6

J

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

/I

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

Richard S. BAGNALL, f.l.s., f.e.s. | T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D.,r.z.8., f.e.s.

T. HUDSON DEAUE,

h.sc, f.i!. 8., f.h.s.k.
George T. BETUUNE-BAKER,

r.Z.S., F.L.R., F.E.S.

M. BURR, D.sc, F.Z.S., F.I..S., f.k.s.
(Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, f.e.s.

Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.S.

H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE,

F.7..H., F.K.S.
AlFRKU SICH, F.E..S.

J. R. le B. TOMLIN, m.a., f.e.s.
George WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s.

and
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VOL. XXIV.
JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1912.

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PREFACE.

In wishing our readers and contributors the compliments of the
season we would also like to thank those who have helped with the
varied matter which our pages contain. The Magazine continues to
hold its own and the contributors are to be heartily thanked for their
kindly aid in making the contents both instructive and interesting.

It will be noted that the Index, like that of last year, is
somewhat different in its plan to those of previous years. We owe
this to our colleague Mr. J. R. le. B. Tomlin, who most kindly took
this matter in hand and considerably simplified the somewhat
cumbrous and redundant arrangement of the previous indexes.

We would still like to urge our readers from little-known localities
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from which few or no records of the insect fauna exist.

Hy. J. TUBNKR.

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THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECOR

JOURNAL OF VARIATIO:

Edited by

Richard S. BAGNALL, f.L.8.,f.e.s. | T. A. CHAPMAN, m.c.f.z.s., f.
T. HUDSON BEAUE, " ""

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JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Vol. XXIV. No. 1. January 15th, 1912.

Eryx fairmairei, Reiche, a Beetle new to Britain.

By H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

On July 11th, 1908, I found under loose bark in Sherwood Forest
several specimens of an Eryx : three were taken and one other fell to
the ground and escaped. Larvre also occurred under the bark. I
wanted one specimen of En/x ater to complete my series, and when I
put one of the Sherwood specimens into my cabinet, I was struck with
the difference in appearance it showed to my other specimens, being
more parallel, much more shiny, with shorter and thinner antennae
and legs. I always intended to go into the matter, and whenever I
opened the drawer the Eryx was in I always thought I must settle that
Eryx. I once went to the museum, but in the general collection they
only had ater. At last I sent my specimen to Captain Claire Deville
and he returned it as Eryx fairmairei, Reiche. Rewrites, that compared
with ater it is a very distinct species, especially in the structure of the
prosternum and the punctuation. He suggests that the Geri**»n E.
melanaritis, Germ., may be the same species. He says that Sei litz's
description of fairmairei is inaccurate. '

In the European Catalogue the synonymy of the three species is :
ater, F. {stibsulcatus, Fairm.)
melanariiis, Germ, (laeris, Rosh.)
fairmairei, Reiche (laeria, Seidl.)

Seidlitz {Fauna Baltica, 1891, p. 524), queries fairmairei, Reiche,
as the same species as his E. laevm.

Reiche described {Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1860, p. 731) fairmairei
as follows :— " The collections of Paris contain a third species of Eryx
found m the centre of France, the Pyrenees and the Landes, which
is shining like E. bellieri, and of the same size, it differs by its
less elongate form, the well marked striae of the elytra, and the more
acute posterior angles of the thorax."

Deville says E. fairmairei occurs in France as far north as the
Forest of Fontainebleau.

Mr. Champion tells me that all his Sherwood Forest specimens of
Eryx are E. fairmairei, and those from the New Forest are E. ater.

It is very pleasant to be able to introduce such a large and distinct
species to our list.

2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

A Month in Switzerland and elsewhere.

By GEOEGE WHEELEE, M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
(Continued from vol. xxiii., page 314.)

(vii.) The Meiexthal. — Some years ago Mr. Fison took in the
Meieuthal some $ specimens of BrentJiis selene shot with purple in the
same manner as the 5 var. napaea of B. pales, and ever since I saw
these I had desired to try my luck in the same direction. The entrance
to the Meienthal is just above the village of Wassen, the last station
on the St. Gothard Pass before Goschenen, and though it sounds easy
enough to get at, I had never hitherto been able to manage it. I found
however that by sleeping at Goldau on our w'ay eastwards, it was
possible to snatch a passing visit, sending heavy luggage direct to
Bergiin, and depositing smaller things at Goldau on the way through,
continuing by the same fast train from Biile as far as Goschenen,
getting lunch at the buffet, and immediately afterwards taking the
slow train back to Wassen. As soon as I emerged from the steep
gorge into the valley I found a <? B. selene and further on several
others, all very dark and raising expectations of the purple-shot $ s, but
I was doomed to disappointment, for not a single ? was forthcoming
during the short time I was able to remain in the valley. On the way
up Eiebia eiiryale and Parartje viaera were common, especially the
former, the numbers of which did not diminish as one penetrated into
the valley, where it was joined by E. sUjgne also in some numbers, and
by a few E. melanipns. There was nothing remarkable about the
latter, nor about E. euri/ale, but E. styifiie was of a very pronounced
valesiaca form, the small white pupils of the two apical eye-spots being
the only conspicuous marking even in the $ . Here again the $ s were
more worn than the g s, though most of the latter were not in first
class condition. The best part of the valley seemed to begin where
the path crosses the torrent, but 1 had not time to penetrate much
further. Brent/iis eiipltrosj/ne was common but worn ; unlike 7>. selene
it was not as dark as the mountain specimens usually are. CJi njsophan its
hippotluie, var. eitr)jhia, was common and fresh, but Lotteia sitbalpina
was only represented by a single o '■> there were also a few Coenonipiijiha
arcania var. darwiniana, and C. sati/rion : and one of the latest ^ s of
Eiichlo'e cardamines, and one of the earliest of Btrnthis aniatlntsia
complete the list.

(viii.) Altmatt. — The illness of my travelling companion altered
our plans next day, July 6th, but as Goldau is emphatically not a place
to be ill at, I felt that by the evening a push must be made as far as
Weesen at any rate ; and meantime, finding that I was of no use where
I W'as, rest only being required, I decided to put in an hour and a half at
Altmatt below Einsiedeln, as I had never before had any personal
experience of the peat-bogs. On arriving at the station I took the
first turn upwards across the wolds, and my short expedition convinced
me that even in a bad year there was a good deal to repay investigation.
Only three species appeared to be really common, and all of them were
Coenonymphids — ApJutntopus hyperanttts, Coeytonytiipha typhon and
C. pampJiilns. The last named was rather small and dark, the other
two much like those of Hinterzarten ; but C. typhnn was on the whole
rather more spotted, especially on the underside of the forewing, and
A. hyperantiis even smaller, the J underside being of a beautiful light

A MONTH IN SWITZERLAND AND ELSEWHERE. 3

dead-gold colour. Two other species were in fair numbers, viz.,
Melitaea ilicti/nna, much smaller, and the $ with much more of the
ground colour showing, than those of Hinterzarten, and Pleheiiis art/us
(rt<'//o«),rathersmal],thec? sof adusky grey ontheunderside,andshowing
much greenish-blue suffusion extending almost half across the hind-
wing. Samples of several other species turned up in the very short
time at my disposal, viz., Melitaea athalia, rather small, M. anrinia, of
course much dilapidated at this date, Brenthis amathtisia, Fieris
hrassicae, Ajioria crataef/i, FoUionituatua icanis, Lycaena arioii, Paravfie
iiuiera, Ain/iades si/lra}tiis and a Hesperia which I failed to catch, and
therefore am unable (in such a difficult group) to identify. I also
caught a magnificent specimen of Plunia chrtjann, which unluckily (for
me) escaped by an unsuspected hole in the net. One wanted many
hours, but I was obliged to return to Goldau, from whence we continued
our journey the same afternoon to Weesen, to start about 3 o'clock
the next day for Bergiin on the Albula Pass.

(ix.) FiLZBACH AND THE Thalalp. — Accoi'ding to my original plans
we should have gone from Goldau to Bergiin in the day, getting three
hours or so in the Murgthal between trains ; but after sleeping at
Weesen I found the most available arrangement was to start in the
afternoon from Weesen after walking in the morning across the marsh
and up through Filzbach to the Thalalp, though I knew it would be
impossible to reach the summit of the Pass in the time at my disposal.
I had a special object in this expedition. I had some years ago taken
Araschnia levana in the Murgthal only a little earlier than this, and
Mr. Fison had taken it in the previous year above Filzbach at a
considerably higher elevation. As my Samoussy prorm were still
coming out I was hoping for the chance of crossing the two broods,
which seemed to me likely to prove an interesting, and possibly
important, experiment from more than one point of view. Unfortun-
ately I did not see a single specimen of the species, but I still think it
might be done in any year when the season was early in northern
France and late in the Alps (a not unusual combination of circum-
stances), either by one person going as I did from one place to the
other, or by someone who had been in Aisne sending pupae to some
other person at Weesen or Filzbach.

I saw nothing on this deny (July 7th) while crossing the marsh, and
the zig-zags up to Filzbach being mercifully in complete shade in the
morning, I had no occasion to put up my net until I reached the
village. Here I made a mistake and took a cart-track to the right too
soon, but quickly discovering my error, I thought to mend it by
strikmg into a foot path bearing to my left. This I followed, some-
times almost losing it, but always getting into it again, until I thought
I must be as high as the top of the Pass, but at last, finding some
men mowing, I was instructed that a good path, nearly level, would
take me in a few hundred yards into the valley I had originally
intended to mount, though I should be some twenty minutes or more
below the summit. I spoke of this as " a mistake," but it is really far
the best way to go, reserving the direct (and very precipitous) cart-
track for the descent. In the meadows on the way up I came across
several species, mostly at the higher levels. Those lowest down were
L'l/anirift seii>ia)ytts and Erehia ligea, both of which were still to be
found, though they were not numerous, almost as high as I went. In

4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

a wood clearing through which the path, such as it was, made its way,
were a few specimens of Ar</>/nnu ot/laia ,[inA Brenthis euplirosiine, and
one or two Mditaea atlialia and M. dictynna, and on coming out again
into the fields Krehia iiwlampiis, E. eunjale, Aporia crataegi, I'oli/owmatus
hylas, 3" s only, nud C II pido Hiini inns were not very uncommon. On
reaching the steep cart-track that leads directly up to the Thalalp Pass
a few other species appeared. Parnassius nmemosyne was by no means
uncommon, though most of the specimens had seen better days ; all
those that I took showed indications of a row of white spots in the
border, tending towards var. nnbilosn, but not of the decided form of
the Binnenthal. Dri/as papliia was on the wing as well as Aiyi/nnis
aglaia ; Pararge ei/eria, the J s large and fresh, KucJdo'e cardanunes, and
Leptosia sinapis appeared a little lower down, and there were numerous
specimens of Pieris napi, the $ s, even at the highest level, showing no
approach towards var. hryoniae. On recrossing Weesen marsh I saw
a few A. aylaia, worn out at this level, and the first few Ayriades coridon
of the season, but there was no sign of Lycaena enpheinna or L. areas,
or of any of the other marsh species which generally abound here.

{To be continued).

Myrmecophilous Notes for 1911.

By H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

FoRMiciDiE. — Subfamily PonerinjE. — Ponera coarctata, Latr. — A ^
was found in the nest of Lasins fuliyinosns at Darenth Wood on
May 26th. A small colony was taken in moss at Box Hill, in May,
which contained two $ s and a few ^ s. They were placed in a small
observation nest, but unfortunately the glass did not fit verj' well, and
most of them escaped, so the nest was a failure.

Subfamily Myrmicin.e. — Mynnecina yraininicola, Latr. [latreillei,
Curtis). — One ^ was found in a nest of Lasins fJarus at Box Hill on
May 7th, and three were found in a nest of Formica fnsca in the same
locality on April 13th. On April 14th I introduced one of these
specimens into an observation nest of F\ fnsca obtained at Hartlepool
in October, 1910. Next day I found it had been killed by the fnsca ^ s.
My nest of this species obtained last year is still in very good condition.
I recorded^ that on December 1st, 1910, a number of fair-sized larvfe
were present. These larvfe passed the winter well, and on May 16th
a number of pupre were observed. On May 24th a new bunch of eggs
had been laid. Some of the pupa? hatched in June and July, and
proved to be ^ s, but on July 5th a <? was present. I find the J
feigns death when alarmed, in the same way as the $ s and ^ s, by
rolling up in a ball. On July 23rd a further batch of eggs had been
laid, the previous ones being now small larvii?. By July 27th all the
pupa) had hatched, the rest being ^ s. One of the ? s has the antennje
deformed, being bent round and hooked. It is a pugnacious little
ant, and attacks a brush if presented to it. It is generally to be found
wandering about the nest away from the other ants, which all sit
together in one corner. On September 10th larva? of all sizes were
present, and some pupje. On November 20th the pupie had hatched,
and over 50 larva? were observed, while the ? and all the ^ s were
well, and no dead ants present.

1 Ent. Rec, 1911, p. 13.

MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1911. 5

Myrmica sulcinodis, Nyl. — A nest under a stone on the mountain
above Loch Rannoch Hotel on June 14th was found to contain 3" , 2 ,
and ^ pupae, as did also another nest under a stone on the sandy
bank of the Nefchy, at Nethy Bridge, on June 21st. I took both nests
home and reared the winged sexes in them. As I hope shortly to
publish the distribution of our British ants as far as it is known
I mention any localities where I may have found species which, as far
as I know, have not been recorded before. Arnold, Ham, and I have
all found this species in the New Forest. Besides nests under stones,
I have several times taken dealated $ s in sand-pits there.

Mijnnica lacrinodifi, Nyl. — Colonies were found under stones on a
small Island in Tobermorey Bay, off Mull, and on the Isle of Eigg in
September. In two nests under stones at Rannoch, on the mountains,
several nearly black ^ s were taken. On September 28th, at Flaxmere,
Delamere, a few ^ s and a <? were found in sphagnum.

Myrniica scabrinodis, Nyl., was found on Mull in September.

Mijrniiea lobicnrnis, Nyl. — A ^ was found in sphagnum on Mull.
Two nests were dug up at Weybridge in July, both being beneath
nests of Formica mnfiuinea : no ? s could be found. I have taken
this ant at Whitstable and on Wimbledon Common.

Leptothovax acervortoii, F.— A 5? was taken in a nest of Formica
exsecta, and a dealated J with F. pratensis at Rannoch on June 12th. This
species is very common at Rannoch under bark. In one nest under
the bark of a log, lying in the saw-pit, all the ants were observed to be
covered with a fungus, but were quite active. I secured a number,
but most unfortunately lost the tube. Wheeler^ records the known
cases of ants infested with Laboulbeniaceae, and he has himself found
such ants. He says there are two known species, Rickia ivasmanni,
Cavora, and Laboulbenia formicornm, Thaxter, which occur on ants. It
is impossible to say now if my ants presented a case in point. L.
acerroriim also occurs under stones on the mountains. I found two
colonies under the same stone as Myrmica laeviiwdis. Both species
had larva? and pupae, and appeared to be quite friendly. They did
not attack each other when disturbed, and if they picked up each other's
larvae, or pupae, when taking them into safety, they put them down
again. The acercomm ^ s were very dark in colour, and ForeP writes,
" The alpine variety of this race is sometimes nearly entirely of a
brown-black, and lives under stones." Cameron^ records an almost
black variety of the ^ at Kintail. I have found L. acervoruin on the
sandhills at Camber.

Leptothnrax iinifasciata Latr.— Crawley and I found a small colony
in the cliff at St. Margaret's Bay on August 20th, we were unable to
find g s, or ? s. In 1907^ I found a larger colony there and secured a
S and dealated 5 .

Tetramorium caespitum, L.- — In April Crawley and I visited St. Issey,
in Cornwall, and we found many nests of this ant under stones on the
cliffs. A number of Cardamine seeds were found in some of the nests
on April 2oth. . I have before recorded'^ taking the same seeds, which

2. Psxjche, xvii., 1910, pp. 83-86.

3. Fotirmis de la Suisse, J873, p. 84.

\ Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc, Glasgow, II., 1875, p. 293.
'\ Trans. Leicester, Lit., and Phil., Soc, 1908, p. 227.
«. Ent. Record, 1910, p. 17.

b THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

are probably either C. flex\iom or C. hiisuta, in many nests of this same
ant at Whitsand Bay. They are not true Myrmecocorous seeds, as
they do not possess food bodies. White'' records this ant " at Brans-
combe, S. Devon, manifesting harvesting instincts"! It would be
very interesting if they were also Cardaniiiie seeds he observed.
T. (■(E<pitHiii is abundant at Whitsand Bay, and I always hope that
Ani'i-fiates atratiiliis and Stroiu/i/loi/jiathns testaci'u^, two parasitic ants,
which live in the nests of T.cacsiiitiiiii,v>n\\ be found there. We went down
in July to try and find them and were joined by Keys. The very dry
hot weather was unfavourable for us. The ground was baked up, and
the stones over the nests were so hot during the heat of the day, that
they burned our hands if held on them long. Only a few ants could
be seen, and we had to dig up the nests to find anything. A number
oi 3 s and winged $ s were secured, and a deillated J found in one nest,
in which were no winged sexes, was brought home with many of her

§ s as an observation nest. This ant chiefly occurs on or near the
sea-coasts with us, but the following inland localities have been
recorded, Hampstead Heath, Shirley, Chobham, Plumstead Wood, and
Wellington College. It is not uncommon in the New Forest near
Beaulieu Road Station, and I have found it at Tubney near Oxford.
Subfamily DoLinocLERiNyE. — 'Tapi)i()iiin erraticiun, Latr. — On I\Iay
18th, I took a small colony in the ground at Woking. It consisted of
a deiilated ? and about 25 ^ s. I fixed them up in a small plaster
observation nest. The $ laid eggs but they were always eaten by the

5 s, in spite of their being supplied with plenty of food. In my
former** experiment with a queenless nest, the pupae it contained and
eggs laid by one of the ^ s were also devoured.

Subfamily Camponotin.e. — Lasiiin fiili;/inosiis, Ltr. — On July 27th
3 s and winged $ s were found swarming on the shoots and branches
growing out of a tree stump, which contamed a large nest of this ant.
Copulation took place on the branches and no marriage flight was
observed. Crawley and I have recently'' shown that J s of this species
must have been fertilized by their brothers in the nest at Darenth
Wood. It occurs in Harewood Forest, the only record I know for N,
Hants. Morice has taken it at Ilillmorton, in Northamptonshire.
This is absolutely the only record I know for any ants from that
county.

Lasiiis niijer, L. — On August 9th I made the following notes on a
marriage flight of this species, which took place on that day at
Folkestone. A large colony occurred in one of the pillars of a gate-
way to a house in a street in the town. The ants entered the masonry
by a hole in the mortar at the base of the pillar. At 5 o'clock in the
afternoon the ^ s were much excited running all over the pavement,
and up and down the pillar. A few winged ants wore out, and going
in and out of the entrance to the nest. At G o'clock thousands of J s
and winged $ s appeared. They emerged from the hole, swarming all
over the pillar, and climbing to the top, and on the railings and shrubs
in the garden. A very few couples were observed in copula ; these flew
away together. Most of the winged ants flew off separately ; they rose

1. Ants and Their Waya, 1895, p. 242.

» Ent. Jiec, 1909, p. '258.

" Paper read at the Meeting of the Ent. Soc. Lond., Nov. 1.5th, 1911.

MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOE 1911. 7

straight into the air, going up so high that they were lost to sight.
The ^ s helped some of them to start, tapping them with their
antennis, and pushing them to the edge of the top of the pillar. More
2 s than S s occurred. By 6.25 nearly every single winged ant had
disappeared. Some few 5 s were already on the ground without
wings. A marriage flight of this species was observed by two of my
friends the same afternoon at Margate, and Seaview, in the Isle of
Wight. On August 28th I noticed a marriage flight at Dover, and on
my return to Folkestone the same afternoon another was seen there.
Hubner writes^" : " It is requisite that the temperature of the air
should be at the 15° or 16° Eeaumur (67° F.) to allow of our witnessing
the departure of the males and females." It is evident that the ants
are affected by some atmospheric influence, and it would be interesting
to find out over how large an area they are affected at the same time.

Lasius ni(/er, L., subsp. alienua, Forst. — A nest was dug up at Wey-
bridge on July 22nd. It contained plenty of ^ s and small cocoons, and
some 3 s, but no winged $ s. The ground was very hard and dry
and no dealated $ could be found.

L. jinibratHs ^ s occurred with the L. alie?itis. It is possible that a
dealated L. uinbratas $ may have been present, as Crawley" has shown
that L. niger will readily accept L. nmbratus J s.

On August 20th Crawley and I found this subspecies abundant in
the cliff' at St. Margaret's Bay. In one colony many winged $ s
occurred, but no 5" s; in another very few winged $ s, but more S s.

Lasiiis flavus, Fab. — On September 15th many nests occurred under
stones on the small Island in Tobermorey Bay. Winged J s and rf s
were present, larvte and cocoons. In one nest a dealated 5 and eggs.
Many of the ^ s were large and dark. Similar nests were found on the
Isle of Eigg.

Foniiica fnsca, L. — Many nests under stones occurred on the
Tobermorey Island, and on Eigg a very small race was found. All the
^ s were exceedingly' small, the nest was under a stone, but the ground
underneath was too strong to dig it up properly, so no $ was found.
I sent specimens to Forel, and he writes — " (Isle of Eigg), Formica
fnsca, Li. Je possede des exemplaires aussi petits de la F. fnxca. lis
sont frequents dans les lieux froids. C'est I'eftet de la denutrition."
A nest of F. fnsca under the bark of a fallen tree at Helensburgh, on
September 21st, contained winged 2 s and g s.

Foniiica fnsca, L., \a,v. /nsco-riifibaybis, Forel, Avas found at Box Hill
and Folkestone.

Formica rtifa, L. — I have a little more evidence on the founding
of colonies in F'. fusca nests by 2 s of this species. On June 10th at
Rannoch, in the Black Wood, I found a dead dealated i*. rnfa 2 in a
F. fusca nest under a stone. It had evidently entered the nest and had
been killed by the F. fnsca ^ s. On June 1-lth, high up on the
mountain at Rannoch where no F. rnfa nests occur, a dealated 2 F.
rnfa was observed walking round a stone over a i* . fnsca nest. She
eventually got under the stone and entered the nest. It was a small
colony of F. fnsca. I am unable to say if she was accepted, as I was
unable to stay any longer.

On May 6th I introduced a dealated F. rnfa 2 from W'ellington

M The Nat. Hist, of Ants, Eug. trans., 1820, p. 99.
" Ent. i^lo. Mag., 1909, p. 94.

8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

College into my F. fnsca observation nest from Porlock, She as
usual tried to conciliate the ^ s when attacked by them. On May 7th
she was still somewhat attacl^ed. On May 9th the same, and was
held by the legs by some of the ? s at times. She was not very
aggressive, but killed one of the more persistent ^ s. By May 13th
she was accepted and quite at home. She lived in the nest till July,
when, unfortunately, she died. This nest contains two dealated F.
fusca 2 s ; the F. rufa 2 used to sit with them, and I was anxious to
see if she would have eventually killed them. In my mixed ^-^nest^^ of
F. fusca var. fusco-rufibarbis ^s taken at Whitsand Bay, July ISith,
1909, and a F. rufa 2 taken at Nethy Bridge, May 16th, 1909, the
latter has brought up three families with the help of the ^ s. She
laid eggs last on July 27th and September 7th, 1911. On
August 16th over twenty cocoons were present, and by September 25th
five small F. rufa callows had hatched, and over thirty cocoons were
present. By November 1st, all the F. rufa cocoons had hatched, and
they are all perfect, though small, and alive to-day, the F. fHsca-
rufibarbis ^ s being quite friendly with them. The 2 , unfortunately,
died on October 5th, when I had had her for over two years, but this
experiment has successfully proved this method of colony founding.

On June 15th I witnessed, at Aviemore, a marriage flight of
Formica rufa for the first time. A number of <? s and 2 s were seen
flying about in a timber yard. They were running about on the large
mound of sawdust in the hot sunshine, flying off and settling on it.
The $ s appeared to rise more easily than the 2 s, and to be hunting
round for the latter. Copulation took place on the ground ; I never
saw a single pair together in the air. Sometimes a 2 would rise and
fly straight into the air, others ran about on the mound. A 2 when
found would sometimes refuse a <? . I picked up one pair in copu-
lation when the 2 turned round and bit the <? and they separated. I
found this 2 afterwards refused any other S that approached her.

An interesting observation was made on a branch nest of F. rufa
in the Black Wood at Eannoch on June 12th. Two nests were found to
be in connection 128 yards apart, one a large mound about 72 in. across
by 54 in. in height a few yards below the path, and the other a small
hillock about the same distance from the path on the other side of it.
The ants were going backwards and forwards along the path to the
two nests. P'ood was being carried to the large nest, but the ants
were carrying their larvae from the large nest to the smaller one. A
dealated 2 was trying to get to the smaller nest ; though often stopped
by the ^ s she persisted, and gradually won her way to it. Winged 2 s
were upon the larger nest.

At Nethy Bridge nearly all the rufa nests examined contained
pseudogynes. In one very large nest a number of pseudogyne callows
were present, and naked pupfe, of which there were numbers, appeared
all to be pseudogynes. There were very few myrmecophiles in the nests
and it was evidently too late to find the Atoueles,^^ the cause of all
these pseudogynes.

Formica rufa, L. var. alpina, Santschi in litt. — On June 11th I
found at Rannoch, on the edge of a moor, a small mound made of

12 See J5n(. Rec, 1910, p. 82.

13 Tram. Ent. Soc. LoncL, 1911, p. 176.
" Ent. Rec, 1908, p. 281.

MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1911. 9

heather, etc. It was superficially very like a nest of F. e.vsecta. The
^ s running about on the mound, like F. exsecta does, were all small in
size and very red, and might have easily been taken for F. exsecta.
There vv^ere no tracks to and from the nest like F. rufa makes. On
examiring the ^ s I at once found that they were not ^. exsecta.
The nest was dug up and four dealated $ s were found. I concluded
they were a form new to us, and when I had got them home I found
the legs were more hairy and the scales had golden hairs, especially in
the $ s, in which characters they differ from F. rufa. I sent specimens
to Forel and he says they are the var. alpina, Santschi in litt. He
writes : — Your ants belong to a group of varieties which I once called
truncicolo-pratensis. They are nearly the colour of the var. dusmeti,
Emery, from Norway and Spain. Eecently Santschi has discovered and
distinguished it in our Alps under the name of F. rufa var. alpina in
litt. I myself have received it from Norway and the Black Forest,
etc., and have also found it in Switzerland. It is distinguished above
all by the more narrow head, as Santschi has shown. It has some
exserted hairs on the outer side of the tibiae (hairs which fail in true
F. rufa) and some spare hairs on the eyes. This variety is of course
an addition to the British List ; it is intermediate between the subspecies
pratensis and truncicola. The latter we do not possess as British, but it
is possible we may yet find it in the Highlands.

Formica rufa, L., subsp. pratensis, De G. — My chief reason for
visiting Rannoch was to try and find this subspecies. On June lOtb
I found a small hillock of pine needles, etc., among the fir trees near
the Loch inhabited by it. A number of ^ s were secured, and the
nest was dug up, but no ? s were found. On June I2t;h another nest
was found close to the old one. It consisted of a large hillock of pine
needles, etc., built over a pine stump. I dug it up, but with the help
of a spade and an axe I could not get at the bottom, and no $ s were
found. Larvffi and cocoons were present. White^' writes : " This is
the common wood ant at Bournemouth," and adds Loch Rannoch,
Holnest, Porlock, and Exmouth (Dale). It is certainly not the common
wood ant at Bournemouth now, and I am inclined to doubt the last
three localities, Saunders^'' says : " The race pratensis is rare in
this country, but has been recorded from Bournemouth and Rannoch."
i find I took a winged ? at Corbridge, in Northumberland, on June
3rd, 1906. The abdomen is dull and pubescent, and the scale has
hairs, whereas in F. rufa the abdomen is smooth and very shining,
and there are no hairs on the scale.

Formica sanguinea, Latr. — Dr. Sharp" recorded the capture of
Microdon egfieri,'MW.,d,i Rannoch. Its known hosi i?, F. sawiuinea,
and r^ pointed out that it probably occurred at Rannoch, as I had
discovered it at Aviemore and Nethy Bridge. I was consequently on
the look-out all the time for nests of F. sanguinea, and on June 11th
I found a very large colony under stones near a wall on the moor.
Many F. fusca slaves were present. I took home some F. sanguinea
^ s in laurel to give away. Among them I found large ^ s of the var.
alpina of F. rufa. As the F. sanguinea colony was quite near to where

15 Ants and Their Ways, 1895, p. 232.

16 Hym. Acal., 1896, p. 2.

" Ent. M. Mag., 1910, p. 274.
18 Ent. M. 2Iag., 1911, p. 43.

10 THE ENTOMOLOOISt's RECORD.

I found the alpina nest, it is obvious the former had executed a slave
raid on the latter. I did not find any larvae or pupa-cases of Microdon
in the nest.

My observation nest of F. san(/uinea, which I obtained at Woking
on April 19th, 1910, is in splendid condition now. Their own 5 died
on May 1st, 1911. On May 5th I introduced a dejilated $ F.mnrniinea
taken at Woking that day. In digging her up I had unfortunately
cut off two of her legs and one antenna. She was at once accepted
by my F. mwiuinca ^ s and their F. fusca slaves, and by May 13th had
laid several bunches of eggs. In spite of her crippled condition she is
alive and well to-day (November 26th). The first callow hatched from
her eggs on June 29th. On May 27th I introduced from Woking an
F. sanf/ninea ^ , a slave F. fusca ^ , and another F. san<iuinea $ .
The 5 and slave were killed and the J at first was attacked, but by May
28th she was also accepted, and laid eggs. By September 25th all
the cocoons, from eggs laid by the two ? s, had hatched, and to-day
all are alive and well. One ^ had the antenna deformed in the same
way as the one described above in the ilijuieciua nest and exhibited
similar habits. It died on November 17th.

Fortiiica twsecta, Nyl.— This species was also discovered at Eannoch,
a new locality for it. On June 10th a small nest of the usual type
was found by the side of a path in the Black Wood; on June 11th a
large nest was observed near the Loch, and on June 12th two more
large nests w^ere found by another path in the Black Wood.

{To be continued.)

A Season's Collecting at Constantinople in 1911.

By P. P. GRA.VES, F.E.S.
{Concluded from vol. x:tiii., page 318.)

Of the Chrysophauids I found Loueia dorilis fairly frequent in its
later broods. One or two ab. purpitreo-punctata were taken. Most of
my Rninicia pJdaeas are of this form, and from June to the end of
September all are more or less suffused, though I cannot say I came
across any true g. a. elens. I found Chrysnphanus thersanioji darker
and on the whole larger than my Beirut specimens. The purple gloss
on the submargiual area of the hindwings and apical area of the
forewings (upperside) of the S" is often well marked. I found one or
two 2 s with traces of bluish scales as in II. j)hlaeas ab. purpureo-
punctata, and one 5 which has the inner edges of 5 of the submarginal
black spots on the upperside of the forewings covered with iridescent
purplish scales. I have never seen any trace of these scales on the
anterior wings of 2 s of (■. thersainon. L. alciphro7i was uncommon
and large, 47mm. to 49mm. Of my 2 ? s one seems to be var. nuiiboensy
having the ground colour of the central area of the upperside of the
anterior wings dull orange-red with no trace of purple reflections.

I need say nothing of the Theclids save that Nordniannia ilici.'i, and
Bit/iya querciis were very large. Of the Lycfenids, sens, stricto,
Cyaniris soinaryun, and Aricia anteros were the most interesting. The
former seemed to belong to the var. intermedia (Tutt), being broadly
dark margined, though I took no $ s with more than the very faintest
suggestion of blue scaling on the upperside. They varied in size, and
I took among them a few large specimens that seemed very near
var. balcanica, Tutt, save that the 2 s had the faintest trace of orange

A season's collecting at CONSTANTINOPLE. 11

lightening at the anal angle of the hindwings. A. anterus was wide
spread and abundant at Gyok-Su and the Belgrade Forest district,
otherwise it occurred in small numbers. The largest specimens and
the smallest, the latter 22mm., were taken in spring, the summer and
autumn races being of more even dimensions. The number of spots
at the bases of the underside of the forewings varied from nil to 3,
and I caught one, unluckily imperfect, specimen parallel with the ab.
hasijuncta of Agriades thetis (figured in Tutt's British Bntterfiies, vol.
iii., plate xlii.). Polyommatns icariis, worn specimens of which were
still to be seen in sunny places yesterday (November 17th), was common
and showed the usual aberrations, r.//., icarinus, which seemed almost
racial at Kiitchiik Tchekmedje on August 12th, candiope, arcuata, seuii-
arcuata, etc. Scarcely any of my $ s have any trace of blue on the upper-
side. It will be interesting to see if this will hold good in future years.
PoljiommatHs amanda was scarce. Plebeiits arf/iis {aeyon) local but
abundant in its haunts from May 18th, to the end of August. Aricia
astrarcJie was perhaps the commonest of the group. Glaucopsyche
ci/Uants occurred sparingly in May. Celastrina arcjioliis was
abundant as a rule in woods and bushy places. I fear I neglected
this species, which appeared triple-brooded. I only picked up one
decent Ilaywardia telicanus flying over heather at Kiathane on Oct. 7.
Scolitantides baton was not at all common. A damaged $ taken near
Kiathane on October 7th was my only observation after mid-May.

Of the Vanessids none were abundant this year. I only saw one
Aijlaia urticae, a hibernated specimen, in the whole season, and only
one fresh Eiivanessa antioiia. Foli/tjonia e(jea seemed to be common
only in the Constantinople suburbs where one could not pursue it. I
missed most of the first brood of Liineuitifi Camilla, which seemed
larger than the July and August emergencies. The capture of a fresh
J on September 8th made me wonder if there is a partial third
emergence.

I found Melitaea trivia local, M. phoebe very rare, and no signs of a
second brood of M. cin.cia. M. didyma, of which I have a series of
nearly 100 specimens, shows most interesting variations. Some of
my second brood specimens are hard to distinguish from Syrian
examples. The 2 s are particularly variable, those from the Belgrade
Forest being sometimes much sufl'used and of a more orange-brown
ground colour. The S s of the first brood are unquestionably the
largest and most richly coloured. Breuthia dap/me abounded in the
Belgrade Forest in June. It was as large (55-60mm) as many home
Aryynnis adippe. The year or the place was not favourable for
Dryas pap/da and hsoria lathonia, of which few were seen. B. pandora
occurred in most places, though not abundantly. y1. «;/?«/« was only
noted in small numbers. The specimens were large and bright, the
? s of the brown form. I got only three Libythea celtis, two hibernated
but very decent specimens in April and one fresh <? June 16th. Of
the Satyrids there is little to say. Satyras circe was abundant in the
Belgrade Woods and particularly partial to chestnut blossom. I was
unlucky with S. statili)iiis, which seemed to wear very quickly. Pararge
ro.celana was wide spread wherever there was shade and cover, but
generally occurred singly, and I have only one P. viaera of three seen.
Coenonyiiipha arcania showed a tendency towards orange-brown

12 THE entomologist's RECORD.

suffusion on the hindwings of the 9 . C. pampkilKs was often of the
ab. maniinata.

Finally, of the Papilionids and Pierids Iphiclides podaliriiis was as
rare this year as it is usually frequent. The common Pierids were as
common and as destructive as elsewhere, but Picris napi was never
abundant. The g. a. napaeae showed in many cases remarkably little
suft'usion alongthe veinsof the undersideof theposteriorwings. Theab.
(liniensis and the vernal ab. latln/ri of Leptosia sinapis were abundant.
Pontia dapUdice was rare in its spring brood g. v. hellidice, but very
common in late June, July, August, and September, I only took one
S Si/ncldo'e chloridice, a very fresh specimen caught at Gyok-su on
September 8th. On the same day I took a chipped ^ of Colias crate
and a worn white 3 of the same on ground where the ab. $ heliee of
('. ednsa occurred. In July I took another J ( '. erate with a couple
of lemon-yellow blotches within the broad marginal band of the fore-
wings. I saw others, but they were impossible to reach, flying at
a rate that even speedy C. ednsa could not equal. I did not see
C. Ji>/ale, and wonder if it is not a mountain species in this part of the
world, I have one small worn chrome-orange ( '(dias that may be
C. chrysotheiiie, recorded from here by Staudinger in his brochure on
the Lepidoptera of Asia Minor. I thmk (J. erate has not been recorded
from Constantinople before. It may be an immigrant. South Russia
is near us, and north and north-east winds often blow furiously.
Its brilliant lemon-yellow colour and tearing flight make it easy to
recognise on the wing. Anthncharia belia was locally common, but
I was not able to search its haunts for g. a. ausonia, of which I have
but one specimen. I saw a few Knchlo'e cardamines, and have but one,
the underside of which seems to me to show less green and more
white than British specimens.

The following is my list of species observed and captured for the
year. I am rather doubtful about my Urbicolids — my series of Hesperia
alveus may contain two species, and one of my Knjnnh altheae is very
yellow — but I think it advisable not to hazard uncertain records : —
A', taijes, E. alceae, E. altheae, H. sidae, H. alveus, H. inalvae, P.
orbifer, H. morpheim, T. actacon, A. Jiava, A. Hi/lvanus, G. noxtrodaniuii,
C. thersamon, L. dorilis, L. alciphron, B. f)Ida<'as, C. riibi, N. ilicis,
N. acaciae, B. qiiercfis, R. telicanua (two only), P. argim {ae<jon),
C, nemian/ns var. intermedia, A. aatrarciie, A. anteros, P. icarus,
P. aiiianda, G. ci/llariia, S. baton, T. balcauicits (one 2 , Jnly 28th, at
Erenkeui), C. trochiliis (one <? , August 29th, at Erenkeui, very worn),
C. artiioliia, P. marltann, 1. podaliriiia, A. rratacni, /'. brai^sicae, P. rapae,
P. napi, P. daplidice, S. chloridice (one), A. belia, Fl. cardamines,
L. sinapis, C. edusa, C. erate, G. rhamni, L. Camilla, V. io, E. antiopa,
E. pnli/chloros. A, urticae (one), P. atalanta (rare this year), P. cardiii,
P. et/ea, P. c-albnm, M. cin.via, M. phoebc, M. trivia, M. didi/ma, B. dia,

B. dahpne, I. latonia, A. Oijlaia, D. papliia, D. pandora, M. galatea var.
procida, S. circe, S. hernrione, S. statilinus, H. semele, E. jiirtina,
E. tithonus (occura on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus in July),
P. roxelana, P. maera (one), P. megaera, P. ufieria and var. eijerides,

C. arcania, C. pamphilus, and L. celtis — a total of 79 species, to which
I hope to make some additions next year, when I will give records of
the Heterocera which I have observed.

COLEOPTERA IN THE ISLE OF EIGG. 18

Coleoptera on the Isle of Eigg.

By H. St. J. K. DONISTHOEPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

The only records of Coleoptera from the Island of Eigg that I am
aware of are those contained in a paper on the Aquatic Coleoptera of
the North Ebudes by Mr. F. Balfour Browne {Ann. Scot. Xat. Hist.,
1911, pp. 149-216), and these, of course, only refer to water-beetles.
Having spent a day or two on Eigg in September last, I thought it
might be useful to publish a list of all the beetles I observed on the
island during that time. Mr. Bishop having very kindly asked Mr.
Browne and me to go with him in his son-in-law's yacht, " The Iris,"
to Mull, to look for Di/tiscus lapponicus, we joined the yacht at Oban on
September 12th, and sailed for Mull. As we did not find any of the
Dt/tiscus on Mull, I decided to go on to Eigg. The weather being too
rough for the ladies on board for the yacht to go there, I took the steamer
to Eigg on September 15th, and left again on the 19th.

Eigg is a small Island near Mull in the Inner Hebrides. The
landing stage is on the south-east of the island, and a ferry boat for
the mails takes passengers to and from the steamer, as there is no
harbour. In Laig Bay, on the west of the island, is a farm-
house which serves as a hotel, and where one is very comfortable.
I landed on the evening of the 15th, and it was quite dark
before the trap, which I had wired for, got me to Laig House,
the road being very rough and roundabout, and in parts precipitous.
On the 16th I set out for the Loch in the N.E. of the Island to hunt for
Dytiscus lapponiciift. The beetle occurred in great profusion, and as
noticed by Mr. Balfour Browne last year, the females were more numer-
ous than the males, 50 $ s to 30 1? s being about the proportion. A
certain number of both were immature. I did not notice any larvae. It
rained nearly the whole time I was on the Island, and a thick
white mist, in which I got lost on the 17th, covered all the high ground,
the afternoon of the 16th being the only time when it was clear
and fine enough for me to see the other islands round. In fine
weather I should say Eigg would well repay the coleopterist. There
is a small stretch of sand hills in Laig Bay covered with marram
grass, and plenty of herbage and vegetation to sweep, along the
borders of the stream that runs down into the bay ; everywhere,
however was too thoroughly soaked with water for me to attempt
any sweeping or searching at the roots of herbage. There is plenty
of moss and sphagnum, bogs and waterfalls, and stones on the
higher ground to work.

The following is a list of all the beetles I captured or observed : —
Carabus (/ranulatns, L., in the house ; Carabus catenulatus, Scop., under
stones ; Cychrus rostratns, L., under stones ; Nehria (jijllenhali, Sch., under
stones; Clivina fossor, 1j., under stones; Pterostichiis vulyaih, L., under
stones ; P. wad idHs,F .,nnder stones ; Trechits obtiisiis,'Ei'., under stones ;
Hyclroponis nbsciiriis, Stm., in sphagnum pools ; At/abus arcticiis, Pk.,
in the loch ; A. bipuntidatus, L., in sphagnum pools, etc. ; Dijtisciis
lapponicua, Gyll., in the loch, under stones in numbers ; Anacaena
globulus, Pk., in the loch ; Cercyon uielanocephalus, L., in sheep dung ;
Hnwalota oblonyinscula. Sharp, on the surface of a pool ; H. subaenea,
Sharp, in carrion : H. circellaris, Gr., in moss ; H. atrauientaria,
Gyll., var. ? in carrion (Dr. Sharp remarks that this may be a new

14 THE entomologist's RECORD.

species of which he has seen other specimens) ; Tac/n/poriis clii-i/sniue-
liiinx, h., in moss; Tachinun laticollis, Gr., in sheep dang; Ociijins
ciiprens, Ross., in moss ; rhilonthns prc.viiniis, Kr., in carrion ; Xantho-
linns liiwaris, 0\., in moss; Steam similiK, Hbst., in moss; Lesteva
lonijebjtrata, Goez. var. inaura, Er., in moss in a waterfall; L. Inctuosa,
Fauv., in moss in a waterfall (new to Britain) ; Acidota crenata, F., in
moss at side of Loch ; Silp/ia rw/osa, L., in carrion ; <S'. sinuata, F., in
carrion ; Bifthiniis bnlbifer, Reich., in moss ; Aphodius contaminatus,
Hbst., in sheep dung; and A. depiesstis, ling., var. niiiripes, Stephens,
in sheep dang. I may mention that as the 16th was cahn enough,
the yacht came on to Eigg, and Messrs. Bishop and Browne landed for
an hour or so in the late afternoon and visited the Jh/tisciis locb. The
latter tells me he took Aijahiis chalronotiis, Pz., and CoeUoiib)^
9-lineatus, Steph., both commonly, and new to his previous list.

Lepidopterology.

By Dk. T. a. chapman, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

M. Oberthiir's last volume* is largely occupied by a very interesting
biographical sketch of Guenee, in connection with the figuring of many
species of Geometers described by Guenee, of which the type specimens,
hitherto unfigared, adorn M. Oberthiir's collection. Of these there
are 120 figures on 11 plates, nor need we praise them beyond saying
that they are drawn and engraved by M. Culot.

The notice of Guenee includes various personal reminiscences of
him by M. Oberthiir, which add to its value. There are also reprinted
from what we, in England at least, would regard as obscure " Recueil
de la Societe libre de I'Eure " (1812) two humorous little papers from
Guenee's delicate and amiably ironical pen. They are "Entomologists
depicted by themselves" and "Names in Entomology." These were
well worth reproducing, as, essentially amusing and humorous, they
present also no little good sense.

Then we have some short papers on Ants and Larva?, life histories
and habits of Lycienids, Hesperids, etc., chiefly by Mr. Powell.

There are also three plates of genitalia of < 'arc/iarodns, (A'/7/;(»/.s)
establishing the note on these species in Fasc. v., pt. I., p. 194, and pt. IL,
p. 104, and in previous volumes, from photographs received from M. C.
Lacreuze, of Geneva.

A large portion of the volume gives full page photographs of insects
and localities, mostly by Mr. Powell 9 of imagines, 22 of lai-vje, and 14
of insect localities and hunting grounds at Aflou, others, apparently
taken by M. Oberthiir himself, in the Pyrenees, 14 on the north side,
chiefly near Gavarnie, and 4 on the south. Also four photographs of
the habitats of Si/ricJi(hiis [Hcttperia) alreits var. fonlqnicri near St.
Zacharie-Var. Some of these photographs are excellent pictures, all
are good, and all present material of much interest from one or
other point of view. In Fasc. iv. bis., M. Oberthiir gave British
Entomologists the credit of leading the way in presenting photographs
of localities, etc. If so we did a good thing, and M. Oberthiir has
made great advances on our teaching.

Etudes de l^pidopterologie compar^e, Fasc. V, ( 2* partie), 1911.

A SUMMER TRIP IN FRANCE, SWITZERLAND, AND ITALY. 15

A Summer Trip in France, Switzerland, and Italy.

By E. B. ASHBY, F.E.S.

One feels it incumbent at the outset, for the sake of anyone who
may read the following account, in say, ten years' time, to make the
observation that the summer of 1911 having been so extraordinarily
fine, and the emergence of lepidoptera in general so very early, the
dates given for the times of appearances of species would not in many
cases' be quite reliable in ordinary seasons.

I left Charing Cross at 9 p.m. on July 8th, and after a good
•crossing and a pleasant drive through Paris in the very early hours,
arrived the following morning at Fontainebleau-Avon station at
8.32. The day was perfect, but of the various species captured in the
forest all, with the exception of two fine Pab/f/onia c-albnm, two
perfect Arascknia levana, var. prorso, and two NordDiaiuiia (TJieda)
j'Zu'/s, could have been captured in our own New Forest. The day's
■catch numbered 70, in good condition. Arriving the following morning
at La Sarraz station beyond Vallorbe at 7.8 a.m., I walked across to
Eclepens station and ascended the hill which Apaturids love.
Unfortunately, the day was very tempestuous, and I only saw ten
Apaturids altogether, some of which I could not approach. I caught
four, including a perfect female Apatitra iii^, and one A. ilia var.
<'h/tie in very fair condition. The marsh at Eclepens was devoid of
anything worth naming, but under the hills behind Eclepens station
were many Paniasdus apollo in perfect condition, sheltering, and I
simpl)' picked off what I wanted, and also one specimen of Calliworpha
doiiiinida, together with Coenomjmplia arcania in perfect condition.
Arriving at Vernayaz station in the early morning of July 11th, I
walked along under the cliffs as far as and round the Tour de la Batiaz
at Mavtigny and spent a very successful day, taking 95 specimens,
including 27 different species, amongst them being Hir^utina dcunon,
Pontia dapUdice, Coliaa ednsa (one of each), and many Luweia alciphron,
Satynis cdcj/onti, Satijrus cordula, Flnjnnis laraterae, Heodes vin/auraeae,
Brenthis daphne (going over), Dri/as paphia, and also one lAjcaena
arion in very good condition. The next day, Wednesday 12th, the
weather was again perfect, and I set out from the Hotel du Mont
Blanc at Martigny, which I had made my headquarters for a few days,
and walked to Martigny Bourg, a short distance, and crossing the
River Drance at Martigny Ville, turned to the right and walked back
along the vineyards in the Plan Cerisier, towards the Tour de la
Batiaz. Here I took one of the most perfect Papilio podalirius I have
ever seen on the wing, several P. daplidicc, and more S. alcyonc and
S. cordula. Afterwards I descended from the Tour and walked under
the cliffs as far as the Gorge de Trient, and saw several Limenitis
Camilla, and took one C. hera, almost fresh, and also two ^ Pobjom-
matus meleaiier and one $ of the ab. steeveni. The next day was
disappointing. I walked to Branson, searching all along the Rhone
banks under the Les Follaterres for Glaucopsyclie iolas, and Scolitantides
orion, but, alas, saw nothing of either, or of Coluthea arborescens. I
made up a day amongst Mclanargia (jalatkea and Leptosia sinapis, and
took one J C. ediisa in the Rhone meadows near Branson, and though
I wandered as far as Fully, got nothing different there except one
B. dia, quite fresh. It came on to thunder and rain about 2 p.m.,

16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

when I returned to the hotel. My next day's work, July 14th, was
spent under the cliffs, Vernayaz to Martigny, and in a catch of 99
were three L. ario7i, one L. Camilla, all fresh, some fair B. daphne and
C. hijale, C. alciphron in good condition, thunder threatening again by
by 4 p.m. and the day being very hot. The next morning I walked
to Martigny Bourg station and sent some luggage on to Orsieres. On
the walk up to Orsieres through Sembrancher, I took several
P. machaon and A. adippe, and one Issoria lathonia. After a late
lunch at Orsieres I plodded on again to Bourg- St. -Pierre on the Grand
St. Bernard Road, but met with very little worth taking in this part
of the journey. The Hotel de Napoleon here is interesting, as you see
the room which the great general occupied when passing through
Bourg-St. -Pierre. Starting early next morning I walked thence over
the Grand St. Bernard Pass to Aosta. Between Bourg St. Pierre and
the St. Bernard Hospice I took several Pieris callidice in fine
condition, also Melampias epiphron, Erebia tyndanis, and Brenthis
pales. At the Hospice one enjoyed some rest and patted the
famous dogs, which seem rather spoilt, but are fine animals, being
mostly now descendants of the famous dog " Barry." It is interesting
to note that the pure breed of these dogs is preserved in far-off Scotland.
Below the Hospice is the Italian Custom House, where a gendarme
satisfies himself that you have sufficient money on you to be allowed
to enter Italy. On the way down to the first Italian village of St.
Rhemy I took several male P. callidice, one Parnafisit(s delius, and one
fine specimen of Anthocharis siniplonia. I confess I limped into Aosta
after a long day, but managed to catch the 5 a.m. diligence next
morning for Courmayeur, arriving there at the comfortable Hotel de
rUnion, at 10 a.m. After breakfast I went down into the river Dora
ravine, towards Pre St. Didier ; the river Dora is ever a torrent
and its cold waters are thickened with debris, etc., from the
grand Mont Blanc Range, which towers above everything else at
Courmayeur. Here I found Brenthis daphne quite fresh, also L. avion,
B. ino, and P. hijlas, besides P. apollo and commoner insects. Next
morning, July 18th, I climbed Mont de la Saxe, famed for its flora,
which would have turned the head of a botanist, I imagine, and
towards the summit I was delighted to find Melitaea cynthia, fresh,
and in abundance, males and females, also high mountain forms
of B. pales. On the way up I also took Pleheius an/us, in
abundance, and on the top a few C. phicomone, but there was no sign
of ('. palaeno. One enjoyed one's lunch on the top of Mt. de la Saxe,
and gazed with glad rapture on the wonderful panorama around. I
counted forty-six snow-clad peaks in all directions, whilst the lordly
Mt. Blanc towered highest amongst the other peaks of his range,
" Primus inter pares." Next day I again visited the Dora ravine,
where I took a total of one hundred insects, B. daphne, Argynnisaglaia,
Ai/riades coridon, etc. A little rain came on in the afternoon, the first
I had experienced since July 13th, but it cleared by the time I reached
the Hotel. After dinner a party of French automobilists of the Auto
Club du Perigord, a Perigueux, Dordogne, near Bordeaux, who had been
"doing" the Exhibition at Turin, and were eu ?-o»^e for Champery, most
hospitably entertained me at their musical evening. We had most
beautiful songs and music, and before separating that evening we toasted
" England " and " France," " a I'entente cordiale," most heartily.

LUPERINA GUENEEI AS A SPECIES. 17

Next day, July 20th, was my last day's collecting at Courmayeur.
I climbed Mt. Chefcif in good time. The view from the summit is not
so good as from Mt. de la Saxe, and the climb is not so arduous, but
the flies bothered me a great deal, more so than the mosquitoes in the
evenings at Martigny, Near the summit, in some damp alpine
meadows, I found C'hrijaophaniis /(//)/>oiAoe in great abundance and fresh,
also Heocles virgaureae, and at the summit a few C. pldcomone and
high mountain vars. of B. pales. Next morning I set out at 8.0 a.m. to
walk from Courmayeur to the Restaurant du Col Ferret. It is a stiff walk,
and the hot sun beat down with force. In the Val Ferret I only goD two
specimens of H. damon var. ferret i, a purplish tinge taking the place of the
ordinary damon blue. Just where the road ended and the mountain
track commenced, I was fortunate to meet with seven or eight fine
P. deliKs and a host of B. pales (type). It is a very stiff climb over
the Col Ferret, and when one tried to rest a moment, the fierce sun
made one's boots begin to scorch and one was forced to stagger on
wearily, until one reached some haven of shelter from the fierce heat
under the other side of the hill. After reaching the Restaurant du Col
Ferret that night, which is eight miles from the nearest post office, I
found one or two French and German guests staying at that lonely
inn, and I much enjoyed the cleanest and most comfortable bed, I
think, I ever slept in. Next day, leaving the Restaurant at 9.0 a.m.,
by way of Praz de Fort to Orsieres I took en route some nice E. lii/ea, A.
aijlaia, E. aethiops {blandina), etc., and between Orsieres and Sem-
brancher I was pleased to take two fine A. paphia var. ralesina, one
/'. machaon, one 0. hera, one L. arion, etc. Near the large iron
drawbridge over the Drance above Bovernier is a nice bed of thyme,
beloved of L. arion, H. damon (males and females), and other species.
Next day, Sunday, July 23rd, after attending Martigny Church at
7.30 a.m., I sauntered quietly along under the cliffs towards Vernayaz,
not doing any serious collecting, but looking out for anything good
that might be about and collecting what I could for an entomological
friend in England. P. podaliriiis was more abundant, and also a few
female H. vinjaureae. I left Martigny for Lausanne and Dijon that
afternoon and reached Fontainebleau - Avon Station again next
morning at 9.80 a.m. It was awfully hot here, and I was told that
fires had been raging in the forest the previous day. After wandering
about the forest for a few hours, where I took P. machaon, B. selene
(second brood), C' hyale, Loireia dorilis and two more A. levana var.
prorsa, a heavy storm commenced at 3.30 p.m., and I took the train
forthwith to Paris and caught the 9.10 p.m. express to Calais and
London on that night from the Gare du Nord. The grand total of
my catch during sixteen days' actual collecting was 1,128 specimens,
nearly all in good condition, besides a few larvse of Pyrameis cardui,
etc., which produced imagines later.

Luperina (?) (Apamea) gueneei, Doubleday, as a species, and as
a British species.

By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S.
At the conclusion of my previous notes under the above heading in
the last volume of the Entomologist's Record, I expressed the hope that
" during the coming season some of our continental workers will be

18 THE entomologist's RECORD.

on the look out for /.. niclieiiii," and also expressed the desirability of
obtaining details as to the earlier stages of this group of incipient
species. With this purpose in view, I distributed a nunjber of copies
of the reprint of my notes among our leading students on the continent
of Europe. In reply I have received a most kind and interesting
letter from one, whose delight it is to render his best aid to a fellow
entomologist of whatever nationality he may be, M. Chas. Oberthiir of
Rennes. He writes " Votre i/ueneei est bien conforme a la (/raslini,
Obthr, (Btdl. S(k. ent. France, 1908) et non a {/iteneei, forme blanchatre
sans dessins apparents, dont ma collection contient le " typicum
specimen Var, A " du Species (/eiieral des Lepiilopteres, Noctuelites." Of
this pale form of L. testacea he goes on to say, "C'est cette tcstacea pale,
d'un blanc-jaunjitre, presque depourvue de dessins, a laquelle nous
donnons le nom de (jneneei. Elle est commune dans le midi de la
France et en Algerie, rare aRennesou ffsfaccrtestpourtanttres-abondante
en automne, mais teatacea a Rennes, est le plus souvent d'un brim
fonce aux ailes superieures, avec les dessins bien ecrits. Il-y-a d'ailleurs
une foule de variations, mais I'espece est generalement tres-
reconnaissable."

Reverting to the consideration of i/ueneei (Doubleday) he writes,
" Votre (iiiencei, en Franco and en Algerie, a les ailes superieures plus
allongees and plus etroites que testacea. Elle est aussi elle assez
variable. C'est I'espece que de Graslin avait rapportee iinickerlii, mais
que j'ai distingue sous le nom de iiraslini. Elle parait en Septembre.
Elle est abondante dans les Pyrenees Orientales, surtout." "G raslini
{(f Iteneei Donhl.) a le fond des ailes moins brun, moins ' ochraceous '
qua testacea. Les ailes superieures de t/raslini ont le fond plus gris et
moins brun-jaunatre."

In reply to my request for material for examination, M. Oberthiir,
with his customary genorosit}', sent me not only specimens of (jraslini
from the Pyrenees-Orientales, but the various forms of testacea from
Rennes, with two of the pale form, named ineridionale, one from Hyeres
and the other from Orau, both of which agree with the form A of the
Species iieiieral des lAiddopthci, and which is common in the south and
rare in the north, together with a scries of the allied species L. dunieiHii,
showing a parallel range of olive, brown, and pale forms as in L.
testacea.

In these notes I will deal with the material and information so
kindly given me by j\l. Oberthiir.

A glance at the four specimens of /,. i/rasUni was sufficient to
recognise them as L. ;/iieneei. The shape of forewing is the same; the
general coloration of both fore- and hindwings is identical ; the
variation, inter sc, is quite similar, except that two of the L. i/raslini
have the reniform stigma nearly as distinct as in the typical forms of
fj. nickerlii ; and all the markings are identical in position with those
given in ray previous notes as being characteristic of L. [/iieneei.

Those four specimens were then handed to Dr. Chapman, who at
once recognised them as //. ifuoieei. However, we wore anxious to see
whether examination of the genitalia supported our views, and Dr.
Cha|)man Hul)seqnently found that these structures were practically
indistinguishable from tho.se of />. ijaeneci, and that there was no
hesitation or doubt as to the specific identity of L. ijueiieei (Doubl.) and
L. (jraslini (Obthr.).

LUPERTNA GUENEEI AS A SPECIES. 19

I have compared this fresh luaterial sent me by M. Oberthiir, with
that in the British Museum. The specimen I have referred to in my
previous notes labelled "Central France, Coll. M. Hand" and classified
as ha.rti'ri, is identical with the specimens of L. tcstacea sent me from
Rennes (Central France) and is most certainly wrongly placed as
ba.vteri. There are no L. (/rasUni in the Museum collections.

Now arises a difficulty. M. Guenee, in or before 18G4, had the
Doubleday specimen called (juencei in his hand and, comparing it with
the specimen he|^had called var. A of L. tcatacea, came to the definite
conclusion that they were identical. M. Oberthiir has, at the present
time, this actual specimen var. A of M. Guenee in his collection, and
states, as I have mentioned above, that it agrees with the form of testacea
from Algeria, i.e., meridionale, and with the form from S. France, i.e.,
(jueneci (of French entomologists), of each of which forms he has sent me
a specimen. I have not the slightest hesitation in calling them pale
forms of L. testaceo. They do not agree with the Doubleday specimen
of (jueneei which M. Guenee identified as var. A of testacea of his Sjiecies
fieneral. This Doubleday specimen is undoubtedly, as I have shown
before, an example of what we now know in Britain as /.. (jtieneei.
Hence we are compelled to admit that the identification of M. Guenee
was erroneous. Thus the (jueneei of French entomologists is L. testacea
var. or ab. (jueneei, while the (jueneei of Doubleday has been perfectly
separated from L. testacea.

From an examination of the specimens, we turn to the references
connected with L. (jrasUni. In an article published in the Ihill. Soc.
eiit. de France for 1908, p. 322, M. Oberthiir makes a series of historical
observations on a new French species which he names Luperina
f/raslini. It appears that Mr. Harold Powell, w4io had been collecting
during the summer and autumn of 1908 in the Pyrenees- Orien tales,
sent to M. Oberthiir, more than 50 specimens of a Noctuid species,
which were close to L. testacea, but absolutely separable from any
known forms of that species, and extremely distinct from the form
indigenous to the Pyrenees-Orientales. M. Oberthiir had in his
collection under the name L. nickerlii a short series of a species, which
had been obtained from CoUioure, Pyr.-Or., in 1847 and 1857, one of
which M. Guenee had called var. B. of L. testacea \n his Species jeneral,
Noctut'lites, I., p. 183. This actual specimen with five others were
obtained from the collection of M. Graslin and from that of M. Pierret
to whom M. Graslin had presented the example subsequently described
by M. Guenee. This last referred-to example bears a label in minute
characters stating that the specimen was bred on September 5th from
a larva taken at Collioure, and in later writing " I believe it to be
distinct," with a doubt as to its identification by M. Graslin with the
L. nickerlii from Prague, being correct. On comparing the 60 odd
specimens obtained by M. Powell with those bred long years before from
the same district by M. Graslin, M. Oberthiir was satisfied that they
were one and the same species, and were undoubtedly not L. testacea.
He also compared the two series with some four insects which he had
obtained from Bohemia under the name L. nickerlii, and having
concluded that his long series were not that species, named them
jraslini after M. Graslin their original discoverer.

In the Ann. .S'oc. ent. de France, p. 309, 1863, M. Graslin gives a
full account of the specimens obtained by him at Collioure in 1847 and

20 THE entomologist's record.

again in 1857, under the name of Luperinanickerlii, a perfectly correct
determination as we now know. But not satisfied with his own judg-
ment, he sent his specimens to Dr. Nickerl for his opinion, and in reply
M. Graslin was informed that he (Dr. Nickerl) " etait siir ijuc vHait la
iiieiiie csjiecf." In 1847, when first obtained, M. Graslin took these
specimens for southern forms of L. testacea, but on obtaining the larvae
in 1857, he compared them with those of f.. tcstacea, and found that
they were abundantly distinct. Subsequently, a look at Herrich-
Schafter's figure 5G5 of L. uichrrlii gave him a clue, and when he
considered the material obtained by him in the Pyrenees he included
Lupen'na nickerlii as a species new to the French fauna.

Graslin's description of the larva is as follows : —

" EUe est assez courte, amincie aux deux extremites, et ofifre
I'aspect d'une larva de Coleoptere. Lorsqu'elle est parvenue a la
derniere mue, elle est d'une couleur de chair sale, jaunatre, ou verdatre,
suivant les individus, un peu plus foncee sur le milieu des anneaux,
luisante et sans autre dessin que le vaisseau dorsal, qui parait d'un
gris roussiitre ou noiratre a travers la peau. Quelques individus ont
le dessus du dernier anneau lave de noiratre. La tete est petite, de
couleur d'ecaille blonde tris pale, ainsi qu'une plaque anale arrondie
par derriere et formant, vue de profil, comme deux bourrelets separes
par une depression circulaire; cette conformation n'est guere visible
qu'au moyen de la loupe. Les stigmates tres peu visibles ; meme vus
a la loupe, ils sont ovales, d'une couleur de chair rosee et finement
cercles de noir. Toutes les pattes sont de la couleur du ventre, avec
la pointe des ecailleuses et les crochets des membraneuses d'un brun
noir."

He goes on to say that the larvrc feed on grasses which grow in
sandy places, hiding themselves about their roots. They surround
themselves as a rule, with their excrement, which forms a kind of
chamber for them. They attain their full size in the month of June,
and they fasten together with silk grains of sand, fibres of the roots of
grasses and their excrement to form, what can scarcely be called a
cocoon, so frail is it.

The chrysalis is indistinguishable from that of L. iextacea.

The imago emerges at the end of August and in the first fortnight
of Septeml)er.

Coleoptera taken at Uitchling, Sussex, during 1911.

By HEIIEWARD C. DOLLMAN, F.E.S.
April, the first ten days of May, August and September found me at
Ditchling. I was able, at various times, to do a considerable amount
of collecting, and now record those captures which seem of interest.
Benihidiinn ijiiadn'piistnlatioii, Dj. One specimen of this rare "Bem."
was taken from thick pond moss on August 17th. The pond at that
date was almost dry, and within a few days was baked up entirely.
Hi/d>'«l>'>>'i'^ ilixrrctns, Fair. A short series was taken by shaking out
reeds from ditches and ponds, in April and August. IJelo/ihoiu^
tlorsalis, Marsh. A few of this species were taken from a running-
ditch at Ditchling on May 7th. Ihjdrnecia ni;irita, Germ., was very
common in this water. Both these species were found again in great
profusion at Ilolm Bush on August IGth. I owe my grateful thanks
to Dr. Longstafif for motoring me over to this one-time famous

COLEOPTERA TAKEN AT DITCHLING. 21

locality. Here it was that Dr. Power found Lehia crux-minor not
uncommonly, O.riilaemwi rarioloms, and other most choice
species. Ochthebius e.varatiis, Muls. One example from off
Siiariianiuin on September 12th. Vhloeopora corticalis, Gr.
Occasional specimens from out of oak boughs, and under oak-
bark in April and September. ■■'Caloilera riparia, Er., by shaking
thick moss in a small wood in May; very rare. -'Calodera 7niibrosa,
Er. One from a sand-pit on May 12th. Thcniiiaraea cinnainoniea,
Or., and -'T. hospita, Miirk, from C'o.ss?f,s-infected oaks in August.
■•'Alianta incana, Er., was very common in leaf-axils of Typlia lati-
folia throughout the late summer. ' Homalota vldoiKjiuacida, Sbp.,
was not uncommon in dead leaves and thick moss in the spring.
■■'■H.jjar/ana, Er., several in "water-traps" on the Downs in September.
H. nitjella, Er., was found in reeds ; not uncommonly. H. aequata,
Er., and "^ linearis, Gr., were both common in fallen oak boughs in
April and May. *//. innuersa, Er.,was also found in these rotten oak
boughs, though not commonly, -'H. cnspidata, Er., rarely under bark
of oaks. '^H. intermedia, Th., and */^. testndijiea, Er., were both
found somewhat freely in thick moss in a field adjoining the house.
'^Tachyusa atra, Gr,, rare, in pond debris. ■''Mj/riiiecojiora iirida, Er.
I found this species in great profusion among sea-weed at Shoreham
on April 24th. Fyncephalns conijdicans, West. Some twenty specimens
were shaken from moss and out of grass roots in April and May ; one
example was found also in late September. ^Oijrophaena stricttila, Er.,
was obtained in the greatest profusion from Daedalea quercina on an
old stump on May 5th. ■■'Silusa rid)i;iinosa, Er., somewhat rarely, in
oaks attacked by larva' of L'osaus on September 10th. Deinopsis erom,
Steph., was first taken in the Ditchling district on April 13th. Only odd
individuals have been noticed since, and always on the margins of small
ponds or ditches. ^Tachijporus forinosus, Mat., and T. solutus, Er. These
two species, although very local, both occurred in moderate numbers in
one or two chosen haunts. I obtained both by shaking out large
tussocks of coarse grass. ■■Tachyporus pallidus, Shp., was very common
indeed among reed heaps at the Offham osier beds, near Lewes.
Mycetoporus clavicornis, Steph., was common in the sand pit during
late spring. M. angidaris, Rey., was taken once only from a hay
stack on August 14th. ■'Heterotliops binotata, Gr., was not uncommon
among seaweed at Shoreham on April 24th. ■■QiiediKs rentralis, Ahr.
1 was very delighted to take this tine insect at Ditchling, it being a
very interesting addition to my list of the coleopterous fauna of the
district. I discovered it in its usual habitat in a large beech copse
near Stanmer Park, some 800 feet above sea level. Stap/iylinus
pubescens, De G. The first and only specimen I have taken around
Ditchling was captured on April 30th, in a manure heap. ■■■ L'hilonthuH
corruscus, Gr. One fine male captured from a dead rabbit on
May 5th. In spite of much hard work, I failed to turn up
any more of this very scarce and handsome species. ■'Actobias
procerulhs, Gr. Three or four from the sand-pit on May 6th.
Suniiis intermedins, Er. A few from stack refuse in the spring, and
commonly therefrom on September 29th. The genus Stenns is
strongly represented around Ditchling. I have now a record of just
40 species from the neighbourhood. Among these, a few of this
year's captures are of the more scarce forms : — incrassatus, Er. (not

22 THE KNTOMOI.OGIST's RECORD.

uncommon on pond miul); canaliciilatiia, Gyll. ; exi)/ ii iix, Fjr.; fiisci-
roniis, Er. (from Holm J5ush); vallipea, Gr. (common at Offham);
pallitarsia, Steph. ; '''soliitns, Er., and fornicatits, Hteph. (a nice series);
'■' floinaliiifii planiii)}, Pk., was taken under oak bark, and //. stn'atiini,
Gr., by sweeping and in refuse. ProteiiuiH inamijitcriix, Gyll., I found
at Ditchling for the first time on April 14th, by shaking thick moss in
a small wood. By sifting fallen beech leaves in a small hill-side
copse, I came across ''■'■ Cholera cinacina, Kell., and '■'(.'. iii(/rita, Er., a
short series of each. Neurap/tcs doni/atnlKft, ]\fnll., frequently turned
up in moss and dead leaves in the spring, and more rarely Sri/dinaniits
scKti'llan's, Mull. '■•' Kuthia scijdnuinuiidi'n, Stph., I found in profusion
in a manure heap on August 7th. Ih-i/axia iratcilioiisci, Rye., from
Shoreham on April 24th ; taken rarely from seaweed on the salt
marsh. Tric/iouj/.v iniirhrli, Aub. This year three specimens were
secured, none of them apparently in association with ant.s. On
April 28rd and 25th respectively, I shook one from thick moss
in my grounds on the face of the Beacon ; on May 8th, a third
specimen was sifted out of some rotten oats in a farmyard near by.
'■■ Kiiplectus ainbiguun, Reich., a few specimens from moss, (rnatlionciis
liiinctulatiiK, Th., and -'G. nidicola, Joy, in and about starlings' nests
in the sand pit, and also crawling on the sand away from the nests.
Cryptarcha styii/atfi, F., rare, at C 'n.s-.s».s-infected oak tree near
Hassocks Gate Station, September 10th. '''Diidn/llits litnafita, F.,
not uncommon in Sphm'tia comrntnca on ash trees near Lewes.
On August 28th, I unearthed, after terrific labour, a large nest of
Boiiihm hortoniin : this nest was situated quite three feet down in a
large complex rabbit burrow. It yielded a nice series of ( 'rj/ptnphai/Ks
distinijnendus, Stm., a species not usually associated with liovibi, I
believe, a few C. setidomis, Stm., one Ant/ierophofiiis pallena, 01., and
a few Kpuraea oestiva, L. By carefully sifting a hay-stack in April I
procured a number of Kphistemus i/lohosus, Walt., and from an old
ash stump took one ScaphisoDia boleti, Pz. From the Shoreham
salt-marsh, out of a wet clay bank on April 24th, I dug out Hctcnxrrm
britaniciis, Kuw., in some numbers. In early May the Ditchling
sand pit yielded ApJiodius iiKiuinatus, F., and Pla/iiotpmufi amwrius, 01.
From old "sea-breakers" near Shoreham, whilst digging out
Codiosoma, I procured a few I^tinus (/cnnanuK, F.

On May 3rd I found some larvse and pupjc of Canipi/his linearis,
Li., in an old willow stump. The first imago emerged on "^lay 12th,
a J . ■■'■Xijlopliiliix popidiietis, Pz., introduced itself to me from the
district for the first time on September 9th, one specimen being taken
among some fouled straw in a farm shed.

A day spent on the Newhaven clifl's, in spite of the very burnt-up
state of the vegetation, was not unproductive. Apion laericudle, Kirb.
(a few at roots of Lotus cornindattis and other plants. I could not decide
if the species was really attached to the I.(diis or not) ; Sitoues u-ater-
/(fM(.s7"/, Walt., common under the Lotus; Ceiit/ior/n/nrliidins dairsani,
liris., in abundance on I'lantaip) roronopiis, and ( '. riifiihis, I)uf.,
not uncommonly l)y shaking out plants oi Anneria nibiaris, a hitherto
unrecorded foodplant for the species.

liy sweeping (ieuista aiuilira on Ditchling Common, Apion kiesen-
uetteri, Desb., and Apion i)ninnne, Kirb., were found. The latter
species is a fresh Apion record for Ditchling, and I think G. amjlica

THE GENOTYPE OF THE BLATTID GENUS STELEOPYGA. 23

has not before been brought forward as a pabulum for this broom-
frequenting ^Yeevil.

(.'i'lithur/njnchus ewldcai iac, Gjll., was in numbers on Cardamine
piatensis in the Spring, when also at the Offham osier beds, among
cut reeds, I took '■'■'- 0)-cIiestes saliceti, F.

Those species marked with an asterisk are not recorded from Sussex
in Canon Fowler's work, and have not been noted by me before
from that county.

The genotype of the Blattid genus Steleopyga.

By A. N. CAUDELL (National Museum, Washington U.S.A.).

Having started the discussion on the above subject, T would like to
make a few additional remarks. In the September number of this
magazine, Mr. Shelfoi'd takes me to task for my " assiduity in raking
up names from the decent obscurity of synonymy." I realize clearly
that changes of well-established names is deplorable, but, where general
usage does not warrant a given treatment, changes due to correction are
ultimately inevitable, and the sooner they are made the better. Thus
the resurrection of Steleopyga. It may have been Fischer von Waldheim's
intention to have Blatta orientalU typical of his genus Steleop)j;/a, but
it is facts, not intentions, that prevail in nomenclature. To consider
oricntalis the genotype of Stdeo/nji/a, and at the same time concede that
it was previously the validly designated type of an older valid genus, is
a stand not in accord with general usage, and one ultimately destined,
I believe, to fall into general disfavour. The International Code allows
this treatment, but it is against the good judgment of the able secretary
of that Commission, as clearly set forth by his personal rule No. 12d.^

I am further charged with skating over the fact that it was not till
1838 that aiiiericana was made the type of Veriplaneta. But this fact
is not important. I admit that aiiien'cana was eligible for selection as
the type of Stelcnpi/;/a from 1833 to 1838, and indeed, so far as I can
learn, until 1890, when Kirby designates it as the type of Veriplaneta.
If it was designated as the type of Feriplaneta before 1890, I have
failed to note the reference. Thus, for many years americana was
available as type of either Veriplaneta or Steleopipja, but was not
designated as either. Upon its designation as the type of Veripdaneta,
it ceased to be available as the type of Stelenpyf/a, no matter what the
date. TricJioprocta was all the time available as the type of Steleoptp/a,
and, when a)nerica)ia was designated as the type of Veriplaneta,
triclwprocta, becoming the only available species, became the type of
Steleo]»jifa. The fact that Brulle established his genus Vobjphai/a on
aeijt/ptiaca does not alter this fact, as triehnprocta was not mentioned
in this connection by Brulle, indeed, its synonymy with Brulle's species
was not recognised for some years. ^ Holding that the inclusion of a
specific name in synonymy under one designated as the type of one
genus does not invalidate it as the type of another genus, I believe
trirhoprocta to be the logical type of Steleopi/ga. This appears preferable,
as the sinking into synonymy of ['(di/p/iaiia seems less of a calamity
than to sink the more generally known genus Veriplaneta.

^Hygcnic Bulletin No. 24, Treasury Department, U.S.A., p. 27 (1905).
-Tlie earliest reference for this synonymy known to me is 1865, Brunner,
Nouv., Syst., Blatt., p. 354.

24 THE entomologist's record.

The claim is advanced that, according to reasonings put forth in
luy former article in I'm/rht', Stdeopi/i/a would stand in one subfamily while
in an emended form it would sink into synonymy in another. This
conclusion certainly seems unwarranted as I took especial pains to
show that Styhijii/iia was but an emendation of Stelcopi/t/a, and not a
separate genus. Supposing that all students of nomenclature conceded
that emendations were unallowable, I did not think it necessary to
state that they were to be quoted in synonymy under the name as
originally spelled.

In the October number of the journal Mr. Bethune-Baker makes an
earnest attempt to solve this problem according to the rules of the
International Code. His conclusion is that cnnericana is the type of
Stelcopi/i/a, thus giving to each of the three originally included species
of this genus its advocate as genotype. Mr. Bethune-Baker has not
followed the strict letter of the International Code, as it does not rule
that Fisher von Waldheim's inclusion of orientalis in his genus
Std('0}n/(ja is )iltra vires. This is the opinion of the secretary of the
International Committee, as stated above, but the Committee itself has
never, unfortunately, ruled to this effect.

Mr. Bethune-Baker's treatment of ^ttjlopinia, the emended form of
Steleopipja, as a distinct and separate genus is certainly wrong. Being
clearly but an emendation it is to be quoted in synonymy under the
genus as originally spelled.

Note. — In my original article in PnycJie an error occurs. The words : "2
Blatt., p. 30 (1907) " in the next tc last line in the second paragraph should
be referred to foot-note 3, completing the reference given there, and replaced in
the text by Mr. Shelford's name and the reference number 3. I indicated this
error in galley proof but the printer never mide the correction.

Note to the above by R. Shelford.

Mr. Caudell gives his case away in the most delightfully ingenuous
manner. He states that to regard orientalis as the genotype of
Steleopyga and of Blatta is in accordance with the rules of the
International Code. I ask no more than that, my position is even
stronger than I thought it was for I have the sanction of high authority.
Mr. Caudell may believe that this or that rule of the International
Code is " ultimately destined to fall into general disfavour," but such
an opinion cannot bind those who hold a diametrically opposite one.
It would not be very difficult to combat many of the arguments
brought forward by Mr. Caudell, but to slaughter the slain has never
been a profitable employment.

®^OLEOPTERA.

llYl'OPULUiUS LINEARIS, F., AT OxSHOTT, AND OTHER SPECIES OF

interest therefrom during 1911. — On July 4th I discovered a few
felled pine trunks which seemed in admirable condition, and which,
moreover, wore riddled throughout by Scohjtidae. The latter, on
examination, proved to be Myeloji/iilns pinipvrda, L., Ui/lastvs palliatus,
Gyll., 'I'owicHH laricis, F., and riti/<)//encs bidcntatua, Ilbst., the former
three in profusion, and the rit>/i)(i('ucs very sparingly. Almost
immediately I found a specimen of Jli/popldofKx linearis, the beetle I
was in search of, and settled down to make the very most of the
waning light. Ucyiisa incrassata, Muls., sparingly; Kpipeda plana,

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 26

Gyll., and a few Epnraea titoracica, Tonrn., were taken before darkness
made further work impossible. In company with my friend, Mr.
Donisthorpe, another venture was made on July 4th, the whole of the
workable material of the logs, our patience and our combined invective
exhausted, but no Hi/popJdoens : our only capture of interest being a few
more Ejinraea thoracica by Mr. Donisthorpe. On October 17th, from
thick wet moss by the Black Pond, I shook out a nice series of Ocyum
picina, Aub., and one Stilicits siniilis, Er. ; from the sphagnum in the
pond, in addition to the customary species, such as the (h/innusa and
Stenits, I secured a short series of linjaxis inipressa, Pz. — Hereward
C. DoLLMAN, F.E.S., Hove House, Newton Grove, Bedford Park, W.

Mycetoporus forticornis, Fauv., and other Coleoptera in the
New Forest. — A few days at the end of July working in the Forest
resulted in the capture of some interesting forms. Most of these
were typical New Forest species, and though none the less welcome,
do not call to be recorded. Mi/cetoporus forticornis Avas my most
interesting capture. I shook one specimen from thick moss at the
roots of ling. The larger size, much more transverse and clavate
antenn;*, the different coloration (especially of the head) and the
punctuation, readily differentiate the species from its ally .1/. davicomis,
of Stephens. Meffacronus cingulatus, Man., and Cacnopsis fissirostris,
Walt., were also shaken from the same moss. Sweeping in Ramnor
enclosures on the 26th added a new species to my collection in
Flil/tdbius quadrinodosns, Gyll. {denticollis, Gyll.), and a nice series of
LowjitarsuH holsaticus, L. Sweeping Inula dysenterica outside Stubby
copse produced Cassida fastuosa, Schal., one imago and one larva ; the
latter I reared without difficulty. This beautiful species has not, I
think, been taken in the Forest since its capture there by Stephens.
From a partly decayed beech tree many interesting beetles were taken,
the best of these being Euplectus bescidicus, Eeitt. (a long series),
Batrisus vemistus, Reich, (several), and Flei/aderus. — Hereward C.
Dollman, F.E.S., 14, Newton Grove, Bedford Park, W.

:^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Early appearances. — I took a J'/n'nalia pedaria (pilosaria) on a
gas lamp here on December 29th, a capture which I should say is
somewhat near a record for early emergence, and to-day near East-
bourne I set up another record by taking a freshly emerged, Xylocawpa
areola (lithoriza) on a telegraph-pole. What is the coming season
going to show us? — A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., Aincroft, Reigate.
January 5th, 1912.

ZoNOSOMA ORBICULARIA AB. lANTHINARIUM IN BrITAIN.— Mr. W. H.

Harwood has had the good fortune to breed, from larvse, beautiful ex-
treme examples of Z. orbiculana ab. iantldnarium [sic!] , Stichel, which
has not hitherto been recorded as British. The form was described and
named by Stichel in 1901 (Berl. Knt. Zeit., xlvi., S.B. p. 20) and
previously figured without a name by Snellen {Tijd. Knt., xxxviii., p.
58. tab. iv., fig. 4, 1895), and is parallel to Z.pendularia ab. subroseata.
The ground colour is of the same blackish grey, tinged with red in the
middle, as in the extreme forms of that species, typically the transverse
pale lines and the discal spot of both wings remain conspicuous, but
Mr. Harwood has shown me an example so extreme as to have even

26 THE entomologist's RECORD.

these (with the sole exception of the tliscal spot of the hindwing)
almost absorbed in the general darkening. The distal half of the
fringes remains white. — Louis B.Prout, F.E.S.,62 Graham Road, N.E.
Decewber Sth, 1911.

Vanessa antiopa in Hampshire. — I have to record the capture of
a specimen of Vanessa antiopa in August by a boy at Curdridge, a village
in South Hants. The specimen ^yas taken to Lady Jenkyns, who
presented it to the Rev. G. E. C. Osborne, Rector of Botley, in whose
collection it now is. — Rev. J. E. Tarbat, Fareham, Hants.

CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

T/ic Life and Love of the Insect, by J. Henri Fabre, translated by
Alexander de Mattos (Adam and Chas., Black). In reading this well
got up book of essays we are again and again reminded of the contents
of six portly volumes on our book-shelves, on the covers of which
is impressed the revered name of that prince of the observers
of nature, Reaumur. Fabre is the modern Reaumur. But there is a
circumstantial difference in the two men. The latter groped as it were
in the dark, he had no predecessors whose example he could follow, he
dealt only with facts as he actually saw them, he was influenced by no
more or less nebulous theories, and he made few deductions of a
philosophical nature, nor did he ascribe motives for the actions and
habits he depicted so well. Fabre, while equally assiduous, equally
accurate and exhaustive in the detail of his observations, ascribes
motives for the varying habits, and makes inferences influenced
more or less by the generally received conceptions of the theories
proposed by many a previous naturalist. While it is with some
amount of reserve that we read his deductions, we cannot fail to admire
the skill and ingenuity with which our present author has compelled
the various living objects of his study to give up the marvellous secrets
of their life and love. With some of the creatures, whose ways of life
are so faithfully described, we have been familiar from our childhood.
The Typl)aei(s buried the sheep manure which laid scattered on the hill
above our school. W^e were alwaj's meeting the scavenger Gentrupes
with its burden of parasites, as it slaved away on its self-imposed task
of burying excrementitious matter. We have still the Scorpion
which we watched in life, obtained from a box of imported eggs. The
charming essays given us in this volume we can read again and again.
They are like fairy tales, only that the little fairies are real living
identities, and the happenings will be re-enacted for all those patient
observers who wish it. W^e would that all Fabre's essays could be
published in this country, and the publishers are to be congratulated
on this, may we say, instalment, both for the get up and illustration,
and for the moderate price.

A most enjoyable evening w^as spent with the Entomological Club
on Thursday, November 16th, at the Savage Club, when Mr. H.
Rowland-Brown was the host. The members and guests present
included Prof. Selwyn Image, Drs. T. A. Chapman and F. A. Dixey,
Revs. F. D. MoricG and G. Wheeler, Messrs. R. Adkin, J. E. Collin,
H. Donisthorpe, A. H. Jones, G. A. K. Marshall, R. M. Prideaux, A.
Sich and R. South. Sympathetic reference was made to the death of
Mr. Verrall by all the members of the club present, its late prosperity,

CURRENT NOTES. 27

if not its survival, having been in great measure due to him ; the out-
line of a scheme was also propounded for an annual gathering on the
day before the Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society to replace
as far as possible the very enjoyable meetings at which for many years
Mr. Verrall was so generous and genial a host. — G.W.

In the November number of the Ent. Mo. Maif. Mr. J. Hartley
Durrant describes two species of Hh>/acionia = Hctina= Kvetna, new to
the British fauna. They are //. hxjaea, which species will probably be
found in collections under the name of U. duplana, which latter, how-
ever, is shown to be not a British species, and R. piirdeyi, an insect
taken sparingly at Folkestone during the past year by Mr. W.
Purdev.

Inthe same number, Mr. J. E. Collin concludes his additions to the
British List of Diptera with the following species : — Udinia holetina
from fungi in the New Forest ; Auroiinjza albitarsis from Hereford,
Kent, Cambs., etc. ; A. posticata irom Herefordshire; A. abioin from
Orford ; A. carbnnaria ivomBurtiovd; A. laterella, not uncommon ; A.
rittv/era from Newmarket and Bonhill ; A. rerbasci from mined
]'('i-bascn})i leaves; A. afiieivcntris, not uncommon ; A. ctnictauf;, common ;
A. iiiaKva, widely distributed ; A. sivijdc.r, sweeping asparagus beds in
Suffolk ; Cerodonta sj)inicornis from Cambs., Norfolk and Suffolk ;
C. lateralis in the Oxford Collection (Dale's) ; Xapomi/za nii/iiceps from
Cambs. and Suffolk ; I'liijtoiiii/za ni;/ritella from Chippenham and
Bonhill ; P. morio from Suffolk ; P. fiiscula from Newmarket ; P.
veronicae bred from leaves of Veronica ; P. crassiseta from Chippenham
and Bonhill ; P. am/elicae from mined leaves of Anyelica, Cambs ; P.
ruficornis from Kent, Sussex, Surrey, etc. : P.ptdlnla from Newmarket,
and /'. tridentata, one from Suffolk.

In the December number of the same magazine Mr. Norman H.
Joy describes two species of British Coleoptera as new to science.
Bleditis aecerdendus is closely allied to B. (/renarius, with which it has
hitherto been mixed. It occurs at Dovercourt, Dawlish, Tresco, and
Co. Kerry. Rliynchites harwoodi has hitherto been mixed with R. nanae
and R. uncinatus, from which Mr. .Joy now separates it. It has
occurred in both Berks and Hants.

In the August number of the Zeit. fiir uiss. Insektenbiolot/ie, Count
Turati gives a short account of Sardinia and its lepidopterous fauna,
with several figures of peculiar forms.

SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — Aoveiiiber 1st, 1911. — The
President announced that the Council proposed Fr. Eric Wasmann,
of Valkenburg, Holland, as Honorary Fellow in the place of the late
Herr P. C. T. Snellen, of Rotterdam, and Prof. J. H. Comstock, of
Cornell University, U.S.A., for the vacancy caused by the death of Dr.
S. H. Scudder, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, both of whom were then
elected. The following gentlemen were elected Fellows of the Society
— Messrs. T. J. Anderson, Teaninich, Craig Millar, Midlothian ;
Edward Bernard Ashby, 33, Park Road, Whitton, Middlesex ; W. A.
Lambourn, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Omi Camp, Lagos, W. Africa; J.
Jackson Mounsey, 24, Glencairn Crescent, Edinburgh. A Scarce
Coleopteron. — Dr. Nicholson showed a specimen of Aleochara

28 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

(Uscipcnnis, Muls. and Rey, taken in the early part of this year from
moss in a small wood at Alphington, Devon. Teratological Specimens.
— Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin exhibited a teratological specimen of the rare
beetle Triartliron iiioi'rkeli, swept in the Wellington College district
this summer. It has the last two joints of the left antenna completely
soldered together, making a two-jointed instead of a three-jointed club.
Also a specimen of Lonffitarsiix melanoceiihalitft (/) taken by Mr. J.
Collins at Oxford, with legs and tarsi remarkably thickened. Northern
Neuroptera. — Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited five specimens, three J s
and two $ s of Panorpa (/ennanica, taken by Col. Yerbury, four at
Dingwall in May, and one at Lockinver in July. One J is practically
immaculate, and the other two nearly so ; the $ from Dingwall is
sparsely spotted, while the one from Lockinver is more nearly normal.
A Travelled Insect. — Mr. C. J. Gahan exhibited a living specimen
of Aapidonwrpha silacea. Boh., an African species of Cassididae, which
had been sent by Mr. G. St. John Mildmay from Nyali in British East
Africaon OctoberTth, reaching London on October 28th. Polyctenidae
VIVIPAROUS. — Dr. K. Jordan announced that the l'oli/ctenid(C which
are parasitic on bats in the tropics, are viviparous like the parasitic
Orthopteron Hetnivieridt. The young are born at a very advanced
stage, but yet differ considerably from the adult. Two of the forms
{iipa>i)iiae and talpa) described as distinct species, and lately placed in
two different genera, are immature and adult examples of the same
species. Rare British and Imported Colfoptera. — Mr. Harwood
exhibited two specimens of MicrKnda melanocephala taken near Bishop's
Stortford by sweeping in the evening, which he believed to be var.
brunnea, Heer. Also two specimens of (h-ypits vyanens taken by Mr.
W. H. Harwood at Colchester, one in May and the other in June of
this year, the first specimens taken in the district for nineteen years.
Also a species of L'occinella taken in a case of Tasmanian apples at
Colchester. African Species of Acr^a. — Mr. H. Eltringham
exhibited specimens of African Acrteas, to show that wide differences
of colour of pattern may occur in a single species, and conversely that
certain species which can scarcely be distinguished by their outward
appearance are nevertheless very distinct, as shown by the structure
of the male armature. Several new species and forms were also shown.
including A. lofiia, Eltr., ^ and 2 , A. grosreywri, Eltr., (^ , A. aureola
Eltr., (J, A. ella, Eltr., <? , A. cinerea subsp., alberta, Eltr., <? , A.
periphanes f. acritoides, Eltr., ^ , and A. astric/era f. brunnea, Eltr., <y
and $ . Dr. Jordan remarked on the extreme variability of the genus
and its allies, geographically, individually, and even in the characters
of the genitalia. Mr. Bethune-Baker remarked on the unreliability of
the genitalia in certain Lyctniida: The President stated that the <?
genitalia were, as a rule, reliable in the Aculeata, but in the Ten-
tlurdinidtr the ^ genitalia were quite useless for specific determination,
though the ? 's afford excellent characters. The Hon. Walter
Rothschild remarked on the identity of the ^ genitalia in certain
distinct species of Macroijlofiainae. Com. Walker read a paper on
" The Effect of Temperature on Animal (especially Insect) Life," by
A. G. Butler, Ph.D., F.L.S. The following papers were also com-
municated—" Parthenogenesis in Worker Ants, with special reference
to two colonies of Lasius nvjer, Linn.," by W. C. Crawley, B.A. " A
Monograph of the gefiuy Acraea," by H. Eltringham, M.A., F.Z.S.

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CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Eryx fairmairei, Kcich, a Beetle new to Britain, H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe,

F.Z.S.,F.E.S 1

A Month in Switzerland and elsewhere, 'George Wheeler, M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

(continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 2

Myrmecophilous Notes for 1911, H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S. (to be

concluded) . . . . . . .... . . . . . , . . . . 4

A Season's Collecting at Constantinople in 1911, P. P. Graves, F.E.S. (concluded) 10

Coleoptera on the Isle of Eigg, H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S 13

LeiMoTptewlogj, Dr. T. A. Chapman, F.Z.S., F.E.S 14

A Summer Trip in France, Switzerland and Italy, iJ. B. ^s//?)y, F.E.S. .. .. 15

Luperina gueneei as a species and as a British species, Htj. J. Turner, F.E.S. . . 17

Coleoptera taken at Ditchling, Sussex, during 1911, Hereward C. Dolbnan, F.E.S. 20

The genotype of the Blattid genus Steleopyga, A. N. Caiidell. (Note, R. Shelford,

M. A., F.E.S.) 23

Coleoptera : — Hypophlceus linearis at Oxshott, and other species therefrom
during 1911, Hereward C. Dollman, F.E.S. ; Mycetoporus forticornis, and
other Coleoptera in the New Forest, Hereward C. Dollman, F.E.S. . . . . 24

Collecting Notes : — Early appearances, A. E. Tonge, F.E.S.; Zonosoma orbicu-
laria ab. ianthinarium In Britain, Louis B. Prout, F.E.S.; Vanessa antiopa
in Hampshire, Eev. J. E. Tarbat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Current Notes and Short Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Societies : — The Entomological Society of London . . . . . . . . . . 27

Contributions remain over for want of space from G. Wheeler, G. T. Bethune-Baker,
Douglas H. Pearson, H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, W. C. Crawley, P. A. and D. A. J. Buxton,
Malcolm Burr (plate), J. Taylor, N. Manders, H. Powell, &c., &c., numerous Current
Notes, Short Notices, and Reports of Societies.

We hope that those who intend sending us an account of their doings for 1911 will do
so ere long, as we should like to know more of what our English workers are doing. Will
those who are studying the Micro-lepidoptera help us, by sending in notes of their
captures and observations.

Rambles in Alpine Valleys.

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THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

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Vol. XXIV.

Plate I.

Fig. 1. HOLOLAMPRA INFDMATA, BrUNNER.

Figs. 2-7. Platycleis barretii, Burr.

The Entomologist^ s Record, etc., 1912.

THE ORTHOPTERA OF MADEIRA. 29

The Orthoptera of Madeira.

By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc, F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.G.S.

The Natural History of Madeira has heen well studied by various
competent investigators, but, for some reason, the Orthoptera have
been strangely neglected. This is probably due to the fact that this
order is rather meagrely represented in the island, so that no specialist
has thought it worth while to go there, but all the same, it is by no
means lacking in special features, as the following notes will show.
These are based on the results of a week's collecting in the island at
the end of September last, supplemented by some material in the
Museum of the Seminario.

This Museum should be visited by all travellers who are interested
in Natural History. Its creation is a monument to the energy and
enthusiasm of one man, Padre Ernesto Schmitz, who made Madeira
his home for thirty strenuous years, in which he amassed rich and
thoroughly representative collections in all branches of Natural
History. Unfortunately for Madeira, Padre Schmitz has been
translated about two years ago to Jerusalem, but on his departure he
bequeathed his task to an ardent disciple, Padre Jayme de Gouvea
Barreto, a Madeiran born and bred, who has thrown himself with
enthusiasm into the task of investigating and making thorough
collections of the Fauna and Flora of the Archipelago.

Before leaving Madeira, Padre Schmitz had the pleasure of seeing
his collections well housed in a large room in the Seminario, an
ecclesiastical educational establishment of which he was Prior, where
the Museum is well-fitted and housed, at the cost of the institution,
supplemented by occasional contributions from visitors.

The insects are not so well represented, for Padre Barreto is
single-handed, and in addition to his normal duties in the Seminario,
mounts and preserves all specimens himself, including the birds and
fish, as well as collecting in every branch of Natural History. His
task has been made even harder since the Portugese Revolution, which
incidentally I witnessed, calling in Lisbon two days after leaving
Madeira, for the Republican authorities, in their anti-ecclesiastical zeal,
removed Father Barreto's colleagues from the educational section of the
Seminario, leaving him alone to do all the good work, so that he has
since had little time or energy for science. Not being a lepidopterist,
I am unable to say much of the butterflies, but a case in the Museum
contained TJanais archippufi, the beautiful L>iadema inaria, Gonepterijx
cleopatra, Colias ednsa, with the var. helice, (Julias hijale, Anpjiaiis
lathmiia and Pi/ranieis atalanta. The collection of Coleoptera is a good
one, as there is an abundance of peculiar local forms, and the order has
been well worked.

The spiders too have been well studied, and there is a fairly full
collection, all determined and worked out.

The Hemiptera have not yet received attention, nor the
Hymenoptora, nor the Myriapods, and Father Barreto is anxious to
enter into correspondence with specialists who will work out material
in the two latter groups.

Madeira rejoices in three peculiar species of earwigs. These are,
Ferirrhijtiis edentula, Wollaston, which seems to be rare, as I failed

February 15th, 1912.

80 THE entomologist's record.

to find it in spite of careful search ; there is the allied P. madeiremls,
Borelli, discovered by Padre Schmitz, in similar localities with
P. edenuda, under stones, on the lower levels ; finally there is P.
schvutzii, Borelli, discovered by Padre Barreto near Poizo, at a
considerable elevation. All these earwigs have been taken by hazard
only, and though I spent very many hours industriously turning over
stones in various localities, I failed to come across any of them.
Indeed, of the two latter species, the three or four original specimens
are the only ones known to exist in collections. Forficula aurindaria,
L., is fairly common, but far less abundant than in Europe. I found
a single male lying dead on the path near the Grand Corral. There
are several specimens including var. forcipata, Steph., in the Museum.
Lobidiira riparia occurs on the coast, there are a few specimens in
the Museum, and I possess some taken at Funchal in 1884. The
common earwig of the island is Anisolabis annulipes, Luc, which
Father Barreto and I found in numbers under stones in a dry river
bed just outside Funchal ; this was on September 30th, and they
generally occurred in pairs, the female, in three instances, sitting in
an apparently dug-out depression in the earth, taking care of a pile of
about a dozen minute oval cream-coloured eggs, a little less than 1mm.
in length.

In the Kdnigsberg Museum, there are specimens of F. auricnlaria,
L. riparia and Labia minor : the last species I did not come across.
Padre Barreto has found that Labia carvicauda, Motsch, occurs in numbers
in the Seminario in Funchal. This little species is probably of Oriental
origin, but now occurs in all tropical countries.

On one occasion I came across a little procession of Tennes
litcifi(t/us, Rossi, under the same stone.

Various foreign cockroaches find the climate congenial, and
Rliyparobia inaderae, Fabr., is apparently long since established, but it
is highly improbable that it is indigenous in spite of its name, for the
fauna is essentially pabearctic, and the Vancldoridae are a neotropical
group ; B. maderae is now cosmopolitan.

There are two indigenous Blattids known : Lubnptera decipiciis,
Germar, is common, but I only saw a single adult specimen, though
nymphs, larvfe and oothecae were abundant under stones in all
localities. The other species is Hololampra infiDuata, Br., which is
rarer. Padre Barreto lent me the three or four specimens to submit
to Mr. Shelford for determination. He has taken it at Poizo, on the
mountain. It remotely resembles Ectobius panzeri, and was recorded
as that species by Wollaston, under the name of FJ. cricctorum (Woll.
Ann. Mar/. N.H., 1858, p. 21). He found it in pine woods from
4,600 to 5000 ft. above the sea. It is allied to the South European
A. iiian/inata, Schreb.

I\Iantis reliiiiona, L., occurs ; I did not see a living one, but there
are two or three in the Museum. Padre Barreto looks upon it as a
rarity.

In the Acridiodea I found three females of ChorthipjiKs pidrinatus,
Fisch. de W., on the steep mountain slopes, above the pines, in the
Grand Corral ; all three specimens had the elytra and wings strongly
abbreviated ; the length of these organs is extremely unstable in this
species, but as a general rule, they are longer in the more southern
area of its distribution. Epaeromia strepenR, Fabr., is common in the

THE ORTHOPTERA OF MADEIRA. 31

same locality. Epacromia thalanfiina, Latr., is the common grasshopper
of the island. It swarms everywhere. I found it in all stages of
growth in the grass borders in the Botanic Gardens, and every ribeira,
or dry torrent, swarms with it, for there are no other uncultivated
spots in the lower levels, all the hillsides being given over to vineyards,
sugar-cane, and banana plantations. Stanronotiis inaroccanm, Thunb.,
is recorded from the island by Kirby, but I do not know his authority.

The Oedipodidac are represented by Pachi/ti/lns danicns, L., which is
common everywhere, by Oedaleiis vii/rofasciatufi, De Geer, which occurs
sparingly in the lower levels, but in great number? in the mountains.
I did not come across Sjiliiju/oiiotns caendonx, L., but there are
specimens in the Museum ; it is recorded from the island by Branner.
Serville describes a species which evidently resembles Acrotylns
insubrlcHS, Scop.; he names it OeJipnda maderae {(h-th. p. 730, 1839),
which de Saussure sinks as a queried synonym of TJuiljiouiena ahjeriana,
and for this reason, Kirby records it under the name of Thalpouiena
waderae. Probably it is Acrotijlus insnbriciis, as this is a common South
European species, which extends as far as the Canaries, and there is no
improbability in its occurring in Madeira, though I failed to find it.

The Acridiidae are represented by Caloptenus italiciis, L., which is
common. The Madeiran race differs somewhat from the continental
form in the rather deeper crimson wings. Once at least Sch into cere a
peiyi/rina, Oliv., has struggled over from Africa. No other Acridian
Ortlioptera have been as yet noted.

In the Locustine groups, Phaneroptera nana, Charp., is very
common in the ornamental shrubs in the hotel gardens; it hides
daring the daytime, but at night-fall, its presence is betrayed by an
intangible Us tss among the branches, very difficult to locate.
Conncephalas nitididiis, Scop., is not rare in some ribeiras. Decticiis
albifrons, Fabr., is said by Padre Barreto to be common, but I did not
chance to come across it. It is also recorded by Kirby. Vlattjdeis
(jvisea, Fabr., occurs also, but is not common ; I took it sparingly in
the higher slopes of the Grand Corral. It is also recorded by Kirby.
Platijdeis barntii, Barr, is a new species, described below, of which I
took one pair on the grassy slopes at an elevation of at least 5,000 ft. ;
it is related to P. t/risea, but its shortened wings and elytra give it a
superficial resemblance to Oh/nthoscdis <jiiseoaptera, De Geer.

In the crickets Bolivar records Gnjllns hispanicua, and Lingnjlliis
biwacnlatns is represented in the collection, and I found several
immature specimens, but did not come across an adult. After dusk
the chirp of the crickets may be heard, but not so intense as in the
Canaries or on the mainland. Perhaps L. caiiipcstiia occurs too, but
I saw none of its iridescent larvie ; and I cannot distinguish its
stridulation from that of its more southern congener.

Platycleis barretii, sp.n.— Statura modica ; griseo-testacea ;
elytra fortiter abbreviata, grisea, obtusa ; pronotum depressum, lobis
defiexis, margine postico et infero albo-marginatis ; cerci S' prope
apicem dentati ; ovipositor vix incurvus, pronoto duplo longior.

Long, corporis ... ... 15mm. ... iGmm.

,, pronoti 5mm. ... 5mm.

,, elytroruni ... 4. 5mm. ... 4mm.

„ femor. post. ... 15mm. ... 16mm.

„ ovipositoris ... — ... 11mm.

32 THE entomologist's record.

Size medium ; colour greyish and brown, mottled : Antennae very
long. Frons and occiput heavily marbled with brown and cream ; the
latter with a median pale line ; eyes of the same colour. Pronotum
depressed, the disc similarly marbled, with a pale median line ; median
keel prominent in posterior portion ; lateral flaps dark brown, w^ith a
broad cream margin posteriorly and anteriorly. Prosternum unarmed.
Legs gre3'-brown, mottled and marbled with darker; posterior femora
with longitudinal black band on the outer face. Elytra abbreviated,
reaching the sixth abdominal segment in the $ , the fifth in the
female, apically rounded, grey-brown, the veins darker and prominent.
Abdomen dull reddish-brown. Anal segment in the 3 deeply roundly
excavate, Avith short, rounded lobes. Cerci J surpassing subgenital
lamina, cylindrical, with a small tooth near the apex ; subgenital
lamina ^ tricarinate, with a small round apical emargination, with
rounded lobes and short styles. Anal segment $ incised ; cerci 2
shorter than in 3 , not toothed ; subgenital lamina not keeled nor
sulcate, with a rounded emargination and rounded lobes. Ovipositor
very gently curved, more than twice as long as the pronotum.

Madeira. — Grand Corral, October 2nd, 1910, 1 ^ , 1 2 , (in cm.).

This is a very distinct species ; its nearest relatives are perhaps
P. mofiesta, Fieb. (S. E. Europe), P. saiissnreana, Frey-Gessner (C.
Europe), P. hraclii/ptera, L. (C. Europe), and P. ftisra, Br. (Greece).
The ovipositor is longer and straighter than in any of these except the
last. The cerci of the male are shorter and the tooth much smaller
than in /'. saiisftureana, P. hracJv/ptera and P. iiindesta, and the lobes of
the supra-anal plate are short and rounded, not acute.

The subgenital lamina of the female is not sulcate, though the
lobes and emargination are rounded. This suggests relationship to
the fully winged group of 7'. (jrisea, Fabr., and its allies. The long
ovipositor at once removes it from the group of P. ti'ssellata, Charp.

It is probably restricted to thehigher parts of the island of Madeira.
My attention was attracted by the stridulation, on the steep, grassy
and rocky slopes near the Grand Corral, on leaving the tree zone. I
only observed it in one restricted locality, and though I saw several
specimens I was only able to catch a pair.

It is dedicated, with real pleasure, to Father Jayme de Gouvea
Barreto, the genial Curator of the most interesting Museum, founded
by Father Schmitz, in the Seminario in Funchal.

It is the only know-n saltatorial Orthopteron peculiar to the island.

List of Orthoptera known from Madeira.

Dermapteba. — Labidni-a riparia, Pall. ; Anisolabis annidipes, Luc. ;
Labia niiuor, L.; L. curvicaiula, Motsch. ; Penrrlii/tiis edentidus, Woll. ;
P. wadeirensis, Bor. ; Pwiidochelidnra sclnir'tzii, Bor. ; For/iciila
anriciilaria, L.

Blattodea. — llololaiiipra infi()nata,Tiv.; Ldboptcradecipiens, Germ. ;
Pi/ii/parohia viaderae, Fabr.

Mantodea. — Mantis iclitfidna, L.

AcRiDioDKA. — CliortliippiiK pitlvinatiis, F. de W. ; Kpacromia stirpens,
Fabr.; K. thalaasina, Latr. ; StaKroimtns iiuirocranits, Thunb. ;
Parlii/tt/liis da7iin(K, L. ; (^cdaleus nif/rofasiatiis, De Geer. ; Siihint/onotits
caernlans, L. ; .' Thalpmiirna iiiadcrac, Serv. ; Calcptciuis italiens, L. ;.
Schistocerca pereijrina, Oliv.

OCCASIONAL NOTES ON THE GENUS EUPITHECIA. 83

LocusTODEA. — Phaneroptera nana, Chavp. ; Conocephalus nitifiulus,
Scop. ; PlaUjdeis grisea, Fabr. ; P. barretii, Burr. ; Decticiis alhifrons,
Fabr.

Gryllodea. — GnjUns hispaniciis, Bol. ; Lio(jnjllus bi»iaciilatas, De

Geer.

Explanation of Plate I.

Fig. 1. — Hololampra iiifumata, Br., 9 .
2. — Platycleis barretii, Burr., c? .

3. id. 9 .

4. id. subgenital lamina, ? .

5. id. subgenital lamina, <? .

6. id. supra-anal plate, ? .

7. id. supra-anal plate and cerci, d .

Occasional Notes on the genus Eupithecia in Co. Fermanagh.

By J. E. B. ALLEN, M.A.

I call this paper " Occasional Notes " because, from many causes,
my observations have been far from exhaustive. In particular, my
absence from this locality every year during August and a great part
of September may have caused me to miss some species.

Fhipit/iecia palchellata. — Occurs sparingly as an imago. I have not
worked for the larva.

E. oblorif/ata. — One specimen only, bred in 1911 from a larva on
Senecio jacobaea.

E. srabiosata. — Both larvffi and imagines, but in small numbers.

E. pliiinheolata. — Not common.

E. pi/f/iiiaeata. — One in 1907 and about half-a-dozen in 1911.

E. satyrata. — Abundant on bogs and mountains.

E. castif/ata. — Seems to be rather scarce, though I have taken both
larva and imago.

E. «/7'.s/V/»rtr/rt.— About 40 larvffi on Anqelka njlvestris'm September,
1910.

E. virt/a areata. — Very abundant. In May the first brood is to be
taken at dusk or beaten from hedges. The larvae are to be beaten
from the flowering branches of hawthorn in June and July. The
imago occurs again in July and August, and the larva again in the
autumn on Senecio jacobaea, S. pabistris, Ani/elica sijlvestrifi, Solidago
virt/aiirea, and probably other plants. I have taken it in the garden,
once on a rosebud, and once on a cultivated form of daisy. In Sep-
tember, 1910, the larvas were very abundant. I took hundreds on
ragwort, but a very large proportion of these were stung. Golden-rod
is not plentiful here, and I only worked it in one locality, the shore of
an island in Lower Lough Erne. The larvae taken there were much
less infested than the larvae from ragwort, and produced much larger
moths. Of the larvae taken in June and July, some come out as a
second brood in July and August of the same summer, some appear
with the first brood in the following summer, and I bred one on April
24th, 1909, which had lain two winters in the pupa, from June or
July, 1907. I am unable to say whether the autumn larva? ever lie
over for more than one winter. The list of food-plants given above
is certainly incomplete. For instance, the progeny of the golden-rod
feeding larvje must find some other food than hawthorn, for there is
very little of it growing on the island, where they occur. Similarly

S4 THE entomologist's record.

the larvns on hawthorn are often abundant in places where neither
ragwort, golden-rod, nor angelica occur in any quantity.

There seems to be scarcely any difference between the two brooffs^
except for the greater size, already mentioned, of the golden-rod feeders.
I have one melanic specimen, and two or three of a delicate grey tint,,
but on the whole there is not much variation.

E. indif/ata. — One specimen.

A', nanata. — Common on bogs and mountains.

E. vulyata. — Common.

E. absinthiata.—LiSirxw common on Sourio jacohaea and Scohidna
Huccisa. The moths from these two food-plants seem to belong to the
same species, and I can see no reason for separating the scabious
feeders as minntata or knautiata.

E. ahhreviata. — Not very common.

E. dodoneata. — Abundant. I beat the larvae from hawthorn flowers
in June and July. The pupaB often lie over two winters.

E. crii/uata. — Fairly common.

E. toijata. — Two specimens in 1909. I have not worked for the
larva.

E. piiniilata. — Only one specimen, but probably it only needs
searching for.

E. coronata. — Abundant ; moths at dusk in May, though not
often seen ; larvae are beaten from hawthorn flowers in June, rather
earlier than those of E. virt/aiireata and E. dodoneata. The moths
appear again in June and July, and larvae on Angelica siilvetitris (and
probably other flowers) in September. The June larva3 emerge as the
second brood of the same year or the first of the next year.

E. rectangalata. — A few in gardens, but apparently it is not
common.

Myrmecophilous Notes for 1911.

By H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
{Concluded from page 10.)

CoLEOPTERA. — O.vijiwda haeiiiorvhoo, Sahl., was taken in nests of
Formica rufa at Wellington College 6. v., and Nethy Bridge 17. vi., and
with E. exsecta at Rannoch 12. vi.

Micrni/lossa pidla, Gyll. — Dr. Joy sent me up specimens from birds'
nests at Bradfield. These I introduced into my Lasius ftdinhumtn
nest, on May 24th, but the beetles escaped under the glass cover over
the j)laster nest. They exhibited the usual defence of myrmecophilous
Staphs, when attacked by the ants. I must repeat the experiment.

Dinaida dentata, Gr. — Specimens taken at Woking with E.
sanijuinia in May, were introduced into my E. sonf/uinea nest. Copulation
took place, and they lived in the nest for months. On July 22nd
several Dinaida larvie were observed, ])ut they eventually disappeared.

Atentelen enianiinatua, Pk. — This species was very abundantat Porlock
in April. On 2'7th, Crawley and I found six specimens in a nest of
Mijrmira lacvinodis, and others in nests of E. fnsca, M. ni(/inodis and
M. scabiinodix. On 28tb, we found six in one F. fusca nest, and
numbers with M. ridjinodis. The beetles were evidently just leaving
the Mi/nuica nests. Specimens brought homo and introduced into our
F'. fusca nests lived there for some time. Copulation was observed on

MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1911. 35

May 8rd and 4th, and a larva was subsequently observed by Crawley
in one of his nests.

Drusilla canalicnlata, F., was found in F. fnsca nests at Rannoch
on June 10th.

Qiieiiiiis hreris, Er. — Larvffi were found in nests of L. fuliyinosiis at
Wellington College on May 6th.

Conosoma iwwaculaUwi, Steph. — This species was several times
found in nests of F. fnsca at Boxhill. Last year I took it on several
occasions in a nest of L. fiilii/inosua at Darenth Wood. These seem
curious localities for a beetle which is often found in fens and damp
places, in sedge refuse, etc. On April 14th I introduced a specimen
into my F. fnsca nest from Hartlepool. It protected itself against the
ants and lived in the nest till 20th, when it escaped. Another beetle
{ Med on hiiiniwa, Er.), an ant, and a bug introduced from Box Hill on
the same day were all killed by the ants in a few hours.

Dendrnphilus p)/(iiiiaeiis, L. — The specimen^" mentioned in my " Notes
for 1910," which bred out of my F. riifa nest on September 8th, 1910,
died on August 7th this year. On May 7th I put it into my F\ ruja
mixed nest from Parkhurst Forest, and on July 11th into my F. nifa
and i. fiisco-ri(jibarbis nest. It lived on quite friendly tei*ms with all
those ants.

Cetouia floricola, Hbst. — A number of larvaa were taken in a hillock
of F. riifa at Nethy Bridge, on June 17th. These I introduced into
my F. nifa nest on June 25th, when they at once buried themselves
in the nest. A perfect insect hatched out on September 24th. The rest
no doubt will appear next year. I have several times seen some of the
larvfe against the glass sides of the nest.

DiPTERA. — Microdot miitahilis, L. — My chief reason for going to
Porlock this year, was to try' and find mote larvse of this handsome fly
in the ants' nests there, and to endeavour once more to find out what
the food of the larva really is. On April 27th Crawley and I found
three large larvse, four quite small young ones, and ten pupa? in nests
of F. fnsca, and a very young one in a nest of Mynuica rt(;/inodis.
This is the first record of a Microdon larva in the nest of a Jilijniiica.
Wasmann'^" records the larva of this fly with F. fnsca, F. nifa, L. mfibarbis,
L. niger, L. brnnnens, and L. davns, and subsequently^^ with
F. sanijninea. — On April 28th we found nineteen large larvae and one
pupa in F. fnsca nests in the woods further away from Porlock. I took back
a nest of F. fnsca and fixed it up in a Crawley nest, and introduced into
it all my share of the larvae and pupre on May 3rd. On May 4th two
of the larvje pupated. On May 18th the first fly hatched but its wings
never grew. The ants threatened it with their jaws, but did not
otherwise attack it. Other specimens hatched on May 22nd, 2ith,
25th, 26th, 27th, 28th, and 31st. All were perfect, the wings
growing to their full size in a few minutes, excepting two besides the
one before mentioned, in which the wings never grew, due I expect to
injuries received in bringing them home. When the ants approached
a fly it kicked out with its back legs, and the ants appeared to be
frightened. In nature the flies would leave the nest at once. Crawley

19 Ent. Rec, 1911, p. 60.

a> Krit. Ver. d. Myr. u. Ter. Art., 1894, p. 173.

21 Erst. Nacht z. d. Ameisen gciste v. Holland Limbiirg, 1898, p. 7.

3G THE entomologist's record.

kept the small larva from the Mi/miica nest, with these ants. It was
unfortunately killed by them and eaten when nearly full grown. The
smallest larva I had is now full grown and still alive to-day, December
23rd, it having lived in my nest for over seven months. It is always
in the chamber occupied by the ants. "When they move it very slowly
follows them. The ants often sit on it and walk over it, but they never
feed it. In my former'''^-'-^'' experiments I kept the ants and larvae in a
bowl with earth, and as the ants and the ^licrudon larvte were always
beneath the earth, I could never see them without disturbing the nest.
Now I have been able constantly to observe them. It is quite clear
that the food of the larva consists of the droppings and pellets (Janet's'-^
Bmilettes de nettoi/of/e) of the ants. It has never had any other
food in the bare chamber in which it lives, it has never gone to the
honey which is in the last (the light) chamber, the ants have never fed
ir., and it has grown to afull size larva from a very tiny young one. The
same thing took place with Crawley's larva which was nearly full
grown when killed. The photograph of a live larva, etc., will be
found in the Ent. Bee. for 1909, plate 2.

Melichia liidens, Wahl. — Specimens were taken with Lasiim
fidininofiiis at Darenth Wood, on May 26th, and at Gxshott on June
6th. The latter is the fourth British specimen, and Oxshott is a new
locality for it.

P/iora formicaniw, Verrall. — On July 22nd specimens of this tiny
fly were observed and captured, hovering over ants in nests of Formica
saiuiia')iea, Losius miihratHs, and Mijrmica lobicornis, at Weybridge, a
new locality for the Dipteron.

Fltnra cnjtfnriiiis, Wood. — Two specimens and a species of Oscinis
were found in a nest of Mtjnnica laen'nodis under a stone at Rannoch
on June 14th.

I'/njllnmi/zia lasiae, Collin. — Some small Dipterous pups taken
in a nest of L. fidiniunsiis at Wellington College on May 6th, and
introduced into my L. fnlu/inotius nest, hatched out on May 16th and
28th and proved to be this species. It will be remembered that
I^ bred P. forwicae from larvas taken in a nest of F. riifa var. rtifo-
l)ratensis, at Nethy Bridge. The larva? of these flies are not true
parasites but live at large in the ants' nests.

Scatilla qnadrotix var. ? — Collin has queried a fly which I had taken
several times last year in the L. fnlininosiis nest at Darenth Wood as
above. I must express my thanks to him for naming these small
Diptera for me.

IIeteroptera. — ricznstctlnts faruiici'toruiii, Boh. — This little bug
occurred in numbers in one nest at Rannoch on June 10th, both
nymphs and perfect insects being secured.

BRAcoNiDiE. — Fiijihoriift bistiiimaticK^, Morley. — A female bred out
of my F. rnfa nest from Weybridge, on July 4th.

Pachyloinma biiccata, Breb. — This species was found in numbers
near Rame Head, Cornwall, on July 9th. A large nest of [.asius niper
occurred under a very big heavy stone, and the Bracons were hovering
over the ants around the edges of the stone where the latter entered the

•■« Ent. Eec, 1907, p. 255.

'•» Ent. lice, 1909, pp. 18 and 19.

2' Etxides siir Zcs Fourmix, etc.. No. 13, 1897, p.l6.

M Ent. Eec, 1909, p. 288.

MYKMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1911. 87

nest. Crawley and Taylor subsequently observed it over the same ant
at Sandown, I. of W.

PROcroTRUPiDiE. — IHi'siobaeiis /lospen, Kieffer. — This little insect was
taken in nests of J'', fn.sca at Box Hill on April 14th and 20th. Dr.
Kieft'er, who has kindly named it for me, tells me it is a new species
and belongs to a new genus.

Lepidoptera. — Lirachiiiia ijerroneUa, Z. — This little moth was found,
on July 27th, among the ants in the nest of Laains fidvjinosus at
Wellington College mentioned above. After I had opened the nest
it only flew up and settled again with the ants. It did not fly away
when the ants, which were very excited, ran against it, and I did not
see it attacked. Durrant, who kindly named it for me, tells me that
nothing is known of its life history.

Mt/rmecuzela oclnaceella, Tgstr., occurred in numbers in nests of.
F. rufa, at Rannoch, on June 10th.

Tineula biselliella, Hml. — I found specimens in my F. rufa nest
from Weybridge on September 25th, and one flew out of it on October
14th. Their larvaj were probably feeding on the refuse of the nest,
and they may have been introduced into the nest from the house.

CocciD.E. — Fiipersia toiiilini, Newst. — Occurred in nests of L. nujer
at Box Hill, on April 14th.

Fii/iersia siil)terra)iea, Newst. — Was found with L. niyer at Box Hill
on April 22nd, and in numbers with the same ant, and also with L.
flavus, at St. Issey, Cornwall, on April 25th.

Neicsteadia jioccoaa, Westw. — Was taken in a nest of F.fusca at
Porlock, on April 27th. Newstead-'' records — " on one occasion I
found it in the crowns of Heliantlicmuiii and grass, which were growing

in a large ant-hill Mr. Luff has met a single example in

Guernsey, which he found in an ant's nest together with specimens of
Hipersia totnlini."

Ort/ieziula vejdovski/i, Sulc. — I took four examples of this rare species
in a nest of Myrmica scabrinudis at Porlock, on April 28th. Green, who
recorded'-^' these specimens, with notes on the genus, tells me it has only
occurred at Prague, in Bohemia, heretofore. I am much indebted to
Mr. Green for kindly naming all my Coccidae for me. The specimen
of Orthezia catapJuacta mentioned by him {lac. cit.) was taken in a nest
of F. rufa at Nethy Bridge, on May 14th, 1909.

CoLLEMBOLA. — (JypJtudevus [Beckui) albinos, Nicol. — This little
"spring-tail" was observed with M. scabrinodis at Box Hill, April 13th;
with F. rufa at Weybridge, April 20th and July 22nd, and Porlock,
April 28th ; with F. fnsca at Boxhill, April 22nd and May 7th, and
Porlock, April 27th ; with L. niycr at St. Issey, April 25th ; with T.
caespitum, at St. Issey, April 25th, and Whitsand Bay, July 8th ; with L.
rlaviis at Porlock, April 27th ; with F. sanyiiinea at Woking, May 5th
and 18th, at Rannoch, June 11th, and Weybridge, July 22ud ; with
Ponera coarctata at Box Hill, May 7th ; and with L. alienns at Wey-
bridge, July 22nd.

A little species, superficially like Beckia, occurs at Kew in numbers
with Wasmannia auro-punctata. I am endeavouring to gat it named.

Myriapoda. — Poli/xcnns layunis, L. — Several specimens were found

2G Brit. Coccidae, 1902, II., p. 245.
27 Ent. Mo. Mag., 1911, p. 179.

38 THE entomologist's record.

in a nest of 1^ . fnna at Box Hill, on April 4th. I have'-'' recorded it with
ants last year.

AcARi. — Trach\jnrnj)oda laiiiinoaa, C. and B., occurred in nests of
F. fiisca at Poriock, on April 28th.

Trachijiiruiioda icasinannia iia, BevL — Several specimens (<? s) were
found in a nest of L. miibratiis at Wellington College, on May 6th.
This is its first record for Britain. Berlese^" records it as taken by
Wasmann in Luxemburg in nests of L. mixtiis, and remarks that he
is not acquainted with the male.

Umpliti'lla )iiiiiiitissiiiia, Berl., occurred in plenty in my L. uinbyatus
nest from Weybridge.

VroilisceUa jihiloctena, .Janet. — 1 recorded*^ this new species to
Britainas rropoilaphiloctena, Trouessart (itisonly a question of synonym
not an error, see Berlese loc. cit., p. '642), in my L. nmbratus nest from
Weybridge. The specimens were fastened to the strigils of the ants as
figured by"^ Janet. It also occurred at large in the 7>. tDnbratus nest
at Wellington College and in my Weybridge L. iiwbratiis nest.

Uropotla oralis, Kram. — Specimens were found on ants in the
L. u))ibratiis nest at Weybridge on April 4th, and on the same ant at
Woking on May 10th. These mites are fastened to the femora of the
ants, Janet {loc. cit.) only records them on the second leg, but I have-
found them on all three.

Laclaps )in/niiecopJiiliis, Berl., occurred at St. Issey, in Cornwall, in
nests of F. fusca var. fusco-mfibarbis, and with M. lacvinndis on the
Isle of Eigg, on September 17th.

Laelaps ciincifcr, Mich. — In nests of F\ fiiRca on April 27th, at
Poriock, and with L. iinibratiis and L. fitli(/inosits at Wellington College,
on May 6th.

Cilihann comata, Berl., occurred on the small larvae in a nest of
L. nif/er and on the large larvpe in nests of L. flavus at Box Hill, on
May 7th. I also found specimens on the abdomen of the ants, as
figured by^^ Janet, in L. lonbratns nests at Woking, May 10th, and
Weybridge, July 22nd.

Antennaphonis uhhimuni, Hal. — I found this species (of which
only two specimens had been taken in Britain before by MichaeP* at
the Land's End) in numbers, on the ants in nests of L. itnibratns at
Woking, on May 5fch, and Weybridge, on July 22nd. In Antcunophonis
ijraniUs, with L. fiiliiiinnsun, the mites are nearly always only to be-
found on the chin of the ant, but with this species they are frequently
on the abdomen as well as the head, as figured by Janet.*^ In A. (jrandis
the mite is fed by scraping the mouth of the ant on which it is with
its front legs, when the ant lets out a drop of fluid, which the mite
sucks up. In this species the mite is often fed by other ants besides
the one on which it may be. On May 11th I introduced ^ s of L.
Kiiihratiis from Woking, which had specimens of the AntennopJiorua on
them, into my umbratiis nest from Weybridge. I expected that the

2« Eiit. Rec, 1911, p. 61.

2" liedia, I., 1903, p. 362.

80 Ent. liec, 1911, p. 237.

8' Etudcit sur les Fourmin, 13, 1897, p. 46.

»2 loc. cit., p. 12.

88 Ent. Rec, 1902, p. 69.

84 loc. cit., p. 27.

MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1911. 99

strange ^ s would be killed and the niites transfer themselves to my
old ^ s in the nest. To my surprise, however, the strange ants were
readily accepted by those already in the nest. (I may mention that
this also took place with strange ^ s from the L. umhratus nest at
Wellington College.) One of the mites on a Woking ant solicited one-
of the Weybridge ants for food, and the latter immediately fed it. I
found the Antennoplwri often transferred themselves to the young
callows soon after they had been extricated from their cocoons. The
callows often tried to get rid of the mites, falling on their backs and
rolling on the ground, but eventually got reconciled to their fate. On
May 22nd I took some of my workers with Antennoiihori on them to
Crawley, and we introduced them into his L. niiibratns nest, and again
his workers fed the mites on my ants. When an ant is feeding at the-
honey in the nest, and has a mite on its chin, the latter gets to one side
of the ant's head to allow it to feed. When two ants feed each other,
if one has a mite on it, the mite leans forward and seems to share the
meal. I have now found all the four known European species in
Britain ; Wheeler*^ described two new species, A. trasmaiini and A.
donisthorpel on ants in America, and suggests that in this genus the $
only lays one egg at a time, which she fixes to the ant infested by her,

Aphidae. — Famdetes ciiiiiciforiina, E. Heyd. — Crawley and I found
this species in numbers in nests of TetrcDiiorittni caespitioii, a,t St. Issey,
Cornwall, on April 25th. I have previously^" found it with the same
ant at Whitsand Bay. Crawley'" records a creamy white Aphis with
long hind legs, which it waves whenever an ant solicits it, in L. niijer
nests near Oxford, and suggests it may be Paracletes. This, however,
is not the case, I have taken the same Aphis in some numbers with
L. niger at Islip near Oxford, on May 13th 1910. It is one of many
species of Myrmecophilous Aphidae I have not yet been able to get
named.

Araneina. — Micarisoina nriniinits, C.L.K. — I found this spider
again this year with F. fusca at Box Hill, on April 4th and 22ud, and
in a nest of M. scahrinodis on the latter date. Randell Jackson who
records*" it, with a plate, joined me at Box Hill on May 14th, and
took a fair number of specimens under stones, etc. The day was very
wet and the ants' nest a failure.

Thi/reosthenins biovata, Camb., occurred as usual in most of the
b . r 11 fa nests I worked, including Wellington College, on May 6th.
On November 20th, a <? and on December 1st, a 5 , bred out of
my F. riifa nest. I introduced them on those dates into my F. rufa
and F. fusca. vat. fuscu-riifibarbis mixed nest. They walked about
amongst the ants, were not attacked and did not attack the ants. They did
not jump aside when they met an ant, as I have noticed this spider do
before. On December 19th, both spiders were alive and well. The
? made a small web in a corner of the nest and sat in it, but the
<? was generally among the ants. No ants got intangled in the web
and none have been killed. The <? is dead to-day, December 27th,
possibly for want of food as there is nothing for them to eat ; it lived
however for over a month in this small nest.

35 Psyche., xvii., 1910, pp. Sand 5.

80 Ent. Rec, 1910, p. 16.

37 Ent. Rec, 1911, p. 24.

'>8 Lanes. Nat., 1911, pp. 385-6.

