temperature low, with occasional showers
and a rather gusty wind. I walked under the cliffs from Martigny
to Vernayaz, but saw very few insects during the journey, and before
I reached Vernayaz heavy rain came on and continued for the rest of
the day. The continued absence of ideal collecting weather was
certainly somewhat discouraging, but, despite the unfavourable con-
ditions, each day I kept coming across new species, and the pleasure
of making their acquaintance and watching their habits was some
compensation for the meagreuess of the bag. On this day the new
arrival was Jircnthis daphne, a lovely insect, brightly coloured, as all
the family are on the upper surface of the wings, and exhibiting on
the underside a charming blend of colours, of which the rich purple
suffusion of the hindwings is the most conspicuous feature. One or
two Lnu'eia alciphron var. nordius were seen, whilst occasional MeUtaea
cinxia were still to be met with flitting about the footpath. On the
stonj'^ slopes a single Erehia stip/ne was taken, and Parar(je maera was
found resting on the rocks. I attempted to work the marshes for
Pohfovunatiis amandns, but I found only one or two, with a few each
of Coennnymplia {phis, Mditaea dicti/nna and Aiii/iadcs si/lraniiK, the
long grass being too wet for comfort.

The following day, June 12th, was wretched in the extreme, a
blustering wind with a pelting rain prevailing all day. Early the next
morning the rain was still falling, but at 9 o'clock it ceased, and
although it was still dull, I set out for the walk under the clififs to
Vernayaz, for I still kept hoping for favourable conditions to test the
entomological wealth of this particular locality. From 10 to 11 o'clock
the sun shone brightly, and I had a busy and interesting time. In the
marsh butterflies were swarming; of these, Enodia hyperanthus, showing
signs of wear and wanting in variety, Pohjomniatus aiiiandus,oi which I

260 THE entomologist's record.

took a fair series with a good proportion of $ s, Coenonympha ipkis, and
Melitaea dictijmia were the commonest. One or two Meiitaea athalia
were also picked up, and Iphidides podalirius was not uncommon. Other
species noted were Polyomwatus icarus, Plebeius argiis [aefjon), Loueia
dorilis, Nordmannia ilicis, Colias hyale, Paran/e maera, and Epinephele
ianira. Quite an unexpected find at this low elvation, and an addition
to the list was made in the capture of Coenomjvtpha satyrion, tha
specimen being a J^ in perfectly fresh condition. Another new
capture was Heodes virgaureae, a real entomological gem, brilliant in
the extreme, as it sat on a blossom with its brightly burnished wings
wide-spread, and reflecting the rays of the sun. Towards Vernayaz, a
few Loweia alciphron var. (jordius were taken. This species is very
fond of sunning itself with wide-spread wings on a bare patch of
ground, and, if disturbed, it generally returns to the same spot. After
eleven o'clock, when the sun disappeared, I netted very few insects,
but, on the return journey, a good many species were found at rest.
Amongst these were P. amandns and C. iphis on grass stems, M.
dictynna on the same, and also on flower-heads, whilst Aporia cratacgi
was crowding on scabious flowers, from which it was easily picked off.
The larvae of Vanessa io, in all stages of growth, were swarming on
hop and nettle, the majority showing a preference for the former
foodplant. A cocoon of Dasychira fascelina was found attached to
the base of a large rock, and well-hidden by the grass, and Arctia
villica was noticed clinging to the reeds in the marsh.

The sky was of a clear blue the next day, June 14th, with the
bright sunshine tempered by a rather cool breeze. The route I took
was around La Batiaz, thence through the vineyards to Martigny
Bourg and La Croix, and a little distance up the valley which leads to
the Col de la Forclaz. About La Batiaz, Brent/us daphne was fairly
common, and in very fine condition, and Paniassius a polio was also com-
mon, but Melitaea deione var. herisalensis was not seen, although a careful
and prolonged search was made for this species. Erynnis lavaterae,
Hesperia carthaiiii, and Powellia sao were all fairly common about the
vineyard paths, whilst occasional Loweia alciphron var. iiordiiis flew up
off the pathway. Nordmannia ilicis was common about the brambles,
and Polyniiiiiiatits icants and P. hylas were noted. Around the
tower, specimens of Hipparchia nlcyone, and H. seinele were picked
up. The vineyard paths leading to Martigny Bourg produced
nothing except an occasional P. hylas, and two perfectly fresh Pontia
daplidice. On nearing Martigny Bourg, a Melitaea flitting about the
pathway was netted, and it proved to be the sought-for berisalensis.
Hereabouts, half a dozen ^ specimens of this species were picked up,
some, unfortunately, being rather ragged, and one large-sized specimen
having a wing expanse of 45mm. A few Issoria lathonia were alsa
flitting about the vineyard paths, and those taken were in very good
condition. The meadows in the valley did not prove so productive as
I had anticipated, although I added two species to the list in single
specimens of Chrysophanns hippotho'e and Adopaea lineola. Amongst
the species found here, the most interesting were Argynnis
adippe, Melitaea phoehe, Brenthis daphne, and Aricia eurnedon, all
occurrmg sparingly ; and here was also taken a solitary Runricia
phlaeas, one of the only two specimens of this species I met with in
Switzerland.

COLEOPTERA. 261

The following day I left Martigny by an early train for Sierre,
where I intended to stay for a day or two. The day was very hot
and oppressive in the extreme, with the sun shining through a haze.
After lunch I set out to walk through the Pfynwald to Susten. The
first part of the walk through the woods to the village of Pfyn was
not very productive. Occasional Melitaea didijma and M. plwebe were
observed in the clearings, and one or two Ari/ynnu adippe were flying
about the privet blossom. A few At/riades thetis were picked up,
including a very fine 5 ab. addenda, and possibly an extended series
of A. thetis from these clearings would be interesting, for the few
specimens I took were of a good size with very bold markings. After
leaving the village, Brenthis dia was found ver}^ commonly in a field
to the right of the road, and also nearer Susten on some rough waste
ground by the roadside. At the latter place I saw my first and only
Pi/ranuis cardid, which was successful in eluding several attempts on
my part to capture it. With another new species, PohjoiiDiiatus eschcri,
I was more successful, a <? and a ? , both in good condition, being
netted. Gonepteryx rhaunii was also seen, but altogether the walk
had not proved very productive, and fell far short of the expectations
I had formed of a district so well reputed in entomological literature.

The next day, June 16th, opened brightly, but before midday the
sky became overcast, and afterwards the sun came out only at
intervals. Taking the train to Salquenen, I worked upwards amongst
the vineyards in the hope of meeting with Melitaea deione var. berisa-
lensis, but I did not find it at all commonly, and the capture of four
specimens occupied a good deal of time. Pontia daplidice was not
uncommonly met with, and was in good condition. In the meadows
above the vineyards Melitaea didipiia was fairly common, but showing
signs of wear, and other species on the wing were Melitaea phocbe, Colian
hj/ale, Af/riadestlieti.s, Lycaena avion, Hesperia carthami, H.serratidae, and
//. alvcHs. Two specimens of Polyf/onia c-album, and a hybernated
(ronepteryx rhannii were noticed, whilst J' s of Argynnis aylaia and A.
adippe were dashing wildly about. Anthrocera transalpina was flying
fairl}' commonly. The wind was blowing rather strongly on these
exposed slopes, and crossing over in the direction of Sierre I came
across a sheltered corner where butterflies were flying abundantly.
Here Melitaea didyma was very common, with Brenthi:^ dap/tne, B. dia
and M. phoebe in fewer numbers. I was very pleased to meet
with M. aurelia again, though in small numbers, for I had not seen
this species since I was at Sion on June 3rd. Amongst the " blues"
Ayriades thetis and I'olyininnatKs icanis were common, and Lycaena
arinn was not scarce. The Argynnids, aylaia, adippe, and niobe var.
eris, were dashing to and fro in numbers, the last-named species being
met with for the flrst time. Early in the afternoon a drenching rain
came on and stopped collecting for the day.

{To be continued.)

(^OLEOPTERA.

EUPLECTUS KUNZEI, AuB., FROM THE NORTH OF EnOLAND. In

September of this year I had the pleasure of finding a specimen of
Eiiplertiis kiivzei, Aub., at Gibside, county Durham. It occurred
under the bark of an old fir rail-post lying in long grass, and was

262 THE entomologist's record.

probably feeding on a small blue-gray springtail (a species of Pseudo-
chorutes new to the British fauna), which was present in moderate
numbers. E. kunzei, Aub., E. piinctatiis, Mots., E. karsteni, Beich.,
E. signatas, Reich., £'. nanun, Reich., E. saiiguineus, Den., E. piceus,
Mots., E. minutissimuH, Aub., and Bibloporiis bicolor, Den., are now
known from the Derwent Valley. — Richard S. Bagnall, F.E.S.,
Penshaw Lodge, Penshaw. October 11th, 1910.

Note on the occurrence of Dryoc.etes autographus, Ratz., in
THE county of Durham. — Some time ago I recorded having taken a
single example of Dnjocaetcn atitoi/raphiis by sweeping from Gibside.
In June of this year I found several examples under bark of small fir
stumps and fallen branches in a plantation near Westgate-in-
Weardale. — Id.

W^ ARI AT ION.

Dark-coloured larv^. of Papilio machaon. — It may interest your
readers to hear that the dark form of Papilio xiachaon larva, which I
have already noticed [Ent. liec, xx., 240, 266), was very common
this year in my kitchen-garden on the carrots. There were some
twenty in all that my children brought me, and everyone of them was
melanistic. Last year I found two or three of them on some wild
carrot by the woodside a little beyond the marshes ; the year before,
those I examined were found in several different places. In these
three years I have not found one that could be called normal as to
colouring, though, in 1908, one or two were not so far removed from
the normal type as all the others I have taken since then. It is, of
course, impossible to ascertain for how long this modification of
colouring has been going on, and what can be the reason for it in this
particular locality, is a question to which I find no satisfactory answer.
There can be no supposition about mimicry, or rather adaptation to
environment, in this case, for the dark-coloured larva shows out clearer
against the light green of the foodplant than does the greener typically
coloured larva. Unless we allow that a form with obviously
disadvantageous colouring ma}' become dominant in a given
geographical spot where one would least expect to find it, and this
appears to be absolute nonsense, I am naturally obliged to conclude
that it is a remnant of an older pigment, left here and probably else-
where, and that the big wave of adaptation has gone on in almost
every other district and has left behmd it this little puddle here. I
should be glad to have the views of some of your more enlightened
readers on the subject. — P. A. H. Muschamp, F.E.S., The Institute,
Stiifa. October Srd, 1910.

:^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Unusual emergence of Dimorpha versicolora. — Last year at
Strathpefler, on August 22nd and 23rd, a friend and I found ten
larvae of Dimorp/ta versicolora on some low-growing birch. We kept
these in a tin box with their foodplant and some dry moss. On
September 5th following, one showed signs of pupating, and by the
27th one had disappeared into the moss, although five were afterwards
found dead without having changed to pupa. It was not until

NOTES OX COLLECTING. 268

September 27th this year (1910) that the first imago (a J ) appeared,
followed by a J and 2 on October 5th and 7th, respectively, leaving
still two to emerge. Is it possible that these larvae could be from a
second brood ? I have not found a similar record in any book, so
that I thought this incident might be unusual. The pupa were kept
in a sitting-room with a fire going during the winter months. If not
trespassing too freely on your valuable time, I should be greatly
interested to have your opinion on the matter. — C. Kennedy Reuss,
Emmaus, Ashtead, Surrey. October 10th, 1910. [The " Times of
Appearance " of this species, in A Xataral History of the Brititih Lejii-
doptcra, vol. iii., pp. 201-263, comprises some very interesting records
and deals with the points raised by Mr. Reuss. It will be seen, among
others, on p. 261, that Frosch (by error Frisch) gives details of a con-
siderable October emergence in 1894, Kricheldorft', of another in
September, 1899, Gauckler, in December, 1896, Alderson, in October,
1891, and so on. None of these observers suggest the possibility of a
second-brood, but give details showing that they were all cases of
retarded emergence. Perhaps our readers can give further particulars
of late emerging examples of this species. — Ed.]

Larva of Apopestes spectrum. — Mr. Simes, at the end of his
highly interesting and pleasantly written " Notes on the Lepidoptera
of Brindisi " {Knt. thr., vol. xxii., p. 231), mentions finding some
large Noctuid larvae resembling those of Hadcna pi.si. I have little
doubt that they were the larva' of Apoiiestes t^pcctriim, Esp., a species
of rather southern distribution. The larva appears to feed on broom
and allied plants. The moth is not so handsome as the larva, and
resembles our ilania iiiaara more than any other British insect. A
figure will be found in Spuler's Schmett. Kiiropas, pi. 54, fig. 14, and
of the larva in the companion volume, Die liaiipen, etc., pi. 38, fig. 2.
There are figures in other works, but these are the only ones I have at
hand. — Alfred Sich, F.E.S., Corney House, Chiswick, Middlesex.
October 18th, 1910.

y Notes from Wimbledon for 1910.— As a temporary resident here,
I have been much interested by Mr. Mill ward's list of the lepidoptera
of the Common [antea, vol. xix., p. 90) and Mr. Smallman's list of
the Geometrides (vol. xx., p. 60), and I now venture to send you a list
of a few species not mentioned in these papers which I have come
across this season. I was away all July and, on and off, the greater
part of June, so that I cannot be said to have " done " the Common
at all thoroughly. The species noted are : —

Arctiides : SpHosonia lubricipeda, S. menthaatri, both common at
light and well marked. Hepialides : Hepialns hectus, H. lupidinns,
both taken at dusk. Drepanulides : Cilix glaucata, common at light.
Notodontides : Leincainpa dictaeoides, one on a fence. May 17th.
Notodonta droiiiedariits, a few larvai beaten from birch in September.
Cymatophorides : Asphalia fiavicornis, very common on lamps, and, by
day, on birches. Noctuides : Triaena pui, larvte common ; Leiicania
lithari/ijria, larvfe ; iJi/droecia micacea, on grassheads, September ;
Xiflophasia rurea, very common at sugar, including beautiful rich
dark-red forms {alopecurus .') ; L'liaraca.s (jraiiiinis, males at light ;
Apaniea basilinea, at sugar ; Miana furuncitla, common at dusk ;
Graphiphora aiujur, one at sugar, June 17th ; Xi)ctua brnnuca, coumion
at sugar in June; Citria flarai/o {ceraifo), on grasses, September;

264 THK entomologist's record.

Brotolomia nieticulosa ; Hadetia phi, larvae very common on bracken
by day, especially during sunshine, when they rest on the upperside of
the fronds, September and October ; Erastria fuscula, one very fresh
male at sugar, June 7th. Geometrides : Nyssia hispidaria, full-fed
larvffi on oak-trunks ; Zonosoma pendularta, common; AcidaUa remu-
taria ; Hyhernia leucophaearia, very common on fences ; H. auran-
tiaria, common ; Chewiatobia boreata, very abundant ; Larentia viri-
(loria : Cidarjc. trimcata, common; Pehmia comitata, a few in garden.

With regard to the species in Mr. Millward's list, I may mention
that Gonophora [Thyatira) derasa was common at sugar in June, as
was C'ymatopJiora duplaris in August, the latter being, as a rule,
decidedly dark. Tapinostola fulva was very abundant in certain spots
from early September to date, chiefly of forms roiicolor, uchrarea,
ncliracea-xitffii>i(i, and pallida. With regard to the species in Mr.
Smallman's list of Geometrides, I have only to note the extraordinary
abundance of Cheimatobia bnimata and Hybenvia defoliaria last winter,
and the occurrence of a specimen of the latter species on September
30th last, an early date in my limited experience. I also found
AcidaUa emaryinata to be common, but very localised. There is one
insect in his list — Thera juniperata — which has, so far, defeated me.
I cannot even find any juniper. I beat plenty of pupa3 from junipers
on Epsom Downs, which are now emerging, but that is the nearest
locality I have found. — (Captain) P. A. Cardew, 50, Melbury Gardens,
Wimbledon. October 1th, 1910.

Arctomyscis euphorbia var. myric^ in England. — I received a
pupa of this insect from my mother, which was taken on June 6th,
1910, near Falmouth. The insect, a female, emerged on June 9th.
I find, on reference to Mr. South's " Moths of the British Isles," that
this insect has not been reported from England before. — P. N. Whitley,
School House, Rugby.

Eupithecia succenturiata in Warwickshire. — I have much
pleasure in stating that I took a specimen in a disused brick-pit at
Hillmorton, near Rugby, on June 16th, 1910. I have been unable to
find larvae on the tansy that grows there in abundance. I believe
this is the first record for Warwickshire. — P. A. Buxton, School
House, Rugby.

Tiliacea citrago in Kent.- — We have taken this species this autumn
in numbers at sugared lime trees (and occasionally at light) in the
garden, at Fairhill, Tonbridge. Barrett does not record the insect for
Kent. We have also found a wing in a fives-court at Rugby — but
this is not a new insect for Warwickshire.— P. A. and D. S. J. Buxton,
Fairhill, Tonbridge. October 20th, 1910.

Agrius convolvuli at West Wittering, near Chichester. — A very
tattered and worn specimen of Ayritis convolvuli was taken this autumn
at West Wittering, by Mrs. Dumphry of that village. I cannot give
the exact date. I have myself seen no — nor have I heard of any —
specimens of either species of Colias or JSlanduca atropos in any stage.
Indeed, the season for lepidoptera has never been excelled for badness
in my experience. On October 4th, a beautiful day, several Aylais
nrticae and a Pyrameis cardui were flying over flowers in the garden.
— Joseph Anderson, Aire Villa, Chichester.

CURRKNT NOTKS. 265

URRENT NOTES.

The Annual Exhibition of the South London Entomological
Society will take place on November 24th, at Hibernia Chambers,
London Bridge, S.E., at 7.30 p.m. The Secretaries ask for information
concerning exhibits in advance. Visitors kindly invited. Exhibitors
are also urged to label their exhibits.

The Conversazione of the Entomological Society of London, post-
poned from May last to December, has again been unavoidably post-
poned until next year. Due notice will be given as soon as a date
has been fixed for it on some day either in May or early June.

Dr. Wood describes {Ent. Mo. Mcuj.) six new species of I'hora, viz.,
P. albican data, P. spinicincta, /'. sylratica, P. hirticaudata, P. wani-
cata, and P. hirsuta.

Dr. Sharp describes a new species of Laccobiiis as L. yteneims,
recorded as occurring in the New Forest in great abundance in Sep-
tember, and as having been taken also in Devonshire (de la Garde),
Cornwall (Champion), Padstow ^Lamb).

Dr. Norman .Joy and Mr. Tomlin describe a beetle new to science
as Kriciiius histrio. It appears to be widely distributed — Oxford,
Southport, Bradfield, Whitbourne-on-Terne, Symond's Yat, Mathon,
and West Malvern. It occurs among hay, and appears first to have
been suspected by Mr. J. Collins as distinct from E. transversus.

Dr. Norman Joy also adds Atheta {Homalota) picipennis, Majunh., to
the British list on the strength of specimens taken at Dalwhmnie,
Invernessshire, on September, 1909, and at Aviemore in rotten fungus
in September, 1910.

Mr. Richard S. Bagnall adds three species of Thysanoptera to the
British fauna, riz., Cryptothrips lata, Uzel, Liot/irips /iradcrensis,
Uzel, and Arautliothripa nodicuniis. Renter.

.SOCIETIES.

Thh; South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
SepteiiibcrHth, 1910. — Birds and pup^ of Nonagria arundinis. — Mr. J. P.
Barrett exhibited a number of reeds from which larvae and pupae of Non-
ayria ariindiiiis had been extracted by birds. Coleoptera. — Mr. Ashby,
a series of Anomala f r isc It ii horn the New Forest, three-fourths of which
were of tbe beautiful blue-green aberration. Rare Homopteron. —
Mr. West (Greenwich), a short series of tbe rare Homopteron, Olianis
leporinnx, from Hohnsley, New Forest. Aberrations of Lepidoptera.
— Mr. Newman, long varied series of Aijrotis cinerea from North Kent,
and I'achnobia alpina from Kannoch, Euehelia jacobacae with red
markings united, a number of I'hiayniatobia fidiyinosa, bred in August
from Aberdeen ova laid in June, of the red southern form, and a
varied series of Amorpha pupidi, including an unicolorons specimen, and
one with a greenish band. Dragonfly caught by Drosera. — Mr, Step,
for Mr. Bishop, a cluster of Droaera intermedia from Cutmill, which

266 THK KNTOHOLOMST's RECOKl).

had captured a dragonfly, Aijrion puella. Gynandbomorphous Brenthis
EUPHROSYNE. — Dr. HodgsoD, a gynandromorphous Brenthis euphrosyne
from Ashdown Forest. Micko-Lepidoptera. — Mr. Sich, shells of the
ova of Coleophora niveicostella on thyme, cases of C. potentillae (?), and
of C. paripennella, and mines of the larvae of Cemiostoma scitella in
hawthorn. Lantern display of slides showing structural details
OF early stages in Lyc^nids. — Dr. Chapman showed a series of slides
illustrating various, chiefly structural, points in relation to the " blues,"
especially Plebeins avfjus, Ac/riades coridon and A. thetis (bellanjus),
their larvte at various stages, characteristic hairs, honey-gland, etc. ;
pupal structure, such as the curious pocket in P. argus and A. thetis,
between segments 4 and 5 of the abdomen, to receive the ends of the
legs and antennfe ; the male appendages, to illustrate their character-
istic forms in the Plebeiids ; a series of specimens showing the teeth at
the end of the clasp of P. an/us, and also of a number of allied species,
the former showing the great variation in these parts in P. aryus, but
quite impossible to confound with the other species where variation
might be equally great, but specimens were not available for this. The
specimens were all pressed quite flat so as to be readily comparable.
September 22;ui?, 1910. — Eivieran Agriades coridon. — Dr. Chapman
exhibited a bred series of a second-brood of Ar/riades coridon from ova
laid by spring imagines taken in the Riviera. Variation of Malacosoma
NEUSTRiA. — Mr. West (Ashtead), a bred series of Malacosoma neustria,
containing a good proportion of very light and very dark forms in
both sexes. Diptera. — Mr. Andrews, short series of the Diptera
Pef/onujia setaria and Isopogon hrevirostris from Chattenden and Shore-
ham, Kent, respectively. Aberrations of Lepidoptera. — Mr. Newman,
a Celastrina argiolus $ with very wide black margin and spotted
fringe, a Pachnobia hyperborea in which a radial segment of the hind-
wing has the rich markings of the forewing, an orange Arctia caia
with forewings having only a few small blotches of dark marking,
several forms of Angerona prunaria, uniform and rich marbled, an
Adopaea lineola with xanthic discal patches on all wings, and an
Abraxas grosstdariata, extremely pale, with only a few scattered traces of
black and yellow markings. Aberration of Zanclognatha grisealis.
— Mr. Kaye, for Mr. Percy Richards, a curious and unique specimen
of the genus Zanclognatha with an apparent combination of the
markmgs of both Z. grisealis and Z. tarsipennalis, but considered as
being the former species. Galls. — Mr. Step the galls of Cynips kollari
(?) from Bookham, and compared them with V. tinctoria (?) brought
from the Riviera by Dr. Chapman. The Middlesex home of Clausilia
biplicata. — Mr. Sich read a paper on the above subject, and gave a
description of his garden and its natural history at Chiswick as it was
years ago. October ISth, 1910. — A local Homopteron. — Mr. West
(Greenwich) exhibited a series of the Homopteron, Limotettix sticto-
gala, beaten from tamarisk at Deal. It was gradually extending its
range. Photographs. — Mr. Tonge, photographs of the j^oung larvae of
Celastrina argiolus attacking ivy buds, and Vanessa io and Pyrameis
atalanta at rest. Aberrations of Lepidoptera. — Mr. Newman, melanic
examples of Bryophila perla taken at Folkestone, a suft'used pink
specimen of Anthrocera trifolii, an example of Spilosoma menthastri

SOCIETIKS. 267

with joined-up spots approaching ab. iralkeri, several Abraxas grossu-
lariata, (1) black markings especially wanting on all wings, (2) yellow
marking much increased in area, and black decreased, and (8) a very
dark specimen, the black areas united and enlarged. Pupation of
Cossus cossus (ligniperda). — Mr. Adkin, a series of Consm cossxk
{liiniipcrda) from Lewisham, and read notes on the occurrence and
pupation of the species. Lyonetia clerckella. — Mr. Turner, living-
bred examples of L]/(inetia clerckella and its mine in a birch leaf, with
the swung silken cradle in which the larva turned to pupa. Nigerian
Butterflies. — Mr. Moore, a variety of lAwnaa chrydppuii var. alcippus,
in which the apical white dot is duplicated, and Acraea encedon ab.
alcippina from the same locality. Northern Nigeria. Larva of Glow-
worm.— Mr. Main, newly-hatched larvte of the glow-worm. Aberrations
OF Lepidoptera. — Dr. Hodgson, an example of t'allnphrys ruhi with
xanthic areas on the disc of all the wings, specimens of Noneobiua
lucina, (1) 5 in which the yellow area was much increased at the
expense of the black, (2) a (? in which the opposite was very strongly
marked, a black example of Anthmcera trifoUi, the only one obtained
this year, and one with extreme red suffusion. Eggs of Plebeius
ARGUS (.egon) laid WILD. — Mr. Ray ward, ova of Plebeius aryus (aegon)
laid naturally on lu-ica cinerea. Sicilian Lepidoptera. — Dr. Chapman,
lepidoptera obtained by him in Sicily, (h-eopsyche kahri, Depressaria
thapaiella, D. ferulae, etc. Brazilian Butterflies. — Mr. Kaye, a box
of Brazilian butterflies taken by him in the early part of the year,
including Morpho ana.vibia, M. vmnelaus, M. hercules, M. laertes, M.
aeya, and the rare M. cytheris, the beautiful Papilio ascanius, five
species of Heliconius, species of Catayraninia and Callicore, numerous
very beautiful F.rycinidae, the Ithomiine Mechanitis lysininia with its
Pierine mimic, Dismorphia astyoche, caught on the same flower-heads
at Castro. Microlepidoptera.- — Mr. Sich, specimens of Monopis
weaverella, a rare species only recently fully difl'erentiated from 2J.
spilotella. He also showed the hybernaculum of Yponouieuta coyna-
tellus on Kuonymus twigs. Sicilian Butterflies. — Mr. Piatt Barrett,
a large collection of butterflies taken in Sicily during the last two
years, and read a paper on the exhibit and the localities he visited,
illustrating his remarks by a large number of lantern slides, including
a series of views of Messina before and after the earthquake, of which
he and his son were among the survivors.

Entomological Society of London. — October Idt/i, 1910. —
Obituary. — The decease was announced of Mr. Oliver C. Goldthwait,
a Fellow of the Society. Abnormal beetles. — Mr. A. M. Lea sent
for exhibition two interesting examples of Lissotes beetles, which he
had presented to the British Museum (Natural History) Teratological
Collection ; L. curvicomis, Ber., var. 3, with an additional leg jutting
out from the left front coxa ; and L. punctatus, Lea, a hermaphrodite
having the left side J and the right 5 . New British Braconid. —
Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe exhibited a Braconid new to Britain, Helcon
rnspator, taken at Cannock Chase on July 16th last, in a cell of
Stranyalia ^-faaciata in a fallen birch tree, and an example of the
host captured at the same time. He pointed out that this very fine
addition to the British list is recorded as parasitic on the same beetle

268 THE entomologist's RECORD.

on the continent. New forms of Melit^ea aurinia. — Mr. P. J.
Barraud showed examples of two new forms of Melitaea aurinia from
Italy : (a) var. aurunca, Turati, from the Aurunci mountains, southern
central Italy, first discovered in May, 1909, by Signore Orazio Querci,
of Formia, and named by Count Turati of Milan. The most striking
feature is the wide black median band on the upperside, contrasting
with a rather pale ground colour. (6) var. comacina, Turati, from
above Como, north Italy — the examples given to the exhibitor by
Count Turati. Summer butterflies from Algeria. — Mr. A. E. Gibbs
exhibited a case of butterflies containing a representative collection of
the 28 species met with by him at Blidah and Hammam R'Irha, etc.,
during an entomological excursion to Algeria made at the end of May
and the beginning of June this year. The weather was extremely
bad throughout, being cold, wet and windy ; the most interesting-
species taken in the first-mentioned locality were Euchloe eupheno and
Coenonympha arcanioides ; in the latter Drijas pandora, Melitaea
aetheria var. alt/erica ; and at Lalla Maglinia, on the Moroccan frontier,
Adopaea hamza. British Anthrocerids. — The Hon. N. C. Rothschild
exhibited a number of Anthrocerids captured in Great Britain, and
called attention to some remarkable specimens secured at Ashton
Wold, Oundle, which belonged to the form know^n as Anthrocera hippo-
crepidis, Stphs. The exhibitor also showed some enormous specimens
of A. tilipendidae from the same locality, and pointed out that this
large race had apparently exterminated A. hippocrepidis, Stphs., in a
locality where that species had only recently appeared. Commenting
on Mr. Rothschild's exhibits, Mr. J. W, Tutt said that Anthrocera
hippocrepidis, Stphs., was the most elusive and least known of the
British species of the group. It bore certain superficial resemblances
to Anthrocera trifoUi-uiinor and A. filipcndnlae, the ^ s particularly
being prone to smaller size and five-spottedness, by losing the sixth
(lower outer) spot on the upper side, the $ s larger and, in the most
developed specimens, strongly six-spotted, and scarcely, if at all,
different superficially from A. filipendulae. Like Mr. Rothschild, he
also found the insect confined to rough pastures, and also with a
tendency to die out in one spot and appear in a similar at no great
distance. It was usually on the wing in June, early or late, according
to season, but, in the same season well ahead of A. fHipendtdae. He
had already written up details of its life-history and habits in A Nat.
Hist. Brit. Lep., vol. i., pp. 532-538. The two other sets of Anthro-
cerids exhibited by Mr. Rothschild he thought were A. filipendulae.
Dr. Bateson had examined the S genitalia and pronounced A. hippo-
crepidis as being nearer A. Jilipendtdae than A. trifolii. Variation in
Mellinia ocellaris. — Mr. E. D. Nevinson showed bred series of
Mellinia ocellaris, developing three distinct aberrant . forms, and
examples of M. fnlvat/o and M. ijilvatji) for comparison, the exhibit
demonstrating the apparent transition from one species to the other
through the t3'pical and variant forms. The only other series bred
from British ova by Mr. Mills in 1908 displayed no variation of any
kind, and were all typical specimens.

THE RECENT " RAYNOR " SALE OF ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA. 269

The recent " Raynor " sale of Abraxas grossulariata.

By a curious coincidence the " Magpies " sold by Mr. Stevens at his
Auction Rooms, on October 25th, last were almost equal in number and
value to those of the same owner sold three years previously. In 1907
the produce of 172 specimens was £199, and in the present year 221
specimens realised £192, the average value of each moth thus working
out at something like a sovereign. There was, however, this difference
between the two sales, viz., that in the earlier one several of the
specimens were reared by other collectors, notably varleijata, chalcobares
and melanozona, whereas this time every specimen without exception
was reared and set by Mr. Raynor himself. The setting and condition
of the insects were above reproach, and, although some entomologists
present considered they w^re not quite so large as the previous ones,
we ourselves thought them by no means lacking in this respect,
allowing for the fact that there were on this occasion more representa-
tives of the second brood which naturally runs smaller.

There was a remarkably good attendance at the sale, although
the actual number of bidders was not very large. No doubt the " big
men " frightened off some of the " smaller fry," and, as in other sales,
a good many collectors, being unable to appear in person, availed
themselves of the services of certain dealers. It seemed to be a
recognised fact that there were three insects of outstanding
merit, namely Lot 68, " a magnificent gloriosa, with three-fourths of
the forewings solid black and chocolate intermixed," for which six
guineas were paid. Lot 81, "a wonderful female, combining 7iif/ricostata
wath lactfasparsa," which fetched £11, and Lot 82, evidently of the
same ancestry, being an " extraordinary female, with darkened costa,
but few markings on any wings," which realised £7 5s. Had w^e
been offered the pick of this trio, we almost think our choice
would have fallen on the first of the three, i.e., on Lot 68, which was
" glorious " indeed, both in size and markings, although no one could
fail to covet the other two for which more was paid. Here we may
remark "en parenthese," that £11, although easily a record for the
species, is not the highest price ever paid for a moth, as, unless our
memory errs, a certain Arctia caia was once knocked down for £14 14s.

There were exactly 100 lots of lacticolor and its offshoots, and 102 of
l/ronsidariata and its aberrant forms. Among the former. Lot 73, " a
large fulvous nif/ricontata, with suff'used markings," made £3 10s., and
" a dark bronze male iochalca " (Lot 62), £2 12s. 6d., by no means an
out-of-the-way price for so tine an insect. In fact, all the
seventeen specimens of ab. iocholca fetched only moderate prices, but
we thought the twelve cinitralipuncta did fairly w^ell. This lately-named
aberration reminds us greatly of ab. melanozona, in so far as the discal
spot is much enlarged and stands out quite clear of all the other dark
markings. It is a beautiful and distinct form.

The prices paid for ab. chrysostriata were not unduly high, for the
golden sheen pervading the ground-colour is really very beautiful.
Therefore £1 10s. spent on the purchase of Lot 41, belonging to this
form, but with violaceous hind wings, w^as by no means a bad
investment.

Of the 102 f/rossidariata lots, those containing the abs. littea and
December 15th, 1910.

270 THE entomologist's record.

flavipalUata were the most conspicuous and attractive, twelve specimens
of the latter costing their purchasers £13 2s. and nineteen of the
former £27.

The ab. flanpalliata is a beautiful thing, with broad yellow mantle
traversing the forewings, of which the outer-marginal portion is much
darkened. The two best specimens of this were females, and,
possessing in addition strongly fasciated hindwings, they realised £3,
and £2 15s. respectively. The lutea were indeed a wondrous group,
ranging through almost every possible shade of yellow. The one to attract
most attention was Lot 173, " an extraordinary iridescent female,"
£3 5s., and "a bright orange female" (Lot 165), £2 los., although
perhaps two others which fetched £1 17s. 6d. a piece, were equally
good, viz., "a dark yellow female with fa«ciated hindwings" (Lot 164),
and "a male with old-gold forewings, and violaceous hindwings "
(Lot 168).

In contrast Avith these fairly high sums of money were the prices
given for abs. haztieiffhends and niijroHparRata, which perhaps may be
accounted for by the fact that they occur more commonly in the North
than southern collectors are aware of ; but even so, 6s. seems very
little for Lot 110, " a superb female, with no white whatever in dark
median area," from Huddersfield. A fine "sooty female nnjrosparsata"
from Hazeleigh fetched but £1, and the two nvrrocaerulea, with distinct
bluish lustre, probably a very rare form, were appraised at £1 15s. and
£2 respectively.

Of the 202 lots included in this sale 30 were printed in italics, and,
as we believe the catalogue was compiled by the vendor himself, it may
be taken for granted that these were the best forms reared by him,
and such as he himself deemed to be most unusual and therefore of
the greatest value. Yet among them all, were no representatives of
such forms as welanozona, subrinlacea, seuiiviolacca, chalcobares, albo-
viarf/inata, and others which appeared in the 1907 sale, thus proving that
really extreme aberrations only turn up every now and then, so that
if the prices they produce seem unduly high, they are not really so, for
in every department of art and science, specimens of which there is no
regular visible supply are only too eagerly snapped up by wealthy
connoisseurs.

Coleoptera in the Isle of Wight.

By J. TAYLOR.

Owing to the bad weather, and still more to the fact that no good
coleopterist spent more than a few days in the Island last summer,
there are very few interesting captures to record. Sweeping in
particular was most unproductive, as perhaps was only to be expected.
During the fine weather of September and early October things were
much better, and beetles were fairly abundant.

The following species with asterisk are additions to the Isle of
Wight list: — ■•'Oxypoda luiibrata, Gyll.- — -Whitefield Woods (Donis-
thorpe). *'Ischnor/lossa prolLva, Gr. — Whitefield Woods (Donisthorpe).
'^Bolitobius lunidatus, L. — Whitefield Woods and Parkhurst Forest
(Donisthorpe). '''Philonthus qiiisqniliarius, Gyll., var. dimidiatus, Er.
— On wet mud in a ditch, Sandown (Taylor). ■'•Stilicus orbiculatus,
Pk. — In flood refuse, Burnt House, near Sandown, January 7th
(Taylor). * Chilocorus siiniUs, Ross. — Swept in Whitefield Woods, pupae

A CONTEIBUTION TO THE FAUNA OF SYRIA. 271

also found on leaves (Donisthorpe). -'-Cis pi/;/inaeus, Marsh. — In
fungus, Morton, near I3rading (Taylor). ■■Apteropeda orhiciilata,
Marsh. — Whitefield Woods (Taylor). ■•'Gi/mnetron beccahiuvjae, L. —
Sandown marshes (Taj'lor). '■'■'• Fl/n/iicnli(s Ut/nan'ns, Marsh. — In dead
elm, Sandown (Taylor). ■'Maiidaliti j/nou, L. — Sandown (Taylor).
'■'■'■ (^'issophaiiHs fu'ilcrae, Scm. — Beaten from old. ivy, Bordwood, near
Sandown (Taylor).

flor: all 11)11 (iraciUcome, Fair., was taken by Mr. Donisthorpe in
Whitefield Woods ; this is only the second specimen recorded from
the Isle of Wight. He also took a single Lesteva pnbescens, Mann., in
moss from the waterfall at Luccombe Chine in May. It would be
interesting to know if this is the first true pnbescens has been found
in the Island ; all that I know of taken here lately and assumed to be
that species have proved to be the recently separated L. fontuialis, Kies.

I swept Lonr/itarsits flai-icornis, Stephs., in numbers from a fine lot
of its food-plant, Conrolndus sepiion, growing at the edge of a marsh
at liordwood ; the only previous Island record was one specimen taken
by Professor Beare in 1909. Ballota nij/ra grows plentifully 'by the
roadside near Yarbridge, for a distance of 200 yards or more, and the
leaves of nearly every plant are completely riddled by Lnnnitarsns
ballotar, Marsh. There are now (November 22nd) still many beetles on
the plants.

A. number of Chaetocneiaa hortensis were captured on suspicion in
Whitefield Woods, but only two turned out to be the new species C.
ari'la, Fond. Eight specimens of Aphodius porcas, F., were taken in
horse-dung on a road near Newc^urch, in October, and Coeliodes
exif/uns, 01., was fairly plentiful there in September.

On September 1st, a warm, still day, beetles were swarming in great
numbers in the streets and neighbourhood of Sandown, and it was
impossible to walk in the High Street without crushing some at every
step. The majority seemed to be common Fhilunthi, J', laminatus,
P. pnlitns, P. raritts, etc., and ilypera punctata, though there were, of
course, many others. I have seen beetles swarming on pavements and
roads before, but never in such numbers, or over so large an area.

A contribution to the fauna of Syria.

By P. P. GEAVES.
In 1907, I visited Syria, but was unable to devote much time to
collecting. However, I had one or two good days, and would have
been more inclined to look back with pleasure to my trip had not a
number of my specimens been destroyed on my return to Cairo by an
invasion of ants. To mention the most salient points, I collected at
Zebedani and Bludan, in the Anti-Lebanon, at heights of from
3o00ft. to 6000ft., finding butterflies numerous between July 9th
and 18th. The Melitjeas were over, and Dnjas pandora, very large
and numerous, was the only fritillary I saw. Epinephde li/caon
was common — a small form — and I found $ s of E. janira here and
there. The two most conspicuous Satyrids were Parari/e roxclana and
Hipparchia pelopea. Their habits were very different, the former
species haunted the lanes shaded by abundant fruit-trees and planes,
and bordered by thick hedges of Paliiirus atistralis, bramble, and dog-
rose. It flew in a heavy and leisurely fashion, constantly diving

272 THE entomologist's record.

under the lower branches of bushes and worming its way through
interstices in the hedges. It only rose in the air when much pressed,
either by the net or by pugnacious specimens of D. jianilnra. It was
in very bad condition indeed. H. pelopea, on the other hand, flew on
open ground, perching on the soil or on rocks, rarely on flowers, and
going off Avildly when disturbed. H. anthe also occurred here, and I
took a pair of SatyruH actaea var. hadjina (?), which were both much
worn, on an outcrop of white limestone above the village of Bludan.
I tried the mountain immediately above Bludan up to the summit —
about 6000ft. up — but got very little, everything being burnt up by
heat. Thecla myrtale, Plebeius (? ?) panaijaea, and Pohjominatus icarus
with H. anthe, and H. pelopea being all I got. There were no trees,
as at Ain Zahalta, The Cedars, and other high localities to keep the
moisture in the ground, and the loose, stony slopes bore little
vegetation.

Of the butterflies noticed around Bludan, Celastrina an/iulus was
far the most common. Every bush or tree of the Palinriis was
frequented by several specimens. I took two males of Tanicua halkanica
near Zebedani station, where I also saw Chnisop/ianKs tlwrsamoji.
Birsutina adiiietns var. ripartii was common to over 5000ft. ; it seems
a pretty wide-spread insect on the higher ranges. I have taken or
seen specimens from Afka, Jebel Sannin, The Cedars of Lebanon,
The Cedar Mountains (up to 9500ft.), Ain Zahalta, and Bludan. At
Beirut, in July, I had little time to collect, and was unlucky in my
attempts to find new ground. The "Dog River" glen was good as
ever. Leptosia dnapis was out there as usual in small numbers and
fresh, and I got specimens of Chopra matJiiaa, Ge<ji'nex noatradamns,
and Baoris zelleri — the latter, as usual, in damp, shady spots. It
seemed rare. At Aleih, in late July, I found only one place where
insects were at all common, viz., on a slope above the station covered
with trees and bushes. Otherwise the ground was unproductive, having
been cleared of scrub by the builders of " eligible summer residences "
for tired Beirutis, and being as baked as any desert. On this small
patch of scrub I took small Limenitis Camilla and Satyr us hennione
var. syriaca, Kpinephele lycaon, and a few of the commoner " blues,"
Aricia astrarche, P. icarus, and Lanrpides boeticus.

During the last few da.ys of July, the first three days of August,
and August 10th, I was at Ain Zahalta. Satyrus fatua var. sichaea,
a splendid specimen, was taken on the pine-trees near the village with
/S. herminne var. syriaca. E. lycaon, a fairly large form, occurred in
plenty with (Jnenonympha pamphilas var. t/iyrsides. Staudinger's
description in his catalogue, viz., "alls posterioribus supra subtusque
3-4 ocellis parvis nigris vel albo-pupillatis," seems to me to apply well
to nearly all the C. pampkilus of either brood that I have come across
in Syria, only the pupils of these eyespots are not so much white as
of a pale dull silvery colour.

I found the cedars on the Jebel Zahalta (6000-6800ft. circ.) less
productive than on former occasions. I took there the usual moun-
tain insects, Aricia anteros var. crassipuncta, Thecla myrtale, PI. lycaon
var. libanotica, and Hipparclna pelopea. At the summit (circ. 7300ft.) I
took a good Papilio machaon. A more interesting species was a form of
Chrysophanus thetis, which I had previously supposed to be C. ochiwus.
It differs from the type in having some of the black spots on the

THE SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 273

underside of the forewings, and every spot on the underside of hind-
wings obsolete. To judge from the Brit. Mus. examples, and from
my limited observations, the form which occurs at and near the Cedars
of Lebanon (6100ft.), to be distinguished from the Ain Zahalta cedars,
is much nearer the type from Asia Minor, Greece, etc. The x\in
Zahalta (mountain) form occurs on sandstone. It is geographically
separated from the N. Lebanon form by some miles of treeless
mountain, which forms the luneisa ridge, where it does not seem to
occur. It is not known whether it occurs on the next big mountain
mass, the Jebel Sannin (circ. 9000ft.). At the Cedars it is found on
limestone thinly covered with alluvial glacial deposit. I propose the
following name and description for the Ain Zahalta form : —

Chrysophamts thctis var. zahaltensis, nov. var. — Upperside as in type.
Underside of forewings with fainter spotting, notably towards outer margin.
Spots on underside of hindwings obsolete. Marginal orange marking faint. Ain
Zahalta Cedars. Males only taken. .July 17th-23rd, 1904, and July 28th-
August 10th, 1907.

I searched in vain for females of this beautiful insect. In August
I saw one, "calling" males, perched with outspread wings on a
rocky ledge. The ground did not permit me to net her. Of other
insects I took Scolitantides baton and Loiveia dorilis var. orientali^ in
single damaged examples. Pleheitis loweii was not uncommon, but
the females only were in the best condition. A nice skipper, which
Mr. Tutt believes to be a form of Hesperia aliens, occurred here and
there, and I took three specimens of I'leheius sephijrm var. nicholli of
an obvious second brood or partial second brood on August 10th.
They were less heavily marked, with reddish orange on the margin of
the upperside of the hindwings, than my May and early June speci-
mens. A single specimen of Lionepterijx rha)iini, taken near the
summit, was interesting, this species being rare on the west slope of
the Lebanon. I did not collect after August 10th, but on August
27th, when returning from a journey to the borders of the forbidden
Hedjaz, saw Idmais fansta at Amman (Rabbath-Ammon), east of the
Jordan, at about 3500ft. above sea-level.

[Here I may note that I had always regarded Pontia daplidice as
rare in Egypt. In mid- June, 1908, 1 saw quite a number of specimens,
with some P. ulauconnuie, in a garden of the Egyptian Army Hospital
at Abbassieh, Cairo, and at the end of June I saw scores flying in the
desert and half-cultivated ground near the stations from a point some
ten miles east of Zagazig to nearly as far as Ismailia. I, alas, was in
a slow and stifling train, and, though I recognised, yet could not
catch them.]

{To he continued.)

The South London Entomological Society.

The South London Entomological Society held its usual Annual
Exhibition Meeting at Hibernia Chambers on November 21th. The
President Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., was in the chair, and the proceedings
commenced punctually at 7.30 p.m.

Successful as ever, the South London fairly eclipsed itself on this
occasion, and this was mainly due to the energetic Secretaries, Messrs.
S. Edwards, F.E.S., F.Z.S., and Henry J. Turner, F.E.S., and the
enthusiasm of the members and their friends. A most educative,

274 THE entomologist's record.

interesting and enjoyable evening was spent and, the time passed all
too quickly. No fewer than one hundred and two members and
friends were present, a good proportion exhibiting.

The Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., F.E.S., very kindly attended and
showed a collection of Hymenoptera (excepting the bees) typical of all
the European groups and including rare species from the Sudan and
Algeria. He gave a short address on the habits and characteristics of
the more prominent species.

Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., was again to the fore with photographs
of eggs of lepidoptera, enlarged 80 diameters, their excellence being
quite up to the high standard we expect of his work. These were
generally and deservedly admired. He also showed a series of
Cosmotriche potatoria bred from larvae taken at Deal, 1910; Brcntlih
euphrosi/ne and Boarmia repandata var. conversaria ? , bred from larvae
taken in the New Forest. Also aberrations of Ai/ioth exdamationis
from Southwold and Eeigate.

Messrs. A. Harrison, F.E.S., and Hugh Main, B.Sc, F.E.S.,
exhibited fine series of local races of Boannia repandata, from York,
Delamere Forest, Devonshire, Lancashire, N. Wales and Ireland.

Mr. R. Adkin, F.E.S., Poli/oiiujiatiis icarus from Eastbourne, taken
in May, 1910, and some hybrids of Biston Mrtaria J x Xyssia zonaria,
S , including a J showing a tendency to combine the two species in
wing development.

Mr. Percy Bright, F.E.S., of Bournemouth, showed a large number
of very fine aberrations of Abra.ias (/rossidariata, including one specimen
that combined the characters of ab. liitea and ab. nii/rosparsata. These
were bred mostly by Raynor, Harwood and Newman. Also some
aberrations of Pobp/onia c-alhnm of pale straw ground colour, bred this
year from Wye Valley larvte ; and an interesting aberration of
Pachnobia alpina showing a recurrence of the forewing marking on
the left hindwing. In addition a Lycrenid described as having the
underside of Polyonunatua icarus, but the upperside and antennae
similar to those of Ayriadea thetis, showing no black striations
in the fringes, taken by Mr. Newman at Folkestone this year, and
supposed by him to be a natural hybrid between P. icanis and A. thetis,
but which, it has also been suggested, may be a small ab. of A. thetis
ab. hyacinthus, Lewin.

Mr. H. M. Edelsten, F.E.S., showed Leucania l-albnin, and an
exellent series of Meliano fiaiiniiea, and Luperina luteayo var. barrcttii.
Dr. G. Hodgson, various lepidoptera arranged in pairs to show parallel
divergences from type. Mr. T. L. Barnett, of Greenwich, an example
of Aeyeria andrenifurmis, taken at Greenhithe, Kent, and also a speci-
men of Aeyeria citliciforiiris from Darenth.

Mr. Newman, F.E.S., of Bexley, bred hybrids of Snierinthu^; ocellatus
3 X Aiiiorjiha populi $ ; bred melanic examples of Ennoinos alniaria,
and also some very beautiful drawings of aberrations of various insects
bred by the exhibitor, including a large number of aberrations of Dryas
paj)hia, now in the possession of Mr. P. Bright.

Mr. A. Sich, F.E.S., showed some interesting Tineids, including
Tinea fiilviinitrella, T. picarella, T. vierdella, T. capriDiidr/ella, and 2\
confusella, and Mr. West his collection of British Homoptera including
many rare and local species.

Mr. R. South, F.E.S., exhibited a considerable number of forms of
the genus Luperina, including L. gueneei, L. testacea, and the form ab.

THREE WEEKS IN THE ABUUZZI. 275

baxteri : aud made remarks on the probable correct identification of the
specimens. He also showed a bred series of Phibalaptenjx lajiidata.

Among the exhibits of Palfearctic lepidoptera, was that of Mr. W. G.
Sheldon, F.E .S., who brought up two drawers containing fine examples
of Liiiienitis populi, Xeptis liicilla and X. accris, together with Apaturids
from Herculesbad and other continental localities.

Mr, J. P. Barrett, 50 to 60 Melanar<iia pherusa, very varied, from
Mount Etna and Syracuse ; also Melanarnia var. procida from Messina
and Monte Cicci — the darkest forms being taken near Messina ; also
some very rare forms of Amorpha populi 3 . Besides these were shown
aberrations of Vanessa io.

Dr. Chapman, M.D., F.E.S., F.Z.S., exhibited local forms of Pararge
ei/eria, from Britain, the Pyrenees, Riviera, N.W. Spain, and S.W.
France.

Mr. A. E. Gibbs, F.E.S., Papilio machaoii from .Japan, Pyrenees,
Saxony, The Alps, etc. Mr. Hugh Main, on behalf of two German
collectors, a series of forms of various species of Vanessids from the
province of Yenesei, Siberia ; among them being aberrations of
Eiiianessa antiopa, Vanessa io, and Aglais urticae similar- to those that
have been produced by temperature experiments.

Mr. Herbert E. Page, F.E.S., a long series of Coenomjnipha donis,
taken at Digne, Basses Alpes, on July 24th, 1910, on w^bich date they
were just emerging ; and also a series of Polyonuiiatus escJieri from
Abries, Hautes Alpes, August, 1910.

Mr. W. J. Lucas, F.E.S., exhibited an English trap-door spider and
nest, taken in the New Forest, and a huge stick insect from Toowoomba,
Queensland. Also specimens of Colias philodice, Pieris scudderi,
PJiti-anetisa antiojia, and Anosia plexippus, taken by one of his boy scouts
who accompanied Sir Hy. Baden-Powell to Toronto, Ontario,

Mr. S. Edwards, F.E.S,, F,Z,S,, exhibited numerous species of
lepidoptera from W. Africa, in which sexual dimorphism is very
strongly developed, chiefly of the genus Cymothoe. — R. E, P.

Three weeks in the Abruzzi.

By GEORGE WHEELER, M.A,, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

(Concluded from p. 258),
On the 12th, we went on -to Sulmona, the terminus of the branch
line from Terni and the junction of the lines from Rome, Naples and
Castellamare on the Adriatic, and consequently a favourable place
from which to make excursions if one stays long enough. Here also
is a good buffet at, the station, but the "hotels " are very primitive.
The Monzu, at which we stayed, is certainly the best. One enters
into a sort of covered court paved with cobbles, from which the salle-
a-manger opens on the left and the kitchen (into which one is invited
in order to choose one's dinner straight out of the pots and pans), in
front, a stone stair-case ascending to the right of the kitchen door.
The bed-rooms have at least the merit of size. The food is simple,
but excellently cooked and cheap ; here also one pays according to
what one eats, but we found our bills, everything included, only
amounted to about 5fr, 50c. a day per head. There is a tram from
the station to the town, and unless one has a quantity of luggage it is
well to wait for it if it has not arrived, rather than be inveigled into

276

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S EECORD.

taking a carriage. Sulmona is only some 1800ft. above the sea

level, and is built in a plain cultivated almost to the last square yard.

By crossing the stream by the high bridge just below the town and

taking the cart track to the right down a long narrow lane, it

is possible to arrive at the other side of the valley, where to the

right are some rough meadows which contain nearly everything in

the way of butterflies that is likely to be found. As I was anxious

to see what might be found on the mountain-side 1 dragged myself

far up over loose stones on a very steep hill-side, so rough and steep

that one fell, even with nailed boots, with unpleasant frequency,

and after the first 200 feet or so, by far the least steep part of the

climb, there was really nothing to be had. It was, in a literal sense,

the most heart-breaking day's hunting I have done for years and

with the most miserable results, for practically everything I took

I could have got equally well with next to no trouble beyond the walk

across the valley. It was here that I took my first Pieris en/ane, but

as I did not at the time realize the fact, it will be better to put off

description of it till I arrive at Subiaco, where I really made its

acquaintance. In crossing the valley the only species I observed were

Pieris brassicae, P. rapae and Parcuye niei/aera, at the side of the road,

Iphidides podaUritis, in great abundance in the gardens at both sides,

but rarely coming within reach, and when taken always ragged, and

Everes alcetas, which occasionally settled on a leaf of maize within

reach of the net; but on reaching the rough, half-cultivated ground at

the beginning of the ascent a good many species occurred, viz., Colias

edusa, C. hyale, Gonepteryx deopatra, Papilio inackaon, Scolitantides

baton, Puunicia phlaeas var. eletts, Kliigia spini, FJiivanessa antiopa, very

fresh, Pyrameis atalanta, Melitaea didyma, Epinephele ida, Fh-ynnis

lavaterae, i?. alcaeae and Melanaryia yalaiea ; all of these except E.

lavaterae I met with before the steep ascent over rough loose stones

began, but in no part was pursuit possible. In returning I followed

the dry bed of the water-course right into the valley, obtaining at the

lower part of it Thymelicns acteon and Adopoea lineola, and eventually

finding myself in a small triangular meadow without hedges, where I

found I^olyowviatits icartis and Aricia astrarche in abundance as well as

Pieris napi, my one Sulmona specimen of P. eryane, a 5 , Leptosia

sinapis, and most of the species I had seen further up, and I have no

doubt I could easily have found more specimens of P. ergane if I had

been quick enough to realize what I had got. I was however, by that

time suffering from extreme thirst and fatigue, and knew that I must

traverse the whole valley again before rest or refreshment could be

found. Most of these species taken were in good condition, but P.

napi was very worn, though evidently of the second brood, large and

pronouncedly of the napaeae form. Arina astrardie was a small form

with largish orange spots reaching almost to the costa of both wings

on the upperside, in both sexes, but only forming a band on the

hindwing of the ? , whereas on the underside the band was continuous

except on the hindwing of the <? , where it was slightly broken, but

was broader in the $ than the 3 • Gonepteryx deopatra was

considerably smaller than those of the Eiviera, Iphidides podalirius on

the other hand was somewhat large. Melitaea didyma was also rather

large, the $ s rather pale and lightly spotted, the J s also slightly

paler than is usual in Switzerland, but quite as strongly spotted as the

THREE WEEKS IN THE ABRUZZI. 277

general run of Swiss specimens. Palyoviwati(>i icarus varied a good
deal ; the J s were all of a deep rich blue, but while some were
strongly spotted round the border of the hindwing, others showed no
trace of spots whatever, the S s were universally without blue on the
upperside, and had without exception a border of orange spots on all
the wings. This was in fact characteristic of the $ icarKs in all
localities visited, so I shall not refer to it again. The underside of the
(? s varied much in ground colour, some being of a pale grey and others
of the rich golden-brown shade, which is frequent in Central and
Southern Italy ; they showed also, as elsewhere in the Apennines, a
distinct tendency towards the ipliis and ieanniai forms. Both sexes
varied greatly in size, especially the ^ s. I have already mentioned
the tendency of Melanavf/ia (jalatea towards the (jalene form ; the only
other species in any way remarkable was the single specimen of
Erynnh lavateme, which has the forewings of a pale whitey-brown,
contrasting even more strongly with the dark hindwings than is usual
among the Swiss specimens, and differing widely from the North Italian
examples, e.;/., from Iselle and Varzo, in which the fore-and hindwings
are of nearly the same shade.

On the lith we went for one night to the mountain village of
Scanno, reached by diligence from Anversa, the second station from
Sulmona on the line to Rome. The diligence now leaves Anversa
station after the arrival of the 9.43 train, which leaves Sulmona at
9.18, and it is well to secure seats beforehand, by writing or
telegraphing to the station-master. The village of Anversa is about
three miles from the station, and from this point a diligent entomologist
should certainly ivalk the remaming ten miles to Scanno, for it is
excellent hunting ground, with the exception of the only steep piece of
the road, namely the piece immediately below Villalago. It is,
moreover, in the lower part a magnificent, and in the upper part a
lovely, load, though it must be admitted that those writers who tell us
that the gorge of the Sagittario compares favourably with the Gondo
Gorge, are guilty of serious exaggeration. Scanno itself is a place of
extraordinary interest for the sake of its inhabitants, and is as yet
thoroughly unspoilt. The new hotel, the Albergo della Pace, is said
to be very comfortable, but not knowing of its existence, we had
arranged to go to the primitive Albergo del Lago, which was quite
passable and with very good cooking ; the bill for three of us for a
24 hour's stay amounted only to fr. 13 : 20 ! I am told that the
landlord speaks English, but we did not test his capacity, as we were
universally supposed in the Abruzzi, and indeed at Subiaco also, to be
French — I have no notion why ; at Assisi last year the peasants insisted
that I was Bavarian ! — Had they said " Bohemian" I should have been
less surprised. We arrived at Scanno in time to get some luncheon, after
which I took the path above the village on the right bank of the stream
where I took the following species : Acpiades bi'llan/Ks, one only, worn,
A. coridun, just coming out, Poli/Dnuiiatus irarits, common, but worn,
P. hi/las, worn, Plebeiits. an/iis (aeifcm), one of the $ s with blue on the left
side only, but not gynandromorphous, P. rt/v///r(>//HM»(o«, worn, Celastrina
aniioliis, Kliufia aptjii, Apnria crataei/i, mostly fresh, Pieris napi, worn
out, P. rapae, Colias edum, Brenthh daphne, quite in rags, Kpinepluie
hjcaon, very fresh. It was getting late, however, and it was also evident
that I should have been at Scanno some days sooner, even though it is

278

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

situated at a height of nearly 3,400ft., but in that case it would have
been necessary to remain longer, as some of the species taken the
following day on the way down were only just coming out. 1 started
immediately after breakfast on the 15th to walk down, hoping to
arrive at Anversa before the diligence caught me up. There was,
however, so much on the wing that I only succeeded in getting just
beyond the little lake below Villalago (if anything so small may be
called a lake) and even then had only acquired a very superficial idea
of the entomological products of the valley. Just below Scanno, the
road-side was almost exclusively in possession of the Pierids, though a
few E. hjcaon and P. mef/aera were also to be seen; all, ho\Yever, except
E. lycaon were quite passes, though I succeeded In finding a few P.
napi good enough to keep. As one advanced to the edge of the Lago
di Scanno, about 3,000ft. altitude, a few other species became common,
particularly Fararge eijeria, CoejionyiirpJta arcania, Celastrina argiolus,
and Klugia spini; Euvanessa antiopa was also noticed, as well as Aglais
urticae, Colias editsa, and Iphiclides podalirius. I also secured a
beautiful 2 aberration of Pararge maera with no dark markings on
the disc of the forewing and one specimen of Nordi»anma acaciae was
taken on a bramble just at the far end of the lake. A little further
on, on the shaly bank as the road approaches Villalago, a few very
fresh Loiveia var. gordius appeared, and had I had time, I could
probably have found more, but it was necessary to pick up what I
could in passing and to hurry on to the lower ground beyond Villalago,
this being at an altitude, about 2,500ft.. which I was not likely to
have a second opportunity of examining in the Abruzzi. There is a
steepish descent below the village, on the precipitous sides of which
there is little to be seen and nothing to be caught, but on reaching
nearly fiat ground again I came upon the most abundant supply of
butterflies that I had hitherto met with in the Apennines, both sitting
on damp places in the road and flying over the grass and flowers at
the side of it. Here I took the first Cyaniris semiargus I had ever seen
in central Italy, and here the only Loweia dorilis I ever saw in the
Abruzzi ; there was nothing remarkable about the former, the latter,
a 3' , was very large, with a border of orange spots nearly reaching the
costa on both wings, and edging a series of black spots on the hindwing,
very yellow (for a J ) on the underside, and with the markings, both
orange and black, clear and decided. P. argiis (aeg<m), P. icarus, A.
astyarclie and other common species were also abundant, and I also
took a few black and white " skippers," one of which was certainly a
small Hesperia carthami, and another, in the light of the last
" Bulletin " of the Geneva Society, I can also pronounce to be H.
onopordi, a species which I have also taken at .Follaterre in the
Rhone Valley and at Aix-en-Provence. I lingered round this spot
too long and had hardly got a mile further, where Satyras alcyone
and one of the largo Argynnids (probably A. aglaia) were flying about
the brambles, when I saw the diligence approaching behind me, giving
me only time to net one not very fresh .S'. alcyone, before I had to
clamber up to my place beside the driver, though longing for a
much more exhaustive and lengthened search in this interesting
and, I am sure, rich locality. Of .the species not specially described
above, the Pierids were all large, P. napi being so strongly marked on the
upperside that I should have taken it to be P. manni var. rossii, had it

threb: weeks in the abruzzi. 279

not been for the underside ; Khujia sjii)ii, even when fre?h, was
remarkable for the dulness of the bhie spot at the anal angle of the hind-
wing; the c? s of Lotreia var. goniiiis, though well-spotted and not of a
very deep copper colour, were strongly suffused with purple, the $ s were
rather pale in colour, and neither sex showed any inclination towards
var. iitteruwdia, as they generally do in the southern vallevs of the Alps,
both in Italy (Val Vedro) and Switzerland (Val Maggia). Scanno is
certainly a place to be recommended to any entomologist visiting the
Abruzzi, and every yard of the road from Anversa should be n-alkcd in
both directions.