40 THE entomologist's record.

Cn/phoecia recisa, Camb. — A $ was taken with L. uiiibratttn at
Weybridge, on April 20th, and two 2 s, with the same ant at
"Wellington College, on May 6th. The spiders were underground with
the ants. Another J and two young ones were found in the galleries
of a F. rufa nest under a heavy stone at Porlock, on April 28th.
Kandell Jackson tells me he believes this spider to be the J of Tetiilus
arietinus, Thor., of which the ? is unknown, as is the case with the
^ of C. recisa.

Eransia )nereiis, Camb. — Was found in nests of 7*'. fusca at Rannoch
on June 10th and 14th.

Hahiiia helvcola, E.S.— Two in a nest of L. falitjinosus afc Oxshott,
June 1st.

Micaria ptilicaria, Sund.- — Again with F. sanyuinea at Woking, May
€th.

Harpactes Jiomberifi, Sep. — In nests of F. fusca var. fusco-rnfibarbis
and L. nvjer at St. Issey, on April 25th.

Crustacea. — Plati/arthnis hoffniansei/i/i, Brandt. — In 1909 *'Standen
writes — " The nest of Fonnica ftava appears to be the principal
habitat of I'latyart/iras, indeed, I can only find one solitary record of
its occurring along with any other species, viz., in the nest of Mynnica
rubra, where it was observed by Mr. E. E. Lowe, at Newton Ferrers
{Webb and Sillem)." This, however, is by no means the case; in 1902^°
I record that I have taken it in Britain with F. rufa, F./ttsca, and F.
sanyidnea, L. iiavns, L.fidiyinosns, L.niyer, L. )iiiibrati(s, Ciud L. olientts,
M. scabrinodis, M. lai'vinodis and M. sulci nod is. I also mention the
seventeen species of ants with which Wasmann" recorded ifc. Hogan,^-
who first discovered it in Britain, found it with F, rufa, L. fiavus, and
L. niyer, at Lulworth Cove. This year I have found it with F. fusca
at Box Hill, April 13th and 22nd ; L. fiarus at St. Issey, April 25th ;
L. niyer at St. Issey, April 26th, and Porlock, April 27th ; Tetrauioriuiu
caesjntuni at St. Issey, April 25th; M. ruyinodis at Porlock, April 28th;
L. uiiibratus, L. fuliyiiiosus and F. rufa at Wellington College, May
6th ; and M. scabrinodis at Box Hill,' May 7th. In 1910 Crawley^'
records it with L. Jiarus and L. niyer from Oxfordshire and Surrey,
and gives some interesting experiments which show the ants do not
always treat the wood-louse in the same way. On May 8rd I introduced
six Platyartltrus from a Myrmica nest at Boxhill, into my L. rJavus nest.
The L. /larus '^ s soon killed them all. On April 14th I introduced
specimens from Box Hill into my F. fusca nest from Hartlepool.
These were not attacked, and bred in this nest, a number of little ones
being seen. They lived till September, when the nest was destroyed
by having been kept too dry.

Corrigenda. — p. 5, 1. 29, for " Cavora " read " Cavara," and (or " for mi-
corum " read '•formicaruvi.'" p. 6, 1. 2, for " Myrmecocorous " read " Myrmeco-
chorous," 1. 21, ior " Dolidoclerinae " read " Dolicliodervnie." p. 7, 1. 10, for
" Hiibner," read " Hiiber," 1. 33, for " strong" read " stony." p. 8, 1. 17, for
*' fusca " read "fusco."

89 Lanes. Nat., 1909, p. 242.

■"O Knt. Eec, 1902, p. 70.

« Krit. Ver. d. Myr. n. Ter. Arth., 1894, p. 201.

^'^ Nat. Hist. Review, vi., 1859, p. 109.

« Ent. Rec, 1910, p. 129.

A MONTH IN SWITZERLAND AND ELSEWHERE. 41'

A Month in Switzerland and elsewliere.

By GEORGE WHEELER, M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
(Contintied from page 4.)

(x.) The Albula Pass. — A beautiful and interesting journey landed
us in the evening of July 7th at Bergiin, the last station but one before
the Albula tunnel, and as this was our resting place till we left
Switzerland, it will perhaps be best to take my experiences on the Albula
Pass next, although my first day's hunting was in the Engadine and
the Rosegthal. My Baedeker being an old one I did not know that
there was accommodation at Preda, at the entrance to the tunnel, but
if I am ever in this neighbourhood again (unless it were in May or
early June) I should choose the latter for my headquarters, as the best
hunting-ground begins close to the station, and more than half an
hour is wasted in getting there by train, wasted that is except for the
wonderful beauty and interest of the line with its glorious stone bridges,
each made exactly for its own place and looking as if it could belong
to no other.

I made two expeditions to the top of the pass. On the first
occasion, July 9th, I was delayed long at Preda by the numbers of
butterflies both on the slope leading up from the station, and in the
flat meadow, (evidently at one time the bed of a small lake), on the
other side of the road, this being the first time this year that I had
seen butterflies in Switzerland in anything like abundance. The most
conspicuous species was Brenthis pales, the ^ s, large, fresh, and very
brilliant, var. uis one would have said unhesitatingly, but that the under-
sides were not very yellow, the 5 s all being var. uapaea, varying a
good deal in the depth of the ground colour, but universally boasting of
bright reflections of a pale but brilliant heliotrope colour, on the whole
the most beautiful form I have ever met with. Besides these there
were a few, both 3 s and ? s, of the usual mountain form of B. pales,
which higher up became the only form to be seen. I should much
like the opportunity of breeding B. pales, var. his (with var. napaea),
and var. arsilache : the three are superficially abundantly distinct,
they differ in their habits, flight, and localities, though not so
greatly in the last as in their appearance, since his sometimes
overlaps arsilache on the one hand and pales on the other. In
speaking thus, I include under isis all the large, square-looking S s,
even when they have not a very conspicuous quantity of bright
sulphur yellow on the underside of the hindwing, for they are
always distinctly yellower and less purplish-red on this wing than
the high- mountain pales, and of course differ still more markedly in
in this respect from the marsh-land arsilache; the 2 var. napaea of
course belongs to isis, and is perhaps the most usual form of the 2 of
that variety (or species). Krebia pharte was also common here and
fairly fresh ; by the side of the road were one or two specimens of
Brenthis ino, and on the road itself Erehia liijea var. aihjte was in some
numbers and continued to be so for a considerable distance ; further up
a few E. melawpus and E. tymJarns were by the road-side among the
grass. On this occasion, knowing no better, I followed the road, and
between Preda and the little lake of Palpuogna came across Parnassius
delins in a marshy place on the right, and Ci/aniris seDiiargtis in the
drier meadows. At this point the sun went in, except for occasional

42 THE ENTOMOLOGIST' S RECORD.

gleams, and I saw little but a few typical Brentkis pales of both sexes.
'The whole way up the Pass it became duller and colder, and on
reaching the Teufelsthal it would have been impossible to find any
scene more dreary, lonely, and (in its strictest sense), awful; I felt at
once that if I were an artist, instead of a mere dabbler in water-colour
landscapes, I would choose this wild, desolate valley, strewn with huge
boulders from the granite peak on the right, and smaller debris from
the limestone crags on the left, as the scene for a picture of the
Temptation ; so far does its obvious suitability exceed any inaccuracies
of detail. Natiually it was only just before emerging from tbis scene
of desolation that anything in the way of a butterfly put in an
appearance, and then it was a single typical specimen of E. f/orf/e.
Just before reaching the top of the pass there is a small depression in
the grassy slope to the right which looks as if it would cut of!" a corner,
and on to which I made my way ; here, in spite of a wind of piercing
coldness and the complete absence of sun, a small insect got up under
my feet and flew for a yard or two close to the ground, I placed my
net over it, and instantly found it to be the long coveted Melitaea
<isteria : for an hour and a half I waited about in this spot, (where I
shortly took a second), and beyond and below it, seeing one (Julias palaeno,
& few Melitaea inerope, (I refrain intentionally from saying anrinia,
var. vierope), and Irrenthia pales, one or tAVO Erebia lappona and
several black and white " skippers," all but one of which proved to be
Hespeiia androwedac, the one exception being H. cacaliae. It will save
farther reference to the top of the Pass, if I say at once that on my
second expedition to this point on July 13th, a bright sunny day, I
•came across the same species with the exception of (,'. palaeno, M. asteria
being common but very local, confined, in fact, to the flowery dip in
which I first found it, and the " skippers " exactly changing places,
all but one on the second occasion being //. cacaliae. I started, on
the 9th, to go down the Pass by a path on my right, but was stopped
by an assurance that it was forbidden, on the ground of something or
somebody being " krank," but the speaker's German and mine being
about equally bad, I could only grasp the fact that I must return by
the road, a long and very unprofitable detour. However, the weather
became warmer and the gleams of sun more frequent as I got lower,
and after passing the Weissenstein Inn I began to see some butterflies
again. The species were not very numerous nor were the specimens,
but I came across ('. phicuiiione, which I also saw near Preda station,
Erebia pharte, E. ti/ndarns, E. stjppie, A', lii/ea var. adi/te, Ac/riades
-coridon, Loireia .siibalpina, two small Jlesperia alreiis (I believe), one of
which has a short white streak on the left hindwing, upper side, and
one specimen of Hesperia andromedae. At Preda I was too late for
the train, and had to continue the descent on foot to Bergiin, finding
nothing on the way except a few K. stipine.

The morning of the 10th was wet, but it cleared up in the after-
noon and I confined my attentions to the neighbourhood of Bergiin.
This of course is famous as one of Zeller's great hunting-grounds, and
also attracted the attention, both of Frey and Riihl, but in July it
hardly seems a rich locality. I took both Melitaea athalia and ^1/.
ainelia, but if the specimen 1 found of the latter is to be regarded as
var. rhaetica, Riihl, then every example from the Rhone Valley must
.also be considered to be such ; as to M. athalia, though the specimens

A MONTH IN SWITZERLAND AND ELSEWHERE. 43

are quite peculiar in having a very broad almost undivided and nearly
unicolorous central light band on the underside hindwing, they do not
approach var. helvetica, Frey, except in the matter of this band being
somewhat whiter than usual. Near the torrent I took single examples
of PaDiansiiis apollo and P. (lelins within a few yards of each other,
each species showing some approximation to the other. One or two
fine dark Melitaea dictynna were taken and a couple of very fresh M.
lUdi/ma, (J s ; Erehia styijne was common at. the roadside, as was
A(jriades cnridnn, and it was curious to see obviously hybernated Aylaia
urticae flying side by side with others evidently just emerged. Two
typically mountain forms were also met with, Pieris napl var, bryoniae
and Hesperia andromedae, one specimen only of the latter, but that one
the largest and finest in colour that I have ever seen. Near the
torrent I saw a few Plebeiiis aeyon and one or two Lycaena avion, but
Lycaenids were not a strong point of this locality.

My second expedition to the Albula Pass took place, as I have
already mentioned, on the 13th. I did not delay long at Preda this
time and took the short cut to the beginning of the road above the
lake of Palpuogna. At the beginning of this short cut I made two
interesting captures. Seeing a Melitaea skim past me Avhich looked
rather like a $ cynthia, I pursued it as well as I could on the broken
ground, but in vain, on returning, however, to the path I netted a
similar specimen, which turned out to be J/, matuvna var. wolfensberyeri
very worn, as were a few others I saw, but establishing this new
locality for the species. The other insect was a ? Brenthis euphvosyne
in fresh condition, and having in every respect except size the
appearance of the boreal var. Hmjal. Between Palpuogna and the
Weissenstein Inn, I found the same species as on the previous
occasion, but they were commoner ; on reaching the latter place,
however, I made enquiries from some workmen, who assured me there
was no reason whatever why I should not go up the Pass by the track
on the left hand side, and I did so, thereby coming across Evebia
l/lacialis in considerable numbers on the shaly slope shortly before
the Teufelsthal (in this dreary spot itself I actually took one specimen),
as well as E. yoryc, type and ab. evynnis chiefly, though var. triopen
appeared as a scarce aberration. In the same way, although one 2 E.
ijlacialis did just show tiny white pupils to theeye-spots,thus approaching
alecto, the rest were all of the ylacialis or the pinto form, the 3 s
mostly of the latter. In fact the Albula Pass, on the western side
at any rate, belongs typically to the Central Alps, whereas the Eernina,
the next Pass eastwards, belongs typically to the Eastern Alps. On
returning by the same track, after visiting the top, as previously
mentioned, I took, not far above the Weissenstein Inn, a very fine
specimen of I'aviiassiaf; dditis var. 2 niyvencens, which, on the wing,
looked almost black. Lower down I took a cart track bearing to the
right, which gradually dwindled to a path through long grass, finally
rejoining the road at the beginning of the short cut to Preda. This
is much to be recommended, there were many butterflies, mostly of
species already noted, but including Vacciniina optilete; I was, however,
sadly hurried, being obliged to catch the train at Preda, as we were
leaving the same afternoon for Bale, on the return journey to Paris,
Havre, Southampton (for Lyndhurst) and home.

{To he concluded.)

44 THE entomologist's kkcord.

je>CIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Food PLANT of Hesperia sid^. — I notice that in the December
number of the Ilecord, vol. xxiii., p. 318, Mr. P. P. Graves asks if I
can tell him what is the food-plant of Hesperia sidae. I don't know
his address, so I cannot write directly to him, but perhaps you could
let him know by means of a note in the Record that the food-plant of
nidae at Hyeres is Potentilla hiria, L. In all its localities round
Hyeres this plant is to be found, but in captivity I have been able to
feed the larvie on other and commoner species of rotentilla. The
orange-yellow bands on the underside of the secondaries are very rich
when the specimens are fresh, but they pale rapidly, and it seems to
me probable that the specimens with pale ochre bands, which Mr.
Graves mentions, had been on the wing a few days, although they
might not show any other sign of age. I think that a paper i wrote
concerning the early stages of H. sidae will appear before long in the
Transactions of the Kntomohx/ical Society of London. — H. Powell
(F.E.S.), 7, Rue Mireille, Hyeres, Var. January Atk, 1912.

Variation in Euchloe euphenoides. — I can confirm Lieut. -Col.
Mander's observation on E. euphenoides from South-Eastern France.
In Dr. Siepi's collection there is a remarkable male specimen with a
splendid orange-red border on the secondaries. It was taken in the
Vallon de Forbin at St. Marcel, near Marseilles, on May 10th, 1908. —
Ibid.

I^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

From Algiers. — I returned from Aflou, in Algeria, about a month
ago, fairly well satisfied with the result of the expedition. It was a
very interesting locality, and I sent M. Oberthiir some good insects.
Butterflies were rather scarce, but there were numbers of interesting
moths. I (lid a good deal of larva breeding. The heat was quite
bearable, in fact it was as cool there as in Europe last summer, but
then Aflou is very high up, over 4,500 ft. — ^H. Powell, F.E.S., 7,
Rue Mireille, Hyeres, Yar. January ith, 3 912.

IssoRiA LATHONiA. — Ou .July 29th last year, while gathering some
food- plant in the neighbourhood of this place (Ilfracombe), I saw a
$ Issoria lathonia. Having no net with me at the time I " went for "
her with my hat, and although I managed to hold her for a moment,
she eventually escaped. I have hesitated to record this heretofore,
knowing that little credence is attached to a statement of this kind
unless actual proof can be produced. My friend, Mr. C W. Colthrup,
of East Duhvich, however, thinks that it should be jTecordtd.— R.
Ashton Nichols, 30, High Street, Ilfracombe. .January-^nth, 1912.

CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

For the past twenty years, as many of our readers know, Mr. G. H.
Verrall annually invited a number of his personal entomological
friends, together with those gentlemen serving on the Councils of the
more known Societies, to meet the Entomological Club at the
Holborn Restaurant in London ; but with his death it appeared that
this Meeting would also die ; a strong feeling, however, that it would
be contrary to the wish of the late Mr. Verrall for the gathering to

CURRENT NOTES. 4^

lapse, induced the Rev. F. D. Morice (President of the Entomological
Society) and other entomologists to take up the matter, and with the
hearty co-operation of Mr. J. E. Collin, invitations were sent out to
a large number of entomologists to meet them on the evening of
January 16th. More than one hundred acceptances were received,
and a very pleasant evening was spent. Tea and coffee were served
from 6.30, and at 8.30 an adjournment was made to the large dining-
room where supper was served, and the party broke up about 11.
Among those who were present we noted the following : — ^Messrs, R.
Adkin, H. W. Andrews, E. A. Atmore, E. E. Austen, P. J. Barraud,
M. F. Bliss, Rev. E. N. Bloomfield, Dr. Malcolm Burr, E. C.
Bedwell, R. S. Bagnell, A. W. Bacot, J. P. Barrett, G. Bethell,
K. G. Blair, W. E. Butler, A. Cant, J. Carpenter, F. M. Carr, G. C.
Champion, H. G. Champion, F. Noad Clark, Dr. T. A. Chapman,
J. E. Collin, M. Cameron, H. Capper, E. A. Cockayne, C. W. Colthrup,
W. C. Crawley, Dr. F. A. Dixey, H. C. Dollman, H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe,
Hamilton Druce, Stanley Edwards, E. A. Elliott, H. M. Edelsten,
J. Edwards, F. W. Edwards, A. B. Earn, F. W. Frohawk, C. J.
Gahan, A. E. Gibbs, F. Gilliatt, T. W. Hall, P. Harwood, H.
Hodge, Prof. Selwyn Image, 0. E. Janson, 0. J. Janson, P. H. Jackson,
J. H. A. Jenner, F.*^B. Jennings, F. Jenkinson, A. H. Jones, E. C.
Joy, N. H. Joy, Dr. K. Jordan, W. F. Kirby, R. W. Lloyd, W. J.
Lucas, Hugh Main, R. S. Mitford, Rev. F. D. Morice, Claude Morley,
H. Maxwell-Lefroy, Rev. A. M. Moss, G. Meade-Waldo, W. E.
Nicholson, J. A. Nix, H. E. Page, R. M. Prideaux, Hon. N. C.
Rothschild, H. Rowland-Brown, N. D. Riley, A. Russell, H. A. Sauze,
W. E. Sharp, W. G. Sheldon, A. Sich, P. F. Skinner, A. J. Scollick, G.
0. Sloper, E. A. Smith, E. Step, H. Scott, B. H. Smith, Lieut.-Col. F.
W. Sampson, Rev. C. F. Thornewill, J. R. le B. Tomlin, A. E. Tonge,
Hy. J. Turner, C. J. Wainwright, Com. J. J. Walker, Rev. G. Wheelei-,
C. 0. Waterhouse, E. A. Waterhouse, J. Wright, Col. J. W. Yerbury.
It is evident that an annual social meeting of this character is
much appreciated by entomologists generally, and we hope that it
will not be allowed to drop. Possibly it may be continued in the
future more directly under the auspices of the Entomological Club.
At any rate, we must commend heartily the action of the President
of the Entomological Society, the Rev. F. D. Morice, for his suggestion
of a method, whereby the meeting was able to be held on this occasion,
and we must also thank those gentlemen who so ably supported him
in his action.

The following is a List of Officers and Council appointed by tha
Entomological Society of London for the ensuing year. President : —
The Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A. Treasurer : — Albert H. Jones.
Secretaries : — Commander James J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S,, and
the Rev. George Wheeler, M.A., F.Z.S. Librarian: — George C.
Champion, A.L.S., F.Z.S. Council : — Robert Adkin ; G. T. Bethune-
Baker.F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Malcolm Burr, D.Sc, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; H. St. J.
K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S.; John Hartley Durrant ; Stanley Edwards,
F.L.S., F.Z.S.; A. E. Gibbs, F.L.S., F.R.H.S. ; W. E. Sharp; Alfred
Sich; J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A.; Henry Jerome Turner; and Colbran
J. Wainwright.

The list of Officers and Council of the South London Entomological

-16 THE entomologist's RECORD.

and Natural History Society for the ensuing year is as follows : —
President :— A. E. Tonge, F.E.S. Vice-Presidents: — W. J. Kaye,
F.E.S., and B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S. Treasurer :—T. W. Hall,
F.E.S. Librarian: — A. W. Dods. Curator:— W. West (Greenwich).
Hon. Secretaries: — Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., and
Henry J. Turner, F.E.S. Council:— C. W. Colthrup ; F. W.
Cowham; A. E. Gibbs, F.L.S., F.E.S.; R. A. R. Priske, F.E.S. ;
A. Russell, F.E.S.; A. Sich, F.E.S.; and E. Step, F.L.S.

From the Aiinual Ileport of theLancaslnre and ('/leahire KntomoUujical
Societj/iov 1910, which has only recently reached us, having been wrongly
directed, we learn that the Council of the Society desire at an early
date to publish their Local Lepidoptera List, the MS. of which has
been accumulating for some years past. An appeal is made to all
members and friends to subscribe for copies, and the Report itself has
been much curtailed so that at the end of the year the balance may be
available to swell the publication fund. We wish this project success,
for such publications are most useful and important.

In the December number of ih.Q.Knto))wloijical iVcfcs is an account, with
portrait, of the late Rev. Dr. McCook, the author of that opm maijmun,
American Spiders and their Spinnim/ Work, a Natural History of the
Orbweaving Spiders of the United States with special regard to their
industry and habits, who passed away on the last day of October. " By a
peculiarly happy conjunction of capacities Dr. McCook was profoundly
equipped as an investigator and was also a skilful writer. His works,
therefore, are a happy combination of scientific accuracy and of the
charm which we usually look for only in romances." His later
writings have been of a more popular character, and we recall with
pleasure the perusal of that charmingly written work Ihe Tenants of
an Old l^arni, which we obtained from a second-hand bookstall for a
few pence, a short time ago.

In the December number of the Canadian Knto)nolot/ist F. Alexander
McDermott, of Washington, contributes an article entitled " Some
further Observations on the Light-emission of American Lampyridae :
The Photogenic Function as a Mating-adaptation in the Photinini,''
(American Glow-worms). Of the value and interest of the results of
this carefully organised series of observations the two following
extracts will give some idea. " The first observations were made upon
I'hotiniis jn/ralis. It was soon found to be easy to recognize the flash
of a female in answer to that of a male flying above her, but it was
not so readily determined that her answering flash had any eftect upon
the actions of the male. The flash of the female, while of the same
colour as that of the male is easily recognised after a little practice,
being slower— or rather of longer duration — and less intense. Persis-
tent watch, however, was rewarded by seeing the male drop, following
the answering flash of the female, flash again and drop still lower
after her second answer, alight a few inches away from her, crawl to-
wards her slowly, flashing at intervals — to each of which flashes she
responded — and finally locate and copulate with her. The complete
mating process was not followed until after several failures, where the
male after dropping would rise again, or would simply fail to locate
the female definitely, and fly away ; but since being observed once the
same entire process has been witnessed a number of times, and under

CURRENT NOTES. 47

somewhat differing conditions. . . . The answering flash of the
female does not occur immediately after the flash of the male, but at
a period — apparently approximately constant for all females of this
species — of about three to four seconds after the flash of the male.
This slight delay occurs in every normal case of mating observed with
this species, P. pyralh." " To test this matter further, and to see if
the females were sensitive to light in the field, as had been observed
in the laboratory, a number of safety matches were ignited at irregular
intervals above an area of a field where there were known to be
a number of females of P. pyralis, the match, during the flare of the
chemical ' head ' being swung in an arc in imitation of the dipping
flight and flash of the male P. pyralia, and being extinguished as soon
as the head burned out. In each instance the Jiash of the match ivaa
followed, within two to five seconds, by the flashes of females of P. pyralis
in the surroundiny yrass and weeds. . . . By the use of a small
electric bulb connected to a battery and push-button, a few feet away,
it was found quite as easy to deceive the male P. pyralis."

Tn the same number of this magazine is an article by Henry
H. Lyman of Montreal, entitled " Notes on the North American species
of Grapta {Polyyonia) in the British Museum." It appears that Mr.
Lyman brought over with him " authentic specimens of nearly all the
known species," and in the article he criticises practically each specimen
in the national collection showing that this group of difficult species
is in an almost hopeless tangle. Let us hope that some attempt will
be made to accept the results of the work of such a specialist.
Unfortunately the results of modern investigation are often ignored
absolutely by the museum authorities. Only within the last few days
the case of the genus Ilydroccia was brought to our notice. In the
last volume of the Cataloyue of the Noctuidae now being issued by the
Trustees the results of the valuable and convincing work of the Rev.
C. R. N. Burrows and Mr. F. N. Pierce is discarded, and
Hydroecia nictitans is the only species recognised, although these
gentlemen offered to place the whole of the evidence of the distinctness
of H. lucens, H. palndis, and H. crinanensis at the disposal of the
author. It is a pity these results are not included, as in a work
of world-wide circulation one does expect to find the latest facts
brought out by new lines of investigation.

OCIE TIE S

Entomological Society of London. — November 15th, 1911. — The
Rev. Samuel Proudfoot, 6, Lyme Grove, Altrincham, Cheshire, was
elected a Fellow. A New Zealand Weevil.— Commander Walker
exhibited three specimens of PhaedropJnlns o'connori, Broun, a large
and handsome weevil from Mount Quoin, Kaitoke, New Zealand. A
RARE ToRTRix. — Commauder Walker also exhibited a specimen of the
rare Tortrix, Phalonia [Iviipoecilia) implicitana, Wocke, taken by Mr.
H. G. Champion at Shoreham, Sussex, August, 1911. A New British
Ant. — Mr. W. C. Crawley exhibited a J and a ^ of Leptothora.r
tnherntn, Fabr., subspecies corf/mZ/.s, Schenk, new to Britain, found with
two larvie in an empty beech-nut at Pangbourne, Berks, April 24th,
1904. A Coccinellid and Mimosa Gum. — Mr. N. S. Sennett exhibited

48 THE entomologist's record.

some Coccinellids as found on Minmaa trees at Mont Estoril, in
Portugal, together with the small exudations of gum, presenting
what appeared to be a remarkable though hitherto unrecorded case of
Protective Mimicry. Brep Pyrameis cardui. — Mr. L. W. Newman
showed along series of I'l/rauieis canlni, hved from ? s captured at
Folkestone on September 2nd last. Ova were laid at once and placed
in a hot-house kept at about 80 degrees ; they hatched on September
7th, and the larvie fed up very rapidly on stinging nettle, the first
pupating on September 30th. Imagines started to emerge about a
week later, and all were out by October 16th — some 500 in all.
Considerable variation occurred. Rare Diptrra. — Mr. H. W.
Andrews exhibited two rare species of Diptera from north
Kent, viz., Syrphns lineola, Ztt., a g , taken at Bexley on July
8th, and Scionn/za aimjilex, Fin., both sexes, taken in the
Thames Marshes on June 23rd and July 1st, all in 1911. A
Probable Specimen of Cidaria concinnata. — Mr. E. A. Cockayne
exhibited a Geometer taken at Tongue, Sutherland, July 5bh, 1906,
closely resembling Cidaria {Di/sstroina) concinnata, Steph., specimens
of which were placed below for comparison. Some Local Forms of
Melanargia galathea. — Mr. J. Platt Barrett exhibited a drawer of
Melanan/ia ijalatUea containing: English specimens, specimens from
the Alps, from the Apennines, from Calabria, and from Sicily,
including var. pruciila, and var. si/racnsana. A Gigantic Spider. —
Mr. A. E. Tonga exhibited a very tine Mtji/ale from California.
Rhodesian Insects as Prey. — Professor E. B. Poulton exhibited the
following specimens sent to hiiu by Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton, all of
which had been captured on the outskirts (3,800 ft.) of Chirinda
Forest, Gazaland, S.E. Rhodesia : (1) The female form ////»/«>-
coon of Papilio dardanus (cenea), Stoll, rescued, September 8th,
1911, by one of his native collectors from a M'lanje Bulbul
{r/ii/llostroi)hiis inilanjensis) ; (2) Two wings of Precis arc/iesia,
Cr., and the fragments of a Blattid, probably of the genus
DeropL'ltis, taken June 25th, 1911, from a spider's web. A new
African Lycaenid. — ^Professor Poulton exhibited six male examples
of a remarkable Lycsenid, all captured, November 22nd, 1910, in
the Uhehe District (3,000-3,500 ft.) of German East Africa, by Mr.
S. A. Neave, F.E.S. The pattern and brilliant colours, which were
extraordinary in a Lycsenid, strongly suggested, on both upper and
under surface, the appearance, although on a smaller scale, of an
Acraca of the type of A. aneiiiosa, Hew. An abnormal Coi.koptekon. —
Mr. Stanley lulwards exbil)ited a specimen of (h'l/no/itcrn.s aiidouini,
a beetle from Borneo, with abnormal antenna^ apparently
gynandromorphous, and explained that Mr. Gahan had dissected it and
found the gcnitiilia to be entirely $ . Scarce Colkoptkra.— Mr. H. C.
l)()llinan ( xbihiled the following species of Colcoptera :-— /7j/7<i»//(((.s
intcnnediii.s, Bois., ab. donisihn> jk i, I )olhuan, described in the I'lnt. Hcc,
December, 1910; Stcnns forhiicttonnn, Mann., introduced as lU'itish in
the Knt. lice, April, 1911 ; neinl)e(liiinujiiadripii,sti(latiiiii,Di.,iiue-s.iimp\e
from Ditchling, Sussex, August 17th, 1911 ; I h/pup/ilacns linearis, F.,
retaken at Oxshott, in July of this year, a species hitherto taken in
Great Britain, only in Surrey, at Oxshott and Woking; Mi/cctoporiis
fiirticornis, Fauv. (one specimen from the New Forest), with
M. clavicornis, Steph., for comparison ; I'hilonthns airniscus, Gr., taken

SOCIETIES. 49

from a dead rabbit at Ditchling ; and Stenim nwrio, Gr., from Ditchling,
taken in October, 1910. Bred series of Ackaea orestia and A.
HUMiLis. — Mr. H. Eltringham exhibited a bred series of Acraea orestia,
Hew., containing the typical form, and also the A. hiwiili.^ of Miss E.
M. Sharpe, thus demonstrating the truth of the conclusion at which
he had previously arrived as to the specific identity of these two forms.
He also showed three ^ black and yellow Acraeas, one of which was
the A. circei.s of Drury from S. Leone. The other two while differing
in appearance from A. circeis were themselves exactly alike, but for
the fact that the two tarsal claws of the second and third pairs of feet
were equal and similar in one specimen, and unequal and dissimilar in
the other. A long and interesting discussion followed on the question
of the importance of the tarsal claws as a means of specific distinction,
and on the possible correlation of uneven claws in the 3-, and the
abdominal sac in the $ . Descriptions of British Rhopalocera. —
Mr. Champion called attention to a paper by M. Roger Verity in the
"Bulletin do la Societe entomologique de France," October 11th,
1911, on new Scottish races of Eiebia oet/iiops, Esp. (race calcdonia),
Sati/rus se)iiele (race seota), and I'aran/e nteyaera (race caledunia). The
following papers were communicated : — " Descriptions of South
American Micro-Lepidoptera," by E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S. "New
Species of Hawaiian Hymenoptera, with notes on some previously
described," by R. C. L. Perkins, D.Sc, M.A., F.E.S. "Notes on
Hawaiian Hemiptera, with descriptions of new Species," by R. C. L.
Perkins, D.Sc, M.A., F.E.S. "Experiments in the Formation of
Colonies bv Lasins fiili(/inosiis, $ s," by Horace Donisthorpe, F.Z.S.,
and W. C. Crawley, F.E.S.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
— Annual K.vliibitiun of Varieties, etc. — Xove)iiber 2Sr(l. — The Rev. F.
D. Morice, M.A., F.E.S., was elected a member. — Mr. South exhibited
an extreme melanic aberration of llrentltis selene, a dark-banded Epiu/ra
linearia, llniiricia phlaeas var. elens, Ti, n/ilaeas var. sriuiiidtii, a fine series
of varieties of Leptofirannna literana, etc. Mr. R. Adkin, two series of
aberrations of Abraxas (/rossitlariata (a) trom wild larvte, (b) from
inbreeding, and a Zonosoina orbicidaria with the whole of the wings of
a rich red-brown, etc. Mr. BJenkarn, varied series of Ainorplia popidi
and Bupalns piniaria, and a Brenthis selene almost devoid of transverse
markings. Mr. Newman, a series of Mellinia ocellaris including the
forms similar to M. ;/ilra(/o and Citria fulrar/o, a large number of the
more striking varieties from the " Capper " collection, a lemon-tipped
ab. of Eachlo'e cardamines, a Brenthis ettplirosijne with black hindwings,
a Pijranieis cardiri with apex of forewing largely black, fine abs. of
Ai/riailes roridon, etc. Mr. A. Quarrington, a /'. cardiii with
conspicuous blue spots, a yellow I'obpjonia r-albuw, A. coridon with
large confluent spots, H. pidaeas with almost obsolete marginal bands,
etc. Mr. Bright, a drawer containing all the finest extreme varieties
from the collection of the late Mr. J. A. Clarke, and a drawer of
varieties of Anior/dia popiili including a magnificent gynandromorph.
Mr. Turner, a series of Krebia aetliinps from Scotland (var. Caledonia)
and many continental localities, a long series of L\i]ierina nickerlii
including a fine series of the ifiieiteei race from Mr. Baxter (St. Anne's-
on-Sea), a set of the E. Pyrenean race t/raslini from M. Oberthiir, and
the type from Bohemia, many forms of L. testacea kindly sent him by

50 THE entomologist's record.

the same gentleman from France and Algeria, together with a number
of L. duinerilH from the same localities. Mr. Main, long and fine
series of Boannia repandata bred by the late Mr. Harrison and himself,
the results of crossing the dark and conversaria forms. The Rev. F.
D. Morice, the smallest known bee, Ceratina parvida, and the largest
bee, Xijlocnpa sp. ?, Gilbert White's " Hoop-shaver bee " Anthulium
manication, the famous " Upholsterer bee " Osniia papaverh, and a
Mediterranean snail -shell -inhabiting bee O. ferriKjinea, and also
raicrophotographs of the " saws " of the sawfly genus Dolerus.
The Rev. J. E. Tarbat, Gnnplios ohscurata from many localities,
including ochreous and almost black forms from the same place,
Budleigh Salterton. Mr. Barnett, a fine varied series of Apamea
leucosty/ma and var. fibrosa from the Fen District. Mr. Hchooling, a
second brood Aictia caja with only an imperfect narrow fascia and a
few apical and costal spots of cream colour on the forewings. Mr.
Colthrup, a very long series of this year's Colias lujale from East Kent.
Mr. B. H. Smith, a Melanippe montanata almost white, Catoeala niipta
with smoky brown hind wings, three A(jriiis comolvuli from
Warlingham, with specimens of Phryj'iis livornica, Sterrha aacraria,
Lap/njf/iiia e.ci;/tia, Plusia ni, and series of Volia xanthomhta, and
litimicia pJdoeas, including a partial var. sclniiiiltii, all from South
Cornwall in September last. Mr. Sich, the Gelechiid, An/i/ritis
pktella, which used to occur on Barnes Common ; and for Mr. Green,
Deprt'saaria pntridella from its North Kent habitat. Mr. K. G. Blair,
Muiias t'diae asymmetrical, teratological specimens, Carabus caUnidatuf
with reflex margins of thorax excised, and Piiiwlia foniicata right
antenna doubly branched, and for Mr. W. N. Blair, examples of the
Medicinal Leech from the New Forest. Mr. Tonge, stereoscopic
slides of lepidopterous ova in situ, wild laid, with specimens of
the imagines of the genera Tvochilinm and .Et/eria, and also varied
bred series of Cidaria tnincata (nissata) and Lohopltora viretata. Mr.
Pratt, an extreme dark margined form of Eplajra pondidaria. Mr.
Baumann, IJijdrioiiieiia furcata {sordidata) bred from Surrey with a
black series from Manchester, very pale Dianthoecia rarpopliai/a from
the Sussex coast, etc. Mr. Scorer, aberrations of R. pidacas longtailed,
spotless underside, P. mocliaon heavily banded, EncJdoe cardamint's with
white streak through the orange patch, Port/icsia siitiilis with black edged
COsta, Calliiiiorpha douiinnla with rounded wings, /'. napi $ heavily
spotted, etc. Mr. St. Aubyn, two ab. Jiava of A. fdipcndnlae from
Coulsdon. The Rev. F. M. B. Carr, a collection made in mid-Wales
last June, including Plusia interronationis, a fine varied series, Acidalia
fuiiiata, Atputis litcernea, etc. Mr. Andrews, dwarf Diptera, Pxunbijliiix
viajor, Kriatalix pertina.v, and C/iri/soc/daiin/s riiprea, and for Mr. Barraud,
a teratological specimen of Sjrilof/aster iditiinosa with missing fourth
longitudinal vein. Mr. Stanley Edwards, Papiliojiidac, P. poliirves,
and allied /'. lurliniis and P. ni/assinns from Africa compared with /'.
oy'fl.c and /'. niarciilus from America. Mr. Piatt Barrett, J and J com-
parisons of British and Sicilian butterflies, (i. i/tanini and (r. dcopatra,
I iipparihia ficiiii'lcand var. ah/iiira, K. jitrtina with var. hispuUa and var.
Jortunata, a long series of Eiic/dni' damoiti', sets of geographical forms of
Melanan/ia i/alat/ieo, ]>ritish, Alpine, Apennine, Calabrian, Sicilian,
at various elevations, etc. Mr. Barnett, for Mr. Cannot, a WheeUria
spiludavtyla, Freshwater, with no cleft in forewings and one only in

SOCIETIES. 51

hindwings. Mr, Kaye, an unusually large spray of the magnificent
orchid Cattlci/a labiata, five flowers. Mr. Pickett, results of breeding
Ani/erona pDdiaria under coloured muslins, red, pink, orange-yellow,
and cream with green pattern, and aberrational series of M. ^/alatltea,
Agriades coridnn {senii-si/ni/raplia, ohsolcta, striata, viinor), etc. Mr.
Sheldon, European Dinrni, taken by himself in the Riviera, south
Spain, Digne, etc., including fine series of Zegris etiphemc var.
meridionalU, Thais rinnina, var. canteneri, var. medesicaste, and ab.
honoratii, Araschnia levana, var. prorsa, and var. porima, etc. Mr.
Frisby, nearly all the species of British bees in the genera Andrena
and Cilissa. Mr. W. J. Kaye, a drawer of species of Syntomidae he
had taken at flowers in South Brazil, and gave notes on their habits.
December lith, 1911. — Special Meeting. — It was agreed unanimously
at an usually large meeting to increase the annual subscription to ten
shillings, and the life composition to six guineas. Okdinaky Meeting.
—Mr. R. G. Todd, of Hadley Wood, Mr. G. E. H. Peskett, of Ilford,
Mr. A. Quarrington, of Norwood, and Mr. E. A. Stowell, B.A., of
Kingston, were elected members. Rumicia phl^eas. — There was a special
exhibition of Rioiiicia p/daeas and its allies. Mr. Tonge, series from
S.E. counties and bred continental specimens ; Mr. Newman, on
behalf of Mr. Quarrington, ab. schmidtii and striated forms ; the Rev.
G. Wheeler, series from England, Italy, S. France and S. Switzer-
land, including suffused examples, ab. caemleopiinctata, ab. hipunctata,
etc. ; Mr. R. Adkin, representative series from Eastbourne this j^ear,
and analysed the variation occurring there ; Mr. A. E. Gibbs,
series from England, N.E. France, E. Pyrenees, Corsica, Algeria,
Turkistan and Japan, together with many closely allied species
from the Palsearctic and Nearctic Regions ; Mr. Turner, series
including his ab. alba from Brasted ; Mr. R. South, a selection
illustrating the ordinary variation, including ab. schmidtii, and pointed
out how the variation of the American representative hypopJdaeas had
an almost parallel range ; Mr. Cowham, ab. schmidtii from Oxshott ;
Mr. Frohawk, a long bred series of C. dispar var. rutilns from
Continental ova; Mr. C. P. Pickett, long and varied series of four
broods in 1911, and many aberrations during the past ten years; Mr.
Edwards, closely allied Central and E. Asian forms ; and Mr. Kaye,
bred specimens. In the subsequent remarks it was noted that the
species had appeared in great abundance even in gardens and streets,
that there were extremely few striking aberrations, that the later
broods were generally darker, that the larva hibernated in any instar,
and that the species was by no means common in Switzerland.
Hymenoptera. — Mr. West (Greenwich), exhibited a drawer of the
Society's cabinet, in which he had arranged the British Hymen-
optera recently presented to the Society. Swiss Lepidoptera.
— Mr. Ashdown, collection of Lepidoptera taken by him in
Switzerland and near Chamonix in June and July last.
Aberrations. — Mr. Newman, a number of well-marked aberrations
from the collection of Mr. Hills, of Folkestone. Blue 5 P. icarus. —
Mr. Quarrington, a fine blue $ of Poli/ommatus icarus. E. atomaria,
VARs. — Mr. Buckstone, a series of variations of Ematunja atomaria.
Third generation of A. virgularia. — Mr. South, a long series of three
generations of Acidalia vin/ularia, reared in 1911 from a 2 taken at
Bishop Auckland in 1910. Autumn-bred A. iris. — Mr. Joy, two

52 THE entomologist's record.

autumn-bred specimens of Apatura iris, the rest of the brood going
over as hirva) as usual. Dark L. deplana and Capture of Peripi.aneta
AUSTRALASIA. — Mr. Bleukarn, light and dark examples of Lithosia
deplana, and a specimen of the cockroach Periplanela axstralasiae,
taken from a case of oranges from Jamaica. Sexual dimorphism of
E. halitherses. — Mr. Edwards, the remarkably sexually dimorphic
species hhiiipus lialithcracs, of which the 5 mimics a Kuploca. H.
semele, var. — Mr. Pickett, a very richly marked aberration of
Hipparchia semele. The " Tugwell Herbarium." — Mr. Step, a further
portion of the " Tugwell Herbarium," which he had been renovating
for the Society, and to contain which Mr. R. Adkin had most kindly
ffiven a handsome cabinet.

Samuel James Capper, F.L.S., F.E.S.

Samuel James Capper, of Huyton Park, Liverpool, President and
founder of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society, passed
away at his residence on the evening of January 21st., in his eighty-
seventh year. He was a Londoner by birth and early came under the
influence of natural history, for he was sent to a boarding school at
Epping, where the brothers Doubleday did all they could to induce the
young to take an interest in the local Lepidoptera. In course of time
he settled in Liverpool and became a partner in the well-known firm
of Thompson and Capper, manufacturing chemists. He soon met with
the late Benjamin Cooke and other Lancashire collectors, and resumed
his boyhood's pursuit, which he continued to follow with unflagging
energy until a few years ago. In 1874 he met with an accident while
collecting in N. Wales, and was henceforth too lame to carry on his
field-work. Nothing daunted, if he could not go to entomology,
entomology must come to him. In 1887 the Lancashire and Cheshire
Entomological Society was inaugurated at his house in Huyton Park,
himself as first President, an office he held until his death.

His written work has been small, but his Annual Addresses to the
above Society show him to have been a man of very wide and deep
reading, and one whose knowledge of entomology, gained by experience
in the field, was no mean amount. In the Knt. lleeord, vol. x., p. 54,
there is reprinted an address given by him on " Entomological
Literature in Britain," and a portrait of him will be found in the
l]rit. Xat. (continuation of )'oiin;i Nat.) vol. ii., p. 60. For many years
he had taken every opportunity to add to his collections, which
contained a very large number of interesting and unique varieties. In
the Xatiiralists' Journal, vol. v., p. 20, etc., S. L. Mosley gives a most
interesting account of a visit he paid to Huyton Park. Subsequently,
a large number of the aberrations of British Lepidoptera in the
collection, were figured by Mosley in his lllustratidns of Varieties of
Ihitish Lepidoptera and in the volumes of tlie Xatnralists' Journal.
During the last few years Mr. Capper's declining strength prevented
his taking much interest in his insects, and finally last autumn
he parted with the whole of them to Mr. L. \V. Newman, by
whom they are being dispersed. He was a member of the Society of
Friends.— H. J. T.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Bii)g Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6, 3/-. Folding Nets, 3/6,
4/-, 4/6. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes (deal), 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc
Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen, 1 gross, 1/6.
Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor
cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; IJin., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2iin.,
1/-; SJin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/8. Set'ting
Houses, 9/6, 11/6; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage,
2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases,
japanned double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennie 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3^, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass
Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes,
from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,
2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sesiidae, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Egos, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, &c.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OP INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic).
Birds, Mammah, etc., Preserved and Mounted by First class Workmen.

36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C., ENGLAND.

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe,

By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.Z.S., F.L.S.. F.E.S., &c.

Bound in Cloth, 160 pp., with good Index (Specific and Generic).

Price 3sm neim

A pocket handbook for the use of collectors in the field. Covers all species found west
of the Carpathian Mts. Description of each species, habits, habitats and distribution

Will he sent Po.'^t Free on receipt of Postal Order for 3s. to —

A. H., 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E>

BARGAINS! BARGAINS!! BARGAINS!!!

Having bought several large collections lately I can ofler many species at low rates
to clear my duplicates. About 500-600 well assorted Moths (many on black pins and
labelled) in a large good store box. Box and contents 10/6, postage 5d.

The following all good specimens at per doz., not less than half-doz. of a species sold
at these prices: — Aegeria 1/3, Artemis 1/6, Cinxia 1/6, T. quercus 1/6, Adonis lOd.,
Corydon lOd., Lineola 1/3, Elpenor 2/0, Populi 1/-, Culiciformis 2/-, Geryon 1/3, Staticeg
1/3, Minos 5/-, Mehloti 1/6, Cucullatella 1/ , Confusalis 2/-, EubricoUis 2/-, Dominula 9d,,
Fuliginosa 1/5, Potatoria 1/-, Falcula 6d., Hamula 2/-, Plumigera 4/-, Dictaea 2/-, Ziczag
1/3, Curtula 1/3, Diluta 1/3, Muralis 1/6, Coryli 1/3, Rumicis 1/6, Impura 9d., Pallens 9d.,
Lutosa 2/-, Flavago 2/-, Rurea 1/-, var. combusta 2/-, Australis 2/-, Popularis 1/6,
Basilinea 1/-, Gemina 1/-, Oculea 6d., Strigilis 9d., Fasciuncula 9d., Furuncula 9d.,
Haworthii l/9,.Trilinea 1/3, Morpheus 1/6, Alsines 1/6, Blanda 1/6, Ambigua2/-, Cubicu-
laris 9d., Valligera 1/6, Suffusa 1/-, Saucia 1/6, Corticea 1/3, Cinerea j s 10/-, Ripse 4/-,
Cursoria 1/6, Nigricans 1/3, Tritici 1/-, Porphyrea 1/-, Glareosa 1/6, Augur 1/-, C-nigrum
1/-, Brunnea 9d., Festiva 9d., Conflua 1/9, Bajal/-, Fimbria 1/6, Janthina 1/-, Pyramidea
1/-, Typica 9d., Piniperda 1/6, Rubricosa 9d., Gothica 9d. Box (non returnable) and
postage 4d. extra.

Next Month many more species, look out for them.

L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

The Orthoptera of the Madeira, Malcolm Burr, D.Sc, F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S.

(with plate) 29

Myrmecophilous Notes for 1911, H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

(concluded) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

A Month in Switzerland and elsewhere, George Wheeler, M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

(to be concluded) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Scientific Notes and Observations : — Foodplant of Hesperia sidoe, H. Powell,

F.E.S. Variation in Euchloe euphenoides, Ibid . . . . .. . . . . 44

Notes on Collecting, etc : — From Algiers, H. Poicell, F.E.S. Issoria lathonia,

R. Ashton Nichols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Current Notes and Short Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Societies : — The Entomological Society of London. The South London Entomo-
logical and Natural History Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Obituary: — Samuel James Capper, F.L.S., F.E.S. H.J.T 52

Contributions remain over for want of space from G. Wheeler, G. T. Bethune-Baker,
H. C. Dollman (with plate), P. A. and D. A. J. Buxton, W. C. Crawley, J. Taylor,
Douglas H. Pearson, N. Manders, E. A. Cockayne, J. T. Fountain.

Seasonal notes on British Lepidoptera will appear in due course from C. W. Colthrup,
EusselE. James, F. G. Whittle, J. F. Bird, A. Kussell, Alf. Sich, H. A.shton Nichols, etc.

We hope that those who intend sending ua an account of their doings for 1911 will do
so ere long, as we should like to know more of what our English workers are doing. Will
those who are studying the Micro-lepidoptera help us, by sending in notes of their
captures and observations.

Rambles in Alpine Valleys.

Bound in Cloth, with Map and Photographs of District.
Price 3s. 6d.
This book contains a series of essays dealing with the colours of insects, and sugges-
tions as to the relation in past time between the Alpine and British fauna. Many new
facts are brought forward, and entomological problems discussed from various standpoints.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh.

(Crown 8vo., Illustrated, 224 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Bound

in Cloth. (Price 2/6).
Another series of collecting expeditions into well-known entomological and natural
history localities, with description of botanical, geological, ornithological as well as
gUtomological matters of interest to be found therein. The places dealt with include
Qobham Woods, Cuxton Downs, the Western Highlands, Cliffe— all well known for their
jjch entomological fauna.

To be obtained from J. Herjiert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road,
Brockley, S.E.

Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen, and Hill.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Bound in Cloth, Crown 8vo. Price Three Shillings net.

A detailed account of the fauna and flora of some well-known British natural history
localities : — Wicken, Deal, Chattenden, the Medway Marshes, Isle of Wight, etc.

Postal Orders to —

Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E

Subscriptions for Vol. XXXIV. arejiow overdue.

Vol. XXIV.

No, 3.

.^

.^^

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD
JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

a r!^m<^ATT i. t s FES I T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F-Z-S-i F.E.8
EichardS. BAGNALL., F.L.s.,F.E.s. ^-f"-^ rOLLIN. f.e.s.
T. HUDSON BEAllE ^'.%t J K DONISTHOR^

B.SO., F.l!..i>., I'.R.S.l-. "• oi. u. F!f8. F.E.I

GEORGE T. BETHUNE.BAKER ^^^_ " •

F.Z.S., F.L.S., r.t.s,. f p 1 g. TOMLIN, M.A., F.I.s.
Kyc\"N:'BUBROWS*;F.E^s. I SE^Ri^E^WHEELER.M....K...B.

and
Henry J. TUENER, f.e.s.,

Editorial Secretary;,,,-— "— — ~<;,^

^/VR ?,9 1913

V

fy

.j7\

Price SlXPElT^"'""' '''

(WITH ONE PLATE.)

ascription for Complete Volume, post fr

(Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.)

SEVEN SHILLINGS.

TO BE VORWABDED TO

HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S.,

"BEBTR0SK,••lGELLATLV.B0AD,(NE^V CbOSS, S.E.

LONDON :

ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Eow, E.G.

BERLIN :

K.IFEIEDLANDER & SOHN,

' 11,' Cari.strasse, N.W.

OVA, LARV^, AND PUP/E-

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, mntamoloixi&i,

BURNISTON, Nr. SeT^RBOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,

etc., sent on application.
Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

STEVENS' AUCTION ROOMS. (Estd. 1760.)

PRELIMINARY NOTICE.

Mr. J. C. STEVENS will offer for Sale by Auction at his great rooms, 38, King Street,
Covent Garden, London, W.C., on

TUESDAY, APRIL 23pd, 1912,

The Fourth Portion of the

COLLECTION of LEPIDOPTERA,

Formed by the Late

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Comprising long series in fine condition of British Tortrices, including long and
varied series of Peroneas. Also British Tinea, good series of the Psychidse and
Nepticulse (vide Brit. Lep., vol. i.), most of the Elachistidae and Gelechidse.

Also British Crambi in excellent condition, including siilinellus, contaminelbis,
anellus, etc., British Pterophorids, and the remainder of the British Geometers {Cidaria,
etc.), together with the cabinets containing them.

Catalogues may be had on application 7 days prior at the Auction Rooms,
38, King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARV.S: A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to — — — — ^— — ^— — ^^^—

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Yernon, Dpllymount, DUBLIN.

Subscribers to Seitz Macrolepidoptera of the World

are requested to write immediately

to the Publishing Office if they wish to receive the
published parts without delay.

Latest issued parts are: Palxarctica, No. 90; Exotica, 70.

THE PUBLISHING OFFICE :

Stuttgart: Poststrasse 7. Verlag des Seitz'schen Werkes.

(Alfked Keenen).

Vol. XXIV.

Plate II.

Del. Hereirard C. Dollman.

Mysia oblongo-odttata, L., ab. nigro-guttata, n. ab.
(r. antenna should be exactly like l.)

The K)itomolo!iii>t's Record, etc., 1912.

NOTES FROM THE WYE VALLEY. 53

Mysia oblongoguttata, L, ab. nigroguttata, n. ab. {with plau).

By HEREWARD C. DOLLMAN, F.E.S.
This is a striking aberration inasmuch as the elytra, usuallj' quite
unmarked with black in this species, exhibit six well-defined ivory-
black spots. The two dark longitudinal lines on the thorax that are
sometimes observable in normal specimens are in this aberration very
strong, being unusually broad and black. The clubs of the antennae,
the femora wholly, and the tibiae in part, are also black.

In contoiu-, sculpture, and size, the specimen does not depart from the
normal. The clypeus, the front of the head, the eyes, the first joint and club of
the antennas, and the apical portion of the last joint of the maxillary palpi b!ack,
with the base of the head (narrowly), and the other joints of the antenna) and
maxillary palpi reddish-testaceous ; thorax with the broad white borders
narrowly margined with black (from posterior to anterior angles), and the dark
longitudinal lines very broad and black; elytra light testaceous-brown, with the
margins somewhat lighter, with the usual irregular light longitudinal lines and
oblong spots, but. each of the latter marked within with a large well-defined jet
black centre ; legs, with the except'on of the apical half of the tibise and the
tarsi, which are dark reddish-brown, black.

The type specimen beaten from I'iniis sylrestris at Oxshott, Surrey,
on Julv 4th, 1911.

Notes from the Wye Valley: Lepidoptera in 191 1.

By J. F. BIRD.
The semi-tropical summer last year will, no doubt, be long
remembered, and I do not think I need say more than that we, in
common with the rest of England, sorely felt the want of rain. The
whole country looked scorched up, the leaves fell off' the trees, and not
only did garden plants suffer, but many hardy wild floAvers and weeds
of the countryside shrivelled up and gave up the struggle for existence.
The long spell of fine and hot weather was responsible for the second
appearance of a number of species of Lepidoptera, and also one or two
cases of even a third emergence occurred. Some rather dwarfed
individuals were noticed, which is hardly to be wondered at considering
the effects of the weeks of drought, but on the whole most appeared to
be of average expanse of wing.

Before referring to some of the insects met with during 1911, I
may mention that I recorded in the Wye Valley last year 262 species
of Macro-lepidoptera (counting larv;p), or nearly one- third of those to
be found in Britain. These notes, unless otherwise specified, will
relate to the parish of 8t. Briavels in Gloucestershire.

DicRNi. — Pieris hrassicac, though common, was not unusually
so; while the two smaller "whites," /'. ra/iae and P. napi, were
exceptionally abundant, especially during their second appearance.
I noticed that many of the second brood of P. napi were strongly
marked and exhibited one or tw^o extra spots between the veins on
the hindwings, the result, as I have previously noticed in the Wye
Valley, of a hot summer. Kuchloi' {Antltovliaiis) cardainines was fairly
common and many larvse were found feeding on the seed-pods of
Hesperis iiiatrnnalis, which seems rather a favourite garden food-plant
oi the species. Goneptenjx rhawni was plentiful in the spring and also
after the emergence of "the fresh brood. Bitlnjs (jiiercits was more
March 15th, 1912.

54 THii; kntomologist's record.

abundant than I have ever seen it. As I wished to obtain some ova I
watched one of the females which seemed to be ovipositing while
crawling up and down the twigs at the end of a low-hanging branch
of an oak. She kept her abdomen curved so as to feel along the bark,
and several times appeared to lay an egg below projections such as
buds or the base of smaller twigs. After she had flown to another part
of the tree I picked the twigs she had been on, bat was disappointed not
to find any ova, although I carefully examined with a pocket lense each
spot, where I thought I had seen one deposited. Several of these
butterflies forsook the tree-tops and were to be seen flying about and
settling on bracken, and a male netted on August 9th was flitting about
a hovel yard in the manner of l\ tear us and alighting on nettles and
other weeds. I also noticed one on a very hot day drinking on the wet
mud by the river-side. Ridiiicia p/daeaa swarmed everywhere and was
noticed on the wing right into October. I fancy there were three broods
during the year. On September 24th, 1 netted one a,h.')adiata 2 going
to the flowers in my garden, rolyonniiatus icarnti was also verj- plentiful,
and on several evenings I searched for aberrations among those
asleep on the stems of grass, etc., and the two best, both taken on August
7th, were (i) a ? ab. arena, and (ii) a <? with forewings of ordinary
colour, but bordered with a blue of slightly paler shade, and the hind-
wings with a marginal row of black spots. Cdastrina an/ioltis was
more in evidence during the summer than in the spring. In July I
met with several of the males on the heather. A search on ivy in the
autumn only produced one larva. A/iatiira iris. — During the summer
I believe I saw three of these butterflies on the wing, but not clearly
enough to say so for certain. However, I was presented with one by
a non-entomological neighbour of mine, who captured it in August,
1910, while it was fluttering on a window in her house. The specimen,
a female, is slightly asymmetrical, the wings on the left side being
rather smaller than those on the right. Poliii/nnia c-albuni. — I did not
see a single hybernated specimen in the spring, although I was on the
look-out for a female or two to send a corresf ondent, and, as luck
would have it, when the summer brood were on the wing I only saw
females when I was without my net. (If my correspondent reads this
it will explain why he received none from me.) On August 24th,
while paying a visit to my father at Tintern, I noticed one of the
autumn brood just emerged and clinging to an empty pupa-case, which
was attached to a wire for training creepers fixed on the side of a
window. A search among the hop-plants growing close by produced
several pupa? and one nearly full-fed larva. At/lais nrticae.— During
the scorching summer and the early autumn this butterfly frequently
entered the house and settled in odd corners as if to hybernate, but
after resting like this for a few days flew out again. One of these
visitors suddenly became lively one night (September 7th) and began
flying about our dining-room, and when it settled it did so on the
ceiling immediately above the lamp with wings displayed as if basking
in sunshine. I did not pay much attention to it at first, but it
suddenly struck me, when glancing up at the butterfly, that there was
something rather odd about it, so I bottled it. I afterwards found that
the two black spots on the forewings between veins 2 and 4 were
almost imperceptible. Vaneam in was again plentiful, but only two or
three specimens were seen of t'l/rameis atalanta and P. cardiii. The

NOTES FROM THE WYE VALLEY. 55

two early " fritillaries," Brenthis eii}>]irosyne and B. selene, were
abundant in their usual haunts, but Dnjas paphia I did not see any-
where except in one spot by the side of the river where it was not
scarce. Pararr/e ae;/eria and P. meijaera were most plentiful, especially
towards the end of the summer. One of the latter I saw lay an egg,
which she deposited, as I have before noticed when observing this
insect, on a dead and brown blade hanging downwards from a clump
of grass growing at the edge and on the top of a wall. On August
23rd, one specimen of /'. acucria was noticed going to the treacle
spread on a tree-trunk the previous evening to attract moths. Both
Kpinephele Jurtina and Aphantnpua {Enodia) Jn/perontus were as
common as usual, but I only saw one or two Epinephele tithonus.
This last species I have only found common along the hedges of one
lane in this district. Coenomjwpha painphilus, Hesperia malvae,
Adnpaea flaca, Au;/iades si/lranns and Nisoniades tar/es were rather more
plentiful than usual.

Heteeocera. — Aiiiorplia poptili. — The ova and larvae were not un-
common on poplar and sallow. Until last year I have only seen a
very few each season. Kuwnrpha dpenor. — I have not yet found this
species here, but last year my father obtained three larviB on the
Monmouthshire side of the river. Sesia stellatarnm. — One only seen,
in August, hovering at Sweet-William in my garden. Acf/erin tipnli-
formis. — My father took one at Tintern in his garden ; the only
specimen noted by us in the Wye Valley. Hepiulns hunnili was most
abundant in the meadows, and I obtained some rather nice forms,
including a plain yellow female with practically no markings visible.
Hylupldla prasinana. — Metted at dusk and also taken in the larval
stage. Xola cucullateUa. — One at light on July 7th ; the first I have
seen here. Neither have we found it a common species in Monmouth-
shire. X.coiifiisalis. — Only one last year. Lifhosia {Cabosia) viesotiwlla.
— One only, caught with my hand as it flew past me at early dusk
while I was fishing. Xojh'ophila jdantaiiinis. — Not uncommon at the
beginning of .June. I find this moth is much attached to patches of
bracken. Arctia villica. — I was pleased to see one of these handsome
moths at Tintern, but the specimen, a 3 , was too worn to take.
Spilo><intia {Phracpitatobia) fuUijinos^a. — In the Spring I found on one of
my poultry-runs a newly-spun cocoon containing a larva. Spilosoma
menilica.—Sexeval females were seen in early summer flying in the
daytime. Poithesia similis. — Two imagines only; the first I have seen
on this side of the Wye. Dasychira pudibimda. — At light. Fumea
casta. — The cases numerous on tree trunks and stone walls.
The imagines of Drepana falcataria were commoner than usual and
several of both broods were disturbed from the bushes or
netted at dusk. I also bred one on August 22nd from
a larva found on alder. Centra bifida. — I was unfortunate in only
finding empty eggshells of this insect on the poplar bushes, and I am
afraid the wood-ants were responsible for my want of success in finding
the larvre. (.'. n'uida. — Ova and larvte were seen on sallow and poplar.
Notodonta {Leiocavipa) dictaea. — I failed in breeding this insect from
the ova obtained in 1910, but hope I shall be more successful this
season. Last year I found a few ova on the small poplar bushes and
now have four pupae. Larvae were found of Notodonta droniedarius,
Lopliopteryx catnelina and Phalcra bucephala. Diloba caernleocephala

56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

was common at light in October. 1 found one or two of the larvae
feeding on Cotnueaster. Gonophora derasa and Tltyatira batis were
netted at dusk, but neither were very common. Anphalia diliita
turned up at light, and also at treacle, in August. The larvae of A.
jiavicornis were, as usual, abundant on birch bushes. Acroni/cta
lepuiiiia. — Two fine specimens bred. Jocheaera alni. — On July 25th,
a full-fed larva was found crawling on the path in a wood. It spun
up a few days later in a dried hollow parsley stem. By a curious
coincidence I found this caterpillar while walking with my father, and
our conversation at the time was about another of these larvfe which
he had found a few days previously on sloe in the New Forest, Hants.
Tiicuna tridens. — My father bred a nice series, including one from a
larva found here in 1910, the rest being the oft'spring of a female he
took at Wicken. rharetra niniicis. — I found a number of the larvfe
on my strawberry plants at the end of June, and from those I kept,
bred specimens of the second brood during the third week of July.
Aijrotin pitta. — One at light and another netted at dusk. A<irotis
{Lijropliotia) ntri(iida. — The first one netted was on June 9th. Is not
this rather an early date? The earliest I have taken it before in this
district has been July 4th. Xoctiia festira. — The males, as usual,
very common, but only two females netted. Xoctna tiiaufitdiim. —
Netted at dusk. Hadena pisi is apparently rare in this district. I
bred one from a larva found here on broom, and also a nice series
from larvic obtained on Barnes Common, Surrey, where I noticed
them in hundreds. My Gloucestershire specimen is a much greyer
moth than the Surrey specimens. Mainestra hrassicae. — I only men-
tion this common insect because I have never seen so many of the
autumn brood before. They almost monopolised the treacled trees in
August. Dianthoecia eapsinenla I captured at Sweet-William, the
first time I have taken it here. Polia chi and P. tlaviti}icta were
noticed on the stone walls, the former being plentiful. Auriopia
aprilina. — A few larviT^ were found resting in crevices of the bark on
oak trunks. A new record for us in the Wye Valley. Miana fas-
ciioinda. — Several netted at dusk. I have only met with it before in
this district on the Monmouthshire side of the Wye. Another new
record for me here was (jorti/na orltracea { jIara;io), and I bred several
from pupte found in foxglove stems. Hijdioecia uiicacea. — A few
taken between August 7th and 30th. Taeniocampa miniosa. —
Five larvae on oak which fed up very well until after the last
moult, when for some unknown reason all but one died. 7'. mniida
absolutely swarmed in March on the windows, and I picked out
a nice variable series. The larvae were seen later on oak and
pear. I'arhnohia rubricosa was also attracted by the lamps in
March and the beginning of April. In the autumn, visitors to ivy-
blossom included 'J'rip/iaena pronnba, Miselia oxtjacanthac, including
ab. capiirina, Caradrina (piadvipunctata, Amathes (Auchoacclis) /iclrola
{nt/ina), A. pistarina, A. litiira, A. lota, A. vtacilenta, ^Jdlinia
circellaris, Tiliacca citrat/a (common, but mostly worn), T. auiai/o (2),
(hrhodia vacciuii, 0. li;iula (spailirca) (the only one I have seen on
this side of the river), Scopelosoma satellitia, A';/lina ornithopus and
riitsia (jaunua. Citria davaijo ab. ilarcsirns. — One splendid example
netted at dusk in my garden on September Hrd. ('. fidvaijo also
netted in the garden. Heliaia tenebrata and I'hijtotnetra aenea were

NOTES FROM THE WYE VALLEY. 57

not uncommon in the early summer. Bnjophila perla. — A frequent
visitor into the house attracted by the lamps. On September 7th, a
very small ochreous specimen came to light. It was so fresh that I
think it must have just left the pupa. Was this a case of retarded
emergence, or of a partial double-broodedness ? I am inclined to
thinl< the latter. ScoUopteryx libatn'.r. — Hybernated specimens were
met with until June 7th, and the 1911 brood began to appear on
July 30th. Kiiclidia f/li/phica was common ; much more so than
K. mi. Plenty of Brephns parthenias were seen in April, but as they
kept well out of reach I only succeeded in netting one on the
13th of the . month. Boiiiolocha fontis, Henninia tarsipennalis, H.
grUcalia and Hypenodes costaeatriyalis were all met with at dusk.
Hypena proboscidalis was as plentiful as usual, and a second
emergence occurred in the autumn when I netted a small, but very
well-marked specimen on September 4th. Oitraptcry.r sambncaria ab.
ciispidaria. — I netted two specimens at dusk on June 5i7th and July
8rd. As yet I have only met with males of this form. VeniUa
iiiacidata. — I captured a curious specimen on June 5th with the left
forewing broadly banded with black. As the wings are slightly mal-
formed, it is probable that this asymmetry was caused by some injury
when in the larval or pupal stage. Macaria notata and M. litnrata
were both scarce. Kiiiatnn/a atoiiiaria was in abundance about the
heath and variable. Between ]\Iay 12th and June 7th I selected a few
rather nice forms to add to our series. It may perhaps be interesting
to note that when this species is disturbed in cop., the female, although
the smaller of the two, carries the male in flight. Xuineria pulirraria
was fairly common in my garden. I captured two specimens of
Knnnmos eiosaria on July 22nd and 29th. Is not the popular name of
the moth, i.e., "September Thorn," rather misleading? E. ftiscantoria
was taken by my father at light in Tintern. I have not yet seen it over
here. Hiinera pennaria was common at light in October, and more
variable than usual. Two specimens I took have the basal portion of
the forewings suffused with blackish up to the first line of the median
band ; while another specimen has all the wings clouded with grey
scales. It may also be worth noting that a fine female was attracted
by light on October 17th ; a rather unusual occurrence I believe.
Pericallia si/ritu/aria, Kpione advenaria and K. apiciaiia were netted at
dusk. This is the first time I have seen the last-mentioned on this
side of the Valley. I'hiyalia pedaria. — The larva? were extremely
abundant on oak, beech, etc. Gnnphos dbsciirata. — Netted at dusk.
Tephrosia crepitsciilaria. — I obtained specimens of three broods during
the year ; the first brood from May 1st to June 4th; the second in
July, when two rather small females were taken, one netted at dusk
on the 13th of the month and the other at light next day ; and one
specimen of a third brood at light on October 18th, a male, which is
quite as large as any of the first brood. Boannia repandata was com-
mon and variable. Some nice examples of ab. convermria were ob-
tained, and also one almost pitch-black specimen, perhaps referable to
ab. niijricata, which looked very conspicuous on a light beech trunk.
B. r/ionihoidaria. — I obtained larvte on Cotoneaster. Hybernia defuliaria.
— Last autumn iDoth my father, at Tintern, and I, here, obtained one or
two specimens of this moth unlike any previously taken by us. They
are a deep brown with strongly marked subniarginal bands. Has this

58 THE entomologist's record.

form been taken after a cool or wet summer, or is it purely a hot, or
perhaps, a dry season form ? It would be interesting to hear if others
like them were taken elsewhere last season. Genmetra papilionaria. —
I bred a few good specimens from larvfe found in May on small birch
bushes. Zouosoiiia porata and Z. punctaria both produced two broods.
Z. linearia. — I saw one here last season, a record for me on this side
of the river. On the Monmouthshire side of the valley it is not un-
common. Acidalia subsericeata. — Netted at dusk. Melanippe Iiastata.
— Not so scarce last year, M. subtristata is perhaps the commonest
Geometrid of the district. Both broods swarmed. M. iniau'/idota was
not so common as usual. ^J. fitictuata. — I am unable to say how many
broods there were last year, but can record a specimen at ivy-blossom
on October 15th. M. montanata ab. dejienerata. — I took an exceptionally
nice example at light on ]\Iay 29th, a very white specimen with the
costal and inner-marginal blotches much reduced in size. Melanthia
ritbiijinata, M. ocellata (two broods), M. albicillata and M. proceUata
were all to be obtained at dusk. Coremia dcainnata. — In 1909 I netted
a specimen with an extremely narrow band. Last year I took one in
which the central fascia occupies fully one-third of the area of the
forewings. There were at least two broods during the season.
Larentia )niilti!<trifiayia. — At light in March. Asthcna luteata. — Netted
at dusk. A. candidate!. — Two broods as usual. A. si/lcata was not
uncommon at dusk and also to be found on tree-trunks. A. blouwri.
— Several netted at dusk. Kiipisteria heparata. — A few met with
among alder bushes from June 7th to -July 12th. Minna niininata. — •
I was shown a specimen of the second brood captured at Tintern in
August, and I believe I saw one or two about the same time over here,
but did not succeed in netting them. Kninielesia offinitata, K.
alcheinillata and E. albidata were not very common and only one K.
decolorata was seen, but E. blandiata was not scarce in its particular
localities. Cidaria psittacaia. — My father took one and saw another
at ivy-blossom at Tintern ; the first we have seen in the Wye
Valley. Cidaria ii)nnanata was fairly common and I took a few nice
specimens, including ab. viarniorata, which is the least common form
in the district. ('. tnincata is a much more abundant species. Wye
Valley specimens are mostly dark and ab. pcrfuscata might almost
be regarded as the local variety. We have also taken abs. coituni-
nutata and comma-notata in the district, the latter being the least
common. C prnnata was a fresh visitor in my garden, and I netted
two in July. It is not uncommon at Tintern in my father's garden.
Some other Geometrids met with were C. picata (on tree-trunks), ('.
siiff'mnata (at dusk), ( '. silaccata (both broods), C. fiilrata (males only),
('. pi/raliata, Eiicosinia undtdata, Phihalaptcri/.r tersata, Thera variata
(the second brood at ivy-blossom), i'Jicitnatnbia bnreata (at light),
Lobopliora hcvaptcrata (fairly common on poplar trunks), /.. riretata
(one at rest on an ivy-clad tree-trunk), Clicsiax iMiquaria (bred),
Anaitis pla;iiata (both broods abundant) and Eubolia plitndjaiia
(unusually common about heath). Hi/psipctvs sardidata was as usual
in abundance, and one or two rather nice specimens were obtained at
dusk. Kiijdtliccia centaureata. — One specimen was taken by my father
at Tintern ; the first and only specimen noticed by us in the Wye
Valley. E. sati/rata. — I netted on May 21st, what I believe to be a
dark-greyish suffused aberration of this species. Other " pugs " met

GREEK LEPIDOPTERA IN APRIL, 1911. 59

with were /•.'. pnlcIteUata, E. snbfnlrata, E. lariciata, E. rast.ii/ota,
E. abbreviata, E. ilebiliata, E. coronata and E. piimilata. P[/raiista
purpiiralis. — Abundant about the heath and is frequently attracted by
light into the house, llerbnla cesjiitalis. — Not uncommon. Knnijcltia
octoiiaculata was common at the beginning of June, and a second
emergence occurred at the end of July when I netted two (July 2Gth
and 81st) and saw others. Pioyiea strcunentalis. — Plentiful near
marshy places. Boti/s paiidalis. — Not uncommon in May and June.
Scopnla oliralin and S. prunalis. — Common at dusk, especially the
former. Pcrincpliele lancealis. — Not common.

Greek Lepidoptera in April, 191 1.

By P. A. and D. A. J. BUXTON.

The following notes on Lepidoptera in Greece from April 11th to
29th, 1911, may be of interest to some, as Greece is largely unexplored
by British Entomologists. Many of the butterflies were much worn ;
possibly, a far greater number of species hibernate out there, or else
they must have emerged verj'- early in the year.

The weather was usually fine ; we only had one or two wet days.
On most days the sun was very hot up to mid-day, when it went in for
good. We should have done much better at Delphi and Epidaurus, if
the sun had been out in the afternoon as well, for as long as it was out
insects were swarming. We unfortunately neglected Pierids (we did
not know of P. cnjane) when there was anything about that looked
more interesting.

We have to thank Mr. L. D. Symington for very kindly identifying
some of the butterflies, except the Lycaenids which Mr. G. L. Keynes
was kind enough to name. Mr. A. F. Hemming confirmed some of the
identifications which were not certain. The few moths were named
at the South Kensington Museum.

On April 11th nothing was to be found on the Acropolis or on
Lycabettus save Picris brassiicae and P. rapae; also .SV.sm stellatannu in the
last mentioned locality. Some larvjB in the yellow flowers and buds
of " Aspharka" {P/ilnmh fruticnsa) produced in May an Alncitid Plume.
Flowers in general were already out, many of them in seed. The Pierids
were in rags, many of them at any rate.

On April 12th a drive to Eleusis produced nothing but one Jc/JrtZ/a
(near A. nisticata), which was subsequently annihilated by a Greek
housemaid, and two Tineina. The day Avas dull, and results so far
were not very encouraging, chiefly owing to the weather. A drive in
a motor all through Central Attica to Sunium on April 13th added
several species to our list. Near Laurium we stopped to pick orchises
(notably (^pJtri/s aranifcra). Here a specimen of Anthorharis. (Eiirhloi')
belia was netted in fresh condition. This insect flies fast and dodges
over rough ground. It was abundant at Sunium and in the pink of
condition. A chipped <? t'olias rtlasa was netted near Laurium. On
the little cape to the east of the Temple at Sunium I'icyis braasicae
was about. This species and A. belia kept apart from each other,
though their respective domains were apparently similar, A. belia
occupying the land on which the temple stands. One worn Pmwicia
phlaeas was taken, and a blue was seen! A. belia exhibited remarkably
little sexual dimorphism. It rests frequently with its wings almost
flat, correctly oriented, head up and directed away from the sun.

60 THE entomologist's RECORD.

On April 14th, Good Friday, v,e called on the British School of
ArchiPology, and decided that their garden was worth a second visit.
Celastriiia an/ioltis, Gonejiten/.c rhainni and G. cleopatra ^ were seen.
April 15th was wet, and Avas accordingly devoted to the Museums.
April IGth Rear Admiral E. Bourke took a, ^ A. belia, several g P.
fera.ss/Va*', and J and $ ( '. (v//^srt on Lycabettus. In the afternoon $ s of
P. broi^sicae were appearing on the Acropolis among many S s, Paron/e
aeyeria was about in fresh condition, and one or two of the early brood
of Acontia liicido were netted. The whole of the 17th was occupied in
getting by sea to Itaea and driving up to Delphi.

The morning of the 18th was glorious, and the sun not too hot.
At last we had reached ground that would interest any ornithologist or
entomologist. If you go to Greece get move than one day at Delphi.
The whole day was spent at and about the ruins, which cover a con-
siderable area. P. rapae was very common, and was noted as being
small. When we reached England we were glad to find among the
small P. rapae three specimens of /'. erijane. One or two P. napi 3 s
were taken, the underside very heavily marked on the hindwing. /'.
hrassirae was, I believe, also present, though we brought none home.
3 s of L'. ediisa were common but worn. G. rliamni 3 s were also about,
together with some G. deojiatra. The former was badly chipped, but
G. deopatra we failed to secure. A. belia was fresh. F.Heldv'e
(jruneri 3 s were netted. The yellow ground colour of this
insect shows very distinctly when it flies. A yet more beautiful
species, of which we only took one 3 » is E- damone. This insect
has a very brilliant " orange tip," the rest of the wings being
bright mustard colour. One 3 Pontia daplidice was also captured,
the right fore^ing having a large apical asymmetrical injury.
Coenonijiiipha iiamp/iiliiti was abundant, and variable. Several
approached var. lylliis. The underside ocellus was frequently strongly
accentuated on the forewing upperside. The hindwing margin was
occasionally decorated with two or three dark interneural spots on
the upperside. The underside of the hindwings showed some tendency
to be pale grey and unicolorous. The specimens were frequently large.
Paranje )iie(jaeia was taken ( 3 and 5 ) chipped. The lirst blue netted was
a $ ('elastrina an/ioliis oi an exceedingly brilliant blue colour, brighter
in fact than any $ in Dr. Hodgson's cabinet at Cambridge. A large
race of Aricia a-strarche was abundant, flitting just above the daisies and
grass while the sun shone. It disappeared instantly when the sun
was not shining. Both sexes were taken ; the orange on the upper side
was frequently very conspicuous. One specimen of Sculltantides baton
was taken — a worn male. The only Ituinieia phlaeas was a 2 , with
strong blue spotting in the hindwing, and the forewing upperside spots
much reduced. A;/lais urticae was noted and a J Kri/iini>< altheae
taken. Among the moths, a specimen of Antia festira was brought
us in an envelope, freshly emerged, the left hindwing imperfectly
developed. Acuhtia liicida and A. lartaosa were netted flying
in the sunshine. Aspilaies citraria of both sexes were picked up
and single specimens of Lithosteije fari)iata, and (Jnojdids obsrurata (?).
Gh(i}iIi()s rarieiiata came to light in the Hotel with several specimens
of a Lareiitia which appeared to be L. salkata. At any rate the
specimens, which are in poor condition, appear to resemble the series
of this species in South Kensington rather than that of any other

GREEK LEPIDOPTERA IN APRIL, 1911. 61

species. We could, however, find no specimens whose data suggested
the occurrence of an early brood in South Europe. We also took
during this day several of the Alucitid which was bred from
Lycabettus. These and other micros are now at South Kensington.
8. stellatariiiii was flying in worn condition ; almost always at flowers
of a small species of Mi)miltis (?). Very few butterflies were seen
during the afternoon as the sun was not shining. The altitude of
Delphi is about 1,800 ft.

On April 19th we arose at 3.45 a.m. and went l)y boat to Corinth.
We then drove to Old Corinth, across a hot and dusty plain. /'. brasi<icae
and A. bclia were noted, the former very abundant among cruciferous
plants about the ruins. A worn 5 Hdiothis peltiucia was also taken.
The ascent of the Acro-Corinthus produced a worn I'ldi/i/diiia ei/ea
towards the top, Erynnis altheae (one 3 ), abundance of chipped
G. rhanini (mostly J s), Aricia astrarcJte, Acontia liicida and immense
numbers of 8. stellataridii. These last haunted the flowers of the same
plant on which they were noted at Delphi. On the very summit
Fyraiinis atalanta and ryrcniieis cardni were flying — always circling
round the actual top. It was most striking that these two species
were very rarely seen except at the top of some eminence. Near the
top a beautiful specimen of Micra oatmio was taken. Fortunately the
sun shone most of the afternoon. Lareiitia salicata ("?) was again
taken. ^lecyna }>obiijonaUs, an insect with an almost world-wide
distribution, was several times disturbed. It tiies away swiftly close to
the ground, looking very orange, and darts into the herbnge in ten or
fifteen yards.

April 20th was spent in a visit to Mycenae, followed by a drive on
through Argos to Nauplia. At Mycenae a single I'ajiiUo specimen
escaped us ; it was not P. viachaou.

On April 21st we drove to the Temple of Aesculapius at Epidaurus.
We secured a ? Pararye niaera in the cultivated land near Nauplia. The
hill country through which you pass for several hours is not interesting.
One Mditaea ]ilioehe J , and a very few 6'. baton S s, were all that was
taken. The actual plain in which the Temple, Theatre, and other
buildings lie was, however, more productive. A specimen of Popilio
IKxIaliriiis ab. ornata was secured, and several more were seen. Several
F.ucldo'c irnneri Avere noted, and we then committed the fatal
mistake of adjourning for lunch. Instantly the sun was over-clouded,
and we saw very little of his face for the rest of that day. However,
we took specimens of A. bclia, (i. rhannxi and Lr. deopatra [3 s and $ ),
C. ediisa, A. astrarclie and -S'. bato)i (^s). We also added six new
species to our list; P. iwdaliriiis has been already mentioned;
Polyoiiniiatiis teams var. icarinus was taken, two males. (This seems
to be the normal form in Greece. Cf. Tutt, Brit. Butt., Vol. W., p. 161.)
The third species new to us was l^icris krueperi, of which one specimen
was taken near the Tholos ; the fourth was Baranje macra, of which
both sexes were taken, the 3 s most abundantly. This insect Hies
equally in sunshine and when the sun is over-clouded, and frequented
a purple vetch that grew among the steps of the Theatre; the fifth
species was a very small male Ciipido osiris (sebnis). The sixth species
was h' iicJdo'e cardaDiincs xsiV. citronea 3 . Size, Aery large, orange tip
increased on underside, a lemon yellow suft'usion between base of
wing and orange patch. Aspilates citraria 3 s, and Anaitix jdayiata

62 THE entomologist's record.

were netted. We drove back to Nauplia in rain, the first rain we
had had for a week.

Daring the morning of April 22nd a visit was paid to Tiryus.
The only buttei'tiy taken was a S I', icanoi var. irariniis. He "sawed"
his hindwings up and down in the chip-box. What is the object or
origin of this habit? Rain was falling most of the day.

April 23rd was wet. During the afternoon of April 24:tb we were
taken in a motor past Phalerum and the Peiraeus to the coast of
Salamis Bay. This coast is very barren. Practically the only
vegetation is a small sea-pine. A pair of worn Melitaea plioebe were
secured. This insect sails slowly about quite near the ground. Your
net is apt to pass right over it, and then it is very ready to sprint off.
The only other butterfly noted was (iUntcojmjche ojllarna (one J ). At
rest this insect sat with his hindwings strongly separated towards the
tornus and along the part which should be against the abdomen. The
forewings were close together as is usual in Blues and butterflies
generally. The hindmargin of the hindwings was also strongly
crinkled.

On the 2oth we drove to Mendeli and climbed Mount Pentelicus.
Mendeli is at about 1,200 ft., the summit 8,640 ft. This was a most
enjoyable day. The butterflies were not peculiarly interesting, as
there was no sun after we reached Mendeli, and began to walk, but the
flowers and the view from the mountain through rifts in the clouds,
over Athens to Argolis, and over Euboea and some of the Cyclades,
was delightful. During the drive to Mendeli we missed an insect
which was either Colias ediisa var. Itelice, or else C. hijale. Males of
G. ri/llania occurred at various points up to the Monastery, often at
heads of ragged robin, almost invariably near flowers of some sort.
At jMendeli itself a ^ (J. osiri^ {sehriis) of normal size was taken.
Just by the Monastery we secured a fresh Calloii/ui/s nibi with no
white on the underside. The underside hindwings were covered with
pollen all over their bases. Perhaps butterflies are a greater factor in
pollen dispersion than is commonly supposed. As has probably been
frequently observed this insect sits with the hindwing tails twisted so
as to be at right angles to the plane of the folded wings. Two males
of a small black Psychid were taken, one quite close to the summit.
Not far from the top we found a small red toad with green warts.
What did he or she propose to do with the tadpoles ?

During the afternoon of April 26th we went to Old Phalerum, and
walked southward along the coast to find some "craters" full of warm
sea water, of which we had heard. This walk should be avoided by
entomologists. The track is of deep sand. The land is largely culti-
vated. The craters are not to be found. We took tea on the only
rising ground in the actual vicinity, a little knoll 25 feet high. Of
course, it was a centre of attraction to P. canliii: one or two 3 S. baton
also met their death at this place. We found an exceedingly grotesque
stick insect, probably the larva of Kmjinm panjierata ; its Greek name
is " Mellengutschk."

On visiting the garden of the " British School" next morning a
2 Satioiiia jii/ri — the largest European moth — was found asleep
under a little fir bush. She was exceedingly tenacious of life in the
cyanide-bottle. The following insects were captured, P. irants (not
var. irariniis), }'. brassicae, (jr. rhainni {3 and J), <j. cleopatra {2 )

LEPTOTHORAX TUBERUM, FAE. 63

^nd S. baton ( ? ). A drive in the afternoon to the royal woods at
Tatoi produced one Cidaria and one lAthocolletis '.

On the 28th we attempted to scale Mount Hymettus. We
committed the error of starting by the Monastery at the north end
and consequently never reached 3,000 ft. This mountain is very
barren, though it is not, as some assert, entirely composed of loose
scree. Males of G. ci/llaritu were abundant in one spot below the
Monastery (St. John) ; they also occurred on the mountain itself.
For the first time we secured ? s ; one of them was small and had the
left forewing teratologically malformed. With the first colony of
(J. cyllanis a few C. rnhi were flying, though the only captured
specimen was in rags, a 5 . l\ cardiii and 1\ atalanta were sailing
round the summit of the shoulder. To-day we brought our list of
different Orchids up to 14.

On the 29th our last day, we motored to Marathon, through some
exceedingly pleasant country. On the coast by the battlefield we were
baffled by a Fapilio, certainly not /'. podaUviits, it appeared to be /*.
macliaon. A. citraria was also netted a few miles from Marathon. On
the return journey we took a pair of Leptnsia sinajii^i. A. helia and
C. painjihiltis were also taken at various halts along the road. The
list of Orchids had now reached 18, not bad for 19 days, and no
member of the party a botanist !

Leptothorax tuberum, Fab., subsp. corticalis, Schenk, an Ant new

to Britain.

By W. C. CKAWLEY, B.A., F.E.S.

In a wood at Buckhold Hill, near Pangbourne, Berks, on April
■24.th, 1904, I picked up an empty beech-nut, perforated with a small
hole, probably by some insect. Inside the nut were a $ , one ^ , and
tw'o half-grown larv^ of a species of Leptothorar. I took these ants
to the Oxford Museum, but was unable to identify them. They were
subsequently published as L. tuhcrum, Fab., race nijlanderi, Forst.
This year, however, ]\Ir. Donisthorpe and I examined the ants, and
decided that they did not belong to this race. Dr. Fore! has now
named them as L. tuberum, Fab., subsp. corticalis, Schenk, var. with
longer spines.

I ajDpend a translation of Schenk's original description of this
subspecies, (in which Mr. Donisthorpe kindly assisted me), together
with a translation of Forel's description of the ^ s of this and the
other continental subspecies, which may be found in Britain, as well
as that of the two already known as British.

.A. Myrmica corticaliit, N.S. (Schenk, Ja]n-. des ]'e)eins fiir Natitrkundc in Herzog.
Nassau, viii., 1852, p. 100.)
§ . lJ-1^ 1. Middle of body and waist biown-red; upperside of head and the
whole abdomen, above and below, black-brown; the latter strongly shining.
Mandibles, back of antennse, underside of head, as well as legs, brown-red;
club of antenniB red-brown ; femora brownish, often also the nodes. The
whole body furnished with scattered yellowish hairs. Antennaj r2-jointed,
the tirst joint of Hagellum thickened and lengthened, the following one very
much shortened, the eighth a little longer, the ninth and tenth still more
lengthened and thickened, the last joint thickest and as long as the three be-
fore; the four last form a club. The head is finely striated in lines; the
thorax shows, under the lens, weak unequal striation in lines ; the metathorax
has two very short, broad, three-cornered, horizontal spines ; on each side of

64 THE entomologist's record.

the metatborax, over and under the same, is a brown border. The nodes are
longitudinally rugose ; the abdomen short and roundish. The legs are bare.
Known from the two preceding in the 5 by the red club to the antennae, the
entirely black-brown abdomen, the bare legs, short spines, and 1'2-jointed
ant€nnffi.
? (deiilated only known). Nearly 2 1. Black-brown ; thorax and abdomen
shining. Mandibles, antenniB and club, legs, brown-red, the femora brownish.
Head long, striated; thorax with coarse strire, the middle ones raised like a
keel. Thorax broad and flat above ; mesothorax and scutcllum finely
striated longitudinally. The metatborax has two short, nearly horizontal,
spines. Nodes longitudinally rugose; abdomen broad, short, roundish.

This species is found rarely here under the bavk of oak trees near
the Gilnsberg.

Forel, Les toiirmis de la Suisae, Zurich, 1874, pp. 84 and 85.
B. WoRKEKS. — Antennae 12-jointed. Legs without hairs. Clypeus not concave
in the middle; it is generally furnished with a small median keel, and with
two or more lateral keels (or stria) . . . 2nd species, Leptotliora.v tiiheyuiit.
A slight channel between the mesonotum and metanotum. Club of antenniB
yellow, like the rest of the body ; a black-brown transverse band on the first
segment of the abdomen ; the top of the head is often slightly brownish-yellow.
Thorax finely rugose. Spines of metanotum broad at their base, about 5 as
long as their basal width. L., 2-3mm.-3mm.
a. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1st race. L. vijlanderi, Foist.

(7?i all the following races there is no channel between the niesonotiun and

metanotum ; the hack of the thorax is unbroken).
Spines of metanotum very broad at their base, extremely short, hardly J as
long as their basal width ; their upperside is almost horizontal (forming
an unbroken line with the back of the thorax), and their lowerside vertical.
Antennffi entirely red-yellow, as well as the mandibles, tarsi, and joints
of the legs. The rest brown-red ; the top of the head and abdomen black-
brown. Thorax more coarsely rugose than in the preceding. L., 2-5mm.-
-3-2mm.
/'. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2nd race. /.. corticalis, Schenk.

Spines of metanotum narrow, straight, about half as long as their basal
width. Thorax more coarsely rugose than in tuberum i. sp., more finely
than in allinis. lieddish. Head, abdomen except a yellowish spot at the
base, femora and club of antenna? deep brown. L., 2-6mm.-3mm.
c. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3rd race. L. ni/triceps, Mayr.

Spines of metanotum more than two-thirds as long as their basal width,
slightly curved at the end, and extremely narrow, hardly wider at the
base than at the point. Thorax coarsely rugose longitudinally. Yellow
with a slight tinge of red. Middle of femora, forehead, vertex, and top of
abdomen, except the front of the first segment, brownish ; club of antenna3
most often brownish, sometimes almost red-yellow. L., 2-6nim.-3"3mm.
</. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4th race. L. u[linis, Mayr.

Spines of metanotum variable, generally half as long as their basal width,
or a little longer. Thorax finely rugose. Yellow or reddish-yellow ;
club of antennce, top of the head (especially the vertex), and middle of
the top of the abdomen, brown, more or less deep. This race is very
badly defined. Colonies that inhabit bark often merge into L. a[)inis,
and those that live under stones, into L. ni(iriceps or L. interruptus.
L., 2-4mm.-3mm.
e. .. .. .. .. .. 5th race. L. /((/^c/khj, i. sp., Fabr.

Spines of metanotum fairly narrow, upright, short, a third, or, at most, half
as long as their basal width. Thorax finely rugose. Yellow: club of
antennic, front of head (never the vertex), and often an indistinct band,
broken in the middle, on the first segment of the abdomen, blackish-
brown. L., 2-2mm.-2-5mm.
;. . . . . . . . . . . . . Gth race. L. interruptus, Schenk.

Like the former, but larger. Band on first segment of abdomen clearly
defined, unbroken, black-brown ; front of head and club of antennaj
reddish or brownish. Spines of metanotum halt as long as their basal
width, or a little longer. L., 2omm.-3-5mm.
g. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7th race. [,. nnifascititus, hn.tr.

Entirely yellow ; club of antenna) and front of head perhaps slightly

SOME COI.EOPTERA AND AN ANT. 65

reddish. Thorax finely rugose. Spines of metanotura fairly broad at
their base, two-thirds as long as their basal width, slightly curved at their
extremities. The back of the thorax, which is unbroken like that of
the six preceding races, distinguishes it from L. nylaiuleri. L., 2-5mra.,
about.

.. 8th race. L. luteii^, n. st.

Some Coleoptera and an Ant, additions to the Isle of Wight Lists.

By J. TAYLOR.

The hot, dry weather of last summer miide collecting tr3-ing work,
and much less productive in some ways than usual here. Even in the
spring, things were much too dr}', and except during a few showery
days in May, the only collecting that seemed to pay at all well was
that done in the marshes. However, there are a few beetles not in the
Isle of Wight list to record, as follows : —

"^'Aciipalpns conspittiiti, Duft. — In brickfield, Sandown, May. ■■'Ainara
continaa, Th. — In flood refuse, Sandown, November. '■'■ Deronectes
depressiis, F., and ■■' Berosiis alfinis, Brul. — In a ditch, Sandown, October,
■''Giirophaena nana, Pk. — In sedge refuse, Alverstone. '^I'Jiilonilnts
carbonariits, Gyll. — Sandown. ■'P. varius, Gyll. var. bitnaciilatits, Gr.
• — On pavement, Sandown. ■■'Gabriiis trossulas, Nord. (as now under-
stood).— Sandown. O. stipes, Sharp. — -Whitefield Woods, August

1909, Donisthorpe ; I have since taken this species in a heap of
vegetable refuse at Sandown, April. ■■'G. pennatus, Sharp. — Sandown,
common. Dr. Sharp kindly named my Gabrii. ■■'Olophrum picetDii, Gyll.
— In sedge refuse, Alverstone. ''HDmalium concinnuw, Marsh. — In
dried currants, Sandown. '''■MciiartJivKs (Ituticollis, Beck. — In sedge
refuse, Alverstone. ■■'Jnisotnina calrarata, Er. ab. nit/rescens, Fleischer.
— A form new to Britain. Sweeping, Parkhurst Forest, August 21st

1910, Donisthorpe. ■■'Cltolcra ftdit/inusa, Er., and ''■'•C. inurio, F.
(named by Dr. Nicholson). — In sedge refuse, Alverstone. ■■'Sci/mnus
testaceas, Mots. var. scntellarifi, Muls., and ■■'Micropcplns waniaritae,
Duv. — In haystack refuse, Newchurch. "Cruptopliacius pilosus, Gyll. —
Sandown, Februarv 7th. ■'•L\ pnnctij>ennis, Bris. — Swept in
Parkhurst Forest, Donisthorpe. ■''('. sar/inatits, Stm. — In numbers
in currants, Sandown. ^'(Kvijonnis porcatus, F. — In stercore, Blackgang.
■■'Necrobins rufipes, De. G. — On cheese in a shop, Sandown.
'^•Anobiuut paniceimi, L. — In henbane seeds in chemist's shop, Sandown.
'■''Chnjfiowela Jn/perici, Forst. — On a basket, Sandown.

One specimen of Philimthits corrituciis, Gr., was taken in stercore at
Sandown in July (I believe this is only the second record for the
island), and a few more Crypto})Iia(nis siibfniiiatiis, Kr., in currants.

In vol. xxii., 1910, p. 271 of this magazine I stated that a specimen
of Lesteva pubescens, Mann., bad been taken by Mr. Donisthorpe at
Luccombe Chine ; this turns out to be a fresh and pubescent L.
fontinalis, Kies. Mr. Donisthorpe gave me the specimen, and,
unfortunately, I did not send it to him for verification before
recording it.

On August 21st, 1910, 1 took some of the ant '■■Leptothora.v a<rrruriiin
F., from a fallen bough in Parkhurst Forest ; this is an addition to
the Isle of Wight ants. Mr. Donisthorpe, who was with me, and I
were both under the impression that this species had been taken in
the island before, hence the delay in recording it. Mr. Donisthorpe
has seen the ants again recently, and has kindly looked at the
coleoptera mentioned above.

66 THE entomologist's RECORD.

Nonsense Names.

By GEORGE WHEELER, M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

In the Iuitomolo(/int's Mnnthhi Maijazine for February, is a paper by
Mr. Meyrick on the nomenclature adopted for certain Tortricina by
Mr. W. D. Kearfott, which must, I should imagine, be rather stagger-
ing to the rigid supporters of priority at all costs, and should open the
eyes of all but the most hardened among them to the utter hopelessness
of their position ; unless they are prepared to provide an asylum in
which systematic entomologists (and indeed systematic zoologists and
botanists) are destined sooner or later to be immured, in consequence
of the brain-fag which such nomenclature as Mr. Kearfott's (which
their principles would bind them to accept) must necessarily super-
induce. It is so rarely that I find myself in accord with the author of
the paper on systematic questions, that it is with special pleasure that
I offer humble thanks and congratulations on this occasion. His
personal acquaintance with the author of these amazing barbarisms
no doubt somewhat impedes his utterance, but I, w^ho am not so
hampered, do not hesitate to describe the list which he rejects as an
insult to the common sense of scientists in every branch of zoology or
botany, and an insult none the less to be resented (and rejected)
because it is doubtless due only to thoughtlessness and not to contempt.

As some letters seem to be omitted as initials in forming such a series
of names as hana, dana, fana, . . . vana, nana, and such like, the
only possible method of remembering them seems to have been taken
away ; otherwise an opportunity might have been given to some
entomological wag to exercise his talents (!) on " nonsense alphabets,"
in which each line should give a doggerel description of some
peculiarity of the creature referred to, such as : —

" A is for ana with three bands of blue ;
B is for bana which only has two ; " etc.

I make no apology for this levity, for from this point of view it
seems to me impossible to take the matter seriously. There are
however other questions connected with it, which seem to call for
graver comment, and here I feel the necessity of walking warily, since
I am criticizing a great Society and an admirable Periodical ;
for these names were published under the irgis of the American
Entomological Society in most instances, and in the rest under
that of the Canadian Entomolof/ist. It would be unfair to infer
that either the one or the other approves of such a system of nomen-
clature, but would it not be possible for the Council of the Society
and for the Editor of the Magazine alike, to avoid the appearance of
countenancing such monstrosities by refusing point-blank to give them
to the world ? Speaking as a responsible member of the Editorial
Staff of the Mnt. lieruxl, I would unhesitatingly insist on the rejection
of such a paper, and if through any inadvertence such a one were read
before the Entomological Society of London, I would, as Secretary,
decline to include it in the Proceedings — and take the consequences,
which however would, I am confident, be the almost unanimous
approval of the Society.

But this appalling list having once been launched on the world,
the method of its rejection becomes a question of moment. I have
every personal sympathy with the courage of Mr. Meyrick in trying

THE FIRST FORTNIGHT IN JULY, 1911, AT DIGNE. 67

to do this on his own initiative, but he knows, even better than I do,
the forces against which he will have to contend — forces founded on a
principle, which, however ludicrous it may appear both to him and to
me, has behind it the weight and authority of many names which we
all hold in high honour, and the owners of some of which are (I tear)
prepared to go to any lengths in its support, even perhaps to the
length of accepting Mr. Kearfott's "nonsense names." Never was
there a stronger argument in favour of an International Council, such
as was suggested lately by Mr. Turner at a meeting of the Entomological
Society of London, to which all new names should be submitted, none
of which names should be regarded as valid until they had been
accepted by the Council. Surely this is a point which might well be
threshed out by the coming International Congress of Entomology.

Another point on which I have every sympathy with ]\Ir. ]\Ieyrick's
position is his rejection of the illiterate names idandana and elilerona^
but in this I fear he will meet with insuperable opposition. Such
mis-spellings as ^'coridon," "niacra," ''aef/eria," etc., such grammatical
anomolies as Pohjonniiatus atitamla, of which there are many scores,
and, as a set off', such deplorable ignorances as Hadena jnotea (as if
Proteus were an adjective — one of the horrors arising from not
capitalizing specific names) — these, and others in similar categories^
are hopeless of correction at the hands of individuals, but are well
within the powers of such a Council, if it were composed of fairly well-
educated men.

Two slight criticisms on Mr. Meyrick's paper I must make. The
first is that much more excuse must be found before abandoning the
three names of Busck which he rejects at the end of his paper. The}'
are prior to Mr. Kearfott's nonsense alphabets, and cannot therefore
be regarded as part of the series. Secondly, I would remind him that
n. sp. refers not to a newly-created, but still to a newly discovered, or
newly- recognised species, and that it does not mean a new specific
name, which would require to be written n.n.sp., and that the use of
these letters which he advocates and adopts is really quite incorrect as
well as being out of accordance with general practice, which latter I
quite hold with him should be disregarded when it is ungrammatical
or otherwise illiterate.

(It will of course be understood, that the above expressions of
opinion are my own, and do not in any way compromise any other
member of the Editorial Staff.)

The first fortnight in July, 1911, at Digne.

By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKEE, F.L.S., F.E.y.
Thirty-four hours seems a long time to take over the journey from
here to Digne {i.e., from door to door- — home and hotel), and yet I
travelled by the quickest trains possible, and had only two stoppages of
any length of time, viz., at Paris and at a small junction on the other
side of Grenoble, in both of which places the time was well used in
partaking of a substantial meal. At last, however, the " important "
town of Digne— important it really was in old days— was reached, the
Hotel Boyer-Mistre again opened its hospitable doors to the British
stranger, and it was soon quite evident that the entente canliale was no
misnomer. It w-as 5 o'clock in the evening ere I reached the hotel, so

68 THE entomologist's EECOIID.

I was only able to quietly enjoy the main boulevai'd with its beautiful
avenue of plane trees just beginning to well recover from a very
severe pruning — to use no stronger phrase. I hoped for a good
night's sleep, for that rarely fails me, but alas! the noise of the
cafe below my bedroom window effectually prevented real rest,
though the weariness of the flesh did manage to assert itself a
little, but at midnight the cafe doors were banged to, and the great
iron- gates of the hotel were closed with a clash sufficiently loud to
*awake the seven sleepers. After this peace reigned tor four blessed
hours, but alas ! at 4 a.m. the country carts came gaily along, with
shouts, we will not say yells, from lungs that were evidently accustomed
to open air addresses. Whether to men or beasts no matter — to me
the effect was the same, but I suppose if one were there long enough,
one would get accustomed to the regularity of this routine. As for
me, I could rejoice that at least I obtained four hours of peaceful sleep
each night. The next day I was up in fairly good time, and set out
for the valley through which runs the Torrent des Eaux-Chaudes.
Going the short cut across the town, hardly had I emerged on to the
main road leading to my destination, than Satyrits ciire settled
provokingly a yard in front of me, but I had not mounted my
net. There she sat sunning herself in lovely condition, whilst I prepared
for her capture, and just as I was ready she raised herself with scarcely a
motion of her wings and sailed over the wall with such grace, that the
sight was quite worth the escape. Ere long I espied a vast bush of wild
clematis on the roadside edge, with a smaller bhiek butterfly on it,
and this time, being prepared, I was more successful, for a beautiful
Liiiienitis caniilla was secured. Passing the Dourbes road on the left,
I came to a wide expanse of stones with small patches of grass,
rushes, and flowers interspersed (the bed of the stream that has been
evidently of larger dimensions than now). The roadside here is
bordered with elm trees and some ash trees. Here I spent possibly an
hour. Culias editsa was not uncommon, with one or two var. helice.
MfUtaea dith/iiia was plentiful, all males, but very brilliant they looked
flying in the unclouded sun. Jj/caoiidae were not plentiful, I'lebeins
ari/iia (aei/on) being the commonest; one or two very worn Pidijom-
vuitiis icantswere also seen, and a few Strj/mon {Klii;iia) ^pini in beauti-
ful condition were regaling themselves on some rather stunted thyme
beneath the roadside trees, and were secured. At this spot ?\ord-
viannia ili<-is ab. cciri did not occur at all, though further up the
valley it became a little later on so plentiful, that I got tired of netting
it. Proceeding up the valley At/riades coridon was taken singly here
and there, whilst Sati/rim actaea var. eorditla, became abundant and
was magnificently black and fresh. It is curious, as well as interesting,
to find that the same species has different habits in different localities.
In Switzerland my experience of S. cordnla is that it has a very
uncertain and deceptive flight, is by no means an easy species to catch,
and has a wonderful knack of doubling back downwards or upwards,
generally the former, and so avoiding capture. At Digne it had none
of these methods, and was an insect very easily taken. Another very
common and pretty little species found everywhere was Coenoni/midta
donis : it was another species one wearied of after the first day or two,
and now having got all that I took set, I find I was not careful enough
in selecting them, and could do with a better series, especially of the

THE FIRST FORTNIGHT IN JULY, 1911, AT DIGNE. 69

females, of which I only took two or three. At last I came to the
modest "Establissement Thermal," not that it is far away, only the first
walk in a new district has so many attractions, that it often takes two or
three hours to do what ordinarily would take under one. Here S. cordida
was very abundant and the first BJri/nnis lavatera: fell a captive to me, to
be followed by a Li/cacna arion somewhat paatic. This was a male of the
form ab. unicolor, without any spots on the upper surface, as were all
the males I took. The species was however rapidly going over. The
only other Lyca^nid I saw this first day was Cupido viinivms, also in the
last stages of decay. I was now anxious to push on, having seen
Painlin (ile.rannr, as I imagined, down below me once or twice, and
soon I cams to a likely ground, where Nnnhitannia ilieis ab. cerri, with
beautifully bright, and large orange areas, disported themselves over
abundant clusters of thyme. Argynnids also occupied one's legs and
arms, Brentltis daphne being fairly common, and in its early emergence,
Aniijnnis adippe also frequently displaced other less violent species on
the thistle heads, and an occasional specimen of var. cleodoxa was also
captured. Soon a Papiliu was sighted on another thistle at the other
end of the ground entailing a rapid run, and a quick stroke, just as she
was lifting herself off the flowers, secured my first /'. ale.vanor, a beautiful
female. After this others came along, and I thus was able to take some
three or four as my first day's capture. Ere long, however, another
welcome sight greeted my eyes, for surely that brilliant coloured strong
flighted thing must be (Toncpteri/.r deopatra. Another sharp run
brought me within good view, but alas! before I got within striking dis-
tance he scented danger, and sailed far away up the side of the hill.
Directly after this a fine male G. r/uunni gave me a chance, which I
took, and ere long another G. deopatra — if it was not the same — came
along, and this thne I was successful. But what is this little
Argynnid ? Brenthii^ pale^i it cannot be at this low level. As soon,
however, as I had boxed it, I saw at once that I had my first B. dia.
Then Farnassitts a polio put in an appearance, very large and fine, the
males very white but with large black patches, and the females darker
than usual. It was well after lunch time, and I therefore crossed the
stream for the sake of the shade of the trees, for by this hour I had
gone far up the valley, and was by no means sorry of an hour's rest.
I had not been seated long before a Leptosia [Leucophada) dodged
about around me, and impelled me to secure what turned out to be L.
sinapis var. diniensis : several others came by and shared a like fate,
for they were fine fresh specimens. The ground further up the valley
did not look very promising, and it was getting towards 3 p.m., so 1
thought it wise to retrace my steps, but added nothing fresh to my list
except a rather worn Aporia cratae(ji.

The next day I took my way for the hill La Cullette, but instead
of going by the usual track (as I found it to be later on) I took — by
mistake — a much harder climb, which brought me direct on to the
highest point of the hill — a small level area surrounded on three sides
by precipitous rocks around which Papilio and Parnassius loved to
disport themselves just out of reach. But to return to the roadside.
The cemetery proved no good, the only insects there being Adopaea
lineola, Aitiiiaden ftylvanax and a few Plebeius argufi. As I came near
the turning, where we leave the main road, a fine Satijnis circe flew
along the top of the wall that was covered with the small wild clematis,

70 THE entomologist's record.

and provokingl)^ dipped whenever I came up to it, but it led me mto
the field on my way to La Collete, and I was able to catch several
specimens all beautifully fresh. Here, also, two more fine J G.
cleopatra, with one nice ? , fell to my net. As I made my way up the
old bed of a stream, N. iluis var. cerri was again oi evidence, and P.
escheri was not uncommon with occasional specimens of A. coridon,
and Lvncnitis caiiiilla also sailed gracefully over various flowers and
seemed especially fond of the little clematis that grows on everything.
The lavender, however, that covers so plentifully the sides of this hill,
attracted the Lijcaenidae greatly. One large pale blue suddenly
descended on to a head of it near me; a glance was enough, a rush
even though at an angle nearer 70'' than 45'', and a stroke, and my
first S Pnli/nwwatus meleai/er was safely transferred to a box, being
the first specimen of this insect I had seen on the wing. Then Pob/-
ovunatus In/loa came within range and was also secured, whilst later on
the beautiful blue female of P. melecujer was likewise captured. As-
cending still, Sati/rns cordula was abundant everywhere, biit the
gradient became so steep, having gone the wrong way, that much
collecting was impossible, though one or two unusually large P. apollo
could not be resisted. At last, however, I emerged on to the top
plateau already referred to, and after a minute's breathing space, a
white butterfly, new to me in this locality, flew hj, and I discovered that
I had Anthocharis belia var. auannia in my net, whilst a second one
soon followed it. Then P. wachaon hurtled wildly by, but was stopped
in his onward course by a timely stroke. A beautiful specimen of P.
pndaliriiis had, however, been engaging my attention as he hovered
out of reach over the precipice, I was hoping it might prove to
be the southern var. feixthamelii. At last it came over the plateau
and I succeeded in my quest. It turned out to be about midway
between the parent form and its variety, it being decidedly whiter
than more northern specimens, but the anal spot was not quite red.
Then a P. ale.ranor was captured, and ere I left, a second "transit
ad var. feist/ianielii " shared a like fate. A little below this, on a
later date, a single Laeosopis roharin fell to my lot, a species for which I was
specially on the look out, but it was the only one, and is evidently rare
around Digne. On another day I came across a meadow-like hollow
just below the ridge of the Collette en route for the Dourbes valley,
absolutely full of flowers, lavender, valerian, clematis, thistles and
many others — a wonderful sight. The colour of the flowers, the rich
green of the grass and the butterflies, the rich dark black (as it looked)
of «S'. cordula in abundance, with the lovely grey undersides of the
females of the same species, P. apollo and L. sihi/lla determined not
to be caught, various blues already named ; every head of flowers was
occupied by something. Melitaea didi/ma was in profusion with
several females, one or two being very black. It was a sight not
easily forgotten. Here also I took my first M. phoebe for this locality,
a fine red specimen, a single ('alias In/ale, absolutely fresh
also fell a victim to my attentions, as well as a fine female
A. af/laia. Loweia alri/drron var. i/ordius also spread its wings
to the sun attracted by the sweet-scented lavender and found a
temporary home in one of my boxes. This species was rare (probably
over) for I only took three during my visit. On the other side of the
hill M. athalia was not rare, the females being large, fine specimens,

CATOPS MONTIVAGUS, HEEE, A BRITISH INSECT. 71

whilst the males were dark and handsome, the tawny colour being
very bright. I took two or three males, however, m which the black
markings were much reduced, thus giving them quite a peculiar
appearance. Lower down I was fortunate enough to secure two more beau-
tifully blue females of P. nieleatjer flying over the white flowers of one
of the saxifrages. I was soon almost in the side valley leading to the
main road to the Dourbes, when an Arctiid I did not recognise flew
past, soon followed by a second, the latter of which I caught, and
found I had boxed Coscinia striata, and a very nice white female she
proved to be. Another day, further on in the Dourbes valley, I found
this species very common, they were flying about (both sexes) in the
hot sun over a grassy, if somewhat dried grass, land, that was much
interspersed with a small rush, and I took a nice little series, among
them being a magnificent specimen of the form nuianopteia, Brahm.,
in which the black of the nervui'es was much wider than usual,
making the primaries also very dark. Anthrocera {Zi/iiaena) lunicerae
was not uncommon, as was also A. achilleae, and among them was
one in which all the basal and median spots were confluent.
Returning along the main road, nothing of special interest was taken
until I came nearly to its junction with the Eaux-Chaudes road,
where, sunning itself on the sunburnt rocks on the right, I suddenly
saw a lovely specimen of Pobj(ionia (Grapta) e(jea : an equally sudden
sweep secured it, and it was scarcely in a box before it was followed
by a second, which was likewise captured ; scarcely, however, was this
in my pocket before a third came along and shared a like fate. I
was therefore well pleased with the result of that day's work.

(To be concluded.)

Catops montivagus, Heer, a British Insect.

By H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Oblongo-ovatus, niger ; antennis basi, tibiis tarsisque rufo-testaceis, pronoto
subtransverso, basi apiceque latitudine sub-aequali, angulis posticis rectis, acutis ;
elytris obsoletissime striatis ; antennis abrupte clavatis, articulo ultimo penultimo
vix longiore. Long. 1| lin.

Very similar to C tristis ; chiefly to be distinguished by its thorax
being a little longer, but narrower. The first five joints of the
antennae are rufo-testaceous, the eighth the smallest, much shorter and
narrower than those that follow, the last shortly ovate, scarcely longer
than the preceeding ; the thorax much narrower than the elytra, a
little broader than long, with the sides slightly rounded, behind
subsinuate, very densely punctulated, clothed with a dense yellow
pubescence ; elytra oblong-ovate, very closel}^ punctate, but evidently
impressed with a sutural stria, thighs pitchy black. Very rare in the
Alps. (Heer) Faun. Col. lielv., i., 381.

I took an insect at Nethy Bridge on June 27th last, under a dead
squirrel, which is undoubtedly Heer's species, and Captain Deville has
sent me a number of specimens from Soissons, and one he took at
Mont-Dore, which are evidently the same.

My specimen is a male with tuberculate anterior femora, and
comes next to tihtis and coracina, but does not agree wuth either. It
is darker than trisfis in colour, and has a markedly longer and narrower
thorax, which is bisinuate at the base, and the elytra are also longer.

72 THE entomologist's record.

In the European catalogue montiranHs is treated as a synonym of
tri:itis, which is of course incorrect. Murray, in his monograph on
the genus Catops, considered it to be a var. of tristis (although he also
called lonijulus and (/landicollis vars. of the same, which are now
regarded as good species), it may be as well to introduce it into onr
list as a var. at present. Mr. Bishop and I took a number of species
of Catops under this squirrel and he is noAv looking through his speci-
mens to see if there are more C. )iiontica(/iis.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Stray notes from Java. — The following notes may be of interest
to those studying mimicry : — (1) DnDif/d and Atlas Moth, April 30th,
1911, at Buitenzorg. — When in the gaidens one morning one of the
gardeners brought me a live Atlas moth, which was quite a foot in
expanse. I persuaded him to let it go, as I did not want it, and it
went oli" with a slow Happing flight for a few yards, when there was a
rush of wings directly behind me, and I saw it being carried oft' by a
drongo. The bird carried the moth in its claws to a high tree and tore
oft" portions of the wings preparatory to eating it ; but this took such a
time that I did not stay to witness the end of the tragedy. (2) Drvntjo
and />»^?t'/7///, May 26th, 1911, at Tjibodas. — When in the thick primeval
forest on the way to the Tjiborewa waterfall I was stalking a Zen.ridia
sp. ?, a large butterfly with a pale blue subapical band on the fore-
Aving. It flew oft" the underside of the leaf on which it was settled
and was immediately darted at by a drongo, which seemed to come
from nowhere ! The bird did not capture it, and did not repeat the
attack. In this thick forest the butterfly was almost invisible, except
for the blue bar, which is bluish white in the female. The wings of
the fresh male are of a deep indigo blue, a lovely colour, which, like
that of the nisco/i/tora celinde, will probably fade ; the female is deep
brown, with large bluish eye-like spots on the hindwings ; these are
smaller and more obscure in the male. Some would consider this
blue band a directing mark. It always settles on the underside of a
leaf, about five feet from the ground, but frequently high up out of
reach and always with widely expanded wings. (3) Clcromc arcesilaus.
This obscure, uniformly-coloured, brownish-yellow butterfly was very
common in this forest, it is in fact, in every thick forest; it settles on
the path, and when disturbed flutters into the jungle. It is difficult to
see in such deep shade, but is easy to capture, as it has a very weak
flight. Out of the numbers I have seen, none had pieces taken out
of their wings, though many were very ragged. (4) Piioneris
resembling Delias, May 24th, 1911, Poentjah Pass, West Java.
— Captured a male /V/()»(;/.s ///(«7o?k;»/<', Bsd., which closely resembles
a hclias by its yellow hindwing and red costa ; but the flight is quite
different, being less floating and more rapid and darting. It is rare in
Java, but />. bdisaina, which would be considered its model is very
abundant. This is a similar ca.se to /*. sita and P. nicltaris in South
India and Ceylon. (f)) Mrlanitis isnifnr, October 27th, 1911, Padang
(on the equator), Sumatra. — T found one specimen, which was inter-
mediate between the wet and dry season form ; a few days afterwards
at Buitenzorg the wet forms were common but very worn, and the

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 73

very few dry forms about were in first rate condition. At this place
there are two hundred and nineteen days of the year on which more
or less rain falls. In North-east Sumatra, as pointed out many years
ago by Dr. Martin, the wet and dry forms occur indiscriminately all
the year round, though rain falls nearly every week in the year. In
Ceylon they also occur thus, but to a much less marked extent, there
is a more gradual substitution of one form by the other ; this is also
the case in Bombay. In India generally the changes are more abrupt,
and in Mauritius this is even more so, as I have elsewhere indicated.
The seasonal forms of this and many other tropical butterflies have
hitherto been considered as some form of cryptic defence against the
attacks of birds, reptiles, and predatory insects ; but inasmuch as the
forms of this butterfly and many others I could mention occur thus
indiscriminately without detriment to the species, if one may judge by
their numbers, it would seem that this explanation, though perhaps
partly true, is inadequate, and the whole subject of these seasonal
changes may have eventually to be written from another standpoint.

(6) J'iipiiio Hieiinwn, Resting habit of. — This butterfly rests on the end
of a leaf or spray with expanded wings at about ten feet from the
ground, it is quite conspicuous. P. pnlytes and P. tainoiajta (a local
race of P. paris) do the same, but in these latter the forewings droop
sufficiently to cover the conspicuous eye-like spots on the hindwings.

(7) Telicada nijsens, Resting habit of. — This settles for the night three
or four together head downwards and concentrically on the top of a
seeded dandelion or similar plant, the mottled black and white under-
side of the hindwings with their black hind border make a very close
resemblance to a seeding flower-head. — Lt. Col. N. Manders, R.A.M.C,
F.E.S., London. FebrHcirij 1st, 1912.

HyrRCEciA ckinanensis, Burrows, in the Tutt collection. —
Amongst the Hydroecias, which I purchased at the sale of the first
part of the " Tutt " Collection, and consisting of a portion only of his
series, were 31 labelled llijdruecia Incens, Fr., and 88 labelled H.
palndis, Tutt. The Rev. C. R. N. Burrows has been kind enough to
examine the genitalia of all the II. Incena, and tells me that they
consist of 18 H. crina7U'nsis, Burrows, and 13 H. litcens, Fr. Six of the
H. crinanensis (four ^ s, two $ s) are from Wicklow, and were taken
in 1890, earlier than any recorded up to the present, though no doubt
still earlier specimens will be discovered when some of the older
collections are systematically examined. Eleven (ten ^ s, one 5 ) are
labelled " Ben Beulah, 1893." Ben Beulah, or Bheula, is on the
south side of Loch Fyne, at the head of Loch Eck, in Argyleshire, and
not very far from the Crinan Canal. The remaining specimen, a
male, is labelled " Morpeth, 1895," and is, I believe, the oldest
recorded English specimen. In no case was the name of the captor
given. Morpeth, in Northumberland, and Wicklow are both new
localities for this species, and the former is especially interesting as it
is a good deal nearer the east coast of Great Britain than any other
known hitherto. Of the specimens labelled IJ. /lalinli^, Tutt, 33 are
from the South of England, and have not been examined, but five
specimens from Sligo (one 3 var. paludis-fiam, one ? var. iiriaea-
flam, one J and two 2 s var. inteniudia-flarn), caught between 1880
and 1885, have all been pronounced by Mr. Burrows to be //. Ikcchs,
Fr. A very pale male is probably one of those referred to in the

-74 THE entomologist's record.

Ihitish Xoctiiae and tlicir Varieties, vol. i., p. 63, where the following
sentence occurs in a discussion of the species H. ludndis. " The palest
I have ever seen were captured by Mr. Percy Russ at Sligo, in Ireland,
but others captured by Mr. Ovenden and myself at Strood, Mr.
Coverdale at Hhoeburyness, and by myself at Deal, are but little
darker than the Irish specimens." These pale Sligo forms are
probably all referable to hi. Iikl'hs, Ft. That Tutt himself, the
acknowledged authority on this genus, should have had in his ©wn
cabinet II. lucoi.'i, Fr., and H. crinanensis, Burrows, mixed together for
many years under the name of H. Iticens, and H. htcenn and H. palndis
under that of tl. paliidis, shows how impossible it is to distinguish
between these three species by a superficial examination. — E. A.
Cockayne, F.E.S., 16, Cambridge Square, W.

[I find that the " Ben Beulah " specimens of H. crinanensis were
captured by Tutt himself, on loir i/iuioul near Ben Bheulah, shown to
him bv Dr. Chapman. No doubt this species was the one captured in
previous years in this locality by Dr. Chapman.— E. A. C]

J^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Phigalia pedaria in December.^ — I have an earlier record for
I'hit/alia pedaria than that recorded by Mr. Tonge (p. 25), as I took a
freshly emerged male on a fence bordering Highgate Woods on
December 17th last. It was slightly crippled. L'/ieimatohia hruniata
was still abundant and many quite freshly emerged in the woods in
the same afternoon. — Russell E. James, " Brockenhurst," Bloom-
field Road, Highgate. Febrnanj dtli, 1912.

Correction. — In the Eiit. Record for January, 1912, p. 12, line 13,
read $ for J . I may add that lines 36 and 37 on p. 11 are not
sufficiently clearly expressed. The Belgrade Forest $ s of M. didi/nia,
are much suffused as a rule in the first generation. Those of the
second brood are of a more orange-brown ground colour. As regards C.
erate, it may be said in criticism of my suggestion as to the possible
causes of its presence on the Bosphorus, that butterflies do not move
when North and North-East winds blow. Very true, but what about
sudden changes of wind which are one of the features of the Euxine?
I have seen C. eiluKa flying over the Bosphorous in war)n weather more
than once. Given a sudden change of wind, especially of a violent
nature, and an insect may be carried a long distance by a wind in
which it would not ordinarily fly. — Phjlip P. Graves, F.E.d., Club de
Constantinople, Constantinople. Febniari/ 24f//, 1912.

CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

The Rev. G. M. Smith and Mr. C. Granville Clutterbuck, F.E.S.,
as Members of the Museum Committee, are engaged in arranging a
collection of the Gloucestershire Lepidoptera for the Gloucester
Museum. Collectors willing to supply specimens are invited to
communicate with the latter gentleman at " Heathside," Heathville
Road, Gloucester.

The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Naiui'al
Beauty, are at the present time making an appeal to preserve to the
nation some sixty acres of the North Downs, i/;., CoUey Hill near

CURRENT NOTES. 75

Eeigate, and to assist them a shilling fund has been arranged for
which Mr. T. H. Grosvenor, F.E.S., 8, Gloucester Road, Red Hill, is
acting as Hon. Secretary. It will be remembered that in the past
entomologists have had much reason to thank the Trust for the
benefits they have conferred on us by preserving in perpetuity such
localities as Burwell Fen, 30 acres, Wicken Fen, 4 acres, Hindhead,
1,412 acres. East Sheen Common, 30 acres, Leigh Woods, Bristol,
80 acres, in addition to about 18 other properties in the most
interesting parts of Great Britain. Colley Hill is annually visited by
entomologists, who visit it for the many local species of Lepidoptera
that occur there. There have been some very generous donations,
and collections were made at recent meetings of the Entomological
and South London Entomological Societies with very gratifying
results. The need is great, and there only remain a few weeks to
raise a considerable sum.

In No. 18 of the Jyull. Soe. ent. ile France, recently received, there
is a series of biological notes on the larva of Mj/elois cribrella by M.
Etienne Raband. He describes in interesting detail the feeding of the
larvfe in the heads of flowers of thistles, etc., their migration from
head to head, and their final penetration into the stem for pupation
with the construction of an operculum backed by a "cork" of debris
and excrement. M. Raband states that he has actually seen the larva
migrate from capitulum to capitulum,and again finally from capitulum
to stem for pupation.

" To the making of books there is no end " is a statement of fact
with which the man in the street is only too famihar. The
lepidopterist is inclined to parody this phrase and say "To the naming
of varieties there is no end." We scarcely open a magazine, a bulletin,
a transactions, etc., without immediately meeting with a new-named
form of some well known species. In a separatum entitled Lepidoptera
of the Zoolocfical Museum of the I nirersitij of Naplex just received from
Conte Emilo Turati, the author lists the forms of J'arnassius a polio to
the amazing number of 84 named forms, of which 53 are local races
or subspecies and 31 are aberrations. In a supplementary note some
11 more racial and aberrational forms are mentioned, so that of this
one well-known species we have nearly one hundred named forms.
Verily nomenclature is proving its suggested reputation to the hilt.
Count Turati has gone carefully through the Naples collection of
Lepidoptera, described all the distinctive forms especially of the
Rhopalocera, and added numerous valuable critical notes.

The entomological work of the New York Agricultural Experimental
Station at Geneva is always highly commendable for its thoroughness.
We have received a copy of a PreliiDinanj Report of Grape Insects,
consisting of about 100 pages with 15 photographic plates and
numerous diagrams and tables, containing an account of five insect
pests from the depredations of which the grape area in the Chautauqua
belt had gradually declined in productiveness. The grape flea-beetle
{Haltica chab/bea), the rose-chafer (Macrodacti/liis subspinosiis), and the
grape-root worm {Fidia riticida), are Coleoptera, the grape- blossom
midge {Contarinia johnsoni) is a Dipteron, and the grape leaf-hopper
{Typldocijba comes), is a Hemipteron. These are each dealt with from
an economic and historical standpoint, the areas of their distribution
and references to the literature concerning them are given. The
various plants they attack, the character and extent of the injuries

76 THE entomologist's record.

they inflict, descriptions of the insects in all their stages, their habits
of life, the times of their appearance, an account of the experiments
made to destroy by spraying, cultivation, etc., and the various control
measures likely to be successful, are all discussed at length.

In a notice of the books just recently published we read that
Messrs. Longmans have brought out a book entitled Jhittnjh/ Ihtntintj
in Maui/ Lands, by Dr. George Longstaflf. The book is illustrated
by plates in colour. Dr. Longstaff is, we know, a great traveller and
wielder of the net, and his book therefore should be of much interest
to entomologists, as well as entertaining to the general reader. — A. S.

Among the contents of the Jieiiimr h'ntniiiolni/isrhc Zeitsdirift for
the past year, we note the following articles which may be of more or
less general interest. (1) " The Entomological Results of a journey
through lipper Italy and the South Tyrol in 1910," giving notes on
the various captures in the orders Neuroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera,
Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Ehynchota from the middle
of May to the beginning of August, with plates, on one of which is a
figure of a teratological specimen of lUapH imicronata with a bifid left
antenna. The paper is by Herr Willy Ramme. (2) " A Second
Contribution to the Lepidopterous Fauna of the North with critical
remarks," by Herr H. Stichel. One of the most useful portions of
this lengthy article is a bibliographical list of no less than 131 books
or articles in which the same northern areas are dealt with more or
less at length, and which he has consulted. As to new names, the cry
is " Still they come," ej/., ('crura bifida saltcnsix iovma pofrilia, which
we presume means Centra hijida subsp. saltcnsis ab. pnccilia. There
is one plate of newly named forms. (3) " A Contribution to the
Orthopterous Fauna of the Mark Brandenburg," (The Berlin area), by
Herr Willy Ramme, with one plate.

The Naturalist for December contains the reproduction of a capital
photograph of three specimens of I'olia c/ii resting in proximity to one
another on a wall. This picture gives one the idea that this species is
not protectively coloured for resting on a wall, a fact which is in
accord with the experience of many of our personal friends. We have
always been told that sitting on a wall it is a most conspicuous insect.
One of the moths is the dark form oliracea, but it appears to be almost
equally distinct as do the other two. Is this the universal experience
of observers ?

In the Kntomohxjist for December, Mr. H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S.,
F.E.S., contributes a " Revised list of the British Ants."

In the November number of the Kntomnhxiiral Xeirs Dr. Philip P.
Calvert of Philadelphia continues the account of his investigation of
the inhabitants of the water and debris which collects between the bases
of the leaves of the epiphytic Bromdiaccae in the neighbourhood of
Juan Vinas, Costa Rica. He was particularly investigating the
habits of the larva of one of the Odonata, Mecistoiiastcr vwdestas, Selys,
which he knew lived in such situations. From the most interesting
account given in his paper we extract the following paragraph
giving the list of inhabitants of one clump only of the Bromeliads.
He writes, " This clump of Ijromeliads was tenanted, in addition to
the Odonate larva', by a young scorpion {(^entrurus iiiar<iaritatiis) two
inches long, which had just moulted, the exuvite also found ; two
species of Phalangids [^leteryitvus sn/natus and t'ynorti sp '?) ; a

CURRENT NOTES. 77

Pseudoscorpion [l.'helanops sp ?) ; Coleoptera, both adults {Metawasius
dimidiatipennh, Alerioria dilatata, Cri/ptobiutn sp ?, an Endomychid
genus, new, near Trochoideus, Cercyon or Phacnonotum sp ?, and
Phaenonotuw tarsale) and larvae (Elaterids, probably of the genus
Seuiiotxs and others allied to what is considered the larvoe of Dolopins,
a Lampyrid of an unknown genus, but apparently related to Pkoturis,
a Sphjeridid, possibly Phacnonotum tarsale) ; a Dipterous larva
(Stratiomyiid) with a circle of set^e at its hind end ; two Heteroptera,
the subglobular shiny Chlaerocoris dinsimUis and a flat nymph of
(probably) Belminns riujnloms : a Hepialid caterpillar ; a small earwig
(" too immature to be determinable, probably it is a Labia, possibly
L. annulata," Burr) ; ants of an undescribed species of Apterostiijma.
The weevil, Metamasins diniidiatipennis, bore many Acari (a species of
Uropoda) on its legs, and another large Acarine was present between
the leaves. Finally in the mud between some of the leaves was a fair
sized earthworm (an immature Andiodrilus biollei/i)." The author
continues: " The list here given .... does not include by any
means all the bromeliadicoU which we met with in Costa Rica, but is
interesting as giving a glimpse of the organic environment of the special
subject of the paper " the " Habits of the Plant -dwelliii;/ [.arva of
Mecistor/aster viodestus."

We have received a long paper published in the Proceedings of the
Zoological Society of London, for September, 1911, by Lieut. -Col.
Manders, R.A.M.C., F.Z.S., F.E.S., entitled " An Investigation into
the Validity of Miillerian and other forms of Mimicry with special
reference to the Islands of Bourbon, Mauritius, and Ceylon." The
author takes each island in turn and enumerates the reptiles and birds
which are known to attack insects ; he has collected as many data of
observations as were possible and in addition made experiments as
opportunity offered. In conclusion, he shows that neither the
Miillerian nor the Batesian forms of mimicry are illustrated in the
insect economy of these islands, as in Bourbon and Mauritius there
are no butterfly-eating birds or reptiles, while in Ceylon the butterfly-
eating reptiles are impartial feeders and no bird known to eat butter-
flies discriminates between one species and another.

In the Ent. Mo. May. for January, the Rev. A. E. Eaton describes
a species of Diptera new to science, Telniatoscopus rothscldldii, of which
the Hon. N. C. Rothschild has taken specimens off a tree trunk near
the Serpentine in Hyde Park.

In the same number Mr. .J. E. Collin edits a new series of notes
on species of Diptera new to Britain, by the late G. H. Verrall, F.E.S.
They are Sciara lonyirentris, from Sutton Park ; Ijeia terminalis, from
Herefordshire ; Boletina basalis, from Ivybridge, Bettws-y-Coed, etc. ;
Platyura niyricauda, from Llangollen and Bewdley ; P. modesta, from
Dorset; P. niyriccps, P. hiuneralis, from Nairn and St. Albans;
Scatopse talpae, from Reigate, Cambridgeshire and Suftolk (this species
is new to science) ; S. co.vendix, from Lewes, Chippenham, Lyndhurst,
etc. (new to science) ; Cricotopus ptdchripes, from Snowdon (new to
science); Ceratopoyon pallidus, from Handcross, Sussex; C. nubeculosiis,
from Worms Hd., Aldeburgh, Wareham, etc. ; C. forcipatus, from
Penzance ; C. versicolor, from Newmarket ; C. iiobilis, from Studland,
Dorset; Di.va niyra, from Nairn; Limnobia decemmaculata, from
Tarrington ; Psiloconopa pnsilla,ivoxa S.Herefordshire; Bhamphomyia

78 THE EN'TOJIOLOGISt's RECORD.

culicina, ivom Nairn and Porthcawl ; J 'ac/n/)iic)ia erberi, (vom Biitley,
Suffolk; Hilara ai'ionciha, ivom. Leith Hill and Tunbridge Wells;
//. hiinibria, from Stanford, Norfolk ; and H. diceinipes, from Nairn.

The Kntonioloi/ischc MitteiltiiH/cn is the new monthly periodical
which has taken the place of the bimonthly Deutsche Entowoloi/ische
Xational Bibliotliek as the organ of the German Entomological
Museum, Berlin-Duhlem. The get-up and general contents of the
first number are a great advance upon its predecessor. It is illustrated
by plates and diagrams, and is printed on good paper. Among the
contents are a " Sketch of the history of the German Entomological
Museum," by its Curator Herr W. Horn, " Entomological Nomen-
clature," by Herr S. Schenkling, and a " Bibliographical Study of
Panzer's Fauna Injector uvi Germanica" by Herr Roeschke.

Yngve Sjostedt's Zoologische Kilimandjaro-Meru Expedition 1905=6.

{Ahthcilungen 1-22. loh. I-III. 4to Stodihohu 1910.)
By MALCOLM BUEE, D.Sc, F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.G.S.

Professor Sjostedt left Stockholm on April 20th, 1905, and landed
again on Swedish soil on August 2nd, 1906, bringing back with him
three and a half tons of baggage Avhich contained his zoological
collections, consisting of over 59,000 specimens, representing upwards
of 4,800 species of animals ; of these, over 1,400 were new to science.

The working out of this extensive material was delegated to a
number of leading specialists, the results of whose studies are published
in three sumptuous quarto tomes, consisting altogether of 2328 pages,
illustrated by 87 plates.

The country which was thus scientifically explored consists of the
plateaus of the Kilimandjaro-Meru district. The former is the loftiest
mountain in Africa, attaining an altitude of 6,010 metres or 19,718ft.,
and its neighbour, Meru, reaches 4,680 metres or 18,124ft. Kilimand-
jaro is an eruptive mass, consisting mainly of granite, and gneiss of
Tertiary Age. So lofty a mountain, situated on the Equator, naturally
presents a great variety of conditions : Sjostedt enumerates the zones
as follows : —

First, the Steppes, between 2,000 and 8,000 ft. ; secondly, the
cultivated zone, lying between 8,000 and 6,000 ft. ; thirdly, the humid
forest zone, between 6,000 and 10,000 ft.; fourthly, the Alpine belt, of
grass and scrub, up to 18,000 ft. ; and finally the peak itself or High
Alpine zone, from 18,000 to the apex.

The P'auna and conditions of these belts is discussed by the author
in the first 80 pages, which are most interesting reading, illustrated
by eighteen plates of really fine photographs of the people and the
scenery.

The Vertebrata and Molluscs occupy a relatively small space, for it
is the insects which take up the bulk of vols. i. and iii., and the
whole of vol. ii. The Coleoptera are worked out by no less than
twenty-three specialists ; the Hymenoptera are well treated, but the
Lepidoptera take up much less space. They are dealt with by Professor
Aurivillius, who enumerates 202 species of Rhopalocera and 885 of
Heterocera. It is pleasant to see the so-called neglected orders dealt
with in such detail. The Diptera, partly by Sjostedt himself and

SOCIETIES.

79

partly by Speiser, occupy 206 pages, or about foui- times as much
space as the Lepidoptera, thus reversing the usual order of things.
The Siphonaptera, by the Hon. Charles Rothschild, are interesting ;
there were 250 specimens, representing six species of which three were
new, one requiring a new genus. The Anoplura are treated by
Enderlein, and the Neuroptera, Pseudo-neuroptera and Hemiptera by
various authors ; of the latter order, the Goridae, ('ori.iidae and
Notonectidae were worked out by the late G. W. Kirkaldy, who enjoyed
an unrivalled knowledge of these groups, his etirly favourites.

The Orthoptera are discussed by Sjostedt himself, with the
exception of the Blattodea by Shelford and the earwigs by Burr.

The Corrodentia, Collembola and Tlujmnura are also well treated.
Leaving the insects we find the Mijiiapnda, Arachnoideo, lkca}>()da,
Isopoda and Vermes treated in detail by various specialists.

It is a great work and a splendid monument to the -energy of
Professor Sjostedt and to the public spirit and generosity of his
country and countrymen, who are always ready and willing to come
forward in the support of Science.

SOCIETIES.

City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
Noveviber 1th, 1911. — Orthosia lota from France. — Dr. T. A. Chapman
exhibited three specimens bred from larvae taken at Amelie-les-Bains,
South France, and fed on Coriana iiiijrti folia ; the three imagines (all
that emerged) were of three different forms, leaden, dark red, and
fulvous, pointing to the existence of much more variation than is
found in the British race. Melanic Acidalia virgularia. — Mr. G. H.
Heath, a specimen taken atBrockley, September, 1911, of aunicolorous
dark grey with white cilia. Cerastis vaccinii ab. suffusa.- — Mr. B. S.
Williams, two examples taken at Finchley, September, 1911. Ematurga
atomaria 5 with J coloration. — Mr. H. B. Williams exhibited a $
with tawny ground colour of J , taken at Oxshott, July, 1911. —
November 2lst, 1911. — Lepidoptera from Mucking. — Rev. C. R. N.
Burrows exhibited a number of lepidoptera taken in his garden at
sugar during September, including one Mellinia ocellaris, Calamia
lutosa, Lencania co)iima (presumably a second brood), a melanic Thera
variata and Melanippe fluctiiata var. costorata. Pyrameis cardui and
High Temperature. — Mr. L. W. Newman, a long series bred ab ovo
from a Folkestone 2 taken on Septemoer 2nd ; the larvje were fed up
in a temperature of about 80", and all the imagines had emerged by
October 16th. In a few specimens the inner large white apical blotch
was almost entirely obscured by black scaling, while many others
showed the same peculiarity in a less accentuated degree. Vanessa io
AB. cYANosTicTA. — Mr. H. B. WiUiauis, a series including an example
of this aberration bred from larvje taken at Chalfont in July.
Variation in Chesias spartiata. — Mr. A. J. Willsdon, a series from the
Wanstead district, including pale gre}^ brownish, reddish-fawn, and
melanic forms. ^Egeria myop.eformis. — Mr. Willsdon also exhibited
a series of this clearwing, and stated that it had been secured by
searching the grass at the foot of apple trees early in the morning.
Celastrina argiolus, third brood. — Rev. C. R. N. Burrows reported
the appearance of a third brood at Mucking late in September.

80 THE entomologist's record,

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Noveinber
20tlt, 1911, Dr. John Cotton in the chair. Lecture. — Dr. F. F.
Tinne read a paper on " The Application of the Lumiere Process of
Colour Photography to Entomolog}-," and in the course of a most
interesting address exhibited a number of colour portraits of lepidoptera
in their native haunts, as well as pictures of places he had visited
when in the pursuit of insects. It is quite evident that there is a great
future for this class of work, as soon as coloured prints can be taken
direct from the negatives. Scotch Lepidoptera. — Mr. Robert Tait,
Junr., exhibited a fine lot of insects from Braemar, the results of his
summer holiday, which was spent in that locality. These included
a very fine series of Pliisia interrogationis, Daai/dia ohfiiscaria,
Coenonymplia tiplion, Anthrocera e.vidans, Xenienphila })lanta;iinitt, and
var. Iio.tpita, the last being obtained as a partial second brood in
October. Varied but smaller series of the following were also shown :
— Cidaria poptilata, C. vi}}iianata, Cureiiiia iiniuitata, Larentia caesiata
and Halia hrnnneata : Mr. Tait further contributed an interesting
account of his holiday with remarks upon the variation, etc., of the
insects captured. Polia chi. — Mr. Wm. Mansbridge exhibited a series
of Polia (ill taken in the Huddersfield district on August Bank Holiday
comprising themelanic forms for which that neighbourhood is famous.^
The Annual Meeting was held in the Royal Institution, Colquit Street,
Liverpool, on December 18th : Mr. William Webster in the chair. —
As Mr. W. J. Lucas, the retiring vice-president, was unable to be
present to read his address " On the Present State of our own Know-
ledge of the Pre-imaginal Stages of the British Dragontlies," this was
done by the secretary. Mr. Lucas dealt lucidly and in detail with the
various methods of oviposition obtaining in the Odonata, drawing
particular attention to the habit Ischniira elei/ans possesses of descending
beneath the surface of the water for this purpose, and to the two types
of Dragonfly eggs :— the elongate, cylindrical type, such as is met with
in .Kuchna and the more or less oval or pear-shaped type found in
Si/mpetnnii and LibcUida. The development of the nymphs, their
form, habits and food, the duration of the nymphal existence and other
features of Dragonfly bionomics were then dealt with in an equally
interesting and exhaustive manner, the fact being emphasised that
although of recent years a considerable amount of work had been done,
and our knowledge of the life history of these beautiful creatures had
been greatly increased, there yet remained a vast amount to be done
in the future. The latter part of the address consisted of a review of
the progress of our knowledge of the earlier stages of Dragonfly
existence, commencing with Thomas Moufet's " Insectorum Theatrum "
and bringmg the subject down to the present day. The address and
the excellent lantern slides with which it was illustrated, were greatly
appreciated l)y all who were present. Mr. C. B. Williams exhibited a
box of Lepidoptera, collected during the past season in various localities
and including the following: — Taeniocampa viioida, A'l/lino socio, X.
oniitopm, Xtflocampo areola, and Oporina croceago from the Conway
Valley ; lirenthis aelene, Ci/clnpides palaewon and Xoneobius lucina
from Northamptonshire; Baarmia roboraria, Crnophria rubricollis,
Diacriaia aamiio {rusxiila), Heniaris fuciforuiiH, Plebeim arqm (aegon)
and Brcnthin eupliroxi/jic from the New Forest.

WATKINS 8c DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6, 3/-. Folding Nets, 3/6,
4/-, 4/6. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes (deal), 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc
Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen, 1 gross, 1/6.
Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor
cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; IJin., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2^in.,
1/-; 3Jin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting
Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage,
2/6, 4/-, .5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases,
japanned double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3^, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass
Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to" 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes,
from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,
2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sesiidae, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW EOOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Ob.teci.s, Fossils, &c.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS* EGGS (Brilish, European, and Exotic).
Birds, MammaU, etc., Preseived and Mounted by First cla.ss IVorkmoi.

36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C, ENGLAND.

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe,

By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc,, F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S., &c.

Bound in Cloth, 160 pp., with good Index (Specific and Generic).

Price 3sm net»

A pocket handbook for the use of collectors in the field. Covers all species found west
of the Carpathian Mts. Description of each species, habits, habitats and distribution

Will he sent Post Free on receipt of Postal Order for 3s* to —

A. H., 41 , Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S>E.

BARGAINS! BARGAINS!! BARGAINS!!!

Excellent 44 drawer Mahogany Cabinet price on application.

Fine set insects not less than half-dozen of a species sent. Box and postage 4d. extra.

Price per dozen : — Imbutata 3s., Lineolata Is. 6d., Prunata Is. 6d., Silaceata Is. 6d.,
Immanata lOd., Russata lOd., Corylata Is., Picata 3s., Psiticata Is. 9d., Undulata Is. 6d.,
Dubitata Is. 6d,, Lignata Is. 6d., Testata lOd., Fluviata 2s., Unidentaria lOd., Ferrugata
lOd., Berberata Is. 6d., Eubidata Is. 6d., Fluctuata (Shetlands) 2s., Galiata Is. 3d., Mon-
tanata lOd., Sociata 9d., Unangulata 2s., Procellata Is. 3d., Tristata Is. 6d., Albicillata
Is. 3d., Eubiginata Is. 3d., Elutata 9d., Impluviata 9d., Euberata 5s., P'irmata 2s., Variata
9d., Polycommata Is. 9d., Lobulata Is. 3d., Hexapterata Is. 9d,, Eectangulata Is., Togata
3s. 6d., Sobrinata Is. 6d., Dodoneata 4s., Abbreviata Is. 6d., Tenuiata Is. 6d., Assimilata
Is. 6d., Absinthiata Is., Subnotata lid., Nanata lid., Satyrata var. Callunaria 2s. 6d.,
Curzoni Shetlands 4s., Extensaria 9s., Jasioneata 10s., Succentauriata 4s., CentauriatB
lid., Consignata 20s., Venosata Is. 6d., do. Shetlands 3s., Blandiata 2s. 6d., Ericetata
2s. 6d., Unifasciata Is. 9d., Albulata lid., Caesiata lid., Didymata lid., Multistrigaria
lOd., Filigrammaria, Is., Aurantiaria lid., Leucophearia lOd., Selected vars. 2s. 9d.,
Marginata lOd., Ulmata lid., Grossulariata nice vars. 5s., Gilvaria is. 6d.

Next Month many more species, look out for them.

L. Yl. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Mysia oblongo-guttata, L., ab. nigro-guttata, n. ab., Hereward C. Dollman, F.E.S.

(with plate) 53

Notes from the Wye Valley : Lepidoptera in 1911, J. F. Bird . . . . . . 53'

Greek Lepidoptera in April, 1911, P. A. d- D. A. J. Buxton . . . . . . 59

Leptothorax tuberum, Fab., subsp. corticalis, Schenk, an ant new to Britain, If.

C. Crawley, B. A., F.E.S .. .. 63

Some Coleoptera and an Ant, additions to the Isle of Wight Lists, J. Taylor . . 65

liionsense Names, George Wheeler, BI. A., F.Z.S., F.E.S 66

The first fortnight in July, 1911, in Digne, G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.E.S... 07
Catops montivagus, Heer, a British Insect, H. St. J. K. Donistliorpe, F.Z.S.,

F.E.S 71

Scientific Notes and Observations: — Stray Notes from Java, Lt.Col. N. Manders,
R.A.M.O., F.E.S. Hydroecia crinanensis, Burrows, in the Tutt collection,

E. A. Cockayne, F.E.S 72

Notes on Collecting, etc. : — Phigalia pedaria in December, Russell E. James.

Coxreetion, Philip P. Graves, F.E.S. 74

Current Notes and Short Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Review: — Yngve Sjostedt's Zoologische Kilimandjaro-Meru Expedition, 1905-6,

Malcolm Burr, D.Sc, F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.G.S 78

Societies : — City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. Lanca-
shire and Cheshire Entomological Society . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Contributions remain over for want of space from G. Wheeler, G. T. Bethune-Baker,
A. S. Tetley, G. W. Nicholson, Douglas H. Pearson, J. T. Fountain, etc.

Seasonal notes on British Lepidoptera will appear in due course from C. W. Colthrup,
F. G. Whittle, A. Eussell, Alf. Sich, H. Ashton Nichols, etc.

We hope that those who intend sending us an account of their doings for 1911 will do
so ere long, as we should like to know more of what our English workers are doing. Will
those who are studying the Micro-lepidoptera help us, by sending in notes of their
captures and observations.

All MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs returned to Hy. J. Turner,
98, Drakefell Koad, New Cross, London, S.E.

Rambles in Alpine Valleys.

Bound in Cloth, with Map and Photographs of District.
Price 3s. 6d.
This book contains a series of essays dealing with the colours of insects, and sugges-
tions as to the relation in past time between the Alpine and British fauna. Many new
facts are brought forward, and entomological problems discussed from various standpoints.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh.

(Crown 8vo., Illustrated, 224 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Bound

in Cloth. (Price 2/6).
Another series of collecting expeditions into well-known entomological and natural
history localities, with description of botanical, geological, ornithological as well as
entomological matters of interest to be found therein. The places dealt with include
Cobham Woods, Cuxton Downs, the Western Highlands, Clilfe— all well known for their
rich entomological fauna.

To be obtained from J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladyvvell Road,
Brockley, S.E.

Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen, and Hill.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Bound in Cloth, Crown 8vo. Price Three Shillings net.

A detailed account of the fauna and flora of some well-known British natural history
localities : — Wicken, Deal, Chattenden, the Medway Marshes, Isle of Wight, etc.

Postal Orders to —

Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E

Subscriptions for Vol. XXIV. are no>v overdue

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECOF

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATIC

Edited hv

Richard S. BAGNALL., f.l.s., f.e.s. 1 T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d.,f.z.s.,

T. HUDSON BE ARE,

B.SC, F.E.8., I'.a.S.K.

George T. BETHUNB-BAKER,

p.z.s., f.l.s., f.e.s.
m. burr, d.sc, f.z.s., f.i..s., f.k.s.
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A WEEK AT BRAEMAR. 81

A Week at Braemar.

By EUSSELL E. JAMES.

In a summer of almost unbroken sunshine circumstances have
prevented me from doing more than a very moderate amount of
collecting. Nevertheless I have managed to fulfil a longstanding
promise to myself of a visit to Braemar — the British home of Anthrucera
exidam. What Braemar could be under bad conditions I can well
imagine, but as we saw it, it was to a Southerner, an Entomological
Paradise. The very conditions which made the holiday so ideal
frustrated our designs upon the two species for which we had
specially planned the trip, and when I arrived on July 7th I found
my companion — -Mr. Galpin, of Oxford — most disconsolate. I must
admit that he had a case. In the first place he had come at
great inconvenience, and only after I had painted our prospects in
glowing colours, figuratively dangling long series of A. e.vnlans and
Psoclos trepiclaria before his eyes, and then I turned up a day late. I
arrived on the day on which I had all along intended to arrive, but he
insisted that I had mentioned the day before, and unfortunately for me,
had documentary evidence to prove it ; I had undertaken to make all
the enquiries as to the best ground to work, so until I arrived he was
at a disadvantage. Add to this that the day had been dull and
inclined to rain, I had sent no word of my movements, and the
railway motor breaking down had again made me two hours late, and
it will be realised that the situation facing me was a delicate one.
Mr. Galpin had further gathered the information that owing to an
abnormal June both A. cxidans and P. trepiclaria had been well over
for a week past. We had poor success that night and the gloom
reached its lowest ebb, bat the next morning the hot spell commenced.
We henceforward had a great time, and in the end were more than
repaid for missing A. e.vulans and P. trepidaria.

We had obtained special permission to work the Invercauld deer
forest on the further side of the Dee, and it was there we spent most
of our days. The morning of the 8th was an ideal one, and in spite
of discouragement from Messrs. Tait, Mutch and Home, who had all
been at Braemar for some time, and evidently spoke with knowledge,
we deemed it our "duty " to at least see the e.odans ground. We
pushed on up to about 2,500 feet and found their tale only too true ;
no sign of anything at the higher levels except one or two Scoptda
alpinalis. However, the view was glorious, we had a fine sight of some
red deer, and moreover on the way down got a good general knowledge of
this part of our ground. We subsequently learnt from the head-keeper
that A. exulana bad been out in early June, and that P. trepidaria was
swarming on all the heights three weeks before our arrival. The
keeper's information is probably reliable, as he has had considerable
training at the hands of Mr. Percy Bright and others, and all the
hints he gave us as to " Obeliscatas " (his version of D. obfuscata) and
other species proved to be very accurate.

A. exidans seems to be confined to one, or at most two, of the

mountains, but occurs over a considerable area, and apparently in

spite of continued onslaughts is in great numbers. P. trepidaria on

the other hand seems to occur abundantly on most of the higher

April 15th, 1912.

82 THE kntomologist's record.

mountains around, resting on and flying over the short turf on the
extreme tops. We did actuall}' see A. exiilans alive, as Mr. Mutch
still had some living females for breeding purposes, and one of these
I brought away as a type, until another visit enables me to take my
own series.

The insect of the visit was Daxi/ilia ohfuscata, and here of course
the forward season helped us. Nevertheless, I should gather that it
was far more plentiful than usual, and although the slopes of the
Invercauld estate were its headqunrter.-^, it also occurred sparingly on
the hillside behind the town, and by the llth was just commencing to
emerge up Glen Callater.

Glen Callater (to the south) was another of our favourite grounds,
and was distinctly useful in being a week or ten days more backward
than the Invercauld Estate. It enabled us to crowd the advantages of
a fortnight's collecting into six days, and thereby we both obtained
fine series of CociKDu/mpha ti/phoii, which was practically over every-
where else. The Glen is very fascinating, the bare and steep boulder-
strewn slopes to the east, and the utter absence of tree or shrub giving
it a wildness of aspect quite diflerent from the pine and birch-clad
slopes of the Dee side. 15ut the most curious thing about the glen is
that the burn appears to be flowing up-hill. Entering it at its
narrowest part, it stea.dily broadens out as one ascends, and it must
be this ellect of broadening instead of narrowing that conveys the
irresistible impression that one is descending instead of ascending, and
nothing but the evidence of flowing water would have convinced me
to the contrary. Here, more than anywhere else, one had evidence of
the drought, a large expanse below the loch, which must usually be
a peat bog, being bard-baked and cracked.

All our evening work was done in the upper glade of the birch-
wood behind the town and on the hillside above. We treacled every
night in this top glade, but only on the 8th did any numbers come,
all the nights but this one being clear and somewhat chilly.

One does not find />. ohfnsrata easily at first, but on getting to know
their hal)its they proved to be in astonishing numbers. They sit
head downwards on ro3ks, always in the shade, always low down, and
are specially fond of overhanging surfaces. They prefer small boulders
to sit on, even small stones in the pathways, and are quite conspicuous
when once one's eye gets in. They were very restless owing to the
unusual heat (we had 85'' in the shade even at Braemar), but the
considerable number seen flying were, I believe, only seeking fresh
resting places as their own became exposed to the sun. Mr. Galpin
preferred striking the stones to searching, and by this means
obtained nearly as many as myself. This method, however, has
the disadvantage that the older specimens fly off more readily than
the quite fresh ones. Moreover, every specimen has to be netted,
and generally after a chase, as the species is no mean flyer. It is
an extraordinarily difficult insect to get home in quite perfect
condition, and although I inuigined I had taken ample for supplying
my own wants and those of my friends, I found in the end that I had
dillrtcuUy in picking out even one full cabinet row quite without
reproach. Probably the extreme heat helped to make them restless,
but the number that proved to have in some degree damaged their
thoraces and fringes was appalling. They were distinctly scarce on

A WEEK IN BRAEMAR, 83

the ground we worked at night, but one or two were netted on the
wing after dark. These were the only ones seen in natural flight, and
we saw nothing to confirm a report I had heard of a late afternoon
flight.

Plm^ia i)iterr<>(/atinnis, a genuine day-flyer, was also in great numbers,
but wanted much catching and more getting home in condition. By
using the largest size boxes, however, a very fine lot were eventually
obtained. This species also frequently rests on the rocks, but unlike
]>. obfio^rata chooses the large and lichen-covered boulders, and rests high
up frequently even on top. A fair number were found thus, in the
late afternoon, but they also settle down for a time at mid-day, then
always ni the shade. Even during the time of flight, they rest quite
as frequently on the rocks as on the heather, and they are always far
more difficult to see than 1). abfnacata. In fact when actuall}' resting
on lichen, the colouring, aided by the irregular outline of crested thorax
and fine forewing fringes, aft'ords such marvellous protection that I
probably overlooked many more than 1 found. On a number of
occasions, after boxing a specimen, a second was discovered within a
few inches, and until then quite unnoticed. This species also was
only just coming out up Glen Callater on the last d;lJ^ We only saw
one specimen on the wing after dark and none were attracted by the
Kfdlnbiiiui. flowers mentioned later on, so I shoi^ld imagine that if there
is a night flight it is only a verj^ partial one.

iMventia caesiata in verj' great variety was every where, but nowhere
so abundant as in the pinewoods on the hillsides over the river. Here
as one walked through they rose from the trunks and ground in
countless numbers, but the best specimens were picked oft' the rocks,
quite freshly emerged. L. salirata was practically over, a few
worn specimens being netted at early dusk. Even at dusk it is easily
distinguished on the wing from />. caesiata by its very feeble flight.

Another species of which a long series was taken was Ki)iiiieLesia
tiiinniata (ericctata). It was not nearly so abundant as any of the
foregoing species (except L. salicata), and the only time it occurred in
any numbers was in Glen Callater on the 12th, when it flew freely all
the afternoon. On the Invercauld ground I should imagine it was
over, as only a few were seen, and these all at the higher levels, where on
the 8th a moderate number were on the wing at and before midday.
Seeing that it was flying from before dusk until long after on the
hillside we worked at night, it seems to have a very protracted time of
flight, as all the flights that we observed were perfectly natural ones.
Although so tiny, it is a robust little species, well adapted to the rough
conditions of its mountain home, quite strong on the wing and scarcely
ever shewing any wear.

In the late afternoon, and until nearly sunset, Halia hninncata flew
over the junipers in the birch wood in great numbers. It w^as very
local and frequented the more open parts, especially just below the top
glade, where we treacled at night. Here we could frequently net
several at a single stroke, but until flight commenced not a specimen
could be found, or even thrashed out. Many were getting worn, but
they were so plentiful that any number of good ones could have been
taken. EnboUa plKinbana occurred on the ohfimrata ground, very
ordinary forms, common but quite local, and on the rocks and pine
trunks were a few beautiful Boannia repandata var. xodoreutiinn.

84 THE entomologist's record.

Nearly all the females were sacrificed for ova, but in vain, as they
could not be induced to lay.

A few Acidalia fiaiiata were walked up in the heather, but were
almost over, and among the pines were a number of Thera variata,
occasional Kllni>ia prosa/iiaria {fasciaria) on the trunks, and a few
liiipalas piniarin on the wing. rob/oiinnatiis icarus was common,
and probably would have paid for working, but we never got time. A
few lUi'nt/iis selene were about and Arm/nnis ai/laia already well out,
a few very fine dark females falling to each of us. The males on
the contrary seem to show no difi'erenee from the southern type.

The only other species taken on this north side of the river were
occasional Coreniia inunitata, Melant/iia ocdlnta, and Men i/ieldia
tiidartijla {tetradacti/la), a single FjKpithccia pnlc/iellata, and a very
short series of Scoparia alpina. Mr. Mutch took Crainbus nn/ellns one
evening, but we never worked the ground at night. For one thing,
night work scarcely commences before 10 or 10.15 p.m., so light are
the evenings, and the head keeper, who looked after us well, and always
rowed us across the Dee, rose very early in the morning, and we
suspected him of keeping equally early hours at night. He added
greatly to the pleasure of the days, with his many anecdotes and
experiences. Invercauld being the next estate to Balmoral, his
knowledge of Royalty is as local and peculiar as his entomology. He
would say for example " He is a nice young chap, the young Prince
of Wales ; have you ever met him to speak to ? " as if one might meet
him casually in town. His discretion on such subjects however is
beyond reproach.

Each evening, as I said before, we spent on the hillside, behind the
town, working up through the wood and getting treacle on in time for
the earliest dusking. One of the first species to fiy was Scopula
alpiiialis, then Larentia caesiata and a few //. salicata, followed by
tJcpialxs velleda, Lycopltotia striiiiila, and h/iipitlievia nanata, the first
of the three already worn to rags. It was almost dark before Coronia
iiniiiitata flew, and a very fine series was taken of this species, about
20% being of a yellowish form. They flew and rested on the heather
for short intervals and flew again, right on till we gave up about 12.0
or 12.30.

Mrhoit/iia ocellata occurred occasionally in the wood, with several
familiar southern species such as Miianip}n' innntanata, Cabcra piiNoria,
Mt'trocaiiipa tnanjaritaria, and Larentia viridaria [pectinitaria).

Cidan'a {tnincata) riissata was also common in the wood, coming
freely to treacle, and was a fine strongly-marked race of varying
forms. The white-banded form was, I think, the finest.

Round a cottage, high up on the hillside, was a magnificent lot of
willow herb (a garden variety), unfortunately not discovered until the
last evening — a very chilly one. Judging by the numbers of moths
attracted on this cold night, I regretted missing it earlier. There
were plenty of Larentia eaeniata, (J. truncata, and Xortiia festiva, a fair
lot of (J. inunitata, three fine I'lnsia pnlr/irina, and an odd /'. e/tri/sitis.

A single Carsia inihntata was seen by Mr. Tait on the last night,
and walking home through the wood, quite late, a fine J'^tijrithma
tn;iata was netted. We were expecting Thera empiata [sinnilata), but
although we closely watched the juniper clumps it was evidently not
yet out.

A WEEK IN BRAEMAR. 85

Oidaria populata occurred on the last two nights, and was
commonest on the edge of the wood. I should have liked another
week at this species, as the short series obtained showed remarkable
variation. Some of them were a deep unicolorous chocolate, with all
grades between this and the tjpe. I never worked this ground by day
myself, except running up in the early evening after //. hrmimata, but
on one afternoon when I was up Glen Callater, Mr. (jalpin took a few
Aricia medun (astrarchc) var. artaxerxes and saw some Xeineoii/iila planta-
(linis. Acidalia fninata was also rather commoner here than over the
other side, probably because everything this side was a little more
backward. A. medon var. attaxerxen was occasionally found at rest on
the heather at night, the white-spotted underside showing up very
clearly in the lamplight. Larvae of Safiirnia pamnio {rar}iini) and
Noctiia nei/lecta were also frequently found in the same way, and one
larva of Asphalia t^aricnrms was noticed on a small birch.

We should have done much better with treacle a fortnight earlier,
as nearly everything was worn. I can imagine great work might be
done with Xoctna festira alone, some of the forms being very fine.
Two of the finest are a clear French-grey form, and another of the
same colour banded with chestnut. Both these forms were represented
only by bad and indifferent specimens, but I saw enough to make me
regret having missed this species even more than A. exidans. lladcna
(Hijppa) rectilinea was also over, only three specimens (two fair and
one poor) occurring on the 8th, and no others. The best series taken
at treacle were a fine dark lot of Hadena adiiUa, in good condition,
and there were also a few very rich Xi/lopJiasia rurea var. cniid)ii>ita,
but only a single specimen of the type. Few other Noctnae were seen ;
Xi/lop/iasia pnh/odoii was strictly typical — not the faintest sign of
darkening — and a few worn Nocfna ridti, X. ain/io-, Apanwa (/eiiiiiia,
and Caradrina cubindaris complete the list — not even the ubiquitous
Triphaena pronnha. The common Geometers M. iiKintaiuita and C.
pusaria, with an occasional C nninitata, were frequently attracted, and
Cidaria triincata was commoner on treacle than anywhere else.

A long day spent up Glen Callater on the 12th, was planned
mainly to work for Larentia nificinctata, but as a thorough search over
its special ground up by the loch proved that it was not yet out, we
devoted ourselves to Coeiionynipha ti/p/ion and other things. A very fine
lot were taken, but they wanted picking over, and a few more nice dark
C. populata and occasional Cnreiuia iniinitata were walked up. This
was the one day when /'7. minorata (ericetata) was taken plentifully,
and Scopida alpi)ialh was commoner here than elsewhere. It affects
the grassy patches among the heather, and seems to be quite confined
to such spots. Several oddments, such as A. vwdon var. artaxerxe^,
Anarta )injrfilli, Craiiibus niart/aritelliis, a strongh^ marked Melanippe
sitbtristata, occasional Dasijdia nbfuscata and Plusia interro(jationis
and a lot of P/njcis carbnnariella made up a very big day's bag, and
every box I had was filled — many of them twice over. I found C.
typhon and E. minorata {ericetata) travelled quite well two in a box.

P. carbonariella is an extraordinary insect. It swarmed on a burnt
patch of heather, where it was quite invisible at rest, and with the
exception of one or two on a similar patch over the Dee, not a specimen
was seen elsewhere. How do the}' find out these patches, and what
happens to them when the heather grows again and no more patches

86 THE entomologist's RECORD.

are burnt ? They rose in twos and threes at every step on the burnt
part, and there was not a specimen ten yards away. Yet it appeared
to be only recently burned, and there were no other patches anywhere
near — no others at all in fact that I could see. On this day I netted
three female JJ<i>iali(s rdleda on the wing at mid-day, apparently
ovipositing. This is the first time I have ever seen a " Swift" on the
wing by day.

Auaitis jihu/iata occurred occasionally by day and night all over the
ground, and a few Euholia )iirnfiiiiaria also. I took some fine dark
forms of the latter species at Pitlocbrie twenty years ago, and was
disappointed to find them here all strictly typical. Boti/s fitticalix and
Pyraiista purpiiralis turned up here and there, but Crarnhus pascucUioi
and Scopitla (onbiniialis were respectively the only really common
CraDibns and Pyrale met with.

Tanof/ra atrata [c/iaerophyUata) rather surprised me by appearing
each day in the meadow on the river bank, just opposite to the keeper's
cottage, and this completes the list of moths seen.

The only remaining butterflies were the three common I'ierh which
occurred round the town, A;ilais inticac just coming out (although
young larvje were still on the nettles) and Cocnouynipha pawpJdliifi which
occurred all over the hillsides.

It was a great holiday, and for the five and a half days we each of
us brought away nearly a thousand specimens. Needless to say, we
made no attempt at setting or even pinning, but killed with
ammonia and packed in Newman's relaxing tins. With the fine weather
and long clear evenings it is arduous work, as every'thing has to be
done so much later than down south. We never looked at our treacle
till after eleven o'clock, and when getting home about 1 a.m. one could
still read the paper in the open quite easily, and that without any moon.
Our plan of campaign was to leave home after early breakfast, get
over the Dee and work through the wood on to our ground by about
9 o'clock. We took lunch with us, getting drink from the burns (and
generally a bathe), returning about 5 p.m. for a big meal. We would
then kill our captures, slip up to the wood for //. brunneata, etc. ;
back to tea ; pack up the specimens in relaxing boxes, and then off
again for the evening about eight, finishing with a bread and cheese
supper upon our return in the small hours. Had we had more time
we should not have kept up this pace, and as it was, on the last
morning Mr. Galpin showed signs of crying "enough." While I
was having a last turn with D. oh/Kucata, and as it proved my most
successful (fifty picked specimens in an hour and a half), I found he
had been sitting chatting with the keeper and watching the flight of a
golden eagle. It was certainly a grand bird and well worth watching
— poised in mid-air, perhaps half a mile above our heads.

We have seen the locality at its best, but I can imagine the two
lines of the Nursery Rhyme referring to the little girl

" When she's good, she's very very good.
But when she is bad, she is horrid."

might well apply to Braemar. Braemar I imagine could be very
"horrid." Taking this risk and the long journey into consideration,
it will probably never be over-run, but we both came away feeling that
with such conditions as we bad had, Braemar is hard to beat.

A MONTH IN SWITZERLAND AND ELSEWHERE. 87

Luperina (?) (Apamea) gueneei, Doubleday, as a species, and as a

British species.

By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S.
(Concluded from page 20).

The Synonymy of this species now stands as follows : —
Nickerlii, Fr., 1845 (Niccerli, Hamps., 1908).
var. Gueneei, Dblcl., 1864.

= Testacea var. Incerta, Tutt, 1891.
[nee Testacea var. A., Guen., 1852.]
ab. Baxteri, South, 1909.
ab. Murray!, Turner, 1911.
ab. Fusca, Turner, 1911.
ab. Minor, Turner, 1911.
ab. Iota. Turner, 1911.
var. Graslini, Obthr., 1908.

= Testacea var. B., Guen., 1852.

The Synonymy of L. testacea so far as it bears on L. nickerlii is as
follows : —

Testacea, Hb.

var. et ab. Gueneei, Staud. et Auct., 1871, etc. (nee Dbld.).
= Testacea var. A., Guen., 1852.

The Bibliography is as follows : —

1845. Freyer, Nen. Beit. Schmett., v., 140, pi. 466, tig. 4. — nickerlii.
1845? Herrich-Schaffer, pi. cxi., fig. 565. — nickerlii.
(1852. Guen^e, Sp. Gen. Up. Noct., i(v)., 182. — testacea, var. A).
1852. Guenee, Sp. Gen. Lep. Noct., i(v)., 183. — testacea, var. B.
1861. Staudinger, Cat. L^p. Eur., ed. i.. .332. — nickerlii, and testacea var.
gueneei.

1863. Gr'a=lin, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., p. 309, pi. 8, fig. S.—7iickerlii.

1864. Doubleday, Eiit. Aim., x., 123-4. — gueneei.
1871. Newman, N. H. Brit. ])Ioths, p. ^'Jl.— gueneei.

1871. Staudintcer, Cut. Lip. Eur., ed. ii., p. 98. — nickerlii, and testacea

var. gueneei.
1885. Hodgkinson, Ent., xviii., 54. — gueneei.
1889. Tutt, Ent.., xxii., 206-7. — testacea var. gueneei.
1889. South, Ent., xxii., 271-2. — testacea var. nickerlii.
1891. Tutt, Ent. Rec, ii., 21-22.— testacea var. nickerlii (?).
1891. Tutt, Brit. Noc. and Var., i., 138-140. — testacea var. gueneei, and

var. incerta.
1897. Barrett, Brit. Lep., iv., 335 etc., pi. 173, fig. Ih.— gueneei.
1901. Staudinger, Cat. Pal. Lep., ed. iii., pi. i., 168. — nickerlii, and var.

gueneei.

1908. Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr., 322, etc. — graslini.

1909. South, Ent., xlii., 269-70.— nickerlii, ab.'

1909. South, Ent., xlii., 289-92. — gueneei ab. baxteri.

1910. Banks, Knt., xliii., 75-78 —gueneei.

1911. Turner, Ent. Record, xxiii., 53, etc. — gueneei. 89, etc. — var. niurrayi,

va,r.fusca, and var. minor, 171, etc. — var. iota. 201, etc., pis. iii.,
iv., vii., viii. and ix.
1911. Porritt, Ent. Month Mag., xlvii., 204, pi. iii., fig. 4. — gueneei.

1911. Pearce, Ent. Record, xxiii., 269-70. — gueneei.

1912. Turner, Ent. Record, xxiv., 17, etc., 87. — nickerlii vat. gueneei and

var. graslini.

A Month in Switzerland and elsewliere.

By GEORGE WHEELER, M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

(Concluded from page 43.)

(xi.) St. Moritz and the Bernina Pass. — During my sojourn at

Bergiin 1 made two expeditious to thefarsideof the Albula Pass ; the first

of these was on the 8Lh of July, when my special destination was the lake

88 THE entomologist's record.

of St. Moritz, and possibly on to that of Campfer, and my special
object the acquisition of Brenthis arsilarhe, which I had been given to
understand occurred at the edges of these lakes. As I was travelling
with friends who were going to Pontresina I changed at Saraaden and
went on with them, and starting off from Pontresina station by the
wood path, made my way as far as the little Statzersee without meeting
with any species of butterfly except Erebia Ivjea var. adijte. I had
hoped to find B. arsilache at the edge of this little lake, but found no
butterflies at all on the lake side of the road. On the bank sloping up
to the right of the road Coenoninnplia paniphiliis and (J. sati/rion, — of
course in this district var. unicolor, — were abundant, and I saw a
specimen or two of Brenthis eiiphrosi/ne, but in poor condition ; a little
farther on Vacciniina optih'tc was to be found on the same side of the
road, together with Poli/onunatiis In/las, P. icarus and Aricia medon
{astrarche), as well as the three species previously mentioned, and after
passing the Restaurant just above the end of the Lake of St. Moritz,
in a hollow to the right of the road Alhulina pheretes was not uncommon
on the thjane blossoms, where Plebeius ar(ii/ro(/nomon and A(jriades
thetiH were also to be seen. Almost immediately below this, in the
meadow leading down to the lake, I came across Brenthis pales var.
isis, $ s only in considerable numbers, some of the black spots from
the upperside forewings of which showed through on the underside, so
I concluded that it was useless to go on farther and had made up my
mind that a mistake had arisen between this form and B. arsilache.
On examining IVJr. A. H. Jones's specimens from this neighbourhood
after my return home I find that the mistake was my own, as he has
both isis and arsilache from these parts, the former occurring in the
meadows, the latter only in the swamps on the edge of the lakes, where
one must be prepared for a good wetting if one determines to take it.
It is some consolation that he assures me that had I penetrated the
marshes I should almost certainly have been too early, in view of the
fact that isis was so fresh and that only J s of this latter were to be
seen. I still think it probable however that the confusion between
B. pales and B. arsilache may have been caused, in part at any rate, by
those specimens of the former which show some black spots on the
underside forewing. The corresponding spotting in B. arsilache is
altogether different. It is far blacker, strong and very pronounced,
and does not in any degree give the idea of showing through from the
other side. The upper side of the same wing is again far more
strongly marked especially in its basal half ; the transverse line
nearest to the base is in B. arsilache so much further removed from the
root of the wing as often to join the next transverse line, and to make
an intricate black pattern with it and the half line starting from the
COsta which lies between the two ; almost always on the upper side,
and often on the under, the inner margin displays the curious .r mark
BO familiar in Mclitaea deione var. herisalensis, and which sometimes
appears in the type deione also. The general appearance of the under-
side hindwing is also very different; the long yellow streak from near
the middle of the outer margin which is so very conspicuous in all
forms of isis, and always in the ? and generally in the <? of the type
B. pales also, and which even when not very conspicuous is always
easily traceable, is, when visible at all, represented in arsilache, even in
the 2 , by a slight enlargement of the orange-brown inside the lunule,

A MONTH IN SWITZEKLAND AND ELSEWHERE. 89

not in any way interfering with the silver-centred spot which in isis is
often absorbed ; the general colouring also of the wing in arsilache is
much more purple-red than in either of the forms pales or isis. It is
moreover confined to marshy ground and where it occurs in the
neighbourhood of isis appears somewhat later ; this however rarely
occurs, for arsilache is as a rule to be found at much lower elevations;
the fact moreover that when it is found at high levels, such as the
Engadine, it still retains the characteristics of the lower altitudes and
•does not approximate towards the usual high level forms of pales, is
rather a strong argument in favour of its fixity as a species. Nothing
however but breeding experiments can absolutely determine the
question.

On returning to Pontresina station I picked up a pair of B. pales,
3- and 5 , of the isis form though rather smaller than usual, and
then proceeded along the road leading to the Koseg glacier, the
species met with here being Polyoiuniatns eras, Albnlina plieretes,
Afp'iades coridon, A. thetis, Plebeiiis arfji/roi/nouion, PaDiassias delins and
Oeneis a'ello. I crossed over later to the other side of the torrent in
hopes of finding Brenthis tJiore snad ]\lelitaea inatiirna wa^r. ivolfensberf/eri,
but it was getting late in the day which probably accounted for my
failure, as I heard a day or two later that both species were out and
not uncommon.

My second expedition in this direction took me on the 11th to the
top of the Bernina Pass direct. There was still a good deal of melting,
but as yet unmelted, snow about, and near the station I found nothing
but large numbers of Hesperia cacaliae : I netted a great number in
hopes of finding H. andtowedae among them but amongst all I saw
there was not a single exception. On starting to walk down to the
Heuthal, but still on the top of the pass, and overlooking that
astounding contrast of lakelets the Lej Alv and the Lej Ner, I came
across several other species ; Erebia i/orne, (always of the var, triopes,
showing that this really was the eastern alpine region at last), E.
lappnna and E. tyndarus were common, Brentkis pales was not scarce,
there were a few Pontia callidice and Melitaea varia, and I took one
example of each sex of M. ci/nt/tia, the 3' being a very handsome
aberration in which the white extends to the base of the forewing,
broken only by a large round black spot, the hindwing also showing
much more than its due proportion of white. I saw but little as I
walked down to the Heuthal, and butterflies even there, though fairly
abundant, were by no means in such profusion as I have seen them
there later in the month. B. pales, and more especially the isis form
with the ? napaea, was as usual extremely common, Cyaniris seiiii-
aryiis, Albnlina pheretes, Melitaea vierope, Coenonyinpha satyrion var.
vnicolor and Erebia tyndarus were by no means scarce, Latiorina
orbitnlns and Melitaea varia appeared, but no doubt became much
commoner later, Parnassins delins and Pontia callidice were decidedly
scarce, and there was a profusion of black-and-white skippers, those
netted consisting almost entirely of Hesperia cacaliae and H. serratnlae,
but giving one example which I think may be safely regarded as the
mountain form of H. alvens. I had expected on approaching the
Bernina-Haus station to have found Erebia pharte again, but the
railway has considerably altered the aspect of the ground and there
was not time to hunt for its old locality under changed conditions.

90 THE entomologist's record.

If I was a trifle too early for the butterflies of the Heuthal, the flowers
at any rate were in perfection, even the scarce Daphne reppim, which is
abundant here, having hardly passed its prime, and the little Niyritella
being in profusion, and of every shade, from blood-red to nearly black,
together with a perfect carpet of other brilliant species.

(xii.) Lyndhurst. — I had determined to cross from Havre to
Southampton in order to get a day and a half at Lyndhurst on the way
back, and succeeded in doing so after the most fearful crush at the Gare
St. Lazare through which I have ever fought my way, although my
experiences in this line include getting oft' from Birmingham station by
the last train on the Saturday before an August Bank Holiday. But
this was the eve of a three days " Bank Holiday " and font Paris was
off to the sea, and a free fight ensued before it was possible to obtain
even standing room in the corridor. However, we did arrive at Lynd-
hurst by about 10.80, and arranging for a late lunch I went off into the
Forest, which, as I was not wanting to sugar on this occasion, seemed
wonderfully little changed since I last saw it some 15 years ago. There
was however uncommonly little on the wing. Gonepteryx rhamni was
fresh and abundant, Drijaa paphia fairly common but not very fresh,
and the same may be said of Aphantopns hi/pcrantns and Kpmephele
jurtina ; Plebeiiis aei/on on the other hand was fresh but not abundant.
Limenitis dhijlla was so completely worn out at this early date that I
am not surprised at seeing notices of a partial second brood this year,
though I have never met with a case on the Continent. I saw^ one or
two Iliiwicia pldacafi, not more than 3 or 4 ('oenoni/iiijiha pamphilua, a
dozen or so of Pioh napi, and a single specimen of Anii/)i>iis ailippe.
Nor was the next day much better, though a rather worn specimen
of Brenthh adenp came somewhat as a surprise, as it was so very late
for a first brood specimen and so old-looking as well as so early for
one of a second brood. On this day I saw two or three 7). paphia var.
ralesina and captured one in excellent condition. On the whole
Lyndhurst was disappointing, but I was glad to have visited it again
and thus rounded off a month, which, though spent chiefly in Switzer-
land, had also included days in France, Germany, Italy and England.

Notes on Collecting in 191 L

By C. W. COLTHRUP.

In response to a recpiest for collecting notes on the Season 1911,
the following may be of interest. My notes in the Spring are rather
meagre owing to photography in connection with Ornithology and
Oology claiming nearly all my attention. On January 22nd I brought
Mactothi/lacia ritbi larvfu indoors to force. After wandering about the
box all the week they started spinning up on the 28th, pupated on the
31st and began emerging on February 19th.

On March 4th, near Bromley, Kent, I took lliilwinia IcKtophcaria,
some were fresh including one melanic specimen, but the majority
seen were worn.

On March 29th a visit to the New Forest for three days with Mr.
Tonge, where we were joined by Mr. Lyle, proved most successful. It
was the sixth annual attempt to get a good nig'ht at the sallows.
Usually we had experienced the worst weather possible, very cold and
very few insects about. On this occasion we had three good nights.

NOTES ON COLLECTING IN 1911. 91

with light N.E. wind, and warm. The usnal sallow insects were in
abundance and very variable, with the exception of Tauiocampa
t/racilifi and Pachnuhia rxhricoaa, neither of which put in an appearance
at all, but we were probably too early for them. The insects taken at
sallow were T. tiiitiiom, T. )iiii)tda, very plentiful and variable, T.
instabilis, T. cnida, T. ijothica, Xi/loca^i/ia Utliuiiza, Panolis piniperda,
X. aocia {pctri/icata) (twelve in excellent condition considering their
having hibernated), A', uynithopm^ {rhizolitlia), also plentiful and in good
condition, but Srupdosoma scitellitia and Cerastis raccinii were almost
unrecognisable. Hi/beniia procjennnaria and Lobophora lobidata were
netted, and one Animptery.v (eticidaria was taken at rest on a street
lamp.

The weather on the 30th was glorious, and a visit was paid to
Queen's Bower, where we found Teplnosia bistortata fairly plentiful on
tree trunks, and a specimen of L. lobulata was discovered just emerged
and drying its wings on a birch trunk, the green bloom on the wings
looking very beautiful, but like most of the greens it soon fades. A
number of Gonejiteryx rhaiiini were seen, and three Vuni'saa io were
netted in the hopes of getting ova, but they all proved to be males ;
one specimen had hardly any hindwings left. Bir/iluis parthcnias was
fairly plentiful but almost impossible of capture, flying so high, and a
pair of stonechats had much the best of the fun, frequently proving
successful.

On April 16th Biston hiitaria were taken on tree trunks in East
Dulwich, on the 17th a 5 Diantlnecia cucubali (from Walmer larva)
emerged in a breeding cage, and on the 19th Satnmia varpini (from
Eastbourne larv*) started emerging. On the 20th a J B. hirtaria
laid ova in cotton wool, these eventually hatched on May 13th.

Tiliacea (ttna(/o ova, from a New Forest J , started hatching on the
21st. In the previous autumn I noticed that the $ , after laying the
first batch of fertile ova, laid infertile and fertile ova intermittently, as
do also 2 s of Bastjcainpa riibi(ii)iea and I 'alia cIiL

On April 21th, at Christchurch, Hants, I', io was seen, also the first
Pieris rapae of the year, on the 28th DasijcJiira pudibunda started
emerging in my cages, and on May 5th Hadcna pisi followed suit.

On May 8th L'elaatriita ar;iiuliis were seen in some numbers in East
Dulwich, and on the 9th were plentiful at Winchester, Hants. On the
10th a flying visit was paid to the New Forest for Boannia ciitctaria,
when I was fortunate in having the company of Mr. Lyle, who never
tires of helping brother entomologists. The day was excessively hot,
and as firing was going on in the usual habitat of PJ. ciitrtayia, we had
to seek them elsewhere. Arriving on the ground it was not long before
a worn ^ was discovered at rest on a pine trunk, and soon after a J
in perfect condition, which was duly photographed. I had just finished
the exposure, when to our surprise spots of rain began to fall, dark
clouds gathered all round, and we were soon in the midst of one of the
worst storms I ever remember, which lasted for over four hours.
However, I suppose I must reckon myself lucky as we managed to get
back to Brockenhurst comparatively dry, and the B. rinrtan'a $ laid
me a nice batch of ova in the pill-box. These hatched on May 25th,
the larvfe fed up very quickly, pupated on June 20th, and are now
going over the winter in that state, there being no attempt at a second
brood, notwithstanding the abnormal weather.

92 THE entomologist's record.

On May 12th I visited a Hampshire uiarsh, chiefly for camera
work. The outstanding feature of the day was the extraordinary
abundance of P. napi. Thcra variata was found at rest on pine trunks
and several <? G. rhamni and C. rt>v//oZ».s were seen, also one <? M. riibi
careering madly in the afternoon sunshine.

On the 15th, at Rye, Sussex, C. anfioliis was flying freely in the
streets, and on the same day my first IHantluecia carpopha;ja emerged
in the cage from an Eastbourne pupa. They continued to emerge
through May and June, producing some very nice white forms.

On the 16tb, on the Downs near Lewes, Mesoti/pe vin/ata [lineolata)
was kicked up on a non-entomological trip, and C. anfiolns was the
reverse of scarce in the streets of the town, and I voted it at the time
as being veiy plentiful this spring. On the 17th I took at Brighton
a number of Ahrad-as i/rossnlariata larvse from eunonj^mus bushes in the
hopes of breeding a stray variety, but the sight of two of the larvji? on
the wall with a mass of yellow ichneumon cocoons on both sides of them,
gave little hope of getting a ifnmulariata imago at all. On my return
home on the 18th I found a <? Miiiian tiliae and a 3 Aiiijihidasis betnlaria
emerged in a cage, the former from Margate and the latter from East
Dulwich pupa\ T. ainai/o larvte had now finished feeding and were
spinning up between maple leaves, where they remained till they
pupated in the first and second week of August. On the 19th a S
Truma /<.s-/, of the dark London form, was seen on a lime trunk at East
Dulwich freshly emerged (the last two specimens of this species
emerged in my cage on July 3rd), and a $ Heinerop/u'la abntptaria of
the dark ^ coloration was taken from a fence at Norwood. On the
22nd, at Rye, Sussex, ('. artjiolit^ was still flying freel}^ and I found
them equally plentiful at Folkestone on the 24th. At Deal sandhills,
on the 25th, )>l. ririidta [linenlata) was common at dusk, and two g
Aspiiatt's citiaria were taken, while two J SpUosonia nientliastri came
to light. On May 27th the first Apatela aceris (East Dulwich pupa)
emerged in my cage, and another $ H. abrtiptaria with dark g colour-
ing, was taken at rest on a lime trunk at East Dulwich, and laid ova
on the 28th. These hatched on June 4th and fed up very slowly (as
compared with />'. cinctaria larv;u),one larva pupated on July 81st and
the last on August 25th, producing a partial second brood, two <? s
emerging on September 2Brd and five ? s in November. The remain-
ing pupie going over the winter.'"

On May 28th the first (hispidia niciiacephala (East Dulwich)
emerged, and the last on July 14th. Vianthncia consjieisa (Eastbourne
larvjo) also started emerging on the 28th, on the same day on a Surrey
heath Anarta iinjrtilli Avas fairly plentiful, fiying in the morning sun-
shine, and Tt'plirosia pnnctularia was noted at rest on birch trunks, some
worn, others quite fresh. On June 2nd a visit was paid with Mr.
Tonge to the locality for Pachetra lencophia, and we were successful
in getting a short series each. Some were badly worn, others in the
best condition. One was found at rest on a tree trunk by day-
searching, also several Xola m'stiilalis, and one Ilabrostola triplasio at
rest in the bathroom where we stayed.

* Since writing the above, I had a ? H. ahruptaria emerge on Feb. 10th, another
on the 17th, and a J' on the 2.5th, ? s on February 28th and 29th, and a further
? on March 11th, 1912.

NOTES ON COLLECTING IN 1911. 93

Day work produced Scoria lineata [dealbata), just emerging,
Ematiiri/a atoniaria, verj^ bright yellow J s, Eiiclidia mi, K. f/bjp/iica,
Nisomades tagea, Hesperia malvte, P. rapw, I', napi, Kiicldoi' rardaiiiines,
Brenthiit euplirosyne, Aj/rioden tJietis (bellaif/Hs), Poli/oiiiinatiis icariis,
Ciipido niinitims, Aricia medon {aatrarche) , Anthrocera trifolii, Cidaria
trimrata (nissata), S. inenthastri, and M. rithi.

We had great sport with the M. ntbi. Mr. Tonge had brought a
$ which he carried in a bag, and which we had quite forgotten. At
4.80 p.m., however, I spotted a 3 flying round, and on putting the ?
down in the grass, we soon netted eighteen 3 s in good condition, but
were forced to leave just as things were getting lively in order to
prepare for night work, and get some tea. Returning again to the
ground at 6.30 p.m., we found the J s still plentiful, and we soon had
a good series in splendid condition, the last one came at 8.80 p.m.
While waiting for this last J to turn up, a loud buzzing noise was
heard in the grass, and on following it up, I found a large 5 M. ntbi
busily ovipositing, which I transferred to a pill box, where she laid a
large number of ova during the night. Most of these ova duly
hatched, bat a number produced a small fly, which emerged from a
small hole bored through the micropyle. Might work only produced
(Traiiniiesia triip-aiinnica [trilinea) and Apaiiiea hasilinca besides P.
leucnplma.

On the evening of June 6th, while strolling across a sunny heath
watching birds, I kicked up K. atoniaria 3 s, which wex'e very dark,
hardly any yellow showing, and also a few ^. mijrtilli in good condition.
Both flew a short distance, settled on heather, slid head downward
to the earth, where they lay quite still on their backs, and were
difficult to see and more so to pillbox.

On June 12th another visit was paid to the locality, for P.
leucophiea with a friend, when, to our surprise, we found that A.
trifolii was quite over and *S'. lineata {dcalbata) nearly so. E. atoniaria
3 s and $ s were still in the best condition, and some nice forms were
taken, also one freshly emerged A. lilipendnhr, and several 3
Diacrinia sannio [rnsKida) and a 9 M. nibi were walked up in the
long grass. In the evening sugar was duly applied to posts and trees,
and a sheet erected. Just as we had finished our preparations two
bulls and some cows appeared on the scene. The former came for us
in an ugly way, and we felt somewhat easier when on the other side of
the fence. After a short wait, I had a most exciting time recovering
the sheet, and on our making an attempt to visit the sugar, the attack
was renewed, and as the bulls were making desperate efforts to get
through the fence, we thought " discretion the better part of valour,"
left them to it, and contented ourselves with a few trees sugared out-
side the field, but the only insects that came were Iliixina tcnebro.sa,
Noctiia festira and Apainea (/eniina.

On June 14th, at Folkestone, sugar was again tried, when Trip/iana
proniiba, A. basiiinea, /i'. tenebrosa, A. ijeiiiina, Hadena dcntina, Aijrotis
rortieca, and A. exdamationis put in an appearance. On the following
evening sugar on a small sandhill on Eomney Marsh produced only
Maniefitra albicolon, A. (jeiiiina, A. corticea, A. e.rrlainationis, Leticania
palle)ifi, and T. proniiba.

On the 28rd full fed B. hirtaria larvae were resting on lime trunks
at East Dulwich, preparatory to going to earth, and on the 28th full

94 THE entomologist's RECORD.

fed larva' of the same species, about twice the size were taken off lime
trees in North Kent. In both cases the larvtB went to earth on the
following day. The first Antia raja emerged on June 30th, and
Hccatera screna was taken in a Nunhead garden at dusk, at the flowers
of stocks.

On July bth, near Croydon, ('uspidia niej/areii/Ktla, Ijoannia
rciianiiatix, and A'. Utho.vylea, and pups of A. t/russulariata were taken
off" fences, and by searching flowers and seedheads of Silciie injlota,
larvfB of l>iaitt/ifi'cia conspersa, J). ci(ci(hali, /). ca/isincolo and l>.
/■arjio/i/iaiia were taken, mostly half grown, but some of the last species
were full fed.

On 'luly lltli Mania inaiira came to light at East Dulwich, and on
the 15th I went for a three weeks' stay at Eastbourne. During my visit I
found liii/o/iliila iiniralis Q/laiulifera) decidedly scarce, and other
entomologists I met had the same experience. On July 16th I took
larvje of /'. cdiixper.sa, D. capsincula and D. carpoji/ia(/a in seedheads of
S. iii/lata. On the 17th, sugar was tried but owing to the high wind
very few insects came, those noted were Xi/lojihasia jioli/odDn, Aijrdtis
liniiaera, Lciicaiiia raniiiera, X. lithoxi/lca, X. xiihlNslrix and ('aradrina
tara.vici. Cocoons of A. tilipcndiihe were plentiful, but no imagnies
were seen. Sugar was again tried on the 18th when only T. pnniiiba
X. jioli/odDii, Apaiiiea didi/nia [ociilea), Miaiia literosa and />. pollens
turned up. A number of Mclanippe f/aliata were netted or taken i)i
rop. on the grass stems after dark, also a J Cosinotrirhe piitutoria.
J), carpop/iat/a ova were found freely, on flowers of the Sea Campion
{Silene maritinia) ; one flower had eight and another five ova. While
going the rounds of the sugar a great buzzing of wings was heard.
Turning our lamps in the direction of the sound, a cloud of moths
about the size of X. jKdtjodnn were seen hovering about two feet from
the ground, their bright eyes gleaming. They were no doubt
assembling, but we quite failed to discover the females.

A ? T. psi, taken earlier in the evening at rest on a telegraph
pole, suggested a very extended emergence, as my first specimen of
this species was taken at rest on May 19th.

On July IDth, at Beachy Head, only one imago of A. jilipendnhf
was seen, three or four A. rori/don <? s, one llippaicJiia semclc, one
Seaia stellataiKiii, one An/i/nnis ai/laia, and four ^ and one $ Portlwaia
(■hri/son/ma, the latter at rest on blackthorn. In the evening I was
surprised to note the extraordinarily strong flight of the last named.

On the 20th some nice forms of A. ;/rossiilariata were taken, also a
y Amorplia popiiU at rest on a poplar tree, and on the following day a
pair of the latter were found in cop. on another poplar tree, at
10.45 a.m. A nice batch of ova were obtained on the 22nd, which
hatched on the 29th and resulted in a number of pup;p, but no second
brood emerged. Homo of the newly hatched larvre were very restless
and refused to feed at all. I'lpinephelc tU/mniis, K. /antra, P. icarns,
and Aiflais aitinr were flying along the hedges, and a pair of P. rapa-
were noted /// cop., the 3 carried the 2 when disturbed. Mr. Sharp
had nine IK ntcnhali emerge as a second brood on this date. After
dark Mania manra and ^1/. tj/pira only came to sugar. /. . pollens,
L. iinpnra, L. straininea, and C phraipnatidis were netted, and a full-
fed Uicrannra rinula larva was taken off a poplar. On the 28rd I took
my first and only />'. mnralis ((ilandifcra) during my stay, it was the

NOTES ON COLLECTING IN 1911. 95

var. virhlis, Tutt. On the 24fch Kremobia ocliroleuca, Pluxia chrysitin,
P. f/aiiDiia, P. iota, L. conii/era, and D. cucnbctli $ s were taken by
dusking, the latter were ovipositing on S. inflata. The ova were laid
where the leaf joins the stalk, and not on the flowers as is the case
with D. carpophaiia and IK capsiurola. The only insects at sugar were
T. orhona, T. jiruniiba, and A. lUdijiiia {(icnlea). One (Jrocctllis elnujuaria
was found drying its wings at dusk.

On the 25th, near the Downs, two pairs of /'. icarits and one pair

of /'. ra/iip, were observed flying in cop. ; in all cases the 3" carried the

2 . K. tithojiiis, liniiiicia fi/tldiis, II. fiava [liiiea), A. coyi/don, /'.

brossicd', P. i/aiiniia and /V. otniiiaria $ s were also seen, and a white

variety of K. tithonns was taken in a very worn condition.

On July 26th, at Portslade, I found a number of fullfed larvjc of
D. capdncola in ripe seedheads of the White Campion (Lijcituis rcKpei-
tina), also very small larva? in unripe seedheads, and a number of ova
of the same species on the petals of the flowers. One Hower had five
ova in a batch, and two flowers which I opened had ova which had
been dropped inside. Seeing that this insect has such a long ovipositor,
one wonders why most of the ova were laid on the petals, instead of
inside the flower, for which purpose it appears so admirably adapted.
Most of the ova were freshly laid, white, but others had turned to a
delicate pink. It was therefore possible to take the species in all stages
at the same time.

On July 28th A', ochrolenca was taken at rest on dead knapweed
heads and two 9 Alelanorifia (/alatlwa, rather worn, were seen. Just
before dusk Triphaua interjecta were very plentiful around bramble and
other bushes, flying madly about, probably searching for freshly
emerged 5 s after the manner of M. rnbi. Soon after, /.. couiijera
came to flowers of the large knapweed, where it was shortly after
joined by L. jiallois, A. didyma (^oculea), P. (/niiiina and two (loitnptero
libatri.v. Four more E. ochrolenca were also taken, but a thunder-
storm coming up from the sea I was obliged to retreat. The after-
noon and evening had been very still and oppressively hot, which
appeared to make insects very lively.

On the 29th larvfe of D. conspersa were taken from the seedheads of
JS. injlata, and Hecateia serena larvae were found feeding on flower
heads of Hawksbeard Crepia vireiis.

On July 31st ova, small larvi'e and half grown larvte of IJ.
carpophaija, were taken from flowers of Silene uiaritinia, also one full fed
larva spun up for pupation, and one pupa. The imago was netted
after dark, so that this species was taken in all stages in one day.
We had a good time with J'J. ochroleuca, three of us bagging 43
specimens. Other insects taken or seen were T. interjecta (common),
T. orbona, A. didyma (ocnlea), P. festiicw,, P. yannna (a pest), L. pallens,
Aapilates yilvaria, Cliairras lyraiiiinis and L. coniyera, the last nearly
over.

On August 5th, my visit to Eastbourne came to an end, and on
my return home I found that all the T. aitrayo larvte had now pupated.
On the 6th a friend sent me from East Kent eight full-fed Sphin.r
liyuatri larvas, which went to earth at once, a rather early date I think.
On the 9th one Colias ednsa was seen flying on a railway bank near
Maidstone, and on the 10th a freshly emerged Pyrameis atalanta put
in an appearance in my garden at East Dulwich, and two />. capdncola

96 THE entomologist's record.

emerged from pupae of larvse collected at Eastbourne in July. On
August 11th I left for fourteen days at Paignton, S. Devon, where,
however, entomology had to take second place, but I managed to get a
few insects. On the 12th the second broods of D. capsinrola and
D. carpophaija commenced to emerge from pupse of larva? collected on
8th July near Croydon, and continued to do so throughout August and
September. My first T. anrai/o (New Forest) also emerged, and I took
ray first />'. muralia {ulaiulifera) in Devon, a nice dark form at rest on
a stone bridge. I also saw a freshly emerged P. atalanta, one or tw^o
C an/ioliis, and one 1>. perla. On the 15th I discovered a large mass
of «S'. niaritinia overhanging the rocks on the shore. There were still
plenty of flowers and buds, and on visiting it again at dusk I netted
five />. cucithali one 7>. capsincnla, and a few 7'. f/iviiiiia. The
two former were all females rather worn and very busy ovipositing.
1 also found full-fed larvte of both, some of which were ichneumoned.
One larva of D. ciiciibali produced a brood of 15 M. tn'stis, on August
28th, and two others produced 12 and 19 of the same parasite on Sep-
tember 6th. These were bred out and identified for me by Mr. G. T.
Lyle, to whom T sent the stung larvfe, and to whom my thanks are
due.

Strange to say during the whole of my stay this clump of
S. in a tit i ma did not produce D. carpopliaija in any stage. On the 16th,
however, on a roadside flower of .S. injlata, I found five ova of
D. carpaphafia, which unfortunately hatched while I was away for a
day, and died.

{To be continued.)

The Dauphine Alps.

By DOUGLA.S H. PEARSON, F.E.S.

Before deciding upon a holiday this year in the Dauphine Alps, I
looked up past notes in the luroid, but could find very little information
beyond Mr. Tutt's articles in 1898, and Mr. Rowland- Brown's in 1899,
so that the district does not seem to have been overrun by
entomologists.

Mr. Rowland Brown very kindly gave me some information about
the insects to be found in the Susa valley, and thus armed we left
home on June 20th for Grenoble, and thence to Bourg d'Oisans, a
pretty spot with a small but comfortable hotel near the station. The
weather was not good and the only insects taken were, ( 'ontonynipha
arcania, Satyrus /iertiii<i)U', Lycaena avion, and Mrlitaca didyina.

In the woods near Puy the beautiful orange lily, Lilimn crocenni^
was blooming with other interesting flowers. A very comfortable
service of motors has replaced the old diligences m this district, and
greatly adds to the pleasure of travelling, although the pace at which
they take "hair pin" corners is apt to add to one's stock of grey hairs.
On June 26th wo motored up the beautiful road to La Grave, where
we hoped to take F.rebia neoridas, Melitaea deione and other good
things — hopes which were doomed to disappointment as a bitterly cold
wind persisted while we were there, and indeed throughout most of our
holiday, so that in spite of a blazing sun, insects were very loth to
appear. On the ground behind the hotel, we took (', //*///.s, Erebia

THE DAUPHINE ALPS. 97

ceto — a form with very small and obscure markings, ab. obscura,
Polyoiiiiiiatiis eroa, and L. avion ab. obscura.

On the way up to the glacier P. eros was not uncommon, but close
searching failed to produce more than one ? , which was deep slaty-
blue in colour, instead of blackish-brown. After crossing the glacier
we ascended a very rough and steep moraine, and here took two Erebia
alecto ab. pinto, and saw others, but the nature of the ground made
catching a very difficult matter, and they would not stay to be
reasoned with. The flowers in the meadows lower down were wonder-
ful, and Aqnileiiia alpina, Atragene alfyina, Star of Bethlehem, Astei'
alpiniis, and Campanula tht/rsoida were among the many things noted.
The next morning we took the path up to an old chapel, and here
found Kluijia spini, P. escheri J and J , Culias edusa, and Erebia stiji/ne.

In the afternoon we motored up to Le Lauteret, but butterflies
were conspicuous by their absence, solitary specimens of Melitaea
aurinia and Pontia callidice being the only things seen. Good flowers,
such as Primula f/ravi-olens, Dianthus ner/lectus, Atragene alpina, sheets
of Narcissus, and Anemone alpina with blooms three-and-a-half inches
across, were to be found close to the hotel, but not finding comfortable
accommodation we moved on to Briancjon and here found such
excellent quarters at the Hotel Terminus that we were tempted to
stay longer than we had intended. On a bare hillside near the Pont
de Baldry we had good sport, for EucJdoe eu/jhenoides were flying, but
in such a wind that it required t'wo or three days of hard work to get
together half-a-dozen specimens, while two females were taken by
watching plants of Biscntella on which the larvae feed. On the same
hill-side we met with Coenonympha dorus for the first time, both ^ s
and $ s being in good condition, and devoted some time to them. The
insect flies very close to the ground and when settled is not easj^ to
see. Satyr us cordula, C. edusa and C. hyale were also flying freely,
and K. spun, V. hylas, P. eros, one Albulina plwretes, G. rhamni, P.
podalirius, M. cin.ria, M. didyma, M. dictynna, ]\1. pJioebe, Issoria lathonia
and one c? ^E deione were also taken. On the rocky road beyond the
bridge a fine form of Erebia stygne was met with, the <? s with a black
ground colour on the underside, and the females with very large and
clear markings on the upper side. We also took C. alcijjluon var.
gordius with rich purple suffusions, C'. dorilis, A. niobe, and saw M.
galatliea in abundance, many tending to the var. procida.

On July 3rd we left Brian9on at 5 a.m. and motored to Oulx, a
lovely run in the fresh morning air, and took train to Susa, upheld by
visions of Eibyt/wa celtis, Polygonia egea, Polyouniiatus iiieleager, and
other good things to be taken there. My mind had been somewhat
prepared for the Albergo del Sole, which is the only hotel one can
stay at, but the half was not told me, and it might be safely affirmed
that the bedroom floor had not been swept for at least twelve months,
while the waiter had a cheerful method of disposing of corks, dirty
napkins, bread, or other sundries which happened to fall, by kicking
them under the sideboard. Before lunch I set out through the vine-
yards to find P. egea, but found nothing better than C. arcania and L.
alcon. After lunch the obliging landlord tramped with us in the
intense heat to find the Sta. Maria de la Losa road, where L. celtis
was said to be common, but although one doubtful P. egea was seen,

98 THE entomologist's record.

L. celtis could not be turned up, and nothing worthy of record was
taken.

The next morning we motored up to Mont Cenis, where we had
arranged to stay at the Hotel de la Poste, and to anyone else proposing
to do so, I would give Punch's advice to those about to marry,
" don't," as we found it dear, dirty, and uncomfortable, with poor
food and worse attendance. The hospice appeared to be better, but it
was too late to change our quarters. The country is beautiful, with a
very rich flora, and though buttei'flies were very scarce, we left a place
where "only man is vile " with great reluctance. There is most
interesting botanical ground close to the hotel, between it and the
lake, where pits similar to the Yorkshire " swallow holes " have been
formed, which are veritable treasure houses of good things. On
the opposite side of the lake we found in the woods the rare Cortum
inattenli (which is pink, and not coral red, as shown in Correvon), and
I hunted over the marshy ground near the outlet of the lake for 7*.
amonda, but without success. The only good thing taken at Mont
Cenis was a very line ab. of Krcbia lappona, taken on the way to the
Lac Clair, where the species was flying freel}'. The underside of the
upperwings shows no trace of the usual ante-marginal patch, but the
spots are represented by elongated splashes. The lower wings have
no trace of a band, but about where the outer edge of it would be, are
a series of splashes like those in the upperwings, producing a strking
effect.

On July 8th we walked down from Mont Cenis to Lanslebourg,
and on the way took two M. )naturna var. irolfensbenjcri, one with
curiously bleached lower wings, P. eras, C. iphis, ir. rhamni, K.
ti/n<lari(s, E. epiphron var. cassiope, Latiorina orbitnlns, Ilirsiitiua dainon,
and Urbicola comma. By the way, has there been a special tendency in
]911 towards bleaching? as I took three different species bleached
in France, and on my return home took a Rumicia plilaca^t in my
garden with one wing bleached silver like var. schmidtii.

The next day we walked to Termignon and back through the woods,
taking one M. niattinia var. n'olfenshenieri, one KliKiia spi)ii, L. arioii,
P. /n/lax, P. esclieri, Plebeiim arifus with brown females, /'. aiyi/-
rnijmmwn, H. daman in swarms, M. didyma, M. at/ialia, M. parthenie
var. raria, Erebia sti/i/ne, K. eiiri/ale, {md one ('/iri/sophantis /lippothdi'
var. curi/hia.

On July 10th we motored to Modane and stayed there in moderate
comfort until the 16th, and as the place does not seem to have been
worked much, a list of captures may be of interest. On the south side
of the valley one An'cia donzelii was taken, Erebia liijca, lirenthis
amot/iusia, B. ino, Heodes rirf/aitfeae <? s and one $, M. at/ialia, M.
difll/iiia, M. phnehp, M. parthenie, M. deione, the ^ s hopelessly worn
and the 2 s past their best, Anthocharis simjdonia, ('alias pliivamanc
(dark) and (_'. edima. The best ground was across the river, and either
following the path to the next village and beyond, or taking the zig-
zag path up to the fort. S. corditla was in the greatest profusion, and
instead of the usual chasing over stony ground, could be netted with
the greatest ease as they settled on the Valerian Howers. The males
were vaiiable, some with four spots on the upper wings and one or
two with a white spot on the lower wings. The $ s were scarce but
were very dark in colour and with large spots. ^'. alcyone was

THE FIRST FORTNIGHT IN JULY, 1911, AT DIGNE. 99

also plentiful but not so easy to net, and with them what I take to be
S. herminne, though I am never quite clear as to the distinction be-
tween these two species. Near the fort the scarce round-headed thistle,
Echinoijs litro was to be found, and on this and on another thistle were
numbers of A. adippe. Other captures were Hippan-hia seinele, E/iinophele
lycaon, P. escheri, An'cia niedon (astrarche), A(/riades coiydon, Hirsittina
dainon, Plebeius anjm, K. fijiini, Leptosia sinapis, PoUjijonia c-albtini, and
one Parnassiiis mneiinmjne. On the thyme near the river were very
large and fine Powellia mo and L. alciphron var. (jordias $ s, with very
rich purple suffusion, and $ s with strong black markings and varying
in size from Slmm. to 43mm. One ? has the outer row of spots in
the lower wings dashed with purple, and two others show this more
faintly. Mr. Wheeler does not appear to have noted this form, and
I have not met with it from any other locality.

Before leaving Modane I made another attempt to work the Susa
valley by taking an early morning train through the tunnel to Meana
and walked up the road to the Chapel of St. M. de la Losa in the vain
hope of turning up P. eijea and L. celtis. The day was beautiful and the
view from the Chapel charming, but none of the desired insects were
bagged. Some very finely marked J Krehia Ivjca were taken, one
peculiar variegated form of M. aurelia, K. melawpus, P. escheri, Dnjas
paphia, C. arcania and other sundries, but these were a poor result for
a good day's work. We were pleased with our trip as a whole, but the
hotel accommodation leaves something to be desired, when compared
with Switzerland, and sanitation is a thing but vaguely understood or
quite ignored, in most of the hotels.

The first fortnight in July, 1911, at Digne.

By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.E.S.
{Concluded from page 71.)
Perhaps the most interesting of all my excursions were two days in
the Dourbes Mountains and valley, the latter with my friends
Dr. Reverdin and Prof. Blachier of Geneva, together with a party of
six students who were with them, but of this we will speak later. I
was very anxious to get on to the screes of the Dourbes. With this
object in view I thought I would get the assistance of Monsieur Cotte,
and we took this excursion together. So as not to lose time I obtained
the loan of a bicycle, whilst M. Cotte used his, and so starting at 6 a.m.
we were at the mountain path almost as soon as the sun was over the
ridge. Having deposited our machines in a broken down cottage a
little way up the hill, we were soon on our way, and most delightful
it was bathed in the early morning sunlight. It was not very long,
certainly not after 7 to 7.15 a.m. before we came across a flowery area
on the mountain side, and almost immediately I espied Poli/ominatiis
escheri creeping up to the head of a flower. It was a quite fresh
female, and she was soon boxed without any trouble off the stem.
The incident put me on the " giii vice " with the most happy results,
for without using my net at all I was able to bag over a dozen beautiful
female I', escheri, that had evidently crept up to the heads of the grass or
the flower for the sake of the welcome warmth of the sun, for though
the sun was well over the mountain tops, the air was still quite fresh.
It was specially interesting, however, to note that practically all were

100 THE entomologist's RECORD.

females, only one or two males being seen. Among them I also took
one female A. coridon. A little later on I took a single Lmreia durilis
and one Rumicia pidaeas, which latter was exceptionally bright for
the second generation var. eleus. Coenonynipha arcania was not
uncommon, but generally was getting passe, and Adopaea lineola and
A. fiava {tJiatimas) also occurred. As we ascended, the Zi/;iaenidae
began to put in an appearance, Anthrocera hippocrepidis var. alpina
being by no means rare. A. achilleae also was obtained, seven or eight
falling to my net ; then A. rhadamanthus gave me a chance, and I
succeeded in getting quite a nice series of this species, the form var.
ijrisea (Oberthur) being the usual form, among which was a good
sprinkling of its ab. ciwjidata, but of the type form itself [rhadcuiian-
thus) I only took three specimens. On the same ground, only lower
down, also occurred Anthrocera {Zyuaena) hilaris, of which I obtained
a nice little lot, six or seven falling to my net. We had to push on
now so as to get to the screes, and as we were nearing them a fresh
Anthrocera [Zygaena) turned up, for I caught another red-banded
species, which I saw as soon as he was boxed to be A. sarpedon, and of
this we eventually secured six or eight nice fresh specimens. At last
we reached the screes, and ere long an Krehia flew rapidly over a little
ridge on the other side of a stream in a quite inaccessible position.
There it flew from stone to stone, spreading its velvety wings to the
sun ; of course, it was E. scipio, the object of my search, and it might
have known the fact from the distance it kept. At last another came
by, and it was secured, and by dint of two or three hours' hard grind
we secured five, three males and two females. Then we made our
way down, adding nothing to our list, until we came to nearly the
foot of the hillside, where I succeeded in taking several nice Hirsntina
aduietiis var. ripartii, another insect new to me here. So ended a
delightful day.

Another excursion in the Eaux-Chaudes valley produced the same
result as already stated, but in addition a single Anthrocera {Zyijaena)
lavandidae fell to my net, and an Adscita (Procris) anrpelo])ha<ia as also
a few Anthrocera {Zyyaena) scahiosae and a specimen of A. punctum.
As I was examining a bush of clematis, I saw at rest on one of the
leaves a quite uniuistakeable Naclia ancilla. I had already seen one
on La CoUette and had attempted to take it, a perfectly simple matter
as I thought, but in some mysterious way it eluded me. I was there-
fore determined to get this, and as I could not get my net below it, I
made a rapid hard stroke, obtained plenty of leaves but no ancilla. A
little later on I saw another again on a clematis leaf, sitting on the
upperside, as each of the others had been doing, with folded wings, this
time I determined to be safe and put my net below it for an upward
stroke, I saw it in the net distinctly, but it got out, how I cannot
imagine, it escaped nevertheless, and if ever I felt inclined to use
a naughty word it was then. That day I took a large A. lonicerae in
which the lower wings are almost orange with patches of red,
and also flying about the dusty road a single precocious specimen of
Tarucus {Uayiiardia) telicanus, which ought to have been flying in
August instead of the fiist week in July.

My last day was one that I shall long remember, spent up the
Dourbes Valley with my Geneva friends as already intimated
(Dr. Reverdin, Professor Blachier and the six younger men), and

THE FIRST FORTNIGHT IN JULY, 1911, AT DIGNE. 101

a very delightful day it was in the brilliant sunshine. Dr. Reverdin,
as if years were nothing to him, brim full of spirits, ever ready
whether with his net or his repartee, never put out, always jovial,
always kind, Professor Blachier equally kind and delightful, only in a
quieter way. We made a fairly early start staying in one place or
another, taking much the same as I had done before, but in one field
on the left of the valley, I saw a moth that I had not seen before, and
soon it was boxed turning out to be Heliotlm dipsacea, differing
slightly from the type towards var. )iiariti)iia. Later on another A.
punctiun fell to my lot, and two or three A. carniolica, and also
another half dozen of A. hilaris. Again another field on the same
side produced several more H. adnietufi var. ripartii, and one or two
male /■•. escheri. As the valley became narrower. Prof. Blachier and I
being together ahead of the others, saw a most likely spot over the
stream on the right of the valley, but we had to go further on
to get over and come back to the selected spot, having to
climb over two or three low hills of loose slaty shale. At
last we reached the desired spot and soon more var. ripartii were
captured, whilst among the long grass a Phycid was flying fairly
commonly. This I found to be Nephopteryx alpi(/eneUQ, Dup. As I
continued my ascent, still among the grass, I espied a dark butterfly,
evidently not an Krebia from its flight, yet equally dark. Naturally
I made for it, and had no difficulty in taking it. When in the box I
could just trace the faintest markings of Melanargia galatJiea, but I had
never seen so extraordinary an aberration. As soon, however, as
Professor Blachier saw it, he immediately recognised it as precisely
similar to one Dr. Reverdin had taken near Geneva, and which he had
called var. Itigens. This, I suppose, may be considered the piece de
resititance for that day. The time having come to retrace our steps,
I made my way back over La CoUette, and took there another
Pohpionia egea, and also a single specimen of P. c-album, by no
means so dark as our later specimens often are. The females of
Plebeitis arr/iis [aegon) were not infrequent, and I took a nice little
series in which the orange margmal border in both wings is
very pronounced, especially in the secondaries, where it is
very broad indeed. Here also I took three quite fresh females
of Cyaniris seiniargus, whilst two c? s of T/iyiiidicus acteon were boxed
both in excellent condition, and two or three more K. lavatherae, I
should also have recorded that I took here, previously, a few specimens
of Ciipido asiris (sebrun), and L omitted to mention that the (? s of
Heterogynis penella were very common, flying in the hot sun in
the Dourbes valley, whilst of other Heterocera I took a single newly
emerged $ of the cinnabar moth, one Euclidia glyphica, and one $
of Plitsia ni. Malacosoina neiistria was taken at rest, and a single
specimen of Sedna irrorella var. fiavicans on the wing. My stay at
Digne ended with a delightful dinner with my Swiss friends, at which
the ready wit and speech of Dr. Reverdin again signalised themselves,
leaving behind the impression that the renowned specialist, not only
medically but entomologically also — is impervious to all things that
tend to care, being at all times in the happiest condition both of mind
and body. After dinner it was a great pleasure to have a long talk
with both the Professors on many points, and especially on the genitalia
of insects, when I learnt that we were all three of one mind on the

102

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

preparation of these parts, viz., that they should never be cut and that
they should be mounted in profile as the natural and most effectual
method of both dealing with and seeing them. Thus ended a most
happy sojourn the reminiscence of Avhich will always be a pleasure.
The next morning I was off at 5.30 a.m. to meet Mr. A. H. Jones
at Mende in the Cevennes, where we hoped to obtain a series of
HirsHtina dolus.

Nonsense Names.

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.E.S., F.Z.S.

As an uncompromising supporter of priority in nomenclature, I
realise that a diflficult point has been raised by Mr. Kearfott's escapade.
I accept the doctrine of priority to this extent, that a name once given
stands good, that tbere must be no correction to it of any sort, and that
we must assume it to be good latin. If on the face of it or in view of
the derivation given by the author, it appears to be vile or impossible
latin, we must make believe that it has some derivation unknown to
us that makes it possible. That this view is largely accepted, is proved
by the abundance of k. and w. in various specific names. If a name
is absurd as meaning, say, a blue butterfly with black spots, we may
suppose, if we like, that it is the name of a chieftain somewhere in
remote Asia or Polynesia. The point is that any pronounceable com-
bination of letters stands good and unalterable. I would uphold this
so far, that if, to one single species in a genus, Mr. Kearfott had
chosen to give one of his nonsense names, I should accept and
uphold it.

The key to the position seems to me to be in these nonsense names
being grouped together in such a way that we are compelled to extend
the condition against unpronounceability, and add to it the condition
not only that an ordinary man can pronounce the name, but that he
can reach the preceding stage of remembering it.

I agree therefore in result with Mr. Meyrick and Mr. Wheeler, but
I do not arrive at it by the same route. I absolutely accept a nonsense
name, on the ground that, once given, it is no longer nonsense, but
means the thing to which it is given. But I cannot accept a series of
nonsense (or any other) names whose meanings cannot be remembered,
I should equally object to a series of names in one genus, meaning
say, first-blue, second-blue, third-blue, and so on to hundredth-blue,
no matter how good the latin in which this was expressed. It would
be as difficult to remember which two, and which of the two was
eleventh-blue and twelfth-blue as to remember which was bana and
which was inana.

i^OLEOPTERA.

Atheta eremita, Rye, in the south of England. — On March 22nd,
1911, I took a specimen of this insect in Epping Forest, Essex, from
sphagnum at the edge of a small pond. On February 18th, 1912, two
individuals were secured at Burnham Beeches, Bucks, under identical
conditions. This species is common in Scotland. There are, how-
ever, but few English records. Fowler gives Northumberland, Man-
chester, Birmingham, Cannock Chase, Forest of Dean. Mr. Keys has

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 103

recorded it from the Plymouth district {Ent. Mo. Mag., 1904) and Mr.
Champion from Chobham, in Surrey (Ibid., 1907). In Ireland,
according to Johnson and Halbert, it has been found in Donegal,
Down, Armagh, and Wicklow — all mountainous districts. It would
be of interest to know if the specimens captured in low-lying countries
occurred in woods, as mine did. — G. W. Nicholson, M.A., M.D.,
F.E.S., University College Hospital, W.C.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Ova AND LAKV.E OF PiERis NAPi. — Ova of this species hatched on
Saturday March 2nd with me, but those of my friend Mr. Littlewood,
of Kendal hatched on February 14th, I believe. My larvae are feeding
well on fine grass (Fefitncn ociiia). When sitting at rest, their attitude
is very sphinx-like, the head being tucked right under. The larva,
when walking, is just like a small green Geometer. All my ova
hatched within a period of three hours. — H. Mallinson, Oakland,
Windermere. March i2tli.

J510TES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Collecting in frost. — A few months ago I sent to the P^nt.
Record an account of my collecting during a sharp frost, thinking it
might be of some use to my brother entomologists. That, however,
was in the daytime and in sunlight. I have since had a more vivid
experience, the knowledge of which may save someone else coming
home empty-handed, as I nearly did. On October 28th, 1911, I went
to Earlswood, a few miles from Birmingham, just after mid-day. I
noticed how quickly it seemed to be getting cold, but it was no use
turning back. The woods were reached about 3 o'clock, and I began
to beat along the western edge, where, as a rule, 0/iorabia dilutata is
very common and in much variety. The sun was shining, but through
a glittering mist, and I only succeeded in knocking out a solitary
example. The air had, by this time, become so cold that the insect
was too lethargic to fly, and fell on the grass. As it was only a very
ordinary form, I left it on the ground. Thinking that it would be better
in the wood, 1 searched for some time, but the result was nil. By this
time it was getting dark and I put on the sugar, with the same result
as before, and after three turns round my sugar patches I made up my
mind to return home, especially as the frost had become so keen that
I was glad to keep my hands tight to my lantern. That it was really
cold may be assured as 14 degrees of frost were registered during the
night. Just as I was leaving the wood I thuught I saw something
flutter, and after a close search a specimen of Ilibernia aurantiaria
was met with. This suggested searching the twigs. At first the
search was unsuccessful, but finally, by working on the leeward side of
bushes, etc., and getting down on to the withered and brown grasses,
I began to take insects with their wings folded over their backs, so
that I could not be quite sure as to species until the next morning.
Just before leaving, among the grass, I saw, what for a moment
I did not understand, something like a couple of miniature ferns,
I soon however found them to be the antennae of Himera pennaria, a

104 THE entomologist's record.

grand form having the strongest bars I have ever seen in this species.
In the morning I found that I had fifteen Hibernia defoliaria, all small,
well-marked forms, but differing from the former species, in that six
were more or less crippled and two slightly cut, no doubt evidence of
a less hardy type. The surprise to me was that on such a bitterly cold
night, they were not all cripples. — J. T. Fountain, 109, Darwin Street,
Birmingham. Fehruanj, 1912.

Thk Eiffelalp and Chamonix in .July, 1911. — The following is a
record of some of my captures of butterflies around the Riffelalp
during the week beginning on July 15th. The best ground was above
the path leading to the Findelen Glacier, and the walk from the
Riffelalp to the fSchwartzee was also good. The weather was gloriously
fine. Species: — Pieris napi var. bnjoniae, Pontia callidice, Polyoniniatns
eros, Latiurina orbitulus, ]'acciniino optilete, Aricia eumedon, Plebeius
argyrognomon, Melitaea aurinia var. vierope, M. cijntliia, Colias
phicomone, C. palaeno, Erebia lappnna ab. st/iennyo, fC. tyndarun, E.
innestra, E. uielampits, E. prono'e, Coenonympha satyrion, Painphila
coiinna, and Hrenthis pales and var. napaea.

On July 22nd I started a week's collecting at Chamonix. The
best results were obtained up the Brevent. The following are the
Erebias caught : — Erebia uielainpns, E. gorge. E. stygne, E. goante, E.
enryale and ab. euryaloides, and fJ. epiphron. — E. E. Bentall, F.E.S.,
The Towers, Heybridge, Essex.

CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

Another portion of the Collections of the late Mr. J. W. Tutt will
be sold at Stevens' Auction Rooms on Tuesday, April 23rd. The first
cabinet contains the remaining species of the Geometers, including
long and varied series of the genus Cidaria, the genus Perunea, and
several drawers of the British Plumes. A second cabinet contains the
whole of the Tortrices and Tineina, many of the sets being in capital
condition, having been carefully gone over and added to quite recently.
A series of Tortri.v teucriana (see Ent. Itccurd, L, 31) is included.
The British Crambi, Phycids, etc., are in the same cabinet and are
also in excellent condition. Another cabinet contains sets of captures
from particular localities in the Alps, etc., selected from the various
collecting boxes of the late Mr. Tutt, each containing many useful
series of butterflies, with several drawers of Geometers, etc.

The Entomological Club held another of its pleasant meetings, at
" Wellfield," Lingard's Road, Lewisham, on March 12th, with Mr. R.
Adkin, F.E.S., as host. After the kindly welcome from Mrs. and Miss
Adkin, tea was taken, and subsequently a considerable time was spent
in our genial host's study enjoying his very complete and beautifully
arranged collections, turning over the leaves of bis valuable entomo-
logical books, and discussing varied and knotty points which have
recentl}' cropped up in our cult. Later on the guests partook of
supper. Among those present were Messrs. R. Adkin, G. C. Cham-
pion, J. E. Collin, H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, A. E. Gibbs, A.H.Jones,
Rev. P. D. Morice, A. Sich, R. South, W. E. Sharp, J. R. le B.
Tomlin, Hy. J. Turner, and Rev. G. Wheeler.

SOCIETIES.

The South London Entomological and Natural History
Society.— Janwarj/ 11th, 1912. — Messrs. C. J. Gahan, M.A., F.E.S.,

SOCIETIES.

105

of the British Museum (N.H.) and Mr. N. S. Sennett, F.E.iS., of
South Kensington, were elected members. — Inckease of Yakiation. —
Mr. A. W. Buckstone exhibited series of Hi/hfrnia (Ufnliaria from
several localities, and stated that variation had considerably increased
in the last 80 years, and that around London the type form was much
less frequent. Protective resemblance in a Tree-cricket. — Mr. H.
Moore, a huge Tree-cricket, EiuneiialiKlon hlancliardi, from Borneo,
whose tegmina resemble leaves. Fauna of a London (jarden. — ^Ir. R.
Adkin gave additional notes on the " Lepidoptera of a London Garden,"
exhibiting Phobia moneta, Monoids riixticella, Gracilaiia .syrinnella,
Ai(jnresthia i/oeilartclla, and Gelechia malreUa. Aberration of P.
atalanta. — Mr. A. E. Gibbs, an aberration of Pyraiveh atalaitta bred
from Vizzavona, Corsica, in which the diagonal red bands of the
forewings and the marginal band of the hindwings are more or less
pink, and some areas very much paler than usual. Variation in A.
TRiFOLii. — Mr. Blenkarn, five specimens of Anthrocera trifulii var.
ronjiiiens, from Withycombe and Horsley, and various species of
Coieoptera, including lUctliits severdendux, recently announced as new to
Britain by Dr. Joy. Glowworm larv^. — Mr. H. Main, larvii^ of the
Glow-worm reared from eggs and also a larva of Oci/piiK alem.
Keports OF OUTDOOR MEETINGS — The Reports of the Society's Field
Meetings during the past year were communicated by Messrs.
Edwards, Gibbs, Kaye, Priske, Tonge and Turner. Annual general
meeting. — Januarij ^bt/i, 1912. — The Reports of the Council and
Officers for the past year were received and adopted. The Council and
Officers for the ensuing year, were elected (see page 45). Mr. W. J. Kaye
read his annual address. Votes of thanks were passed to the Ti'easurer,
Secretaries, and other officers. — Ordinary meeting. — Mr. A. E.
Tonge, F.E.S., President, took the chair. — Messrs. A. E. Morris, of
Upper Norwood, and Mr. F. W. Frohawk, of Wallington, were elected
members. Lepisma saccharina. — Mr. Edwards exhibited the so called
"silver fish" lA'pisina sacc/iariiia. The "Narcissus-fly" pest. —
Mr. Main, a narcissus bulb, sent him by Mr. Winkworth, which had
been attacked by the larva of the Dipteron, Merodon eijiiestris, a
fly often extremely injurious in nurseries. Curious method of
packing insects. — Mr. Moore, a number of butterflies from the
interior of Borneo, including Pajiilio ereiinm var., P. itanipiiii, Tcnaa
(/radioifi, Hextia ioiiani var. vinjo, Doni^epa Imrii, Teriaa tilaJtu. They
were sent home to him packed in fragments of the flannel shirt of his
friend, who collected them, a successful method of combating the
excessive superabundance of moisture in the atmosphere of the locality.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Jaiuianj i5th.
— A large number of interesting lantern slides were exhibited by Dr.
Cotton, Dr. Tinne and Mr. O. Whittaker. Dr. Tinne's slides included
many beautiful coloured examples taken by the Lumiere and other
colour processes. Variation in P. chi. — Mr. Mansbridge exhibited
a series of J^olia r/;/ shewing the usual range of melanic variation from
the Huddersfield district, and also, on behalf of Mr. A. W. Boyd, a case
of micro-lepidoptera from various localities in Cheshire, among them
being Mixodia Hchnhiano, Sria}i/iila hybridana, Sophronia ]>arenthi'scU(t,
t'hclaria hulmerella, Arrpjrcsthia pyifniaeella, Peronea nmiarimia, etc.

The Entomological Society of London. — Deccnihcr Qtit, 1911.^ —
The following gentlemen were elected Fellows of the Society : — Dr.
Beckwith Whitehouse, 52, Newhall Street, Birmingham : Messrs. F.

106 THK KNTOMOUXilSl's UhU'ORI).

W. Edwards, Kingswear, Cornwall Koad, Harrow ; Douglas Pearson,
Chilwell House, Chilwell, Notts; B. H. Smith, B.A., Edgehill,
Warlingham, Surrey ; C. F. M. Swynnerton, Mt. Chirinda, Melsetter,
S. Rhodesia. A Phasmid, new to Science. — -Mr. C. J. Gahan exhibited
an insect recently brought to the British Museum, and recognized by
him as belonging to rn'so/ms, a remarkable and specially interesting
genus of r/iaainidaf. The one now exhibited was new, and he proposed
to name it I'n'sopus fhheri in honour of its discoverer. Leucama
PAfj^KNs AND L. FAVicoLOR. — Mr. South exhibited a drawer of Leucanid
moths captured and reared by the Rev. W. P. Waller in the Wood-
bridge district of Suffolk. He observed that seeing that Mr. Waller
had reared faricolor from eggs laid by a })a liens -like female, and
obtained ])allens from the ova of a female favivolor, the obvious
inference was that there was cross-pairing in each case; he understood
that faricolor cannot be separated from //aliens by any difterence in the
genitalia, and was informed that cross-pairings of pallens and fan'rolor
are not uncommon in the habitat of the latter. lie was, therefore,
inclined to suppose that fan'ndor is a salt-marsh development of
jtallens. A Coi.eopteron new to Britain. — Mr. Donisthorpe exhibited
a specimen of /'/;//.(■ fainnairei, Reiche, taken by him in Sherwood
Forest on July 11th, 1908. He also showed a French specimen of the
same species, and examples of Knj.v aira, F., the other known British
species, for comparison. Rhopalocera from Lapland. — Mr. W. G.
Sheldon showed a collection of Rhopalocera made by him in Jenitland
and Swedish Lapland in -Tune and July, 1911. Luperina nickerlii
and allies. — Mr. Henry J. Turner exhibited a large number of
specimens of fjuperina nirkeiiii, of which the British form or race has
l)een hitherto known as Lufjiriua i/iifneci, together with series of other
races from the Continent. Erebia -bthiops. — Mr. Turner also
exhibited a long series of Krebia artln'ops from many contin-
ental localities and also from Aviemore, Scotland. Contrasts
IN colouring between certain species of butterflies from
THE Lagos district and their ckographical races at Entebbe.
— Prof. Poulton exhibited a series of specimens tending to refute the
view, again recently advanced, that changes of colour and pattern in
allied forms are due to climate, and especially to moisture. Pseuda-

CR<«AS OF THE lIoBLKYI GhoUP ON DaMBA [sLAND AS COMPARED WITH

THOSE FROM THE Entebbk DISTRICT. — Prof. Poultoii exhibited a set of
the mimetic Pseudacneas and their models collected by Mr. C. A.
Wiggins in the neighbourhood of Entebbe, which contrasted remark-
ably with a set of 17 Pseudacraeas collected by Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter
on Damba Island, on the l<]quator, in the Victoria Nyanza, about 20
miles south-east of Entebbe. Observation on the courtship of
Planema alcinok, Feld. — ^Prof. Poulton exhibited four males and one
female of I'lanema alviuoe, captured August 10th, 1911, in the forest
one mile east of Oni, near Lagos, by Mr. W. A. Lamborn, "in a
confused mass." The cocoons and kgcjs of the Bombycid Moth,
Norasuma koloa, Druck. — Prof. Poulton exhibited the cocoon of A'.
Itolja together with the moth which had emerged from it. The
compact cocoon itself was reddish, with an outer imperfect covering of
yellow silk. In some cocoons, including the one exhibited, the silk of
this loose and open network formed dense little masses here and there
which, being bright yellow in colour, much resembled the cocoons of

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 107

Braconid parasites. Prof. Poulton said that he had also been shown,
by Mr. J. H. Durrant, similar spherical bodies scattered over the
cocoon of the Tineid moth Mannaro aalirtella. The food of the

CARNIVOROUS LyC^NID LARVA, SpALGIS LEMOLEA, H. H. DrUCE

(S. sktNata, Holland). — Prof. Poulton exhibited specimens and gave
an account of observations sent by Mr. Lamborn, which threw further
light on the letter written January, 1891, by the Rev. A. C. Good,
Ph.D., from West Africa, from which ])v. W. J. Holland had inferred
that the larvae of S. letnolea are aphidivorous ; extracts from Mr.
Laraborn's letters, together with an investigation of his material,
indicate that their food consists of ('i)ccidae. Brazilian Syntomids. —
Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a drawer full of Syntomidac that had been
collected by himself in south Brazil in the early part of 1910. The
following papers were read : — " On the yirtitan>i Group of the genus
Hi/t(roecia, Gn.," by the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, and "On the Dates of
the Publications of the Entomological Society," by the Rev. G.
Wheeler, M.A., F.Z.H.

:^EYIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Social Life in the Insect World. — By J. H. Fabre (Illustrated).
Price 10s. 6d. Published by T. Fisher Unwin, 1, Adelphi Terrace,
London, W.C.

To those acquainted with Mons. J. H. Fabre's previous writings
there is no need to recommend this, his latest achievement. In other
words " good wine needs no bush." Mons. Fabre has the singular
felicity of being able to write about his observations with literary skill
combined with scientific accuracy. His experiments (vide Chaps. 14
and 15) show that he has lost none of his skill as an investigator of a
high order, at once tenacious of purpose and fertile in resource.
This work is simply a confirmation of his well-known aptitude.
Where Reaumur failed, Fabre succeeded {vide pp. 55 ct aeq.). We can
conceive of no book better calculated to convert a mere collector into a
real student of nature. All entomologists will, we hope and expect,
read the book with delight and profit. Mons. Fabre refuses to confine
his observations within the ring fence of a single Order of insects.
He prefers to roam tbe Insect World at large. Hence he gives us
many new and interesting records relating to The Mantis {Mantin
reliijiosa, Iwnn.), The Field Cricket, The Sisyphus Beetle, The Great
Peacock or Emperor Moth, The Oak Eggar, The Pine Chafer
{MeUdontha Julio, Linn.), etc.

It is to be regretted that the translator has failed to differentiate a
"moth" from a "butterfly," and further renders the "Golden Carabus"
as the " Golden Scarabeus." Whilst these lapses do not detract from
the absorbing interest of the book, they tend to give the reader
purposeless mental shocks. - (H.E. P.)

Butterfly-hunting in many Lands. — Bv Geo. B. Longstatt", M.A,,
M.D., Oxon ; F.R.C.P., F.S.A., F.G.S., late Vice-Pres. Entomological
Society of London, etc. (with 16 plates, 7 coloured). Price 21s.
Published by Longmans, Green and Co., 39, Paternoster Row, London.

The author in his Preface says his work appeals only to entomo-
logists. We opine that he will find it appeal very strongly.

All entomologists are of necessity travellers. But among his peers
Dr. Longstaflf is facile piiiici'ps, inasmuch as there are none that we

lOH THE entomologist's KECOKI).

know of who have collected and observed insects in all parts of the
worlJ, with possibly the sole exception of Commander J. J. W^alker,
R.N., F.E.S. Certainly nobody has given the entomological world
the results of his observations spread over so many years and relating
to so many countries.

The book, for the most part, consists of the contents of the author's
notebooks, interspersed with the relation of such episodes as came
under his notice from time to time. It is altogether delightful reading
from cover to cover. An account of a trip to Eannoch is told so
simply, yet vividly, that it will recall happy memories to the reader
who has likewise visited this famous " ground."

After taking us from Wimbledon and Rannoch to Australia and
New Zealand — meantime treating of India, China, Japan, Algeria,
South Africa, South America, etc.- -the author {vide Chap. X.) ceases
to become the interesting traveller, and shows that he is no mean
student of various scientific problems. Here are discussed such items
as " Scents," Tenacity of Life, Experiments of Palatability, Successful
Mimicry, Selection of Coloured Resting Places, Heliotropism, etc.

The authentic details therein noted are rightly placed on permanent
record, as it is not too much to hope that in the future a new Darwin
will arise and utilise them by giving us inferences of lasting value.

Finally our best thanks are due to Dr. Longstaft' — or shall we say
to his friend the well-known student Dr. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S. ? — for
placing before us excellent translations (by E. A. Elliott, F.Z.S.,
F.E.S.) of a series of papers by Dr. Fritz Miiller dealing with the
Scent-organs of Lepidoptera. It should be added that these important
papers are accompanied bj' excellent plates illustrating the points
dealt with. — (Id.)

Repokt of the Agricultukal Research Institute and College^
PusA, 1910-11. Superintendent Government Printing, Calcutta,
India.

A perusual of this Government publication extending to
102 pp. of closely printed matter (quarto) makes one proud of his
fellow countrymen. From the Director's (E. .1. Butler, M.B., F.L.S.)
Report we note that the Institute is organised in seven scientific
sections : Agricultural, Chemical, Botanical, Mycological, Entomo-
logical, Second Entomological, and Bacteriological, and that the work
for the year was executed by only eight European officers of the Pusa
statr, and of these two were engaged in Baluchistan developing the
fruil industry of that province.

To readers of The Record, etc., the chief interest will centre round
the Report of the Imperial Entomologist, known to us at home as
T. ]5ainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.E.S., F.L.S. He says that having in
view the enormous areas dealt with and the general ignorance of the
cultivating classes regarding insect pests and their control, the number
of assistants employed in Entomological work in the Provincial
Agricultural Departments is quite inadequate. Reference is made to
the steady progress made in investigating the insect-pests of crops in
Madnis, to the experiments against Termites at Hoshangabad, to the
work against Potato Moth and Cane Grasshopper, and also to the
Uice Grasshopper and the Semiaquatic Rice Caterpillar. Altogether
it is very interesting to read of the never wearying, unostentatious,
yet forceful and fit;itful work of our confreres in other lands. (In.)

WATKINS 8l DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Mamifactiirers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain King Nets, wire or cane, incliulin<,' Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6, 3/-. Folding Nets, 3/(3,
4/-, 4/6. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Tocket Boxes (deal), 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc
Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen, 1 gross, ]/0.
Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor
cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin.. 6d. ; liiii., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2^in.,
1/- ; 3^in., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourte'en Boards, 10/6. Setting
Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage,
2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases,
japanned double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 1]/-. Cement for replacing Antennne 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass
Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, ]/-to8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes,
from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheuth, 1/9.
Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,
2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Se^iiihte, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Biuds' Etuis, Coins, MicitoscopiCAr. Objects, I'.issir.s, Ac.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

L.ARQE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (Biilsh, European, and K.xolie).
Birds, Mammals, etc., Preserved and Mounted b'l first class IVorkuicn.

36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C, ENGLAND.

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe,

By MALCOLM BURR. D.Sc. F.Z.S., F.L.S.. F.E.S., &c.

Bound in Cloth, 160 pp., with good Index (Specific and Generic).

Price 3sm netm

A pocket handbook for the use of collectors in the field. Covers all species found west
of the Carpathian Mts. Description of each species, habits, habitats and distributiou

Will he sent Pout Free on receipt of Postal Order for 3s. to —

A. H., 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

BARGAINS! BARGAINS!! BARGAINS!!!

Excellent 44 drawer Mahogany Cabinet price on application.

Fine set insects not less than half-dozen of a species sent. Box and postage 4d. extra.

Price per dozen: — Citraria Is. 4d., Strigillaria Is. 6d., Dealbata 2s., Piniaria Is.,
Atomaria 9d., Carbonaria 3s. 6d., Pulveraria Is. 6d., Clathrata 6d., Alternata 2s. 6d.,
Taminata Is. 3d., Temerata Is. 3d., Exanthemaria 9d., Pusaria 6d., Inornata 2s.,
Aversata 9d., Emutaria 2s., Fuinata 2s., Remutata 9d., Lnmutata Is. 6d., Subsericeata
Is. 6d., Straminata 5s., Promutata Is., Ornata Is. 8d., Incanaria lid., Bisetata lid.,
Ochrata 4s., Cambricata Is. 6d., Blomeri 3s., Auroraria 3s. 6d., Orbicularia '2s. 6d.,
Omicronaria Is. 3d., (var. Obsoieta is. each or 10s. doz.). Trilinearia lOd., Punctaria
lOd., Porata lOd., Smaragdaria 6s. 6d., Papilionaria 4s., Trepidaria 4s., Obscuraria
varied Is. 6d., Biundularia lid., Crcpuscularia lid., Consortaria Is. 6d., Eoboraria 3s. 6d.,
Cinctaria Is. 9d., Kepandata varied Is., Abruptaria lid., fine Melanic 10s,, Betularia
Black var. Is. 6d., Prodromaria 2s., Hirtaria lid., Zonaria Is. 9d., Pilosaria lid.,
Angularia Is., Erosaria 3s., Fuscantaria "is., Tiliaria Is. 9d., Autumnaria Is. Wd..
Illustraria lid., Bidentata lid., Syringaria Is. 9d., Dolobraria '2s., Prunaria2s., Maeulata
6d., Crataegata Od., Sambueata 6d., Parthenias Is. '2d., Craccae Is., Pastinum '2s. 3d.

Next Month many more species, look out for them.

L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

CONTENTS.

A Week at Braemar, Russell K. James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . §1

Luperina gueneei, Doubleday, as a species, and as a British species, Hi/. J. Turner,

i''.£..S'. (concluded) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. _ gy

A Month in Switzerland and elsewhere, George Wheeler, M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

(concluded) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. _, _ __ gy

Notes on Collecting; in 1911, ('. /I'. CoJ(/(r»/) (to be continued) .. .. .. 90

The Dauphlnv Wps, Douglas II. Pearson, F.K.S. .. .. .. .. .. yg

The first fortni^^ht in July, 1911, in Digne, G. T. Bethunc-Baher, F.L.S., F.E.S.

(concluded) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ 99

Nonsense Names, Dr. T. A. Chnpman, F.Z.S., F.E.S. ^ .. 102

CoLKOPTERA :— Atheta erimita, Kye, in the S. of England, G. W. Nicholson, M.A.,

M.D., F.E.S ..102

Scientific Notes and Observations:— Ova and Larvre of Pieris napi, H. Mallinson 103
Notes on Collecting :— Collecting in Frost, J. T. Fountain. The Kittiealp and

Ch&momx in Ja\y, 1911, K. E. Bentall, F.F.S. .. 103

Current Notes and Short Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i04

Societies :— The South London Entomological and Natural History Society. The

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. The Entomological Society

of London . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , _ _ 104

Reviews and Notices oe Books :— Social Life in the Insect World (J. H. Fabre)';

Butterfly-hunting in many Ijands (Geo. B. Longstaff, M.A., M.D., F.E.S.) ;

and Ileport of the Agricultural Kesearch Insiitute and College, Pusa, 1910-11

(H.E.P.) ;

Contributions remain over for want of space from G. T. Bethune-Baker, A. S. Tetley,
G. W. Nicholson, W. Bait Smith, etc., and Reports of Societies.

Seasonal notes on British Lepidoptera will appear in due course from C. W. Colthrup,
F. G. Whittle, A. Russell, Alf. Sieh, H. Ashton Nichols, etc.

We hope that those who intend sending us an account of their doings for 1911 will do
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Smerinthus." — A. Bacot. " Variation considered biologically : Some notes suggested by the Romanes
Lecture of 1894."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "Wing structure."— >. Alstou Moftatt. "On the development
of sex in social insects."—./. W. Tutt, F.E.S. " The British representatives of the Genus Caradrina." —
L. B. Prout, F.E.S. " Habits and variation of Lithosia lutarella and its variety pygmaeola." —
J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. On the gradual disappearance of Lepidoptera from South-Eastern London and
its neighbourhood. "—C. Feiiu, F.E.S. " A hunt for Neuroterus aprilinus."— T. A. Chapman. M. D., F.E.S.
"On the development of pigment in Nemeobius lucina." — F. J Buckell, M.B. "The Macro-Lepi-
doptera of Keswick." — H. A. Beadle. " Varieties of Argynnis selene " (with plate).— S. G. G. Rvssell,
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Platk III.

^.^^^

'iiiSE^gasa. ~- '

Photo. F, N. Clarl-.

HyDIUECIA )iURltO\V8I X I'i^. H. PAI.UDIS (axiiltl) X I'i^.

1 he E7itu}iiolo()iiit's Becoxl, 1912.

ON HYDROECIA JBUKKOWSl, N. SP. 109

On Hydroecia burrows!, n. sp. {With Plate.)

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D.

Mr. Burrows has recently given us, in the Tramactiom of the
Entomological Society/'- a complete account of his researches so far in
the nictitanst group of the genus Hi/ilmrrio. He had at various times
told us something about them before, but now we have the results of
his work clearly set forth.

I had the pleasure of supplying him with various examples of this
group from a good many localities, and amongst some Asiatic examples
he found a species he had not previously met with, and which he has
named asiatica : of this he only found one example. I have since
obtained Asiatic material from Staudinger and others, and amongst
these some eight or ten more asiatica tiirned up, all of them labelled
Juldus Kuldscha, a locality different from that of the first specimen,
but no example was found amongst " nictitans" from any other
locality. The great mass of the specimens belonged to one species
which I will call palndis, though Mr. Burrows has not yet condescen-
ded to name it. I thus obviously run the risks that befal those that
" rush in where, etc." I have no authority to quote Mr. Burrows on
this matter, but I believe he is still investigating the relations (if any)
between lucens and palialis in Britain, and till he has satisfied himself
on various points, will not commit himself as to non-British forms.
My own opinion, which must be taken as very provisional, is that
these two forms are distinct species in Britain, but that these Asiatic
specimens are not too distinctly the one or the other. However, I do
not profess to have, nor desire to express, any decided opinion as to
these being palndis, I only want provisionally to use a name for these
forms, my only present concern is with //. hnrroivsi.

The genitalia of all the forms dilierentiated by Mr. Burrows are
most abundantly distinct, asiatica might indeed belong to a different
genus, and only litcciis and palndis at all closely resemble each other.

Amongst those paludis received from Staudinger was one very
large specimen from Vladivostock, which, on examination of the
appendages, turns out to be a new and very distinct form. Not only
is the specimen itself large, but the appendages also are very large and
bold. Unfortunately there is only the one specimen. Another,
looking very like it and about as large, from Manchuria, is only
paludis.

I propose to gratify my regard for Mr. Burrows and to honour him
for his work on this group by naming this fine form burrowsi.

Hydroecia burronsi, n.sp. The specimen is very large, 39mm.
amongst all the Asiatic specimens Qialndis) few approach it, one from
Manchuria 37mm., and one or two labelled Amur nearly the same,
but the majority are only 32-34 mm. in expanse. In colour it is a
deep rich red-brown, with brighter red stigmata, a coloration quite
the same as several of the paludis. We may expect that a series would
shew variations of colour similar to those in the other species of this
group of the genus Hydnccia.

In markings there is one difference from the paludis. Beyond the
stigmata are two nearly parallel lines, and the space between the outer
one and the margin is divided into two by an angulated line. In

ngii, p. 738.
May 15th, 1912.

no

TUK ENTOMOLO(iIST S RECORD.

hurraiisi this line is proportionally nearer the outer of the two lines

referred to, than in any specimen of paliidis.

The hind-wings in paliidin vary very much, sometimes of a nearly

uniform tint, usually shading to a good deal darker towards the margin.

Sometimes this darker margin is marked off from the paler base,

forming a pale wing with a broad darker marginal band, and not

seldom the pale base has a darker line parallel to the inner edge of the
ilark margin. This is the character of the hind-wings in burroivsi, in

which this inner line and the inner edge of the marginal band are
more definitely parallel to each other throughout than in any of the
specimens of palutlis, and the two tints do not shade into each other. I
think I have seen this clear definition however in other species of this
group of llyilnicia. The photograph of the specimen by Mr. Tonge
happens to show these two points, the marginal lines of the forewings,
and the clear definition in the hind-wings, although it shows nothing
of the centre of the forewings, where however I detect no difference
from the usual type in the group. Those differences that I have
described are so slight, that they may be merely individual to this
specimen, and I am quite prepared to be told that they hardly exist.

Photo. A. E. Tongi-.
HYnKfKCIA nURROWSI X 2.

Note. — The body of the specimen having been mounted, one was
borrowed from a paludis for the purpose of the photograph. To
this extent the photograph is deceptive.

The genitalia are, however, extremely distinct, they are of the
same type as /laludis, but besides remarkable structural differences, are
much larger, the length of the clasps, for instance, being as 5mm. to
4mm. They may be compared in Figs. 1 and 2 on Plate III.

The most striking difference is the great length of the transverse
process of the harpes (in the figure the inner bi-anch is fractured on
the left side) with its long sweeping curve and sharp point. The anal
angle of the cucullus is produced into a sharp point, as compared with
the rounded angle in the other species. The clavus is larger than in
paludis, and is thicker just before the apex, and then ends by rapidly

gEASOKAL NOTES ON TINEINA. Ill

narrowing. This is to some extent (in the photograph) due to the
orientation of the process. The cornuti in the larger aedceagus are
smaller than those of palndis, except that they include one very large
broad spine very different from the rest.

In the plate the upper figure is bunuasi, the lower, one of the
Asiatic paludis from Sajan, for comparison. On comparing these
figures with those in Mr. Burrow's paper in the Trans. Ent. Soc. it
must be remembered that the cedreagus is pi-esent in these, but
removed in the preparations from which Mr. Burrows' photographs
are taken. My photographs are by Mr. F. N. Clark.

I propose to place the specimen in the British Museum.

Seasonal notes on Tineina.

By ALFRED SICH, F.E.S.

Being absent from England till July 4th, in 1911, I missed all the
delightful species of Micro-lepidoptera which one sees, or hopes to
see, in the spring and early summer. I arrived home just in time to
secure two imagines of Coleoplwra jiotentillae, which had emerged in
one of my breeding pots. I had found the larvae on Fotentilla tor-
tnentilla, near Richmond, in July, 1910. In another pot one C.
therinella had emerged. The larva of this was taken off Cnicus
arvensia, in Chiswick, the previous autumn. On the other hand, the
eleven larv« of ' '. niveieostella, from eggs laid on thyme by a female
from Eastbourne (August l-lth, 1910), had unfortunately all perished
owing to the drying up of the plant. July 15th was spent at
Clandon in the pleasant company of other members of the South
London Society. The junipers yielded Artjijresthia abduminulis, as
they did on the same date in 1905. Swaininerdammiacaesiella occurred
amongst hawthorn, and it pleased me to find larvae of Antisfnla
pfeifferella mining m the leaves of dogwood. The holes they had
made in the leaves when they cut out their cases were quite con-
spicuous, as also were the large brownish mines, which still contained
larvffi. On an oak trunk at Richmond, July 19th, I found a moth I
could not recognise. It was PsoricupUra tjibbosella. So the next day
I revisited the locality and came back with four more. Four days
later, also at Richmand, when searching the trunks of some old
hawthorns, I found two specimens of t'erustonta scabrella. Of this
insect, one might say that it is exceedingly inconspicuous until one
does see it. On the same afternoon, among weeds, in a sunny spot,
one quite fresh IJta niaciUiferella was taken. I searched for further
examples, but in vain. Perhaps the species was not fully out.
During this month I found 'Tinea corticella less scarce than in other
years. It rests just like 1\ cloacella on the bark of trees. • On
August 8th I took a little white moth which did not fly quite like
Elachista argentella. When caught its large eyecaps proved it to be
an Uposte(fa, and it was salaciella. From time to time I take solitary
individuals of this species without being able to get any clue to the
larval habits. It would be of very great interest to obtain the larva
and pupa ; the latter would possess very large pupal eyecaps, and
might thus be recognised if found accidentally. Towards the end of
August Sttniilechia geminella was common hiding in the crevices of the
bark of oaks. In September I took two mines of Lipmetia derkella off'

112 THE entomologist's RECORD.

birch ; they both yielded the dark fuscous form. {Several cases of
Culeuphora alticulella were gathered from rush heads ; both C. ijlanci-
colella and (J. caesjntitiella occur on the same ground at Richmond.

In August LithocuUetis cDniparella haunted the trunks of abele
poplars at Barnes in some numbers. It is very common all over the
district in most years, but appears to be somewhat local generally.
The larva mmes m all the common kinds of poplar. From honey-
suckle on Putney Heath I bred Lithuculletis trifasciella in late
September, and was much interested to find mines on SalLv repens
about the same time, which I hoped would produce L. quimjueiinttella.
None emerged in the autumn, but two specimens of this species have
already been bred from these mines. At Ealing at the end of July
the larva of Nepticida pUujicolella was common in plum leaves. The
following species came into the house at Chiswick : — Two Sitotroga
cerealella, Tinea ijallescentella, and a dark form of (jriacilaria stiyiiia-
telLa. My last catch of the year was a nice specimen of Oinophila
v-jiavuui, on November 17th, on a window frame.

The Rhone Valley and Italian Lakes in Spring.

By A. S. TETLEY, M.A., F.E.S.

1 spent a fortnight in May, 1910, and another in June 1911, in the
Rhone Valley and on the soutli side of the Simplon, and possibly a few
notes on the butterflies observed may be interesting, even for such
well- worked ground, as my visits were rather earlier than those of
most of our English butterfly hunters in Switzerland. My head-
quarters in 1910 were St. Maurice in the Valais and Baveno on Lake
Maggiore, and Bex in lyil, with a short tour to Iselle and back over the
Pass. We had good weather in 1910, but everything seemed back-
ward, and butterflies very scarce south of the Alps. Last year we
encountered the one bad patch of weather in the summer, and except
in a few places found butterflies few in number compared even with
the preceding year.

In 1910, from May 15th to 29th we had only two wet days. Erebia
medusa was one of the few common butterflies near St. Maurice and at
St. Tnphon, all more or less typical. Cupido osiris [sebrus) was much
scarcer at the latter place than in May, 1907. In fact the only insect at
all common there was Anthrocera acliiUeae. A dozen Melitaea parthenif
were all I took, and this meant practically all I saw, as I wanted them
for my friends. At Martigny, on May 28th, there were a good number
of common butterflies, but no Melitaeas except M. cinxia. Erebia eiias
was under the clitis, the only other noteworthy captures being single
specimens of JUxmansiim iinieiiiosijni: and Eieiia napi var. bryoniac.

We were at Baveno from May 17th to 22nd. The woods and
meadows on the slopes of Monte Matterone were full of spring flowers,
but almost devoid of insect life. We were told that the cold weather had
come to an end only a day or two before we arrived. It was dishearten-
in" to traverse the most attractive localities and see nothing but odd
specimens of llesjieria iiialvae, Uavtearis {Neiiie(jbias)liicina, (oenonyinpka
lianijiliUKs and the like. On May 19th and 21st we crossed the lake to
Laveno and found butterflies commoner than at Baveno. The most
noteworthy were Miiitaea phoebe and Scdlitantidcs orion. Of the
former 1 took nine males. They were a much duller insect than the

THE RHONE VALLEY AND ITALIAN LAKES IN SPRING. 113

forms I have taken in the Rhone Valley and at Vernet, with nearly
unicolorous ground colour, and the black markings not so well defined.
They are identical with some I took near Lugano in August, 1905.
I caught them nearly all at flowers of Trifolitoii pratense. The S. orion
were small and with not much blue on the wing bases ; they looked
very black on the wing and did not seem to visit flowers.

On our return to the Rhone Valley we paid a visit to Glion and
Sonzier on May 26th, and found Melitaea aurinia {artemU) abundant near
the latter place and not so worn as on the same date in 1907. I should
add that we crossed the Simplon on May 22nd and 23rd from Varzo to
Brig, and except a few common butterflies between Varzo and Gondo
saw nothing lepidopterous all the way. The snow was very deep for
two miles or so on each side of the summit. Berisal was open only to
painters and carpenters, and on our downward tramp it snowed and
rained all the day.

In 1911 we were at Bex from June 12th to 24th, when incessant
rain at last drove us homewards. A few notes on some of the more
interesting butterflies will be all I need say about so well-known a
district. Melanaryia i/alathea was extraordinarily abundant. At St.
Triphon, in the meadows on each side of the Gryonne, Coenoni/tiipha
iphis was nearly as common, males worn, females in fine order. There
were numerous species besides, but none really plentiful there.
Farart/e achine occurred at Vernayaz, between Aigie and Sepey, at St.
Triphon and Bex, and commonly near Ollon, where I knocked it out
of trees during a heavy thunderstorm. It was perfectly fresh. On
June 20th I found Chattendenia [Theda) w-albiim on the banks of the
Gryonne. Aiieia eumedon swarmed in the meadows below Villars-sur-
Bex. The males were going over, but one could take any number of
both sexes from the geraniums whose purple flowers were a conspicuous
feature on all the slopes above Bex. A few Erehia oeme were the only
other butterfly of note there. On June 18th, between Vernayaz and
Martigny, I saw or took 54 species, including every one of the butter-
flies to be found there in mid- June ; yet 1 do not think they were so
common as in June, 1908. Two Heodes vinjanreae g are perhaps
worth recording for the date. On June 21st-23rd we crossed the
Simplon from Iselle to Brig. Again I found Pamassius mnemosi/ne
below Gondo, very worn. Loweia alciphron var. {/ordius was just out,
and Melitaea plioebe and M. athalia gave some fine forms.

At Berisal there were plenty of Pamasslus mnemmyne, and one or
two Colias phicomone, but little else. Krebia evias and Paratge hiera
were worn out. Between there and Brig Pleheius aryua (aegon) was in
thousands. At the second Refuge Plebeius zephyrits var. lycidas was
scarce and worn, while L'oLyoinitiatus escheri, equally scarce, was very
fresh. That butterfly captured on the afternoon of the 23rd proved to
be the last we were to take in Switzerland in 1911.