We returned to Sulmona only for the night, and the following day
took our departure for Eoccaraso, some 35 miles distant on the line
towards Naples. Backwards and forwards and up and up, climbs the
line till we reach Canipo di Giove on " the roof of the world " — only
4,865ft. after all, but feeling at least 3,000ft. higher— after which we
descend slightly, passing the stations of Palena and Rivisondoli-
Pescocostanza, and finally arriving at Roccaraso, still more than 4,000ft.
above the sea-level. Here there is an excellent mountain hotel, the
Alberto Monte Maiella, consisting of three separate houses, each with
its own cuisine and public rooms as well as bed-rooms, in the furthest
of which we were ensconced. This is only open in the summer, but
there is a hotel at each of the two villages Rivisondoli and Pescocos-
tanza (famous for its lace-making) which are open in the winter
too; for this valley, where the snow lies far into March, and
the wolves come down and carry off the lambs, is the great
Italian resort for " winter sports " ; but for the entomologist Roccaraso
is far more eligible, and has the further advantage of lying much
nearer to its station ; though much time is wasted, if one desires
to make railway expeditions, in waiting for trains which are often an
hour late, though one must not reckon on this as they are occasionally
models of punctuality. The Monte Maiella is not one of the hotels of
phenomenal cheapness, but in July, 8fr. a day will procure pension with
a first tloor room, the second floor rooms are (with an unusual
appreciation of their superiority) rather more. Here we remained for
ten days, which we would gladly have prolonged, but Subiaco was
awaiting us, and we could not delay longer. Our first day was Sunday,
and I was only too thankfnl to make it a day of rest, but towards
evening we went out along a very rough hill-side path to the south of
the village, where P. ae(jon was sleeping on the grass-stems, in such
numbers as I have only seen equalled at the Ganter Bridge, below
Berisal. I had, however, no entomological equipment with me, and
could only take one in a small box lent to me for the purpose. In this
place the butterflies rested indiscriminately, head upwards or downwards,
or horizontally along a leaf, but I do not think they were really
settled for the night, as the slightest touch caused them to fiy off,
though, the sun being behind the hills, none had the uppersido of the
wings exposed. On the following day, Monday the iSih, I began
collecting in earnest. My first expedition was up the mountain on
which the hotel looks out, ascended by a rough path which begins at
the side of the cemetery, where I took a few Rmnicia pldaeas. On the
hillside itself there were a few Melanon/ia (jalatea, and great numbers
of I'U'beiiis aeijon, and on the nearly flat piece of what had once been
cultivated ground, just at the top, were a few Aifjijmm «/o6f and one or

280

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

two Hipparchia seniele ; advancing to the left and still rising, I got into
a strong wind, and to avoid it bore to the right and kept under the lee
of the hill-top. This brought me shortly to the corner of a cornfield,
which at its further corner joined a field of vetch, and it was on the
rough ground at the edge of these, and especially the latter, that I took
a number of species, viz., Plebeins aei/on, t'ob/ontmatiis icarna, P. hylas,
P. eros, P. meleacjer, CyaniriH seiniarf/us, Ar/riades coridon, A. bellar(/Hs,
Aricia astrarc/ie, Pyraineis cardtii, Ar«iynnis CKjlaia, A. niohe, Issoria
lathonia, Colias eduaa, C. Iiyale, Aporia erataeyi, Pieris rapae, P. ergane,
Epinephele lycaon, Pararye meyaera, and a Hesperia, which exactly
resembles Lacreuze's illustration in the last Geneva Bulletin of H.
cirsii, though it has far more white, especially on the lower wing, than
any other specimen of H. cirsii that I have ever seen, and I took the
species (which was by no means scarce here) to be H. cynarae when I
captured it. On returning to the hotel, I saw Euvanessa antiopa and
three or four specimens of an Erebia, which was shown by the capture
of one of them, to be E. ntyyne in an advanced stage of dilapidation.
By far the most noteworthy of these species (except P. eraane, which I
had not recognised) was P. e)-os. This species is found everywhere
round Koccaraso, from 4,000ft. ; a much lower level than in the
Alps, where I have never taken even a stray specimen below
6,000ft. ; and rarely below 6,000ft. ; it is of a far deeper and
brighter blue than in the Alps, bearing much the same relation
in colour to the Alpine specimens, that polonns does to coridon.
A. cordion was also peculiar, being very light in colour, and
corresponding accurately with Zeller's description of var. a})ennina,
though not with his type specimens. It is certainly the palest form
apart from the Spanish races that I have ever seen. There was a
remarkable absence of the $ s of almost all these species ; P. aeyon
and P. icariis were the only Lycfenids of which a ? was to be seen, nor
was this sex represented m the Argynnids or the Coliads ; H. semele
on the other hand was wholly deficient in J s. On the following day
I made my way direct to this same hill-top to the N. of the village, and
took in addition to the species already named Erynnis althaeae, Lycaena
arion, Pieris napi, Aylais articae and Melitaea parthenie, the latter in
some numbers. In the late afternoon we crossed the railway and went
towards the woods to the east, but Parcirye macra was the only species
to be observed. On Wednesday we took this path again, and here, at
more than -1000 feet above sea-level we came upon what Avas apparently
a typical English oak-Avood. It is true that the oaks were not of the
samespecies as that which is common in England, but as the acorns were
as yet quite inconspicuous, the dift'erence in appearance was but slight;
the undergrowth consisted of bramble, wild rose, hawthorn and black-
thorn, and the flowers of red and white clover and of the common
meadow sweet and forgot-me-not all added to the familiarity of the
scene. The butterflies dift'ered widel}* from those of the hillside and
hill-top to the north. The two Coliads were again present as well as
P. aeyon, C. seiniaryus, P. icarus, A. urticae, M. parthenie, P. vteyaera, and
P. napi, and it was curious to see P. eros flying about the borders of a
nearly flat cornfield at the edge of the wood, but no other species was
present which I had met with on the hill; there were, however, Hesperia
cartlianii, very small, Auyiades sylranus, Adopaea lineola, Aricia eumedon
Polyommattis amandns (I call it so, though if the genus is to be divided

THREE WEEKS IN THE ABRUZZI. 281

up, I am inclined to place it with serniar(/us and celastn'na in Cj/aiuris),
Nonlmannia ilicis (worn), Pierin brassicae, Leptosia sinapis, Limenitis
Camilla, Pohjijonia eijea, Parartje maera, P. ef/eria, Coenonijiiipha arcania,
C. patiiphiliis vmd Epinepludc jnrtina. On a second visit to this wood
on the following day I saw fewer species, but took in addition, Lycaena
avion, Ereres alcetax, Nordwannia araciae, Aryijnnis aylaia and. A. ni<ibe.
P. aiiiandas varied both in size and freshness, one specimen was almost
as large as those from the Tyrol, but without the conspicuous broad
black border displayed by the latter; /.. ari<»i, which was \e\y worn,
was rather small and dark, but not approaching the blackness of var.
ohsciira : 0. arcania is like the Assisi specimens, considerably smaller
and with a narrower white band on the underside than the Swiss
lowland and Jura form, but not approaching var. danviniana : P. ei/eria
was not markedly of the southern form, certainly not reaching beyond
var. interniedia, nor was E. jnrtina at all of the Idspnlla form ; A.
einnedon was very small and mostly a good deal the worse for wear ;
A. niobe in both places varied a good deal in size, and in the depth of
colour on the underside, but in neither did it show any tendency
towards var. eris : A. ai/laia was generally rather small, and showed
a tendency on the underside to the duller green of the mountain form;
L. caw ilia wsbsvathei- large, in striking contrast with the late specimens
I had taken during a former visit at Assisi. Both on Friday and
Saturday we went over by train to Palena station, not with any view
of going to the town which is some seven miles away, and more than
1500 ft. lower down, but intending to hunt in the plain, a large, flat,
slightly marshy expanse, which was evidently once the bed of a lake,
but is now an immense hay-field. Not finding, however, any path
leading into it (though there is one just beyond the station), and being
much attracted by a steep little gorge, down which a small stream
flows, close to the station, my whole time was devoted to this and to
the woods on the hill above it on both occasions, and a rich locality it
proved to be. The " skippers" included Hespcria alvetis, H. wrratidae,
Erj/nni!< alceae, E. althaeae, Amjiadcs sylvanns, Adopaea flava, A. lincola,
and Xisoniades tayes ; the " blues " Ereres alcetas, Celastrina an/iolns,
Pleheins aei/nn, Polyoinniatns icarns, P. eros, P. vieleayer, P. hylas, P.
anuindns, Cyaniris seiniariiiis (mostly worn), Ayriadea coridon, A. thetis,
Aricia astrarche, very large and with small orange spots, A. enniedon, and
Lycaena avion, there w^ere also magnificent fresh specimens of Heodes
viryaureac, g- s only, and besides, Papilio niachaon, the two usual
Coliads, and the three common Pierids, a few Melitaea phoebe, small,
rather dark and heavily marked — a remarkable contrast with the vivid
and lightly marked specimens taken last year at Assisi — and looking
very like M. cinxia, a few M. parthenie, which, like those of Roccaraso
and of Assisi last year, are small and for the most part heavily marked,
Epincpluie jnrtina and Melanaryia yalatea in abundance, and single
specimens of Dryaa papln'a, Satyriis cordnla and Hipparchia smnele,
all of which were evidently just beginning to emerge, and of Erebia
styync, which on the other hand was quite over. There are several
other gulleys of the some kind which might prove equally prolific, but
this one occupied all my time and energies. On the afternoon of the
24th I strolled up to the wood, but found nothing fresh except a few
Issoria lathonia and a single ^ Loweia var, yordius very fresh, much
sufi'used with purple, and slightly tending towards the ab. midas on the

282 THE entomologist's record.

\inderside and towards the type alcijihrnn on the upper. On the
followins: day, my last at Roccaraso, I went in the morning to
the wooded slopes below the village on the road towards Castel di Sangro.
Here the most conspicuous species was Nordniannia acaciae, which was
flitting about from flower to flower, close to the ground, and looking
uncommonly like a skipper in its flight, but Coenonympha arcania was
also abundant, and Colia>> editsa, An/i/nniti atjlaia, and Melitaea par-
thenie occasionally appeared. Melananjia ffalatea was more frequent,
and I took a single specimen of Nnnhnannia ilicis. On repairing to
the same spot after luncheon I saw but few X. acaciae, but A. at/laia
was more frequent, including ? s for the first time, I also took two or
three A", ilicis, and both Par ar fie ejicria and Li month Camilla put in an
appearance. At 5.30 I determined to go once more to the edge of the
cornfield over the brow of the hill, above the cemetery, where on several
evenings I had seen many Lyca-nids at rest, on the chance of finding
$ s of some of the species, and was rewarded by taking five absolutely
fresh 5 P. melearier, as well as $ P. eros, A. coridon, and of course
P. icarus and P. aegon, at rest, and a fine ? A. niobe on the wing.
The LycaBnids sat on the bents on the slope facing slightly east of
north, below the cornfield, and also in far greater numbers on the
cornstalks themselves. As long as the sun was out they invariably
faced towards it, with outspread wings and head downwards, unless
there was much wind, in which case not even the sun would induce
more than about 20 to 25 per cent, to display the upper surface, but
when the sun had once disappeared they sat indifferently on either side
of the stem, sometimes two or three on the same stem, on diflerent
sides of it, Avith the wings closed over the back, and in some cases with
the head upwards, though the proportion of these was not greater, I
should think, than 15 per cent. The $ /'. eros are very slightly
tinted with blue, and are distinctly squarer than the ^ s, they have
some orange on the upperside of both wings. The ? A. coridon
are small and pale in colour and generally without a trace of
blue, though I took one at Palena (unfortunately damaged) whose
hindwings were blue to the border ; the ? P. meleai/er are of
brilliant, slightly violet-blue, with dark borders, but very little dark
veining, a black discoidal spot, and often whitish lunules inside the
border of the hind wing, or even a whitish wedge-shaped streak,
towards the disc, such as one sometimes finds in the 2 of P. icarus.
It may be interesting to add that, at the same spot, and also at Palena,
the form of Callimorpha dominnla, in which orange is substituted for
crimson on the hindwing was rather common, though not eas}^ to take,
as they generally flew among the corn ; I obtained, however, one pair,
the 2 of which laid a batch of eggs, which I at once sent to England
to Mr. Prideaux, who is rearing the resulting larvse. With our
departure from Roccaraso, on July 26th, my time in the Abruzzi
properly speaking ended, but our next place of sojourn, Subiaco, is
still in the Apennines, and proved to be a localitj^ of great entomo-
logical interest, so that it would be foolish to allow the title of this
paper to interfere with my giving a somewhat detailed description of
the place and its entomological treasures, so far, that is, as my very
short experience enabled me to explore them.

Anyone Avho may think of visiting Subiaco is hereby warned to
approach it from Rome, or from some place in that neighbourhood.

THREE WEEKS IN THE ABRUZZI. 283

such for example as Tivoli ; otherwise he will find hiinself after a very
tiring journey (with no possibility of obtaining food after Sulmona),
stranded at the horrible little wayside station of Mandela, with two
hours to wait, too late for hunting, though the neighbourhood looks
hopeful, and with figs, raw sausage, and a deadly kind of wine, as the
only available nutriment. Kxpertn crede '. Never shall I forget our
arrival at Subiaeo in the dark, tired out, hungry, and with bad head-
aches dealt out indiscriminately all round. We had sent on our heavy
luggage direct to Rome, and had not very much more than we could
conveniently carry, but no hotel dreams of sending to meet the trains,
and one charters a boy to carry what one cannot well manage oneself,
and indeed it would be absolutely necessary to do so even if one could
carry it all ; for no sooner did we get ofl: the platform than we were
assailed, nay mobbed, by a crowd of young urchins, pushing, howling,
seizing at such articles as we were carrying ourselves, and absolutely
refusing to take "no" for an answer when we had been tormented into
making a reply of some kind. There was but one sentiment in one's
mind, a deep unspeakable loathing of everything in the shape of a boy
that did or would or might exist. Even when we did arrive at the
Albergo dell Aniene, to which we had written for rooms, there was a
" festa" going on in the house, and the noise was almost as bad as
what we had endured outside. The foremost, noisest, and most
persistent of our persecutors was a sturdy young ruffian named Pietro
Pillicio. Nobody, I imagine, would call Pietro attractive in appearance,
he is blatant and pushing, he smokes a remarkable German pipe with
a lid, and yet I have mentioned his name, not, as may be supposed, to
warn people ofi, but to induce anyone who may go there to secure his
services, for the sake of their own comfort and convenience. He insisted
on coming out with us the next day, to our undisguised annoyance,
yet the moment you have given in to his persistence all is changed. Not
another boy is allowed to come near you or to worry you in any way,
every beggar is sent off with an audacious " non capiscono," accompanied
with a grin and a wink on your side of his face (as if anybody could
mistake what an Italian beggar said, even if the language were wholly
unknown to him), and beyond all he is a perfect mine of information,
and stranger still of correct information, about everything in Subiaeo
and for ten miles round. He has even acted as guide to an " Inglese "
(how I wonder who it was ! ) who came to collect butterflies in the
mountains. Strangest of all, when we had spent some three or four
hours in his company, every one of us was genuinely sorry to part with
him, and had we been staying longer I have no doubt he would have
become our daily companion. The hotel improved on acquaintance as
greatly as Pietro, and even one's judgment of the Subiaeo boys gave
way before our little waiter, Ernesto Piacentini, who cannot have been
16, but who managed the whole work of the place, the gentlest, best-
mannered and most efficient lad I have met with in all Italy. And
how wonderfully cheap the hotel is, and how picturesque (though
dirty) the town itself, how intensely interesting its two famous
monasteries, how marvellously beautiful its surroundings, and what
a gold-mine for the entomologist who has time enough for exploration
at his disposal ! Our first morning was entirely taken up by visits to
the monasteries of S. Scholastica and S. Benedetto, and my hunting
was confined to the walk between the two. The principal species in

284 THE entomologist's record.

evidence were Papilio viachaoti, Iphiclides podalirius, Paranje nm/aera,
Epinephele ida, and Melanargia r/aiatea, I also saw Pyrameis atalanta,
Envanessa antiopa, Pohpjonia egea, Polyoiinuatus nielecKjer, and others.
It was only on the following day that I had a good genuine butterfly-
hunt. I started in the direction of the monasteries, but loitered long
on the site and in the immediate neighbourhood of Nero's villa. Here
I took, or in a few cases saw beyond possibility of mistake, all the
species mentioned for the previous day except P. atalanta, and in
addition Erymiis alceae, Hesperia cirsii, H. serratidae, Auyiades
sylvanus, Adopaea fiava, Thymelicus acteon, PolyoniDiatits icanis, Aricia
astrarche, (Jelastrina aryiolus, Rumicia pldaeas, Pieris brassicae, P. ra})ae,
P. napi, Pontia daplidice, Calms ednsa, 0. hyale, Pyrameis cardidy
Argynnis adippe var. cleodoxa, Melitaea pavthenie, il7. didywa, Satyrtis
alq/one, Hipparchia semele, and Coennnyvipha jiaiiiphilnn. The one
specimen of H. cirsii that I took, was much smaller than those of
Roccaraso (if I have named the latter correctly), somewhat smaller also
than my series from Eclepens, but quite unmistakable. There was
also only one specimen of A. var. cleodoxa, the underside hindwing
being washed with a much richer yellow than is usual further
north, e.g., in the Val Maggia, where this variety is abundant.
P. macliaon appeared on the wing to be of bright colouring and
in good condition, but when taken was not remarkable either
in the one point or the other ; it was of average size, whilst Z.
podalirius was rather small, and turned out to be in somewhat better
condition than it looked when flying. P. icarus was magnificent both
in colour and size, it was of the " royal " blue I described last year in
the Assisi late- brood specimens, some only of the specimens having
black marginal spots on the upperside hindwing. After lingering too
long in this prolific spot, I mounted up past S. Scholastica, but instead
of turning sharply to the right, over the little bridge be3'ond the
monastery which leads to S. Benedetto, I continued direct up a wild-
looking gorge which seemed to give promise of a successful chase.
Here at the outset I encountered G. cleopatra, of a somewhat larger
size than the Sulmona specimen, but still considerably smaller than
those from the Eiviera, and almost immediately afterwards took my first
Pieris ergane in this locality, and at last suddenly realised what I had
got and immediately set to Avork to look out for more. I took 8 in all,
6 c? s and 2 $ s, in addition to the 3 $ s previously taken unrecognized
at Sulmona and Roccaraso. They are much smaller than average P.
rapae (and at Subiaco the latter species is especially large, I took a
pair on the same ground for comparison), and the characteristic
underside, entirely without markings, ought to have opened my eyes at
once ; the ? s are all, with one exception, of a pale canary colour on
the upperside, the one exception is the largest specimen I took and
inclines rather to straw-colour, perhaps in consequence of having lost
its first freshness, but the underside stamps it at once. All the other
specimens taken were very fresh. This species and P. rapae when
flying on the same ground take no notice whatever of each other, and
it would be impossible to mistake them for one another on the wing so
difterent is their flight, but it is easy to mistake Leptosia sinapis, which
Is common in this gorge, for P. ergane, and indeed I took at least half-
a-dozen specimens of the former under the impression that they were
the species I was looking for. Here also I found a couple of Limenitis

THREE WEEKS IN THE ABRUZZI. 285

Camilla : Kliiiiia ajnni was also common, and I saw several Dri/as
paphia, but P. enjane occupied my attention, and my time was sadly
limited, for we were leaving Subiaco that afternoon, and I ought to
have been starting back by the time I arrived in the gorge, otherwise I
should have made a point of netting more specimens of /-". ertfane,
which was far from scarce, though the ground made pursuit impossible,
and should then have penetrated to the top of the gorge and up the
mountain side, in spite of the fact that the place looked made for
wolves, which I afterwards heard are numerous thereabouts, though I
think the danger from them in sunniier is greatly exaggerated, as I
cannot hear of any cases of actual attacks made by them on passers
by ; still, it is right to add that the natives never penetrate into the
wooded mountains here alone without a gun. It will be seen that I
only hunted Subiaco in one direction, but the whole neighbourhood
looks as if it were well worth a thorough exploration. I must hope to
renew acquaintance with it at some future time.

My last hunt really hardly comes within the province of this paper,
for it was not only outside the Abruzzi, as is Subiaco, but quite away
from the Apennines, for it was in Rome, on the Palatine, in the rough
wild garden surrounding the ruins of the Palace of the Caesars. I do
not know whether I was the first who dared to take a net into these
precincts, but I should think probably not, as the gardeners did not
seem in the least surprised at my proceedings, and except for them I
had the whole place to myself from 3 p.m. when it ia opened till 4.30
when I left — somewhat tired, for I was far from well and the
thermometer that day stood at about 102° in the shade. There was
however no scarcity of butterflies — llai/irardia telicanus was common,
the smallest form of it I have ever met with ; Poh/r/onia ei/ea was also
abundant and looking, in its provoking way, gloriously fresh, but being
far from it on close inspection. I can't think when it really in fresh,
for I have been in its haunts from mid-June till early November, and
the only really fresh specimen I have ever taken was at Perugia
towards the end of September, and this certainly not of the same brood
which is fairly common in the summer, which equally certainly does
not consist of hybernated individuals. I took one specimen of Erynnis
alceae, small, and so light in shade, and with so much yellow in the
composition of its ground colour, that on the wing I took it for
K. laraterae, and when first caught for E. althaeae var. boetica,
but the underside, and more particularly the size and shape of the
transparent spots, leave no doubt as to the species. Polyomniatus
icariis was very fine, as also was Coenonynipha painpJiilus : Papilio
machaon on the other hand was very small and rather dull in colour,
especially the red spot. (rnneptcryx deapatra was occasionally to be
seen, but kept well out of range ; Colias edtim, I^ieris brassicae, P.
rapae and Pontia dajiliiUce were all common, and I took a J specimen of
the latter with distinct traces of a black spot near the inner margin of
each forewing. Pararyc weijaera was as abundant here as everywhere
else, and liiiiiiiria phlacai< of pronounced licna form brings the list to a
close, though it would probably have been increased, at any rate by
some other Vanessids, if I had remained longer.

The following list comprises, to the best of my belief, all the species
which I met with during my expedition, together with the localities in
which they were found : —

286 THE entomologist's record.

Erynnis lavaterae, Sulmona; K. althaeae, Aquila, Eoccaraso, Palena;
E. alceae, Aquila, Sulmona, Palena, (Terni, Subiaco), [Rome]; Bes-
peria alveus, Palena ; H. cirsii, Roccaraso, (Subiaco) ; H. onopordi,
Villalago ; H. aerratulat', Palena, (Subiaco) ; H. cartltanii, Villalago,
Roccaraso; Xisoniades; taf/es, Assergi, Palena; Aiii/iadex sylrantis, Roc-
caraso, Palena, (Subiaco) ; TliijuieUcits acteon, Sulmona, Roccaraso,
(Assisi, Subiaco) ; Adopoea Jiava, Roccaraso, (Subiaco) ; A. lineola,
Sulmona, Roccaraso, IPalena, (Fiesole, Assisi) ; Heodes vinjaiireae,
Palena ; Loweia alciplnon var. f/oydiiifi, Villalago, Roccaraso ; L. dorilis,
Villalago ; Rnmicia phlaeas, Aquila, Sulmona, (Subiaco), [Rome] ;
Lycaena orion, Roccaraso, Palena; Scolitantides baton, Aquila, Sulmona,
(Assisi) ; Aricia cKiiiedon, Roccaraso, Palena ; A. astianlie, Sulmona,
Roccaraso, Palena, (Subiaco) ; Folyominatus icarus, ever_ywhere ; P.
eros, Roccaraso, Palena ; P. escheri, Assergi, (Fiesole) ; 7^. hylas,
Assergi, Roccaraso, Palena, Scanno ; P. vieleayer, Roccaraso, Palena,
(Subiaco) ; /'. ainandiis, Roccaraso, Palena ; Ayriades coridon, Scanno,
Roccaraso, Palena ; A. thetis, Assergi, Scanno, Palena, (Assisi) ;
Cyaniris seniiaryus, Villalago, Roccaraso, Palena; Plebeius arytis [aeyon),
Scanno, Villalago, Roccaraso, Palena ; P. aryyroynomon [aryua),
Scanno ; Everes alcetas, Sulmona, Roccaraso, Palena, (Terni) ; Ciipido
ininimus, Assergi; {C. osiris {sebnts), Assisi); Celastrina aryiolus,
Scanno, Villalago, Roccaraso, Palena, (Subiaco) ; [Raywardia telicanus,
Rome] ; Chattendenia w-albiiiii, Aquila; Kliiyia upmi, Assergi, Sul-
mona, Scanno, Villalago, (Subiaco) ; Nordiuminia acaciae, Villalago,
Roccaraso; N. ilicis, Roccaraso; IpldcUdes podaUrius, Sulmona,
(Subiaco) ; Papilio machaon, Sulmona, Palena, (Subiaco), [Rome] ;
Aporia crataeyi, Scanno, Roccaraso ; Pierit; brassicae, Sulmona, Roc-
caraso, Palena, (Fiesole, Subiaco), [Rome]; P. rapae, ewevx\yheve: P.
eraane, Sulmona, Roccaraso, (Subiaco); P. napi, Assergi, Scanno, Roc-
caraso, Palena, (Subiaco) ; Poutia daplidice, Aquila, (Subiaco), [Rome] ;
Leptosia sinapis, Aquila, Sulmona, Roccaraso, (Subiaco) ; Colias ediisa,
everywhere ; C. hyale, Sulmona, Roccaraso, Palena, (Subiaco) ; Gonep-
teryjc deopotra, Sulmona, (Subiaco), [Rome] ; Dryas paphia, Palena,
(Subiaco) ; Aryynnis aylaia, Roccaraso, Palena ; {A. adippe var. deo-
doxa, Subiaco) ; A. niobe, Roccaraso, Palena ; Issoria latlwnia, Aquila,
Roccaraso ; Brentlik daphne, Scanno ; Melitaea phoebe, Palena ; M.
didynia, Sulmona, (Subiaco); M. parthenie, Roccaraso, Palena, (Subiaco),
Pyranieis cardui, Aquila, Roccaraso, (Subiaco) ; P. atalanta, Sulmona,
Villalago, (Subiaco) ; Eucanessa antlopa, Sulmona, Villalago, Rocca-
raso, (Subiaco) ; Aylais urticae, Villalago, Roccaraso ; Polyyonia eyea,
Aquila, Roccaraso, (Assisi, Subiaco), [Rome]; P. c-albuni, Roccaraso;
LimeniUa Camilla, Roccaraso, (Subiaco) ; Pararye iiiaera, Villalago,
Roccaraso; P. meyaera, everywhere; P. cyeria, Roccaraso, (Terni);
Satyrus alcyone, below Villalago, (Subiaco) ; S. cnrdula, Palena ; Hip-
parchta semele, Roccaraso, Palena, (Assisi, Subiaco) ; Epinephele jurtina,
Aquila, Roccaraso, Palena, (Fiesole, Assisi, Subiaco): E. lycaon,
Scanno, Villalago, Roccaraso ; E. ida, Sulmona, (Subiaco) ; Coenonym-
plia arcania, Villalago, Roccaraso ; C. paniphilns, everywhere ; Erebia
styyne, Roccaraso, Palena ; Melanaiyia yalatea, everywhere.

" LAMPIDES " GALBA, LED., A PLEA FOR ACCURACY. 287

The Orchid Thrips : Anaphothrips orchidaceus, Bagnall.

By UICIIARl) S. BAGXALL, F.L.S , F.E.S.

Until recently I was under the impression that this pretty little
species confined its attentions solely to the leaves of orchids. When
an infested orchid is in flower, however, A. oychidacens and its larvae
forsake the leaf for the flower, and may be found sheltered in numbers
under the corolla, and, feedintj- upon the tissues of the petals, it soon
renders a flower unsightly and unmarketable. Owing to its seclusive
habits, ordinary fumigation, etc., is of little use in dealing with the
orchid thrips, in fact the only way, I think, is to institute periodical
searches and clean the plants by picking up the insect and its larvas
with a camels' hair brush, and killing them by immersion in alcohol
or other destructive agent, a laborious method it is true, but apparently
the only safe method.

The Rev. James Waterston has recently sent me several tubes of
A. orcltiilarcKs from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, found
chiefly on Maadecallia coccinea. There are one or two specimens in
Mr. Waterston's parcel from Ci/pn'pcdiii)ii actaeiis and of the larvae
from Oncidiinii and Hnjiidepis. Last year I found the form on
i'lipriju'dittiii at Copenhagen, on Li/castcs skinneyi, Cuprijiediniii spp.
at Gothenburg, and on ('ipid)idiiiiii and Kpidendnm at Christiania, and
have had it sent me from Holland by the Director of the Leyden
Museum.

FooDPLANTS. — Catth'ija spp., Ci/iNbidiiim spp., L'ljpripediuin spp.,
Epidendroii spp., Hi/polejiis spp., Lycastes skinneri, Masdevallia coccinea,
(Jdontot/losfiiiiii spp., Oncidinni spp., and Zi/f/opetaliim spp.

DisTKiBUTioN. — England (Kew Gardens, London; Wylain, Aln-
wick, and Newcastle, Northumberland) ; Scotland (Glasgow and
Edinburgh); L'eland (Dublin); Belgium (Brussels); Norway (Chris-
tiania); Sweden (Gothenburg); Denmark (Copenhagen); and Holland
(Leyden).

" Lampides" galba, Led., A Plea for accuracy.

By P. P. GRAVES.

While studying some of the Pab^arctic Plebeiids in the British
Museum collection, in July 1910, 1 came across several butterflies from
Lsmailieh, which had been doubtfully identified with L. (jalba, by H.
J. Elwes. These insects were, in my opinion, simply small specimens
of the Egyptian summer race of Zizeni li/sinion, lib. I then repaired
to the first picture-book on which I could lay my hands, to wit Dr. A.
Seitz's work on the Pahearctic Macrolepidoptera. Here I found a
figure of i/alba, which bore a great resemblance to the above mentioned
specimens and a very brief description of the insect, in which it was
stated that </alba was not easily distinguishable from h/sinmii, that it
occurred in Syria, and that it had been taken at lsmailieh.

Now, leaving aside for the moment the question what the insect
figured by Seitz and doubtfully identified with i/alba by Elwes really
is, I should like to call the attention of lepidopterists who are
interested in the Pahtarctic butterflies to the original description of
(jalba, published by Julius Lederer in 1855 ("Beitrag zur Schmetterlings-
Fauna von Cypern Beirut und einem Theile Klein-asiens." Aus den
Schriften des zoologisch-botanischen Vereins in Wien, 1855) with

288 THE entomologist's record.

which neither Seitz's plate nor the actual specimens in the British
Museum coll. correspond at all.

On page 14 of the brochure bearing the above title (page 190 of
the Proceedings of the above mentioned Society) I find the following
description of gnlba, which is here included in the Fabrician genus
Lyca&iia.

" Galha, Kollar in Hit., plate 2, figure 4, male. Above scarcely distinguishable
from lysimov. The male has the same colour and the same broad black margin,
but the hindwings have in cell 2 a blackish marginal spot, separated from the
margin by a light-coloured line. The female is of an uniform brown above, the
black spot in cell 2 is more marked and bordered with bluish (blaulich umzogen),
the remaining cells show traces of marginal spots, notably towards the anal angle,
and the light marginal line is a little more sharply defined. The underside is light
brownish-grey as in lysimon or trocliiltis, only a little darker in the female than in
the male. The markings are here nearer to troehilus. On the forewing they are
identical with those of that species, only the centres of the spots (Die Kerne der
Flecken) are not so black, but of a dull-brown, and not eo clearly marked. The
hindwings resemble troehilus but lack the orange-yellow marginal band. The shape
and position of the dull brown eye-spots are the same as in trocldlus ; in cell 7 are
two black spots surrounded by light rings (hell umzogene Flecke) and below the
inner one of these and near the base of the wing, another, all in the same position
as in troehilus. The fourth spot below the last, which is present in troehilus, is
absent in galha. The spot on the anal margin itself, which is sharply marked in
troehilus, is here indistinctly present (nur matt vorhanden) and of the marginal
spots only the large ones in cell 2 are deep black and powdered with metallic scales
(mit Erzschuppen belegt), while the remainder are small and dull brown. I
obtained only 8 specimens, which were taken in company with lysiniou in clover-
fields. Herr Kotschy found this species in Senaar."

Zach, who collected the insects mentioned in the brochuie
published by the Wiener zoologisch-botanischer Verein took lysituon
in clover-fields near Beirut in July, which gives us the date of i/alba's
appearance.

In my humble opinion, which 1 only venture to put forward on
the ground that I have had considerable acquaintance wuth Zizera
lysimon, having taken it very frequently in Egypt, where it is wide-
spread, and also in Syria (Damascus 2,800ft., 2nd-6th September, 1910)
the insects figured by Seitz, doubtfully identified with (jalba in the
British Museum collection are hjsivum, smaller, slenderer and more
heavily spotted on the underside than my few spring specimens of that
species, and than most of the specimens from other localities (Tenerift'e,
Algeria, etc.), in the British Museum coll. I explain the difference
thus : — li/siiiion in Egypt is to be found in clover fields, generally in
good condition from the beginning of March till early in November.
The cold nights and damper air of the frequently irrigated fields in
late November and the next three months are unfavourable to the
rapid development of the larva, which, I am assured by Mr. Willcocks,
of the Khedivial Agricultural Society, feeds on cultivated clovers. The
specimens that first emerge in early March are larger and more
heavily built than those that occur in the hotter months, when there
is a rapid succession of broods if not continuous-broodedness. It is
just possible that the difference in the climatic condition accounts for
the tendency to the obsolescence of the underside spotting in my early
spring specimens. It appears to me to be highly probable that the
larger size of these specimens and of those from Algeria and the
Canaries, as compared with those taken later in the year in Egypt and
Syria by the writer, is due to the fact that the winter-feeding larva has
a more abundant and more succulent, because better watered, pabulum.

BUTTERFLIES OF THE RHONE VALLEY. 289

My smallest specimens come from desert ravines near Hehvan and from
dry sandhills near Abukir on the Egyptian coast. Tutt has recorded the
fact that species of Plebeiids which are single-brooded in some localities
and double- or triple-brooded in others are often larger in the former (of.
F. icanis, Brit. Butts. ,i\\, p. 128). This he ascribes to the longer feeding-
period in the former case. Pari passu this should apply in the case
of b/siiiion during seasons when the larva feeds up more slowly.
However, this is only a theory on my part which I do not wish to press,
especially if examination of the genitalia suggests that the Egyptian
summer b/siiiu)n, the British Museum t/alba, and Seitz's (/alba, are
really distinct from the true hjsiunm, Hb. But whatever they are,
they cannot be identified with Lederer's or Kollar's i/alha. The above
description rules that out. Moore in his llhopalocera Indica, gives tialba
as a synonym for li/simon, ])evhAps rightly if we are to follow Elwes
and Seitz, but certainly wrongly if we are to go by Lederer's original
description.

The conclusion, therefore, is that whatever the insects in the British
Museum Coll. are, they are not the (/alba of Lederer, whose description
and figure of the butterfly (Plate 2, sec. Led. Plate 1, in my copy of the
Beitra;/), show an insect that bears a much greater resemblance in
certain important particulars to CJiilades trochilus than to Zizera
li/siiiio)i. Miss Fountaine {Entoiiiolmiist, xxxv., 467, p. 98), says that
she took (lalba at the same time and in the same localities as Castalius
jesnus (i/aiiira), i.e., above the Sea of Galilee during the last days of
June, and on the plain of -Jenin on July 3rd. It would be most
interesting to know whether her (/alba correspond with Lederer's
description.

Early Summer amongst the Butterflies of the Rhone Valley.

By JOHN ALDEKSON.

{Conditdcd from p. 261.)
There was a distinct improvement in the weather the following
day, June 17th, for the sun shone brightly from a sky which remained
of a clear summer blue from morning till night. Taking the train to
Susten I walked through the meadows fringing the Pfynwald up to
the entrance of Illgraben. In the meadows I found butterflies on the
wing in good number and variety. In point of numbers the fritillaries
took the first place, and the larger Argynnids dashing wildly every-
where, imparted no small amount of animation to the scene. Of these,
Ar(/!/ii)iis a(/laia was the most common, with A. adip/ie and A. niube
and var. eris in fewer numbers. Mclitaca didijiiia was very common,
the majority of the specimens showing signs of wear. Towards
Illgraben .1/. aurinia became equally common, but its condition was
quite hopeless. Amongst the other fritillaries were Melitaca phnebe,
M. at/ialia, Brentlds dia, and li. cuphromjne, the last being very
ragged. J/, aurelia also occurred here, but not in any numbers.
The " blues" were in abundance, the greater number being Af/riades
tht'tis, which was getting worn but fiying everywhere and sipping at
the blossoms of red clover. Plcbeius an/us {acijon) was also plentiful
and in good condition, the form being the usual one met with
throughout the lower parts of the Rhone Valley. Poh/owinatus icarus
was equally as common, as was also (Jyaniris seiiiiar(/Hs, which was in

290 THE entomologist's record.

fairly fresh condition. A single worn Polyovunatiis amandus was
noted, whilst Lycaena ariun was not uncommon. Here I took my
first, and, incidentally, my only specimen of Lycaena alcon, a (? in
perfectly fresh condition. A Lithosiid moth rising up occasionally from
the herbage proved, on netting, to be Lithosia striata. Other species
noted were Poirellia sao, Nonhuannia ilicis, Aporia crataeyi, Kitchlo'e
cardamines, Melanaryia yalathea, and hybernated specimens of Govep-
tery.v rhamni and Polyyoma c-alhinn. The return journey was made
by the road which traverses the fringe of the woods, and here Melitaea
phoebe of a fine size was flitting to and fro along the roadway, a
habit which was followed also by Hesjwria carthauii and Krynnh lava-
terae, which were not uncommon. An open glade in the woods was
flooded with bright sunlight, and here several Pajiilin viacJiaon and
IpJiiciides podaliriiis were flying to and fro, or playfully sporting one
with another, and exhibiting to perfection their graceful motions and
admirable powers of flight. At times they would daintily alight on
the tip of a pine branch, and anon would select a tall thistle for the
resting-place, or come sailing down the sunlit glade on outstretched
wings with the very poetrj'^ of motion. My acquaintance with their
charming powers of flight had all the delight of novelty, and I must
confess to a feeling of intense pleasure in watching their graceful
evolutions as they sported gaily in the bright sunshine.

Taking an early train to Brigue the following morning, I walked
from there up the Simplon Pass to Berisal. In ascending the pass I
followed the short cuts, and avoided the winding road as much as
possible. The day was bright and sunny, and was in every way
favourable to collecting. On the first short cut, which zigzags up the
steep hill overlooking Brigue, a single Pcdyoiiniuitii.^ eHcheri was picked
up, and Miiitaea anrinia was noted commonly enough, but in very
worn condition. Further on, where the path clings to the side of the
high precipitous slopes, Papilio viacliaon and Iphidides pudalirius were
met with occasionally, whilst Paraiye viaera and Parnassiiis apollo
were becoming more common. A glorious prospect was now gradually
unfolding to the view, and I must admit that the magnificent scenery
of the Simplon Pass fully realised my expectations. The combination
of towering, snow-clad peaks, and deep rugged valleys, formed a
splendid picture, the composition of which was continually changing
and gaining in grandeur as one won fresh points of vantage.

Near the second Refuge the rocky mountain path joins the main
road. On the roadway freshly-emerged Aylais mticae, of a good size,
were not uncommon, with a single ragged Polyyonia c-albnm. In that
particular corner, which is the favourite haunt of Plebeiiis zephyrns
var. lycidas, quite a number of species were on the wing. P. zephyvits
var. lycidas, though not uncommon, was not in any great numbers,
and not a few of the 3 s showed signs of wear. One <? of a large
size, and in perfect condition, was further distinguished by slight
additional spotting on the underside. The form of Melitaea parthcnie
met with here was much difterent from that of the lowlands, and
tended more towards the facies of M. athalia. M. cin.via, in fairly
good condition, was on the wing, and ilA. aurelia again turned up.
Here Plebeiiis argns (aeyon) was fairly common, and at the time of
capture I was much struck by the prevailing form, which has the
black margins to the wings so greatly increased in width. Of course,

I

BUTTERFLIES OF THE RHONE VALLKY. 291

I subsequently found that this form is characteristic of high elevations,
and is not at all peculiar to the Simplon. On the same ground
Pl('bci)is ar(t!/rni/nn)nnn was also taken, and the Simplon form of this
species also ditiered from that of the Rhone Ijanks. Although easily
separable from PlebeiKs an/iis, the Simplon specimens of /'. aripjroii-
nomon show some tendency to the former species in size, intensity of
blue, depth of margins and more pronounced appearance of nervures.
Other species met with in the neighbourhood of the second Refuge
were Hesperia cartJtotni, H. nlreiis, H. iiialvae, Nisoniadea tai/es, Pohjnm-
matns icariis, Af/riailes tlietis, Lycaena arion and Aricia astrarclie. Soon
after mid-day the sky clouded over, and in the absence of sunshine
few insects were seen during the remainder of the journey. Immedi-
ately after passing the Ganter Bridge Pieris napi var. bryoniae was
met with, but nearly all the specimens were more or less worn.

The following day, June 19th, was bright and sunny throughout,
and I worked the ground in the vicinity of Berisal, but notwith-
standing the favourable conditions, the results were not very
encouraging. With the exception of Parnamua mveinm^yne, which
was swarming in the fields surrounding the hotel, at no time, and in
no particular place, did I find butterflies at all numerous. At this
elevation, and in so w^ell-known a locality, I expected to make the
acquaintance of many new species, and was looking forward with
much interest to collecting of a character that would be very different
from that of the lowlands. These expectations were not fully realised,
for I met with few new species, and the unseasonable weather recently
prevailing was no doubt accountable for the general scarcity in the
butterfly fauna, and the retarded appearance of many species. Pay-
naasina iii)U'iiiosy]if', as noted above, was in the utmost abundance near
Berisal. Its condition was generally good, and its flight, low and
somewhat lumbering, made its capture an easj' matter. In the
Ganterthal, and in the valley leading towards the Bortel Alp, insects
were scarce. A new species was taken here in Pararye Idem, one or
two somewhat worn specimens being captured. Other specimens
taken or noted were Flrynnis lavaterae, Plebeiits aryyroynniiinn, Brenthis
euplifoKyne, Leptoaia sinapis, and Melitaea partlienie. Occasionally
AnthocltariH simplnnia dashed past at a speed so rapid as to compel
admiration — providing one's series was complete. A single specimen
of what I took to be Coenonyinplia aatyrinn W'as noted. On the grassy
slopes below the roadway, occasional Aricia cuwcdnn were flying with
Polyniiniiatus iconts and ('yaniris seiiiiaryitx. Pifiis napi var. bryoniae
was not at all uncommon, hut there were few specimens that did not
show signs of wear. On the other hand, Kuchln'e canlainines was sur-
prisingly fresh. In the afternoon a walk up the Pass in the direction
of the Hospice did not produce much of further interest. Amongst a
few Pararye hiera taken was a dingy S , showing scarcely any trace of
fulvous coloration on the upper surface, and bearing only one spot on
each forewing and three on each hindwing. One or two Erebia evias
were flying about the road, and at damp places by the roadside
Hesperia vialroe was congregating, though not in great numbers, with
occasional Xisouiailen tayea. Pieris var. bryoniae became more common,
and Parnassins mneinnsyne less common, as one ascended the Pass.

I left Berisal the next day, walking down from there to Brigue,
and collecting by the way. The conditions were all one could desire,

292 THE entomologist's record.

the sun blazing fiercely from a cloudless sky. Butterflies were in
much greater numbers, both in regard to individuals and species, and
consequently the walk down the Pass proved most interesting and
enjoyable. No Pararcje hiera, Pieris var. hryoniae, or Parnassius
vmeinosyne were seen after leaving the Ganter Bridge ; but the road
from here to the second Refuge was swarming with insects. One or
two Melitaea iiarthenie, with a strong tendency towards the athalia form,
were taken close to the Ganter Bridge. Damp places alongside the
road were numerous, and were the resort of many species of " blues "
and " skippers," among which were Hesperia carthami, H. iiialvae,
Pouellia sao, Nisoni'ides toi/es, Angiades sylvaniis, Ayriades thetis,
Poh/o)umatns icarus, Cupido uiiniiiuis, Cyaniris seiniaryKs, Plebeius avf^iis
{aeyon) and P. ariiyrof/noDion. Out of the motley gathering I picked
a very fine specimen of the var. obscura form of Lycaena aricn, and
also two (? s, in good condition, of Plebeius zephyrus var. lycidasi ;
one of these was taken quite close to the Ganter Bridge, and the other
nearer the second Refuge. Another species was added to the list in the
capture of three freshly-emerged Erehia ceto. Richly coloured Ayla'is
urticae were flying about the roadway, where Melitaea phoebc, in fine
condition, was equally common, flitting backwards and forwards, or
looking very conspicuous as it sat with outstretched wings — a brilliant
patch of colour in the dusty roadway. At frequent intervals Parnassius
apollo floated lazily down from the steep slopes, and occasionally, with
impetuous flight, Colias hyale dashed past. At the second Refuge
insects were in abundance. Papilio uiachann, with its bold, untiring-
flight, was dashing up and down the steep hillsides. Brilliant Melitaea
didyiiia were flaunting their scarlet apparel about the flower-strewn
slopes, stopping frequently to sip the nectar of the flowers, and
showing no preference for any particular blossom. Here Melitaea
cin.via was still in good condition, and M. athalia, Al. auielia and M.
atirinia were also noted. A nice series of Plebeius var. lycidas of both
sexes was taken, though the species was not in any great numbers. Among
the Ayriades thetis taken here was a good and large sized specimen of the
ab. puncta form. Colias phicomone was added to the list, an exceptionally
brightly coloured 3 being captured on the slopes. Plebeius aryus
(aeyou), P. aryyroynouion and Hesperia carthauri, were all flying in
numbers. After leaving the second Refuge very little of further
interest was noted. Pararye luaera became common again, though no
specimens had been observed at any place above the second Refuge.
Polynuuimtus escheri was taken on the hillside overlooking Brigue.

June 21st, a bright, sunny day, found me again at Salquenen, with
the hope of being able to work the little valley where rain had
prematurely stopped my collecting on the 16th. A few Pontia daplidice,
in excellent condition, were taken in and about the vineyards ; and a
new species, a ^ Satyrus cordula, led me a pretty dance through the
vineyards before I was able to turn it into the net. Passing through
the fields, a single early g Hirsutina dauion was netted, making a
further addition to the list. On reaching the little valley, I found
plenty of insects on the wing, though the species were much the same
as those noted on my previous visit, with the addition of Colias edusa,
Melitaea athalia, and Hipparchia semele, all of which occurred sparingly.
The large Argynnids were dashing wildly to and fro, and showed a
strong partiality for the blossoms of scabious ; at this flower I also

BUTTERFLIES OF THE RHONE VALLEY. 293

noted a hybernated ? (Toiieptcnj.v rliaiinii. On the upper vineyard
paths I found several huoria lathonia, in prime condition, and picked
up three specimens of McUtaea dciune var. beriaaloisis, and another
individual of this species was netted as it sipped at the blossoms of a
high privet bush.

The following day I left Sierre by an early train for Aigle. The
morning was gloriously fine, and I resolved to break the journey at
Vernayaz, and spend a few hours under the cliffs there. The glorious
promise of the morning was not realised, for long before midday the
sun became hidden by clouds, and afterwards it beamed forth only at
intervals. Some of these sunny intervals, though, were of sufficiently
long duration to afford a good insight into the entomological wealth
of the locality, and in consequence the day was very far from being
uninteresting. The privet bushes were laden with blossom, and as
soon as the sun burst forth insects were attracted to the bushes in
swarms. The commonest visitors were Brentiiis dajiltne, and Loireia
\&v. (jordius, the former being in excellent condition, as were also the
5 s of (jordius. Amongst the other species attracted to privet were
Headex vir(iaitreae, Nordwanuia ilicis, Melitaea dictijnna, Aporia cratacji,
IpJiidides jiodalirius, Knodia Iiijjieranthtis, Kpineplide ianiro, (JalUiiioijdia
doiiiinida and several species of Anthrocerids. Amongst the $ (/orditis
at privet I was delighted to net a particularly fine example of ab. viidas.
The brambles were also in full bloom, and attracted many insects,
including a freshly-emerged Dri/as pajihia ; this species formed an
addition to the list, which was still further increased by the capture
of a perfectly fresh Luiienitis Camilla, flitting about the pathway.
Only the J s of tJeodes vinjaiiieae were out, and several perfect
specimens were taken as they sat sunning themselves on the blossoms
of flowers. Hippanliia akyonc was not uncommon, flitting about
the pathway. Other species seen or captured included Knjimis
lavaterae, Adopaea lineola, A. flava, Aiii/iades sijlcaniis, Lycamta ariun,
Cijaniris seniiar(/iis, Poli/oniDiatiis aiiiaiida, Melitaea athalia, M. pJioibc,
Argijnuis adippe, Leptoi^ia sinapis, Ki(c/doe cardamines, Gonepterij.v
rlianini, Parnassins apollo, Pulipjonia c-albnni, Pararge viaera. Coeno-
nymplta ijdiis and Erebia i^ti/yne. Swarms of Vanessa io larvse were to
be seen wherever the wild hop was trailing over the undergrowth, and
a batch of young larviB which I brought back with me fed up well on
nettle, and produced a nice lot of good-sized imagines.

The following day, June 23rd, I spent working the St. Triphon
marshes and Charpigny. In the marshes, Paranje acliiiie, a species
new to me, was very common, flying lazily about the willow hedges.
The specimens proved to be all J s, and were in the finest condition.
l>re)ithis ino was flying in small numbers over the marshes, but
unfortunately it was very worn. The latter remark applies also to
P(di/oiiniiatus aiiianda and Coenoni/iiiplia ipliis, which were both fairly
common. A worn specimen of Krynnis alceae was picked up in the
marshes, and other species more or less common here were Adajiaea
lineida, Polyommatus Jiylas, and Melitaea dictynna. On leaving the
marshes, I made my way up the slopes of Charpigny, with the
particular purpose of working Melitaea athalia closely, which I under-
stood to be a common insect in this locality. On arriving at the
summit of the hill, I found that the grass in the meadows had been
recently cut, and consequently the number of athalia on the wing was

294

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

exceedingly small. In the small grassy glades I found the species in
greater numbers, but the condition of the majority of the specimens
left much to be desired. However, I Avas able, after working some
time, to muster a fairly interesting series. At privet blossom was
netted a single Khii/ia spini, a species I had not previously met with,
and a further addition was made to the list in the capture of one or
two freshly-emerged Limenitia sibylla, which were frequenting the
woodland paths. Hipparclna alcyone and typical Argynnia niobe
were taken at Charpigny, and in the grassy glades Brenthh dia
occurred sparingly. Mr. Fison had written to say that at Charpigny
a few days previously, he bad seen Lviienitu populi flying about the
tall trees in the sunshine ; but, although I kept a careful watch, I
failed to see the species on this date, a fact due, perhaps, to to the day
not being sufficiently bright.

The next day, June 24th, was spent on the well-known Sepey
Eoad. This particular locality bears the reputation of being a splendid
collecting ground for the Theclids, which frequent the blossoms of the
privet bushes growing by the roadside. Although the day was not
ideal, it was not altogether unfavourable, for the sunny intervals were
of fairly long duration. The privet though was in ideal condition,
for the bushes, which are found so commonly alongside the road, were
heavily laden with blossom ; but much to my disappointment, the
insects attracted were surprisingly few, both in numbers and species.
Nordwannia ilicia was the sole representative of the family, the only other
species noted being Pieris brassicae and Aporia rrataei/i, with occasional
Anthrocerids. Afterwards I turned my attention to the grassy slopes
on the upperside of the road, but at no particular place along the
route did I find insects in any large numbers. Parnassln^i opollo was
not uncommon, nor were Hesperia carthatui and Aricia ostrarche. A
single HirsKtina daman was taken, and other species noted included
Adopaea flara, Hesperia alveits, Lycaena arion, Brent/ns dia, B. eiiphro-
syne, 21elitaea athalin, M. plinebe, Aryyuuis adippe, A, aylaia, and
Leptosia sinapis. A single fresh I'olyyonia c-albuin was taken, and one
or two Sesia atellatantiii were noticed hovering over flowers.

The last day of my stay was reserved for a visit to Eclepens,
where so many good species and interesting forms are found ; but it
turned out to be quite the most unproductive expedition I had made.
The daj', it must be confessed, was utterly impossible, with not a
single gleam of sunshine, and a very cold blustering wind. I beat and
searched the undergrowth with a persistence that deserved some
measure of reward, but the total result of all my labour was a solitary
specimen of Coenonymp^a arcania — a species I laad not previously met
with.

This was a somewhat inglorious ending to a holiday, which,
despite much unfavourable weather, had proved most thoroughly
enjoyable. For, quite apart from the special interest Switzerland has
to the lepidopterist in the richness and variety of its butterfly fauna,
there are, as everyone knows, those glorious natural beauties of the
country, which, in their scientific and aesthetic aspects, make so
powerful an appeal to the wider perceptions of the true naturalist.

In concluding I must confess my great indebtedness to Mr. Wheeler
for whatever success that attended my collecting efforts. His varied
experience of Swiss collecting proved of immense value in indicating

COLEOPTERA. 295

the most productive routes and localities ; and I know how meagre
the results would have been without his kind and valuable assistance.
To Mr. Tutt 1 am also indebted for much kind help and valuable
suggestions.

The total list of the 106 species seen and captured is as follows : —
Ivrijimis laiaterae, K. alceae, Hesperia carthaini, IJ. alcenn, H. serra-
tulae, H. iiialvae, I'oicelUa sao, Nisonicules ta/jea, Autjutdea sylvantis,
Adnpaea lineola, A. fiaca, Cydoijides jialaenion, Heodes vinjanreae,
Chrijsophanus hippotho'e, Loiieia alciphron var. (jordius, L. dorilis, L.
aiiiphidamas, Uiiiincia plilaean, Lycaena alcon, L. avion, Glaucopayche iolaa,
Capido niiniiiiiis, C. oHiris [>>i'hii<s), Cyaniris seiiiiaiyi(s, GlaucopHyche
cyllariis Polyonniiatiis aiiianda, F. hyla.s, P. esclieri, P. icarna, AyriadeH
thetis, Aricia antrarrhe, A. etnnedon, tiimiitina damon, Scolitantides baton,
S. orion, Plebcius zepliyniH var. lycidas, P. aryiis (aeyon), I', aryyrnynomon,
Kveies alceta.s, Celastiina anjioln.s, (Jallop/irya rubi, Nordnuuinia ilicis,
Kli(yiasjii7ii,yemeubii(sliicijia,lii/ti(:lid{'sii(jdalirius,Papilioniac/iaon, Par-
nansiiiH apoUo, P. innimosyxe, A])oria crataeyi, Pieria brassicae, l\ rapae,
P. napi and var. biyoniac, Pontia daplidice, Ant/iocliaria aiinpltjnia and
var. fiacidior, Emldo'e cardainines, Leptonia siuapis, t'oliaa pliicouione,
C. Iiyale, C ediisa, Gonepteryx rliaiinii, Diyas paphia, Aryynnis aylaia,

A. adippe, A. niobe and var. eris, Issoria latlionia, Brentlda euphioayne,

B. daplnie, B. ino, B. dia, Melitaea aurinia, M. phoebe, M. cinxia, M.
didyina, M. deione var. berinalen»iH, M. anrelia, M. partheiiie, M. athalia,
M. di(ty)uia, Pyranieis cardui, /'. atalaiita, Eiivanesm antiapa, Vanessa
io, AylaiH mticae, Kttyouia polyc/doros, I'ulyyonia c-olbiiin, Liinenitis
caiiiiUa, L. sibylla, Paraiye iiiaera, P. hiera. P. vieyaera, J', eyeria var.
eyerides, P. aclnnc, HipparcJna alcyone, H. cordnla, H. seiitele, Kpine-
phele ianira, Knodia /lyperaiithits, Coenonyiiipha iphis, C. arcania, C.
satyrion, C. paiiiphilns, Prebia ceto, E. medusa, P. styyne, E. evias and
Melanaryia yalathea.

(grOLEOPTERA.

PhiLONTHUS INTERMEDIUS, BoiSD., VAR. DONISTHORPEI, A NEW FORM.
— In sculpture, size, and coloration of head, thorax, and hind-body, similar to
the " type-form." In the colour of the elytra, which are of a bright vivid red
(with a faint metallic-green reflection), the specimen departs in a striking manner
from the normal. The contrast between the bronze-green thorax, and the clear
red elytra, makes this form a most beautiful and individual one. I proposed for it
the above-mentioned name in honour of my friend, Mr. H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe.
The type specimen was captured at Ditchling, Sussex, on August yOth
of this year. It was obtained, in company with very many normal
P. inteniiediiis, by sifting the refuse-heaps in a farmyard. — Heheward
DOLLMAN, F.E.S.

FuKTHER NOTES OX THE GENUS Stenus. — lu the May number of
this journal (p. 116), I gave some details of captures of species of the
genus Stenus in Scotland during March. Since then I have paid
special attention to the genus wherever I have collected. At Wicken
Fen, April 14th-16th, I took paliistris, Er., Instrator, Er., biniaculatus,
Gyll., and brunnipes, Steph., in numbers ; and, more sparingly,
jiallipes, Gr., latifions, Er., carbonarius, Gyll., fiarij)L's, iite'ph., fuscijies,
Gr., nitens, Steph., niyritulus, Gyll., jiayanus, Er.; all these were found
by shaking out reeds and sedge over a sheet of paper. At Stalham
(Norfolk), on April 19th, I secured by the same method of working,

296 THE kntomologist's record.

fiiscipes, Gr., latifrons, Er., proditor, Er., nitens, Steph., pallitarsis,
Steph., and palaatris, Er. At Newton Moss, near Penrith, on June
5th, by sweeping, I captured fuscipes, Gr., and an/us, Gr. During my
stay at Nethy Bridge, Inverness-shire, in July and August, I found
Steiii \ery scarce ; I only met with (/cuicidatus, Gr., under some damp
straw on a grouse moor, biforeolatus, Gyll., far.srt^js, Ljun., and deda-
ratus, Er. In September I was again at Stalham and Wicken Fen ;
at the former place, on the 21st, I secured proditor, Ev., nitens, Steph.,
rarb<»iariits, Gyll., and latifrons, Er., all shaken out of marsh hay ;
and, on the 22nd, at Catfield, a village a few miles away from Stalham,
also out of stacks of freshly cut marsh hay, I secured vafellus, Er.,
argits, Gr., nitens, Steph., dedarattts, Er., and carbonarius, Gyll. ; this
latter insect must have been present in hundreds, though I only took
a few, thinking at the time it was biiiihthaliiius, Gr. While working
the water net in a small pond near Stalham three specimens of furni-
catiis, Steph., were captured. At Wicken Fen, strangely enough, on
September 23rd-25th, hardly a single Stenns was seen, and I only
noted Instrator, Er., and palnstris, Er. — (Prof.) T. Hudson-Beake,
B.Sc, F.E.S., 10, Regent Terrace, Edinburgh. November 15th, 1910.
Interesting Coleoptera at Hanwell. — On July 17th of this year,
I journeyed to Hanwell in quest of Philonthiis therwanini, Aub. At
not a great distance from the famous water-beetling pond in the
Brent Valley meadows, I sighted (or scented !) a likely looking dung
heap ; from this heap I secured several useful species, inclusive of
my principal quarry, P. therinaruiii. The best captures were : —
Aleochara crassiiiscida,''''- Sahib., very scarce indeed, some six examples
in all being taken. Leptadnxs pariinipuuctatiis, Gyll., was not
uncommon, and is now (October) on in profusion. Leptadnas baty-
chrtis, Gyll., a scarce beetle here — not nearly as common as pariuii-
piinctatiis. Some specimens of the latter look superficially like
batjjdtnis, being small, with the apical elytral angles somewhat broadly
lighter, and having one more than the regulation series of five thoracic
punctures. Such specimens, however, may easily be differentiated by
the much coarser punctuation of the head and thorax, and the more
linear form of the latter. Of Medon obsoletiis, Nor., I took one, much
diligent work failing to produce further examples, ('ilea and IJtho-
charis were, of course, both present in abundance ; in reference to the
latter, it is of interest to note that Labia minor was in profusion.
Pliilonthus albipes,-'- Gr., was perhaps the most frequent of the genus,
though it need hardly be stated that ventralis and discoideus, Gr., were
far from being rarities. The only Hister was biinacidatns, L., the
paucity of species in the genus was, however, compensated for by the
abundance in which this beautiful little Hister was present. Subsequent
visits during July with my friends, Mr. H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe and
Dr. G. W. Nicholson, resulted, in addition to the recapture of most of
the above-mentioned species, in one interesting new form, AlpkitopJia(/us
bifasdatiis,'- Say., one specimen of which fell to the lot of Dr.
Nicholson. Another excursion a few days ago (October 25th) had its
reward in a nice series of the rare little Clavicorn, Mi/) iiieco.cenns
raparariormu,-'- Guer., and Cercijon nii/riceps, Marsh., in the greatest
profusion and variety. — Hereward L. Dollman, F.E.S., Hove House,
Bedford Park.

* Not recorded in Canon Fowlers's Coleoptera of the British Islands from the

Ealing distiict.