I append a list of butterflies taken at Laveno on Lake Maggiore
on May 19th and 21st, 1910 :—

Hesperia alveus, tl. inalvae, Nisoniad.es tayes, Auyiades sylvanus,
Loueia dorilis, EiDiiicia phlaeas, Cupido ininiiiiKS, Ayriades thetis, I'uly-
0)nmatHs icarus, Alicia iiiedon (astrarche), Scolitantides orion, Callophrys
riibi, Hawearis Iticina, Iphiclides podalirius, Fieris brassicae, P. napi, P.
rapae, Eiichloe cardauiines, Leptosia sinapis, Colias hyale, Gonepteryx
rhamni, Brenthis dia, Melitaea didyma, M. phoebe, M. athalia, Vanessa io,

114 THE entomologist's record.

Euvanessa antiopa, Pararije. ei/eria, I', niegaera, and ( 'oennminifilni
pamphilus.

Retrospect of a Coleopterist for 1911.

By Prof. T. HUDSON BEARE, B.Sc, F.R.S.E.. F.E.S.

Many of the additions to our list, which I have to record this year,
were introduced in the course of length}' articles dealing with certain
difficult groups of our coleopterous fauna. I propose, therefore, in the
first instance to give a short list of all the new species and varieties
brought forward during 1911, and, later on, to refer more fully to some
of these additions when I discuss the notes in which they were first
brought forward.

New Species. — (1) Haliplus fulvicoUis, Er., introduced by Mr. J.
Edwards {Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xlvii., p. 1).

(2) Baliplns heytleni, Wehncke, introduced by Mr. J. Edwards
(loc. cit.)

(3) Haliplus irehnckei, Gerh., introduced by Mr. J. Edwards
{Inc. cit.)

(4) Haliplna nomax, sp. n., described by Mr. Balfour Browne
{loc. cit., p. 153). This insect occurs throughout Great Britain and
Ireland, in lakes, canals, and large drains of clear water. It belongs
to the difficult nt/icollis group.

(6) Hoinalota {Atketa) inhabilis, Kraatz., {loc. cit., p. ill). The
insect introduced by Dr. Joy as Epipeda nigricanH, Thorns, {loc rit.,
vol. xlv., p. 268), turns out to be the above insect, the original
identification having been incorrect.

(6) Hoinalota {Atheta) iiliputana, Bris., introduced by Dr. Cameron
{loc cit., p. 223) on five specimens taken in small carcases near
J3rockenhurst, in May and June, 1911. Dr. Cameron gives a table for
separating this insect from its allies.

(7) Homalota inniri, sp. n., described by Dr. Sharp {loc. cit., p. 227)
on specimens taken in shingle in a stream in the New Forest. It is
said to be closely allied to longnla, Heer.

(8) Taclujponts fasciatus, sp. n., described by Dr. Nicholson {Ent.
Record, vol. xxiii., p. 24) on two specimens taken at Wicken Fen in
1910, in sedge refuse. In size and shape it resembles most closely
T. solutus, Er.

(9) Quedius haiiiiidanHn, sp. n., described by Dr. Sharp {Ent. Mo.
Mag., vol. xlvii., p. 67). This is apparently a coast insect, and has
hitherto been confused with Q. moldciiiniix, Gr. It has been taken at
Deal, Lymington, Sheppy, etc.

(10) Bled ins annae, sp. n., described by Dr. Sharp (loc. cit., p. 31)
on specimens taken on the banks of the river Nith, near Thornhill, as
far back as 1867, and also in 1910.

(11) Blediiis iilipea, sp. n,, described by Dr. Sharp {loc. cit., p. 32)
on specimens taken by Mr. Elliman, near Cromer, in 1897.

(12) Blediiis terebrans, Schiodte, introduced by Dr. Sharp {loc. cit.,
p. 33) on specimens taken near Carstairs, and on the banks of the
Truim, near Newtonmore.

(13) Blediiis /linniiliis, Er. { = diota, Schiodte), introduced by Dr.
Sharp (loc. cit., p. 34) on specimens taken at Wells, Norfolk, as far
back as 1867. It has been taken more recently in the same locality

RETROSPECT OK A OOI.EOPTERIST FOR 1911. 115

by Dr. .Toy, Mr. Donisthorpe, and the author. It was confused with
hk-nmis, Germ., but is abundantly distinct from that species.

(14) Bledim laetiov, Muls. and Rey, introduced by Dr. Sharp on
specimens found at Scarborough and at Hammersmith (loc.cit., p. 58).
It is superficially similar to fracticornis, Er.

(15) Bledim secerdendus, sp. n., described by Dr. Joy {loc. cit.,
p. 269). Dr. Joy says that this insect has hitherto been confused with
B. arenarius, Payk. It has been taken at Dovercourt, Dawlish, Tresco,
and in Ireland (Co. Kerry).

(16) Thinobiiin bicolnr, sp. n., described by Dr. Joy {Inc. cit., p. 10)
on three specimens captured on the banks of the river Truim,
Inverness-shire, on May 1st, 1910. It is a broader insect, and has
longer antennsp than T. Uneans, Kr.

(17) Lesteva liictnoso, Fauv., introduced by Mr. Donisthorpe on a
specimen taken in the Isle of Eigg, in moss in a waterfall, in Septem-
ber, 1911 {Knt. Record, vol. xxiii., p. 301).

(18) Anisotonia ahjirica, Rye, introduced by Mr. Donisthorpe {loc.
cit., p. 44) on a specimen taken in a sandpit near Oxford, on July Brd,
1910. It was named by Dr. Fleischer. Rye described this species on
specimens from Algiers {Ent. Mo. Mcuj., vol. xii., p. 151).

(19) Anisotoma {Liodes) stenocoryphe, sp. n., described by Dr. Joy
{FJnt. Mo. Ma;i., vol. xlvii., p. 173) from two specimens taken by Mr.
W. E. Sharp, at Forres, Inverness-shire, in September, 1910. Dr.
Fleischer was of opinion that the insect was L. calcarata, Er., var.
niiirescens.

(20) Cholera fidiyinoxo, Er., introduced by Dr. Nicholson {Knt.
Record, vol. xxiii., p. 67) on specimens taken in dead leaves in North
Devon. Taken also by Mr. Dollman in moles' nests, at Harrow, and
by Mr. Donisthorpe at Hartlepool, in carrion. It is probably widely
distributed, and is confused in collections with other species.

(21) Colon inicrops, Czwal. This species must be reintroduced into
our list, as Mr. Champion has taken it at Cobham, Kent {F^it. Mo.
Ma;/., vol. xlvii., p. 65). Dr. Joy {loc. cit., vol. xlvi., p. 268) suggested
that it should be deleted from the British list.

(22) EryiV fairniairei. Reiche, introduced by Mr. Donisthorpe on
specimens taken in Sherw^ood Forest {F.nt. Record, vol. xxiii., p. 325).

(23) Rhynchites hariroodi, sp. n., described by Dr. Joy {kjit. Mo.
Mar/., vol. xlvii., p. 270) ; hitherto confused with u)icinatiis, Th. All
the specimens which Dr. Joy had seen had been taken in Berkshire
and Hampshire. It differs from nncivatKs in having no tooth at the
apex of the anterior tibiae.

(24) Barypithes diiplicatKs, sp. n., described by Mr. Keys {loc. cit.,
p. 128). Previously it had been confused with B. pellucidHn, Boh.

(25) Cet(thorlii/ncliusi niiilleri, Thoins. (= rntiindatiis, Bris.). Canon
Fowler considered this to be a doubtful species {Col. Brit, hi., vol. v.,
p. 34-1), but Mr. J. Edwards shows {Ent. Mo. May., vol. xlvii., p. 208)
that it is a perfectly distinct species, and can be readily separated from
iiiaryiuatKs, Pk., and pnnctiyer, Gyll.

New Varieties and Aberrations. — (1) Aniwtonia calcarata ab.
iiiyreacens, Pleisch., introduced by Mr. Donisthorpe on a specimen
swept up in Parkhurst Forest, on August 21st, 1910 [Ent. Record, vol.
xxiii., p. 44).

(2) A)ii^ntonifi carta, Fair., var. donii^thorpei. n. var., described by

116 . THE kntomologist's kecord.

Dr. A. Fleischer (loc. cit., p. 43) ; it was taken at Hartlepool by Mr.
Gardner, Mr. Donisthorpe, and the author.

(3) Ankotoma dubia, Kug., var. daridiana, n. var. This variety
was described by Dr. Joy [Ent. Mo. Ma<j., vol. xlvii., p. 11) as a new
species, distinct from dubia. A few months later [loc. cit., p. 167) Dr.
Joy came to the conclusion that it was only a variety of dubia. It
seems to be generally distributed throughout England.

(4) Telepliorus thoracicus, Oliv., var. suturalis, Schilsky, introduced
by Mr. Champion {loc. cit., p. 17) on specimens taken at Gosport by
Mr. Pool, and at Woking by Mr. Champion.

(5) liryaxifi iinpressa, Panz., var. nnicolor, n. var. This variety
was described by Mr. J. Collins {he. cit., p. 276) from specimens taken
in Cheshire, and at Yarnton, Oxford.

Changes in Synonymy. — (1) Haliplun conjiyns, Steph., var. pallens,
Fow. Mr. Edwards {loc. cit., p. 1) was of opinion that this variety is
an authentic species, and should be known as H. pallens:, Fow.

(2) Halipliifi cineretis, Aube. According to Mr. Edwards {he. cit.)
this ingect should be known as H. laminatus, Schall.

(3) Laccobim ncutellaris, Mots. Dr. Sharp appears now to be of
opinion that the insects he recently introduced under this name are
more correctly known as L. rei/ularis, Rey. {he. cit., p. 22).

(4) Homahta basicornix, Muls. Dr. Sharp states {he. cit., p. 257)
that our exponents of U. autnm7iali!i, Er., are really basicornis, Muls.,
but he also expresses the opinion that there is no reason why the true
autHmnalis should not occur in Great Britain.

(5) Stenns crassus, Steph., var. littoralis, Th. This variety is
Stenux formicetorum, Mann. Mr. Dollman, who took a specimen at
Ditchling, in August 1910, introduced his capture as a species new to
our fauna {F/nt. Record, vol. xxiii., p. 95). Mr. Newbery, however,
rightly points out {F.nt. Mo. Mai/., vol. xlviii., p. 11) that there is only
a change of synonymy in the matter, the var. littoralis becoming the
species fornncetorum.'''-

(6) Quediiis vexans, Epp., should be known as Q. heidenreichi,
Bernh. The author pointed out {he. cit., p. 140) that the insect found
in moles' nests and known amongst British coleopterists as Q. vexans
was an insect new to science, which had recently been described by
Dr. Bernhauer. Capt. Deville has also described the same insect as
Q. talparniii.

(7) Aniaototna {Liodes) nigrita, Schmidt. The insects which we
have called by this name really belong to the species A. seita, Er., as
pointed out by Dr. Joy {toe. cit., p. 168) and therefore nijfrita
disappears from our list.

(8) Anisntoma {Liodes) obesa, Schm. Dr. Joy was of opinion
{he. cit.) that this species is only a variety of A. dubia, Kug.

(9) Anisotoina {Liodes) simihta, Rye. Dr. Joy was of opinion
{he. cit.) that this insect is only a variety of A. badia, Stni.

(10) Lonyitarsus pnle.i, Schrank, should, according to Messrs.
Tomlin and Sharp, be known as /y. obliteratm, Rosehn. {he. cit.,
p. 245).

(11) Longitarms ater, P., should be known as /.. parntliis, Payk.
{he. cit., p. 246).

Messrs. Tomlin and Sharp are of opinion that 1 jongitarsus niger,

* I understand Mr. Dollman maintains that bis original determination is
right.— (H.J. T.)

TEN DAYS IN THE OEVENNES. 117

Koch, must be dropped out of our list altogether, as it has never
occurred in this country (loc. cit., p. 274).

(12) Ceuthorhynchidiii^ distinctux, Bris. This species will have to
be omitted from our list, and m place of it two new abs. introduced,
viz., Ceuthorhynchm mari/inatns, Paj^k., ab. distinctiis, Bris., and
Ceuthorhynchns iiiarf/inatus, Payk., ab. inaeqaalis, ab. n. [loc. cit.,
p. 208). ■

Records of the Capture of Rare Species. — During the year
there has been a fair number of records of the capture of rare species.
Mr. Donisthorpe records : — Mt/cetu/jonis forticurnu, Fauv., from
Tubney ; Drojirius aw/ustatKs, Brulle, Af/athidiutii badiuin, Er. (also
taken by Dr. Nicholson), and Athous imdidatKs, De G. (also taken by
the author), fromRannoch; Homaliunt brevicolle, Thorns, and D[/sc/drii(s
anyustatus, Ahr., from Nethy Bridge ; he also states that he has bred
2 forms of Anaspis liudwni, Donis., from fir bark brought home from
Nethy Bridge. Commander Walker has taken Pleijaderus dissectus,
Er., Medon apicalis, Kr., Oli(jota apicata, Er. and (K gniiiaria, Er.,
at Oxford ; and Malachius vnlneratHs, Ab., near Sheerness. Dr.
Sharp records Aleochara discipennia, Muls., and Lonyitarsus niyerrimus,
Gyll., from the New Forest ; Dr. Nicholson has taken the former in
Devonshire, Mr. Bagnall took Xeumphes rubicnndKn, Schm., and
Pseudopsh sulcata, New., at Gibside. Mr. G. A. Brown records
Hclophorus tuberculatus, Gyll., in some numbers ; and Mycetophagna
quadriyuttatns, Miill., from Coatbridge. Homalota picipennh, Mannb,
is recorded from Little Marlow by Mr. W. E. Sharp, and from the
New Forest by Dr. Cameron. Biedius rrasdcollis, Lac, was taken at
Wicken Fen by the author, and latter on by Mr. W. E. Sharp. Mr.
Jennings records (Tnorlmtis nobiiia, L., and EpuroM angustida, Er.,
from Epping Forest. Mr. Champion notes that Criocephalus term,
Muls., is spreading in the South of England, and has now been found
at Guildford. The author has recorded Megacronus inclinans, Grav.,
Lamprinus saginatHs, Heer, from Nethy Bridge ; and Bryoporns
nigipennis, Pand., from the Cairngorms.

{I'd be continued.)

Ten Days in the Cevennes.

By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKEK, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

I left Digne by the train leaving at six o'clock in the morning,
for Mende, where I had arranged to meet my friend Mr. A. H. Jones.
My quickest route, not however the shortest, was to go down to Mar-
seilles and back up to La Bastide, where I had to sleep, as I could not
get through the same day, there being no night trains. It took me
fifteen hours and a half to cover under 300 miles, but I thoroughly
enjoyed the lovely country through which we passed. The views of
the Bay of Marseilles were very tine, and were seen to perfection, for
entering on the east and going all round and out on the west, we half
encircled the bay. Having had a comfortable night's rest I was up
betimes on the morning of July 15th (the great National Fete day),
and having completed my "petit dejeuner" soon after 7 a.m., I took a
walk on to the high table land. It was, however, too early and too
high, considering the hour, for anything to be on the wing, and as I

118 THE KNTOMOI.OGISt's KEOORL).

returned to catch my train at 10 a.m. the only butterflies I saw,
except a few Pieti^ rapae, were several Krebia sti/i/ne.

Mende was reached by about 12.30, and I confess to a feeling of
satisfaction that for at least ten days another day would not be spent
inside a railway carriage ; it seems such a waste of time when you
are going through beautiful country to be penned up thus. After a
good " dejeuner " I made my way up to the ridge of the Causse, but
did not reach the top, as I struck a blind path, blind, that is to say,
on the side I had taken. The path was mostly through woods,
though here and there a nice open green space was met with, where 1
took Anthroccia hijipocrepidis, a single J. punctuiii var. contamineoides,
A. hilana, and a single A. fansta. This latter became more abundant
later on. Satyrns alcijone was by no means uncommon, and I also
took one S. dree. As I descended along the St. Privat path, Krebia
'^tyipie occurred on the screes to the left, but the few specimens I took
were generally allowed their freedom, as they were very worn indeed.
I returned to the hotel to find my friend come back from his day's
excursion, rejoicing in the fact that Hirsutina dolus was just coming
out, and that he had taken several that day. This species was really
the object of our visit ; for it we worked every day, and in the end
we were rewarded fairly satisfactorily. Mr. Jones knew a couple of
localities, where we found it sparingly each day. One was a stony
valley or gully about half a mile long, between more or less cultivated
fields, and leading up into the beautiful woods that clothe the hillsides
all around. Another was an open stony bend beside the river. In
each of these places we were, on the whole, not unsuccessful, but the
success was only obtained by hard plodding, at times, indeed, a real
and severe grind, as we paced up and down the stony places without
much green to refresh the eyes, the sun being cloudless the whole
time. Up and down our respective quarters we went, sometimes
passing each other, changing places, or comparing notes, with the
intense heat reflected from the ground around, to say nothing of the
sun's rays themselves, which ever and anon were so strong as
to compel a resort to the shade of some tine trees that fortu-
nately edged one side of the little valley. We were both of us,
however, determined not to return empty-handed. The first
day we each took two or three specimens, and many an Ayriades
coriduii was caught and released in mistake for tl. dnliis, whilst, im-
possible as it may seem, more than once I took Melanartjia (jalathea by
mistake in like manner, it was a very small form that 1 obtained
there, and I record it simply because it seems to be such an extra-
ordinary thing, but I find that others on the same quest have also
done the same thing. Hirsntiiut damon was equally common with
A. coridon, and many females did we take in the hope of their turning
out to be female 11. dolus; at times, of course, we were not disappointed.
I'lilyunniiatKs esrheri in both sexes was not uncommon, whilst I'lfbeius
arrjKs [aeijun) and Foli/onnnatHs icarua occurred sparingly. Lutveia
alci)iltr<i)t var. f/ordius was fairly abundant, the females being in
magnificent condition. I also took on the same ground a single L.
dorilis and a few I', /lylas, the latter, however, were becoming passr.
One day, as we were going from our hunting ground to the small
wayside inn to quench a consuming thirst, we knocked oft' some
clematis bushes one or two Celantrina (Lycaenopsis) arf/ialns of the

TKN DAYS IN THE (JJiVKNNBS. 119

second brood, here also ( 'allimorpha hera was taken several times. In
our stony valley, whilst waiting for our special quest, I took a long and
splendid series of Anthmrera aarpednn, this species being quite the
commonest of the genus at this time. Among those taken are several
handsome aberrations, mostly in the way of increased size and con-
fluence of spots. A. hippocrepidis was taken here sparingly. Among
the Melanarifia (jalathea var. Iriiroinflas was occasionally seen, Mr.
•Tones taking several. I, however, had to be content with but two.
Along one side of the ground were some fine large trees, around which
Satynis alcf/uuf loved to disport themselves, but they were excessively
wary. They, as usual, delighted to rest on the main trunks, and unless
you saw them settle it was very difficult to find them, and at the least
sign of the net oft" they flew among the leaves above. Li-jitosia miaijia
was not uncommon, and we secured several beautiful sj^ecimens of
var. dinieiisis.

Our experience of H. dohif. may be of some interest. It is one of
the most beautiful of European blues, and as such they behave. It
was a most unusual thing to see them before 12 o'clock in the day,
most were taken on the wing, their flight being decidedly rapid,
occasionally we saw them settle. I do not think I saw one toying
with other species of the group, they appeared to he generally very
exclusive. In another locality where a streamlet crossed the path,
and where croAvds of other blues were drinking, we only saw two
doing so, though the sun was so intensely hot that we avoided standing
still in it as much as possible. Their habits differ according to
locality, on the Causse we found them frequenting a grassy field with
much very long grass in it, here they were entirely in stony quarters.
About a quarter of an hour's walk from this spot was a very narrow
valley with the hillsides somewhat precipitous and a small stream
running quietly along the centre. Here was a profusion of valerian,
clematis, bramble and many herbaceous flowers that I did not
recognise, and at a certain bend there was a perfect cmharras de richetise
of these flowers and shrubs, which were the delight of Argynnids,
of Limenitu Camilla, of Paran/c iiiaera, etc. At one moment we saw
several Arnynnis ninhe var. crh sucking the nectar of honeysuckle,
Dryus paphia by the half dozen, l>renthis daphne sluA I), dia, whilst over
all swung and hovered in its lovely flight L. Camilla in abundance,
it was a sight that neither my friend nor I will forget for its perfect
beauty of life and colour and situation. In addition to the insects
already named, I^arnaxfiiiia apolln was there and several Hesperids as
well. As we entered this lovely spot from the road a large insect
flew by, which I at once recognised as an Apatura, fortunately for me
It doubled back wnth the result that it found its onward course
suddenly stopped by the folds of my net. It turned out to be a perfect
specimen of A. ilia var. clytic Previously to this we had met with
the species on the main road much nearer Mende, when a beautiful
specimen fell to Mr. -Tones' hand. Whilst in this neighbourhood we
took several others of both A. ilia and var. rb/tir. Here also I took
Riiyonia jiolychlorns in nice condition.

We also spent one or two days on the top of the Causse, well over
1,000 ft. higher than where we had been working for H. dolus. Our
first day there produced several species not seen at all at the lower
altitude. Ascending by way of the Ermitage de St. Privat, we saw

120 THE entomologist's RECORD.

but little new to begin with, but as we ascended higher, insects became
abundant. Paniamiiuii apollo was not infrequent, the females being
large and very dark, the males rather white. Mr. Jones took a single
H. tinlits, whilst P. escheri was not uncommon. Pararife maera var.
ndrasta was also fairlj' plentiful and fine, Adopaea Jlava (t/taumas) was
likewise plentiful, whilst a few Thymelicus actenn fell to our nets,
('oenonympha arcania was taken at the lower levels, the specimens
being, however, small, but up near the Causse, var. darwiniana was
obtained. Here also, before we reached the top, Anthrocera fausta was
fairly common, and we took one or two both of A. carniolica and its
var. (linicnsis, whilst I also secured a single A. trifolii very close to its
ab. iiiinoideii. On the top of the Causse, which reminded one strongly
of the high Yorkshire moors in some of its details, Melitaea didijma
was very common, and the females fairly abundant, very dark and grey,
and I secured some beautiful specimens scarcely differing at all from
var. weridioyialis, the males also being very brilliant in tone of colour.
Melitopa phoebe was not rare, but past its best. M. atlialia was obtained
rarely, but only a single specimen of M. dictynna. The commoner
blues were plentiful so that we made a fair " bag," though its quality
may not have been as good as elsewhere. Our last day had now come
and we decided we would work the horizontal path along the sides
of the mountains southwards. Circumstances, however, sometimes
alter cases, and when Mr. Jones came down in tlie morning he said,
as we were having our coffee and rolls, " Let us go on to the top of the
Causse again. I had a peculiar dream. You remember that field
where you joined me the other day ? I dreamt that in that field I was
taking H. dolus by the dozen." I knew exactly the spot he referred to,
some considerable way along one of the moor paths, and readily agreed
to go again. As before we soon parted to somewhat different grounds,
and I was again busy with insects of one kind or another. Satyrm
rirce, fine and large, was everywhere flapping about in all directions ;
.S. alcyiyue, also in fewer numbers ; Colias hyale, with beautiful fine
white females, were not uncommon ; C. ediim being nearly over ;
whilst of doneptery.r rhaiiini I took a single male ; P. escheri and //.
ilamon were very common. At last I came to the field of the night
vision, to which my friend had repaired earlier than I, and as I came
in sight I heard his well-known voice say " Come, come along,
here is H. dolus in plenty." When I came up to him I found he had
taken twelve to fifteen and several females in quite a short time, so I
was soon at work and did not finish until I had secured ten or a dozen
also. This was our closing excursion in the Cevennes country, and
we were both pleased with our success.

Of Heterocera we saw comparatively few. I have no doubt we
missed other llhopalocera, as our minds were specially bent on one
insect, and I am quite conscious that I allowed several species to pass
that otherwise I should have taken. Kuiydia crihnnn in two of its
forms, var. punctiiient and var. mndidci was not uncommon ; i'oscinia
striata (yramwira) was less common in this district. iMsiocainpa
ifnerciis was stopped once or twice in its wild flight across the high
ground, whilst Heliothis dipsacea and Acontia Inrtnnsa were taken at lower
levels. Thus ended a very pleasant trip, and the following day we
went on to Toulouse en route for the Pyrenees, though Mr. Jones made
up his mind to come back here again for Krehia nenridas on our final

NOTKS ON (X)LLKCTIN(t. 121

return home. After spending between a fortnight and three weeks in
the Pyrenees, my friend visited Mende again for a few days, and he
has asked me to incorporate his notes in this paper.

He arrived at Mende on August 9th, and the following morning
being hot and sultry wended his way up the Ermitage de St. Privat,
and found the males of Erebia neoridas extremely numerous along the
path, but very deft in evading capture, whilst the females obtained on
the grassy slopes were not uncommon, and a long and beautiful series
of both sexes was obtained. Among other insects Mr. Jones mentions
that IsHoria lathonia was very abundant, two or three feasting on a
single head of lavender at one moment ; Satyrux setuele was common,
but worn; -S. circe being still plentiful and in the pink of condition.
This shows that the latter species is on the wing in good condition for
a month, s'. actaea was also still on the wing, a single male being
taken. The two following days were spent on the Causse de Mende
(3475 feet) and my friend writes as follows relating his experience : —

" During my absence of nearly three weeks a complete change had
come over the butterfly life on the Causse. Plehfius afion, Aricia
iiiedon (astrarche) PolifouiniatKs icarna, P. hylaa, Ayriades coridon,
Hirsiitina dolus, H. daman and P. esclieri, were there it is true, but in
a most dilapidated condition. There was, however, one addition to the
Blues to enliven the somewhat disappointing scene, viz., Ayriades thetu
{hdlaryus). Not all the butterflies were in " rags and tatters " — by no
means. Numbers of ('alias kyale and ('. edusa were flying about in
every direction, ab. hrlicc being by no means uncommon and all in
lovely condition — Satyr us statilinus and -S. arethusa, of which I took
a beautiful but short series, were by no means rare ; indeed the former
seemed to be only just emerging, being so perfect. Fjijinephele lycaou
was in great abundance but very worn ! In a solitary freshly emerged
female of E. tithonus, I was surprised to take a species I had met
with in England five weeks previously. The Hesperida> I took were
interesting but require identification. The abundance of Anthrocera
(Zyyaena) carniolica was a great feature at rest on lavender
blossom. At the top of the Causse, and about a mile from its northern
pdge there is a slight depression or ravine extending some miles
southward and it was only here in this sheltered spot that butterfly
life was abundant. On the exposed Causse itself there was a singular
absence of insect life."

Mr. .Tones sent me a couple of S. statilinus for examination, and
they are typical of all be took. 1 have never seen so beautiful a form,
they are all deep sooty black above, whilst below they are in general
tone much the same colour. I have never seen anything to compare
with the depth of colour. I have a fair series from Brussa, but the
specimens, though in good condition, are quite brown compared with
these Cevennes specimens.

P.S. — On reading the proof of the foregoing lines I find 1 have
omitted one or two things. I took one beautiful, though small
specimen of Satynis hriseis on the Causse. where also Pararye lycaon
was plentiful. The head-quarters of the former species was lower
<lown in more wooded country. One day as we were sitting by the
river near the dolus ground we noticed an incident that I have seen
recorded from the tropics, but have never witnessed or seen recorded
from Europe. Both Melanaryia ynlathea and one of the Pierids were

122 THE entomologist's RKt'ORD.

enjoying the sunshine, flying over the water, and several times we dis-
tinctly saw them make a rapid descent and plunge their bodies into the
stream. We were close enough to see the process quite clearly. The
heat was very great and it was evidently a pleasure, and possibly a relief
to them, to come in contact with the cool water. — G. T. B.-B.

^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Note on the abundance of Biston hirtaria in 1912, and on
Insect Periodicity. — On April 6th 1 paid a visit to some friends near
Leytonstone, where I found B. hirtaria in extraordinary abundance.
In two roads which I visited, each about half a mile long, the front
gardens on both sides were lined with lime trees, and each tree had its
moths, some from 20 to 30, and on one side of a six inch diameter
trunk I counted 70 specimens.

My friend tells me the caterpillars were a perfect pest last year, the
paths being covered with their trodden remains. The moths varied
from pale fawn to very dark brown, and grey, and quite a number were
as large as those illustrated on the frontispiece plate in Series 2 of
South's British Moths. Having no pillboxes I endeavoured to bring
some of the best forms home in a large cardboard box, the only avail-
able receptacle. Unfortunately one of the females had the audacity
to start laying her ova under the wings of another inmate, which
resulted in a general scrimmage. On reaching home I set a number
of the males free to the evident delight of the local sparrows, who
soon made short work of them, catching them as they flew. I put
some of the less lively males on an oak trunk in my garden, and some
females on lime trunks. On visiting the trees next morning I found
that two males had been seized bj' spiders and dragged into their
snares in holes in the bark. The females were still in the same
position seven days afterwards, having in the meantime laid their green
ova in chinks in the bark. I may mention that a female laid in a
a pillbox a batch of cream-coloured ova.

What is the cause of this periodical abundance of a species ? One
season it is Phalera hiicephala that infests lime trees, rose bushes in
gardens, and anything else it can feed on, in districts as far apart as
Dulwich and Dartford, another season MalacosoHia {Boinhi/.v) nrnstria
devastates the fruit trees on the South Const, when bracelets of ova
can be found by the score on a small bush, another year Porthesia
rhrysorrhoea is stripping the hawthorn hedges on the South-East Coast,
or else its place is taken by one of the small ermine moth larvffi which
cover the hedges with their webs in every direction. Larvae of B.
hirtaria were also plentiful in North Kent and East Dulwich last year,
but the emergence in the latter place has only been normal.

It is quite evident that the fine weather last Spring and early
Summer suited the larvse, and that the warm wet winter has favoured
the emergence of the imagines, but one is tempted to ask why we
did not get an abundance of /'. huccjthala larvse as well, which also
feed on lime trees. — C. W. Colthriip, 141, East Dulwich Grove, S.E.
April 15th, 1912.

NoTF, ON THE EARLY Skason. — I have just found (April 16th), at
Margate, two full fed Abraj-as (/mssidariata larva?, spinning up for
pupation, and three others practically full fed on Emtniinnis. I also

NOTES OK COLLECTING. 123

saw Uela.strina argiulim flying at East Dulwich on April 7th, which
date struck me as being early. — Id.

Xylina ornitopus, Rutt. — In the April, 1911, number of the
Ivnt. Record, vol. xxiii., p. 97, Mr. Dadd proposes the name var.
lactipennLs for the pale form of the above species, which is taken
in the New Forest. As however Mr. Warren in " Seitz' Palearctic
Lepidopt'era " (published April 25tb, 1910), on page 25 of the Noctuae
letterpress, says, " the whiter forms are separated as ab. iialiida,
Spul.," Mr. Dadd's name would appear to fall. Although the figure
on plate 30/<, of Seitz is not so pale as our New Forest specimens,
probably due to the printing, the above description and name of
Spuler's would cover them. In conclusion I should like to mention,
that the blue-grey form occurs rarely in the New Forest. I took one
in October, 1906, two in October, 1909, and one in October, 1910. —
Id.

Phryxus LivoBNicA. — A friend of mine, Mr. 8treeter, of Pet worth,
Sussex, had a specimen of P. livoniica (The Striped Hawk Moth)
brought to him on July 2nd, 1911, by a boy, who took it the day
before at rest on some grass. He had kept it in a box overnight, and
from its condition I should say it was freshly emerged when taken. — Id.

The Cleansing of Greasy Insects. — A New Solvent. — I have at
last discovered a simple and absolutely effective system of treating
greased lepidoptera which I venture to publish, hoping that it may
prove as great a boon to others as it has to me. I have tried so many
things with such indifferent success that I have often felt inclined
to throw away badly greased moths. Toluol has been a revelation to
me. Procure from your druggist a quart of toluol — C H® is the formula
I believe — it is cheap and will get rid of the grease in a very large
collection. This is how you should apply the cure; take three vessels,
size according to your needs, pour a certain quantity of toluol into the
first and put one or two butterflies or moths into the same. Leave
them there for 24 hours and then pass them on to a second bath in
the second vessel for another 24 hours, and place new subjects in the first
bath. On the third day remove insects from the second into the third
bath and from first into second. Thus each has three full days of
the cleaning process and comes out of his bath spick and span and
wonderfully rejuvenated. 1 need hardly add that no resetting is
required as the bath does not in the least relax the patient. The first
bath takes out the worst of the fat, the second removes what is left
and the third puts on the final touch of grace. Even the oiliest of my
Cossids tias yielded to the persuasions of this bath. To try it is to use
it, as the advertisements say. Those who despair of effecting a radical
grease cure and who refuse to give this method a trial are humbly
requested to make me a present of their greasy treasures. Don't
forget to cover up your vessels with pieces of glass to prevent
evaporation of the toluol. — P. A. H. Muschamp, F.E.S., Stafa,
Zurichersee.

Second Broods in 1911. — Having obtained ova last year from
two females of Aifji/nnin tKjlaia, which I had sleeved over a large clump
of garden pansy planted in a box, I placed them outdoors, expecting
them to hatch and proceed to hibernate in due course. In late autumn
I had occasion to look at the box, and to my surprise found that the
food-plant had been completely devoured and the larvae, which were
all more than half -grown, had succumbed for want of food.

124 THE kntomologist's record.

In late August last year a second generation of Brenthis seleiw
occurred here, of which more than thirty specimens were seen. A few
days after, in a field about two miles from the first locality, 1 saw two
males. None of these diflered from ordinary typical specimens except
that they were all rather small.

On September 20th a single specimen of Xylocampa areola J
{litlioriza) was seen, and a few days later an example of Odontopera
bidentata $ occurred. — R. Ashton Nichols, 30, High Street,
Ilfracombe.

Micro- Lepidoptera oj? Canvey Island, Essex. — I had the pleasure
on Tuesday last of spending an hour or two on Canvey Island. My
special quest was larvae or pupae of our local Psychid Whittlela retiella.
I considered myself very fortunate in finding larv« feeding as well as
cases fixed for pupation, eight in all. 1 also got larvae of Gnnu>do}iiu
limoniella in old stems of Statice a,s well as Adacti/lufi bennettii larv;e on
the new growth. ElachUta anjentella occurred in numbers and one
pupa, as well as liHccnlatrix niaritinia, both larvte and pupae on Poa
iiiaritiina. — F. G. Whittle, 7, Marine Parade, Southend. Mai/ Qtli,
1912.

jg^ClENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Folia chi and Protective Resemblance. — With reference to the
query in the March number of the F^nt. Record, p. 76, on I'olia chi, I
came across the species when in South Devon last year. Specimens
were found at rest on lichen-covered oak trees in a wood, and on
boulders on a moorland, where they were not easily seen. On out-
cropping and broken rocks along the roadside they were fairly easily
detected, and on railway arches made of brown stone they were very
conspicuous. On a grey lichen-covered wall, on one side of a main
road, they were as difficult to discover as the most difficult Briiophila
itnnalis [ylandifera), whereas on the other side of the road, where the
wall was dark brown, with here and there a dark green lichen, they
were quite easily seen. When once discovered on the grey lichen -
covered wall, it was apparent that the insect was much darker than its
surroundings, and had the appearance of being greenish-blue in colour.
Unfortunately I did not take my camera on this trip, but am quite
sure a half-plate photograph would have made the insect appear quite
conspicuous, whereas the reverse was the case. It is a difficult matter
in an ordinary photograph to convey a true idea of how well a moth is
concealed. Notwithstanding the conspicuous position in which this
species was at rest on the opposite dark wall, which I left for observa-
tion, they were as free from attacks by birds and other enemies by day
as their •'/>roffcf/«v" resemblance brethren on the light grey wall. 1
also found others of this species at rest on pine trunks, where they
were soon discovered by the practised eye, which is on the lookout for
a pattern and anything approaching a triangle, but the casual observer
would probably pass them by as patches of lichen. The term " pro-
tective resemblance," as applied to butterflies and moths at rest, does
not strike me as a very happy one. To be " protective," it seems to
me there must be evidence that these insects are subject to the attacks
of birds or other enemies when at rest in the day time. As far as I
can see this has not been proved. I quite admit that moths at rest

CURRENT NOTES. 125

often bear a remarkable resemblance to their surroundings, or to the
surface on which they rest; on the other hand there are many moths
which are most conspicuous when at rest. For splendid examples of
resemblance to surroundings, couimend me to the collar stud lost on
the carpet, or a pair of forceps lost on the beach. I have spent many
illuminating moments in search of both. I have been an observer of
birds for years, and some years ago I started on a campaign to prove
that birds did prey on moths and butterflies, but I have found it quite
the exception for birds to attack either. The exceptions I have
recorded in the Knt. Record, from time to time, and in almost all these
instances the insects have been taken when flying. Granted that Tits
may take some moths at rest on the trunks (I have never actually seen
them do so), I doubt if they look for wings at all, but rather the body,
eyes, etc., of the insect, they probably also rely on their beaks. I
should say that it is at dusk and at night, when butterflies and moths
are most open to the attacks of enemies, such as owls, bats, spiders,
earwigs and other creeping things, when their colours and markings
can have no protective value whatever. It seems to me the human
collector is practically the only species against which they need protec-
tion in the daytime. Why is it that F.nbitUa bipnnctaria and (rnophos
nbscuraria (which are so much like the ground on which they rest) do
not rely on their "protective" colouring, but fly ott' repeatedly at one's
approach '? We are told that all things in nature have a use. Lobo-
phora rarpbiata {lubidata), when freshly emerged, has a beautiful pale-
green bloom on it, resembling the green lichen on the birch trunk, yet
in a day this is completely bleached by exposure to the light, the moth
then resembling the silver birch trunk on which it rests. Now what
causes this green bloom and of what use is it, when the moth, without
it, is so like its resting place '? In speaking of moths at rest on old
grey fences being conspicuous, I have been met with the remark that
fences must not be taken into account as these moths were evolved
before fences were in existence. To this I would reply that according
to those who believe in " protective resemblance," these moths ought
to have been eaten oft" by birds, as pale Amphidasis betularia are sup-
posed to have been where var. donbledat/a) ia is now predominant. The
latter, by the way, has occurred since fences have been in existence. —
C. W. CoLTHRUP, 141, East Pulwich Grove, S.E.

(CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

The Birmingham Photographic Society held its 27th Annual
Exhibition from February 24th to March 9th, when a Scientific
Section was again included. Mr. H. Main secured a plaque, with a
series of photographs showing " Nest-making of I'tilj/desmux ainiidaii-
rttMs," and Mr. A. H. Hamm a similar award with a *' Set of 24
photographs of Butterflies showing Resting Habits," while certificates
were awarded to Mr. A. E. Tonge (2) for '-Life Cycle of Purple
Emperor Butterfly " and " Photomicrographs of Eggs of British
Butterflies and Moths," to Dr. T. Gray Duncanson " The Birth of the
Dragonfly," to Mr. A. W. Dennis for " Common Walnut," and to Mr.
C. W. Colthrup for " Set of 25 Photographs showing Resting Attitudes
of Moths."

The Terebrai' of the ( haUistoiicistra (saws, so called, of sawflies) is

126 THK KNT().M()l,()(ilST's RECORD.

the title of the main topic in the Address read to the Entomological
Society of London by the President, the Rev. Francis David Morice,
M.A. At considerable length, and with minute detail and precision,
the author describes the complex actions carried on in the use of
these highly developed organs, giving a full account of his own
original observations. He gives two plates of figures of these wonder-
ful organs, and also five other plates to illustrate his historical
summary of our previous knowledge of this group, as given in the
works of Vallisnieri and Reaumur.

The Entonioloijiiik Tidskijt of Stockholm, for 1911, contains a
considerable amount of Lepidopterous matter concerning the Fauna of
the Scandinavian area. Torsten Largerberg gives a long series of
notes on the Swedish Macro-lepidoptera, J. Werner-Nielson summarises
the distribution of the Macro-lepidoptera of Norway, -lohn Peyron
furnishes a series of notes on the life-histones of various species,
Ossian Dalgren describes the pupation of ' nssus cossks, Erik Uretland
discusses and figures Kriuf^aster la)ifiitris var. arhiisridac from Norway,
etc. One of the most important papers published is that by the ex-
plorer Yngve Sjostedt on the Termites of the Congo State. With the
TUhlnift for the year has also been published a general index of this
periodical for the past twenty years. We can only use W'ords of praise
for such efiorts. Without a periodical Index of Indexes it is an
Huormous labour to wade through volume after volume of our
magazines only to find probably that one has missed an important
item through the mere fag of the trouble.

The Annals of Srottisit Xatinal UiHtori/ has ceased to appear as
siicb, but with the omission of botany it is resuscitated under the title
of T/n' Scottisli XatKralist, and is apparently still to be carried on
under the auspices of the personnel of the Royal Scottish Museum.
Instead of being issued quarterly it now appears monthly. In the
January number Mr. W. Evans has an article on the appearance of
the handsome dragonfly SijuipetriDn fonxcolonibii as new to the Scottish
list.

In the Iviit. Mu. May. for February Mr. J. E. Collin gives a
further section of the notes on new Diptera by the late G. H. Verrall.
Hilaia beclieri from Aviemoie and Brodie ; U. carintliiaca from many
localities; H. brain'rl horn the late W. Wilson Saunder's collection;
H. Itinera) mi canii from various localities; //. Iietcnn/astra from
Wormsley; //. ciiitiidata from Ringwood, Porthcawl, etc.; iEdalea
i/fjicalia from the New Forest; Trichiiia upara from Nairn and Wicken ;
Lept()f>eza sji/wnojitcrn from Portbcawl, Ivybridge, etc. ; iHinocera
wesinaelii from Hereford; Aidoptera ocellatu from the Isle of Wight ;
Tachista tnbi'iridatd from Herefordshire ; I'nilopKs loeiri from Scotland
Fen, Suli'olk; Ihduhoputi rilift'»iuiattis from Porthcawl ; and I'aerilti-
bdtlinis roiiiitialis from Seaford and Walton-on-Naze. For many of
these records we note that Mr. Verrall was indebted to the assiduous
work of that keen student of this Order, Colonel J. W. Yerbury.

In the I'int. Ma. Mofi. for February, Mr. Eustace R. Bankes con-
tributes an article, with a plate of comparative genitalia, on Munufiis
rrocivajiitella { fcnitfiinella, in part, luriiun, hi/alimila, and linnbardico)
and ,1/. f't-rnii/intllii. He points out that the former species is
essentially a coast insect and very local, while the latter is generally
distributed inland.

CURRENT NOTES. 127

We have received a copy of Bihliniira/thia ('(ilco/itcroldiiico, a list of
voluTTies and separata on Coleoptera from W. Junk, of Berlin. That it
is comprehensive will be understood when we say that it consists of
the titles of more than 4,000 separate publications, with an intro-
duction (14 pp.) on the literature of Coleopterology, and a plate of
portraits of a number of living authors.

In an article on the recently established species Efit/an'onia [Retima)
f)iirdei/i and //. Ini/itro, Mr. R. South, in the February number of the
I iitmiKilnffist, makes the following remarks which we think worthy of
reprinting and reprinting. " Frequent name-changing, whether
generic or specific, is of course troublesome, not to say perplexing, but
it appears to be inevitable. The modern trend of entomological action
has been not only to uphold priority but to enforce it, so that in the
present day the " law " is almost universally recognised by systematists.
Some there are certainly who advocate exceptions and restrictions, but
//' ire are ever to hare cimithinij apfroachincf Jinalit;/ i)i ntuiienchtture,
strict prioriti/ iritliniit any qnalifi cation irliaterer )inist /ircrail. There
can be no question that the only method of securing even approximate
stability is to ascertain with certainty not only the earliest legitimate
names of species but the truegeneric position of species in classification."
The italics are ours. Will the International Congress of Entomo
logists take u;) ihis question and not leave naming to the untram-
melled aberrant idiosyncrasies of the individual ?

In the J\ntom,oUi(jisrhfi Mitteihitujen for the current year a serie.s of
useful bibliographical studies has been commenced by Dr. H.
Roescbke. The books dealt with so far are Panzei^'s h'ainia I nsi'i-tormn
(jrennanicae and Sturm's Deiitsr/ilands Fauna.

It is interesting to find from an article by L. H. Bonaparte- Wyse
in the Jrish yatnrali^t, that Antlnorera /mriinralis still strongly holds
its own in co. Galway, while Vanesfta /o was in absolute abundance ;
the beautiful form of ? Pnlyonnnatus icarns was noted ; Afpotis
Inrcrnea flew in some numbers locally in the sunshine, and Aryyvm's
at/laia occurred rather freely.

The Ballet in de la Societe lejiiilopteriddifiqae ilr deneri' for 1911 has
recently come to hand. We have nothing but praise for this admirable
periodical. Whether one regards the general get-up and production of
the magazine itself, or considers only the value of the matter containefl
in its pages, the opinion must be the same. That Prof. Charles
Blachier is the general Editor speaks for itself, while Dr. Reverdin.
Mr. Arnold Pictet, and M. J. Culot are among the contributors, a
guarantee of the quality of the matter. There are four beautifully
coloured plates, and to say that they are the production of M. Culot,
stands for their excellence. It is rarely that one gets such a galaxy of
talent as form the active and productive members of this small Society.
Turning to the matter, we have first a long article discussmg critically
the characteristics of the three Hesperid species, which have hitherto
been so much confused, r/c, Hesperia malvac, H. nialroidea (fritillntn),
and H. melotis. This paper is illustrated by an extremely successful
coloured plate, a plate of the genitalia, an enlarged comparison of
nialrae and nialroides, and a map of the species distribution. In the
second article Dr. Arnold Pictet describes his breeding experiments
with Laaincanipa qnerras. especially discussing the number of moults
undergone by the larvae. Under the title, ihir Sn-ias Parnamids,

128 THK KNTOMOLOGIST S RK(;OKD.

M. Euj<. von Biiren-von-Salis gives an account and summary of all
the forms of the three European species of the genus Parnassius,
pointing out the lines of variation and illustrating his notes by two
admirable plates of M. Culot's. In the last article M. Culot diagnoses
and figures a number of new forms of lepidoptera from Syria, and also
a new form of Melaiianjia ijalatliea.

Among the chief items in the last few numbers of the Berue
Mensiielle de la Societe Ento)nolo()iqne Namumise we note the follow-
ing articles of interest. (1) "A Coleopteron {Aleochara hilineata)
whose larvje live as Parasites in the pupae of a Dipteron
{Anthoiiniia brassirae)," by M. C. Cabeau ; (2) " A Synopsis of
the Neiiroptera of Belgium," by M. R. P. Longin Noras, S.J. ;
and (3) The regular monthly article specially devoted to " Aberrations
of Lepidoptera," contributed by Baron de Crombrugghe de Picquendaele,
in which he records all the forms which he meets with for the first
time in Belgium and bestows names on those he considers to be new
to science. Unfortunately to these latter we have to say " Still they
come."

"Current Notes" are as a rule contributed by the Acting Editor,
who is responsible for them. Tbose contributed by the other Editors
or by correspondents have initials attached.

S^ 0 C I E T I E S .

Thk Entomological Society ok London. — Fchnianj 1th. — The
Rev. F. D. Morice. M.A., President, in the chair. The President
announced that he had nominated as Vice-Presidents for the
present session Mr. A. H. Jones, Dr. Malcolm Burr, and Mr. J.
H. Dui-rant. Rark Coleoptera. — Mr. W. E. Sharp exhibited
specimens of ' 'aijiophilna Q-/ii(Ktiilati(x, F., and C. nbs(}h'tus, Er.,
taken under bark of beech trees near Doncaster in October, 1912.
Cteomet):id Moths of the genus Aletis, and their mimics from the
NEiGHBouKHoor OF Entebbe. — Prof. Poultou exhibited a large but not
quite complete series of the members of this important combination,
collected, between May 23rd, 1909 and September 14th, 1910, by Mr.
A. Wiggins, D.P.M.O. of the Uganda Protectorate. Hypolimnas
(Euralia) dubius, Beauv., and H. (E) anthedon, Boisd. — Prof.
Poulton exhibited part of an a.]\-a)it!ie(lt)n family recently bred by Mr.
Lamborn at Oni Camp seventy miles east of Lagos, from jin
(iitth<'(l<in female parent, and part of an all-'/"6/(/.s family also bred
from an antlieihni female. Butterflies a Natural Food of Monkeys.
- -Prof. Poult()n I'ead the following note received in a letter from Mr.
W. A. Lamborn, November 17th, 1911 :— •" Our District Commissioner,
Captain Neal, who occasionally spends a few days with us [at Oni
Camp] tells me that he has several times seen ' dog-faced monkeys '
(not baboons but probably mangabeys), squatting beside mudholes,
such as butterflies of some kinds resort to in large numbers in the
dry season, and catching them one after the other and eating them."
The anal tufts <if the female Glutophrissa protruded durin*;
courtship. ^ — Prof. Poulton drew attention to the following observation
recently made by Mr. Lamborn at Oni : " On December 27th, I saw
a male (ilntoj'/irissa saha courting a female. She was resting on a leaf
with wings expanded. Her abdomen was raised to an angle of rather

sociBrriKs. lSi9

more than 4o° to the thoi-ax and two little tufts very similar to those
possessed by male Danuiiuu protruJed from the anal extremity. A
NEW SPECIES OF Vesperus. — Dr. Malcolm Cameron exhibited a new
species of W'xpenis, V. reittcri, from Lagos, Portugal, and for
comparison a specimen of I', bulicari, Rtt. Hybrid Oporabias. — Mr.
E. A. Cockayne exhibited the following specimens of this genus : O.
rhrisUji from Ireland and Scotland, hybrid 0. rhiistyi g x O. dilntata
$ , and (K dilntata J X 0. chiistyi $ ; (). dilntata from Scotland and
Epping Forest, hybrid O. dilntata ^ x O. autumnona ? , and larva ;
O. aiittnnnaria, hybrid (K antnninaria $ x O. tilvjra\nmaria J , and (K
f}liciiatinnaiia ^ x (K aiitinnnaria ? ; (>. filii/raniniaria from Yorkshire
and Scotland. The following papers were read : — " On some hitherto
imperfectly known South African Lepidoptera," by Roland Trimen,
M.A., F.R.S. "On the Comparative Anatomy of the Genital tube in
3 Coleoptera," by Dr. D. Sharp, M.A., F.R.S., and F. Muir, F.E.S.
'• Descriptions of New Species of Lepidoptera-Heterocera from south-
east Brazil," by F. Dukinfield Jones, F.Z.S., F.E.S. " The Efiect of
Oil of Citronella on two species of DacKn," by F. M. Hewlett, B.A.,
F.E.S. " On the Genera IJothrips and Hoodia," by Dr. H. Karny, of
Elbogen, Austria ; translated by E. A. Elliott, F.E.S., and com-
municated by R. S. Bagnall, F.L.S. " On the Early Stages of
Albidina pherete>i, a myrmecophilous Plebeiid butterfl}^" by T. A.
Chapman, F.Z.S. "The food-plant of Callophrys avifi," by T. A.
Chapman, F.Z.S. ' An experiment on the development of the male
appendages in Lepidoptera," by T. A. Chapman, F.Z.S. " The
Study of Mimicry (i>atesian and Miillerian) by Temperature Experi-
ments on two Tropical Butterflies," by Lieut-col. N. Manders,
K.-A.M.C., F.Z.S., F.E.S. A long and important discussion arose on
many points in connection with the last paper, in which several
Fellows took part. — March 6t/i, 1910. — The following gentlemen were
elected Fellows of the Society: — Messrs. Harold Hodge, Chapel
Place Mansion, 322, Oxford Street, W. ; Samarenda Maulik, c/o
Messrs. T. Cook & Son, Ludgate Circus, E.C. ; Roland T. Smith, 54,
Osbaldeston Road, Stoke Newiugton, N. A Coleoptkron new to
Britain. — Mr. Donisthorpe exhibited a specimen of Catops iiKnitivaqus,
Heer, new to the British list, taken at Nethy Bridge, on -Tune 27th last,
under a dead squirrel. Also C tristis, Panz, for comparison, the
nearest species previously known as British. Three families of P.

DAKDANUS, BroWN, BRKD FROM HIPPOCOON, F., FEMALES IN THK LaGOS

DISTRICT BY W. A. Lambokn. — Professor Poulton exhibited the first of
these families and a part of the second. He stated that these three
families were the first successful attempt, outside Natal, to breed /'.
ifardoiiiis from a know'n female parent. Monkeys eating P>uttekflies.
— Prof. Poulton drew attention to the following letter, received by
Mr. W. A. Lamborn from Captain H. V. Neal. " You have asked me
about monkeys eating butterflies. This is very common as every
native will tell you. I have seen it myself. The monkey runs along
a path, sees some butterflies fluttering round some filth, goes very
quietly, and seizes one by the wings, puts the solid part [body] into
his mouth, and then pulls the wings oft". The poor butterfly goes
down like an oyster." Determination of the Coccid Food of the
Larva of Spalgis lemolka. — Professor. Poulton said that he had
now submitted to Professor R. Newstead some of the Coccids which

IHO THE KNTOMOUXilSX's RKCORH.

formed the food of s\ lemoUa, H. H. Druce. They had been sent in
spirits by Mr. \V. A. Lamborn and, althoutrh unfortunately badly
attacked by fungus, had been placed without hesitation in the genus
Dactj/lnpiiis by Professor Newstead. Eurypkla drtope, Cramer,

SHOWN TO BK DISTINCT FROM E. HIARBAS, DrUKY, BY \V. A. LaMBORN.^

Professor Ponlton exhibited examples of the above-named species,
bred by Mr. W. A. Lamborn in the Lagos district. Mr. Lamborn
had bred considerable families of ({ri/o/ir three times, and hiarbnn once
from known female parents. The dri/ope parents produced nothing
but dtyiipe, the hiarhax nothing but liiarlxis. It was therefore almost
certain that the two forms were distinct species, at any rate in the
Lagos district. Further Captures of Pseudacr.eas, etc., on Damba
Island, near Entebbe, by Dr. G. D. A. Carpenter. — Professor
Poulton exhibited specimens captured on December 8rd, 10th and
17th, 1911, by Dr. Carpenter, in the primitive forest which still exists
in the centre of Damba Island. Baronia brevicornis. — Mr. A. E.
Gibbs exhibited two specimens of this scarce butterfly from Mexico.
Aberrations of Central European Rhopalocera. — Mr. Douglas
Pearson exhibited aberrations of the genera Melitaea and Erebia,
amongst which were some striking forms of K. ittt/gnr, K. ceto and
3/. raria, and a remarkably variegated $ of M. aiirdia, generally the
most constant of the group. A new suborder of Dermaptera. — Dr.
Jordan exhibited on behalf of Dr. Malcolm Burr a pair of Arixenia,
n. sp., found in vast numbers in Java, for which it has been necessary
to erect a new suborder. Difference of Food and Habit in closely
related 8awflies. — The Rev. F, D. Morice drew attention to a note
in the Zeitxchrift fur wisseuschaftliche Insekten-biolniiie, by Dr. E,
Enslin, on closely related species of sawflies, one of which was
parthenogenetic and the other not. He said that i:rnesus varus and
tttti/x'n have very similar yet distinguishable imagines, but quite
different larvae, and live on difi'erent plants ; the larva of cari(s is
green and lives on alder, that of lap'pex is black and lives on birch.
Von Rossum reared varus imagines (all $ s) from alder, which
produced a parthenogenetic next brood of larva\ These were fed on
birch and became brown, and the resulting imagines showed a
tendency to the coloration of latipes. The J of varus is almost if not
quite unknown, that of latipes is not rare. Von Rossum suggests
that varus and latipes may be races of one species varying in characters
according to their diet in the larval stage. It is curious that very
many sawfly larvae feeding on alder are almost exclusivel)^ known in
the ? sex, while closely similar species living on birch (when bred
artificially) always produce numerous males. A discussion on the
effects of food arose, in which Messrs. Waterhouse, Cockayne and
l*"'enn took part. Dr. Chapman observed that among the Psychids
there are seveial cases of closely related forms, perhaps of the same
species, of which one is pai'theiiogenetic and the other (generally the
more southern) is not so.

The City of London Entomolouioal Society. — Ifercmber 19^/t,
1911. — The breeding of M. atropos from the eoo, — Rev. C. R. N.
Burrows exhibited a Manduca atropos $ taken at Mucking, Essex,
June 19th, 1911, with some of the unlaid ova, of which he had
abstracted 218. Only one ovum was laid, and this was reared.
Aberration of E. caudamines. — Mr, H. B. Williams exhibited a

SOCIETIES. 131

(? specimen of Kucldoe caniaminefi from Abridge, Essex, with the black
apical blotch continued as a narrow line along the outer margin.
Variation shown by Anchocelis pistacina. — Messrs V. E. Shaw,
J. Douglas, and B. S. Williams exhibited their series of this species
arranged to show its great variation. The named vars. were Keriiiu,
absoleta, ffrrca, linri)la, nibctra, bnnuu'u, iiniculor-briinnea, reiiosa, palliila,
canaria, and sphaeridatina, the last-named being much commoner than
the type, and var. canaria much the rarest. The specimens shown
came from Finchley, Bexley, Epping Forest, New Forest, and
Hunstanton. Agrotis nigricans var. marshallina.— Shown from
Wicken, July, 1911, by Mr. 13. IS. Williams. Paper. — Pupa^ and
cocoons of Tapinostdla helliiianiii and 2\ concolor were exhibited with
photographs of anal appendages of the female moths to illustrate the
notes read on them, by Mr. H. M. Edelsten. — January 2ntl, 1912. —
Messrs. J. Douglas and F. H. Southgate were elected to membership
of the Society. — The meeting was devoted to the exhibition and dis-
cussion of Uumiria phlaeas — Mr. A. J. Willsdon, specimens from Deal.
September, including two ab. obsoleta and a few ab. caenih'opttnrtata.
Mr. W. E. King, abs. alba, sclnuidtii, ubliterata, infra -ejtenna and an
aberration combining abs. obaolcta, caerideopHuctata, -And mo f/jii/nincta
all from Chingford district, where he had noticed a partial fifth brood
last season, and found some numbers of the larvag in October. Mr. H. B.
Williams, some 171 specimens from Missenden and district, including
abs. alba, eleua, addenda, candata, mifi'iina, caerideupniictata, parvipunctn.
niaiinipuncta, basilipioicta, radiata, major, and i)ifra-euiensa, and said that
in comparing results of the record of the 1911 season with those of other
years he was struck with the number of tailed and suffused forms which
he attributed to the heat. Of 213 specimens taken in 1911, 24 had
pronounced tails and most of those captured in August showed a trace
of tails, the September specimens being less remarkable. As to
suffusion, only one specimen slightly suffused was from the September
captures, while 23 were among the August, of which 20 were ab. initio.
Mr, A. W. Mera, 24 specimens taken at Three Bridges, Sussex, early
in August, all of a somewhat dull colour approaching ab. initia. Mr.
V. E. Shaw, ab. obsoleta from Darenth, ab. radiata, from Finchley, and
abs. elens, snif'iisa and caerideopnnytata from Bexley. Mr. C. Nicholson,
three larva? reared ah nco of an ab. caendeopimctata, and he mentioned
how easily females were induced to oviposit, in confinement, by
placing them in a large glass cylinder over growing food plant, and
covering the top with mosquito netting. The showy stone crop
Sednni sjiertabile was noticed to be very attractive, as many as nine
specimens of B. pldaeas being seen on one plant in his garden at Hale
End.— Jfl«(/rt/7/ IQth, 1912. — Mr. A, L. Mera was elected a member of
the Society. Annual " Pocket-box " Exhibition. — Melanic E.
bipunctaria. — Mr. L. B. Prout, specimens of a dark race of Jutbolia
hipunctaria from North Devon, taken on a dark soil, and approaching
the Continental var. ijarhtaria, Frr., also a J from Sandown, Isle of
Wight, with the bands edging the central area strongly darkened.
Anosia erippus var. archippus, etc. — Mr. G. H. Heath, a specimen
of Anosia cripfuis var. an-hippiis found dead in the grass at Sandown,
Isle of Wight, on the night of September 13th, 1908; Xi/Unnii/ex
conspicillaris var. indaleuca bred from a pupa dug in Worcestershire,
September, 1897 ; and an Acidalia incanaria var. bischof/'aria taken
at Brockley, London, September 23rd, 1911, the first recorded

182

THE KNTOMOLO&IST S RECORD.

specimen of this nielanic form taken in this country. DRAWiNcis.
Mr. L. W. Newman, coloured drawings of many tine varieties and
aberrations of Lepidoptera bred, captured and acquired by him duriny
the past few years. Varieties of A. grossulariata. — Mr. C. H.
Williams, Abraxaa ffrussnluridta, abs. including miieijata, niijrnsparmta,
and lacticolor, Rajnior. Mr. V. E. Shaw drew attention to the fact
that this latter aberration should be known as ab. deleta, it having
been named so by Mr. Coekerell in 1889, see Entouiologiat, vol. xxii.,
p. 99. This is the first ab. figured in Edward Newsman's British Mot/i.s,
p. 99. T. BONDii AND B. MTjRALis. — Mr. A. J. Willsdon, a fine series of
Tapinostola bnndii collected at Folkestone in the grass, the specimens
being in condition equal to bred ones ; also a long and variable series
of Bri/ophila inKialis from Torquay. Lioht D. carpophaoa, etc. — Mr.
F. B. Cross, a bred series of IHanthoecia rariHip/uKja from Lewes, all
having a very light ground colour, and Melitaea anriuia from Ireland,
two specimens of a brick-red ground colour, the usual straw coloured
area being absent on uppersides, and on undersides the usual pale spots
also absent. Dark N. cucullatella. — Mr. J. Douglas Xalit cucidlatello
bred from Chingford, some showing a tendency towards melanism.
Variation in P. napi and in P. rap^e. — Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor
exhibited IHeria napi from first brood showing the following variation,
(1) (? with 2 markings, (2) gynandromorph, (3) J with entire
absence of black markings, (4) neural markings at base forming
a green margin to secondaries, (5) ? with failure of black pigment, and
(6) a $ specimen from the second brood with black discal spots in
secondaries; and /'. rapa>', (1) a J* absolutely white, (2) ? of yellow
coloration, (3) J with black spots connected with black markings, (4)
2 ?s with black spots only just discernable. He also exhibited
Aniifiinis citp/irosi/ne, a black banded $ , a ? underside with pearl spots
much enlarged, and a S with pearl spots greatly reduced. S. lubricipeda
AB. radiata, etc. — Mr. A. W. Mera, Spilosania liihricipcila ab. radiatu
and intermediate forms from Yorkshire; specimens of type and var.
radiata from larv;e collected on Lincolnshire coast, and specimens from
London district taken over a number of years, some very lightly
marked, and others approaching var. fasciata, with Triphaena cnmes
var. (iarkii, var. iiiyrescots and intermediates from Forres. D. bifida
and C. hyale. — Mr. T. H. Stallman showed lUrranura bijida taken at
light at Beulah Hill, London, S.E., July 4th, 1911, I'olias hyalc, ? .
Margate, August 10th, 1911, Celaxtrina ari/iolns c? having a row of
well-marked spots on the underside margins of all four wings, from
Holmwood, Surrey, and Spfiiu.r conrolriili found at rest near North
Foreland light-house, August 23rd, 1911. L. favicolor and tkrato-
LoGicAL A. FIL1PENDUL.E.- Mr. W. Crockcr, a variable series oi
Leucania fariailor from North Kent Marshes, also a pair of dwarf /..
favicolor he had reared from ova in October, 1909, the remaining larva'
dying after hybernation, together with Anthmcera lilipendulae, specimens
with a dark vein intersecting the upper median and sixth spots, and
fairly broad borders to hindwings, also two yellow aberrations, and a
teratological specimen having an underwing on left side in place of the
usual forewing, the right side being normal, bred July, 1910. Pup/t.
OF E. ai.hulata var. thules going OVER. — Mr. V. E. Shaw, pupte of
Eupithccia cAtensaria from larviB found on Norfolk Coast, series of
Hiinnelesia albnlata and its var. //t/f/c.s bred from Unst pupfP, 1911, more
than half the pupjr going over another winter.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and IVIanufacturei's of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, inchuling Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6, 3/-. Folding Nets, 3/6,
4/-, 4/6. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes (deal), 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc
Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen, 1 gross, 1/6,
Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor
cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; li^in., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2Jin.,
1/-; 3|in., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourte'en Boards, 10/6. Setting
Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage,
2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases,
japanned double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass
Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes,
from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,
2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc,

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sesiidae, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

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Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe,

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Bound in Cloth, 160 pp., with good Index (Specific and Generic).

Price 3sm netm

A pocket handbook for the use of collectors in the field. Covers all species found west
of the Carpathian Mts. Description of each species, habits, habitats and distribution

Will he sent Post Free on receipt of Postal Order for 3si to —

A. H., 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

BARGAINS! BARGAINS!! BARGAINS!!!

Excellent 44 drawer Mahogany Cabinet price on appiication.

Fine set insects not less than half-dozen of a species sent. Box and postage 4d. extra.
Price per dozen: — Anomala (males only) Is. 9d., Sponsa 3s., Promisa 4s. 6d.,
Glyphica Is., Mi 6d., Aenea 9d., Unca Is. 9d., Argentula Is. 9d., Fuscula is. 9d.,
Luctuosa Is. 9d., SulphuralisSs., Peltigera 25s., Arbuti Is. 3d., Myrtilli Is. 3d., Cordigera
5s., Melanopa 4s., Interrogationis 10s., Gamma 6d., Orichalcea 10s. 6d., Moneta 2s. 6d.,
Triplasia Is. 3d., Urticae Is. 3d., Libatrix lid., Chamomillse 4s., Absinthii 4s., Asteris
3s., Lychnitis 5s., Verbasci lid., Petrificata 3s., Khizolitha is. 3d., Solidaginis Is. 5d.,
Exoleta Is. 9d., Vetusta Is. 9d., Lithoriza lid.. Genistas 2s. 6d., Contigua 2s. Gd., Thal-
assina lid., Pisi 9d., Suasa Is 3d., Chenopodii lid., Dentina Is., Glauca Is. 4d., Protea
lid., Adusta Is. 6d., Advena 5s., Tincta 4s., Occulta 7s., Herbida Is. 6d., Meticulosa 6d.,
Lucipara9d., Aprilina Is. 3d., Oxyacanthje lOd., Viminalis lid.. Nigra 2s. 9d., Lutulenta
3s., Xanthomista 253., Flavicincta Is. 3d., Chi lid., var. Olivacea 2d., Serena Is. 3d.,
Dysodea 7s., Capsophila 3s., Carpophaga Is. 3d., Cucubali Is. 4d., Capsincola lid.,
Albimacula 21s., Conspersa 3s., do. Grand Melanic Shetland 18s., Caesia 20s., Affinis
Is. 6d., Retusa 6s., Subtusa 4s., Xerampelina 4s., Ferruginea lOd., Gilvago 2s. 6d,

Next Month many more species, look out for them.

L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

On Hydioecia burrowsi, n. sp., T. A. Chapman, M.D. (plate and fig.) .. .. 109

Seasonal Notes on Tineina, Alfred Sich, F.Fy.S. . . . . . . . . . . Ill

The Rhone Valley and Italian Lakes in Spring, A. S. Tetle;/, M.A., F.E.S. . . 112

Retrospect of a Coleopterist for 1911, Prof. T. Hudson- Beare, B.Sc, F.R.S.E.,

F.E.S. (to be concluded) . . . . " 114

Ten days in the Cevennes, G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S. . . 117

Notes on Collecting :— Notes on the Abundance of Biston hirtaria in 1912, and
on Insect Periodicity, G. W. Golthrup. Notes on the Early Season, /(/.
Xylina ornithopus, Eott., Id. Phryxus livornica. Id. The Cleansing of
Greasy Insects, P. A. H. Muschump, F.E.S. Second Broods in 1911, R. Ashton
NicJtoi.^. Micro-Lepidoptera of Canvey Island, Essex, jF. G. Whittle . . . . 122

Scientific Notes and Observations : — Polia chi and Protective Piesemblance,

C. ir. Golthrup 124

Current Notes and Shout Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Societies : — The Entomological Society of London. The City of London Entomo-

gical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Contributions remain over for want of space from G. T. Bethune-Baker, G. W.
Nicholson, W. Rait Smith, etc., and Reports of Societies.

Seasonal notes on British Lepidoptera will appear in due course from C. W. Colthrup,
F. G. Whittle, A. Russell, Alf. Sich, H. Ashton Nichols, etc.

We hope that those who intend sending us an account of their doings for 1911 will do
so ere long, as we should like to know more of what our English workers are doing. Will
those who are studying the Micro-lepidoptera help us, by sending in notes of their
captures and observations ?

All MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs returned to Hy. J. Turner,
98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, S.E.

Rambles in Alpine Valleys.

Bound in Cloth, with Map and Photographs of District.

Price 3s. 6d.

This book contains a series of essays dealing with the colours of insects, and suggee-

bions as to the relation in past time between the Alpine and British fauna. Many new

facts are brought forward, and entomological problems discussed from various standpoints.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh.

(Crown 8vo., Illustrated, 224 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Bound

in Cloth, (Price 2/6).

Another series of collecting expeditions into well-known entomological and natural
history localities, with description of botanical, geological, ornithological as well as
entomological matters of interest to be found therein. The places dealt with include
Cobham Woods, Cuxton Downs, the Western Highlands, Cliflfe— all well known for their
rich entomological fauna.

To be obtained from J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Boad,
Brockley, S.E.

Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen, and Hill.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

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A detailed account of the fauna and flora of some well-known British natural history
localities : — Wicken, Deal, Chattenden, the Medway Marshes, Isle of Wight, etc.

Postal Orders to —

Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E

Supscniptions for Vol. XXIV. are nov\f overdue

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECOR

JOURNAL OF VARIATIO

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READ THE BACK Nos. OF THE

Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation

(Practical Hints, Field Work, etc., useful for every year's collecting).
VOL. VI.

The TITLES of some of the articles are as follows :— Notes on Butterfly Pupse, with some remarks
on the Phylogenesis of the Rhopalocera."— Dr. T. A. Chapman, F.E.S., " Phytophagic Species."—
Prof. A. Radclifle Grote, M.A. " Varieties and aberrations of Noctuae from Doncaster."- -If. H.
Gorbett, M.B.C.S. "The frenulum of the British species of Smerinthus."— G. G. Griffiths, F.Z.S.,
F.E.S. "Eudryas stee-johannis..' — A. HaUclife Grote, M.A. "Parthenogenesis or Agamogenesis." —
J. W. Tutt, F.K.S. " Larvfe. "—«<■!-. G. M. A. Hewitt, M.A. "Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1894."
—J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. " Generic Names in the Noctuidse." — Pjot. A. U. Orote, M.A. " Pupa hunting in
October."— J. Tl^ Tutt, F.E.S. "Polygamy and Polyandry in Moths." "The nature of certain
insect colours."— ir.S. RitUny, M.D., R. Freer, M.B., J. W. Tutt,'F. E.S., Rev. C. R. N. Burroios, J. Anderson,
Jiin. "The Lepi.loptera of Swansea."— Jlfrtjor R. B. Robertson. " Caradrina ambigua in the Isle of
Wight."— vl. J. Hodges. "The insects of Bourg St. Maurice."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. " Orrhodia
erythrocephala ab. glabra from Devonshire and comparison with C). vaccinii."— Dr. W. S. Riding,
F.E.S. "Notes on Caradrina ambigua and C. superstes."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "Entomology and
Entomologists, being the Annual Address to the City of London Entom. Society." Notes on
Aphomia socieila " (with plate).— TT. P. BIpckburne Mazr, F.E.S. "Apterous females and Winter
Emergence "—E. F. Studd, M.A., B.C.L., F.E.S., L. B. Prout, F.E.S. " Collecting Noctuida? by Lake
Erie."— .-f. Radcli^e Grote, M.A. " Coleoptera at Ipswich."— Claude Morlei/, F.E.S. " Notes on
Bombus visurgiaj." " Synonymic Notes on Acidalia humilata and A. dilutaria."— i. B. Prout, F.E.S.
" The Lepidoptera of dresy-sur-Aix."— J. IF. Tutt, F.E.S. " Apatura ir\s."—Rer. G. M. A. Hewett-
" Scheme of (.Classification of the Rhopalocera founded on the structure of the Pupa>."— r. A,
Chapman, M.D., F.E.S. " Glimpses of American Entomology."— J. TF. Tutt, F.E.S. " The Genus
Smerinthus." — .4. Bacot. " Variation considered biologically : Some notes suggested by the Romanes
Lecture of 1894."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "Wing structure."— J. Alston Moffatt. "On the development
of sex in social insects."—,/. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "The British reiiresentatives of the Genus Caradrina."—
L. B. Prout, F.E.S. " Habits and variation of Lithosia luCarella and its variety pygmaeola." —
J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. On the gradual disappearance of Lepidoptera from South-Eastern London and
its neighbourhood."— C. Fcnn, F.E.S. " A hunt for Neuroterus aprilinus."— T. A. GhapmaH. M. D., F.E.S.
"On the development of pigment in Nemeobius lucina."— F. .T Buckell, M.B. "The M.acro-Lepi-
doptera of Keswick."— H. -J. iJ«(((f;c. " Varieties of Argynnis selene " (with plate).— S. G. C. Rvssell,
F.E.S. " Hadenoid genera with hairy eyes." — Prof.' A. R. Ore e, M.A. " Zygisna minos and its
varieties."— J". IF. Tutt, F.E.S. "Notes on' the pupte of Castnia and Anthocharis."— T. A. Ch&pman,
M.D., F.E.S. Besides these articles, a large number of short notes are cont.ained in every number under
the follewing titles: "Scientific Notes and Observations," "Variation," "Notes on Larvte and Life-
histories," "Notes on Collecting," "Current Notes." Thereportsof Societies are very carefully edited,
and only scientific paragraphs published. The " Practical Hints " and " Field work " for each month
are quite unique.

The entomologist who will read carefully throvagh the back numbers of The Entomnloiiist's Record
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ASIORPHA POPDLI, ? AND ^ , X 12J.

The Kntomoloriist's Record, 1912.

THE SEASON OF 1911. 138

The Season of 1911 in the Abertillery District of Monmouthshire.

By W. KAIT SMITH.

A few notes on collecting during the extraordinary season of 1911,
in the Western Valleys of Monmouthshire, which are practically terra
incognita entomologically, may be of some interest to entomologists.
Up till August I shall, unfortunately, only be able to give approximate
dates, as on August 15th I had a gladstone bag, containing the whole
of my entomological outfit and my note books, with all my notes for
the last seven years, stolen at Paddington, whilst on my way to Kent
for my summer holidays. I can only hope the thief found my notes
of sufficient interest to compensate him for the various articles of
clothing which he no doubt expected to get.

During January and February insects, of course, were scarce, and
nothing of much interest was taken. A few Phifjalia pedaria g s were
found at rest on tree trunks, principally beech, specimens approaching
ab. monacharia were not uncommon. One or two Hybernia rupica-
praria J s were taken on gas lamps at Gilwern. This generally abun-
dant species is by no means common in this district, probably owing
to the comparative scarcity of its food plant, the whitethorn. It will
be as well to mention that these Monmouthshire valleys are only
cultivated to a very small extent, by far the greater part of the ground
is left to nature, and is covered with bracken, bilberry, and heather.
A few years ago there were extensive woods in this district, but they
have nearly all been cut down now ; the few woods that are left are
composed chiefly of larch and birch, with a few scattered oaks and
beeches. There are extensive patches of oak scrub on the sites of former
woods, but these are not productive collecting grounds, and produce
little except swarms of Tortrix viridana, which occur in countless
thousands. Similar patches of birch produce Adela viridella in almost
equal numbers.

During February and March a close search was made for Apo-
cheinia liispidaria, but without success. Hybernia leucophaaria, mostly
typical, but with a fair percentage of ab. marmorinaria, were common
at rest on tree-trunks and fence-posts. Hybernia marginaria and
Anisopteryx aescidaria were decidedly scarce this year, not more than
three or four of each species were seen. Anisopteryx aescidaria six or
seven years ago was exceedingly abundant in this district, but has been
getting scarcer each year, and has now almost entirely disappeared.
A single specimen of Anticlea nigrofasciaria, the first I have seen here,
was taken at light at Gilwern, towards the end of March. I have not
as yet found the allied A. badiata in these valleys. The <? s of Tortrix
hyiiienana were common in woods flying in the sunshine.

During April insects became much more plentiful, Pieris napi, the
common "white" of the district, put in an appearanje. A few fine
Pieris brassicae were bred from larvtie found in my own small garden.
A search was made at Pen-y-van and other places, where the holly
flourishes, for Cclastrina argiolns, but not a single specimen was seen.
This species occurs here but is rare, not more than half-a-dozen
examples have been taken during the last seven years. A few
Polyploca {Asphalia) Jiavicornis were seen at rest on birch trunks ; this
is another species which is getting rarer each year. In the last week

June 15th, 1912.

184 THE entomologist's record.

of April the first Saturnia pavonia, a ^ , appeared. "The Eiuperor
Moth " is very common on the heather-covered tops of the hills. I
took a tine series of J s, last year, by " assembling " with a bred $ .
Some of the J s are very dark, and these dark specimens are smaller
than typical examples. Tcphrosia crepuacHiatia was fairly commonly
found at rest on tree trunks, principall}' larch ; this species is not so
common here as it used to be ; a blackish form simihir to the example
figured in South's Moths of the British Isles, vol. ii., plate 13G., tig 8,
used to occur, not uncommonly, in the Ha'fod Van Woods. These
woods were cut down about three years ago, and I have not since seen
this variety in the district. Malenijdris [Larentia) nndtistiiiiaria was
common amongst bedstraw ; before 3 p.m. this species is veiy difficult
to find, but after this time they crawl out of the undergrowth and sit
about the top of the bedstraw and on clumps of grass, etc. A fine
and varied series was taken ranging from pale examples do the blackish
form ab. nnbilata, Tutt, the ab. i-iryata, Tutt, was fairly common, but
ab. nnbilata was decidedly rare, and only three examples were taken.
A few Kuijithecia ciih/ata at rest on fence-posts, represented the "pugs."
I was unable to do much "sallowing" this spring, but on the few
occasions I was able to pay a visit to the few scattered sallow bushes
we have here, I found Taeniocainpa ijothica, T, stahilis, T. pnlvendenta
and I'achnobia rabricosa were common enough, more especially the
first species. Strangely enough Taeniocainpa instabilis is decidedly
scarce in this district for I have only come across three or four
examples. A few lirephos parthenias were seen, on sunny days, at
the beginning of the month. Hying high over the birches.

From the beginning of May a long spell of tine, hot weather set
in, which lasted, almost without a break, until October. Every
available moment was seized for collecting, with, on the whole,
satisfactory results. Sugar, until September, was an absolute failure,
night after night producing nothing except a few Ai/lophasia inono-
ijlypha, Noctiia festiva, liadena olcracea, Tripliaena pronttba, and a few
other common yoctuae. Amongst the butterflies i'ieris brassicae, b*.
lapae, and y. napi, especially the last species, were common every-
where, a few Brenthis euphrosyne were taken in the Llanock Woods at
Crumlin, Coenomjnipha painphilns was abundant everywhere and
especially so at Peu-y-van. t'allophrys rnbi and yisoniades tat/es were
fairly common. Hesperia inalvae is a very rare insect in this district.
I have only seen one specimen, at Pont-llan-fraith, in 1909. A
journey to this place in search of H. mahae and Hemaiis titi/us, a
specimen of which was taken in 1909, was fruitless. Amongst the
(ieometers Cabera pusaria and C. e.tanthentata, Lozot/rannna [Panayra)
petraria, Kinaturya atoniaria, Berizoina (Kinnielesia) albulata, Kupithecia
culijata and K. nanata, Xanthoihoe montanata and A', finctnata,
Cureiuia f'erruyata, C. ilesii/nata, ('iilaiia conjlata, C. trnncata, and
Opisthoifraptis lutculata were abundant in the woods and on the hill-
sides, A few Gonodontis bidentata were found at rest on grassy banks
after dark. I'jniatnnia atoniaria is exceedingly abundant on the hills
here, some of the ? s are very dark and the <jf s range from light
tawny to almost black examples. Lozotjranuna petraria occurs in the
greatest profusion amongst bracken. During this and the following
month the larvie of Lasiocampa quercus were very common amongst
heather, some 50 or 60 were collected, but for some unaccountable

NOTRS ON THE SEASON 1911. 185

reason all, except four, died when full fed. Two or three afternoons
spent in searching for Dii/nionia chaonia, which occurs sparingly here
on oak trunks, were fruitless. Mainestra {Hadena) thalasnina, H. mntiffiia
and H. (Jentina were taken, fairly commonly, at rest on tree trunks and
stone walls. A number of larvae of Arronycta rKmcu, collected on
sallows last year, produced some fine imagines this month, which is
rather early for this species, including two or three of the form salicis.
Beating bushes in the Llanock Woods at Crumlin for "hooktips"
produced Drepana falcataria in fair numbers, but I did not find the
allied />. lacertinaria this year. The open spaces in most of the woods
gave I'liicUilia (jbijihica and K. mi. Prothijmnia {Phytoiiietra) vindaria
and Heliara tenehrata, especially the last species, were abundant on
railway banks and other grassy places.

A visit was paid to Kewstoke Woods, near Weston-super-Mare in
the middle of May. I found the first brood of Paranfe aeijeria were
common but mostly rather passe, Brentim euphrasync was in the same
condition. On some spindle bushes near the beach at Kewstoke Bay I
found a batch of young Mol'icoso>iia neustria larvae, which eventually
produced a few imagines of a small reddish-brown type; these same
bushes were covered with the webs of Yponnnieiita coynatcllus larvae,
two or three of these webs were brought home and an abundance of
the perfect insects were bred in due course. Nenmphora sira)iimer-
daiiimella was very common in the woods. A few larvfe of Cos)nntricl>e
pntatoria were found in ditches, and a variety of larvte were beaten out
of bushes in the woods. The day was dull and cloudy with occasional
showers, so insects were scarce in consequence.

In June the first brood of the Pierids were going over, and by the
middle of the month Brenthh selene had taken the place of
B. eaphroHyne. Brenthis selene is a very common insect in these valleys,
and, I should say, outnumbers B. euphroayne by at least six to one. I
have examined some hundreds of specimens but have not yet found
anything in the way of aberrations. In a small marshy field near
Pont-llan-fraith Melitaea aioiitia still occurs, but in sadly diminished
numbers. I am afraid it will not be long before this local species is
no longer found here. It occurred in abundance up till 1907, when I
took a good series, but has rapidly diminished in numbers since. I
cannot account for this. It certainly is not due to over collecting for,
as far as I am aware, no one knows of the existence of this colony
except myself, and I have purposely left the species severely alone since
1907. I bred a large wasp-like parasite from a pupa of this species in
1906. I was pleased to find half-a-dozen more examples of this insect
on a piece of swampy ground, near Abertillery, at the end of this
month. I have not previously seen M. aurinia anywhere except at
Pont-llan-fraith, and I am hoping that this beautiful insect will succeed
in establishing itself in this new spot.

A few worn Enchloe cardamines were still about at the beginning of
the month. The Satyrinteweve represented by the two commonest species
Epinephele jnrtina (jaiiira) and Coenonympha paniphili(s. Very passe
Callophrya rubi were keeping company with fine fresh Ruinicia phlaeas
and Polyoiiimatus icariix, some of the ? s of the latter were very large
and heavily marked with orange spots on the upper surface ; one or
two ab. caeridea were taken. Hapialus huinuli was abundant on all
grassy places. I have not as yet seen the common H. luvulina in this

186 THE entomologist's record.

district. Hepialus hecta swarmed in most of the woods. A few heavily
marked Hepialus fusconebulosa {relleda) were taken at rest on grassy
banks towards the end of the month. A small secluded valley near
Abertillery gave Adscita staticcn, mostly of the liridis form, in plenty,
this species is exceeding local here, 1 only know of two spots where
it occurs. Anthroccra filipenilnlae and A. trifolii were in great
numbers in two or three flourishing colonies. Specimens with
confluent blotches were not uncommon, two or three A. trifolii ab.
minoides were taken as were several examples of the Idppocrepidis form
of A.Jilipendidae. Hippocrita jacobacv was fairly common in gardens,
but it is not a generally common insect in the district. On one
hillside Farasemia plantaf/inis was very common, dashing madly about
in the hot sunshine. This is an exceedingly difficult insect to take on
the wing in such situations ; about 4 p.m., however, they begin to settle
down for the night, and the flight then is not nearly so rapid, so a
good series was taken with comparatively little trouble. iJiacrisia
aannio {russula) appears to be a scarce insect here, a pair, <? and $ ,
were beaten out of a clump of rushes in a small dingle within a few
yards of where I took a pair last year. These four specimens are all
I have seen of this species in these valleys. I have not seen anything
of Phragmatobia fidiginosa this year, in spite of close searching for the
larvae on sunny days in the Spring. One larva was found, last year,
crawling over heather, which ultimately gave a fine S • Spilusnma
nienthastri and S. lubricipeda were taken commonly enough at rest on
railway banks and amongst rough herbage, as well as in flight at dusk.
A single $ Diaphora mendica was beaten out of a patch of nettles in
the Llanock Wood, Crumlin. This $ laid about sixty ova on the
sides of the chip box in which she was confined. The larvfe fed up
well and rapidly on dock and I have now about forty pupae. This is
the first example of D. mendica I have seen in this neighbourhood. On
the slopes and on the heather covered tops of the hills the J s of
La&iocampa quercm and Macrothidacia ritbi were dashing about in
considerable numbers, in their wild erratic flight ; the latter being by
far the commoner of the two species. About 8.30 p.m. the ? s of
Macruthylacia rubi put in an appearance, flying low down over the
heather, they are much more easily taken on the wing than the S s.

With the Noctuae comparatively little was done, sugar, as I have
mentioned before, was a complete failure. All my captures were taken
either at rest or in flight at dusk. A solitary pupa, collected at the foot
of a Lombardy poplar, near Wellingborough, Northants, in December,
1910, produced a fine Paliuipsestis uctotjeaima at the beginning of June.
A word of warning to those who are fortunate enough to breed this
species. At 9 a.m., when I first saw my specimen, it was in perfect
condition and appeared to be resting quietly on the side of a breeding
cage ; thinking it would be advisable to leave it alone for an hour or
two I did not look at it again till 1 o'clock; to my dismay I found that
it had, between 9 a.m. and 1 p.m., managed to knock itself about
rather badly, so 1 have now come to the conclusion that bred examples
of this species should be killed as soon as possible after the wings are
thoroughly dry.

Sugaring for IJabnmjne derasa and Thyatira batis was a failure,
both species are rather rare in this locality. Acronycta psi was
common at rest on tree trunks, this species appears to prefer the

NOTES ON THE SEASON 1911. 137

trunks of large beeches to any other resting place. Acronycta
menyanthidis was taken in fair numbers at rest on stone walls, it has
not been nearly so common this year as it is in some seasons.
Acronycta ruwicis was very common everywhere. Amongst the
" wainscots " Leucania iwpura was very common at dusk over swampy
ground, L. pallena decidedly scarce in comparison. Only one example of
Leitcania litharyyria was seen this year, a very fine fresh $ at rest on
a clump of rushes. Xylophasia rurea and var. alnpecums, X. hepatica
and A', monoylypha were all more or less common at rest on fence-posts.
The last named species and Triphana pronuba were the only two
insects which occurred in any numbers at sugar. Barathra {Mamestra)
brassicae as usual w^as common everywhere. A fine series of Naenia
typica was bred this month from a batch of ova, accidentally collected
with some dock leaves last year. The larvae were kept indoors and
fed throughout the winter on cabbage leaves. They are very
hardy and easy to rear. Apaniea yemina, A. badUnea and A. secalis
[didyiiia, oculea) were taken in fair numbers on waste places overgrown
with rank herbage, in company with numerous Miana striyUis, M.
fasciiincida, M. literosa and M. bicoloria. One or two Petilampa
arcHosa were found at rest on the rushes after dark. The Agrotids
were decidedly scarce, the only species occurring in any numbers was
A. exclamationis. T did not see a single specimen of the usually
common Ayrotis aeyetiim this month. Triphaena proiutba, Noctua
auyur, N. plecta, N, primiilae (festiva) and N. ruhi, Caradrina quadri-
piinctata and a few others were all common, but net so numerous in
individuals as they are in some years. A few examples of Dianthoecia
capsincola were taken at rest on stone walls. Phloyophora meticulosa as
usual was abundant, but Euplexia lucipara was decidedly scarce, not
more than two or three examples were seen. I did not see a single
specimen of either Aplecta nebulosa or A. tincta this year, the former
species, as a rule, occurs in the district in fair numbers, but A. tincta
is rare, the only examples I have seen were three specimens I took
last year at rest on larcb and birch. At the beginning of the month
Mamestra [Hadena) ylauca was taken in fair numbers at rest on stone
walls, in company with a few worn Mamestra [Hadena) tJtalasshia and
M. contiyna. A single Matnestra [Hadena) trifulii was taken, flying
at dusk over rough herbage. Mamestra oleracea was abundant every-
where. I did not notice Cucullia umbratica this year, as a rule a few
are taken each year at rest on fence-posts and at the flowers of ragged
robin at dusk. The same remarks apply to Abrostola triplasia and A.
tripartita. Plusia chrysitis was fairly common at the bramble blossoms
at dusk, and Plusia festacae, as usual, was the common Plusia of the
district, and was to be taken at every patch of ragged robin. This
beautiful insect is common throughout the district, whilst curiously
enough the, in most districts, abundant P. gamma is quite scarce. At
the beginning of the month the large cocoons of Plusia festucae are to
be found, commonly enough, attached to rushes, nearly everywhere
throughout the district. A few Plusia pulchrina were taken at bramble
blossom at dusk. I have not as yet seen P. iota in these valleys. A
few worn Euclidia ylyphica and E. mi were still to be found up to the
middle of the month.

Opisthograptis luteolata was common everywhere. Metrocampa
margaritaria was to be beaten out of bushes in all our woods. Roarmia

138 THE entomologist's record.

repandota and B. gemmaria were both fairly common. I took a
beautiful melanic variety of B. repandata at rest on the trunk of a
large whitethorn ; it was coal black, the only markings being the clear
white sub-marginal lines. A few worn Psettdoterjma pruinata and a
single Tephroiiia punctularia were beaten out of long, rank grass in the
Llanock Wood. Acidalia imitaria, A. remutaria and A. averxata were
common enough in the woods, whilst Acidalia fumata positively
swarmed amongst bilberry and heather on every hillside. Kuchueva
obliterata were common in the shady parts of the Llanock Wood, they
were in perfect condition at the beginning of June ; this is a species
which very soon gets paaae and really good specimens are not often
taken. Cabera pusaria and C. exanthe»tata were very abundant.
Semiothisa liturata was taken freely at rest on beech trunks, this
is a very wary insect and readily takes to flight at one's approach.
Lozograinvia petraria, Ematurija atoniaria and Melciiydris didyinata
swarmed amongst the bilberry and heather, the last species was a
regular nuisance at dusk, some of the J s were very dark and heavily
marked. Ortholitha pliuiibaria was common in most places. Typical
Abraxas ;irossulariata occurred in every garden. A search, at the end
of the month and during July, for Entep/iria caeaiata was unproductive.
I have only taken two specimens of this insect in these valleys, in both
cases at rest on rocks at the tops of the hills. Eupithecia lariciata
was very common amongst larch and E. nanata amongst heather.
Hydrioiiiena furcata (elutata) and J-J . iinpliiviata were very common
amongst sallow and alder. A few Mesoleiiea ocdlata and \L ulbiciilata
were beaten out of bushes, the former being by far the commoner of
the two insects. Eidype hastata has been decidedly scarce this season,
as a rule a fair number of specimens are taken each year by beating
the birches in marshy places. XanthorhiJe tristata, as usual, swarmed
nearly everywhere, this somewhat local species is probably, with the
exception of Mdenydris didyinata, the most common Geometer in this
district. Xanthorhoe montanata was abundant everywhere. Coremia
ferrugata and Amoebe viridaria were abundant in every wood, Coreinia
denignata occurred in most wooded places, (Jainptogrannna bilineata was
very common everywhere, Cidaria ftdvata and C. corylata were to be
beaten out of hedges and bushes in most places but were taken more
commonly at dusk, Anaitis plagiata was not so common as usual this
year, Odezia atrata swarmed in one spot at Crumlin and in another
near Abertillery. This species is exceedingly local but very abundant
where it occurs.

[To he concluded.)

Retrospect of a Coleopterist for 191 1.

By Prof. T. HUDSON BEAKE, B.Sc, F.K.S.E., F.E.S.

{Concluded from page 117.)

Articles and Notes. — A number of extremely interesting articles

and notes have been published in the columns of the Eiit. Mo. Mag.

and the Ent. Record during the past year, and I now propose to discuss

briefly these articles and notes.

Mr. J. Edwards has contributed two articles, one entitled " A
Revision of the British Species of Haliplua, Jjiiive'Ale " {Ent. Mo. Mag.,
vol. xlvii., p. 1), and the other "On Centhorhyiultiis inargittatiis, Payk.,

RETROSPECT OF A COLEOPTERIST FOR 1911. 189

and Some Allied Species" {loe. cit., p. 208). In the first of these two
articles Mr. Edwards refers to the advantage of using as a differential
character a certain extremely fine irrorate punctulation found on the
elytra of many of the females of this genus, a character first pointed
out by Gerhardt in 1877. Mr. Edwards also makes use, to a certain
extent, of the male genitalia as a specific character. He gives a diagram
showing the male genitalia of three species — xtn'atu^, ivehnckei, and
imwacHlatiix. A comparative table of all the British species of the
genus is given, and details of each of the species. Mr. Edwards
has elevated to specific rank certain varieties, and gives a
reason why he has adopted this course. I confess I cannot quite
see my way to accept his conclusions. How difficult the whole
problem is will be realised from the following facts. Mr.
Newbery introduced immaculatus, Gerh., into our list a short time
ago ; Mr. Edwards points out that the insects supposed to represent
this species were as a matter of fact nehnckei : then again in the latest
European catalogue two of Mr. Edwards' species are considered to be
varieties only, heydeni, Wehncke, is a variety of riijicollis, and
welinckei , Gerh., is a variety of ininmcidatiis, Gerh. Herr Ganglbauer
on the other hand, though he agrees with the European catalogue
as regards hei/daii, considers both viiinaciilatus and urJinckei to be
merely varieties of flKviatilis. All this disagreement clearly
points to the fact that the characters, relied upon for separating the
allied species in this troublesome little group, are very unstable.
Mr. Balfour Browne, who has been working at the genus, and has
introduced a species new to science^ — Halipliis nnuiax {loc. cit., p. 153),
apparently also disagrees with some of the conclusions to which
Mr. Edwards has come, and states that he intends to write a paper
upon this group of the genus. In discussing fuhiadliH, Mr. Edwards
says that both Gerhardt and Wehncke state that in this species the
elytra of the female are without punctulation (I have Erichson's
original description before me and there is no reference to this
punctulation), but that his, Mr. Edwards', English specimens do have
the apical portion of the elytra punctulate. The whole evidence as
to the correct identification of these specimens is I must say
somewhat doubtful. It appears to me very undesirable to take a
description of a species and make it agree with a particular insect
by simply asserting that the original describer omitted to notice
certain important structural difterences, especially when a continental
specimen, received from a dealer, is taken as a type, though there
is no evidence that the specimen was a type at all.

In his second paper, Mr. Edwards deals with a group of the genus
Ceuthor/n/nchiis, which has always been troublesome to workers at this
genus. He discusses the value of the secondary sexual characters and
their use in separating these closely allied species. He gives a table
showing how the four species of the group may be separated, and is of
opinion that three species occur in Great Britain, riz., iiiariiinatna,
Payk. ; pnuctiiier, Gyll. ; and mulleri, Thoms. {= rottoulatus, Bris.).
Canon Fowler in his Cul. Brit. Id. was of the opinion that the last of
these three insects was a doubtful species. Mr. Edwards also shows
conclusively that Ceuthorhipichidiiis diatinctus, Bris., is merely a form
of )nartii)tatii>>, having the funiculus of the antennas six-jointed, and
that occasionally an aberration is met with having the funiculus of one

140 THE entomologist's record.

antenna six-jointed and the other seven-jointed (Bye many years ago
came to the same conclusion) ; this latter form he proposes to call ab.
inaequalis. Whatever opinion one may hold in regard to Mr. Edwards'
views on specific and varietal distinctions, one can but congratulate
him v/armly on two admirable papers.

Dr. Joy contributed to the F^nt. Mo. Ma;/, two important notes —
(1) " A Note on Dr. Sharp's New Species of Gabrius " [loc. cit., p. 80)|;
and (2) " A Revision of the British Species of Liodefi, Latreille
[Anisotoma, Brit. Cat.)," {loc. cit., p. 166). In the first of these two
notes, Dr. Joy gives a table for separating these eight species without
reference to the male genitalia, and in addition he gives a short des-
cription of each species, and notes as to the localities in which these
species occur. I should like to ask Dr. Sharp and Dr. Joy how it has
been determined which of these species is the original trossulns, Nordm.
It is curious that Dr. Joy says that the species he calls trossuliis is by
no means common, and is very local, while on the other hand the
insect which is called iw/ritulus, Grav., and which we have hitherto
considered to be very rare, is on the contrary the commonest of the
group, at any rate in England. It is surely impossible to decide from
the original description of trossulus, which was drawn up from a
mixture of several of these species, which insect should be called
trosmlus. Under these circumstances it would surely have been better
to have given the name trossulus to the more common form. There is
one point in Dr. Joy's table, which seems a most untrustworthy
character, namely, the extrusion of the male organ. Surely this is
merely an accidental result, due to shock at the instant of death, and
is not a state of things which can exist in life as the normal condition.

In the second paper Dr. Joy says that he has been specially inte-
rested for some years in the genus generally called in this country
Anisotowa, and that he has felt the need of a revision of the table
which has hitherto been used for separating the species. Unfortu-
nately Dr. Joy has not been a'ole to come to an agreement with Dr.
Fleischer, the recognised authority for this genus, in regard to several
doubtful specimens, and some of the points must, therefore, be considered
to be still unsettled. Dr. Joy sent four specimens to Dr. Fleischer, which
the latter returned as brunnea, Sturm.; Dr. Joy, however, is of opinion
that only two of thesefour specimens are true brunnea, and that the other
two are ahjirica. Rye, and that the specimen taken by Mr. Donisthorpe
at Oxford, and named algirica by Dr. Fleischer, is only a small diibia.
Mr. Donisthorpe criticised this conclusion of Dr. Joy {loc. cit., p. 256),
and pointed out that Dr. Joy's brunnea possessed characters which
were not consonant with the original description of Sturm. Dr. Joy,
in reply to this note, maintains his original contention {loc. cit., p. 276).
In this article Dr. Joy describes an entirely new species stenocorypke
(loc. cit., p. 167), on the strength of two specimens taken by Mr. W.
E. Sharp near Forres. He deletes obesa , Schm., and siniilata. Rye; he
considers the former is merely a variety of the very variable dubia,
Kug., and that the latter is only a variety of badia, Stm. It may be
mentioned that in an earlier note [loc. cit., p. 10) Dr. Joy described a
new species of Anisotoma under the name davidiana, which he stated
at the time was closely allied to dubia, and that he had specimens of it
from Southport and Deal. In the article at present under consideration,
however, he said that he had modified his views, and considered this in-

RETROSPECT OF A COLEOPTERIST FOR 1911. 141

sect was merely another variety of dubia, Kug. Two other changes of
synonymy are made by Dr. Joy. He expresses the opinion that the
insects we have hitherto called Anisotonia scita, Er., taken by Dr.
Sharp in Scotland, and named by Rye, were merely forms of dubia,
Kug. On the other hand the insect we have hitherto called Anisotnma
niifrita, Schm., is what is now known on the Continent as A. scita, Er.
The name ni;/rita, therefore, disappears from our list. It may be
pointed out to prevent confusion that the insect known on the Con-
tinent under the name of similata. Rye, is, as Dr. Joy points out {loc.
cit.. p. 110), a totally different insect from our similata, and that this
continental insect will have to be renamed. Dr. Joy suggests y/mcAm
as a suitable name. In addition to giving an exceedingly good table
of the British species, Dr. Joy gives detailed descriptions of several
species of the genus, and notes as to the localities in which these
have been taken. The paper is an extremely good one, and will cer-
tainly prove of great help to many collectors who have hitherto found
this genus a stumbling-block, and it is to be hoped that Dr. Joy's
work will lead to more attention being paid to this genus, so that the
distribution of the species may be more accurately determined.

Another short note by Dr. Joy (loc. cit., p. 132) deals with the var.
picipennis, Heer, of Qitedins attenuatun, Gyll. Dr Joy gives a useful
table for separating the allied species of this group of the genus
Quediiis.

Dr. Sharp has contributed a series of valuable articles during the
past year to the pages of the Ent. Mo. Macf. In his first paper,
entitled " Bledins pallipes and its Allies in Britain " {loc. cit., p. 31),
Dr, Sharp says that much confusion has arisen owing to the fact that
Gravenhorst included several species under the name of pallipes. In
this country we have five allied species, viz., pallipes, Grav ; fuscipes,
Rye (which is synonymous with the later described rastellus, Schiodte);
terebrans, Schiodte ; and, lastly, two species new to science, and now
described for the first time by Dr. Sharp, anuae and filipes. Full
notes are given as to the localities, and as to the characters which
separate these allied species.

In his second note, entitled " Bledins hinnulus, Er. (or diota,
Schiodte), in Britain," Dr. Sharp draws attention to the fact that in
this country we have hitherto confused hinnulus with bicornis. Germ.
{loc. cit., p. 34). Hinnulus has been found in abundance at Wells, by
Mr. Brewer, Dr. Joy, Mr. Donisthorpe, and the author. Dr. Sharp
also deals with the point as to whether hinnulus, Er., is the same
insect as diota, Schiodte, and comes to the conclusion that it is.

In the third paper {loc. cit., p. 57), entitled " Bledius fracticornis,
and its British Allies," Dr. Sharp says that he can assert that
certainly three species of this group occur in Great Britain, viz.,
fracticornis, Er., which is an uncommon species ; laetior, Muls. and
Rey, also apparently a rare species ; and femoralis, Gyll., which is
fairly common in the south of England. In addition Dr, Sharp says
that he has seen a male specimen in Mr. Champion's collection, and
that he has a female specimen in his own collection, which he cannot
reconcile with the descriptions of any of the above three species, and
he thinks it possible, therefore, that we may have a fourth undescribed
species of this group occurring in Great Britain.

Mr. G. C. Champion has contributed several interesting articles

142 THE entomologist's record.

and notes to the Ent. Mo. Maij. In his first note {loc. cit., p. 16),
on the Meloid-genus Honiia and its allies, he deals with a remarkable
Sitarid, bred Irom pupa? found in the cells of an Anthnphora at
Mogador, IMorocco, belonging to a newly described genus Allciiclesa-
lazaria, Escalera, which is apparently closely allied to the American
genus Hornia, Riley.

In a second note, entitled " Note on the Methods used to obtain
minute blind Stai'hi/linidae" {Inc. cit., p. 138), Mr. Champion gives a
description of the methods employed by Signor Dodero to obtain the
minute blind Staphylinidae which live in the dry earth at the foot of
old tree trunks, or beneath deeply embedded boulders.

In a third note {loc. cit., p. 214) Mr. Champion states that he has
come to the conclusion that the foodplant of Xauoji/n/cs i/racilis, Redt.,
is water purslane {Pe/dis portula).

In an article entitled " A Trip to Sardinia in 1910 " {loc. cit.,
p. 219), Mr. Champion gives a strikingly interesting account of a
collecting tiip in Sardinia with MM. Dodero and Solari, which ex-
tended from May 27th to June 19th. A number of interesting species
of Coleoptera were taken. The whole article is one of great interest.

Lastly, in a note entitled "Note on the Forms of Galeruca tanaceii
L., occurring in Britain " {loc. cit., p. 258), Mr. Champion says that
there is a possibility that G. pomonae. Scop., which has a black aber-
ration anthracina, Weise, may occur in this country, its foodplants
being Centanrea jacea and its allies, and Knautia arvotsis.

In the October issue of the Knt. Mo. Maij., p. 241, Mr. J. R. le B.
Tomlin and Mr. W. E. Sharp began a series of notes on the British
species of Lo»///7fl/'.s;/.s, Latr. The authors point out that this genus
remains to coleopterists perhaps the most confused in synonymy and
bewildering in specific differentiation of all the genera of the Coleop-
tera. They discuss the reasons for this state of things, and point out
how characters which are usually so valuable in Coleoptera are in this
genus quite unreliable. To assist in the discrimination of the species,
they divide the genus into six sections. Two of these sections, viz.,
those which contain («) unicolorous black species, and {b) black species
with distinct testaceous or reddish markings are dealt with in the
paper as far as it was published at the close of the year. Two changes
in synonymy are made : — Loivjitan^ns pide.r, Schr., should be known
as L. oblitcraUdi, Rosenh. ; and L. ater, F., should be known
as L. panudiis, Payk. The species L. ni(ier, Koch, is dropped entirely.
If one may form a judgment from the portion of these notes which has
so far been published, it is quite evident that the genus LoniiitarsKn,
which has hitherto been much neglected by coleopterists, owing to the
difficulty of identifying species, will in the future prove a much more
interesting genus for the field worker. Though no amount of descrip-
tion will make this puzzling genus an easy one, still the removal from
our lists of mere names will go a long way towards reducing the diffi-
culties which have hitherto beset the coleopterist who has attempted to
work out the names of his captures.

Mr. Tomlin has published a further instalment of his " List
of Coleoptera found in Herefordshire," No. 4 {loc. cit., p. 271). The
new list includes a considerable number of species new to the
county.

Mr. J. H. Keys in an article entitled " Jiarypithes dupUcatas, n. sp.,

RETROSPECT OF A COLEOPTERIST FOR 1911. • 143

and Notes on other British Members of the Genus " {loc. cit., p. 128),
gives a history of the discovery of this new species, with particulars of
its capture, and a description of the characters which separate it from
pellucid us, Boh. The article is illustrated by a plate, which gives
representations of both male and female forms, and detail drawings of
the legs. In concluding his article Mr. Keys gives a table for
separating the five species of this genus now found in this country,
with some notes as to their general distribution. Commander
Walker has recently taken B. pellKcidiis, Boh., at Oxford. Mr. Keys
is to be congratulated on disentangling this troublesome little problem.

Several interesting notes with regard to life-histories have appeared
during the year. Mr. J. Collins {loc. cit., p. 248) published some notes
on the earlj' stages of Hamiionia appendicidata, Panz., with illustra-
tions of the larvse and pupa^. In August, 1911, while working for
this insect in a tributary of the river Cherwell, he discovered both
larvse and pupae, which he eventually bred out. They occurred
chiefly on Fotanwgeton pectiitatus.

Mr. C. F. Selous pubHshed {loc. cit., p. 86) an interesting article
entitled " A Preliminary Note on the so-called Carrion-feeding
Coleoptera," in which he gave a record of observations made whilst
watching small carcases placed out in a field on open ground, and
noting the visits paid to them by various species of Coleoptera. He
states that he is not convinced that the burying of the carcases is
due only to the Necro])Iiori, or that it is a purposive act. I may
mention that about fifteen years ago, when living at Richmond, I
made a series of experiments with the bodies of mice. These were
placed out early in the morning on a fairly hard patch of ground in
my garden, before I left for my duties at the University ; on my
return in the evening, I always found that the carcases had been
entirely buried, and that they were lying in a hole shaped very much
like a miniature grave, with loose soil on the top, and that the loose
earth covering was never less than about half an inch in depth. I
found male and female Necrophon in each case with the body which
had been buried. Certainly, therefore, in these cases the burial was
the work of the insect, and the disappearance of the corpse below the
ground was not in any way facilitated by decomposition.

Mr. H. Britten gives a list of the Coleoptera which he has cap-
tured in underground wasps' nests during the last two or three years
in the neighbourhood of Salkeld Dykes {loc. cit., p. 89). Qnedius
puncticollis, Th., seemed to be a regular inhabitant of all these nests.

Mr. Donisthorpe adduced evidence, which seems very conclusive,
to show that Tn'chonijx sulcicollis, Reich., is in part myrmecophilous,
and that 2\ iiuirkeli, Aube, is a true myrmecophilous insect {loc. cit.,
p. 67).

Mr. E. G. Bayford in an article entitled " Electric Light as an
Attraction for Beetles and other Insects" {loc. cit., p. 157), gives a des-
cription of the captures he has made at electric light street lamps at
Barnsley, Yorks. Curiously enough, species of Necrophori are much in
evidence, showing that these insects fly readily at night when seeking
for food.

In the Ent. Record, Mr. Donisthorpe, in his "Myrmecophilous Notes
for 1910" (pp. 10, 58, and 169), deals with the various species of
Coleoptera and other insects, etc., taken in ants' nests during 1910.

144 THE entomologist's record.

He describes a number of valuable experiments he had made with
certain of these insects in his observation nests. These notes are a
further testimony to the thorough and praiseworthy manner in which
Mr. Donisthorpe is tackling this important problem as to the relation
between ants and the dwellers in their nests.

The only other article to which I need refer is Dr. Longstafi's
account of three weeks in the Sudan (Ent. Mo. Mag., xlvii., pp. 119
and 194). Though Dr. Longsta£f paid but little attention to the
Coleoptera, he has given some interesting notes as to some of the
more striking species which occur in the neighbourhood of Khartum
and the surrounding country. Mr. G. A. K. Marshall has described
{J,oc. cit., p. 207) a new species of Baris under the name of lorata, from
the Sudan.

Two parts of the Transactions of the Entoiiwhuiical Society of London
for 1911 have been issued up to the close of the year. In Part II.
there are two papers dealing with Coleoptera. The first, illustrated by
two plates, one of them coloured, is by M. Henri Boileau ; it contains
descriptions of several new species of Lucanidae in the British Museum
collections. Tv/o species oi Sphenof/nathus from Bolivia; two species
of Lncaniis from Burmah and Assam respectively; one species of
Rhaetidiis from Siam ; two species of Hemisodorcas from Perak and
Burmah respectively ; one species of Gnaphaloryx from Sumatra ; and
two species of Niyidius from Rangoon and East Africa respectively are
described. Both the species of Sphenonnathua and of Lucanus as well
as the species of Rhaetuliis are well figured in the two plates.

The second paper is by Mr. E. A. Elliott and Mr. C. Morley and is
entitled " On the Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. First
Supplement." Since the publication of their original paper in the
'Tramactions in 1907, much additional matter has come to the
knowledge of the authors ; this paper contains this additional matter.
It should be read in conjunction with the original paper, with which
it is uniform and concurrently numbered. The paper embodies the
results of most painstaking investigations through the works of a
number of well-known entomologists, and brings together mto a
convenient form for reference a mass of field and other records hitherto
scattered throughout the pages of the numerous works which the
authors have consulted. The thanks of all entomologists are due to
the authors for their labours, and for the clear and admirable way in
which they have arranged the records so as to facilitate future reference.

Excellent progress continues to be made with the Coleopterormn
Cataloyiis edited by Schenkling, and published by Herr Junk. Parts
25-38 were issued during the year, and Part 39 has just come to hand.
The following families amongst others have been dealt with : —
Pselaphidae ; Tenebrionidac, 3rd and 4th sections ; Staphijlinidae, 2
sections; Ciasidae ; (Virysomelidae-IJispinae : Anthicidae : IScarabeidae-
Coprinae, 1 ; Cera})ib]icidae-Cera)nhiicinae.

Professor Blatchley, of Indianopolis, U.S.A., has published what he
calls An illustrated descriptive cataloi/iie of the Coleoptera or beetles
[exclusive of the lUnjucofthora) known to occur in Indiana: it is, however,
a treatise extending to 138H pages, illustrated with 590 figures of the
more important species (2535 are dealt with), and with many diagrams
of structural details ; this volume is another illustration of the
thorough way in which our American cousins are dealing with the
Natural History of their great country.

COLLECTING NOTES FOR 1911. 146

In the Annals of Scuttit<h Xatural Histuri/, July and October, 1911,
appeared a paper by Mr. F. Balfour-Browne, " On the Aquatic
Coleoptera of the North Ebudes." In September 1910, Mr. Balfour-
Browne spent a week collecting in Skye, near Broadford, and in the
island of Eigg, and this paper gives an account of the results of his
work in the field, and of the investigations he has made into other
records of similar work carried out in the North Ebudes. The paper
is characterised by the thoroughness -for which the author is so well
known, and is an invaluable contribution to our knowledge of the
fauna of this group of islands lying off the west coast of Scotland.

I think we may congratulate ourselves that 1911 was a year
fruitful of good work in all branches of the subject.

Collecting Notes for 1911.

By A. KUSSELL, F.E.S.
In concluding my notes for the season 1910 I remarked that if all
went well I should have a fairly busy time when the spring of 1911
arrived, and in this expectation I was not disappointed, a succession
of insects emerging from my breeding cages from the middle of
February to the end of June. In February a nice series of Pachnobia
rubricosa emerged, and in March a long and somewhat variable series of
Selenia bilunana, both species from ova obtained from Oxted females.
At the end of March a visit to sallows at Chislehurst was disappointing,
owing to scarcity of insects. The only Taeniocampids to put in an
appearance were Taeniocampa incerta and T. stabilis. Hijbernia pro-
(/einniaria was found at rest on the fences, and Asphalia fiavicomis was
taken, but both were a trifle worn. A few Scopelosoiiia satellitia and
Orrhodia (Cerastis) vaccinii were also met with. A visit to Bagshot on
Easter Monday for Brephos parthenias resulted in several males and
one female being taken, the former in fair condition only. A male
Lobophora lobulata was also secured. During April a good series of
Tephrosia panctularia was bred from ova obtained from a Berkshire
female, and a short, but nice series of Celastrina arcjiolus from ova
and young larvae found the previous September on ivy at Cuxton.
In all twenty-nine pupje were obtained, of these sixteen produced
imagines and the remainder ichneumons, rather a disappointing result.
During April also two Lohophora viretata were bred from wild larvae,
one found at Cuxton and the other at Boxhill. Following upon these
came a very satisfactory series of Aplecta prasina (lierbida), from ova
obtained from a female taken at Polegate ; some tine Notodonta ziczac
from Hampshire and Berkshire larvae ; Demas coryli from Netley
Heath larvae, and a long series of Clostera reclusa from ova obtained
from a Polegate parent. During the first fortnight in May the
following amongst other insects were bred, Amorpha popnli, Mimas
tili(e, Gnnphria ritbricollis, Dasyehira pudibiinda, Ihepana lacertinaria,
IK falcataria, Oduntopera bidentata, Zonosoma pendularia, Hydriomena
(Hypsipetes) implnviata, Melanippe sociata, Coremia ferrugata,
C. unide7}taria, Phibalaptery.c vitalbata and Cidaria corylata. A visit to
woods in Hampshire, on 13th May, found Brenthis euplirosyne just out
and Euchlo'e cardamines, Hesperia (Syrichthiis) mahct {alveolus), and
Tephrosia punctularia in good condition. Between the middle and end
of May the breeding cages yielded Svierinthus ocellatus, Hemaris

146 THE entomologist's record,

fuciformis, Euchelia jacobivcp, Arctia villica, Stauropus fatji, Notodonta
droniedarius, C'yinatop/wra ocularis, Maiiiestra penicaria, Caradrina
morpheus, Noctiia plecta, Dianthoecia conspersa, D. capsincola, D. cucu-
bali, D. carpopha<ja (some variable forms), Mamestra {Hadena) thalas-
sina, M. contijfua, Anarta niyrtilli, Amphidanh betiilaria, Xemnria
viridata, Kmatnrga atomaria (one female of male coloration), Biipalns
piniaria, Kupithecia venosata, K. nanata, and Eucoxmia undidata. A
day in Sussex at the end of May disclosed Brentliis eiiphrosi/ne and
NhoniadeH tat/es going over, Coenonj/nipha pnwphilnx and [{uwicia
phlaeas just out, H. malvae, P/ii/tometra aenea, Kxrlidia mi, Venilia
macularia and E. atomaria in good condition, while Panai/ra petraria
was worn. A visit to Northampton Woods in early June was unsuc-
cessful as far as Ci/dopidcs palaeinou and Strt/mon priini were con-
cerned, but Abraxas si/lrata [idinata] was met with in fair numbers
and in excellent condition. Larvse of Rnralis betulae were obtained
by beating the blackthorn, and part of a nest of Lachneis lanestris
larvae was secured. During the first fortnight in June insects
continued to emerge from the breeding cages, including a few
Melitaea cinxia, a short but nice series of (Jidaria pijraliata
[dotata), and half a dozen or so Pliisia moneta, the larvae of
which were obtained from delphinium growing in the garden.
The third week in June I left town for Shanklin for the annual
holiday. The weather at the time was somewhat broken, but
very soon settled down for a long spell of extreme heat. Shortly
after arrival the downs above Shanklin were visited. Cncnonyinpha
pamphilns, Folyomuiatus icarus and Aiiyiadea sylvanns were all found
worn, but Epinephele jurtina was in fair condition. On the heather on
Boniface Down, part of a nest of Satumia carpini larvae was obtained
and also some larvae of Lyyris {Cidario) testata. The thistles seemed
to suggest larvae of Pyra)neiK cardui but despite a careful search not
one was met with. My opportunities for collecting at night time were
very limited, but an occasional visit to the lamps showed that insects
were fairly in evidence, though principally of the commoner kinds.
Two or three visits were made to the America Woods at the back of
the town where Epinephele jnrtina was found in abundance, Adopaea
[Thyineliciis) Jiatm (linea) in fair quantity with Mdauari/ia ijalathea and
Aphantopus hyperanthun in limited numbers. The landslip near
Bonchurch yielded larvte of Theretra porcellus and Xanthorhn'e [Mrlan-
ippe) (jaliata on the bedstraw and cocoons of Anthrocera jilipendidae.
The weather became hotter and hotter, and "an open confession being
good for the soul," I must say I became slacker and slacker, until I
practically ceased to do any collecting at all, I did however buckle to
before leaving the Island and get to the Melitaea cinxia ground, where
I secured a nest of the larvae.

On my return to Purley, in the middle of July, I found several of
the Lachneis lanestris larvjB still feeding and looking exceedingly
healthy ; they promised to make fine moths, and have since done so,
that is to say, all those that emerged this Spring. On my way to the
station on two or three occasions, J'ieris rapae was seen swarming in the
Godstone Road, seeking the moisture produced by the watering, the
large number of butterflies seen on the wing at one time attracted
general attention from the passer-by. The weather continued very
hot, and after a day in town and a stifling railway journey home, one

ON A GYNANDROMORPHOUS AMORPHA POPULI. 147

felt inclined to do little moi-e than reat on reaching the cool of the
garden. On the evening of August 8rd, however, my dormant energy
was immediately aroused hy friend Joy dashing in with a Phr>/xits
Uvornica, which he had just netted in his garden a little way down the
road. The net was once more requisitioned, and for several evenings
watch was kept in the neighbourhood for other P. Uvornica, hut none
were met with. The specimen taken was caught hovering over white
phlox; it was in fairly good condition, one wing being slightly
chipped. Rnmicia phlaeas now made its appearance, and, as was the
case elsewhere, was common in the district. During August some
nice imagines were bred from the Rnralis befiilae, and A', r/a/mto larvne
obtained earlier in the year. A visit to Oxted on the August Bank-
holiday resulted in Vanessa io being seen and taken. On August 24th
Oxshott was visited for A<irotis af/atkina and two were obtained
in fair condition. A trip to Richmond Park at the end of the
month resulted in HcUnphohus popiilaris, Characas (jraininis, Noctiia
(jlareosa, Citiia reraf/o, and other species being taken. A flying visit
to Haslemere at the beginning of [September was not very productive,
but a few papsB of Ai/riopis aprilina were dug from under oak. My
season practically concluded with a short holiday at Lowestoft at the
end of September. Here Ruinicia pldacaa was again in evidence,
Pijrameis atalanta was seen at the ivy blossoms in fine condition, and
P. card III and Paranie inet/aera (second brood) were met with, worn.
Atiriiis conrolviili was reported to be in the district, but I failed to meet
with it. Pupa digging was resorted to, but nothing very special was
taken in this way, nine-tenths of those dug being Taeniocampa incerta.

On a Gynandromorphous Amorpha populi. {With 2 plates.)

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D.

The Rev. C. R. N. Burrows has mounted the head and genitalia
of a gynandromorphous A. populi, given to him by Mr. L. W.
Newman, and has permitted me to examine the specimen. Amorpha
populi appears to afford moKe gynandromorphs than any other
Lepidopteron. Herr Bartel collected records of 73 in 1900, Tutt in
1902 refers to records of 79 specimens, and hardly a year passes with-
out a record of one or more examples. It does not, however, happen
that I have found any detailed account, or figure, of the genitalia of a
specimen.

In Mr. Burrows' specimen the left side is male the right side
female. The head shows a left <? antenna and a right $ one. The

Camera outlines of (1) left ( j ) palpus, (2) right ( ? ),

(3) Two joints of left (i) antenna, about joints 13 or

14. (4) Two joints from right ( ? ) from about same

position. X 15.

148 THE entomologist's RECORD.

labial palpi differ largely in size, the left being 4-8mm, long, the right
only 2-6mm. The left is even wider in proportion, but measurement
would be misleading as the 2nd joint has been torn in mounting.

The structure of the genitalia will be better understood by reference
to the photographs (by Mr. F. N. Clark) of Mr. Burrows' specimen,
and of the normal ^ and 2 structures of normal specimens, which
are presented herewith x 12J. I have numbered the parts so as to
show the correspondences.

It is curious that whilst there appears to be a complete $ side
deft), there is not only the other (right) side (completely) 3 , but male
structures of the left (or female) side are also represented. This is as
in photograph, which happens to reverse the specimen.

Thus there are both branches of the uncus marked (1), and I have
chosen as a normal (?) male for comparison, one with two branches
unequal, which is not common. There are also the clasps of both
sides, both valve (3) and harpe (4) being of fairly normal development
in both cases. The aedoeagus is not perfect, but its deficiency is not
on one side. The distal portion (5) seems fairly normal (both right
and left sides), but the basal portion (6) is shrunk and connected with
the distal end by a very narrow neck. The female side is represented
by the terminal flap of the ovipositor (2) with its rod (7), and by the
portion of the plate of the 9th segment, which (see PI. VI) is always a
slight structure, but the rod (9) belonging to it is fairly normal. The
vaginal structures (8), being only those of one side, are twisted out of
very recognisable form.

It would perhaps have been even more interesting had the inner
structure, ovaries, tubes, etc., been preserved, but they became no
doubt injured and lost in the process of maceration.

Description or Plates V. and VI.

Plate V. — Appendages of gynandromorphous .-J »(0)'^/ia po/)i(Zi x 12^.

Plate VI. — Upper ? , lower i , appendages of Amorpha populi x 1'2J. The
two divisions of the uncus (1) are unequal in the cT specimen, an interesting ab-
normality, otherwise the specimens are normal, and suitable for comparison with
the specimen on PI. V.

Leptosia duponcheli var. aestiva at Digne.

By W. G. SHELDON, F.E.S.
It was in the early days of August, 1906, I had landed at Nice in
the morning, after a rough crossing from Ajaccio, and having travelled
all day up the beautiful but stiilingly hot Gorge of the Var and across
the Col de Vergons, had welcomed with relief the hospitable doors of
the " Boyer-Mistre," at Digne. Dinner was being served on my
arrival, and after a hasty wash I took the only vacant seat, about half
way down the long table in the " Salle-a-manger." ] was tired, and my
powers of observation were dulled, and beyond noticing that my right
hand neighbour was one of the largest men I had ever seen, 1 did not
inspect my fellow diners. I was a course or two behind the others,
and just as the dessert was reached my right hand neighbour retired.
I turned towards the vacant seat to annex a peach from a dish on the
table, when an expression burst forth from the occupant of the next
chair, " Hallo, what on earth are you doing here ? " and, looking
towards him, I found I was addressed by the late Editor of this maga-

LEPTOSIA DUPONCHELI VAR. ^ESTIVA AT DIGNE. 149

zine, Mr. J. W. Tutt, who was coming south as I was going north.
It was a dramatic method of meeting, and a very welcome one to me,
for Tutt's personality was to every one, at all times, an interesting
one, and it was doubly interesting to me just then, for I had not heard
a word of my mother tongue for several weeks.

This meeting led to a day's collecting together and much talk ;
amongst other matters we discussed the genus Leptosia that we found
everywhere common. Tutt maintained that some of them, which were
without dark markings on the underside, were L. dnponcheli var.
aestica, Stgr.

The next day, my friend having gone still further south, I enlisted
the services of the local professional entomologist Victor Cotte, and asked
him in the course of our wanderings, what the summer brood of L.
duponcheli was like. Cotte said it was scarce at Digne, but that he had
taken a specimen a few weeks before. This I subsequently purchased
and have now. It is indistinguishable from the spring form. I
therefore concluded that Tutt was wrong, for Cotte knows the species
to be found at Digue well, and is UoL.ally to be relied upon.

There the matter rested until last month, when happening to
pick up Wheeler's Butter/lies of the Alps, 1 found that the author
describes var. aestica as " with yellowish undersides." This shook my
faith in Cotte's specimen, and after thinking the matter over, I took
from my continental series of L. sinapis all the specimens collected at
Digne during four visits I had made to that town, placed them in
another drawer and studied them carefully. Almost at once I found
a male that in the shape of the front wings agreed exactly with spring
L. duponcheli, but which was entirely without dark markings beneath,
and a further search showed that I had seven more specimens, five
males and two females of this form, all these examples were taken
from between July 11th and 16th, 1904, and were, I now feel pretty
sure, L. duponcheli var. aestira. I accordingly took them, with all
the other hitherto supposed L. sinapis to the British Museum, and
compared them with the series of both species in the National Collection.
Amongst the L. duponcheli there I found eight examples which were
without dark markings beneath, but these were not labelled var. aestira.
I also found amongst the L. sinapis, which were in another drawer,
two more of this form of L. duponcheli, which were labelled var.
aestim. All these ten specimens were from Asia Minor. After com-
paring them with my examples captured at Digne I could only conclude
that these were identical.

L. duponcheli var. aestiva is evidently common and well distributed
at Digne, my examples coming — three from the Eaux Chaudes valley,
one from La Collete, and four from the right bank of the Bleone,
above the bridge leading to the railway station, which I have always
found one of the most prolific localities for the spring emergence.
Presumably, it was more abundant than L. sinapis in July, 1904, for
I find I only brought back three males and two females of the latter
species, which were respectively var. diniensis and var. enjsiini, both of
which forms were more attractive to the eye than the specimens I have
since found to be var. aestiva.

The chief distinction between var. aestiva and L. sinapis var.
diniensis, and which serves to distinguish them at a glance, is the shape
of the front wings, which exactly resembles, in this respect, examples

160 THE entomologist's record.

of the spring brood in both sexes, with the comparatively straight
costa and square apex, as compared with the much more rounded costa
and apex of L. sinapis var. (liniensis.

In the males the apical spots are as pronounced as in the spring
brood, but they are not so large. Underneath, five of my examples
are entirely without dark markings, though the other has a slight
indication of a transverse band in the centre of the hindwings. The
area at the apex of the front wings, which on the upperside is
represented by the dark blotch, is of a pale lemon yellow, and the same
colour obtains on the base of all the wings below and above.

The two females have the dark apical blotch showing very slightly
on the upper surface, much more slightly than is the case in the
spring brood. On the underside they have the central band on the
hindwings showing rather prominently, otherwise they exactly re-
semble the males.

A good point of distinction between these two species is the
antennae ; in L. sinapi>i the base of the club-head is white in front,
this white patch is wanting in L. dupnnclieli.

Staudinger, who named var. aestica from specimens taken by him
at Amasia in Asia Minor — where he states that it was abundant —
described it in Home Socii'tatis Kntumologicae Romcae, vol. iv., p. 222.
His description of the Amasia specimens, and the examples in the
National Collection, agree pretty closely Vv'ith my Digne captures,
except that the surface of the wings, both above and below, is a little
more yellow in the aestira form.

Obviously the example I purchased from Cotte was a belated spring
emergence.

tSince writing the above my friend Mr. P. W. Abbott, who
accompanied me to Digne, in July, 1904, informs me that he brought
back eight examples of Leptusia, and that after seeing my var. aestiva,
he finds seven are that form, and only one is L. sinapis.

A Fortnight at Gavarnie. Hautes-Pyreiiees.