COLEOPTKRA. 297

CoLEOPTERA FROM DlTCHLING, SuSSEX, DURING AuGUST AND

September, 1910. — During my stay at Ditchling, this summer, the
execrable weather that characterised August quite forbade the use of
the sweeping net except in a most desultory way. I was forced to
turn my attention principally to working around ponds, at hay-stacks,
and in cows -beds. From some neighbouring cow -sheds and the
adjacent farmyard I obtained several nice species. Qiiediua fiih/idiis,'-''-
F., was an interesting addition to my "local list," the species occurring
in considerable numbers. This (Jiieiiiiis was very partial to the sheds
themselves, only two or three being noticed among the refuse without
the sheds. IJeteynthopa pracria,''' Er.,and IJ. ilissiniiUs, Gr., were both
common, especially the latter. Mi/cetaea hirta, Marsh., occasional
specimens only. ApleuKs bninneiis,-'- Gyll., was very common in one
part of a cow-shed, but did not turn up elsewhere. Hi.ster iiierdaivKs,-'-
Hoff., I found both in sheds and among the dung heaps outside; some
fifteen specimens of this rare Hiater were " bagged." NyUits crenatna/^-
F., one only, among dry straw. By sifting the refuse heaps in the
yard, StenuK craasus, Steph., and S. melannpus, Marsh., were met with
in the utmost profusion, crasmiH in particular being extraordinarily
abundant. Cerojon vi(friceps, Marsh., and C tcniiinatns, Marsh., were
secured in the same manner, as were Leptacinns pariDiipimctatus/'- Gyll.,
and L. bati/chnis, Gyll., both of which species were scarce however.
Stilicii.'i siibtilis, Er., put in an occasional appearance here, as did
Cartodere nijicoUix, Marsh., Mister iinicolor, L., H. bhnaculatns, L., and
very many common species. On August 24th, I discovered one or two
starling's nests situated in some old birch trees near Ditchling village.
With the aid of a ladder these were duly transferred to my sweep net,
and were found to contain : Microf/losaa piilla, Gyll., P/iilonthus fiiscna,'-'
Gr. (some two dozen examples), I'rox scaler, L., in large numbers, and
various common species. By working round the inargins of three or
four small ponds I made some additions to my knowledge of the local
coleopterous fauna. Liiniicbins nitidns, Marsh., was found sparingly
by immersing the pond weed. Octhebius nifiniari/inatiis, Steph., two.
specimens of this very local beetle were fished out of a pond — the
usually common bicolon has not yet been noticed around Ditchling.
Cercyon liannorrhous, Gyll., was very common among moss and on.
mud round the ponds. One specimen, apparently mature, is of an
uniform reddish-testaceous colour. Onjnsa niaiira,'- Er., of this species.
a short series were shaken from the thick pond moss. Falaijria sitl-
catula, Gr., found in company with the Ocijusa, also scarce. Evaes-^
thetiis ruficapillns,'' Lac, not uncommon ; Steniis incrassatns, Er., one
specimen only; S. pKnillus, Er., common ; S. pallipes, Gr., very scarce;.
S. hinntatiis, Ljun., found in numbers by pulling up the reed roots and
shaking them over a sheet. In this way Cojielatiis ai/ilis, F., and
Ai/abiis palutlosus, F., were freely secured. L'npelatus was in great,
numbers, there often being over a dozen shaken from one root. 6'..
picipennis,-'' Er., not rare in thick moss ; N. fornicatiis,'' Steph., one
example only; Parniis auriciilatns,''- Geoffr., common in thick wet
moss. I owe to Mr. Donisthorpe's keen eye the true identity of this,
species, as I had previously considered them the common speciea
P. liiridiis: Paruiis ernesti, Gozis., was found once or twice only, t'entho-
rfn/nc/iidiiis melajiariiis, Stsph., and Gywuetrim beccabunoi/e, L., were
both in numbers on their respective pabula. By shaking moss growing:

298 THE entomologist's record.

on the north face of the Downs I came across: — Ihjobates
propinfjuus, Aub., two specimens ; the first of these Avas in
the company of a considerable number of some Mi/nnica, and several
Lasias riariis. There were also two Drusilla on the sheet. Sh'niis
<?/-/c/(.so/i/, ' Eye, was very common in this hill moss — even more so than
the ubiquitous bnuinipes. l^n/choni/x markeli, Aub., one from moss,
apparently not attended by ants, [13. ix.] , one under a large stone in a
nest of Lasiiis fiariis, [28. vii.] ; and a third specimen on a stone that
covered a deserted ant's nest, [26. vii.] Hi/peraspis rcppensis, Hbst.,
not uncommon, although very local, among thick hill moss.
Syncab/pta spinoaa, Ross., common Tychiiis polylineatiis, Germ., a few
specimens of this \evy rare beetle were shaken from moss around Lotus
and Trit'oliidii. Orthochaetes setiyer, Beck., widely distributed in moss for
miles across the downs, though nearly always turning up singly.
Stone-turning on the hills, usually very unproductive, this year
yielded at least one " find," in a specimen of Netiraphes carinatns,'''-
Muls. The beetle was under a large flint (out of all proportion to its
size !) at the foot of Ditchling Beacon, and was captured on July 28th.
Another nice species found on the same day by stone-turning was
Houudota scapularifi, Sahl. One or two Licinus (lepyessus, Pk., were
the only other beetles worthy of note. From moss in the lanes, sterile
enough in summer, an occasional species of interest was gleaned.
As, for example, Evaesthetus scaler, Gr. (which was common); Bythinns
citrtisi, Den., scarce ; Stenns exiyuus, Er,, fuscipes,'"' Gr., and declaratus,
Er. Considerable attention given to the roadside grass heaps pro-
duced, among many "commoners," Conosoina iiiiiiiacalatuiii, Steph.,
fairly common ; PhiUmtlins albipes, Gr., common ; P. uiiibratilis, Gr.,
scarce, and P. (h'bilis,'Gv., scarce ; Calyptomenis cliibins, Marsh., two or
three, and NeurapJws sparshalli/'- Den., a nice series. Among beech
leaves, in a small copse on the Beacon, I took : — tiahrocenis capillari-
coniis, Gr., in abundance ; Queduis ohliteratus, Er., not uncommon,
and Choleva icillini, Spence, in numbers ; Phloeocltaris subtilissiuia,
Man., was secured out of an old beech stump, and Proynatha qitadri-
i-ornis,"'- Kirb., by beating elder. General hedge-beating resulted in
a nice series of Moidellistana neuicaldeyyiana/' Pz., several Clinocara
tetratoma, Th., and a short series of Chorayus sheppardi, Kirb. The
little sweeping I did produced extraordinarily little, and beyond
Hydnobitis striyosKs, Schm., Scydinaenits scutellaris, Miill. (several), and
the two milfoil species — Cassida sanyidnolenta, F., and Centhorhynchus
tiianyidniii, Boh., was wasted energy. A day at Lewes with Mr.
Donistborpe rewarded us with Galerucella pmilla, Weise, PsylUodes
piciiia, Marsh., Lonyitarsns ayilis, Rye, and L. daricoDu's, Steph., the
latter swarming on Convulvulus sepiuin. Among some fungus-covered
bread, left as a bait in a bird trap, O.cytelns insecatus, Gr., was found
in small numbers. Careful sifting of a large goose's nest, found in
one of the farm sheds, produced a considerable number of beetles,
though not many species. The most prolific w^as Cryptophayus bicolor,
Stm., which was remarkable both for its abundance and variety.
Micrvylossa suturalis, Sahl., made an excellent second in point of
numbers. A nice series of Eaconnus fimetarias, Chaud., was the most
welcome inmate of this nest. It is a very different species from the
Wicken Fen hirticollis, which I also took in the Fens in the early part
ol the year. Species with asterisk not recorded by me before from

I

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 299

Ditchling, or mentioned as occurring in Sussex in Canon Fowler's
('oleoptera of the Briti.sh Ishoids. — Hekeward L. Doli.man.

Beetle "jottings" of 1910. — ])roiititis ai/iiia,''' F., some dozen
specimens from under the bark of ash, Chingford, January 9th ;
Caloaoma inquisitor,'- L., taken on wing near Highbeech, Epping, on
June 3rd ; Microi/lossa (lentilis,'''- Mark., one specimen on wing at
Chingford on June 3rd ; IJafialaraca jii/ginaea'-'-, Pk., among wood-
mould in hollow beech, Epping Forest, October 10th ; (Jncdimi
iiiaurus," Sahib., under beech bark at Highbeech, October 10th ;
Actohins pruli.ciis, Er., on margins of large pond near Hanwell, one
specimen captured on February 19th ; Cholera a(/ilis,'''- 111., rarely in
reed debris around Hanwell pond during February ; Jlradi/cclliis
placid Its,'- GylL, rare at Hanwell, always by shaking the reed heaps ;
Bcmbidiitiii clarki,-'- Daws., common at Hanwell pond ; Hi/nionouia
diinidiata,-'- Grav., found in numbers by sifting reed refuse at Hanwell
in February ; iJeinopsis erosa,''' Steph., one or two specimens from
refuse round the pond, Hanwell ; Tachi/poras pallidas,'''- Sharp, very
common both at Hanwell and Richmond Park in February ; Ptinus
se.rpnnctatiis, - Pz., two specimens from under oak bark in Richmond
Park on March 30th ; Proijnatha t/aadricornis,''' Kirb., very common,
with many of its larva, under elder bark in Richmond in March ;
Hoiiialiniii caesitiii var. tricolor, Re}', two or three specimens from
Richmond Park out of fungi ; Mycetoporas lacidi(s,-'- Er., one by
sifting dead leaves in Richmond Park on October 19th ; M. jumctus,''-'-
GylL, a series taken in early spring by shaking grass roots in Richmond
Park; Kncejihalns coiuplicaus,''- Westw., a few specimens by sifting
vegetable refuse at Basingstoke ; Antheropha;ias silaceus, Hbst., one
from oft" a flowering umbel at Darenth Wood on July 19th ; Malachias
iiiariiinelliis,' 01.. one specimen swept on June 19th in the lane leading
from the Robin Hood Gate of Richmond Park to Wimbledon Common ;
Gnoritnus nobilis, L., one or two from old apple tree at Bedford Park,
London ; Pldlonthas albipes,''- Grav., common in horse-dung at Bedford
Park, London ; Plati/deras raficollis. Marsh., five-six under stones at
Bedford Park ; Cassida vibe.c,''- F., one from moss on Hook Common,
near Basingstoke, April 20th ; Stenus solutHs,''' Er., and .S\ pallipes,
Grav., from reed refuse at Hanwell Pond during April ; Xijlopldlus
popalneus,"- F., one $ on wing in late May near AYicken Fen ; Carto-
dere elowjata/ from fungus on v.'illow in March, Bedford Park. —
Herewaki) L. Dollman.

jg>ClENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Pupal antenn.k of Depressaria applana. — 1 was comparing a few
pupiG of the Depressariids the other day, and was interested in noticing
what perhaps I may call the progression of the antenn;e. The jDupa
belongs to the obtect division, and the antenme lie beside the costa of
the forowings. In Depressaria heracliana the antennie scarcely reach
to the apex of the forewing, while in D. atomdla (bred from (ienista
tinctoria) and in D. piitridella the antenme just pass round the apex.
In 1>. applana, which has very long antennse, these organs are carried
round the apex and some distance up the other side of the wing. In
one pupa of this species the apices of the antennio touched the hind-
wings, where they appear protruding from beneath the forewings, but

800

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

in other specimens they did not reach up so far. It would be of
interest to know how, with regard to this feature, the pupa of this
species compares with that of /). ciUella. — Alfred Sich, F.E.S., Corney
House, Chiswick. November 26f/i, 1910.

WAR I AT ION .

Suggested difference in tint between the summer and autumn
EMERGING Aglais urticae. — I should be greatly obliged if your
readers would please say whether they notice any marked distinction
in the ground colour of A'jlais urticae in different broods. I have
specimens of a brood from Kent, bred out in July, which are quite
normal, but a brood from Cambridge (larvae taken late in September),
and bred out in October, were, with one exception, of a much paler
ground colour, inclining to yellow. — A. Sperring, 8, Eastcombe Avenue,
Charlton, Kent. Xoveinber 23rd, 1910.

Local aberration of Abraxas grossulariata. — In the September
number, 1909, p. 197, you illustrated a wild specimen of an aberration
of Abraxas i/rnssulariata, taken at Charlton, Kent. I now send you
illustrations of two more specimens bred from wild larvte taken from
the same hedge. Evidently the aberration is a fixed one in this
locality. Considerable numbers of specimens, also bred from larvae
taken from the same hedge (a short strip of some eight or nine feet of
Enonyinus japonica) , tend in a less or greater degree to variation in
the same direction. — Id.

:^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Exchange correspondence wanted with British lepidopterists. —
Some three years ago we founded here a society of young lepidopterists,

CURRENT NOTES. 301

the members of which now wish to get into touch with iepidopterists
of other countries for the purpose of exchanging specimens, and
of comparing observations, and I should be greatly obliged if, through
the medium of your journal, you could introduce us to some British
entomologists to whom we shall be pleased to send a list of the lepi-
doptera and insects of other orders, which we have for exchange. —
Raymond de Saussure, Geneva. Xovember 15t/i, 1910.

Proposed new work on " British Galls." — I am preparing for
early publication a text-book of " British Galls." Will any of your
readers in any way l<indly help by advising me where to obtain speci-
mens of any lepidopterous galls for my artist to sketch ? I particularly
want to see the " galls " caused by Laveina decorella and Asijchna
aeratella. Ever}" care would be taken of the specimens, and they
would be returned as soon as possible. — E. W. Swanton, Brockton,
Haslemere. November lltli, 1910.

A CURIOUS case of positive phototropism. — On September 9th, 1910,
at Holmesley, in the New Forest, I was working a light trap, and to
my intense surprise at 9.30 in the evening, on a dark night, a Bithyi^
tjiierctis put in an appearance. I have seen \'aiiesf<a atalanta and Af/laia
nrticae flying at lamps in the street, and have had I'ieris napi come
to light early in the evening, but it had been dark for about 2^ hours
before />'. iinerciis came. Sunset was 6.27. — W. Parkinson Curtis^
F.E.S., Aysgarth, Poole. December 8th, 1910. — [For a similar case
see A NatKral History of the British Lepidoptera, vol. Ix., p. 265. — Ed.]

PoLYGONiA c-album IN THE New Forest. — On July 18th, 1909, Mr.
E. Harker Curtis captured the above insect sunning itself on an oak
bough. I can offer no explanation for its appearance, except the
hypothesis that some local breeder had allowed larvae to escape or put
pupfe down. According to my collecting experience of about 15 years.
}'. v-aibum is certainly not a Forest insect. — Ibid.

Gastropacha ilicifolia not IN Devonshire. — With regard to my
record of this species in Devonshire on September 2nd last {antea, p.
240), I find I am wrong in calling the specimen (i . ilicifulia. It is one
of the Prominents, which I am not sure at present, although I fancy
it is I'tilophora ])lnmii/era. — W. J. Monk, Tavistock. Ik'cember 2»(/,
1910.

®^URRENT NOTES.

The Rev. F. D. Morice records {l\)it. Mo. Mat/.) Crabro (Coelucrabro)
inermis, Thomson, as a British species from specimens captured at
Clandon, August, 1900, and at Woodham, June, 1902, both 2 s ; also
Crabro {SoleniKs) larratiis, Wasm., from specimens taken in the New
Forest, June, 1900, and in the Woking district, June and July, 1899-
1902; he also distinguished Crabro {Cli/torhrysns) planifrons, Thorns.,
as British on the strength of a single ? taken at Hillmorton, in
August, 1894.

j\Ir. J. Collins records the capture of a pair of ('ouojis [Brachtj-
ijlossiwi) sii/uata, Wied., at Tubney, Berks, on September 11th last.
Mr. J. Collins gives some details of this latest addition to our list.

Dr. D. Sharp adds Microdon et/tjeri, Mik., to the British list on the
strength of a single specimen captured at Rannoch early in June last,
he also adds Emoneara an/us, Zett., to the British list from a specimen

302 THE entomologist's record,

captured bj' himself at Loch Garten, near Nethy Bridge, and another
captured by Colonel Yerbury in the Thurso district.

Mr. G. F. Mathew records the capture of a specimen of Leucania
loreyi in the neighbourhood of Queenstown, on the night of October
6th last, it was beaten from ivy growing on a garden wall about 80
yards from the sea, by Commander Gwatkin Williams, R.N.

We are in receipt of the sixth part of the Xoctndles ct GeoiDetreN
d'Ettrope, by Monsieur I. Culot, the plates are of the same finished
order as those of the preceding parts, every figure being drawn and
coloured with marvellous fidelity, this part deals with the Agrotids.

SOCIETIES.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
— October 21th, 1910. — Swiss Lepidoptera. — Mr. Ashdown exhibited
examples of the various species of lepidoptera met with by him during
a few weeks spent in Switzerland in July last, including Apatiira iris,
Issoria lathonia, Melitaea phoebe, Limenitis Camilla, Erchia lappona,
Coliafi pliiconione, Ciipido osiris (sebrtis.), etc. Lepidoptera. — -Mr. New-
man, a living larva of roli/f/onia c-albuni, and a long series of ? s of
Agriades thetiti (bellan/us) from Folkestone. Aberrations of Lepi-
doptera.— Mr. South, series of (1) ('Droiiia unidcntaria bred from ova,
and read notes on the two main types produced ; (2) Acid alia aversata
bred from ova, and gave an analysis of the banded and plain forms
produced; (3) Boarmia f/einumria bred from ova of var. perfumaria, the
resultant imagines being all of the varietal form ; (4) B. abietaria,
specimens bred from New Forest larvae ; (5) Pionea (Scopida) lutealis,
a series from Durham, white, strongly marked, larger than southern
examples ; and (6) light forms of Larentia didi/mata from Weardale.
Teratological specimens. — Dr. Chapman, a large number of terato-
logical specimens lent him by Mr. Tutt, Mr. Pickett, Dr. Hodgson,
and others, to illustrate the interesting paper he read, entitled, " Notes
on Teratological Specimens." N<jvc)id>er lOt/i, 1910. — Agriades coridon.
— Dr. Hodgson exhibited selected examples of Af/riadcn coridon, mainly
2 s, to show the prevalent slighth' ijlue-scaled form from Dover and
Clandon in 1906 and 1904 respectively, and from Sussex, Surrey, and
Herts in 1910. Vanessa io. — Mr. Piatt Barrett, bred specimens of
Vanessa io of a curious greasy-looking appearance, from mal-develop-
ment of the scales. Bred Lithosia caniola. — Mr. R. Adkin, a bred
series of Lithosia caniola from Devonshire, and read notes on the larval
habits. They fed mainly on lichen and lettuce. Aberrations of
butterflies. — Mr. Newman, a curious specimen of " blue," which it
was suggested might be a natural hybrid between A. coridon and P.
■icanis or A. thetis and P. icaras, and also a <? Polyijonia c-album with
yellow ground, of which ten others have been reared. Limenitis
popuLi. — Mr. Sich, Limenitis populi taken by Mr. E. Sich in Austria.
Teratological lepidoptera. — Mr. Turner, a teratological specimen of
Danais limniace with a long indentation in the dwarfed left forewing.
Mr. Buxton, a box of teratological specimens, including a number of
species with the left hindwing dwarfed or missing. Acidalia eusticata.
— Mr. Barnett, a series of Acidalia nisticata from Erith. Mr. R.
Adkin read the Report of the Conference of Delegates of the
'Corresponding Societies of the British Association.

SOCIETIES. 308

Entomological Society of London. — Xoroiiber 16th, 1910. — -
Nomination of Officers and Council for 1911. — Mr. H. Rowland-
BrowD, one of the Secretaries, announced tbat the Council had
nominated the following Fellows to act as officers for 1911 : President,
Mr. J. W. Tutt ; Treasurer, Mr. A. H. Jones ; Secretaries, Commander
J. J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S., and the Rev. G. Wheeler, M.A. ;
Librarian, Mr. G. C. Champion, F.Z.S., A.L.S. ; and as other members of
the Council, Mr. R. Adkin, Professor T. Hudson Beare, B.Sc, F.R.S.E. ;
Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.Z.S. ; Dr. M. Burr, D.Sc, F.L.S.,
F.Z.S. ; Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S. ; Mr. J, H. Durrant,
Professor Selwyn Image, M.A. ; Dr. K. Jordan, Ph.D. ; Mr. A. Sich,
Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A., and Mr. H. J. Turner. Appointment of
Auditors. — The following Fellows were appointed to act as auditors of
the Society's accounts for the current year: Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe,
F.Z.S., Dr. T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S. ; Mr. R. Wylie Lloyd, Mr.
A. Sich, Mr. H. J. Turner, and Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse. — Darwin
Medal. — The President having announced that the Royal Society were
about to present the Darwin Medal to Mr. Roland Trimen, M.A.,
F.R.S., a Past-President of the Society, it was agreed unanimously to
convey to the recipient the hearty congratulations of the Entomological
Society of London. Rare Pal.^arctic Moth. — ^The Hon. N. C.
Rothschild brought for exhibition some examples of a rare Noctuid moth
O.njtnjjiia m-bicnlo^a, Esp., collected by himself and Miss Sarolta von
Wertheimstein, at Puszta Peszer, in Hungary, during the first week of
October of this year, where examples of both sexes were secured. The
exhibitor remarked on the curious habits of the moth illustrated by
photographs ol one of the sandy spots in the wood it frequents, and
recalled the adventurous history of its discovery and re-discovery in
Hungary. Fleas. — The Hon. N. C. Rothschild also exhibited examples
of two species of ilea, Cteiiocephalns cam's (dog-fiea) and Ctenuccplialus
felts (cat-tiea), and stated that, though still frequently considered to
be identical, they were really quite distinct species. The exhibitor also
remarked that the two had been united by Dr. Taschenberg under the
name of scnaticeps, a name which most certainly could not be retained.
Under the microscope it was seen that whereas the head of
the dog-flea was rounded, that of the cat-tiea was long and flat.
Rare British Beetles. — Dr. G. Nicholson showed the example of
Latlnobinni hnujipennc, Faim., taken by him at Croydon, in May, 1910,
of which a specimen was exhibited by Commander J. J. Walker at the
last meeting of the Society. Professor T. Hudson Beare exhibited
.specimens of three species of beetles, all taken abundantly by him at
Nethy Bridge, Invernesshire, during July and August 1910, ciz. :
(rt) Hiirr/iinas aethiops, F. — This species occurred in groat abundance
in a mere handful of flood refuse on the banks of the River Spey.
The only othsr record of its occurrence in numbers is that given by
the Rev. W. F. Johnson from the North of Ireland; {b) Cnoceii/ialns
rusticKs. — This species was taken in numbers in the stumps of and in
small standing Scots fir-trees in a portion of the pine-woods which
surround the village, and which had been swept over by a forest fire
some few years ago. There was no doubt that the larvie had a
preference for this burnt timber, as they were much more abundant
in this area than in similar timber in adjacent parts of the woods ;
,((•) Xtii;fiij'/t»ia tunuri, Pow.— The species was beaten in great

304 THE entomologist's record.

profusion from aspens growing near Loch An-Eilan. Many of the
specimens were slightly immature, and as the species had been taken
early in June by Mr. Donisthorpe, near Braemar, there is little doubt
that this insect is double brooded. Experiments with Ants' Nests. — ■
Mr. W. C. Crawley exhibited a colony of the ant Lasius nit/er which
had accepted as queen a 5 of Lasius umbratus in 1908. Up to this-
autumn the only ants which had come to maturity in the nest were
pure Lasius nii/er, thus confirming Reichenbach's experiments
(Biologische CentralblaU, July 15th, 1902, p. 461), that Lasius ni(/er ^ s
are able to produce ^ s parthenogenetically. It was hitherto supposed
that ^ s of ants could only lay eggs that produced J s, on the analogy
of bees. A similar colony dating from 1896 gave similar results
(Science Gossip, May 1900). In connection with Mr. Crawley's exhibit
Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe exhibited S" s, winged and wingless J s
and ^ s of Lasius nit/er and L. uwbratus for comparison. He remarked
that umbratus w^as a scarce but widely distributed ant of considerable
interest. Mr. Barnes has recorded nine wingless $ s in a nest of
Formica sauf/uinea, at Wellington College, and he himself had found

^ s in some numbers on several occasions with the same ant at
Woking. Wasmann has recorded umbratus withniger. It is probable
that L. 7nubratus $ is unable to found her own nests, and is a.
temporary social parasite on nii/er, Mr. Crawley's observations and
experiments go to confirm this. Mr Donisthorpe also exhibited J s,
winged and wingless 2 s, and ^ s of Lasius fulifjuwsus, and pointed out
that it was now proved that the 5 s of this ant often founded their
colonies with ui)d>ratus. He quoted Wasmann, Forel, Eney, Crawley,
and his own observations, and stated that Crawley and he intended to-
make experiments with these ants next year. In connection with the

^ s bred in Mr. Crawley's nest from parthenogenetic eggs laid by the
nif/er ^ s, he added that Reichenbach had bred 300 ^ s and several
dozen 3 s from eggs laid by twelve niger ^ s, from 1899 to 1902.
Mrs. Comstock has also reared ^ s in a 5 less nest of L. jiiger var.
americanus, in 1902, in America. These facts confute Dzierzon's hypo-
thesis, which has been tacitly extended to ants, that parthenogenetic
eggs laid by the honey-bee ^ s only produce <? s. This has never been
properly demonstrated. Finally, he remarked that it was a pity that

5 ants had been treated, and expected to behave, like $ bees,,
which was not the case, and it had no doubt retarded their proper study.
Close Resemblance or Butterflies from South America. — Mr. W.
J. Kaye exhibited specimens of Eueides parana (Heliconidae), Actiimte
thalia (Acraeidae), and L)ismorphia actinnte from S. Brazil. Comment
was made as to the very close resemblance between the first two. The
resemblance was greatest on the underside, but the upperside also
showed considerable convergence of colouring. The specimen of E..
pavana exhibited had been caught and papered by Mr. Kaye as an
example of the common Actinote thalia. The specimen of Dismorjiliia-
actinotc caught on the Corcovado at Rio de Janeiro, was shown
principally as a mimetic species, for which a sharp look-out was kept,,
while the much more convergent Heliconidae had been passed over,,
because unsuspected. The Disuwrpliia, while only a partial approach
to the Actinote on the upperside, was extremely close on the underside,,
with the hindwing brought well over the forewing in an attitude of
rest. Aberrant Lepidoptera. — Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited

SOCIETIES. 305

■examples of Abraxas i/rossidariata, bred October, 1910, as a second
brood, including two ab. vadcijata g , one very finely rayed with
white both on the fore- and hindwings, and one with the yellow band
replaced by a very narrow pale lemon band the parents being typical
forms, and grandparents varUnjata 3 x type ? . He also showed an
interesting Lycaenid supposed by some to be a natural hybrid between
Aijriaihs t/ietia (bdlar;/iis) g x l'ol>/o)innatiis icarus, 5 , taken wild near
Follies tone, on September 10th last; the underside showing both thetis
and icanis characteristics, with those of icanis most pronounced, the
upperside a fine thetis colour with white fringes, the shape of wings
being also curious. Others supposed it to be merely Ai/riadcs thetis ab.
hi/avinthns, whilst Mr. G. M. Bethune-Baker having examined this
exhibit gave it as his opinion that the supposed hybrid was merely an
aberrant form of L'ohjoiDmatas icanis. Italian Rhopalocera. — Mr.
Philip J. Barraud brought for exhibition a case containing several
series of a large form of Sati/rus statiliniis from the Aurunci Mts.,
Southern-Central Italy ; series of Paruassiiis )i\neiiiosijne, var.
fnihstorferi, from Mt. Petrella, Aurunci Mts., 9,000ft. ; series of
Colias ediisa and ab. helice, from Formia ; a very small specimen of
Gonopteri/.c dfopatra, measuring 37 mm., from Formia ; and four
examples of a large form of I'lbicola comma from Southern-Central
Italy.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — October 10th,
1810. — Exhibitions.^ — This was the opening meeting of the session, and
was devoted to exhibits of the season's work. Luperina gueneei, etc.
— Mr. T. Baxter, of St. Anne's, sent for exhibition a fine series of
Luperina (/iieni'ei and its aberration, and also contributed a note, in
which he pointed out that both forms were represented in a perfectly
fresh condition, and that the view that the ab. baxteri would become the
typical ipieniei with age, must be abandoned. Mr. Baxter also sent
an extraordinary ab. of Abraxas i/rossiilariata which had the costal
area of the left forewing typical, the remainder, about three-fourths
of the wing, being black ; the right forewing and the hindwings were
typical ; this fine asymmetrical specimen was captured in his garden at
St. Anne's. Mr. H. R. Sweeting exhibited a long series of Hi/droecia
o;7'«rt«f».s/.s captured this year near Londonderry ; the variation appeared
to be on exactly parallel lines with that of 11. nictitans, the identity of
the species was established by Mr. Pierce, who had an opportunity of
examining the genitalia while the insects were still fresh. The same
member further showed the following insects from Mold, N. Wales,
c/c, Taenincaiiipa i/nthica, including an asymmetrical example in which
the U mark on the left forewing was only partly developed ; J', incerta,
T. stabilis, Varlniobia rubricosa, Nuctiia festiva, X. brunnea, Aplccta
prasina, and Duaruiia repandata, including an example of ab. nii/ra.
Mr. F. W. Pierce showed Abraxas (/rossnlariata a short series from
Wallasey, in which the variation was less striking than usual. Mr. Wm.
Mansbridge brought a series of the very black Knowsley race of B.
rejiandata var. nii/ra, in which the submarginal pale line was almost
absent ; also short series of the same insect from Bude and Delamere
Forest; Boaniiia nennuaria, black form from N. Kent, pale forms from
N. Devon, and var. perfnniaria from the Cotswolds ; a long series of
Aplccta nebidosa var. robsoni, var. thonipsoni, and grey forms from
Delamere. Mr. Prince showed a fine series of (Jidaria reticulata from

306 THE entomologist's kfcord.

^Yindermel■e, and a box of Oporahia fHii/raminaria, varying from nearly
white to very dark fuscous, from Derbyshire. Mr. R. Tate, Junr.,
exhibited the following, mostly in long series, r/c.; — A<jrotis aijat/nua,
rosy form from N. Wales; Lithosia coniplana, Agrutia ripae, Kjiione
apiciaria, Leiicaiiia putrescens, Boarniia ahietaria, I'2lo})ia prosapiaria
from Pendine, S. Wales; Arctia rillica and Nnmeria pulveraria from
Abbot's Wood; Tacniocainpa vuinda and Pachnohia leiicographa from
Lakeside, Windermere ; Tephrosia luridota and Cywatophora Jiuctuosa
from Wyre Forest; Apatitra iris, bred from Hunts larvte, and Phiijalia
pedaria, varying from pale to black, from Mansfield, Notts. Mr. B. H.
Crabtree brought Taeniocanipa munda and T. _r/of// /r (7, a series bred from
Windermere ; a series of Charaeas r/rawijiis taken at light at Seascale ;
Oporahia fdiiiramniaria, a varied series from Kinderscout, Derbyshire;
Biaton hirtaria from Aviemore larvae Avhich had been in pupa for two
years ; abs. of Abraxas urossidariata from Huddersfield larvfe. Mr.
C. F. Johnson exhibited the following: — A>iteroscop}(s nidwrulosa a.nd
Nijssia lapponaria from two-year-old pupue from Rannoch ; Paclniohia
leucoijrapha, P. riibricosa, and Taeniocampa munda bred from Winder-
mere ; a long and varied series of Oporahia tili[n'ammaria from N,
Derbyshire ; Boarmia repandata from N. Wales, N. Staffordshire, and
Knowsley, Lanes., showing very varied forms ; a specimen of Abraxas
grossulariata var. nigrosparsata bred from Huddersfield. SpHiNGm.E of
Peru. — The Rev. A. Miles Moss read a paper on the " Splnngidae of
Peru," and exhibited a magnificent collection of this group which he
had made daring the course of a three years' residence in Lima. The
paper was farther illustrated by a large number of beautiful water-
colour drawings of the larvae and foodplants of most of the species
exhibited. The paper dealt in a most interesting wa}' with the
topography and climate of Peru as affecting the economy of the
Hphingids and other lepidoptera, while passing allusions to the scenery
and the difficulties of rearing the larvje obtained on distant expeditions,
were much appreciated b}' the members present.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXII.

PAGE.

CoLEOPTERA 70,96,11-5,189,261,295

Current Notes 24, 46, 73, 97, 118, 146, 191, 217, 242, 265, 301

DiPTERA 74,97,192,219,265

Hemiptera 74, 192

homoptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 244

Hymenoptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84, 195

Life-histories, Larv.'e, ETC. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 72, 239

Notes on Collecting, etc 22, 45, 71, 117, 146, 190, 214, 240, 262, 300

Scientific Notes AND Observations .. .. .. 96,116,146,191,216, 299

Thysanoptera 265,287

Variation 22, 71, 189, 239, 262, .300

Aberrations and Varieties of: — Abraxas grossidariata, 240, 269, 274, 300;
Acraea encedon vai-. alclppina, 267; Agriades coridon,60 ; Agriades tlietis,
112, 274 ; Ainorjyha populi, 196 ; Aiiomalafriscliii, 265 ; Anlhrocera aclnlleac,
148 ; A. fiUpendulae, 148, 244 ; A. Mppocrepidh, 120 ; A. lonicerae, 120 ; A.
trifolii, 27 ; ^. viciae, 120, 244 ; Aplectaprasina, 52 ; Aricia astrarche, 276 ;
Augiades sylvaniis, 37; Brentliis pales, 109 ; B. seloie, 39, 71 ; Callimorpha
dominula, 282; Callophrys ruJd, 267; Chri/sojyhanus tlietis var. zalialtensis,
273; Coenomjmpha j^ampliilus, 12, 22, dd ; Dryas pajyhia, 92 ; Ennomos

CONTENTS. 307

PAGE.

alidaria, 274; Kphicphele jurtina {itniira), 179; E. tithonus, 170; Erehia
epiphruii, 109 ; Euchloe carda mines, 239, 244 ; Geomctra papilionaiia, 121 ;
Hi/droecia crina nends, 51, 80 ; Linmas chnjsippu.t, 207 ; Loiceia dorilu, 27« ;
Liipcrina spti, 274; Melumpias cpipliroii, 34, 109; Melcinarpia f/alatliea
vni\ procida, 275 ; Melilaea auriiiid, '2i}S ; M. deio)ie, 58; M. dictijn)ia,
71, IIG ; Mellinia ocellaris, 2(38; Pachnohia hypcrborea, 26(3; Paedlsca
>!olandnana, 224; Fapilio macltaoii, 262; Furarge viegaera v&v. tigeliiis,
145; P. maera, 278; Pldlonthus intermedius \a,v. donistliorpei, 295; Pieris
rapae, 12 ; Polygonia c-albuiii, 274 ; Polyonimatus icariia, 52, 100 ;
Rumicia pldaeas, 14, 37, 52; Vanessa io, 140; Fe/u/sja camhrica, 52;
Zanclognatha griscalis .. ,. .. ., .. .. .. .. 266

Additions to thk Bkitish List:— ^?)ra.cas grossulariata ab. centripuncta ,
Raynor, 240 ; ab. HJ;/''ofi"cfa, Raynor, 240; ab. scj/a7«<ett, Raynor, 240 ;
Acauthociieiiui glaitca. Lew., 74; nigrimana, Zett., 74; Acanthothrips
nodiconiis, Reut., 265; Agathomyia zetterstcdti, Zett., 74; Anacaena
ovata, Reiche., 1; Antennophorus foreli, Wasm., 17; pubescens, Wasm.,
17; Apion cantiannm, Wagn.,219; Aphodius niger, Panz., 3 ; Atheia
(Homalota) picipeimis, 265; Ceiuiostoma susinella, H.S.,75; Chloriona
dorsata, Edw., 74; Coccinclla 10-punctata ab. contiuens, Haw., 4;
Cordylura atrata, Zett., 74; Corticaria laiiibiana, Sharp, 192; t'owleriana,
Sharp, 192 ; Crabro iiierinis, SOI ; larvatus, SOI ; j'lnnifrous, 301; L'onops
sigiiata, 301 ; Crepidodera iiupressa, Fab., 97; Cryptophagus fowleri, Joy,
219; Cryptothrips lata, \Jze\, 2G5; Cyrtorrhintis gei)dnus, Ti ; Diestota
testacca, Kraatz, 4 ; Diodontus friesei. Kohl, 75 ; Enannonia (Eriopsela)
ericetana, H.S., 147 ; Ephyra pendularia ab. suhoclirata, Woodforde, 147;
Ericinus histrio, Joy and Tomlin, 265; Ernoneura argus, SOI; Euchloi-
cardandnes ab. sulfurcovenata, Raynor, 239; Euplectus aubeanus, Reitt.,
2; Fanidu {Homalomyia) femorata, Mall., 97; insigids. Stein., 219;
nigra. Mall., 97; Gabrius appendiculatus, Sharp, 192; bishopi. Sharp,
192; keysianii.-', Shavp, 192; pennatus. Sharp, 192; stipes, Sharp, 192 ;
velo.v. Sharp, 192 ; Galerucella fergussoni. Fowler, 244 ; JIali(;tus urnoldi,
Saunders, 75; Helcon ruspator, 2(57 ; Hydroecia crinavensis nib. castanea-
albo. Burrows, 81 ; ab. castanen-flavo, Burrows, 81 ; ab. grisescens-albo. Bur-
rows, 81 ; ab. grisescens-jhivo. Burrows, 81 ; ab. nigfescens-albo. Burrows,
81 ; ab. palUda-ftavo, Burrows, 81 ; ab. rufescens-albo. Burrows, 81 ; ab.
rufeseens-lhiro. Burrows, 81 ; Laccobius ytenensis. Sharp, 265; Laelaps
laevis. Finch, 16; viyrinophilus, Mick., 85; vacuus, Mick., 16; Lath-
robium longipenne, Fairm., 159; Lestiva fontinalis, Kies., 192; Lio-
thrips hradecensis, Uzel., 265; Melanophila acuminata, De G., 3^
Microdon eggeri, S0\; Neurotoma mandibularis, Zadd., 192; Olophrum
nicJiolsoni, Donisthorpe, 139; Oxytelus sanlcyi, Pand., 74; Paragryon
iiiynnecop]dlus,K\e&., 84; Parnus griseus, Er., 3; l-'hilontlins intermedius
var. dniristhorpei, Doll., 295 ; Phora albicordata , Wood, 265; angelicae.
Wood, 192; f.c(';/iia, Wood, 219; greyana. Wood, 192; haltera, WooA,
219; /((/-.viaa. Wood, 265; }iirtic(tndalu, \soo()i,2[')5; involuta. Wood, 192;
lata, Wood, 192 ; latifruiis. Wood, 192 ; longipalpis. Wood, 192 ; vianicata.
Wood, 2(35; minutissima. Wood, 219; jyallens. Wood, 192; pcctoralis,
Wood, 192; rutit ions. Wood, 192; serrata. Wood, 192; simplex, Wood,
192 ; sjnnata. Wood, 192; spinicincta. Wood, 265; sylvatica. Wood, 265 ;
venalli. Wood, 192; Pityogenes trepanatus, Noerdl., 4; Proteinus
crenulatus, Pandelle, 2, 24 ; Pueciloscylus palustris, Reut., 192; Ptilinus
vostatus, Gyh., 173; Jiabocerus (Salpingus) bishopi. Sharp, 3; lliolus
(Elmis) sod(dis, Er., 3; Scydmaeiius bariieiillei, Reitt, 2; Senta inaritiina
ab. conbinata. Capper, 149; Setula grisea, Mg., 24; Sitaris muralis,
Forst., 4; ab. /fai'a, Hamm, 4; Teleas {Iloplogryon) myrmecobius, Kieft'.,
84; Trechus subnotatus, Dej., 192; Tychius liaematopus, Gyll., 119;
Uroohovella ohovata, C. and B., 17 ; (J roplitella ovatula , Ber] . .. .. 17

Corrections -.—Anthrocera trifolii recorded in error for A. viciae, 79 ; Aryiades
thetis. May 27th not May 22nd, lUO, 198 ; Brentlds hecatc recorded in error
from LaGranja, 71 ; Callimyia, unknown species recorded as C elgantula,
74; Ercbia scipio recorded for K. styguc at La Grave, 9; Erroneous
record of absence of honey gland in Thestor corrected, 246; Gastropaclui
ilicis, not in Devonshire, 301 ; Goneptcry.r rhamni, not taken at Brindisi 234

Egos of: — Aglais mticae, 177; Argynnis uictocris var. nigrocacrulea, 72;

308 THE entomologist's record.

PAGE.
Melampias epiphron, 32 ; Papilio j}olyxenes $ pair with P. machaon cf , 201 ;
Plebeiiis argus, 267 ; Aglais nrticae, 177 ; Vanessa io . . . . . . 177

Larv^ OF : — Cucullia lucifuga, 227; Hybrid Papilio machaon and P. poly-

xenes, 201 ; Melampias epiphron, 33 ; Papilio machaon . . . . . . 262

Gkneka, Species, Varieties, and Aberrations New to Science: — Abraxas
grossulariata ab. centralipuncta, Kaynor, 240; ab. nigrotincta, Eaynor,
240 ; ab. semilutea, Eaynor, 240 ; Agriades coridon var. constanti gen.
proecox, Reverdin, 61 ; Brenthis selene var. castiliana, Lowe, 23, 71 ;
Chri/sophanus thetis var. zahaltensis, Graves, 273; Corticaria fowleriana,
Sharp, 192; lambiana, Sharp, 192; Cryptophagus fowleri, Joy, 219;
Enodia hyperanthus ab. elongata, Tutt, 77 ; Ephyra pendiilaria ab.
subochreata, Woodforde, 147; Ericinus histrio,Joj a,nd Toml, 265 ; Euchloe
cardaminesdJo. <? siilfureovenata,'iX&ynox,2'6^ \ Exechesopsjordani, Sharip,
4 ; Gabrius appendicnlatus, Sharp, 192 ; bishopi, Sharp, 192 ; keysianus.
Sharp, 192 ; pennatus, Sharp, 192; stipes, Sharp, 192; relax. Sharp, 192;
Galerucella fergussoni. Fowler, 244 ; Oonepteryx rhamni ab. nigriapicata,
Reuss, 218 ; Hoplogyron myrmecobius, 84 ; Hydroecia crinanensis,
Burrows and Pierce ; ab. castanea-albo. Burrows, 81 ; ab. castanea-flavo,
Burrows, 81 ; ab. grisescens-albo, Burrows, 81 ; ab. grisescens-flavo,
Burrows, 81; ab. nig resceiis-albo. Burrows, 81 ; ab. pallida-Jlavo, Burrows,
81 ; ab. rufe<ice7isalbo, Burrows, 81 ; ab. rufescens-flavo. Burrows, 81 ;
Laccobius ytenensis. Sharp, 265 ; Laelaps niyrmophilus, 85 ; Melitaea
dictynna var. ivheeleri, Chap., 71, 116; Olophrum nicholsoni, Donisthorpe,
139; Orneodes ischalea, Fletch, 217; microscopica, Fletch, 217 ; monti-
gena, Fletch, 217; pinalea, Fletch, 217; postfasciata, Fletch, 217;
Pararge megaera ab. triopes, Musch., 146; Paragryon myrmecophilus,
Kieff., 84 ; Pelcas [Hoplogryon) myrmecobius, cf and ? Kieff., 84 ;
Wood, 219; hirsuta. Wood, 265; hirticaudata, Wood, 265; involiita,
Wood, 192; lata, Wood, 192; latifrons, Wood, 192; longipalpis. Wood,
192 ; manicata. Wood, 265 ; minutissima, Wood, 219 ; pallens. Wood, 192 ;
PMlonthus intermedins var. donisthorpei, 295; Phora albicordata , 265 ;
angelicae. Wood, 192; exigua, Wood, 219 ; greyana,'^ ooA, 192 ; haltera,
pectoralis. Wood, 192; rufifrons. Wood, 192; serrata. Wood, 192 ; simplex,
Wood, 192 ; spinata, Wood, 192 ; spinicincta. Wood, 265 ; sylvatica.
Wood, 265; verralli. Wood, 192; Pabocerus (Salpingus) bishopi. Sharp,
3; championi. Sharp, 3; Senta maritima ab. combinata. Capper, 149;
Sitaris muralis B.h. fiava, Hsuna. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4

Notable Captures : — Agriiis convolvuli, 240, 240 ; Agrotis cinerea, 197 ;
Aleochara crassiuscula, 296 ; Amara alpina, 202; Anomala frischii var.,
'265; Anthrocera hippocrepidis, 26Q ; Aplasia ononaria, 117; Arctomyscis
eupliorbiae var. myricae, 264 ; Bryoporns rufipennis, 203 ; Catocala
fraxini, 51; Dimorpha versicolor, 262; Drymonia trimacula (dodonea),
199 ; Dryocaetes autographas, 262 ; Euplectus kunzei, 261 ; Gastropacha
ilicifolia, 240 ; Helcon ruspator, 267 ; Hesperia dndromedac, 109 ; Labia
minor, 296 ; Leiicania loreyi, 302 ; Liqjerina gueneei, 25 ; Morpho cytheris,
267 ; Mycetoporus monticola, 203 ; Odontopsalis leioisi, 120 ; Pachetra
leiicophaea, 191; Ptinella britannica, 116; Typhlocyba cruenta, 244;
Xylophasia zollikoferi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

'Obituary : — His Majesty King Edward VII., 146 ; George Willis Kirkaldy,
F.E.S., 122 (portrait); The llev. Henry Charles Lang, M.D., 28; William
Ambridge Luff, F.E.S., 187; Harry McArthur, 76; Edward Saunders,
F.E.S 75

Pdp.e of : — Hybrid Papilio machaon and P. polyxenes . . . . . . . . 201

Beviews and Notices of Books, etc : — Bulletin de la Socii'te' Lt'pidoptero-
logique de Geneve, pt. i, vol. ii, 192; Contribution to our Knowledge of
the Entomological Geography of the Upper Klar River Valley, A, Lepi-
doptera from the Oak-region of Varmland, Survivals and pseudo-survivals
of the Glacial Period among our Butterflies, Herr Einar Wahlgren, 74;
Indian Insect Life, H. Maxwell-Lefroy, M.A., and F. M. Howlett, B.A.,
24 ; Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society, Thirty-third Annual
Report, 119; IMvmoires de la Soc. Ent. Belgiquc, no. xviii, 25 ; Mono-
graphic der For ficuliden Japans, Matsumura, S., and Shivaki,T., etc., 134;
Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. , vol. 10,
99, 163 ; New forms of Lepidoptera, 1907 and 1909, Count Emilio Turati,

CONTENTS.

309

27; Noctiielles et Gt'onictres d'Europc, Mr. Culot, pt. ii, 51; pt. iii, 97;
pt. iv, 192; pt. V, 244; pt. vi, 302; Plume Moths of Ceylon, Hie Orneodidae,
T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, 217 ; Proceeding!^ of the South London Entomolo-
(jical and Natural History Society, The, 1909-10, 118; Report of the Rugby
School Natural History Society, R. B. Henderson, 147 ; Revue Mensuclle de
la Societt' Entoiiiologique Naniuroise, April, 1910, 120 ; Schmetterlingshuch,
'Jth edition, i9iC, Berge, 211 ; Some New For)ns of Lepidoptera, 1905,
Count Emili Turati, 27 ; Synopsis of the Ortltoptera of IVestern Europe,
Dr. Burr, 147; Zur Morphologie der Skandinavischen Schmetterlingseier,
Dr. John Peyron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Societies' Eeports : — Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society
(Entomological section), 121 ; City of London Entomological Society,
51 ; Entomological Society of London, 195, 267 ; Lancashire and
Cheshire Entomological Society, 76, 100 ; South London Entomological
Society, 52, 76, 100, 120, 1 18, 194, 219, 244, 265, 273, 302

I

220
51

101
203

PAGE.

Aberrations, yellow, of Euchelia
Jacobaeae, 21 ; Coenonympha
pamphilus, 22 ; Senta maritiina,
149; Euchlo'f cardamines, 239;
three new, oi Abraxas grossulari-
<ita, 239; Local, of ditto, 300;
Zanclognatha grisealis . . . . 266

Abruzzi, Three weeks in the 254, 275

Abundance of Vanessa io in 1910,
214 ; of Pontia daplidice in Egypt 273

Acarina in Ants' Nests, 16, 84 ;
on buttertlies

Accident to Professor Poulton

Aedoeagus, Importance of, in separ-
ation of genera and species, 101 ;
Attachment of . .

Agility of some Coleoptera . .

Agriades coridon var. constanti,
60 ; second brood of . . 196, 266

Agriades polonus. A British Insect,

29, 195

Agriades thetis, Notes on , . . . 112

Agrius convolvuli from Chichester 264

Algerian butterflies . . . . . . 268

Andjlyptilia cosinodactylu ab. nivea.
Locality of

Ancillary appendages of the Plebeiid
section of the Lyca^nids, On the
generic characteristics of (Plate)

Androconia of the Pierine Butter-
Hies, The

Anomala frischii, Variety of, com-
mon in the New Forest . .

Anthrocera trifoUi, Black form of, 267

Anthrocerids, Aberrations of, 72,
120, 148 ; from Aphton Wold . .

Ants, Inhabitants of nests of, 15 ;
How they greet members of the
same colony, 43, 67 ; Hearing in,
117; and Lyctcnid larvfu, 72,
200, 226; Doubt if, defend larvae
from parasites, 73 ; and Platy-
arthrushoiltnanseygii, 129; Pecu-
liarities of the swarming of, 156 ;
Summary of Experiments with
fertile females of species of, 152 ;
Experiments with, nests

Aphidae in ant's nests

189

101

46

265

268

304
16

Apopestcs spectrum, Larvie of . . 263

ATCtomyscis euphorbiae var. myricae
from England . . . . . . 264

Assembling of A. betularia .. 195

Association of Hymenoptcra, with
Anthrocera ephialtes, 158 ; with
a Lycienid . . . . . . . . 196

Asymmetry in, Sesia stellatarum,
20 ; Blinias tiliae, 21 ; markings
oi Senta maritima .. .. 149

Beetle jottings in 1910 . . . . 299

Birds attacking pupte of Nonagria
arundinis . . . . . . . . 265

Biston hirtaria. Abundance of, at
New Cross in 1910, . . . . 118

B\a,c]i Anthrocera trifolii .. .. 267

Blue butterflies. Chief structural
points in, by Dr. Chapman . . 266

"Blues," Species of, taken at one
time . . . . . . . . 115

" Blueness " of Cujndo minimus . . 175

Braconidae in Ants' nests.. .. 15

Bradley collection of Diptera and
Orfo»fl^<(, Whereabouts of .. 121

Breeding of Tapinostola extrema
and T. hellmanni, first time,
Lithosia caniola . . 240, 302

Brentlris selene var. castiliana.
Notes on . . . . .. 23, 71

British Museum Collections, The,

98, 182, 243

Broods of Agriades coridon, 61,
196 ; Pieris iiapi 195

Butterflies, of the Black Forest and
Rhine phiin, 91; in the Pyrenees
in 190(1, 108; at Sierre etc.,
Spring 1909, 165 ; of the Rhone
Valley in early summer, 125, 163,
165, 183, 205, 237, 258, 289; at play, 191

Callophrys avis, Notes on, by Dr.
Chapman . . . . . . . . 245

Cannibalism, of Ants, 153; ]'ira-
cliola licia . . . . . . 225

Canadian Entomologist, New
Editor of the 75

Cemiostoma laburnella in Cumber-
land and Roxburgh . . . . 71

Chalcidldae in Ants' nests . . 15

310

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD

PAGE.

Chalk insects, in absence of chalk,

71, 78, 199

Chrysophanus thetis var. zahal-
tensis, Description of, a new form 273

Classification, of Coleoptera, 25;
Recording, 116 ; of Lepidoptera
by androconia . . . . . . 46

Climatic, environment in certain
Nearctic Papilionids, Diti'erences
of adaptability to, 203 ; influence
explained . . . . . . . . 62

Coccidac in ants' nests . . . . 16

Cocoons of Laclnieis lanestris,
Abnormal . . . . . . . . 121

Coleoptera, Rare species of, 1909,
4, 15, 36, 70, 96, 115, 116, 173,
202 ; Classification of, 25, 218 ;
of the Scilly Islands, Total
number of species of, 5 ;
Additions to the, of the Isle of
Wight, 173, 270 ; Dispersal and
Migration of, 6 ; in Pheasant's
crop, 196 ; of Australia and
Tasmania, 6 ; Mounting, for
examination, 52 ; in Moles'
nests, 36 ; New species of, 265 ;
a new form, Pliilontlius inter-
medium var. donisthorpei, 295 ; of
Hanwell 296

-Coleopterist, Retrospect of a, for
1909 1

Colour variation, Local . . . . 102

Colour, Effects of Frost on, 115;
Warning 196

Comparison of the Vanessid species 85

Comparative notes on the egg-
laying of Aglais urticae and
Vanessa io . . . . . . 176

Conjugation, of Peridea trepida, 53

(plate), 90; in Boarmidae .. 122

Convergence in butterflies of S.
America . . . . . . . . 304

Corsica, A Tramp across . . . . 141

Cross pairing of, AgHades thetis and
A. coridon, 31; Papilio iiiachaon
and P. polj/xenes, 200; P. hybrid
with P. machaon, 202 ; P.
machaon and Jasoniades glaucus 202

Crustaceans in ants' nests. . .. 129

Cucullia lucifufia, A few notes on
the Life-history of ... .. 226

Dark colour larvif of Papilio
machaon 233, 262

Data for Clarke's Diasemia rain-
hurialis desired . . . . . . 190

Depraved taste of Apaturids . . 125

Depressaria putridella, A species
new to Britain (contd.), by Mr.
Sich 7

Dermaptera, Japanese Work on . . 134

Differences of adaptability to
climatic environment in certain
Nearctic Papilionids . . . . 203

Differentiation, of Lathrohium
longipenne from L. longulum,

PAGB^

160; of Tychius polylineatus
from 2\ schneideri, 96 ; of
Lampides fialha from Zizera
lysimon, 287 ; of the Cats and
Dogs Fleas 303

Dimorphism, Sexual, of Coenonym-
pha oedipus . . . . . . 110-

Dimorpha versicolor, Unusual
emergence of , . . . . . 262

Disappearance of Pararge egeria . . 39

Dispersal of Coleoptera . . . . 6

Diurni at Reazzino near Locarno 34

Double brood (partial), of Pieris
napi . . . . . . . . 195'

Dragonfly captured by leaves of
Drosera intermedia . . . . 265

Drinking habits, of Vanessa io,
141; of Blue butterflies .. 172

Dryocitetes autographus from
Durham . . ' 262

Earwig eating moth's]eggs . . 216

Egglaying of Aglais urticae and
Vanessa io. Comparative notes
on 42, 176.

Eggs of Lepidoptera, Study of . . 27

Egyptian Lepidoptera, Some Notes
on 17

Entomological Society of London,
Annual Meeting of the, 46 ;
Proi)osed Conversazione of the,
51, 100 ; postponement of ditto
of, 147, 195 ; Oflieers and Coun-
cil for 1911 30a

Entomological Society of Russia,
British Representatives at the
Jubilee of the . . . . 73, 106

Entomological Club, Meeting of
the . . 50, 73, 98, 119, 182

Entomological Works, Decadence
of 211

Entomologist on Travel, 50 ; a
Royal 147

Entomologists and Entomology at

Oxford 182

Entomology, First International
Congress of, at Brussels, 219, 228

Ericinus hislrio at Oxford, etc . . 265

Euchelia jacobaeae with joined up
markings . . . . . . . . 265

Euchlof' cardamines, a new aberra-
tion of 239

Euplectus kunzei in N. of England 261

Euplectus, List of British species
of 262

Eupithecia succenturiata from War-
wickshire . . . . . . . . 264

Evolution in the A'anessids . . Ill

Exchange wanted with British
lepidopterists . . . . . . 300

Females, not to be used for founding
new species or genera, 135 ; of
butterflies not drinkers . . . . 206

FlightHime of, Melampias epiphron,
32; Deiopeia pulcheUa , 19; Cram-
bus furcatellus, 34; Crambus

CONTENTS.

811

PAGE.

ericellu^, 31 ; Apntiiid iris and
A. ilia, 9'2 ; Ercbia aethiops, 133;
Vararge vieijaeni var. tiiieliui^,
145; Kjiannouia cricctana, 147;
Leitcani'i coiiigeni, 1-51 ; Arctiit
villica, 199 ; Opliiodes luiKtris 238

Food plant, of Kucltelia jacohneae,
89; of Caliimorpha doiitinula,
78 ; of Apatura iris, and A. ilia,
92; of Agriades coridon, 196,
199 ; a protection against tlie
attacks of IcJuicinnonidae, 216 ;
of Zetizera pijrina, 220; of
Fapilio mdchaoii, 239; of
Nemoria ptdinotturiit, 236; of
Cucidlia verhasci, 220 ; of C
lucifnga, 220; of Callopliri/s avis 247

Forcing, larvte of hybrid tapilio,
201; pupsB of CrtZZo^/(r//s (irjjj .. 245

Fredericina calodactyla {zetter-
stedtii), Notes on, by Dr. Chap-
man 170

Frost, Effect of, upon Aoriades tlietis 115

Galls, New work on British, . . 301

Generic Characters of the Ancillary
appendages of the Plebeiid
section of the Lycaenids, On the

(plate) 101

Genitalia, of Coleoptera examined,
5 ; oU'eridea trepida, 53 (plate) ;
of Hydroecia, 56 ; of Tlebeiids,
101 ; Alleged failure of, to
differentiate genera, 164 ; Im-
portance of a correct view of . . 165

Gregarious habits of lirenthis
selcne, 198 ; of Tliymelicus
actaeon . . . . . . . . 236

Guests in Ants' Nests, 16, 43, 67,
84 129

G y n a n d r o m 0 r p h i c Goncpteryx
rhanuii, 19; Folyonwiatus icarus,
20 ; Agriades coridon, 20; Hevie-
ropliila uhruplaria, 22; Amorpha
populi, 52, 100, 244 ; Agrotis
puta, 100; Dryas papilla, 100;
Pararge megaera var. tigelius,
146 ; Goliatlius gigantcus, 196 ;
Brenthis euphrosyne, 265; Lisso-
tus punctatiis .. .. .. 267

Habitats of, Melampias ipiphron,
31, 133; Nemeophilusplantaginis,
34; Hudena coiitigua, 34; Cidaria
salicata, 34; Cra)i>hiisf'urcatelliis,
34; V.enci'llus, 34; Agriades
coridon var. constanti, 60 ;
Hydroeciacrinauensis, 81; Erebia
lefebvrei, 110; E. stygne, 110;
Everes alcetas, 157 ; 2Iamestra
furva, '2il ; Zizera lysimon .. 288

Habits of, Deiopeia pn'lclicll(i, 19 ;
Mehuiipids cpipliron, 31 ; Meli-
taea britomartis, 35; Elaplints
lajyponiciis, 202; Ancltoiiunius
ericeti, 202 ; Gelechia rhom-
boidella, 223 ; I\Iela)iargia arge.

235; Scolit(i)itides orion, 35;
Brenthis enphrosyrie, 38; Noctua
fcstiva, 40; Vanessa io, 141;
Salyrus hermione, 191 ; Epine-
jihcle pasiphui', 59 ; Anthrocera
viciae,78, 79; Ercbia nerine, 162;
Nevieobius lucina, 163 ; Issoria
latlionia, 166; Cupido ininimus,
174; Pararge roxclana, 271;
Ilipparchia pelopea, 272; Iphi-
elides podalirius . . . . . . 290

Habits of. Drinking, Vanessa io . . 141

Habits of. Larval, Aglais urticae,
42 ; Brenthis euphrosyne, 39 ;
Coccyx nemorivaga, 131 ; the nic-
titans group . . . . . . 54

Habits of. Pairing, Illelawpias
epiphron .. .. .. ..32

Habits of, Resting, Melampias
cpipliron, 32 ; Cidaria picata ;
42; Goneptcryx rhaiiini, 104;
Scolitantidcs orion, 185 ; Brentliis
selcne, 198 ; LycEenids . . . . 282

Hai'diness ot Goneptcryx rhainni .. 104

Headquarters of Melavipias epiph-
ron in Cumberland . . . . 31

Hearing, in ants, 117 ; of Butter-
flies 110

Helcon rnspator, A Braconid new to
Britain 267

Heteroptera in Ants' nests. . .. 15

Honialota picipennis in Inverness-
shire . . . . . . . . 265

Honour for, Mr. G. H. Verrall, 50 ;
Mr. Selwyn Image, 191 ; Mr. C.
0. Waterhouse, 217 ; Mr. W.
Bateson . . . . . . . . 242

Hybernation of, Pyramcis atalaiita,
52 ; Brentliis euphrosyne, iarvse,
39 ; Goneptcryx rhanini, 76, 103 ;
Callimorj)ha dominula, 78 ; Un-
duly prolonged, larva; of Lepi-
doptera, 170 ; Lepidoptera, A
Note on . . . . . . . . 163

Hybernated Lepidoptera on the
Wing 117

Hybrids of Bi^ton hirtaria, and
Nyssia zonaria, 27 A ; (?) Polyom-
mains icarus and Agriades thetis 274

Hydroecia , British species of . . 54

Hydroecia criiianensis. On the
Variation of, 80 ; in Ireland . . 117

Ichneunionidae, Larval foodplants
protective against . . . . 216

Identity of, Gelechia ricinclla and
G. lencomelanella, 24 ; Augiades
/annus, am] A. sylvan us .. 28

Influence of succulent food on size 288

International Congress of Ento-
mology at Brussels, The first,

219, 228

Intestinal worm infesting Coleop-
tera 20a

Introduced Coleoptera, Dicstota
tcstacca, Kraatz, 4, 24; Exe-

812

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

chesops jordani .. .. .. 4

Irregular appearance of insects
sometimes caused by fall of cliffs 173

Italian, Forms of, Butterflies .. 305

James Fletcher Memorial Fountain
unveiled at Ottawa . . , . 242

Labelling, Importance of full and
accurate . . . . . . . . 182

Laccohius ytenensis in the New
Forest 265

Lampidcs galba, a Plea for
Accuracy, 287 ; description of . . 288

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomo-
logical Society, Annual Meeting
of, and Officers for 1910 of . . 48

Large race of Anthrocera Jilipen-
dulae . . ,. . . . . 268

Larva, of Agriades coridon, 199 ;
Deformed, producing perfect
imago, 227 ; of Apopestes
spectrum . . . . . . . . 263

Larvae, Abundance of spring, in
1909, 11 ; Beating, 14 ; oiPapilio
hybrid, 201 ; Dark coloured, of
P. machaon . . . . . . 262

Larval, depredations, 11, 12,224;
habits of Brenthis euphrosyne,
39, 131 ; habits of Vanessa
urticae, 42 (note) ; habits of
Coccyx nemorivaga, 131 ; var-
ieties of Demas coryli, 40 ; life
of Cucullia liicifaga, 227; varia-
tions of Papilio machaon . . 233

Lathrohium longipenne, an addition
to the British list . . . . 159

Lepidoptera of, Digne and La
Grave, July, 1909, 9 ; theStaefa
Bogs, 1909, 77; Stroud, Kent,
146 ; the Vorarlberg, 149 ; the
Tirol, 156, 160, 178, 180; Sussex,
190, 197 ; Lewisham, 1910, 216;
Brindisi, 231 ; the Rhone Valley,
125, 163, 165, 183, 205, 237, 258,
289 ; Euffet's Wood and Abbott's
Wood, 248; the Abruzzi, 254,
272 ; Gloucestershire, 37 ; Caith-
ness, 223; Wimbledon, 263;
Syria . . . . . . . . 271

Lepidoptera, Some Notes on Col-
lecting, in 1909, 11 ; Egyptian,
Some Notes on, 17 ; of the
Scottish Highlands, Notes on
the, 130 ; Late appearance of,
in 1909, 22; Wing Measurement
of, 69 ; The conjugation of, 53
(plate), 90 ; A Suggestion as to
some Markings in, 96 ; at ragwort
blossom, 215 ; Micro, of S.W.
London 222

Lepidopterological observations on
the Folkestone Downs, A June
day's 174

Lepidopterology near Scutari, A
day's 215

Leucatiia loreyi captured at Queens-

PAGE.

town 302

Life, Length of, of Coenonympha
hero, 93 ; of, Agriades thetis, 1st
brood . . . . . . . . 115

Light in 1909, 11, 37, 117, 131, on
the Nile, 18 ; at Neu Spondinig,
180 ; Female at 60

Lime-blossom an attraction for
Lepidoptera . . . . . . 161

Limenitu sibylla in Herefordshire 45

Limnas chrysippus var. alcippiis,
Double dotted form of . . . . 267

Li)iiotettix stictogala, Extending
distribution of . . . . . . 206

Localisation of, the Anthrocerids,
79, 80; Lycaena alcon, 80;
Hydroecia crinanensis, 81, 117 ;
Erehia oeme . . . . . . 103

Luminosity of living ova and pups
of c? Lampyris noctiluca, 195, 220

"Lumping" .. .. 54, 55

Lycaenid larvte and Ants 73, 226

Macro-lepidoptera of Bucks . . 44

Markings of Lepidoptera, A sug-
gestion as to some . . . . 96

Melampias epiphron, Notes on the
habits and habitats of, in Cum-
berland . . . . . . . . 31

Melanic, Nyssia hispidaria, 120 ;
Ampliidasys betularia, 195 ;
Ematurga atomaria, 195 ; Cole-
optera . . , . . . . . 203

Melitaea ait7'inia, Two new forms
of, from Italy 268

Melitaea dictynna var. britomartis
from Reazzino . . . . 71, 116

Mellinia ocellaris, Forms of, bred 268

Mendel's theory illustrated . . 76

Microlepidoptera of S.W. London 222

Micromorphic Scolitantides orion,
35 ; Pieris rapae, 12 ; Anthro-
cerids, 72 ; Plebeius argyrog-
nomon . . . . . . . . 238

Migration of, Coleoptera, 6 ; Golias
edusa, 14; Vanessids, 63, 110;
Agriades coridon . . . . . . 196

Milliere Collection, Whereabouts
of a part of tlie . . . . . . 147

Mimicry in Coleoptera, 5 ; Brazi-
lian butterflies . . . . . . 267

Mites on ,1/. galatliea, Coleoptera
and Hemiptera . . . . . . 220

Moisture attractive to butterflies

206, 238

Moles' nest beetles, in the Harrow
district, 36 ; at Burwell Fen,
116 ; in the Isle of Wight . . 173

Myrmecocorus seeds . . . . 17

Myrmecophiles, A few Notes on, . . 82

Myrmecophilous Notes for 1909,
(contd.) .. .. .. ..15

Nests, On the Founding of, by
Ants 83

New species of Phora, 265 ; of
Thysanoptera, 265 ; of Cole-

CONTENTS.