By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
A twelve hours' journey brought us from Mende to Toulouse,
where we arrived at about 8 o'clock in the evening, and as w-e had to
be up betimes in the morning we were glad to go straight to bed after
dinner. No doubt it was a very bad thing to do, but it did not seem
to have had any ill effects in our case. We were down at 5.30 for our
petit dejeuner, which was enjoyed greatly in the street before people
generally were astir, and whilst the air was delightfully fresh. Our
first change was at Lourdes, where we had two and a half hours to
wait. Half an hour of this sufficed for a good meal, after which I left
my friend (Mr. A. H. Jones) to have a needed siesta, whilst I went
through the small town to see the far famed grotto with its church
above it. It happened to be a quiet day with but few pilgrims, and of
this I was glad, as I made my way through the winding street, the
Boulevard de la Grotte. On the one side the Boulevard was lined
with shops of all descriptions, for the great part, however, with but one
object in view, r/c, the sale of mementos of " my Lady of Lourdes" and
of all the cures wrought by her marvellous efficacy. The shops end at a
small bridge beneath which flows the river, the Gave du Pau, beyond

A FORTNIGHT AT GAVARNIE. 151

which the ground is all beautifully laid out as a spacious garden,
mostly consisting of lawns very carefully kept, up to the ascent to the
church, beneath which is the grotto. It was with mingled feelings
and conflicting thoughts that one gazed on the scene, a scene that
now almost brought tears to one's eyes and anon produced a sense
akin to indignation. Hundreds of people were about, none apparently
seriously ill, and a few cripples still using their crutches. As they sat
or stood m front of the grotto, all were reverently intent on the shrine,
some counted their beads, others were saying " sotto voce " their
" aves," others again were lost in contemplation : but as one watched
and attempted to read the faces around the wonder grew, how ? how
could such a thing exist, and not only exist, but be a force in this
twentieth century ? and " still the wonder grew." Lost in reverie,
the hours had sped, and I barely allowed myself sufficient time to get
back to the station, where I found my friend beginning to get anxious
lest I should mics the train. A pleasant ride brought us to Luz, and
another change on jO the electric tram brought us through lonely and
romantic scenery to St. Sauveur, from whence the journey to Gavarnie
was completed by carriage. We had scarcely got into the hotel, when
a well known voice saluted us, and we found ourselves face to face
with Mr. Rowland-Brown, who had already spent a fortnight in the
locality. So we arrived at the " haven where we would be."

Our first day was spent on the way to the "Port de Gavarnie," i.e.,
the Pass over into Spain, in the hope of taking Erehia lefehvrei, and in
this we were not disappointed, two or three falling to each of us. E.
styf/ne also was not uncommon and in beautiful condition, the most
plentiful of the genus was, however, E. tijndari(s, which occurred both
in its type form and its var. dromus. Among the blues I'lebeiiis artiun
[aegon, Auct.), was common and shared honours as to which was the
commoner with A(jiiades coridon, this latter being generally of the
Pyrenean form with very pale creamy underside, sometimes almost
white. Hendes virijanreae was taken, and I took a single specimen of
the much coveted Latiorina pyrenaica. Urbicola comma was the only
Hesperid seen this day, the Argynnids were few and far between, the
one species taken being Arf/ynnis aglaia, whilst Fararye maera var.
adrasta was also the only one of its genus that put in an appearance.

Our next day was spent on the slopes below the Pimene in search
of Erebia yoryone. The path up after quitting the river bed is by a
series of steep zig-zags and very few insects cheered our eyes as we
ascended bend after bend. Erebia styyne appeared now and then, and
a single Melitaea dictynna fell to my net, and when we got on to the
grassy slopes, already so closely cropped by the cattle that they were
poor hunting grounds for us, I took one Cncnonymplia pauiphilufi, which
in the end turned out to be the only one I took, though this does not
mean that we did not see it again. At last we got on to the special
slopes of which Mr. Rowland-Brown had told us, and by dint of
working hard we captured a nice little lot of E. yoryone. We were by
no means satisfied, however, for as this species occurs only in the
Pyrenees we were naturally anxious to get a good series, so we
decided to come again after the arrival of my friend Mr. C. J. Wain-
wright. As we descended, a nice P(>lyo)iniiati(s ei^cheri was enticed into
my net, and also a single Aricia medon {astrarche). I think I omitted
to say that E. tyndarHsva.v. dromus occurred everywhere, and also that

152 THE entomologist's record.

we took a nice little series of Erebia epiphron with its var. camape, the
latter species flying high up with E. tjorgono.

Our next trip, after having had another day in search of E.
lefehvrei, wag up the Val d'Ossoue, where E. niantD var. ctrrilia was to
be found. In this valley insects were more plentiful than anywhere
else. As we wended our way among the rocks in the early part of the
path, we were much struck by several very small specimens of what we
thought must be Satyrus alcynne, but here it was far away from all
trees, disporting and sunning itself on the roads. Several evaded our
endeavours at first, but finally we were both successful, and found it
was <S. alcyone, as we had at first surmised, but with the underside
strongly yellowish. Monsieur C. Oberthur,w^ho was also staying at
Gavarnie, and whom we had the great pleasure of meeting, told us
that this was the Pyrenean form, but the difference in habit w^as also
remarkable. Polyonniiatua escheri in both sexes greeted us, and when
we came to the bridge, over which we had to go, we again had the
pleasure of taking Latiorhia pijreuaica, with A. coiidon, P. arfinx, and
Polyonnnatn^ icariis. After crossing the bridge we came into quite
another lie of country, we first passed through some meadow land
covered with flowers, among which the commoner of the "blues" dis-
ported themselves, I hoped to have taken some Zy<iienid(f, but they
were conspicuous by their entire absence. Then we had to ascend
through a wide belt of trees of all kinds, and in some of the small
clearings I took a Holias edusa and a single Pontia dapUdice. Erebia
euryale soon appeared commonly, but quite passe, so much so that it
was difficult to find a decent specimen. All the way along Paniasaim
apollo had been in evidence, a fine large form with very black large
spots. At last we came to the E. nuxnto ground, along which we
wandered to and fro with a fair amount of success, and were able to
secure a nice, if short, series of var, cacilia. This ueing done we con-
sidered we had earned our lunch, only the difficulty was to find a spot
close to the river and at the same time to be sheltered from the brilliant
sun. Our repast being over, I went further up the valley, whilst Mr,
Jones continued his search on the ground near by, for var, aicilia, of
which a few more specimens fell to each of us, I came shortly to a
flowery bank, where dozens of Aryyiinis pales were tasting the sweets
of many a flower, I soon went down and made their acquaintance
and took what I thought was a good series, but when set many turned
out to have seen their best days, A little further on the bed of the
stream widened out greatly and was partly overgrown with thistles
and other plants. Here I took a lovely large female specimen of
Aryi/nnin adippe var, r^^'o^/ara, with the basal and median areas suffused
with a beautiful purplish smoky black, Culiaa edusa was not uncommon
with Aryynnis aylaia, only when the two came in conflict on a thistle
head the former always had to give way, for one flower could contain
no more than one ^. a//^«/fl, which was always quite oblivious of every-
thing but its own needs,

(To he continued.)

;:^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

A Pathological Specimen of Callophrys kubi, — I took a curious
specimen of this species at Brasted Chart on April 27th last. It was,

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 153

of course, quite fresh at this date, but almost the whole lower half of
the right forewing is of a pale shade of "dead gold." — George
Wheeler, 37, Gloucester Place, W. May SOt/i.

Lycaknidi, etc., on the North Downs. — I have spent part of
three days this month on the downs at Gomshall, viz., the 14th, 21st
and 28th. On the first occasion the sun went in just as I arrived, and
I saw only one Poli/o)n>iiatiis icanis $ , and one Haiiicaris luciua J .
On the second day I had about half an hour's sunshine and found P.
icarus very abundant, the majority of the 2 s being much suffused
with blue ; the proportion of those which were blue to the edge of the
wings, the orange lunules being placed directly on the blue, was un-
usually large, the shades of blue were also very varied. One Ai/nades
theiis, 3 , was taken on this occasion (the 14th). Nixoniades tages,
Coenonympha pamphilus, and the two species of Eiididia were abundant.
On the 27th blue ? sof P. icarus were as common as before, and on that
day and the following, when I walked along the downs from Gomshall
to Dorking, A. thetis was in great abundance, many of the ^ s, especi-
ally in Denbies, were of the form puncta, Tutt, and most of the ? s
were suffused, many of them broadly, with blue. Both at Gomshall and
Dorking I took examples with blue disc and the rest of the wings as
black as in ab. urania, Gerh., but differing from this form by the
presence of small orange lunules on the hindwing, which are absent in
Gerhard's figure. I also took both J and $ A. thetis without basal
spots on the forewing, and a $ of the ab. addenda, Tutt. One of the
blue 2 s of P. icarus was pronouncedly of the tnelanoto.ra form, and of
two 3 s which I casually took, one was completely and the other
almost of the icarimis form. On each of the other days I had walked
over the downs from Horsley, and on the 14th I took on the north
side of the downs Brentlns euphmsyne, Hainearis Incina, Eiicldoe carda-
mines, Pieris napi, P. rapae, liionicia pJdaeas and Celastrina argiolits.
Both on the 21st and the 28th I took a single specimen of Aricia
medon at Gomshall, and on each occasion specimens of Callophrys rubi
were noted, as also of N. tayes, whilst Hesperia malvae appeared for the
first time on the 28th, though I had taken it at Brasted as early as
April 27th.— Id.

e^ClENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Stray Notes from Ceylon. — Variation of Delias eucharis. —
This is believed to be very constant in colouring ; on the upperside it
is plain white in the male and blackish-white in the female, the under
surface of the hindwing is very handsome, being brilliant chrome-
yellow on the disc and with crimson marginal spots. It is universally
esteemed as a typical unpalatable insect, and certainly in many of its
habits has the characteristics of one. It is very abundant, is seldom,
so far as my observations go, attacked by birds, and it frequently rests
for long periods on the upper surface of a broad green leaf, such as
Calladiion, where its striking under surface makes it very conspicuous.
The larva feeds on the tulip tree {sitriya) which has yellow fiowers,
which become tipped with red when fading, and the butterfly is very
difficult to detect when settled on the leaves of this tree. When
studying Mimicry I collected a considerable number to note if there was
any variation in a protected butterfly, the results somewhat surprised

154 THE entomologist's record.

me. On Januuiy 28tli, 1911, it was particularly numerous round
three or four suriya trees, they were freshly emerged and quite possibly
belonged to one or two broods. I noticed that the amount of j'ellow
was not always constant, it fills a variable number of interspaces, the
upper ones being those most liable to vary ; the spaces are easily
counted as the veins are well marked with black. I found the
following variation in the thirty-seven males captured: —

Forewing, apex underside tinged with yellow (usually white), 9 ;
cell entirely or almost entirely yellow, 26 ; cell upper part white, 10 ;
Gth interspace tinged yellow (usually white), 5 ; 7th interspace tinged
white (usually yellow), 13 ; with eight red post-discal spots, 27 ; with
seven red post-discal spots (upper spot white or pink), 9. Females, 5 :
No variation ; apex yellow, all interspaces yellow, and eight red post-
discal spots.

There is therefore more variation than is generally thought, and
it would seem that if any change occurred in its environment it
would be ready to suit itself to its changed conditions. Assuming
that as an unpalatable butterfly it is endeavouring to form an
unpalatable group with other somewhat similarly coloured butterflies,
it is fairly obvious that such slight variations (assuming that they are
the ones needed) would scarcely be taken account of by an enemy
making an attack. As a matter of fact, the only specimen I have
seen captured was seized on the wing by a lizard, which made quite
a respectable jump at it.

There is little doubt that if this insect occurred in England the
variations noted above would receive distinctive names. There is a
fine field open to collectors and " aberrationists " among the butterflies
of the tropics, and it is a matter of surprise to me that they have
hitherto in a large measure escaped, when for a few shillings a large
number could be purchased and the " aberrationist " make himself
happy during the winter months in naming their infinite variety. If
he did so it would perhaps relieve the pressure on our own small
numbers of persecuted butterflies. I have always experienced a
difficulty in understanding the standard by which these small
aberrations are estimated. To ordinary eyesight one specimen may
appear precisely like its neighbour, yet a pocket lens will show a
difference, and others which seem alike under these conditions are
obviously dift'erent under a microscope and so on ; where is the line to
be drawn ? Take the case of Teracolits liinhaiKs — a white butterfly'
with an orange tip to the forewing — I find the following aberrations
in the cell of hindwing underside only: — -Ab. 1. Cell pure white,
unspotted. Ab. 2. Small brown spot at apex of cell. Ab. 3. This
spot is green. Ab. 4. Frequently yellow. Ab. 5. Sometimes orange.
Ab. 6. By no means seldom this yellow spot is surroucded with brown.
Ab. 7. Often again with green. Ab 8. Under a hand lens the scales
are mixed brown and green. Ab. 9. Under h" objective the scales are
seen to be orange at the apex and yellow at the base ; and so on
ad in/i)iiti()ii. And may I ask, can absurdity go further ? T. linibatns
may congratulate itself on not being an English butterfly !

Resting Habit of Cupha placida at Night. — In the depth of
the jungle, on the underside of a dark green leaf, about fifteen feet
from the ground, fairly conspicuous.

Resting Habit of Precis lemonias at Night. — On upperside of
leaf close to a clay bank ; most conspicuous with this background.

reviews and notices of books. 155

Butterflies observed to be more or less mutilated on the
ROAD between Haldumulle, 4,000 ft., and Pelmadulle, 800 FT.,
from 27. XII. 10 TO 30. XII. 10. — Letke nilgiriemh, badly; Precis
lemonias, h?i^\y ; P. nritlti/ia: P. iphita: Parfhenns cijaneiis; Teriaa
silhetana ; Hiipnl'oiinns holina, $ , found a forewing of this species on
the ground, and a Paradise fly-catcher was not far off. Though I
kept a sharp lookout, I did not see a single capture of a butterfly by
a bird, though Drongos were numerous ; there were a few Paradise
fly-catchers and about half-a-dozen Philippine bee-eaters. These
latter were very partial to the telegraph wires, where they passed
across the paddy fields, and though butterflies, Catopsilia especially,
were congregated in crowds at frequent intervals, the birds took no
notice of them, but hawked flies over the marshes in preference. — N.
Manders (Lieut.-Col., R.A.M.C, F.E.S.), The Curragh, Co. Kildare.

;g^EYIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Wytsman : Genera Insectorum. — Fascicule Dermaptera. By
Malcolm Burr, D.Sc. — This epoch-making work continues to make
steady progress, the various sections being produced with the aid of
the best present day authorities on each, and in addition artists of the
first rank in depicting natural histery character are employed to
illustrate the text.

The latest fascicule deals with the Dermaptera, and the author is
Dr. Malcolm Burr. It is well known that Dr. Burr takes the keenest
interest in this particular group and has been for many years engaged
upon a monographic revision of the Earwigs of the world, and°at
frequent intervals numerous small instalments have appeared from
his pen in various English and Continental publications.

Earwigs have never been a popular group with Entomologists,
possibly owing to the poverty of material generally obtainable, so that
Dr. Burr has had practically an open field, and has consequently made
the study of this group particularly his own.

Last year, he gave us a very detailed account of the Earwigs of
India in the Fauna of British India series, in which we find a
suggestion of the new scheme of classification, which is elaborated in
this fascicule. The progress in our knowledge of the group especially
during the last ten years is truly remarkable. In 1869, Dohrn knew
19 genera and 156 species; in 1900, 31 years later, de Bormans
described 323 species distributed through 32 genera, while in 1911,
Burr gives us no less than 706 species, distributed through 132 genera,'
the majority of which are erected by himself.

Few other authors have ventured in the field. Borelli, a most
careful worker, with a fine knowledge of the group, has chiefiy
confined himself to faunistic papers and the description of numerous
species. Semenoff, a most talented Eussian entomologist, whose
works are too little appreciated in this country, has scarcely ventured
beyond the limits of the fauna of the Russian Empire. Two
German authors, however, have made notable contributions. In
1901-2 Yerhoeff issued a few papers which startled his limited public
by the originality of his methods and his views. The really sound
and valuable part of his work was eclipsed by his neglect of the
elenientary principles of systematic entomologv, and it was left to
Zacher in 1910-11 to amplify it and carry it towards a logical con-

156 THE entomologist's record.

elusion. This last author's work has all the virtues, all the views, of
the German school of philosophy, originality, patience, and profound
research, but yet a too big superstructure is reared upon insufficient
foundations. The gifted young author, however, is continuing his
observations, and further work from his laborious pen is looked for
with interest. Since he practically confines himself to the morphology
of the genital armature, internal and external, while Burr's system is
built up exclusively on general external morphology, it is most
satisfactory to learn that the results of these two authors do not clash
in any essential point, but differ only in a few trifling details. We
are therefore justified in hoping that the collaboration of these two
industrious workers will give us a really natural classification of this
difficult group.

It is the Germans who first classified the earwigs into major
groups, but it is in the present work that we for the first time find
the whole section treated comprehensively. Burr ranks the earwigs
not as a family of the Orthoptera, but as an independent Order, a
natural result of the increase of modern knowledge. He divides it
into three Sub-orders. The first, the Ari.ienina, includes the curious
parasitic larval forms recently described by Dr. Jordan in Xocitates
Zooloijiccr,. The second, the llemiinerina, includes only the much-
discussed Hemiinerits, undoubtedly a relative of the earwigs, with a
strong superficial resemblance to a cockroach, and originally placed
by Walker, with his usual fatuity, among the mole-crickets. The
third suborder, Forficulina, contains the true earwigs. Burr follows
Zacher in dividing them into three Superfamilies, in descending order
of phylogenetic relationship, which is expressed by the gradual
reduction of the telson. The smaller details and divisions are beyond
the scope of this review, but in the main, Burr follows Zacher in an
arrangement of the Protodeniiaptera. The curious, flattened
subcorticinous Ajiachyidae have a superfamily to themselves, but they
are regarded as a highly specialised offshoot of the Labiduridae. The
Euderwaptera, containing the three families of higher earwigs, have
been treated solely on external morphological grounds, which only the
specialist is competent to criticise, but the point which appears most
striking, is the multiplication of small genera, many being
monomorphic, although Labia, much reduced as it is, still contains
forty-two species, and Foi/icida forty-three.

An exceedingly valuable portion of the paper is the illustration.
The fine standard set in the half-volume on Dermaptera in the Fauna
of British India series, with nine half-tone and one coloured plate, is
even surpassed ; we have here eight coloured and one plain quarto
plates ; with numerous outline drawings mingled with the coloured
figures. If Dr. Burr had never written a line upon the earwigs,
Entomology would owe him a great debt for the production of these
admirable plates.

The really beautiful and accurate drawings are by Mr. Edwin
Wilson. Mr. Wilson has long since made his reputation as an
unrivalled scientific draughtsman; in these plates he has indeed
surpassed himself ; his knowledge of the groups must by now be by
no means contemptible ; the drawings have been admirably reproduced,
with no loss of delicacy nor accuracy, and author, publisher and
engraver, as well as artist, are to be heartily congratulated upon the
beautiful and valuable result.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6, 3/-. Folding Nets, 3/6,
4/-, 4/6. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes (deal), 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc
Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen, 1 gross, 1/6.
Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
brush, 1/6, 2/-.. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor
cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; IJin., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2|in.,
1/-; 3Jin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting
Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage,
2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases,
japanned double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass
Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes,
from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,
2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sesiidae, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS '

Of every description of Insects, Bikds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, &c.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic).
Birds, Mammals, etc.. Preserved and Slonnted by Fit-nt clans ii'orkmcn,

36, STRAND, LONDON, ^fl.C., ENGLAND.

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe,

By MALCOLM BURR. D.Sc,, F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S., &c.

Bound in Cloth, 160 pp., with good Index (Specific and Generic).

Price 3sm net.

A pocket handbook for the use of collectors in the field. Covers all species found west
of the Carpathian Mts. Description of each species, habits, habitats and distribution

WiU be sent Post Free on receipt of Postal Order for 3s< to —

A. H., 41 , Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

NEWMAN'S RELAXING TINS,

You can't do without these, they keep your insects in fine setting condition for
weeks if you are too busy to set them at once ; they relax old specimens to perfection.
Hundreds sold yearly, and testimonials always being received. Prices, 2s. 4d. and
3s. lid., post free.

If you have not yet received any price lists of Ova, L.vrv.e, and Pup^, also Skt
Insects, write at once for them ; many Bargains.

Larvae per dozen : C. edusa, 4s. ; V. cardui, Is. ; V. atalanta. Is. ; Hybrid, Ocel-
latus X Populi, 30s. ; Hyhrii), Pendulariax Omieronaria, 30s. ; Zonaria <f xHirtaria ?,
5s. ; Zonaria 9 xHirtaria c? , 5s. ; Cucullina, 4s. ; Trepida, 3s. ; Prodromaria, Is. ; and
mady others.

L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

The Season of 1911 in the Abertillery District of Monmouthshire, W. Rait Smith.. 1'6'd

Retrospect of a Coleopterist for 1911, Prof. T. Hudson-Bearc, B.Sc, F.R.S.E.,

F.E.S • .. 138

CoUectinglSiotes tov 1911, A. Russell, F.K.S 145

On a Gynandroniorphous Amorpha populi, T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.E.S. . . 147

Leptosia duponcholi var. aestiva at Digne, IF. G. Sheldon, F.E.S. . . . . . . 148

A Fortnight at Gavarnie, Haute-Pyrenees, G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S.,

F.E.S 150

Notes on Collecting: — A Pathological Specimen of Callophrys rubi, G. Wheeler,

F.E.S., F.Z.S. ; Lycoenidi, etc., on the North Downs, Id 152

Scientific Notes and Observations : — Stray Notes from Ceylon ; Variation of
Delias eucharis ; Resting Habit of Cupha placida at Night ; Resting Habit of
Precis lemonias at Night ; Butterflies observed to be more or less mutilated on
the road between Haldumulle and Pelmadulle, Lieut.-Col. N. Manders,
R.A.M.C., F.E.S 153

Reviews : — Wytsmann : Genera Insectorum. Fascicule Dermaptera . . . . 155

Contributions remain over for want of space from G. T. Bethune-Baker, G. W.
Nicholson, W. Rait Smith, C. W. Colthrup, Dr. T. A. Chapman, F. N. Pierce, R. S.
Bagnall, etc., and Reports of Societies.

Seasonal notes on British Lepidoptera will appear in due course from C. W. Colthrup,
F. G. Whittle, A. Russell, Alf. Sich, H. A.shton Nichols, etc.

We hope that those who intend sending us an account of their doings for 1911 will do
so ere long, as we should like to know more of what our English workers are doing. Will
those who are studying the Micro-lepidoptera help us, by sending in notes of their
captures and observations ?

All MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs returned to Hy. J. Turner,
98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, S.E.

Our Subscribers are herewith notified that the May issue was ready for publication
on the 15th of the month, as usual. Mr. J. H. Tutt will answer any inquiries as to delay
in posting, or non-receipt.

Rambles in Alpine Valleys.

Bound in Cloth, with Map and Photographs of District.
Price 3s. 6d.
This book contains a series of essays dealing with the colours of insects, and sugges-
tions as to the relation in past time between the Alpine and British fauna. Many new
facts are brought forward, and entomological problems discussed from various standpoints.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh.

(Crown 8vo., Illustrated, 224 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Bound

in Cloth. (Price 2/6). •

Another series of collecting expeditions into well-known entomological and natural
history localities, with description of botanical, geological, ornithological as well as
entomological matters of interest to be found therein. The places dealt with include
Cobham Woods, Cuxton Downs, the Western Highlands, Cliffe— all well known for their
rich entomological fauna.

To be obtained from J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road,
Brockley, S.E.

Random Reoolleotions of Woodland, Fen, and Hill.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Bound in Cloth, Crown 8vo. Price Three Shillings net.

A detailed account of the fauna and flora of some well-known British natural history
localities : — Wicken, Deal, Chattenden, the Medway Marshes, Isle of Wight, etc.

Postal Orders to —
Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E

e^Viext Part will be issued on September 15th.

\\

\-

V

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

blmTlil) l'.Y

HiOHAKi. b. BACiNALU, K..,.s., F.E.S. | T. A. UHAPM AN, ..1.1^., i ./..«., F.«.s

'I'. HUDSON bKAKE

B.SC, F.K.S., I'.H.S.Ii

(iEOROB T. BETHUNE-BAKER,

J 'F.Z.S., F.t.S., F.E.9
M, BURR, D.SC, F.7-.S., F.T,.S., F.K.S

Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.8.

H. St. ,I. K. DONIS'I'HORPE,

F.Z.S., F.K>I

Alkhku SICH, F.fc.s.

J. R. le B. TO^ILJNrii.A., f.k.b.

Rev.) C. B. N. BURROWS, f.b.s. Gf.oror \V^-KLlSUf^MvA , r.B.g.
and r y^\\S0UI4n

Hknry J. TURNlKR^<^.F.s., ^

l.ilitorial S»-,re.tai-y A tift _^'

JlL)-AHrl'ilST

M

OF

'^%Ptice ONt SHILLING & SIXPENCE Jnbt)

MAR .^9 1913 ' '^ (WITH POUR PLATES.) ^

SiAsfripMuii for Complete Volume, post f»

iln.huliiigall UOUBLK NUMBERS, etc.)
S K V E N S H 1 L. L. 1 N G S .

Ill UK llJltWAllUKD lO

HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S,,

" Hk.rtfosb," GvM.A'ixv Road, Nfw Cross, S.E.

LONDON :

Kl ).H>r STOCK, tj2, Paternostkk Kow, E.G.

BKRIilN :

li FKIEDLANDEK & BOHN,

11 riiTir ennisiRR- N.W.

STEVENS' AUCTION ROOMS. (Estd. 1760.)

PRELIMINARY NOTICE.

Mr. J. C. STKVKNS wiil offer for Sale by Auction at his Rooms, 38. King Street,
Covent (xavdcn, London, W.C., on

TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 24th, 1912.

I'he Keniaining l^ortion of the

COLLECTION OF LEPIDOPTERA,

formed by the late

jr. W. TXJTT, F.£:.S.

Couipi'ising the Sphingids, several hybrids (galii, bred hy Tiigwell),
(Egeriids (in good condition), whole of Bombyces, Nolidoe, etc. Also
long and varied series of British and Continental Anthroceridse, in
course of re-arrangement {vide " Brit. Lep.," vol. i.), Continental
Lithosiids. Pterophoridce and L. Gorydon from very many localities.

Oatalo^ues may be had on application seven days prior to the sale.

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E-

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles its

H. W. HEAD, OBntomolo0i»t,

SURNISTON, Nr. SeT^RSOROUGH.

h'lill List <>i (h'o. I ,anvt(\ and Pitpar, aim Li-pidoptfra, Apparntns. ('ahinftx^

etc., sfut 0)1 tipplication.
Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARV.S: A SPECIALITY.

r'hoto};rfipl)ed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c..

By same Colour Process.
IjANTEHN tSblJU-Ja MAIJE JO ORDKK FROM ANY SPECIMEN OK CUL.OUJ{KD DRAVVlNii.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

I'or Jjist iipply to-

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Vernon. Dollymount. DUBLIN.

■' t^.

^<

i i

YoL. XXIV.

PLiTK VII.

/'• «-. >. ,\, }^i(

Hyi)IlcK( U l'\l.ri>I.S, MAM OI'.MAIION.

The Kiitomoloifist'it y.Vcon/, 19] -J.

Yul.. XXIV

Platk viir.

An A.MisiNii Incidknt.

J'hi.to. a. T. Belliiiiie-Boker.

H. Ko\m,an'[i-Bko\vn. a. H. .Tones.

C. .J. WAINWEKiHT. G. T. BETHlNE-BAKia;,

i ' ■

Whf.rk E]!i;f.iA i.M'iiiv ini ri,!i
The EntimoUxiist's Record, 1912.

/'/,.. ^.. G. r. i:, 11,1111, -ftiikf

Vol. XXIV

Plate IX.

H^^^r

>

M

^■^

^fe^ ■"

«

l>h«l,K C, T. Bethiiiii-Bah-,
LooKINi; TO\VARI>S THE ClRC.iUE FROM THE PoRT HE (tAVARXIE.

■-::.- f:m

Pholii. a. T. lUthiine-Bakii:
Sl'AIN I KO.M THK " Coi, " .rVST ISEYONI" THE PdItT DE GaVARXIE, WHERE WE TOOK
LaMPIDES BOETK'US and HEPIALrs PYRENAICCS VAi:. ALTICOLA.

Tlie l':iitomoloiii.ii's Record, l!)l"2.

A FORTNIGHT AT GAVARMK. 157

A Fortnight at Gavarnie, Hautes-Pyrenees. {Witli tno jdates.)

By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
{Concluded from pai/e 152.)

After this Mr. Wainwright joined us, and we had a glorious walk
to the Port d'Espagne, taking the bridle-path on the north side of the
mountains. Some parts of the way were very steep, but very delight-
ful, and as we dispersed more or less a flock of sheep sheltering from
the broiling sun beneath a vast rock, we realised something of its
steepness for a short distance, where we had to cling to any herbage or
tyifts of grass that were strong enough to hold us. Ere long, however,
we found ourselves on a lovely soft green pasture, and smooth as
velvet, along which we wandered until my attention was attracted by
a pair of Urhicola comnia, that were evidently courting. They flew
rapidly together for a few yards and then settled, the female in front
of the male. After a moment or two of antennal agitation, the male
slowly walked up beside the female with much waving of the antenna;,
until he was fully alongside of her, when they remained quite motionless,
except for their antennae, for quite a couple of minutes, when another
sudden short flight occurred, the female taking the lead and being
closely followed by the male. This was followed, on alighting, by
another performance exactly like that just described ; over and over
again this occurred for quite ten minutes, when I dropped on to my
knees to see if there was any flexion of the male's abdomen, in this
position T got quite close, but apparently there was no attempt at
copulation. Being so near, however. I saw what I had not seen before,
viz., that the male was a specimen of that pretty aberration with all
the white spots confluent on the underside, named by Oberthur ab.
fannula. This discovery, 1 fear, put an end to my observations on
mating, as I thereupon enclosed them both in my net. Somewhat
beyond this a small colony of jackdaws attracted our attention, they
were very wary, unaccustomed to the presence of the human biped.
One or two chats that I did not know, and the wheatear, also put in
an appearance, and enlivened a scene that, though lovely indeed, was
nevertheless almost devoid of life. As weascended, l\ rehi a noniiDU' occavveA
not uncommonly, and hL epiphron, and I think it was here also that 1
took the only specimen of K. (i<»-<ie that we saw at Gavarnie. One
Heaperia sac likewise fell a captive to me, with the upperside very
black and the underside beautifully rosy. At last we emerged on to
the high bridle path near to the top of the pass, a path largely dug out
of the shaly side of the mountain, which appeared to be given up to
cattle, who were very unwilling to let us pass, until in the end we found
ourselves driving scores of heads before us, the foremost of which were
by no means easily forced along by the pressure of those behind.
After a time, however, we had the opportunity of a sudden rush along
the side of the mountain, and finally succeeded in turning them and in
having the rest of the way to ourselves. I had previously noticed on
the shaly screes above and below the path that the cattle had disturbed
some black butterflies, which I had no doubt were K. lefehi-rci, and so
it turned out to be, for I took a couple a little later on. Soon after this
I saw a dark coloured blue that I could not quite make out, and ere
long another came, but this time the opportunity was not lost, and I

•iTTLY-AuausT, 1912.

158 THE entomologist's record.

found I had secured my first Lampides boeticim from this locality. A
few minutes more brought us to the Port de Gavaruie or the Port
d'Espagne as it is sometimes called. In front of us lay Spain with its
many and deeply interesting associations, its checkered history, its
beautiful country — poor Spain from nearly every point of view — behind
us lay " la belle France " with her marvellous history and lovely
country, filled with life, and so internally and financially strong that
when she wanted twelve millions the other day for one of her western
railways, over thirty times the amount was subscribed for in a single
day, the larger portion of this coming from her peasant proprietors.
But the time had come to cease from reveries and to find a place for
lunch, the sun was hot, the wind cool. Water? Where was water?
The only visible sign was a trickle across the path 100 yards away.
We therefore "followed the gleam" and made our way thither. Just
about fifty yards up the hill side we found its source, a little under-
ground stream bubbling up into a wee well about eighteen inches in
diameter surrounded by soft verdure as green and fresh as could be
desired. Here we had our repast and promised ourselves to return to
Spain at some other time, having pleasant memories of our lunch there
on this day. Just as we had finished, a white butterfly caused me a run,
only to find that I had secured a specimen of our common Pier in rapae.
Again another " white," this time however it was Pontia daplidice. Then
a large Cramhus was hurled along by the strong wind, which turned out
to be the Pyrenean (hambus diiiitdlus^ a species at present I believe
only recorded from southern France, I took a male and two females.
C. radiellns also occurred here. Flying about in the sunshine were
several Pltisia which I chased, the first proved to be the ubiquitous
P. gamma, but the second was what I had hoped for, viz., P. ni. One
or two Lampides boeticiis were occupying my attention on the " col "
of the pass when my friend (Mr. Wainwright) shouted "Here! Quick!"
and I saw him make two rapid strokes with his net. As I came up he
said, " Here you are, I don't know what they are," and as I boxed
them, judge my delight when I found he had taken two specimens of
Hepialiis pi/renaiciis var. alticolor, Obth. I was not, however, fortunate
enough to find the apterous female. On our return along the usual
road we stayed on the hhebia U'febvrei ground and I succeeded in taking
another couple of specimens, and also just before reaching those screes
the only Zygienid seen at Gavarnie, viz., Adscita statices var. crassiconiis,
at least I conclude it must be this, though I see no difterence between
it and var. heydenreichii. To go back to lefebrrei for a moment. This
species will lly quite late in the afternoon in the sunshine, but directly
a cloud hides the sun /•'. lefcbvrei hide themselves. The gradient of
the screes is so steep and the stones so loose that it is quite impossible
to chase the insects, the only plan is to have a fishing-rod net and to
stand and seize the opportunity when it occurs.

Another walk up the slopes below the Pimene produced a very
nice series of K. i/on/onc, with a number of fine females, more /'A
epiplimn and one or two var. rassiope. Setina irvonila was not un-
common, and I took a single specimen each of lAtluma lurideola and
of L. complana. Crambxs radielliin and C. vonchdlua were the only two
species of that genus that I saw. A couple of days later Mr. Wain-
wright and I decided on a short expedition to Cauterets, via the
Vignemal Pass and the Lac de Gaube, as I much wanted to try the

A FORTNIGHT AT GAVARNIE. 159

latter locality. Our way was through the Val d'Ossoue ; we had seen
on a guide post that it took eight hours from Gavarnie to Cauterets,
and without reference to our guide books we determined to do as much
collecting en route as possible, and to stay one night if not two at the
Chalet Hotel, by the Lac de Gaube. We went happily along, one of
my early catches being a magnificent example of an entirely black
Coscina crihnim var. rippertii, only with black hind- as well as fore-
wings. I believe this has been named var. melanoptera, but I cannot
turn up the reference. Another fine capture was a lovely female E.
sti/fine, smoky- brown, with the bands wherein are the ocellations of a
very pale straw colour suffused with smoky-grey, the underside being
sooty- grey with bands of the same colour, as above in the forewings.
Several specimens of Carcharodits lavather<r fell to my lot, and more
very fine D. cnnniia. I took also this day two additional Lycaenids,
viz., one specimen of Luweia dorills, and three of Chnjfsoplianus hipjio-
tho'e. TJii/welicns actann occurred sparingly and the usual blues, and I
captured a couple of HeUothh peltif/era. As the time wore away it
became evident that not only should we not arrive at the Lac de
Gaube that night, but that it would be all we should do to reach the
Refuge d'Ossoue before dark, so we had to push on, passing meadows
that I longed to spend an hour in, until at last the Kefuge was sighted
between half-past eight and nuie, and then we learnt from the guide
that it was a good five hours' walk to that spot and another six to
Cauterets. It was along this route that we came across one of the
most lovely scenes I have ever witnessed. As we rounded one of the
mountain sides, suddenly we had laid open just in front of us on our
right, the whole side of two mountains closely carpeted with most
magnificent examples of the large purple iris, a perfect blaze of
intensest colour in the brilliant sunlight. There must have been
acres and acres one mass of colour — we could but stand and gaze, lost
in wonder and admiration. The whole setting was perfect, words fail
to express one's thoughts, the two expressions that rose to our lips
were, " marvellous," " glorious " — certainly that sight will ever live
in my memory. We were very thankful for the hospitality of the
Refuge of the French Alpine Club, and were up at four o'clock in the
morning in time to see another view of great beauty — shall I call it
the " Passing of the Night?" The sky was just changing from the
darkness of night to that wonderful steely-blue that is only to be seen
high up in the mountains. We were then 8,900 feet high, the stars
were still visible, the silence was to be felt, and a sort of adoration
came over one as gradually the dark blue softened, and yet more
softened into that indescribable colour that occurs just before dawn.
Then the sun lit up first one peak then another, gently creeping
throughout the whole circle as the orange tinge warmed up, first this
one and then its neighbour. Gradually this hue changed into palest
yellow, until at last the sun showed himself in his strength, and life
was renewed for another day. Having partaken of our iwtit dejeuner
we passed on our way up to the Col de Vignemale, and then down
over the snow, guided by the footsteps of someone who had recently
come up from that side — probably two French climbers who had
passed the night at the Refuge as we had done. The snow was in
greater abundance than usual, and it was at least an hour to two
hours before we left it quite behind us. As we passed downwards an

160 JIIK KNT()M()I.()(;IST's KKCttllli.

h'rebia foiled a hasty and ill-directed stroke, but it pat me on the ijui riff,
and so later on several /V. iiotij'' were made captives, line large specimens
too, decidedly larger than any Swiss ones. A little further along a
quite fresh /','. //o/v/o/n^ allowed me to box him ; and whilst doing this
a Zyg:enid flew past at a great rate, and 1 followed. Having tracked
him down 1 found I had a species new to me, with a very hairy body
and a central red band, it was of course Auf/imnro (uitlnjlUdis, but 1
only succeeded in taking one more of the species. Soon another l-'.rebia
tempted me to a run ; this time it was a nice female /'.'. epiji/noii with
very pale taAvny bands ; previous to this, soon after we had left the
snow, a few specimens of the genus IJeiri/na were noted sunning
themselves on the stones in the path. Two that I caught turned out
to be IJ. phii/j/ialis. Lower down, nearer to the Lac, two specimens
of Erebia lajipona were netted, one of them being quite fresh. This
was on August 6th. We were now nearing our goal, but w^ere yet in
the undulating pastures of the valley before reaching the far end of
the lake. Here R. t/anione was not uncommon, several of the speci-
mens being without the white pupil to the eye spot on the upperside.
/'/'. nun/e also occurred sparingly. Endmsa iirorella likewise occurred
here, and among them I took one quite good var. frinjeri, and also one
transition to it. We reached the hotel, if we may dignify it by the
name, in time for lunch, which we enjoyed in the covered place at the
head of the mountain lake. We stayed here the night, and I hunted
all round with very little result, only taking one Brent/iis jiales and one
/•'. cHplirosi/iic. The next morning we started early for Cauterets,
Avhere we had to wait till three o'clock for the train. We, however,
used the time to the best advantage, in lunching and in getting photo-
graphic mementoes of the neighbourhood. The only insects I took
were one Soti/nis alcijuuf, a fine i'aranir at'iiiTia, and one Aiitlirnreiti
irnnmljiina. The waterfalls were many all along the entire path, with
large volumes of watei-, and set in the midst of lovely surroundings.
The fall half way froui the Lac de Gaube to Cauterets (Cascade de
Cerisey) was one of the finest I have seen outside Norway. When we
arrived back at the hotel we found the proprietor had been quite
disturbed at our two nights' absence, and was only persuaded not to
send a relief party after us by Mr. Jones, who said that we had spoken
to him of the possibility of a two nights' absence.

The next day was Sunday, and we were glad to be present in the
morning at the dedication of a new little English church for Gavarnie.
It was especially interesting as the foundations were laid and all was
built during the fortnight we stayed at the village- -of course the
upper portion was all of wood. The afternoon of that Sunday will be
memorable in our annals, for at ilricnitcr a hail storm of unusual
violence began. In the middle of the meal, the heavens having
become lilack with clouds, the storm suddenly broke with a torrent of
hail stones bigger than marbles; the noise was so great that everyone
rose from the tables to look, in live minutes the road began to flood,
the gradient in front of the hotel being great, the water and stones
ran down the hill to the stables in great volumes. The top lights of
the hotel in the roof were perfectly riddled by the force of the hail,
every animal fled for shelter, but it was not until later on that we
realised the full potency of what proved to be a record-breaking storm.
It lasted at (lavarnie about two hours. We had arranged to take a

A FOKTNItiHT AT (iAVAKNIK.

lUl

Sabbath-da_y's journey into the Cirque and at about 4.30 p.m. it
cleared sufficiently for us to do so. As we approached nearer our goal
we began to have some idea of what had happened. Across the path
were rivulets that ordinarily would not have necessitated even lengthen-
ing our usual tread to pass over, but that had become streams to be
jumped, and once or twice to be taken at more than one jump, whilst
one stream bad become so violent and deep, that it took us a quarter
of an hour to find a ford, and even then we suffered more or less in
taking it. Hail-stones as large as good-si/ed hen's eggs were lying
about by the humlred. The grassy declivities and unevenness of the
ground had become most lovely mosaics, the hollows of the ground
having become filled with water, partly vain, partly melted hail, the
surface of the water being completely packed with hail-stones that had
melted vertically but not circumferencially. The centre of the stones
was opaque and snowy, the circumference being narrowly of the same
texture and colour, whilst the whole of the intervening area was
broadly perfectly clear ice. The effect produced was that of most
lovely and most wonderful mosaics, in every hollow, some of a con-
siderable area. It was indeed a beautiful sight, but the force of the
storm was visible all round in shorn off boughs and broken branches
that lay about, whilst the nearer we approached the Cirque, the more
severe must the storm have been, until in the magic circle itself, 1
picked up a hail-stone o\er 3^ inches long by 3 inches broad and 11
inches thick, and when it is remembered that I did not find it until
after two hours from the time it had fallen a.nd that it had melted
greatly, again in the vertical line, we realised that originally that stone
must have been larger than a cricket ball, or at least fully as large.
Had such a stone struck a human being on the head it must have been
death. Mr. -Jones sent a model of this to the Koyal Meterological
Society whose Secretary informed him that it was a ■' record." On
the Spanish side the storm M^as much worse, the stones being described
by Mr. Wheeler, of Eastbourne, as usually the size of golf balls, whilst
a very large percentage were as large as cricket l)alls, causing the
death of many scores of sheep, and of lietween twenty and thirty
cattle.

We bad arranged to go to Argeles-Gazost the next day fit route for
iiome and we were not sorry to do so. There our pleasant party broke
up, Mr. .Jones went back to Mende to take Krchia tieoriilas (an account
of which has already appeared nnte p. 121), after staying on a couple
of days 1 returned direct home, whilst Mr. Wainwright stayed a day
or two longer to " dipterise." It may be well to briefly enumerate my
captures in the two days. The first day I made my way into the
main valley and went up a side valley and returned direct over the
hills to Argeles, en route, really it was on the main road, I took a fine
/-". ixnlaliriiis, something between the type and var. fiesthanielii, and in
the hills a perfectly fresh /'. iiiachami fell to my net. (.'alias edtt.sa was
not uncommon, and Uryus pafthiu also, but this latter species had seen
its best days. Le/itosia sinai>is was fairly plentiful, as was also both /'.
iiiei/aera and /'. aetjeria. I also took one /'. iiiaera and a single ab.
(itlrasia the worse for wear. f'.Jnrtiiui was quite fresh, and I netted
several nice females but not of the /lisindla form, at least onl}- one is
inclined in that direction. Two nice specimens of Sahhrin {LodJat/iia)
seniinibeLlu fell Captives to me among some long grass, and fi-om the

162 THE entomologist's record.

bordering hedge near by I dislodged two fine CalUviorpha hera.
Among the blues, A. coridon was common, and P. icariis was
likewise fairly common. Of A. medon (astrarche) I only took two,
whilst Lampides boeticiis frequented some flowering vetches that climbed
over a hedge, they were, however, rare and had seen better days. Two
rather poor Lou-eia dorilis were also captured. Hesperiids were few
and far between, a single Adopaea flava (thaumua), a pair of worn
Aiit/iadea xijlvanus, and Hesperia carthami, and one Niso7uades tafjes
being all that put in an appearance. The next morning we
repaired to an old tower in the valley, and along the road under an
avenue of trees, Satyrus alcyone was not uncommon, but was
uncommonly difficult to catch, of Pyrmneis cardiii a single specimen
was taken, and a beautiful specimen of Eiivanessa antinpa. Here also
I succeeded in taking a quite fresh Bliodocera cleopotra. I have been
unable to find a record of this species from the Pyrenees, and I do not
know whether this is a new occurrence or not from this district.
Melanavfjia (jalathea also occurred, but was going over. The only
Zygaenid I saw or took is a form of Anthrocera filipendiilae, which is
evidently var. ochsenheinieri. Aphantopm Iiyperantiis also occurred,
but its condition was far from good. Thus ended a very pleasant
holiday, and one that made me desire to try the Pyrenees again,
nearer perhaps to the Mediterranean.

The Season of 1911 in the Abertillery District of Monmouthshire.

By W. BAIT SMITH.
{Concluded from page 238.)
On June 6th I had a day's collecting at Teignmouth and Dawlish.
1 was disappointed at the results, as I had hoped to do fairly well.
Pieris brassicae and P. rapac were common enough, and one or two
examples of P. napi were seen. A few worn $ s of Harhlof carda-
inines were seen, in company with equally dilapidated examples of
Brenthis eiiphrosyne and Pararye ineyaera on the cliffs near " The
Ness." The same place gave a few large bright Brent/u's selene in
perfect condition. The only other butterflies seen were P'pivephele
jurtina [ianira), CoennnympJia panipliilux, Ihimicia pldaeas, and
Polyotmiiatus icarnn, which were all common. My principal object in
visiting this locality was to try to obtain some larvtv of JUtliys iiueiriis,
but in spite of much beating of oak, not a single larvte of this species
rewarded ray efforts. A worn ? Avidalia imitaria, beaten out of
rough grass near "The Ness," obligingly laid about fifty ova in a
chip box during this and the following day. The larva^ fed up
rapidly on dock, and produced imagines in August. Unfortunately
most of these insects emerged whilst I was away from home, and had
battered themselves about and died before I returned. Antivlea
rubidata was common amongst rough herbage and in thick hedges.
Coremia ferriiyata and Xanthorho'e sonata were fairly common, and
single examples of lodin lartcaria and Mesoleiica ocellata were beaten
out of hedges. A beautifully fresh Botyx ammlia was beaten out of
ivy growing over a low stone wall ; Tortri.r forsterana and several
other species of Tortrix not yet identified were beaten out of rough
herbage. Scoparia dubitalis was abundant and CixnnbuH pratellus,

NOTES ON THE SEASON 1911. 163

C. pascuellus, C. selasellus and C. perlellus were common in grassy
places. A short series of Platytes cernsellus, in fine condition, were
beaten out of rough herbage growing on the cliffs near " The Ness,"

On June 17th I paid a second visit to the Kewstoke Woods
at Weston-super-Mare. The three " whites " were common enough.
A few Brent his selene were seen. Worn examples of Paranje (Ft/eria
were seen in company with beautifully fresh examples of the second
brood. This butterfly is very common in these woods. Epinephele
jnrtina [ianira), doiomjinpha vanipliilus, Riimicia phlaeas and
Polijommatus icarus were all fairly common. Beating oak for the
larvae of Bithys quorcm was again a failure. Two or three examples of
Auijiades sylvanas represented the " skippers." A fine ? Daftychira
pudihunda was taken at rest on red dead-nettle. Opisthoyraptis
luteolata and Metrocampa maryaritana were beaten out of bushes in fair
numbers. By far the commonest insect seen was Abraxas sylvata,
which was beaten out of bushes in large numbers, scores were seen
ranging from very light to fairly heavily marked examples, but nothing
which could be called a variety. This species does not occur in the
Abertillery district at all. The common A. yrosstilariata appeared
quite scarce in comparison with the much more abundant A. sylvata.
The sight of a fine fresh Asthena bluineri, at rest on the trunk of
a wych elm, encouraged me to further efforts in this direction.
The rest of the day was principally spent in searching for this beautiful
little geometer. I was fortunate enough to take a dozen examples
altogether, mostly in good condition. From 11 a.m. till 3 p.m., A.
bloineri was found to be resting quietly on the tree trunks, in every case
a wych-elm, after 3 p.m. they were taken at rest on ground ivy and
other low growing plants, or were beaten out of bushes, they were then
decidedly skittish and had to be captured with the net. Acidalia
aversata and A. iminutata, Cabera pusaria and C. exanthemata were
beaten out of bushes in fair numbers, together with a few Hydriomena
furcata [elutata) and Mesoleuca ocellata with swarms of Xanthorho'e
viontanata, and Ca>nptoyraiiima bilineata. Tortrix viridana swarmed
round every oak, and Tortrix ministrana and a few other species were
beaten out of bushes. A single Cryptoblabes bistriya was beaten out of
oak. The weather was glorious on this day and I have no doubt a
great many more species would have been taken had I not devoted the
greater part of the day to searching for Asthena bloineri.

In July most of our common insects were seen or taken in fair
numbers. Aryynnis adippe was commoner than usual this year.
Dry as paphia and A. aylaia were not noticed at all, both are rare
insects in these valleys. Aylais urticae was common everywhere and
Vanessa io was plentiful enough in most places. Satyrns setnele, for
some unaccountable reason, has sadly decreased in numbers, a few
were seen at Tri-nant, where they were abundant five years ago.
Coenonyinidia paiiiphilas and Rainicia phlaeas livened up every grassy
slope. Adopaea jlava {thaiunas) were common at Crumlin and a few
other places. This species is inclined to be somewhat local with us.
A nice series of Crucallis elinyuaria were bred from larvfx? collected
from heather last month. A fine and varied series of Ilydriumena
furcata (elutata) was taken at dusk flying round the stunted sallows.
A few Mesoleuca bicolorata were beaten out of ash and alder in the
Llanock W^ood, and the same wood gave Lomasjiilis niaryinata in fair

164 THK ENTOMOI,()(iIST's RECORD.

numbers. Xanthorlwe montanuta, A. jitirtuata, X. rivata and A.
wviata were common everywhere. I have not noticed Xanthorho'e
Ijcdiata here this year. This insect is by no means uncommon with
us as a rule. A few Triphuaa dubitata were taken in flight at dusk.
Thamnonniua vauaria was common at light. Lyi/ru asaociata and
Cidaria pyialiata swarmed after dusk on rushes, whilst Lyijria testata
was not uncommon. A single worn ('ili.r (jlancata a rather scarce
insect in this district, was taken in flight at dusk. Bryophila jmia was
fairly common, at rest on stone walls, as were Nndaria ninndana and
Triceiia (Acroiiyeta) }>si. Sugar was a failure, nothing but the very
commonest species were attracted. Searching rushes after dark, which
was so successful last year, was also a failure, only yielding such
common species as Xylup/iasia rtirca and A'. )nonof/lyp/ia, Barathra
hrassuae, Miana striyilis and M. faacinncula, Hmina tniehroso in fair
numbers, and several Ayrotis exchnnationis, 'fn'p/iaeua prnnuba, Xoctiia
aiiyiir, X. briomca, X. primidae ffcstira), X. rnhi, X, jdecta and .V.
.canthuyrapha. J was not fortunate enough to take Xoctna ditrapeziinn
this 3'ear, a single example was taken at flowering rushes last year.
('alyninia trapezina and Phloyophora Dieticidofta were common every-
where, but even they were far outnumbered by ( haracaa yrainhiix,
which simply swarmed on the hills. A fine and varied series of
Hepialiis sylvina was taken at rest on grass stems in wood clearings,
some of the 5 s were very small, hardly larger than Ht'picdns lirrta,
but the majority of the J s were very large and well marked.

Amongst the smaller fry Hypcna piobosridalis swarmed amongst
nettles in company with lUitys fuavidis, Ebidea crorcalis and /','. sainbit-
calis, I'innca fariindis, Scnpida liitealis, S. pniiudis and S. niiccdin.
( 'kilo jihrayiiiitelltix was fairly common. ( 'iambus pnitellns, ( '. falaellua,
('. pasciidliis, ('. pi'iielliis and its var. iran inytoinilKs, and L'. sclaselliis
were abundant in their haunts. A few Cratubiis lianielliis and ( '.
l((tif<triiis were taken, as well as two or three Ciainbns pinelliiR. I take
this last species every season in these valleys, but never more than
two or thi'ee examples each year. It appears to haunt swampy localities.
1 have only taken them at night, as a rule in flowering rushes. A
single example of I'liycis J'im-u was found at rest on a stone wall.
Sniparia dubitalin and N. ineiciirMa were very common everywhere.

Daring -luly 1 paid two visits to the Forest of Dean, a district
which was new to me. The Speech House section of the forest was
chosen. Leaving Abertillery at 7.40 a.m. on the morning of July 1st,
1 arrived at Speech House, which is in the heart of the forest, about
12.B0 p.m. The day was very fine and hot and insect life was very
abundant. By far the commonest butterfly was Apliontopiis hyper-
(tntiis, which was flitting about every glade and open space in scores.
They were in fail- condition and a nice series was taken. I netted and
examined a large number in the hope of taking var. lancrolata, but
was not fortunate enough to take this or any other variety. Aiyynnix
adippfWAfi very common and in splendid condition. Two or three very
fine Dryas papliia were netted, one 5 is the finest example I have
ever seen of this species. Aryynnia ayloia appeared to be rare, I only
saw a single damaged J , which was not taken. A few worn Brenthis
selcnc were noticed. Aylais nrtirae was common, but I'awssa in seemed
to be rather scarce. Kpinephelc jntthut {itiiiira) was quite a rarity in
comparison with the swaiins of A, liypi'iuntun, ( 'iwiKniyiiifdia pamp/iiliix,

N'OTES ON THE SEASON lilU. 165

lluiiiicia p/daeus and Adupaca flaoa (thannias) were all couimou. A
fine $ Boarniia roboraria was t'ound resting at the foot of an oak. I
spent a considerable time in further search for this fine Geometer, but
only succeeded in finding two more, both at rest low down on the
trunks of oak, one was a worn J and the other a fine $ . I kept this
2 for ova in a large chip box for three days, during which time about
sixty ova were laid in batches of 15 or 20. The larvu- hatched out in
about 10 days, but unfortunately in spite of all the care I could bestow
on them they all died. Beating bushes produced most of the common
Geometers in numbers and single examples of (retmietru rernaria and
I li'init/ica striifata. Several Tortrices were beaten out of bushes and
rough herbage. Xondo;/nat/ia t/risealis was fairly common. A fe^\'
I'l/raiista purpuicdis in fine condition were netted as they fiew swiftly
about in the hot sunshine. On the whole, this, my first visit to this
promising locality was a disappointment, insects were very numerous
in individuals, but scarce in the variety of species, but this has always
lieen my experience, a first visit to any locality is seldom productive.

The second visit was paid to Speech House on the 18th. 1 hoped
to get Apatitra irin, which is said to occur in this district, and HWnjs
ilKeiriis. I devoted practically the whole day to searching for these
two butterflies, but did not so much as get a glimpse of either.
.ip/iaut(ipiis luiperantuH and ArijynniH adippr were as abundant as on
my former visit, but the majority were now decidedly passe. Nothing
fresh was noticed except a single Nola cuvidlatcliu at rest on the trunk
of an old apple tree. I hope to have a few days collecting in tht;
I'orest of Dean during the coming season, with better results.

Ouriiig the first fortnight in August I was very busy arranging my
work, preparatory to going on my summer holidays, so 1 was unable
to do much collecting. A little collecting at dusk was done, but that
was all. On August 8th, I had the pleasure of taking an insect I have
specially searchtd for every season up till now, but failed to obtain,
viz., Srilbio anoiiuda. I have always felt that this species ought to
occur in these valleys. On the 8th 1 went to a small valley about
three miles from Abeitillery, arriving there at 7 p.m. The very first
insect 1 took w^as a fine S of the much sought for N. anoniala. In
a few minutes half-a-dozen more males were taken, as they flew
up and down a steep hillside in their somewhat geometer-like flight.
Further visits on the 9th, 10th, and 12th gave several more J s, but
not a single ? . On the 18th I took the first ? , about 8 p.m. as it
flew past me close to the ground. Three more ? s were netted in the
same manner. Searching for the 5 s. with the aid of a lantern, in
the heather, was a total failure, not a single specimen was seen. The
rtight of the two sexes is totally dift'erent. The flight of the males,
which takes place from about 7 to 8 p.m., is practically over before
the first ? puts in an appearance. It is almost too dark to distinguish
anything by 8 p.m. at this time of the year, so the lack of light,
combined with the dark colour and low swift flight of the ? , may
account for the comparative scarcity of ? Stilhia anomala. This
species appears to be exceedingly local, and my specimens were taken
within a radius of 50 yards, not a single example was seen outside
this restricted area. Most of the common Xorrnae were abundant
during the first fortnight in August, Xortna .rant/mifrap/ia was a
ifgular nuisance, three out of four insects netted were of this species.

166 THE entomologist's RECORD.

Splitting the stems of the tall marsh thistles for pupse, was a nasty job
and not at all successful, a single pupa of (Jchria ochracea, rather a
scarce insect in this neighbourhood, was all that rewarded my efforts.

On August 15th I left Abertillery for my summer holidays, going
to my home at Bickley, in Kent, whore I stayed until September 2nd.
I did not attempt to do any sugaring, as it had been such a failure at
Abertillery and confined myself to searching fences and tree trunks
during the day and going round the lamps at night. Amongst the
butterflies Pieris biassicae, 1'. rapae and P. napi, Goneptenjx rhamnl,
Vanessa io, Coenonywpha pa)i)philus, Rumicia phlaeas and Polyovnnatus
icarus were all common, a few Pi/rameis cardni, Parartje vteyaera and
Awjiades sylvanas were seen. I did not see a single example of the
second brood of Celastrhia argiolus, which is generally common here in
August.

Searching fences and tree-trunks gave Ilcpialus sylcina, Oyjijia
antiqiia (?s at rest on their cocoons), OpistJioyraptis Ititeolata
(common), Knnomus (jiiercinaria, K. alniaria, K. fuscantaria and K.
erosaria, Eupithecia vulyata (common), Xanthorho'e finctitata (in
abundance), Coremia ferrngata, Canipt(i(/ramina bilineata, Acidalia
vinjularia (common), Ortholitha bipunctaria, Thera variata, Drepana
falcataria, Lophoptenjx camelina, Asphalia diluta, Bryophila perla,
Xylophasia monoylypha, Charaeas (jrawmis, Luperina testacea (common),
Barathra biassicae, Triphaena pionuba, Xoctita plecta and X. xantho-
(jrapha (common), Tiliacea {Cirrliia) citrago, Calyinnia trape^ina, Phlo-
(fuphura iiieticnlosa, Plusia yamma, Ampldpyra trayupoyonis, Catocala
■niipta, Cratnbus pratelliis, C. perlellKs, and C. yenicnleits (abundant).

Insects were very common on most nights round the gas lamps.
Can any entomologist explain why light pays in some districts and
not in others ? I have gone round the lamps, m the Abertillery
district, night after night, in the middle of the season, without seeing
a single moth. By far the commonest insect round the gas lamps at
Bickley, during the last fortnight in August, was Cratnbiis yeniculeus,
every lamp gave three or four specimens, and on one lamp no less
than 15 were counted. Xoctaa xanthoyrapha came a good second.
This insect swarmed on one or two sultry nights. The following
insects were taken at light between August 16th and September 1st.
Onrapteryx sambiicaria, Opisthoyraptis luleulata (common), Ennunios
quercinaria and K. alinaria, Pcrizoina iiiiifasciata, Acidalia viryularia
and A. iiiaryine]iit)ictata, Kupitliecia obloityata (common). A', albipiinc-
tata, K. absinthiata, K. sobrinata, l\. linariata, E. pnlchellata, Corcniia
iDiidentaria and ('. fcrniyata, Xmitliorluie jiuctuata (common), ('ainjtto-
yraiiniia bilineata (common), Mesolenca occllata, Anaitis playiata,
Piepana binaiia, i'iiix ylaiicata, Lencania pallens, Hydroecia inicacea
and IL nictitans (common), Xylophasia monoylypha, Epineuronia
popularis (the J s were very common, 3 $ s were found at rest on
fences near lamps), Charaeas yraminis, Luperina testacea, Barathra
brassicae (common), Ayrotis pnta, Xoctua plecta, X. c-niyrum, X.
xanthiiyrapha and A', rnbi, L'irrhia citraya, I'hluyaphora meticiilosa,
I'liisia yainina, Ani]ihipyra trayopuyunis (common) and Catucala nnpta.
Amongst the "micros" were Crainbns yenicnlens (abundant), C.
pratelliis and C. selasellns, Pimiea furjicalis (connnon), I'yraiista
pnrpiiralis (common) and /'. ostrinalis, IJerbiila cespitalis (common),
Endotricha /lamniealis, Scopida ulirulis, S. lutealis (common) and S.

NOTES ON THE SEASON 1911. 167

pninalis, Boti/s ruralis and Ebnlea crocealh (common), Nomophila
noctiiella, I'latijptila f/onodactyla and Pterophorns tuonodacUjlm^.

On three or four nights insects swarmed at " honeydew " on the
trunks of a small clump of Wych-elms, no less than seven (Jatocala
ni())ta were counted on one small tree. All the common Noctiiae found
at light were seen at this " honeydew " with the addition of Cahjmnia
dijfinis and Triphaena iantJiina.

I had a day's collecting on Folkestone Warren on August 24th and
another day at the same famous spot on the 31st. My principal object
was to get a good series of At/riades thetis {adoiiu). I was very
successful, a fine series of this brilliant blue, in perfect condition,
was taken. On the 24th they were just coming out, a few S s and
a single 2 was all I could get, but on the 31st the insect was
fully out and very plentiful. I examined some scores for aberrations,
but failed to find anything out of the ordinary. This species was by
far the commonest blue on the Warren. Several I'oli/iDiuiiatiis icariis,
Ruinicia phlaeas, Af/lais itrticae, V. io, Gonopteryx rhamni, Fijrameh
cardui, Coenomjmpha paniphilus, Pararge meijaera (worn), and Epinephele
tit/ionns were seen. Beating bushes gave Acidalia oniata, and A.
marginepitnctata, Xanthor/io'e miangnlata, Melanthia procellata, ( htholitha
Iwntata and a few other common Geometers. A single worn Aspilates
ffUvana was kicked out of long grass. Pi/mnsta pto-puralis and
Herbula cespitalis were common, one or two P. aurata were taken, and
also a Pijramta I could not identify. I sent this insect to Mr. Bethune-
Baker, who very kindly identified it for me, as a melanitic variety of
Pijrausta aurata. Several " micros" were taken. A search which was
made at dusk for " plumes" was not very successful. I took a few
Stenoptilia pterodactijla and a single Ainbb/ptilia cosuiodactyla (acantho-
dactijla.) Several of the commoner species of Cranibus were very much
in evidence. Two or three Crainbtts inquinatellus were taken.

On August 29th I paid a visit to the Deal sandhills.
Unfortunately the day was very windy and insects were scarce.
Amongst the butterflies Pieris bramcae and P. rapci, Gonepteryx
rhamni, Pyrameis atalanta, Vanessa io, Aglais urtictr,, Coenonympha
pamphilus, Runiicia phlaeas and Polyommatus icariis were noticed, but
none were common except the last two species. A few very large and
bright examples of H. phlaeas were taken. I had hoped to get a few
Colias edu.m and possibly (\ Iiyale but did not see a single example of
either species. In the sheltered hollows Mesotype viryata was common
and in good condition. In spite of the high wind which made
capturing this little moth somewhat difficult I managed to get a nice
series. Under a gorse bush I found a large, but very dilapidated 2
S/)/tinx conrolntli. I might mention here that on my return to
Abertillery I had a S "^p/dnx convulruli, which had been attracted to
light at a window, brought to me. This insect was taken about
August 20th and must have been in almost perfect condition when
captured. Unfortunately it had been kept alive in a small cardboard
box and allowed to batter itself to pieces. I have never seen or heard
of this species occurring in these valleys before, but this appears to
have been a " co»roZr»T/ "-year, which may account for a straggler of
the species turning up at this out of the way spot. I spent a considerable
time in searching what appeared to be suitable spots for Lithosia

16H THK ENTOMOLCKHST's UKCOHIi.

lutarella, my principal object in making the pilgrimage to Deal, but I
was not fortunate enough to tind this local little moth.

During September practically all my collecting with the exception
of two or three afternoons spent in fruitless searching for Lithomoia
Holidai/i)iis, an insect which ought to occur in this district, was done on
heather. To make up for its failure during the summer, ''sugar" now
attracted insects in great numbers, Auiatlies helnda and A. Utura,
Orrhodia laccinii and Miselia u.ti/acanthae were very common and in
hrst rate condition. Half a dozen perfect examples of var. rujiHcina
were taken. Several Aijrotis se(/efuiii of a second brood put in an appear-
ance. 1 was surprised to take a very fresh Ajiiotis ijclmnationia on Sep-
tember 16th. Aniatlti's (Mfllinia) cirrtilaris and ( ara(lri)u( ifiiadripn)!!-
tata occurred in fair numbers, together with a few in'ijltacna comes and
l. pnDiiibd, Kuidi'.ria iKcipara, Aiii/iliiiJi/ia traiiopoi/oitis, Xoctiui (/lan'oxa,
Aijrotis i/psilo)i, A»i<tt/u's lota, A. iiioiilciita and A. Ii/chiii'lis (^pistaci)i(i),
Orrhodia lit/iila, (Jalocaiiipa ratasta and Kmiiichtis prntca. I'ldoiioplidra
uietiriilosa was a perfect nuisance, every patch had three or four of this
very beautiful but common moth on it. On September 16ta a
very large and fresh EnnneLina luoiioiiacti/la was taken at sugar, and
several other "micros" were taken in the same way during September.

On September 9th, I took a run down to W eymouth, hoping to
take Colias cditsa and ( '. Iiijale. I was again disappointed not a single
example of either species was seen. The intense heat of the summer
had burnt up all vegetation and insects were scai-ce. A few worn
Anriades t/n'tis / ado)iis) J s, /'. icariis and 11. /ihlanis were noticed.
IHiisia iiaiiniiu was very connnon. A few J'l/ransta pnrpmalis wei'e
collected from the rough broken ground at Preston clitl's, and the
same spot gave me a couple of Xoinophilu noctaclla. A very large and
bright Lyi/ris tcstata was beaten out of a clump of sallows. A few
wore Pyraweis atalanta and two or three tine /'. ranhii were also
noticed.

After the first week in October the weather broke up completely,
a, few nights were spent at "sugar" and at what little ivy we have in
this neighbourhood, but nothing beyond tbe common autunmal insects
were seen. Two oi' three afternoons were spent in collecting Oporabia
diliitata and Ih/beruia aiiraiitiaria, long and varied series were taken
of each species.

After the middle of October the weather became so bad that further
collecting was impossible. The total results of the season's work has
not perhaps been great, 1 have probably done no better than the
majority of entomologists, but the season of 1911 will always he a
memorable one for me on account of Stilbia aitomala, an insect I have
at last taken after seven years persistently searching for it.

Records of Local Coleoptera. 1. Geodephaga.

By G. W. NICHOLSON, M.A., M.D., F.E.S.

As 1 ha\e been taken to task for not having recorded the more
interesting beetles I have, from time to time, had the good fortune to
capture, I now propose to make up for lost time, and hope that the
new localities may be of sonic interest and use to other entomologists.
For the sake of completeness reterences will be given to the few records
that I have already published, which will be included in the present

:\I.\I,l-OKM ATION OF HYDKOKCIA I'AF.I'DIS. 169

list. Most of my Irish captui-es will be found in the Irish Natiiralisi
for 1910 and 1911. As Mr. Donisthorpe has already given a list of
the species we found together last June in Scotland, these Avill be
omitted. 1 find that there are many insects I must mention, and
therefore propose to deal with the various groups separately. I will
begin with the (reodepltcKja.

CicindcUt inaritinia, Dej., Sandwich, Kent, on sandy coast in
numbers. ('i/cJims rostratiis, L., its occurrence in Richmond Park is,
perhaps, worth mentioning. Pelopltila bnrealis, Pk., Lough Ramoz,
Co. Cavan, in profusion. t'liviiia collaru, Hbst., Reigate, Surrey.
Dyschiriio! aiu/Kstatioi, Ahr., Littlestone, Kent, one on sand by sea-
shore. Bewhid'nnn hru.vdlcnxe, Wesm., common at Balrath, Co. Heath;
one in the middle of the town of Cambridge. l>. deconim, Pz.,
i>urford Bi'idge, Surrey (one). B. aftine, Steph., Cromer, Norfolk.
/?. /-pitstiilatiiiii, Dej., Pulborougb, Sussex (h^iit. Mo. Ma;/. 1909.)
/>'. ftdiiii/atinn, Duft., Gravesend, not common. H. darki, Dawson,
Pulborough. B. aeneiim, Germ., Cloverhill, Co. Cavan, common.
B. o-striatum, Gyll., common in an old stone wall at Balrath.
(Ullenus lateralis, Sam., Strood, Kent, common in stones on bank
of Medway. Trechns micros, Hbst., Burwell Fen, Cambs, one in mole's
nest; Alphington, Devon, on two occasions in moles's nests, once in
numbers. T. rindaris, Gyll, five by treading mud on Wicken Fen.
August 21st, 1910. The light was failing as I reached the spot, and 1
had to leave early the next morning ; otherwise I am certain I should
tiave got a long series. T. secalis, Pk., Golder's Green, Middlesex, and
Leatherhead. Surrey. Panai/aetts mix-inajor, L., not uncommon on
Burwell Fen. /'. 4-/)t(stidatiis, Stm., Alphington, running on roads in
some numbers on May 15th, 1910. Badister peltatus, Pz;., not
uncommon at edges of a pond at Pulborough. IJcinns silplwides, F.,
occasionally abundant under lumps of chalk near Gravesend. L.
di'fires.siis, Pk., Brighton. Harjialns /laralldns, Dj., Gravesend.
ArupalpKs brunnipes, Stm., Wintney Heath, Hants. Aniwdactybis
atricornis, Steph., one at top of clift's at Cromer. Ainara constdaris,
Duft., Burwell Fen. I'terostichns aethiops, Pz., four specimens under
bark of a dead Scotch fir at Crowcombe, Somerset. Plati/dents mri-
rollis, Marsh., Gravesend, Strood, Wimbledon Common. Anc/iouieniis
rrrsiitus, Gyll., common in a reedbed by the canal at Woking, in 1906,
but has not occurred to me there since. Metahletns truncatdltis, L.,
common on Burwell Fen. J)roiiiiits atjilis, F., Epping Forest. I>. 4-
si(/natiis, Dj., one under the bark of an old pole in a brickfield at
Maddingley, Cambs., February 24:th, 1907. Aetopkoms iinperialis,
Germ., occasionally in profusion in a bed of reeds at Gravesend {Ent.
M". Mo;/., 1906). Boli/stir/iiis rittatiis, Brul., Gravesend and Strood.

{To he continued.)

On a IVlalformation of Hydroecia paludis. {With I 'late.)

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D.

The Rev. C. R. N. Burrows has handed to me for examination
a specimen of Hi/droecia palxdis taken at Mucking, that he came
across in mounting examples of the genitalia of Hydroecia, in
making his classical researches inio the nictitans group. With his
customary caution he does not make any assertion as to what it is, or

170 THE entomologist's record.

how it came to exist, though he thinks that it may have some gynan-
dromorphous characters.

The specimen is extremely puzzling, and I don't feel at all sure
that I have fully succeeded in understanding it. I cannot detect in it
any distinctly female structures. I incline to believe that it belongs
to the same class of abnormalities as those that I showed'' resulted
from producing a small cicatrix between the 9th and 10th abdominal
segments medio-ventrally in the larval state. The result was that
structures developed fromHerold's corpuscle never came to the surface.
In the specimen before us PI. IV, fig. 1. (Fig. 2 shows normal appen-
dages of /ududis 3 ) the greater part of the clasps and the aedceagus
are still in the interior, but there is some confusion of parts, that I can
only explain by supposing that not only was the exit for these parts
blocked in some way, but that the organ of Herold, or perhaps before
it was formed, the tissue going to its formation, was in some way
injured or torn, or some portions lost. Thus we find the tegumen and
ring present, a little distorted, but practically complete. Comparing
figs. 1 and 2, we find (1) the uncus, (2) the scaphium, (3) the peniculus
(Pierce), and (4) a portion that I am not familiar with, and for which
I do not think Pierce has provided us with a name. The saccus is
also present, though obscured in the photograph by the density of
superimposed parts. As regards parts from the interior (Herold's
corpuscle), we have (9) a somewhat confused and dense mass, that
certainly contains the greater part of two clasps, and probably the
pupal covers of these and some irregularly developed portions, whose
eccentricities I ascribe to the original injury, whatever it was. Further
proof of this injury is found in there being only one clavus (5), the
other being absent, unless it is included in the confused mass of the
clasps, but if so it is quite undeveloped; I think there is little doubt it
is absent. The aedaagus is present (7), of almost normal develop-
ment, and the cornuti are within it in quite normal condition.

The piece 8 pu/zled me very much, and I am not yet very positive
about it, but I believe it is a portion of the clasp, of what I think
Pierce calls the sacculus, at any rate the portion marked 8 in fig. 2. It is
not a torn portion of a developed clasp, but must have arisen from a
portion of the clasp separated whilst still hardly developed, as it has a
complete uninjured surface all over. The two curious organs (6) are
also difficult to understand. They are symmetrical and well developed,
yet there is nothing very like them in fig. 2. They seem to be portions
belonging to the ring, and not to any of the involuted portions forming
Herold's corpuscle. My experiments, already referred to, were made
in L. diapar, where the parts are simple as compared with Noctuac, so
that they do not help us here. I imagine they are parts not belonging
to Herold's corpuscle, but, remaining external, on the return of the
clasp to the surface become part of it. They are very close to 8 that
is probably part of a mutilated clasp, but whether they represent either
of the portions of the clasps, to which I have put a 6 in fig. 2, 1 cannot
say.

I add as fig. 3 a figure of the $ structures, none of which appear
to be present in fig. 1.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1912.

MALFORMATION OF THE GENITALIA OF HYDRCECIA PALUDIS. 171

Description of Plate IV.
1. MajUormed a.]}T[)endsiges oi Hydroecia paludis x 12^.
2 and 3. Normal t? and ? appendages, x 12J, for comparison.

The Malformation of the Genitalia of Hydroecia paludis. {With

one plate).
By F. N. PIERCE, F.E.S.

The rudimentary organs of The Rev. C. R. N. Burrows' wonder-
fully malformed specimen of Hydroecia paludis go a long way to
confirm the opinion I have previously held, that the various parts of
the genitalia are originally separate and distinct organs in the various
species, but are often fused together, and in many cases this fusion
sinks the identity of the organ to such an extent as to make the
student consider the parts as additional organs, whereas they are
either more highly developed or are thrown back to their original form.

In the specimen under consideration the uncus No. 1 is normal ;
tho anus No. 2 (called by Dr. Chapman the scaphium) is normal ; the
peniculus No. 3 is normal ; Dr. Chapman's No. 4, which in the photo-
graph appears to be a separate arm, is merely the thickening of the
edge of the tegumen, from which springs the peniculus. Below these
parts we enter into difficulties, because the remainder of the organs
are in a rudimentary or partially formed condition.

The valva is usually considered to be a single organ, and I have
been criticised in giving names to the parts ; for example sacculus,
harpe ( = clasper), etc. This is more apparent than real. The valvae
are, in fact, composite structures made up of a number of distinct and
separate organs springing from separate bases, as the specimen under
notice well illustrates. And in order to piece together the valvje we
must collect the parts. It is curious to notice in the mount these
parts are largely reversed, that is, they point towards the head instead
of the tail of the moth as normally.

The paired organs, No. 6 of Dr. Chapman's Fig. 2, are the
sacculus ; this is often quite separate from the valvae in other species,
and evidently is a separate organ previous to fusion ; below this is the
left hand valva proper. No. 8 (without the cucullus, which is evidently
normally attached to the costal arm). It will be noticed there is
only one valva developed, that of the left side ; in the mount the
inner margin is above, not below, the spines from the edge being
quite normal and identical with those of paludis. The saccus
(vinculum) is normal.

We now come to the organs that are contained inside the body.
In respect to the valva, so far the parts identified are the valva proper,
and the sacculus. Of the missing parts the cucullus is enclosed in its
sac, and in the photograph is immediately under the saccus and
extends downwards, projecting from the costal arm. Towards the
base of this sac is the editus. The harpe (clasper) is very rudimentary,
but the shape is plainly visible with its short heel and long pointed
toe. There is, as Dr. Chapman states, only one Clavus No. 5, and
the ^Edoeagus No. 7 is practically normal, with its vesica and cornuti
of paludis form, and connected therewith is the fairly normal juxta,
the front plate as well as the scobinated membrane behind the
.iEdceagus being well developed. The remaining structures consist of

172 THK KNTOMOLOtHSX's RECORD.

an almost, round ball joined to an irregularly shaped sac. It is this
structure and the absence of largely one side of the male genitalia,
rii., the clavns. valva, etc., that evidently led Mr. Burrows to believe
that this was a gynandromorphous specimen, and I incline to the
same belief. In the upper sac there are apparently the rudimentary
valves of the ovipositor. I have usually found these inside the bodies
of gynandromorphous specimens I have previously examined, and
attached to this is an aperture that might be the genital opening with
its tube leading to the bursa, but this part is too obscui-e for me to
rlecide. If these are not the female organs the question arises what
are they '? as one half of the male organs are accounted for and they
are certainly not the other half.

Notes on the Lepidoptera in and around Gibraltar, 191 1 and 1912.

Uy Lieut. G. C. WOODWARD, K.N.

On October 15th, 1911, I went over to Cauipomento, a place in
Spain about three miles from the gates of Gibraltar. There I found
('nliaa edusa in good condition and very common, and Pijraiiu'iR cardiii
was very common, indeed was seen everywhere, but rather worn. 1
took two specimens of Pieris daplidice in good condition, but did not
meet with any more. Aricia luedoit (astrarrhe) was common, but
badly worn, and one very large specimen of Lamijides hoetirim was
captured. Two very line examples of Hi(uru-ia phlaeas var. idvKs were
netted, as well as two rather worn Hesperia proto. On visiting this
locality a week later I found very little insect life about, probably
owing to the weather having become much colder, succeeding a sum-
mer which had been exceptionally hot with hardly any rain.

Two specimens of Stenhu sarraria were taken settled on the ship's
awning, no doubt attracted by the light, and on December Uth a
specimen of Hippation ceU'viu was also found at rest on the awning.

The little moth hJnconista {Selidospina) iiniculnraria is extremely
common at Campomento, where it can be beaten in numbers from the
undergrowth. On February 22nd I again went to this locality and
took several Aiithoc/uii is helcinia, of which both males and females
were common, but seemed to be getting a little worn. One specimen
of ('alias I'diisa was taken, a very small and very dark example, with
the hindwings almost black. In some cultivated ground I noticed
I'l/ianifiis cardui, I', atolanta, and r^nran/e aeijefia, typical forms, but
it seemed a little early for this last species as yet.

On March 1st, on the ilock of Gibraltar, I saw several male (iniic/i-
ti-ri/.v (dcd/iatra flying very sluggishly. I did not have any net with \ui'
but managed to catch one in my hat. Unfortunately I lost it in the
attempt to box it. Thais riit)ii)ia, Pieris hrassicae, Paraii/c iiierfai'ia,
< 'nlias I'diisa, Pijraiueis cardid, P. atalanta, and Pieris napi were all
'common, as well as Sesia stellatarum, which last species appears to be
common here all the year round.

On March 21st, on another visit to the Rock, I took three examples
of Gom'iitenpr cleopatru, two males and one female and several hUtchlor
I'lipheiioides, all males. At the same time I observed Pijranieis cardui,
l^ararije acijeria, P. Dietjaera, Pijratneis atalanta, Pieris brassirae, P. napi
and Thais riimina.

On March 22nd i caught the b.lO boat to Algeciras and went by

LEPIDOPTERA IN AND AROUND GIBRALTAR. 173

train to Castillar, about an hour's run, situated at the far end of the
cork woods and about 20 miles from Gibraltar, and walked back to
Campomento. Tlieator balliis, both males and females, were in great
profusion in a meadow about half a mile from the station, all in good
condition. Further on in the cork woods I took Goneptcryx cleopatra,
both males and females, but the former sex predominating. This
species appeared to be very common in the woods, but difficult to
capture. It was very fond of the flower of the Greater Periwinkle
{Vinca major), which grows in these woods in great profusion. Only
two specimens of Leptosia sinapis were met with. This species
appears to be very local here, only frequenting certain spots
in the woods, but at this date it was not properly out yet.
Further on I took two Hesperiids, which I think are Krunnis alceae,
they were flitting about on the sandy patches in the hot sun. Kucldo'e
eup/unwiiles was in great profusion, the males predominating, indeed the
? s were rather scarce as I only took three specimens. I met with one
specimen of the Arctiid, Arctia latrcillei, resting on bracken ; it was a
fresh specimen, and the only one I have ever seen here. A light
coloured example of Ramicia pJdaeas was met with evidently just out
of pupa. We now came to a piece of moorland country, where insect
life did not seem very abundant, but lizards were plentiful, especially
the green species, iiird life was also very abundant. Towards San
Roque, a town about six miles from Gibraltar, insect life was again in
evidence, and I took two specimens of Anthocharis [Kuchloe) helia var.
aiiHonia ab. eaperi and observed several more, but this species is difficult
to capture owing to its rapid flight over broken ground. After passing
San Roque nothing was observed, as we were traversing rather barren
ground, and we arrived at Campomento about 4.30 p.m., having
covered about 18 miles. Among other species noted during the day
were Thais rtiiiiina, Callophri/s riibi, common, Pieris hrassicae, P. rapae,
Pyrameis atalanta, P. cardtii, Paran/e iiiej/aera, and P. aeijcria, typical
form, all very abundant. The day was cloudy with bursts of brilliant
sunshine, but not so hot as to make walking tedious.

On March 24th, while the ship was at anchor at Gibraltar, I took
two specimens of Phryxiis livoniica which had flown on board.

On April 6th I again went out to Castillar by train and walked
back to Gibraltar, and did not go straight through the cork woods as
before, but kept more to the open country. The day was cloudless
but with a strong wind blowing, which tempered the heat somewhat.
I took two specimens of Papilio podalirins and one of P. machann, all
three large specimens and apparently only just emerged. These were
the only examples of the genus Papilio I have seen. Thais rumina
was common, but very much worn, and of Leptosia sinapis I took a
good series of both sexes. Eitchloe ca)-da)iiines, males and females,
were common and just out, and both sexes of E. euphenoides were also
common. I observed one or two Goneptery.v rhamni, G. cleopatra,
both sexes common, Pyraineis cardui, and P. atalanta, both common,
Paranje aeyeria, P. nieyaera, and Ruinicia phlaeas, all common, Thestor
balbis, both sexes common locally, Callophrys ritbi was very common,
Polyoiiimatiis icariis and Aricia niedon {astrarche), not very common.

On April 17th I captured a specimen of the large Saturniid,
Sattirnia ])avonia-)iiajor, which flew to the electric light on board.

On April 20th T again took the train to Castillar and walked back

THK l■;^T()^f()^()(;lsT s kkcohii.

to Algiciras ; about half the distance was ihrough the coik ■woods over
level gi'ound, some part of it marshy and the other half over cultivated
country. This was a most disappointing day, as it was bright and
sunshiny, warm without being too hot, but there was hardly an insect
to be seen anywhere. 1 took two specimens of Hiiinicia p/ilaeas var.
cletis, just out in perfect condition, a specimen of AbrarKs /lantaria
caught in a spider's web. an example of Ant/imrcra hoi'lira and one
FafU iocompa xtohilis.

The Value of Protective Resemblance in Moths.

By LiicuT.-Coi,. N. MANDERS, K.A.M.C, F.E.S.

Mr. Colthrup, in the May number of the Knt. Hcvonf, has raised an
important question by his article on " /'alia c/ii and Protective Resem-
blance." For many years past a controversy has been carried on
regarding the edibility of butterflies and the attacks of birds, and the
assumption that these occur, and to such an extent as to produce a
serious struggle for existence, has been the cause of the founding of
two most interesting and important theories of mimicrv bv Bates and
Muller.

A serious objection to them has been the assertion, often vigorous,
that bird.s seldom attack butterflies, and in view of this Mr. Guy
Marshall, a well known suppoi'ter of both theories, collected all avail-
able evidence and published it in '/'ranx. Hut. Sec. LmuL, 1909, p. 329.

Gonflning ourselves to the English l)utterflies, some sixty in num-
ber, he ascertained that fifty per cent, were known to be attacked, and
there is little .doubt that in the other fifty their rarity was the cause of
no observations being made. The interesting point was that no selec-
tion in the choice of victims was apparent, and there was no record
that any species of bird, with the possible exception of the Kestrel,
systematically feeds on liutterflies. For my own part I confess I am
of the opinion, that if any bird fed on butterflies to such an extent as
to produce, through natural selection, a change of pattern or colour,
such would ])(' known to some of our entomologictil oi- ornithological
students.

Mr. Gollhru}) now goes a step further, and throws a doubt upon
the protective colouring of moths being produced by such attacks.
Certain it is that the human eye can be trained to .see moths and other
insects at rest which are quite unnoticed by the untrained eye, and if
a. human being, for his own instruction or amusement, can detect these
insects in their chosen environment without particular difficulty, they
can have little chance of escaping notice from the keen eye of a bird.
I am very much inclined to think, however, that birds do not observe
moths when at rest, and that so long as a moth remains absolutely
still, whatever its environment, it is not noticed by birds or reptiles.
The same thing occurs among animals, even large animals such as
elephants and Itison, as 1 can testify, arc extremely difficult to see,
when they keep absolutely immovable, as they usually do when
conscious of dangei. It is movement which is as fatal to them as to
the moths.

Most entomologists have personal experience of swallows and other
l)irds snapping up moths, when they are beating the hedges, and that
moths are largely eaten l»y many birds cannot I think be doubted ; but

PROTKt;TI\'K RKSKMBLANt;K fN Mo I'HS. 176

the evidence we require is whether they systematically search for them
when settled on walls, tree-trunks, and the like. Mr. Coltbrup doubts
that they do, with the exception perhaps of the Tits; T am inclined to
agree with him, but my experience of English moths is limited. If a
moth with closed wings resembling a lichen is as free from attack on a
brown plank as it is on a lichen covered tree-trunk (a somewhat bold
assertion) of what use is its protective pattern and how did it become
evolved ? That it obtains some protection is hard to deny, but how
much is a difficult matter to estimate.

The acknowledgment that even a, slight variation in colour or
pattern is advantageous is sufficient in the minds of many to eonfirui
them in their belief in natural selection, particularly when they
remember the infinitely slow methods of Nature, and the unlimited
time at her disposal. The case has been well put by Wallace.* "In
every department of Nature colour is one of the most variable of all
characters, and it is this variability, together with the enormous im-
portance to all insects of concealment from, or protection against, their
innumerable enemies, especially in tropical countries, that has enabled
those minute and striking resemblances to be brought about that were
long the greatest puzzle to those naturalists who had the opportunity
of observing them in their native haunts. The facts already given
with regard to the universality of variation, enormous powers of
multiplication and incessant weeding out of the unfit, afford a com-
plete explanation of the phenomena of colour, in all their variety and
beauty, which no other adequate explanation has ever been set forth,
or even attempted." If there is one thing more than another which
has impressed me, durmg my twenty years' wandering in the tropics,
it is the haphazard way in which death comes to the animal world.
From the elephant downwards it has always seemed to me an entire
matter of chance; though it might be mathematically proved that in
the long run an animal most fitted to its environment would have an
advantage, yet, life in the jungle is such a lottery, that, so far as 1
have observed it, it is merely a toss up as to what lives or what dies.
It is true that a tiger, acting alone, will avoid attacking a full grown
bull bison, and will take a calf in preference, but what calf is taken is
a matter of chance ; so also two tigers acting together will pull down
a bull bison but it is a matter of chance as to what bull they first
happen to come across.

My own experience of birds eating moths in large numbers is
confined to Ceylon, but the conditions were entirely artificial. It was
at the time of the internment of the Boer prisoners in 1901-2. Their
camp was in a fold of the hills at an elevation of 4,000 feet in an
open country. The barbed wire entanglement was lighted up by
large arc lamps on posts twenty feet high at intervals of about fifty
yards, and gave a very fine illumination. For some reason they failed
to attract any large number of moths except in late October and early
November; with the setting in of the North-East Monsoon, towards
the end of this month, a dense fog arose every evening, which blotted
out everything. Fortunately for the moth population the attractive
season was remarkably short, but while it lasted the state of affairs

* The World of Life, a.i Vistialiicd attd Interpreted bij Darwinism, A. K.
Wallace, Fortnightly Review, March, 1909.

176 THE entomologist's RECORD.

baffles description. In no part of the world have I seen such a
wonderful sight ! the moths swarmed in millions round the lamps ;
Boers and Britons forgot their differences and sti'uggled good
humouredly on either side of the entanglement for specimens. To
such an extent was moth catching indulged in that it had to be
stopped as there was a distinct danger of some of the prisoners
escaping in the confusion. In consequence no one was allowed round
the lamps from 8 p.m. to 6 a.m. It is difficult to give any idea of
their numbers ; sometimes the huts were covered with white moths
which gave the appearance of a snow storm, at others carts and other
vehicles seemed to be covered with highly variegated turkey carpets
composed of innumerable moths. On one lamp post I counted sixteen
specimens of a Death's Head {A. lachem's) in a space five feet high by
six inches broad, and they were almost equally numerous on each of
the fifty or sixty lamp posts. The sentries' beats were a churned up
mass of wet mud and crushed bodies and the ground was strewn for
yards round with the dismembered wings of the bats' victims. Large
numbers of birds including crows appeared at the first streak of dawn
and when I arrived at six o'clock the smaller birds were already
gorged. I was much interested in watching the swallows and
sparrows, which flew against the lamp posts flapping their wings
vigorously, thereby causing the moths to fly off, when they were
promptly caught.

It was remarkable that whereas birds of all sorts came in numbers
to this moth feast, yet, in the same place and at the same time during
the annual migrations of butterflies, which passed over the country
in crowds, I never saw a bird attempt to catch one. This, no doubt,
was partly due to the rapidity of the butterfly's flight, but nevertheless
when settling for the night they were equally free from molestation.

There is no doubt that moths are more frequently captured than
butterflies, and this because of their larger bodies making a more
satisfactory meal. The point one more particularly wishes to
emphasize is that the capture of an odd specimen here and there by a
sparrow or other bird, though a matter of almost daily observation
during the summer months, can have little or no eft'ect on the general
moth population, and certainly none in the production of a protective
colouring by means of natural selection. What is required is a hunt
for some bird or birds, which make moths a speciality in their
dietary, and which show under natural conditions a marked prefer-
ence for certain species. No doubt the task is a laborious and
difficult one, but it has to be done if we wish to get a sure basis on
which to build a theory likely to be true.

Notes on Collecting in 1911.

By C. W. COLTHKUP.
(Concluded from page 96).
On August 20tb two Mclanippe (jaliata ^ dark form), two Acidalia
niari/iucpiinrtata and one Polia chi were found at rest on a railway
bridge, and At/lais iirticae emerged from pupiu taken at Brixham under
copings of walls. In the evening the following species turned up at
sugar :—iVf;f^/<a nibi, Lencania pallenx, A'. jiUrta, X. itnihrosa, Maiiiestra
brassicae, Caradihia ainbiijua, IJadena dissimUis, Ayrutis puta, Bryophila

NOTES ON COLLECTING IN 1911. 177

muralis, A. secietum, Triphaena orhona, T. pronuba, N. xanthof/rapha,
A. e.vclamatiouis, N. c-nif/riim, H. oleracea and PJdui/ophora weticulosa.
Dianthoecia carpophaf/a continued to emerge through August and
September, from Eastbourne and Croydon pupae.

On August 23rd and subsequent days I'olia chi was taken as
already reported (antea p. 124).

On September 2nd I journeyed to Margate for a three weeks' visit,
where a good series of C^o^m.s////rtZ<' were taken(anteavol.xxiii.,p.276j. On
the evening of the 3rd I visited the field where I found freshly emerged
Lnperina testacea so variable and plentiful in 1910. Three female Luperina
testacea and a pair of Hepialus si/lvana were the result, and subsequent
visits proved equally disappointing. One wonders at the scarcity of
this usually common insect. Had the exceptionally dry season baked
the earth so that the imagines were unabla to force their way out of the
ground ? On September 6th I experienced the great disappointment
of the trip. Cycling along a road in the neighbourhood of Dover, I
observed a lovely freshly emerged aberration of A(jlais urticae sunning
itself on a wayside flower. Nearly the whole of the fore- and hind-
wings were suffused with blacit, by the shape, however, and the
blue spots, I was able to identify it. I dismounted and had a
splendid view of it, but had no net. My feelings may be better
imagined than described. I had a shot at it with my hat and
missed, of course. It rose and sailed on to the top of a bank where
I followed it. A second attempt was more disastrous tban the
first, as the insect, now thoroughly scared, flew across a field of
stubble with the writer in close attendance, and then over the
only iron fence and house top for miles round. A big detour
was made to get to the other side of the house but to no purpose. I
returned to the spot on the following day and netted every A. urticcE I
saw on the wing, but nothing approaching a variety was seen. I took,
however, a nice series of the third brood of Ruiincia pJdaeas, all very
typical except one specimen having large blue spots on the hindwing.
On September 8th I had the good fortune to take a male aberration
of (.'. hi/ale in which the discoidal spots on both fore- and hindwing
undersides were radiated. On September 12th both ^ and $ Xeioonia
popidaris and a J C. cubicularis were taken at light. The latter laid
ova on the following day, which hatched on the 20th. The larvct fed
up rapidly on dandelion and groundsel, went to earth and spun
cocoons or cubicles and passed the winter as larvas pupating on
April 20th, 1912. On September 19th sugar was tried on Deal
sandhills on what should have been an ideal evening with a fair south-
west wind, but the result left much to be desired. A most cosmo-
politan crowd came to the sweets, which included red ants, a species of
Tipiila, wood-lice, earwigs, the large green grasshopper, frogs, large
bodied spiders, hunting spiders, and I think all the most common
moths to be taken during a season with the exception of Xylopliasia
inoninjhiplia {pnli/ndoji). The following were the moths taken or seen : —
Xoctiia xanthniiraplia, worn and fresh, X c-ni(/niiii, H. oleracea, fresh,
Mamestra brassieae, Tiiphaena pronuba, fresh, P. iiieticulosa, Caradrina
cKbicularis, Anchucelia liinoi<a, Mellinia rircellaris [fernujinea),
L. pallens, Ayrotis se(/etitiii, A. suff'um {ijpnilon), A. piita, A. traiinpo-
f/onis, three A. anstralis, one worn, and two freshly emerged C.
vetusta. On September 21st Epunda Uclienca started emerging from

178 THE ENTOMOLOfilST's RBCOKD.

Ilfracombe pupte and continued to do so till October 9th. On
October 7th a specimen of Dianthoecia cucnbali emerged from a South
Devon pupa, the larva being obtained in August, so that this looks
remarkably like a third brood. On October 26th, I met Mr. Tonge
at Brockenhurst, where we were joined by Mr. Lyle. Sugar
in Hollands Wood gave very poor results. Only a few Aoriopis
ciprilina, Srnpelosmna satellitia, ('. vacchiii, Miselia oxi/acanthae
including two var. capucina came, not a single specimen of Xylina
Kocia {petrifirata) or A', nrnit/iopua (rliizolit/ia) put in an appearance.
The evening was very cold and ivy bloom was also a failure, only
a few common Noctuae, three Oporahia (lilutata and six Cidaria
nterata (psittacota) were netted or fell into the beating tray. Two
Hinina peiDiaria, J s were netted and a ? F.nnnnioK eroaario was
discovered at rest on a stem of bracken and duly obliged with ova,
which were Ijright green when first laid, afterwards tui-ning to a dark
olive-green. On the morning of the 27th, a visit was made to New
C^opse, but as soon as it was reached a heavy rain came on and we
spent the morning under a Douglas pine, being eventually driven to
seek shelter in an old shed. By the evening the rain had eased a little
and we sugared in Hollands Wood. The rain, however, washed the
sugar off, but in some cases where the trunks were sheltered S'.
satellitia. < '. racrinii and ^f. o.rj/acaiit/Ki' cabxne in some numbers with one
( '. e.roleta. On November 28th, another visit was paid to Brockenhurst,
when I again had the pleasure of ^Ir. Lyle's company. We sugared
in Hollands Wood, but only a few S'. mtdlitia and r. rarcinii came.
CheinKttnhia hrinnata was exceedingly abundant swarming on every tree
trunk. Only one Hi/bcrnia defoliaria (freshly emerged and crippled)
and four H. anrantiioia, worn, were seen. I found (ionrpterii.r r/ianiiii
hibernating in ivy about 8 feet from the ground, and Mr. Lyle showed
me another, also in ivy, about 30 feet from the ground. On November
29th six Sarrotliripa iiniiiilnniis [rcraijana) and three ('. aitcrata
(imttacato) were beaten out. On the evening of November 20th, we
walked to Lady Cross but not a single Geometer was seen. Four
freshly emerged Poeritorampa pupiili were taken on street lamps, and
two S'. aatcllitia were discovered feeding on broken hips of the Wild
Rose. On December 1st 1 entered the train at Southampton tor home,
and on the cushion sat a perfectly fresh Hi/brniia (Ictnliaria, which was
soon made comfortable in a pillbox. This was my last capture foi-
the year.

Nomenclature.

By Hy. .T. turner, F.E.S.
In view of the forthcoming Liternational Congress of Entomology,
to be held at Oxford in the early part of August, it may not be
inadvisable to make various suggestions, which might be borne in
mind in the proposeil consideration of the " vexed question," Nomen-
clature. The specialists who will meet there will no doubt look at the
question more or less from their own prejudged position, induced by
their constant contact with the intricacies and absurdities which are
continually arising in their daily work. Possibly a few suggestions
from a broader point of view may be of use in bringing in points

NOMRNCLATI'HK

179

which appeal to the j^eueral worker, and to one outside, shall we say,
the official circle.

At the present time it is practically a truism to state that authors
bestow names at their own sweet will, without let or hindrance, and
with no guide hut their own prejudices, or even aberrant idiosyncrasies,
with the result we often get small groups of letters, we cannot call
them words, which convey no indication of the object they were
intended to represent, and are so difficult to memorise that they are a
grave detriment to the progress of science on account of the delays
they cause in searching out their originally intended signification, if
they had one. It is true there ai-e codes of so-called rules, some
intended to be of general application in all branches of Zoology, such
as those issued by the International Zoological Congress, and others
like the Merton Rules, compiled by Lord Walsingham and John
Hartley Durrant, intended as a guide for Nomenclature to their own
particular branch of Zoology, the Micro-Lepidoptera. All these rules
are complicated, many of them made with the intention of altering,
so-called correcting, rectifying, improving, names which have been
thought to be wrongly constructed or even misapplied. Not a few of these
rules it is difficult to interpret, and scarcely two independent workers
translate them into practice in the same way ; even when appeals are
made to the existing Committee of the International Zoological
Congress, the ignorance of the full siunilicance of a rule is often
apparent l)y an award obviously not in accord with some other rule,
which partly covers the ca.se. This was well shown in a recent appeal
made in the Order Diptera. Individual workers use these rules or not,
as they think fit, interpret them according to their own views, and
appeals to authority are rarely made, while decisions are frequently
not adhered to when given.

To us, as entomologists, it would seem advisable to have a separate
Committee of Appeal composed of entomologists pure and simple,
since the objects dealt with in the study of insects so vastly outnumber
those in nil other branches of Zoology, as a well-known worker, tersely
put it the other day, "The part is greater than the whole." The
present time seems most opportune. The International Congress of
Rntomology has now become an established body. All countries have
given in their adherence to it, it is meeting in this country where the
consideration of nomenclature has always been to the fore, and all our
own great workers and specialists, as well as the foremost men from
the continent and from America, are among the recognised delegates.

From what has occurred during the past few years in the long list
of absurd, puerile, inappropriate, and in a few instances discreditable
names which have been bestowed, it is quite apparent that there should
exist a supreme Committee of Appeal, to whom any new names could
be submitted if there were any doubt as to their impropriety, either
from a structural (philological) defect, an offensive (social, moral,
political, personal, etc.) signification, or from a synonymic point of
view, etc. This should be the primary object of the appointment of
this Committee, */:., to deal with the Nomenclature of the future with
a view to the simplification and reduction of the synonymy, and in no
way to hamper or restrict the present methods of individual work.
Workers will bestow names in the future, as they have done in the
past, and in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred the names will be as

180 THE entomologist's record.

now, appropriate and inoffensive, and will become valid. It is the one
odd name which gives the trouble and which we have to legislate for.
The Committee must not act in the nature of restriction. At the
present time it appears hardly advisable to give the Committe any
instruction to deal with the names of the past in a wholesale way,
although it seems that something should be done. Each case might
be discussed on its merits for a time as it comes up, until this proposed
Committee gets a recognised standing, when at a subsequent Congress
its powers might be increased. At present it seems advisable to get
the committee appointed and to limit the reference to it as stated above,
that it should be simply a court of appeal. Its decisions will be given
by entomologists to entomologists, and will carry more weight and
receive more recognition than would the decisions of any outside body.

It should be competent for any one to lodge an appeal, but it must
be on one or more definite points and the decision of the Committee
must be absolute, even if a slight error in their collective judgment
should creep in. What is wanted for the future is absolute finality as
regards the application, structure, etc., of any one name. The Com-
mittee are not to consider all names, and a majority decision in case of
dispute to be final. It would be advisable for the awards, when made,
to be distributed to the chief magazines of each country, but it need
not to be the duty of the committee to do or to see that this is done.

It might be referred to the Committee, if established, that they
should consider the advisability of compiling a code of nomenclatorial
rules for the general guidance and information of entomologists, and
to report at the next Congress.

A general instruction as to the work of the Committee on any
question might be indicated at the Congress. When an appeal is made
it should be the duty of the Committee to ascertain all available facts
and details, to confer with one another, to make various suggestions to
both the appellant and the author, but only in extreme cases should it
be the duty of the committee to alter or rename, and then only after
all reasonable suggestions or alternatives had been ignored. In
such extreme cases the decision should be sent to at least one of the
chief magazines in each country by the committee. Of course all
members of the Committee when a decision has been arrived at will
agree loyally to support it, even against their own individual opinion.

It must be generally recognised that there are several inherent
difficulties in the way of the working of this Committee besides the
question of language. The members could only meet at the Congress
once in three years, and communication, necessarily slow, niust be by
correspondence, and some plan would have to be devised for the work-
ing of this. Say a secretary, who would send on a duplicate of each
appeal to one member, who would register his opinion and pass the
appeal with his opinion to the next member, and so on. The order of
the communications might be determined by arrangement. The
secretary would then collate the opinions and summarise the result,
which he would at once send to each member for his approval or
further suggestion. In the mean time the secretary and each member
of the Committee would ascertain all the facts bearing on the case,
which would be incorporated with the secretary's summary. Finally,
the secretary would communicate the decision both to the Appellant
and to the Author concerned.

MOTHS ON APPLE TRUNKS. 181

As to the composition of the Committee. There should be repre-
sentatives of all the chief countries of the world, wherever Entomology
is taken as a serious branch of studj% and from whence delegates are
elected to the Congrf ss. Probal)]y one representative from each would
be sufficient, with the addition of a secretary who would voluntarily
undertake the necessary correspondence. He must be a good linguist,
or have opportunities of getting translations, etc., done for him with
precision and accuracy. An endeavour should be made to get one or
more of the chief workers of the world in each of the orders most
generally studied, to be a member of the Committee. There should
also be a strong representative or two among museum workers and
editors of responsible journals.

Another difficulty arises, and a rather big and important one, that
is, ways and means. There will be a certain amount of secretarial
expenses. The cost to the individual members of the Committee will
be merely an occasional letter, but the secretary will have a consider-
able amount, not only of postage, but of other expenses, such as typing
or copying, and this will have to be met. Probably a small grant
might be made from the funds of the Congress or the Secretary might
be recognised as one of the Officers of the Congress and his expenses
covered, as are those of other secretaries.

There is one other point which appeals strongly for a decision, and
that is the limitation of any further research into Nomenclature. It
has become a thoroughly established rule that no name given previously
to Linne's 10th Edition of the Si/stenia Natiira, 1858, shall be accepted.
Research has now been going on for many years and all the important
faunistic papers and works since that date have been ransacked, or are
in process of being examined, so that there only remains a number of
less important contributions in obscure magazines to be consulted by
some future entomological bookworm with a desire to become notorious
as a nomenclatorial revolutionist. If some authoritative limitation
could be made to further research, or at least to the terrible wholesale
changes which are now just beginning to be made in some orders, a
great drawback to scientific advance would be minimised.

This is really an appeal for simplicity. Let us build the house
first and see how it suits, afterwards furnish it in a becoming way.
Get the Committee appointed and limit the references to it to see how it
works the simple duties put upon it. Then when found to be reliable,
and when organised (a body so composed will want organising, and well
organising) and recognised generally as a thoroughly responsible body,
more duties can gradually be put upon it, and we shall possess a
permanent organisation which all, except an odd crank or two, will
recognise in whatever nomenclatorial work they may have in hand.

Moths on trunks of apple trees.

By ALFRED SICH, F.E.S.

A few years ago I used to visit very frequently one of those
entomological paradises, a rather neglected garden. There wild
flowers, commonly called weeds, used to flourish in all the odd corners
and there the leaves of the apple, pear, whitethorn, and other trees,
having served their normal functions and fallen to the earth, were
allowed to remain undisturbed through the winter and spring. This

182

THK ENT():\H)LOGIST S RKCOKD.

was of course an arrangement most suitable to those lovely little
creatures, the Lithocolletids, for they could lie cosily all the winter, and
^vhen in the spring, they had left their cocoons and expanded their
wings, they could fly on to the tree trunks and rest in comfort. The
first of these to appear in spring was Litlwrolletis concuniiteUa, Bankes,
which I have sometimes found as early as the middle of April.
Following hard on this boldly marked species, would come the more
evenly coloured L. rori/lifolidla. This latter is rather an omnivorouf^
feeder. It mines in hawthorn, apple, pear, aud I believe in cherry.
This year I have bred it from quince, from mines taken last autumn.

When May set in the apple trunks became quite interesting.
Sometimes moths would rest on the stems of the pear trees, but for
some reason they greatly preferred the smoother apple bark. Under
ordinary conditions the north and east sides of the trunks were the
more favoured. Lithocolletids are usually quiet enough to allow one
to examine them with a lense and leave them in peace, if not required.
The same may be said of that harbinger of Spring, •Sirannneniaminio
jiyrella. By the way one has to remember the virtues of the great
Dutch naturalist before reconciling such a name with this agreeable
little insect. On the other hand, the two Tortrices, which haunted
these trees at the same time of year were very wide awake. If the
weather was at all warm, they had to be boxed on sight or lost. 1
think (Jocvy.r ari/ip-ana was the most active, but I'l/milcs ritecdiella
was also very quickly on the wing. There must be some special pene-
trating rays or refractions of light which jiroceed from the human eye,
for I have often noticed that one may V)e aware of a moth at rest on
the bark of a tree, where it will remain still till one directs the sight
on it to determine the species, it then becomes restless, and if one of
the active species it will sometimes tly oft' at once. The destructive
(.'arpocapsa potnnncUa is usually quickly out of the way, as if it knew
it was not welcome. About the middle of 'S[\\ ( >, ulr f/nttra would
appear, but never in any numbers. Soon after this the glorious burst
of spring would be over, and even the larvae of Kiipithecia irrtanynlata.
which bad been feeding in the apple blossoms, would all be spun up.
There would still be a few worn specimens of Lithocolletids on the
trunks, and occasionally, half hidden in a cranny of the bark,
a specimen of the ubiquitous, white-headed I'^ndrosi.s lactedla.
During this lull the apple trunks were hardly worth seai'ch-
ing. One might intercept a larva of Bccnrraria nanella on its
way down the trunk to find a convenient niche in which to spin its
cocoon. Towards midsuujmer An/i/n'itt/iitt connila with its head
against the bark and its tail in air, would gladden the eye, and one
was tempted to awaken it, in order to witness how carefully it laid its
head again on the bark after balancing its body on its legs like a .see-
saw. As the most beautiful month of the year gave way to July,
these tree trunks became again vei-y attractive to the Tineist. Hryo-
' tvopha (Innx'stica, bred on the neighbouring mossy walls, and wandering
thence in search of honied blossoms, would take up a day's lodging on
the bark, and Htrmrdiia naiuila, escapiiig from its cocoon, would
rest there after its strenuous efforts to free itself from its pupal
shell. The Gelechias, to which tribe these two last mentioned
lielong, 1 look on as the most acute of the Tineids. ilelechia
ihoinbelUi is certainly not the least gifted in cleverness. I have,

NOTES (»N THE GENUS COLEOPHORA. 1 8l>

no doubt, passed this species over many times, and but for the black
quadrate mark at the base of each forewing, I should have missed
seeing it on many more occasions. One of its favourite resting places
is just where a flake of bark is partly separated from the surface.
Under this flake the moth will push its wings and body, just leaving
its head and shoulders visible. Rut probably all unknown to the
insect itself, the black basal marks betray its presence to the practised
eye. When alarmed it sometimes attempted to withdraw further into
its retreat. At other times it would make a rapid run of a quarter of
an inch and take wing like a miniature aeroplane, except that all was
done in perfect silence. When July was well advanced, Blastodacva
atra, Hw. {rijiolentella, H.S.), might sometiiiies be seen as a dark
object on the stems of the apples. B. hellcrella occurred earlier in the
year on hawthorn stems, close by. In August I never found very
much on these stems except the Heniipteron, I'luitocoiin tiliae, then
in the perfect state. I have my suspicions that this insect may
sometimes make a meal off a moth, if it happens to capture one at
rest. Among the moths noticed, there were a few common Geometers
and one or two Noctuae, such as might be seen in any suburban
garden, but they were not in sufficient abundance to warrant any
notes on their habits. Perhaps the only exception was Kiijiithecia
irctoniiulatn var. iiii/roxericeata. I noticed that this moth usually
preferred to rest, not on the tree trunk, but on the lower surface of one
of the horizontal branches, where it was very well hidden.

Notes on the Various Species of the Genus Coleophora.

B.y Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S.
During the years 1904-5-6-7 I paid considerable attention to the
genus Cnlenphnro and made a large number of obsei-vations on the
larval habits, etc. Notes on some of the species were from time to
time conti'ibuted to the pages of this magazine, but for some reason or
another they were discontinued. I now propose to put my notes in
order and publish them as opportunity offers. Of the ova I have
detailed notes in nine species, and as they were photographed most
successfully by my friend Mr. F. Noad-Clark, plates can be given as
well as descriptions. Mr. Sich will no doubt add any notes of his own
on the species I have observed. The observations thus collected will
be at the service of some monographer of the future, who may wish to
add to the volumes of Tutt's British Lepidoptera series.

Coleophora therinella.

For my first introduction to the larvae and cases of thif?
species I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Eustace Bankes,
They were obtained near Dartmouth and were feeding on the
common thistle, ('ardniis armisis. They reached me on Sep-
tember 23rd, 1904. The cases were long and thin, cylindrical
in shape, tapering somewhat, but very gradually, towards the anal
extremity. Normally the cases are three valved at the anal end.
but most of them at the time they reached me were very indefinite in
the valve structure. Apparently they had only just been enlarged, as
the extremity was very thin and scarcely lined with the internal layer
of closely woven silk, which forms a strengthening and definitely edges

184 THE entomologist's record.

the valves. The cases being clean and white would support the
contention that they were not fully complete, as in this species I have
found the white colour rapidly becomes a dirty brown. On these cases
it was interesting to note the vestigial remains of the earlier stage of
case-growth. On each side of the " mouth " end somewhat behind the
" neck " of the case were the two halves of this early case, very small,
but very distinct, noticeable by their dirty brown colour contrasting
with the clean Avhite of the new material. The earlier case had
apparently been split down the ventral side, and partly down the back,
the two " wings " as it were being incorporated in the new tube, which
the larva had made, and subsequently new rings of tube-wall substance
added in front to form a suitable mouth-opening for the case. In an
older weathered case one does not easily recognise this early remnant.
This sized case was apparently that in which the larva was to pass its
last stage, and in which it was to pupate. The mouth opening turns
down considerably so tha't the normal position of the case is 20° or
less to the plain of attachment when the larva is at rest. The " neck "
of the case has a more graceful curve than in many species and the
margin of the mouth opening is turned outwards. As the neck is
longer than in most species, the case appears to be at a greater angle to
the plain of attachment more than it really is. Although the food
plant of this species is abundant everywhere the insects are extremely
local, but when found one can, as a rule, depend upon finding a
considerable number. The larvae feed on the undersides of the leaves,
and since these are very thick one does not easily see the blotches they
make unless one searches on hands and knees and braves the stout
defensive weapons of the plant.

The following is a description of a larva, taken on September 29th,
1904, when it was presumably in its final instar.

" The head, brown not black, very shiny, much more so than the
plate on the first thoracic segment.

First thoracic segment, with a large dorsal plate, very dark in
colour, almost black, with a very fine suture up the middle, which
gradually becomes finer, almost vanishing at the front margin of the
plate.

The second thoracic segment has four small plates arranged in an
almost straight line transversely to the body of the larva, the front
margins of the four forming a very slight curve, concave towards the
first segment. These four plates are, to speak very roughly, of a
general right-angled triangle shape, the two centre plates with their
right-angles approximating towards the rear, and each with one acute
angle at the front margin, while the two outer ones have their right-
angle nearest the sides of the segment in front, hence most of the
front margin of the plates is formed by these two. The central suture
is somewhat apparent, while the two oblique sutures, flankeil by the
approximating hypotenuses of the two triangles are scarcely observable
when th(! larva is at rest, but become easily visible when the larva is
active and the segments are extended in movement.

The third thoracic segment has two small elliptical plates lying at
right angles to the longitudinal line of the body, and in line with tho
side-margins and rear angle of the outer triangular plates of the
second segment, consequently they are very wide apart, and lie about
midway between the fore and aft margins of the larval segment.

NOTES ON THE GENUS COLEOPHORA. 186

The anal segment has a large black plate covering the whole of the
dorsum, and the anal claspers have each a small round black plate at
the base of the outside towards the rear, separated above from the
anal dorsal plate by a narrow suture.

The sides of the three thoracic segments are furnished each with a
side plate, uniformly round and approximately of the same size, except
that, if anything that on segment two is the largest.

There are four pairs of abdominal claspers, comparatively well
developed.

The thoracic legs are furnished with a black plate quite at the base
of the front, so much so that it is only apparent when the larva is in
active movement. The first pair of legs are black tipped, and each
leg is protected by a very small black plate on its outer, more exposed
surface. These plates do not exactly cover the legs but leave lighter
inter-joint spaces.

On the underside towards the back of thoracic segment three, there
are two longitudinal black plates separated in the middle by a space
somewhat less than the length of one of the plates.

The general coloration of the body of the larva is light clay-brown
without a trace of yellow, very uniform, except in the thoracic inter-
segmental spaces where it is still paler."

The case is cylindrical, but not of uniform diameter. The largest
diameter is about one-third of the distance from the mouth end, from
which the taper is very gradual near the anal end, where there is a
slight constriction jwst before the valve pieces project out at their
closely adpressed edges. There is a very slightly raised sutural ridge
along the ventral side of the case, not always apparent. All the sutures
of the three valved anal opening are strongly marked when fully com-
pleted, bowing outwards and turning round abruptly towards a very
blunt apex, the meeting place of the termination of the three sutural
ridges. The surfaces of all the three valves are very concave. On the
inside the silken lining is very dark, probably stained by a larval
secretion, as the case is clear white during construction and for a short
time after it has been completed.

The slightly turned-out edge of the mouth opening is margined with
a very fine, very dark line, more intense than the colour of the lining of
the interior of the case. The outer surface of the case becomes a very
dirt^' whitish-brown or actually a dingy earthy colour. Close observa-
tion shows numerous more or less obscure longitudinal parallel ridges
from head to tail, more distinct on the underside, converging towards
the ends, and, of course, more rapidly to the head than to the tail, as
the major diameter is nearer the head. These are not apparent at all
on the back. Presumably these are the lines of cleavage and insertion
of new material at the different periods of enlargement of the case.

I have had no chance of observing the young larval case of this
species, but judging from the remains noted on numbers of cases, it
would appear that the primary case of the larva of this species has
only a two valved anal aperture.

Since the imagines of this species fly in July and August, and
the larvae are practically fullfed by mid- September, it does not seem
probable that the larvte of one year are the offspring of the imagines
of the same year. This view is supported by the evidence of the
remains of the primary (?) larval cases in a very weatherworn condi-

186 THK kntomologist's RECORIi.

fcion, when the full-sized case is quite fresh. Hence, it seems apparent
that the species is a biennial one, the larv* going over two winters
before the imagines emerge. There are thus two races attaining, in
normal conditions of climate, the imaginal stage in alternate years.

On the following day, after makinj^- the above notes, i.e., on
September 28th, I examined other larv;e, taking them from their
cases. The first one examined had been out of its case for some days
when it was described. 1 found all these others examined were lighter
in ground colour, their head and jaws were darker, almost as dark as
the plate on the dorsum of the first thoracic segment, the two outside
plates on the second segment were better separated from the other
two by themselves, and the intersegmental membrane was not so
distinct from the ground-colour as in the first one examined. The
suggestion is that the first larva examined had darkened from the
exposure of several days' duration, and had contracted in size owing
to want of food and evaporation from being not protected by the
impervious nature of the material of the case.

Comparison of the various cases at this date showed a few to be
more slender, of less diameter, to have a strong ventral ridge, or keel,
lighter than the rest of the tube, to be uniformly curved from front to
back, and with the anal opening very indefinite and ill-constructed,
but apparently only two valved. Possibly these were cases made by
younger larvje, or by larvae which had been parasitized or in some way
unable to construct a normal case. It was subsequently found that
the larva of all these last cases died sooner or later without further
completing their dwellings.

On October 2nd, 1904, 1 found three cases of this species, one ol
which was an apparently unfinished case, slender and tapering to the
indefinite anal extremity. One of the normal full-sized cases showed
three dark longitudinal lines on the ventral side, extending from near
the mouth opening to neai" the valves of the anal end. One line was
quite central, the others equidistant on each side, a rather curious
arrangement, as apparently one suture had been reopened, and served
as the suture for the second inserted portion. All three cases showed
the remains of the young-time case, i.e., the two halves near the neck
of the more mature case.

The blotches caused by these larva^ on the undersides of the thistle
leaves were very numerous, nearly circular, and of small diameter.
The larva only protrudes its head and thorax into the mine for a short
distance around the hole. In this instance, the leaves of the thistle
being luxuriant and very fleshy, and the mines being very numerous,
it was easy to see the indications of the presence of larvae without
much trouble. Probably the reason that only three larvae were found,
although the traces of them were most apparent, was that the date was
late in the year, and most had retired into winter quarters, the younger
ones to await the spring growth to give renewed life and energies, the
older ones to await the time for pupation in late spring or early
summer.

All these larvie were placed on living plants out-of-doors, but only
two or three imagines appeared in the July of 1905. The plants died
and the cases were ealen by various predatory beasts, which had
inadvertently been enclosed in the cage with the earth and the growing
plants.

NOTKS UN THK (iKNUS COLEOPHORA. 187

A case received from Mv. Sich, and taken at Chiswick, was
opened on June 18th, 1901, and found to contain a pupa. Unfor-
tunately it was damaged in the process.

At the present time, June 2bth, I have a few cases of this species
j^iven me by Mr. R. A. H. Priske. who found them a week or so ago
near the shore at Sidmouth, S. Dorset, on bramble and Hemp
Agrimony, but he saw no thistles near. The Hemp Agrimony had
l)een well blotched, apparently by many larv«, but he was only able to
find seven cases. The bramble had only served as a perch either for
pupation or for ecdysis.

CoLKOPHORA NIGRICELLA (V) (a FURTHER NOTE).

On May yth, 1904, at Catford, I met with a case on hawthorn with
which I was unacquainted. It was a small, straight, delicate case,
clean brown in colour, with a mouth so oblique as to bring the case almost
prone on the leaf. The anal end had three valves, and there was a keel
on the lower side of the case moderately well developed at the anal end.
The larva fastened up its case on May 10th, probably for change of
skin, as on May 14th it was feeding again, and fed on slowly till May
Wth, but did not enlarge its case, and as no imago emerged I was
unable to identify the species. I did not think it was an aberrant case
of ( '. iii(/ricella, from the great obliquity of the mouth, the smooth
texture, the light colour, and the general form and shape.

From a case found in May, 1906, among a number of C iiiiiriceUu
of i)lder growth, I am inclined to think that the above was only a case
of that species, probably a belated young case, the first possibly after
the winter curved case, with the mouth-opening much more oblique
than normallv.

Longitarsns plantajfo=niaritimus, sp. nov. A Coleopteron new to

Science.

By HEKEWAHD C. DOLLMAN. F.E.S.

Typj: si'Eci.MEN : ~ Oblong-ovate, strongly convex, deep black, shining;
antennnp long, thickened towards apex, penultimate joints fully twice as long as
broad, black, with the basal joints (1-5) deep red-brown; thorax moderately
.shining, entirely deep-black, punctured closely with a coarse and somewhat con-
Huent punctuation ; winged ; elytra at bases wider than thorax, plainly widened
behind, convex, deep-black, the liunieral callosity well developed and very shining,
ve)'y strongly, coarsely and closely punctured; pygidium exposed, deeply punc-
tured ; legs deep brown ; femora nearly black (posterior femora quite black),
anterior and intermediate knees, and all the tarsi red-brown. Length, '2| mm.

The Type spciciraen taken at Gravesend on I'lantaijo nian'tima,
May 5th, 1912.

This species is most closely allied to /-. nu^er, Koch, but is abun-
dantly distinct therefrom. I have taken considerable trouble to satisfy
myself that it was not Koch's species, referring to the original
description (/-w/f. Heft. II., p. 57, 1803), to the full account and key
of Weise in Imcctev DenUcldands, vi., p. 939 (1893), and other works,
besides having at my disposal continental exponents of L. ni(jcy, Koch,
which latter fully agree with the various descriptions of the species.

The most easily observed difterentia are its considerably larger
size, and the much darker coloration of the legs (those of T..
nifirr being, with the exception of the femora, light testaceous- red).

188 THE entomologist's record.

But by far the best character is found in the thoracic punctuation.
In L. plantar/o-iiiaritiinim the punctuation is coarse, confluent and
close, in L. niffer, shallow, isolated and diffuse. This gives to nir/rr a
a much more shining thorax, most easily seen if both species are
examined side by side under a low objective. The shallow, isolated
nature of the punctuation of the thorax in ni</er is mentioned by
Weise and other authors. The L. ni(/er of Redtenbacher is considered
by both Foudras and Weise as a synonym of Koch's species.

Subsequent expeditions to Gravesend resulted in the accumulation
of more material to work upon, a nice series of the beetle being taken off
the leaves of sea-plantain. The majority of these were quite dark like
the first specimen, but some were pitchy-brown and others testaceous-
red. The coloration of the legs and the basal joints of the antennte in
these latter specimens was in harmony with their general pigmentation,
in the pitchy specimens being pitchy (a little lighter than the type-
form), and in the light ones, testaceous-red, with the exception of the
posterior femora, which in all my specimens are black, or nearly so.
For this extreme light form I propose the name of pcrpleu-us, ab. nov.

Similar to normal specimens of plaiitano-niorilinius in size and sculpture, but
with the thorax and elytra (except the sutural margin) testaceous red ; antenna
with the first six joints, and the base of the seventh, clear light red-brown ; anterior
and intermediate legs entirely testaceous-red, posterior legs with the femora black,
tibiae dark brown, and tarsi testaceous.

The " var a" of L. nuicr, Koch, mentioned by Weise, would seem
to show a parallel case of colour variation in that species.

I may say that all my specimens were taken oft' I'lantaijn itiaritima,
to which plant the species is undoubtedly attached. Being a very
active Ijinnitarsus, it is not a matter for surprise that perhaps as many
examples were missed as secured.

In conclusion I am glad to have the opportunity to thank Mr. H.
St. J. K. Donisthorpe for having very kindly translated for me the
German descriptions of Koch and .Weise.

:^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Types of Lepidoptera. — In a note to the l^ntomoliHiist in May,
1911, p. 185, Mr. R. Adkin queries why so little interest was mani-
fested by the numerous gentlemen assembled at Steven's Sale Rooms
when the main portion of the Xoctnac contained in the " Tutt" collec-
tion, and upon which the book British Noctiiae and their ^'arieties was
based, were sold. In the June number of the same magazine Mr. G.
T. Porritt answers this query with the statement that except some
half-a-dozen British lepidopterists, who are interested, no one uses
such varietal names, as were attached to the various series, or cares
anything about them. May I be allowed to suggest another reason ?
One sought in vain among Mr. Tutt's insects for the "type
specimen " of a variety. The varietal names given by him were
given, not to a single specimen, but to a set or series characteristic of
a certain geographical area, and to that set were his labels put ; he
did not, as a rule, pick out an individual and bestow a name upon it,
and it alone. He saw the general facies in a set of specimens from
one or more localities as distinct from a set from other localities where
the species occurred, and distinguished each set by a distinctive name.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, 189

Turn fco any page of his work on the group, and this fact can be
verified. If there had been •' type specimens " with the label attached
to the specimen giving the information that it was the specimen, the
whole practically of the unique collection of series of Aijrotis tritici
would not have been sold for some 18s. Was it not a fact that in the
sale room, and during the previous view, collectors were asking
"Which is the type?" of this or that form and " Why is not the
type marked?" "We cannot tell which is the type." There are
entomologists and entomologists. The man who recognises that a
thing of beauty is a joy for ever puts a money value on precision, the
man who goes deeper than the recognition of beauty and the feeling
of joy at the superficial perception of beauty knows intuitively that
precision in similarity is a myth, and acts accordingly, with the result
that the value of his work in £ s. d. is often ruefully incommen-
surable with its deserts, and we wonder why. — Hy. J. Turner.

Occurrence of Triogma trisulcata, Schumji. — In 1893-4-5 a dozen
specimens of a Tipulid were taken by me in Sutton Park, Warwick-
shire, and were then placed in my collection under Plialacrocera
repiicata. A specimen was sent to the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield and
remained in his possession some years, when it was forwarded to Mr.
Carter, of Blairgowrie, with other insects. Mr. Carter found it did
not agree with P. repiicata, and brought it forward {Knt. Mo. Ma;/.,
April, 1912) as a species and genus new to Britain. Mr. Bloomfield
then communicated with rue, and as there appeared to be some doubt
in the matter, I forwarded a specimen to Mr. -J. E. Collin, who com-
pared it with continental types (Kowarz''s C!ol].) in his possession, and
confirms it as Trioipna trisulcata. It is well represented in my col-
lection by seven 3 s and three ? s. — R. C. Bradley, 26, Alcester
Road, Moseley, Birmingham.

Spring Notes. — I have been out to-day in the neighbourhood of
Farningham, and have never seen so many Kuc/doe vardaimnes before
in my life, and a week ago ('elastri)ia anjiolua males were everywhere
m the same locality. To-day I searched for the females, but could
not find one. (\dlojihnis riihi was fairly plentiful, and the first brood
of Potijoiiiniatii.s icant!^ was well out and abundant. 1 hear that
Brenthis selene has already been taken in Surrey this year.- H. Moore
(F.E.S.), 12, Lower Road, Rotherhithe. May l^th.

Phryxus livornica at Coventry. — I beg to record the capture of a
specimen of /'. lirurnica at light last evening. I was passing near an
electric arc standard by St. John's Church, when I noticed a hawk-
moth circling around it. I had no kind of a net with me, but after-
soaring around for a time, it came within reach, and I struck it down
with my umbrella. I was much surprised to find that 1 had secured a
specimen of P. livornica, minus an antenna, but otherwise in fair
condition. — E. H. Sills, 84, Earl Street, Coventry. .Mai/ 18M, 1912.

Phryxus livornica at Cromer. — On May 22nd a nice specimen of
P. lirornica was taken at rest on a shop window ni this town. It is
the first I have heard of from this locality, and is now in my posses-
sion. 1 see in The Field that another specimen has lately been taken
neai" Flax Bourton. I have seen several specimens of I'ljratneis cardui
about lately in this district.— F. H. Barclay (F.G.S., F.E.S.), The
Warren, Cromer.

Larvae of Coleophora discordella. — When at Folkestone I found,

190 THE entomologist's record.

on June 8th, a colony of Coleupliord iliscordella, feeding on a plant of
Lotus corniculatus, growing on the cliff opposite the sea. Many larvae
of this genus prefer to feed on the lower leaves where they can remain
hidden, but these larvae by preference attacked the upper leaves of the
shoots, mining them out completely, so that the plant assumed a
variegated aspect. Most of the lai'vie fastened their case* on to the
stems of the Lotus for pupation, though some of them spun up on
neighbouring grass bents, but all those I found spun up had previously
crept down to the lower parts of the plant. — Alfrkd High (F.E.S.),
Ghiswick. July %ul, 1912.