813

PAG A.

optera . . . . . . . . 265

Nomenclature, Clashing of, 28 ;

Resolutions of the International

Congress of Entomology relating

to 229

North London Natural History

Society, Ollicers of the, for 1910, 48
Notes from Wimbledon . . . . 263

Olophrum niclivlsoni, A species of

Coleoptera new to Science . . 139
Ortliolitha hipunctaria in N. Devon 71
Ova of Plcbeiuit argus {acgon) laid

naturally . . . . . . . . 267

Oval period of, Melainpias epiphron,

33 ; Ilrentliis euplnosyne, 39 ;

Vanessa nrticae (forced), 43 ;

hybrid Papilio machaon x P.

pohj.renes, 201 ; Cuciillia lucifitga 226
Oviposition of, Euphorus histig-

)iiaticus, 15; IVnifx.fff nrticae, 42,

176; Mela)npias epiphron, 32;

Brenthis euphrosi/ne, 38 ; Brijo-

pliila pcrla. 41; ]'ane$sa io, 176;

retarded, of Lasius nmbratns . . 155
Oxytri/pia orbiculosa , A rare moth,

in Hungary . . . . . . 303

Pairing habits of, Taeniucampa

pulveruloitd, 11 ; Melumpias

epiphron, 32; Melanarfiia arge,

235 ; Peridia trcpida, 53 (plate);

The Boar}iiiidae, 122 ; Cnpido

viiniinus, 175 ; ]'ane$sa io, 176 ;

Aglais nrticae (note) . . . . 176

Parasitation of larvie of ]\Ia)ne!<tra

fnrca . . . . . . . . 241

Pathological specimens of lepidop-

tera 112, 114

Pharmacophagous habit of L(U'r/fas

philcnor, A protection against

Ic]incnnionidae . . . . . . 216

Phora, New species of . . . . 265

Photographic Natural History 97, 242
Phototropism, A curious case of . . 301
Pieris ergane, in the Abruzzi . . 284
Plehcins argns [acgon). Ova of, laid

naturally ■ . ' 267

I'i'li/gonid c-alJ)Uvi in the New

Forest 301

Poverty of Lepidoptera in Egypt . . 19
Privet blossom attractive to Ncmeo-

hins lucina . . . . . . 186

7-'coc^o(r;/^)ida<' in Ants' nests .. 84
Professorships, Alterations in . . 73
Protective colouration in Brentliis

pales, 128 ; Pararge inegaera, var.

tigclins, 145 ; beetles, 196 ; B.

selene, 198; Pierids, 233; Colias

edusa 233

Pseudo-scorpionidae in Ants' nests 84
Pugnacity of ]'anessa io, 141 ;

Cnpido miiiimns, 175; I', urticae, 177
Pupal antennae of Depressaria

apjdana .. .. .. .. 299

Pupal motion of Frcdericina calo-

PAGE.

dactyla 170

Pupal period of Cncnllia lucifnga,
Short ' . . 228

Pupation of Pieris brassicae, 38 ;
Coccyx nemorivaga, 131 ; Hadena
obracea, 190 ; Agriades coridon,
200 ; Cncnllia Incifnga .. .. 228

Pyrameid group of Vanessids-, A
Phylogenetic Sketch of the, 62
(plate), 85; Eetlections on the, 110

Pyrenees, The S. Eastern, in June, 57

Ragwort blossom, Lepidoptera at. . 215

" Eaynor " collection of "Mag-
pies," The 269

Reazzino Melitaea, The . . . . 116-

Recording Coleoptera, A suggestion,

116, 189

Relationship between the genera
Diplnra and Lachneis . . . . 196

Resting habits of, Blelampias
epiphron, 32; Cidaria picata,
42 ; Gonepteryx rhamni. . . . 104

Retrospect of a Coleopterist for

1909, 1

Rhone Valley, in 1909, Early sum-
mer amongst the butterflies of
the 125, 163, 165, 183, 185,

205, 237, 258, 289'

Russian Entomological Society,
The Jubilee of the . . . . 106

Sale of the, Clarke Collection,
Second part of the, 19, 93 ;
Raynor Collection, . . 217, 269

Sallows .. .. .. ..11

Sawflies, Method of use of the Saws
of 19.>

Scales of Lepidoptera, Their effect
upon the appearance . . . . 97

Season of 1909, 11, 77, 125 ; of
1910 146

Second brood of Agriades eoridon
from the Riviera . . . . . . 266

Sexual, alienation, 65 ; dimorphism
in Coenonguiplia oedipns, 110 ;
habit in Satyrus herniione . . 191

Slade Professorship of Fine Arts at
Oxford conferred upon Mr.
Selwyn Image . . . . . . 191

South-Eastern Union of Scientific
Societies, Fifteenth Congress of
the 120

South London Entomologilcal and
Natural History Society,' List of
officers of the, for 1909, 24;
Annual Exhibition Meeting for
1910 273

Species-splitting, Danger of . . 1

Specific distinctions of Phaedon
concinnus and P. armoraciae,
75 ; Monopis weaverella and ^1/.
rnsticella, . . .. . . . . 224

Spiders capturing butterflies . . 235

Spring butterflies at Sierre in 1909 165

Stenus in Scotland in March, 116;

314

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

RAGE.

Notes on the genus . . . . 295
"Styloptised Hymenopteva . . . . 121

Sugar in 1909, 13, 14 ; in 1910,

190, 197
Summer butterflies from Algiers 268
Sunshine, Necessity of, to promote
the activity of Butterflies 149,

167, 237
Swarming of Ants, Peculiarities of

the 150

■Synonymic corrections, Coleoptera

1, 4, 5, 33, 191, 192
Synonymy of Lwperina gueneei,
25 ; Apion gyllenliali . . . . 96

Temperature experiments on eggs
of Vanessa itrticae, 42 ; on
Vanessicls . . . . . . (plate) 62

Tenacity of life in Pdrnassius
apollo . . . . .. . . 167

Teratological specimens, incline to
aberration, 115 ; of PacJinohia
Injperhorea [alpina), 266; of
Lissotus . . . . . . . . 267

TJiais medesicaste ab. honoratii at
Digne . . . . . . . . 214

Three weeks in the Abruzzi 254, 275

Thrip, The Orchid 287

Thi/iiieliciis actaeon in the Isle of

Wight 240

Thysanoptera, New species of . . 265
Tiliacea citrago from Kent, common 264
Type description oiAgriddescoridon
var. constanti, gen. prae., 61;
OlopJiiumnicholsoni,l'd',); Lathro-
bium loiujipcnne, 159 ; Fhilon-
tJius intermedius, v. doinsthorpei,
295 ; Chrysophanus thetis, v.
zahaltensis, 273 ; Euchloi' car-
damines var. sulfur eovenata . . 239
Type specimens of L«^crJHaf/j(e>if'ei,
25 ; Peronea cristana ab. stonanus
21; ditto -Ah. ramuh nuts. . .. 21

Unusual emergence of Dimorpka

versicolor

Variation of, MeUunpias epiphroii,
34 ; Hi/droecia crbianensis, 80 ;
Lancashire lepidoptera, 100;
F((?(e,s\srt io, 140, 171 ; larvee of
Deiiias coryli, 40 ; larvaj of
Papilio machiion, 233, 262; tint
of summer and autumn emerg-
ences of Aglais urticae, 300 ;
Epinephele tithonus, 179 ; E.
janira, 179 ; Hipparchia hriseis

Vertical distribution of Melaiii-
pias cpipltron, 31 ; Polygonia c-
alhum, 38 ; Dryas paphla, 92 ;
Vacciniina optilete, 92 ; Erehia
oeme, 109 ; Latiorina pyrenaica,
109; Erebia lefehvrei, 109; Klugia
{Thecla} i^pini, 110; Glaiicopsyclte
mckiiiops, 110 ; Mixodia palus-
trana, 133 ; Brenthids, 150 ;
Pontia rallidice, 168 ; Dryas
pandora, 215 ; Papilio machaon

Virachola {Hypolycaena) liria, A
Syrian insect

Walsingham Collection of Micro-
lepidoptera. Gift of the, to the
British Museum . . 48, 98,

Wing measurement of Lepidoptera

Winged-forms of Lasiusrhivus and
L. niger, Small . .

Winter moths. Abundance of, at
Wimbledon

Workers of Lusim^ /lams among L.
fnliginosu.s

Xanthic Adopaca lineola, 266;
Callophrys rubi . .

Xylophasia zollihoferi, Another
British example of

Yponomeuta eronymellus in Eox-
burgh

Zanclognatha gri^ealis, Unique
aberration of

AGE.

262

180

215

243

69

155
45

67
267
221

71
266

Localities:— Abbott's Wood, 190, 197, 248; Abruzzi, 254, 275; Aigle, 126, 184,
205, 293; Ain Zahalta, 272; Ajaccio, 145; Algeria, 268; Alt-Breisach, 91;
Anti Lebanon, 271; Aquila, 257; Arlberg Pass, 149; Aurunci Mts., 305;
Assergi, 258; Assisi, 256 ; Assuan, 18; Axat, 57; Bagneres de Luchon, 108;
Baveno, 163 ; Bay of Cavalaire, 60 ; Beirut, 225 ; Berisal, 290 ; Bex, 239 ;
Biarritz, 110; Black Forest, 91 ; Bluden, 272; Botzen, 156 ; Braemar,
202; Branson, 185, 238, 258 ; Brazil, 267 ; Brindisi, 231; Buckingham-
shire, 44 ; Cabane de Mountet, 128 ; Cairo, 18 ; Caithness, 223 ;
Cambridge, 70 (Col) ; Canister Burn, 224 ; Casteil, 59 ; Caux, 237 ;
Charpigny, 126, 187, 205, 293; Cheviots, 241; Chippis, 126; Chislehurst, 11;
Chiswick, 222 ; Col de Sorrebois, 128 ; Come de Sorrebois, 128 ; Corsica,
141; Cumberland, 31; Dee lliver, 203 (Col); Digne, 9; Ditchling,
Sussex, 70, 297 (Col) ; Eclepens, 125 ; Egypt, 17 ; Elthara, 11 ; Erenkeui,
^15; Feldberg, 91; Fervall Thai, 149; Fiesole, 256; Finhaut, 167;
Folkestone Down, 174 ; Fort Amara, 235 ; Freiburg, 91 ; Gavarnie, 109 ;
Ghisonaccia, 141 ; Gibside, 261 (Col.); Gloucestershire, 37 ; Gryonne, 186,
205, 239 ; Hanwell, 296 (Col) ; Harrow district, 36 (Col) ; Harthope
Burn, 241 ; Herefordshire, 189 (Col) ; Hinterzarten, 91 ; Hrdlentbal 91 ;
Hospice de France, 108; Isle of Wight, 173, 270 (Col); Kaiserstuhl, 91 ;
Kidbrooke, 11 ; La Batiaz, 239, 260 ; Lacd'Oo, 109; La Grave, 9 ; Lamb-
den Burr, 241 ; Langleeford, 241; Laveno, 163 ; Lavey, 103, 209; Les

CONTENTS.

315

^larecottes, 165, lOG ; Lewisham, 216; Llandogo, 89, 41; Locliearn-
head, 132 ; Loch Hulan, 133 ; Loch Maree, 131 ; Loch Eannoch, 133 ;
London, S.W., 222; Luxor, 18 ; Lybster, 225; Martigny, 163, 185,208, 258,
^2m; Mendal Pass, IBO; Meran, 178; Mokattam Hills, 18 ; Molitg, 59 ;
Moos Thai, 149; Moos Wald, 91; Mount Morrone, 202 (Col.); Mull of
Galloway, 117; Neu Spondinig, 180; Noss Head, 223; Oxted, Surrey,
199; Palatine Hill, 285; Pardigou, 60; Pfynwald, 126, 166, 261,289;
Pianattoli, 144; Porchester, 12; Pont de Pierre, 206; Porto Vecchio,
143; Propriano, 144; Pyrenees, 108; Reazzino, 34; lihine Plain, 91;
Rhone Valley, 125, 163, 165, 183, 205, 237, 258, 289 ; Richmond, 215,
223; Roccaraso, 279 ; Roc de la Vache, 127; Rutt'et's Wood, 248; St.
Anton, 149; St. Briavels, 37 ; St. Maurice, 163,208; St. Triphon, 186,
205, 293 ; Sta. Lucia, 142 ; Salquenen, 261 ; Sarnthal, 156 ; Seanno, 277;
Scottish Highlands, 130; Scutari, 215 ; Sepey Road, 126, 207, 294; Sidmouth,
12; Sierra, 126, 165; Sion, 210; Solenzara, 142; Sonzier, 206 ; South-
Eastern Pyrenees, 57; Stanser Thai, 149; Staefa Bogs, 77; Stelvio,
178; Stirkoke, 224; Strood, Kent, 146; Subiaeo, 282; Sulmona, 275;
Sussex, 190, 197; Susten, 127; Syria, 271; Swordale, Evanton, 131;
Terni, 257; Tingewiek, 44 ; Tintern, 40 ; Tirol, 149, 156, 160, 178, 180 ;
Val d'Arras, 110; Vallee du Lys, 108; Var, 60; Veinayaz, 208, 238,
259, 293 ; Vernet, 58; Vevey, 208; Villeneuve, 207, 23K; Vorarlberg, 149 ;
Wasenweiler, 91 ; Waterlooville, Hants, 19 ; Whaligoe, 223 ; Wicken Fen,
115 (Col.); Wiml^ledon, 45, 263; Wye Valley, 37; Zermatt, 165, 167;
Zinal

127

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Alderson, J. 183, 191, 197, 205,
237, 258, 289,
Anderson, .J . .

Ashby, E. B

Bagnall, R. S., F.E.S. 262 (bis),
Bankes, E. R., M.A., F.E.S.
Beare, (Prof.) T. Hudson, B.Sc,

F.R.SE., F.E.S. 1,115,116,
Bell, James . .
Bethune-Baker, G. T., F.L.S.,

F.E.S 110,

Bird, J. F 37,

Briggs, T. H., M.A., F.E.S.
Burr, Malcolm, D.Sc, F.L.S.,

F.Z.S., F.E.S 122,

Burrows, (Rev.) C. R. N., F.E.S.

80, 90, 117
Buxton, D. S. .J. . . 71 (bis), 264 (bis)
Buxton, P. A. . . 71 (bis), 264

Cardew, (Capt.) P. A. . . 45, 264
Chapman, (Dr.) T. A., F.Z.S.,

F.E.S. 53, 71, 96, 101, 168, 170, 245
Cochrane, (Miss) A. M. .. 191, 216
Cockerell, (Prof.) T. D. A. .. 72

Coulson, F. J 248

Crawley, W. C, F.E.S. 43, 67, 129, 152

Curtis, W. P., F.E.S 301

Dollman, H. C, F.E.S. 36, 70 (4

times), 96 (5 times), 295, 296, 297
Donisthorpe, H. St. J.K., F.Z.S.,

F.E.S. 15, 43 (note), 69 (note),

82, 116 (bis), 117 (note), 139, 202, 228

Earl, H. L 165

Edelsten, H. M., F.E.S. .. 149,240
Editorial Notes 9, 122, 240 (bis), 263
Eltringham, H., M.A., F.Z.S.,

F.E.S 216

F. E. L

215 Floersheim, Cecil, B.A. F.E.S.
264 I 200, 203, 214, 216,

214 GravfS.P. P., F.E.S. 215,225,271,

287 Gregory, H. G

190 Hay ward, H. C

] Hodgson, (Dr.) G. C. .. 71,

295 I Jackson, (Miss) D. J. 17, 117, 130,
174 Keynes, J. N., M. A., D.Sc, F.E.S.

Keynes, G. L 108,

163 Lowe, (Rev.) F.E., M.A., F.E.S.
103 ' 9, 23 (bis),

71 ' Mason, Guy W

Monk, W. J

A. H

134 i Muschamp, P

G. Vv'

F.E.S. 141,
146, 226,
M.A., M.D.,

.. 146,
118, 125,

Nicholson,

F.E.S

Nicholson, (i.
Ovenden, J. . .
Page, Rosa E., JB.A.
Pickett, C. P., F.E.S

Prideaux, R. M., F.E.S

Eaynor. (Rev.) G. H., M.A.'
Raynor, Kenneth . .
Reuss, T., 42 (2 notes). 6:2 (1 and
note?), 85, 140, 171, 176,
Reverdin, (Prof.) J. L., M.D.
Saussure, Raymond de

Sheldon, W.G., F.E.S

Sich, Alfred, F.E.S. 7, 222, 263,
Simes, J. A.

Sperring, C. W. . . 11, 300

St. Quintin, W. H., J. P., F.E.S.

Street, C. L.

Swanton, E. W

Taylor, J 173. 240,

187

239
287
117
190
112
223
108
239

34
190
240

262

159
241
191
273

22
199
239

44

263

60

300

71

299

231

(bis)

72

117

301

270

816

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Tomlin, J. R. leB., M.A., F.E.S.

45, 189 (bis)
Tutt, J. W., F.E.S. 2S, 54, 69, 77,
122, 146, 149, 156, 160, 178, 180,

195, 221, 240 (bis). 263
Warren, B. C. S., F.E.S 91

Tetley, A. S., M.A., F.E.S

Watts, E

Wlieeler, (Rev.) G.

F.E.S. ..
Whitley, P. N.
Willfenson, George

57, 16a

240

M.A., F.Z.S.,

116, 254, 275

264

31

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, &c. [(Notice to binder.)

To face Page.
Pl. I. Comparative view of the upper and under-sides of Vanessid

Species. Aberrations of LycEenid species . . . . . . 62

George Henry Verrall, M.P., F.E.S 50

Peridea trepida Stellate bodies of ancillary appendages . . . . 53

George Willis Kirkaldy • • . . 122

The Aedoeagus of the Plebeiid genera of Blues . . . . . . 101

Aberrations of Senta maritima . . . . . . . . . . 149

Callophrys avis and C. riibi . . . . . . . . . . 245

Aberrations of Abraxvs grossulariatu .. .. .. .. 30O

Pl.

II.

Pl.

III.

Pl.

IV.

Pl.

V.

Pl.

VI.

Pl.

VII.

Woodcut.

The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation.

VOL. XXI.

SPECIAL INDEX.

By T. HUDSON BEARE, B.Sc, F.R.S.E., F.E.S. (Coleopteia) ; M. BURE,
D.Sc, F.Z.S., F.E.S. (Orthoptera) ; J. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. (Diptera) ; and
H. J. TURNER, F.E.S. ^Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, etc.).

Coleoptera arraiif/ed in order of Genera. The other orders arranged by Species.

ACARINA.

PAGE.

P.\GE.

latipalpis . .

. 61

coccinea, Trachyuropoda . .

. 20

maculata . .

. 61

cuneifer, Lselaps

. 20

melanostoma

. 61

holothyroides, Sph£Erola}laps

. 20

pulicaria . .

. 61

minutissima, Uroplitella . .

. 20

ruficollis . .

. 61

myrmecopbilus, Laslaps . .

. 20

rutilabris . .

. 61

sinuata (coccinea ab.), Trach

7-

septentrionalis

6

0, 61

uropoda

. 20

subtestacea
Anchomenus atratus

. 61
. 232

ARANEINA.

livens . . . . 43, '
seitulus

231, 23

3, 273
. 232

alsine, Epeira
Araneina

1

. 276
3, 289

Anisostica 19-punctata

. 274

Anisotoma anglica . .

. 301

biovata, Thyieosthenius 19,

27

t), 289

cinnamomea

. 301

cambridgii, Dysdera

. 290

clavicornis

. 26

cinerea, Cicurina

. 290

flavicornis

. 274

donisthoipei, Diblemma . .

. 20

parvula

. 26

Eurypelma . .
festivus, Micarisoma
formicarius, Salticus

2
2

. 74
[), 290
D, 290

Antherophagus pallens

Apimela

Apion wneum

. 274
. 34
. 275

guttata, Crustulina. .

. 276

affine

. 23

1, 232

hombergi, Harpactes

. 20

difforme . .

. 275

lepida, Phyllonetbis

. 276

loti..

. 165

listera, Pachygnatha

. 276

opeticum . .

. 231

merens, Evansia . .
prominens, Cercidia

2

L), 290
. 276

pisi
pubescens . .

. 165
. 233

pulicaria, Micaria . .
recisa, Crypbceca . .

. 290
. 290

ryei
scbonberri

. 23

. 231
2, 275

ulmi, Xysticus

. 276

stolidum . .
waltoni

. 23

1, 232
. 232

COLEOPTERA.

Aphodius ater

. 165

Abdera bifasciata . .

. 43

niger

. 189

Acronota

. 48

plagiatus var, concolor

. 189

Aotenodes cbalybeitarsis . .

. 301

scybalarius

. 274

Actidium coaictatum

. 274

var. nigricans . .

. 28

Actinopteryx fucicola

. 274

Apoderus coryli

. 275

Agabus cbalconotus

. 273

Arseocerus fasciculatus

. 27

Agathidium badium

. 231

Arena octavii

. 28

Isevigatum

. 231

Atemeles eraarginatus

. 287

Agrilus biguttatus . .

. 28

paradoxus

. 287

laticornis . .

. 274

pubicollis . .

. 257

Aleochara crassiuscula

. 25

Atomaria gutta

. 274

tristis

. 25

Badifiter bipustulatus

. 273

Anacosna limbata . .

. 219

Benibidium assimile

. 232

ovata

. 219

clarki

. 44

Anaspis costse

. 61

flammulatum

. 44

frontalis . .

. 61

gilvipes

. 232

garneysi . .

6

0, 61

Bidessus gerainus . .

. 273

geoffroyi . .

. 61

unistriatus

. 30

hudsoni . .

6

0, 61

minutissimus

. 30

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

PAGE.

Bledius denticollis . .

48

Cryphaloides donisthorpei . .

.. 49

longulus . .

274

Cryptamorpha desjardinsi. .

.. 274

Brontes planatus . .

28

Cryptocephalus bipunctatus

.. 274

Bruchus affinis

27

pusillus . .

.. 275

atomarius

274

Cryptopbagus hirtulus

.. 26

rufimanus iHxr. velutinus

27

lovendali . .

.. 26

Buprestis sanguinea

301

pallidus var. argentea . .

. . 301

Byctiscus betuleti . .

275

pubescens . .

.. 26

Bythinup bulbifer . .

231

schmidti . .

.. 28

Calodera nigrita

26

subdepressus

. . 28

protensa . .

25

Cyclonotum orbiculare

. . 273

rufeseens . .

9'i

273

Cyrtusa pauxilla

. . 274

umbrosa . .

273

Dacne humeralis . .

.. 231

Carabus sollicitans . .

27

Daseillus cervinus . .

.. 29

violaceus . .

27

Dasytes plumbeus . .

.. 28

Carcinops striata . .

274

oculatus . .

. . 28

Cassida nobilis

275

Deinopsis ferosa

. . 231

var. (?)

275

Deliphrum crenatum

.. 28

sanguinolenta

232

Dendrophilus punctatus . .

. . 231

vittata

275

Deporaus betulse

.. 275

vibex . . . . 231

232

275

Dermestes aiirichaleicus . .

.. 29

Cercyon quisquillarius

273

murinus . .

. . 274

Cetonia floricola

288

Dinarda

.. 30

Ceuthorhynchidius barneville

L

28

dentata

.. 287

chevrolati . .

28

232

bagensi . . . . . . 27

3, 287

floralis

27

mserkeli . .

. . 273

rufulns

43

pygmffia

.. 287

Ceuthorhynchus chalybaeus

27',

28

Dromius angustus . .

.. 25

moguntiacus

27

meridionalis

. . 25

parvulus . .

27

vectensis . .

. . 273

triangulum

232

Dryops . . . . . . 2

7, 240

trimaeulatus

232

Drypta dentata

.. 273

tumidus . .

27',

28

Dynastidis . .

. 29

viridipennis

27

Eleodes 24

2, 243

Cheetocnema arida . .

259,

275

acuta

. 243

aridella

259

debilis

. 243

aridula

259

obscura

.. 243

confusa

23V,

259

suturalis . .

. 243

hortensis . .

259,

275

veterator . .

. 248

Chrysomela didymata

275

Enicmus minutus . .

. 165

graminis . .

231

Ephistemus globosus

. 274

orichalcia var. hobsoni . .

43,

232

Epipeda nigricans . .

. 301

varians

43

Epuraea

. 28

Clonus liortulanus . .

275

thoracia . .

. 28

Clambus minutus . .

26

oblonga . .

. 28

punctulum

26

Erirhinus scirpi . . . . 4

3, 233

Claviger testaceus . .

288

Euconnus hirticollis

. 231

Coccidula scutellata

231

Euplectus ambiguus

. 231

Coccinella 10-punctata var.

con-

bescidicus

. 26

Aliens

136

Euthia scydmsenoides

. 231

11-punetata

196

Evassthetus scaber . .

. 231

Colon

28

Galeruca calmariensis

. 231

brunneus . .

274

viburni

. 275

dentipes . .

26

Gastroidea polygon! , . 16

i, 165

zebei

26

Georyssus pygmaeus

. 274

Conurus immaculatus

231

Gnathoncus nidicola

. 301

pedicularius

231

rotundatus

. 301

Corticaria . .

28

Gnorimus nobilis . .

. 28

eppelsheimi

26

variabilis . .

. 28

linearis

26

Gracilia minuta

. 274

longicoUis. .

26

Gymnetron rostellum

. 43

obscura

26

villosulus . .

. 44

Corymbites castaneus

28

Gyrophsena affinis . .

. 273

Criocephalus ferus . .

301

Haltica coryli

. 275

Crioceris 14-punctata

..

208

pusilla

. 275

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

PAGE.

Harpalus melancbolicus .

.. 273

Liranichus pygmaus

274

obscurus . .

.. 231

Limnobaris piii-striata

275

parallelus . .

.. 273

Litargus bifasciatus

232

Helophoius . .

.. 29

coloratus . .

27

brevicollis. .

.. 25

Lomechusa stramosa

29

287

brevipalpis

. . 25

Longitarsus ffiruginosus . .

275

griseus

. . 25

ballotffi

2.31

275

porculus . .

25, 273

castaneus . .

231

nigosus

. . 25

flavicovnis

231

Helops pallidus

.. 275

nigerrimus

27

Hepterotromus veterator .

.. 243

waterhousei

275

HetiEriiis ferrugineus

.. 195

Lyctus brunneus

232

Homalium brevicolle

.. 146

Malthinus atomus . .

274

gracilicorne

.. 231

balteatus . .

274

striatum . .

.. 274

Malthodes minimus var. margini

Homalota

.. 34

collis

28

agra

.. 34

Mantura rustica

165

atenima . .

.. 273

Melaneleodes ampla

243

casula

. . 273

carbon aria

243

circellaiis . .

.. 34

debilis

243

euryptera . .

.. 273

obsoleta . .

243

fungi var. clientula

.. 273

Melanophila acuminata . .

301

fussi

. . 50

Melanophthalma truncatella

26

germ ana . .

.. 273

Meligethes viduatus var. sestima

graminicola

.. 273

bilis . .

27

gyllenhali..

.. 273

Mellitomma insulare

29

intermedia

.. 273

Meloe brevicollis . .

275

macelia . .

.. 34

Micrambe perrisi . .

29

nitens

.. 50

pilosula . .

26

nigrieornis

.. 273

villosa

26

parallela . .

.. 257

vini

26

parens

.. 48

Microcara livida

274

scotica

.. 33

Micropeplus ciclatus

195

219

vilis

.. 273

porcatus . .

196,

274

Hydnobius punctatus

.. 28

tesserula . .

196

punctatissimus . .

.. 28

Mycetopbagus multipunctatus

231

Hydrsena pygmtea . .

.. 28

Myrmeeopora brevipes

50

124

Hydrochus nitidicollis

.. 28

uvida

50,

124

Hylesinus cvenatus

.. 275

Myi-medonia cognata

288

oleiperda . .

.. 232

funesta

288

Hypera nigrirostris var. o

noninis 275

laticlolis . .

288

polygoni . .

.. 165

limbata

288

Hyperaspis reppensis

. 232, 274

Myrmetes piceus

288

Hypocyptus apicalis

231, 273

Nassipa

60

Iffiviusculus

.. 273

Necrophagus interruptus . .

232,

274

Hypophloeus bieolor

.. 231

Neuraphes carinatus

231

Ilybius ater

.. 273

Notiophilus aquations var.

strigi-

fnliginosus

.. 273

frons . .

27

Ilyobates nigricollis

.. 231

bigeminus

25

Laccobius nigriceps

.. 25

hypocrita . .

25

purpurascens

.. 25

pusillus

25

scutellaris

.. 240

Notothecta anceps . .

257

sinuatus . .

.. 240

flavipes

257*

273

Lathrobium dilutum

.. 301

Ocalca castanea

273

elongatum var. nigrum .

.. 28

Ochthebius lejolisi . .

273

var. fraudulentum

.. 28

Ocyusa defecta

194

filiforme . .

43, 231, 233

Oedemera lurida

275

fovuluni . .

.. 231

Olibrus pygmseus . .

232

palJidum . .

.. 28

Oligota pusillima . .

273

punctatum

.. 233

Olophrum assimile

26

Lamophloeus ater . .

.. 274

Oodes helopioides . .

273

monilis

.. 28

Ortbochoetes setiger

232

Lsomostenus complanatus.

. 232, 273

Oxypoda brachyptera

273

Leiopus nebulosus . .

.. 274

exoleta

25

Leptacinug formicetorum .

.. 257

hcemorrhoa

257

SPECIAL INDEX.

longipes . .

perplexa . .

recondita . .

vittata
Panagaeus crux-major
Parnus algiricus

anglicanus

auriculatus

ernesti

griseus

luridus

nitidulus . .

prolifericornis
Paromalus flavicornis
Patrobus excavatus
Phalacrus caricis . .
Philonthus concinnus

ebeninus . .

trossulus . .
Philydrus
Phlceoplithorus rhododactylus
Phyllotreta atra

diademata

exclamationis

punctulata
Phytodecta pallida
Pityogenes trepanatus
Platystethus alutaceus

capito

nitens

nodifrons . .
Pocadius ferrugineus
Pogonoch;erus dentatus
Polydrusus flavipes. .

ptei'ygomalis
Procas armillatus
Pselapbus dresdensis
Pseudopsis sulcata . .
Psylliodes aifinis . .

chrysocephala
var. anglica
Pterostichus dimidiatus
Quedius brevis

longicornis

niesomelinus

scitus
Rhinoncus gramineus
Rhyncites uncinnatus
Rhopalomesites tardyi
Scarabeus compressicornis
Scirtes orbicularis
Sci-aptia fuscula
Scyninus ater
Silpha atrata

var. brunnea

4-punctata
Sitones crinitus

flavescens

lineatus

meliloti

ononidis . .

Buturalis . .
Steneleodes gigantea

innocens . .

longicoUis. .

PAGE.

.. 29 Stenolophus skrimshiranus

25 vespertinus
. . 288 Stenus binotatus
. . 288 canescens . .

44, 231 declaratus..

.. 189 exiguus

. . 240 fuscicornis

189, 240 fuscipes ..

. . 189 lustrator . .

189, 240 , pallipes ..

27, 189 palustris ..

189 pusillus

189 Stilbus oblongus

2.32 , Stilicus fragilis

232, 273 Strangalia armata . .

231 Sunius angustatus . .

26 var. lyonnessius

26 diversus . .
301 Symbiotes latus

29 Tachinus bipustulatus
275 marginellus

27 rufipes
27 Tachyporus hypnorum

275 : Tachyusa atra

27 I scitula
208 : Thiasophila angulata
301 Thinobius pallidus . .
274 Trachys troglodytes
274 Trechus rivularis . .
274 Tricbopteryx atomaria
274 brevipennis
274 brevis

274 cantiana . .

275 : chevrblati . .
275 dispar

28 fascicularis
28 grandicollis

274 intermedia
231 var. thomsoni . .

275 kirbyi
275 lata

273 longicornis
257 montandoni

43 nigricornis

231 picicornis . .

231 sericans . .
43, 233 suft'ocata ..

275 thoracica . .

30 Trictenotoma childreni
196 Trictenotomidse

274 Trogolinus anglicanus

232 Trogophlo-us areuatus
274 fuliginosus

pusillus

231 var. (?) . .

274 ' subtilis ..

165 1 tenellus

165 [ Tropideies hilaris

165 Tychius lineatulus

43, 275 polylineatus

43 : squamulatus

43 , tomentosus

243 , Vedalia

243 Xantholinus atratus

243 I glaber

PAGE.

231
44
231
274
274
231
274
231
231
274
231
231
231
231
274
27, 301
27, 301

43,

251

SPECIAL INDEX.

DIPTERA.

sequalis, Phora .. ..50,

affinis, Phora

albipennis, Phora ..

alticolella, Phora . .

altifrons. Phora

angusta, Phora

armata, Phora

Asilidaj

aterrima, Trineura..

balteatus, Syrphus . .

barbulata, Phora

beckeri, Phora

Bombyhdffi . .

cihata, Phora

ciUpes, Phora

collini, Phora

conformis, Phora . .

Corynoptera. .

crassipes, Phora

curtiventris, Limosina

Cyrtidse

derasa, Phora

devius, Microdon . .

Diptera

discreta, Phora

distinguendus, Therioplectes

diversa, Phora

equestris, Clinodiplosis

flava, Phora. .

liavescens, Phora . .

flavipes, Amaurosoma

floralis, JMeigenia . .

formicfE, Phyllomyza

forniicarum, Phora..

frontalis, Phora

fumata, Phora

fungicola, Limosina

fungivora, Phora . .

fusca, Phora

germari, Miltogramma

glabrifrons, Phora . .

hirtiventris, Phora . .

hortensis, Phora

humilis, Phora

infraposita, Phora . .

iridatus, Sargus

lasiffi, Phyllomyza . .

Leptidffi

Limosina sp. !

longiseta, Phora

ludens, Milichia

lutea, Phora. .

nmllochi, Phora

melanocephala, Phora

minor, Phora

muscaria, Cnemacantha . .

mutabilis, Microdon

myrmecophilus, Ceratopogon

nigripes, Phora

nndiventris, Phora . .

obscuripennis, Phora

opaca, Empis

ornata, Eccoptomera

parva, Phora

74, 289
•30, 74
.. 120
..120
.. 120
.. 219
50, 74
.. 72
.. 289
.. 298
.. 120
.. 120
.. 72
.. 74
.. 120
50, 74
.. 120
.. 18
.. 74
17, 289
.. 72
.. 219
.. 289
.. 193
.. 219
.. 276
.. 120
.. 242
.. 74
50, 74
.. 194
.. 208
.. 288
276, 289
.. 120
.. 50
.. 17
.. 120
.. 219
.. 194
50, 74
.. 219
.. 120
.. 120
.. 120
.. 276
.. 289
.. 72
.. 289
50, 74
.. 289
.. 120
50, 74
.. 120
.. 74
.. 240
.. 18
.. 289
.. 120
.. 219
.. 120
.. 189
.. 240
50, 74

Phora sp. ! . .
Phyllomyza sp. !
pleuralis, Phora
propinqua, Phora . .
rivalis, Phora
rudis, Phora. .
rufilabris, Limosina
ScenopinidiB
Sciara

scutellaris, Phora . .
seitenstettensis, Pegomyia
sordida, Phora
Stratiomyidae
subpleuralis, Phora. .
subsaltans, Mosillus
subtumida, Phora . .
surdifrons, Phora . .
Syrphida;

Tabanidse

Therevidse . .
transversalis, Scatopse
truncorum, Medeterus
uliginosa, Phora
unguicularis, Phora
variabilis, Phora
vernalis, Phora
vulgaris, Pbryxe

HEMIPTERA.

acuminata, .Elia

aurentulus, Idiocerus

baccarum, Dolycoris

butleri, Empoasca . .

chiragra, Rhyparochromus

coleoptratus, Issus . .

clegans, Idiocerus . .

fratercula, Typhlocyba

frustrator, Typhlocyba

glandicolor, Cymus

gracilis, Myrmecocoris

Icerya

littoralis, Solda

lituratus, Piezodorus

marginatus, Syromaster . .

maximus, Lophococcus

miriformis, Myrmus

Monophlffibus

obliquus, Cymus

picipes, Gnathoconus

populi, Empoasca . .

quadrata, Piesnia . .

rutilans, Idiocerus . .

stactogala, Limotettix

subrufus, Corizus . .

subterranea, Ilipersia
} tricinctus, Acocephalus
1 trifasciatus, Acocephalus . .

trivia, Ulopa

viridis, Tettigonia . .

PAGE.

.. 289

.. 289

.. 120

50, 74

50, 74

50, 74

.. 17

.. 72

.. 18

.. 120

.. 241

.. 120

.. 72

.. 120

.. 276

.. 219

.50, 74

.. 303

.. 72

.. 72

.. 17

.. 18
50, 74

.. 120

.. 120

.. 120

.. 276

. 276
. 303
. 276
. 124
. 276
. 276
,. 48
. 124
, . 124
, . 124
,. 124
, . 74
.. 276
. . 276
. . 276
. . 124
. . 276
. . 124
.. 124
. . 276
. . 124
. . 276
. . 48
. . 303
.. 276
. . 20
. . 219
.. 219
.. 303
.. 276

HYMENOPTERA.

Aculeata 194

adunca, Osmia . . . . . . 270

affinis, Lasius . . . . . . 20

agrorum, Bombus . . . . . . 270

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE. I

alboguttata, Nomada

276 !

Ammophila . .

74

Andrena

270 1

annulata, Prosopis

270

Anthidiellum

269

Anthidium . .

269

anthracinus, Pezomachus

17

aphidum, Crabro . .

304

arcuatus, Allantus . .

276

aquisgranensis, Pezomachus

276

aterrima, Stelis

269

aui'opunctata, Wasmannia

20 i

autumnalis(terrestrisi;«r.)

, Bombus 270

baccatus, Ochradema

303

bellicosum, Dianthidium

269

bistigmaticus, Euphorus

219

brunneus. Lasius . .

290 i

buccata, Pachylomma

276

Cfespitum, Tetramorium

18,

290,

291

calcaratus, Panurgus

269 !

carnifex, Aritranis

110

caudatus, Sirex

194

cingulatum, Anthidium

269

Colletes

269

congerens ( = pratensis),

Foi

mica

257 i

consocians, Formica

19

cyanea, Ceratina . .

269

Cynipidffi

17

dentipes, Panurgus

269

Dianthidium

269,

270 :

Diapriidoe

17

distinctus, Gonatopus

17,

291

donisthoipei, Tetiamopria

290

erraticum, Tapinoma

258

exesorius, Tiogus . .

148

exsecta, Formica 195, 257,

258,

276, 287,

288,

290

falconivibrans, Spilomma

219

femoralis, Tetramopria

290

ferrugineum, Dianthidium

269

flava, Formica

, ,

195

flavus, Lasius 17, 20, 258,

259

288,

289

formicaria, Rhoptromeris

17

fugax, Solenopsis . .

17,

258,

276

fuhginosa, Tropidopria

290

fuliginosus, Lasius 17,

18,

288,

289,

290

fulvipes, Bracon

110

fulviventris, Osmia. .

269

fusca, Formica 17, 18

20

195,

219, 258, 276,

287,

289,

290

fusco-rufibarbis (rufibarb

IS

'((/•.),

Formica 17, 276,

287,

288,

290

glabricollis, Athalia

276

glomeratus, Apan teles

361

Gonatopus . .

17

gravidator, Serphus

17

Halictus

2G9

270

herculeanus, Camponotus

19

Hymenoptera

!."l9, 20,

269

hypnorum, Bombus

270

ichneumonoides, Methoca

276

interruptum, Anthidium

(Paraan-

thidium)

269

Isevinodis, Myrmica

20,

276,

291

PAGE.

lapidarius, Bombus . . . . 270

latreillei, Myrmecina . . 258, 276

lepidus, Barichneumon .. .. 110

lineola, Nomada . . . . . . 269

lituratum, Anthidium . . . . 269

Loxotropa . . . . . . 290

lucorum (terrestris var.), Bombus 270
macrocephalus (calcaratus ah.),

Panurgus . . . . . . 2G9

manicatum, Anthidium . . . . 269

mcgacephalus(dentipes((?>.), Panur-
gus 269

Megachile . . . . . . 270

melanocephala, Myrmosa . . . . 276

montanum, Anthidium . . . . 269

morawitzii, Proanthidium . . . . 269

myrmecophilus, Gonatopus . . 17

neesi (aquis-granensis ab.), Pezo-
machus . . . . . . 276

niger, Lasius 17, 20, 258, 259, 276,

289, 290
nigrithorax (manicatum (( /^ ), Anthi-
dium . . . . . . . . 269

nitidulus, Formicoxenus . . . . 304
notomelas (variabiUs nh.), Bombus 270
oblongatum, Anthidium (Proanthi-
dium) 269

palUdula, Pheidole . . . . . . 20

pallidus, Lagynodes . . 276, 290

panzerii, Notozus .. .. .. 276

Paraanthidium .. .. .. 269

pedestris, Planopria . . . . 290

Pepsis . . . . . . . . 74

pratensis, Formica . . . . . . 257

Proanthidium . . . . . . 269

Proctotrupidffi .. .. 17,290

Prosopis . . . . . . . . 270

Pseudoanthidium . . . . . . 269

punctatum, Anthidium .. .. 269

roseum, Hedychridium . . . . 276

rubescens (fusca var.), Formica . . 258
rufa, Formica 17, 18, 19, 20, 195,
219, 220, 257, 258, 288, 289,

290, 304
rufa-pratensis, Formica 195, 257

288, 289
rufibarbis, Formica 17, 20, 258,

276, 287, 288, 290

rufocinctus, Emphytus . . . . 276

ruginodis, Myrmica . . . . 20

rupestris, Psithyrus . . . . 270

sanguinea, Formica 17, 18, 20,

195, 257, 258, 287, 288, 289

sanguinea-fusca, Formica . . . . 19

sayi, Dianthidium . . . . . . 269

scabiosse, HaUctus . . . . . . 269

scabrinodis, Myrmica 20, 258, 276, 290

septemdentatum, Dianthidium . . 269

smeathmanellus, Halictus . . 270

sticticum, Dianthidium . . . . 269

strigatum, Dianthidium .. .. 269

subterranea, Soxotropa . . . . 17

terrestris, Bombus . . . . . . 270

testaeipes, Comostigmus . . . . 290

tritoma, Loxotropa.. .. .. 291

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

truncorum, Heriades .. .. '270

turneri, Dianthidium (Anthidium) 270

umbratus, Lasius .. .. . . 20

undulatum, Proanthidium . . 269

variabilis, Bombus . . . . . . 270

variegatum, Anthidium . . . . 269

westwoodi, Stenamma . . . . 2-58

willughbiella, Megachile . . . . 219

LEPIDOPTERA.

abbreviata, Eupithecia . . 56,

abietaria (bistortata var.), Teph-
rosia . .

abjecta, Mamestra (Hama) 32,
33, 57,

abruptaria, Hemeropbila . .

absynthiata, Eupithecia 33, 181,

acaciae, Nordmannia (Strymon) 63,

65,

acanthodactyla ( = cosmodactyla),
Amblyptilia . .

Acasis ( = Bryodis) ..

aceris, Apatela . . 129, 292,

acesina, Lycffinopsis

acetosse, Nepticula .. 103, 105,

achiilese, Anthrocera 99, 155,

achine, Pararge . . . . 102,

Acidalia

acis( = seniiargus), Cyanivis 130,

Acronycta

actaga, Minois

aeteon, Tbymelicus 95, 249, 252,
281, 283, 286,

addenda (coridon ab.), Agriades . .

adippe, Aigynnis 36. 37, 54, 55,
63, 65, 97, 166, 168, 198,
225, 226, 229, 267, 282, 284,

Adkinia

admetus, Hirsutina

adonis (thetis nh.), Agriades

adrasta (rnitra ah.), Pararge 65,

adumbrata (urticse nb.), Aglais

adusta, Hadena

adustata, Lygdia .. .. 31,

advenaria, Epione . .

adyte, Erebia

fegeria ( = egeria), Pararge..

asgidion (philonomus) (argus var.),
Plebeius

oegon( = argus), Plebeius 51, 58, 59,
63, 65, 75, 98, 94, 96, 101,
108, 126, 168, 197, 198, 249,
250, 251, 266, 281, 283, 295,

aollo, (Eneis. . . . 54, 55, 135,

seola, Eupifea

jescularia, Anisopteryx 30, 123,

sesculi (ilicis r(ir.), Nordmannia63,

(pstiva (pisi var.), Hadena (Ma-
mestra)

aestivaria (strigata), Hemithea

fethiops, Erebia 78, 167, 168,

affinis, Calymnia

198, 225,

181

95

246
154

286

102

213
157
304
238
106
301
259
242
152
92
286

293
300

285

266

108

227

282

8

178

32

57

287

158

96

299
259
168

180
65

216
245

259
33

PAGK.

aflinitana, Eupa?cilia . . . . 292

aflinitata, Emmelesia .. .. 180

agamemnon, Papilio 160,161,162, 163
agathina, Agrotis . . . . 177, 304

Agia 157

aglaia, Argynnis 1, 37, 65, 75, 80,

81, 97, 110, 111, 112, 113,

116, 155, 159, 166, 168, 229,

259, 265, 267, 294

Aglais 303

Aglaope . . . . . . . . 100

Agriades 108, 203

Agrotis 92, 242

ajax, Iphiclides 113, 114, 115, 146, 148
akasa, Lycsenopsis . . . . . . 238

alba (papilionaria ab.), Geometra 194
alba (phlffias ab.), Rumicia 234, 301
alba (urticaj «/>.), Aglais .. 7, 8

albicans (coridon a?).), Agriades .. 300
albicolon, Mamestra . . . . 92

albidisca, Lycsenopsis . . . . 238

albipalliata (grossulariata ab.).

Abraxas . . . . . . 272

albipuncta, Leucania 33, 144, 296

aibispatiata (grossulariata ab.),

Abraxas . . . . . . 272

albistrigalis, Hypenodes . . . . 33

albocasrulea, Lycsenopsis . . . . 238

albomaeulata (aglaia ab.), Argynnis 259
albomaculata (ceto ab.), Erebia . . 259
albomarginata (grossulariata ab.).

Abraxas .. .. 88, 271

albomarginata (iphis ab.), C(enon-

ympha . . . . . . 112

albulalis, Nola .. 31, 32, 268, 295

albulata, Emmelesia . . . . 180

Albulina 108

alcete, Erynnis 65, 251, 281, 283

alcetas, Everes . . 77, 282, 283

alcbemillata, Emmelesia . . 180, 286
alciphron, Loweia 54, 55, 63, 65,

77, 101, 134, 168, 223, 224,

228, 280, 283, 287
alcon, Lyctena .. .. 135, 223

alcyone, Satyrus (Hipparchia) 62,

65, 77, 78, 143, 264
alecto, Erebia . . . . 135, 160

alexandrsB (virgaurese ab.), Heodes 287
alexis ( = icarus), Polyommatus

53, 55, 2.37
allous (astrarche var.), Aricia . . 65
alniaria, Ennomos (Eugonia) . . 179
alpina (argus var.), Plebeius . . 101
alpina(hypcrboreat/'«r.),Pacbnobia 296
alpinalis. Scopula . . . . . . 213

alpinellus, Crambus (Platytes) 247, 248
alsoides (minimus ((^.), Cupido .. 136
althaea (achine ab.), Pararge . . 259
althaea;, Erynnis .. 65,101,283

allicola (alveus «/>.), Hesperia .. 260
Alucita (Pterophorus) . . 192, 266
Alucitides . . . . 74, 97, 207, 213

alveolus ( = malv8e), Hesperia .. 31
alveus, Hesperia (Syrichthus) 55,
65, 81, 110, 112, 155, 159,

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

168, 199, 210, 224, 225, 229,

260, 281, 285, 294
amanda (us), Polyommatus 54,

55, 101, 108, 167, 196, 197,

223, 224, 260
amathusia, Brenthis 3, 78, 93,

110, 111, 112, 155,159,198,

210, 286
ambigua, Caradrina
ambigualis, Scoparia
amphidamas, Loweia
anapus (statilinus ab.)
anasarchus (statilinus ab.), Hippar-

chia 286

anastomosica (daplidice ab.), Pieris 261
andrenasformis, ^Egeria 31, 57, 76,
93, 100, 144,
andromedse, Hesperia
anguinalis, Ennychia
angularia, Cleora . .
angustana, Euprecilia
angustana, Hypermcecla . .
angustata (pavonia ah.), Saturnia 260
angustibalteata (urticffi ab.), Aglais 8
annulata, Zonosoma . . . . 286

anomala, Stilbia . . . . . . 176

Anthrocera . . . . . . 99, 155

antiopa, Euvanessa 55, 65, 75,

77, 80, 83, 85, 86, 118, 166,

186, 225, 286, 294, 295
antiqua, Orgyia . . . . . . 116

Antispila

Apamea

Apatura

Apaturidae . .

aperta (galatea ab.), Melanargia 259

apieiaria, Epione (Euchlfena) 179, 247

apollo, Parnassius 55, 77, 78, 79,

80, 81, 82, 102, 166, 168,

197, 198, 228, 261, 284, 300

246

94
54
Hipparchia 286

267
135
167
191
215
215

195
92
102
101, 102

Agrotis

178, 286
159
52
52
223
214
187

aprilina, Agriopis

aptata, Larentia

aquilina, Agrotis

aquilina ^ = fictilis'

Araschnia

arbutella, Euchromia

arbuti, Heliaca

arcania, Ccenonympha 55, 65, 78,

80, 81, 102, 136, 259, 260, 285

areas, Lycsena . . 53, 55, 108, 261

Arctiides . . . . . . . . 154

arena (icarus ab.), Polyommatus. . 236

arcuata (coridon ab.), Agriades .. 263

arenaria (mnemosyne ah.), Par
nassius

arethusa, Hipparchia

argiades, Everes .. 51, 107, 294

argiolus, Celastrina 32, 55, 65, 75,
99, 107, 118, 138, 150, 153,
187, 204, 211, 220, 238, 239,
249, 250, 267, 268, 281, 284,

295, 304

argus (jEgon), Plebeius 51, 55, 58,
59, 63, 65, 75, 81, 93, 94,
96, 101, 108, 126, 168, 197,

261

286

PAGE.

198, 249, 250, 251, 266,281,

283, 295, 299
argus ( = argyrognomon), Plebeius

58, 59

Argynnis . . . . . . . . 267

argyphea (hyale ab.), Colias . . 36

argyrana, Halonota . . . . 215

argyrognomon, Plebeius 55, 58,

59, 81, 96, 108, 112, 168,

229, 251, 283

Aricia 108, 156

arion, Lycasna 53, 55, 78, 82, 108,

198, 218, 264, 283, 299

aristsBus (semele ab.), Hipparchia 65

aristolochiffi, Papilio 160, 161, 164

armigera, Heliothis . . . . 186
arragonensis (coridon var.),

Agriades 300

artaxerxes (astrarche ab.), Aricia 267

artemis ( = aurinia), Melitasa 204, 205
arundineta, Nonagria (Leucania)

46, 47

arundinis, Nonagria . . . . 292

ashworthii, Agrotis. . .. .. 304

asopus (antiopa ab.), Euvanessa . . 286

asperaria, Gnophos . . . . 154

aspersana, Peronea . . . . 214

assimilata, Eupithecia . . . . 181

associata, Cidaria . . . . 93, 233

asta (manni rt&.), Pieris .. .. 260

asterias, Papilio . . . . . . 148

asteris, Cucullia . . . . . . 304

astragali, Anthrocera .. .. 260

astrarche, Aricia 1, 55, 63, 65, 79,

81, 108, 112, 138, 139, 155,

159, 168, 197, 198, 210, 226,
227, 229, 250, 267, 283, 299

atabyris (meera ab.), Pararge . . 287
atalanta, Pyrameis 20, 21, 55, 65,
72, 75, 80, 81, 85, 110, 116,

160, 166, 168, 187, 199, 211,
227, 229, 281, 282, 284, 285,

286, 303
athalia, MeUtsea 36, 37, 54, 55,
65, 75, 78, 101, 112, 155,

159, 168, 200, 229, 238, 284, 294

atomaria, Ematurga . . . . 180

atomaria (rapte ab.), Pieris . . 260
atrata, Odezia (Tanagra) 1, 53, 64,

66, 270
alrebatensis (urticae ab.), Aglais 5,

7, 8

atropos, Manduca .. .. .. 234

Attacides 154, 285

augur, Graphiphora . . . . 177

aurago, Tiliacea . . . . 58, 286

aurana, Trychiris (Tricheris) 215,

245, 248

aurantiaria, Hybernia 21, 58, 139, 180

aurata, Pyrausta . . . . . . 33

aurelia, Melitsea . . . . 55, 101

auriflua, Porthesia . . . . . . 31

aurinia, Melitsea 36, 53, 55, 63,
65, 135, 187, 204, 205, 236,

264, 267, 304

SPECIAL INDEX.

I'AGE.

aurita, Setina . . . . 200, 210

auroraria, Hyiia . . . . . . 128

ausonia (belia car.), Anthocharis

35, 65
australis, Aporophyla . . 144, 240
australis (hermione ab.), Satyrus.. 259
austialis (virgularia ah.), Acidalia 154
avellanella, Semioscopus . . . . 215

aversata, Acidalia . . . . 180, 286

avis, Callopbrys . . . . 130, 131

baccharides, Pterophorus . . . . 96

badiata, Anticlea . . . . . . 212

baia, Noctua .. 31, 33, 177, 280

baliodactyla, Merrifieldia . . . . 207

ballus, Thestor .. ..62,73,153

barrettii (luteago var.), Luperina

144, 296
basijuncta (coridon ab.), Agriades 300
basilinea, Apamea . . . . 176

basistrigalis, Scoparia . . . . 248

bataia (briseis ab.), Satyrus . . 287

batis, Thyatira . . . . 117, 154

baton, Scolitantides 55, 65, 108,

249, 251, 283
beckeiaria, Acidalia . . 04, 66

bejarensis (argus ab.), Plebeius . . 96
belemia, Anthocharis . . . . 137

belgiaria, Scodiona. . .. .. 180

belia, Anthocharis .. ..35,65, 151

belisaria (io ab.), Vanessa. .83, 85, 86
belia (argus ab.), Plebeius . . . . 96

bellargus ( = thetis), Agriades 53, 55,
108, 139. 199, 200, 201, 202,
203, 210, 211, 226, 227, 228,
236, 243, 244, 249, 250, 260,

283, 295, 299, 303
bellezina (tagis var.), Anthocharis 151
bembecilorme, Trochilium . . 75

bennettii, Adactylus ..31,32, 33

berisalensis (deione var.), Melitsea

37, 54, 55, 77, 101, 268
berolinensis (potatoria ah.), Cos-

motriche . . . . . . 52

bertrami { = pallidactyla), Gillmeria 32
betula;, Ruralis . . . . . . 76

betularia (ius), Amphidasys 57, 93,

179, 292
betulina, Proutia .. .. .. 144

bicolor, Microdonta . . . . 296

bicolorana, Hylophila . . . . 285

bicolorata, Melanthia . . . . 212

bicoloria, Miana . . . . . . 286

bicostella, Pleurota . . . . . . 216

bicuspis, Cerura . . 144, 207, 290

bidentata, Odontopera . . . . 179

bilineata, Camptogranima 64, 00, 213
bilunaria, Selenia . . . . 179, 286

biniaculata, Bapta . . . . . . 06

bimaculella, Chrysoclista . . . . 220

binaria, Drepana . . . . . . 154

bioculata (jurtina ab.), Epine-

phele 259

bion (icarus ((^.), Polyomniatus .. 200
bipunctata (rubi ab.), Callopbrys.. 137
bipunctanus, Melissoblaptes . . 247

bipunctaria, Eubolia 112, 123, 168,

198, 226, 229
bipunctidactyla, Adkinia . . 33, 207
biselliella, Tinea . . . . . . 220

biaetata, Acidalia . . . . . . 286

bistortata (crepuscularia), Teph-

rosia 31, 56, 70, 95, 97, 125, 179
biundularia (= crepuscularia),

Tephrosia 70, 94, 95

blachieri (amathusia n?;.), Brenthis 286
blancardella, Lithocolletis
blandiata, Emmelesia
blomeri, Asthena . .
bochus, Jamides

bcetica (desfontanei var.), Melita-a

63,
ba3ticaria, Perconia .. 64,

ba>ticus, Lampides . . 03, 65, 95,
bolandii (urtica* ab,), Aglais 106, 107
bolina, Hypolimnas 160, 102, 104

bombyliformis ( = tityus), Hemaris 32
borealis (fuliginosa var.), Phragma-

tobia . .
boreata, Cheimatobia . . 21,
borussia (coridon ah.), Agriades . .
boscana, Peronea . .
brachydactylus, Pselnophorus
bractea, Plusia

branuelasensis (argus ah.), Plebeius
brassiere, Pieris 1, 3, 32, 40, 55, 69,

70,71,81,113,115,118, 120,

137, 138, 1.53, 155, 166,

198. 200, 211, 220,

229, 233, 261, 269,
284, 285,
brassicse, Mamestra
briseis, Hipparcbia (Satyrus)
261, 281,
brockeella, Argyresthia
brogotaius (pales ah.), Brenthis .. 286
brumata, Cheimatobia 21, 30, 33,

139, 180, 187, 286
brunnea, Noctua . . . . . . 177

brunnea (putridella ah.), Depress-

aria . .
brunneo - violacea (urticffi ah.),

Aglais
brunnichiana, Halonota . .
Bryodis (Agia)
bryoniaj (napi var.), Pieris 54.

87
216
187
161

65

66

107

116
139
261
248
266
179
96

220,
281,
286,

33, 176
2.53,

285, 287
.. 167

292

253

7
215
157

Bryophilidoe
bucephala, Phalera
buoliana, Evetria (Retinia) 3,

cacaliffi, Hesperia . .
cachritis, Depressaria . . 256,
Cfeca (ffithiops ah.), Erebia
Cffica (jurtina ((/;.), Epinephele
cfficus (rubi ab.), Callopbrys
cserulapicata (urticit ab.), Aglais 5,

7,
caerulea (amandus ah.), Poly-

onimatus
cseruleata, Entephria
caeruleocephala, Diloba ..31,93,

99, 264
.. 92

117
4
135
280
259
259
137

260

73

286

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

cserulescens (= albicans) (coriclon
I'ar.), Agriades .. .. .. 300

cserulescens (alciphron((^.), Loweia 260
coerulescens (sebrus ab.), Cupido 260
caesiata, Larentia (Entephria) 3, 73,

111, 155, 159, 180
cagnagellus, Hyponomeuta 185, 217
caia (caja), Arctia 51, 75, 88, 100,

116, 151, 295, 803
calabraria, Rhodostrophia. . 64, 66
c-albuin, Polygonia 55, 65. 77, 80,

102, 137, 167, 225, 253,

266, 267, 284
caledoniana, Peronea 127, 128, 214
calida (astrarche ab.), Aricia 250, 283
callidice, Pontia . . 80, 82, 83, 200
callunas (quercus var.), Lasio-

campa . . . . 93, 220

calodactyla, Fredericina 2, 111,

112, 205, 206
ealydonius (coridon ah.), Agriades

244. 250
cambrica, Venusia .. .. 180, 191

camelina, Lophopteryx 33, 117,

285, 292
camenae, Lyca3nopsis . . . . 238

Camilla, Limenitis 53, 55, 65, 101,

102, 137, 252. 282, 284, 286
campanulata ( = denotata), Eupi-

thecia 248

cana, Catoptria . . . . . , 215

Candida (grossulaviataa'j.). Abraxas 272
candidulana, Catoptria . . . . 167

caniola, Liihosia . . . . . . 233

caprimulgella. Tinea (camprimul-

gella ■(■/( error) . . , . 86

capsincola, Dianthcecia . . . . 233

capucina (oxyacanth^ ab.), Miselia 286
carbonaria, Fidonia . . . . 180

cardaniines, Eachloe 32, 35, 55,

65, 118, 123, 138, 151, 153,

187, 233, 250, 284, 294
cardia, Lycaenopsis. . .. .. 238

cardui, Pyrameis 55, 65, 72, 116,

136, 163, 166, 186, 187, 188,

205, 210, 249, 259, 267, 284, 295
carlinai, Hesperia . . . . . . 224

carnella, Ilythyia . . . . . . 33

carphodactyla, Hellinsia (Leiopti-

lus) .. 30, 31, 32, 207, 246

carpinata, Lobophora . . 157, 212
carpini ( = pavonia), Saturnia 31, 157
carpophaga, Diaothoecia 233, 267, 304
cartbami, Hesperia 54, 55, 65,

166, 225, 252, 260, 281, 283
casaiciis (argus var.), Plebeius 96

caschniirensis (urticse I'ar.), Aglais

5, 6, 7
cassinea, Petasia 20, 33, 46, 57, 58
castigata, Eupithecia . . 32, 57
castiliana (actaea va/-.), Minois .. 286
castiliaria (boeticaria var.), Per-

conia 64, 66

castrensis, Malacosoma 32, 33, 166
catalaunalis, Antigastra . . . . 300

PAGE.

cataleuca (lachesis tviy.), Melanar-

gia . . . . . . 62, 65

caudana, Rbacodia. . .. .. 214

Celastrina . . . . . . . . 239

celerio, Hippotion . . . . . . 295

celina (icarus ab.), Polyommatus

65, 281, 282, 283

celtis, Libytbea . . . . 252, 284

cembrfe, Scoparia . . . . . . 3^

centifoliella, Nepticula . . . . 105

centonalis, Nola . . . . . . 295

cerago, Citria . . . . 56, 293

cerasicolella, Lithocolletis . . . . 86

cerealella, Sitotroga . . . . 86

ceronus (tbetis ab.), Agriades .. 249
cerri (ilicis imr.), Nordmannia 65,

101, 102

cespitalis, Herbula . . 167, 213

cespitis, Luperina . . . . 129, 286

ceto, Erebia 78, 80, 135, 136, 210,

259, 264
cbferophyllata ( = atrata), Odezia

(Tanagra) . . . . . . 1

cbaeropbyllellus, Cbauliodus . . 216
cbalcozona (grossulariata ah.).

Abraxas . . . . . . 88

cbalcobares (grossulariata ab),

Abraxas . . . . 88

cbalcogrammella, Coleophora . . 217

chamoiiiillaj, Cucullia . . 57, 194

chaonia, Notodonta . . . . 93'

Charaxes . . . . . . . . 26&

chariclea (brassiese i-ar.), Pieris 137

charon, Satyrus . . . . . . 186'

chi, Polia 178, 304

cbinenpis (urticEE var.), Aglais 5, 7
chlorodippe (adippe ab.), Argynnis

37, 65

cbristi, Erebia .. .. 135, 136

chryseis (bippothoe),Chrysophanus 21

chrysidiformis, 3ilgeria . . . . 75'

chrysippus, Danais . . . . 162

chrysitis, Plusia . . . . . . 178

cbrysobarylla (majaa?).). Argynnis 28&

chrysonuchellus, Crambus . . 32
chrysoprasaria (vernaria), Pareu-

chloris . . . . . . 247

chrysorrhiea, Porthesia . . . . 57

cbrysostrota (grossulariata ab.).

Abraxas . . . . . . 271

ciliella, Eupoecilia .. .. 215, 216

cinerana, Ancbylopera . . . . 215

cinerea, Agrotis . . . . . . 303

cinxia, Melitaa 54, 55, 65, 144,

187. 267

cinxioides (paphia ab.), Argynnis 36

circe, Satyrus . . 62, 65, 284

circellaris, Mellinia.. .. 178, 286

circellata, Acidalia . . . . . .191

cirsiana, Halonota . . . . . . 215

cirsii, Hesperia . . . . . . 224

citrago. Tiliacea (Citria) 56, 58, 76

citrata (imraanata), Cidaria . . 265

clarirufa (urticae fl6.), Aglais .. 7

clarki (caia ai.), Arctia .. .. 88'

SPECIAL INDEX.

245, 286,

51,

35, 200,

177, 286,

245,
155,

•283,
168,

cleanthe, Melanargia

cleanthe (iapygia ab.), Melanargia

clearchu?. Papilio . .

cleodippe (adippe ab.), Argynnis . .

cleodoxa (adippe ub-), Argynnis
282,

Cleopatra, Gonepteryx 95, 153,
253,

cliftoniana (grossulariata tib.),
Abraxas

cloaeella. Tinea

clytie (ilia ab.), Apatura

c-nigrum, Agrotis ..

Cd'nosa, Lselia

Colias

comes, Triphrena . .

comitata, Pelurga ..

comma, Leucania . .

comma, Urbicola 65, 79, 81,
159, 226, 264,

complana. Lithosia

compta, Diantb(fcia

coneavilinea(viridata ab.). Nemoria

conehellus, Crambus 3, 110, 111,

concolor, Nonagria . .

concomitella, Lithocolletis

conformis, Xylina . .

coiifiisalis, Nola

confiisella, Xepticula

coni^era, Leucania.. .. 168,

conjuncta (urticae ab.), Aglais 5, 7,

connexa (urticfe ab.), Aglais 5,

consignata, Eupithecia

consociella, Ehodophaja

consonaria (bistortata vur.)
rosia . .

consonai-ia, Tephrosia

conspersa, Diantb(ccia

conspicillaris. Xylomiges ..

conspicuata. Fidonia

contaniinana, Teras

contaminellus, Crambus .

contigua (spini ab.), Saturnia

contiguaria. Acidalia

conversa. Catocala . .

conversa (pavonia ab.), Saturnia

conversaria (repandata rar.), Boar-
mia

convolvuli, Agrius . .

conyzaj. Hesperia . .

ooprodactyla, Adkinia

cordigera, Anarta . .

cordula. Satyrus . . 77, 250,

coridon. Agriades .. 75, 77, 78,
79, 81. 82, 108, 112, 144,
155, 167, 168, 186, 197, 198,
203. 210, 226, 227, 229, 243,
244, 249, 250, 251, 2-53, 261,
262, 263, 264, 265, 281, 282,
283, 295. 299, 300,

corinna, Cctnonympba

coronata. Eupithecia .. 56,

Corsica (argus rar.), Plebeius 58,59,

Corsica (argyrognomon rar.), Ple-
beius . . . . . . 58,

Teph-

118,

76,

144,

247,

64,

21, 234,

1, 3,

.(iK. ; PAGE.

62 corticana, Pa-cilochroma . . . . 215

65 I corticea, Agrotis . . . . . . 246

100 corydonius (= hispana) (coridon

37 vrtc), Agriades .. .. 300

corylana, Tortrix . . . . . . 214

284 corylata, Cidaria 213

coryli, Demas .. .. 92, 117

284 corythus, Lyc;enopsis . . . . 238
cosmodactylus, Amblyptilus . . 213

88 I cossioa, Lyctenopsis . . . . 238

86 , costfi'strigalis, Hypenodes . . . . 128

101 1 costajuncta (coridon ab.), Agriades 300

293 ! costalis, Pyralis 136

296 I costana, I'ovtrix . . . . . . 246

264 costella, Cerostoma . . . . 216
304 costosa, Depressaria .. .. 216

33 couperi (lygdamas), Glaucopsvche 130

260 Crambides ' . . 213

cratffigata, Rumia . . 267, 268, 296
298 crata3gi, Aporia 3t, 53, 54, 55, 65,

285 77, 78, 155, 198, 252, 284
168 cratflegi, Trichiura .. .. 117, 153

99 craterellus, Crambus . . 64, 66

210 crepuscularia (biundularia), Teph-

144 [ rosia . . 76, 94, 95, 97, 125

87 crepuscularia (bistortata), Teph-
296 I rosia .. 31, 76,95,125, 179
116 I, cretaceus (argus I'd?-.), Plebeius 58, 59

87 : cribrella, Myelois 66

286 cristana, Peronea .. ..23,44,243

8 cristulalis. Nola . . . . . . 31

7 crocale, Catopsilia . . . . . . 162

57 erossi (ambigualis nb.), Scoparia . . 94

31 cruda (= pulverulenta), Ta'nio-
campa

95 cryptella, Nepticula

187 cucubali, Dianthci'cia

267 cucullatella, Nola . .

296 culeitella, Depressaria

57 culiciformis, .Egeria

214 culmellus, Crambus

248 cuneata(grossulariataa/'.). Abraxas

260 ; 88, 272

66 j cuneata (virgaurese "').), Heodes . . 229
65 ! cuneatigiittata (urticae ab.), Aglais 7

260 i cuneatiguttata ( = bolandii) (urtica'

nb.). Aglais .. .. 106, 107

267 cupreata, Larentia . . . . . . 154

265 cupreofasciata (grossulariata ab.),
224 Abraxas . . . . . . 272

110 cursoria, Agrotis .. .. ..52

100 curvella, Argyresthia . . . . 292

285 cuspidaria (sambucaria ab.), Urap-

teryx 235, 236

cyanata, Entephria . . . . 73

cyane, Lvciena . . . . . . 261

Cyaniris" .. .. 108, 130, 238

cyllarus, Glaucopsyche (Nomiades)

[ 53. 54, .55, 108, 130, 196, 261

303 Cymatophoridffi . . . . 92. 267

95 Cymatopborides . . . . 154, 285
247 cyiiipiformis, .Egeria ..31,-56, 75

96 cytherea (matura), Cerigo. . .. 127
cytisaria, Pseudoterpna . . 76. 126

59 dahlii, Noctua .. .. .. 177

187,

194

106

178,

233

2«5

279

56,

75

210,

214

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

dalella ( = senilella), Plutella .. 216
dalmatina (meleager var.), Poly-

ommatus . . . . . . 260

dalmatina (lividaria var.), Nyehi-

odes . . . . . . . . 260

dalmatina (stabilis var.), Tjsnio-

eampa . . . . . . 260

damon, Hirsutina 77, 78, 79, 108,

167, 168, 197, 198, 302
Danainffi . . . . . . . . 120

dannenbeigi (urticse ah.), Aglais 5, 7
daphne, Brenthis 37, 54, 55, 65,

101, 287
daplidice, Pieris 35, 65, 77, 80, 81,

101, 249, 252, 261, 269, 281,

282, 284, 294, 296
darsius, Troides . . . . 161, 163

darwiniana (arcania var.), Cce-

nonyinpha .. ..55,78, 136

debiliata, Eupithecia ..56,57, 224

decolorata, Tiichopteryx . . . . 156

decorata, Acidalia . . . . . . 66

decorata (pavonia ab.), Saturnia . . 260
decrepitalis, Scopula . . 300, 303

defasciata (pavonia uIk), Saturnia 260
deflavata (pales a/>.), Brenthis .. 260
detlexa (pavonia ab.), Saturnia . . 260
deliexella (concomitella var.), Lith-

ocolletis . . . . . . 87

defoliaria, Hybernia 21, 33, 58,

139, 180, 187
degeneraria, Acidalia . . . . 123

deidamia, Pararge . . . . . . 287

deione, Melita^a 36, 37, 54, 55, 65,

77, JOl, 268
delamerensis (crepuscularia rar.),

Tephrosia . . . . . . 95

deleta (spini «b.), Klugia .. .. 260

delius, Pariiassius 3, 79, 80, 81,

82, 113

Deltoides 93, 179

demoleus, Papilio . . 160, 162, 163
denigrata (lugubrata ah.), Laren-

tia 194

denotata (campanulata) , Eupithecia 248
densoi (euphrosyne ab.), Brenthis 287
dentalis, Odontia . . . . 32, 33

dentina, Hadena . . . . 187, 286

Depressaria.. 221,255,256,280

depulverata (megsera ab.), Pararge 287
depuncta, Noctua . . . . . . 177

depuncta (germana al).), CEneis . . 260
derasa, Gonophora . . . . . . 285

derivata, Anticlea . . . . . . 56

desfontanei, Melitsea . . 36, 65

designata, Coremia. . .. .. 212

despecta ( = rufa), Ccenobia .. 128

dia, Brenthis . . 53, 55, 205, 286

Dicrorbampha . . . . . . 167

dictffia, Leiocampa . . . . 93, 117

dictajoides, Leiocampa .. 58, 117
dictynna, Melitsea 54, 55, 78, 159,

168, 199, 200
didyma, Apamea . . . . 176, 246

didyma, Melitaea 36, 53, 55, 65,

77, 82, 168, 225, 250, 268,
281, 284,

didymata, Larentia . . 32,

ditiduens, Cleophana

digramma (rubia/>.), Macrothylacia

dilecta, Lycsenopsis . . 238,

dilectissima, LycEenopsis . .

diluta, Asphalia

dilutaria, Acidalia . . . . 57,

dilutata, Acidalia . .

dilutior (hyperici ab.), Cloantha . .

dimidiata, Acidalia. .

discoidaria, Heliotbea . . 64,

discolor (urticse ab.), Aglais 5, 7,

dispar, Chiysophanus 13, 51, 75,
132, 154, 188, 223, 224, 267,

dispar, Lymantria (Ocneria) 154,

dissimilis, Mamestra

ditrapezium, Noctua

Diurni . , . . 32, 115, 153,

dohertyi, Orneodes . .

dolabraria, Eurymene

dolus, Hirsutina . . 108, 253,

donzelii, Aricia . . 108, 199,

dorcas, Chrysophanus

dorilis, Loweia 2, 3, 55, 77, 110.
112, 224, 229,

dorus, Ctenonympha 252, 283,

Drepanides . .

Drepanulides

drotnedarius, Notodonta 117, 292,

drucei, LyciPnopsis..

dryas, Hipparchia . .

dubia, CEneis

dubitalis, Scoparia . .

dubitata, Triphosa

dumeteJlus, Crambus . . 155,

duplaris, Cymatophora . . 117,

edelsteni (neurica), Nonagria 46,
47, 144, 267,

edusa, Colias 36, 55, 65, 77, 78,

81, 82, 136, 137, 140. 166,

168, 200, 234, 249, 250, 251,

252, 261, 264, 281, 282, 284,

285,

edwardsii, Attacus . .

egea, Polygonia 249,250,252, 281,
283,

egeria, Pararge 55, 65, 137, 153,
194, 282, 284, 285,

egerides (egeria var.), Pararge

eisalpina (hippothoe ab.), Chryso-
phanus

eleus (phlseas ab.), Rumicia

elinguaria, Crocallis

elpenor, Eumorpha

elutata( = sordidata),HypsipetesoG,

elutella, Ephestia . .

elymi, Tapinostola . .

emarginata, Acidalia 32, 33,

emortualis, Zanclognatha . .

emutaria, Acidalia 32, 57, 66, 128,

emutata (areas ab.), Lycsena

engadinensis (comma ab.), Leu-
cania . .

302
180
154
153
239
238
285

97
180
260
286

66

295
303
246
286
285
219
293
283
264
268

260
285
154
285
293
238
285
260
94
286
214
267

302

294
122

284

297
153

287
100
179
295
187
248
45
233
300
247
261

260

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAG !•: .

eos (ilia ali.), Apatiua .. .. 101

ephialtes, Antlirocera . . . . 224

ephisius (lycaon ab.), Epinephele 287

epicachiitis, Depressaria .. .. 256

epiphilea (areania ah.), Cceno-

nvmpha . . . . . . 260

epiphron, Erebia 55, 76, 135, 159

eppingella, Proutia. . .. .. 144

Erebia 199

ergane. Pieiis .. .. .. 261

ericetaria ( = plumaria), Selidosema 248

ericetata, Eromelesia .. .. 3

ericetella, Gelechia. . .. .. 216

eremita (nionacha ah.), Lymantria 239

erinus. Papilio .. .. .. 220

eris (niobe r(?>.), Argynnis . . 87, 65
ei-os, Polyomnmtus 101, 108, 199,

260, 264

erosaria. Ennomos . . . . . . 286

erysimi (sinapis ab.), Leuco-

phasia . . . . . . 143

eiytlirina (pavonia ah.), Saturnia 260

erythiocepbala, Cerastis .. .. 296

escheri. Polyommatus 108, 135,

202, 203, 237, 249, 264, 283
esterella (putridella ah.), Depres-
saria 254, 256, 280, 281
etobvma (adyte 06.), Erebia .. 287

Euchloe ". . ■ 123

eugeniata, Acidalia. . .. .. 154

eumedon. Aricia 54, 55, 108, 264

eumenius (populi ab.), Limenitis 286

enphenoides, Euchloe . . 123, 151

euphorbi:*, Hyles . . . . . . 295

euphrosvne, Brenthis 32, 55, 75,
81, 116, 135, 138, 198, 210,

249, 287, 291, 302

Eupitbecia 242, 248

euryale, Erebia 3, 78, 81,111, 112,

155, 228
euryanax (statilinus ab.), Hippar-

chia 286

eury theme, Colias . . . . . . 186

Everes . . . . . . . . 107

Everidi 130

evias, Erebia . . 54, 55, 65, 135

exanthemaria, Cabera 31, 129, 180

exclamationis, Agrotis 177,245, 296

exigua. Laphygma . . . . 144, 293

exiguata, Eupitbecia . . . . 292

exoleta, Calocampa 52, 64, 178, 286
exomruiitica (ipbis ah.), Cci-nonym-

pha .. . .. .. 259

extensaria, Eupitbecia . . . . 58

extineta (niobe ab.), Argynnis . . 259

extranea, Leucania. . .. .. 296

exulans, Antbrocera 79, 160, 227, 228

exulis, Crymodes . . . . 144, 296

faceta, Pachnobia . . . . . . 154

fagella, Diurnea . . . . . . 215

fagi, Stauropus 76, 100, 187, 234

f-album (c-album ab.), Polygonia 102

falcataria, Drepana 57, 58, 117, 292

falsellus, Crambus .. .. .. 167

famula, Fidonia . . . . 64, 66

PAGE.

farpa (manni a/;.), Pieris .. .. 260

fascelina, Dasychira . . 116, 129

fasciata (obscuraria ab.), Gnophos 304
fasciata (urticae ab.), Aglais .. 86

fasciuncula, Miana . . . . . . 176

favicolor, Leucania 32, 57, 144

feistbanielii (podalirius var.),

Papilio . . . . 35, 65

ferrugana, Peronea. . .. .. 214

ferrugata, Coremia . . 138, 212

fervida (rubi ab.), Callophrys 130,

131, 137
festiva ( = primula;), Noctua 177, 245
festucae, Plusia .. .. 179,246

ficklini (luteago var.), Luperina

144, 296
fictilis (aquilina ?), Agrotis . . 52

filipendulse, Antbrocera 97, 99,

116, 226, 266, 295
fimbria, Triphsena 31, 177. 286, 296

fimbrialis, Tbalera 291

firmata, Thera 212

fiscberi (urticae «/>.), Aglais .. 86

fissipuncta, Dyscborista . . 246, 248
flava,Adopaea 55, 'iS, 78, 197, 226, 285
flava (astragali ah.), Antbrocera .. 260
flava (crat£egi ah.), Aporia . . 35

flavago, Citria (Xanthia) . . . . 178

flavalis, Botys 199

flaveola (astragali ab.), Antbro-
cera 260

flaveolaria, Acidalia . . . . 167

flavescens (alciphron ah.), Loweia 228
flavicincta, Polia . . . . 286, 293

flavicinctata, Entephria . . . . 73

tlavicornis, Asphalia . . 57, 117

flavipalliata (grossulariata ah.),

Abraxas . . . . . . 272

fiavofasciata, Erebia . . . . 218

flavofasciata, Larentia . . . . 154

fiavofasciata ( = lacticolor) (grossu-
lariata ab.). Abraxas 88,

131, 195, 270, 271, 304
fiavomaculata (pavonia ah.), Sat-
urnia . . . . . . 260

flavotessellata (urticae ah.), Aglais 7
fiuctuata, Melanippe 52, 154, 212

fiuctuosa, Cymatopbora . . . . 267

riuviata, Camptogramma 72, 76, 100
forficalis, Pionea . . . . . . 213

forficellus, Cbiio 246

formiciformis, i-Egeria . . . . 56

forniosa, Rbodopbwa . . . . 248

fowleri (coridon a?y.), Agriades .. 299
fraxinata, Eupitbecia 57, 181, 237

fraxini, Catocala .. .. .. 296

fritillum, Hesperia .. .. 224

fucata (aurago ab.), Tiliacea . . 286
fuliginaria, Boletobia . . 296, 300
fuliginosa, Nemeophila 116, 194, 292
fulva, Tapinostola (Nonagria) 124,

128, 176, 246
fulva (urticae ((//.), Aglais . . .. 7

fulvago, Citria (Xanthia) .. 178,286
fulvata, Cidaria .. .. .. 213

SPECIAL INDEX.

fulvescens (pyri ah.), Saturnia . . 260
fulvomaiginata (urticse ah.), Aglais

7, 106
fulvomarginata ( = luteomarginata)

(urticffi ah.), Aglais 7, 106, 107
fumata, Acidalia . . . . . . 191

furcata, Hydriomena . . . . 286

furcatellus, Crambus . . . . 214

furcula, Dieranura . . .. 117, 292

furfurana, Bactra . . . . . . 292

furuncula, Miana . . . . . . 57

fnsca, Phycis . . . . . . 214

fusca (edelsteni flb.), Nonagria .. 302
fusea (rufa ab.), Ccenobia 4, 76, 110
fusca (spini ab.), Saturnia . . 260

fuscalis,Botys .. .. 31, 213

fuscantaria, Ennomos . . 57, 58
galactodactyla, Porrittia . . 138, 207
galatea, Melanargia 53, 54, 55,

77, 225, 226, 227, 249, 252,

259, 281, 285
galbana (porcellus var.), Theretra 260
gallii, Celerio .. .. ... 168

gamma, Plusia 33, 64, 72, 154,

163, 179, 286
gaudeolus (alciphron ab.), Loweia 287
gemina, Apamea . . . . 176, 245

geminana, Anchylopera (Predisca)

51, 52, 215
geminipuncta, Nonagria . . 57, 220
genistella, Nephopteryx . . 247, 248
Geometrides.. . ." 154,179,286

germana, (Eneis .. .. .. 260

geryon, Adscita . . . . . . 187

gesticularia, Thamnonoma . . 154

gigantellus, Scba-nobius . . . . 246

gilvago, Mellinia . . 56, 178, 286

glacialis (alecto var.), Erebia 135, 160
glareosa, Noctua 76, 177, 286, 293

glauca, Hadena . . . . . . 178

glaucata, Cilix . . . . . . 285

glaucinalis, Pyralis.. 136,247, 248
Glaucopsyehe . . . . 108, 130

glorifica (Camilla ab.), Limenitis.. 286
gloriosa(grossulariata «ft.), Abraxas 271
gnapbalii, Cucullia.. 57, 144, 267, 296
goante, Erebia 78, 80,81, 159, 198,

210, 228
gonodactyla, Platyptilia 31, 33, 213
gonostigma, Notolophus 52, 151, 304
gordius (alciphron var.), Loweia

54, 55, 63, 65, 77, 101, 134,

228, 283
gorge, Erebia.. 135, 160, 200, 210

gothica, Tffiniocampa . . . . 177

graminis, Charseas . . 93, 176, 234

graphodactyla, Adkinia 126, 127,

128, 129, 159, 223, 266
grisea (albipuncta ab.), Leucania 144
grisella, Acbrcea . . . . . . 292

griseola, Lithosia . . . . 198, 233

griseomarginata (urticag ab.), Aglais

7, 86
grossulariata, Abraxas 31, 52, 87,
88, 131, 195, 197, 270, 271, 272, 304

157,

238,
162,

187,

gyrata (pupillaria ab.), Zonosoma

haggarti (pulverulenta ah.), Tasnio-
campa

halterata, Lobophora

hamellus, Crambus

hamula, Platypteryx

haraldus, Lycsenopsis

haronica, Vanessa . .

harpagula, Drepana

hartmanniana, Argyrolepia

hastata, Melanippe. .

hastiana. Peronea ..

hawortliii, Cel.Tna . .

hazeleighensis (grossulariata ah.).
Abraxas . . . . 88,

hecate, Brenthis .. 65, 249, 283,

hector, Papilio . . . . 160,

hectorides, Papilio . .

heegeriella, Lithocolletis . .

helice (edusa var.), Colias 36, 65,
264, 282,

Heliozela

helveticaria, Eupithecia . .

helvola, Orthosia . .

heparata, Eupisteria

hepatica, Xylophasia

Hepialides . .

hera, Callimorpha . .

heracleana, Depressaria

herbosana, Dicrorampha . .

herdonia (msera ab.), Parai'ge

hermione, Satyrus 101, 143, 253,
259, 281,

hertha (jurtina ab.), Epinephele . .

Hesperia

Heterocera .. .. ..64,65,

heterodactyla, Capperia

hexadactyla, Orneodes

hexapterata, Lobophora (Trichop-
teryx).. .. .. 56,

hiera, Pararge .. ..54,55,

hippocastanaria, Paehycnemia 127,
128,

hippocrepidis (stephensi), Anthro-
cera . .

hippomarathri, Depressaria 256,

hippothoe, Chrysophanus 2, 3, 53,

54,55,81,110,112, 123, 155,

223, 229, 230, 267,

hippothoe (= chryseis), Chryso-
phanus

Hirsutina

hirtaria, Biston

hispana (eoridon var.), Agriades . .

hispidaria, Nyssia . .

hispidus, Heliophobus

hispulla (jurtina var.), Epine-
phele . .

Holocacista . .

holosericata (dilutaria), Acidalia . .

honoraria, Metrocampa

hortuellus, Crambus

hiibnerella, Chelaria

humuli, Hepialus . .

hyale, Colias 36, 55, 65, 78, 81,

AGE.

154

194
212
128
127
239
163
296
215
212
214
176

271
284
161
124

284
195
181
286
32
286
286
234
216
215
287

284
261
224
116
207
213

156
136

154

97
280

287

21
108
179
300
123

56

65
195
191
154
214
216
116

SPECIAL INDEX.

XV,

PAGE.

82, 166, 168, 200, 225, 251,

252, 269, 281, 284, 285
hybridus, Smerintbus . . . . 144

Hydrtjpcia . . . . . . . . 92

hygiffia (antiopa ah.), Euvanessa . . 85
bylas, Polyommatus 55, 78, 81,

101, 108, 135, 168, 253, 283
Hyponoraeuta . . . . . . 166

hyperanthus, Enodia (Aphantopus)

31, 52, 53, 55, 65, 77, 81, 285, 287
hyperbius, Argynnis . . . . 163

hyperborea, Pachnobia . . . . 296

hyperici, Cloantba . . .. .. 260

hypochiona (argus var.), Plebeius

59, 96
hypochionoides (argus ah.), Ple-
beius . . . . . . . . 96

hypophlseas, Rumicia . . . . 268

ianira ( = jurtina), Epinephele 175, 228
iapygia, Melanargia . . . . 65

iberica (aurinia rnr.), MelitEEa 36, 65
icarinus (icarus ah.), Polyommatus

220, 227, 236, 282
icarus, Polyommatus 1, 2, 53, 55,
65,75,80,108,112,116,132,
138,139, 188, 197, 198, 211,
226, 227, 236, 237, 250, 252,
260, 265, 281, 282, 283, 285,

295, 299
ichneumoniformis, ^geria . . 75

ichnusa (urtiese ab. et var.), Aglais

6, 7, 8, 100, 304
ichnusoides ( = atrebatensis) (urticee

ab.), Aglais .. . . . . 5

ichnusoides (urticae a6.), Aglais 5,

6, 7, 8, 83
ida, Epinephele 252, 282, 283, 285

idas, Aricia .. .. .. .. 108

ignea (urticffi ah.), Aglais .. 7, 8

igneofasciata (grossulariata ab.).

Abraxas . . . . . . 272

ilia, Apatura .. .. 101, 102

ilicifolia, Gastropacha . . . . 296

ilicis, Nordmannia 54, 55, 63, 65,
77, 82, 101, 102, 249, 250,

260, 284

ilicis, Trichiura 153

illustraria, Selenia . . . . . . 57

ilos (themis «/).), Neptis .. .. 260

imitaria, Acidalia . . . . 127, 286

immaculata (paphia var.), Dryas

37, 65
immaculata (germana ah.), (Eneis 260
immanata, Cidaria . . . . . . 213

immanata( = citrata), Cidaria 265, 286
immorata, Acidalia. . ., ..57
immundella, Trifurcula . . 105, 106
impar, Bryophila . . . . 144, 296

impura, Leucania .. .. 31, 246

incanaria, Acidalia. . .. ..57

incerta, Tseniocampa . . 177, 303

indentata (pavonia ab.), Saturnia 260
infausta, Aglaope .. ..64,65, 66

infernalis, Styx 124

infidaria, Entephria (Larentia) 73, 260

PAGE.

infrabifasciata (grossulariata ah.),

Abraxas . . . . . . 272

infrafasciata (grossulariata ab.).

Abraxas 272

infraradiata (urtiese ab.), Aglais .. 8
infuscata (urticR' a^.), Aglais .. 7
ingenua (australis ah.), Aporophyla

144, 246
i-nigrum (lathonia a/^.), Issoria .. 225
initia (semiargus ab.), Cyaniris 196

ino, Brenthis 53, 54, 55, 102, 155,

198, 223, 225
intermedia (adippe ah.), Argynnis 284
intermedia (alciphron ah.), Loweia

53, 283
intermedia (potatoria ab.), Cosmo-

triche . . . . . 52

intermedia (rubi ab.), Callophrys. . 137
internana. Stigmonota . . . . 215

interrogationis. Plusia . . 179, 200
interrupta (deidamia ab.), Pararge 287
inversa (populi x ocellata), Amor-

pha 143

invittata (pyri r/^.), Saturnia .. 2G0
io, Vanessa 6, 55, 65, 75, 78, 79,
83, 84, 85, 86, 112,118,166,
199, 210, 212, 229, 268, 269,

281, 284
iochalca (grossulariata ab.),

Abraxas . . . . . . 271

ioformis (urtiese «t.), Aglais 83,

85, 86
ioides (io ((Zy.), Vanessa .. .. 6

iolas, LycEena . . . . 250, 283

iole, Nathalis 186

iole (iris a/).), Apatura .. .. 101

ioprotoformis (urticte ah.), Aglais. . 86
ipbioides, Ccenonympha 53, 54,

55, 62, 65, 101, 110, 112, 259
iphis, Ccenonympha . . 62, 65

iphita, Junonia .. 161,162, 163
iris, Apatura 31, 75, 77, 80, 101

irregularis, Dianthoecia . . . . 57

irriguana, Sericoris. . .. .. 214

irrorella, Setina . . . . . . 295

isis (pales a&.), Brenthis .. .. 135

isokrates (alciphron ab.), Loweia. . 287
jacobsese, Hipocrita 99, 100, 138,

245, 295
janira ( = jurtina), Epinephele 75,
115, 166, 168, 225, 226, 228,

285, 295, 297
janthina, Triphsena 177, 217, 286
jasius, Charaxes . . . . . . 95

jugurtha ^amathusia ab.), Brenthis 286
juniperata, Thera .. .. .. 212

jurtina (janira), Epinephele 53,
55, 65, 75, 77, 78, 116, 166,
168, 225, 226. 228, 249, 250,
251, 259, 261, 281, 285, 287,

295, 297
killiasi (argus var.), Plebeius 168,

197, 198
klemensiewicsi (atalanta ab.),

Pyrameis . . . . . . 85

XVI.

SPECIAL INDEX.

181
153

7

296

PAGE.

koreana (argus var.), Plebeius .. 96

laburnella, Cemiostoma . . . . 217

lacertinaria, Platypteryx 57, 58, 117

lachesis, Melanargia . . 62, 65
lactea-nigi-a (grossulariata ah.),

Abraxas . . . . . . 271

lactea-sparsa (grossulariata ab.),

Abraxas . . . . . . 271

lactearia, lodis . . . . 57, 245

lacticolor ( = flavofasciata) (grossu-
lariata ab.), Abraxas 88,

131, 195, 270, 271, 304

lacunana, Sericoris . . . . 214

ladakensis (urticas ab.), Aglais 6, 7

1-album, Leucania . . 154, 265, 296

Lampididi . . . . . . . . 107

lanceolana, Bactra (lancedana in

error) . . 127, 128, 214

lanestris, Lachneis . . . . . . 233

lanka, LycEenopsis . . . . . . 238

laodice, Argynnis . . . . . . 97

lapidata, Phibalapteryx . . 208, 300

lapponaria, Nyssia . . .56, 93, 296
lariciata, Eupithecia
Lasiocarapides

latericolor (urticae ah.), Aglais

lathonia, Issoria 37, 55, 65, 78,

79, 80, 81, 82,155,167,168,

199, 210, 225, 229, 250, 267,

282, 284, 294,

latibalteata (urticai ab.), Aglais .. 8

latifasciata (ilicis ab.), Nordmannia 260

Latiorina . . . . . . . . 108

latistrius, Crambus . . . . 247

latreillei, Arctia . . . . . . 154

lavatherse, Erynnis. . ..54,55, 238

lemnata, Cataclysta . . . . 33

leonina (dia a&.), Brenthis .. 286

leovigilda (napi ab.), Pieris . . 286

leporina, Acronycta . . . . 129

lepraria (sepiaria ah.), Tephrosia.. 261

Leucania . . . . . . . . 92

leucographa, Pachnobia . . . . 303

leucomelas (galatea ab.), Melan-
argia . . . . . . . . 281

leucophtearia, Hybernia . . . . 24

leucosoma (rapte a&.), Pieris .. 260

leucotasnia (aBthiops ab.), Erebia . . 225
levana, Araschnia 45, 46, 84, 86,

204, 205, 223

libatrix, Gonoptera. . .. 178, 286

licbenaria, Cleorodes (Cleora) 179,

187, 246

lichenea, Epunda . . . . 56, 293

lienigialis, Pyralis . . . . . . 300

lienigianus ( = septodactyla), Oven-

denia 207

ligea, Erebia 78, 80, 81, 111, 200, 260

ligniperda, Cossus . . . . . . 93

ligustri, Acronycta . . . . . . 92

limbaria, Fidonia . . . . . . 191

limbata, Lycsenopsis . . . . 238

Limenitis . . . . . . . . 102

limitata, Eubolia . . . . . . 213

linariata, Eupithecia 33, 216, 234

176,

93,

linearia, Zonosoma
lineata, Deilephila . .
lineata, Scoria

lineola, Adopjea 55, 65, 155, 168,
197, 199, 249, 250, 251,
lineola (rufa ab.), Ccenobia 4, 76,
lineola, Scoparia . .
linneella, Chrysoclista
literosa, Miana
lithai'gyria, Leucania
lithodactylus, OidEematophorus
lithoriza, Xylocampa
Lithosiides . .
lithoxylea, Xylophasia
littoralis. Leucania..
littoralis, Sericoris . .
litura, Anchocelis (Orthosia) 64,
66, 177,
liturata, Macaria . . . . 180,

livida (icarus ab.), Polyommatus . .
lividaria, Nychiodes
livornica, Phryxus . . 52, 72, 186,
Lobophora . .
lobulata ( = carpinata), Lobophora

(Trichopteryx) .. 156,

longicornis( = virgella), Gelechia ..
lonicerse, Anthrocera 64, 66, 168,
198,
lota, Anchocelis (Orthosia) 177, 187,
lotella, Anerastia
lubricipeda, Spilosoma
Luceria . . . .

lucina, Nemeobius 53, 55, 188,

267,
lucipara, Euplexia . .
lugubrata, Larentia
luna (urticae ab.), Aglais
luntedactyla (phffiodactyla)

marcha
lunaria, Selenia
lunaris, Ophiodes . .
lundana, Anchylopera
lunosa, Anchocelis . .
lunigera, Agrotis
Luperina

luridaria (ata), Tephrosia
lurideola, Lithosia . .198, 226, 229,
lutea, Citria . .
lutea (grossulariata ab.

178,

2l'l',

Maras-

286,

268,
194,

Abraxas
271,

lutea (urticae ab.), Aglais

luteago, Luperina . . . . 144,

lutealis, Scopula . . 213, 245,
lutearia, Cleogene . .
luteolata, Kumia

luteomarginata (urticss ab.), Aglais
7, 106,
lutescens (trifolii ab.), Anthrocera
lutulenta, Epunda . .
Lycajna . . . . 108, 156,

Lycanidi

Lycffinopsis . . . . . . 238,

lycaon, Epinephele 65, 81, 82, 166,
168, 225, 228, 285,
lychnitis, Anchocelis

AGE.

286
186
191

283
110
293
220
176
286
207
31
285
286
247
214

286
292
260
260
295
157

157
216

226
293
93
268
156

299
286
194
212

207
17^
154
215
293
246
304
292
233
286

272
7
296
248
200
179

107
295
178
162
130
239

287
286

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

lycidas (zephyrus var.), Plebeius

54, 55, 108, 134
lygdamus, Glaucopsyche . . . . 130

lynceus (spini ab.), Klugia 68, 65

lysicles (rapai ah.), Pieris . . . . 286

lysithous, Papillo . . . . . . 124

macbaon, Papilio 14, 15, 16, 17,

35, 55, 65, 77, 79, 113, 114,

115, 137, 146, 147, 148, 204,

220, 229, 252, 267, 284
macilenta, Orthosia 177, 286, 293

macilentaria, Acidalia .. ..66

macrophthalma (lycaon ab.), Epi-

nepbele 287

maculata (aria), Venilia 31, 66,

138, 154, 187, 296
maculipennis, Plutella . . . . 216

maculosana, Eupa^cilia . . . . 138

majra, Paraige 54, 55, 65, 78, 82,

110, 1-59, 198, 210, 228, 282,

284, 287
raagniguttata (urticfE ab.), Aglais. . 7
magnilunulata (urticse ab.), Aglais 8
magninotata (urticse ab.), Aglais . . 8
magnipuncta (urticae al).), Aglais. . 8
maha, Zizera . . . . . . 239

maja, Argynnis .. .. .. 286

major (carthami <(/);), Hesperia .. 260
major (lonicerae ab.), Antbro-

cera . . . . . . . . 226

makropis (pavonia ab.), Saturnia. . 260
malvae, Hesperia 31, 53,54, 55, 65,

100, 123, 138, 139, 267, 281,

283, 295
Mamestra . . . . . . . . 92

manni, Pieris 37, 38, 40, 66, 68,

70, 71, 72, 118, 137, 149,

150, 251, 260, 281, 284
manto, Erebia 78, 79, 81, 110, 112

margaritata (aria), Metrocampa

179, 291
margaritellus, Crambus . . . . 214

marginana, Penthina . . 128, 214
raarginaria, Hybernia . . . . 180

marginata, Lomaspilis . . 129, 180
marginata, Lyca;nopsis . . . . 238

marginata (coridon ab.), Agi'iades 300
maritima, Senta . . . . . . 246

masseyi (argus var.), Plebeius 58,

59, 96
matura (cytherea), Cerigo . . 127, 286
maturna, Melitaea .. .. .. 112

maura. Mania . . . . . . 217

mecbowianus, Papilio . . . . 100

medesicaste (rumina var.), Thais 65
raedon( = escheri), Polyommatus . . 237
medusa, Erebia . . . . 53, 55

megaera, Pararge 55, 65, 78, 137,

139, 153, 249, 251, 281,284,

287, 295
megacephala, Cuspidia (Pharetra)

92, 286
meigii( = miegii) (virgaureaj var.),

Heodes . . . . 63, 65

melampus, Melampias 1, 78, 79,

PAGE.

80, 81, 110, 112, 1.59, 168,

199, 229
melanops, Glaucopsyche (Nomi-

ades)' 61, 62, 108, 130, 196,

229, 260
melanozona (grossulariata ab.),

Abraxas . . . . . . 88

meleager, Polyommatus (Agriades)

101, 108, 203, 2-52, 2.53, 260,

264, 283
meliloti ( = viciffi), Anthrocera 65,

66, 224

Melitffia 223

melotis, Hesperia .. .. .. 281

menalcas (schrenckii ab.), Pararge 287
mendica, Spilosoma . . 32, 150

mensuraria, Eubolia 3, 111, 159,

198, 210, 226, 229, 233
menthastri, Spilosoma . . . . 116

menyanthidis, Pharetra . . 57, 176
mercurella, Scoparia . . . . 94

mercuriana, Pamplusia . . , . 215
meridionalis (coridon var.), Agri-

ades 299, 300

meridionalis (didyma var.), Melitaea 281
meridionalis-hiemalis (coridon var.),

Agriades . . . . . . 300

meridionalis- vernalis (coridon t;ar.),

Agriades . . . . . . 300

merope (auriniatvi?-.), Melitaea 135, 264
meticulosa, Phlogophora 76, 129, 178

mi, Euclidia 179

miata, Cidaria .. .. 213, 286

micacea, Hydrcecia 145, 176, 246, 293
micana, Sericoris . . 236, 237, 294
micipsa (rapae rti^.), Pieris. . .. 286

micrargus (argus ab.), Plebeius .. 96
microdactyla, Adaina . . . . 32

mierophthalmica (spini ab.), Sat-
urnia.. .. .. .. 260

miegii (virgaurete var.), Heodes

63, 65, 301
miniata, Callfgenia . . 224, 233

minimus, Cupido 51, 54, 55, 65,

78, 107, 130, 136, 139, 168,

188, 196, 220, 252, 267, 283, 301
miniosa, Tteniocampa . . 187, 303
ministrana, Tortrix . . . . 214

minor (minimus ab.), Cupido . . 220
minor (orbifer a/;.), Powellia .. 260
minor (sao ab.), Powellia . . . . 260

minos (pilosellffi), Anthrocera . . 266
mixtana, Peronea . . . . . . 214

mnemosyne, Parnassius 54, 55,

135,261, 264
mnestra, Erebia . . . . 80, 135

modestalis, Herminia . . . . 168

mocra (-maera), Pararge .. 282, 284
monacha, Lymantria . . . . 239

moneta, Plusia .. .. .. 292

mongolicella, Depressaria . . . . 255

monodactyla, Emmelina . . . . 207

monoglypha (polyodon), Xylo-

phasia (Mamestra) 52, 92,

176, 280

SPECIAL INDEX.

montanata, Melanthia
mooreanus, Papilio
mori, Bombyx
morpheus, Caradrina
morpheus, Heteropterns
mucidaria, Gnophos
multistrigaria, Larentia
munda, Tseniocampa
mundana, Nudaria
munitata, Coremia..
muralis, Bryophila
murinata, Minoa . .
musciformis, M^eria,
musculana, Cnephasia
musculosa, Synia . .
mutata, Acidalia
mygindana, Eucbromia
myopiformis, Mgeria.
myricffi, Arctomyscis
myrtillana, Anchylopera
myrtilli, Anarta

PAGE.

112,212, 233
.. 162
..118
..245

.. 223, 283
..154
..180
..303
..234
212

.. 234, 298
31, 187
. . 75
..214
..296
..168
..214
. . 75
57, 176
..215

154, 179, 187

ntevana, Anchylopera (Psedisca) 51, 215

nseviferella (stipella ah.), Nannodia 248

nanata, Eupithecia 181, 187, 286

nanatella, Depressaria . . . . 279

napseffi (napi var.), Pieris 35, 65, 249
napi, Pieris 32, 35, 54, 55, 65, 98,
99, 113, 115, 118, 120, 138,
140, 193, 198, 229, 233,249,

251, 264, 284, 285, 286, 294

neanthes (zoolina ah.), Charaxes 268

nebulosa, Aplecta 76, 99, 140, 304

nedda, Lycfenopsis. .
nemoralis, Platyptilia
neomyris, Hippavchia
Neopithecops
Neptieula

nerine, Erebia 198

nervosa, Depressaria
nesis (napi ah.), Pieris
neurica, Nonagria . .
neustria, Malacosoma
nickerlii, Luperina. .
nietitans, Hydrcecia
niediecki (edusa ah.), Colias
niedieeki (ergane ah.), Pieris
nigra, Epunda

..238

..111

. . 95

..239

..106

199, 200, 201

. . 93

..286

47

127

304

127, 176, 286

.. 261

.. 261

178, 293

Teph-

46,

nigricans, Agrotis

nigricaria (urticse ah.), Aglais 6,

nigricostata (grossul.xriata ah.).

Abraxas
nigricostata (urticfe ah.), Aglais . .
nigridorsata (urtiese ab.), Aglais . .
nigripunctella. Tinea

nigra (crepuscularia ah.),

rosia . . . . . . . . 95

nigra (grossulariata ah.), Abraxas 272
nigra (repandata ah.), Boarmia . . 304
nigra (sepiaria ah.), Tephrosia . . 261
nigra (= nigricaria) (urtiese ah.),

Aglais . . . . 6, 7

nigracserulea (nitocris rt7^.), Ar-

gynnis .. 186, 293, 294

nigrescens(plumbarian'&.), Eubolia 194
nigrescens (luridaria a&.), Tephrosia 194

52

271

7

8

86

PAGE.

nigrita (= nigricaria) (urticre ah.),

Aglais . . . . . . 6

nigrocEerulea (grossulariata ah.).

Abraxas . . . . . . 272

nigrofasciaria, Anticlea . . . . 212

nigrofasciata (grossulariata ah.).

Abraxas . . . . . . 272

nigrofasciata (infidarianft.), Laren-
tia 260

nigrolutea (grossulariata ah.).

Abraxas . . . . . . 88

nigrosparsata (grossulariata ah.),

Abraxas .. 87, 271, 272

nigrovenata (grossulariata ah.).

Abraxas . . . . . . 271

nikator (daphne ah.), Brenthis . . 287
nikokles (lycaon ah.), Epinephele 287
niobe, Argynnis 1, 37, 55, 65, 80,

97, 112, 113, 155, 159, 168,

210, 229, 259
nireus, Papilio . . . . . . 220

nitocris, Argynnis . . 186, 293, 294
niveana, Leptogramma . . . . 214

niveus, Acentropus . . . . . . 300

nivifera (coridon a^.), Agriades .. 300
nixa (urtiese at.), Aglais . . 6, 7, 8
nobiliaria, Entephria . . . . 73

Ncctuffi 92, 298

Noctuidse . . . . 88, 89, 90, 92

Noctuides .. .. 154, 176, 286

Nolides 285

Nomiades . . . . . . . . 130

Nonagria . . . . . . . . 92

nostradamus, Gegenes . . 95, 283
Notarthrinus . . . . . . 239

notata, Macaria . . . . 31, 234

Nothopteryx . . . . . . 157

Notodontides . . . . . . 285

nubeculosa, Petasia (Asteroscopus)

123, 144
nubilalis, Botys . . . . . . 300

nubilata (urticae t/7).), Aglais .. 7
nupta, Catocala . . . . . . 286

nympheata, Hydrocampa 126, 128, 213
obelisca, Agrotis . . . . 52, 286

obeliscata, Thera . . . . . . 198

oberthueri (phlteas ah.), Rumicia 73
obfuscata, Dasydia (Gnophos) 155,

159, 198, 229
oblitescens (spini ah.), Saturnia 2G0
oblongata, Eupithecia . . 33, 181

obscura (arion var.), Lycsena 55,

78, 82, 218, 283
obscura (ceto ah.), Erebia 136, 264

obscura (urticas rt/j.), Aglais .. 7

obscurata (aria), Gnophos (Hypos-

cotis) 57, 126, 245, 266, 304
obsoleta, Leucania . . . . 245, 246

obsoleta (coridon ((6.), Agriades .. 263
obsoleta (hyperanthus «/*.), Aphan-

topus (Enodia) . . . . 52

obsoleta (meleager ah.), Polyom-

matus (Agriades) . . . . 260

occidentalis (didyma ?'«?•.), Melitfea

36, 05, 281

SPECIAL INDEX.

occitanica (phcjebe var.), Melitsea

36,

ocellana, Depressaria
ocellaris (euryale ab.), Eiebia
ocellata, Melanthia. . .. 212,

ocellata (cardui ab.), Pyrameis . .
ocellatus, Siuerinthus 100, 143,
ochracea, Gortyna . .
ochracea (setbiops v(ir.), Erebia . .
ochrata, Acidalia . . . . 57,

ocbrearia, Aspilates
ochreofasciata (pavonia ah.),

Saturnia
ochrodactyla, Gillmeria
ochroleuca, Eicmobia
ochsenheimeri, Antbrocera
ocularis, Cymatopbora . . 57,
ofenia (arion ab.), Lyciuua
oleracea, Hadena . . . . 33,

olivacea (cbi var.), Polia . .
olivata, Larentia . . 57, 180,

ononaria. Aplasia ..
onopordi, Hesperia. .
opbiogramma, Apamea
ophtbalmicana, Pcucilocbroma . .
optilete, Vacciniina 80, 81, 108,
112, 167, 168, 199,
or, Cymatopbora . . . . 57,
ovbifer, Powellia
orbitulus, Latiorina (Polyommatus)

82, 108, 112, 122, 135, 210,
orbona (subsequa), Tripbasna 31,

66,
ordona (meera ab.), Pararge
oregonensis, Eucbietias
orientalis (arcania var.), Cctno-

nympba
orientalis (argus var.), Plebeius ..
orion, Moma . . . . 92,

orion, Scolitantides .. 55,

ornata, Acidalia
Orneodides . .
Ornix. .

osborni (urticae ab.), Aglais 6,

osiris( = sebrus), Cupido .. 152,
osseana, Apbelia . .
osseata, Acidalia

ostbelderi (virgaure;e ab.), Heodes
ostrinalis, Ennycbia (Pyrausta) 33,
oxyacantbai, Litbocolletis. .
oxyacantbffi, Miselia . . 178,

oxyacantbella, Himtethis . .
palsemon, Cyclopides 53, 55,

palieno, Colias 79, 80, 82, 113,

palealis, Spilodes . .
pales, Breiilhis 79, 80, 81, 82, 111,

113, 135, 210, 230, 259,260,
pallens, Leucania .. 31,176,

pallescens (rufa ab.), Ca-uobia 4,

76,
pallida, Scoparia . . . . 246,

pallida (pamphilus ab.), Cccno-

nynipba
pallida (tbetis ab.), Agriades
pallida (virgaureos ab.), Heodes . .

LGE. I PAGE.

' pallidactyla, Gillmeria . . 32, 213

281 pallorella, Depressaria . . . . 246

216 palpina, Pterostoma . . 117, 247

228 i paludata, Carsia 213

286 I paludis, HydrcKcia .. ..32,33, 246

259 i palustrana, Mixodia . . . . 214
292 i palustrella, Dorypbora . . . . 292

33 I palustris, Hydrilla 296

225 i palustris (pales a6.), Brentbis .. 286

66 pampbilus, Canonympba 52, 55,

154 65, 81, 101, 112, 116, 138,
139, 168, 188, 197, 210, 226,

260 249, 252, 281, 285
207 pandalis, Botys . . . . 32, 138
264 pandora, Dryas .. ..37,65, 95

155 panoptes (baton ab.), Scolitantides 65
93 papbia, Dryas 36, 37, 51, 63, 65,

198 75, 77, 78, 80, 100, 188, 229,

17» 252, 265, 267, 268, 284, 285,

304 291, 294

286 Papilio . . 100, 160, 161, 162
191 papilionaria, Geometra . . 179, 194
224 paradoxa, Heterogynis . . 64, 66
234 pariana, Simiuthis . . . . . . 215

215 parinda, Papilio . . . . . . 161

partbenias, Brepbos . . 57, 118

200 parthenie, Melitsea 36, 53, 54, 55,
117 65, 81, 135, 250, 252, 284, 302

260 parvidactyla, Oxyptilus . . 32, 207

parviguttata (urticaj ab.), Aglais .. 7

242 parvilunulata (urcicie ab.), Aglais 8

parvinotata (urticse ab.), Aglais . . 8

128 parvipuncta (urticce ah.), Aglais ..

287 pascuellus, Crambus . . . . 66
145 passetii (bistortata ab.), Tepbrosia 95

pastinum, Toxocampa (Opbiusa) 32, 246

260 paupercula (pandora ab.), Dryas . . 65

96 pavonia, Saturnia 31, 117, 154,
304 157, 185, 260, 285, 296

108 pectinea, Incurvaria . . . . 215

138 pedaria, Pbigalia . . 30, 100, 179, 187

213 pendularia, Zonosoma . . 180, 304

86 penkleriana, Ancbylopera . . . . 215
7 pennaria, Himera . . . . 140, 179

153 pennella, Heterogynis . . 64, 66

215 I pennigerraria, Eurrantbis. . 64, 66

167 I pentadactyla, Alucita 192, 207, 266

287 ; peribolata, Ortbolitba . . 64, 66

213 perla, Bryopbila . . . . . . 234

87 ' perlellus, Crambus . . . . . . 214

286 I perlepidana, Stigmonota . . . . 215

215 ! perocbraria, Acidalia . . . . 191

267 persepbatta, Cyaniris . . . . 108

135 1 persica (semiargus at.), Cyaniris. . 196

33 I persicaritc, Mamestra . . . . 90

[ petraria, Panagra (Lomaspilis) 154, 180

286 petriticata( = socia), Xylina .. 293

286 peucedanella( = putridella), Depres-
saria . . . . . . . . 221

110 ' peucedanella (putridella var.), De-
248 j pressaria 253, 254, 256, 280, 281

I peucedani (epbialtes ab.), Antbro-

101 cera 224

203 peucedani (putridella var.), De-
260 pressaria . . . . . . 280

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

pflugiana, Halonota . . . . 215

phffiodactyla ( = lunsedactyla),

Marasmarcha . . . . 207

phalanta, Atella . . . . 162, 163

phegea, Syntomis . . . . . . 224

pheretes, Albulina 82, 108,112,,

L59, 210
phicomone, Colias 81, 82, 1.55.

159, 200, 210, 230, 292
philarchus, Kallima . . 161, 164

pbilea ( = epiphilea) (arcania ah.),

Ccenonympha . . . . 260

philenor, Papilio (Laertias) 114, 115,

146, 147, 148, 157, 158, 161
phillippina, Lycasnopsis . . . . 238

philonomus ( = £egidion) (argus ah.),

Plebeius ..... ..96

phlseas, Eumicia 51, 52, 55, 63, 65,

73, 75, 100, 116, 226, 168,

235, 249, 250, 267, 283, 285,

295, 301
pbabe, Melitsea 36, 54, 55, 77,

81, 101, 168, 198, 281, 284
phtcbus, Heodes . . . . . . 73

phormia (jurtina ah.), Epinephele 287
pbragmitellus, Chilo . . . . 32

phragmitidis, Calamia . . 32, 247
picata, Cidaria (Euphyia) . . 233, 247
pictaria, Aleucis . . . . . . 56

Pieris 99

pilosaria ( = pedaria), Phigalia .. 30
pilloselliB, Oxyptilus . . . . 168

pimpinellata, Eupithecia . . . . 57

pinellus, Crambus . . . . . . 214

pinetaria, Fidonia . . . . . . 159

piniaria, Bupalus . . 52, 180, 265

pinieolana, Evetria . . 3, 4

piniperda, Panolis . . . . . . 177

pisi, Hadena . . 178, 216, 286

pistacina, Ancbocelis . . . . 293

pityocampa, Cnetbocampa . . 230

plagiata, Anaitis 138, 154, 213 286

plantaginis, Nemeopbila 111, 116, 187

Plebeiidi 107, 108

Plebeius 108

plecta, Noctua . . . . 177, 293

plexippus, Anosia . . . . . . 186

plumaiia, Selidosema 128, 247, 248
plunibaria, Eubolia . . 194, 213

plumbeolata, Eupithecia . . . . 31

pluniigera, Ptilophora . . . . 187

pluniistiaria, Eurrantbis (Fidonia)

137, 154
plumularia, Antbometra . . . . 66

Plusia 3

podalirius, IpbicHdes (Papilio) 35,

53, 55, 65, 77, 78, 115, 1-53,

2.52, 284
prodarcina (actfea ah.), Minois . . 286
polaris (urticaj ah.), Aglais 5, 6, 7
polata, Entephria . . . . . . 73

politana, Cnepbasia . . . . 214

polonus (coridon ah.), Aglais . . 244
polychloroides (urticse ah.), Aglais 7

PAGE.

polycbloros, Eugonia 7, 55, 65, 75,

77, 102, 223, 233, 250, 284
polygrammata, Pbibalapteryx . . 300
polyodon (=monoglypha), Xylo-

pbasia . . . . . . 52

Polyommatus . . . . 108, 203

polytes, Papilio . . 160, 161, 163
pomifoliella, Litbocolletis. . .. 86

popularis, Heliophobus . . . . 129

populata, Cidaria . . 210, 213, 229
populi, Amorpba . . 116, 143, 292
populi, Limenitis . . . . . . 286

populi, Poecilocampa 58, 116, 153

porata, Epbyra (Zonosonia) 233, 247
porcellus, Theretra .. 260. 285

portlandiea (mercurella ah.), Sco-

paria . . . . . . . . 94

potatoria, Cosmotricbe . . 52, 303
praeformata, Anaitis . . . . 66

prfficox, Actebia . . . . 93, 177

j)rasina, Apleeta . . . . . . 178

prasinana, Hylopbila 31, 187, 303

pratellus, Crambus . . . . 66, 213

primulEB (festiva), Amatbes (Noctua) 245
probopcidalis, Hypena . . . . 179

proceliata, Melanthia . . . . 247

processionea, Cnetbocampa . . 230

procida (galatea var.), Melanargia 249
prodiga (Camilla «&.), Limenitis .. 286
progemmaria, Hybernia . . 30, 187
pronuba, Tripbsena 31, 64, 129,

177, 217, 286
prorsa (levana var.), Araschnia 46,

84, 86, 204, 205, 223
prosapiaria, Ellopia . . 179, 248

protea(us), Hadena (Dryobota) 178,

187, 286
pruinata, Pseudoterpna . . . . 286

prunata, Cidaria . . . . . . 213

pruni, Strymon . . . . . . 102

pseudsegon (argus ah.), Plebeius . . 96
pseudonomiori (apollo var.), Par-

nassius .. .. 102, 300

pseudospretella, CEcopbora . . 216

pseudothalia (pales ab.), Brenthis 259

psi, Triffina 123, 176

Psycbides . . . . . . . . 154

psylorita, Aricia . . . . . . 108

pterodactyla, Stenoptilia . . 168, 207
Pteropboridae . . . . . . 191

Pterophorus (Alucita) . . . . 192

Pterophorus 192, 266

pudibunda, Dasycbira .. 31, 129
puellula (Camilla aJ).), Limenitis .. 286
pulcbella, Deiopeia . . . . . . 295

pulchellata, Eupithecia 154, 181,

216, 248
pulchra (exulans ah.). Anthrocera

227, 228
pulcbrina, Plusia . . . . . . 179

pulla, Epichnopteryx . . . . 154

pulveralis, Psamotis . . . . 300

pulveraria, Numeria 180, 260, 286

pulverulenta, Tasniocampa . . 194

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

pumilata,Eupithecia(Tephi-oclystis)

56, 154, 181, 304
puncta (thetis ab.), Agriades 203,

211, 227
punetaria, Ephyra . . . . . . 233

punctidactyla, Amblyptilia . . 213

punctijuncta (urticae ab.), Aglais . . 8
punctulaiia. Tepbrosia .. .. 179

pupillaria, Zonosoma . . . . 154

purbeckensis (dubitalis ab.), Scop-
aria . . . . . . . . 94

purpuralis, Antbrocera 168, 210, 301
purpuralis, Pyrausta . . 33, 167

purpuraria, Lytbria . . 64, 191

pusaria, Cabera . . . . 129, 180

pnspa, Celastiina . . . . 238, 239

puta, Agrotis . . . . . . 154

putrida ( = putridella), Depressaria 194
putridella, Depressaria 194, 221,
222, 223, 253,254, 255, 256,
257, 276, 278, 279, 280, 281, 303
pygrajia (urfcica! ab.), Aglais 6, 7, 8
pygm.Teila, Argyrestbia . . . . 216

pygmteola, Litbosia . . . . 57

pyrabata, Cidaria . . . . . . 286

Pyralides 213

pyralina, Calymnia. . .. .. 234

Pyraloides . . . . . . . . 98

pyramidea, Ampbipyra . . 187, 286
pyrenaica, Latiorina . . . . 108

pyrenaica (argus var.), Plebeius . . 96
pyrenaica (atrata var.), Tanagra 64
pyrenaica (edusa «/>.), Colias .. 36
pyri, Saturnia . . . . . . 260

quadra, ffinistis .. .. .. 295

quadrifasciaria, Coremia . . . . 32

quadripunctata, Caradrina 176,

286, 293
quercana, Pbibalocera . . . . 216

quercifolia, Eutricha . . . . 245

quercus, Bitbys 65, 95, 187, 252, 284
quercus, Lasiocampa 31, 45, 93,

117, 151, 187, 200, 220, 292
radiata (urticas «().), Aglais .. 7

radiata (grossulariata ab.), Abraxas 272
ramburialis, Diasema . . . . 300

ramella, Ancbylopera . . . . 215

ramosella, Depressaria . . . . 256

rapas, Pieris 32, 37, 38, 40, 55, 65,
67, (59, 70, 71, 77, 78, 79, 80,
81, 99, 113, 115, 118, 119,
120, 137, 138, 149, 150, 155,
164, 160, 198, 202,210,226,
229, 233, 249, 250, 251, 260,

281, 284, 285, 286, 292
reelusa, Clostera .. 21,56, 292

rectangulata, Eupitbecia . . . . 181

rectilinea, Hyppa .. .. .. 178

reducta (pavonia ab.), Saturnia . . 260
remutaria, Acidalia . . . . 57

repandata, Boarmia 31, 56, 179,

237, 267, 286, 304
resinella, lletinia . . . . . . 215

reticulata, Cidaria . . . . 52, 267

reticulata, Neuronia (Neuria) 187, 245

rezniceki (coridon ab.), Agriades 299
rbamni, Gonepteryx 32, 55, 65,

75, 77, 78, 118, 153, 265
rheediella, Pyrodes. . .. ..44

rbizolitba, Xylina . . . . 33, 293

rbododactyla, Eucnemidopborus . . 22
ribeana, Tortrix . . . . . . 214

ridens, Cymatopbora (Asphalia)

296, 304
ripaj, Agrotis . . . . . . 247

ripertella, Megasis . . . . . . 66

ripte, Lycoenopsis . . . . . . 238

rivata, Melanippe .. .. .. 233

rivillei, Holocasista. . .. .. 195

rivulana, Sericoris . . . . . . 214

rizana (= cascbmirensis)

ab.), Aglais . .
roboris, Lieosopis
robsoni (nebulosa

6
65

var.),

(urticaj

5,

63, 64,

Aplecta

76, .304
.. 238
ab.),

roma, Lycsenopsis . .
romanorum (alciphron

Loweia 287

rosana, Tortrix • • . . . . 214

rossii (manni var.), Pieris 149, 150,

251, 260, 284
rossi (manni t/«/-.), Pieris . . .. 260

rotbliebii (tipbon var.), Goenonym-

pba . . . . . . . . 52

rotbscbildi ( = inversa), Amorpha 143
ruberata, Hypsipetes . . . . 212

rubi, Callophrys 55, 62, 65, 116,

130, 131, 137, 138, 153, 177,

187, 220, 233, 250,267, 284
rubi, Macrotbylacia 117, 143, 153,

227, 292

rubi, Noctua 129

rubidata, Anticlea . . . . . . 247

rubiginata, Acidalia . . 32, 66

rubria (atalanta ab.), Pyrameis . . 286
rubricata, Acidalia . . . . . . 57

rubrocbrea (urticae ab.), Aglais . . 7
rubrolutea (grossulariata ab.),

Abraxas . . . . . . 272

rufa (despecta), Ccenobia 4, 76,

108, 110, 128, 123, 246
rufana, Peronea . . . . . . 214

rufata, Cbesias . . . . 154, 213

rufescens, Ceratopbora . . . . 248

rufescens (costalis ab.), Pyralis . . 136
rufescens (edelsteni ab.), Nonagria 302
rufescens (lineata a}>.), Deilephila 186
rufescens (pbragmitidis ab.),

Calamia 247

rufescens-nigroc8erulea(nitocrisaft.),

Argynnis .. .. 293, 294

rufilius (byperanthus ab.), Apban-

topus (Enodia) . . . . 287

rufina, Ancbocelis . . . . 177, 293

rufomarginata (tbetis «/>.), Agriades 260
rumicis, Pbaretra . . . . 176, 303

rumina, Thais . . . . 65, 153

rupicapraria, Hybcrnia . . 30, 180
rurea, Xylopbasia . . . . 93, 176

rusalka (eupbrosyne ab.), Brenthis 287

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

rusfcicana, Clepsis . . . . 128, 219

rusticata, Acidalia . . . . 32, 57

rutilus (dispar rar.), Chrysophanus

13, 154, 188, 223, 224, 267
sacraria, Sterrha . . . . . . 66

salicalis, Madopa . . . . . . 300

salicata, Larentia . . . . . . 180

salicis, Leucoma . . . . . . 167

salinellus, Crambus . . 246, 247

salmacis (astrarche var.), Aricia . . 267
salnionicolor (urticaB ab.), Aglais 6, 7
salona (lycaon a?^.), Epinephele .. 287
sambucaria, Ourapteryx 93, 234, 235
sanguinaria, Lythria . . 64, 65

sankara, Neptis . . . . . . 260

sao, Powellia 53, 54, 55, 63, 65,

81, 136, 249, 260, 283
saporta) (sebrus), Cupido . . . . 153

sapphirus( = escheri) , Polyommatus

202, 2U3, 237
sapphirus (thefis ah.), Agriades

203, 204
sardoa (icarus ab.), Polyommatus 260
sarpedon, Anthrocera . . 65, 66
satellitia, Scopelosoma 178, 286, 293
saturaiia (pulveraria ab.), Numeria 260
saturatior (elymi ab.), Tapinostola 45
saturatior (pavonia ab.), Saturnia 260
satyrata, Eupithecia
satyrion, Coenonympha

saucia, Peridroma . .
sauciana, Pentbina. .
scabiosata, Eupithecia
schalleriana, Peronea
schimse (arcania ab.),
nympha

32, 181
80, 155,

159, 200

177, 286, 293

..214

. . 33

..214

Coeno-

.. 259

schmidtii (phleeas ab.), Rumicia . . 51
schmidtii ( = alba) (phl^as ab.),

Eumicia .. .. 234, 301

schrenckii, Pararge. . .. .. 287

schulziana, Mixodia . . . . 214

schwarziella, Nemophora . . 138, 215
Scolitantides . . . . . . 108

scopariata, Tephroclystis . . . . 154

scortina (staudingeri ab.), Orrhodia 154
sebrus, Cupido 54, 55, 152, 153,

196, 253, 260, 283
secalis, Apamea . . . . . . 286

segesta (sankara ah.), Neptis . . 260
segetum, Agrotis 57, 245, 286, 293

segusiana (arethusa ab.), Hippar-

chia 286

selasellus, Crambus . . 127, .246

selene, Brenthis 53, 76, 113, 116,

218, 284, 294
selysi (urticffi ab.), Aglais 6, 7
semele, Hipparchia 54, 65, 77, 78,

116, 126, 166, 167, 168, 210,

226, 228, 252, 264, 281, 285
semiargus, Cyaniris 2,51,53,55,

65, 75, 77, 108, 112, 130,

132, 133, 152, 153, 155, 159,

168, 196, 198, 210, 211, 223,

226, 228, 229, 295 I spini, Klugia

PAGE.

semibrunnea, Xylina . . . . 293

semibrunnea(coridona^.), Agriades

263, 264
semifutvella. Tinea. . .. .. 292

semi-icarinus (icarus ah.), Agriades 227
semi-syngrapha (coridon ab.),

Agriades . . . . . . 295

semi-violacea (grossulariata ab.),

Abraxas . . . . . . 88

senecionis, Homoeosoma . . . . 32

senex, Nudaria . . . . . . 128

senilella, Plutella 216

senilis (eros ah.), Polyommatus . . 260
sepiaria, Tephrosia . . . . 261

sepium, Bacotia . . . . . . 144

septentrionis, Tirumala (Danais)

162, 163
septicella, Depressaria . . . . 255

septodactyla, Ovendenia . . . . 207

Serena, Hecatera . . . . 217, 234

sericealis, Rivula . . . . 246, 248

sericeata, Acidalia . . . . . . 66

serratulffi, Hesperia 54, 55, 224

serva (actaea at.), Minois .. .. 286

setania(dia a?'.), Brenthis .. 286

sexalata, Trichopteryx . . . . 156

shelfordi, Lycaenopsis . . . . 238

sibirica (dryas var.), Hipparchia 285
Sibylla, Limenitis 75, 100, 102,

137, 204, 205, 265, 295
sicula, Platypteryx . . . . . . 144

sifanica (argus ah.), Plebeius . . 96
signata (irrorella a6.), Setina .. 295
silaceata, Cidaria . . . . . . 213

silago, Citrago . . . . . . 293

silesianus (apollo var.), Parnassius 261
silymbria (msera ab.), Pararge .. 287
similana, Halonota. . .. .. 215

simoniana, Conchylis . . . . 154

simplonia, Anthocharis . . 54, 55
simulans, Agrotis . . . . . . 177

sinapis, Leptidia 35, 55, 77, 78,

119, 143, 153, 187, 201, 249,

281, 284
sinuata, Glyphipteryx . . . . 123

siterata, Cidaria . . . . . . 213

smaragdaria, Euchloris 66, 150, 304
sobrinata, Eupithecia 57, 181, 286

socia, Xylina . . . . . . 293

sociata, Melanippe . . . . 212, 286

sociella, Aphomia . . . . 33, 214

solandriana, Poecilochroma (Pae-

disca) .. .. 215, 248

Sora 156

sorbi, LithocoUetis . . . . . . 87

sordidata (elutata), Hypsipetes 56,

187, 212
spadicea, Cerastia . .
sparganella, Orthotelia
sparganii, Nonagria
sparsata, Collix
spartiata, Chesias . .
sphegiformis, ^geria
Sphingides

293

..246

246, 248, 296

..57

213

'.".56, 93, 100

..285

63, 65, 101, 260

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAOE.