White ovum of Dicranuka vinula. — On June 26th, my brother, H.
Leonard Sich, found an almost pure white egg of this species, which
had been laid on a leaf of aspen, at East lioathly, in Sussex. He sent
It to me, and the larva hatched on June 80th. It is quite black with
red filaments, and appears therefore perfectly normal in coloration.
The egg, compared with white paper, has a slight creamy tint and is
brownish below the periphery. 1 have often found the eggs of this
species of a pale buff colour but have never before seen a white
specimen. — Id.

Notes on Lyc^na sephyrus vak. uhryki, Kebel,. — Dr. H. Rebel
recently described a new local race of Lycaena aephyrus, Fnv., under
the name of uhryki.- At the time of the description only a few
specimens of this form were known, taken with one exception near
Flamunda in the Deliblat, a large sandy plain in Temes Comitat in
the extreme South of Hungary. The single other specimen was
secured last year near Buza in 'I'ransylvania.f The older Hungarian
collectors had already recorded true ^epliyrus trom Transylvania, but
the record was looked upon as doubtful. Shortly after Dr. Rebel's
publication a specimen was brought to him stated to have been caught
many years ago in the mountains round Ofen (Budapest).

This year my sister-in-law, Miss Charlotte de Wertheimstein, took
me to Flamunda to see this interesting species in its native haunts,
and I had the pleasure of observing quite a number of specimens of
this tine insect. The butterflies only occur where the rare and
beautiful Eastern plant Aatrui/alus dasyanthus, Ev., occurs, and the
females fly round this plant and sit upon it. Unfortunately, owing
to the very short time at our disposal, and the bad weather, we did not
observe the actual act of depositing the ovum, but there is no doubt
that this plant is the food of the larva in the Deliblat, and as it also
occurs, though rarely, in Transylvania, the butterfly doubtless deposits
on this plant there, too. Astrai/alus exscaiuis, L., the food plant in
Switzerland, is also found in Hungary, and probably the food of the larva
of this insect in Western and Central Hungary, such as in the Ofen
Mountains, is this plant.— (Hon.) N. Charles Rothschild (F.Z.S.,
F.E.S.), A^'undel House, Kensington Palace Gardens, \\ . July '2,nd.

An easy method of getting full fed CoSSUS LIGNIPERDA LARViE

from the trunks of infected trees. — In the Autumn full fed larvae
of the above species may often be seen near the entrance of their
burrows in an old tree preparatory to starting their wandering in search
of a suitable place to spin their cocoon in which to pass the Winter.
If a piece of tough grass is bent in two, and the bent part presented

• Ent Zeit., xxv., p. 191 (1911).

1^ Verb. n. Mitt. Sii'bevhurg Ver Naturwiss., vol. Ixii., p. 6 (191*2).

VOTES ON COLLECTING^ 191

to the larvae, it will seize it with its mandibles, hold on, and allow
itself to be drawn gently out like a cork from a bottle. All other
devices I have tried only serve to send the larvfP farther into their
burrows. — C. ^Y. Colthrup, 141, East Dulwich Grove. .June llth.

Notes in late May or karly June : — When crossing a wood-
clearing at Hadleigh on the morning of May 19th NuiiioiihUa noctKella
flew from an oak trunk. One does not associate this species with
tree-trunks and it is certainly unusual to find it in a wood. I was at
Chattenden on May 26th and found (Jone/iylU inacidosana plentiful and
in good condition. I also found Acrolit/ia {Hcdija) ^erviUana, and on
bloom of Veronica chamaedri/s several examples of Adela tibiddla. On
May *20th I visited Cuxton and obtained AcuUdia oniata, h^Kpitliecia
exi(jiiata, and Aijiiades theth (only one male, line), Nimniades tcu/es in
plenty, Kudidia ijlijidiica, blnnychia (Pi/rannta) niijrata {antiiiinalis),
P. oxtrinalis and Gelechia arteinisiella. At Mailing, on June 1st, flymg
in the afternoon along a wood path on the top of the down, were
Laiiipronia Inzella, Scardia [I'inia) arcella an'd N. fiarasiteUa. Lower
down I found Botijs pandalis and (Iriffttilns pairidactt/la.
F. G. Whittle, 7, Marine Avenue, tSouthend. Jitne bth.

Hylecoetus dermestoides, L., from Loch Lomond. — -I recently
spent a day at Ardlui at the head of Loch Lomond, my chief object
being the ascent of Ben Vorlich. This satisfactorily accomplished,
and the evening being beautifully fine, a friend rowed me to a small
wood of Scotch tir on the other side of the loch, where I spent some
time searching for Tnllbcn/ia {CoUeinbola) acolopendrella and other
small fry. Just before returning to the Hotel for dinner I noticed a
log of Scotch fir riddled by a beetle, tiijlecoKtus dernieatuides, many of
which were just emerging. I took sixteen specimens ranging from
7mm. to 13-5mm, in length, five of these were females ranging from
10mm. to 12-5mm., and the rest males ranging from 7mm. to ly-5mm.
The males are referable to two named varieties, marci, L., and uiorin,
F., and as such should be recognised in our British Catalogue. The
var. marci, L., is the form with brown or ferrugmous elytra, tipped
with black, of v/hich I took two examples measuring 7mm. and
11-5 mm. respectively, whilst the var. niorio, ¥., has the head, thorax
and elytra entirely black, my examples ranging from 8mm. to 18-omm.
My friend Prof. T. Hudson Beare visited the spot a few days later,
finding the beetle, but only in the one log. — tiicHARD S. Bagnall,
(F.E.S.), Penshaw. June Ath, 1912.

Easibourne Notes. — The weather is not very grand here and
little doing entomologically. Sugar has attracted plenty of common
moths and a few Aplecta pra.sina [herbida). I have just found two
larva of Pyraineis atalanta. If the wind drops I hope to meet with
more, as things seem quite forward. I have found no Ai/riopis aprilina
larva; and those of Psilnra nionac/w are nearly fuUfed, but scarce.
Brenthis selene is still flying, and on Beachy Head Ai/riades t/tetis
(adunis) is out.— Hugh Main (B.Sc, F.E.S.). June 20</<, 1912.

«>C1ENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Pupation of Bkenthis eupiirosyne. — About 3 o'clock in the after-
noon on April 21th, I came across a larva of Brenthis eit/i/irosi/iie
suspended from a small silken pad spun on the slightly inclined side
of a rock, placed with others, ijordering some stone steps in my

192 THE ESTOMOL()(tISt's RECOKIi.

yai'den. Not luorc than ii quarter of an hour later i again looked for
the larva to make sure 1 had correctly determined the species and, to
my surprise, found that it had almost completed the process of pupa-
tion, with the exception of finally attaching its cremaster to the silken
pad. Hy a series of efforts, in which the pupa hunched itself up and
then extended its still soft and pliant body towards the pad, it mounted
upwards and, of course, tail- foremost over its lately doffed larval skin
which was all bunched up and, in some manner, held firmly close
under the silken pad. At each of these efforts, four or five in number,
I noticed that the anal claspers (still clearly discernable) opened and
closed as the body stretched out and curved in the dii-eetion of the
pad, towards which the pupa gradually progressed. How it managed
to hold on during this operation I failed to observe. On reaching its
goal, the anal claspers opened and closed for the last time and gripped
hold of the cone-shaped pad and then the pupa started a wriggling
motion from side to side and in this way firmly attached itself to the
silk. This side-to-side movement was continued until the discarded
larval skin was dislodged and had fallen to the ground. The pupa
was slightly malformed, one wing-case being rather undersized, and.
as I expected, the imago which emerged on May 26th had small
misshapen wings on one side. This species has been on the wing in
the Wye Valley district since May 9th. — .1. F. Bird, Sylvan View,
Brockwell, nr. Chepstow. .Inuf 10?//, 1912.

C^URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

The late Mr. •). W. Tutt, having directed his Executors to complete
the partly published volume of J>ritls/i HHtterjUev so far as the MSS.
extended, the Executors wish to record their indebtedness to the Rev.
Geo. Wheeler, M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S. (author of ":6utterflies of
Switzerland and the Alps of Central Europe "), who has most kindly,
consented to arrange these in conformity with the rest of the
volume and to see them through the press. Part xi. has now been issued
consisting of three plates, the completion of the section devoted to
Poliioiiiinatuii icanifi and a portion of the synonymy of Aricia tuedtm
{astro re he). The succeeding parts will be issued from time to time as
the MSS. are prepared for printing. :

The ('(iitadidii Kntoniiilixiist for May contains a very useful up-io-
date map, illustrating the Faunal Zones of North America. This is
particularly useful at the iiresent time to those who are actively
engaged in collecting and collating the material for the "Catalogue of
the Insects of Canada and Newfoundland," to which reference was
made in these pages some months ago.

In an article in Fascicule 10 of the liidl. Soc. h'.nt. dc France, M.
F. le Cerf endeavours to clear up the confusion hitherto existing be-
tween the different local races of F.pinephele Jitrtina and H. tebneasia,
basing his results largely upon an investigation of the genitalia. He
recognises the following local forms: /•-'. jnrtina: I''., jiirtina var.
/W/•^(»ot<f (Algeria) ; K. jiirtina var. /wrsica (Persia); F. jnrtina <rexi.
JUS. Idaindla (S. Europe); A', telniesaia : l\. telincssia var. oreas (Persia);
K. teliiiessia var. Icnrdistana (Kurdistan); and A,', tehnessia var. uianioloides
(Persia) ; he gives six diagrams in illustration of his remarks.

We have received the l-'urtn-Sccond Aimiial Ht'/iort of the Kntniini-
Idt/iral Soclcti/ oi' Ontario, 1911. The Report is mainly an account of

(MIRRKNT NOTKS. 198

the Annual Meetin.u' which this year took place at Guelph, in the
Ontario Agricultural College. Reports from the various local branches
and numerous papers read or contributed are given at length, occupy-
ing some 114 large pages with many illustrations, some of which Ave
fancy we have seen more than once before. Among the papers are
'• Insect Scourges of Mankind," by Dr. Hewitt ; " Injurious Insects of
the Year," by -T. M. Swaine ; " The Blister Beetles," with a plate by
Arthur Gibson ; " Insect Migration at Aweme, in Manitoba," by N.
Oriddle ; etc. An account of the proposals for the Catalogue of
(Janadian Insects is also given, and the report oi the s\ibsequent dis-
cussion which took place at the meeting is included.

Three years have elapsed since the publication of the first volume
of the 'I ransactinns of tlw Carlisle Xafiiral llii^torti Socirti/. The
hearty support accorded to vol. i. encourages the Society to continue
publication, and vol. ii., is now in the press. This volume will contain
the continuation of several papers commenced in vol. i., and additional
ones on subjects relative to the Natural History of the Lake District
and Cumberland. The contents of vol. ii. will include "The Arach-
nidie (Spiders, Sec.) of Cumberland," by H. Britten, F.E.S. ; "The
Lepidoptera of Cumberland, Pt. II., Moths," by Geo. B. Koutledge,
K.i'i.S., and '' The Coleoptera of Cumberland, Part II.," by F. H. Day,
i''.R.S., and five memoirs in other branches of Natural History.

In the March number of the /'!vt. Mo. Mot/. Mr. Eustace R. Bankes
established Coh'ophora tr'KicininMa as a Lepidopteron new to Britain, on
live examples bred by Mr. Alfred Sich from larva^ found on hawthorn
at lirentfoi'd and Putney. At the same time the claims of the three
supposed species, which are known as ( '. hadiipoineUa are discussed at
considerable length, riz., ( '. ha dii prunella of Duponchel ; ( '. badiipenuella
of Zeller [Liu. Knt., iv., 401-103), of H.-S. (680, v., p. 235), and of
Prey [Tin. Pter. Srliwei-., 225) ; and ( '. hailiipennella of Stainton {In.
lirit. Lep. Tin., 224).

We fire pleased to know that the misunderstandings which have so
long existed to prevent the obtaining of Seitz Maero- Lepidoptera of the
World through the ordinary channels in this country have been at last
settled. The parts so far published in English are now obtainable.
'Rhe following volumes are rapidly approaching completion, /■/>..■ —
I'alaeorrtic hiotnbi/res and Sp/u'niiids, I'alaearefie Soctiiifoniies, Indo-
Australian tlhopalocera and American Lihopalorera, while the following-
volumes are also in progress, viz. : — Palaearetir (ieofnetrae, Indo-
Auatralian Ijomhi/ces and Sp/iini/es, I ndo- Australian Xorfiiifonnes and
African Rhqpalncera. One of the occasional contributors to our pages,
Mr. L. B. Prout, is the author responsible for the four volumes in
which the (reometrae will be dealt with.

At the Annual Congress of the South Eastern Union of Scientific
Societies held at Folkestone during the first week in -Tune Mr. Alfred
Sich, read the only entomological paper, one entitled " Lepidopterous
Case- bearers." At the meeting of the Delegates on the last day of the
Congress Messrs. A. Yj. Gibbs. E. Step and H. .1. Turner were elected
members of the Council. The next Congi-ess will take place at Hamp-
stead in 1913 at the invitation of the Hampstead Scientific Society.

In the F.nto)nolo(jical Xeirs for March last is an interesting article
entitled " At the Ceannt/nts in Virgmia." It is a vivid account of the
attractive powers of the Ceannthus plant and a list of all the species,
90 far identified, which come to the feast. One can judge of the

194 THE ENTOMOI>OGIST's RECORD.

plant's power from the summary of species in which 42 Heuiiptera,
58 Coleoptera, 165 Hymenoptera and 117 Diptera, a total of 382
species are recorded. In addition to this a number of species were not
identified and a few Lepidoptera have been omitted. Truly a formid-
able number when one is told that the flowering period lasts but three
weeks at the utmost.

In the I'hit. Neils for April is a very interestinp; account of the
hybernating habit of Cicuvli'la sieinliR in California. Little piles of
earth were noticed around the edges of large pieces of rock lying on
the ground. One of these rocks was raised and numerous burrows
were found, each containing a beetle at its inner extremity and blocked
at its mouth by the removed earth. Under three such rocks as many
as 64 specimens in all were obtained.

In the Knt. Mo. Mar/, for March, Mr. E. A. Butler adds a new
species of Hemiptera to the British List in the Capsid, Psallna ritellinus,
of which six specimens were taken in a plantation at Colesbourne in
July, 1911.

In the same number Mr. James Edwards records another addition
to the British List, viz., the Hemipteron, Psi/lUi alhipes, taken by Mr.
W. West, at Box Hill.

The Hon. N. C. Rothschild, in the same number, recorded a new
British Flea, Pahienpsi/lla kolianti, of which three specimens were
taken from a mole captured in March, 1911, at Ballindalloch.

In the April number of the Knt. Mo. Maij. Mr. A. E. J. Carter
announces a Dipteron new to Britain, ri::., Triotnna trisiilrota, taken
in 1899 at Sutton Coldfield and only recently rightly identified.

Mr. Porrit, I'/nt. Mo. Ma;/, for April, names the very distinct local
form of IJybrrnio anrcnitiaria from S.W. Yorkshire, as vsiv. fin^ca. It
is of a uniform fuscous-brown without trace of the usual markings,
and has occurred regularly for some years past.

In the May number of the Fnt. Mn. Maij., Commander J. J.
Walker announces Claviijer loiKjicortih as a Coleopteron new to Britain,
taken in the Oxford district.

Mr. J. E. Collins describes, in the Knt. Mo. Ma;/, for May, three
species of the Dipterous genus IJetcroiicnra as new to science and to
Britain, tiz., H. calcdonica, from Nethy Bridge, H. iientili^, from
Lyndhnrst, etc., and H. rerticalis, from Dolgelly, Nairn, Studland and
Bridgend.

In the May number of the Knt. Mo. Mcuj. Mr. Norman H. Joy
describes a new form of the Coleopteron Microiiloasa i»ar;iinalis as var.
ob.<iciira. It was obtained at Strathfieldsaye, Hants, in 1909.

To those interested in '"Alternation of Generations" we would
suggest a glance at the diagram given in the May number of the Knt.
Neus, illustrating the life-cycle of the malaria parasite. The infection
takes place through the biting of the human victim and the injection
of the " sporozoite" with the salivary secretion of the mosquito. In
the human blood this " sporozoite " develops into an active amoeboid
" schizont " which enters and feeds upon the blood corpuscles. These
parasites multiply asexually and intensify the attack and its results on
the human victim. Some of the parasites are subsequently sucked up
by other mosquitoes while biting the malarial patient, and undergo their
sexual generation in the blood of the insect, producing in turn fresh
" sporozoites " which infect other victims.

In a recent number of the Canadian Kntomutu^ist a summary

CURRENT NOTES. 196

is piven of the results obtained by the experiments and observations
of Dr. T. Goldberp[er and Dr. T. F. Anderson on the transmission
of the virus of typhus fever by lice [Pedicuhia refttiwcnti and
P. copitix). The details of this new discovery may be found in
the Public Health Reports of the U.S. Marine Hospital Service,
Washington. "One by one our most common insects affecting man
have been shown to be important factors in the transmission of
disease ; the house fly carries typhoid and certain other infectious
diseases; the flea carries the plague bacillus; the bed-bug has been
shown to be the transmitting agent of the causative organisms of the
serious tropical Black Fever, and the louse transmits typhus fever."

In the June number of the Evt. Mo. Mori. Dr. David Sharp
describes a new species of Coleoptera of the genus OUrinta, obtained
from seaweed at Lymington. as O. i/tenfin>i)s. Tt has also been obtained
at Edinburgh.

In the same number Mr. E. A. Newberry recognises Lathrobinm
npienla as a species of Coleoptera new to the British List. Tt has
occurred at Tottenham, Woking, Putney, Carlisle, etc.

Dr. E. Bergroth describes a new British species of Tipulid in the
June number of the Knt. Mo. Mat/, as Ep/wlia rerraUi from specimens
obtained in Warwickshire (Bradley) and Derbyshire (Verrall) ; and
Mr. F. W. Edwards describes two further additions to the Diptera
new to Britain, rh., Olifiotrophns rcvfn'colKs, a Cecidomyiid bred from
galls found on Molinia coendea near Oldham, and I .n^todi ploni^ tenids.
another Cecidomyiid from Hertfordshire, from the Pifl'ard collection.

In the IVritnraliHt for March last Mr. C. Chas. Hoi-rell records the
occurrence of C'liaetncncma i-onduvta, a Coleoptei'on new to the British
List. Two specimens were taken by him among herbage near
Scarborough in May 1911

The Tldrtij-Fifth Ann. Hep. nml Prrceed. of the Lanra!<hii(> ami
< 'lii'siliire Entonioloiiiral ^ocieti/ has recently come to hand. This
Society has among its members most of the well-known workers of
the N.E. of England, together with a number of entomologists from
more distant areas, who at some time or other have rendered their
good services as an aid to the capital work and influence of the local
Officers and Council. Mr. W. J. Lucas. B.A.. F.E.S.. one of the Vice-
Presidents, contributed the Annual Address, taking as his subject,
" The Early Stages of our Dragonflies." Mr. Geo. Arnold, M.Sc,
read a paper on " Ants," in February ; Mr. J. H. Watson read a paper
in March, on " The Wild Silk-moths of the World," a subject which
he has made particularly his own ; Dr. P. F. Tinne read a paper on
•' The Application of Colour Photography to Entomology," in
November, and a capital pocket-box exhibition meetine was held in
October.

PREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Proceedings of the South London ENTOitoLoriiCAi, .\nd Natural
History Society, 1911-12. With four Plates. Price 3s. — It was
hardly to be expected that this Society could issue such a large volume
as last year. The cost of the annual vohime is a drain on the resources
of a Society and it is only with the generous financial aid of some of
the more enthusiastic members that the necessary record can be
regularly published. For many years this Society has been fortunate

196 THE KNTOMOLOftlRT's RECORD.

in having a long tale of such helpers, and the series of annual volumes
for the past thirty years is a lasting testimony of the fact. In spite of
the size of the volume being less, the plates not so numerous and less
papers published, the present annual volume is by no means wanting
in interest and usefulness. The year has been marked by one of the
finest and largest pocket-box exhibitions ever held under the auspices
of the Society. One hundred and three members and friends were
present, of whom more than thirty-five brought exhibits. Anothei'
strong feature of the year was the special exhibition of Ituniirio jjldaeos
and its allies held in December at the suggestion of the President,
Mr. W. J. Kaye. The result was most satisfactory, a very fine and
unique exhibition was arranged to which most of the well-known
entomologists within reach of London contributed of their best. On
other occasions most educative and comprehensive exhibits were made,
('.//., Geographical races and comparative series of Mfhoiarfiia ualathea
by Mr. J. Piatt Barrett, the unravelling of the tangle concerning the
correct determination of lAipeiina iiiiciieei by Mr. Hy. J. Turner, the
comparison of the island forms of Rhopalocera from Corsica with
British forms of the same species byMr. A. E.Gibbs, the range of variation
produced by Pieria napi during the year 1911, by Mr. T. H. L.
Grosvenor, the hybrids produced by the crossings of Xyssia and Bisto)!
by Mr. R. Adkin, the breeding of Aidcrta nebidoso from a Mendelian
standpoint by Messrs. A. Harrison and H. Main, etc. The Annual
Address, read by Mr. ^V. .J. Kaye, deals in the first place with the
influence which the remarkably high temperature and continuous sun-
shine during the year 1911 has had upon the abundance oi otherwise
of the Lepidoptera, and in the second place with the vexed subject
" Mimicry," which he was able to illustrate very lucidly from his own
experiences gained during his entomological trip to S. Brazil in 1910.
A glance round the room at one of the ordinary meetings of the Ento-
mological Society of London reveals to one that no small proportion
of the Fellows present "matriculated " in the South London Entomo-
logical Society, a substantial and lasting testimony to the early
training, and the permanent interest aroused in biological science by
the associations induced under the auspices of this Society. — H.J.T.

Lepidoptoru.m CataloctUS : edited by Chr. Aurivillius and H.
Wagner. W. Junk, Bkrlin, W. — If one may judge from the first
six parts, which have so far appeared, this most comprehensive work
bids fair to be of the utmost use to the syst'.'matist and student of the
order Lepidoptera. It will take the place of all such valuable sectional
works as Kirby s St/nonj/inir (!ataln(/iic of Rhopaloceia, Staiidimjcr and
RebeVa Cataloijiie of the Palaearctic lietiion, Menf/eVs Catalogue of the
Eriicinidae, etc., bringing everything up-to-date, and will mark a
standpoint from which all future work must be commenced and
constitute a volume which workers in everj' branch of Lepidopterology
will have to consult for most of their references whether systemic or
biological.

The Catalogue will contain the names, synonyms, varieties, the
chief refei'ences, and the geographical distribution of all the species of
Lepidoptera of the whole world, known up to the date of publication
of the various sections. For each of the families the leading specialist is
chosen, and each part embracing one family or group is a complete work
in itself, with its own independent title page and index. Already six

KKVIRWS. l9'

sections have been published, of which that on the llepialxlae by H.
Wagner and R. Pfitzner consists of 26 pages. To the genns Hepialus,
of Fabricius there are no less than thirty-two references in
the standard works of all countries as well as a large number of
furthei- references to the Hepialidae as a family. Turning to
the well-known species H. Innindi and its forms, we have more
than a complete page of references, not only to standard works [in
many languages, but to many important biological contributions to
inaaazine literature. In fact those who are acquainted with cheexhaustive
paragraphs of references at the head of each chapter in Tutt's British
LepitJoptera will have some idea of the comprehensiveness with which
(^ach species has been here dealt with. Still dealing with //. JnnmiU,
we have " Biology : Law. Lep. Jjomh. 3, Tered. C.a,f.a-c, 1802.—
Schwarz., Raup/kalmd., 2, p. 7, 26, 106, 583. 701, 761; 1791.—
Wallengr., Scand. Het. Fjaril., p. 12. 1869.— Chapman, Kiit. Mo. Ma;!.,
18, p. 63, 1876-77.— Gregson, Naturalist Lnn,L, 1, p. 78, 1865.—
Brandt, Bpv. d. V]. Vn: lluaa. yatiirf., Teil. 2, p. 70, 1880.— Packard,
X. Y. Ent. Soc, 8, t. 3u. 4, 1895.— Hofra., Haiip. (ir.-Schmett. Km.,
p. 48, t. 14, f. 5, 1893.— Berge-Reb., SrhmettprL, p. 474, t. 52, f. 16a
(Raupe), b (Puppe). 1910.— Peyron, hil. Srcnsk. Vet. Ak. Handl., 44,
Nr. 1, p. 294, 1909." This is supplementary to all the ordinary
references given to this species, and the whole should form the basis
of the complete life-history from all points of view such as are demanded
in modern lepidopterological work. Of course, a great deal of the
usefulness of a work of this description depends upon the absolute
correctness of the references. So far as we have investigated and tested
we find them correct. The names of the various leading specialists
responsible for these details should be a sufficient guarantee of reliance.
The sections dealing with the so-called Micro-lepidoptera are dealt
with in an equally thorough and exhaustive manner. Section 6,
dealing with the Addidff, Mirrnptrryi/idfr, and (iracilariadir by E.
Meyrick, is a proof of this. These families occupy 68 pages of the
Catalogue, Adda croeaella {mdzella) has nearly half a page of references,
Gracilaria pha.v'avippnndla a third of a page, etc. An occasional
idiosyncrasy of spelling creeps in. We get f.Tranlariad/r instead of the
prior and customary (jrarilariidd . This, no doubt, is called a
" correction." We can only say that if an alteration is allowed
to be made in one case by an individual worker, every individual
can with equal justice and reason be permitted to alter or amend
(.s?V) every name he pleases. This calls to mind an example of
this met with some months ago, and met with, too, in no less a place
than in the National Collection. Lnprriua nicked ii was named in
honour of Dr. Nickerl, a well-known entomological worker and author
of Bohemia, but what on earth /.. nicredi was did not seem apparent
for some time. Surely such individual idiosyncrasies should be
avoided, and by all means kept out of work on which public money is
being spent. One almost feels inclined to class this with the now
notorious pif/ichiawi, polip-liixmi, etc., series. The subscription price of
the work is one shilling for 16 pages, and it is hoped to have the
whole work completed in about four years. L. B. Prout will be the
author of the various sections of the Genwctrae, H. Eltringham and K.
•Jordan are responsible for the Arraridae, H. G. Dyar for the fJina-
codidae, A. Pagenstecher for the lAbythddae, etc. — H.J.T.

198 THE entomologist's RKCUKD.

i^ 0 C 1 E T I E S .

The Entomologicai, Society of London. — March 20lli. — The
following weie elected Fellows of the Society: — Messrs. T. W. Alien,
M.A., 30, Blenheim Gardens, Cricklewood. N.W.; Edward S. A. Baynes,
120, Warwick Street, Eccleston Square, S.W. ; Gerald Bedford,
EntomoloGrist to the Union of South Africa Dept. of Veterinary
Science, Oudestepoort, Transvaal; Capt. Kenneth A. C. Doig, R. A.M. C,
M.R.C.S., F.R.C.P., Villa Sorrento, York Road, Woking; Messrs.
Herbert L. Earl, 35, Leicester Street, Southport, Lanes.; C. Jenimett,
Ashford, Kent, and South-Eastern Airricultural College, Wve, Kent ;
R. D'A. Morrell, Authors' Club, 1. Whitehall Court, S.W.'; Charles
A. Schunk, Ewelme, Wallingford. The death was announced of Mr.
H. J. Adams, of Roseneath, Enfield. A Coleopteron new to
Britain. — Commander J. J. Walker exhibited specimens of Clavitier
loni/irontis, Miill. (with ('. festaceiift, Preyssl., for comparison), a species
of Colenptern new to the British list. Ants and Dipterous Larvae. —
Mr. Donisthorpe exhibited specimens of Micmdun mntahilix, bred in his
observation nest of Formica fi(.<<ra, from Porlock, also the nest itself
with the ants and a live larva of Microclon taken at Porlock, April
27th, 1911, and pupa cases and larvae of the Hy in spirit. Mr. W. C.
Crawley said that he had found one larva in a nest of Mifnnica
riif/inndis instead of the usual host Formica /W.sca. Lepidoptera with

the " NePTIS " pattern, t'OLIiE(;TED BY C. A. WkJGINS NEAR EnTEBBK

IN 1909. — Professor Poulton exhibited the insects in the following
list ; all the specimens had been captured in forests within a few
miles of Entebbe, between May 23rd and July 25th, 1909. Xe/ititloi'i^is
ophione, Cram., Xeptin ineliccrta, Drury, A', m/at/ia, Stoll., X. nietella.
Dbl.-Hew., xV. nianiiedes, Hew., var. qiiintilla, Mab., .V. neuietes, Hew.,
N. mclara, Boisd., A\ nyaiadea, Hew., ab. cimtinuata, Holl., .V. pucllu,
Auriv., Deilemera lenconoe, Hopff., D. tranaitella, Strand. Two African
Species of the Danaine genus Tirumala (Melinda) as Models, and
ONE AS a Mimic— Professor Poulton exhibited T. j'i)rmosa, Godman,
and its mimic Papiiio rcr, Oberth., from the Kikngu Escarpment, near
Nairobi, British East Africa: the same Danaine, and the transitional
Papiiio coiiniii.vta, Auriv., from Nyangori, at the N.E. corner of the
Victoria Nyanza; /'. merccdonia, Karsch, and Papiiio niimeticici,
Rothsch., from Buddu on the W. shore of the lake : and T. inorf/cni,
Plonrath, with three of its Amatnis. models — pai/ftalca, Plotz, hecate,
Butler, and an undetermined species, probably new, from the
Cameroons. Neptis swynnkrtoni, a new species from S.E. Rhodesia.
— Professor Poulton exhibited the male and female types, described by
Mr. Rowland Trimen, P.R.S., together with a specimen captured in
the garden at Chirinda (3800 ft.) on March 28th, 1911, by Mr. C. F.
Swynnerton. Two W. African Lycenid.e of thk genera Epitola
and Hewitsonia. — Professor Poulton exhibited the three largest
L//cfl^;i/'/rt*' captured by Mr. W. A. Lamborn, and suggested that an
undetermined pupae in the nest of OecoplnjUa might possibly belong to
one of them. The three large species were Fjiittda honor iitu, F., male
and female, /*,'. postliKiims, F., male, and Hcnitaonia hoisdnrali. Hew.,
male and female. .\mauris eijialea stroking the brands of the
HiNDwiNGs WITH ITS AN'AL TUFTS. — Professor Poultou exhibited a male
Aiiiaaris et/ialeo. Cram., recently received from Mr. W. A. Lamborn.

SOCIETIES. 199

The "paper" enclosing the speciuiea boi-e the following note: —
" 8 a.m. Half mile [from Oni clearing]; January 80th, 1912.
Observed flying up and down. It then settled on upper surface of leaf
and started to pass its brushes to and i'ro over its scent patches, exactly
as Aiiiauris niaciim did. Wings were rather over-flexed." Dr. F. A.
Dixey and Professor Kellogg, of California, commented on this exhibit.
A/iril Srtl. — The following were elected Fellows of the Society : — Mr.
Henry Hacker, Queensland Museum, Bowen Bridge Road, Brisbane,
Queensland ; Mr. Cyril Engelhart Latour, Port of Spain, Trinidad,
British West Indies ; Signor Omzio Querci, Macerata, Marche, Italy.
The Council having been invited to elect Delegates to represent the
Society at various functions, the following bad been elected : — for the
Centenary Celebration of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences, Professor Comstock and Dr. Holland ; Professor Fernald,
who had also been elected, was unable to attend; for the First Eugenic
Congress, in July, Professor Bateson ; for the 250th Anniversary of
the Royal Society, in July, the President; for the International
Congress of Entomology, in August, the President, the Rev. G.
Wheeler, Secretary, and Messrs. G. T. Bethune-Baker, H. Rowland-
BroAvn, and the Hon. W. Rothschild. Parasites on a Parasite. — Mr.
G. T. Bethune-Baker exhibited a specimen oiCi/clo/wdia hnpei, Westw.,
a parasite on the Indian Flying-fox ; this was itself parasitized by an
Aranoi of the Genus GainaKSKs, there being no less than seventeen of
this small species on one specimen of f. hopei. There being no other
exhibits and no papers to be read, the President said that he thought
it would be a good opportunity to discuss the important subject of
Nomenclature, and a long discussion took place, in which many of the
Fellows present took part. Eventually Mr. H. J. Turner proposed that a
small Committee be appointed to consider the subject of Nomenclature
and report to the June meeting, with a view to the coming Interna-
tional Congress. This was seconded by Mr. A. E. Gibbs, and carried
neui. con. The following Fellows were proposed as forming the
Committee, and the names being put from the Chair were unanimously
accepted : — Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker. Dr. T. A. Chapman, Messrs.
J. H. Durrant, H. J. Turner, C. 0. Waterhouse and Rev. G. Wheeler,
with power to add to their number. (Subsequently ]\Ir. L. B. Prout
was asked to join this Committee.)

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
—Febniari/ 8t/i. — Aberration of P. atalanta.— Mr. R. Adkin ex-
hibited an aberration of Pijranieis atalanta with a flesh coloured band
on the forewing. Aberration of E. annulata.— Mr. Newman, a series
of Ephyra annulata var. ohsoleta, in which the discoidal rings on the
forewings were absent. Microscopic slides. — Messrs. Mitford,
Edwards, Coxhead and West (Ashtead) exhibited slides under the
microscope. Febnianj 22n(l. — Diptera from ^Milford. — Mr. Andrews,
a number of species of the Tri/iielidae family of the Diptera, all from
near Milford Haven. Dwarf C. edusa. — Mr. Turner, a dwarf example
of Colias ediisa from Villeneuve, measuring 32mm. in expanse. Lap-
land Brenthids. — Mr. Sheldon, the Brenthids he took last year in
Lapland, B. friijfja, B. freija, B. polarifi, &c., and gave full notes on
their characteristics and habits. Lantern slides. — Lantern slides
were exhibited by Messrs. West (Ashtead), Dennis, Tonge and Main.
March 14/A.— Wm. Bateson, Esq., M.A.. F.R.S., F.E.S., and Prof. E.

200 THE KNTO.\[()T,oaiST's RKrORO.

B. Poulton, D.Sc, M.A., F.R.S.. were elected Honorai-y Members.
Parasitic Diptera. — -Mr. Andrews exhibited three species of Si/rphidae
parasitic in their larval stage upon lepidoptera, viz.. < 'otnbombo pi/raxtn,
XanthandriiR ci»ntii.<< and Melannntowa mdlinnm. Aberration of N.
xanthographa. — Mr. Adkin, an extreme melanic specimen of Xoctiia
.rantfwfirapha, taken in his garden at Lewisham in 1911. Forcei>
larv^, etc. — Mr. Newman, living fullfed larviP of Mrlitaco anrinia,
fed on in a temperature of 60°-70'^, and a pair of Satuniio rar/n'iii with
all the usual reddish markings of a cleai' yellow. It was bred from a
yellow 3 and a red 9 . New species of Coi.koptera. — j\Ir. P>lenkarn,
the Coleopteron fJnlipliifi iwmax, from Coatbridge, recently new to
science. Larv.t: of C. ediisa. — Mr. B. H. Smith, a living larva of ( 'nlias
ednm, from ova laid in October last, one larva had already pupated.
March 2Sth. — Mr. C. P. Lloyd, of Ashford Common, Middlesex, was
elected a member. Ova. — Mr. B. H. Smith exhibited ova of Amph-i-
(lai^iR strataria, laid by a 9 with which he had assembled five ^ s.
A NEW species of Hemiptera. — Mr. West, the specimen of Paylla
albipe.t, found by him at Box Hill in October last, and new to the
British List of Hemiptera. Forced larv^, etc. — Mr. Newman,
living examples of Melitaea nunnia bred at a temperature of 60°-70°,
and full-fed larvse of Dri/ns pnphia fed under similar conditions. He
called attention to the extreme scarcity of larva? of Arctia raja and of
Abra.ra.^ iimssiilariata. Summer broods of Lkptosia. — Mr. W. G
Sheldon, specimens of Lepfrm'a .tiiiapia and //. ihipnncheli with the
summer broods of the same, var. flhu'ensiH and var. aestira respectively,
and pointed out that the British summer form of the former species
was an intermediate form. Hadena porphyrea (satura). — Mr. R.
Adkin, a specimen of Hadena porphyrea [satirra), and read a series of
historical and critical notes on the species. Diptera. — Mr. Andrews,
the Syrphid, N. arctieitx, taken at Chattenden on March 12th. New
aberration of M. oblongoouttata. — Mr. Aslidnwn. a specimen of
Mysia ohlnntioyiittata ah. niyrninittata, from Oxshott. in May, 1911,
and recently described as new. Melanic D. applana. — Mr. Sich, for
Mr. G. 1>. Routledge, a melanic example of lh'prp!<.'<aria applana from
Carlisle. Callophrys avis.— Mr. A. E. Tonge, a living specimen of
(Jallophrys ari.t, bred ab. am. Ornithoptera. — Mr. Fjdwards, examples
of the closely allied Ornithoptera, (>. lyilinx and O. rrorsKs. Larva of
SiALis i.utaria. — Mr. H. Main, the larva of the alder-Hy, Siali:< hitaria.
April llfh, — Races, etc., of P. napi. — Mr. Gibbs, long series and speci-
mens of Pierix napi from various British localities, and pointed out
their racial characters with reference to various continental races and
forms. Hybrids and aberrations of Lepidoptera. — Mr. Cowham,
hybrid Xyssia r.nnaria and Hi^iton kirtaria, varied series of Hybernia
lencopliaearia and H. marfiinaria, small forms of Ijcncania pallrns
probalily of the 2nd brood, and bred specimens of Xnnoaoma
pendularia from O.Kshott, referable to the rosy form var. Kid)rnxeata.
Races of M. aukinia. — Mrs. Hemming, bred series of Melitaea anrinia;
the Carlisle series included a melanic form and var. viryata, the Welsh
series included forms with very red ground colour, and the Oxford
series contained very pale specimens as well as a specimen closely
resembling .1/. rinj-ia. Larv.'e of R. phi.^as. — Mr. Quarrington,
living larvfe of Rimiiria phla-'as taken wild on April 7th and 10th.
Larvae of Lepiooptera. — Mr. Newman, full-fed larviw of Abraxas

SOCIETIES. 201

iirossulariatti, kepL in sleeves out-doors, and living pupae of Dryay
jiaphia and M. at^ialhi. Dr. Chapman, living larvEB of Leioptilvs
tephradactyld. H. andrknaeformis larvae. — Mr. Tonge, a branch of
Viburnnin from Tilgafce with four larv* of .Eijeria andrencufaruiis.
Abundance of B. hirtaria. — Mr. Coltbrup, noted the abundance of
liistun liirtaiiu, this season especially around London. Paper on
Variktal, Names. — Mr. R. Adkin, many examples of named varieties of
British Lepidoptera to illu.strate his paper entitled, " Varietal
names as applied to British Lepidoptera." April 25tk. —
Stereoscope. — Mr. Dennis exhibited a stereoscope fitted up so
as to show diminution and intensification of the stereoscopic
effect. BoRNEAN Lepidoptera. — Mr. H. Moore, Lepidoptera from
Karang, N. Borneo including Papilio paraduxna var. telesides, Hestia
/lypcnnnestra and var. beliiui, Heatia b/ncciis, a large species of }\ijctale-
nion, etc. The genus Char.axes. — Mr. Edwards, several species of the
genus Charaxex from Central and South America, and a Cucullia
rerbanci which had been two years in pupa. Early emergence. — Mr.
Lucas reported that Boannia cinctaria was out on April 5th. Lantern
SLIDES. — The rest of the evening was given ap to the exhibition of
lantern slides by Messrs. Dennis, Lucas and Edwards, the last named
showing slides illustrative of the anomalous animal the Peripatm.
Muij 9th. — -Mr. J. E. Gardner, of Upper Clapton, was elected a member.
Local race of H. leucoph/i:aria. — Mr. Jitger, for Miss Edwards, a
series of Hybemia lcnr«pli(miia, from E. Grinstead, with which a large
percentage of var. uniniKirinaria had occurred this year. D. luteago
variation. — Mr. R. Adkin, specimens of Diant/ioi'cia lateagu, and read
notes on the two varietal forms barrettii and Jicklini. Labelling
Insects. — W. E. Adkin then read a paper entitled " Labelling
Entomological Specimens," after which a considerable discussion took
place. May 23rd. — Diptera. — Mr. H. W. Andrews exhibited specimens
of the Dipteron Brachyupa bicolor a Syrphid from Bexley, with the
Anthomyiid Hyctodeda scatellariti, which it closely resembled. Rapid
Development of P. lecheana.— W. Alfred Sich, specimens of
I'tycliulunia icclieana, bred on May 2Brd, from larvfe taken at Richmond
on May 11th. D. bifida Cocoon. — Mr. Cowham, a cocoon of
IHcranitra bifida from which he had observed the imago emerge after
softening a portion with a fluid which it had secreted. S. orion Larva
a Miner. - Dr. Chapman, a larva of Scuiitantides orion in its first
instar mining between the cuticles of a leaf of Sedtini telepkium. The
GENUS Co'^nonympha. — Mr. A. E. Gibbs, a large number of species of
the genus ('oenonymjiha and read notes on the variation, characteristics
iind distribution of the various species in the Pahearctic and Nearctic
areas. Mr. Kaye, the genus Coenonyinp/ia, referring particularly to
the large size and minute ocelli of the undersides in Irish specimens of
' '. tiphon. Mr. R. Adkin, ('. tiphim from English, Scotch and Irish
localities and remarked on their general local characteristics, and (.'.
paniphilns, referring to the varied development of the eye-spots. Mr.
Sheldon, tine series of the rarer species, <'. hero, C. oedippas and (•.
iphioidcs and remarked on the unaccountable absence from Britain of
the extremely common European species (.'. arcania. Mr. Curwen,
long and varied series of C. pa)iiphilns and ( '. duras and called attention
to the occasional development of a row of sub-marginal spots on the
forcwing. Mr. Edwards, series of several species including dark ('.

202 tHE entomolooist's record.

arcania and species of the allied genus Hi/pocistina from Australia.
Ml'. Turner, series of various Paliearctic and Nearctic species, including
C elko from Vancouver. ,fiiue 'i'drd. — A Rark Orthopteron, etc.—
Mr. West (Greenwich) exhibited the very scarce Orthopteron, Plnti/deis
roeselii iwm Greenwich, with 1'. i/risca, 1'. braclti/ptera, and Tkanniotrizon
clnereiis, closely allied species, for comparison, and also the destructive
Dipteron, Mciedon eiinestris, bred from daffodil l)ulbs. Mr. Lucas, P.
roeselii from N. Essex. Local Species from the Isle of Wight. —
Mr. Blenkarn, Anthiocera trifoUi ab. inuioides from Bembridge, a form
new to the Isle of Wight, and Sinloauina nrttcat from Sandown
marshes, with an example of Colzas edusa. Of Odonata he showed
Caloptenjx apLendenn from Brading; of Coleoptera. Dichirottichus
pubeacem from Bembridge, with four perfect legs on the left side ;
Opillio iiiolis, a local species from W. Wickham, on oak; and Bcmbidinm
ephippiiiiii. from Culver Cliffs, a rare record for the Isle of Wight. A
Gynandrojiorph. — Mr. L. W. Newman, a gynandromorph of Amorpha
popiili bred, the left $ a vivid pink and large, the right S normal and
small, the antennae both $ . Also living pupa of Pochnubia lujperborea
and a stump of birch from which sixteen pupa cases of Aeneria cnlici-
formu were projecting. Early stage of a Wasp's Nest. — Mr. A. E.
Tonge, the commencement of the nest of the Common Wasp, Vespa
vnliiaria, and wild laid ova of Aeijeria tipidi/orniis on the twig of a cur-
rant-bush mid-way between the nodes. Immigrant butterflies. — Mrs.
Hemming communicated a note on the occurrence of L'olias on the 8.
Downs, the obtaining of ova from a captured ? , and the habits of
the young larvte. Many Pi/rameis cardui were seen at the same time.
A Local Coleophora. — Mr. Sich, larval cases of Culeophora discordella
from Folkestone Leas. A " Walking Stick." — Mr. Hall, the Orthop-
teron known as Dixippm uwrosns {Linchudes sp.). Tortrix teucriana.
— Mr. Adkin, the series of Tortrix teucriana from the "Tutt" collection
and read notes on the species.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — b ebniary \Qtk.
— Mendelian and other results of Breeding. — Mr. Wm. Mansbridge
contributed notes on " Breeding experiments with the black race of
lioariiiia repandata var. nii/ra," and summarised the results as
follows: — In 1909 (a) a wild $ of the local type form gave all var.
niijra ; (b) a wild $ var. }ii(fra gave all black moths ; (c) a pairing of
nigra J and type $ gave all types. In 1910 (a) type x type gave
66'6% type and 83-3% var. ni;ira ; [b) nigra x nigra gave 92% niiira and
8% type ; and {c) nigra x nigra gave 96% nigra and 4% type. While
in 1911 (a) type x type gave all type; (6) nigra <J X type J gave all
nigra; (c) nigra x nigra gave 95-7%, nigra and 4-3% type; and ('/) a
second experiment of the same gave 70-5% nigra and 29'5';o type. In
1910 moihs from the broods (a) and (c) were used for the cross
pairings of type and variety, the others being inbred, and in 1911 all
were inbred. Irish P. icarus. — Dr. Tinne exhibited Pulgonimatns icarnn
from North Ireland, including very blue females. March ISlh. — The
Leaf Insect. — Mr. H. S. Leigh read a paper dealing with a few
points connected with the life history and habits of the Leaf Insect,
Pulchrip/igLliiiia cnirif'olium, Serv., and the Praying Insect, Sphndro-
mantis guttata, Thunb. After remarking that the metamorphosis of
the Leaf Insect and Praying Insect is slight — young individuals being
very similar to the adults in general appearance — some of the results

OBITUAEV. 20S

of breeding experiments with these insects were briefly described.
The wonderful similarity, both in form and habits of the Leaf Insect
to various plant structures was remarked upon, and it was pointed out
that development is slow and requires considerable heat and moisture
for it^ continuance, restricting the geographical distribution of these
creatares to some of the islands of the Tropical Zone. Sexual
dimorphism is very pronounced, the females being large and
foliaceous, whilst the males are much more elongate and are
not, therefore, so leaf-like in appearance. The feeding habits
of S. iinttata were described in some detail, as were also the
methods of oviposition obtaining in the two families under considera-
tion. The Mcuititlae possess some strange modifications in structure,
resulting from their carnivorous habits. Thus, the front legs,
which are modified for the seizure of prey, are developed to an
extent out of all proportion to the same limbs in other insects.
The Mantidae enjoy a wider distribution than the Phasmidae,
being abundantly represented in all the warmer regions of the
world, including South Europe. P. argus (iEGON). — Dr. P. F.
Tinne exhibited I'lebcim anjits (aeyoii), from the Mew Forest and other
localities. April lot/i. — Lepidopteiia of Wickkn. — The Rev, S.
Proudfoot, of Altrincham, communicated a paper, " Collecting in
Wicken and District," in which he gave a most interesting resume of
his experiences in the district among the Lepidoptera, describing the
various methods of collecting practised, and enumerating the special
msects peculiar to Fenland. Madeiran butterflies. — Dr. Tinne
exhibited a drawer of Madeiran Rhopalocera, comprising rijmincis
utalanta and var. Cidlirue, L'yranieii^ cardtii, hsuria lathonia, doiias
eilima, a>nd ^iatyius aentele. Neuroptera. — Mr. Leonard West brought
live specimens of Taenioi>teri/.v nebtdom and yainoura inconspicua from
Heapy, near Chorley. Aberrations of Lepidoptera. — Mr. Wm.
Mansbridge showed a fine intermediate variety oi Anii'lddads betularia,
bred from a wild larva taken at Simon's Wood, Lanes., and a uni-
colorous fuscous-grey aberration of Scvparia ambi(iualis, from
Burnley. Saturniid.e. — Mr. Oscar Whitaker exhibited a pair of Attacus
orizu/ia bred on Willow.

<D B I T U AR Y.

Professor John Bernard Smith.

Two books on our Library shelves recall the above name to us,
one is Economic Kntoinoloiji/, an example of those admirable summaries
of Entomological Science, serving the double purpose of an introduction
to Entomology in general and as a book of reference for those interested
in economic Agriculture, etc., the other book is A Catalogue nf the
Lepidopteroiifi SHpcrj'aiiiilij yoctiiidae found in Boreal America, a useful
book of reference for systematists and students.

.John Bernard Smith was born in New York in 1858, and was
brought up to the practice of law. But in 1884 the uncongenial
nature of this profession conquered him and he accepted an appoint-
ment in the Department of Agriculture, going as Curator in 1886 to
the U.S. National Museum at Washington. During the three years of
his work in that institution he published some excellent works
mcluding a Monouraph of the Sphinyidtp of America north of Mexico, A

204 THE kntomologist's record.

Preliininani ( ataLoiiae of the Arctiidae of Tetnperati' Xorth America, A
Revision ot the Lejiidofitennis f'\i)nily >iatuttiiidae, and commenced his
various contributions to a knowledge of the Family Xvctuidae in which
he later on became a reco,t(nised authority. In 1889 he hecanif
Professor of Entomology at Rutger's College and entomologist to the
New Jersey Agricultural l^xperiraental Station at New Brunswick,
positions which he held to the time of his death. Of
course much of his work was on the lines of official economic
research and the preparation of reports, bulletins, etc., of which many
admirable issues were given forth. Still he found time to work hard
at his favourite group the X(ictiiid(c, to set forth some startling views
on the homologies of the mouth organs in his ( 'ontribntion tuu-ard o
l.-nowledge of' the Mouth Parts of the Diptera, to take an intense
practical interests in the question of the extermination of the
mosquito, concerning which his suggestions of ditching the marshes,
has proved eminently successful, and also to write articles and books
on the popular side of the study of insects. He was a strong supporter
of Societies, fully recognising that they were indispensable both for
keeping up the public interest in Entomology and for bringing students
of insect economy together for their mutual benefit and advancement.
His views on this were practical, for he was not only a member, but
an active member, in all the societies he could get in touch with, at
one tnue or another serving as president, secretary, or editor of
transactions and proceedings, or giving his services to read papers and
to lecture. There is a portrait of him in the Kiit. Xeirs for May to
wliich magazine we are indebted for the above details. — H.J.T.

Robert Walter Campbell Shelford.

By the death, on June 22nd, of Robert Walter Campbell Shelford,
the science of entomology has lost an indefatigable worker. It will
be long before his place can be filled. Although his mature work was
chiefly concerned with the Hlattltlae, Shelford's interests as a naturalist
covered an unusually wide field. He had written upon anthropo
logical subjects, flying snakes, and insect mimicry, and at the time of
his death was preparing a natural history of Borneo.

Shelford was born at Singapore, August 8rd, 1872. He was educated
at King's College School and Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he
took a second class in both parts of the Natural Science Tripos. In
1895 he became a demonstrator in biology under Prof.'' L. C Miall
at the Yorkshire College, Leeds. In 1897 he became Curator of Rajah
lU'ooke's Sarawak Museum at Kuching, a position which he retained
for seven years. The excellent work he did in the museum and his
bright, energetic ])ers()nality will long l)e remembered by the iMiropean
colony. After travelling for seveial iiionths in the Malay Archipelago
Shelford came to Oxford in the autunni o( 1905 as .Assistant Curatoi'
of the Hope Collections. Heat once began his important study of the
Ulattidae, in the course of which he worked out all the important
European collections and wrote a long series of admirable memoirs.

Shelford had, as a child, contracted tubercular disease of the hip-
joint as the result of a fall downstairs. A fall from a rickshaw in
Jiorneo was followed by a reappearance of the old trouble, but he
made a good recovery. An accidental slip caused the disease to break
out again in April, 1909, and led to the terrible suffering of his last
illness. — E. H. Poulton.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Maiiiifactiirers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain lliiig Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/b, 2/-, 2/0, 8/-. l-'olding Nff-^. ;-i/6,
4/-, 4/6. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket JJoxes (deal), Gd., ltd.. 1/-, 1/(5. Zinc
Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-. 1/ti, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen, 1 gross, 1/6.
Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanlerns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Bo.xes, with camphor
cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, fiat or oval, lin.. 6d. ; iiin.. 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2^in..
1/-; 3^in.. 1/4; 4in.. 1/6; Sin. . 1/10; Complete Set of fourte'en Boards. 10/6. Setting
Houses, 9/6, 11/6; corked back, 14/ . Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d.. 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage,
2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6. 1/8. Botanical Cases,
japanned double tin. 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper. 1/1. 1/4. 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antenna2 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by '6^, best quality- 1/6 per ctozen sheets. Brass
Chloroforni Bottle. 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes,
from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
Taxidermist's Conipanion, containing most necessary implements for skinning. 10/6.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair; Eggdrills, 2d., Hd., 9d. ; Blowpipes. 4d. ; Artificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies. 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,
2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, '2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs. etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Microljepidoptera. etc.. as w-ell as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain adviinlHge.s.
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sefiiilne. Hi-., ar*
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of a\f.i\ description ot Insects, Bikds' I'ioiis, Coins, Mititoscopic.^i. Ob.iecis, l''...ssii.-i, .tr

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

I.AHOK STOCK OF INSECTS AND RIRDS' EGGS (Bril^sVi, European, and Kxoti.).
Birds, Mamiiiah, etc., Preserred nitd Moimtetl hji Firxt rlaKS H'orkmeit.

36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C., ENGLAND.

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe,

By MALCOLM BURR, O.Sc,, F.Z.8., F.LS.. F.E.8., &c.

Bound in Cloth, 160 pp., with good Index (Specific and Generic).

Price 3sm net.

A pocket handbook for the use of collectors in the held. Covers all .spec'es lourul \\e&{
of the Carpathian Mts. Description of each species, habits, habitats and distribution

Mill hf sent /'(».</ l-'rrr an rrccipt of Postal Order for 3s. to

A. H., 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

NEWMAN'S RELAXING TINS.

You can't do without these, they keep your insects in fine setting condition for
weeks if you are too busy to set them tii, once; they relax old specimens to perfection .
Hundreds sold yearly, and testimonials always being received. Prices, 2s. 4d. and
3s. lid., post free.

If you have not yet received any price lists of Ova. I,m{v.t,. and Prii;. also .Sh r
Insects, write at once for them : many Bakoaixs

Larvae per dozen : C. edusa, 4s. : \'. cardui. U. ; V. ataiania. Is. ; Hyuku-. Ocei
lalusxPopuli. 30s. ; Hybrii'. Pendularia x Oniicronaria, 30s. ; Zonaria j x Hirtaria ?,
5s.; Zonaria 9 vHirtaria <j.^<.: Cucullin;i. ts, : Trf-jiid;. :i- ■ l'.v..lr,,<M...ri'. U : .,nri
madv others.

L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley. Kent.

CONTENTS.

fAOB.

A Foriuigbt at Gavaiuie. Haute-Pyroni'es, d. I . lietltime-Jiaknr, F.Jj.S., F.Z.S.,

F.E.S. (Concluded!) With 2 plates 157

The Season of 1911 in the Abertillery District of Monmouthshire. IV. RfH Smith.

(Concluded.) ' .. 162

Record^; of Local Coleoptera. 1. (ieodephaga, G. ))'. Nicholson, M.A., M.D., F.E.S. 168
On a Malfoimation of Hydrcecia paludis, T. A. ChaiJiiiau, M.l). With 1 plate .. 169
The Maltovmation of the Genitalia of Hydnecia paludis, F. N. Pierce, F.E.S. With

I plate . . . . • . . ■ . . 171

Notes on the JiCpidoptera in and around Gibraltai. 1911 and 19r2, Lieut. G. G.

Wood wind, Ji. N 172

Thi- Value of I'lotectivt; lieseniblanee in Motlis. Lieut. -Col. N. M<nider>:, Ix.A.M.C.,

F.E.S ' 174

Notes on Collecting in 1911, f. IF. C'oif/(/-«7J. (Concluded.).. 176

Nomenclature. Hy. ;/. Turner, E.F..S. .. .. .. .. 178

Moths on trunks of Apple Trees, Alfred Sich, F.E.S 181

Notes on the Various Species of the Genus Coleophora, Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. . . 183
NoTUfi ON Coij.KCTiNo, KTc. : — Types of Lepidoptera, U. J. Turner, F.E.S.: Occur-
rence of Triogma trisulcata. Schunim, R. V. Bradley : Spring Notes,
//. Moore, F.E.S.; Phryxns livornica at Coventry, E. H. Sills; Phryxus
livornica at Cromer, F. H. Hmxluy. F.G.S., F.P\S. ; Larviu of Coleophora
(liscordeila. .1. Sich. F.F..S.; White ovum of Dicranura vinula. Id. ; Notes on
Lycrt'iiii zcphyius var. uhryki, Hebel, Hon. X. ('. liotlisclrild, F.X.S., F.E.S.;
\n easy method of getting full-fed larva; of Cossus ligniperda larvae from the
trunks of infected trees, C W. Colthrnp : Notes in late May and early June,
F. G. Whittle: Hylocoetus dermestoides from Loch Lomond, Richard S.

fiayuaU, F.E.S.: F^^astbourne Notes, IJuyh Main, B.Sc, F.F.S 189

Scikntifk; Notks .\n'i> Obseuv.vtionK": - Pupation of TUenthis euphiosyne, •/. F. liird 192

CUKRKNT NoiKS '.NNli SuORT NoTICES . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Rfvikvvs .vm) Nottcks of Books: Proceedings of the S. London Entomological
and Natural History Society, 1911 12; Lepidoptorum Catalogns : edited by
Chr. Aurivillius and H. Wagner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.t

Hkj'orts 01 Societies ;- The Entomological Society of London; the South London
Entomological and Natural History Society ; The Lancashire and Cheshire
Entomological Society. . .. .. .. .. .. 198

Ohituary :- Profe.ssor John liernard Smith. H. 1 . 7'.. Uobert Walter Campbell

Shelford, E. B. Poulton 203

Seasonal notes on British Lepidoptera will appear in due nouvse from C. W. Colthrup,
K. G. Whittle, A. Eussell, Alf. Sich, H. Ashton Nichols, etc.

All MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs returned to H\. J. Tdrnek,
1<H, Drakefell Koad, New Cross, London, S.E.

Rambles in Alpine Valleys.

linmid in C'lotli. with Map and Pliologiaphs of District.

Price 3s. lid.

I ni.s i.Miuiv luntainN ii ,si;iies ol es.says dealing with the colours of insects, anu suyges

lions as to the relation in past time between the Alpine and British fauna. Many new

inKit^ lire liroiiKlit fovwjird, Huri cntomologicsil problems discussed from various standpoints.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh.

(Crown Hvo.. lllnsiriite<i, '1'1\ pp. and 1(13 vvot^icut^^ and full-page illustrations. Bound

in Cloth. (Price 2/61.
.\nolher .«,t'ii<'s of collecting expeditions into well-known entomological and natural
histor\ localities, with description of botanical, geological, ornithological as well as
♦■ntomological matters of interest to be found therein. The places dealt with include
Cobham Woods, Cuxton Dow)is. the Western Highlands, ClitTe all well known for their
rich ent'imological fauna.

To lif obtained from .1. HKiutKHi Tiitt, 22, Krant'emiirx Hond, Ladywell Hoad,
Bruckley, S.R.

Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen, and Hill.

i;.v .1. W. TliTT, K.K.S.

Iioinui in Cloth, Crown Svo. Price Three Shillings net.

A detailed account of the fauna and flora of some well-known British natural liistory
localities : - Wicken, Deal, Chattenden, the Medway Marshes, isle of Wight, etc.

I'ostal Ordei> to
Mr J. HERBERT TUTT, 22. Franceniary Road, Ladywell Road, Biockle.y. 8.E

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECOF

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATIC

Edited by

Richard S. BAGNALL, f.l.s., f.e.s. | T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d.,f.z.8.,

T. HUDSON BEARE,

li.SC, F.K.H., F.R.S.K.

George T. BETHUNE-BAKER,

f.z.s., f.l.s. , f.e.s.
m. burr, d.sc, f.z.s., f.l.s., f.k.s.
(Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, f.e.s.

Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.S.

H. St. J. K. DONISTHORP]

F.7..S.,

Alfred SICH, f.e.s.

J. R. le B. TOMLIN, M.A., F.l

George WHEELER, m.a., f

Heney J. TURNER, f.e.s.,
Editorial Secretary.

SEPTEMBER Idth, 1912.

Price SIXPENCE (net).

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scription for Complete Volume, post

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STEVENS' AUCTION ROOMS. (Estd. 1760.)

Mr. J. C. STEVENS will offer for Sale by Auction at his Rooms, 38, King Street,
Covent Garden, London, W.C, on

TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 24th, 1912.

The Remaining Portion of the

COLLECTION OF LEPIOOPTERA,

formed by the late

J. \Rr. TXJTT, F.E.S.

Comprising the Sphingids, several hybrids, galii, bred by Tugwell,
(Egeriids (in good condition), whole of Bombyces, Nolidae, etc. Also
long and varied series of British and Continental Anthrocerid8e, in
course of re-arrangeraent [vuh " Brit. Lep.," vol. i.), Continental
Lithosiids, Pterophoridae and L. Goridon from very many localities.

Catalogues may be had on application seven days prior to the sale.

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, ©tttomolcratst,

3URNISXON, Nr. SeT^RBOROUGH.

/*'u// Lint of Ova, Larrae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,

etc., aent on application.
Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARV^ A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SfiinES MADE TO ORDER PROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOUREDIDRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARVAE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET. .

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Vernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

Vol. XXIV.

Plate X.

"M. e^

The EntomologisV 8 Record, 1912.

ROBERT SHBLFORD. 205

Robert Shelford.

By MALCOLM BURK, D.Sc, F.L.S., F.E.S.

Entomology has indeed suffered a severe loss in the distressing
death of Robert Shelford.

He was born in Singapore on August 3rd, 1872, and thus was cut
off before completing his fortieth year. Educated at first privately,
and then at King's College, London, he went to Emmanuel College,
Cambridge, where he passed second in the Science schools. He thus
entered upon his career with a wide and thorough scientific education.

His first appointment, as a teacher of Physiology at Leeds, was
abandoned comparatively early for the Curatorship of Kajah Brook's
Museum at Kuching in Sarawak. Here he spent seven years, which
must have been a continual source of delight to a man of his tastes,
education and powers of observation.

Returning to England he took up his abode at Oxford, where he
undertook the re-arrangement of the rich collection of Orthoptera in
the Hope Department of the University Museum of Zoology.

He found the Blattidac in great need of revision, and proceeded to
revise the group. Ho set himself to do this task with characteristic
energy and thoroughness. He entered into correspondence with
entomologists in every part of the globe, and in spite of ill-health,
visited a number of continental museums. He was thus able to
examine a large number of types and to work out the collections
brought home by numerous scientific travellers. His results were
published in a large number of papers containing revisions of several
groups and many specially faunistic papers. At the time of his death,
he was engaged upon the volume dealing with the Dicti/optera or
Blattidae, for the series of volumes published by the Indian Govern-
ment on the Fauna of British India ; his preliminary notes are
suflficiently ample to afford a valuable foundation for the next student
to undertake the task. He acquired a splendid knowledge of the
group, and it cannot be too greatly regretted that he was not
permitted to complete that monograph, which was the aim and object
of his scientific ambitions. He had the command of vigorous and
clear language, and the introductory remarks to his various papers
are a model of terse and crisp expression.

His wide knowledge and the experience of seven years in the
tropics forbad him to be a narrow-minded specialist. His contribu-
tion to the knowledge of Mimicry in Bornean Insects, published in
the Transactions of the Ento)nolo<iical Suciety, are well known, but his
papers of Malayan Anthropology are perhaps less well known,
admirable though they are.

His work at Oxford was often interrupted by failing health, and in
1909 he was obliged to abandon it. Under medical advice he went to
Margate, where it was hoped that the strong air and his constitution
would restore him to activity. He patiently waited till the end of
1910, when he returned to Oxford ; but it was of no avail ; he was
soon compelled to go back to Margate. He was a prisoner on a spinal
carriage, which made it almost impossible for him to handle
specimens, and he had the mortification of knowing that his
systematic work was to remain uncompleted. His ever active brain
September 15th, 1912.

206 THE entomologist's record.

made intellectual lethargy impossible, and his energy found vent in a
number of notes on general subjects that lie, alas, unfinished, as also
the manuscript of a book upon Nature in Borneo, that he did not
despair of completing. It is to be hoped that much of this posthumous
work may yet see the light.

In 1908 he married Audrey Gurney Richardson, of Corfe Down
Vicarage, Bath, but their happiness was quickly marred by his break-
down. During the last two years at Margate it was the devotion of
his wife and his intellectual vigour which kept him alive and sane
through the monotony of suffering. He underwent several operations,
but pain became more and more frequent, till it developed into almost
unbroken agony, and though his end, when at last it came, was most
distressing, his friends can but be glad that he is at rest.

Entomologists the world over will offer their most respectful and
sincere sympathy to his widow ; but all will exclaim, " Oh, the pity
of it ! "

Nomenclature.

At the April meeting of the Entomological Society of London a
Committee was appointed to consider the question of Nomenclature,
with a view to the coming International Congress. The following
Fellows were chosen to form the Committee, with power to add to
their number:— Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, Dr. T. A. Chapman, Messrs.
J. H. Durrant, H. J. Turner, C. 0. Waterhouse, and Rev. G. Wheeler.
Mr. L. B. Prout was afterwards co-opted. The Committee, which
probably represented every divergent form of opinion on the subject,
was nevertheless unanimous in drawing up the following report,
which was adopted as a resolution by the Entomological Society of
London at their Meeting on Wednesday, June 5th, 1912, for presenta-
tion to the International Congress of Entomology in August.

" The present independent and irresponsible methods of giving and
adopting names having resulted in much unnecessary synonymy, and
even graver abuses, the Entomological Society of London feels that
the time has arrived when some check should be placed upon the
practice, of more weight than that which can be exercised by any
single individual, society, or publication, and would urge upon the
International Congress the establishment of a permanent International
Committee to deal with questions of nomenclature as affecting
Entomology ; to consider what elucidations, extensions or emendations,
if any, are required in the International Code, and to confer with the
International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature. The Entomo-
logical Society of London recommends that the International Entomo-
logical Committee, when formed, shall take such action as to ensure
the adequate representation of I'.ntomology on the International
Zoological Commission. The Society also recommends that, consider-
ing the difficulty of fi'e(]nent International meetings, the leading
Entomological Society of each country be invited to appoint a
Committee whose duty it shall l)e to deal with all questions arising in
their own country, subject to reference to the International Committee;
and suggests that the international Committee be composed of two, or
three, members of each of the National Committees, elected either by
the Committees, or directly by the electing Societies."

•' NOMENOLATUKE, ETC., AT THE CONGRESS. 207

This Resolution was presented in due course at the International
Congress with the results shown in our Reports from various
contributors.

"Nomenclature," etc., at the Congress.

By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
The second International Congress of Entomology has come and
gone, and we believe that the universal verdict of all present will be
that it was an unqualified success, both from the scientific as well as
from the social point of view. The arrangements for the meetings
and for recreation were all that could be desired, the only drawback
being the fact that Zeus must have thought we were getting too god-
like in our depth of knowledge and that therefore he would open the
windows of heaven in an attempt to drown us ; fortunately Mother
Earth came to the rescue of her sons and swallowed up the floods as
they descended. The resolution of the Entomological Society of
London and the paper by the Rev. G. Wheeler were taken with
Monsieur Oberthur's and Mr. Prout's papers at the sectional meeting
on the Tuesday afternoon, instead of in the morning of that day at the
general meeting. The alteration was a wise one, for it focussed the
more controversial aspects of Nomenclature into a definite point and
all the advocates of the subject heard each other. The resolution from
our London Society was referred to the Executive Committee to
report on at the General Meeting. Mr. Wheeler's paper followed, but
time forbad discussion on it, although afterwards several of our
colleagues from across the water expressed themselves entirely
sympathetic with many of the suggestions contained therein — this
being especially the case with the delegates from the other side of the
Atlantic. Monsieur Charles Oberthur came next, on the subject he has
made his own, " Pas de bonne figure <i I'appui d'une description, pas
de nom valable." We fail to find words to describe the delightful
oratory of our revered French " Father in Entomology." A page of
notes (not long ones) lay before him but were rarely referred to as the
eloquent scientist poured forth in most graceful and beautiful language
the theme so dear to his heart. The speech (I might describe it with-
out fear of dissent as the speech of the Congress) was a long one, but
not a moment too long, as was shown by the long continued round of
applause that greeted him as he resumed his seat. Mr. Prout's paper,
read by the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers, followed, taking the other side
of the question, but when this was finished there was only time to
discuss the Entomological Society's resolution with the result already
stated. The discussion on the other papers was unfortunately cut
short by that most rigid of all timekeepers — the clock — and no action
was taken by the meeting ; this no doubt partly arose from the feeling
that all matters of detail had better be left to the International
Committee to deal with.

On the Thursday afternoon Monsieur Olivier presided over the
second meeting devoted to " Nomenclature," the first paper being that
by Dr. Horn of Berlin, a protest against making any exceptions to the
law of Priority. Dr. Horn also spoke as a master of his subject and one
wished one could follow him in the details of the matter, but one's
knowledge of German, alas ! only enabled one to grasp the main

208 THE entomologist's record.

outline of the argument, with which the writer is almost entirely in
accord. Capt. Kerremans' paper followed on the necessity of
restraining varietal names and replacing them by a letter or number.
We felt strongly with the speaker as to the need of restraining the
naming of aberrations — mere individual aberrations — but we cannot
see what object would be gained by cataloguing them with a letter of
the alphabet or a number. If that method is to be admitted there is
no reason why a name should be refused. From our point of view
the need is to induce all editors of our magazines and Transactions to
decline to accept a name of a mere occasional aberration. Monsieur
Olivier then read his short paper on the " Necessity of the Latin
tongue for Entomological De?criptions," and so closed a very
interesting session.

The final word of the Congress on " Nomenclature " took place at
the closing meeting on Friday afternoon when the Executive
Committee reported their deliberations on the one Eesolution that had
been referred to them, and it was a great satisfaction to learn that for
all practical purposes they adopted our Entomological Society's
suggestion, viz., that National Committees should be formed to assist
the International Committee on Nomenclature for Entomology, and
that these Committees should be formed by the different countries
themselves. Some little discussion followed, during which the
President of the London Society referred to some criticisms of his in
certain secret places and was so good as to withdraw them all. One
of the American delegates (we believe but we are not certain) also
asked what would happen if the Entomological International
Committee came into definite conflict with the Zoological Commission
on Nomenclature. This seemed almost a " poser," but Dr. Jordan
stood to his guns and expressed the opinion that in such a case the
Entomological Committee would be able to, and would, stand alone, a
reply which drew forth a round of applause. The report of the
Executive Committee was then voted on and carried unanimously.

In the Bionomic and Mimicry Sections many interesting exhibits
took place, but among them all Dr. Perkins' small box of Hawaian
wasps was perhaps the most impressive. In these islands the primitive
wasps were black, later on the yellow banded form came in anci
became more or less dominant, with the result of evolving a yellow
banded form among the indigenous species; this occurred in all the
islands but one, situated far out in an isolated position. To this one
island the yellow banded species also made their way, but have not
become dominant, and the interesting result has been brought about
that the indigenous black species have so influenced the younger yellow
banded ones, that they are producing varieties that are entirely black
on the dorsum.

Professor Wheeler's observations on the Acacia Ants of Central
America were most instructive and elicited many queries from those
present, whilst Mr. Donisthorpe's and I\Ir. Crawley's papers also gave
one food for thought. On the last day Dr. Seitz read in English his
experiments on the eye and how insects see the world. These
experiments showed that he could attract butterflies with paper models,
which he showed, together with a box of Antlunharis c/iaiionia, many
of which had been caught toying with the coloured models that had
been pinned on to a board ; this tended to show that the eye was the

THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ENTOMOLOGY. 209

paramount organ in this case. He had also conducted some
experiments with ultra-violet rays, which seemed to indicate that these
rays had a very strong effect on insect life. Time again prevented a
discussion on this interesting theme, which certainly would otherwise
have taken place. The concluding ceremony was a Banquet in
Wadham Hall, and many interesting and more or less impromptu
speeches were delivered after the toasts, the speech that took one by
surprise most of all being the response to the health of the ladies and
the science of entomology, Avhen Miss Rowland-Brown was called to
her feet to perform this little duty. Needless to say a most graceful
and entertaining speech fell from her lips, which quite charmed the
assembled guests. The final day was spent at the Tring Museum by
the kind invitation of the Hon. Walter Rothschild, and many will
never forget the sight of the treasures there exhibited.

We mast not close without a word on the private cafe in the garden
of the Warden of Wadham, which without doubt added very largely to
the social success of the Congress ; most of the visitors partook of
their luncheons and teas there, and it soon became the meeting place
for all. It was a great pleasure to the writer to make the personal
acquaintance of many entomologists from different parts of the world,
with whom he had corresponded for years, and also with others whose
names had been known for long. The memory of this Oxford Congress
will not soon fade and will we hope be refreshed in 1915 at Vienna,
under the presidency of the well known entomologist Dr. Antoine
Handlirsch.

The Second International Congress of Entomology.

By Kev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
It would have been difficult to choose a more appropriate place
than Oxford for an International Congress, or a more appropriate
building for its meetings than the University Museum, containing as
it does the Hope Department of Entomology, one of the finest, and
probably the best arranged Insect collection in the world. The
Colleges and other University Buildings too, are those most calculated
in this Country to impress our foreign Visitors, and they cannot be
said to have failed in this particular. Several of the Colleges had
undertaken to put up members of the Congress, and others were ready
to do so had more space been required. The large marquee put up in
the private garden of the Warden of Wadham, w^ho had generously
placed this delightful retreat at the disposal of the members, added
greatly to their enjoyment and to the opportunities of social intercourse
among them, for most of them availed themselves of this for lunch and
tea, and many also for the evening hours. Indeed, it would hardly be
too much to say that a larger proportion of the important work of the
Congress was carried on informally in the tent, than officially in the
Lecture-rooms at the Museum. Illness, now happily a thing of the
past, prevented the attendance of the General Secretary, Dr. Malcolm
Burr, till near the end of the Congress, but his place was most
efficiently supplied by the Secretaries of the Reception Committee, Mr.
Eltringham and Mr. Grosvenor, especially the former, whose work was
invaluable, and Dr. Burr's Secretary, Mr. Loesch, though not himself
an entomologist, also rendered great assistance.

210 THE entomologist's record.

The Congress opened informally with a meeting in New College
Hall, at 8.30, on Sunday evening, August 4th, when badges and
programmes were distributed and arrangements made known, old
acquaintances renewed, and new ones made, and a general atmosphere
of " feeling at homo " created. The formal opening took place at
10.80 on Monday morning, the President, Professor Poulton, being in
the Chair, with Professor Horvath as Vice-Chairman, and Mr.
Eltringham, as at the other General meetings, as Secretarj\ After
welcoming the Congress the President gave a most interesting
Address, illustrated by many drawers of specimens, tracing the mimetic
changes of the 5 of Papilio dardanus across Africa, from Madagascar
to the west coast. The Professor is singularly well placed for
investigations of this kind, being in constant touch with Fellows of
the Entomological Society of London, who, for various reasons, are
settled across Africa, and who are working (entomologically speaking),
under his direction. The Hon. N. C. Rothschild then read a paper on
" National Reserves," urging the preservation in different parts of the
Kingdom of suitable areas, in which the native flora and fauna may be
preserved for the enjoyment of the student and the public. A society
has been formed with this object, and its prospectus will be issued
shortly.

In the afternoon there were two sectional meetings, one " Economic
and Pathological," presided over by Dr. Howard, with Dr. Newstead
as Vice-President and Mr. Scott as Secretary, at which Sir D. Morris
read an important paper on behalf of Mr. W. A. Ballou, entitled " Some
Entomological Problems in the West Indies," dealing with the attacks
of insect pests on sugar-cane and cotton plants, and the control of
certain insects by their natural enemies. Two other papers were read
on behalf of Messrs. J. Dewitz and R. S. MacDougall, that by the
latter author being entitled " Heteroptera and Thripida? as apple
enemies." At the other sectional meeting on " Systematics and
Distribution," as Mons. Oberthiir had not yet arrived, and the Vice-
President, Dr. Sharp, could not be found, the Chair was taken by the
Hon. N. C. Rothschild, the Rev. G. Wheeler being Secretary. Two
papers were read, one, by Prof. Kolbe, on " The unequal Value of the
Zoogeographical Elements in the different Zones of each Continent, as
the Result of varying Geological Periods," the other, a short paper by
Dr. Horn on " The Importance of Junk's Coleoptororum Catalogus."

The General Meeting on Tuesday morning, under the Presidency
of Prof. A. Lameere, with Prof, van Bemmelen as Vice-President, was
given up to a most interesting paper, illustrated by lantern slides,
entitled " The Silk of Spiders and its Uses," dealing with the dift'erent
forms of silk spun by spiders and the different uses to which they put
them, by Prof. Comstock. This was followed by a meeting on
" Evolution, Bionomics and Mimicry," with Herr Sjostedt in the
Chair, Dr. Skinner as Vice-President, and Mr. Doncaster as Secretary,
in which three papers, (or more correctly speaking addresses] were
given, all illustrated by specimens, by Prof. Poulton, Dr. Perkins, and
the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers, their subjects being respectively : " Mr.
Wiggins' and Dr. Carpenter's researches in Mimicry in the forest
butterflies of Uganda," " The colour-groups of the Hawaiian Wasps,"
and " Mimicry in the two sexes of the East African Lycaenid Alaena
picata."

THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ENTOMOLOGY, 211

In the afternoon there were two sectional meetings the clashing of
which was somewhat unfortunate. At that on "Nomenclature" Prof.
Poulton was presiding, the Vice-President being Dr. Kertesz, and Dr.
Jordan acting as Secretary. The Resolution of the Entomological
Society of London" was introduced by Mr. Bethune-Baker, and
supported by the Rev. G. Wheeler in a paper of " Suggestions for
securing simplification and permanency in Nomenclature." Mons.
Oberthiir followed with a paper (not read, however, but most
eloquently delivered without MS.) on the absence of a good figure
invalidating a name, and the Rev. K. St. A, Rogers read Mr. Prout's
paper on " The place of figures in Descriptive Entomology." On the
proposal of Dr. Howard, seconded by Dr. Skinner, the Resolution of
the Entomological Society was referred for consideration, and report at
the General Meeting on Friday, to the Executive Committee of the Con-
gress. Over the other section, "Morphology and Anatomy " Prof. Calvert
presided, with Prof. Maijere as Vice-President and Mr. R. S. Bagnall
as Secretary ; here Dr. Dixey gave a paper on " Scent-organs in the
Lepidoptera," Prof. Carpenter on " The presence of Maxillulte in
Beetle Larv.e," Dr. Hovrath on the " Construction of the Elytra of
the Cicadides " and Fr. Navas, S.J., on " Some organs of the wings of
Insects," the last paper, we hear, was illustrated, not only by the
Lecturer, and an amicable contest took place on the black board,
which ended in Fr. Navas being master of the field, owing to the
collapse of the other draughtsman's chalk !

At Wednesday morning's General Meeting Prof. Comstock took
the chair, the Hon. W. Rothschild being Vice-Chairman. Prof, van
Bemmelen gave, in admirable English, a paper, illustrated by
diagrams, on " The Phylogenetic significance of the Development of
the Butterfly Wing," and Mr. Doncaster a paper on " Sex-limited
inheritance in Insects," illustrated by series of Abraxas grossulariata,
and Drosophila ampelophila. Much further investigation would seem
desirable, since present appearances suggest the unexpected division of
Humanity and Diptera on the one side against Birds and Lepidoptera
on the other !

There were two sectional meetings, the one "Economic and Patho-
logical," presided over by Herr Jablonowski, with Dr. Perkins in the
Vice-Chair and Mr. Moulton as Secretary, at which the following
important papers were read : " On the destruction of i^tauronotux
viaroccaniin in Hungary," with lantern illustrations, and "On the
destruction of Cochijlis and Kudemia in the vineyards," by Herr
Jablonowski ; " The necessary investigation with relation to Insect
and Fungus enemies of plants preliminary to Legislation," by Mr. A.
G. L. Rogers, and Prof. Theobald's on "Aphides attacking cultivated
Peas." The other sectional meeting on " Systematics and Distribu-
tion " was held under the Presidency of Capt. Kerremans, Father
Navas being Vice-President and Mr. Blair Secretary. At this the
Rev. J. Waterston read a paper on " A new Scottish parasite on Pro-
cellaria,'" the other papers having been withdrawn or transferred.

On Wednesday evening Mr. Neave's most interesting lecture, with
beautiful lantern illustrations, on the " Travels of an Entomologist
in Eastern Africa " was given, having been transferred from Thursday

* See page 206.

212 THE entomologist's record.

morning ; this followed the precedent of Tuesday evening to which
Dr. .Jordan's papers " On the new sub-ordei Ari.renia," and " The
Viviparity of Poh/ctenidae," had been transferred.

Consequent upon this arrangement it resulted that on Thursday
morning at the General Meeting under Dr. Everts, with Dr. Hand-
lirsch as his Vice-President, the only paper left to be read was that of
the latter on " The Geographical Distribution of Insects in its relation
to Phylogeny and Palaeontology," but an unannounced paper by Prof.
Osborne on " Lake Shore Insects," was also given. After this there were
three meetings occurring simultaneously, as the meeting on Tuesday even-
ing had been adjourned. The other two were (1) on "Bionomics, Evolu-
tion and Mimicry " and (2) on " Morphology." At the first, presided
over by the Rev. F. D. Morice (President of the Entomological Society
of London), with Prof. Wheeler of Harvard as Vice-President and Mr.
Bethune-Baker as Secretary, two papers were read ; the first by
Messrs. Donisthorpe and Crawley, " On the Founding of Colonies by
Ants," was illustrated by several Observation Nests with their living
inhabitants, and the second, by Prof. Wheeler, " Observations on the
Central American Acacia Ants," by diagrams on the black-board. In
the section devoted to " Morphology," where M. Bouvier presided, Dr.
Speiser being Vice-President and Mr. Meade-Waldo Secretary, Papers
were read on " The Devolution of Wing-structures as shown in the
Blattidae" by Mr. Lowe, and on the "Regeneration of the legs in
Liniantria dhpar," by Dr. Chapman,

In the afternoon two Sectional Meetings took place ; at that on
" Nomenclature," in the absence of Dr. Dixey the chair was taken by
the Vice-President, Dr. Olivier, Dr. Jordan acting as Secretary.
Dr. Horn's paper, nominally a " Protest against the admission of
exceptions to the Law of Priority," was really a protest against
individual judgment in the matter; Capt. Kerremans' on "The
necessity for restricting names given to varieties and for replacing
them by letters or numerals," only considered the first of these points ;
the other was a short paper from Dr. Olivier on " The necessity of the
Latin tongue in Entomological Descriptions." Over the " Economic
and Pathologic " section Dr. Gordon Hewitt presided. Dr. Ferrant being
Vice-President and Mr. Rowland-Brown Secretary. Here an important
paper was read Ijy Prof. Forbes on ^' Simuliinii and Pellagra in Illinois,"
the other being by Mr. Lowe called " How to kill that fly," which does
not seem as yet to have been satisfactorily determined.

On Friday morning there was no General Meeting; the Sectional
Meeting on " Evolution, Bionomics, and Mimicry," was under the
Presidency of Prof. Kellogg, with M. Grouvelle as Vice-President,
and Mr. Hamilton Drucc as Secretary, that on " Systematics " under
Prof. Banks, Dr. Von Schulthess being Vice-President, and Mr.
Collin Secretary. At the first two papers were read', one on " The
polymorphism of Papilio /loli/tes," by Prof. Punnett on behalf of
Mr. Fryer, the other by Prof. Poulton on behalf of Mr. Swynnerton on
" Pellets ejected by insect-eating birds after a meal of butterflies."
This meeting ended with an exhibition of lantern slides by Mr. Hamm
of "Insects in resting attitudes in their natural surroundings," from
photographs taken by himself, which were in every way beyond praise.
At the other meeting Baron von Rosen gave a paper on " Fossil
Termites," Dr. Speiser, two papers on *' The Geographical Distribution

THE SEASON 1912. 213

of some blood-suckin» Insects," and " The Geographical Variation of
African Bombylidae,'' Prof. Calvert on " Progress of Knowledge of the
Odonata fit)m 1895 to 1912," and Mr. Bagnall on "The Order
Thysanoptera," " The British Fiotiira," and " A synopsis of the
Family Aeolothripidae,'" together with exhibitions of new British
TIn/sanura, Cnllemhola, Thysanoptera, MallopluKja, and Miiriapoda, and
of Hawaiian Thysanoptera. These were the last Sectional Meetings,
and in the afternoon Prof. Poulton presided, with Prof. Kolbe as Vice-
President, over the last General Meeting, at which two papers were
read ; the first was given, in English, by Dr. Seitz, on " The Sight of
Butterflies," and was an excellent example of the humour with which
a scientific investigation may be treated, enhancing, and not decreasing,
its value, the other was by Prof. Kellogg on "Distribution and Species-
forming among Ectoparasites." After this. General Business was
taken in hand. Invitations for the Congress of 1915 had been received
from America, from the American Association of Economic "Entomo-
logists, and from the Entomological Society of America, but it was
thought best to have one more meeting in Europe before crossing the
Atlantic, and the invitation of Vienna was accepted. Prof. Handlirsch
being elected President. Dr. Jordan, Secretary of the Executive Com-
mittee presented his Report, which embodied the greater part of the
Entomological Society's Resolution in a series of short Resolutions,
which were all adopted, and the President then closed a most success-
ful Congress with an Address of thanks and farewell.

It is impossible to give in a magazine article more than the
merest outline of the proceedings of such a Congress as this, and the
discussions on the papers — often the most important and useful part —
have not even been touched upon. Nor, in this paper, has any attempt
been made to enlarge upon the Social and lighter side of the assembly ;
yet this is by no means without its value, both internationally and
individually. As a very well-known German entomologist observed to
the writer ; " You have certainly shown us how friendly Entomologists
can be together, now ire can hardly get two together without their
quarrelling." This was no doubt a facon de purler, but it may be taken
as showing one useful object-lesson that the Congress provided. Even
in the discussions on the thorny subject of Nomenclature there were no
" wigs on the green," and certainly the more quietly and amicably
thorny questions are discussed the more liklihood there is of an (com-
paratively) early settlement. In the present case the International
Committee on this subject has actually been nominated, and is composed
as follows: — Nathan Banks (U.S.A.), C. J. Gahan (Gt. Britain), F.
Ris (Switzerland), K. Kertesz (Hungary), S. Schenkling (Germany),
Y. Sjostedt (Sweden), H. Schouteden (Belgium) and Dr. Karl Jordan as
Honorary Secretary.

The Season 1912.

By T. H. L. GROSVENOE.
In writing a few notes on the current season, from an entomologi-
cal point of view, one cannot help thinking, that in many respects, it
is as remarkable, or perhaps more remarkable, than that annus
mirabilis (meteorologically) 1911. In the latter year the unusual
abundance of Rumicia phlaeas was, to my mind, the outstanding

214 THE entomologist's record.

feature, closely followed by the prevalence of variation in the majority
of species in the lihopalocera. In addition the migratory species were
very few and far between, riz., a few odd ( 'altas hyale tow&rds the end
of August and the beginning of September, and a few C. edusa, which
was much the rarer species of the two during the first fortnight of
October. Another strong characteristic was the third emergence of
those species that produce in a normal season second, or partial second
emergences, the characteristic of such third emergences of those
species that are subject to seasonal dimorphism being, that the
imagines produced were practically identical with those of the typical
second emergence.

After such a hot dry season as 1911, one would have expected to
see some eft'ect on the progeny in the following year, but this from my
own observation only, is apparently not the case ; for during the
whole of my entomological experience I have never known a season so
devoid of anything even tending to variation. The only instance that
has shown the slightest effect of last season's drought was in the first
emergence of Pieris napi, which this year was very scarce. Practically
ever}' example examined was very considerably undersized. The
cause of this is perhaps not difficult to discover. This species feeding
in its larval state on various ('ruci ferae, had to undergo partial
starvation last autumn, for the majority of the food plants of the
species being biennials, the heat caused the rapid ripening of the fruit,
and consequent withering of the leaves. I noted last year several of
the larviB of /'. najii feeding, or more correctly trying to feed, on the
nearly ripe seed pods of Alliaria, the leaves of which were quite brown
and dry. I experienced a considerable difficulty m providing food for
the 4,000 to 5,000 larvse of this species which I had, and the
resulting imagines all tended, but in a lesser degree than the wild
specimens, to be considerably smaller than typical.

The season of 1912 commenced in a most promising fashion, many
insects appearing at least a month earlier than normal. On March
31st I saw the first Celastrina artfiolits, and from this date onward it
was in fair numbers. On April 5th a male P. napi was seen at rest
on a bloom of Arahis, and on the following day P. rapae was seen in
fair numbers. Although this was the earliest date on which I saw the
species, my brother saw one on March 16th. By April 25th the
Pierids and ('. ari/iolns were fully out, but with the exception of the
latter, very scarce for such generally common insects. On this date I
first noted Kuchlo'e cardamines, a female ; but here again I was late, as
a Reigate entomologist informed me that he saw a male during the
first week in April. On May Gth I visited Tilgate Forest, and found
Brenthis euphrosi/ne fully out ; even at this early date it had evidently
been out several days as a few males were beginning to get wasted.
This species was far more abundant than I have ever before seen it in
Tilgate ; during the afternoon in question, which was very dull after a
bright morning, the imagines were most conspicuous sitting on the
dried bracken, the females being generally far better hidden than the
males. I was enabled to examine over 500 without chloroforming
them, but in common with every species I have worked this season
there was no tendency to variation, except that there was a far greater
percentage (at least 20%) of the lightly marked males. After this date
I paid several visits to the Forest for B. eiiphrosyne, which continued

THE SEASON 1912, 215

in fair condition until May 27th, but without finding any trace of
variation. Although B. eitphrosijnc put in an appearance so early, B.
selenc did not commence to emerge until an unusually late date, viz.,
June 3rd, and was rather less common at Tilgate than usual. I
visited the locality several times and examined some hundreds but
with the same result as with B. cuphrosi/ne, variation nil.

The first week in July produced Pi/raweis cardui in the greatest
profusion, all in a most advanced state of senile decay, in many
instances it was wonderful how the insect could manage to fly. Whilst
cycling between Horley and Balcombe, a distance of about nine miles,
I counted no less than 63, together with fair numbers of Vanesssa id
and P. atalanta, but A(/lois Krticae was conspicuous by its absence,
indeed I have only seen three imagines during the whole season.
Although P. carditi was so abundant it has apparently failed to breed
in this part of the country, as I have only seen a single freshly
emerged imago, but V. io and P. atalanta, which were much scarcer
earlier in the year, are to be met with in considerable numbers.

Having heard that ('alias edusa had appeared, I made an excursion
to Guildford in the hopes of getting a female, as I had previously
noted several extensive clover and lucerne fields in the neighbourhood.
During the day I saw and netted six males, which I liberated in a
field nearer home. I also saw a seventh specimen, a female, which,
of course, I failed to net. Between early June and mid-July I was
continually seeing odd males, and on July 17th I netted a female,
which laid 22 infertile ova. On July 18th I netted a male 50 recently
emerged that it was unable to fly properly. Since this date I have
seen about two dozen, and have taken three females in very worn con-
dition whose ova, like those of the first, proved to be infertile. On
July 25th commenced the second emergence of C. aniiolns, and I have
never previously seen this species in such abundance. It occurred in
hundreds on the Reigate Hills flying round and settling on bramble
and clematis blooms. As regards the Lycaenids Ai/riades thetis, A.
coridon, and Polyomniatus icariis, the same remarks apply as to the
species previously mentioned, viz., variation practically nil. Even of
such common aberrational forms as ab. arciiata, ab. icarinus, etc.,
I have not seen a single example ; and my old favourite Coennnijniplia
pamphilna, which has previously always well repaid a thorough
investigation, has entirely failed me this year, and although I have
examined many hundreds during the season, I have not had to add a
single specimen to my series.

Although I have given more time than usual to other families of
the Lepidoptera, my knowledge of them is so rudimentary, that I will
refrain from mentioning them, with the exception of the Sesiids and
Anthrocerids, about which my remarks may be summed up in a few
words. Aeijeria andrenaefornm appeared to be very scarce, as far
as Surrey is concerned, for I only managed to find a single boring.
The larvfe of .E. apheciformia were more abundant, but after finding-
fifteen, I only managed to breed a single male on May 19th, surely a
most unusual date. All the remaining sticks contained full fed larvse,
but they had gone mouldy. Mr. A. Tonge, who accompanied me
several times in search of this species, and obtained about the same
number, failed to breed a single specimen, and one of the Forest
keepers, who generally finds and breeds a fair number, complained of

216 THE entomologist's record.

the same occurrence. .-7','. culici/onnis and .K. ci/nipiforinis were both
fairly abundant, the latter commencing to emerge in a wild state on
May 18th, although at the same time there were pupre and small
larvcT. These species continued to emerge at intervals, the last
appearing on July 30th. The emergence was thus spread over a
period of nearly 11 weeks. Whereas .TL ctilicifonnia appears to make
an almost simultaneous appearance in the wild state, and is most
regular in emerging (I have always fo'xnd the empty cases within a
day or two of May 17th), in captivity the emergence is rather more
protracted, generally spreading over a period of about a fortnight.

The Anthrocerids, which I always work thoroughly, have been very
scarce in each of the several localities visited. Antlnoccra trifnlii was
perhaps the most abundant, A. hipporrefiiilis entirely failed to put in
an appearance, and A. fdipendidae has been most remarkably scarce on
the North Downs, for I have not noticed more than half-a-doxen
imagines. The pupte of this last were slightly more abundant, but
were attacked again this year in a manner that I have not observed
since 1909. I refer to the cocoons having the lower end roughly torn
off and the pupa extracted, and although having given considerable
time to trying to find the cause of this, I am as far from finding the
solution as when I started. From all appearances it cannot be mice,
as the cocoons are generally high up on a dried grass culm, and the
strength of this is such that it will not stand the strain of even such a
small weight as a mouse without a fracture. From experiment I
found that a weight of considerably under one ounce will cause the
stem to bend in such a manner that it will not subsequently recover
its vertical position. For the same reason one must exonerate birds ;
even supposing the culm would stand the weight without breaking,
one would expect to see the stem bend to the ground, and find the top
of the cocoon destroyed, as being nearest to the ground, whereas it is
extremely difficult to find a culm with a destroyed cocoon other than
in a vertical position, and even when one is found, it can usually be
traced to human agency. I should be very glad to hear if any
entomologist can give a solution to a problem that has often exercised
my mind.

To sum up, it appears to me that a very hot summer does not tend
to produce the same amount of variation in the following summer as
a wet season does. To take the last four years ; the 1908 average
summer produced, in 1909, an average amount of variation, not very
obvious, but average working at a species would produce fair results.
The 1909-10 wet and cold summer produced considerable variation in
1910 and 1911 ; this was especially noticeable in the latter. 1911 had
a record summer as regards drought and heat, with 1912 variation
practically nil. I may be premature in making this statement, but it
has always been a theory which seemed probable, that variation
fluctuates according to the climatic conditions to which the insects
are exposed during the early part of their existence.

In conclusion I can only say that 1912 has been most disappointing
so far as variation is concerned, although I have given considerable
attention to my favourite species. I will give the season justice,
however, by saying that perhaps I have not given entomology the full
benefit of spare time at my disposal, as the scheme for preserving
Colley Hill as an open space took up some of it. It has been prin-

J

COSMOPOLITAN COCKROACHES. 217

cipally night work that has suffered, as this work was done by-
burning the midnight oil, the Rhopalocera would not be greatly
neglected.

As the Colley Hill (perhaps better known as Reigate Hill) scheme
has been warmly supported by entomologists, I may be pardoned for
introducing the subject. I am pleased to be in a position to state that
this favourite hunting ground of London entomologists has been
secured by the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or
Natural Beauty, but unfortunately there still remains a debt of £700.
Another feature of 1912 is that the same body have taken control,
under the bequest of the late Mr. G. H. Verrall, of 239 acres of
Wicken Fen. Owing to the heavy succession duties payable on the
bequest the Trust felt some difficulty about assuming the guardianship
of the property. However, through the generosity of an anonymous
donor (whom one suspects to be an entomologist) they have been able
to accept the gift, by means of which they will have the control of the
greater part of this happy hunting ground (about 250 acres), and as
it is their ambition to keep all property under their control in its
natural condition, one cannot but think that the National Trust
should have the good wishes, or more substantial support of all field
workers. Long may Colley Hill, Wicken Fen, and the other
properties of the National Trust continue to give pleasure and increase
of knowledge to the fraternity of the green net.

Cosmopolitan Cockroaches.

By the late K. 8HELF0RD, M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
It is not always an easy matter to determine the centre of origin of
any given species Avhich has spread over the greater part of the globe.
If a species is found all over the world in a more or less domesticated
state, but exists in a feral condition in a limited area the matter is
simple enough. But the cosmopolitan cockroaches are such very
domesticated insects, that throughout the entire area of their
distribution they are found, for the most part, only in association with
man and his works, houses, ships, factories, plantations, etc. If it
should happen that any of these domesticated species exist outside the
radius of man's influence in a truly feral condition in neigbouring
jungle or forest, it is rather an open question whether or no the species
is truly indigenous to that area. On the other hand, if the non-
domesticated congeners of a domesticated species occur in a given area,
let us say, the Ethiopian region, it is quite reasonable to suppose that
the domesticated species originated in the same region as its feral
congeners. An overwhelming abundance of a species in any given
area is often strong presumptive evidence that the species is not
indigenous to that area. This, at first sight may appear paradoxical,
but a moment's reflection supplies the explanation ; the natural
enemies of the abundant species were not imported with it. The
occurrence of the rabbit in Australia and of ]'asser inontaiiiis in
Singapore are two cases in point, out of several others. With these
preliminary remarks let us pass on to a discussion of our cosmopolitan
cockroaches.

The truly cosmopolitan species are : —

Blattella yermanica, L. (Sub-fam. Pseudomopinae.)

218 THE entomologist's record.

r, ■ 1 . . / • r^ 1 I (bub-fam. Blattmae.)
Henplaneta australasiae, rab. I ^ '

Rhiparobia maderae, Fab. ] /a i r /, ; » • \

r, "^^ , . ■ T (bub-fam. Panchlorinae.)

t-'i/ciioscelus surniamensis, Ju.J ^ '

but the following have an extremely wide distribution and will also be

considered : — '•■

Supella sapellectilinm, Serv. (Sub-fam. Pseiidomopinae.)

Xeo.ftylopi/ya rho»ibi folia, Stoll. ]

Blatta orientalis, L. - (Sub-iam. Blattinae.)

Periplaneta brnnnea, Burm. (truncata, Kr.)j

Xauplioeta cinerea, Oliv. (Sub-fam. Panchlorinae.)

Enthijrrhapha pacifica, Coq. (Sub-fam. ( 'orijdiinae.)

All of the above, with the exception of IJ. orientali!>, L., are

essentially tropical insects, occasionally ranging into temperate zones

but unable apparently to establish themselves permanently there.

[*' These posthumous papers of my old friend are rough notes

drafted during his long illness, in preparation of some essays on

various interesting subjects in which he was eminently qualified to

write. Though rough and incomplete, I cannot help thinking that

these are worth publishing, as they are useful and interesting in

themselves. — M. B."l

Anergates atratulus, Schenk., a British Ant, and tlie acceptance
of a $ by Tetramorium caespitum, L

By W. C. CRAWLEY, B.A., F.E.S.

On July 23rd of this year my friend Mr. Donistborp'e and I were
collecting ants in the New Forest near Lyndhurst, where Tetrainoritdii
caespitiDii is abundant, Avhen I was attracted by the large size and
deep black colour of some ^ s ol Tetrainorimn that were coming out of
some galleries on the side of a small mound. On removing the earth
covering these galleries 1 found numbers of a small black winged
5 ant among the Tetrataoriam. Mr. Donisthorpe then coming up,
we carefully excavated the nest, which nowhere descended more than
two or three inches into the sandy soil. The colony consisted of an
obese queen, 20-30 winged J s, and three (? s of Anerijates atratulus,
with a fair number (several hundreds) of -Tetramurinm caespitani ^ s.
The only pupa? and larv.e were those of Anen/atcs, and there were, of
course, no J s or $ s of Tetrainorinin. I established this colony in a
terra-cotta Janet nest, where it is doing well. The queen lays an
enormous quantity of eggs, most of which are devoured by the ? s,
the Anenjatcs queen thus being an important source of food-supply.
The Tetramorium ^ s readily received and hatched out strange larvte
and pupa' of their own species.

This curious parasitic ant, with an apterous pupoid J a»d no ^
caste, now established as British, was first discovered by Schenk, at
Weilburg in 1852. C. W. Dale in 1897, speaking of T. caespitum,
mentions Anen^ates atratiila, Sch., as occurring with it, and says it is

• Kirby in his Syvonyinic Catalogue of the Orthoptera, vol. i., quotes a wide
distribution for Isclnioptera rufcscoi.t, Beiiuv., to which name he appends
numerous synonyms. I am by no means satisfied that this synonymy can be
estabhshed entirely, and until that is done the exact geographical distribution of
the species remains in doubt. I therefore omit all further reference to it.

ANERGATES ATRATULUS, SCHBNK. 2l9

the ant standing in Curtis' guide as Myrmica maciilipes, Curt., which
was taken by his father at Charmouth in 1835 {i.e., 17 years before its
description by Schenk). No trace, however, of this ant can be found,
this synonomy being given neither in Forel, Smith, nor Dalla Torre,
and the matter therefore must be considered as very doubtful.

As the S of Aner<jates is apterous and can only walk with
difficulty, mating (which I have repeatedly observed) must necessarily
take place inside the nest, and assume the form of adelphogamy. In
my nest the ? s removed their wings soon after copulation and
made no attempt to leave the nest. In every case also each dealated
5 seized a Tetrainonuni ^ by the antenna, and kept hold for hours
and sometimes days. In nature this would probably have occurred
outside a strange nest to which the ? was trying to gain admission,
and may have for its object the acquisition of the odour of the
Tetrainorinin, or may cause the strange ^ s to drag her more readily
into their nest. Neither of these explanations seems quite satisfactory
however.

It is important here to emphasise the complete adoption of a newly
fertilised Anen/ates 2 as queen by a large colony of 7'. caespitiim
(recorded elsewhere), as it solves the problem of the elimination of the
host 2 !^- In this case the Tetramorinm killed off all their own ^ s and
5 s, including two dealated $ s, two days after accepting the Ancn/ates.
The latter is now distended to about half the size she should eventually
reach. I am inclined to think that a similar slaughter takes place in
colonies with queens of Ladus niijer and L. alienus, after the accept-
ance of the parasitic 2 s of Lasius iiinbratus and L. niLvtus. Mr.
Donisthorpe has repeatedly expressed his opinion that Anertjates would
be found in Britain, and last year we actually made a special visit to
Whitsand Bay, where Tetianiorium abounds, in the hope of discovering
it. Our search, however, was very much hampered by the extreme
drought, which caused the ants to retire deep into the earth.

The 3 of the British Anert/ates possesses no strigil, and therefore
corresponds to the form found in Holland rather than to that found
further south. The 2 , one of which I sent to Forel, is the typical A.
atratitlus.

J^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Collecting Notes 1912. — I had the pleasure of taking I'ho.vuiiteri/x
npvpana in a wood near here on May 19th, after havmg worked for it
for some years. At Hailsham, on June 6th, at the entrance to a wood
where BnuiKiii jlexuosum (the common earth-nut now known as Cono-
podium denudatmii. — H. •). T.) is the the commonest flowering plant,
Odezia atrata was plentiful. Adscita statices, too, in lovely condition,
was found in an open space in the same wood. The specimens netted
included the blue-green type form. 1 visited Hindhead Common on
June lOfch, a very unfavourable day, and found it difficult to get any-
thing to Hy. The only moth at all interesting to me was J'/io.roptcn/.r
{Ancluflopera) iin/rtillana one or two examples of which I knocked out
of the \'(icci)iiinii. I was at Lyndhurst for a few days in the middle oi
June but had a disappointing time. Rliyaciona {Lietinia) pinivorana,
and L'oleophora ahenella, as also larvfe of Sarrothripa nndulamix
{revayana) occurred. There was very little butterfly life. I did see

220 THE entomologist's record.

and take one male Dnjas paphia on June 16th — a rather early date.
Paran/e aef/eria was not uncommon, and a few Brenthis selene and
Pleheins ar(ius were also observed. At Hailing, on July 13th, I found
Phu.mpteri/.v cnmptana abundant, Coleophora onoxmella, C. niveicostella,
FAachista mai/nificcUa, and lUth\jia aennruhella. At the same place on
July 21st I found Gelechia seqnax, Peronea aspersana, in plenty,
(hluutia dentalia and Sericoris riviilana [conchana). Sesia (Macrof/loasa)
stellotantin was at flowers of Viper's Bugloss, but was off like a flash,
and Colias cditm was seen but was too wary to allow of my getting
within striking distance. An unexpected visitor in the shape of
Diari/rtria abietella turned up here (Southend) at our electric light on
July 17th. Just now I am getting a few larvfe of Tortrix jironubana
and of Corisciinn cuculipennrUKni on privet in this neighbourhood. —
F. G. Whittle, 7, Marine Avenue, Southend. Ain/itst. litli.

Notes from the Broads, 1912.— I spent from July 22nd to 27th
near Stalham, Norfolk, and had very fair weather and sport. This
was my third visit in successive seasons to the same place, and I
succeeded this year in timing my visit so as to get Lencania hrevilinea
in good condition, they were, however, not so common as last year.
I also took three Lit/tosia (Pelosia) vntacerda round the same small
clump of sallows, alders, etc., that has produced it each year ;
this must be a very retiring and local insect, or else it is that I do not
work for it in the right way, but my record '• bag" for one evening is
two ! Other captures included Ayrotis obelisca and A. niiiricans at
honeydew on sallow leaves, also Apainea {Helotroplia) leiicostit/ina,
while Cornohia rtifa, Calamia phrafiniitidix, Niidaria neiie.r, FAt/iosia
(jriaenla with the var. liava {strainhwolo), Kinonc ajiiciaria and Acidalia
iinnnitata were common at dusk. Lencania Htraiuinea seemed to be
over, only a few worn females being noted, and the same remark
applies to Hi/drelia iiuciila and Senta iiiaritinia. I took, however, one
very fair ab. bipunctata of the latter species. I rather regret that I
did not try sugar, but it would have meant applying it to reeds, leaves,
etc., which is a messy job, and often a failure. My plan was to row
out in the evening to a spot on Stalham Dyke sacred to musverda and
breriiinea, work there till 9.30 or so, and then return and try light on
the balcony of the cottage, which overlooks a fine expanse of marsh-
land. The results of this illumination were most disappointing,
though we had several supposedly perfect nights. The best of the
insects that did come were one Kntrkha ijnercifolia, one Apainea
ophiorirainnia, and a few P/iraiiinatabia fali(jinusa, Avhile />. (jriseola, L.
liiridcola, and common Gcometrae like Peliin/a couiitata, Abraxas
(irons alar lata, etc., Avere only fairly numerous. A few worn pAipithecia
snbnotata also came. Carrying the sheet (on poles), lamps, etc., with
much labour out to the afore-mentioned spot at Stalham Dyke was
attended by no greater success. A few J "drinkers" and one L.
hrevilinea bcmg all that turned up by 11.30 p.m. on the night I tried
it. By day I found larva' of Papilin inarhami in abundance, locally, of
all sizes from full-fed downwards, and a few of the largest are now
spinning up in my cages. Larva? of Nonaiiria vannae and A', ti/phae
were also common, with a few pup;v of the same species. With regard
to .V. vannae the authorities generally mention the two species oiTi/p/ia
as the chief foodplant, in fact Newman and Barrett mention Tiipha
alone, but my experience has been that it generally inhabits Scirpu.s

CUBRENT NOTES. 221

lacHstris, the only other plant in which I have found it being
Sparyaniiun ramosum, while I have never found anything but N. typhae
in stems of Tijplm. In any case I can strongly recommend the Scirpun
to anyone working for cannae, and when working for it to cut the stems
as low as possible under water, especially if the weather is hot, as the
larvae often go down far below the waterline, almost to the roots of
the reed. Until I discovered this habit I used to cut just on the
waterline, where I saw holes, and must have missed many larvae. —
(Capt.) C. a. Cardew, 50, Melbury Gardens, Wimbledon. Awjust 6th.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

EUCHLOE CAKDAMTNES OVIPOSITING ON CaPSELLA BURSA-PASTORIS.

When near Hailsham, in the middle of May last, I noticed the very
fine condition of many plants of the common weed. Shepherd's Purse.
Many of them were over a foot high and free from the usual road
dust. Euchlo'e cardamines was abundant, and I was surprised one
morning to see a female butterfly walking over a Shepherd's Purse
and laying her eggs on a plant growing just at my feet. My brother,
H. Leonard Sich, already had larvae on the same species of plant and
when, in one of the lanes, we gathered a fresh supply, he found eggs
had also been laid on the pieces he had gathered. Most of the eggs I
have previously found were deposited on Alliaria oificinalis, and I
never remember reading of C. bitrsa-pastoris as a food-plant of E.
cardamines. — Alfred Sich, (F.E.S.), Chiswick. Auymt 27th, 1912.

CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

The final portion of the Collection of the late J. W. Tutt will be
sold at Steven's sale rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, on
September 24th, 1912. It comprises the sections which were under-
going re-arrangement at the time of Mr. Tutt's death. The whole of
the Sphingids, the Bombyces, the Nolidae and the Anthrocerids had been
largely arranged in accordance with the text of "British Lepidoptera."
There are also long series of many Continental species of the
Lithosiidae, AntJiroceridae, Pterophuridae, etc.

The Editorial Staff of our Magazine seem to have been well to the
fore at the International Congress at Oxford. Dr. Burr was General
Secretary to the Congress. Messrs. Bagnall, Bethune-Baker, J. E.
Collin and G. Wheeler acted as Secretaries to some of the sectional
meetings. Mr. Bagnall, Dr. Chapman, Mr. Donisthorpe and Rev. G.
Wheeler read papers. Mr. Bethune-Baker introduced the Resolution
on Nomenclature, on behalf of the Entomological Society of London,
and Mr. Sich took part in the discussions.

Volume II. of the Transactions of the Carlisle Natural History
Society has just come to hand, and we are pleased to see that what
was said in the notice of the previous volume can be repeated, viz.,
" That the Carlisle Natural History Society is to be congratulated on
the issue .... and deserves praise not only for the excellence
of the contents, but for the first-class style and get-up of the part as a
whole, the printing being exceptionally well done." The contents of
the present volume are comprised in 256 pages, of which 146 pages
are devoted to (1) The Lepidoptera of Cumberland, Part II. (Moths),

222 THE entomologist's record.

by our old friend Geo. B. Routledge, t'.E.S., and (2) The Coleoptera
of Cumberland, Part II., by our old correspondent, Frank II. Day,
F.E.S. Both these contributions are continuations of what was
begun in the previous volume in 1909, and comprise not only the
results of many years' personal work, but a summary of all records
hitherto published, as well as many items of general biological interest.
Mr. H. Britten, F.E.S. , contributes an article on the " Spiders of
Cumberland," and T. S. Johnstone one on " Plant Life around
Carlisle," while a very sympatLetic memoir of the late Rev. H. A.
Macphcrson, M.B.O.U., who by his enthusiasm for Natural History
helped to place this Society in the forefront of local organisations, is
added by Linnteus E. Hope.

We hear that our old contributor, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, who for
some time has been Officiating Imperial Entomologist at Pusa, under
the Agricultural Department of India, in place of Professor H.
Maxwell-Lefroy, who has been away on leave, has recently been trans-
ferred to Coimbatore as Entomologist to the Government of Madras,
and Professor of Entomology in the Agricultural College and Research
Institute.

We also hear that Professor Maxwell-Lefroy has been offered and
has accepted a post of Professor of Entomology in England,
and will be leaving India at the end of the present year. This will
presumablv mean a return of Professor Bainbrigge-Fletcher, to Pusa,
as Imperial Entomologist, a post to which his conspicuous ability and
experience recommend him.

Many insects, which we in this country look upon with much toler-
ance and which only at intervals are inimical to our agriculturists, when
transferred to other climes where their struggle for existence is an easy
one and where the balance is strongly in their favour, become a very
serious item for economical consideration. Of such are Pieris brassicae,
(j-alleria mellonella and Calandraorijzae. All these three British insects
find a congenial clime in India and multiply apace to such an extent
as often to be a serious menace to the crops of the needy native
agriculturists. The authorities of the government of India have long
tried to cope with the insect trouble, and numerous colleges and
experimental stations have been established, with the object of
disseminating knowledge of the life-historits of the various pests, and
to suggest adequate means of attacking these minute enemies at the
most vulnerable period of their existence. We have just received some
half a dozen pamphlets from the pen of Professor Bainbrigge-Fletcher,
reprinted from the Agricultural Journal of India. (1) " The Cabbage-
white Butterfly {Pii'ris hramcac)," (2) " The Wax-moth {GalUria
ludlonclla) " and (3) " The Rice Weevil {i\tllandraorijzae) " treat of these
three insects in detail as to their life-history and give various methods
of dealing with them in bulk. The pamphlets are illustrated by very
well executed coloured plates. Two other pamphlets deal with (1) " The
Moth-borer {Chilo Hiw/dex)," one of the smaller moths, the larvte of
which bore into the living stems of the sugar-cane, maize, eic, and
often cause enormous damage ; (2) " The Cane and Rice Grasshopper
{IJin-o'jli/iiliiiti banian)," which in its young stage feeds on the tender
shoots of the young growth of millet, sugar-cane, rice, etc. ; and
[S) "The Potato-moth [I'thoriinaea [Lita) opcrcnlclla {nolanella) ] ,"
which appears to be a recent arrival in India, although only too well

SOCIETIES.

228

known in America, some parts of Europe, and Australia. The contents
of all these publications intimate, that it is now well recognised, that
only by a thorough detailed knowledge of the life-history of the posts
is it at all j)ossible to work out adequate methods of dealing with and
controlling their depredations with a minimum of loss of the crops
concerned.

In the Bulletin of the State TlniverHitij of loira is an account of
" Some Recent Collections of Fossil Coleoptera from the Miocene
Shales of Florissant," by H. F. Wickham. The district of Florissant
is quite a historic locality for the discovery of so many examples of
the invertebrates of an earlier age. Professor T. D. A. Cockerell, who
long ago was an active member in the South London Entomological
and Natural History Society, has during the past five or six years
organised parties of exploration for the express purpose of getting fresh
material. These efforts have been so far successful that this
preliminary report has been written describing and figuring a number
of new forms, and an intimation is given that the United States
Museum have in hand a detailed and comprehensive report upon the
whole of the coleopterous material from the Florissant area in their
collections.

In the last part of the Verhanillun(jen der k.k. zoo. hot. Getiell. in
Wieu, in the report of the meeting on January 12th, Dr. Rebel
describes a new species of Coleop/iora, 0. meridionella. The new
species comes nearer C. tro(flo(h/tella, and was bred from cases found in
Dalmatia, 1893, and near Riva in 1911. Subsequently Dr. Rebel has
detected several in the " Mann " collection in the Hofmuseum under
the name therinella, Tengstr.

OCIE TIE S

The Entomological Society of London. — May l.sf, 1912. — The
Rev. E. Adrian Woodruffe-Peacock, F.L.S., F.G.S., Cadney Vicarage,
Brigg, Lincolnshire, was elected a Fellow of the Society. — Aberkations
in Aglais urticae, var. ichnusa. — Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited three
examples of Aylah urticae, var. ichnni^a, showing the absence of scales
in the centre of the wings, where the central spots are present in the
type. Variation in Euchloe damone.^ — Mr. Jones also exhibited
examples of Euchloe dawone, from Asia Minor and Sicily, showing
difference in the depth of colour of the transverse black streak on
forewings, and in the tone of colour of undersides. A very scarce
Egyptian Pierid. — Dr. G. B. Longstaff exhibited a series of twelve
specimens (five males and seven females) of the rare white butterfly,
Pinacopteri/x do.vo. Scarce Coleophorids. — Mr. Alfred Sich exhibited
two specimens, with their cases, of Coleophora tritjeuiinella, Fuchs, and
one specimen of C. badiipeuneUa, Dup., with its case for comparison.
Brazilian Ithomiines. — Mr. W. J. K&je exhibited three small groups
of Ithomiine butterflies that had been taken by himself in S. Brazil.
New Mimacr.eas. — -Mr. Hamilton H. Druce exhibited J and $ of the
new Miuiacraea eltriufihanii, captured by Mr. S. A. Neave in the
Bugoma Forest, Unyoro, Uganda, and another new Miwacraea which
he proposed to name costle>/i, after its discoverer Mr. Costley White at
Mlanji, Nyassaland, which appeared to be allied to M. marshalU,
Trimen, a specimen of which was also shown for comparison, Mr. S.

224 THE entomologist's record.

A. Neave described the capture of these specimens. This species in
common with several others flics very high, and he said it was often
necessary to employ small native boys perched at the tops of the trees and
armed with nets. Butterflies from British Honduras and Guatemala.
— Mr. A. E. Gibbs exhibited a drawer of butterflies from these localities
recently received from Dr. Davis, of Belize. A scarce Plecopteron. —
Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited specimens of Nemnnra duhitans, Morton,
taken by Colonel Nurse at West Stow, Suffolk, in June last, and for
comparison specimens of Nonoura incnm^piciia, Pict., from Aviemore.
Life History of Nonagria nexa. — Mr. H. M. Edelsten, exhibited
stems of Care.v riparia (received from the Hon. N. C. Rothschild from
Berlin) to illustrate the life history of Nonagria nc.ra, Hb. A scarce
Thrips. — Mr. C. B. Williams exhibited a specimen of the male
Menalothrip^ nohilh, Bagnall, from Wicken Fen, taken April 11th,
1912. This is the largest European species and, since first taken by
Dr. Sharp in 1894, has not been recorded. East African Tabanid^e,
with many hitherto unknown Males. — Mr. S. A. Neave exhibited
some of the Tahanidae collected during his recent tour in East Africa,
on behalf of the Entomological Research Committee of the Colonial
Office. He called attention to the male individuals exhibited, and
expressed the opinion that their rarity in collections was perhaps due to
the fact that they were short-lived. Mr. G. A. K. Marshall observed
that probably many of the Fellows present would hardly realise the
importance of Mr. Neave's exhibit. Even amongst the English
Tahanidae by no means all the males were known, and this sex was
hitherto unknown in the large majority of the species then exhibited.
A Cluster of Ova of Gonepteryx rhamni. — Mr. R. M. Prideaux
brought for exhibition seventeen ova of 6^. rlmmni found at Brasted
Chart, on April 28th, on a shoot of Bhamnint fran<mla. Mimicry in
the Tropics chiefly characteristic of Forest Areas. — Professor
Poulton said that he had long been struck, especia.]ly in the collections
of butterflies received from Uganda and British East Africa, with the
immense development of mimicry in Lepidoptera from the forest as
compared with the open country. He read notes bearing on this point
from Messrs. C. A. Wiggins, F. J. Jackson and C. F. M. Swynnerton.
Mr. S. A. Neave said that he had recently had an interesting
experience of insectivorous birds, near Entebbe. On January 12th,
1912, at Gabunga's, near Entebbe, he had watched a wagtail, most
probably Motacilla capcnsis, catching butterflies on a small patch of
damp sand in the bed of a forest stream. The bird was so tame that
he stood within 3 or 4 yards of it. In less than balf-an-hour this bird
captured and ate 19 butterflies and failed to catch many others. The
butterflies eaten were nearly all small Li/raenidae. The Power of
Sight in Birds. — Professor Poulton called attention to a few observa-
tions which supported the conclusion that birds possessed the extra-
ordinarily acute and far-reaching vision required by the Batesian and
Mullerian theories of Mimicry. The following Paper was read : — "On
the CoIourCIroupsof the Hawaiian Wasps, "by Dr. H. C.L.Perkins, M. A.,
D.Sc.,F.Z.S.,F.E.8. In illustration of the paper, Prof. Poulton exhibited
the specimens referred to by Dr. Perkins. The Colour-groups were
arranged in order of the islands, from Kauai in the N.W. to Hawaii in
the ?).E. — .finic5th, 1912.— Mr. Henry Francis Carter, Liverpool School
of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool, was elected a Fellow of the

SOCIETIES. 225

Society. The Rev. G. Wheeler read the Report of the Committee on
Nomenclature, which was adopted (see p. 206). A scarce Diptekon. —
Mr. J. E. Collin exhibited a series of thirteen specimens of rin/soceji/iala
nifp-a, De G., the largest British species of the Conopidae, caught on
Studland Heath (Dorsetshire), during the last week in May, when
Colonel Yerbury, Mr. C. J. Wainwright and himself took 24 speci-
mens ; though widely distributed, the species was always considered
a great rarity, and its occurrence in such numbers had never before
been recorded. A new Hydroecia. — Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited a
specimen of Hydroecia biirroivni, Chpn., a new species that has turned
up (from Vladivostock) since Mr. Burrows's paper on the group. A
bred Albulina pheketes. — Dr. Chapman also showed a specimen of
Allndina pheretes, $ , bred at Reigate from the egg, supposed to be the
first (and only) bred specimen of the species. Two uncommon Sudanese
Butterflies. — Dr. G. B. Longstaff exhibited Calopieris eulimene and
Teracolus pleione, and read notes upon them. East African Asilids
and Rhopalocera. — Mr. S. A. Neave exhibited some specimens of the
Asilid genas Hi/perechia, representing three, perhaps four, species, all
taken during his recent tour in East Africa. He also showed for com-
parison four common species of Xylocopa, bees to which the flies bore a
marked superficial resemblance. He also exhibited a remarkable new
Nymphalinebutterfly, probably belonging to tbegenusPs6'»r/«c7-rt6'rt, taken
on Mt. Mlanji, Nyassaland. He pointed out that it bore a marvellous
superficial resemblance to Amauris loben(/iilo var. ivhytei, Butler, the
Danaine which occurred in the same place. He further exhibited
a number of unnamed Lycaenidae, principally from Uganda. Pieris
napi and var. bryoniae. — Mr. H. Main exhibited series of P. napi and
var. bryoniae, and pointed out that the latter, reared from ova sent
both from Lapland and Switzerland, had produced a partial second
brood. Coleopterous larv^. — Mr, K. G. Blair exhibited larvae
of Cebrio sp. (? gigaa) from Sicily, received from Mr. J. P. Barrett.
Heredity in the female forms of Hypolimnas misippus. — Prof.
Poulton exhibited females of two families, reared in 1911, from
female parents of the type form, by Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers, M.A.,
F.E.S., which confirmed the conclusions drawn from his earlier work,
that misippus was dominant and inaria recessive. The Tsetse-fly
Glossina caliginea, Austen, rejected by a Monkey. — Prof. Poulton
exhibited the fragments of a Glossina identified by Mr. E. E. Austen
as a female of (t. caliyinea, Aust. The specimen had been bitten and
rejected by a monkey. Families of Butterflies bred by Mr. W.
A. Lamborn in the Lagos District. — Prof. Poulton exhibited
several of these families, and referred to the strong light which was
thrown by them upon different biological problems. The Irritating
hairs of the Moth Anaphe infracta, Walsingham. — Prof. Poulton
exhibited a specimen of the Eupterotid, or, as Aurivillius considers, the
Notodontid moth Anaphe infracta, concerning which Mr. ^V. A.
Lamborn had written from Oni Camp, April 22nd, 1912 : — " The moths
undoubtedly possess urticating hairs. The female (monkey) Mona
was allowed to steal one. She smelt it, rubbed off the hairs and scales,
then dropped it, and in a few minutes was rubbing all four feet on the
ground. I made some sympathising remarks with the result that she
suddenly sprang on to my bare neck, and I have been troubled with
skin irritation all the evening." Prof. Poulton said that Mr. A, H.

226 THE entomologist's record.

Hamm had found hairs from the anal tuft of the exhibited specimen
produced irritation on his hands and face. ]\[r. Eltrin,Q;ham had found
that the hairs of the female, but not of the male tuft, were covered
with minute excessively fine spicule-like teeth. The cocoons of the
African Lasiocampid moth Chrysopsyche varia, Walk. — Prof. Poulton
exhibited the imagines and cocoons of C. varia sent to him by Dr. G.
D. H. Carpenter from Damba Island, 20 miles south-east of Entebbe.
The larval skin was still projecting from some of the cocoons and
showing its blue spots. Dr. T. A. Chapman remarked that the hairs
covering the eggs of Pnrthetria ilispar are also urticating. He also
observed that there are other species of moths which extrude the larval
skin, but in these cases it was from flimsy cocoons. The warning

COLOURS OF THE HyPSID MOTH " CaLLIOKATIS " PACTOLICUS, BuTL., IN

ALL ITS STAGES. — Pi'of. Poulton exhibited the larvae, pupfe, and
imagines of pactoliciis, sent by Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter. The two black-
and-white-ringed larvae and the two orange-black-marked pupn3 had
been collected on April 17th, 1912, by Dr. Carpenter on the shore of
Bugalla, Sesse Islands ; the 32 imagines had been bred (June 1st,
1911) from scattered larvag found on Damba Island. Pseudacr^eas of

THE HoBLEYI group ON THE SeSSE IsLANDS IN THE ViCTORIA NyANZA.

— Prof. Poulton said that Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter had left Damba in
December, 1911, and had gone in January to Bugalla Island in the Sesse
Archipelago, and had found there representatives of all the Plauema-
Psetulacraea associations. The disproportion between Planewa and
Psc'udacraea is even greater there, so much so that Sesse confirms the
Damba records, the results being still more striking. The following
papers were read: — "Studies in the Blattidae," by R. Shelford, M.A.,
F.E.S. ; " Pohjommatus alexins, Freyer, a good Species," by T. A.
Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

JliEYIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

A Monograph of the African species of the genus AcrjEa, by
Harry Eltringham, M.A., F.Z.S. (Transactions of the Entomo-
logical Society of London, Part I., with sixteen plates). — How
different is the description of a genus now in comparison with that
thought necessary a hundred years ago. The description of Acraea
given by Fabricius in 1807 is " Taster zwei, lang, gefranzt, dreiliedig;
drittes Gliedklein, nackt. Fiihler geknopft (Putzfiisse)." To-day the
description occupies a page and a half without detailing the neuration,
a figure being given of this instead. The whole monograph shows
what we should expect from a former student at the Hope Museum, a
research into detail, an accuracy of observation coupled with the power
of the application of the knowledge thus gained that brings the author
into the front rank of systematists.

It is most interesting to learn that the male armature of Acraea
iijati from Madagascar resembles that of the Australian A. amhoniar/ie
rathoi' than that of its own allies ; whilst it is equally curious to find
that the armature of A. tnirijira has a closer superficial resemblance to
that characteristic of the South American genus Artinotc than that of
its African neighbours.

Again the author brings out the fact that it was the able explorer
S. A. Neave, who discovered that crystallina described originally as a

REVIEWS. 227

^ , is the $ of A. cliilo — showing what excellent use the field
naturalist makes of his trained eye, when he comes to work in the
Museum.

Many of the species of the genus show extreme variability, and it
is a pleasure to note the careful judgment shown in dealing with such
species. We are accustomed to consider all Acraeae as unpalatable in
all their stages, but the author records that some of their larva) are
subject to attacks from Dipterous parasites in spite of that fact. In
dealing with the species A. acrita the author draws attention to the
variability of the genital armature. This is exceedingly interesting
and helps to confirm his view that it is " on the verge of becoming
divided into several different species." The fact that the armature
is highly complicated, as stated, no doubt opens the door to slight
modifications, but ai the same time proves that the species is going
through a critical period in its evolution, especially when we consider
its very numerous forms and geographical races. We understand that
the whole of the genital preparations and all the coloured figures, many
of which we have had the pleasure of examining, are the work of Mr.
Eltringham's own hands. The beauty of the preparations and the
equal beauty of the drawings, both prove the author to be as able a
microscopist as he is an artist, a combination by no means always met
with. We admit a feeling of relief and satisfaction that the genus
Arraca has not been split up into sub-genera, for reading between the
lines we are inclined to imagine that a temptation was laid in the way
to induce this action, and we congratulate the author that he resisted
it. When a large group like this falls entirely naturally into one
genus, so that even a " tyro " can recognise it at a glance, it is worse
than waste of time to sub-divide it into colour sections or otherwise,
simply for the sake of reducing the size of the genus, and we are glad
that this was not done. We are equally relieved at another point
made. It is stated under the species A. servona, that " the naming of
forms on the variation of black spots is carrying nomenclature to
excess." We heartily agree with this sentiment and would like to
underscore it many times, but, as it is, a large number of forms and
variations have been named by the author, and if he had acted
contrary to the paragraph just quoted the monograph would certainly
have been half as large again and might have been perhaps discounted
in its value in proportion.

The list of types with their location, the bibliography and the index
of specific names, all add to the value of the work from the point of
view of the systematist.