. 260

. 86

. 248

. 214

200

:^2

187

282, 284, 286

177,

Anthr

spini, Saturnia
spinicolella, LithocoUetis
splenclana, Carpocapsa
sponsana, Peronea . .
stabilis, Tteniocampa
stachydalis, Ehulea
statices, Adscita
statilinus, Hipparchia
staudingeri (dubia ah.), ffineis
staudingeri, Orrhodia
stellatarura, Sesia . .
Stephens! (hippocrepidis

cera . .
stipella, Nannodia . .
stramentalis, Piontea
straminata, Acidalia
straminea, Leucania
stramineola(griseolarrtr.),Lithosia 233
strataria, Amphidasys 93, 187, 292

stratiotata, Paraponyx . . . . 292

striata (exulans ah.), Anthrocera. . 228
striata-flavilinea (exulans ah.),

Anthrocera . .
strigata ( = aB3tivaria), Hemithea..
strigata (calabraria ah.), Rhodo-

strophia
strigata (urticse ah.), Agiais
strigilis, Miana . . . . 57,
strigillaria, Aspilates
strigosa, Hyboma . . . . 144,

strigula, Lycophotia (Agrotis) 126,
127, 177,
stygne, Erebia
suasa (= dissimilis

(Hadena)
suavella, Rhodophfea
subalpina, Loweia . .
subarcuata (icarus «&.), Agriades. . 227
subciliata, Eupithecia . . 56, 57
subdiaphana (pyri ah.), Saturnia. . 260
subfulvata, Eupithecia . . 181, 234
subhyalina (spini ah.), Saturnia .. 260
sublugens (cyllarus ah.), Glauco

psyche
sublustris, Xylophaaia
subnotata, Eupithecia
suboceilana, Anchylopera. .
subornatella, Phycis
subrosea, Agrotis .
subroseata (pendularia ah.), Zono-

soma . .
rubsequa, Triphsena
subsequa ( = orbona), Triphaena ..
subtusa, Tethea

subtus-lactea (urticse ab.), Agiais..
subtus-radiata (argiolus ab.), Celas-

trina . .
subtus-rufa (urtica? ah.), Agiais ..
subumbrata, Eupithecia . . 32,
subviolacea (grossulariata ab.).

Abraxas
suffumata, Cidaria . .
suffusa, Peridroma . . . . 286, 293

suldensis (virgaureoe ah.), Heodes 229

260
154

285

97
248

32
191
246

228
245

66

7

286

93

296

286

54, 55, 79, 111
Mamestra

32, 246

.. 248

2, 3, 110, 112

261
245
33
215
167
51, 296

304
56

128
57

75

57

213

PAGE.

syllius, Melanargia . . . . 62, 65

sylvanus, Augiades 53, 55, 65,

139, 281, 283, 285
sylvata, Asthena . . . . . . 191

sylvellus, Crambus . . . . 126, 128

sylvestrana, Evetria .. .. 240

sylvinus, Hepialus . . . . . . 286

syngrapha (coridon ah.), Agriades

144, 263, 265
syriaea, Satyrus . . . . . . 143

syringaria, Pericallia . . . . 151

syrmia (adyte a?j.), Erebia .. 287

tabaniformis, Aegeria . . . . 266

tffidella, Halonota . . . . . . 215

toeniata (mneraosyne ah), Par-
nassius . . . . . . . . 261

tages, Nisoniades 32, 53, 54, 55,
65, 116, 123, 138, 204, 252,

281, 283
tagis, Anthocbaris . . . . . . 151

takanonis (ligea ah.), Erebia . . 260
taprobana, Danais . . . . . . 162

taras (nialvce ab.), Hesperia 53,

55, 100, 123, 295
tarbagata (cyane ab.), Lycajna . . 261
taurella, Ochsenheimeria . . . . 279

telicanus, Ravwardia 95, 250, 251,

282, 283
templi, Dasypolia . . 137, 178, 234
tentacularia, Herminia . . . . 224
tenuiata, Eupithecia . . 57, 181
tephradactyla, Leioptilus 111, 112,

205, 207

Tephrosia 95, 100

teredon, Papilio .. .. .. 162

terrealis, Botys .. .. .. 213

Terias .. .. 160, 161, 168

testacea, Luperina 128, 176, 234,

303, 304
testata, Cidaria . . 128, 213, 286

testudinea (urticse rtb.), Agiais .. 7
tetradactyla (= tridactyhx), Merri-
tieldia 2, 32, 159, 167, 200,

207, 210, 229
tetraquetrana, Phloeodes . . . . 215

teucrii ( = heterodactyIa), Capperia 207
thalassina, Hadena . . . . 178

thaumas( = Hava), Adopfea78, 197,

226, 285
themis, Neptis . . . . . . 260

therapon, Castnia .. .. .. 196

thersamon, Heodes .. ..73

thetis (bellargus), Agriades 53, 55,
108, 139, 199, 200, 201,
202, 203, 204, 210, 211,
226, 227, 228, 236, 243,
244, 249, 250, 260, 267,

268, 283, 295, 299, 303
thibetana( = chinensis)(urtica; ah.),

Agiais . . . . . . 5

thompsoni (nebulosa fl6.), Aplecta 76
thyniiaria, Hemithea . . . . 32

thyvia (deidamia rt/).), Pararge .. 287
tilise, Mimas . . 23, 243, 285

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.
.. 195

.. 178

86, 278, 287

.. 215

52, 116

.. 75

Tinagma

tincta, Aplecta

Tinea

Tineina

tiphon, CcBnonympha

tipuliformis, Aegeria

tithonus, Epinephele 65, 75, 282, 285

tityrus, Hemaris . . . . 32, 65

togata, Eupithecia . . . . . . 181

tophaceata, Entephvia . . . . 73

Tortricides 154, 214

trabealis, Agrophila . . . . 57

tragopogonis, Amphipyra 56, 129, 177
transalpina, Anthrocera 155, 159,

168, 198, 210, 229
transpecta, Lycaenopsis . . . . 238
trapezina, Calymnia (Cosmia) 33,

178, 187, 286
triangulum, Noctua . . 31, 177

Tricbopteryx .. .. 156, 157

Trichoptilus 192

tridactyla, Merrifieldia 2, 32, 111,

159, 167, 200, 207, 210, 220, 229
trifasciata, Hypsipetes . . . . 212

trifolii, Anthrocera 97, 224, 295

trifolii, Apamea . . . . . . 33

tiifolii, Pachygastria .. .. 247

trimaculana, Anchylopera. . .. 215

trimaculata (sarpedon rar.), An-
throcera . . . . 65, 66

trimaculata, Bapta. . .. ..66

triopes (gorge a?>.),Erebia. . 200, 210
tripartita, Habrostola . . . . 178

tripuncta (urticis ab.), Aglais
tripunctana, Pardia
trisignaria (ata), Eupithecia

.. 214
57,

181, 248

214, 226

.. 260

52, 247

tristellus, Crambus..

tristis (germana ab.), ffineis

tritici, Agrotis

truncata, Cidaria (Dysstroma) 213,

245, 265, 286
turatii (briseis ab.), Hipparehia . . 287
turcica (urticse ab.), Aglais 6, 8

turcicoides (urticse ab.), Aglais . . 6
turfosalis, Schrankia . . . . 128

tyndarus, Erebia 78, 79, 80, 81,

82. 110, 112, 143, 159, 200, 210
typica, N&nia . . . . 31, 177

ulicetana, Catoptria .. .. 215

umbellana, Depressaria 223, 254,

255, 256, 279
umbrosa, Amathes.. .. .. 246

unangulata, Melanthia . . 233, 286
undulanus, Sarrothripa . . 23, 116
unguicella, Anchylopera . . . . 215

unicolor (aello a5.), ffineis .. 259

unieolorana, Tortrix . . . . 154

uniocellata (briseis ab.), Hippar-
ehia 261

unionalis, Margarodes . . . . 300

unipuncta (melanops ab.), Glau-

copsyche . . . . . . 260

unipuncta (urticse ab.), Aglais .. 8
246, 248

upsilon( = lissipuncta), Dyschorista

urticaB, Aglais 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 30, 55,
65, 75, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84,
85, 86, 87, 100, 106, 107,
110, 112, 116, 118, 166, 205,
210, 211, 212, 226, 266. 269,
285, 295, 303,

urticoides (urticae ab.), Aglais 6, 7,

vacciniana, Holonota

vaccinii, Orrhodia (Cerastis) 178,
286,

Vacciniina . .

vacculella, Ochsenheimeria

vaga (rapse ab.), Pieris

valerianata, Eupithecia

valesina (paphia var.), Dryas 208,
291,

Vanessa

varia (parthenie var.), Melitfea 81,
135,

variata, Thera . . . . 212,

variegana, Peronea. .

varleyata (grossulariata ab.),
Abraxas 52, 88, 131, 270,

vauaria, Halia . . . . 32,

velleda, Hepialus . .

venosata, Eupithecia

venustula, Erastria

verbasci, Cucullia . . . . 233,

verberata, Larentia. .

vernalis (coridon var.), Agriades ..

vernalis (dorilis ab.), Loweia

vernaria( = chrysoprasaria), Pareu

chloris (lodis) . . 234,

versicolor, Dimorpha . . 220,
vespertaria, Epione
vespiformis, Trochilium . .
vestigialis, Agrotis . . . . 247,

vetusta, Calocampa . . 52,

vibicaria, Ehodostrophia . .
viburniana, Tortrix 127, 128,

vicise (meliloti), Anthrocera
viduaria, Cleora . . . . 296,

vigensis (avgus var.), Plebeius
villica, Arctia . . 76, 237,

viminalis, Cleoceris 57, 178,

vinula, Cerura 117, 217, 233, 239,
viretata, Lobophora (Tricbopteryx)

(Nothopteryx) 156, 157, 212,
virgata, Mesotype . . . . 264,

virgaureffi, Heodes 63, 65, 78, 80,

81, 82, 112, 155, 159, 168,

197, 210, 223, 225, 229, 260,
267, 283, 287,
virgaureana, Sciaphila
virgella, Gelechia . .
virgularia, Acidalia. . 98, 120,

viridana, Tortrix
viridaria, Phytometra . . 154,
viridaria, Larentia . .
viridata, Nemoria . .
viridella, Adela
vitella, Cerostoma . .
vitellina, Leucania . . . . 72,

vittaria, Acidalia

304

8

215

293

108
279
260
304

294
267

302
286
214

272

180
116
233
57
304
159
299
260

247
304
198
295
248
178

66
214
224
300

96
296
187
296

286
304

301
214
216
154
214
179
180
99
138
215
144
154

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

vulgata, Eupithecia . . 56, 181

w-album, Chattendenia .. 31, 38

warringtonellus, Crambus 1'26, 1'28

weirana. Stifjiiionota . . . . 298
wolfensbergeri (maturna ab.), Me-

litsea 112

xantbograpba, Noctua 31, 56, 129,

177, 303

xerampelina, Cirrhoedia . . 56, 58

Xylopbasia . . . . . . . . 92

yeatiana, Depressaria 223, 254, 255

^•edanula (antiopa ah.), Eiivanessa 2S(i

ypsilon, Peridronia . . . . . . 177

zalniora, Neopilhecops . . . . 239

zephyrus, Plebeius . . 54, .55, 108, 134
zermatteiisis (virgauretB v<ir.),

Heodes 81. 82, 210, 229 301
zetterstedtii( = calodacU'hi).Frederi-

cina . . ■ • 2,

HI

20

5,

20C.

ziczac, Notodonta .. 57, ll7

233,

292

zinckenii, Xylina . .

29()

Zizera

239

zonaria, Nyssia

220

zoolina, Charaxes . .

•2UH

Zygaaiia

2G(i

Zygffinidffi . .

206

NEUROI^TERA.

Chrysopa

303

chrysops, Osinylus . .

303

Hemerobius . .'

303

Osmylus

802

Sisyra

808

ODONATA.

fonscolombii, Sympetium. .

301

ORTHOPTERA

acervoruni, Mynnecopbila

173,

174

Acrotylus

124

aliena, Petaloptilia . .

172

AnatseliniB . .

119

Ancistrogastrinse

UO

Anecburinff . .

120

Apaebyidie . .

119

Aiacbnocepbalus

174,

175

arvensis. Giyllus . .

42

Auchenomeniiia-

120

azanii, Dolicbopoda

8

biniaculatus, Grylliip

41

bolivari, Petalopiila

172

boscai, Gryllodes

171

Biachylabina;

120

Brachytiypes

120

brunneus. Mogoplistus

174

caliendrum, Platybleimmi

171,

172

campestris. Giyllus. .

40,

41

capensig, Giyllus

41

eaudatus (caiiipestiis var.)

, Gi

yllus

40

ceiisyi, Giyllus

42

Cbelidurinse . .

120

Cbelisocbinffi

120

eicindeloldes, Trigonidium

11

12,

11,

169,

PAGE.

dalmatina, Gryllomorpba . . .. 173

dalniatinus, .\racbnocephaius . . 175
desertuB, Gryllus . . . . . . 8

DiplatyiiiR' .. .. .. .. 119

Diseoptilia . . . . . . 172

Dolicbopoda. . . . . . . . 8

domesticus, Gryllus . . . . 42

escaleiffi, Gryllodes . . 169, 170

Esphalmeninse . . . . . . 120

fabryi (lineolatus var.), Neniobius 13
Forficniidje . . . . . . . . 120

Forficulinse . . . . . . . . 120

fragosoi, Discoptila. . .. .. 172

frontalis. Gryllus . . . . . . 43

go^sipyi, Gryllus .. .. .. 43

Gryllidffi 11

Gryll'idea . . . . . . . . 9

Gryllodes 11, 169

Gryllomorpba

Gryllotalpa . .

gryllotalpa, Gryllotalpa

Grvllotalpidffi

Gryllus

heydeni, Nemobius

bispanicus, Gryllus

ibericus. Gryllodes .

Karsphiellinse

Labiduridffi . .

Labidurina; . .

Labiida'

linderi, Dolicbopoda

lineolatus, Neniobius

littoreiiR, Gryllodes..

longicauda, Gryllomorpba .. 178

kisitanicus, Platyblemmus .. 171

macropterus, Gryllodes .. 169, 170

megacepbalus, Bracliytrypes . . 171

melas, Gryllus . . . . . . 41

Mogoplistidae . . . . . . 174

Mogoplistus . . . . . . . . 174

MyiTiiecophila . . . . . . 173

Myrmecophilidse . . . . . . 178

Nemobius .. .. ..12

ocbracea, Myrmecopbila . . . . 174

Oecanthidffi . . . . . . . . 10

Oecanthus . . . . . . . . 10

Opistbocosniiinse . . . . . . 120

panteli, Gryllodes .. .. 169, 170

pellucens, Oecanthus .. ..10

Petaloptila . .

pipiens, Gryllodes .. .. 169.

Platyblemmus

J'ronemobius

Psalinffi

Pygidicranidffi

Pygidicraninffi

Pyragrina;

sqnamiger, Mogoplistus

sylvestr s, Nemob ut

Tridactylidse

Ti idactylus . .

Trigonididae . .

Trigonidium

tristis, Gryllus

uclensis, Gryllomorpba

173

175

175

175

40

12

42

170

119

120

120

120

9

18

169, 170, 171

172

170

171

12

120

119

119

120

174

12

175

17.-.

11

11

41

178

variepatus, Tridactylus
vestitus, Arachnocephalus
vulgaris, Gryllotalpa

Xya

yersini, Arachnocephalus . .

THYSANURA.

copiosus, Trichotbrips

SPECIAL

INDEX.

PAGE.

PAGE.

.. 176

dentipes, Cryptothrips

189

.. 175

nobilis, Megathrips

189

.. 175

orchidaceus, Anapotbrips . .

51

.. 176

semicEecus, Trichotbrips . .

1811

.. 175

Thysanoptera

51

TRICHOPTERA.

189 fuscinervis, Limnophilus . .

•210

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

vulgata, Eupithecia . . 56, 181

w-album, Cliattendeniii .. 31, 'd'-i
waningtonelJus, Crambus 126, l'2H

weiranii,. StiKnionota . . . ■ 298

wolfensbergeri (inalunia (ih.), Me-

lit£Ea 112

xantliograpba, Noctua :J1, 56, 129,

177, 303
xerampelina, Cirrboedia . . 50, 58

Xylophasia

92

yeatiana, Depressaria 223,

254

255

yedanula (antiopa <//;.), Euvanessa 28(1

ypsilon, Peridronia . .

177

zalmora, Neopithecops

239

zephyrus, Plebeius . . 54, 55,

108

134

zermatteiisis (virgauiese i

.rr.)

Heodes 81.82,210

, 229 301

zetterstedtii( = calodact.yla).Frederi

eina . . . . 2, 111,

205

20ii

ziczac, Notodonta . . 57, ll7.

233

292

zinckenii, Xylina . .

29(i

Zizera

239

zonaria, Nyssia

220

zoolina, Cbaraxes . .

2(,8

Zygsena

266

Zygsenidae . .

2(;g

NEUROI>TERA.

Chrysopa

303

cbrysops, Osinylus . .

303

Hemeiobius . .

303

Osmylus

:!02

Sisyra

303

ODONATA.

fonscolombii, Sympetruni. .

301

ORTHOPTERA.

acervorum, Mynnecopbila

173

, 174

Acrotylus

124

aliena, Petaloptilia . .

172

Anatselinas . .

119

Ancistrogastrinae

l.'O

Anechurinas . .

120

Apachyidtt . .

119

Arachnocepbalus

174

, 175

arvensis. Gryllus . .

42

AucheiiomeniiiM'

120

azami, Dolicbopoda

8

bimaculatus, Giyllus

41

bolivari, Petalopiila

172

boscai, Gryllodes

171

Bracbylabinae

120

Brachytr\pes

120

brunneus Mogoplistus

174

caliendrum, Platyblenmius

171

, 172

campehtiis. Giyllus. .

40

, 41

capensis, Gryllus . .

41

eaudatua (campestris I'ar.), Gi

yllu

s 40

cerisyi, Gr_>llus

42

Chelidurinffi . .

120

Cbelisochinre

120

cicindeloides, Trigonidium

11

169

eiiiobius

11

dalmatina, Gryllomorpha . .
dalmatinu'5, Aiachnocephalus
desfitus, (iiyllus
Diplatyiriffi ..
Di^coptilia . .
Dolicbopoda..
domesticus, Gryllus
escalerse, Gryllodes
Espbalmeninse
fabryi (lineolatus var.), N
Forficulidie . .
Forficulinas ..
fragosoi, Discoptila..
frontalis Gryllus . .
gossipyi, Gryllus
Gryllidse
Gryll idea ..
Gryllodes
Gryllomorpha
Gryllotalpa . .
gryllotalpa, Gryllotalpa
Gryllotalpidffi
Gryllus

heydeni, Nemobius
bispanicus, Gryllus
ibericus Gryllodes ..
Karsehiellinee
Labiduridse . .
LabidurinsB . .
Labiidse

linderi, Dolicbopoda
lineolatus, Neuiobius
litlorei.s, Gryllodes..
longicauda, Gryllomorpha
lusitanicus, Platyblenmius
niacropterus, Gryllodes . . 169
niegacepbalus, Bra' liytryi)es
melas, Gryllus
Mogoplistidse
Mogoplistus . .
Myi mecophila
JMyrmecotihiiidffi
Nemobius

ochracea, Myrmecophila
O'^eanthidse . .
Oecanthus . .
Opisthoeosmiinffi
panteli, Gryllodes . .
pellucens, Oecanthus
Petaloptila . .
pipiens, Gryllodes . .
IMatyblemmus
I^ronemobius
Psalinse
Pygidicranidse
Pygidicraninro
Pyragrinffi . .
squamiger, Mogoplistus
sylvestr s, Neniob ns
Tridactylidse
Tridactylus . .
Trigonididse . .
Trigonidium
tristis, Gryllus
uclensis, Gryllomorpha

169

169, 170

169

169

PAOE.

173
175
8
119
172
8

42
170
120

13
120
120
172

43

43

11
9
1(59
173
175
175
175

40

12

42
170
119
120
120
120
9

l:^
171
173
171
170
171

41
174
174
173
173

12
174

10

10
120
170

10
172
170
171

12
120
119
119
120
174

12
175

11

11

41

173

SPECIAL INDEX.

variefjatus, Tridactylus
vestilus, Arachnocephalus
vulgaris, Gryllotalpa

Xya

yersini, Arachnocephalus . .

THYSANURA.

copiosus, Trichothrips

PAGE.

PAGE.

.. 176

dentipes, Cryptothrips

. 1S9

.. 175

nobihs, Megathrips

. 189

.. 175

orchidaceus, Anapothrips . .

. 51

.. 176

semiceecus, Trichothrips . .

. 181)

.. 175

Thysaroptera

. 51

J TRICHOPTERA.

189 fuscineivis, Lininophilus . .

240

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By F. NOAD CLARK anu A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.

Also detailed chapters on

' rhe Collection and Conservation of Lepidoptera," " Killing," " Pinning," " Entomo-

^.ical Pins," "Setting," " Labelling," " Holiday Collecting," " Collections," " Collect-

1 '," "The Egg and Egg Stage," "The Larva and Larval Stage," " The Pupa and Pupal

:;ige." Instructions on the technical description of " Eggs," " Larva-," "Pups," etc.

The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field

li pidopterist, and forming a complete encyclopaadia of Field Lepidopterology.

Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to
iibout 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mv. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a field the "Hints" covered, and how comparatively few of
tbe British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is
encyclopa'dic from the field lepidopterlst' s point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in ail its forms), pupa-
hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food,
etc. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, many chapters, simple
enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expert something, have
been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lopidopterist how to use his
•obcervations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of
entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to all
field entomologists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, and
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists.

Dear Sir, — Please forward me a set of Practical f/i?;/*'. Parts I, II, and III, for which
I enclose Postal Order for 1 7s. 6d. '

Name

AddrcSf

"To Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, 8.E.

The Entomologist's Library.

By J. W. TUTT, F.B.S.

Back volumes of

The Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation

(Vols. I-XXI).
Single back volumes of the above can be obtained at 7s. 6d. per volume ; any
two or three volumes at 7s. 3d. per volume ; four, five, six, seven, eight or
nine at 7s. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fourteen at 6s. 9d. per
volume ; fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen or twenty at 6s. 6d.
per volume. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus
postage). Special Indexes, Vols. III-XXI, price Is. 6d. each.
A Natural History of the British Butterflies, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution (illustrated).

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I, Hand III. Price one guinea each net. Vol. IV will be commenced.
shortly (Monthly parts, 1/-). [Subscription to include 20 parts, 17s. 6d.]
A detailed account of the biology and variation of each British species,
and a consideration of the literature and classification of the Paltearctic
species.
A Natural History of the British Alucitides, their world-wide
. variation and geographical distribution.

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vol. I. Price one guinea net. (To be completed in two volumes.)
Full details of the life-history of every British species ; full historical
account of the group and its classification.
A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, their world-
wide variation and geographical distribution {illustrated).
/A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I, II, HI, IV, V, VIII, IX and X, Price £1 each volume, net. Demy
8vo., thick, strongly bound in cloth. Complete set of 8 vols., £6 net.
The most concise and thorough work on Lepidoptera ever offered to the
entomological public.
Wlsgration arad Dispersal of Insects. Demy Bvo. Price 5s. net..
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Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera.
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Three pnrts, 6s. each net. Complete set, i7s. 6d. A detailed set of some
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the typical and all known described forms, with original descriptions.
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known bearing on the subject, and a closely reasoned explanation of
probable causes.
1GO Practical Hints on the British Eupitheciids. Price Is.
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and imagines of the " pugs."
Monograph of the British Pterophorina. Demy 8vo., 161 pp.
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its life-history — each described under a series of detailed headings.
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and photographs. Price .Ss. 6d. net. A graphic account of the rambles
of a naturalist on the Italian side of Mont Blanc.
Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen, and Hill. Crown
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and flora of some well-known British natural history localities — Wicken^
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in Cloth. 242 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-puge illustrations. Price
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Brockley, S.E.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
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Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,
2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insocts of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advaicages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sesiidae, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coin.s, Microscopicai, Object.s, PoasiLs, &c.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OP INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (Brit.&h, European, and Exotic).
Birds, Mammals, etc., Preserved and Mounted by First class Workmen.

36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C., ENGLAND.

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.,

The third volume of this important work has now been completed. It is still to be
obtained in Is. parts, a price that was fixed to bring, what might otherwise appear to be
an expensive book, within the means of every lepidopterist. Only a limited number of
copies are made up in parts, and as all parts remaining after the issue of the last are sent
to the binder with the other sheets, they are practically unobtainable later. We have
received so many applications for Vols. I and II in parts, since they have been completed,
and customers do not seem to understand that the parts are only made up in about the
numbers likely to be sold at the time and are not easily obtainable afterwards, that we
think it advisable to publish this notice. We are always willing to supply any odd
copies that we may happen to have in stock (through unequal sales) and will always try
to make up customers' requirements, but cannot undertake to do so.

Dear Sik, —

Please forward me Parts A A Natural History of the British Butterflies,

<Cc., at Is. per part, for which I enclose Po:;tal Order . . . .s.

Name

Address

Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

New Volume of British Butterflies.

The completion of Vol. III. of A Natural History of British Butterflies necessitates
an appeal to our supporters for Vol. IV., which will be published without loss of time.

Vol. III., which contains 410 pages and 53 plates, will be put into the binder's hands
as early as possible. We hope to have the bound copies ready in a month. Subscribers
who want covers for binding should write at once and state clearly whether they want the
backs marked "British Lepidopteea, Vol. X." or "British Butterflies, Vol. III."
Price of cases, Is. 9d. each. P.O. should be sent with order. Only as many cases as are
ordered will be made.

The next 20 numbers will also contain a large number of illustrations, and, as it will
deal with the complications of some more exceedingly well-known species, it will at any
rate be of at least as great interest as its predecessors, and will, we hope, show at least
how important a thorough study of our British butterflies becomes when carried out in
a detailed and systematic manner.

Without doubt the only real method of obtaining a sound knowledge of the
"Variation," "Natural History," and " Distinbution " of a species is to attack it
de novo, and then to fit the work of others into the corners to which it is clear it belongs.
The way in which errors are copied and re-copied in ordinary books, leaves the average
student with limited time no certain basis to work on. In these volumes, he deals with
the material first hand, and can depend on the facts, even if he feels inclined to disagree
with the conclusions.

We have already spent a very large sum in trying to give our British lepidopterists
a work that is beyond any offered to the workers of other countries. At the same time,
the foundation of it is laid so broadly as to provide an outline for work on the groups
treated from the widest possible standpoint. We trust that we shall not appeal in vain to
any lepidopterists who can support this extensive work, and by issuing each volume in
20 parts, published monthly at Is. per part, we bring it within the reach of all. At this
price it is less than the cost of the daily "halfpenny" paper, and at the end the
subscriber has a book thoroughly reliable for his own work, and always worth in the open
market what he has given for it.

We trust, therefore, that as many entomologists as possible will fill in the following
and support the volume.

Dear Sir, —

Please enter my name as subscriber to the next 20 parts (Vol. IV.) of A Natural
History of British Butter-flies, for which I forward Cheque or Postal Order value 17s. 6d.

Name

Address

Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, S.E.

The Migration and Dispersal of Insects.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Demy 8vo., 132 pp. Price Five Shillings net.

This book, the only one published on this interesting subject, is of first importance
to all students of the geographieal distribution of animals, and contains the following
chapters : — \

1. General Considerations. 2. Coccids and Aphides. 3. Orthoptera. 4. Odonata.
5. Lepidoptera. 6. Coleoptera. 7. Diptera. 8. Social Insects— Hymenoptera, Ter-
mites. 9. Final considerations.

Only a small number of copies have been printed. It is trusted that all entomologists
will, besides supporting the book themselves, recommend it to any libraries in which they
are interested or with which they are connected.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera

(Demy 8vo., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-.)
Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account tor the
forms of melanism and melanochroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of
melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin ; the special value of
"natural selection," "environment," "heredity," "disease," "temperature," &c., in
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the
Entomological Society of London, says, "An especially interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in
Mr. Tutt's series of papers on ' Melanism and Melanochroism.' "

J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXII are noy/s/ overdue.

Vol. XXII.

f>\ II No 2.

'I'HE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

EdITEU liV

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted bx

T. HUDSON BEARE, u.sc, f.ii.s., t.ii.s.E.

Geohge T. BETHUNE-BAKER, f.z.s. f.l.s., f.e.s.

M. BUHR, D.sc.,F.z.s.,F.L.s., F.E.S. (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, f.e.s.

.Ias. E. COLIilN, F.E.S. T. A. tHAPMAN, M.n., f.z.s., F.K.g.

II St. .1. K. JKiKlf-'lHORPE, i-.z.s., f.k.s. Alfred SICH, f.e.s.

.1. R. le B. TOMLIN, m.a., f.e.s. Henby J. TURNER, f.e.s.

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FKIMIVAUY 16ih, 1910.

Price SIXPENCE (nm)

(WITH PliATE).

Subscription for Complete Voluuie, post frti

(Iiicliulii.gull DOUBLE NUMBERf^, etc.)

SEVEN SHILLINGS,

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ELLIOT STOCK rl88SEilE8«3Sa-**^o\\, E.C.

BERLIN ;

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E-

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. Mr. HEAD, ©ittmncrUtgi^t,

BURNISTON, Nr. SeT^RBOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larrae, ami Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, (Cabinets,

etc., sent on apjilication.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

r>. F. TAYLER Sc Co., Lta.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.
(As supplied to the British Museum.)

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a niiuute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

To comprise equal numbers of nob more than ten localities.

Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as

received. Remittance in full must accompany each order.

Rannoch New Forest Shetland

16. vi. 97 4. ix. 97 5. v. 97

ADDRESS. — " Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road,
Westcombe Park, S.E.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARViG A SPECIALiITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARY^, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
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For liist appiyj^to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Vernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

LIVING MADE EASY

There is a tendency in many departments of life towards greater simplicity.
The aim of the most enlightened civilisation is really to make life less com-
plex, less strenuous, and less unsatisfactory. BEECHAM'S PILLS are
thoroughly modern in this respect, for their unfailing effect is to cure those
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BY TAKING

BEECHAM'S PILLS. However much human ingenuity may do to make life
less of a struggle the man who is suffering from any derangement of the
digestive organs will always find living a heavier burden than he would other-
wise do. To him life will always be more of a painful duty than a delight.
It is, indeed, a mystery why he should continue to allow dyspepsia, biliousness,
disordered liver, sluggish kidneys, and the accompanying loss of nerve-power
to overshadow his happiness, when a certain remedy for all his troubles is to
be found in

BEECHAM'S PILLS

Prepared only by THOMAS BEECHAM, St. Helens, Lanes. j

Sold everywhere in boxes, price i/ij (56 pills) & 2/9 (168 pills.) j

Subscriptions for Vol. XXII (7 shillings) should be sent to J. Herbert Tutt, 22,
Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E. Will subscribers please oblige?
[This subscription includes all numbers published from January 15th to December 15th,
1910.]

Non-receipt -or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. H. E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatchani, S.E.

The Back Volumes (I-XXI) of the Ent. Record, etc., can be obtained as follows —
Single volumes, 7s. 6d. ; 2 or 3 volumes, 7s. 3d. each ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols., 78. each ;
10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 vols, at 6s. 9d. each ; 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 vols, at 6s. 6d. each.
Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus postage). Special
Indexes to Vols. III-XXI, sold separately, price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are kinclly requested to observe that subscriptions to The Entomologist's Hecord, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.
Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Tutt.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale or Books wanted will be inserted at a minimum
charge of 2s. 6d. (for four Hues). Longer Advertisements in proijortion. A reduction made for a series.
Particulars of Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. E. Page "Bertrose,"
Qellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed,
also to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Articles tor insertion and Exchanges sliould be sent to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe
Hill, S.E., except notes relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donisthorpe, 58,
Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, S.W., and of Orthoptera, to Dr. Burr, Eastry S.O., Kent.

Articles that require Illustration are inserted on condition that the author defrays the cost of the
illustrations.

All Exchange Magazines must be forwarded to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill.
Blackbeath, S.E.

Duplicates. — Sparganii, 'Geminipuncta, Dealbata, Viminalis, Straminea, Blomeri,
Aurago, Lunigera, Irrorella, Chrysorrhcca, Duplaris, Pavonia, Bibesiaria, Senex, *Cerago.
Desiderata. — Pupas of Tilite. — W. J. Ogdeu, 1, West Bank, Stamford Hill, London, N.
Change of Address. — {Eev.) G. Wheeler to 37, Gloucester Place, W.

MEETINGS^)F~SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. March 2nd, March IGth, April 6th.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.— London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.§0
p.m., except in July and August.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. March 7th, April 4th, " Exhibition." Outings : February
10th, Bruce Castle Museum (Liverpool Street, 2.30 p.m. ; Bruce Grove, 2.45 p.m.). — Hon.
Sec., Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Boad, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. — February 24th, March 10th, 24th.

North London Natural History Society.— Meetings held at Room 20, Salisbury
House, Finsbury Circus, E.G., at 7 p.m., on the second and fourth Tuesdays in the
month.— February 22nd, "The Weather," Mr. R. W. Bobbins; March 8th, "Insects
and their Environment" (lantern), Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. ; March 22nd, Notes
on Birds of an Alpine Valley, by S. Austen. Field Meetings— February 19th, Liverpool
Street (2 p.m.) to Loughton, Leader, Mr. A. Bacot, F.E.S. March 25th to 29th— Easter
Outing. Secretary, R. W. Bobbins, " Tonah," Hale End, Chingford.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

sxjRi>iL.xjs stock:.

Fine Pupae. — Napi, 6d. ; Derasa, Is. 2d. ; Ziczac, Is. 2d. ; Illustraria, lid. ; Lacertula,
lid.; Isogrammaria, lid. ; Pisi, 6d. ; Oleracea, 5d. ; Albicillata, lid. ; Silaceata, 2s.
Albulata (Shetlands), Is. 9d. ; Orbicularia, 2s. ; Illunaria, 5d. ; Populi, is. ; JacobaBSB;
6d. ; Palpina, Is. 2d. ; Elpenor, 2s. 6d. ; all per dozen, not less than 1 doz. of a species

Fertile Ova, per 100. — Adippe, 2s. 6d. ; Corydon, Is. 6d. ; .Egon, Is.; Antiqua, 6d.
Autumnaria, Is. ; Angularia, Is. ; Fuscantaria, Is. 9d. ; Plumigera, 4s. ; Cratsegi, 3s. 9d.
Defoliaria, lOd.

Fine set Insects with Data. — C-album, 3s. ; Corydon, lOd. ; Paphia, Is. 6d.
Cinxia, 2s. 6d. ; Semele, Is. 3d. ; Mgon (Kent), Is. ; Tithonus, 9d. ; Rhamni, Is. ; lo
Is. ; V. Urticffi, 6d. ; Croceago, 3s. 6d. ; Elpenor, 3s. ; S. PopuU, Is. ; Fuscantaria
2s. 3d. ; Autumnaria, 2s. 6d. ; Illustraria, Is. ; Orbicularia, 2s. 6d ; Porata, Is. 3d.
Silaceata, 2s. 3d. ; Prunata, 2s. ; Herbida, 2s. 3d. ; Petrificata, 3s. ; not less than half
dozen of a species. All bred specimens except Corydon and Semele.

L,. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

Entomological Pamphlets, etc.,

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Gonnelation of the results arrived at in recent Papers

on tiie Classification of Lepidoptera. Price Is. 6d.

Reviewing the oval, larval, pupal, and imaginal characters used by

various Lepidopterists.
Notes on the Zygaenidae. Price Is. 6d. An account of the habits, etc.,

of several species of the Alpine Burnet moths.
Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental

reference to the nature of Species. Price Is. net.

A detailed consideration of the nature of genera and species.

Some considerations of the Nature and Origin of Species.

Price Is. 6d. net. A detailed consideration of the causes that have led to

specific forms and their isolation.
Some results of recent Experiments in hybridising

Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscularia. Price 6d.

net. Full account of experiments conducted by Dr. Riding and Mr. Bacot

in hybridising these allied species.
The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths. Price Is.

An interesting essay on the habit as observed in many parts of the world

and its possible meanings.
The Nature of Metamorphosis. Price Is. An essay on the

nature of the various forms and degrees of metamorphosis in different

orders of insects.
The Scientific Aspects of Entomology. Parts I. and II. Is. each

part, net. Critical review of the various scientific uses to which the work of

entomologists may be put.
Postal Orders to— A. H., 41 , WISTERIA ROAD, LEWISHAM, S.E.

SAVE TIME— TROUBLE— AND EXPENSE— OVtR YOUR COLLECTING.

Al! lepidopterists preparing for Spring Work should at once purchase
Practical Hints. No book dealing with the collection of
lepidoptera, and the work of lepidopterists in the field, has ever
been published that offers so much that is useful to the lepidopterist.

Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist (Illustrated)

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
PARTS I, II & III

(Interleaved for Collector's own notes.)

PficB 6s. each volume, net, oi* 17s> 6i#. for the three

parts m

Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.
Together with

General and Special Index to Parts I, II & III.

{Containing references to nearly 1600 British species)

By H. J. TURNEB, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs.

By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.

Also detailed chapters on

" The Collection and Conservation of Lepidoptera," " Killing," " Pinning," " Entomo-
logical Pins," "Setting," "Labelling," "Holiday Collecting," "Collections," "Collect-
ing," "The Egg and Egg Stage," "The Larva and Larval Stage," " The Pupa and Pupal
Stage." Instructions on the technical description of " Eggs," " Larvae," " Pupse," etc.

The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field
lepidopterist, and forming a complete encyclopsedia of Field Lepidopterology.

Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to
about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a field the "Hints" covered, and how comparatively few of
the British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is
encyclopajdic from the field lepidopterist' s point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa-
hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food,
etc. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, many chapters, simple
enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expert something, have
been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his
observations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of
entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to all
field entomologists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, and
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists.

Dear Sm, — Please forward me a set of Practical Hints, Parts I, II, and III, for which
I enclose Postal Order for 1 7s. 6d>

Navie

Address

To Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Broekley, S.E.

\W1LNTE73 a reliable "SETTER"

FOR

British and Exotic Lepidoptera-

WATKINS & DONCASTER, 36, STRAND, W.C.

STEVENS' AUCTION ROOMS.

ESTD. 1 760.

TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 22nd and 23rd,

AT 1 O'CLOCK.

"CLARK COLLECTION" OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

The final portion of the Unrivalled Collection formed by the late John Adolphus
Clark, Esq., M.P.S., L.D.S. Eng., F.E.S., etc., comprising extensive reared series, rare
species, and remarkable varieties, all in the most perfect state of preservation, and
representing the life-work of the late owner.

This portion comprises the Geometrina, Pyralidina, Tortricina, and Tineina, with
fine varieties of A. grossulariata, the very valuable series of Peronea cristana (including
all the type specimens of his Monograph), further series of C. dispar, and many boxes of
duplicates ; also British Hymenoptera, fine and remarkable' forms of exotic Coleoptera
and other insects; a collection of L^pidoptera from Australia, etc., etc., together with
the first-class sixty-drawer, forty-drawer, and other cabinets in which they are contained.

IVti?. a. C. STEVENS

Will OFFER the above property by AUCTION at his rooms,

38, KING STREET, COYENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C.

On view Monday prior, 10 to 4, and mornings of sale. Catalogues on application.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera

(Demy 8vo., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-.)

Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for the
forms of melanism and melanochroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of
melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin ; the special value of
"natural selection," "environment," "heredity," "disease," "temperature," etc., in
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the
Entomological Society of London, says, "An especially interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in
Mr. Tutt's series of papers on ' Melanism and Melanochroism.' "

J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, FFancemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

WATKINS &, DONCASTER,
Naturalists and IVlaiuifacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Rins Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6, 3/-. Folding Nets, 3/6,
4/-, 4/6. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes (deal), 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc
Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen, 1 gross, 1/6.
Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, read.y for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor
cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; Urn., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2^in.,
1/- : SJiii., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; Sin. , 1/10; Complete Set of fourte"en Boards, 10/6. Setting
Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage,
2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases,
japanned double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennre 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3^, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass
Chloroforni Bottle, 2/G. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes,
from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,
2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sesiidae, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW ROOM EOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Biiid.s' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Kdssils, Ac.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

fjARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (Brl) sh, European, and Exotic).
Birds, Mdinmah, etc., I're^erveil and Mounted bi/ Fimt clasK Worlnnen.

36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C, ENGLAND.
LAST OFFER— IN PARTS.

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.,

The third volume of this important work has now been completed. It is still to be
obtained in Is. parts, a price that was fixed to bring, what might otherwise appear to be
an expensive book, within the means of every lepidopterist. Only a limited number of
copies are made up in parts, and as all parts remaining after the issue of the last are sent
to the binder with the other sheets, they are practically unobtainai)ie later. Wc have
received so many applications for Vols. I and II in parts, since they have been completed,
and customers do not seem to understand that the parts are only made up in about the
numbers likely to be sold at the time and are not easily obtainable afterwards, that we
think it advisable to publish this notice. We are always willing to supply any odd
copies that we may happen to have in stock (through unequal sales) and will always try
to make up customers' requirements, but cannjt undertake to do so.

Deau Sik, —

Please forward me Parts jf -^ Natural History of the Iiriti!^Ii lUit cr/lie^,

tic, at Is. per part, for which I enclose Po:tal Order . . . .s.

Name

Address

Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brocklcy. S.E.

COVERS for BINDING

A Natural History of the

Vol. Ill British Butterflies,

OR

A Natural History of the

Vol. X. British Lepidoptera

CAN BE HAD IF ORDERED AT ONCE.

POSTAL ORDERS Is. 9d. should be sent direct to—

119, WESTCOMBE HILL, BLACKHEATH,

S.E.,

With exact instructions as to Avhich title is wanted.

THE FIRST PART OF

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

Vol. IV.
Commencing with the variation and Hfe-histoiy of

AGRIADES CORIDON

(and fine plate of named aberrations and varieties)
is now ready. Price Is. net.

The Subscribers to this work, in parts as published, are kin lly reminded
that a new series commences with the present part. Subscription for
20 parts, 17s. 6d. New Subscribers are urgently needed in order to
enable us to publish as many illustrations as possible.

Dear Sir, —

Herewith I forward Postal Order for 17s. 6d., being my Sub-
scription for the next 20 parts (Vol. IV.) of A Xotural History of Britii^h
Lepidoptera.

Xaiiie

Address

To J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXII are now overdue.

Vol. XXII.

\A

'-\

No, 3.

X

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.b.s.e.

George T. BETHUNE-BAKER, f.z.s. f.l.s., f.e.s.

M. BURR, D.sc.,F.z.s.,F.L.s., F.E.S. (Rev.) C. R. N. burrows, f.e.s.

Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d., f.z.s., f.e.s.

H. St. J. K. DONIRTHORPE, f.z.s., f.e.s. Alfred SICH, f.e.s.

J. R. le B. TOMLIN, ji.a., f.e.s. Henry J. TURNER, f.e.s.

George WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s.

MABCH 15th, 1910.
Price SIXPENCE (net)

(WITH PLATE).

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.)

SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO ISK FOnWARDED TO

J. HERBERT TUTT,

/

22, Francemary Ro4I>, li^i•^^■ELL Road, BROCKt^T^.E.

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Kow. E.C.

BERLIN :

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. ^W. HEAD, @iitomal00tet,

bUrNisxon, N«-. sct^rboroUgH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidojitera, Apparatus, Cabinets,

etc., sent on application.
Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

O. F. TAYLER 6^ Co., Lta.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.
(As supplied to the British Museuvi.)

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

finnn C^^^ comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities. | P /

ll li II I ■j^^^'g^'^' quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as I n /_

U U U U i received. Bemittance in full must accompany each order. I \jf

Rannoch New Forest Shetland

16. vi. 97 4. ix. 97 5. v. 97

ADDRESS. — " Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road,
Westcombe Park, S.E.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARYiE A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARY^, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Yernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

LIVING MADE EA5Y

There is a tendency in many departments of life towards greater simplicity.
The aim of the most enlightened civilisation is really to make life less com-
plex, less strenuous, and less unsatisfactory. BEECHAM'S PILLS are
thoroughly modern in this respect, for their unfailing effect is to cure those
disorders of the Stomach, Liver, and Bowels, which so greatly increase the
measure of our troubles and ditliculties; Existence which, under the evil
spell of ill-health, may appear hard and gloomy, will become bright and pleasant

BY TAKING

BEECHAM'S PILLS. However much human ingenuity may do to make life
less of a struggle the man who is suffering from any derangement of the
digestive organs will always find living a heavier burden than he would other-
wise do. To him life will always be more of a painful duty than a delight.
It is, indeed, a mystery why he should continue to allow dyspepsia, biliousness,
disordered liver, sluggish kidneys, and the accompanying loss of nerve-power
to overshadow his happiness, when a certain remedy for all his troubles is to
be found in

BEECHAM'S PILLS

Prepared only by THOMAS BEECHAM, St. Helens, Lanes.
Sold everywhere in boxes, price i/ij (56 pills) & 2/9 (168 pills.)

Subscriptions for Vol. XXII (7 shillings) should be sent to J. Herbert Tutt, 22,
Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E. Will subscribers please oblige ?
[This subscription includes all numbers published from January 15th to December 15th,
1910.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. H. E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

The Back Volumes (I-XXI) of the Ent. Record, &c., can be obtained as follows —
Single volumes, 7s. 6d. ; 2 or 3 volumes, 78. 3d. each ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols., 78. each ;
10, 11, 12, 13 or li vols, at 6s. 9d. each ; 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 vols, at 68. 6d. each.
Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus postage). Special
Indexes to Vols. III-XXI, sold separately, price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to The Entomologi!tt's Record, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.
Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Tutt.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale or Books wanted will be inserted at a minimum
charge of '2s. 6d. (for four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series.
Particulars of Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. E. Page "Bertrose,"
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed,
also to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Articles tor insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. \V. Tutt, Kayleigh Villa, Westcombe
Hill, S.E., except notes relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donisthorpe, 68,
Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, S.W., and of Orthoptera, to Dr. Burr, Eastry 8.O., Kent.

Articles that require Illustration are inserted on condition that the author defrays the cost of the
illustrations.

All Exchange Magazines must be forwarded to J. \V, Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill,
Blackbeath, S.E.

Wanted. — To exchange during the coming season — Common lepidoptera from the
south of England for similar common species from the north of England, Scotland, or
Ireland. Should be pleased to hear from anyone who would like to get rid of their
surplus specimens of common species in return for southern ones. — C. W, Sperring, S,
Eastcombe Avenue, Charlton.

Wantkd. — Ova of Lapponaria only. Offered — Ova of Vespertaria, Zonaria ; larvaa
of Versicolor (wild Scotch parents), Hispidaria dark d x dark ? ), Hispidaria (light <f x
dark ? ), Tenuiata ; pupae of Hastata and Batis. — J. Harriton, 181, Abingdon Road,
Middlesbro'

Duplicates. — Sparganii, *Gemiiiipuncta, Dealbata, Viminalis, Straminea, Blomeri,
Aurago, Lunigera, Inorella, Chrysorrhcea, Duplaris, Piivonia, Ribesiarla, Senex, *Cerago,
Desiderata. — Pupae of Tilise. — JT^ J. Ogden, 1, West Bank, Stamford Hill, London, N.

Change of Address. — (After Api'il 1st). — J. Hartley Durrani to " Merton," 17,
Burstoek Road, Putney, S. W.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. Marcli 16th, "The Hydroecias of the Nictitans group," by J. W. Tutt. April
6th, May 4th. Conversazione, May 27th.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.— London

Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C.— The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m., except in July and August.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society.— Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. April 4th, "Exhibition." Excursions: March 19th,
" Horniraan Museum," 3 p.m. ; April 16th, Natural History Museum, 3 p.m.— Hon. Sec,
Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The Southi London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, Lond6n Bridge.— March 24th, Exhibits, etc. ; April 14th, 28th.

North London Natural History Society. — Meetings held at Room 20, Salisbury
House, Finsbury Circus, E.C., at 7 p.m., on the second and fourth Tuesdays in the
month.— March 22nd, "Notes on some Birds in an Alpine Valley," S. Austen ; March
25th, 29th, Easter Excursions ; April 12th ; April 26th, " The Field-, Water-, and Plant-
Bugs of Epping Forest," by E. A. Butler, B.Sc— Secretary, R. W. Bobbins, " Tonah,"
Hale End, Chingford.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

GREAT ANNXJAL SiLX^iC

Ova, Larvae, Pupae, and Fine Set Insects,

with localities and data.

I have decided to hold an Annual Sale every Spring — 1st to 31st MARCH. Prices
of all species, of which I hold large stocks, are greatly reduced.

PRICE LISTS NOW READY. Among the many bargains the following are a few : —

Oya, per 100 (no less of a species sent), Auturanaria, Is. ; Augularia, Is. ; Fuscan-
taria, Is. 9d.

Larvae, per 50, Paphia (small), 2b. 9d. ; Adippe (small), 3s. ; Paphia, bred from
Valezina, 6s. ; Caja, 2s. ; Dominula, Is. 9d. Not less than 50 of a species sent. (All
Fritillaries eat Pansy, as well as Violet).

Pupae, per dozen (not less sent), Napi, 5d. ; Derasa, Is. 2d. ; Albicillata, lid. ;
Albulata (Shetlauds), Is. 9d.; Fluctuata (Shetlands), is.

Imagines, per dozen (not less than J-doz.), C-album, 3s. ; W-albnm, 2s. 6d. ;
Lineola, Is. 6d. ; Lanestris, Is. 2d. ; Carmelita, 68. ; Croceago, 2s. 3d. ; Aurago, 4s. 6d.;
Petrificata, 3s.; Fluviata, 3s. 6d. Send for full list to —

L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

Quote Paper when ordering.

IN MY CATALOGUE No. 5.

"PAL>EARCTIC MACROLEPIDOPTERA."

I offer more than 8,000 forms of Lepidoptera, comprising about 200 different forms
of Parnassius, 150 Colias, 375 Agrotis, 80 Plusia, 175 Catocala, 80 Sesiidse, etc.

25 LOTS, ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS, DRAWERS FOR INSECTS, ETC.

The Catalogue will be sent post free to the Subscribers of this Journal. It is the
largest and the most extensive catalogue (44 pages), and can be used as a collecting
list, as it contains almost all common as well as the particularly rare species (also many
British species), and remarkable varieties, hybrids, hermaphrodites, etc.

I BUY for cash rare European Lepidoptera and original consignments from interest-
ing parts of Central Asia (China, Tibet, Kashmir, Japan, Himalaya, etc.).

MAX BARTEL, Lepidopterist, ORANIENBURG, nr. BERLIN, GERMANY,

SAVE TIME— TROUBLE— AND EXPENSE— OVER YOUR COLLECTING.

All lepidopterists preparing for Spring NA/'ork should at once purchase
Practical Hints. No book dealing with the collection of
iepidoptera, and the work of lepidopterists in the field, has ever
been published that offers so much that is useful to the lepidopterist.

Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist (Illustrated)

By J. V/. TUTT, F.E.S.
PARTS I, II & III

(Interleaved for Collector's own notes.)

Price 6sm each volunte, net, or 17s« 6<#. for the three

parts m

Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.
Together with

General and Special Index to Parts I, II & III.

(Containing references to nearly 1600 British species)

By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs.

By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.

Also detailed chapters on

*' The Collection and Conservation of Lepidoptera, " "Killing," "Pinning," "Entomo-
logical Pins," "Setting," "Labelling," "Holiday Collecting," "Collections," "Collect-
ing," "The Egg and Egg Stage," "The Larva and Larval Stage," " The Pupa and Pupal
Stage." Instructions on the technical description of " Eggs," " Larvas," "Pupas," etc.

The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field
lepidopterist, and forming a complete encyclopeedia of Field Lepidopterology.

Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to
about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a field the "Hints" covered, and how comparatively few of
the British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is
encycloptedic from the field lepidopterist' s point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa-
hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food,
etc. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, many chapters, pimple
enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expert something, have
been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his
ob-qervations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of
entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to all
field entomologists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, and
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists.

Dear Sir, — Please forward me a set of Practical Hints, Parts I, II, and III, for which
I enclose Postal Order for 1 78> 6d. ,

Name

Address

To Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Broeklcy, S.E.

FOR SALE. PRICE £40.

... A SUPERIOR MAHOGANY . . .

ENTOlVIOLOOICiLI. CABINET,

Of 40 Interchangeable Drawers.
Size 18in. by 16in. Camphor cell all round. Ebony knobs. Sunk panelled sides to
carcase. Moulded top and plinth, and enclosed by plate-glass panelled doors. Own make.

T. GURNEY, 50, The Broadway, London Fields, N.E.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera

(Demy 8vo., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-.)

Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for the
forms of melanism and melanochroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of
melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin ; the special value of
"natural selection," "environment," "heredity," "disease," "temperature," (fee, in
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the
Entomological Society of London, says, "An especially interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in
Mr. Tdtt's series of papers on ' Melanism and Melanochroism.' "

J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Entomological Pamphlets, etc.,

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

CoPi*elation of the results arpived at in recent Papers

on the Classification of Lepidoptera. Price Is. 6d.

Reviewing the oval, larval, pupal, and imaginal characters used by

various Lepidopterists in classification.
Notes on the Zygsenidae. Price Is. 6d. An account of the habits, etc.,

of several species of the Alpine Burnet moths.
Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental

reference to the nature of Species. Price Is. net.

A detailed consideration of the nature of genera and species.

Some considerations of the Nature and Origin of Species.

Price Is. 6d. net. A detailed consideration of the causes that have led to

specific forms and their isolation.
Some results of recent Experiments in hybridising

Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscularia. Price 6d.

net. Full account of experiments conducted by Dr. Riding and Mr. Bacot

in hybridising these allied species.
The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths. Price Is.

An interesting essay on the habit as observed in many parts of the world

and its possible meanings.
The Nature of Metamorphosis. Price Is. An essay on the

nature of the various forms and degrees of metamorphosis in different

orders of insects.
The Scientific Aspects of Entomology. Parts I and IL Is. each

part, net. Critical review of the various scientific uses to which the work of

entomologists may be put.

Protection and Mimicry as affecting the Coleoptera, by

W. W. Fowler, M.A., F.E.S. Price Is.

Collecting Noctuidse by Lake Erie (with photograph), by A. Grote,
M.A. Price Is.

Mimicry in Insects, by Boland Trimen, F.E.S. Price Is. (

Influence of temperature on insects, by Frederic Merrifield,
F.E.S. Price Is.

The utility of specific characters and physiological cor-
relation, by Prof. R. Meldola, F.E.S. Price Is.

Postal Orders to— A. H., 41 , WISTERIA ROAD, LEWISHAM, S.E.

WATKINS 8c DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6, 3/-. Folding Nets, 3/(3,
4/-, 4/6. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes (deal), 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc
Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen, 1 gross, 1/6.
Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor
cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; IJin., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2^in.,
1/-; 3Jin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting
Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage,
2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases,
japanned double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennte 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass
Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes,
from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,
2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock. various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sesiidae, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW BOOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscoimcai, Objects, Fossils, &v..

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OP INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (Biif sh, European, and Exotic).
Birdu, Mammrils, etc., Preserved and Mounted by h'irH class Workmett.

36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C, ENGLAND.

LAST OFFER— IN PARTS.

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.,

The third volume of this important work has now been completed. It is still to be
obtained in Is. parts, a price that was fixed to bring, what might otherwise appeur to be
an expensive book, within the means of every lepidopterist. Only a limited nuniljer of
copies are made up in parts, and as all parts remaining after the issue of the last are sent
to the binder with the other sheets, they are practically unobtainable later. We have
received so many applications for Vols. I and II in parts, since they have been completed,
and customers do not seem to understand that the parts are only made up in about the
numbers likely to be sold at the time and are not easily obtainable afterwards, that we
think it advisable to publish this notice. We are always willing to supply any odd
copies that we may happen to have in stock (through unequal sales) and will always try
to make up customers' requirements, but cannjt undertake to do so.

Dear Sir, —

Please forward me Parts ji A Natural Ilistonj of the Pritish Butterfiies,

(tc, at Is. per part, for which I enclose Postal Order . . . .s.

Na mc

Address

Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brcckley, S.E.

COVERS for BINDING

A Natural History of the

Vol. HI. British Butterflies,

OR

A Natural History of the

Vol. X. British Lepidoptera

CAN BE HAD IF ORDERED AT ONCE.

These will not be available after the next few days.

POSTAL ORDERS Is. 9cl. should be sent direct to—

119, WESTCOMBE HILL, BLACKHEATH,

S.E.,

With exact instructions as to which title is wanted.

THE FIRST AND SECOND PARTS OF

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

Vol. IV.
Commencing with the variation and life-history of

AGRIADES CORIDON

(and fine plate of named upperside aberrations and varieties)

are now ready. Price Is. each net.

The next part will contain a fine plate of named underside aberrations.

The Subscribers to this work, in parts as published, are kindly reminded
that a new series commences with the present part. Subscription for
20 parts, 17s. 6d. New Subscribers are urgently needed in order to
enable us to publish as many illustrations as possible.

Dear Sik, —

Herewith I forward Postal Order for 17s. 6d., being my Sub-
scription for the next 20 parts (Vol. IV.) of A Natural History of British
Bntterjiies.

Name

Address

To J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcorabe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

V^ Subscriptions for Vol. XXII are now overdue.

Vol. XXII.

No, 4.

?

^1

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. ^A^. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted bx

T HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.r.s.e.

arnnr.Tf" T BETHUNE-BAKER, f.z.s. f.l.s., f.e.s.

M BURR BSC.!FZ.s:Fi".F.K..s. (REV.) C. R. N. BURROWS, F.E.S.

TArE COLLIN F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d., f.z.s., f.e.s.

H Si T K DONIOTHORPE, f.z.s., f.k.s. Alfred SICH, F.e.s.

j R le B. TOMLIN, m.a., f.e.s. Henrt J. TURNER, f.e.s.

■ ■ George WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s.

AVmi. 15th, 1910.

Price SIXPENCE (net)

Subscription for Complete^ Volume, post free

(Incluciiiig all DO^
SEVEN

'OP^tj.vg

I L L 1 M G S",^J>

'^A

^•

22. Fbancemaby Road, I-adyweii.

KoCKLEV, S.E.

LONDON :
•ELLIOT STOCK, G'2, PATMiNosTiit Kow. E.G.

BERLIN :

OVA. LARV/E, AND PUP/E.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, mxttomologi&i,

BURNISXON, Nr. SeT^RBOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets, \
etc., sent on application.
Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

O. F. TAYLER & Co., Lta.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.
(As supplied to the British Museum.)

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

(To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.^ P /
Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as I H /
received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. N/

Rannoch New Forest Shetland

16. vi. 97 4. ix. 97 5. v. 97

ADDRESS. — " Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road,
Westcombe Park, S.E.

Lantern Slides In Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARV/E A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Vernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

LIVING MADE EASY

There is a tendency in many departments of life towards greater simplicity.
The aim of the most enlightened civilisation is really to make life less com-
plex, less strenuous, and less unsatisfactory. BEECHAM'S PILLS are
thoroughly modern in this respect, for their unfailing effect is to cure those
disorders of the Stomach, Liver, and Bowels, which so greatly increase the
measure of our troubles and difJiculties. Existence which, under the evil
spell of ill-health, may appear hard and gloomy, will become bright and pleasant

BY TAKING

BEECHAM'S PILLS. However much human ingenuity may do to make life
less of a struggle the man who is suffering from any derangement of the
digestive organs will always find living a heavier burden than he would other-
wise do. To him life will always be more of a painful duty than a delight.
It is, indeed, a mystery why he should continue to allow dyspepsia, biliousness,
disordered liver, sluggish kidneys, and the accompanying loss of nerve-power
to overshadow his happiness, when a certain remedy for all his troubles is to
be found in

BEECHAM'S PILLS

Prepared only by THOMAS BEECHAM, St. Helens, Lanes.
Sold everywhere in boxes, price i/ij (56 pills) & 2/9 (168 pills.)

Subscriptions for Vol. XXII (7 shillings) should be sent to J. Herbert Tutt, 22,
Francemary Road, Lady well Road, Brockley, S.E. Will subscribers please oblige ?
[This subscription includes all numbers published from January 15th to December 15th,
1910.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. H. E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

The Back Volumes (I-XXI) of the Ent. Record, &c. (published at lOs. 6d. net),
can be obtained direct from us as follows — Single volumes, 7s. 6d. ; 2 or 3 volumes,
78. 3d. each ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols., 7s. each ; 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 vols, at 6s. 9d. each ;
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 vols, at 68. 6d. each. Back copies of the Magazine at double
the published price (plus postage). Special Indexes to Vols. III-XXI, sold separately,
price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are kindlj' requested to observe that subscriptions to The EntoiuoloiiUt's Record, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Boad, Brockley, S.E.

Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable to J. VV. Tutt.

Advertisemknts of Books and Insects for Sale or Books wanted will be inserted at a minimum
charge of as. 6d. (for four lines). Longer .'Vdverliscments in proportion. A reduction made for a series.
Particulars of Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. E. Page "Bertrose,"
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's l^ark, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed,
also to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Articles tor insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westoombe
Hill, 8.E., except notes relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donisthorpe, 58,
Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, S.W., and of Ortlioptera, to Dr. Burr, Eastry S.O., Kent.

Articles that require Illustration are inserted on condition that the author defrays the coat of the
illustrations.

All Exchange Magazines must be forwarded to J. W. Tctt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill.
Blackheath, S.E.

Wanted. — Ova of Lapponaria only. Offered — Ova of Vespertaria, Zonaria; larvse
of Versicolor (wild Scotch parents), Hispidaria (dark d" x dark ? ), Hispidaria (light i^- x
dark 9), Tenuiata j pupse of Hastata and Batis. — J. Harrison, 181, Abingdon Road,
Middlesbro'.

Duplicates. — Sparganii, *Geminipuncta, Dealbata, Viminalis, Straminea, Blomeri,
Aurago, Lunigera, Irrorella, Chrysorrhoea, Duplaris, Pavouia, Ribesiaria, Senex, *Cerago.
Desiderata. — Pupae of Tiliffi. — W. J. Ogden, 1, West Bank, Stamford Hill, London, N.

Changes of Addkess. — E. B. Bishop to Ashted Farm, Godalming. S. G. Castle
Russell to 14, Waldegrave Park, Strawberry Hill, Middlesex. R. S. Smallman ta
" Homeside," Devonshire Place, Eastbourne.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. May 4th, June 1st, October 5th, 19th. Conversazione, May 27th.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m., except in July and August.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. Excursion: April 16th, Natural History Museum,
3 p.m. — Hon. Sec, Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's HillEoad, Blaekheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. — April 28th, Paper by Mr. H. Moore ; May 12th, "Butterflies,
of Zermatt," Mr. H. J. Turner; May 21st, Field Meeting— Oxshott.

North London Natural History Society. — Meetings held at Room 20, Salisbury-
House, Finsbury Circus, E.C, at 7 p.m., on the second and fourth Tuesdays in the
month.— April 12th; April 26th, "The Field-, Water-, and Plant-Bugs of Epping
Forest," by E. A. Butler, B.Se. ; May 7th, Excursion to Royal Horticultural Society's
Gardens, Wisley, Surrey ; May 10th, 13th-16th, Whitsuntide Excursion. — Secretary,.
E. W. Bobbins, " Tonah," Hale End, Chingford.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

FINE HEALTHY LARY^^E.

Per 50. Paphia, 4s. ; Paphia bred from Valezina, 7s. ; Adippe, 4s. ; Cinxia, 7s. 6d. ;
Dominula, 2s. ; Caja, 2s. ; Grossulariata, bred from selected Aberdeen ? , 3s. 6d. ;.
Quercifolia, 7s.

Pupae. — Fluctuata, 2s. doz., 50 for 6s. ; Albulata, Is. 9d. doz., 50 for 5s. 6d., both
Shetland Isles. Albicillata, lid., Pisi, 9d., Isogrammaria, lid., Derasa, Is. 2d., Napi,.
6d., all per doz. Full price list on application.

NEWMAN'S RELAXING TINS, 2s. 4d. and 3s. lid., each, post free.

L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

N.B.— WANTED PARTICULARLY.— Live females— lo, Cardui, Atalanta,
.Algeria, Megsera, Polychloros. Larvae from any locality, except Kent, of Melitaea
artemis (aurinia). Liberal exchange or cash.

IN MY CATALOGUE No. 5.

'< PAL/EARCTIC MACROLEPIDOPTERA."

I offer more than 8,000 forms of Lepidoptera, comprising about 200 different forms
of Parnassius, 150 Colias, 375 Agrotis, 80 Plusia, 175 Catocala, 80 Sesiidse, etc.

25 LOTS, ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS, DRAWERS FOR INSECTS, ETC.

The Catalogue will be sent post free to the Subscribers of this Journal. It is the
largest and the most extensive catalogue (44 pages), and can be used as a collecting
list, as it contains almost all common as well as the particularly rare species (alsojnany
British species), and remarkable varieties, hybrids, hermaphrodites, etc.

I BUY for cash rare European Lepidoptera and original consignments from interest-
ing parts of Central Asia (China, Tibet, Kashmir, Japan, Himalaya, etc.).

MAX BARTEL, Lepidopterist, ORANIENBURG, nr. BERLIN, GERMANY,

SAVE TIME— TROUBLE— AND EXPENSE— OVER YOUR COLLECTING.

All lepidopterists preparing for Spring Work should at once purchase
Practical Hints. No book dealing with the collection of
lepidoptera, and the work of lepidopterists in the field, has ever
been published that offers so much that is useful to the lepidopterist.

Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist (Illustrated)

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
PARTS I, II & III

(Interleaved for Collector's own notes.)

PricB 6s. Bach volume f net, oi* 17s. Sd, for* the three

partSm

Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.
Together with

General and Special Index to Parts I, II & III.

(Containing references to nearly 1600 British species)

By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs.

By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.

Also detailed chapters on

" The Collection and Conservation of Lepidoptera," " Killing," " Pinning," " Entomo-
logical Pins," "Setting," "Labelling," "Holiday Collecting," "Collections," "Collect-
ing," "The Egg and Egg Stage," "The Larva and Larval Stage," " The Pupa and Pupal
Stage." Instructions on the technical description of " Eggs," " Larvae," "Pupae," etc.

The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field
lepidopterist, and forming a complete encyclopsdia of Field Lepidopterology.

Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to
about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a field the "Hints " covered, and how comparatively few of
the British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is
encyclopffidic from the field lepidopterist's point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa-
hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food,
etc. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, many chapters, simple
enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expei't something, have
been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his
observations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advaacage of
entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to all
field entomologists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, and
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a vefy large class of entomologists.

Dear Sir, — Please forward me a set of Practical Hints, Parts I, II, and III, for which
I enclose Postal Order for 1 Ts. 6da

Name

Address

To Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, 8.E.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera

(Demy 8vo., bound in Clofch. Price 5/-.)

Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for the
forms of melanism and melanochroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of
melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin ; the special value of
"natural selection," "environment," "heredity," "disease," "temperature," &c., in
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the
Entomological Society of London, says, " An especially interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in
Mr. Tutt's series of papers on ' Melanism and Melanochroism.' "

J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Entomological Pamphlets, etc.,

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Coprelation of the results arrived at in recent Papers

on the Classification of Lepidoptera. Price Is. 6d.

Reviewing the oval, larval, pupal, and imaginal characters used by

various Lepidopterists in classification.
Notes on the Zygsenidae. Price Is. 6d. An account of the habits, etc.,

of several species of the Alpine Burnet moths.

Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental
reference to the nature of Species. Price Is. net.

A detailed consideration of the nature of genera and species.

Some considerations of the Nature and Origin of Species.

Price Is. 6d. net. A detailed consideration of the causes that have led to

specific forms and their isolation.
Some results of recent Experiments in hybridising

Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscularia. Price 6d.

net. Full account of experiments conducted by Dr. Riding and Mr. Bacot

in hybridising these allied species.
The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths. Price Is.

An interesting essay on the habit as observed in many parts of the world

and its possible meanings.
The Nature of Metamorphosis. Price Is. An essay on the

nature of the various forms and degrees of metamorphosis in different

orders of insects.
The Scientific Aspects of Entomology. Parts I and II. Is. each

part, net. Critical review of the various scientific uses to which the work of

entomologists may be put. ,

Protection and Mimicry as affecting the Coieoptera, by

W. W. Fowler, M.A., F.E.S. Price Is.

Collecting Noctuidee by Lake Erie (with photograph), by A. Grote,
M.A. Price Is.

Mimicry in insects, by Roland Trimen, F.R.S. Price Is.

Influence of temperature on insects, by Frederic Merrifield
F.E.S. Price Is.

The utility of specific characters and physiological cor-
relation, by Prof. R. Meldola, F.R.S. Price Is.

Reissue of Hubner's "Tentamen." (Only two copies of the original
known.) Price 6d. net. A reprint of this rare pamphlet ; of the greatest
use to all lepidopterists interested in synonymy.

Catalogue of the Palaearctic Dimorphides, Bombycides,
Brahmseides, and Attacides. Price 6d. net. These give
all the family, tribal, generic, and specific names, as well as those of aU
named varieties and aberrations most useful for labelling.

Stray Notes on the Noctuse. Price Is. net. An account of the
classification of the Noctuid moths, etc.

Postal Orders to— A. H., 41 , WISTERIA ROAD, LEWiSHAM, S.E.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/0, 3/-. Folding Nets, 3/0,
4/-, 4/6. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes (deal), 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc
Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen, 1 gross, 1/6.
Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor
cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; IJin., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2^in.,
1/- ; S^in., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting
Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage,
2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases,
japanned double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3i, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass
Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass- top and Glass-bottomed Boxes,
from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/0.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,
2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sesiidae, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CARINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopicai, Objects, Fossils, Ac.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic).
Birdii, Mammals, etc., Preserved and Mounted by First class Workmen.

36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C, ENGLAND.

5TEVENS' AUCTION ROOMS.

ESTD. 1 760.

TUESDAY, APRIL 26th, 1910,

AT 1 O'CLOCK.

JVIr. a. C. STEVENS

Will SELL by AUCTION at his Rooms,
38, KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.G.,

THE COLLECTION OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA,

Goleoptera, etc., formed by the late Revd. F. 0. MORRIS, B.A.

Containing four of the extinct C. di.fjxir (one being a variety). A', .'nihrosed, and some
Exotic Insects, together with the carved oak cabinets in which they are arranged. Also
a small Collection of British Lepidoptera, and long series collected in the Orkney and
Shetland Islands by the late H. McArthur. Exotic Lepidoptera, set and in papers,
including numerous rare Parnassids, etc., the property of H. Grose Smith, Esq. Large
number of Setting Boards and other Apparatus, Cabinets, and various Natural History
Specimens.

On view day prior (10 to 4) and morning of Sale. Catalogues on application.

FOR SAtIeI

The FAMILY EVANIID>E

By L'ABBK J. J. KIEFFER.
Published by Wytsnian in the "Genera Insectorum." Price 2s. 6d.

A. H., 41, WISTERIA ROAD, LEWISHAH, S.E.

Natural History

OF THE

British Lepidoptera,

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION d GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
VOL. X.

410-t-viii. pages. 53 full-page illustrations.

Price £1 netm

Another volume of this encyclopff-die work has now been issued. The Contents, as
in the preceding volumes, are divided into two Parts. Part I consists of three general
chapters: "Family-habits in Butterflies" — (a) "The Chrysophanids or Coppers,"
{h) " The Urbicolids or Skippers," (c) " The Papilionids or Swallowtails." These
chapters contain a summary not only of what is known of the larval habits of the British
and European species of these groups, but a large amount of material, of equal interest,
concerning the Exotic species. These chapters, indeed, appeal particularly to biologists
and systematists engaged in work dealing with Exotic species.

Part II is also divisible into two sections: (1) The general consideration of the
subfamilies, tribes and genera of the " blues," and a detailed account (amounting to a
revolutionary revision) of the genera Everes, Cupido, Pleheiits, Cyaniris and Agriades. It
is particularly to those systematists still lumping all sorts of ' ' blues " into the few old-time
recognised genera — Lycaena, Cyaniris (usually wrongly applied), &c. — that this should
appeal, as offering them an intelligible classification which has been proved accurate by a
detailed consideration of the genitalic structures and which is supported by the facts
relating to the early stages as hei'e set forth in detail. To those systematists who know
nothing of the characters afforded by the early stages, the long series of plates illustrating
these characters should afford most interesting materal for consideration and study.

The account of each species must appeal to two entirely different classes of naturalists.
The details of the early stages (illustrated by numerous photographs) should be as interest-
ing to the general biologist as to the field naturalist. The descriptive portion, dealing as
it does with all recorded (and dozens of unrecorded) cases of gynandromorphism and
teratological developments, must appeal to the most advanced students of the causes of
Variation ; whilst every known variety and aberration, hitherto described, is dealt with
from the standpoint of recent knowledge, the original description in every case being
given so that the student can work at any form at first hand.. The tabulation of the
Variation of each species under its "Male," "Female," and " underside " forms, and
then its " local races," makes the matter easy to be reached by all students.

The correction of the errors that have grown up around Everes argiades and E.
alcetas, and of Pleheius argus (negon) and P. argyrognomon, the clearing up of the facts
relating to the local races of Cyaniris semiargus, Agriades thetis, etc., must make the
volume of first value to all serious studentsof Palsearctic butterflies.

Even to the collector, the ease with which he can trace his varieties and aberrations,
and the knowledge that he can get of their comparative rarity and value, should make the
work welcome. An aberration of A. thetis produced 9 guineas only a few weeks since in
" Stevens' salerooms," yet how few collectors know the rarity of the aberrations they
possess.

Every supporter of this work can rest assured that he is helping forward entomological
science.

Dear Sib, —

Herewith I forward P.O. for £1, being the price of Vol. X. of A Nirtural History of
the British Eepidoptera.

Name

Address

Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXII are now overdue.

Vol. XXII.

^^^

No, 5.

r

X

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

ElJlTKI) liY

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

ASHIISTKD \1V

T. HUDSON Bl'.AHl';, u.sc, Kio.s., i.-.m.s.k.

Gkohok T. BETHtiNE-BAKEB, f.z s. F.L.s., f.E.s.

\1. BUUH,j).sc.,i.-./..s.,F.i,.s., F.E.S. (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, f.e.s.

Jas. E. COEEIN, F.E.S. T. A.CIIAPIMAN, ji.u., k.z s., f.e.s.

H St ,1 K DONlS'JUOrtPE, F.z.a., f.e..'*. Ai.fred SICH, F.E.S.

■ .1 R leB. TOMLIN, M.A., F.E.S. Henry J. TURNER, f.e.s.

GeOBGE \\HEEEER, M.A., F.E.S.

MAY Joih,

iplete

^rv

Price SIXPI^C^, (^AY 23 1910,

(WITH TWO

Subscription for Coniplet

lin'liuliiiKiill liOUBI-E NUMBERS, etc.)
SEVEN SHILLINGS, •

lo niC IdUWAllM'l) lO

J. HERBERT TUTT,

•2'2. EltANCEMABV R0AI>, liAUVWELL RoAP, Bn.lCKLEY, S.E.

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, C-'i, PATKRNOsiiai Kow, E.C.

UERlilN :
R. FlJlEDF^.'^NDEll & OHN.

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, ®ntcmii-rUH?i«t,

BURNISTON, Nr. SeT^I^BOROUGH-

Full List of Ora, Larrae, ami Piijiac, aho J.eju'fJd/'tera, Aojiaratiis, (^abincts,

i'tr., sent on ap/dicatio)!.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

O. F. TAYLER & Co., Ltd.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

SftiALL Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gii-t.
{As supplied to the British Museum.)

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essenliiil that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

30 0 0 / To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities, j P /
I II 11 I -'Larger quantities ;)ro rata. Orders executed in same order as I M /
[JU^J ( received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. M/

Rannocli New Forest Shetland

16. vi. 97 i. ix. 97 '). v. 97

ADDRESS. — " Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road,
Westcombe Park, 5. E.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

lepidoptera & LARViG A SPECIAIilTV.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c..

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OP LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Vernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

LIVING MADE EASY

There is a tendency in many departments of life towards greater simplicity.
The aim of the most enlightened civilisation is really to make life less com-
plex, less strenuous, and less unsatisfactory. BEECHAM'S PILLS are
thoroughly modern in this respect, for their unfailing effect is to cure those
disorders of the Stomach, Liver, and Bowels, which so greatly increase the
measure of our troubles and difficulties. Existence which, under the evil
spell of ill-health, may appear hard and gloomy, will become bright and pleasant

BY TAKING

BEECHAM'8 PILLS. However much human ingenuity may do to make life
less of a struggle the man who is suffering from any derangement of the
digestive organs will always find living a heavier burden than ho would other-
wise do. To him life will always be more of a painful duty than a delight.
It is, indeed, "a mystery why he .should continue to allow dyspepsia, biliousness,
disordered liver, sluggish kidneys, and the accompanying loss of nerve-power
to overshadow his happiness, when a certain remedy for all bis troubles is to
be found in

BEECHAM'S PILLS

Prepared only by THOMAS BEECHAM, St. Helens, Lanes.
Sold everywhere in boxes, price i/i^ (56 pillsj & 2/9 (168 pills.)

Subscriptions for Vol. XXII (7 shillings) should be sent to J. Herbert Tutt, 22,
Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E. Will sub.scribers please oblige?
[This subscription includes all numbers published from Januarv l-5th to December ].5th,
1910.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. H. E. Pa^, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

The Back Volumes (I-XXI) of the Eiit. Record, etc. (published at lOs. 6d. net),
can be obtained direct from us as follows — Single volumes, 78. 6d. ; 2 or 3 volumes,
78. 3d. each ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols., 7s. each ; 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 vols, at 68. 9d. each ;
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 vols, at 6s. 6d. each. Back copies of the Maaazine at double
the published price (plus postage). Special Indexes to Vols. 111-XXI, sold separately,
price Is. 6d. each.

Suhscriliers are kiiiclly ifMiUfsled to ol>seive that sul)s(triplioiis lo Thi- ICiitniiioliKjint'.i llr;-iii>l. iVc. are
payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Indexi is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Cheques and Postal Orders slioiild be made payable to J. \V. Ti:rT.

Advkrtihf.imknts of Books and Insects for Sale or Books wanted will be inserted at a niiniuiuni
cliarge of lis. fid. (for four lines), l/onger Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series.
Particulars of Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Subscribers wlio change their addresses must report ilie same to Mr. H. K. Paok "'Bertrose,"
Oellatly Road, St. Catberine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise tbeir magazines will probably l;<5 delayed,
also to Mr. J. Hebbeht Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Articles tor insertion and Exchanges sbould l)e sent to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Wsstoonibe
Hill, 8.K., except notes relating lo Coleoptera, winch sbould be sent to Mr. H. Iionisthobpe, 58,
Kensington Mansions, South Kensington. S.W., and of Orthoptera, to Dr. Burr, Piastry S.O., Kent.

Articles that require Illustration are inserted on condition that the author defrays the cost of the
illustrations.

All Exchange Magazines must be forwarded to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill.
Blackbeath, S.E.

Desiderata. — Living pupae of Myopiforme, Formiciforme, Ichneumoniforme. — N. C.
Rothschild , Arundel House, KenMngton Gardens, London, IP.

EoGS OF AoLU TAU ANi> LioENs TO BE KisTuiKLTKD. — Eggs or larvos of thcse to be
.given to any careful lepidopterist who will breed the insects and report the results. —
{ProJ.) W. Batexoii, Merlon Hoii.<e. GrantiheKter, Cambridge.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. Conversazione Friday, May •27th. June Isfc, October 5th, 19th, November 2nd,
16th, December 7th.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. —London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.G. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m., except in July and August.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. June (jth, July 4th, September 5th, "Exhibition-**
Field Excursions : May 13tb-16th, Rye and Winchelsea; May 18th, Bexley (Cannon St.,
'2.48 p.m.); June 11th, Tottenham (Liverpool St., 2.48 p.m.) ; June 25th, Dunton Green
(Cannon St., 2.22 p.m.); July 9th, Eiekmansvvorth (Marylebone, 2.15 p.m.); September
10th, Higham (Cannon St., 2.45 p.m.). [Particulars from MissL. Robei'ts, 11, St. James',
Hatcham.] — Hon. Sec, Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Eoad, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. — May 26th, June 9th, 23rd, " Teratological Spcimens," Dr. T.
A. Chapman ; July 14th, 28th, August 11th, 25th. Field Meetings— ^la,y 21st, Oxshott;
June 18th, Ranmore ; July 2nd, Westerham ; July 23rd, Wisley ; September 10th.
Bookham.

North London Natural History Society.^Meetings held at Room 20, Saltsbary
House, Finsbury Circus, E.C., at 7 p.m,, on the second and fourth Tuesdays in the
month. — May 24th, June 14th. Field Excursions : May 28th, Chingford (Liverpool St.,
2.9 p.m.); June 25th, Beaumont Manor (Liverpool St., 3 p.m.); June 28th, Totljeridge
(Broad St., 5.55 p.m.). — Secretary, R. W. Robbins, " Tonah," Hale End, Chingford.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

FINE HEALTHY LARY^flB.

Per 50. Paphia, 4s. ; Paphia bred from Valezina, 7s. ; Adippe, 4s. ; Cinxia, 7s. 6d. ;
Dominula, 2s. ; Caja, 2s. ; Gross ulariata, bred from selected Aberdeen ? , 3s. 6d. ;
Quercifolia, 7s.

Pupae. — Fluctuata, 2s. doz., 50 for 6s. ; Albulata, Is. 9d. doz., 50 for 5s. 6d., both
Shetland Islete. Albicillata, lid., Pisi, 9d., bogrammaria, lid., Derasa, is. 2d., Napi,
6d., all per doz. Full price list on application.

NEWMAN'S RELAXING TINS, 2s. 4d. and 3s. 1|4., each, post free.

L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

N.B.— WANTED PARTICULARLY.— Live females— lo, Cardui, Atalanta,
iEgeria, Megsera, Polychloros. Larvae from any locality, except Kent, of Melitsea
artemis (aurinia). Liberal exchange or cash.

IN PARTS— ONE SHILLING.

A NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION.
"" Vol. IV.

Commencing with the Variation and Life-history of Agriades coridon (with four plates of
the named aberrations and varieties of this species together with many photomicrographs
of larval and pupal structure).

Probably the finest life-history of any species of lepidoptera ever published. The next
species to be treated is Polyommatus icarus, a still more complicated one with regard to
its Varieties and Aberrations.

SubBcription for 20 parts 17s. 6d.

Dear Sir, —

Herewith I forward Po:tal Order for 17s. 6d., being my subscription for the next 20
parts (Vol. IV.) A A Natural History of the British Butter/lies. ^

Name '.

Address

To J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe HUl, Blacliheath, S.E.

SAVE TIME— TROUBLE— AND EXPENSE— OVER YOUR COLLECTING.

All lepidopterists preparing for Spring NA/ork should at once purchase
Practical Hints. No book dealing with the collecting of
lepidoptera, and the work of lepidopterists in the field, has ever
been published that offers so much that is useful to the lepidopterist.

Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist (Illustrated)

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
PARTS I, II & III

(Interleaved for Collector's own notes.)

Price 6s. each vQlume, net, or 17s> 6(1. for the three

parts m

Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.
Together with

General and Special Index to Parts I, II & III.

(Containing references to nearly 1600 British species)

By H. J. TURNEE, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs.

By F. NOAD CLARK mv A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.

Also detailed chapters on

" The Collection and Conservation of Lepidoptera," "Killing," "Pinning," "Entomo-
logical Pins," "Setting," "Labelling," "Holiday Collecting," "Collections," "Collect-
ing," "The Egg and Egg Stage," "The Larva and Larval Stage," " The Pupa and Pupal
Stage." Instructions on the technical description of " Eggs," " Larvie," "Pupee," etc.

The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field
le^;^idopterist, and forming a complete encycIopsEdia of Field Lepidopterology.

Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to
about 2100 species. It was not until the three pirts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a field the "Hints " covered, and how comparatively few of
the British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is
encyclopaedic from the field lepidopterist's point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa-
hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breediijg-cages, treatment, food,
etc. — having ever been attempted. In additioir to these points, many chapters, simple
enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expert something, have
been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use hu<!
observations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advancage of
entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to all
field entomologists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, ana
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists.

Deab Sib, — Please forward me a set of Practical Hhitu, Parts I, II, and III, for which
I enclose Postal Order for 1 7s. 6d.

Savw

Addrei!'

To Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Franceraary Road, Ladyweli Road, Brockley, S.E

Entomological Pamphlets^ etc.,

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Coppelation of the results arpived at in pecent Papeps
on the Classification of Lepidoptepa. Price Is. 6d.
Reviewing the oval, larval, pupal, and imaginal characters used by
various Lepidopterists in classification.

Notes on the Zygsenidae. Price Is. 6d. An account of the habits, etc.,
of several species of the Alpine Burnet moths.

Some considepations of Natupal Genepa and incidental
pefepence to the natupe of Species. Price Is. net.
A detailed consideration of the nature of genera and species.

Some considepations of the Natupe and Opigin of Species.

Price Is. 6d. net. A detailed consideration of the causes that have led to
specific forms and their isolation.

Some pesuits of recent Expepiments in hybpidising
Tephposia bistoptata and T. cpepusculapia. Price 6d.
net. Full account of experiments conducted by Dr. Riding and Mr. Baeot
in hybridising these allied species.

The Dpinking Habits of Buttepflies and Moths. Price Is.
An interesting essay on the habit as observed in many parts of the world
and its possible meanings.

The NatUPe of Metamopphosis. Price Is. An essay on the
nature of tlie various forms and degrees of metamorphosis in different
orders of insects.

The Scientific Aspects of Entomology. Parts I and II. Is. each

part, net. Critical review of tlie various scientific uses to which the work of
entomologists may be put.

Ppotection and Mimicpy as affecting the Coleoptepai by

W. W Fowler, M.A., F.E.S. Price Is.

Collecting Noctuidae by Lake Epie (with photograph), by \. Grote,

M.A. Price Is.
Mimicpy in insects^ by Roland Trimen, F.R.S. Price Is.

Influence of tempepatupe on Insects, by Frederic Merrifield

F.E.S. Price Is.

The utility of specific chapacteps and physiological cop-
pelation, by Prof. R. Meldola, F.R.S. Price Is.

Reissue of Hubnep*s "Tentamen." (Only two copies of the original
known.) Price 6d. net. A reprint of this rare pamphlet ; of the greatest
use to all lepidopterists interested in synonymy.

Catalogue of the Palseapctic Dimopphides, Bombycides,
Bpahnraeides, and Attacides. Price 6d. net. These give
all the family, tribal, generic, and specific names, as well as those of all
named varieties and aberrations most useful for labelling.

Stpay Notes on the Noctuae. Price Is. net. An account of the
classification of the Noctuid moths, etc.

The Lasiocampids. Price 6d.

Philosophical aspects of Entomology. Price Is.

The Study of Natupal Histopy— Vapiation and the Natupe
of Species. Price Is.

Choptodes moppisii, IVIoppis = C. bondii, Knaggs. Price 6d.

Nomenclatupe — Phylogeny — Synonymy. Price 6d.

A gpegapious buttepfly, Epebia nerine ; with notes on
the Lepidoptera of the Mendel Pass. Price 6d.

Postal Orders to— A. H., 41 , WISTERIA ROAD, LEWiSHAM, S.E.

WATKINS 8c DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain King Nets, wire or cane, inchulinf,' Stick, 1/3. 2/-, 2/0, 3/-. Folding Nets, 3/G,
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Entomological Pins, 1/6 per onnce. Pocket Ijanterus, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
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1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by ?>^, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass
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from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
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2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. U.seful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
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For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sesiidae, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

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L.ARGK STOCK OP INSECTS AND BIRDS' E(JGS (Biil sli, Kuropean, and K.xotie).
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36, STRAND, liONDON, W.C, ENGLAND.

BREEDING CAGES!

BREEDING CAGES!

Grand breeding cages ; new design ; first class
working cages ; fine mesh perforated zinc
sides, hinged door with removeable glass.

12x9x6,2/9; 14x10x7,3/9; 16 < 11 x 8, 4-/9.

Postage, 6d.; Door at buck, 6d. extra.

PuptB Strigillaria, 2/-. Larvae Fimbria, Belgiaria,
Delamere Repandata, 1/6, all jn-r doz., postage 2d.

A. H. THOMPSON, 23, Louise St., Chester.

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe,

By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc. F.Z.S., F.L.S.. F.E.S.. &c.

Bound in Cloth, 160 pp., with good Index (Specific and Generic).

Price 3sm netm

A pocket handbook for the use of collectors in the Held. Covers all species found west
of the Carpathian Mts. Description of each species, habits, habitats and distribution.

Will he xent Post Free on receipt of Postal Order for 3s. to —

A. H., 41 , Westeria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

Natural History

OF THE

British Lepidoptera

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION d GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
VOL. X.

410+viii. pages. oS full-page illustrations.

Price £1 netm

Another volume of this encyclopedic work has now been issued. The Contents, as
in the preceding volumes, are divided into two Parts. Part I consists of three general
chapters: "Family-habits in Butteriiies " — (a) "The Chryaophanids or Coppers,"
(b) "The Urbicolids or Skippers," (c) "The Papilionids or Swallowtails." These
chapters contain a summary not only of what is known of the larval habits of the British
and European species of these groups, but a large amount of material, of equal interest,
concerning the Exotic species. These chapters, indeed, appeal particularly to biologists
and systematists engaged in work dealing with Exotic species.

Part II is also divisible into two sections : (1) The general consideration of the
subfamilies, tribes and genera of the " blues," and a detailed account (amounting to a
revolutionary revision) of the genera Everes, Cnpido, Plebeiits, Cyaniris and Agriadei'. It
is particularly to those systematists still lumping all sorts of " blues " into the few old time
recognised genera — Lycaena, Cyaniris (usually wrongly applied), Ac. — that this should
appeal, as offering them an intelligible classification which has been proved accurate by a
detailed consideration of the genitalic structures and which is supported by the facts
relating to the early stages as here set forth in detail. To those systematists who know
nothing of tlie characters afforded by the early stages, the long series of plates illustrating
these characters should afford most interesting materal for consideration and study.

The account of each species must appeal to two entirely different classes of naturalists.
The details of the early stages (illustrated by numerous photographs) should be as interest-
ing to the general biologist as to the field naturalist. The descriptive portion, dealing as
it does with all recorded (and dozens of unrecorded) cases of gynandromorphism and
teratological developments, must appeal to the most advanced students of the causes of
Variation ; whilst every known variety and aberration, hitherto described, is dealt with
from the standpoint of recent knowledge, the original description in every case being
given so that the student can work at any form at first hand. The tabulation of the
Variation of each species under its "Male," "Female," and " underside " forms, and
then its " local races," makes the matter easy to be reached by all students.

The correction of the errors that have grown up around Everes argiades and E.
alcetds, and of Pleheius argus [iiegon) and P. argyrognoiuon, the clearing up of the facts
relating to the local races of Cyaniris seviiargiis, Agriades thetis, &c., must make the
volume of first value to all serious students of Paloearctic butterflies.

Even to the collector, the ease with which he can trace his varieties and aberrations,
and the knowledge that he can get of their comparative rarity and value, should make the
work welcome. An aberration of A. thetis produced 9 guineas only a few weeks since in
" Stevens' salerooms." yet how few collectors know the rarity of the aberrations they
possess.

Every supporter of this work can rest assured that he is helping forward entomological
science.

Dear Sib, —

Herewith I forward P.O. for £1, being the price of Vol. X. o'f A Natural History of
the JJritish Lepidoptera.

Name

Address

Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

No, 6.

^

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Editkd by

J. ^/V. TUTT, F.E.S.

A SSI STIC D BV

T. HUDSON BE ARK, b.sc, f.k.h., i.r.s.k.
Geobge T. BETHLNE-BAKER, f.zs f.l.s.,f.es^^
M BURH DSC.F.z.s., y.L.s., K.K.s. (Rev. C. R. N. BURKUWb, i.E.s.
^^- J.sE COLLIN F.E.S. T. A. ( 1'^?^' AN ..d ../... f k^^
H. St. J. K. l.ONISTFORPF. f./.s., »-*"^- A^|kep SICH, f_f s
J R leB. TOMLIN, m.a., f.e.s. Henr\ J. TURNER, f.e.s.
■ ■ Geobge WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s.

JUNE 15th, 1910.

Price SIXPENCE (nkt)

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.)
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO UK l(iK\V.\lU)}a) TO

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-i. ElUNCEMABV R..AI., LA1.VWELL ROAlS^nrVTTV, ilitE.

^^^\^V yf ^ONG^^-

11, Cari.sti'.assk, N.^T

ELLIOT STOCK, 62, I'AitRNos

BERLINS;, 'v/y, rv<^^

K. iaaEDL.A;KDEKN!<S0^/AN 0^

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. ^JV. HEAD, mxitoxnolOiyxM,

BUrNISTON, Nr. SeT^RBOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Awparatus, Cabinets,

etc., sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

13. F. TAYLER & Co., ILita.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

SiMALii Heads and Perfect Points. White, Biack, and Gir,T.
{As supplied to the British Museum.)

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

(To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities. \ P /
Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as L fl /
received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. I M/

Rannoch New Forest Shetland

16. vi. 97 4. ix. 97 5. v. 97

ADDRESS. — " Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road,
Westcombe Park, S.E.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LiARVA: A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
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For List apply to —

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Subscriptions for Vol. XXII (7 shillings) should be sent to J. Herbert Tutt, 22,
Francemary Road, Lady well Road, Brockley, S.E. Will subscribers please oblige ?
[This subscription includjBS all numbers published from January 15th to December 15th,
1910.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. H. E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

The Back Volumes (I-XXI) of the Ent. Record, &c. (published at 10s. 8d. net),
can be obtained direct from us as follows — Single volumes, 78. 6d. ; 2 or 3 volumes,
78. 3d. each ; 4, 8, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols., 7s. each ; 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 vols, at 6s. 9d. each ;
IS, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 vols, at 6b. 6d. each. Back copies of the Magazine at double
the published price (plus postage). Special Indexes to Vols. III-XXI, sold separately,
price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to 2'he EntomologUt's Record, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brocldey, S.E.
Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Tutt.

Advertisements of Boolis and Insects for Sale or Bool<s wanted will be inserted at a minimum
charge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines), Ijonger Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series.
Particulars of Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. E. Page "Bertrose,"
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed,
also to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Articles tor insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe
Hill, S.E., except notes relating to Coieoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donibthorpe, 58,
Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, S.W., and of Orthoptera, to Dr. Burr, Eastry 8.O., Kent.

Articles that require Illustration are inserted on condition that the author defrays the cost of the
illustrations.

All Exchange Magazines must be forwarded to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill.
Blackheath, S.E,

Duplicates. — Abruptaria (black form), Gracilis (red form), Dealbata, Geminipuncta,
Monacha, Senex, etc. Desiderata. — Larvas of Caja and Grossulariata both from Lancashire
district. — W. J. Ogden, 87, The Common, Upper Clapton, London, N.E.

Offered. — Sound healthy larvae of lapponaria ^ x zonaria 2 = hybrid smallmani,
hirtaria s x zonaria ? = hybrid denhami, zonaria cf x hirtaria 9 = hybrid harrisoni.
Wanted. — Proceedings of the various entomological societies, also works on Spiders,
Hymenoptera, Coieoptera, Hemiptera, etc. — J. W. Harrison, 181, Abingdon Road,
Middleshro' .

Desiderata. — Living pupee of Myopiforme, Formiciforme, Ichneumoniforme. — N. C.
Rothschild, Arundel House, Kensington Gardens, London, W.

Eggs of Aglia tau and lugens to be distributed. — Eggs or larvee of these to be
given to any careful lepidopterist who will breed the insects and report the results. —
(Prof.) W. Bateson, Merton House, Grantchester, Catnhridge.

Changes of Address. — T. Bainhrigge Fletcher to Agricultural Research Institute,
Pusa, Bengal, India. L. Doncaster to Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. L. B. Prout to
62, Graham Road, Dal$ton,N.E.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. October 5th, 19th, November '2nd, I6th, December 7th.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m., except in July and August.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. July 4th, September 5th, " Exhibition." Field Excur-
sions: June 25th, Dunton Green (Cannon St., 2.22 p.m.); July 9th, Riekmansworth
(Marylebone, 2.15 p.m.); September 10th, Higham (Cannon St., 2.45 p.m.). [Particulars
from Miss L. Roberts, 11, St. James', Hatcham.] — Hon. Sec, Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's
Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. — June 23rd, "-Teratological Specimens," Dr. T. A. Chapman;
July 14th, 28th, August 11th, 25th. Field Meetings — June 18th, Ranmore ; July 2nd,
Westerham ; July 23rd, Wisley ; September 10th. Bookham.

North London Natural History Society. — Meetings held at Room 20, Salisbury
House, Finsbury Circus, E.C, at 7 p.m., on the second and fourth Tuesdays in the
month. — June 14th. Field Excursions : June 25th, Beaumont Manor (Liverpool St.,
3 p.m,); June 28th, Totteridge (Broad St,, 5,55 p,m,). — Secretary, R. W. Robbins,
" Tonah." Hale End, Cbingford.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

FINE HEALTHY LARY^flS.

Per dozen. — Cardamines, Is.; Rhamni, Is.: lo, 9d.; Paphia, Is. 3d.; ^geria, Is. 3d.;
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9d.; Lacertula, 9d.; Falcula, 6d.; Vinula, Is.; Camelina, 9d.; Dictaea, !•.; Ziczac, Is,;
Opima, Is.; Croceago, 28.; Illustraria, 9d,; Autumnaria, Is.; Fuscantaria, Is. 3d.;
Lunaria, 3s.; Zonaria, Is.; and many others.

Pupae. — Per each. — Paphia, 2Jd.; bred from Valezina, 6d.: Sibylla, 3Jd.; Andreni-
formis, 6s.; Plantaginis, 3d.; Fimbria, 2Jd.; Prunaria, 3d.; Syringaria, 2Jd.; Abietaria,
5d.; and many others. Full list on application.

NEWMAN'S RELAXING TINS, 2s. 4d. and 3s. lid., each, post free.
WANTED. — Many Ova, Larvae, and Pupae. Liberal Exchange or Cash.

JL. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.
Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera

(Demy 8vo., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-.)

Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for the
forms of melanism and melanochroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of
melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin ; the special value of
"natural selection," "environment," "heredity," "disease," "temperature," <fec., in
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the
Entomological Society of London, says, " An especially interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in
Mr, Tutt's series of papers on ' Melanism and Melanochroism,' "

Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S,

Parts I, II and III (interleaved for Collector's own notes). Price (for the three parts)
£1 net. Separately— Part I, 9/- ; Part II, 6/- ; Part III, 6/-,
This work contains about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known ; together
with a General and Specific Index to Parts I, II and III, by H, J, Turner, F,E,S, ; also
chapters on Preservation, Mounting and Photographing Eggs, by F, Noad Clark and A, E,
Tonge ; also chapters on Collections, Collecting, Collectors, the Egg and Egg-stage, the
Larva and Larval stage, the Pupa and Pupal stage; with model descriptions and hints
for useful records, the whole illustrated by seven carefully executed plates, making this the
most important work on the subject ever offered to the field lepidopterist. An Encyclo-
paedia of Field Lepidopterology,

J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.
IN PARTS— ONE SHILLING.

A NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BRITISH BUHERFLIES,

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION.

Vol. IV.
Commencing with the Variation and Life-history of Agriadet coridon (with four plates of
the named aberrations and varieties of this species together with many photomicrographs
of larval and pupal structure).

Probably the finest life-history of any species of lepidoptera ever published. The ntit
species to be treated is Polyommatus icarus, a still more complicated one with regard to
its Varieties and Aberrations,

Subscription for 20 parts 17b. 6d.

Dear Sir, —

Herewith I forward Postal Order for 178. 6d., being my subscription for the next 20
parts (Vol. IV.) of A Natural History of the British Butter/lies.

Name

Address

To J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, B.E.

SAVE TIME— TROUBLE— AND EXPENSE— OVER YOUR COLLECTING.

All lepidopterists now fully engaged in Field Work should at once
purchase Practical Hints. No book dealing with the collecting
of lepidoptera, and the work of lepidopterists in the field, has ever
been published that offers so much that is useful to the lepidoptcrist.

Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist (Illustrated)

By J. ^V. TUTT, F.E.S.
PARTS I, II & III

(Interleaved for Collector's own notes.)

Price 6s« each volume, net, or 17s* 6if. for the three

parts m

Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.
Together with

General and Special Index to Parts I, II & III.

(Containing references to nearly 1600 British species)

By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs.

By F. NOAD CLARK anl A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.

Also detailed chapters on

" The Collection and Conservation of Lepidoptera," " Killing," " Pinning," "Entomo-
logical Pins," "Setting," " Labelling," "Holiday Collecting," "Collections," " Collect-
ing," "The Egg and Egg Stage," "The Larva and Larval Stage," " The Pupa and Pupal
Stage." Instructions on the technical description of " Eggs," " Larvae," "Pupae," etc.

The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field
lepidopterist, and terming a complete encyclopaedia of Field Lepldopterology.

Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to
about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a field the "Hints" covered, and how comparatively few of
the British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is
encyclopffidic from the field lepidopterist's point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa-
hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food,
etc. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, many chapters, simple
enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expert something, have
been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his
observations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advancage of
entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to all
field entomologists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, and
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists.

Dear Sir, — Please forward me a set of Practical HinU, Parts I, II, and III, for which
I enclose Postal Order for 1 Ts. 6d.

Name. . .
Address .

To Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Broekley, S.B.

Entomological Pamphlets, etc.,

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Correlation of the results arrived at in recent Papers
on the Classification of Lepidoptera. Price Is. 6d.
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of several species of the Alpine Burnet moths.

Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental
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Some considerations of the Nature and Origin of Species.

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Some results of recent Experiments in hybridising
Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscularia. Price 6d.
net. Full account of experiments conducted by Dr. Riding and Mr. Bacot
in hybridising these allied species.

The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths. Price Is.
An interesting essay on the habit as observed in many parts of the world
and its possible meanings.

The Nature of Metamorphosis. Price Is. An essay on the
nature of the various forms and degrees of metamorphosis in different
orders of insects.

The Scientific Aspects of Entomology. Parts I and II. Is. each
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Protection and Mimicry as affecting the Coleoptera, by

W. W. Fowler, M.A., F.E.S. Price Is.

Collecting Noctuidae by Lake Erie (with photograph), by A. Grote,

M.A. Price Is.
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Influence of temperature on Insects, by Frederic Merrifield
F.E.S. Price Is.

The utility of specific characters and physiological cor-
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Reissue of Hubner's "Tentanien." (Only two copies of the original
known.) Price 6d. net. A reprint of this rare pamphlet ; of the greatest
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Catalogue of the Palsearctic Dimorphides, Bombycides»
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all the family, tribal, generic, and specific names, as well as those of all
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classification of the Noctuid moths, etc.

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Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe,

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k

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... A SVPKKIOK MAHOGANY . . .

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PRICE £40.

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A

Natural History

OF THE

British Lepidoptera,

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION d GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
VOL. X.

410 + viii. pages. 53 full-page illustrations.

Price £1 net.

Another volume of this encyclopaedic work has now been issued. The Contents, as
in the preceding volumes, are divided into two Parts. Part I consists of three general
chapters; "Family-habits in Butterflies" — (a) "The Chrysophanids or Coppers,"
{h) "The Urbicolids or Skippers," (c) "The Papilionids or Swallowtails." These
chapters contain a summary not only of what is known of the larval habits of the British
and European species of these groups, but a large amount of material, of equal interest,
concerning the Exotic species. These chapters, indeed, appeal particularly to biologists
and systematists engaged in work dealing with Exotic species.

Part II is also divisible into two sections : (1) The general consideration of the
subfamilies, tribes and genera of the " blues," and a detailed account (amounting to a
. revolutionary revision) of the genera Everes, Ciipido, Plebeius, Cyiiniris and Ayriaden. It
is particularly to those systematists still lumping all sorts of ' ' blues " into the few old time
recognised genera — Lycaena, Cyaniris (usually wrongly applied), ttc. — that this should
appeal, as offering them an intelligible classification which has been proved accurate by a
detailed considei-ation of the genitalic structures and which is supported by the facts
relating to the early stages as here set forth in detail. To those systematists who know
nothing of the characters afforded by the early stages, the long series of plates illustrating
these characters should afford most interesting materal for consideration and study.

The account of each species must appeal to two entirely different classes of naturalists.
The details of the early stages (illustrated by numerous photographs) should be as interest-
ing to the general biologist as to the field naturalist. The descriptive portion, dealing as
it does with all recorded (and dozens of unrecorded) cases of gynandromorphism and
teratological developments, must appeal to the most advanced students of the causes of
Variation ; whilst every known variety and aberration, hitherto described, is dealt with
from the standpoint of recent knowledge, the original description in every case being
given so that the student can work at any form at first hand. The tabulation of the
Variation of each species under its "Male," "Female," and " underside " forms, and
then its " local races," makes the matter easy to be reached by all students.

The correction of the errors that have grown up around Everes argiades and E.
alcetas, and of Plebeius argus (aegon) and P. argyrognomon, the clearing up of the facts
relating to the local races of Cyaniris seiidargus, Agriades thetis, etc., must make the
volume of first value^to all serious students of Palsearctic butterflies.

Even to the collector, the ease with which he can trace his varieties and aberrations,
and the knowledge that he can get of their comparative rarity and value, should make the
work welcome. An aberration of A. thetis produced 9 guineas only a few weeks since in
" Stevens' salerooms," yet how few collectors know the rarity of the aberrations they
possess.

Every supporter of this work can rest assured that he is helping forward entomological
science.

Deak Sir, —

Herewith I forward P.O. for £1, being the piice of Vol. X. of A Natural History of
the Britisli Lepidoptera.

Name

Address

Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

le next pant will be issued on September 15th.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.r.s.k.

Geobge T. BETHUNE-BAKER, f.z.s. f.l.s., f.e.s.

M. BURR, D.sc.,F.z.s.,r.L.8., F.E.S. (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, f.e.s.

Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, ji.D., f.z.s., f.e.s.

H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.s., r.E..s. Alfred SICH, f.e.b,

J. R. le B. TOMLIN, m.a., f.e.s. Henry J. TURNER, f.e.s.

George WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s.

JULY loth, 1910.

Price ONE SHILLING (net).

(WITH PLATE.)
(Two Nob.— July & AnguatjJ._

Subscription for Complete Voru^i^,%po8t fr«fe

(Including all DOUBLE JI»lJM^R8, etc.)

/ V
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ot^

22, Ehancemary Road, Ladvwkll Hoad, Brockley, S.E.

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Tatkhnosteb Kow, E.C.

BERLIN :

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E.

The Largest Breedev of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, @jito»nala0tet,

BURNISXOH, Nr. SCT^RBOROUGH.

Full Ldst of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,

etc., sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

r>. F. TAYLER & Co., ILita.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.
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BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
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3nnn C^^ comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities. \ P I
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Eannoch New Forest Shetland

16. vi. 97 4. ix. 97 5. v. 97

ADDRE5S. — ' Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road,
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LEPIDOPTERA & JuAKVJE A SPECIALITY.

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SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLinES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY^SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARV^, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
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r

I Subscriptions for Vol. XXII (7 shillings) should be sent to J. Herbert Tutt, 22,
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[This subscription includes all numbers published from January 15th to December ISth,
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Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
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The Back Volumes (I-XXI) of the Knt. Record, Ac. (published at 10s. 6d. net),
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Subscribers are kindly requestecl to observe that subscriptions to The Kiitomnlo'jUl'x liecord, Ac, are
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Cheques and Postal Orders sliould be made payable to J. W. Tutt.

Advkrtisemekts of Books and Insects for Sale or Books wanted will be inserted at a minimum
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Articles tor insertion and Exchanges should l)e sent to .J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, VVe.stcombe
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Articles that require Illustration are inserted on condition that the author defrays the cost of the
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All Exchange Magazines must be forwarded to J. W. Tutt, Bayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill.
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Duplicates. — Castrensis, larvae. Desiderata. — Numerous. — J. Ovenden, Frindshury
Road, Rochester, Kent.

Desiderata. — Living pupae of Myopiforme, Formiciforme, Ichneumoniforme. — N. G.
Rothschild, Arundel House, Kensington Gardens, London, W.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. October 5th, 19th, November 2nd, 16th, December 7th.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m., except in July and August.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. Field Excursions : September 10th, Higham (Cannon
St., 2.45 p.m.). [Particulars from Miss L. Roberts, 11, St. James', Hatcham.] — Hon.
Sec, Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. — July 28th, August 11th, 25th, September 8th. Field Meetings
— July 23rd, Wisley ; September 10th, Bookham.

North London Natural History Society. — Meetings held at Room 20, Salisbury
House, Finsbury Circus, E.C, at 7 p.m., on the second and fourth Tuesdays in the
month. — Secretary, R. W. Robbins, " Tonah," Hale End, Chingford.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

Monograph of the Notodontine Moths of America, north

of Mexico,* including their Transformations,

and Origin of the Larval Markings

and Armature.

4to., iiith Si coloured and 15 plain plates, and 10 maps.

By A. 5. PACKARD.

One of the finest entomological works published on this interesting group.

Prioo 2 Guineas m

A. H., 41, Wisteria Road, Lewiaham, 8.B

FOR SALE. THE FOLLOWING RARE AND IMPORTANT
ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS AND PAMPHLETS.

The Aearina or Mites, by Nathan Banks. Demy 8vo., with 201 figures and BibUo- s. d.

graphy. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered .. .. '.. .. .. ..6 0

Early Stages of Carabidse, by George Dimmock and Frederick Knab. Demy 8vo.

Four full-page plates and Bibliography. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . 6 0
Dragonfly Nymphs, by James G. Needham. Demy 8vo., with 7 full-page process

plates and several figures. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . . . ..60

Aleyrodids of California, by Florence E. Bemis. Demy 8vo., with 11 full-page

plates. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered .. .. .. .. .. ..5 0

Origin of Wings of Coleoptera, by W. L. Tower. Demy 8vo., splendidly illustrated

with 7 double demy plates and Bibliography. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered 7 6
Genealogic Study of Dragonfly Wing Venation, by James G. Needham. Demy

Bvo., with 24 full-page process plates and 44 figures. A most important

work. Bound in cloth, gold lettered. . . . . . , . . . . . . 10 0

Revision of American Siphonaptera, by Carl F. Baker. Demy 8vo., with 17 full

page plates, complete Bibliography, &c. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered
Notes on Hybrids of Tephrosia bistortata and Tephrosia crepuscularia, by J. W

Tutt. F.E.S

Presidential Address to the Entomological Society of London for 1896 by Prof

R. Meldola, F.E.S

Presidential Address to the Entomological Society of London for 1897 by Prof

R. Meldola, F.E.S

Presidential Address to the Entomological Society of London for 1899 by E

Trimen, F.E.S.
Presidential Address to the Entomological Society of London for 1900 by G

H. Verrall, F.E.S

Presidential Address to the Entomological Society of London for 1902 by Eev

Canon Fowler, M.A.

Distribution of European Erebias, by J. W. Tutt, F.E.S

A lutescent aberration of Epinepbele tithonus, by J. W. Tutt, F.E.S.
The Variation of Papilio machaon, by W. Farren, F.E.S.

Entomologists seeking books and pamphlets are invited to send their lists of desiderata.
Orders for the above to A. H. 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

IN PARTS— ONE SHILLING.

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

THEIR WOELD-WIDE VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION.
Vol. IV.

Commencing with the Variation and Life-history of Agriades coridon (with four plates of
the named aberrations and varieties of this species together with many photomicrographs
of larval and pupal structure).

Probably the finest life-history of any species of lepidoptera ever published. The next
species to be treated is Polyommatus icarus, a still more complicated one with regard to
its Vapieties and Aberrations. *

Subscription for 20 parts 17s. 6d.

Dear Sik, —

Herewith I forward Po:tal Order for 17s. 6d., being my subscription for the next 20
parts (Vol. IV.) of A Natural History of the British Bntterfiies.

7 6

1 0

1 6

1 0

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Address

To J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

SAVE TIME— TROUBLE—AND EXPENSE-OVER YOUR COLLECTING.

All lepidopterists now fully engaged in Field Work should at once
purchase Practical Hints. No book dealing with the collecting
of lepidoptera, and the work of lepidopterists in the field, has ever
been published that offers so much that is useful to the lepidopterist.

Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist (Illustrated)

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.'
PARTS I, II & III

(Interleaved foi- Collector's own notes.)

Pi*ice 6s> each volume^ net, op I7s« Gd» for the thB*»e

parts m

Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.
Together with

General and Special Index to Parts I, II & III.

(Containing references to nearly 1600 British species)

By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs.

By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.

Also detailed chapters on

" The Collection and Conservation of Lepidoptera," "Killing," " Pinning," " Entomo-
logical Pins," "Setting," "Labelling," "Holiday Collecting," "Collections," "Collect-
ing," "The Egg and Egg Stage," "The Larva and Larval Stage," " The Pupa and Pupal
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The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field
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Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to
about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a field the "Hints" covered, and how comparatively few of
the British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is
encyclopffdic from the field lepidopterist' s point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa-
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enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expert something, have
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field entomologists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, aua
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists.

Dear Sib, — Please forward me a set of Practical Hints, Parts I, II, and III, for which
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Entomological Pamphlets, etc.,

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Correlation of the results arrived at in recent Papers
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Notes on the Zygsenidse. Price Is. 6d. An account of the habits, etc.,
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Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental
reference to the nature of Species. Price Is. net.
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Some considerations of the Nature and Origin of Species.

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specific forms and their isolation.

Some results of recent Experiments in hybridising
Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscularia. Price
Is. 6d. net. Full account of experiments conducted by Dr. Riding and
Mr. Bacot in hybridising these allied species.

The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths. Price Is.

An interesting essay on the habit as observed in many parts of the world
and its possible meanings.

The Nature of Metamorphosis. Price Is. An essay on the
nature of the various forms and degrees of metamorphosis in different
orders of insects.

The Scientific Aspects of Entomology. Parts I and 11. Is. each
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entomologists may be put.

Protection and Mimicry as affecting the Coleoptera, by

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Collecting Noctuidae by Lake Erie (with photograph), by A. Grote,
M.A. Price Is.

Mimicry in insectSi by Roland Trimen, F.R.S. Price Is.

Influence of temperature on Insects, by Frederic Merrifield,
F.E.S. Price Is.

The utility of specific characters and physiological cor-
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Reissue of Hubner's "Tentamen." (Only two copies of the original
known.) Price 6d. net. A reprint of this rare pamphlet ; of the greatest
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A BARGiLIM^. Sold oy Let.

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SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
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We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
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Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe,

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The Entomologist's Library.

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A Natural History of the British Butterflies, their world-wide
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(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I, Hand III. Price one guinea each net. Vol. IV in course of publi-
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A Natural History of the British Alucitides, their world-wide
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(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
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Full details of the life-history of every British species ; full historical
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Orders to be addressed to J. Hekbket Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road,

Brockley, S.E.

V?

No, 9.

^

^

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD
JOURNAL of" VARIATION

J', lilTKI) UY

J. W. rUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted bv

T. HUDSON Ul!;Al?E, li.sc, F.ii.s., F.n.s.t;.

Ukohgk T. BKTHUNE-BAKEK, k.z s. f.l.s., f.e.s.

M. UUUK D.sc ,i-./..s., Ki..s.,iM.:.s. (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, f.e.s.

Jas. K. fOI.l.lK, F.K.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, ji.d., f.z.s., f.e.s.

H. St. ,I. K. DOMS'I HORPK, r.z.s., f.k.s. Alfred SICH, f.e.s.

•T. R. Ip B. TOMLIN, M.A., f.e.s. Henry J. TURNER, f.k.s.

GFOEGE wheeler, M.A., F.E.S.

!^l-:i'TEiJI!Ell Idili, I'JlO.

^1

Price SiXPKNCE (nkt).
Sul»s<iii)Lion for t'cmiplete Volume, post fret

.Inclmliiigttll DOUBLE N Lj^MJEKSracn, ~~

SEVEN S hyf ML-W G S ,

N>
TO l;K 10U1*A11I)KI)(^» p 0'.j

J. HERBEI^T TUTT,

•J'J. 1''kANC)..MA«V Kli.M', I,AD\\VE1.L KOAD, firtaOKLEV,

LONDON :
KJ, LKiT S'lOt'K, f.-i. pATiitNosTi R l<o\v, E.C.

BERLIN :

l;. FlilEDL.ANDEK & SOHN,
11, Cabi.strasse, N.W.

1

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E. ^

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, ©utantolaatet,

BURNISXON, Nr. SeKRBOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larroe, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,

etc., sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good YaMeties for Sale.

r>. F. TAYLER & Co., JLtd.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Smali- Heads and Perfect Points. White, Br.ACK, and Gii/r.
{As supplied to the British Museum.)

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

( To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.

-{Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as |

received. Remittance in full must accompany each order.

Rannoch New Forest Shetland

16. vi. 97 4. ix. 97 5. v. 97

ADDRESS. — ' Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road,
Westcombe Park, S.E.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

liEPIDOPTERA & LiARVVE A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER! FROM ANYcSPECIMEN 'OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Yernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

I

Subscriptions for Vol. XXII (7 shillings) stiould be sent to J. Herbert Tutt, 22,
Francemary Road, Lady well Road, Brockley, S.E. Will subscribers please oblige ?
[This subscription includes all numbers published from January 15th to December 15th,
1910.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. H. E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatchara, S.E.

The Back Volumes (I-XXI) of the Ent. Record, Ac. (published at 10s. 6d. net),
can be obtained direct from us as follows — Single volumes, 78. 6d. ; 2 or 3 volumes,
78. 3d. each ; 4, S, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols., 7s. each ; 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 vols, at 6s. 9d. each ;
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 vols, at 6s. 6d. each. Back copies of the Magazine at double
the published price (plus postage). Special Indexes to Vols. III-XXI, sold separately,
price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to 7'lie EntomologUt's Uecoril, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is Seven Shiilings, and
most be sent to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Tutt.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale or Books wanted vtrill be inserted at a minimum
charge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series.
Particulars of Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Boad, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. B. Paoe "Bertrose,"
Qellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed,
also to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Articles tor insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe
Hill, 8.E., except notes relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donisthorpe, 58,
Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, S.W., and of Orthoptera, to Dr. Burr, Eastry S.O., Kent.

Articles that require Illustration are inserted on ( ondition that the author defrays the cost of the
illustrations.

All Exchange Magazines must be forwarded to J. '. Tctt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill.
Blackheath, S.E.

Duplicates. — Melanargia arge, E. antiopa (brc." De»iderata. — European Rhopalo-
cera, very numerous. — /. A. Simes, 3, The Bryn, Whiu i..v Road, Woodford Green.

Desiderata. — Crambus contaminellus. Can offer 1 vch ilium andrenseforme, a few-
only. — Hon. N. C. Rothschild, Arundel House, Kensington j'alace Gardens, London, JV.

Wanted Specially. — Fine pupee S. ligustri, P .;eljus, Orion, Dodonea, Dictaea,
Dictseoides, Carmelita, Vinula, Furcula, and many othi - pupae. Liberal exchange or cash.
Duplicates. — Most of the British Macros, well set, in fine condition. — L. W. Neivman,
Bexley, Kent.

Change of Address. — Dr. W. Bateson to Manor House, Merton Park, Surrey, S.If.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. October 5th, 19th, November 2nd, 16th, December 7th, January 17th, 1911
(Annual).

I The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.— London

" Institution, Fiiisbury Circus, E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m., except in July and August.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Con\mercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. Field E.tcursions : Sec, Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill
Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. — September 22nd, Lantern lecture, " Neuroptera," by W. J.
Lucas, B.A. ; October 13th, Lantern lecture, " Lepidoptera of Sicily," by J. P. Barratt ;
October 27th, Exhibits and discussion; November 10th, Lantern evening (Lantern at
disposal of Members) ; November 24th, Annual Exhibition.

North London Natural History Society. — Meetings held at Room 20, Salisbury
House, Finsbury Circus, E.G., at 7 p.m., on the second and fourth Tuesdays in the
month. — Secretary, E. W. Bobbins, " Tonah," Hale End, Chingford.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

South Eastern Union of Scientific Societies.—" Fungus Foray " — Haslemere,
October 8th, 1910. All members of Affiliated Societies invited. Conductor, E. W.
Swanton, Member British Mycological Society. Waterloo 11.8 a.m. Meet 1.30 p.m. at
The Museum, Haslemere. Tea in the Library of the Haslemere Society at 4.1-5 p.m.
Members attending should notify Mr. E. W. Swanton, Brockton, Haslemere.

FOR SALE. THE FOLLOWING RARE AND IMPORTANT
ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS AND PAMPHLETS.

The Acarina or Mites, by Nathan Banks. Demy 8vo., with 201 figures and Biblio-.^-s. d.

graphy. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . . . . . . . . . ..60

Early Stages of Carabidae, by George Dimmock and Frederick Knab. Demy 8vo.

Four full-page plates and Bibliography. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . 6 0
Dragonfly Nymphs, by James G. Needham. Demy 8vo., with 7 full-page process

plates and several figures. Bound in cloth, gold -lettered .-. .. ..6 0

Aleyrodids of California, by Florence E. Bemis. Demy 8vo., with 11 full-page

plates. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered .. .. .. .. .. ..5 0

Origin of Wings of Coleoptera, by W. L. Tower. Demy 8vo., splendidly illustrated

with 7 double demy plates and Bibliography. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered 7 6
Genealogic Study of Dragonfly Wing Venation, by James G. Needham. Demy

8vo., with 24 full-page process plates and 44 figures. A most important

work. Bound in cloth, gold lettered. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 0

Kevision of American Siphonaptera, by Carl F. Baker. Demy 8vo., with 17 full-
page j)lates, complete Bibliography, &c. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . 7 6
Noles on Hybrids of Tephrosia bistortata and Tephrosia crepuscularia, by J. W.

Tutt, F.E.S 10

Presidential Address to the Entomological Society of London for 1896 by Prof.

R. Meldola, F.R.S 16

Presidential Address to the Entomological Society of London for 1897 by Prof.

R. Meldola, FJl.S 10

Presidential Address to the Entomological Society of London for 1899 by R.

Trimen, F.E.S 10

Presidential Address to the Entomological Society of London for 1900 by G.

H. Verrall, F.E.S . . ..10

Presidential Address to the Entomological Society of London for 1902 by Rev.

Canon Fowler, M.A. 10

Distribution of European Erebias, by J. W. Tutt, F.E.S 0 6

A lutescent aberration of Epinephele tithonus, by J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. .. ..0 6

The Variation of Papilio machaon, by W. Farren, F.E.S. . . . . . . ..06

Kntomologints seeking books and pamphlets are invited to se7id their lists of desiderata.
Orders for the above to A. H. 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, 8.E.

IN PARTS— ONE SHILLING.

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION.
Vol. IV.

Commencing with the Variation and Life-histories of Agriades coridon and Polyommatus
icarus (with four plates of the named aberrations and varieties of the first-named species
together with many photomicrographs of larval and pupal structure. Similar plates of
P. icarus are awaiting publication.)

Probably the finest life-history of any species of lepidoptera ever published. The next
species to be treated is Aricia astrarche, a still more interesting one with regard to its
Varieties and Aberrations.

Subscription for 20 parts 17s. 6d.

Deak Sik, —

Herewith I forward Po3tal Order for 17s. 6d., being my subscription for the next 20
parts (Vol. IV.) of A Natural History of the British Butterflies.

Name

Address

To J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

SAVE TIME— TROUBLE— AND EXPENSE— OVER YOUR COLLECTING.

All lepidopterists now fully engaged in Field Work should at once
fxirchase Practical Hints. No book dealing with the collecting
of lepidoptera, and the \A/ork of lepidopterists in the field, has ever
been published that offers so much that is useful to the lepidoptenst.

Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterlst (Illustrated)

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
PARTS I, II & III

(Interleaved for Collector's own notes.)

ffice 6s. each volume, net, or 17s. 6<#. foi* the three

parts m

Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.
Together with

General and Special Index to Parts I, II & III.

(Containing references to nearly 1600 British species)

By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs.

By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.