The chromo-lithography of the plates is careful and good, though
it by no means brings out the delicacy of touch and colour of the
artist's original figures ; we are glad to have drawings of some closely-
allied species, and especially are we pleased to see a good figure of
donbledai/i a^hout which there has been much uncertainty, but we should
have liked to have seen oncaea beside it for comparison. The figures
o[ the genital armature are models of clearness, and if mere definition
of outline and shape are the points aimed at, are certamly better than
photography, though, for other reasons, we prefer the latter. Mr.
Lamborn's figures of the larvae of certain species are a welcome
addition to our knowledge of the early stages of the group, and we look
for much more from that accurate and gifted observer.

228 THE entomologist's TviiCORD.

In conclusion we cannot do otherwise than warmly congratulate
the author for his valuable and most painstaking work, and also the
Entomological Society for the publication of it, the value of this year's
transactions will be much enhanced by Mr. Eltringham's able
monograph. — G.T.B.-B.

A CoKRECTioN. — My friend, Mr. A. H. Jones, has pointed out a
little mistake in my paper " Ten days in the Cevennes," ante pp. 117-
121. I there speak of Hinutina dolus. I should have said Hirsntina
dolus var. vittata. The type form dolus does not apparently obtain
there, all our captures were of the form vittata.

I might also here explain that I use the generic name Hirsutina
only to conform to the general usage of our magazine. I cannot
accept for myself this and other names created in recent years for this
group of butterflies, but until I have brought out my generic revision
of the Lycaenidae I am content to fall in line with our assiduous
editorial secretary. — G. T. Bethune-Baker.

<DBITUARY/

Edward Arthur Fitch.

In the early volumes of the " Entomologist" from about 1874, one
of the most oft recurring names of contributors to its pages is that of
Edward Arthur Fitch. Born in Chelsea, in 1854, he passed through
his school days with considerable honour and success, and in 1874 took
up his residence at the Brick House, Maldon, where he lived until his
death on June 28th last. His life from beginning to end was a
strenuous one, and his interests varied and engrossing. To whatever
he put his hand to that he gave his earnest energy, whether it was to
his business as a farmer, to local affairs either of his town or his
county, to the study of nature, or to Archasoiogy. His keen intellect,
his fluency of speech, his love of fair-play, made him honoured and
respected by all, even by those opposed to him in thought and politics.
His aid was a si)ie qua non in aught that was done in the county as
well as in the town of his adoption. He was a Fellow of the Entomo-
logical Society, since 1874, served on the Council and was Secretary
from 1881-5 ; a Fellow of the Linnean Society ; a Fellow of the
Zoological Society ; one of the founders of the Essex Field Club, and
on the Council of the Essex Archteological Society. Six times he was
Mayor of Maldon, he was an original member of the Essex County
Council and one of its Aldermen, and for 20 years he served on the Board
of Guardians as Chairman and Vice-chairman. A keen politician, he
prided himself on doing naught to create strife and ill-feeling among
those who thought other than he did. In 1902 his ability as a linguist
helped him much in leading a party of some 50 Essex farmers to
Hungary to study agricultural methods in that country.

During thu last quarter of a century he had done uut little active
entomology, although his love for the study led him to aid societies
and individuals whenever opportunity was afforded him. The pioneer
work which he did in " other orders " than Lepidoptera and Coleoptera,
from the beginning of his entomological work, will be a lasting
memorial.

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Is. ; Pendularia, 9d.; Omicronaria, Is. ; Occulta, Is. ad. ; Hybrid, Pendulariax Omicro-
nai'ia, 30s. ; and many others.

li. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Kobert Shelford, Malcolm Biiir, D.Sc, F.L.S., F.E.S. (with plate) 205

Nomenciature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

■" Nomenclature," etc., at the Congress, G. T. Bethime- Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S.,

F.E.S 207

The Second International Congress of Entomology, Rev. George Wheeler, M.A.,

F.Z.S., F.E.S 209

The Season 1912, T. H. L. Gro>!venor 213

Cosmopolitan Cockroaches, the late R. Shelford, M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S 217

Anergates atratulus, Schenk., a British Ant, and the acceptance of a ? by Tetra-

moriam cses-gitum,!!., W. C. Crawley, B. A., F.E.S. .. .. .. .. 218

Notes on Collecting, etc.: — Collecting Notes 1912, F. G. Wldttle; Notes from

theBvonds, 1912, CajJt. C. A. Cardew 219

Scientific Notes and Observations : — Euchloe cardamines ovipositing on Capsella

hmsa.--p&storis, Alfred Sich, F.E.S 221

Current Notes and Short Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Societies: — The Entomological Society of London, G. IF. .. .. .. .. 223

Keviews and Notices of Books : — A Monograph of the African species of the genus

Acr»a by Harry Eltringham, G.r.jB.-B 226

A Correction. G.r.B.-B 228

Obituary:— Edward Arthur Fitch, If .J. r 228

Communications are unavoidably held over from M. Burr, A. Eussell, Parkinson
Curtis, G. Wheeler, the late E. Shelford, H. E. Page, J. T. Fountains, E. A. Cockayne,
Eussell E. James, T. Baxter, H. J. Turner, etc., with Eeports of Societies.

All MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs returned to Hy. J. Turner,
98, Drakefell Eoad, New Cross, London, S.E.

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TUESDAY, OCTOBER 8th, 1912,

AT ONE O'CLOCK.

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ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORE

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JOURNAL OF VARIATIOI^

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RiCHAHD S. BAGNALL, f.l.s., f.e.s. | T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D.,i.y..H., F.E.i

T. HUDSON BEAllE,

u.sc, I'Jc.s., K.u.s.i!;.
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Jas. E. COLIjIN, F.E.S.

TC. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE,

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Alfred SICH, f.e.s.

.T. R. le B. TOMLIN, m.a., f.e.s.

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Henky J. TURNER, f.e.s.,
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)BER 15th, 1912.

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THE COLLECTION OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTER&

Formed by ALBERT J. HODGES, Esq.

TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 12th, at I o'clock.

Mr. J. C. STEVENS will Sell by Auction at his Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent

Garden, London, W.C.

The Collection of British Macro-Lepidoptera, formed by Albert J. Hodges, Esq.,

containing many rarities and some fine varieties, including the two magnificent Grossu-

lariata figured in "The Entomologist's Record," Vol. IV., plate C, very fine dark

Aglaia, etc., every single specimen labelled and in the finest possible condition, together

with the Cabinets in which they are arranged.

On view day prior and morning of sale. Catalogues on application.

TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 1 2th, at 1 o'clock.

Mr. J.' C. STEVENS will Sell by Auction at his Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent

Garden, London, W.C.

THE COLLECTION OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA

formed by the late

A. HARRISON, Esq., F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S., etc.

of South Woodford, and H. MAIN, Esq.,

arranged in fine cabinets (172 drawers) comprising extensive series in fine condition of

interesting melanic and local forms, varieties and rare species, a large proportion having

been bred from Delamere Forest, etc.

On view day prior and morning of sale. Catalogues on application.

OVA, LARV.^, AND PUP/E.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, @ntmncrlo0t»t,

BURNISXON, Nr. SeT^KBOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets

etc., sent on application.
Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

liEPIDOPTERA & LARViG A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.,

By same Colour Process.

LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDEU FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR C0L0URED:DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
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Vol. XXIV.

Plate XI.

Photo. L. Tatchell.

GyNANDHosiouPHors Amokpha populi, L., bred by Leonard tatchell.

The EutoinologisVn Record, 1912.

ABERRATIONAL NAMES. 229

A Gynandromorphous Specimen of Amorpha populi, L. {ndth plate).

By W. PARKINSON CUETIS, F.E.S.
An interesting gynandromorphous specimen of Amorpha populi has
been handed to me by Mr. Leonard Tatchell of Bournemouth, with a
request that I would note its principal features. Unfortunately the
line was drawn at making a preparation of the abdomen, which would
no doubt display many interesting characters. At first glance the most
noticeable peculiai'ity of the insect is the dissimilarity in shape and
colour of the respective parameres of the fore-wings. Besides, the female
side looks smaller than the male side, though measurements prove this
to be an optical illusion. The right male paramere is ample, and hence
appears larger than the left ; it is of normal coloration (if such there
be in the species !) The left female paramere is flushed all over with
a rosy pink (being near ab. mirahile, Aust.), and the margins are
strongly crenulate. The development of the markings is not
materially different on either side of the median line, but the pre-
marginal suffusion in the left female hindwing is obsolescent, and the
rufous tornal patch is more restricted and of a yellower shade of
terra-cotta (unless my eye deceives me, but owing to the pinkness of
the surrounding area it is a little difficult to judge accurately the exact
line). The most interesting feature is undoubtedly the exactness with
which the characters are arranged on either side of the median line. The
entire left of the thorax and abdomen being pinkish and the right
grey, the pink only trespassing on to the grey side at the 4th, 5th and
6th segmental divisions. This peculiarity is equally marked above
and below, and so far as one can see from the exterior, the genitalia
are in the same interesting condition. The antenna, palpi, and legs
retain their diverse sexual characters precisely. The posterior right
male leg has the tarsi missing, and apparently this is not the result of
an accident after emergence. The length of the male costal margin
of the forewing is 28mm. and of the female 30mm. The specimen is
one of a partial second-brood bred by Mr. Tatchell from larvte collected
at Swanage, and like most second-brood Sphhujithc undersized.

Aberrational Names.

By Eev. GEORGE WHEELER, M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
The -June number of the Ent. Record contained some observations
on aberrational names, introduced incidentally in a paper by Col.
Manders, to which, (especially since they seem to echo certain semi-
official editorial outcries), a reply seems to be needed. With regard to
Collectors (with a big C) there is not the slightest need for them
to overload their minds or their cabinets with a number of
aberrational names in which they take no interest, and for them it
still appears to me, as I said some time back in the pages of the
Entomologist, that the best plan is to take the names of extreme
aberrational forms only, and to call intermediate specimens " trans, to
ab." SO-&-SO. But Col. Manders is not so much a collector (even
with a small c), as a Scientist (with a big S), and a Biologist
(with a big B), and it is to the scientific student of Variation and to
the biologist that these names are of value ; they serve to register
minute differences, and " these minute differences will sometimes
October 15th, 1912.

230 THE entomologist's recoed.

serve (as I have lately been pleading before the International
Congress) to show the directions of variation in a species,
and those variations occasionally point out quite unexpected
affinities " ; it is usele^^s to name some and intentionally leave out
others, for we may omit just those that will eventually prove to be
of scientific value. Hundreds will be lost, probably thousands will
only occasionally recur, it may not be one in a thousand that will
eventually prevail, but this makes it all the more important to register
such variation as has actually taken place, as helping to define the
range within which variation in a species is possible and the directions
in which new species may (because it has been shown that they tnii/Itt)
eventually rise. Unless they are in some way registered, the facts
themselves will certainly pass into oblivion, and a name is the simplest
fnd easiest form of registration. That the naming of aberrations
might be much simplified and put on a far sounder basis I readily
admit, and I have suggested that a name once given to a certain form
of aberration should be applied automatically to the same form of
variation occurring in other (or at least in related) species.

But Col. Manders had in store a much greater surprise even than
an onslaught (coming from such a quarter) on aberrational names, and
that is his failure to grasp the great interest and importance of the
particular example which he has chosen to hold up to ridicule. Every
one of his first seven " abs." of Teracoliis li)iibatu!< not only ))ii;iht but
oiiilht to be named. (Not that abs. 8 and 9 are unimportant, but they
could only be dealt with in a work containing microscopical research,
and it would be time enough to name them, if frequently referred
to, when used in such a work.) It is almost impossible to over-estimate
the phylogenetic importance of these colour-changes ; and as to ab. 1 :
— Is this absence of the spot the original form ? Has the spot been
acquired ? Has it been lost ? Are lost characters liable to re-appear ?
What is the condition in this respect of the most nearly related
species ? etc. Every reader of the Transactinna of the Kntowoloi/ical
Sdcieti/ knows that Col. Manders has not only a scientific but an
unusually judicial mind, and I am more than ready to admit that on
any scientific question whatever he could " give me points and beat
me hollow ; " so I shall be not only satisfied but proud if I can, like
the mouse in the fable, nibble through some of the knots in the net of
prejudice by which in this matter he seems to have become entangled,
so that he may be free to pursue scientific investigations on the very
data which have seemed to him not only useless but ridiculous.

Some Captures in Norfolk, with special reference to Lithostege

griseata.

By the Rev. C. THOIINEWILL, M.A.
Some years ago I spent about ten days during June at Thetford,
and came away very much struck with the possibilities of the district
from an entomological point of view. It was a good season, and I
had generally the assistance of my son, who was then living there ;
and during those ten days I succeeded in taking specimens of several
good local insects — some of them in considerable numbers — viz.,
Dianthoecia irm/ularis, At/rophila trabealis (sulj)huralis), Acontia
luctuosa, Acidalia rubiijinata [rubricata), Lithosteye griseata, and Spilodes

SOME CAPTURES IN NORFOLK. 231

sticticalis — not to speak of other less coveted species. I promptly
made up my mind, if the opportunity should occur, to visit the
neighbourhood again ; and this intention was carried out during the
present year, when I spent a period of five weeks, from May 14th to
June 20th, in a locality about half-way between Thetford and Ely. I
may say at once that — owing partly to the circumstance that I was a
little too early — I was not nearly so successful as on my previous visit.
In fact, several of the species I have mentioned above never turned up
at all ; of ^. ruhiijinata {nibn'rata) I took only one specimen, though
that was certainly a very fine one; and of A. trabcalifi [sulpliinalis), of
which I had before obtained as many as I cared to take, not a solitary
specimen was to be seen, though I made several journeys to both Thet-
ford and Brandon in search of it. My attention, however, was mainly
devoted to L. i/rhcata, of which I obtained 13 specimens, nearly all
being in first-rate condition ; and about this species I should like to
speak more particularly, as it seems not to be generally known, and
my observations as to its habits do not entirely coincide with the
information given in the books. I found myself seriously hindered at
the outset by my want of acquaintance with the food-plant of the
insect, Sisi/nibriuin sophia, a plant belonging to the order (Jruciferae,
the English name of which is " Flixweed," though it is locally known
by the title of " Tarrify " or " Terrify." This plant grows chiefly
among the corn, which is largely grown in the neighbourhood, and it
possesses a number of long sharp-pointed seed-vessels, which are apt
to penetrate into the arms of the reapers as they cut the corn, and
unless promptly taken out frequently lead to inflammation, so that the
name " Tarrify " is only too appropriate. In the earlier stages of its
growth, the plant is very far from conspicuous ; and it was not till a
fortnight after my arrival that I was at length able to identify it.
After a prolonged search, however, I came across it in the corner of a
wheat-field ; and almost at the very moment of doing so, I caught
sight of and promptl/ netted my first specimen of the insect. It is
easy enough to take, not only on account of its conspicuous colour,
but because it flies very sluggishly, and rarely seems to travel more
than twenty yards from the spot where it first gets up. I think, in
fact, that I only missed one specimen, which flew across a light-
coloured road, out of the whole number seen during my visit. It is
very easy, too, to identify at the time of capture, for two reasons :
first, because of its colour, which is an uniform silvery-grey, with
hardly any markings ; and secondly, because of the attitude it takes
up in the net — that of a fairly broad triangular sloping roof, resembling
the tops of an old-fashioned dormer window — somewhat like, too, to
the resting position of Nisoniades {Thanaos) tar/es, but rather flatter,
and of course much more pointed at the tips of the wings. I regret
to say that I am quite unable to give any directions as to the best
method of obtaining L. (/riseata : it seems to fly almost at any time of
the day, and without any indications which would lead one to expect
its appearance. The abundance of the food-plant at any given spot
seems to be no criterion whatsoever as to a corresponding abundance
of the insect ; I several times took it in places where not a single
plant of the flixweed v/as to be seen ; and contrariwise, in the place
where the largest quantity of the plant was growing I did not take, or
even see, a single specimen. A considerable amount of corn is grown

232 THE entomologist's record.

in the district, and it is at the edges of the corn fields that the
Sisynihrinm is chiefly to be found. But the insect, far from being
confined to such places as these, is to be met with quite as frequently
among the clovers and trefoils which also grow in the district, and
which form, on the whole, the most productive hunting-ground for the
entomologist. It is in these, almost exclusively, that A. mbiiiinata
(nihricata) and N. stieticalis are to be found, and it is generally here
too that A. tralwalis (stdjJuo-alix) occurs. But, if my limited experience
is worth anything, I should characterise L. t/rixeata as a scarcer insect
than either of these, inasmuch as it never seems to occur in any
quantity. I took five specimens during my twelve days' visit to
Thetford, when I netted it among the rest just as it came; but this
year, when I devoted special attention to obtaining it, I only got
thirteen, and on no single day did I meet with more than three. I
was indeed told by an inhabitant of the place that the food -plant was
far more abundant in the fenny parts of the district than in the corn
fields of the higher levels, but this is a statement which I had no
opportunity of putting to the proof. I am inclined to think that the
best way of obtaining L. (jriseata in any numbers would be to
rear it from the larva, of which there is an excellent account in
Buckler's great book, published by the Ray Society. It undoubtedly
feeds on the seed-vessels of the Si^t/inbriuni, and would probably be
best found at night, by the help of a lantern. But on this point the
local entomologists must needs know far more than I do. It is quite
possible that the larva is specially subject to the attacks of ichneumons,
or that a large proportion are destroyed every year when the corn is
reaped, though I imagine that many come to maturity before that
time. At all events, I feel pretty well convinced that the perfect
insect is far from common, even in its rather restricted localities.
One thing which I noticed was, that the female was far commoner than
the male ; and this is by no means the usual state of things among
the Lepidoptera. It would be a great boon to entomological science
if soine one with leisure, and with the great advantage of constant
residence in the district, would make it his business to become more
perfectly acquainted with L. (/riseata, and would thoroughly work out
its life-history.

About the other species taken during my visit, speaking generally,
the less said the better. One very good insect I did indeed obtain, a
lovely specimen of Orobena {Pionea) c.rtimalis [iiiarnaritalis), which
started up just in front of me in a clover-field, and whose identity I
did not at first recognise, having never seen the species alive before.
I need scarcely say that it was a welcome addition to my collection, or
that I eagerly searched the locality for more, but unfortunately in vain.
In the clover-fields, too, Axpilatcs ritraria and Sjiilodes vcrticalix
occurred occasionally, though neither of them was abundant; and I
took fourgpecimens of llapta {Conjcia) biinaciilata (tainhutta) in one
corner of a cornfield, where they must have been reared on hawthorn,
as not a vestige of bird-cherry was to be found anywhere near them.
I also got three specimens of Dianthoecia carpaphiKja at Valerian
flowers, one of which was a nice pale form ; but flowers in general
were singularly unproductive, the only exception being Viper's
Bugloss, which grows in profusion in some of the clover-fields, and at
which a few of the commonest Nuctuae were to be found enjoying

THE GENUS PSEUDACRAEA. 233

themselves in the evening. I did not try " sugar," but from various
indications I don't think it would have produced much result. It was
partly because of the dearth of other species that I was led to pay so
much attention to Lithostq/e i/riseata : and it is to tell the readers of
the Entomoluiiist's Record what little I know about that insect that I
have chiefly been moved to write these notes.

The genus Pseudacraea— an extraordinary example of mimetic
polymorphism.

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

At the Oxford Congress Prof. Poulton produced quite a dramatic
efiect in giving the present views as to certain species of this genus,
which only failed of a sensational climax, because a crucial specimen
would not emerge from the pupa quite in time for Dr. G. D. H.
Carpenter to send a telegram anent it from Bugalla on the Nyanza.

Prof. Poulton announces, in Nature of September 12th, that the
telegram has since arrived, and the expected specimen settles, not
absolutely, but with reasonable certainty, that some dozen recognized
species of the genus Pseudacraea are all forms of Pseudacraea euri/tus, L.,
a conclusion arrived at some years ago by Dr. K. .Jordan" from an
examination of the male appendages, but not positively asserted till
some breeding experiments should support so startling a fact. Space
will not allow of even a sketch of the mimicry by the various forms,
each of a different species of Plancwa, spread over a great part of
tropical and South Africa. It would seem that the mimic in this way
secures a much wider distribution than any one of its models.

It is of interest, by the way, to note that the first definite step to
the recognition of this unity of many supposed distinct species was
taken by Dr. Jordan as a result of examinations of the male genitalia.
He refrained from asserting the result as proved, since though
differences in the genitalia show species to be distinct, identity does
not prove specific identity unless there is some other ground for such
a deduction. In the case of these Pseudacraeae, the presumption and
general opinion was in favour of their being distinct. Now we
have proof that some at least of these supposed " good" species are
not distinct, and the presumption is in favour of their being all one
species; Dr. Jordan's results are therefore decisive on this subject.

The literature bearing on the subject is already considerable, we
may quote from Prof. Poulton's letter to Nature : —

" The conclusion was a very startling one. If each mimetic
Pseudacraea had been confined to a single area and had interbred on its
margin with the Psendacraeae of surrounding areas with different
mimetic patterns, we should have been confronted with a more
remarkable and complex example than any as yet known (except
perhaps Papilio ilardanns), but one that raised no special difficulty.
Di. Jordan's discovery, however, involved far more than this : it led
to the remarkable conclusion that the sexually dimorphic P. Iioblei/i,
mimicking the sexually dimorphic Planema )iiacarisfa in the Entebbe
district, was the same species as the two monomorphic Pseudacr»as
flying in the same forests with it, viz., P. terra and P. ohscura,

* ler Congr^s international d'Entomologie, Vol. II., p. 398.

234 THE entomoi.ogist's kecoud.

mimicking respectively the sexually mononiorphic Plamwia telln.^ and
P. paraf/ea.

" Dr. Jordan communicated his discovery to the First International
Entomological Congress, meeting at Brussels in 1910."

He continues with a relation of various confirmatory facts and of
efforts to obtain successful breeding experiments, by some of the
numerous observers in Africa, who have in the Hope Professor a
source of inspiration for their researches and an authority who gives
these most of their value, by combining them in support of many
valuable conclusions. One of the most remarkable of these is
certainly this confirmation of the conclusions pointed to by
Dr. Jordan's work.

Prof. Poultou thus records the result of Dr. Carpenter's first
crucial observations. " Dr. Carpenter first succeeded in finding and
rearing the larvae of /'. Incretia, and then made many attempts to
obtain eggs from captured females of the hobleyi group. Discouraged
by many failures, he was beginning to despair when, some weeks past,
he observed in the Bugalla forest a female obscura "with a touch of
hobleyi" settling in an unusual position on a leaf of the food^plant of
Incretia — almost certainly a Sapotaceous plant. The butterfly escaped,
but Dr. Carpenter found the egg on the leaf, and hoped to rear the
perfect insect before or during the meeting of the Second International
Congress at Oxford (August 6th to 10th), and he promised that if the
offspring turned out to be ?t')-/-rt or hobleyi, he would cable the result.
He wrote that he anticipated terra, because this form is much the
commonest in Bugalla.

Unfortunately the eagerly-expected butterfly did not emerge until
after the meeting, but on August 19th I received a cable from Entebbe
with the word ' terra.' "

We may expect further observations and experiments to more
completely confirm the position advanced by Dr. Jordan, but it is
already on a firm foundation.

Random Notes on 1912.

By E. A. COCKAYNE, M.D., F.E.S.

My first day's collecting this year, February 27th, was at Chingford,
where I took a few dark forms of Ilibernia lencojihacaria, a female of
//. proyeiinnaria and a fine male of Apocheima hispidaria. Next day, in
addition to the first two species, I saw one Al.wphila [Ani.soptery.r)
aesciilaria on a hornbeam and three or four lying dead on the surface
of a small pond in company with one i'erastis vaccinii, one Taeiii()ca)iipa
crnda, and several Jl. leucojihaearia and H. proyeiiniiaria. 11. leiu-o-
))haearia was unusually abundant at the end of the week (March 2nd and
3rd), and the days being warm and sunny, the insect fiew readily, giving
an exceptionally good opportunity of estimating the relative numbers
of the light and dark forms. Many were found on the surface of some
small ponds, and the percentage of dark and light forms seen in this
way agreed fairly well with that of the captured specimens, and served
as a valuable control. 1 examined 290, and estimate the percentage of
the different forms as follows: — Light forms 70 per cent., and melanic
80 per cent.

The ab. marmurinaria was found to form three or lour per cent, of

RANDOM NOTES ON 1912. 235

the total nnmber. Melanic specimens can be divided into smooth
dark forms with no irroratiou with pale scales, and those with pale
scales in more or less abundance ; the first-named form about teil per
cent, of all specimens. Some of the most extreme show a tendency
to have fringes paler than the ground colour of the wings, and three
or four exhibit a segregation of the darkest scales into the basal and
marginal areas, and perhaps should be regarded as the extreme melanic
form of the ab. marnwrinaria.

Amongst my series I found one with yellow ground colour and
markings indistinct, and another, a very large specimen, with basal
area suffused with dark scales as far as the central line. This is, as
far as I am aware, unique. Only one female, a melanic one, was
found. On March 25th I obtained a pairing between the male of
Aiuphidcmfi strataria {prodronmria) and the female of Biston hirtaria,
but the ova were infertile, and all attempts to obtain the reverse cross
were fruitless. April 6th and 7th, bright sunny days, were spent
in the New Forest, but no effort was made to collect. Numbers
of hybernated Gonepteryx rhwivni were seen, and a few Vanessa io
and Eni/onia polycldoros. A fine female of Pararge aeyeria was
also noticed. Eupithccia ahbreviata was fairly common on tree
trunks, and four Tephrosias were found on some larches. They are
quite as pale as Tephrosia crepuscidaria, but must be T, bistortata, since
a typical second brood male emerged on June 24th, actually darker
than its parent. During April I took some pupjB of Aeyeria
{Trochiliiim) andrenaeforitm, and bred from them fifteen imagines, but
the only parasite was the too common Meniscus pimplator. Most of the
other parasites are rather scarce, and the majority seem to attack half-
grown larvje.

Celastrina aryiolns w^as abundant wherever I went for the Clearwing,
in Surrey, Essex, Kent and Hertford, and hybernated specimens of
Aylais urticae and V. io were unusually common. At Shackleford, in
Surrey, a fresh but small female Evpithecia coronata was seen on April
28th on a small sapling. May 5th was spent at Box Hill, where
several Celastrina argiolus were flying round the beeches ! Low down
on larch trunks I took two Tephrosia consonaria ; one was a female,
but unfortunately it laid no eggs. Two Drepana ciiltraria {unyuicala)
were seen flying round the beeches.

On May 11th I went to the Chalfont Road district to try and get
another female of Tephrosia consonaria, but found none, and though I
took a male Lithosia sororcula (aureola) on a beech trunk, moths
seemed rather scarce. A fine female of this insect was taken on the
wing at Box Hill on the 18th.

On May 12th I walked from Brookwood to Farnborough, and on
the bank of the Basingstoke Canal Pararye meyaera and Celastrina
aryiolus were common, and Pieris napi, EucJdo'e cardamines, Gonepteryx
rhamni, Rinnicia phlaeas, Polyommatus icarus, and one Brenthis
euphrosyne were seen. Heliaca tenebrata [arbuti) was caught near
Brookwood, and Tephrosia punctularia was abundant at rest on the
alders. At Farnborough I took two Dasycliira pudibunda, one Drepana
binaria{liamnla) (female), one Diaphora niendica (female), one Spilosoiiia
vienthastri, one Clostera curtula (male), U ipocrita jacobaeae, and several
Macaria liturata were seen near the pine trees.

May 18th was cold and showery, but larvs of Lithosia deplana were

236 THE entomot^ogist's record.

beaten from yew at Box Hill, but no larvte of Boarmia ahietaria were
seen. I noticed Nisoniades tat/es, Drepana cultraria, Hepialus lupuUna,
Hadena dentina, Bapta temerata, OpisthoipajHis [Rnwia) luteolata
(crataegata), Phihalapteri/x vitalbata, (Joreniia desi;/nata, C. ferrut/ata,
Eupithecia indir/ata and Anaitis plarfiata.

On May 21st I went for the evening to Oxshott to try and get a
female of Kucosmia undidata for ova, but saw none, though imagines
were emerging in my cages from larvae taken there last year. Drepana
falcataria, D. lacertinaria, Ciiix r/laucata {spinnla), Teplirosia punctii-
laria, Boarmia consnrtaria, from which I had more than 100 full-fed larvae
(about f dark brown and i green), and now have a fine lot of pupae,
bhipiateria obliterata {/leparata), Loinaspilis viari/inata, Cabcra e.vanthe-
maria, C. pnsaria, Coremia ferriit/ata, C. miidentaria, Kupithecia vitlgata
(melauic), and Tkera obeliscata {variata auc).

On May 25th, 26th, and 27th, I collected with Mr. F. W. J.
Jackson, near Oxford. On some ploughed land a good many Pyrameis
card id in poor condition were put up. In glades in the wood, Vanessa
io, Brentltis euphrosyne, Hawcaris liicina, and Callophrys riibi were
caught but only one Heinaris bonibyliforwis was seen.

On the more marshy ground Euclidia ylyphica and E. mi were
common, Prothymnia (P/iytometra) viridaria, Adscita statices, and
Ematurya atomaria were flying. E. atnmaria here is rather large,
pale, and clearly marked. In the oak woods Drepana binaria (hamula)
was common, but very difficult to catch. We were too late for
Eupithecia piisillata, and only one worn female was captured, but a
very pale Gonodontis (Odontopera) bidentata was shaken from a spruce
tree and later on 7>. falcataria was disturbed from a birch. At dusk,
amongst other moths, we netted Liydia adustata, Bapta temerata,
Melanippe nnanyulata, and Emmelesia decolorata.

By searching aspens we found larvae of Taeniocampa populeti and
Brephos notha, both nearly full-fed, hidden between two leaves, and one
or two worn Lobophora he.vapterata on the trunks. One of the last-
named was also found on the trunk of an old white poplar far from
any aspen, and at the base of the trunk were some old emergence holes
of Trochiliion apiformis. Larvae of Pliisia moneta were found on
Delpldninm in a garden, where we had tea.

In the evening we found males of ilepiahis liecta abundant. At
first they were hovering backwards and forwards, and sometimes two
or three would fly so close together that they actually bumped up
against one another. Some hovered for a long time, others quickly
settled down on plants, in some instances only to start oft" again
swinging backwards and forwards in the air. Finally all were at rest
with forewing half expanded, the glandular structure on the hind legs
very visible, and the tip of the abdomen extended.

Closely as we watched, we saw no female approach and touch a
male in flight, as I have noticed in //. hiniiidi, and as Mr. Robson
describes in this species in the Ent. liecnrd, vol. iii., p. 55, though a
female had been caught before any males were on the wing. By care-
fully marking down a number of males on soiTie comfroy plants, and
looking from time to time, we found that pairing took place without
the male changing his position, and actually saw it happen twice. It
was over very quickly, and the female at once let go and hung head
downwards with legs and wings tightly held to the abdomen. An

RANDOM NOTES ON 1912. 237

hour later most of the males were in an attitude of rest, though one or
two appeared still to be calling.

When H. hecta had settled down, H. hipuUna began to fly, the
males dashing wildly in search of the females over the damper patches
of ground. Both of us took a few beautiful specimens almost uni-
formly cream coloured, and Mr. Jackson took one with normal ground
colour, but greatly extended white markings. The strange contrast in
the habits of these two Hepialids suggests that their relationship is not
very close, in spite of their somewhat similar appearance.

On June 9th, less than two hours larva-beating produced 45 larvae
of Panolis jnniperda, some very small, others fullfed, a very small larva
of Bupalua piniaria, and four rather larger ones of Thera firmata.
One of the T. firmata larvae fed up fairly quickly, and pupating on
July 8th, produced a rather dark imago on July 26th, but the others,
on October 1st, are not yet fullfed. The first brood of the insect
must have been out in early May, and if others emerged as early as
July 26th, there may be a third brood this year. The larvae invariably
rest so that the red-brown head is near the similarly coloured base of
the pine needles, and this, together with their habit of eating almost
the whole of the needle attacked, makes them very difficult indeed to
see even in captivity.

On June 23rd there were many Sesia stellatarum, rather worn,
hovering over the beach between Dover and Folkestone, and looking
like recent immigrants.

On July 7th I journeyed to Bristol, and although Acidalia liolo-
sericeata was out as early as June 20th, I obtained a fine series of both
sexes. Variation is very slight, and in the direction of the formation
of a more distinct basal or submarginal band. From ova laid loose
in the box, and not on the HeliantJtemum provided, I now have larvs
in their third instar feeding on knotgrass. A. bisetata, A. iviitaria,
and A. niari/inepioictata, with a very fresh female of Ligdia adustata
(2nd brood), were also taken.

On July 13th I joined Mr. Jackson at Marlborough, and we walked
through the magnificent beech avenues of Savernake Forest to
Savernake, where we stayed for the week end. Melanargia fjalathea
was abundant, and several T'. io and P. atalanta were seen ; Argynnis
adippe, A. aglaia, and Drr/as paphia were all in fine condition, the first
being the commonest. Aphantnpns hyperantus was very plentiful, and
I was fortunate to take two ab. arete without much trouble. Two
Epinephele tithonits, a male C. argiolus, one Bithys [Thecla) qnercus
and three Chattendenia w-albmn were seen, with a few Odezia atrata.

At dusk in a narrow lane we caught Opisthograptis luteolata
(crataegata), Boarmia repandata, B. gemmaria, Mesnleuca ocellata,
Melantliia bicolorata [ritbiginata), Cidaria pyraliata, Melenydris
didyniata, Hydriomena furcata, Pldbalapteryx tersata, PJupithecia
hogramwata^ Agrotis ravida, A. e.rdainationis, Hadena oleracea,
Caradrina blanda, Apamea oculea, and Lencania pollens, while along
the canal bank L. iinpura was abundant, and one Hydrilla arcnosa
was seen. In the woods ray friend captured a fine Kuc/iloris pustidata
and a very fresh Aridolia inornata.

At Box Hill on July 20th T caught a fresh Eupithecia coronata (2nd
brood), one Urbicola comma, and two Argynnis aglaia.

In spite of threatening weather, I went on July 28th to try and

238 THE entomologist's record.

take Af/rtades coridnn ab. setnii^i/niirapha in South Cambridgeshire, and
saw one ahnost at once, but failed to catch it owing to high wind.
Later I caught three perfect and one battered specimen. Many males
and. several females of A. coridon were found just emerged, and
amongst them a number of crippled specimens were noticed, and a
crippled female of E. jiirtina. Freshly emerged P. cardni and P.
atalanta were also seen, and in addition some larvje of the latter. I
determined to try again the next week, and left on Saturday evening,
joining Mr. Jackson, who had come down earlier in the day, but,
owing to dull weather, had only caught three of the variety.

Sunday started with torrents of rain, but about 11.30 the sky
cleared and we had a fairly sunny day. A. coridon flew well, and we
both got a good many fine ab. se»iisi/)u/rap/ia, though there were a good
many more or less damaged.

I stayed on till Monday evening, and altogether caught more than
thirty, from which I shall be able to pick out a fine series. One
example has a border of pale spots to the forewings, and pale
radiations running out from the base and nearly reaching them and
with blue markings replaced by green ; two others have the blue area
on the fore- wings extending considerably beyond the the central spot.
Vanessa io, in fine condition, was common, but not many P. cardni
were seen, and E. titlionns was becoming scarcer. A few Polyommatus
icarus, with blue females, Aricia medon ( astrarche), and several Urbicula
comma were seen. Two Chattendenia iv.-album were caught on umbel-
liferous plants. The following Noctnac were noticed Hying in the
sunshine or feeding on knapweed between 12 a.m. and 3 p.m.
Charaeas f/rauiinis, Hi/droccia nictitans, Leucania comgera, L. pallens,
Caradrina blanda and Dianthoecia cncnhali.

Already the year has been remarkable for the abundance of the
Vanessids, of Celastrina ari/iolas and Vrcpana binaria (liamnla) in the
Spring. Of the second broods of these insects, I have seen a good
many V. io, a few P. cardni and A. nrticae, but only a solitary C. anjio-
Ins. Larvfe of P. atalanta are common even in the Hampstead garden
suburb, and if the weather improves there is still hope of an unusual
number of these lovely butterflies in our gardens. The brilliant
weather of the spring caused the early appearance of many insects
and greatly favoured them, but I fear the continous wet weather of the
last few weeks will have a disastrous effect on many species.

Notes on the Distribution of the Blattidas.

By the late R. HHELFOUD, M.A., F.Z.«., F.E.S.
Edited by MALCOLM BUllK, D.Sc, F.L.S., F.E.S.

Genera peculiar to the Palaearctic Region : —

Sub-fam. Blattin^e, Sluifordella.

Snbfam. Corydiin.e, Anisofjamia, Ni/)iij)hijtria.

Total = 3.
Genera peculiar to the Oriental Region : —

Sub-fam. I'jctobmn.t:, J'scndectobia (s. str.).

Sub-fam. PsEUJ)0!\ioi>iNyi', I'scntlotln/rsoccra, I'achncjitcri/x, Diiri/o-
dana, Dcsniosia.

Sub-fam. Ei'ilampkin,?;, Thora.v, I'hlcbonotits, Apsiilopis, Coinpso-
lainpra, Mor/)/i)ia, Opisthoplatia, L'scndophoraspis.

NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BLATTID.T:. 239

Sub-fam. Blattin^e, Tliyrsocera, Mirublatta, Catara, rrotagnhta,

ArcJiiblatta, Nocticola, Sjidaeohlatta.
Sub-fam. Banchlorin.e, Pycnoscelus (excluding P. surinaniensis, L.).
Sub:fam. CoRYDiiN.E, Corydia, Ploinopteroidea, Caradax''-, Kryaula.
Sub-faui. OxYHALOiN.ii:, Areolaria.

Sub-fam. Perisph.eriinje, (jlyijlopdtis, Perisphacria, Pseudoylotiieris^
Stilpnoblatta, Trichoblatta.
• Sub-fam. Panesthiin;e, 2licrodina, Caesparia, Miopanesthia, My-
lacrina.
Total = 34.

The Japanese genus Ktirolda, Shiraki, is omitted from this analysis
as the description of it is too imperfect to be of any diagnostic value.
Genera peculiar to the Australian Region : —
Sub-fam. Ectobiin.=e, Plscala.

Sub-fam. Pseudomopin/E, Eliipsidion, Paratemnopteryx.
Sub-fam. Epilajiprin^, JMulytria, Ata.riyaiiiia, Verocardia.
Sub-fam. Blattin.^;;, Polyzostcrio, PUizosteria, Leptoznsteria, Zonio-
ploca, Cosinozosteria, Anaiiieda, Besmozosteria, Temnelytra,
Scahina.
Sub-fam. Panchlorin.e, Oniscosotna.
Sub-fam. Oxyhaloin.e, Choristiiua, Ectoneura.
Sub-fam. PERisPH.ERiiNiE, lepperia.
Sub-fam. Panesthiin.e, Hemipanesthia, tlctcroplana, Gcoscapheus,

MacropanestJno.
Total = 23.
Genera peculiar to the Ethiopian Region : —

Sub-fam. Ectobin.'e, Theyanoptery.v, Mallatohlatta.

Sub-fam. Pseudomopin.e, Chrastublatta, Pirublatta, Anallacta, Ap-

tevoblatta.
Sub-fam. EpiLAMPRiNiE, Lli'daia, Ensteyasta.
Sub-fam. Blattin.e, Paramethana, Cartoblatta, Pseudoderopeltis,

Deropcltis.
Sub-fam. Panchlorin.e, Phenacisma, Pseudogyna, Gyna, Bliyparobia

(excluding PL maderae, Fab.), Pronauphoeta, Heuiinaiiphoeta.
Sub-fam. Corydiin.e, Ipisonia, Tivia, Anacompsa.
Sub-fam. Oxyhaloin.i;, Peraplecta, Griffinidla, Anareolaria, Plvea.
Sub-fam. Perisph.eriin.i:, Gynopeltis, Aptera, Ellipska, Elliptoblatta,
Gytnnonyx, Pronaonota, P ileum, Cyitotria, PJantna, Platysilpha,
Derocalyvniia, Isonisciis, Melaiioblaita, Hostilia, Foeciloblatta,
IJypospJiaciia {MeliDiodljiha), Iluiiiahiblatta, Blepharodera, Thlip-
toblatta, Karnya, Thunicopyya, Attiublatta, Groniphadorrhina,
Aelaropoda.
Total = 49.
Genera peculiar to the Nearctic Region : —

None.
Genera peculiar to the Neotropical Region : —
Sub-fam. Ectobiin.e, Phurticolea.
Sub-fam. PseudomopiNjE, Caloblatta, PscitdiscJnwptcra, Macrophyl-

Uidro)iiia, I'araccrafinojitera, Aiihopyyia.
Sub-fam. Nyctiborin^, Nyrtibora, Kunyctibi)ra, L'aratrojH's, llciiii-
nyctobora, Meyaloblatta.

* Nom. nov. for Cardax, Shelford (pre-occ).

240 THE entomologist's record.

Sub-fam. Epilamprin.e, Phora.ipin, Notolawpra, Pinacnnota, Tri-
bonulea, Phoetcdia.

Sub-fam. Panchlorin/E, Pellnblatta, Anchohlatta, Achroblatto,
'Triconiinn, Tribonidiinn, Zetobora, Phortiaeca, Schiznpilia,
Capricina, Stenoblatta, Ciilama.

Sub-fam. Blaberin.e, Monaclwda, Petasodes, Monistria, Blaptica,
Ih/rftotria, Archimandrita, Blaberus, hlewiblabera, Cacoblatta.

Sub-fam. Corydiin.e, Melestora, Latindia, Paralat India, Hyper-
coinpsa, P>ioUeija.

Sub-fam. Oxyhaloin^, Plectnptera {Ana})t>jcta), Atticola, Heniip-
terota, Hijpnorna, Cal/njpnorna.

Sub-fam. Perisphaeriinae, Proscratea, Paiaaphaeria, O.vycerciis,
Mioblatta, BracJn/cola, Horinetica, Parahormetica, Dasyposoina.

Total = 54.
Genera peculiar to tbe Palsearctic and Nearctic Regions (Holarctic): —

Sub-fam. PANESTHYiiNiE, Cryptocercus.

Total = 1.
Genera peculiar to the Palfearctic and Ethiopian Regions : —

Sub-fam. Ectobiin^, PJctobius, Hololainpra.

Total = 2.
Genera peculiar to the Palfearctic, Oriental, and Ethiopian Regions : —

Sub-fam. Corydiin^, Poh/phar/a.

Total = 1.
Genera peculiar to the Oriental and Australian Regions : —

Sub-fam. Ectobiin^, Anaplectoidca.

Sub-fam. Pseodomopin.e, Allacta.

Sub-fam. Blattin^, Plati/znsteria, Cittilia, Methana, Eroblatta.

Sub-fam. Oxyhaloin^, IHploptera, Prosoplecta.

Sub-fam. Perisph^riin^t:, PeranatipJtoeta.

Sub-fam. Panesthiin^, Salganea, Panesthia, Direllonntiis.

Total = 12.
Genera peculiar to the Oriental and Ethiopian Regions : —

Sub-fam. Blattin^., HonialosilpJia, Durylaea.

Sub-fam. Corydiin^e, Di/scolo'iamia, Allnandella.

Total = 4.
Genera peculiar to the Oriental and Neotropical Regions : —

Sub-fam. Pseudomopin^., Pseudophyllodroima,

Sub-fam. Epilamprina, llhabdoblatta.

Total = 2.
Genera peculiar to the Ethiopian and Neotropical Regions : —

Sub-fam. Pseudomopin,^, Paraloboptera.

Sub-fam. Panchlorin.e, Xauphocta.

Sub-fam. Corydiin.'e, Sphecophila.

Sub-fam. Oxyhaloin.e, Oxyhaloa.

Total = 5.
Genera peculiar to the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions : —

Sub-fam. Pseudomopin.Is, Psenilnumps, AttapJiila.

Sub-fam. I^lattin.t;, Kiii-ycoth.

Sub-fam. Corydiin.e, Uoniacoyawia.

Sub-fam. OxYHALOiWiE, Plectnptera.

Total = 5.

NOTES ON THE GENUS COLEOPHORA. 241

Notes on the various species of tlie genus Coleophora.

By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S.
Coleophora maeniacella.

Another species which occurs in the saltings very freely in the
larval stage is a member of a very obscure group, all the species of
which are attached to plants belonging to the Clienopodiaceae. This is
C. iiioeniaeella, and the larva3 can be obtained in large numbers by
sweeping among the abundant growths of Atriple.v portnlacoides, Siiaeda
maritima, etc., in the marshes on the north side of the Thames
estuary. Those I had were obtained at Fobbing on September 11th
and 18th, 1904. The cases were cylindrical, tapering about equally to
both ends, stouter and more substantial looking than any other of the
species feeding on the marshes. As to colour it was indefinite ; dirty
looking shades of brown, ochreous or even black, and covered by
debris, of various sorts, grains of dirt, sand, etc. Some, which were
found on plants covered by each high tide, were sodden by water,
but still contained apparently healthy larvse. These latter cases were
difficult to distinguish from the dirty succulent leaves of the Suaeda,
which were of a similar shape to the cases. The larvae feed preferably
on the buds, flowers and seeds of the food plants, boring holes, which
were very conspicuous when the larva had eaten out the central part
and left for a neighbouring seed vessel or bud. All the cases showed
streaks, irregular in width from end to end, and of a lighter shade,
being the pieces inserted at the time of enlargement and consequently
from being newer, were lighter in colour, i.e., cleaner, and less covered
by grains of dirt, etc. These insertions seem to be made anywhere
and not especially along the lower side as in many species ; always of
course longitudinally. The anal opening is three valved.

" The general body colour of the larva is a dirty white. The head
is of a light brown, slightly lighter than the plate of the first thoracic
segment, but the brown is not so light as in C. arteniisiella. The
plate on the first thoracic segment is of a dull light brown, slightly
glossy, and somewhat larger than is usual. There are a few small
clouds of darker colour on this plate, and a white suture runs three-
quarters of the way up the centre from the back, ending in one of
these dark clouds. The second thoracic segment has four small
plates in a semicircle with the concavity in front, and with the space
between the two centre plates slightly more than between the side
plates and the centre plates ; these are darker, more black-brown than
those on the preceding segment. The third thoracic segment has
four plates exactly behind those on the preceding segment, and of the
same colour, except that in some specimens the two exterior plates
are larger, much fainter, and only perceived with difficulty. The side
plates of these three segments are small, uniform in size, and not
quite so dark as the plates on the back. The anal segment has a
deep brown plate on the back, nearly covering the whole of the
segment. The larva has four pairs of abdominal legs. The inner
side of the bases of all the thoracic legs have small black-brown plates,
which often disappear from view with the retractile movements of
these limbs. The tips of the jaws are of the same dark colour."

The larvae I had did very badly, and although very healthy when
obtained, gradually deteriorated, became more and more wandering.

242 THE entomologist's record.

and finally died. Did they want periodic watering or the proximity
of water twice a day as they would in nature with the advent of the
tide ? was the question which arose in my mind. I did not succeed in
breeding one, nor did I have any better success with the 1905 larvre
which I kept out of doors from the time of obtaining them. Not one
survived the winter.

On October 25th, 1904, I had the pleasure of seeing a larva enlarge
its case, and a most remarkable process it was. It was my custom to
have a few larvfe of each species under very frequent observation, even
cari'ying them with me to my daily duties. About 11 p.m. I was
giving a final glance at my larvix' for the night, when I found a case
fixed longitudinally on a stem ot the food plant, with an irregular
slightly zigzag slit extending •& the length of the case from the anal
end. The fore end of the slit was partly filled with loose threads of^
silk, either remnants of the ruptured inner silk lining of the case, or
the commencement of the new gusset. The larva had its head and
about A of its body inside the case and was with its mouth fastening
threads across the gap and near the anal extremity. The remaining f
of its body was protruding from the case as a kind of Avedge about
half way down the slit in the tube, and lying obliquely towards the
fore end. The body was gripped by the edges of the slit and
apparently well gripped as it was more bloated and swollen than the
rest of the body observable in the tube. After a number of threads
were placed in position in the anal part of the fissure (for about J of
the tube) obviously to regulate the new diameter of the case and to
prevent the too wide yawning of the sides, the larva turned its head
and that portion (i) of its body within the tube, in the direction of the
mouth opening. Then with difficulty and after considerable eftbrt it
dragged the hanging out (f) portion of its body into the case, which
slightly closed as the " wedge" was withdrawn. Now the larva lay
in its normal position. Not long, however, did it rest. In a second
or two I had the further pleasure of seeing it reverse its position,
doubling back its very flexible body, both ends moving at about an
equal rate, until its head was towards the anal end and the tail towai'ds
the mouth end. Then the process of closing up the gap went rapidly
on and by midnight scarcely a trace of the larva could be seen through
the rapidly growing layer of gray, not white, silk. In the morning the
larva had moved and was feeding merrily in its enlarged residence,

I noted that the larviT) I obtained in 1905 aflixed themselves in late
autumn on the sides of the flower pot, on dead stems or on dried heads
of the food plant, and did not subsequently move. None were bred,

COLEOPHOKA ARTEMISIELLA,

The larvre of this species were found in large numbers on every
plant of Artemisia maritima on the seawalls near Fobbing, on Septem-
ber 11th, 1904. They feed on the flowers, stems, loaves, and seeds,
and in confinement arc one of the most uneasy and restless species
I know. The cases are mealy, very soft, and delicate looking, and
appear much like small portions of the growing, healthy plant.
They are longitudinally striped with darker, less mealy stripes, so that
the surface is about equally divided between the mealy stripes and the
non-mealy inter-stripcs. Although I have watched for weeks, I have
never yet been able to see. the larva of this species enlarge its case,

ADALIA OBLITERATA IN SURREY. 243

but think it probable that one set of stripes are the pieces inserted at
the time of enlargement, but whether the mealy stripes or the non-
mealy are the inserted ones I have failed to observe. These cases are
contracted considerably towards both ends, and the anal end has three
inconspicuous valves. In confinement the mealiness rapidly dis-
appears, as a fact it is eaten by other larvfe, which have the habit of
crawling over each other and getting into bunches.

"The general body colour of the larva is dirty, dingy, pale yellow,
vitreous at the fore end of the body, but greenish on the back from the
contents of the abdominal canal shining through the semi-transparent
skin, which appears to be more transparent on the forward halt than
on the hinder half of the larva. The head is shining light brown-
yellow, glossy. The first thoracic segment is completely covered by a
very large plate, the suture of which partly divides it down the middle,
being only seen with difficulty, with the light in a particular direction,
and the sides reach almost down to the spiracular plates. The colour
is but very slightly darker than the ground colour, which renders
the plates very obscure. The second thoracic segment has two plates
on the back, the front edges forming a curve with the concave part
towards the head. The third thoracic segment has two dot-plates (?),
but they are very obscure, as also are the spiracular plates of the three
thoracic segments. The anal plate is large and black, and the outside
bases of the anal claspers have a fair-sized round black dot-plate
on each. There are four pairs of abdominal claspers."

This species seems very prone to the attacks of a Dipteron, for on
every occasion when I have had the larvn? I have only bred an odd
imago or none at all. In a month or two after obtaining the larvae
I invariably find a multitude of the black puparia of the fly at
the bottom of the pot or larval cage. I have tried to feed this
species on the garden wormwood and for a time some seemed to feed
well, mining into the soft green stems, leaving only the outer cuticle,
but they soon tired of it and wandered and wandered after the manner
of their kind. I have never been succesful in breeding many of this
species. They do not survive the winter in our suburban conditions.
The loss of life among the larvje must be enormous, as one never finds
the imagines in any numbers in the early summer, so far as my
experience goes. Possibly Mr. Whittle might be able to give us some
details of how to successfully hybernate the larva?, as he lives in the
near neighbourhood of the local habitat of this species.

Adalia obliterata, L., ab. sublineata, Weise, in Surrey.

By G. W. NICHOLSON, M.D., F.E.S.
On September 22nd I swept three specimens of this aberration in
a larch plantation on Boxhill, in Surrey. As it has, apparently, not as
yet been recorded from Britain, and as it forms a connecting link
between the typo form of this — for a Coccinellid — extremely stable
species and its ab. feneatrata, Weise, its capture should certainly be
mentioned. Ganglbauer gives the following aberrations, or varieties
as he calls them, of this insect : — (1) ab. sublineata, Weise, in which
the elytra are marked with one or two longitudinal black stripes.
(2) ab. sexnotata, Thunb., in which they are mottled with black or
show three or four sharply defined black marks. (3) ab, fenestrata,

244 THE entomologist's FvECORD.

Weise, has the elytra black, with an ill-defined, usually' irregular
brownish-yellow transverse band at the base, and one or two light
spots behind the middle. (It has been taken in this country on one
or two occasions.) (4) ab. illii/eri, Weise, with black elytra, which are
lighter only at the base. (5) ab. funiata, Weise, in which they are
uniformly black or brownish-black. In the latter forms the thorax
may be black, except for a narrow border at the sides. My specimens
all differ somewhat from each other. The first, which approaches
most closely to the type-form, has an elongated black dash on the
posterior third of each elytron, which is nearer to the margin than to
the suture. In the second this dash, which occupies the same position,
is more developed ; in front of it, in the anterior half of each elytron,
there is a minute black spot, occupying the same position relatively to
the margin. In the third specimen the posterior black line is longer
and more curved and the anterior spots are much larger. On looking
over my series of A. ohliterata I find one specimen, also from Boxhill,
in which there is a small oblong black mark near the apex of each
elytron. This is therefore an intermediate form. I would add that
these spots should not be confounded with the blackish or brownish
discoloration, usually asymmetrical, which are not infrequently found
on the elytra of this, as well as of most other species of Coccinellidae,
and which are clearly due to some mechanical cause.

je^CIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Various Bionomical Notes. — There is probably nothing new in
what is here recorded. May I humbly suggest that British lepidop-
terists, with one or two laudable exceptions, are too much afraid of
publishing notes on rest attitudes, etc. ? We are apt to forget that
facts, which we observe every day, must be recorded in print, before
others can compare their observations with ours. We fail to
remember how much of Darwin's work was founded on minute
observations and accurate records on living nature.

Papilio machaon, August 3rd, 1912, Stalham Broad. — Two full-
grown larvffi. One willingly protruded the well-known fleshy
tubercles. The scent of pine apples, but with a " bitter background,"
was distinctly perceptible, as usual. The other larva refused to show
the tubercles, even when pinched. It appeared to be absolutely
scentless.

Gonepteryx rhamni, May 9th, Wicken Fen, 3.35 p.m. — The day
had been heavy, and thunder was about. Just at the time the sun
was shining. I watched a mtAe Brimstone settle down for the night
under a leaf of meadow-sweet (Sfiraea i(liiioria). The disc of the
forewing was not completely covered by the hindwing. The insect
was sitting back downward, holding to one midrib of the leaf. The
white undersides of the tips of the antenme were strikingly con-
spicuous. They suggested the two eyes of some unknown beast,
whose body was outlined by the stalks of the antennae The antennae
were, of course, porrected, and the tips bent ventrally {i.e., upwards).

Pleheiua aiffns {aeijon), June 27th, Ashdown Forest ; July 2nd,
Matley and Denny Bogs, New Forest. — Abundant on both occasions.
In sunlight the males generally orientated, but not always. Some-
times they orientate, head downwards, with wings nearly flat, and

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 245

forewings very much advanced. But they appear to be careless, even
when fully awake, tending on the whole to be correctly orientated,
and certainly preferring to be head downwards. Quite frequently they
spread the hindwings completely, and the forewings partially. They
sit on fences, heather, ling, gorse, and perhaps other plants. A ^
with closed wings seen from above really does suggest a gorse pod.
He has the same woolly, blue-white appearance. The forewing is
always sunk as completely as possible behind the hindwing, and this
as soon as the wings are closed. One 3 " sawed " his hindwings, as
blues so often do. i hope to cut sections of him and see if he was
troubled by internal parasites.

Ai/riades thetis, June 13th, North Downs, Kent. — Sunny at
intervals, windy, no rain. Males are always correctly orientated, if
the sun is shining. The insect always settles on flowers of Hippo-
crejns (once on Myosotis). The insect is distinctly wary, and you
must exercise care if you would approach within a yard of it. The
? is perhaps less careful about orientation.

Aiujiades (Hesperia) si/lvanus, June 29th, Rhinefields, New Forest.
— Both sexes, settling mostly on Erica, also on Orchis maculata.

Anthrocera meliloti, July 1st, New Forest. — A male was taken with
two stamens of Orchis macidata adhering to its face. The day
following was sunless, stuffy, and thundery. The insects were flying
all the same. Surely this is unusual in a Burnet ?

Miltochrista viiniata. — From observations made in early July in
the New Forest by Mr. G. Storey and myself we concluded that the
S' flies at early dusk, and not later ; one $ not till it is time for
entomologists to " light up." Mr. Storey and myself took five ? s
while we were lighting our lamps one night. They all flew in towards
two yards of ditch from different direction. Can they possibly have
been flying to a (? ?

JS'octtia primulae {f estiva), June 18th, Fairhill, Tonbridge, etc. —
This species is more shy at sugar than most other Noctuae. It does
not get decently drunk till after 10 p.m.

N. bntmica and N. triangulum, June 30th, New Forest. — Sugaring
notes for June 30th say " warmer and cloudier than last night.
Brunnea more abundant, triam/ulitm less so." If this happens regu-
larly, and is not accidental, it must mean something !

Plusia chrijsitis (g), June 12th, Fairhill. — At light. This
specimen had two orchidaceous stamens attached by their sticky discs
to the ventral surface of its eye, one on each side. I identified the
stamens with practical certainty as those of Habenaria bifolia.

Geometra papilionaria. — I bred a good many specimens this year
from near Rugby, and noted the time of emergence fairly accurately
for several specimens.

Date.
June 22nd
June 23rd
June 26th
June 28th
June 29th

?.
8.15 p.m.

<?.

2 speciraeng

6.15 p.m.

9.45 cfe 12 noon

10 a.m.

June 30th
July 2nd

12 midnight
5 p.m.

12 noon.

8.15 a.m.

5 p.m.

These results are not very full, but I think they do point to the $

246 THE entomologist's record.

emerging in the evening, the ^ in the forenoon. This conclusion was
borne out by many other specimens, whose time of emergence was
not accurately noted.

Ephyra annidata, June 29th, New Forest. — One specimen at
sugar !

Cidaria jnjraliata ( ? ), July 15th, Fairhill. — -The rest attitude is
not by any means easy to describe. The forewings are held flat, well
advanced. The hindwings are completely covered by the forewings,
except their costa, which curls up and over costa of forewings. The
antennae lie along the disc of the forewings.

Pachj/thelia {Psyche) villosella. — A few cases collected in the New
Forest (July 8rd) by Mr. Storey and myself. Larvje emerged from
one of my cases on July 16th. They numbered about 400. I first
noticed them as a long line of small insects proceeding rapidly along
my mantlepiece towards the light. They had squeezed out of their
box, and their phototropic instinct was exceedingly accurate. Arrived
at the corner of the mantlepiece nearest the window, they had the
wits to lower themselves by threads to the ground. At this point I
captured them, or they would have been lost in the carpet. The
whole brood kept to one narrow line of march with remarkable
accuracy. They settled down quite soon to the duty of case-making.
In each instance the case was commenced as a girdle round the 2nd
and 3rd abdominal segments.

Kpichnopteryx pidla (^s), June 13th, Wrotham Down, Kent. —
The insect normally rests with the wings " roofed " and the antennae
beneath the costa of the forewings. When thoroughly awake the
wings are more spread, and the antenna3 are held forward in an
" ordinary " position ; they are perpetually quivering. I should like
to investigate the anatomy and histology of these antennae. The
muscles, and more particularly the nerve-endings, should prove very
interesting.

Micropteryx thnnheryella, May 2nd, Hardwick Wood, Cambs. —
Buzzing round privet bushes.

Micropteryx ealthella. — Various localities. I have frequently
noticed that a blossom, whether of Caltha, Cardaniine, or other flower,
either contains no, ealthella at all, or else that it contains at least half-
a-dozen. It may be that in only a few flowers is the pollen in a
suitable state of ripeness ; but I incline to the view that the species is
sociable.— P. A. Buxton, Fairhill, Tonbridge.

OLEOPTERA.

Capture of Aleochara brunneipennis near Leicester. — I have
taken the above species at Sutton-inthe-Elms, near Leicester, on
three different occasions ; five specimens altogether. They were taken
in haystack refuse, and have been confirmed by Dr. Sharpe ; I ought
rather to say named by him, as I did not know what species they
were. Two specimens of A. ruficornis and a nice set of J^scKdopsis
sidcata were captured under the same stack.^ — W. H. Barrow, 4,
Saxe-Coburg Street, Leicester. August 12f/(, 1912.

Jg^OTES ONCOLLECTING, Etc.

The Season 1912. — I should like to know if my experiences this

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 247

season are shared by other entomologists, as I personally never had
such a poor one. A week at Towyn with two of my sons only brought
us half-a-dozen of each of Charaeas graminis, Agrotis tritici, and
Brgophila perla, with specimens of a few other species. This result
after the early, unexpectedly early, start of the season has made it doubly
disappointing. An outing to Earlswood, on February 11th, gave us
our start with Plug alia pcdaria, and also with a Syntomid on the last
day of the frost, from Messrs. Cadbury's Cocoa Manufactory, that had
just emerged and been knocked down with a sugar-bag. It was sup-
posed to be a species from San Thome. (The species is Ceramidia
butleri, and is a native of Central Africa, G. T. B.-B.) The following
week P. pedaria were again in evidence, but a visit to the woods on
February 25th, with no net and, from habit at this time of the j^ear,
with only a few pill-boxes, found the wood literally alive with Hibernia
leiicophaearia, a sharp shout causing them to fall from the tree trunks
like the leaves in an autumn wind after a night's frost. We took a
few picked specimens and added to them P. pedaria, H. bnonata,
Hibernia progeminaria, and one A^pJialia jiavicornis. March 3rd added
Alwphila [Anisoptenjx) aescularia and repeated the above list. The A.
fiavicornis of this date was resting on a loop in the railway-paling wires,
but, unfortunately, was a spent female. March 24th found all the above
species still about, but Hibernia leucophaearia had given way to Panolis
piniperda, while March 31st gave us a fine female Paclujfi (Amphidasis)
strataria. The Easter week gave us Lobophora carpinata (lubiilata) and
Tephrosia crepnscularia, the latter nearly all of the dark form. Later
on Maleiiydris multristigaria was seen. I had forgotten to say
that on March 21st I was delighted to see both sexes of
Gonepteryx rhamni flying well in the woods, and following much the
same round were male F.ncldo'e cardamines. Was not this very
nearly the earliest date for the latter species ? Now began a close
hunt for Tricoptery.v riretata, which was fairly successful. The first
specimen came on April 24th, one only, and also our first Callophrys
rubi, a few Celastrina argiolus and T. crepiixcidaria. April 28th, added
Satitrnia carpini to this list, with another T. viretata. May opened
with seven Lasiocampa qiierctis larvfe, apparently part of a brood on
the edge of a golf green. Two of these emerged on June 15th, one
came out later, and the others are lying over presumably to become
var. callmiae. On the same date we added to our takings Mamestra
(Hadena) glauca and Lampropteryx auffumata, while seven T. viretata
were captured. May 12th added Dicranura rinida, male, Notodonta
phoebe (dictaea), Gonodontii^ bidcntata and Diipalus piniaria, and T.
riretata was at its highest. The next week, May 19th, repeated all
but D. vinula and A^ phoebe (dictaea), and added Cidaria corylata,
Epirrita (Oporabia) dilutata, and a batch of unknown ova. May 27th
gave us Leptosia sinapis, Ma))iestra (Hadena) genistae, Anaitis plagiata,
Polygonia c-album, Ligdia adastata, C. temerata, Eidype (Melanippe)
liastata, and the usual common species of May. Brentliis selene had
also just emerged, and, last but not least, we took six Arctia rillica and
a batch of ova laid on the leaves of a young lime tree disclosed to us
during a rough wind. This date was spent around Lydney and
district. After May our captures have decreased week by week till
lately we get little or nothing from our outings. I have given the
dates above as they may be useful for comparison with the experiences

248 THE entomologist's record.

of others. — F. Fountain, 191, Darwin Street, Birmingham. Auqust
Mth, 1912.

Seasonal Notes, 1912. — I don't know how other collectors fared
at the sallows this year, but on the two occasions when I visited
them at Woldingham I found insects scarce. My first evening, on
March 16th, seemed in every way a suitable one, warm and moist, but
only a few Taeniocampa stabilis, T. incerta and T. (jothica put in an
appearance. My second venture, on March 30th, a very cold bright
night, resulted in two T. niacilis being taken in good condition, the
only other species seen being T. r/otliica, worn. A visit to Tilgate
Forest, on April 6th, a fine bright day, found Brephos parthenias on
the wing in fair condition, and a couple of Vanessa io were observed.
Although the tree trunks and fences were well scrutinized not a.n
insect was seen at rest. Easter Monday, April 8th, was a bleak day
but a walk from Walton Heath to Dorking was taken, cia Headley
and Ranmore Common ; although many likely spots were searched
for Arctia caja and other larvre, none were met with, nor was any
insect observed at rest throughout the whole walk. The same state of
affairs prevailed on the following day during a walk across country
from Caterham to Oxted. The hot summer of 1911 must have had
an adverse effect on A. caja : perhaps a second brood was attempted
with fatal results. I usually come across a fair number of the larvae
every spring, this year I saw one only. A trip to Wiltshire on April
18th, for Melitaea anrinia, was quite successful and a nice series was bred
from the larvae obtained. On April 28th, a day's run was made to the
New Forest for Boarmia cinctaria and from captured females a good
supply of ova was obtained. Sleeved out on sallow the larvae seemed
to do remarkably well. Limenitis sibijlla larvffi were also taken, but
the particular spot searched had been, I should imagine, well over-
looked previously. On May 14th a few Scodonia hehiiaria were
captured at Oxshott ; more would have been got but for my lamp
proving fractious. At dusk a female Cidaria silaceata was taken, and
from ova obtained a few fine imagines were bred. Ova of Euchlo'e
cardaniines were fairly common in the lanes round Purley during May,
but comparatively few of the larvae were got into pupfe, owing, I
consider, to their cannibalistic habits in their earlier stages. On
Whit Monday (May 27th) a visit was paid to Abbot's wood, where
Brenthis sdene, Adscita statices, and Tanagra atrata {cliaerophijllata)
were taken in good condition, and larvae of Bitln/s (Zephi/nts) (jucrcm
beaten. On June 1st I attended the South London field meeting at
Brentwood, and although not successful in obtaining one of the three
Notol<)])Iuis (/ondstiiinia larvae that were beaten, I was fortunate in
securing at dusk two Erastria renitstida, one in fine condition. During
June I succeeded in breeding a fine series of JSlelitaea cinxia from
larvae obtained the previous July. At the time when the larvae were
feeding there was plenty of sunshine, and full advantage was taken of
this. At the end of June a three days' trip was made to Witherslack,
a locality I had long wished to visit. On the mosses Coenoni/mpha
dams {tijphon) was well in evidence, but going over ; by selection a
short but fairly satisfactory series was taken. Other species seen or
taken on the mosses were hiacrisia sa)W), (PJutliononia riissida) just out,
Lasiacaiiipa (jiierciis, Hijria iniiricata {auroraria), Acidalia fioiiata,
Fidonia atomana and Aspilates strigillaria. In the meadows Arieia

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 249

medon (astrarche) and var. salmacn, and some fine P. teams were taken ;
two nests of Vanessa io were noted. Dusking proved very disappoint-
ing after all I had heard of the locality, but this was probably owing
to the cold and damp nights that prevailed. The visit altogether was
a most interesting one, and I hope to repeat it another year. On July
7th larvffi of Celastrina arijiolns (this species appears to have been most
abundant this year) and Callophrijs riibi were taken on the berries of
dogwood at Reigate, but many of the former proved to be stung.
On Sunday, July 7th, an excursion was made to Deal, the objective
being larva of Pi/rameu cardui. A few were obtained, also ova and a
male just out. Full fed larvae of /'. atalanta were common on one big
bank of nettles and with them were taken larva? of P. cardui. The
latter seem to choose thistle for their food plant, but appear to be quite
content with nettle ; in my opinion those larva? brought up on nettle
produce finer pupa? than those reared on thistle, and I believe this
opinion to be shared by other entomologists. Mesotype lineolata
[viryata) was on the wing on the sandhills, but was getting worn, and
a female Sesia (Macroylussa) stellatarum was observed ovipositing on
lady's bedstraw. A trip to Margate, on July 21st, gave barren results,
it was apparently too soon for Colias edusa and things generally were
scarce. A search for ova of Celastrina aryiolus, at Reigate, on July
27th, resulted in two or three being discovered deposited on the un-
opened flower buds of bramble, but I doubt if they were so deposited
from choice. There is no ivy in the immediate neighbourhood of the
spot where the species occurs, and the question is upon what foodplant
does it deposit its ova. In a flowery field at Caterham, on August
ILth, the following butterflies were observed in the condition noted : —
Pieris rapae (good), Vanessa to and Pyranieis atalanta (fine), P. cardui,
Epinephele jurtina, Coenonywpha pamphilus (worn), Rumicia {f'hryso-
phanus) phlaeas (tine), Aricia medon [astrarche) (good), P.icarus, Ayriades
coridon, and Adopaea jiava {linea) (worn). My only Colias edusa was seen
on August 16th on waste ground in Kingsway within a hundred yards of
Holborn, surely a strange locality to find it in . The insect was busy visiting
the willow herb and other wild plants growing on the spot ; it was, I
think, a female, but a high fence prevented close inspection. Are the
larvje of Polia jlavicincta cannibalistic? I had a fine brood of them
from Cornish stock, but upon searching for the pupae where there should
have been a dozen, only one or two were found, the remainder had
disappeared without leaving a trace behind. I found the early part of
the year favorable for collecting, but upon the weather becoming bad
lepidoptera seemed to get scarce, and the wet weather which has
prevailed throughout the present month (August) has put a thorough
damper on everything. I have only tried sugaring once or twice and
then have met with no success. I am now hoping for a fine September
and October with which to finish the season. I shall be glad to learn
the experience of other collectors during the year. — A. Russell (F.E.S.),
" Wilverley," Dale Road, Purley, Surrey. Auyust 27th.

CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

The Collections of Insects in the Natural History Section of the
British Museum are no doubt far and away the richest in the world in
species and specimens of all orders. Huge additions are constantly

250 THE entomologist's record.

being made by gift and bequest, while lesser donations of type
specimens and sets of special forms help to fill the smaller gaps and
render consultation of the Museum's store a necessity to every serious
student. Quite recently, by the will of the late Mr. H. J. Adams, of
Enfield, the Museum has acquired some 150,000 exotic butterflies and
moths, most of them in very perfect condition. The 68 cabinets and
the large number of store-boxes in which the collection is contained
are already in the Museum and no doubt ere long will be available for
consultation. It was not very long ago that the rich and unique
collection of the smaller Lepidoptera made by the Right Hon.
Lord Walsingham was most generously given to the Museum, and
now it is rumoured that another extremely fine micro-collection will
ere long find the same final destination.

In the April and following numbers of the Knt. Mo. Marf. Dr. J.
H. Wood contributes notes on the various British species of the
Dipterous family P/ioruhte and describes the following species as new
to science: — Hypocera rrrer/idarin, from Stoke Wood; Aphiochaeta
siniulans; A. breviseta, from Mainswood ; A. atrimana, from Middle
Park and Westhide ; A. viajor, from Weybridge, from Mr. Collin ; A.
arv/ustifrons, from Mainswood ; A. hyalipennis, from Stoke Park and
Wood ; A. rnbeuYm^, from Hereford, in the house ; and A. loiKjicostalis,
from the nest of Ladm fuUf/ino.ws, at Darenth, found by Mr.
Donisthorpe. On page 173 Dr. Wood commenced a tabular
analytical scheme of the numerous species so far identified as
belonging to the large genus Aphiochaeta.

In the July number of the Knt. Mo. May. Mr. Norman H. Joy gives
an analytical table of the Coleopterous genus Gyropliacna and describes
a new species, G. cunve.ricollis, and also adds another species, (i. hihamata
to the British list. The former is very near G. liicidida and the latter
will probably be found in collections mixed with G. laevipemtia.
Dr. David Sharp adds two new species to the British list of Coleoptera,
Strophosomiis cnrvipes, which he found near Bournemouth, and
Planemtomua flavicolUs, which his daughter obtained in flood refuse
near Brockenhurst.

In the August number of the Knt. Mo. May. Mr. Bagnall
announces L'ej)halothrips nionilicornis as an addition to the British
Thysanoptera. It was taken by him in the New Forest in
August, 1911.

In recent numbers of the Ent. Mo. May. further instalments of
new British species of Diptera are given from the notes of the late
Mr. G. H. Verrall. The species are llcrcoatotiius subsiwplicijx's, taken
at Porthcawl, Bridgend and Port Talbot in July 1906 and 1908;
GymnopternuH brevicornis, taken at Nethy Bridge, June 15th, 1905; G.
anyusti/romt, taken by Dr. Wood at Moccas Pool, September, 1910 ;
Chnjsotiissnaris, taken by Col. Yerburyat Porthcawl and in Glamorgan-
shire ; C. nielampoilim, from Brockenhurst, Porthcawl, etc.; ( '. varians,
from Lyndhurst, Rannoch, &c. ; Aryyra yrata, taken by Dr. Wood in
Herefordshire; I'orpliyrojia fracta, from Nethy Bridge, by Col. Yerbury
in June, 1905; Syntnnnon spicatKx, taken near Tarrington by Dr. Wood
in 1906; S. I'diyer {rK/ipcs), taken by Col. Yerbury at Walton-on-Naze,
Chi-istchurch, &c.; Achalcus inclanotrichiis, bred from Snailwell, Cambs.;
'J'hrypticKs dirisKs, from Nairn and Weybridge; T. lactiis, from
Weybridge and Porthcawl ; T. pollinoms, taken in July, 1905, at

CURRENT NOTES. 251

Aviemore, by Colonel Yerbury; Medeterus infrnnatu!^, from Nethy
Bridge, taken by Col. Yerbury, June and July, 1905; M. nitidxs,
bred by Mr. Donisthorpe in 1910 ; 31. excellens, taken sparingly
at Netby Bridge in 1905, by C. G. Lamb ; Telmaturiius tiuiiidulus,
on the margins of a Pond at Rempstone, Dorset, by Col. Yerbury
in August, 1909 ; Cawpsicnemus compeditus, in June, 1907, at Stud-
land, by Col. Yerbury ; C. mar<iinatus, odd specimens taken by
Dr. Wood ; Teuchophorus calcaratus, Monnow Valley, Herefordshire,
by Dr. Wood; Aphrofiijlus initis, abundant at Woodbridge, Suffolk, etc.,
in 1907 and 1908 ; (Jallimyia eleiiana, taken by Col. Yerbury, at Porth-
cawl ; A(/atJiot)ujia zetterstcdti, sent from Hereford, September, 1907,
by Dr. Wood ; Pipiincidus incDj/ititus, taken by Col. Yerbury, at Nairn,
in 1905 ; Chilosia velntina, taken by Mr. R. C. Bradley at W. Runton,
in 1900 ; Sphaerop/ioria loeivii, taken by Col. Yerbury, at Gravesend, in
June, 1908; Hannnerschmidtia ferruijinea, taken by Col. Yerbury, at
Spey Bridge, in June, 1905 ; Kudoromyia viagniconiis, taken at Lynd-
hurst Road, in July, 1897 ; Vibrissina turrita, from Tangham Wood,
Suflfolk, in August, 1907; Ptyc/wniyia selecta, from Lyndhurst, Swansea,
Hereford, etc. ; Bothria subalpina, taken by Mr. Wainwright near
Birmingham; Germaria anyustata, taken at Martham, Norfolk, in June,
1888 ; Onesia yentilis, from Lewes, Folkestone, Chippenham Fen, etc. ;
Syntonwy aster e.riyua, in Herefordshire, by Dr. Wood; S. fasciata, taken
at Lyndhurst in May, 1897, and by Mr. Atmore, at King's Lynn, in 1910;
Ciniichira atra, from Woodbridge in Suffolk, in July. 1908, by Mr. J. E.
Collin ; Sarco/i/iaya shuiata, taken at Mildenhall,in Suffolk, in May, 1909,
by Col. Yerbury ; S. pidiiila, at Barton Mills, Suffolk, in May, 1909 ;
Fyrellia aenea, very common at Wicken Fen (formerly known as
P. cadaverina) ; Spiloyaster platyptera, taken at Lyndhurst, in June,
1872, and at Penzance in 1871 ; S. halterata, from Bridge, Kent, in
June, 1886 ; Limnophora maritima, taken by Col. Yerbury, at Walton -
on-Naze, in August, 1907 ; Homalowyia fucivorax, taken by Dr. Wood
in the Monnow Valley ; H. lineata, bred from rotten debris in a hollow
tree near Newmarket ; Pegomyia rujina, from Dawlish ; P. sq nam if era,
in the garden at Newmarket, in June, 1904 ; P. interruptella, taken at
Soham and Wicken, in May, 1892 ; P. femorata, a common species ;
Anthomyia procellaris, a widely distributed species ; A. inibrida, also
widely spread ; Chortophila latipennis, taken at Lyndhurst, in June, 1874 ;
Chirosia crassiseta, taken at Porthcawl, in June, 1906 ; C. parvicornis,
very widely distributed ; Lif<pa pyymaea {tenuijialpis), taken at Bourne-
mouth, in August, 1874, and elsewhere since ; L. hydroniyzina, probably
collected by the late Rev. T. A. Marshall ; Caricea erythrocera, taken
near Hay, in Herefordshire, in July, 1901-2, by Dr. Wood ; C. brachialis
taken by Dr. Wood, in April, 1903 ; Liiimospila albifrons, common
near Aldeburgh and Woodbridge, in August ; Coenoda dorsalis, a rather
common species ; C. albatella, taken at Porthcawl, in June, 1906 ; C.
atra, from Wicken Fen and Barton Mills ; C. bilineella, taken by Col.
Yerbury, at Nairn, in May, 1905 ; C. lineatipes, taken by Dr. Wood near
Farrington, in 1897 ; C. pttmila, has occurred at Wicken Fen, Aldeburgh,
etc. ; C. steini, taken at Porthcawl, in May, 1908, by Col. Yerbury ;
C. pyymaea, from Aldeburgh and Woodbridge ; C. salinarum, common
at Butley, Suffolk ; C. trilineella, common atRannoch, in June, 1870;
and C. lonyicauda, taken in the Lake District, in July, 1876.

In the August issue of the Annales de la Societe Entomoloyiqiie de
Belgique, M. Ball discusses the various forms of Colias palaeno, which

252 THE entomologist's record.

species is met with sparingly in some restricted areas of Belgium. lie
says that an examination of the genital organs gave him no con-
clusive results on the observation of external characters only. He
gives a table of the various named forms of C. palaeno, their
distinguishing characteristics and the areas over which each form
extends. The large form with very yellow ^ named europome is the
one taken in Belgium.

In the Irhh Naturalist for July the Kev. W. T. Johnson reports
the occurrence near Belfast of Piiiiialia pedaria 9 (pilosaria), about
February 27th, and on March 17th of Ahophila aesciilaria at
Poyntypass, It appeared to us that these dates, compared with those
for the present year in England, were very late. In the August number
G. H. Pentland discusses the " Increase and Decrease of some Insects
in the County of Louth during the last fifty years." He says that,
" Ten or twelve years ago we were invaded by Sirex giijas. This
formidable looking creature increased very fast and soon ever}^ fallen
silver fir or gate post of that timber was riddled with them." He
goes on to say, " Hard on the heels of the Great Wood- Wasp came his
enemy. Four years ago I got my first specimen of Ehijssa persnasoria,
the ichneumon-fly that preys on the grub of the wood-wasp. Since
then it has increased wonderfully." One would like to know in
what way the ichneumon found out the colony of wood-wasps after
the six or eight years of immunity from attack which the latter had
apparently enjoyed.

George Herbert Grosvenor, M.A., F.E.S.

By the death of George Herbert Grosvenor, who was drowned at
Polzeath on September 4th whilst heroically endeavouring to save the
life of a friend, the Science of Entomology has lost one of the most
promising of her younger workers. Entering Harrow as a classical
scholar he was equally distinguished for his mathematical ability.
From Harrow he took a Biological Exhibition at New College, Oxford,
and after taking first class honours in the final Science School of
Natural Science, he was elected to the Oxford Table at the Naples
Marine Biological Laboratory. Here he carried out a remarkable
piece of research on the origin of the nematocysts in Aeolids. His
paper on the subject was read before the Royal Society and he was
awarded the Rolleston Prize in 1904. On his return to Oxford he
undertook the organisation of the School of Economic Entomology,
and having been awarded a Carnegie Scholarship had recently visited
the principal Entomological Research Laboratories in the United
States. Of a singularly modest and retiring disposition, his great
ability and remarkable clearness of thought were perhaps best
appreciated by those whose good fortune it was to be his intimates.
His great success as a teacher was due not only to his com-
prehensive knowledge but also to his power of imparting to his
pupils much of his own enthusiasm and love of the subject. Those
who were present at the second International Congress of Entomology
will recall the. efficiency and courtesy with which, as joint secretary,
he assisted in the organisation of the meeting. His name will be held
in high honour no less for his life than for the manner of his
death.— H.E.

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L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

A Gynandromorphous Specimen of Amorpha populi, L., IF. Parkinson Curtis,

i^'.i?.^. (with plate) 229

Ahevrsitionfd ^ames, Rev. George Wheeler, M. A., F.Z.S., F.E.S. .. .. .. 229

Some Captures in Norfolk, with special reference to Lithostege griseata, Rev. C.

Thornewill, M.A 230

The genus Pseudacraea — an extraordinary example of Mimetic Polymorphism, T.

Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S 233

'Random tiotes on 1912, E. A. Cockayne, M.D., F.E.S 234

Notes on the Distribution of the Blattidse, the late R. Shelford. M.A., F.Z.S.,

E.E.S 238

Notes on the various species of the genus Coleophora, Hi/. J. Turner, F.E.S. . . 241

Adalia obliterata, L., ab. sublineata, Weiss, in Surrey, G. W. Nicholson, M.D.,

F.E.S. 243

Scientific Notes and Observations : — Various Bionomical Notes, P. A. Buxton,

F.E.S 244

CoLEOPTERA : — Capturc of Aleochara brunneipennis near Leicester, W. H. Barrow 246

Notes on Cotxecting. etc.: — The Season, 1912, F.Fountain; Seasonal Notes,

1912, A. Russell, F.E.S. .. 246

Current Notes and Short Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

Obituary: — George Herbert Grosvenor, il.iB. .. .. .. .. .. .. 252

Numerous communications are unavoidably held over from Messrs. Burr, W. Parkinson
Curtis, G. Wheeler, the late E. Shelford, H. E. Page, J. T. Fountaine, T. Baxter, Hy.
J. Turner, Eussell E. James, Rev. A. T. Stiff, D. H. Pearson, etc., and Reports of
Societies.

All MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs returned to Hy. J. Turner,
98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, S.E.

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This book contains a scries of essays dealing with the colours of insects, and sugges-
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To be obtained from J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road,
Brockley, S.E.

FOR SALE. PRICE £40 : 0 : 0.

A superior mahogany Entomological Cabinet of 40 interchangeable drawers; size
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No. 11.

•vX

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Editkd ijy

Richard S. BAGNALL, f.l.s., f.e.s.
T. HUDSON BKAllK,

U.SC, I'MO.H., F.n.S.Ii.

George T. BETHUNE-BAKER,

r.Z.S., F.L.S. , F.E.S.
M. BURR, D.SC, F.Z.R., F.I..S., F.E.S.

(Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, f.e.s.

T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d.,f.z.s., F.E.s.

Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.s.

n. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE,

F.Z.8., F.E.S.

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George WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s.

Henry J. TUENEE, f.e.s.,
Eclitoiial Secretary.

XOVEHIBEIt loth, 1912.

<^(m^^ Of Co/Ve^

Price SIXPENCE (nki)

''"-^^onm ot^^

MAY 31 1913

^ SuliSMl^ion for Complete Volume, post free

(Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.)

SEVEN SHILLIMGS.

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READ THE BACK Nos. OF THE

Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation

(Practical Hints, Field Work, etc., useful for every year's collecting).
VOL. VI.

The TITLES of some of the articles are as follows: — Notes on Butterfly Pupa?, with some remarks
on the Phylogenesis of the Rhopalocera."— Dr. T. A. Chapman, F.E.S., " Phytophagic Species."—
Prof. A. liadclife Orote, M.A. " Varieties and aberrations of Noctuse from Doncaster." — H. H.
Corbett, M.R.C.'s. "The frenulum of the British species of Smerinthus."— G. C. Griffithf, F.Z.S.,
F.E.S. "Eudryas stte-johannis.,' — A. Radelijte'Grote, M.A. "Parthenogenesis or Agaiiiogenesis." —
J. W. Tiitt, F. B.S. " LarvEe."— Ber. G. M. A'. Hervitt, M.A. " Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1894."
—J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. " Generic Names in the Noctuidoe."— Prof. A. E. Grote, M.A. " Pupa hunting in
October."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "Polygamy and Polyandry in Moths." "The nature of certain
insect colours."— IT.S. Ridiny, M.D., R. Freer, M.B., J. W.'Tutt,'F. B.S., Rer. C. R. N. Bitrrowg, J. Anderson,
Jim. "The Lepiioptera of Swansea."— Jlinjor R. B. Robertson. " Caradrina ambigua in the Isle of
Wight."— .4. .7. Hodfies. "The insects of Bourg St. Maurice."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. " Orrhodia
erythrocephala ab. glabra from Devonshire and comparison with O. vaccinii." — Dr. W. S. Riding,
F.E.S. "Notes on Caradrina ambigua and C. superstes."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "Entomology and
Entomologists, being the Annual Addrpss to the City of London Entom. Society." Notes on
Aphomia sociella " (with plate).— IF. P. Blpckhurne Maze, F.E.S. "Apterous females and Winter
Emergence "—E. F. Studd, M.A., B.C.L., F.E.S., L. B. Prout, F.E.S. " Collecting Noctuidoe by Lake
Erie."— .-f. RadcUjIe Grote, M.A. " Coleoptera at Ipswich."— Claude Morleij, F.E.S. "Notes on
Bonibus visurgiofi." " Synonymic Notes on Acidalia humilata and A. dilutaria."— L. B. Prout, F.E.S.
"The Lepidoptera of Gr6sy-sur-Aix."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. " Apatura iris."— i?fr. G. M. A. Hewett-
" Scheme of Classification of the Rhopalocera founded on the structure of the Pup£8." — T, A.
Chapman, M.D., F.E.S. "Glimpses of American Entomology."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "The Genus
Smerinthus." — A. Bacot. " Variation considered biologically : Some notes suggested by the Romanes
Lecture of 1894."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "Wing structure."— J. Alston Mofatt. "On the development
of sex in social insects."—,/. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "The British representatives of the Genus Caradrina."—
L. B. Prout, F.E.S. " Habits and variation of Lithosia lutarella and its variety pygmaeola." —
J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. On the gradual disappearance of Lepidoptera from South-Eastern London and
its neighbourhood."— C. Fenii, F.E.S. " A hunt for Neuroterus aprilinus."— T. A. Chapman. M.D., F.E.S.
"On the development of pigment in Nemeohius lucina." — F. J. BuckeU, M.B. "The Macro-Lepi-
doptera of Keswick." — H. A. Beadle. " Varieties of Argynnis selene " (with plate). — S. G. C. Evssell,
F.E.S. " Hadenoid genera with hairy eyes." — Prof. A. R. Gro'e, M.A. '• Zygeena minos and its
varieties."— J. IV. Tutt, F.E.S. "Notes on the pupre of Castnia and Anthocharis."— T. A. Chapman,
M.D., F.E.S. Besides these articles, a large number of short notes are contained in every number under
the follewina; titles: "Scientific Notes and Observations," " Variation," " Notes on Larvfe and Life-
histories," "Notes on Collecting," " Current Notes." The reports of Societies are very carefully edited,
and only scientific paragraphs published. The " Practical Hints " and " Field work " for each month
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SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES FROM BRAEMAR. 253

Supplementary Notes from Braemar.

By RUSSELL E. JAMES.

Having failed utterly last year in obtaining Anthrocera cxidana — the
chief object of my visit to Braemar — I determined to devote my summer
holiday this year to another and more prolonged visit. Correspondence
beforehand with Rattray, the Invercauld keeper informed me that the
season there was fairly normal, and so in order to make no mistake I
fixed the time of my visit from June 29th to July 17th, thus allowing
a good margin for error either end. As events proved I could not have
hit the time more exactly, and the shortcomings of my 1911 visit in
respect to this one species were amply atoned for ; in fact I found the
larva and pupa as well as seeing the whole rise and fall of the perfect
insect's life — apparently a very short one.

Unlike last year, I had the whole place to myself — entoraologically
speaking. Mr. Home of Aberdeen was staying lower down the Dee
at Glen Gairn, and spent some days at Braemar for A. e.vidans, but
otherwise I was quite alone. This being a family holiday, the pace
was not quite so hot as last year, but somehow or other time was found
for a very considerable amount of work, the beauties of Callater Glen
and the e.vidans hill being judiciously impressed upon my wife and the
non-entomological friends who were with us. But indeed their
charms need no urging and speak for themselves. Back in the dirty
city, it is best for one's peace of mind not to let the imagination run
riot. One dares not think of the lunch of bread and cheese and cold
mountain water (not " mountain dew ") consumed at 2,500 feet up;
the wonderful prospect of mountains with their snow patches ; the
ten minutes lounge afterwards with a pipe, while e.iidans booms round
undisturbed — Well ! perhaps if one had these things always they
would not bring the same sense of the joy of life, but for my part I
could stand a good lot of them.

On June 29th the long night journey and the morning motor ride
up the Dee-side over, a hasty lunch and change, and 1 was oft" to the
hills. While rowing me over the Dee the keeper said that they had
had three weeks' rain and he feared exulans would not be out for at
least a week. As I proceeded up the hill, insects that were quite over
last year were in plenty and this fact, combined with the utter absence
as yet of Larentia caesiata, so far confirmed the keeper's view, that
when I walked up and netted two fine Farasemia [Xeitieophila) (ilanta-
f/inis var. hospita I was tempted to stay. However, the sun was out
on the hill, so I pushed on, arriving on the ground by 3 o'clock.

I sought for a long time, in vain, for A. e.vidam, only finding one
larva and three or four pupie. At last, however, one male appeared in
a sheltered corner, apparently just out. This was all for that day, and
on the following three days, although fine, the hills were in the clouds.

The morning of Wednesday, July 3rd, however, was very different,
and I was off' early and on to the ground before 11 o'clock. As yet
cxulaHH was only just coming out and was restricted to the more sheltered
spots. By persistent w^ork for some hours, seventy were taken, but
another visit on the following day found them much more plentiful.
The first female was taken on this day — only one — but had not the sun
clouded over almost at once after my arrival, the males would have
been in plenty. The great day was on the 7th. This time Mr. Home

November 15th, 1912.

254 THE entomologist's kecokd.

joined forces with me and we were on the ground early. There were
still a few unemerged pup?e, but the abundance of the imago was
beyond belief. They were everywhere on the mountain- top, flying
when the sun shone and crawling about when the clouds obscured it.
They were so abundant that we welcomed the cloudy spells, so as to
save the labour of netting. Had numbers been my object, the quantity
would simply have been limited by the supply of boxes, as one could
fill boxes as quickly as on a good night at treacle. Mr. Home
admitted that with his big experience of the species he had never seen
quite such numbers, nor struck them in such good condition. There
were a fair number of females now, but practically all were sitting
about paired on the grass, generally with some half-dozen males in
close attendance. I found one emerging from a cocoon, and although
only just the head was shewing, already quite a number of males were
buzzing round her. The insect was everywhere over an area of some
miles, but not in equal quantities. It occurred from the highest point
of the hill, which is 2,821ft. down to about 2,100ft. It swarmed in
small colonies, especially in spots where grass and bilberry predominated,
with many stragglers in between, and on some of the small grassy
patches of only a few yards extent, one seemed able to pick them up
almost without limit. With such numbers it is inconceivable why
there is no migration to neighbouring hills, which all seem to be alike,
but yet have no cxulans. The larva I found was feeding on grass, and
the pupfe were spun up indiscriminately on grass, heather, bilberry and
whortleberry, and one on a rock.

I only paid one more visit to the ground — on the 11th — not from
lack of inclination, but because the keeper thought it was quite near
enough to the shooting season not to risk further disturbance of thegrouse
and deer. As a matter of fact, on this last day I got quite near to a
herd of red deer, counting 38 stags, and there were many others
probably, just over the edge of the sky-line. On this day also I saw
some ptarmigan, a fox and several hares, besides a lot of grouse. A.
exulans was already getting over, and I contented myself with picking
specimens here and there. The wind was high and they were still in
vast numbers, but many were very worn. The small colonies seemed
now to be broken up and the moths were fairly distributed over the
whole ground, bilberry, grass, heather and whortleberry all being
equally attractive. The sexes are strikingly different, the yellow legs
and yellowish streaks and outlines of the spots on the forewings con-
spicuously distinguishing the females, but apart from this there seems
little variety except in size and, to a less degree, in the density of the
scaling. Moreover these yellowish markings to a great extent fade
after death, and are not nearly so conspicuous when the moth comes
ofT the setting boards as when alive. Some incline more to green and
others more to blue, but I believe the variation in colour of the spots
and hindwings towards whitish, described by Barrett, is entirely due
to fading. These forms were quite absent on the 3rd and 4th, but
plentiful enough on the 11th. A number of the females had the wings
distended with fluid, but no males. One of each sex was taken with
only three wings. A right hindwing was missing in each case, but
otherwise the specimens were fully developed and well scaled.

But of I'soilos tn'i)iilaiia, which I also missed last year, I have a
different tale to tell. I had always been inclined to discredit the

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES FROM BRAEMAR. 255

alternate year theory, but when one is led to expect it in the same
numbers as A. cculam, and is told that by holding the net near the
ground they blow in in dozens, and then by very diligent work only
obtains three specimens, the theory is strongly confirmed. Rattray,
the keeper, gives further confirmation. He says that last year it was
flying in thousands on Ben Abord and Ben Avon and this year he
scarcely saw a specimen. So I have nothing to tell of this species,
beyond the fact that the three I took were walked up on the extreme
top of the hill from the shortest of the heather. Some time was
spent here also scratching up the lichen and moss, in the hopes of
finding Fachiwbia alpina pupae, but two empty cases and a number of
ancient and empty ones of Psodos trepidaria, probably dating back to
past years, were all I found. It is very destructive work for the nails
and finger tips, and I should think that every F. alpina pupa is well
earned.

After A. exulans the insect of the year was Parasemia {Ne))ieojjhila)
planta<jini^ and its var. hospita. This variety also surprised Mr. Home
by its numbers, as he looks upon it as a rarity in the district and
actually has not a local series — his coming from the English Lake
district. Seeing plenty, however, is a different thing from catching
plenty, and the total capture of 39 specimens of the variety and rather
more of the type, represented a great deal of hard work and not
a few tumbles. A few were walked up each day, but the great majority
were taken in the afternoon on the way down from the e.vulans ground.
By this time they were flying wildly over the hillside, and could only
be caught by sheer hard running, as they rarely settled. Var. hospita,
from its colour, was far the easier to watch, but, on the other hand, it
generally had a longer start, as it could be seen so much further oft'.
The proportion of the variety was roughly about one to four or five of
the type. The best day was the 7th, when I took three in the morning
and eleven more on my svay down in the afternoon, as well as about
twenty of the type, by which time I felt I had done enough, and was
ready for a long drink at the nearest stream. The type varied con-
siderably in the amount of black on the hind-wings, one or two nice
varieties occurring, both pale and dark. From six females taken (all
typical) three batches of ova were obtained, and I am anxious to see
if these produce the hospita form as well as the type. Two of these
females have hindwings distinctly inclining to red.

^Jcle^u/dr^s [Larentia) salicata was another species that I practically
missed last year, the few I took being the merest wrecks. They were
already well out this year from the beginning, but were not generally
abundant. I took a few each day right on top of the (wulans hill and
a few more at dusk. But its great locality I did not find until
July 15th, and by that time they wanted a lot of picking over. The
place in question is a group of rocks up in the hills, about two miles
west of Loch Callater. Here they swarmed, often as many as a dozen
on a rock. On the grassy slopes here Sropida alpinalis and Pijrausta
ostriualis were in great abundance, and also some Kiidoria (Scnparia)
alpina, which, however, was getting over. L'rainbus fiirratelltis should
also occur here, but I failed to find it.

On my way back down Callater Glen 1 disturbed my first fMrentia
/iacicinctata {rxticinctata), and a long search near the spot on the 17th
produced one more specimen. It was of course early for the species,

256 THE entomologist's record.

and I expect another week would have given me plenty. On the whole,
compared with last year, things were very late. For example, of
Larcntia caesiata, Avhich was out and getting worn upon my arrival on
July 7th, last year, I only saw one the first day, and it was quite scarce
for at least ten days. Gnophos viyrtillata [ohfuscata) did not appear
until July 11th, when it rapidly became common, and Plusia intevro-
t/ationis not until the 14th.

Other first dates were Acidalia funiata on the 3rd, Coennnympha
typhon on the 4th, Cidaria trimrata [rt(fitiata) on the Gth, L'oroina mioii-
tata and Scapula alpinalin on the 7th, Noctua prinudae (fcstira), Artpjnnis
aylaia, and Emmeleda vnnnrata var. ericetata on the 9th, Boannia
repandata on the 11th, Cidaria popiilata on the 13th, and Metrocampa
maryaritaria, Ellopia fasciaria, and Halia bninneata on the 14th. All
these species were well out last year when I arrived, with the exception
of C. populata, and mostly required picking over, so of course their
lateness this year gave me the opportiinity of getting them in the best
possible condition.

Of Noctua primulae {icstivo) I had hoped great things, but treacle
was a disappointment and consequently I only took very few. Why
treacle did not pay I am at a loss to understand. The more one tries
to analyse the causes of its success and failure the more difficult it
seems to explain. I always have been inclined to expect success when
Aphides and honeydew are absent, but the wet before my arrival had
very fairly cleaned off both of those hindrances, and several nights
seemed perfect in the atmospherical conditions. Yet the best night
only produced 40 or 50 moths all told. Of these quite half the total
number were Jlyppa rectilinea and so persistent work resulted in a fine
series of this species. Treacle still further declined after the first few
nights until by the 12th it was so hopeless that I gave it up for the
rest of the time. The few species attracted besides //. rectilinea
included a nice lot of rather dark lladcna adiista, two Cyiuatop/tora or,
some worn C. duplaris^, two black Xylophasia jiolyodon, X. rurca and
var. coiiibusta, very ordinary Uadoia dentina, and one or two nice
forms of N. prinmlae {festira).

The willow-herb blossom, which in 1911 I only discovered on the
last night, was not fully out until the last few days and, to my
surprise, also proved quite unattractive. Thus night work was
reduced to dusking and searching for larvre. Of these latter I got a
fine lot of Noctua neylecta, some Cidaria tcstata, C. truncata (russata)
and Dasycliira fascelina from heather, a lot of ('. populata from
bilberry and quantities of Thera juniperata from juniper. Anarta
niyrtilli and Aricia niedon var. arta.verxes were frequently found by the
lamp at rest on heather and all the Geometers showed a much greater
inclination to sit about than to lly. One notable species in this
respect was Larcntia riridaria (pectinitaria). It was very plentiful and
so exquisitely coloured that I could not resist taking a fresh series.

Besides finding them at night Anarta niyrtilli were very plentiful
by day, flying in company with Phytonictra viridaria (aenea), which
species 1 found right up to the tops of the mountains. The only other
Noctuid of interest was a single Acronycta incnyant/iidis, which was
found at rest on a pine trunk. I might also mention an instance of
lladcna dentina Hying wildly in the sunshine and looking just like
I'lusia interruyatiunis.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES FROM BRAEMAR. 257

All along Callater Glen, on July 15th, Coenonympha tj/phon was in
immense numbers and mostly in perfect condition, and again, as last
year, I'lu/cis fiisra {carhiniariella) was abundant on some burnt patches
of heather. Apparently they always have these burnt patches to
disport themselves on, as I learn from the keeper that the annual
burning of a portion of the heather dates back indefinitely. The young
grass and heather that springs up afterwards forms the best possible
food for the deer, as they cannot tackle the old heather properly.
Whether C. typhnn was out when I visited the glen on the Sth I can-
not say, as the weather was too dull and gusty for it to fly. The only
vivid recollection I retain of that day, is a six-mile grind on a bicycle,
up the broken road, with wind and hill against me, buoyed up by the
thought of free-wheeling back ; and then a bad tyre-burst immediately
upon starting home. My companion, who had repairing tackle and
knew how to use it, had gone on ahead, so there was nothing left for
it but to tramp and wheel the machine. In spite of this mishap it
says a great deal for the Glen that it still retained its peculiar fascina-
tion for me, and its remoteness seemed to be emphasised by the sight
of two shepherds with several collies on the mountain side, bringing
an immense flock of sheep down to the lower pastures. They were
perhaps a quarter of a mile apart and shouted to each other and to the
dogs in a language that I presume was Gaelic. Anyway, it was
totally unintelligible to me, but of course the dogs understood and
obeyed every word.

At the beginning of the visit Jhipaliis piniaria was very abundant
among the pines. Both sexes are strikingly different from those of
our southern woods — the male ground colour being almost pure white
and the female a dull shade of bufi', with no trace of the bright orange
colour of our southern form. These rapidly became worn, but
Eupithecia sat y rata var. calhinaria of which I took a nice lot on the
first afternoon, lasted most of the time. They were very plentiful
in the more sheltered spots of the exulans hill, preferring the parts
where the heather was long, but lower down only an occasional
specimen was seen. E. nanata was plentiful everywhere, and odd
E. lariciata and E. pulchellata also occurred.

With more time at my disposal, I tried over more ground than last
year, but except at Aberarder, I found no places equal to those I had
already worked. I tried the country round the Linn of Dee, but it
was not at all prolific. The only observation of interest made was the
behaviour of a couple of wagtails just below the falls. All round on
the rocks Larentia caesiata was sitting and when at rest they were
apparently quite safe, but each time one started oft" it was pursued and
captured by a wagtail. I saw this happen three or four times in a
quarter-of-an-hour, so these two birds at this rate must have disposed
of a good many caesiata in their time.

Aberarder is some seven miles down the Dee-side and close to
Balmoral, and on one of my visits the rest of the party left me, while
they went over the Balmoral grounds. They could not get over the
castle, as they had not acted on Eattray's advice. He said in all
seriousness " There is only one person who can give you permission.
You write to the King and he'll do it like a shot." However as we did
not write to the King, they went over the grounds while I worked at
Aberarder, where probably most of the Braemar insects occur. I

258 THE entomologist's record.

spent two or three mornings there, more especially as there are some
good rough corners of meadow land, suitable for working A. medon
var. artaxer.vcs. Each time the sky was partially overcast, or else the
butterfly would have been in abundance. As it was I got a nice long
series, including one beautiful obsolete underside variety. Besides the
marginal spots, it has no trace of any others, except one very large one
in the centre of each wing. It was quite noticeable, even in flight, and
happily was in perfect condition. A fine lot of Pohiommatus icanta
were also taken here, the race being as usual in Scotland, very large and
brilliant. Arfiynnis^ ai/laia was abundant and both Brenthis selene
and B. eitpJimsi/ne still in good condition, while to my surprise I came
across a colony of Cupido miniwa. I did not expect to find it so far
North, but Mr. Home assures me that it is abundant in other places
in the county. G. myrtillata [ohfuacata) also occurred here, but I really
scarcely worked the hills at all. A male Lciocampa dictacoidea was
found on a rock, and several' Kimuelesia niinorata var. ericetata
seen on the wing. In fact, as regards numbers, Lepidoptera
were as plentiful here as anywhere in the district, two very abundant
species being Tancujra atrata {cJuH'rn}iJu/llata) and Kxbnlia limitata
(mem-uraria), the latter disappointingly typical. Its near neighbour,
E. pliunbaria, seemed to have a double emergence. On my first day
or two at Braemar they were plentiful, but the males worn to shreds
and the females needing picking over. By the end, all this early
emergence seemed to have vanished, and a fresh lot of both sexes
appeared. These last were very strongly coloured and of considerably
larger size than the early ones, many of which were almost pigmies.
Another late species to appear was Anaitia playiata, which did not
occur until the 14th, and then only two specimens. It is a very nice
form, much bluer in tone than the southern one, and I was sorry not
to take more. I don't know what happened to Hcpialm fusconehulosa
(celleda). As it was worn last year, I had hoped to take plenty, but
it was only seen twice, both times in the village when I had no net.

Besides the species already mentioned in these somewhat random
notes, a number of common species were seen or taken, which call for
no special comment. So as to make this record as complete as possible,
however, I append the following list of them. Z'/Vm hmmcae, P. rapae,
r. napi, hybernated Ai/laift itrticae, Coenonympha paniphilus (very
common), liionicia phlaeas, Laaiocampa quercm var. callunae (one larva),
Drcpana lacertula (two at dusk), Apaiiiea yemma, Caradrina cubicularis,
Runhia tenebrosa, Ayroth {Lycop/wtia) stn'yula, Triphaena pronnba,
Iladena pint, Acidalia dimidiata {scittiilata), Cabeia pnaaria, Macaria litti-
rata, Einaturya atomaria, Eininclesiaalhiilata (Aberarder), Thera obelhcata
(ran'ata), Memleiica [Miiantlna) occllata, Xanthor/ioe {Mclam'ppr) sociata,
X. (M.) innntanata, X. {}f.)jliietiiata, Corewia ferruyata, (^amptnyrawma
bilnwata, Cidaria corylata, h^xdoria (Scoparia) iniiraiia, Botyfi J'liscalis,
('iambus pasnidliis, ('. cuhiuihix, and a single late larva of Ilydriowena
(JJypsipi'trs) fiircata {cliitata) on juniper, which produced an almost black
imago. The actual number of species, perhaps, would not compare
favoural)ly with lists compiled from many southern localities, but
when the conditions are good, many of them occur in such numbers
that the quantity atone for the lack of variety. A great charm of the
collecting, moreover, is the amount of work that can be done by day,
as when conditions are otherwise impossible, there is always such good

NOTE ON CERTAIN BRITISH SPECIES OF THE GENUS I.ATHROBIUM. 259

rock and trunk searching. For the second time, however, I have had
remarkably good fortune in Aveather. During the whole eighteen days,
only one was wet and on only two other days did we have any rain
at all. It is true that on several more days the low clouds made it
impossible to work the hills, but on the other hand, most of the sunny
days were also still — the best possible conditions for mountain work.

We left on the afternoon of the 17th, breaking our journay at
Newcastle and then putting in a couple of days' collecting at York on
the way back, and after this second experience, I eventually arrived
home more than ever in love with Highland collecting.

A Note on certain British species of the Coleopterous genus
Lathrobium, Grav.

By W. E. SHARP, F.E.S.

It may be within the recollection of such readers of this Journal as
are Coleopterists, that some years ago Mr. Donisthorpe published in
its pages a paper on some of the black species of our Lathobia,
correcting thereby errors of nomenclature then prevalent among
British students. {Ent. Bee., xv., p. 180.) Recent investigation into
the subject, and correspondence with foreign authorities on the group,
have induced me to believe that Mr. Donisthorpe's note requires some
slight modification to bring our nomenclature into accordance with
that now generally accepted on the continent.

Thus, in the note referred to, Mr. Donisthorpe rightly showed that
L. punctatinn, Zett., given in Fowler's British Coleoptcra (Vol. II., p.
301) as a synonym of L. fonduDi, Steph., is really entirely distinct
from that species, but his further conclusion that L. atripalpe, Scriba,
should be deleted from the British list, all supposed examples of it
being referable to L. punctatnm, Zett., further research has shown to
be erroneous.

To completely satisfy ourselves as to L. fovidum, Steph., Mr.
Donisthorpe and myself have together recently examined the type of
that species in the Stephensian cabinet in the British Museum, and we
are left without a doubt but that the species described by Fowler as L.
punctatum, Zett., and previously known to British collectors under
that name is really the L. fondion of Stephens.

To make the matter clearer, a short tabular abstract of the salient
differences between the species under discussion may not be out of
place.

1. Thoracic punctuation strong, remote, and subseriate,

with broad smooth space in centre . . . . .. L. fovulian, Steph.

2. Thoracic punctuation weaker, uniform, confused and

close, with narrow smooth space in centre.

i. Elytra much longer than thorax, legs always

dark .. .. .. .. ,. .. L. qiiadratinn,F&yk.

ii. Elytra only slightly longer than thorax, elytral
punctuation weak, legs variable in colour

A. Elytra with apical testaceous spot,

legs lighter . . . . . . . . L. terminatum, Grav.

B. Elytra immaculate, legs darker .. \a,r. atripalpe, Scriha.
iii. Elyti-a hardly as long as thorax, elytral punc-
tuation strong, legs pitchy .. .. .. L. punctatum, Zett.

L. fovnlum, Steph., besides the very characteristic punctuation of
the thorax, has a peculiar greenish sheen on the elytra, which the

260

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

others lack, and its range appears to be soirthern. I have taken it
not uncommonly in dead leaves near Brockenhurst and seen specimens
from Wicken, the Isle of Wight and other southern localities.

L. quadrat Kill, Payk., is the largest and stoutest of the species under
discussion and its comparatively very long elytra readily separate it
from any of them. It is not a very common species, but is widely
distributed, and I have taken it as far north as Glasgow.

L. ti'nninatinii, Grav., is certainly the commonest of these species
and the more or less distinct apical light spots on the elytra easily
distinguish it, the legs are rather variable in -colour but are usualty of
a clear reddish testaceous. It appears to be distributed over the entire
kingdom, and I have taken it as far north asflnverness-shire and afe far
west as Co. Clare. "^

var. atripalpe, Scriba. This form, although originally described as
a species, is now generally, and one cannot but doubt rightly, regarded
as merely a melanic form of L. tenmnatum. The colour of the palpi,
from which it takes its name, is in no sense distinctive, and except in
the absence of the elytral spot and the general darker colour of the
legs it differed in no respect from the type. The var. immaciilatiim
of Fowler is virtually synomjaiiic with it, but if it be desired to retain
the Fowlerian name, var. inniiandatinii, Fowler, might be reserved for
the form with clear testaceous legs such as the type usually possesses
and which is more prevalent in the south and midlands of England,
and var. atrijialpc, Scriba, for that with darker, sometimes almost black,
legs, which is frequent in Ireland, Wales, the North of England, and
abundant in many localities in Scotland.

L. piinctatiwi, Zett., can be recognised by its very short, coarsely
and closely punctured elytra and broad thorax ; the legs are always
dark. It appears to be the rarest of this group, and confined to
northern and mountainous districts. I have taken it on Ben Lomond,
and Mr. E. C. Bedwell has a specimen from the same mountain. Mr.
F. H. Day takes it sparingly on the mountains of Cumberland, and I
have seen a few other specimens in Scotland, but I know of no English
record south of Westmoreland.

In conclusion I must acknowledge in the preparation of the above
notes the valuable assistance of the late Herr Ganglbauer, of Herr J.
Breit, and of Captain St. Claire Deville.

Notes on some of the Lepidoptera of the " Breck " District.

By Lieut.-Col. C. G. NURSE, F.E.S.
The paper by the Rev. C. Thornewill in the October number of
the Kntoiiiolixjist's Uecnrd tempts me to take up my pen and write what
I know of some of the species mentioned by him. Many of them I
have known from boyhood, now, alas, over 30 years ago, and as I have
been for the past six or seven years living on the edge of the " Breck"
country, my knowledge of some of the insects is "extensive and
peculiar." I believe all, or nearly all, the species referred to by Mr.
Thornewill are somewhat periodic in their appearance, more so than
is the case with the majority of the Lepidoptera. I shall give instances
that have come under my notice as regards this when I refer to each
species.

NOTES ON SOME LEPIDOPTERA OP THE " BRECK " DISTRICT. 261

To take the insects in the order in which they are mentioned by
Mr, Thornewill. Pianthoceia irrei/tilaris occurs over a fairly wide area,
but its presence is, of course, dependent upon its food-plant, Silenc
otites, being- able to flower and seed. This plant grows in certain
places by the roadside, on waste ground, and on sheep runs at wide
intervals over part of the district, but in order to obtain the larvre of
D. irrei/iilans it is necessary to find a place where the plant has not
been grazed off during its flowering stage by sheep or cattle. When
such a place is found, larvfB may be obtained in numbers by sweeping,
but nearly all are small, and m my experience about 90 per cent, are
ichneumoned. Occasionally large larva; may be seen or swept, or
found underground at the roots of the plant, and these, though few in
number, are not difficult to rear, as they will eat almost any kind of
S'dene or Lychnifi. I have never tried working for the imago, but it
may be taken occasionally at rest, or flying over the food plant at night,
and it is said to come to light. D. irregularis is less uncommon in
some seasons than in others; last year (1911) was an unusually good
year for the larvae, though from over 200 I only got two dozen pupae,
and from them I bred a little over a dozen moths. Some of the
remaining pupte may be still alive, and the moths may emerge next
year. The first fortnight in July is the best time to obtain the larvse ;
late larvfB are almost all ichneumoned.

Aiirophila trabealis {stdphiiralis) is perhaps the most periodic of any
of the local species known to me. In some seasons it is quite abundant
in suitable spots, while in others, on the same ground, it is almost
entirely absent. About five years ago I came across the insect in con-
siderable numbers, and might have taken dozens, but since then I
have never taken more than half-a-dozen in a season, and during the
present year (1912) I came across only one worn specimen. Barrett
says it is double-brooded, but I very much doubt the correctness of
this. It occurs usually from about June 20th to July 10th, though an
occasional specimen may appear earlier or later. I may mention that
I have taken the species in some numbers in Baluchistan, and the
specimens obtained there are much more variable than is the case with
British specimens.

Acontia luctuosa occurs all over the district, but not usually in
numbers. There is a spot near my house where I found it five years
ago ; for three years I looked for it in vain, but this year it again
appeared in some numbers in the same place. It is double-brooded,
and I think that both broods appear in about equal numbers.

Acidalia rabii/inata {nibricata) is another double-brooded species,
but I have always found it more numerous in the second brood than
in the first. Although T know several spots where it is to be obtained
at the right season with more or less certainty, I had been collecting
constantly in the district for six years before I found, in August 1912,
a spot where it was in considerable numbers. The difficulty was not
to capture specimens, but to obtain them in a fair condition for the
cabinet, as the great majority were either worn or faded. I believe
this species fades at once when exposed to the sun ; on a cloudy day a
fair proportion of those obtained, if freshly emerged, show less signs
of fading than if taken on a sunny day. The specimens do not fade
when in the cabinet, and I have one taken in 1896 which retains its
beautiful fresh colour. I strongly suspect that its food-plant in this

262 THE entomologist's record.

country is Kritjeron canadensis, as I have never found it on ground
from which this plant was absent. It was entirely owing to my
noticing the abundance of this plant that I hit upon a spot where the
insect was in good numbers this year. I hope to make further
investigations with regard to this another year. I have always found
the best time for A. rubujinata to be the first fortnight in August,
though I have taken occasional specimens from early in June to the
end of August.

As regards Lithostege f/riseata, I am sorry I did not know that a
brother entomologist was in the neighbourhood this year, or I could
have shown him a place where he could have obtained as many in a
day as he seems to have captured in five weeks. The best time to get
the insect in good condition is from about May 25th to June 10th.
The foodplant, Sisi/mbrium sophia, occurs everywhere in this district,
but not so the insect. I was some time before I hit upon a spot, but
I have usually found the insect in some numbers where it does occur.
The difficulty with this species is to obtain it without doing damage to
crops, as it is chiefly to be found among the growing corn. I am always
very careful to avoid doing damage, from a sense of justice to the farmer,
with the result that I am able to go anywhere without being " warned
off," My specimens are usually obtained by walking along the edge
of a cornfield, or in a clover field where the foodplant occurs. In
some seasons the larv* may be obtained in good numbers, but it is
not a very easy insect to rear, a large proportion of the pups drying up.
Moreover, it frequently, perhaps usually, lies over two winters. From
nearly two dozen larvte obtained in 1910 I only bred two imagines, and
they emerged in 1912. Like Mr. Thornewill, I have found that among
captured specimens, females usually predominate. I have not bred
sufficient to judge whether more females emerge than males, but I
believe this to be the case with many species. However, that is
another story, and I hope some day to place on record my experience
regarding the proportion of the sexes obtained by breeding.

Of Spilodes sticticalh I know less than of the species enumerated
above, but I have taken it occasionally, chiefly in August. It occurs
on the same ground as A. ruhujinata: the foodplant is given as various
species of Artetnhia, but I never worked for the larvre. ArtonUia
vulgaris occurs freely on the edges of some of the fields where I have
obtained the insect.

Orohena extintalh (Pionea inargaritalis) seems to be rare in the
district, as I have only taken a couple of specimens, excluding a worn
example that I released. One of them I captured within half a mile
of my house ; there was plenty of wild mustard where I found it, but,
though I tried for the larva? later, I entirely failed to find any. The
remaining species mentioned by Mr. Thornewill can scarcely be con-
sidered among the specialities of our district, as they occur in many
other places, and though I have taken them, I have not given them any
special attention.

The Value of Protective Resemblance ia Moths.

By the Rev. A. T. STIFF, M.A.

In the July-August number of the Knt. IleconI there was a most
nteresting article, under the above title, from the pen of Lieut.-Col.

THE VALUE OP PROTECTIVE RESEMBLANCE IN MOTHS. 263

N, Manders. The questions specially discussed by the writer were
how far moths are liable to the attacks of birds ; and whether, if such
attacks produce a serious struggle for existence, the value to the moth
of protective resemblance is such as to account, through natural
selection, for such changes of pattern or colour as may have produced,
in the course of generations, a harmonisation of the moth to its
normal surroundings.

Now I think there cannot be the smallest doubt that many
species of birds do prey upon both moths and butterflies. The fact
must surely be sufficiently familiar to the most casual student of
nature. I have repeatedly seen Sparrows chase and capture the
" Whites," and Swallows stoop at the same butterflies, and also at
Goneptertjx rhanini. Only this summer I watched three Swallows, one
after the other, capture and drop again a specimen of Spilosoma
Inhricipcda, which I had disturbed during the daytime. Ultimately it
made its escape into some ivy, and I concluded that either it was too
large for the bird's gape, or else distasteful to their palate for some
reason. Nightjars and Flycatchers catch moths by night and day
respectively, and I have found the wings of butterflies in the castings
of Kestrels, and of moths in those of Owls. Similar instances might
be multiplied ad infimtitin.

But all this, though without doubt it has its bearing on the problem
of mimicry, has none at all on that of protective resemblance. To
have any Ijearing on the latter it must be shown that birds and reptiles
capture moths or butterflies at rest, and not during flight. To quote
Lieut. -Col. Manders, " The capture of an odd specimen here and there
by a sparrow or other bird, though a matter of almost daily observation
during the summer months, can have little or no effect on the general
moth population, and certainly none in the production of a protective
colouring by means of natural selection. What is required is a hunt
for some bird or birds which make moths a speciality in their dietary,
and which show under natural conditions a marked preference for
certain species." I am not quite sure that too much importance ought
to be attached to the last condition, as when one considers the large
number of insectivorous birds, and the enormous quantities of insects
each pair brings to its nestlings during the breeding season, one can
easily believe that the fact that any of them preyed habitually on
moths at rest might tend, in the course of ages, to promote, by natural
selection, protective resemblance in several different species.

Now it is my firm conviction that some birds do prey on moths
and butterflies, even when at rest. 1 have frequently seen and
captured both moths and butterflies with a clean-cut, triangular
fissure in one or more of the wings, quite dift'erent from the irregular
frayed tearing which is produced by contact with brambles or thistles
in windy weather ; and I have always been inclined to attribute such
gaps in their wings to their having been seized by birds, and having
made good their escape with the loss of that portion of the wing
actually laid hold of by the beaks of their would-be devourers. So
far, of course, there is nothing to show whether the injury was
inflicted upon the insects when in flight, or at rest. But I have also
frequently come across cases in butterflies, and among the Geometers,
where gaps exactly corresponding both in size, shape, and position,
existed in the wings on both sides. Now assuming the injuries to

264 THE entomologist's record.

have been caused by a bird's beak, they could only conceivably have
been caused by the insect having been seized in its natural position
when at rest, i.e., with its wings held together vertically over the back.

I do not imagine, however, that the question will ever be decided
by the work of one individual. Life is too short, and the opportunities
of observation too limited. It will, I believe, only be by the united
observations and records of many workers, carefully pieced together,
that a full solution of the prolDlem will ultimately be arrived at.
And it is with the object of contributing my mite of evidence, and in the
hope of provoking further discussion, that I should like to record one
or two facts which have actually come under my own observation.

Upon one occasion in Cornwall I managed to cultivate such
friendly relations with a pair of Blue Tits {Parus caendeus), that they
continued to feed their young ones undisturbed by the fact that I was
sitting within a couple of yards of the hole in a stone wall wherein
was their nest. I remained watching them for at least an hour, during
which time the male bird visited the nest with food on an average
once every two minutes. The hen Vv^as rather shy at first, and would
not come nearer than the boughs of an oak tree above my head, but
ultimately she gained sufficient confidence to take her share in the
task of feeding her nestlings. Their happy hunting-ground seemed to
be this oak, and one or two others which grew near by, and the chief
food they brought was small green caterpillars— probably the larvii* of
CJieiiuatohia brnmata — but they also brought a good many imagines of
the green Tortrix, T. viridana. Now these must undoubtedly have
been secured when at rest, and undoubtedly, also, their close agree-
ment in colour with the oak-leaves would be of service to them for
purposes of concealment.

Again, during July and the first week of August, 1905, when
staying in a bungalow in the middle of Dartmoor, I used frequently
to watch the doings of two young Cuckoos, and their attendant foster-
parents, which were in both cases Titlarks or Meadow Pipits [Anthus
prateims). One of the young Cuckoos, though so late in the year, was
still quite unfiedged, but the other seemed to be nearly full-feathered,
and frequently settled on the fence around the bungalow, and on a
tall forked stick which stood up in the field behind. It used to settle
on the very top of the longer side of the fork, and the foster-parents,
having vainly tried to feed it from the other extremity, which
was much shorter, at last adopted the plan of perching on the young
Cuckoo's shoulders, and feeding it from thence. The Cuckoo would
bend its head back between its shoulders, and the Titlark would reach
over and put the morsel in its open beak. It was a sweetly pretty
sight, and I frequently regretted the absence of a camera, as I should
have much liked to photograph it. But the point of special interest is
this, that on two occasions when I was watching, owing to some mis-
management on the part of the birds, the prey escaped and flattered
away, though the Titlark in both instances pursued it in the air, and
ultimately captured it. In both cases the insect was a moth, and in
one case when I was quite close to the birds and watching through
my field-glasses, I was able to identify the species with absolute
certainty. It was Melenydis didi/wata, as I am nearly certain it was
on the other occasion also. Now M. didymata simply swarms at dusk
over the heather near the bungalow during the last week in July and

SWITZERLAND AND THE BLACK FOKEST. 265

the beginning of August. I have seen it flying in thousands at dusk,
but never on the wing by day. A few may be found settled on the
stone walls, but the greater number seem to rest with wings partially
outspread among the stems of the heather, where they are very difficult
to see. They generally drop when disturbed, but may occasionally be
beaten out of the heather by day. I think, therefore, that there can
be no doubt that the moths in question must have been captured by
the Pipits when at rest, and also that their resemblance to the brown
interlacing stems of the heather must be of great service in evading
discovery. Of course, the point which remains to be cleared up is
whether the young Meadow Pipits would have accepted il/. didi/mata
as an article of diet, as one can scarcely imagine that the number of
Pipits with Cuckoos as foster-children would be sufficiently numerous
to cause any struggle for existance to so common a moth as M. didy-
inata, though, on the other hand, protective resemblance may to some
extent account for its numbers.

I think that these two instances go to prove that certain birds do
search for, and prey upon, moths when at rest, though I agree with
Lieut. -Col. Manders that movement is more immediately fatal to them.
But even in the case of an insect which first attracts the attention of
a bird or reptile by movement, it is at least conceivable that protective
resemblance might still be of service to it. In the spring of 1901,
while waiting for a steamer at Argegno, on the Lago di Como, my
attention was attracted to three large brown lizards which were abso-
lutely motionless on the trunk of a tree. So well did they harmonise
with their environment that I only discovered the first by accident,
and the other two by very careful scrutiny. (By-the-bye, I should
certainly imagine that this was a case of aggressive resemblance, as
the little lizards so common among the leafy walls on the lake-side
were green and grey, and the larger hedge lizards a vivid green.)
While I was watching them a large bluebottle-fly alighted on the
trunk about eighteen inches from one of them. The reptile immediately
became convulsively active ; there was what I can only describe as a
wriggly brown flash, and the fly was gone — doubtless to the entire
satisfaction of the lizard ! Now the fly was absolutely distinct on the
bark of the tree, but is it not at least possible that in the case of an
insect which, upon alighting, so harmonised with its environment as
to become practically indistinguishable from it, the lizard might have
so miscalculated a rush of eighteen inches as to have alarmed the
insect without actually capturing it ?

Switzerland and the Black Forest.

By DOUGLAS H. PEARSON, F.E.S.
There will no doubt be wails from disappointed butterfly hunters
this year, owing to the wet and sunless season, so a few notes from one
who was more fortunate may be cheering. Stirred up by Mr. Warren's
description of Freiburg in Breisgau, we found ourselves there on the
morning of June 27th, having gone straight through from London, and
in the afternoon set out for the Moss Wald, with visions of l^^mperors
galore. We saw very few, but were more fortunate on the next day,
and managed to take a short series of Apatara iris, A. ilia and var.

266

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECOED.

clytie, though none of them were abundant and no females were
seen. Pob/t/onia c-albnm was fairly plentiful and Lwiriiitis ,sihi/Ua
not uncommon, but, as usual, difficult to catch, and we took one worn
specimen of Nordmaimia (Thcda) acaciae. The thistles by the road-
side were swarming with insects, among which were some fine Dryas
papJiia and a few ISIelitaca maturna, but even the females of the latter
were in a hopelessly worn condition. In a field some very yellow
forms of Fjpinepliele jurtina were taken, but we failed to turn up either
Limenitis popnli or Parar'je aclnne.

The next day we took train to Hinterzarten and were soon at work
on the mosses. Coinioni/mpha ti/phon was not common and was slightly
past its best, but Colias palaenu va.v. c'iiiopu)iie w&s in fine condition and,
as though the lowland air had sapped its energies, was absurdly easy
to catch compared with its high dwelling brethren. Btentliis selcne
was fairly common, but we did not find B. pales var. arsilac/ie and
were probably too early for it. We picked up stray specimens of
M. dicti/nna, M. atJialia, Chrynuphaniis hipputhne — with very rich purple
suffusion — Aphantopus Jtyperantt(s, so small and dark that we thought
we had lighted upon that treasure, Coenoui/wpha hero, and some very
richly marked Erebia sty<pu\ We should probably have done well had
not rain set in about mid-day and spoilt the hunting. At night the
rain came down in torrents and we moved on next day to Weesen on
lake Walensee, and stayed for a week at the comfortable little Hotel
Speer near the station.

For the next three or four days the sun hardly appeared, but when
it was not actually raining, we picked up odd insects from the grass
and filled in our time with botanizing.

On July 5th we managed at last to get a sunny day and made the
most of it in the marsh, our principal quarry being Lycaena areas and
L. euphetnua for which the marsh is famous, but neither species was
really plentiful, and it required hard work to get together a decent
series. A few L. arion were flying with them and some resembled the
L. eupliemas so closely that they are difficult to distinguish except by
the undersides. The males of C. typhon were mostly worn, but the
females were in good condition and showed a nice variation in colour
and spotting. Leptosia sinajtin was plentiful and in good condition,
and we picked up a few Loweia dorilis, Ivrynnis althrac, riebeiiis aryua,
and other small fry, and one Hyloicus [Sphind-] pinastri, from a tree
trunk in the marsh. A visit to Obersee did not produce much except
a specimen of the fine Tiger, Pericallia matronula and a few very well
marked Erebia liyea.