Also detailed chapters on

" The Collection and Conservation of Lepidoptera," " Killing," " Pinning," " Entomo-
logical Pins," "Setting," "Labelling," "Holiday Collecting," "Collections,"' "Collect-
ing," "The Egg and Egg Stage," "The Larva and Larval Stage," " The Pupa and Pupal
Stage." Instructions on the technical description of " Eggs," " Larvw," " Pupse," etc.

The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field
lepidopterist, and forming a complete encyclopaedia of Field Lepidopterology.

Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to
about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a Held the "Hints" covered, and how comparatively few of
the British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is
encyclopa'dic from the field lepidopterist's point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all i«B forms), pupa-
hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food,
etc. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, many chapters, simple
enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expert something, have
been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his
observations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advancage of
entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to all
field entomologists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, ana
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists.

Dear Sir, — Please forward me a set of Practical Hints, Parts I, II, and III, for which
I enclose Postal Order for 1 7s. 6d.

Name. . .
Ad(lri:.<t!t.

To Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Entomological Pamphlets, etc.,

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Cot*t*elation of the results anrived at in recent Papers-
on the Classification of Lepldoptera. Price Is. 6d.
Reviewing the oval, larval, pupal, and imaginal characters used by
various Lepidopterists in classification.

Notes on the Zygaenidse. Price Is. 6d. An account of the habits, etc.,
of several species of the Alpine Burnet moths.

Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental
reference to the nature of Species. Price Is. net.
A detailed consideration of the nature of genera and species.

Some considerations of the Nature and Origin of Species.^

Price Is. 6d. net. A detailed consideration of the causes that have led to-
specific forms and their isolation.

Some results of recent Experiments in hybridising,
Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscularia. Price

Is. 6d. net. Full account of experiments conducted by Dr. Riding and
Mr. Bacot in hybridising these allied species.

The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths. Price Is.
An interesting essay on the habit as observed in many parts of the world
and its possible meanings.

The Nature of Metamorphosis. Price Is. An essay on the
nature of the various forms and degrees of metamorphosis in different
orders of insects.

The Scientific Aspects of Entomology. Parts I and II. Is. eacb
part, net. Critical review of the various scientific uses to which the work of
entomologists may be put.

Protection and Mimicry as afl'ecting the Coleoptera, by

W. W. Fowler, M.A., F.E.S. Price Is.

Collecting Noctuidae by Lake Erie (with photograph), by A. Grote,

M.A. Price Is.
Mimicry in in sect Sj by Roland Trimen, F.R.S. Price Is.

Postal Orders to— A. H., 41 , WISTERIA ROAD, LEWISHAM, S.E.

Mr. J. C. STEVENS,

38, KING STREET,

COVENT GARDEN^

Has received orders from the Proprietor to SELL by AUCTION on

SEPTEMBER 27th,

The remaining portion of the

Collection of European & Exotic Lepidoptera

formed by the late Edward Armitage, R.A. With the handsome Cabinet
and Boxes in which they are contained.

The European Collection consists of about 10,300 species, and is
contained in a Walnut Cabinet of 42 drawers, and 15 Book Boxes, suitable
for a Provincial Museum.

The Exotic Collection includes a fine collection of Cerambycidse, in

two Pedestal Cabinets.

Catalogues may be had on application to Mr. Stevens, ten clay&
prior to the Sale.

WATKINS 8c DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

riain lliiig Nets, wire or cane, incliidinj^ Stick, 1/3, '2/-, 'i/li, 3/-. FuKliiig Nets, 3/(3,
4/-, 4/6 Umbrella Nets (sell-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes (deal), 0<l.. 'kl., 1/-, l/(i. Zinc
Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-. 1/G, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per tour dozen, 1 gross, 1/6.
Entomological Pins, 1/G per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/(3 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
brush, 1/(3. 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/'.) per tin. Store-Boxes, witli camphor
cells, 2/G, 4/-, 5/-, (3/-. Setting-Boards, fiat or oval, lin., (id. ; Uin., Rd.; 2in., lOd.; 2^in.,
1/- : iiin., 1/4; 4in., 1/(5; Sin. .1/10; Complete Set of fourte"en Boards, 10/(). Setting
Houses. 9/G, H/O ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, ]/(;. Breeding Cage,
2/6, 4/-, -5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, ll(j, 1/8. Botanical Cases,
japanned double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases. "2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Autennoe 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair.. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3^, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass
Chloroforni Bottle. 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes,
from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; .Vrtificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,
2d.. Hd.. 6d.; ditto of Land and Freshwater Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, lOggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of iMicro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sesiidiw, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinaiy pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every duscriiitioii of Inskct.s, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Mu RoscofiCAL Objects, Fossils, \c.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LAUlJE STOCK OF INSECTS AND RIRDS' EOGS (Bni .".h, European, and Exotic).
IHrth, Mtniiiitah, etc.. I'lexnreil oiiil Moiniieil hi/ First cUt-i.i IVorhiiicn.

36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C., ENGLAND.

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe,

By MALCOLM BURR. D.Sc,. F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S., &g.

Bound in Cloth, 160 pp., with good Index (Specific and Generic).

Price 3sm netm

A pocket handbook for the use of collectors in the field. Covers all spec'es found west
of the Carpathian Mts. Description of each species, habits, habitats and distribution.

]VUl lie sent Pout Free on reeeipl of PoMal Onhr for 3s. to —

A. H., 41 , Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

FINE HEALTHY LARViE.

C-album, 2s.; Dromedarius. Is. 6d.; Ziczac, 9d.; Derasa, Is.; Populi, Dd.; Fnliginosa,
6d. ; Uominula, 6d. ; Plantaginis, 6d. ; Assiniilata, Is. ; Succenturiata, 2s. ; Comitata,
9d.; Illustraria, 9d. ; Illunaria, 6d.; Cauielina, 9d.; Palpina, Is.; Albicillata, Is.; n)any
others.

Pupae.— C-album, 4s. 6d.; S. populi. Is. 3d.; Tiliic, 3s. 3d.; Caipini. 3s. 3d.;
Machaon (Wicken), os.; all per doz. Full list. Free.

NEWMAN'S WONDERFUL RELAXING TINS, 28. 4d. and 4s. each, post free.

Hundreds sold this jear and all delighted with them, if you once use one you will wonder
bow you have ever existed without it, no mould and no trouble.

L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

The , Entomologist's Library.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Back volumes of

The Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation

(Vols. I-XXI).
Single back volumes of the above can lie obtained at 7s. 6d. per volume ; any
two or three volumes at 7s. 3d. per volume ; four, five, six, seven, eight or
nine at 7s. per volimie ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fourteen at 6s. 9d. per
volume ; fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty or twenty-
one at 6s. 6d. per volume. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published
price (plus postaf^e). Special Indexes, Vols. III-XXI, sold separately, price Is. 6d.
each.

A Natural History of the British Butterflies, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution {illnstnited}.

(A te.\t-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. 1, II and 111. Price one guinea each net. Vol. IV in course of publi-
cation (Monthly parts, I/-). [Subscription to include 20 parts, 17s. 6d.]
A detailed account of the biology and variation of each British species,
and a consideration of the literature and classification of the Palaearetic
species.
A Natural History of the British Alucitides, their world-wide
variation and geogi'iiphieal distribution.

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vol. I. Price one guinea net. (To be completed in two volumes.)
Full details of the life-history of every British species ; full historical
account of the group and its classification.
A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, their world-
wide variation and geographical distribution (illustrated).
(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I, II, III, IV, V, VIII, IX and X, Price £1 each volume, net. Demy
8vo., thick, strongly bound in cloth. Complete set of 8 vols., £6 net.
The most concise and thorough work on Lepidoptera ever offered to the
entomological public.
Migration and Dispersal of Insects. Demy 8vo. Price 5s. net.
A detailed account of the migration of the Aphides, Orthoptera, Odonata,
Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera.
Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist (illustrateil).
Three parts, 6s. each net. Complete set, 17s. Gd. A detailed set of some
4000 practical hints. Full information for collecting, pi'eserving, and
using the material for scientific purposes.
The British Noctuae and their Varieties. Complete in 4 volumes.
'2ys. per set net. Demy 8vo., strongly bound in cloth. Full account of
the typical and all known described forms, with original descriptions.
Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.
Demy 8vo., bound in cloth. Price 5s. A full account of all the facts
known bearing on the subject, and a closely reasoned explanation of
probable causes.
100 Practical Hints on the British Eupitheciids. Price Is.
A series of hints on the method of finding and rearing eggs, larvte, pupa;
and imagines of the " pugs."
Monograph of the British Pterophorina. Demy 8vo., IBl pp.
Bound in Cloth. Price 5s. net. An account of every British species and
its life-history — each described under a series of detailed headings.
Rambles in Alpine Valleys. Crown 8vo. Bound in Cloth. With map
and photographs. Price 3s. 6d. net. A graphic account of the rambles
of a naturalist on the Italian side of Mont Blanc.
Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen, and Hill. Crown
8vo. Bound in Cloth. Price 3s. net. A detailed account of the fauna
and fiora of some well-known British natural history localities — Wicken,
Deal, Chattcnden, the Medway marshes. Freshwater, &c.
Woodside, Burnside, Hillside, and Marsh. Crown 8vo. Bound
in Cloth. 242 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Price
2s. 6d. net. Descriptive account of well-known natural history localities
(botanical, entoniolngical, geological, ornithological), including Cobham,
Cliffe, Cuxton, the Western Highlands, &c.

Orders to be addressed to J. HKKHF.irr Tdtt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Koad,

Brocklev, S.E.

THE

.X

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited uy

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by

T. HUDSON BKAUE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.r.s.e.

George T. BETHUNE-BAKER, f.z.s. /•^■Sj. f-e.s.

M. BURR, D.sc.,F.z.s.,F.L.s., F.E.S. (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, F.E.f.

Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, ji.u., f.z s., r.E.s.

H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z..'*., f.e.s. Alfred SICH, f.e.s.

J. R. le B. TOMLIN, M.A., f.e.s. Henry J. TURNER, f.e.s.

George WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s.

OCTOBER l^^lh, 1910. •/, .^

Price SIXPENCE (net).
Subscription for Complete' Voh>me, post fret

(Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.)
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO HE i(jii\v.\rm:d to

J. HERBERT TUTT,

•22. Fkancemaky Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, rATEKNOSTKK Eow. E.G.

BERLIN :
K. FlUEDLAMDEli & SOHN,

11, C'ARI.STRASSE, N.W.

OVA, LARV^, AND PUP>E.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. V^. HEAD, mxttomolo^i&t,

bUrNisxon, Nr. SCT^RSOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,

etc., sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

O. F. TAYLER Sc Co., Ltd.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.
{As supplied to the British Museum.)

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

(To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.
Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as |
received. Remittance in full must accompany each order.

Rannoch New Forest Shetland

16. vi. 97 4. ix. 97 5. v. 97

ADDRESS. — ' Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road,
Westcombe Park, S.E.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

lepidoptera & liARV^ A SPECIALIXT.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER PROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARY^, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Yernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXII (7 shillings) should be sent to J. Herbert Tutt, 22,
Pranceraary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E. Will subscribers please oblige ?
[This subscription includes all numbers published from Januarv 15th to December 15th,
1910.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. H. E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

The Back Volumes (I-XXI) of the Ent. Record, Ac. (published at lOs. 6d. net),
can be obtained direct from us as follows — Single volumes, Ts. 6d. ; 2 or 3 volumes,
7b. 3d. each ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols., 7s. each ; 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 vols, at 6s. 9d. each ;
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 vols, at 6s. 6d. each. Back copies of the Magazine at double
the published price (plus postage). Special Indexes to Vols. III-XXI, sold separately,
price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to The Entomologist's Record, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Boad, Brockley, S.E.

Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Thtt.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale or Books wanted will be inserted at a minimum
charge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines). Lionger Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series.
Particulars of Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Liadywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. E. Page "Bertrose,"
Qellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed,
also to Mr. J. Herbert Tdtt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Articles tor insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Wesccombe
Hill, S.E., except notes relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donisthorpe, 58,
Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, S.W., and of Orthoptera, to Dr. Burr, Eastry S.O., Kent.

Articles that require Illustration are inserted on condition that the author defrays the cost of the
illnatrations.

All Exchange Magazines must be forwarded to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill.
Blackbeath, S.E.

Desiderata. — Atomalis, Basistrigalis, Ulmella, Cembrae, Grevillana, Palndana,
Degreyana, Anthemidana, Conspurcatella, Retiella, Douglasi, Birdella, Bisontella, Poli-
tella. — Hon. N. C. Rothschild, Arundel House, Kensington Palace Gardenia, London, W.

Duplicates. — Melanargia arge, E. antiopa (bred). Desiderata. — European Rhopalo-
cera, very numerous. — J. A. Simes, 2, The Bryn, Whitehall Road, Woodford Green.

Desiderata. — Crambus contaminellus. Can offer Trochilium andrenaeforme, a few
only. — Ho7i. N. C. Rothschild, Arundel House, Kensington Palace Gardens, London, W.

Wanted Specially. — Fine pupse S. ligustri, Porcellus, Orion, Dodonea, Dictaea,
Dictseoides, Carmelita, Vinula, Furcula, and many other pupae. Liberal exchange or cash.
Duplicates. — Most of the British Macros, well set, in fine condition.— L. W. Neivman,
Bexley, Kent.

Duplicates. — 0. dilutata,* O. christyi,* 0. autumnata,* 0. filigrammaria*, Ash-
worthii,* Lichenea,* Designata,* Gracilis, Eubricosa, Lonicerae, Filipendulae Hippo-
crepidis, Upsilon,* E. autumnata,* Assimilata,* Dodoneata,* lo,* Albicillata,* Fimbria*,
Chi* and var. Olivacea,* Lucernea,* Tripartita,* Triplasia,* ova of Oporabias.
Desiderata. — Local species and varieties. — J. E. R. Allen, Portora, Enniskillen, Ireland.

Change of Addkess. — Dr. W. Bateson to Manor House, Merton Park, Surrey, S.^V.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. October 19th, November 2nd, 16th, December 7th, January 17th, 1911 (Annual).

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.— Loudon
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.G. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m., except in July and August.

Toynbee Natural History Society. — Toynbee Hall, at 8 p.m. Entrance fee Is.,
annual subscription Is. Meetings: November 7th, "Butterflies," Stanley Edwards,
Lantern; January 6th, "Presidential Address." Excursions: October 15th, South
Kensington Museum, Mollusca Gallery ; November 19th, Bruce Castle Museum, Aquaria ;
December 17th, Jermyn Street Museum , January 14th, South Kensington Museum,
British Birds. Full particulars as to excursions can be obtained from the Excursion
Secretary, Miss L. Roberts, 11, St. James', Hatcham, S.E. — Hon. Sec, Owen Monk, 8,
Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. — October 13th, Lantern lecture, " Lepidoptera of Sicily,"
byJ. P.Barratt; October 27th, " Teratological Specimens," Discussion opened by Dr. T. A.
Chapman ; November 10th, Lantern evening (Lantern at disposal of Members) ; November
24th, Annual Exhibition. December 5th, " An Entomological Tour in S. 13razil," by
Messrs. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S. and Dukinfield Jones, F.F.S. (Lantern).

North London Natural History Society.— Meetings held at Room 20, Salisbury
House, Finsbury Circus, E.C., at 7 p.m., on the second and fourth Tuesdays in the
month. — Secretary, R. W. Bobbins, " 'Tonah," Hale End, Chingford.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

FOR 5ALE. THE FOLLOWING RARE AND IMPORTANT
ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS AND PAMPHLETS.

Insect Galls, by Fannie A. Stebbins. Demy 8vo., with 32 fullpage halftone plates s. d.
Bibliography. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered .. .. .. .. ..5 0

Eevision of the Eleodiini, by Frank E. Blaisdell. Bonnd in cloth, gold-lettered,
524pp. , good Index, 13 fullpage plates of genitalia and early stages, with
several text-figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 0

Early Stages of Carabidse, by George Dimmock and Frederick Knab. Demy 8vo.

Four full-page plates and Bibliography. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . 6 0

Dragonfly Nymphs, by James G. Needham. Demy 8vo., with 7 full-page process

plates and several figures. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . . . ..60

Aleyrodids of California, by Florence E. Bemis. Demy 8vo., with 11 full-page

plates. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . . . . . . . . . ..50

Origin of "Wings of Coleoptera, by W. L. Tower. Demy 8vo., splendidly illustrated

with 7 double demy plates and Bibliography. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered 7 6

Genealogic Study of Dragonfly Wing Venation, by James G. Needham. Demy
8vo., with 24 full-page process plates and 44 figures. A most important
work. Bound in cloth, gold lettered. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 0

Revision of American Siphonaptera, by Carl F. Baker. Demy Bvo., with 17 full-
page plates, complete Bibliography, &c. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . 7 6

Entomologists seeking books and pamphlets are invited to send their lists of desiderata.

^ Orders for the above to A. H. 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, 8.E.

FOR SALE.

PRICE £40.
... A SUPERIOR MAHOGANY . . .

£:NTOivi:o]:.dOGicii.]^ cabinet.

Of 40 Interchangeable Drawers.

Size 18in. by 16in. Camphor cell all round. Ebony knobs. Sunk panelled sides to
carcases. Moulded top and plinth, and enclosed by two plate-glass panelled doors. Own
make.

T. GURNEY, 50, The Broadway, London Fields, N.E.
IN PARTS— ONE SHILLING.

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES.

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION.
Vol. IV.

Commencing with the Variation and Life-histories of Agriades coridon and Polyomma.tus
icarus (with four plates of the named aberrations and varieties of the first-named species
together with many photomicrographs of larval and pupal structure. Similar plates of
P. icarus are awaiting publication.)

Probably the finest life- histories of any species of lepidoptera ever published. The next
species to be treated is Aricia astrarche, a still more interesting one with regard to its
Varieties and Aberrations.

Subscription for 20 parts 17s. 6d.

Dear Sir, —

Herewith I forward Postal Order for 17s. 6d., being my subscription for the next 20
parts (Vol. IV.) of A Natural History of the British Butterflies.

Name

Address

To J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blacliheath, S.E.

SAVE TIME— TROUBLE— AND EXPENSE— OVER YOUR COLLECTING-

All lepidopterists now fully engaged in Field Work should at once
purchase Practical Hints. No book dealing with the collecting
of lepidoptera, and the work of lepidopterists in the field, has ever
been published that offers so much that is useful to the lepidoptenst.

Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist (Illustrated)

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
PARTS I, II & III

(Interleaved for Collector's own notes.)

Price 6s> each volume^ net, or 17s* 6(#. for the three

partSm

Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.
Together with

General and Special Index to Parts I, II & III.

(Containing references to nearly 1600 British species)

By H. J. TURNEE, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on

PreserYation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs.

By F. NOAD CLAEK ane A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.

Also detailed chapters on

" The Collection and Conservation of Lepidoptera," "Killing," "Pinning," "Entomo-
logical Pins," "Setting," " Labelling," "Holiday Collecting," "Collections," " Collect-
ing," "The Egg and Egg Stage," "The Larva and Larval Stage," " The Pupa and Pupal
Stage." Insf^ructions on the technical description of " Eggs," " Larvae," "Pupae," etc.

The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field
lepidopterist, and forming a complete encyclopaedia of Field Lepidopterology.

Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to
about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a field the "Hints" covered, and how comparatively few of
the British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is
eneyclopadic from the field lepidopterist' s point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa-
hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food,
etc. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, many chapters, simple
enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expert something, have
been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his
observations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of
entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to ail
field entomologists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, ana
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists.

Deab Sir, — Please forward me a set of Practical Hints, Parts I, II, and III, for which
I enclose Postal Order for 1 7s. 6d.

Navie. . .
Address.

To Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Bpockiey, S.E.

Entomological Pamphlets, etc.,

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Correlation of the results arrived at in recent Papers
on the Classification of Lepidoptera. Price Is. 6d.
Eeviewing the oval, larval, pupal, and imaginal characters used by
various Lepidopterists in classification.

Notes on the Zygsenidse. Price Is. 6d. An account of the habits, etc.,
of several species of the Alpine Burnet moths.

Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental
reference to the nature of Species. Price Is. net.
A detailed consideration of the nature of genera and species.

Some considerations of the Nature and Origin of Species.

Price Is. 6d. net. A detailed consideration of the causes that have led to
specific forms and their isolation.

Some results of recent Experiments in hybridising
Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscularia. Price
Is. 6d. net. Full account of experiments conducted by Dr. Biding and
Mr. Bacot in hybridising these allied species.

The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths. Price is.
An interesting essay on the habit as observed in many parts of the world
and its possible meanings.

The Nature of Metamorphosis. Price Is. An essay on the
nature of the various forms and degrees of metamorphosis in different
orders of insects.

The Scientific Aspects of Entomology. Parts I and II. is. each
part, net. Critical review of the various scientific uses to which the work of
entomologists may be put.

Collecting Noctuidse by Lake Erie (with photograph), by A. Grote,
M.A. Price Is.

Postal Orders to— A. H., 41 , WISTERIA ROAD, LEWiSHAM, S.E.

STEVENS' AUCTION ROOIVES.

Established 1760.

TUESDAY, OCTOBER 25th at 1 o'clock.

Mr. J. C. STEVENS

will SELL by AUCTION at his Rooms,
38, KING STREET, COYENT GARDEN, LONDON, S.E.,

All the best varieties of

ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA

reared during the last three Seasons by the Rev. G. H. RAYNOR,

M.A., including many superb specimens of recently named forms and
several that are unique. The are in the finest possible condition and have
full data attached.

The Collection will be on view at the Auction Rooms seven days prior
from 10 to 5 each day, and on the morning of the sale.
Catalogues may be had on application.

WATKINS 8c DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Maiiiifactiirers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain llin}T Nets, wire or cane, iueliuliiig Stick, 1/3, 2/-, '2/G, B/-. Folding Nets, 3/6,
4/-, 4/6. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Tocket Boxes (deal), Od., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc
Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen, 1 gross, 1/6.
Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor
cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; l:iin., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2.Jin.,
1/- ; 3Jin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourte-en Boards, 10/6. Setting
Houses, 9/6, 11/6; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage,
2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases,
japanned double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennte 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass
Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes,
from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,
2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sesiidae, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, Ac.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OF INSKCTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (BiiCsh, European, and Exotic).
Birdi, Mammah, etc., Pre^ermi ami Jlomilcd bij First class lyorhmen.

36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C, ENGLAND.

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe,

By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc,, F.Z.S.. F.L.S., F.E.S., &g.

Bound in Cloth, 160 pp., with good Index (Specific and Generic).

Price 3s m neim

A pocket handbook for the use of collectors in the field. Covers all species found west
of the Carpathian Mts. Description of each species, habits, habitats and distribution.

]]'iU !■■(■ ^oit Post Free o)i receipt of Po-'^tal Onler for 3s. to —

A. H., 4-1, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E..

FINE HEALTHY LARY^ffi:.

C album, 2s.; Dromedariiis, Is. 6d.; Ziczac, 9d.; Derasa, Is.; Populi, ild.; Fuliginosa^
6d. ; Dominula, 6d. ; Plantaginis, 6d. ; Assimilata, Is. ; Succenturiata, 2s. ; Comitata,
9d.; Illustraria, 9d. ; lUunaria, 6d.; Canielina, 9d.; Palpina, Is.; Albicillata, is.; many
others.

Pupae.— C-albuni, 4s. 6d.; S. populi. Is. 3d.; Tilioe, 3s. 3d.; Carpini, 3s. 3d.;
Machaon (Wicken), 5s.; all per doz. Full list, Free.

NEWMAN'S WONDERFUL RELAXING TINS, 2s. 4d. and 48. each, post free.

Hundreds sold this year and iiU delighted with them, if you once use one you will wonder
how you have ever existed without it, no mould and no trouble.

L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

The Entomologist's Library.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. ^

Back volumes of 9

The Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation 1

(Vols. I-XXI).

Single back volumes of the above can be obtained at 7s. 6d. per volume ; any
two or three volumes at 7s. 3d. per volume ; four, five, six. seven, eight or
nine at 7s. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fourteen at 6s. 9d. per
volume ; fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty or twenty-
one at 6s. 6d. per volume. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published
price (plus postage). Special Indexes, Vols. III-XXI, sold separately, price Is. 6d.
each.

A Natural Histony of the British Butterflies, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution (illustrated).

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I, II and III. Price one guinea each net. Vol. IV in course of publi-
cation (Monthly parts, 1/-). [Subscription to include 20 parts, 17s. 6d.]
A detailed account of the biology and variation of each British species,
and a consideration of the literature and classification of the Palsearctic
species.

A Natural History of the British Alucitides, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution.

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vol. I. Price one guinea net. (To be completed in two volumes.)
Full details of the life-history of every British species ; full historical
account of the group and its classification.
A Natural History of the British LepidopterA, their world-
wide variation and geographical distribution {illustrated). \
(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I, II, III, IV, V, VIII, IX and X, Price £1 each volume, net. Demy
8vo., thick, strongly bound in cloth. Complete set of 8 vols., £6 net.
The most concis6 and thorough work on Lepidoptera ever offered to the
entomological public.
Migration and Dispersal of Insects. Demy Svo. Price 5s. net.
A detailed account of the migration of the Aphides, Orthoptera, Odonata,
Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera.
The British Noctuae and their Varieties. Complete in 4 volumes.
28s. per set net. Demy 8vo., strongly bound in cloth. Full account of
the typical and all known described forms, with original descriptions.
Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.
Demy 8vo., bound in cloth. Price 5s. A full account of all the facts
known bearing on the subject, and a closely reasoned explanation of
probable causes.

100 Practical Hints on the British Eupitheciids. Price Is.
A series of hints on the method of finding and rearing eggs, larvas, pupae
and imagines of the " pugs."

Monograph of the British Pterophorina. Demy 8vo., 161 pp.
Bound in Cloth. Price 5s. net. An account of every British species and
its life-history — each described under a series of detailed headings.

Rambles in Alpine Valleys. Crown 8vo. Bound in Cloth. With map
and photographs. Price 3s. 6d. net. A graphic account of the rambles
of a naturalist on the Italian side of Mont Blanc.

Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen, and Hill. Crown
Svo. Bound in Cloth. Price .Ss. net. A detailed account of the fauna
and flora of some well-known British natural history localities — Wicken,
Deal, Chattenden, the Medway marshes. Freshwater, &c.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside, and Marsh. Crown Svo. Bound
in Cloth. 242 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Price
2s. 6d. net. Descriptive account of well-known natural history localities
(botanical, entomological, geological, ornithological), including Cobham,
Cliffe, Cuxton, the Western Highlands, &e.

Orders to be addressed to J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Bead,

Brockley, S.E.

No, 11.

.X

C

THE

y

^i|^

V

HMl-A^

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD
JOURNAL OF VARIATION

ElilTKI) BY

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

AsslSTKD BY j

KuHARi. b. BAGNALL. f.e.s., T. HUDSON BEAIUO, "-sc, f-h.s., f.k.s.e

Geokgk T. BKTHUNE-BAKBR, f.z.s f.l.s , kl s. ^

M. BUUK, D.sc, i'./..s., K.L.S., K.K.s. (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, F.t.s.

J.s K CoLi.IN; f.k.s. T. a. ^HAP^IAN m d.f..^>^. f.e^. .

H. St. ,T. K. liONlSTHORPr:, F./.S.. f.k^b. A%t«i,VTR WR f f%

J. R. le B. TOMLIN, m.a., f.e.s. Henry .J. TURNER, f.e.s.

(llOdEOK -WKKKI-ER, M.A., F.B.S. ^^^^

Of CO^Qf^^' /

MiVEMllER loih, 1910. '/ Ji

tWITH PLATJgC 1 A*^A^

l»,ice SIXPEH^

Sul.sf.iplion tor Complete Volume, post free

ilneliKling ftH DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.)
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

I.) in; I (il'.WAllM I) lo

J. HERBERT TUTT,

■i'l. l.K.Nri MAia- RoAi., LAinwELL Road, Brockley, S.E.

LONDON :
EI-l-lOT S'l'OCK, t;2, Paticbnostkb Kow, E.G.

BERLIN :

i;. FlilEDLANDEK & SOHN,

11, Cart.strassk. N.W.

Yt^t^

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W HEAD, @ittoutoknii«t,

SURNISXON, Nr. Se7=^RI30ROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larrae, a)i(I Pupae, aho Lepuloptcra, Appaiatiis, Cabinets,

etc., sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

!>. F. TAYLER & Co., Ltd.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Smai.i. Mkads and Perfkct Points. White, Black, asi> Gii.i-.
(As sKpplicd t(< the British Museum.)

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.
Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is veiy essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

fl n n r ('^'^ comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.! P /

■\ - Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as'. M /

M ^ _ _ I received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. j M/

Raiinocli New Forest Shetland

Ifi. vi. !17 4. ix. !)7 5. v. 97

ADDRESS. — ' Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road,
Westcombe Park, 5.E.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARViG A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN BLIPES MADE TO ORDER_.FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Yernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

Subscriptions for Yol. XXII (7 siiillings) should be sent to J. Herbert Tutt, 22,
Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E. Will subscribers please oblige ?
[This subscription includes all numbers iniblisbed from January loth to December 15th,
1910.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. H. E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

The Biick Volumes (I-XXI) of the Knt. Becord, &c. (published at 10s. 6d. net),
can be obtained direct from us as follows — Single volumes, 7b. 6d. ; 2 or 3 volumes,
7S. 3d. each ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols., 78. each ; 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 vols, at 68. 9d. each ;
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 vols, at 68. 6d. each. Back copies of the Magazine at double
the published price (plus postage). Special Indexes to Vols. III-XXI, sold separately,
price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that sul)scriptions to The EnionwloriM's Record, <Se., are
payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.
Cheques uiid Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Tutt.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale or Books wanted will be inserted at a minimum
charge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series.
Particulars of Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. E. Page "Bertrose,"
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed,
also to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Articles tor insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe
Hill, S.E., except notes relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donisthorpe, 58,
Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, S.W., and of Orthoptera, to Dr. Burr, Eastry 8.O., Kent.

Articles that require Illustration are inserted on condition that the author defrays the cost of the
illustrations.

All Exchange Magazines must be forwarded to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill.
Blackheath. S.E.

Deaiderata. — Atomalis, Basistrigalis, Ulmella, Cembrae, Grevillana, Palndana,
Degreyana, Anthemidaua, Conspurcatella, Ketiella, Douglasi, Birdella, Bisontella, Poli-
tella. — Hon. N. C. Rothschild, Arundel House, Kensington Palace Garden.t, London, W.

Duplicates. — Melanargia arge, E. antiopa (bred). Desiderata. — European Khopalo-
cera, very numerous. — <7. A. Sinies, 2, The Bryn, Whitehall Road, Woodford Green.

Desiderata. — Crambus contaminellus. Can oiJer Trochilium andrenaeforme, a few
only. — Hon. N. C. Bothschild, Arundel House, Kensington Palace Gardens, London, W.

W.^NTED Specially. — Fine pupas S. ligustri, Porcellus, Orion, Dodonea, Dictasa,
Dictseoides, Carmelita, Vinula, Furcula, and many other pupae. Liberal exchange or cash.
Duplicates. — Most of the British Macros, well set, in fine condition. — L. W. Nevnnan,
Be.vleij, Kent.

Duplicates. —0. dilutata,* O. christyi,* 0. autumnata,* 0. filigrammaria*, Ash-
worthii,* Lichenea,* Designata,* Gracilis, Eubricosa, Lonicerae, Filipendulae, Hippo-
crepidis, Upsilon,* E. autumnata,* Assimilata,* Dodoneata,* lo,* Albicillata,* Fimbria*,
Chi* and var. Olivacea,* Lucernea,* Tripartita,* Triplasia,* ova of Oporabias.
Desiderata. — Local species and varieties. — J. E. R. Allen, Portora, Enniskillen, Ireland.

Duplicates. — Cilialis, Margaritellus, Pascuellus, Inquinatellus, Phragmitellus,
Hastiana, Caledoniana, Sordidana, Bimaoulana, Ophthalmicana, Geminana, (2), etc.
Desiderata.— Furcatellus, Ericellus, and many Pyrales, Crambi, Tortrices and Pterophori.
— T. Ashton Lofthouse, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

Ch.ange of Address. — Dr. W. Bateson to Manor House, Merton Park, Surrey, S.W.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.— 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8-p.m. November 16th, December 7th, January 17th, 1911 (Annual).

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.— London
Institution, Finshury Circus, E.C.— The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m., except in July and August.

Toynbce Natural History Society.— Toy nbee Hall, at 8 p.m. Entrance fee Is.,
annual subscription Is. Meetinqs ; January 6th, " Presidential Address." Excursions :
November 19th, Bruce Castle Museum, Aquaria; December 17th, Jermyn Street Museum,
January 14th, South Kensington Museum, British Birds. Full particulars as to excursions
can be obtained from the Excursion Secretary, Miss L. Roberts, 11, St. James', Hatcham,
S.E.— Hon. Sec, Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Koad, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hiberni^
Chambers, London Bridge. — November 24th, Annual Exhibition. December 5th, " An
Entomological Tour in S. Brazil," by Messrs. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., and Dukinfield Jones,
F.E.8. (Lantern).

North London Natural History Society. — Meetings held at Room 20, Salisbury
House, Finsbury Circus, E.G., at 7 p.m., on the second and fourth Tuesdays in the
month.. — Secretary, K„ W. Robbins, " Tonah," Hale End, Chingford.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3i"d Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

FOR SALE. THE FOLLOWING RARE AND IMPORTANT
ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS AND PAMPHLETS.

Insect Galls, by Fannie A. Stebbins. Demy 8vo., with 32 fullpage halftone plates s. d.'
Bibliography. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered .. .. .. .. ..5 0'

Revision of the Eleodiini, by Frank E. Blaisdell. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered,
524pp., good Index, 13 fullpage plates of genitalia and early stages, with
several text-figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 0

Early Stages of Carabidse, by George Dimmock and Frederick Knab. Demy 8vo.

Four full-page plates and Bibliography. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . 6 0

Dragoniiy Nymphs, by James G. Needham. Demy 8vo., with 7 full-page process

plates and several figures. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . . . ..60

Aleyrodids of California, by Florence E. Bemis. Demy 8vo., with 11 full-page

plates. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . . . . . . . . . ..50

Origin of Wings of Coleoptera, by W. L. Tower. Demy 8vo., splendidly illustrated

with 7 double demy plates and Bibliography. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered 7 6

Genealogic Study of Dragonfly Wing Venation, by James G. Needham. Demy
8vo., with 24 full-page process plates and 44 figures. A most important
work. Bound in cloth, gold lettered. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 0

Revision of American Siphonaptera, by Carl F. Baker. Demy 8vo., with 17 full-
page plates, complete Bibliography, &c. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . 7 6

Entomologists seeking books and pamphlets are invited to send their lists of desiderata.

Orders for the above to A. H. 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

IN PARTS— ONE SHILLING.

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION.
Vol. IV.

Commencing with the Variation and Life-histories of Agriades coridon&nd Polyommatus
icarus (with four plates of the named aberrations and varieties of the first-named species
together with many photomicrographs of larval and pupal structure. Similar plates of
P. icarus are awaiting publication.)

Probably the finest life-histories of any species of lepidoptera ever published. The next
species to be treated is Aricia astrarche, a still more interesting one with regard to its
Varieties and Aberrations.

Subscription for 20 parts 17s. 6d.

Dear Sir, —

Herewith I forward Postal Order for 17s. 6d., being my subscription for the next 20
parts (Vol. IV.) of A Natural History of the British Butterflies.

Name

Address

To J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

SAVE TIME— TROUBLE— AND EXPENSE-OVER YOUR COLLECTING.

All lepidopterists now engaged in Field Work should at once
purchase Practical Hints. No book dealing with the collecting
of lepidoptera, and the work of lepidopterists in the field, has ever
been published that offers so much that is useful tothe lepidopterist,
especially at what is generally considered the slack season of the year.

Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist (Illustrated)

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
• PARTS I, II & III

(Interleaved for Collector's own notes.)

Price 6s. each volume, net, oi* 17s« 6f#. foi* the three

parts m

Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.
Together with

General and Special Index to Parts I, II & III.

(Containing references to nearly 1600 British species)

By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs.

By F. NOAD CLARK ani. A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.

Also detailed chapters on

" The Collection and Conservation of Lepidoptera," " Killing," " Pinning," " Entomo-
logical Pins," "Setting," "Labelling," "Holiday Collecting," "Collections," "Collect-
ing," "The Egg and Egg Stage," "The Larva and Larval Stage," "The Pupa and Pupal
Stage." Instructions on the technical description of " Eggs," " Larvae," " Pupae," etc.

The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field
lepidopterist, and forming a complete encyclopaedia of Field Lepidopterology.

Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to
about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a field the "Hints" covered, and how comparatively few of
the British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is
encyclopaedic from the field lepidopterist' s point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa-
hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera- — breeding-cages, treatment, food,
etc. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, many chapters, simple
enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expert something, have
been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use hi?
observations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of
entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to ail
field entomologists, wliilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, ana
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists.

Deab Sir, — Please forward me a set of Practical Hints, Parts I, II, and III, for which
I enclose Postal Order for 1 7s. 6d.

Name. . .
Address .

To Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Entomological Pamphlets, etc.,

, By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Copreiation of the results arnived at in recent Papers
on the Classification of Lepidoptera. Price Is. 6d.
Reviewing the oval, larval, pupal, and imaginal characters used by
various Lepidopterists in classification.

Notes on the Zygaenidse. Price Is. 6d. An account of the habits, etc.,
of several species of the Alpine Burnet moths.

Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental
reference to the nature of Species. Price Is. net.
A detailed consideration of the nature of genera and species.

Some considerations of the Nature and Origin of Species.

Price Is. 6d. net. A detailed consideration of the causes that have led to
specific forms and their isolation.

Some results of recent Experiments in hybridising
Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscularia. Price
Is. 6d. net. Full account of experiments conducted by Dr. Riding and
Mr. Bacot in hybridising these allied species.

The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths. Price Is.
An interesting essay on the habit as observed in many parts of the world
and its possible meanings.

The Nature of Metamorphosis. Price is. An essay on the
nature of the various forms and degrees of metamorphosis in different
orders of insects.

The Scientific Aspects of Entomology. Parts I and II. Is. each
part, net. Critical review of the various scientific uses to which the work of
entomologists may be put.

Collecting Noctuidse by Lake Erie (with photograph), by A. Qrote,
M.A. Price Is.

Catalogue of the Paiaearctic Dimorphides, Bombycides,
Brahmaeides, and Attacides. Price 6d. net. These give
all the family, tribal, generic, and specific names, as well as those of all
named varieties and aberrations most useful for labelling.

Stray Notes on the Noctuse. Price Is. net. An account of the

classification of the Noctuid moths, etc.

The Lasiocampids. Price 6d.

Philosophical aspects of Entomology. Price is.

The Study of Natural History— Variation and the Nature
of Species. Price Is.

Chortodes ntorrisii, Morri8 = C. bondii, Knaggs. Price 6d.

Nomenclature— Phylogeny — Synonymy. Price 6d.

A gregarious butterfly, (Erebia nerine ; with notes On
the Lepidoptera of the Mendel Pass. Price 6d.

influence of tentperature on insects, by Frederic Merrifield,
F.E.S. Price Is.

The utility of specific characters and physiological cor-
relation, by Prof. R. Meldola, F.E.S. Price Is.

Reissue of Hubner's "Tentamen." (Only two copies of the original
known.) Price 6d. net. A reprint of this rare pamphlet ; of the greatest
use to all lepidopterists interested in synonymy.

Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist (illustrated).
Three parts, 6s. each net. Complete set, 17s. 6d. A detailed set of some
4000 practical hints. Full information for collecting, preserving, and
using the material for scientific purposes.

Postal Orders to— A. H., 41 , WISTERIA ROAD, LEWISHAM, S.E.

WATKINS 8c DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

I'laiii Hint,' Nets, wire or cane, iiicluiliiij^ Stick, l/iJ, '2/-. '2/t), 3/-. Folding Nets, 3/iJ
4/-, 4/G. Unibrellii Nets (self-iictiiig), 7/-. Pocket Boxes (deal), Gd., ltd., 1/-, l/l!. Zinc
Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-, l/(i, '2/-. Nested Chi]) Boxes, 7d. per four dozen, 1 gross, 1/0.
Entoniologiciil I'ins, 1/G per ounce. Pocket Liinterns, 2/(1 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
brush, l/l). '2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/1) per tin. Store-Boxe.s, with camphor
cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., Gd. ; liin., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2^in.,
1/-; 3^in., 1/4; 4in., 1/G ; Sin. ,1/10; Complete Set of fourte"en Boards, 10/fi. Setting
Houses, 9/G, 11/G ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, l/fi. Breeding Cage,
2/G, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, l/.s. Botanical Cases,
japainied double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical I'aper, 1/1, 1/4, l/i), 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennte 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1/6, 2/-. 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3i, best quality 1/G per ilozen sheets. Brass
Cliloroform Bottle. 2/G. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes,
from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
Taxidfrniist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/G.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,
2(i.. 3d., (id.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other fumilies.

Wc stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Scsiiil<(c. etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

()i I'vci-y dfsciiiitioii of Inskcts, BntDs' F.gus, Coins, Mk itoscoi-iCAi.. Ou.ikcts, l''.issu.s, ,tc-.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

|j.M{fiK .STOCK OF INSECTS .-KN!) BIRDS' EGGS (Britsh, European, and Exolui.
Ilir<l^, MinniiKiU, el<^., Prenerrrd (mil Moiiiiti'd hji First class fVorninen.

36, STRAND, LONDON, W C, ENGLAND.

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe,

By MALCOLM BURR, D.8c„ F.Z.S., F.L.8., F.E.8., &c.

Bound ill Clotb. 160 pp., wirb good Inde.\ (Specific and Generic).

Price 3s, net,

A pocket handbook for the use of collectors in the field. Covers all spec'es found west
of the Carpathian Mts. Description of each species, habits, habitats and distribution.

]i'ill hi- .■<eiit Post h'rec on nrript of Postal Onlerfur 3s. lo —

A. H., 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

FINE HEALTHY I>UJP.^E.

Aegeria, Is. Gd. ; .Vrgiolus, 2s. 6d. : Tiliic, 3s. 3d.; A. urticas 5s.; Carpini, 3s. 3d.;
Falcula, lOd.; Illustraria, Is.; Dromedatius, '2s.; Lucipara. Kid.; Piniperdn, '2s. 6d.;
Hispfdaria, os.; Rupicapraria, Is.; Isogrammaria, ]s. : Curzoni (Shetlands), 9s. ; all per
dozen. Nubeculosa, 4s.; Gnaphulii, '.Is.; Consi^nata, 4s.; per each, al! due to emerge 1911.

Many other Pupa; and Ova. Full Winter Price Lists free.

SPECIAL OFFER: — idoz. line bred G. calbum, 3s. lOd. post free; 1 doz. tim.-
bred Papliia, Is. 8d. poit free.

NEWMAN'S WONDERFUL RELAXING TINS, 2s. 4d. and 4s, each, post free.
L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

The Entomologist's Library.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Back volumes of

The Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation

(Vols. I-XXI).
Single back volumes of the above can be obtainecl at 7s. 6d. per volume ; any
two or three volumes at 7s. 3d. per volume ; four, five, six, seven, eight or
nine at 7s. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fourteen at 6s. 9d. per
volume ; fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty or twenty-
one at 6s. 6d. per volume Back copies of the Magazine at double the published
price (plus postage). Special Indexes, Vols. III-XXI, sold separately, price Is. 6d.
each.

A Natural History of the British Butterflies, their wnrkl-wide
variation and geographical distribution {illnst rated).

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I, II and HI. Price one guinea each net. Vol. IV in course of publi-
cation (Monthly jjarts, 1/-). [Subscription to include 20 parts, 17s. fid.]
A detailed account of the biology and variation of each 13iitish specie?,
and a consideration of the literature and classification of the PaliEarctic
species.
A Natural History of the British Alucitides, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution.

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vol. I. Price one guinea net. (To be completed in two volumes.)
Full details of the life-history of every British species ; full historical
account of the group and its classification.
A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, their world-
wide variation and geographical distribution (illnxtrated).
(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I, II, III, IV, V, VIII, IX and X, Price £1 each volume, net. Demy
8vo., thick, strongly bound in cloth. Complete set of 8 vols., £G net.
The most concise and thorough work on Lepidoptera ever offered to the
entomological public.
Migration and Dispersal of insects. Demy 8vo. Price 5s. net.
A detailed account of the migration of the Aphides, Orthoptera, Odonata.
]3iptera, Coleopteva, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera.
- The British Noctuae and their Varieties. Complete in 4 volumes.
■28s. per set net. Demy 8vo., strongly bound in cloth. Full account of
the typical and all known described forms, with original descriptions.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.

]3emy 8vo., bound in cloth. Price 5s. A full account of all the facts
known bearing on the subject, and a closely reasoned explanation of
probable causes.

100 Practical Hints on the British Eupitheciids. Price Is.
A series of hints on the method of finding and rearing eggs, laivaj, pupie
and imagines of the " pugs."

Monograph of the British Pterophorina. Demy Bvo., Hil pp.
Bound in Cloth. Price 5s. net. An account of every British species and
its life-history — each described under a series of detailed headings.

Rambles in Alpine Valleys. Crown 8vo. Bound in Cloth. With map
and photographs. Price 3s. fid. net. A graphic account of the rambles
of a naturalist on the Italian side of Mont Blanc.

Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen, and Hill. Crown
8vo. Bound in Cloth. Price 3s. net. A detailed account of the fauna
and flora of some well-known British natural history localities — Wicken,
Deal, Chattenden, the Medway marshes, Freshwater. iVrc.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside, and Marsh. Crown Bvo. Bound
in Cloth. 242 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Price
2s. fid. net. Descriptive account of well-known natural history localities
(botanical, entomological, geological, ornithological), including Cobham,
Clift'e, Cuxton, the Western Highlands, etc.

Orders to be addressed to J. Herbet^t Tutt, 22, Francemary Boad, Lady well Iload,

Brockley, S.E.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXIil. are no^v due.

Vol. XXII.

No. 12.

C

.i^

p

\i

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited liY

J. ^<Sr . TUTT, F.E.S.

AssiSTliD 1)V

Richard 8. BAGNALL, f.e.s., T. HUDSON BEARli:, b.sc, F.t.s., k.b.s.e
Geokge T. BETHLNE-BAKEll, f.z.s. F.r..s., f.e.s.
M. BUKR, D.sc.,r.z.s.,F.i,.s.,F.r,.s. (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, f.e.s.
Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. T. A. CIIAPIMAN, m.d., i-./.-m., f.e.s.
H. St. J. K. nONIB'J'HORPK, k.z.s., k.k.s. Alfred SICH, f.e.s.
J. R. le B. TOMLIN, m.a., f.e.s. Henry J. TURNER, f.e.s.
George WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s.

DECE31BEn Idth, liO^U

(WITH INDEX.)..''

Price ONE SHimNfr (nktY-

Subscription for Complete V^Ski^(^_^iBK^|

(liicliidiiig all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.)
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO 1)K FORWARDED TO

J. HERBERT TUTT,

22. Francemary Roap, Lahv^st.ix Road, Brocklev, 8.E.

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, 02, Patkunostkr Ko\n. E.G.

BERLIN :
K. FlUEDLANDEK & SOHN,

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. AV. HEAD, ©ntomolocjiet,

BURNISTON, Nr. SCT^RSOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,

etc., sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

r>. F. TAYLER & Co., Ltd.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.
(As supplied to the British Museum.)

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.'

I Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as \

received. Remittance in full must accompany each order.

Eannoch New Forest Shetland

16. vi. 97 4. ix. 97 5. v. 97

ADDRESS. — ' Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road,
Westcombe Park, S.E.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARV^ A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c..

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER„FEOM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Vernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXII (7 shillings) should be sent to J. Herbert Tutt, 22,
Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E. Will subscribers please oblige ?
[This subscription includes all numbers published from January 15th to December 15th,
1910.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. H. E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatchani, S.E.

The Back Volumes (I-XXI) of the F.nt. Record, &c. (published at 10s. 6d. net),
can be obtained direct from us as follows — Single volumes, 7s. 6d. ; 2 or 3 volumes,
7a. 3d. each ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols., 7s. each ; 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 vols, at 6s. 9d. each ;
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 vols, at 6s. 6d. each. Back copies of the Magazine at double
the published price (plus postage). Special Indexes to Vols. HI-XXI, sold separately,
price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are Uiiully vequistecl to observe that subscriptions to 'I'hf i'.iilitinoUiiiUVf Itecord, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.
cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Tutt.

ADVERTfsKMKNTs of Books and Insects for Sale or Books wanted will be inserted at a minimum
charge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series.
Particulars of Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must repoit the same to ISlv. H. E. Page "Bertrose,"
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Pivvk, London, H.K., otherv/ise their maga/.i?ies will probably be delayed,
also to Mr. J. Hkukeut Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.K.

Articles for insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. \V. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe
Hill, S.E., except notes relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donisthobpe, 58,
Kensington Jlansions, South Kensington, S.W., and of Orthoptera, to Dr. Burr, Eastry S.O., Kent.

Articles that require Illustration are inserted on condition that the author defrays the cost of the
illustrations.

All Exchange Magazines must be forwarded to J. W. Tdtt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill.
Blackheath. S.E.

Desiderata. — Atomalis, Basistrigalis, Ulmella, Cembrae, Grevillana, Palndana,
Degreyana, Anthemidana, Conspurcatella, Betiella, Douglasi, Birdella, Bisontella, Poli-
tella. — Hon. N. C. Rothschild, Arundel House, Kensington Palace Gardens, London, W.

DnjMcates. — Melanargia arge, E. antiopa (bred). Desiderata. — European Ehopalo-
cera, very numerous. — J. A. Simes, 2, The Bryn, Whitehall Road, Woodford Green.

Desiderata. — Crambus contaminellus. Can offer Trochiliura andrenceforme, a few
only. — Hon. N. C. Rothschild, Arundel House, Kensington Palace Gardens, London, W.

Wanted Specially. — Fine pupae S. ligustri, Porcellus, Orion, Dodonea, Dictaea,
Dictffioides, Carmelita, Vinula, Furcula, and many other pupae. Liberal exchange or cash.
Duplicates. — Most of the British Macros, well set, in fine condition. — L. If. Neivman,
Be.cley, Kent.

Duplicates. — O. dilutata,* 0. christyi,* 0. autumnata,* 0. filigrammaria*, Ash-
worthii,* Lichenea,* Designata,* Gracilis, Rubricosa, Lonicerae, Filipendulae, Hippo-
crepidis, Upsilon,*'E. autumnata,* Assimilata,® Dodoneata,* lo,* Albicillata," Fimbria*,
Chi* and var. Olivacea,* Lueernea,* Tripartita,* Triplasia,* ova of Oporabias.
Desiderata. — Local species and varieties. — /. E. R. Allen, Portora, Enniskillcn, Ireland.

Duplicates. — Cilialis, Margaritellus, Pascuellus, Inquinalellus, Phragmitellus,
Hastiana, Calcdoniana, Sordidana, Bimaoulana, Ophthalmicana, Geminana, (2), etc.
Desiderata. — Furcatellus, Ericellus, and many Pyrales, Crambi, Tortrices and Pterophori.
— T. Ashton Loftlwuse, The Croft, Linthorpc, Middlesbrough.

Change of Address. — Dr. W. Bateson to Manor House, Merton Park, Surrey, S.W.
Change of Address. — E. J. Denham, from West Lea Church Road, Yardley, jiirming-
havi, to 87, Oxford Road, Acoclc's Green, Birmingham.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. January 17th, 1911 (Annual).

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Fiu.sbury Circus, E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m., except in July and August.

Toynbee Natural History Society. — Toynbee Hall, at 8 p.m. Entrance fee Is.,
annual subscription Is. Meetings: January 6th, " Presidential Address." Excursions:
jl anuary 14th, South Kensington Museum, British Birds. Full particulars as to excursions
/lan be obtained from the Excursion Secretary, MissL. Roberts, 11, St. James', Hatcham,
.S.E.— Hon. Sec, Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. — January 12th, Notes on the Natural Order Neuroptera, by
W. J. Lucas, B.A.* (Lantern) ; January 26th, Annual Meeting, at 7 ; February 9th,
Microscopical evening.

North London Natural History Societyi— Meetings held at Room 20, Salisbury
House, Finsbury Circus, E.G., at 7 p.m., on the second and fourth Tuesdays in the
month. — Secretary, R. W. Robbins, " Tonah," Hale End, Chingford.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

FOR SALE. THE FOLLOWING RARE AND IMPORTANT
ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS AND PAMPHLETS.

Insect Galls, by Fannie A. Stebbins. Demy 8vo., with 32 fullpage halftone plates s. d.
Bibliography. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . . . . . . . ..50

Revision of the Eleodiini, by Frank E. Blaisdell. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered,
524pp., good Index, 13 fullpage plates of genitalia and early stages, with
several text-figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 0

Early Stages of Carabidse, by George Dimmock and Frederick Knab. Demy 8vo.

Four full-page plates and Bibliography. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . 6 0

Dragonfly Nymphs, by James G. Needham. Demy 8vo., with 7 full-page process

plates and several figures. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . . . ..60

Aleyrodids of California, by Florence E. Bemis. Demy Svo., with 11 fuU-page

plates. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . . . . . . . . . ..50

Origin of Wings of Coleoptera, by W. L. Tower. Demy Svo., splendidly illustrated

with 7 double demy plates and Bibliography. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered 7 R

Genealogic Study of Dragonfly Wing Venation, by James G. Needham. Demy
Svo., with 24 full-page process plates and 44 figures. A most important
work. Bound in cloth, gold lettered. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 0

Revision of American Siphonaptera, by Carl F. Baker. Demy Svo., with 17 full-
page plates, complete Bibliography, &c. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . 7 6

Entomologists seeking books and pamphlets are invited to send their lists of desiderata.

Orders for the above to A. H. 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, 8.E.

IN PARTS— ONE SHILLING.

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION.
Vol. IV.

Commencing with the Variation and Life-histories of Agriades coridon&ni Polyommatus
icarus (with four plates of the named aberrations and varieties of the first-named specie*
together with many photomicrographs of larval and pupal structure. Similar plates of
P. icarus are awaiting publication.)

Probably the finest life-histories of any species of lepidoptera ever published. The next
species to be treated is Aricia astrarche, a stUl more interesting one with regard to its
Varieties and Aberrations.

Subscription for 20 parts 17s. 6d.

Deab Sib, —

Herewith I forward Po3tal Order for 17s. 6d., being my subscription for the next 20
parts (Vol. IV.) of A Natural History of the British Butterfliei.

Name • •

Address

To J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

SAVE TIME— TROUBLE— AND EXPENSE— OVER YOUR COLLECTING.

All lepidopterists now engaged in Field Work should at once
purchase Practical Hints. No book dealing with the collecting
of lepidoptera, and the vA'ork of lepidopterists in the field, has ever
been published that offers so much that is useful to the lepidopterist,
especially at what is generally considered the slack season of the year.

Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist (Illustrated)

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
PARTS I, II & III

(Interleaved for Collector's own notes.)

Price 6s« each volume, net, or 17s« 6<#« for the three

parts m

Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.
Together with

General and Special Index to Parts I, II & III.

(Containing references to nearly 1600 British species)

By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs.

By F. NOAD CLARK anc A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.

Also detailed chapters on

" The Collection and Conservation of Lepidoptera," " Killing," " Pinning," " Entomo-
logical Pins," "Setting," "Labelling," "Holiday Collecting," "Collections," "Collect-
ing," "The Egg and Egg Stage," "The Larva and Larval Stage," " The Pupa and Pupal
Stage." Instructions on the technical description of " Eggs," " Larvfe," " Pupae," etc.

The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field
lepidopterist, and forming a complete encyclopaedia of Field Lepidopterology.

Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to
about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a field the "Hints" covered, and how comparatively few of
the British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is
encyclopaedic from the field lepidopterist's point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa-
hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food,
etc. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, many chapters, simple
enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expert something, have
been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use hi?
observations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of
entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to ail
field entomologists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, and
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists.

Dear Sir, — Please forward me a set of Practical Hints, Parts I, II, and III, for which
I enclose Postal Order for i 7s. 6d.

Name. . .
Addre*K .

To Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Entomological Pamphlets, etc.,

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Copnelation of the results arrived a.t in recent Papery
on the Classification of Lepidoptera. Price is. 6d.
lieviewing the oval, larval, pupal, and imaginal characters used by
various Lepidopterists in classification.

Notes on the Zygsenidae. Price Is. 6d. An account of the habits, etc.,
of several species of the Alpine Burnet moths.

Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental
reference to the nature of Species. Price Is. net.
A detailed consideration of the nature of genera and species.

Some considerations of the Nature and Origin of Species.

Price Is. 6d. net. A detailed consideration of the causes that have led to
specific forms and their isolation.

Some results of recent Experiments in hybridising
Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscularia. Price
Is. 6d. net. Full account of experiments conducted by Dr. Eiding and
Mr. Bacot in hybridising these allied species.

The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths. Price Is.
An interesting essay on the habit as observed in many parts of the world
and its possible meanings.

The Nature of Metamorphosis. Price Is. An essay on the
nature of the various forms and degrees of metamorphosis in different
orders of insects.

The Scientific Aspects of Entomology. Parts I and II. Is. each
part, net. Critical review of the various scientific uses to which the work of
entomologists may be put.

Collecting Noctuidae by Lake Erie (with photograph), by A. Grote,
M.A. Price Is.

Postal Orders to— A. H., 41 , WISTERIA ROAD, LEWISHAM, S.E.

EXOTIC LEI>XPOI>TERA,

W. F. H. ROSENBERG,

Naturalist and Importer of Exotic Zoological Specimens.

57, Haverstock Hill, London, N.W.

Begs to announce the publication of a new Price List (No. 12) of Lepidoptera.
This Catalogue contains over 5,000 species, with author's names and index to genera.
It contains a large number of rare and interesting species, many of which have been
quite recently described. It will be sent post free on application, as will the following
lists : —

No. 8, Birds' Eggs ; No. 9, Reptiles, Amphibia, and Fishes : No. 11, Birdskins
No. 13, Coleoptera ; and Catalogue of Cabinets, Apparatus, etc.
Largest Stock in the World of Specimens in all Branches of Zoology.
SPECIMENS SENT ON APPROVAL.

STEVENS' AUCTION ROOMS (Esub. i760).

Mr. J. C. Stevens will sell at his rooms

38. KING STREET, COYENT GARDEN, London, W.C,

About the third week in January : —

Over ^00 lots of duplicate Exotic Butterflies from the Joicey Collection,
comprising most of the orders down to the Lycaenidse. Many rare specimens
from the H. Grose-Smith Collection will be included. See January Journals for
further particulars.

Catalogues in course of preparation.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/0, 3/-. Folding Nets, 3/6
4/-, 4/6. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes (deal), 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc
Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen, 1 gross, 1/6.
Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor
cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; l^in., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2^in.,
1/-; 3^in., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting
Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage,
2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases,
japanned double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass
Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes,
from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggg,
2a., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sesiidae, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Egos, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, &c.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic).
Birds, Mammals, etc., Preserved atid Mounted by First class Workmen.

'36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C., ENGLAND.

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe,

By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S.. &c.

Bound in Cloth, 160 pp., with good Index (Specific and Generic).

Price 3s, neim

A pocket handbook for the use of collectors in the field. Covers all species found west
of the Carpathian Mts. Description of each species, habits, habitats and distribution.

Will he sent Post Free on receipt of Postal Order for 3s. to —

A. H., 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

FINE HEALTHY T^XJIRJEI.

Aegeria, Is. 6d. ; Argiolus, '2s. 6d. ; Tilia;, 3s. 3d. ; A. urtica% 5s.; Carpini, 3s. 3d.;
Falcula, lOd.; Illustraria, Is.; Dromedarius, 2s.; Lucipara, lOd.; Piniperda, 2s. 6d.;
Hispldaria, 5s.; Kupicapraria, Is.; Isogrammaria, Is. ; Curzoni (Shetlands), 9s. ; all per
dozen. Nubeculosa, 4s.; Gnaphalii, 9s.; Consignata, 4s.; per each, all due to emerge 1911.

Many other Pupae and Ova. Full Winter Price Lists free.

SPECIAL OFFER:— Idoz. fine bred G. calbum, 3s. lOd. post free; 1 doz. fine
bred Papbia, Is. 8d. post free.

NEWMAN'S WONDERFUL RELAXING TINS, 2s. 4d. and 4s. each, post free.
L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

The Entomologist's Library.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Back volumes of

The Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation

(Vols. I-XXI).
Single back volumes of the above can be obtained at 7s. 6d. per volume ; any
two or three volumes at 7s. 3d. per volume-; four, five, six, seven, eight or
nine at 7s. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fourteen at 6s. 9d. per
volume ; fifteeji, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty or twenty-
one at 6s. 6d. per volume. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published
rice (plus postage). Special Indexes, Vols. III-XXI, sold separately, price Is. 6d.
each.

A Natural History of the British Butterflies, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution [illustrated).

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I, II and III. Price one guinea each net. Vol. IV in course of publi-
cation (Monthly parts, 1/-). [Subscription to include 20 parts, 17s. 6d.]
A detailed account of the biology and variation of each British species,
and a consideration of the literature and classification of the Palasai'ctie
species
A Natural H story of the British Alucitides, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution.

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vol. I. Price one guinea net. (To be completed in two volumes.)
Full details of the life-history of every British species ; full historical
accoun of the group and its classification.

A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, their world-
wide variation and geographical distribution {illustrated).
(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)

Vols. I, II, III, IV, V, VIII, IX and X, Price £1 each volume, net. Demy
8vo., thick, strongly bound in cloth. Complete set of 8 vols., £6 net.

The most concise and thorough work on Lepidoptera ever offered to the
entomological public.
Migration and Dispersal of Insects. Demy 8vo. Price os. net.

A detailed account of the migration of the Aphides, Orthoptera, Odonata,

Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera.
Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist (illustrated).

Three parts, 6s. each net. Complete set, 17s. 6d. A detailed set of some

4000 practical hints. Full information for collecting, preserving, and

using the material for scientific j)urposes.
The British Noctuse and their Varieties. Complete in 4 volumes.

28s. per set net. Demy 8vo., strongly bound in cloth. Full account of

the typical and all known described forms, with original descriptions.
Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.

Demy 8vo., bound in cloth. Price 5s. A full account of all the facts

known bearing on the subject, and a closely reasoned explanation of

probable causes.
100 Practical Hints on the British Eupitheciids. Price is.

A series of hints on the method of finding and rearing eggs, larvae, pupse

and imagines of the " pugs."
Monograph of the British Pterophorina. Demy Svo., 161 pp.

Bound in Cloth. Price 5s. net. An account of every British species and

its life-history — each described under a series of detailed headings.
Rambles in Alpine Valleys. Crown Svo. Bound in Cloth. With map

and photographs. Price 3s. 6d. net. A graphic account of the rambles

of a naturalist on the Italian side of Mont Blanc.
Woodside, Burnside, Hillside, and Marsh. Crown Svo. Bound

in Cloth. 242 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Price

2s. 6d. net. Descriptive account of well-known natural history localities

(botanical, entomological, geological, ornithological), including Cobham,

Cliffe, Cuxton, the Western Highlands, &c.
Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen, and Hill. Crown

Svo. Bound in Cloth. Price 3s. net. A detailed account of the fauna

and flora of some well-known British natural history localities — Wicken,

Deal, Chattenden, the Medway marshes. Freshwater, &g.
Orders to be addressed to J. Heebket Tutt, 22, Francemary Koad, Ladywell Eoad,

Brockley, S.E.

iRRAa'13

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