On July 7th we moved on to Pontresina and stayed there until the
20th. Our best capture here was Brentim thvre of which we took
three specimens in the wood leading to Muottas Pontresina, and saw
others, but the ground was so exceedingly difficult that we failed to
take them. On the open ground above, ( 'olias palaeno was fiying
freely and we took a bleached form of Erebia lappoiia, which looked
very ghostlike on the wing. On the way up the Piz Languard —
which is a glorious point of view — Ave took a good series of Erebia
yorye var. triapes, and a few of the type with them, while on the same
rough ground were E. ylacialis with its ab. pluto and a few Mditaea
eynt/iia, male and female. Near the Morteratsch glacier we took a few
Vaccmiina optilete, but failed to find Aricia donzelii though we carefully

NOTES ON THE SEASON. RHOPALOCERA. 267

worked likely spots for it. Coenonympha satyrion swarmed everywhere
and on the Muottas Muraigl Pontia callMice was abundant and in
good condition. On marshy ground near the Val del Fain, B. pales
was plentiful and variable, one very richly marked specimen
approaching var. arsilache being taken and a few of the purple-shot var.
napaea. Polyommatiis eros, AlbHli7ia pheretes and Latiorino orbitulus were
not uncommon. The Roseg Valley produced Parnassim delius, E.
tnnestra, JSlelitaea parthenie var. varia with a nice form of the 5 , and a
few il/. niatiirna var. wolfensberyeri.

We made two excursions to Campfer in the hope of finding B.
thnre, but were disappointed, and on our second visit were caught in a
drenching storm, which put an end to collecting. The ground here
seemed exceptionally rich, and insects swarmed to such an extent that
it was difficult to select and follow the one wanted. We took Hirsutina
damon var. ferreti with undersides coloured like A. donzelii, B.
ino, Erebia evias, E. (joante, E. mnestra, P. c-album, Chrysophanns
viryanreae, C. hippothoe and var. enrybia, and other things, but failed
to find B. pales var. arsilache in the marshy ground near the lake.

A huge new hotel is in course of erection, and the ground is noted
as being worth another visit.

We met with a number of Parasemia plantayinis, and curiously
enough most of those netted were of the var. hospita, with white
ground instead of yellow.

The weather was glorious during most of the time we spent at
Pontresina, the few storms we had in the evenings only serving to lay the
dust and cool the air, and we came home with well packed store boxes and
the impression that 1912 was a good entomological yeai', but heard
that the day after we left Pontresina there was a fall of snow and a
general break-up of the weather.

Notes on the Season. Rhopalocera.

By S. G. CASTLE RUSSELL.

I cannot say that I have experienced a successful season this year,
as owing to the want of sunshine my opportunities for field collection
were few, notwithstanding the fact that I had arranged to devote three
full days per week for outdoor work during the season, and a whole
month in August. After the middle of July and up to the end of
August the days I selected for excursions were without exception
either wet or sunless and very windy. The absence of butterflies on
the wing was quite remarkable, and one wonders what the effect will
be as regards next season, as opportunities for copulation must have
been greatly curtailed, and in the latter part of the season very heavy
rains must have occasioned great mortality even among freshly
emerged specimens.

The following weather record made by Mr. Edwards of Salisbury,
and applying to that district, is interesting, and shows that the summer
of 1912 was not much worse than several years preceding it, so far
as the rainfall is concerned, but as regards consistent absence of sun-
shine I certainly think that 1912 excelled all previous years that I
can remember.

268 THE entomologist's record.

Mr. Edwards' rain guage reads thus : —

June. July. August.

1909. 5-80 ... 1909. 3-13 ... 1909. 3-09

1910. 5-84 ... 1910. 2-21 ... 1910. 2-03

1911. 1-50 ... 1911. -05 ... 1911. -05

1912. 4-61 ... 1912. 1-50 ... 1912. 6-94

I remember that in 1910 nearly all the summer week-ehds were
wet or dull, occasionally we did get a sunny day during the week, but
this year, after Ascot week, I do not recollect even one real hot
summer day. The only summer that compared with 1911, so far as
my notes show, were in 1887, 1893, 1895 and 1897. I shall never
forget 1893, as the sunshine was practically continuous from March,
until the end of August, 1895 rivalled it and was said to have created
a record for sunshine.

These remarks and weather records, although not of entomological
interest, may be of use as shewing the effect of a cycle of wet summers
upon butterfly life, and we older entomologists are always remarking
upon the scarcity of the Rhopalocera in recent years. That there
is a scarcity I think it is generally agreed, but the cause is difficult to
explain. To return, however, to matters entomological, in late April
and during May the weather was all that could be desired, and having
determined to devote the season to renewing the somewhat old series
of " blues " in my cabinet, I made excursions to the various chalk
downs.

A journey to Surrey for larvte of Ai/riades thetis on April 22nd,
proved too late, five only could be found, the majority having
apparently gone down for pupation. On this occasion a few Kncldoe
cardcvnines and Cdaatrina an/ioliis were seen on the wing, and signs
generally showed that the season was more than a week in advance.
A visit on April 28th to Horsley, found Nisoniades tali's, IJesperia
iiialcir, E. cardaiiiiucs, Callojihnjs nibi, and C. an/iolns plentiful,
and a few larva of Volijo)ini>atns karus were taken off' Lotus cornicnlatKs
in full-fed condition. On May 11th, a visit to Monk's Wood with
my brother, Mr. A. Russell, for larva of Stnj^ion pruni was quite
unproductive, but I was rewarded by taking a pair of Paran/e wcf/aera
in cop., the result of which enabled me to renew my series of that
species to great advantage. S. pnini seems to have almost disappeared
from Monk's Wood, either from the efforts of beaters, or from some
other causes, and this is in spite of the fact that the wood is much more
rigidly preserved than formerly, and access is not readily given. The
blackthorn plantations that produced the larva so plentifully some
years ago have become an impenetrable forest. I have found the same
scarcity in other localities for this species, and personally I ascribe the
cause to ichneumons. The species like all the other lluralidae {Thcclidac)
seem to be either very common or very scarce. On May 19th, a visit
to Horsley produced many beautiful " blue " forms of l\ icanis, one
taken by Mr. Frohawk being particularly striking in colour and
brightness. We both remarked that we had never previously seen
snch an abundance of defined " blue " forms, but they were confined
to one field.

With Mr. Frohawk a visit was next made to Ranmoro in the after-
noon, when /'. icanis were found to be well out, the " blue " female

NOTES ON THE SEASON. RHOPALOCERA. 269

forms not, however, being so marked or plentiful, and A. thetis was
just appearing. A further visit on the 21st found A. t/wtis common,
the females being distinguished by the large proportion of specimens shot
with blue. Again these blue forms were confined to one field, and I
found them much less plentiful in other spots of the Dorking range.
In the afternoon I was fortunate enough to capture a freshly emerged
male of a pale lilac-blue colour, which I assume is the aberration known
as pallida and is a hybrid between P. icarm^ and A. tltetis.-'' In every
point except the colour the specimen has the characteristics oi A. thetifi,
the colour, however, approaches more the shade of Ai/riades coridon
than of P. icanis. As regards the females of A. thetis, I found that in
all other localities that I visited in Kent and Surrey, the brown form
predominated, few being of the shot-blue form and none well defined.
A visit to the Denbies on May 25th showed A. thetis well out and
fairly plentiful, but the females were of ordinary type, " blue " forms
not being striking and scarce.

The next three excursions were devoted to the Surrey downs in
search of common forms of A. thetis, but without success. Generally
I found that this species was not so common as in former seasons,
and the wind was now beginning to become violent and the sun shy.
A hunt was made for larvte of A- coridon, but only in one locality was
it found at all, and here it was extremely abundant. A fine series
were bred from these larva, one or two underside varieties being
obtained. Visits were next paid to various Kent localities, more
especially around the Maidstone range of Chalk hills, but the weather
conditions were unfavourable, and all the "blues" except Cari/iidiis
were very scarce. A visit was paid to Horsley with Mr. Frohawk in
search of Cupido viinivitis, which was found plentifully on June 9th,
together with P. icanis, but a keeper interfered with our business and
we had to find other pastures. Mr. Frohawk had a scientific
argument with the keeper, but it was ineffective, even when he gave
forth of his great knowledge on birds.

From June 28th to July 1st was spent at Witherslack in company
with Mr. Frohawk and my brother. Here again we had to put up
with very indifferent weather. Coenonyinpha ti/phon [davns) were
common, but mostly worn, on the mosses, but we each managed to
get a very fair series of perfect specimens, and on the one morning
when the sun gave evidence of its existence, Aricia vwdon var.
salmacis were seen and obtained in considerable numbers in the pink
of condition. We had arranged for a carriage to convey us to Grange
Station on the Monday in time to catch the fast train to London, but
the driver turned up over half an hour late, and we had to put up with
the next best train, entailing a long wait at Carnforth. During the
whole day heavy rain came down without intermission, and we had
the consolation of knowing that we had not erred in deciding not to
stay another day at Witherslack, which we had thought of doing when
the trap arrived too late. /'. icanis, male and female, were out, but
scarce ; the males were large and of a very bright blue, but I noticed
nothing very remarkable about the females ; the undersides of both
sexes were well defined, much more so than in the southern form.

* Most unlikely. The blue colour o£ nearly all the Lycanids is subject to very
wide variation. To what form of hybridisation could the leaden coloured
specimens found in several species be attributed ? — G.W.

270 THE entomologist's record.

Mr. Frohawk took an unusual form of Coenonympha pamphilns, the
interesting feature being two well-defined dark Jbars on the underside.
On July 7th a visit to Newland's Corner was paid, the day being a
very fine one ; Argynnis ivjlaia, A. adippe and Kpinephele Jitrtina
(ianira), Aphantopns hi/perantus, etc., were in evidence, and I saw one
Colias edusa.

On July 11th an excursion was made into Kent for Aporia crataegi,
but without success, although the day was hot and sunny. On
July 14th a journey was made into north Hampshire for Plebeiua
argus [aegon) and Hipparc/iia seiitele : the former was fairly plentiful
(although not so common as usual), but paxx^, fresh examples being
scarce. H. senwle had not yet appeared except in singles, nor, in fact,
did this species, which is usually very abundant in this district, occur
in any plenty when later visits were paid. E. jurtina was very
common, and I took two freshly-emerged bleached forms, one having
the greater portion of the left primary wing quite white, and the other
having part of the left secondary white.

In early August visits were paid to various Surrey and Hertford-
shire localities for A. c(yridon, which generally were not so abundant
as I have usually found them. Shortly after this the weather broke
up, and a visit to Swanage on the 28th met with unfavourable weather,
a regular gale of wind and absence of sun being in evidence. In the
sheltered parts of the Downs, when a few sunny intervals occurred,
Mclanargia galatea, Tligmelicns acteon, and E. jurtina were abundant
and in good condition, A. aglaia were fairly plentiful, but in bad
condition. A few A. medon (agestis) were seen, together with F. icanis,
but A. condon was represented by only two specimens. From Swanage
I journeyed on to various localities on the Wiltshire Downs, but
butterflies were scarce, and A. coridon, which I expected to find in
some abundance, was very uncommon, and not yet in full emergence.
Another visit was paid to the same localities later in the month, but
with no better result.

On August 25th a visit was paid to the Ranmore slope, and A.
thetis was found in fair numbers, together with E. jurtina and a very
few P. icarus, but as usual I suffered from want of sunshine. This
was practically my last excursion, as the continual bad weather began
to get discouraging. The autumn brood of P. icarus I found very
scarce, and A. inedon {agestis) almost non-existent. My special quest
of the " blues " confined my work largely to the Chalk downs, and I
did not get much experience of the wooded districts, but such as I did
have, gave very poor results after early June, and apparently most
species of butterflies were scarcer than usual. Mr. Grosvenor, in his
very interesting notes to the Ent. Record, remarks that he found varia-
tion in butterflies this season remarkable by its absence, and my
experience was practically the same, with the sole exception of the blue
females of /'. icarus and A. thetis, which, as noted, occurred in a
restricted locality. As regards variety, it will be very interesting to
note the result of this bad summer on the butterflies of next season,
but the season has been remarkable, more for absence of sun than
rain, I think.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 271

OLEOPTERA.

The Food-plants of Apion annulipes and sundry other Beetles.
— In August, last year, I swept a few isolated specimens of Ajxion
annulipes, Wenck, off Thyme on Ditchling Beacon. Later in the year
one or two more were brushed from herbage in the field adjoining the
garden. In the latter locality there was apparently no Thyme. In the
immediate district of the Beacon there is no Orif/anion vulgare, but it
may be found in profusion a mile or two off at Pyecombe. Knowing
this to be the plant which A. annulipes has of late years been found on,
I gave up many hours to working it most thoroughly. No Apion,
however, rewarded my efforts, but I discovered Lonf/itarsus pulex,
Schrank, a typical thyme species very much at home on the Marjoram
as was Chrysoniela polita, L.

This August on again sweeping stray A. annulipes in our garden
field, I made a determined effort to localize it to some particular plant.
Having given careful attention to various Labiatae, I ultimately found
that the Apion was attached to Prunella vuljaris. By carefully
tapping the plants over paper a nice series of males and females was
taken. That this very rare weevil should have as one of its food
plants such a prolific and wide- spread meadow- weed as Jhunella is
particularly interesting.

In early September, by beating the capitula of Centaurea nigra, I
found both Apion onopordi, Kirby, and Orchestes pratensis, Germ., not
uncommonly. These seem notes of confirmatory importance, particu-
larly the latter. Orchestes salicis, L., was seen on the Dwarf Sallow,
Salix repens, at Tilgate Forest in late September, Longitarsus atricillus,
L., in great abundance, and L. ochroleucus, Marsh, rarely, were swept
from a field of Sainfoin, Unobrychis sativa. In reference to the last
species, Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin's note in the November number of the
Ent. Mo. Mag., was of much interest to me. On September 19th I
swept this Halticiid in small numbers from Senecio vulgaris near
Brighton. — Hereward C. Dollman (F.E.S.), Hove House, Newton
Grove, Bedford Park, W.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Notes on Luperina nickerlii var. gueneei. — The female of this
species lays its eggs in small patches on the Sea Hard Grass, Lepturus
incurvatus. The young larvse emerge in about twenty days, and are
then of a dark flesh colour with large black heads. They bore a hole
in the stem, but wander a little before doing so, and therefore do not
all get into the same stem. They stay in the stems until about February,
when they have grown too large. A sort of loose cocoon is then
formed on the roots, and within its shelter the young larvn3 eat away,
go a little farther and do the same, until they are full fed, when they
make a long flimsy cocoon of silk and sand grains, often over two
inches in length. The cocoon is always mixed up with grass, probably
for strength. As the larvre grow larger they become lighter in colour,
but keeping quite a flesh colour until near the time for pupation,
when they go yellowish to dirty white, with sometimes a tinge of
green. No doubt the early season of this year has made the larvae

272 THE entomologist's record.

pupate earlier, for on July 9th, when I expected to get half-fed larvae,
I could only find some half a dozen full fed ones and two cocoons
with contained pupfe. Apparently they have been nothing like as
common this year as they were last, when I could have obtained six
times as many in the same time that it took me to find these nine. —
T. A. Baxter, St. Anne's-on-Sea. July dth.

Habits of Tricopteryx viretata. — In our searchings for T. viretata
we several times came across a green form. The species is a somewhat
unsatisfactory insect for several reasons. When its wings are closed
and it is resting on a holly-trunk, which in our experience is its usual
resting-place, the specimens look in good condition, but when you set
them without the hind-wings to back them up they do not look nearly
as well. Again some of them, more especially the green form, as soon
as you look at them (and they are instantly lost in the changing
shadow) slide sideways off the trunk, others sit till boxed as quiet as
need be, while some will even sham death. There are hardly enough
specimens seen to teach one what to expect, so different is the behaviour
of different individuals. In the cabinet drawers the green form turns
much blacker as time goes on, till it has made me wonder if melanism
is taking place with them as with other species. — F. Fountain, 191,
Darwin Street, Birmingham.

:^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

CoLEOPHORA artemisiella.^ — With regard to this species, it is a
good many years since I paid any attention to it. My experience quite
confirms the statement as to the difficulty of rearing the insect away
from the saltings and the great mortality among the larvas. I find
that in 1891 (my best year) I bred fifteen specimens, and have little
doubt but that the larva) were wintered in a large flower-pot fully
exposed to the weather.^ — F. G. Whittle, 7, Marine Arcade, Southend.
October 20th.

Notes of the Season. — At Hailing, on August 18th, among a
scattered growth of Uelianthemnm, Rock-rose, I obtained a few speci-
mens of Mompha ('I'inea) iiiiscdla. The best example of this insect had
settled on my boot, while I was busy with a sandwich and enjoying
the fine view of the Medway, to be had from this favourite hunting-
ground of our late Editor, whose death we all so sincerely deplore.
ArtujreHthia i^einitestacella was very common among beech on the top of
the down. Larvae of Coleophora nutani'lla (infiatae) crept up from
flowers of Silene mjlata, Bladder Campion, gathered on this occasion.
I was again at Hailing on August 25th, and found larvfe of Aealla
{Pero7ieo) h>t/iana on Viburniuii lantcnio. The moths appeared in mid
October. On September 15th I had a very poor day at the same
locality, but I did find, quite exposed at the road side, among Bladder
Campion, the larv:c of IHantUoecia nana (roiis/u'isa). Salcbria (^li/nxlo-
phaea) foniKim is, in my experience, so uncommon in this part (South-
end) of Essex, that the occurrence of one larva on September 22nd,
caused me to work hard for more, but I could not find a second
example. Tortri.r pronubana, which was discovered here last year by
my poor friend the late Mr. Conquest, is quite the moth of the moment.
I have bred it pretty freely, the first emergence taking place on August

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 278

31sfc last, and at the present date (October 20th) it is still emerging.
On a fence this morning, at 9.15, I found a freshly emerged specimen.
On the 13th inst., I took one flying over Kuoiii/inus at 12.30 p.m.
Evidently a strong colony of this insect has taken possession of South-
end.— Id. [In Proceed. S. Lund. Knt. and X. II. Soc, 1911-12, p. 61,
Mr. R. Adkin stated of T. pronubana that "the second emergence,
which usually takes place about the beginning of September, appeared
to be practically over early in August (1911), but stragglers met with
during the latter part of September appeared to indicate a third genera-
tion." Possibly the specimens captured in October, in the open, were
examples of a third brood, but it must be remembered that this species
is a native of the Mediterranean littoral, and is practically continuous
brooded under southern conditions. — H. J. T.]

Second brood of Smeeinthus ocellata. — On September 3rd I
bred a specimen of S. ocellata from a this year's larva. — L. W. Newman
(F.E.S.), Bexley.

Leucania albipuncta at Deal. — On August 27th I had the pleasure
of taking two specimens of the above rarity at sugar on the Deal sand-
hills.— A. E. Tonge (F.E.S.), Aincroft, Grammar School Hill, Reigate.

Polia CHI IN the South.— On September 3rd, while going through
the neighbourhood of Winslow, Bucks, I obtained two specimens of l\
cJi'i on brick walls. It is I believe most unusual to take this species so
near London, though it occurs not infrequently in Devonshire. — Id.

CoLiAs edusa at Reading. — On August 28th one of my sons
captured a J of the above species, and on August 29th saw a ? . I
only know of one other having been seen this autumn in this district.
— W. E. Butler (F.E.S.), Hayling House, Oxford Road, Reading.
October 1th.

Larva of Manduca (Acherontia) atropos at Chichester. — A full-
fed larva of Manduca {Acherontia) atropos was brought to me on
September 18th last. It was of exceptionally small size, but the
colour indicated imminent change to the pupa, and it went to earth as
soon as it was placed in the flower-pot. This is the only instance I
know of the occurrence of the insect here this season in any stage. In
some years the larvfe are by no means uncommon on potato leaves. —
Joseph Anderson, Chichester.

Recollections of the Eastern Counties. — I have read with
interest the notes by the Rev. C. Thornewill (p. 230) on his captures in
Norfolk, as 1 have from time to time collected in the district he refers
to — the interesting " breck" country, bordering the counties of Norfolk,
Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire. Having been successful in finding most
of the insects and plants peculiar to the district, a few supplementary
remarks may be of interest. With regard to Lithosti'i/e tjrifieata, to
which 3'onr correspondent makes special reference, I well remember
finding this species for the first time amongst a patch of Sisyinbrium
Sophia growing, as noted by your correspondent, at the edge of a corn-
field, when a nice series of freshly emerged specimens was taken. A
visit during a subsequent year, in the month of August, was productive
of the larvne of this species in considerable abundance, feeding on the
seed pods ot Sisijuibriton sophia, to which it bears a close mimetic
resemblance. It is not necessary to search for the larvte by night,
once the eye is accustomed to them they may be seen quite readily,
and, when one is found, more are to be expected on the same plant or

274

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

clump. They are not difficult to rear if a good depth of their native
sand, or something approximating to it, be provided, as they pupate deep
down. A proportion of them lie over to a second or even a third year;
this obviously helps the species to maintain itself in the event of larvae
being destroyed when the plants are cut down with the corn, as there
may be at the same time pupaj below ground from a previous season's
larvse. Furthermore, I have noticed that the plants frequently grow
beside the cart tracks and at the edges and corners of the fields, where
they escape the ravages of the reaper. Sisi/mbrium aophia is certainly
a local plant in the " breck " district and elsewhere, but Lithostege
griseata is still more local ; large patches of the plants occur without a
sign of the moth. I believe the larva is strictly confined to the one
food plant ; when specimens are found amongst the clovers and trefoils
they have doubtless been blown there by the breeze, which is so preva-
lent in the open " breck " country, and which, with their feeble flight,
they would be unable to withstand, I agree with your correspondent's
remarks as to the scarcity of Lit/iostei/e (/riseata, it seems to be one of
the rarest of the insects peculiar to the " breck," but I think Dian-
thoecia irregularis is probably even scarcer. However, larvte of the
latter may be found abundantly, when it is known where and how to
look for them. This insect again is much more local than its foodplant
— Silene otites. With reference to Agrophila trabealis {sulphtiralis), there
is certainly a partial second brood in August. I once found (h-ohena
{Pionea) extiinalis common in a clover field, and it was with consider
able interest that I subsequently took a specimen in Hampshire^the
only one I have seen elsewhere. No doubt the abundance of difierent
species varies according to the season here, as elsewhere. One year I
found large numbers of the pretty yellow-striped larvne of Antidea
siniiata feeding on the flowers of Galium verum in a locality where a
few years before hardly any could be found, and where a few seasons
later it seemed to be absent. Geologically, botauically and entomo-
logically this is one of the most interesting areas in the British Islands.
I am not aware that the geologists have entirely accounted for the
physical formation, but there seem to be indications of an ancient coast
line ; the fauna certainly has littoral affinities and may be an ancient
survival. Insect life is less abundant than in our southern counties,
but there are quite a number of forms peculiar to the region. Bird life
is noticeable in the abundance of Stone Curlews, and in the occurrence
of Ringed Plovers inland and away from water. — Herbert Ashby
(F.E.S.), Broadway House, Brookdale Road, Southampton. October

nth.

@^URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

We should like to call the attention of our readers to the Annual
Exhibition of Varieties, etc., to be held by the South London Entomo-
logical Society, at their commodious rooms, Hibernia Chambers,
London Bridge, which takes place on November 28th, at 7.30. Visitors
are cordially welcomed and are invited to bring exhibits.

The rich collection of Orthoptera made in past years at Geok-
Tapa, in the Transcaucasus, by that good all-round naturalist A. B.
Shelkovnikofif, is being determined by Professor Y, P. Shtchel-
kanovtsefif, of Warsaw University, who has already published two or

CURRENT NOTES. 275

three very useful papers on the Orthoptera-Fauna of the Caucasus,
which is exceedingly interesting, as northern, Alpine, meridional, and
Asiatic forms meet in this highly diversified district. — M.B.

P. A. Zaitseff, former editor of the licvue russe d'Entomolouie, has
been appointed to the post of Entomologist of the Botanic Gardens
at Tiflis.— M.B.

B. P. UverofT, at the Entomological Bureau of Stavropol, in the
Northern Caucasus, is a valued recruit to the gradually increasing
array of Russian entomologists, and has already done good work on
the Orthoptera of the Caucasus, Turkestan, and the Transcaspian
district.— M.B.

The Orthoptera-Fauna of Russia is so varied that this group has
attracted more students in Russia than in any other country.
Excellent work is being done and has been done by A. P. Semenoff-
Tian-Schansky, N. Adelung, N. Zubowsky, Y. P. Shtschelkanovtseft",
N. Ikonnikoff, B. P. Uvaroff, Retowski, the late A. M. Shaguroff, J.
Ingenitsky, Stsherbakov, and others. — M.B.

In the Scottish N^atiiraliftt for August, Mr. W. -J. Lucas gives a
report of a considerable number of species of Odonata, taken by Col.
J. W. Yerbury in the North of Scotland from localities of which but
little has been known hitherto. The account includes the reference
to a presumably new species of Sywpetntni, described by Mr. Lucas,
Ent., xlv. (1912), p. 171, as .S. nifp-escens, and distinguished as being
intermediate between S. striolattim and S. scoticum.

We have heard with regret of the death of another of the older
entomologists. Dr. Sequiera, well known for so many years as a
constant attendant at the fortnightly meetings of the City of London
Entomological Society. He was the life long-friend of the late J. A.
Clarke whose collections contained so large a number of extreme
varieties of our native species of Lepidoptera. For some years past
Dr. Sequiera had been totally blind, but up to a few months before
his death he kept up a most lively interest in everything that was said
at the City of London meetings and also in the exhibits, which had to
be explained to him. He was a man of unusually buoyant spirits and
even the great affliction of his later years never altered his cheerful
and hearty manner. He was within a few days of 84 years of age.

Mr. H. H. Brindley, M.A., of St. John's College, Cambridge, is
pursuing an investigation into the Proportions of the Sexes in For/icula
nnricularia. From observations made in many localities upon thou-
sands of specimens there seems to be a preponderance of the female
sex in most places, although the percentage of males has been found to
vary (1) in different localities, (2) in the same locality in different years,
(3) before or after hybernation, etc. But the evidence as yet is con-
sidered to be insufficient to suggest any very definite statement of
result.

In the August number of the Revue Mensuelle of the Societe Ento-
mologique Namuroise, Dr. Goetghebuer records the capture of examples
of a new aberration of Melanan/ia aalathea, in which the ground colour
of the wings is of a very light yellowish, very much lighter than in the
ab. citrana, Lamb. The undersides of the hindwings are quite without
traces of the usual black design. Dr. Goetghebuer has named it ab.
Jlavesceus.

In the September part of the Revue M. Lambilliou announces the

276 THE entomologist's record.

capture of a remarkable aberration of Ajiatura ilia by M. I'abbe Cabeau.
The right side wings are perfectly normal in colour and marking, but
the left wings are of a rich fawn ground as in the ab. silvia, Cab., and
the spots on the upper wings are changed from white to a pale fawn
colour, except that the three apical spots remain white. The specimen
is a male. Unfortunately it is in a damaged condition, having l)een
apparently attacked by a bird.

In a recent Bidlctin de la Socii'te entoDioloj/iijiie do France some
valuable notes are given by M. P. Chetien on the early stages of the
three species of Kuvhln'e [Antltocharis) from Morocco, E. helewia, E.
fallniii, and E. cliarhmia. The larvfe of all three species feed in the
spring. E. belemia feeds on the flowers chiefly of Moricandia suff'ruti-
cosa, M. teretifoUa and Brassica tonrneforti. E. falloni feeds on the
flowers of the first named Crucifer only. While E. chaiionia feeds on
the leaves chiefly of another Crucifer, Diplota.ds pejidida.

We would like to call the attention of our readers to the exchange
column, and to ask all those, who make the use of it, to indicate in
their covering letter, or to give us due notice, when they wish their
lists to be withdrawn, or to be modified. As a rule Duplicates are not
all disposed of at once, nor are all Desiderata obtained at once, hence
it has been our custom to continue to publish the Exchange Lists for
a longer period than the one month for which they are first inserted.
It is disappointing to correspondents to find that they have applied for
duplicates already disposed of.

SOCIETIES.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
— June 21th. — Mr. Sothern Dekter, of Lee, was elected a member. —
Jumping cases of Sawfly Larv.e. — Mr. Gahan exhibited some
sycamore leaves showing the mines of larvaB of the saw-fly
Phyllotoma aceiin, and the remarkable cases, in the form of little
circular discs, constructed by the larvfc. These cases become
detached and move on the ground by little hops somewhat like
the Mexican jumping bean. Coleophora agramella. — Mr. A. Sich,
specimens of the rare Micro-lepidopteron, Coleophora a;ira)iiella,
from Hailsham. Pup.e of B. hirtaria lying over four years. —
Mr. R. Adkin, a short series of Biston hirtaria bred from
Aviemore larvre which fed up in 1908. The imagines exhibited
emerged in March and April of this year. Exotic Butterflies. — Mr.
Edwards, a pair of the beautiful Lycicnid, Eniiwens debora from
Mexico and a fine specimen of the rare Epiphcle eriopsin from Bogota.
Variety of A. grossulariata. — Mr. Cowham, a fine symmetrical
variety of Ahra.vaa (/rassidariata taken in his garden, the usual yellow
markings were almost absent, and the black markings were of smaller
area and very symmetrical. Aberrant cocoon of P. cecropia. — Mr.
Dods, a cocoon of I'latjjsatnia cecropia from which the imago had
emerged by the wrong end. Dark B. eupiirosyne. — Mr. Goff", some-
what heavily marked specimens of Brcnthis ciiphrtini/)ir from Kent and
Surrey. Report. — Mr. Step I'ead the Report of the Delegates to the
Congress of the South-Eastcrn Union of Scientific Societies held at
Folkestone in June. — Jidi/ 11th. — Galls on Poplar-trees. — Mr. Dennis
exhibited the pyriform-petiole gall of Byrsocrypta pyriformis and the

SOCIETIES. 277

spiral-petiole gall' of P. spirothecae from poplar trees. The genus Calli-
DRYAS AND THE GENUS GoNEPTERYX. — Miss Fountaine, examples of the W.
Indian and S. African species of the genus Callidnjas and of the large
species of the genus Gonepteryx from America; the specimens were mostly
bred by herself. Living larvae of Pyrameis cardui and the results of
THE crossing OF PiERis NAPi AND VAR. BRYONi.E. — Mr. Main, larvfB of p.
cardui from Eastbourne, and long series of P. napi and var. bri/oniae,
the results of recent breeding experiments. Sicilian Lepidoptera. — Mr.
Piatt Barrett, a bred specimen of Charaxes jasius from a Sicilian larva
and made remarks on the spring and early summer of the present year
in Sicily. The Saw-fly Phyllotoma aceris. — Mr. Step, photographs
of the cases of P. aceris on the leaves of maple and sycamore from
Ashtead and Oxshott. Several members had met with the species in
their own districts. Aberrant cocoon of Platysamia cecropia. — Mr.
Adkin, the cut-open cocoon of the above species, which had been
previously exhibited, and pointed out that the inner envelope of the
cocoon was reversed, hence the imago had to emerge from the wrong
end of the outer envelope. Local variation in Coremia ferrugata. —
Mr. Adkin read notes on several bred series of C. ferrugata. Curious
Variation of Papilio phorcas. — Mr. Moore, P. phorcas from Africa, in
which the veins in the green areas of the wings were widely margined
with white. Pupal Habit of Libythea celtis.— Mr. Sich, pupa cases
of L. celtis suspended in a horizontal position beneath a leaf without a
girdle for support. White eggs of Cerura vinula.— Mr. Sich, the egg
shells of C. vinida of a creamy-white colour found in Sussex. Eastern
Satyrid.e. — Mr. Edwards, specimens of Neorina hilda and A^. crishna
from the Indian area. — July 25th.— Oya of Chrysopa. — Mr. West
(Ashtead) exhibited ova of a Chrysopa on the leaves of the garden
Ox-eye Daisy. Exotic Butterflies. — -Mr. Edwards, the butter-
flies Ennica eitrota from Brazil, Smyrna hloiufeldii from Mexico,
and .S. karwinskii from Brazil. Living Larvae of C. edusa. — Mr.
J. Piatt Barrett, a full fed larva of Saturnia pyri, from Sicily,
young larvae of Colias edusa from ova of an English caught $ ,
and a large number of butterflies from S. Africa. Varieties of P.
lecheana. — Mr. R. Adkin, Ptycholouia lecheana from Brentwood, one
almost unicolorous buff colour and unusually pale, the other a rich
deep brown with very distinct silvery markings. The Season of 1912.
— Remarks were made on the abundance of Celastrina aryiolus, and
the occurrence of Sesia stellatarum and Colias edusa this season. —
August 8th. — Pupation position of P. machaon. — Capt. Cardew, larvas
of Papilio uiachaon, from Stalham Dyke, spun up for pupation. Larv^
of p. alexanor. — Mr. Hugh Main, larvae of Papilio alexanor, from
the S. of France. C. edusa at Dieppe. — -Mr. H. Moore, a short series
of Colias edusa taken in the Forest of Arques, Dieppe, in August.
Ootheca of p. orientalis. — Mr. Priske, a 2 cockroach Psriplaneta
orientalis with the ootheca still attached to her. Responsiveness of
Pup^ to Surroundings. — Mr. F. D. Cooke, the pup^e of Pyrameis cardui
to show the difl'erence between those spun up on white muslin and
those on darker material. Varied series of British Moths. — Mr.
Newman, long series of Pianthoecia carpopliaga, specimens of \P).
capsincnla, and D. capsophila, and Kentish Dianthoecia identical with
I. of Man D. capsophila. Aberrant and rare Coleoptera. — Mr.
Blenkarn, Haliplus icehncki with aberrant agdoeagus, a specimen of

278 THE entomologist's recoed.

Clytus arietis with the first yellow belt reduced to a minute spot, an
unusually small example of Philontlws puella, and specimens of the
very rare Coleopteron PentartJtniii) liKttoni from the cellars of Messrs.
Moet and Chandon. — Ain/ust 22nd. — Exotic Butterflies. — Mr.
Edwards exhibited the exotic butterflies Tlianmantis diores from Assam^
Discophora lepida from Ceylon, Tmaris selene from the Malay, and T.
honratldi from Madagascar, all belonging to the Asiatic section of the
Morphinae : and specimens of Opsiphanes hoisdnvcdii from Mexico,,
referring to their conspicuous tuft of scent hairs. Shetland Lepi-
DOPTERA. — Mr. Newman, a very long series of Pachnobia hyperborea
from Rannoch, showing much variation, a short, very uniform series
from Shetland, where the species was fast disappearing, it is supposed
owing to the attacks of ichneumons, a few Crymodes exulis from Shet-
land, including a very pale specimen, and a long series of his inbred
yellow form of Callimorpha domimda, with the only intermediate he
had obtained. Lapland Collecting. — Mr. Sheldon gave a very in-
teresting account of his holiday near the N. Cape in search of butter-
flies and bird's eggs. A rare Coleophorid. — Mr. Sich, specimens of
Coleophora apicella taken at Byfleet in June, where its food-plant,
Stellaria yraminea, grows abundantly. Ova of Chrysopa. — Mr. Adkin,
the ova of a Clirywpa, which were on unusually short stalks. Col-
lecting Notes. — Reports were made that larvse were very scarce this
season, especially in the New Forest. Bryophila perla was noted as
very scarce. Ayriades coridon was still common in Hertfordshire, and
several var. seiui-synf/rapha had been taken, while the 5 s varied from
very deep black to khaki coloured ground. Captain Cardew noted the
curious fact that B. vniralis -was common at Folkestone but completely
absent from Dover, where apparently conditions were most favourable.
— iSepteiiiber 1.2th. — An Ephestia. — Mr. Tonge exhibited an Ephestia sp.
bred from an Egyptian date. Galls. — Mr. Moore, galls found on the
wild rose. Variety of R. phl.eas. — Mr. Gibbs, a Rionicia phlaeas
from Woburn, a combination "of ab. radiata and ab. coeruleopuuctata.
Varieties of British Butterflies. — Capt. Cardew, an Apatura iris
with much fulvous shading on the hindwings, a series of Eupithecia
subfulvata bred from Northumberland, a living larva of Acidalia
imi)iHtata. Varieties of Continental Butterflies. — Mr. Curwen, a
large summer form of Pieris napi with rays evanescent, Polyommatus
icariis ab. aroiata, Ayriades coridon, with aberrant markings on the
undersides, and an Aryynnis niobe var. eris with an extremely deep
green ground on the undersides of the hindwings. A. alexius and P.
ICARUS AB. icarinus. — Dr. T. A. Chapman, specimens of Ayriades ale.vius
and of Polyoiiimatiis icariis ab. icarinus and gave a detailed account of
the former species which Freyer put forward as far back as 1858. L.
albipuncta.- — Mr. Tonge reported Leucania alhipuncta at sugar at
Deal, and specimens of I'olia chi at Winslow in Bucks. Report. —
Mr. Sich read his Report as delegate to the International Congress of
Entomology in early August.

OBITUARY.

A. M. Shuguroff.

A promising young Russian Orthopterist, A. M. Shuguroff, died
at Kutais, in the Caucasus. He had been stationed at Odessa, and

OBITUAEY. 279

Simferopol, and was recently appointed to an entomological post at
Kutais, in the Western Caucasus, where unfortunately he met a tragic
end during the past summer, before he had attained his thirtieth year.
He had published several papers on the Orthoptera of the Eussian
Fauna, mostly in Russian : we know of the following " Orthoptero-
logical Notes," {Rev. russe d'Ent., 1905, p. 33), " Note on the Species
of Genus Callimenus, F. de W.," [Bev. russe d'Ent., 1906, p. 176),
translated into English in the Entomologist, 1907, p. 248, "A Revision
of the Genus Gampsocleis,'' {Zap. Xovuross. Obsch. Estest., xxxi.,
1907), " A sketch of the Fauna of the Government of Cherson," {Hor.
Boss. Ent. Soc, xxxviii., p. 109, 1907), and "Kurze Notizen zur
geschichte der Krym'schen Fauna." {Mitth. der Kaiikas. Mits.,
1908).— M.B.

William Rickman Jeffrey.

Again we regret to have to record the death of a veteran entomolo-
gist. William Rickman Jeffrey was one of those ardent field-workers
whom the father of our modern entomology, the late H. T. Stainton,
gathered around him in the mid- Victorian period. In the first list of
entomologists ever collected, which was compiled by the last-named
gentleman, and published in the Entomologist's Annual in 1857, we
read the name W. R. Jeffrey, High Street, Reigate, we find his name
among the contributors to the pages of the Entomologist's WeeJdy
Intelligencer, and he was a constant contributor to the Entomologist's
Monthly Magazine, to which he contributed field-notes as recently as
1909. Mr. Jeffrey was a native of Ashford in Kent, where he was
born in 1836. Owing to delicate health he was taken from school at
the early age of twelve, and for three years spent an outdoor life at
Folkestone, where the famous Warren was his constant resort. It
was during this period of his life that he not only gained health and
strength, but he acquired that taste for the study of nature in the
field, which he retained throughout his long life. At the age of
fifteen he was apprenticed to the late Mr. Thomas Nichols, watch-
maker of Reigate, a very rich entomological locality much worked in
the early fifties by H. T. Stainton. A friendship sprang up between
young Jeffrey and Stainton, which lasted unbroken until the death of
the latter in 1892. Unlike most entomologists he early took up the
study of the so-called Micro-lepidoptera, and much information
was obtained by him for the various works brought out by his
friend. After leaving Reigate he lived for some time at Scarborough,
and there met those two enthusiastic and ardent workers in
entomology, the late John Scott and the late Thomas Wilkinson,
and to the latter's famous work on the British Tortrices he gave
or substantiated much detailed information. In the late sixties
he returned to his native town of Ashford, where he remained till his
death. At Ashford his entomological work was largely done to assist
the late William Buckler in his great work, The Larvm of the British
Lepidoptera, in which work his name frequently occurs. He could not
be a worker at life-histories without an intimate knowledge of wild
plants, and that he had this we are assured, since he was in close
correspondence with Mr. Fred. J. Hanbury, the author of the Kentish

280 THE entomologist's record.

Flora, and further, we note that one of his sons is at present curator
of the herbarium of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Edinburgh. Latterly
he had turned some of his attention to the Cryptogams, and he was
studying the Mosses and Fungi of the Ashford district. At his death
he was in his seventy-sixth year. — H.J.T.

Albert James Fison.

English Lepidopterists who have hunted in the Rhone Valley
during their expeditions in Switzerland will hear with keen regret of
the death of Mr. Fison of Charpigny, who has proved himself for
many years so good a guide and so kind a friend to all of those with
whom he came in contact. His death took place at Bex, after a few
days' illness, on October 6th, and he was buried in the Clarens
cemetery on the following Tuesday. Albert James Fison was the
younger son of the late Cornell Fison, of Thetford, Norfolk, and was
born March 13th, 1840, and was consequently well advanced in his
73rd year. He first came out to Switzerland at the age of fifteen on
account of his health, at a time when the railway went no further than
Besancon, and resided at the house of the late Dr. Taylor of Charpigny.
His life-long affection for Switzerland, and his interest in its plants and
butterflies, and to some extent also in its geology, began so
long ago as this. His collection of Swiss butterflies was
most interesting and complete, and for many years past he
carefully labelled every specimen with date and locality. Even those
taken previous to this time have a certain degree of local distinctive-
ness, for all were taken in Switzerland, almost every specimen by
himself, and those taken on the southern slopes of the Alps are
distinguished from the others by black pins. This collection, which
remains at Charpigny, is now the property of his nephew, Mr. G. H.
Fison, of Southcote, Castle Hill, Guildford, who kindly supplied the
details of his early life, and who states that he will gladly give an
order to see the insects to any bona-fide entomologist who applies
to him at the above address. The collection contains, among many
other very interesting examples, the type specimen of Brenthis pales,
ab. cinctata, Favre, the only known Western European specimen of
Parartie meijaera, ab. transcaspica, and a natural hybrid between Colias
falaeno and C. phicomone.

This is not the place to enlarge on the religious side of Mr. Fison's
life, but in this respect also he will be greatly missed at Clarens. The
school of thought to which he belonged has often been accused of
narrowness, but in him, at any rate, there was no touch of such a
quality, and his friendship with the late Chanoine Favre and with the
writer of this notice, with neither of whom can he have had much in
common, was never marred by the slightest jar, such as with one who
had less of tact or of charity might so easily have arisen. Among the
Entomologists who resided in, or visited, the Rhone Valley he had
many friends, to whom his memory will bring back many happy days
and numberless acts of kindness. — G. W.

Corrections. — p. 244, I. 20, add " s " to " discoloration " ; 1. 22,
delete "cause" and insert "insult" (G.W.N.). p. 246, 1. 9, delete
"costa" (twice) and insert "inner margin" (twice).

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early in 1913. Order at once Price 3/6 postage 4d. This work is what everv
Collector has been waiting for. It contains valuable hints on collecting and breeding
from my own personal experience, best food plants and substitutes (English and scientific
names) for all Larvre, description of prominent varieties, mode of pupation,
range in Great Britain, shows what stage each species is in every
month. Index perfection, no matter by what English or scientific name you
know an insect you can find its full life history, also its position in our systematic
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Write for full price lists Ova and Pupee also set Insects,

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CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Supplementary Notes from Braemar, liussell E. James . . . . "^"^ . . . . 253

Notes on certain British Species of the Genus Lathrobium, IF. E. Sharp, F.E.S. 259
Notes on some of the Lepidoptera of the " Breck " District, Lieut.-Col. C. G. Nurse,

F.E.S 260

The Value of Protective Kesemblance in Moths, Rev. A. T. Siift', M.A 262

Switzerland and the Black Forest, Douglas H. Pearson, F.E.S. . . . . . . 265

Notes on the Season. Rhopaloeera, S. G. Castle-Russell . . , , . . . . 267

CoLEOPTERA : — The Food-plants of Apion annulipes and sundry other Beetles,

Hereu'ard C. Dollman, F.E.S 271

Scientific Notes and Observations: — Notes on Luperina nickeriii var. giieneei,

T. A. Baxter ; Habits of Tricopteryx viretata, F. Fountain . . . . . . 271

Notes on Collecting, etc. :— Coleophora artemisiella, F. G. Whittle; Notes of
the Season, Id. : Second brood of Smerinthusocellata, L. W. Newman, F.E.S;
Leucania albipuncta at Deal, A. E. Tonge, F.E.S. ; Polia chi in the South,
Id. ; Colias ednsa at Reading, IF. E. Butler, F.E.S. ; Larva of Manduca
atropos at Chichester, Joseph Anderson ,- Recollections of the Eastern Counties,

Herbert Ashby, F.E.S. 272

Current Notes and Short Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

Societies : — The South London Entomological and Natural History Society . . 276
Obituary:— A. M. Shuguroff, 31. B, : W. Riekman- Jeffrey, H.J.T. ; Albert James

Fison, G.IF. .. 278

Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • 280

Communications are unavoidably held over or promised from Messrs. Burr, Parkinson
Curtis, Dr. Chapman, H. E. Page, T. Baxter, Hy. J. Turner, G. Wheeler, H. Powell,
H. Donisthorpe, G. T. Bethune-Baker, Rev. G. H. Rayoor, B. G. Curwen, R. Smith,
Rev. F. E. Lowe, Dr. E. A. Cockayne, etc., with Reviews and Reports of Societies.

All MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs returned to Hy. J. Turner,
98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, S.E.

FOR SALE.

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of 2535 species, 79 of which are new ; Keys to 777 others ; bibliography and
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"A Nature Wooing at Ormond by the Sea" — Blatchley.

Silk cloth, 245 pp., 12 pis., 63 figs, and map. Lists of the insects taken at
Ormond, Florida, in March and April, with many notes on birds, insects,
reptiles, shell mounds, etc. II'IO postpaid.

"The Dragonflies of Indiana" — Williamson.

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The NATURE PUBLISHING Co., INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA, U.S.A.
Rambles in Alpine Valleys.

Bound in Cloth, with Map and Photographs of District.
Price 3s. 6d.

This book contains a series of essays dealing with the colours of insects, and sugges-
tions as to the relation in past time between the Alpine and British fauna. Many new
facts are brought forward, and entomological problems discussed from various standpoints.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside ard Marsh.

(Crown 8vo., Illustrated, 224 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Bound

in Cloth. (Price 2/6).

Another series of collecting expeditions into well-known entomological and natural
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entomological matters of interest to be found therein. The places dealt with include
Cobham Woods, Cuxton Downs, the. Western Highlands, Cliffe— all well known for their
rich entomological fauna.

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Vol. XXIV.

No, 12.

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THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

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iTcfp '^ Editorial Secietaiy

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READ THE BACK Nos. OF THE

Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation

(Practical Hints, Field Work, etc., useful for every year's collecting).
VOL. Vl.

The TITLES of some of the articles are as follows :— Notes on Butterfly Pupje, with some remarks
on the Phylogenesis of the Rhopalocera."— Dr. T. A. Chapman, F.E.S., " Phytophagic Species." —
Prof. A. RadcKfe Qrote, M.A. " Varieties and aberrations of Nocture from" Doncaster."— if H.
Corhetl, M.E.C.S. "The frenulum of the British species of Smerinthus."— G. C. Giijnths, F.Z.S.,
F.B..S. "Eudryas stje-johannis..'— ^. Raaelife Grote, M.A. "Parthenogenesis or Agamogenesis."—
J. «'. Tutt, F.E.S. " Larvfe."— iJ<T. O. M. A. Hewitt, M.A. " Retrospect of a Lepidnpterist for 1894."
—J. W. Ttitt, F.E.S. " Generic Names in the Noctuidse."— Pior. A. R. Qrote, M.A. " Pupa hunting in
October."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "Polygamy and Polyandry in Moths." "The nature of certain
insect colours."— IF.S. Ridiny, M.D., R. Freer, M.B., J. W. Tutt, F.E.S., Rev. C. R. N. Burroivx, J. Anderson,
Jun. ?'The Lepidoptera of Swansea."— 3iajo?- R. B. Robertson. " Caradrina ambigua in the Isle of
Wight."— ^. ./. Hodfies. "The insects of Bourg St. Maurice."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. " Orrhodia
erythiocephala ab. glabra from Devonshire and comparison with O. vaccinii."— Dr. W. S. Riding,
F.E.S. "Notes on Caradrina ambigua and C. superstes."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "Entomology and
Entomologists, being the Annual Address to the City of London Entom. Society." Notes on
Aphomia sociella " (with plate).— TF. P. Blpckhurne Maze, F.E.S. "Apterous females and Winter
Emergence "—E. F. Studd, M.A., B.C.L., F.E.S., L. B. Prout, F.E.S. " Collecting Noctuidre by Lake
Erie."— .4. RadcUffe Grote, M.A. " Coleoptera at Ipswich."— Claude Morlev, F.E.S. " Notes on
Boinbus visurgige." " Synonymic Notes on Acidalia humilata and A. dilutaria."— L. B. Prout, F.E.S.
"The Lepidoptera of Gresy-sur-Aix."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. " Apatura iris."— i?f!-. G. M. A. Hewett-
" Scheme of Classification of the Rhopalocera founded on the structure of the Pupse."— r. A,
Chapman, M.D., F.E.S. "Glimpses of American Entomology."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "The Genus
Smerinthus."—^. Bacot. " Variation considered biologically : Some notes suggested by the Romanes
Lecture of 1894."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "Wing structure."— J. Alston Moffatt. "On the development
of sex in social insects."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "The British representatives of the Genus Caradrina."—
L. B. Prout, F.E.S. " Habits and variation of Lithosia lutarella and its variety pygmaeola."—
./■. ^y. Tutt, F.E.S. On the gradual disappearance of Lepidoptera from South-Eastern London and

F.E.S. " Hadenoid genera with hairy eyes."— Pcof. A. R. Gro'e, M.A. '• Zygaena minos and its
varieties."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "Notes on the pupae of Castnia and Anthocharis."— T. J. Cha,pmnn,
M.D., F.E.S. Besides these articles, a large number of short notes are contained in every number under
the foUewing titles: " Scientific Notes and Observations," " Variation," " Notes on Larvee and Life-
histories," " Notes on Collecting," " Current Notes." The reports of Societies are very carefully edited,
and only scientific paragraphs published. The " Practical Hints " and " Field work " for each month
are quite unique.

The entomologist who will read carefully through the back numbers of The EntomoJogiet's Record
will find himself better equipped for the further study of his subject than by any other means.

Price 7/6 per volume, of Mr. H. E. Page, " Bertrose." Gellatly Road, Hew Cross, S.E.

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E.

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Vol. XXIV.

Pl.\tk XII.

Photo. F. Noaii Claik.
0\.\ OF CoLKOrHOKA VIMINKTELt.A,

Fig. 1.— Mi(rop¥LEX'2.50. Fio. 2.— Ova in siTrx20.

The l<Uitoinoloiii>iV>i Record, 1912.

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if:.^;feiii'""^"

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Vol.. XXIV

Plate XYI.

Coii!iri;ilil.

I'hof). hii ];u„hik,

•'.'/", liiicliiiiihiiiit I'ahice Uonil.
Wii.i-iAM FoiisKr.i, KiHi-.v.

Tlic l'',iil<iiii<ilo(jist'fi lieconi. etc.. lid'i.

NOTES ON THE GENUS COLEOPHORA. 281

Notes on the various species of the genus Coleophora. ( fry7/t idate.)

By H, J. TUENEK, F.E.S.
Coleophora ochrea.

Through the kindness of Mr. E. Bankes, of Corfe Castle, I first
came to know this local species in the larval stage. On May 12th,
1904, I received a few cases containing living larvfe, taken by him in
the Isle of Purbeck. In his covering letter he stated that he had
known of this colony for some years, but that he had been unable to
get more larvas than he was forwarding in spite of a long search. He
stated that Heliantheimim vid(/are, upon which the larvae feed is, in this
place, in a very exposed situation. The cases sent were at this date
small, and appeared very similar to those of C. f/enistae, although not
so variegated m colour. The winter case persists and forms the anal
portion of the enlarged case, and of course is less in calibre. The
spring addition to the case is made from the cuticle of a leaflet, and is
not attached quite symmetrically to the first case, hence the tube
appears outwardly to be not quite a straight one, but still the two
portions are more in line apparently than in the case of C. (jenistae.
The colour of the case is somewhat dark, consisting of shades of green
and straw colour, becoming with age more uniform. In order to
satisfy the larvte of this species one should have growing plants to go
to, as they are particularly prone to wander, and if the foodplant be
not absolutely fresh will come out of their cases, refuse food and die.
From May 14th to May 17th two of the above larvc'e were quiescent in
a fixed position, apparently for change of skin, as on the latter date
they began to feed again.

On June 10th, Mr. Bankes again visited the Purbeck locality for
this species and found the larva more plentiful, although by no means
as common as in previous years. Some two dozen larvaj reached me
on June 18th, most of them being nearly full grown. The following
is a description of one of these in its last skin.

"Head paler than rest of body. Thoracic segments paler than
abdominal segments, but not so pale as the head. The black spiracu-
lar plates on the three thoracic segments of moderate size. The dorsal
plate on the first segment divided into six irregularly shaped portions
by somewhat wide sutures between them. Two of these lie on each
side of the middle line (suture), and one outside on each side nearly in
line with the two anterior portions. Segment 2 has two largish black
plates. Segment 3 has two smaller ones. The dorsal suture in both
segments is wide. The width of this dorsal suture is the smallest in
segment 1 and the widest in segment 3. The anal plate is only very
slightly darkened. All these plates are not strongly defined at their
edges, there is a tendency for them all to pale outwardly and to shade
into the general colour of the body. The general body colour is a rich
dark brown with lighter shades."

It was a difficulty for me to get food plant and the larvae did badly,
and although they enlarged their cases again, by June 30th most of
them had come out of their cases, often dismembering them, and died.

I did not meet with this species in the larval stage again until June
23rd, 1907, when in company with Mr. J. Ovenden, of Strood, I spent
a most pleasant day at Cuxton and visited the spot, where some years

December 16th, 1912.

282 tHE entomologist's recok13.

before the late Mr. J. W. Tutt had taken the imagines in abundance.
In a somewhat sheltered spot on the chalk slopes facing east, where
the Ih'lianthonHiii was very luxuriant and well in flower, I found the
larvse in abundance and practically full fed. In a very short time I
had annexed several dozens, but they were extremely local, being met with
ill an area of only a few square yards, and not one was to be found on
the food plant elsewhere. The cases were now very large and very
easy to see, as they hung from leaves, stems, flowers, flower- buds and
seed-vessels. The larva? seemed specially fond of the flower-buds.

The results from the larvfe taken were quite satisfactory, most of
the larv* pupated at once, and a very nice series was bred.

CoLEOPHORA VIMINETELLA.

On the leaves and buds of Salix caprea, in Pollards Wood, Chalfont
Road, Buckinghamshire, I found about a dozen of the woolly cases of
this species on May 23rd, 1904. Among them was one very small,
very dark case, presumably the winter case of a larva which was late
in its spring awakening, or feeble from the attacks of a parasite. The
rest were of all sizes, and one was partly green with a lichen-covered
appearance. By June 20th several had fed up, and on June 30th the
first imago emerged. Thus the pupal stage in this species appears to
be about ten days.

On May 27th, 1906, 1 again met with this species in some numbers
on some small willows (osiers?), around the smaller of the two ponds
at Wisley, in Surrey. The following is a short description of the larva
and its armatures : — »

" There were three pair of abdominal claspers. The plates were
quite black and shining. The anal plate was a small one, as also were
tbe spiracular ones, in fact those on segments 2 and 3 were mere dots,
that on the 3rd being smallest of all. The dorsal plate on the 1st
segment was divided by a very fine suture, scarcely perceptible at the
anterior edge, but wide posteriorly. The plate on the 2nd segment
was divided by a broad suture, so that two nearly equilateral triangles
were formed, with their bases towards each other. They were of fairly
moderate area and well defined."

Of the imagines bred from this set of larvte I was successful in
getting ova. The eggs were very like those of ('oleojiluna lai icella and
quite comparable to the general type of egg usual among the Xoctidda.
They were upright and deposited singly, but not far apart, both on the
upper and under surfaces of the leaves of Sali.r caprea, among the
woolly hairs. The following is a short description of the ovum taken
at the time.

'• The surface of the ovum is strongly ribbed with deep furrows
between. There are from 15 to 18 of these ribs. The base of the egg
is flattened and the ribs are not continued on it. These ribs are not
very regularly placed, and half of them (alternate ones) disappear at
uneven distances from the others near the micropylar area. The
remaining ribs become less pronounced near the micropyle, but end
abruptly, forming an irregular, slight micropylar depression on the
vertex of the ovum. The colour of the egg is white with a tinge of
pale yellow, but in a few days it turns to a darker yellow."

The photographs on Plate xii, very kindly taken by Mr. F. Noad
Clarke, show the eggs /;/ situ, with one placed on edge to show the

THE OOTHECiE OF BLATTID^. 288

flattened base, enlarged x 20, and the micropyle enlarged x 250.
The irregular stopping of the ribs of the ovum and the somewhat ill-
defined micropyle, are very apparent in the latter.

The Oothecae of Blattidae.

By the late R. SHELFOIJD, M.A., F.E.S.
Edited by MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc, F.L.S., F.E.S.

The egg-capsule or ootheca of the common pest of our kitchens
Blatta orientalis, is a familiar enough object, which requires no detailed
description here. Enough to say that it is composed of hard, brown
chitin, and in cross-section is rather pear-shaped, the thin end of the
section corresponding to the upper edge of the capsule. The upper
edge is marked by a notched crest and the crest itself shows the line of
dehiscence of the ootheca, this line extending about half-way down
the two ends of the capsule. The notches in the sutural crest are said
to indicate the number of embryos contained in the ootheca, but this
is not really true. The embryos lie head uppermost in a double row,
and their position and number is shown by grooves and bulgings of
the sides of the capsule, beneath the sutural crest. This is clearly
shown in the ootheca of Periplaneta americana, which is closely
similar to that of Blatta orientalia : in this specimen the notches
number thirteen, which would indicate twenty-six embryos, whereas
really the number of embryos is sixteen, there being eight on each
side of the ootheca, as shown by the slight excrescences below the
sutural crest. The lips of the suture are not soldered together in
any way, but remain closely appressed by virtue of the elasticity of
the chitinous walls, whilst the sculpturing and puckaring of the
crest doubtless play a sort of interlocking action.

It has been stated that the young larvte escape from the capsule
by exuding a fluid which dissolves the material soldering together the
lips of the suture. This is very doubtful ; the young larvre are
provided with a pair of frontal vesicles which, by means of an altera-
tion of blood pressure, can be enormously dilated, thus rupturing any
covering, membrane, or egg-case. This method of escape from egg or
eggcase is practically universal in the insect kingdom, though the
position of the vesicle or vesicles varies ; in the cockroach the so-called
ocelli mark the position of these vesicles in the young larvfe.

Very similar to the Blattine type is the little ootheca, which
belongs to an unknown Ceylon species, probably of the sub-
family Pseudomopinae : it is attached to the upper surface of a leaf
and the actual specimen, which is white mottled with brown, looks
singularly like a drop of bird's excrement. Quite different is the
really elegant egg-capsule of J\Le;/alnhlatta iiijipes, one of the Nycti-
borinae, a subfamily confined entirely to the New World. The sutural
crest is toothed and the sides of the capsule are beautifully striated ;
the number of contained eggs appears to be forty, judging by the
grooving of the sides. The capsule is much flattened from side to
side and is carried with the suture directed to one side, thus dift'ering
markedly from the Blattine position. The very similar ootheca of
Paratropes bilunata which 1 found in the British Museum collection
confirmed an opinion previously formed, r/c, that this genus should
be removed from the Kpilamprinae and placed in the Nyctihorinae.

284 THE entomologist's record.

The egg-case of Pahjphaga aegyptiaca (sub-family Conjdiinae) has
been figured byBrunner von Wattenwyl in his Frodruinus Knropaiscketi
Ort/iojitcrfH (pi. i., fig. 12 C.) ; it is chiefly remarkable for being
furnished with a peculiar flange or spur at the posterior end of the
sutural crest, which is deeply notched; it is not so rotund as the
typical Blattine ootheca, but is rather intermediate in shape between
such an one and that of Me(jalnblatta. There is no information as to
the way in which the ootheca is carried, i.e., with the suture upper-
most or directed to one side.

The corresponding Neotropical genus Honweor/aniia has a very
peculiar ootheca, if one may take that of H. azteca as an example. In
shape it is not unlike that of Parotnijies hilunata, but along the lower
border on each side runs a thin flange, leaving between them_a deep
groove. The capsule is carried in the same way as in the Ni/ctiborinae.

On account of the egg-laying habits of the Blattidae and Mantidae,
Handlirsch, the learned Viennese entomologist, has brigaded together
these two families of Orthoptera, christening them the lUattacfoDiiia
Oot/ieraria and regarding them as the most primitive of all the
families. From an anatomical point of view this opinion may
be correct, but it is a mistake to suppose that all Blattidae form
an ootheca. The case is far otherwise, and I can state with
confidence that about one-third of the genera form no ootheca at
all, or only a most imperfect one, the young larva? emerging alive
from the brood-sac of the mother. The viviparous habit amongst
cockroaches was first discovered by Riley in Panchlora riridis, and
numerous other examples have come to light since then. In most of
these viviparous species the embryos are carried in the brood-sac of
the mother enveloped in a thin membrane, which ruptures to let the
embryos escape. But yet another method has been observed by
Holmgren of species belonging to three subfamilies, riz., O.rijkaloa
saiissnrei {( Knjhaloinae) , Kiintega^ta niicans (^Kpilaiiiprinae), and Blahera
sp. [lUaherinae). In the last species a chitinous, sculptured capsule
is formed and is retained in the brood-sac until the young are ready to
emerge, when apparently it is deposited. In Euntenaata on the other
hand the capsule splits open inside the brood-sac allowing the young
to escape before the ootheca itself is actually got rid of. This type of
viviparity is evidently secondary to the formation of a chitinous ootheca,
or in other words, is derived from it, for it is not reasonable to suppose
that an elaborate structure like the ootheca of Mef/alobUitta nijipes
should have been developed if it was never to be exposed to view. It
is far more likely that the I-'Jiistetjasta and JUabera type of egg-laying is
a secondary device to secure still greater immunity from the attacks of
parasites, and it is no wild supposition that in course of time the
chitinous ootheca, being in these species a work of supererogation, will
disappear. The viviparity of I'anchloia and I'anesthia is another
matter ; it may be primitive, it may be derived from the Kustegaata
type or from yet another type of ootheca, eiz., that shown by Blattella
fiennanica and other B.seitduiiiopinae. The ootheca of B. (jermanica is a
thin leather sac, and carried with the suture, which is not marked with
any crest, directed to one side, the number of contained eggs is rather
large and therefore the length of the sac is considerable. The sutural
line is marked by a series of puckers and the number of eggs is about
fifty. This structure is carried in a brood-sac and protruding from

THE OOTHECvE OF THE BLATTID.E.

285

the apex of the abdomen until the embryos are just about ready to
emerge, when it is deposited in a casual manner anywhere. It is
obvious that this type of ootheca is not derived from the chitinous
type but is merely an advanced development of the thin membrane
surrounding the egg-masses of Fancatliia, Pancldora, etc.

Now, which is the more primitive habit in the Blattidae, viviparity
or the ootheca-forming habit ? This is a problem which cannot be
solved with certainty, but I believe that viviparity has in this family
a two-fold origin. In Blahera and Kiister/asta it is secondarily derived
from the ootheca-forming habit, as shown by the presence of a more
or less junctionless ootheca in these genera ; in Blattella it may well
be derived from an ancestral type, which deposited an egg-mass at the
beginning of the embryonic period. The Blattine ootheca, elaborate as
it is in structure, can hardly be regarded as truly primitive, and the
fact that it attains its highest development in the Nyctibnrinae and
lUattinae, two highly evolved subfamilies, is further confirmation of
the opinion that this structure came into being at a period com-
paratively late in the cockroach genealogical histoi-y. The following
diagram may make matters a little more clear.
Viviparous

species, no q
ootheca. I
e.g., Fan- \
chlora.

Length of embryonic
period spent inside
brood-sac gradually
prolonged.

0 Blattella-ty^^e of
I ootheca. Ovo-
I viviparous species.

Viviparous species.

0 Ootheca formed, but

I retained in brood-sac

; and f unctionless.

e.g., Blahera.

0

Blatta -type of
ootheca.

Hypothetical ancestor

depositing eggs singly

or in egg-masses.

Whether there is a grain of truth in this diagram or not, one thing
is clear and that is, that the various adaptations of habit and oothecal
structure are designed with the object of securing protection from the
attacks of external parasites. The appearance of these enemies
would soon render the position of unprotected eggs untenable and two
methods of protection could be adopted, either the eggs must be
retained inside the mother as long as possible, or they must be
concealed in a horny chitinous covering ; both methods have met with
success, but of the two the former seems to be the more successful,
seeing that the lllabera type of viviparity is secondarily derived from
the habit of forming a true and functional ootheca, and presumably is
so derived because of its greater value to the species.

It only remains to give now a list of the sub-families and genera
in which the egg-laying habit is known. The Blattidae are divided
into sub-families, and the egg-laying habits are known in a certain
proportion of genera in each sub-family, except the Peiisphaeriinae
concernmg which we are almost quite ignorant. The following are
the sub-families and genera about which we have some information : —

286 THE entomologist's record.

Sub-family Ectobiin^. — Ootheca chitinous, of Blattine type.
Known in the following genera : — Ectohiiis, Thegannpteryx, Hololampra.

SuB-EAMiLY PsEUDOMOPiN^. — Ootheca either of Blattine type, or
leathery and carried with the suture directed to one side. Known in
the following genera : —

1. Blattine type, FAlipddion, Mareta.

2. Leathery form, Hemithyrsocera, Blatella, Ischnoptera, Loboptera.
Sub-family NYCTiBORiNiE. — Chitinous ootheca of peculiar type.

Known in the following genera : — Megaloblatta, Paratropes.

Sub-family Epilamprin^. — Viviparous, ootheca represented by a
membrane, which may, or may not, be retained in the brood-sac.
Known in the following genera: — PhlebonntKs, Molytria, Paendo-
phoraaph, Epjlaiiipra, Kuateriosta.

Sub-family Blattine. — Chitinous ootheca carried with suture
uppermost. Known in the following genera: — Polyzoateria, Blatta,
Periplaneta, Paeudoderopeltis, Deropeltis.

Sub-family Panchlorin^. — As in EpiLAMPRiNiE. Known in
following genera: — Gyna, Bliyparohia, Leucophaea, Panchlnra,
Naiiphoeta.

Sub-family Blaberin^. — Chitinous ootheca formed, but never
extruded, practically functionless. Known in following genus : —
Blabera.

Sub-family Corydiin^. — Chitinous ootheca of modified Blattine
type. Known in following genera : — Polyphaya, Honweoffamia.

Sub-family Oxyhaloin^. — Viviparous or with chitinous ootheca.
Known in following genera : —

(i.) Viviparous. Oxyhaloa, Diploptera.

(ii.) Chitinous ootheca. Chorhoneura, Ectonenra.

Sub-family Perisphaeriin^. — The only evidence that we have about
the egg-laying habit of this sub-family, and that but indirect, is that
supplied by Mr. Distant in his " Jnsccta Tranfivaalienxm " concerning
Cyrtotria {Stenopilemo). A female of the species was found living in a
burrow in the ground surrounded by its young ; this is slight
evidence in favour of a viviparous habit, for the necessity of forming
a horny capsule is obviated by the cryptic habit, and no trace of such a
capsule empty seems to have been found, and it is highly unlikely that
a cockroach should lay eggs, like the earwig and mole-cricket, entirely
unprotected by an ootheca of some sort.

Sub-fam. Panesthiin^. — Viviparous. Ootheca a mere membrane.
Known in the following genera: — Panesthia, Sahjanea.

It is quite evident that the egg-laying habits can be of considerable
use in any scheme of classification of the Blattidae. The discovery
of the ootheca of Paratropes was definitive evidence in favour of the
inclusion of this genus in the Nyctiborinae, and the oscillations of
Heinithyrsocera between the Ectobiinae and Paeudomopinae are brought
to an end by the discovery that its ootheca is similar to that of
Blattella. It will be noted that so far as our present knowledge goes,
the egg-laying habit is diverse in only two sub families, the Pwudo-
mopinae, in which a leathery capsule and a chitinous capsule is formed,
and the (h-ylialoinae, whichexhibit viviparity and the chitinous ootheca;
certainly the latter sub-family is no natural one, and could well be
split into two, but whether the Vaeudowopinae lend themselves to the
same treatment cannot be decided.

NOTES ON A JULY TEIP IN SWITZERLAND. 287

Occasionally a female cockroach may be captured with an ootheca
protruding from the apex of the abdomen and it will be noticed that
the position of the capsule between the lips of the valvular subgenital
lamina (last ventral plate) is such that the suture of the capsule is
uppermost. The female carries the c;ipsule thus protruding from the
end of her body for seven or eight days, and then deposits it in some
secure nook or cranny, either wedging it into a crack or else with a
drop of some glutinous material making it adhere slightly to some
foreign substance.

The most important cockroach-parasites are the species of the
Hymenopterous genus Kvania, curious looking insects with the
abdomen small, triangular, much flattened from side to side, and
slung to the thorax by a slender pedicel. The inodiis operandi of the
parasite has, so far as I know, not been observed, but it is tempting
iS suppose that the female can slip her cleaver-like abdomen between
the lips of the oothecal suture, and so right into the ootheca itself; so
hard and horny is the capsule that the suture appears to be the only
part susceptible to attack.

The egg-cases of Pen'planeta americana, the well-known " ship's
cockroach," and P. anstralasiae are very similar to that of />'. orientalh.
Both are abundant housshold pests in the tropics. It is concerning
certainly one of these two species that the following observations were
made in West Africa by Col. Wynn Sampson : — " Ootheca is similar
to the English one, but apparently the female is not satisfied with the
protection it affords to the egg, and she therefore not only covers it
over, but also uses the material of the substance to which the ootheca
is attached for this purpose. One specimen, for instance, was half
embedded in the top of a cork, and chips of cork completely covered
the capsule ; another was stuck on the edges of the leaves of a book
and was covered with fragments of paper ; another on the leather
binding of a book was covered with fragments of leather ; whilst a
fourth example was fastened to some mortar between two bricks, and
was actually covered with mortar." It is not without interest to note
that De Geer, quoting Madame Merian on the habits of I'eriplaneta
atiin-icoua, says that they cover their egg-cases with a " toile fine " ;
De Geer doubts the accuracy of his informant's observations, but it is
quite possible that Madame Merian was attempting to describe a habit
which has not been observed again for over a century.

The egg-case of Deropeltis autraniana protrudes from the abdomen
of the female. The distortion, due to drying, shows that the ootheca is
more of a leathery consistency, and in this feature, together with its
greater length, it differs from those already described. It may be noted
here that the formation of the ootheca is gradual, proceeding from
backwards before, and the more advanced it is in development the
further it extrudes.

Notes on a July trip to Switzerland.

By B. S. CURWEN.
On July 5th I started for a twenty-five days' tour in Switzerland ,
and as the weather was very fair, compared with the subsequent weird
meteorological happenings in August, and as butterflies were found to
be comparatively plentiful, a short account of my captures may prove
of interest. With me were a friend and my brother, neither of whom,

288 THE entomologist's record.

however, were actively interested in entomology. We travelled
straight through to Interlaken arriving there in rain, which only
ceased two days later, on our departure for Miirren on July 8th. On
this day walking up the Lauterbrunnen Valley from Zweilutschinen,
the sun was barely visible and everything was dripping. Epinephele
jitrtina and Aphantopus hyperantus were, however, on the wing, and soon
Pararge viaera in plenty was set moving. This last species was in
perfect condition as was Melitaea dictynna, which was also only just
emerging. Other things taken during the walk were Fieri?, napi and
var. hryoniae, Aporia crataeyi, < 'olias Jiyale, Kuchlo'e canlouiines, Auyiades
.fi/lriini(.t, and Cupidn mhiivms.

On July 9th, we walked up into the lovely Bliimenthal from
Miirren ; the flowers were beautiful, but there was still some snow in
isolated patches. The day was very fine and hot, and insects were jn
considerable numbers. Parnasfiius apollo, I', najd var. bryoniae, P.
hrasfiicae, E. cordomines, Colia>i phicomone, ('. hyale and Aylais iirticae
with suffused hindwings and no blue marginal spots, were taken, as also
were Melitaea dictynna, Brenthis enphrosyue, B. pales, Coenonyinpha
arcania, C. satyrion, Chrysnp/ianiis hippothoe var. enryhia, Loweia
dorilis var. subalpina, Lycaena avion, C. minimus, Cyaniris semiaryus,
Aricia eiouedon, ]'acci)iiina optilete and Polyoniiiiatus icariis.

The next day was spent in the Sefinen-thal, which was swarmine:
with insects. All the butterflies met with on the previous day were
taken, and in addition Papilio machaon, Leptosia sinapis, Ayriades
corido7i, Polyomiiiatiis hylas and Aricia )iiedon (astrarche).

On July 11th we turned our attention towards the Griitsch Alp;
here Erehia aethiops was plentiful and of such a confiding nature that
one specimen which perched on my finger allowed itself not only to
be photographed but to be carried for quite a considerable distance
before flying away. Other captures on this day were P. machaon, P.
apollo, Pnntia daplidice, C. pliiconione, Melitaea athalia, M. dictynna,
Brenthis euphrosync, B. a)natJnisia, Aryynnis aylaia, P. niaera, A.
coridon (just emerging), P. icarus, P. hylas, C. semiaryus, A. medon
[astrarche), Adopaea lincola, A. sylvanus, C. hippothoe and Erehia liyea.

A move was made to Grindelwald on July 12th. The walk from
the Wengern Alp to Grindelwald, although in bright sunshine, did not
prove very productive. The species met with were evidently just
emerging, with the exception of P. machaon, and Melitaea cynthia.
Poniia calUdice, Colias palaeno and (J. phicoiuone were, however, taken,
as also were Brenthis pales in abundance, B. euphrosyne, E. cardamines,
C. semiaryus, Erehia epiphron, and E. pharte.

On July 13th and 15th a little climbing on the two Grindelwald
glaciers and the Alps round the Baregg Hut and Milchbach Chalet
produced the following species : — Pieris napi, Euchlo'e cardauiine.s,
Colias pliicomone, Brentliis pales, B.aiuathusia, Erehia pharte, E, aet/iiops,
K. tyndarus, Loweia dorilis var. subalpina, (htpido minimus, Latiorina
orbit ulus, Ayriades coridon, Albulina pheretes (plentiful), Polyommatus
eros, Cyaniris semiaryus, Cupido miniums, Coeno)iy)upJia arcania,
Melitaea dictynna, M. athalia, etc.

July 14th was devoted to the valley between Grindelwald and
Burglauenen, and among other things C. arcania, Erehia manto, E.
styyne, Chrysophanus hippothae, P. Jiylas, Lycaena arion, and Aricia
eumedoji were taken. Brentlds amatlnida were swarming in a field
just above Burglauenen station.

I

NOTES ON A JULY TRIP TO SWITZERLAND. 289

On July 16th the weather was all that could be desired, and an
exceptionally good day's collecting was obtained at Hertenbiihl on the
slopes of the Faulhorn. Near Grindelwald the following species were
taken : — Aporia crataef/i, Pyranieis atalanta, Issoria lathonia, Ar(ji/nnis
ai/laia, Melanari/ia (lalathea, and FJpinephele Jurtina, the last four being
very plentiful. Higher up in the peaty meadows Fritillaries were
swarming, Melitaea athalia, Arciijnnis adippe, A. niobe var. eris,
Brenthis ainathtisia, and B. dia, with Colias phicomone, Erebia
epiphron, C. arcania, and Poicellia sao.

.July 17th was devoted to climbing. The 18th and 19th were
spent at Weissenburg in the Simmenthal, which although quite
unknown to the writer was thought worth a visit owing to the large
number of times it is mentioned in Rev. G. Wheeler's Handbook to the
Butterflies of Siritzeiiand. The weather was, however, hopeless, and
beyond a few Melanari/ia ijalatca, K. jurtina, A. niooe var. eris, Adopaea
flava, Aijriades coridon, and a freshly emerged tlirsutina damon, all
taken in a few minutes interval between two rain storms, with a pupa
of Polygonia c-albnm from the gate post of the chalet at which I stayed,
nothing was obtainable. The main road at the side of the Simme and
the meadows above the Sanatoria should undoubtedly prove very pro-
ductive in good weather.

At Meiringen, on July 21st, the weather was still unsettled ; a
walk in the environs, however, produced P. rapae, Leptosia sinapis, M.
athalia, B. amathusia, M. (jalatJiea, A. iiiedon {astrarche), ('. semiargus,
Plebeiiis ar(/i/ro(/no)non and Loireia dorilis.

The next day was hopeless, but the 23rd dawned gloriously, and a
fairly early start was made as we intended to walk from Meiringen up
the Hasli-Thal to Handeck. The day proved highly remunerative
entomologically. Practically all the species previously taken, with
but few exceptions, were again in evidence at some stage of the walk,
and many, which on previous days were found singly, now occurred in
profusion. The additional species met with were Dryas paphia,
Hipparchia semele, and IJeodes viryaureae, all the last being <J s, fresh
and very abundant. A pretty clay coloured aberration of Pararye
iiiaera was also taken.

The night was spent at the Handeck Hotel, a most comfortable
and inexpensive place. The next day between Handeck and the
Grimsel Hospice the following species were taken -.—C. phicomone, C.
hyale, K. pharte, K. mnestra, E. gorye, E. tyndarus and Vacciniina
optilete. Except for a yellow Geometer, which was in profusion, there
were few insects about. This was not to be wondered at as two days
previously there had been over a foot of snow. We arrived at the
Hospice about midday and then proceeded to the Hotel Belvedere
Furka over Nageli's Graetli and the Rhone Glacier. Many Aglais
iirticac were seen even on the snow-fields at the summit, with
occasionally an Erebia lappona.

The morning of July 25th was spent in the diligence between
Gletsch and Brigue. A gentle drizzle nearly all the way prevented
any entomological observations. In the afternoon at Brigue, the sun
emerged, and in the fields near the town many insects were taken
amongst which may be mentioned Satyrus herinione, E. jurtina var. his-
pidla, Piuinicia phlaeas var. ^^^».s, and Polyomiiiatiis escheri, which was very
plentiful. After about an hour's collecting a thunderstorm put a stop

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD,

to further proceedings for that day. The next day was devoted to the
Simplon Pass between Brigue and Berisal. The weather was perfect
and the collecting the finest in my limited experience. The following
is a list of my captures in this rich and well known spot : — Papilio
podaliriiis, P. )))ac/tann, Paniassius a/iollo, LeptoKia sinapix, Melitwa
athalia, M. didyma, in swarms both male and female, M. phnebe, also
very plentiful and many var. occitanica''-, B. dia, Issoria lathonia,
Argynnis adippe, Melanaryia yalathca, Krebia euryale, E. liyea,
K.aethiopsi, SatyrusJiernrinne, S.cnrdiila, Enodiadryas, Hipparchia ^ewelc,
E. jurtina, Lniteia dorilis, Lycaena avion, Hirsntina dainon, abundant,
A.coridon, Pleheius «?y///.s and P. aryyroynouion. Practically everything
taken was in fresh condition with the exception of L. avion.

The next and last day, July 27th, was spent near Martigny in the
direction of Vernayez, and proved rather disappointing, as indeed did a
day spent in the same locality in August last year. The only things
taken which were not seen on the previous day and in greater
profusion were Liiiwnitis caiiiilla, Prenthis daphne, Dryas papliia,
Bitwicia p/ilaeati, Nisoniaden tayes and Polyoinwatus icariis. As was to
be expected, the general condition of the butterflies was not so good as
of those near Berisal.

Altogether about 80 species were taken during the 25 days, and,
apart from the mere collecting, the fascination of being able to observe
the habits of many of our rarer British species would in itself make
such a holiday very enjoyable.

An Old Essex Collection.

By the Bev. G. H. RAYNOR, M.A.
My friend, Mr. E. E. Bentall, of The Towers, Heybridge, acquired
about a year ago a collection of British Lepidoptera undoubtedly
formed in the neighbourhood of Chelmsford, but containing insects
obtained from other sources. The collection was formed between the
years 1842 and 1846 by an unknown collector, whose initials areA.G.,
and was preserved in the house of Mr. Andrew Marriage. It is
contained in a cabinet of 26 drawers, and is in excellent condition. As
it is only rarely that a complete collection of this sort survives to the
present day, I think your readers will be interested to have an account
of the species represented, with comments on the specimens and
localities, where needed. In making this catalogue I adopt the names
and the order in which the species are arranged in the original cabinet.
Papilio machaon. — There are 8 specimens, 8 of which are labelled

Whittlesea, Seaman, 1846.
Gonepteryx rhavini. — 5. Not labelled.
Colias edum. — 7. One labelled Baddow, 1845. Another Chelmsford,

October Brd, 1846.
CiiliaR hyale. — 11. The Essex specimens are from Southend and

Chelmsford, one of the latter being taken in 1843. The

other specimens are from Ipswich and Dover.
Pieris braasicae. — 7.
Pieris rapae. — 11. 2 being the variety mctra, taken in May, 1845.

* Probably the somewhat variegated alpine form which is really the type form
figured by Knoch (see Ent. Rec, xx., p. 170). Var. occitanica is very rare in Swit-
zerland and is only known from Varen and between Soustie and Pfyn. — G.W.

AN OLD KSSEX COLLECTION. 291

PieriH napi. — 6.

Euchlo'e cardaminea. — 10. All rather under-sized, but one male

having the apices beautifully clouded.
Leucnphasia sinapn. — 6. 1 of which was taken at Chelmsford by the

owner of the collection, in 1844, 2 by Seaman at Ipswich,

1846, and 3 by Heppenstall at Sheffield, in 1846. It is

particularly interesting to think that these specimens, of a

species now so very local, should have occurred at two

localities so far removed as Chelmsford and Sheffield, in

which neighbourhoods it would now be quite in vain to seek

for the insect.
Aporia crataegi. — 5. The only Essex one was taken at Epping by

Eddleston, in 1844, 2 were taken in Huntingdonshire by

Seaman, in 1846, 1 was sent by Stainton from Cambridge,

and the fifth is labelled Whitwell, 1844.
NenieohiuH lucina. — ^6. Unfortunately without labels.
Melitaea athalia.—\i. 1844 and 1846. Two of them were taken by

the owner at Bromley Thicket (this is probably the Essex

Bromley, near Manningtree), in 1844.
Melitaea artemis. — 7. 1 specimen from Manchester, July, 1846, taken

by Eddleston, another at Carlisle by Hodgkinson, 1846, the

third being sent from Winchester by Stainton, in 1846.
Melitaea cinria. — 11. The only labelled specimen were from Coombe

Wood, captured by Leplastrier, in 1846.
Ari/ynnis selene. — 7. None labelled.
Ar<iynnis euphrosyne. — 14. Without labels, but containing 2 heavily

blotched.
Aripjunis lathonia. — 2. The upperside is in fair condition, but slightly

damaged at the right apex. Underside in good order. One

of these was taken by A. G. at Dover in August, 1846, the

other is labelled Dover only,
Ariiynnis adippe. — 10. 5 being from Danbury, A. G. 1846, and 5 from

Hartley Wood (which is near Colchester), in 1844.
Aryynms aglaia. — 5. 2 from Bath, 1843, 1 from Dover by Leplastrier,

1846, and 2 caught at Ipswich by Seaman.
Arfiy7inis paphia.—9. All taken at Hartley Wood between 1844 and

1846.
Grapta c-album. — 3. 1 from Catchpool, Colchester, and 2 from

G. Whitwell of Peterborough.
Grapta polychloms. — 7. 2 labelled specimens being Hartley Wood,

1846, A. G.
Grapta urticae. — 10.
Grapta io. — 4.
Grapta atalanta. — 9.
Cynthia cardid. — 10. 2 Chelmsford specimens being labelled

October 3rd, 1846, 2 others being from Dover, 1846, A. G.
Apatura iris. — 8. The owner's captures are 8 in number, made at

Hartley Wood in 1843, 1844 and 1846. The other 5 were

taken by Seaman between Ipswich and Colchester in 1846.

The 8 males are apparently bred, the 4 upperside females

seem to have been caught, and there is a lovely underside

female of large dimensions.

292 THE entomologist's record.

Llnieyiitix Camilla { = sibi/lla). — 7. 1 being labelled simply "from

Seaman."
Uipparcliia aeijeria. — 6.
Hipparchia mei/aera. — 12.

Hipparchia semele. — 11. Dover, 1846, A.G., being the only label.
Hipparchia (/alathea.— 12. All labelled Hartley Wood, Essex, 1844

to' 1846, A.G.
Hipparchia titltonus. — 5.
Hipparchia janira. — 9. One is very pallid.
Hipparchia h;/peranthHs. — 7.
Hipparchia hlandina. — 5. 2 labelled Scotland, from Walford, 1846,

2 others Scotland, from Seaman, 1846, and the fifth

Hodgkinson, 1846.
Hipparchia caasiope. — 8. 4 from Perthshire, Weaver, 1846, 1 from

Cumberland, Weaver, 1846, another from Cumberland

Mountains, Eddleston, 1846, another from Carlisle, Hodgkin-
son, 1846, the eightti from Borrowdale, Hodgkinson, June,

1846.
Hipparchia ilacus. — 11. All were taken by Eddleston, 1844-1846,

except one caught in the North by Seaman m the latter year.
Hipparchia ti/phon. — 2. Perthshire, Weaver, July, 1846. And 2.

Perthshire, H. Doubleday, 1846.
Hippa rchia pa mphiltis. — ^1 2 .
Theclu hctnlae. — 3. 1 Roxwell, 1842, A.G., 1 Galleywood Common,

1843, A. G., 1 Little Baddow, 1845, A.G.
Thecla ijiierciis. — 14. All but 2 being from Chantrey Wood, 1844 to

1846, A.G.
Thecla priini. — 1. Monks' Wood, Hodgkinson, 1846. A female in

rather poor condition.
Thecla w-albiim. — 8. 4 being Witham, from Walford, 1846, 2 Ipswich,

from Seaman, 1846, and 2 from Eddleston, 1844.
Thecla riibi. — 10. 1 being Ipswich, Seaman, 1846, and all the others

from Bromley Thicket, 1844 to 1846.
Lijcaena phlaeas. — 15. All quite typical and without labels.
Lijcaena dispar. — 2 glorious specimens, the male, of most radiant

lustre, labelled "from Cambridgeshire or Hunts. Bought

in London, 1843." Female, equally superb, " from Argent

of London. Fens of Huntingdon. Bought 1846."
PidijiniDnatns anjioliis. — 3 from Seaman of Ipswich, 1846. 1 Milton

Park, near Peterborough, Whitwell.
i'oli/onniiatus ahufi.— 10. 8 from Dover, 1 taken by A.G., the others

by Leplastrier. The ninth is " from Stainton, 1846," and

the tenth " Hitchin, 1844."
I'uli/uiinnatnn acix. — 2. The male in fine condition, labelled "Sheffield

Heppenstall, 1846." The female, quite perfect, " Heppen-

stall, 1846."
Polyommatns cnnplnn. — 5 males, 5 females, and 5 undersides. Dover,

August, 1846, A.G.
Pi)lip))iimutuH adoniH. — 8 males in most perfect condition and looking

as though they were born yesterday, 2 equally brilliant

females and 6 undersides. All Dover, August 1846, A.G.
I'uli/niiniiatiin alcris. — 6 males, 5 females, 6 undersides. Not in any

way remarkable.

NOTES ON THE SEASON 1912 AT CONSTANTINOPLE. 293

Pulijowniatus an/us {aetjon). — 6 males, 5 females, 8 undersides. 2
Dover, Leplastrier, 3 from Eddleston, 1844. The rest "from
Penzance, Noye, 1846."

Polyommatus agestis. — 6 uppersides, 4 undersides. One from Chelms-
ford, "1844, 1 from Southend, 1843, the rest Dover, 1846, A.G.

Poli/ommatns Haliiiacis. — 2 poor males, both from Whitwell, 1844, one
of the labels being, " This seems to be ai/eMis."

Polijnnnnatus arta.irr.vcs. — 7. 3 From Scotland. Seaman, 1846. 4,
Perthshire, Weaver, 1846.

Thyiiiele taiies. — 1 Eddleston, 1844. 2 Heppenstall, 1843. 2 Ipswich,
Seaman. 1 Carlisle, Hodgkinson, 1846.

Pamiiliila alreolui>. — 9. 1 Eddleston, Manchester, 2 Whitwell, Peter-
borough, 1845.

Paiiiphila linea. — 6. 4 Males and 2 females, one of the latter being
really the Essex Skipper, 11. lineula. Unfortunately none
have labels.

I'a)>ipliila sj/lvajiiis. — 9.

Paiiiphila cniiinia. — 7. 4 " Dover, Leplastrier," 1846, 2 " Lewes,
Thomson, 1846," and 1 " Seaman, Ipswich, 1845."
Although 66 years have elapsed since this collection was fo'-med

there may still be surviving some members of the ancient brigade who

can identify for us the enterprising " A. G."

He certainly succeeded in getting a most interesting lot of

Lepidoptera within a very limited period of time. The moths

contained in his cabinet I propose to describe in a continuation of this

article next month.

(To be continued.)

Notes of the Season 1912 at Constantinople.

By P. P. GRAVES, F.E.S.
I had very little time for collecting during the present year and the
following notes are therefore somewhat meagre. Butterflies were
distinctly less numerous than in 1911, and the year itself was unfavour-
able. An early spring which brought out Callophrt/x ritbi, Ftunricia
pldaean, Pararije ae<jeria, Pontia daplidice and the common Pierids in
the last fortnight of March, was followed by a cold snap which lasted till
the end of April. July was unsettled and the weather broke early in
September and remained broken till the end of the autumn. In May
and June I tried Kiathane, where I found nothing new, and the Gyok-su
ground, where I found new localities for Hesperia sidae and Polj/om-
iiiatits aiiianda on June 6th, on which date I also took not a few fresh
Melitaea triria ? s and plenty of Xurdinannia ilicis, these latter rather
smaller than my specimens from the Belgrade forest. One A ordnumnia
araciae $ was taken here. From July 18th to 22nd I stayed at Kuri-
Yalova, a very pretty " station thermale," on the Asiatic side of the
sea of Marmora, about 10 miles from the shore. The valley in which
the baths and hot springs lie is well wooded ; the geological formation
is limestone and vegetation was rich and varied. Results were, how-
ever, disappointing. Kceres alcetan, one J was my only new species,
though I took Ariiynnis adippe, a large form, which I had not found
near Constantinople, and found what seems to be a form of Melitaea
phoebe (unless it be the elusive Melitaea ardninna) much more common

294 THE entomologist's becord.

than at Constantinople, as was Dry as paphia, Dryas pandora, Satyr us
hermione (worn), Polyunuuatus icariis, Aricia medon (aslrarche), Aricia
anteros and Aiujiades sylvanus, were the commonest species. I only took
two 5 s of Pararge roxelana, both in good condition. One flew into our
corner of the hotel at night ((•/'. Staudinger's remarks respecting Satyrus
fatua at Amasia, Lepidopteren Fauna Kleinasiens part I.). Thymelicus
actaeon was represented by one or two worn specimens, as was Raywardia
telicanus. Epinephele tithonus was rare, as were Leptosia siftapis and, for
a wonder, Melitaea didyma. Nisoniades tayes of the second brood was just
emerging and I took but one Tarucus halcanicus. This was, however,
a perfect specimen. The Heterocera were apparently well represented.
Ainphidasys betularia, in fresh condition, surprised me in July, unless it
is double brooded in the South. Here may I note having found the
black and yellow larva of Apopestes spectrum on broom-rape on June
6th, at Gyok-su. In August I came across worn Pararge roxelana near
Constantinople on several occasions, the latest being on August 24th.
I missed Pontia chloridice and Colias erate, but found Pontia daplidice
exceptionally common, as were Chrysophanus thersamon and Aricia
medon (astrarche). The latter and Plebeius aryus {aeyon) are certainly
at least partially triple- brooded here, as I took freshly emerged speci-
mens of both on September 7th and 8th at the Belgrade Forest. On
the same date I took third-brood examples of Brentim dia which I
found in 1911 worn in early May and very fresh at the end of June.
I again found Raywardia telicanus, but in bad condition. I hear,
however, from an Austrian fellow collector, that this species is not
uncommon in gardens on the Bosphorus in October. These are
meagre results, but one has had to think of other things besides
collecting in Turkey in 1912.

A Summer Holiday in Belgium, Germany and Switzerland, 1912.

By E. B. ASHBY, F.E.S.
Leaving Charing Cross on the afternoon of July 5th, and after a
pleasant crossing from Dover to Ostend, I reached Virion in the
extreme south-east corner of Belgium early the next morning, having
passed through Brussels, Namur and Marbehan Junction. The branch
line from Marbehan to Virton is very pretty, and from r^the to Virton
has the appearance of being a very good collecting ground all the way,
and although I stayed at Virton, I think one would in all probability
do quite as well at Ethe. The only possible hotel at Virton is the
" Hotel du Cheval Blanc," corresponding to a village inn at home, but
not as clean as many English inns of its class. After breakfast I
walked out to the Bois du Saint Mard, a distance of about four
kilometres, passing through the village of Saint Mard, which adjoins
Virton. This wood reminds me very much of the well-known wood
at Eclepens, above Lake Geneva, which Apaturids love so much. The
weather on this day, July 6th, was tempestuous, and I was only able
to get three Apatura iris and one A. ilia ab. clytie, although more were
seen. Aphantopus hyperantus and Melitaea athalia were the only other
species 1 took, although I saw Melanan/ia yalathea, Coenonympha
pamphilus, Limenitis sibylla, Polyyonia c-albuui, Pieris rapae, Pieris
napi, Epinephele jurtina, Volyommatus icarus, Auyiades sylvanus, Aylais
urticae and freshly emerged Dryas paphia. Nearly all the species

A SUMMER HOLIDAY IN BELGIUM, GERMANY AND SWITZERLAND. 295

seemed in first rate condition. In the afternoon a terrific thunder-
storm wetted me to the skin, although standing under the thickly leaved
trees of the wood, and drove me back to the hotel at Virton to change.

Though a little rain fell early, July 7th was quite a nice day. I
walked some distance along the road towards St. Leger to the well-
known Vallee des Rabais, which is several kilometres in extent. In
the woods to the left of the main road through the Vallee I took a
number of male Chrysuphanus vinjanreae, as well as Nordiiiannia ilicis,
Brenthis dia, Anfi/nnis paplda, A. ajilaia, Melitaea athalia, a,nd C'ljaniris
seiiiiaiyiis (acis), besides being unable to capture Pvli/tjonia c-album,
Apatura iris, A. ilia and Liinenitis sibijlla. Later in the day in the
same valley I took both sexes of C. hippotlw'e, a fine just-emerged
specimen of Hesperia carthami, and an interesting fritillary which I
have not yet identified. I think that this valley would prove a very
good collecting ground to anyone with plenty of patience, in fact the
whole district between St. Leger and Ecouviez on the French frontier
would probably repay any one who wanted to have an economical
holiday, and who did not mind roughing it a bit. Between these two
places no less than 78 species of the European Ehopalocera are to be
taken, the best stations to work from being Ethe, Virton and
Lamorteau, as well as Habay on the mainline near Marbehan, for the
Foret d'Aulier. The Vallee des Kabais, however, is rather an exhaust-
ing place to work in a single day on account of the very damp parts,
which border the various natural streams flowing down it. To a
botanist this valley would no doubt prove a "happy hunting-ground."

After spending a comfortable night in the train, early on the
morning of July 8th, I reached Freiburg in Baden in time for
breakfast. To any one who wishes to work the Black Forest district
with Freiburg as a centre I can thoroughly recommend the Hotel
Pension Bellevue in the Gunterstall Strasse. As soon as possible I
caught a train from the Freiburg Wierhe Station for Hinterzarten
which was reached after about an hour's run. When I entered the
well-known ground to the north of the railway, I found Colias palaeno
var. eurupoine, both sexes, and Coenonyuipha tijphon {danm) in abundance,
as well as Brenthis selene (2nd brood I presume), and Diacrisia sanio
{ntssula} in splendid condition. Unfortunately it came on to rain
persistently about the middle of the day, and although it cleared
later it spoilt the day. Owing to the previous heavy rains the " moss "
was like a quagmire except along the regular path across it. This
-made the day's work very exhausting, as one walked up to one's boot-
tops in water most of the time, and I was glad to return to Freiburg
for dinner feeling very tired though very contented with the day's
work.

On the next day, July 9th, I collected in the Mooswald, an extensive
and fine wood, three miles out from Freiburg in a westerly direction,
and which must be reached on foot, though one does not regret the
tramp. In this wood I took several picked specimens of L. sibylla, very
large P. c-albmii, A. adippe, Araschnia leiana var. prorsa, and Brenthis
dia with a few B. daphne (going over) and five Apatura iris audi A. ilia.
Along the road I took several Sesia stellataruw. The day was a
very fine and hot one.

July 10th found me at Wasen Weiler station, on the line between
Freiburg and Alt-Breisach, for a walk up and along the Kaiserstuhl, a

296 THE entomologist's record.

long hill about a mile and a half distant, and through Lilianhof,
Lilianthal and Neun Linden. This was a long and tedious walk, and
I was rather disappointed with the results. Probably it would pay
better to work the Kaiserstuhl either in June or later on in August.
The only insects of note which I took were five Lycaena arion in one
field, two specimens of Issorio lathonia, and a few S. stellataniw.

On July 11th I failed to find anything worth noting in the morn-
ing on the Schlossberg, except a fine full fed larva of Hippotion celerio.
Herr Goitze, of Neustadt, in the Schwarzwald, called on me at mid-
day, and we forthwith took the train for Hinterzarten. Here our chief
capture was a fine series of Colias palaenn var. europome. About 7 p.m.
we had tea at a very comfortable restaurant in the village, and subse-
quently we sugared on the " moss" for Heterocera. For some reason
or other we found little more than the commonest species. Herr
Goitze returned direct to Neustadt the same evening, while I sta^'ed
the night at the restaurant, and was out on the " moss " in the morn-
ing by about 7.15. Here I spent the whole forenoon, taking fine
series of (\ palaeno var. europome, Brentlds pales, B. selene, VacinUna
optiUte (large foi-ms), Erebia sti/r/ne, a few females of ChrijsophiDiKs
hippotlioe (typical), and both males and females of Diacrisia sanio
(rnssula). The " moss " was much dryer on this day, and therefore I
did not get wet and cold as on the previous occasion, and could collect
in many parts of it without trouble. On reaching Hinterzarten station,
about mid-day, who should hail me but the Rev. G. Wheeler, on his
way back to England to attend the Conference at Oxford. Although
we only had a few moments in which to shake hands, it was long
enough for me to note that he looked radiantly happy, which doubtless
was the result of a successful " campaign " in Switzerland. I went on
to Neustadt, where I spent some hours in examining the very fine col-
lection of Lepidoptera from all parts of the world, which Herr Goitze
has gathered together, and his kindness in showing it to me was much
appreciated.

I again worked the ground at Hinterzarten on July 13th. C.
palaeno var. europmne was still swarming. I took some nice Krebia
Ihjea, a few C. hippothn'e (now going over), and many other useful
things. In the afternoon of July 24th, a saunter in the near neigh-
bourhood of Freiburg produced three Polipjonia c-albmii, but I did not
find some larvte of which I had been told.

Again, on July 15th, I was collectmg in the Mooswald. It
was a very hot day, and it was here that I saw my first EnraneKsa
antiopa, flying with two Apaturids over a pungent dead hare. I
took Apatiira ilia var. ch/tie female and several Araschma levana
var. prorm, and Pi/raineis atalanta in fine condition. The Apaturids
were now getting over in this place, although still moderately
numerous. The same evening I left Freiburg and arrived about
10.15 p.m. at the Hotel Hchweizerhof, at Neuhausen. This hotel
is in a fine position, overlooking the far-famed Schauft'hausen Falls
of the Rhine. These are considered the finest falls in Europe,
and are illuminated for the interest of visitors two or three evenings a
week during the summer months. The efi'ect of the various coloured
electric lights is very beautiful.

July 16th was spent in the country near Neuhausen, lying north of
the Rhine, and my captures included two Apatura iris, a series of

COLLECTING ORTHOPTERA IN THE CAUCASUS AND TRANSCAUCASUS. 297

Loweia dorilis, quite fresh and in abundance, Lwienitis sibylla, in very
fair condition, and Ai/riades coridon, just emerging. I noted that the
A. iris and L. sibi/lla taken on this day were ahiiost perfect compared
with the passe specimens I had met with during the past week in the
Mooswald near Freiburg.

I went on to Schaffhausen on July 17th, some mile and a half
from Neuhausen, and spent a short time at the Museum, where there
is a small collection of local Lepidoptera in very fair condition. From
here I was directed to the " scharrensumpf," a large reservoir, with
the remains of a marsh around it, about two miles from the museum.
There I took Hirsiitina daiiion, but on some better ground behind and
above a few farm houses to the right of the " seharrensumpf," away
from Schaffhausen, I took I'apiUo machann, Colias hijale, H, danion^
Ai/riades coridon, and saw a line specimen of A. iris and several more
P. wacliaon.

July 18th was a dull, wet morning, but the sun got out at mid-
day, and I crossed the Rhine and collected on the south bank of the
river. Here I caught a Lycaenid which I did not recognise at first,
but subsequently concluded it was a fine specimen of Evercs anjiades.
A fine A. iris was seen but not captured, and L. dorilis was obtained
in plenty. My return was by way of Schaffhausen, crossing the Rhine
again by the old town bridge. The following day was a blank, for it
rained the whole time.

The morning of July 20th was fine, and, among other things, I
found on a tree-trunk a male and a female I'siliira vionacha. The
female obligingly laid me a large batch of ova, which I am keeping for
next spring. As rain came on again at mid-day I had to give up and
return to the hotel. In the afternoon I left Neuhausen for Strassburg,
which I reached about eight o'clock. It was interesting to see the
remains of the many forts near Strassburg, and reminded one of the
war of 1870. A walk later on through the town was very interesting,
though unfortunately for me the cathedral was not open at this hour,
and I had to content myself with admiring the fine exterior. After
spending another night in the train I reached Brussels on the morning
of July 21st. The day was spent in seeing the attractions of the city,
in attending the grand services in the cathedral, and enjoying the
festivities of the National Fetes of Belgium. I did no more collecting,
although I had intended, had I had more time, to visit the Foret des
Soignies and the Field of Waterloo. The same evening I left Brussels,
reaching London early the next day, after a very pleasant and more
varied holiday than usual.

In conclusion ] must express my hearty thanks to Mr. B. Warren
for maps and localities for the Freiburg district and the excellent
notes on Hinterzarten which have appeared in the pages of this
magazine by the Rev. G. Wheeler.

Collecting Orthoptera in the Caucasus and Transcaucasus.

(U'itli two platen:.)

MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc, F.E.S.

[Species marked * have not apparently been previously recorded from the

Caucasus.]
The mighty range of the Caucasus, stretching its huge crest for
950 miles, from the Sea of Azov to the Caspian, rearing its snow-clad

298 THE entomologist's record.

peaks half as high again as Mt. Blanc, always appeals irresistibly to
the imagination. The amazing diversity of peoples and languages,
and of physical conditions, suggests possibilities of an infinite variety
of faunistic problems.

Fired by a desire to get a glimpse of this •wonderful land, if only to
pass over the Russian steppes on the north, through the heights them-
selves, to catch sight of the lofty cone of Kazbek, of the mighty two-
headed Elbruz, to visit the old Georgian capital of Tiflis, so often
besieged and razed by Persian and Tartar, by Hun and by Turk, to
explore the burning plains of Aderbadjian, and to view the luxuriant
vegetation of Batum, attracted by thought of mystery, the onme
ifinotum pro uiaj/nifico, I did not hesitate to accept a cordial invitation
to visit some Russian entomological friends in their own home, and in
their company explore some of the marvels which Nature has so
lavishly bestowed on this favoured region.

Circumstances delayed my departure, but the date of my return
was of necessity fixed in advance, so my trip, though long in distance,
was of the briefest in time. It was not until the last day of August
that I reached Vladikavkaz, after six days in the train from Dover.

Vladikavkaz, as its name implies*, is the key to the Caucasus,
and during the years of bitter warfare between the Russians and the
iBountaineers it was a most important military post. It is a spacious
town, of some 80,000 inhabitants, laid out in wide rectangular streets,
bordered mostly with one-storied houses, which gives it that unfinished
look which is characteristic of Russian provincial towns. It is situated
about 2,200ft. above the sea, on the plains of the Tver and Kuban
provinces, the granary of Europe, at the foot of the great range of the
Caucasus, at the opening of the Darialj gorge, which is the chief pass
through to the valley of the Kura, and to Tiflis on the south. This
gorge is, in fact, the gateway between Europe and Asia.

I had a few hours to spare in the afternoon and evening, so took a
fly as far as Balta, at an elevation of 2,754 feet, the first stantsia,
or military post, on the road to Tiflis, at the entrance to the gorge.
High mountains rise abruptly out of the plain, and the Tver bustles
down busily from the watershed, fed by streams from the glaciers of
Kazbek,! the snowy peak of which could occasionally be seen,
reddening with the evening glow. In the scrub beside the road, I
found our familiar Central European Oli/nt/iosniis (/n'sco-aptera
De Geer {=Thamnntrizon cincrcua L.), was chirping merrily in the
thickets ; Lciito/i/njes punctatii^siiiia''- Bosc, fell into my net as also the
Alpine Staiiroilerus apiicariiis, L. and C/iort/iippiis paralleliis, Zett.
Staurodcnis bicnlor, Charp., was abundant and for a minute I thought
myself in East Kent. I also took St. coi/natiis, Fieb., an interesting
South Russian species that I had not previously seen alive.

* Most places in the Caucasus have Tartar names, that are Rcnerally used by
the natives, as opposed to the official Russian names. Thus, Vladikavkaz is called
Kap hdi, " The head of the Pass," and Elbruz is Mwfj Tan, " Thousand heads "
and EJizevtpol is Gandja.

I This name is derived from two Tartar words, dar or derc, a gor^e and yitl,
a road. It lias no real connection witli the name of the Princess Daria of Tamara,
the heroine of Lermontoff's " Demon." Derbend is the corresponding,' Persian
orni.

t Kazbek is a personification. Kaz a proper name, and bek a Tartar title,
given to landowners and persons of good positions.

COLLECTING ORTHOPTERA IN THE CAUCASUS AND TRANSCAUCASUS. 299

It rapidly grew dark and my driver, a worthy Russian, became
nervous and begged me to hurry out of the gorge, for he feared the
Ingush. They are dark and dangerous men, he said, and master
thieves. Probably he exaggerated greatly, but we had seen a dozen
or so, in their black c/ierkess and sharp kinjal, and high fur-hat, riding
their little hill-horses through the foam of the Terek, and I had been
particularly warned by a Russian friend to carry a revolver, and leave
my money at the hotel.

So we drew up at the Second Redant, a wayside inn, kept by a
round-faced, black-eyed Georgian, who regaled me with most tasty
trout from the Terek, and the inevitable xhishlik, little pieces of meat
roasted on a skewer, preceded by a glass of vodka, and washed down
with a bottle of good Kakhetin wine. A cigarette over the coffee, a
pipe, and home to Vladikavkaz.

The next morning broke misty and damp, and so robbed us of the
unrivalled view of the mountain screen which towers over the city.
Pressed for time, I decided to take the motor omnibus to Tiflis and
reach there the same night, satisfying myself with a fleeting glimpse
of the mountains. The more leisured traveller would do well to take
three to four days and drive or ride, and even stop a day or two at
some of the more beautiful spots. The oar was an open omnibus,
carrying eighteen passengers, none of which had been to Tiflis before.
My neighbour was a young officer from Warsaw, spending a brief
leave on a dash through the Caucasus to Baku, and home via Batum
and Odessa. All were genial and all Russians.

Soon we were in the gorge, where the sun dispelled the mists, and
we whirled at breakneck speed, always mounting, till at Lars we
entered the romantic gorge of Darial itself, eternally famous from the
poems of Lermontoff, every stone washed with the blood of Russian
soldiers. The pass is narrow, and naked rocks rise sheer on each side,
while the Terek bubbles and boils in the middle. The road, cut
through the solid rock, is good, unfortunately, for we passed all too
quickly. We rushed past a conical hillock in the gorge, with lofty
clifi's on each aide ; on the top of the hill were perched the ruins of
the castle of Tamara, a semi-fabulous Princess, who is reputed to have
once reigned here with a rod of iron, in her grim and rocky fastness.
The monotony of the gloomy life of this Amazon queen was relieved
by frenzied outbursts of passionate and licentious orgies. This erotic
Caucasian Semiramis must not be confused with the Georgian empress
, of the same name, who flourished at Tiilis in the twelfth and thirteenth
centuries.

We were now in the heart of the Mountain of Languages. In
those crags and forests, haunted by wolf and bear, by ibex and aurochs,
by boar and by leopard, dwell innumerable tribes and races, speaking
an astonishing diversity of tongues. I am credibly informed that it is
no exaggeration to say that over one hundred distinct languages and
dialects are spoken in the Caucasus. The difficulty of communication
has isolated families, and almost every village has developed its own
dialect. There appear to be three main autochthonus groups : the
Georgian, in the centre and west, the Circassian, in the extreme
west, and the Lesghian in Daghestan, in the east. The Georgians,
whom some suppose to be the descendants of the ancient
Medes, are a cultivated, orthodox people, who were christianised

300 THE entomologist's recoed.

long before the Kassians, and their early writers throw valuable
light on the early history of their part of the world. They
voluntarily placed themselves under the protection of Russia
about a century ago. They use a peculiar alphabet, whose elegant
rounded letters somewhat resemble Burmese. Their language is, I
believe, of the Iranian group. Akin to the Georgian are numbers
of dialects, the chief of which are the Imeritian and Mingrelian, and
Osset. The Circassians have mostly left Russian territory and
migrated to Turkey, where they often become Bashi-Bazuks and have
earned an uneviable reputation for ferocity. Their language is little
known and is said to have affinities with the Isolating family. Other
strange tribes in the Western Caucasus are the Abkhaz, who have
sounds that cannot be represented by any combination of letters in any
European alphabet. Then there are the Svan or Svanetes, dwelling
round and at Elbruz, who live in five-storied circular towers. Two
stories are underground and three in the air, and the family moves from
floor to floor according to the season and the temperature. The wild
mountains of Daghestan are inhabited by the Lesghian group, which
at least one author has attempted to connect with the Albanians, to
my mind a fatuous suggestion. Subdivisions of this group are the
savage Chechents, the Tush, Ud, Kazi-Kiimiik, Avar, Hirkan and
many others. The Lesghian and Circassian groups are Mahommedan,
as are the Nogai, Kalmyck, Azerbaidjan and other Tartars, each with
their own dialect, who are to be met with in the steppes north and
south of the main range. On the shores of the Black Sea there are
Turks, and in and around Tidis there are Armenians, Persians and
sometimes Kurds, a good sprinkling of Jews, and above the heads of
all, the Russian oificials. Truly, an amazing assemblage of peoples
and tongues.

All too soon we reached the stantsia of Kazbek, where we halted
for half an hour to refresh ourselves and the driver, and bask in the
splendour of the scenery. Far across an opening in the hills, where
the picturesque, but probably exceedingly dirty aid, or mountaineer's
hamlet, Gerget, nestles on the slope beyond, towering up to 16,546ft.,
high above all others, stands the majestic cone of Kazbek itself, with
the splendid glacier of Devdorak. But hardly had we grasped the full
beauty of the scene, when we were ordered aboard and whirred up and
up to Kobi, where the valley is broad and Hat, and the Terek shrunk
to a tiny rivulet. Beyond Kobi the road is constantly threatened by
avalanches, so wc drive through long tunnels, solidly built, over which
the tumbling masses of rocks and stones slide, and leave the road
intact. Soon we reach the cross that marks the highest point of the
pass, 7,500ft., but the scenery is far tamer than at the stantsia
Kazbek, and in the gorge below. At this point we cross the watershed,
and bid good-bye to the Terek. We have now left Europe, and are in
Asia. At the first stantsia in the descent, that is, Gudaur, by a great
stroke of luck the car l)roke down for an hour, which gave me the
longed for opportunity of collecting in these heights.

The slopes hei'e are grassy, and I hoped to find some iutei'osting
alpine forms, especially of (l<niii)lu)ci>rux, but the only grasshopper that
1 could discover was the alpine Stdiinxicnis apricarius, L. A little
lower are some clumps of shrubs and thickets and here I saw a female
Or/i/iania, but she was too nimble for me. My ear detected a familiar

COLLECTING ORTHOPTERA IN THE CAUCASUS AND TRANSCAUCASUS. 301

chirp, which I resolutely set to work to stalk clown. I was convinced
it was an Ob/iit/inscelis, and soon my patience was rewarded by the
capture of a fine male. It was not < HyiitliDi^celis, though at first I took
it to be a local, and probably new species, but a I'soiddonotns, Ps.
spec Ilia rL^, F. de W. This is an interesting genus, resembling
Olynthoscelia in appearance, with a very long pronotum, but structurally
more nearly related to DecticKs. Only three species are known, /'.
fieberi, of the Western Balkan, which I have taken on the Durmitor in
Montenegro, P. s/iecidaris in the Caucasus and Asia Minor, and P.
inflatus, Uv., a species recently discovered by Uvaroff, also in the
Caucasus. My specimens approach the latter in the smaller size, and
unarmed femora, but in the structure of the pronotum and genital
parts it is indistinguishable from the larger forms of /'. aiiecidaris from
Bakuriany, on the south side of the valley of the Kura.

Our driver completed his repairs all too quickly and soon we were
buzzing away down the valley of the Aragva, a torrent that has cut a
fine gorge on the southern slope of the range. The scenery is very
grand and rugged for many miles, and the road is the mere ledge on
the precipitous fianks of the mountains. We whirred round appalling
corners, with a miserable parapet, at terrific speed, and to ease our
nerves the driver pointed out a yawning chasm where but a week or two
before a car had gone over bodily, and fallen a thousand feet or more.
I clenched my teeth and gripped my seat and trusted to Providence.
Kegret at reaching the milder scenery of the lower Aragva was tempered
by relief at the relative safety of the drive. About 2.30 we stopped
for lunch at Passanaur, 3,621ft., a picturesque village in the gorge.
The menu consisted of vodka, bortch, fish, shishlik and kakhetin wine
and good coffee. As I seized my net for a moment's collecting, we
were ordered on board and bustled oft" again. The scenery is fine, but
not grand ; mountains have degenerated into hills, and are thickly
wooded. At frequent intervals we ford torrents, up to the axles of the
car, and pass caravans of savage gypsies, some of whom threw stones
and curses at the car. Quickly through the village of Ananaur,
2,325ft., we entered a broad undulating plain, highly cultivated, but
now burnt brown. A minute's halt at Dushet, 2,915ft., where I
scorched my dusty throat with a glass of boiling tea, and took
Statirodenis bicolor, Charp., and Ocdipoda caerulescens, L., and oft' again.

The brown fields are dull and monotonous, but on the telegraph
wires are perched that most exquisite creature the bee-eater, Meiojis
dpiaster : in beauty of colouring, elegance of build, and grace of fiight,
I know no bird that can rival it ; they looked like living jewels
flashing in the sun, as they dived oft" the wires, hawked an insect, and
gently landed again upon their perch.

A race down a long straight road brought us to the Kura, that
cuts a deep and wide valley down to the Caspian. We crossed it at the
village of Mtskhet, 1,525 ft., with a quaint old Georgian church built
by the Georgian Emperor, Alexander (1413-14-12), to replace the older
one destroyed by Tamerlane, and at last, at 8 p.m., tired, cramped,
dusty, hungry, and thirsty, we reached Tiflis."

At the comfortable Hotel London it was nice to be greeted by the

* " Tiflis " is probably a Tartar corruption of the Georgian name of the Town
Dibilissi."

302 THE entomologist's kecoed.

familiar face of Philip Adamovich Zaitseff, former editor of the Henic
ntsse (V Entnnidhxiie, whose acquaintance I had made at the Jubilee of
the Russian Entomological Society, and renewed at the Congress at
Brussels. He was accompanied by Dr. R. Schmidt, the erudite Deputy
Director of the Caucasus Museum, a genial soul, whose delight it was
to help the traveller and introduce him to the wonders of Titlis.

{To he continued.)

Libythea celtis. Eggs and Oviposition {With two plateK).

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.E.S,

Libyt/n'o eelti'i is nowhere very common on the Riviera, though I
have seen and taken it in a number of places. Celtis trees are not
abundant, and are usually of large size, such as some in the market
place of Mouans Sartoux, near Cannes. They are not, therefore, very
accessible, and so it resulted that I never succeeded in obtaining eggs,
and was not less fortunate than various other collectors whose ambi-
tions in this matter were much like my own. In 1909, however, I
visited Amelie-les-Bains. ( 'dtis aiistralis is not very abundant here, but
what there are are often young trees and shrubby growth, the region is
also one in which celtis is actually grown commercially in various
places. Though L. <rltis was in no great numbers one could always
count on meeting with them. I took the first specimen on April 7th,
just after my arrival, and others afterwards. The trees were then
showing traces of flowers and of leaves about a quarter of an inch long.

I kept some females of L. cdtis on some celtis twigs, but no eggs
were laid until a fresh spray of celtis, given them on the 3 6th, afforded
a number of eggs on the following day. Further experiments and a
close enquiry into the facts seemed to explain why eggs were now laid
and none previously.

I may note by the way that in breaking into leaf in the spring
Celt in australis displays very markedly a peculiarity that is not uncom-
mon in other plants, but rarely so pronounced. A celtis tree may
often be seen in April in which some branches seem well in leaf, whilst
others are still bare as in winter, and it is found that the green branches
are those that bear flowers, the bare ones are not going to do so. The
peculiarity is of course largely due to this appearance of flowers all
over certain branches with none on others. The young shoots bearing
flowers may be several inches long before the others have appreciably
moved. L. celtis will not lay until there is some actual spring growth,
and even then it exercises what are obviously very wise precautions.

]\Iy notes say that on April 18th the flowering sprays are two to
four inches long, with four or five leaves of an inch to a inch and a
half long, whilst the non-Howering buds are but half an inch long,
showing a little green l)ut no leaves. The trees have a curious appear-
ance, often a whole bush or tree appears covered with leaves, whilst
another looks quite bare and wintry ; a considerable proportion have
certain sprays and branches well in leaf, whilst the rest of the tree
looks dead (by comparison).

The flowering buds throw out male flowers (catkins ?) close to
their base, the central shoot carrying female flowers in the axils of the
first four or five or more leaves. Already (iHth) the berries are nearly
as large as a small grain of wheat, and the faded male flowers, with

NEW SPECIES AND NEW FORMS OF LEPIDOPTERA. 303

the chaffy scales of the original buds, form a small collection of loose
rubbish at the base of the shoot.

The sprays first given to the butterflies, up to the 16th, had these
chaffy remains fau-ly adherent, those given on the 16th had a number
of the flowering shoots cleared of these. These first eggs were laid in
the angle between the young shoot at its origin and the parent twig.
It was plain that the butterflies would not lay on the old wood, nor
on the scales and rubbish that had to fall off, and would of course
carry the egg with them. Nor would they lay on the young green shoot,
its leaves, or fruit. At a later date, when the leaves were well grown,
they laid freely enough in the axils of the leaf-stalks, and afterwards
on the undersides of the leaves themselves. I am inclined to believe
that these solitary eggs would be very apt to be loosened and to fall off"
if laid on any part of the young green shoots that were in extremely
rapid expansion and growth.

On May 3rd I saw a L. rdtu lay an egg naturally (i.e., not in
captivity). It laid it in the axil of the petiole of a leaf that was about
three-quarters of an inch long, the last but one on a shoot (not a
flowering one) with four or five leaves ; a second was laid in a precisely
similar situation.

The egg when first laid is whitish or greenish-white, with a pearly
lustre. In a day or two it becomes brownish-pink, harmonising with
the neighbouring l)ark, and is thus well hidden.

Already, by April 20th, the eggs were largely laid on leaves, a count
giving 2 in axils at base as the first eggs, 11 in axils of leaf stalks, and
43 beneath leaves of which there were already many of nearly full size.
This, of course, in captivity.

The egg is 0-7mm. high and 0-5nim. broad, narrowing a little up-
ward, flattened below and somewhat rounded on top. It has about 34
marked upright ribs, and the transverse secondary ribs are quite
pronounced.

The accompanying photographs will give some idea of its form and
structure. There are two eggs magnified 13 diameters, and three
magnified 20 times.

Pig. 3, Plate xiii., shows the top of the egg-shell and the micropylar
area magnified 300 times. Fig. 5, Plate xiv., gives perhaps a better
view of the micropyle, also x 300. Fig. 4 is a portion of the egg-shell
magnified by 120. Fig. 5 shows how the upright ribs terminate at top,
except some nine or ten which continue as high flanges in ordmary
Vanessid manner. These are seen bent down flat in Fig. 3, and in
Fig. 4 several are seen in profile.

New Species and new Forms of Lepidoptera.

By COUNT EMILIO TURATl, F.E.S., Etc.
I am very pleased to forward short Latin descriptions of a number
of new Lepidoptera brought from Sardinia by Mr. Geo. C. Kriiger,
Gustos of my Lepidopterological collection in Milan, who stayed seven
months this year on my account in this interesting, and almost un-
known, Mediterranean island. Putting aside the butterflies, his atten-
tion was almost wholly turned to the moths, and he succeeded to tuch
an extent as to discover eleven new species and twelve new aberrations
or local forms of known species ; a veritable record for a collector in

304 THE entomologist's record.

the strictly European part of the Palfearctic fauna. To record such
an achievement the l\ntit)iu)lniiixfs llcrord is, therefore, I beheve, the
most suitable medium. Further particulars and plates, I will give
later on in the Atti ddla Soci<'t(i Italiana dt Scien::e Xaturali of Milan.

•
Epinephele tithonus, L., fulgens, n. F.

Forma supra colore flavo-fulvescenti fulgido, marginibus brunneis,
nigrescentibus. Bubtus magis variegata, apicibus et partibus flavis,
sulphureis. ^ androconiis paullulum effusioribus, distincte a venis
fulvis intersectis. J et ? plerumque pluriocellatis (Forma e.ccessa,
Tutt). 25 (J ? Aritzo, mense julio.

Ocneria kruegeri, n. sp.

(? mm. 33-37, 5 mm. 40.

Sp. alis anticis rufescentibus, subroseis, strigis tribus transversis
sinuatis nigris diffusis, media latiore et aliquantum obliqua. Alis
posticis fuscis, roseo villosis ; fascia marginali nigrescenti. Ciliis
omnibus roseis, fusco intersectis. Subtus omnino fuliginosa, ad basim
atque ad margines internes quatuor alarum plus minusve lutescenti-
subrosea. Capite et antennis rufo-brunneis ; thorace eodem colore,
sed juxta occiput subroseo, oculis nudis nigris. Abdomine supra
roseo ; tribus posticis segmentis, et subtus brunnescenti : linea dorsali
vix indicata ; cruribus et tibiis lanosis brunnescenti-subroseis ; tarsis
nudis obscuris, roseo articulatis, J antennis bipectinatis fere duplo
crassioribus quam in atlantica, Rbr.; debilioribus quam in lapidicola,
H.S., iirhirnla, Stgr., et phoimififia, Stgr.; ? longo-ciliatis.

Knicijeri difiert ab his speciebus strigarum forma et directione,
antennarum constitutione, atque alarum quadratura.

20 (^ 1 ? Gennargentu, alt. m. 1200-1400, mensibus julio et
augusto.

Georgio Kruegerio dicata.

Agrotis (Euxoa) jordani, n. sp. et chalybaea, n. F.

^ mm. 37, ? mm. 35-36.

Sp. Ji/rntix ohsciira, Brahm., aliquot similis, sed alarum structura
magis elongata ; fere unicolori brunneo-fulvescenti ; strigis (proximal!
et distali) duplicatis, vix perspicuis ; linea antemarginali nigra,
cuneata satis distincta. Macula orbiculari clariori parva, nigro centrata ;
reniformi obscurissime expleta et in cellula proximaliter clarius lunu-
lata. Punctis costalibns ante initium lineiv anteiuarginalis tribus
lutescentibus. Alis posticis obscure griseo-fumosis ; ciliis clarioribus.
Thorace et capite concoloribns brunneo-fulvescentibus ; palporum
articulo extremo lutescente. Abdomine griseo.

J antennis lutescentibus biserratis, juxtabasim et posteriore tertio ad
verticem imminutis ; $ filiformibus. Subtus alis concoloribus griseo-
lutescentibus ad costam vix obscuratis. Alis posticis linea antemargi-
nali et lunula mediana brunnescentibus. Cruribus brunnescentibus ;
tarsis luteo articulatis.

2 J 4 $ Monte " Cugnada " mense Octobre.

Doctori Karolo Jordano dicata.

Forma chalybaea = colore griseo-glaticescenti (Ayrotis tienna, H.S.,
simili) lineis nigris et fasciis perspicuis.

NEW SPECIES AND NEW FORMS OF LEPIDOPTERA. 805

1 J Monte " Cngnada," mense Octobre.

Agrotis (Lycophotia) kekmesina, j\Iab., virescens, n. F.

mm. 34.

Forma alls anfcicis, thorace et capite concoloribus olivaceis, dilute
subroseis. Abdomine paullulum clariore. Alarum ant. lineis trans-
versis perspicuis : proximal! atque distali e punctis intercostalibus
obscuris constitutis, mediana latiore, biarcuata, et subtermacula
reniformi cuspidata : linea submarginali brunnescenti. Maculis :
orbiculari obliterata, reniformi fere indistincta, tantum ad
cuspidem lineae medians obscure signata.

18 (? s hujus formiii cum novem maribus formje originalis simul
capti. Monte " Cugnada," mense Septembre.

Bryophila raptriculoides, n. sp. et marmorata, n. F.
et mediostriCtATa, n. F.

mm. 27-28.

Sp. statura ampliore et robustiore quam raptricula, Hb., quadra-
tura alarum latiore. Colore cinereo, macula brunnescenti (orbicularem
includenti) non difi'usa, sed plerumque nitida. Strigis et signaturis
distinctis tenuiter virgatis, lunula albicante apud marginem internum.
Alis posticis griseo-fuscis, non albicantibus. Capite et patagia cinereis.

1 J 3 ? Aritzo mensibus junio et Julio 1910, 1912. 1 $ ex
Sicilia "FicutifB luco," alt. m. 800, mense Julio 1909.

Forma marmorata = colore brunneo nigrescenti, lunula (aliquot
elata), spatio apicali post lineam distalem et spatio postbasiiari
lacteis, vel sordide albidis.

1 $ Aritzo mense julio. 1 2 e Corsica jam in mea collectione.
Forma mediostrigata = colore ut raptriculoides, sed macula

brunnea effusiore, striga nigra in costa media, usque ad cilia prolon-
gata, a lunula alba intersecta.

Forma raptricula, Hb., striata, Stgr., analoga.

2 5 s. Aritzo, mense augusto.

Luperina (apamea) kruegeri, n. sp.

mm. 27-28.

Sp. Liip. nichrrlii, Frr., et (iticncci, Dbd., proxima, sed alis anticis
minus elongatis, colore ambabus dissimili pallide lutescenti, nigro
asperso. Signaturis nigris sed — quamvis iisdem similibus — strigis
(proximali et distali) ad marginem internum constrictioribus :
pi;oximali bis lunulata non angulata. Maculis (orbiculari et reni-
formi) distinctis, lutescentibus, non albido cinctis. Fascia antemar-
ginali undulata lutescente cum tribus lineolis nigris sagittatis proxi-
maliter apud apicem e costa dehisceutibus ; quot lunulis confuse
nigrescentibus juxta marginem internum. Linea marginal! lutescenti,
et submarginali ex triangulis vel cuspidulis nigerrimis constituta.
Ciliis longioribus griseo-intersectis.

Capite thoraceque griseis — lutescentibus, plus minusve nigro, non
brunneo, mixtis. Abdomine albescente, alis posticis albido sericeis,
vix subluteis, linea marginal! tenuissima nigra; ciliis albescentibus,
vix puncto nigro et linea antemarginali apparentibus.

Subtus alis omnibus albidis, paullulum, prsesertim ad costam,
griseo-fusco adspersis. Punctis cellularibus et linea marginal!, ut
supra, nigris. Antennis dentatis, griseo-lutescentibus. Cruribus

306 THE entomologist's record.

griseo-mixtis ; tarsis anterioribus nigro-brunneis liitescenti-articu-
latis; tibiis efc tarsis posticis clavioribus.

19 (? s. Gennargentu, alt. ra. 1,400-1,800, mense augusto.

Georgio Kruegerio dicata.

(To he concluded.)

:iI)OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Camptogramma fluviata in North London. — On October lltb I
took a freshly emerged male Caiiiptiuiroiinna fluviata at Highgate. It
was sitting on a painted fence which was badly sun-blistered, and the
moth closely resembled the broken " blisters." The specimen is slightly
asymmetrical, the band being complete on the right wing and broken on
the left. — Russell James, Junr., " Brockenhurst," Bloomtield Road,
Highgate. November ISth.

Some races of Ants new to Britain. — Myrmica sabuleti, Meinert.
I have this form from Surrey, Hants, Devonshire, and Sussex, having
taken it myself in the first three counties. Emery considers it a var.
of scabrinnclis, Nyl. In the ^ the scape of the antennje is much longer
than in typical scabriiiodix, and I find the ? s and ^ s have the tooth
on the antennal scape much more developed. I hope shortly to publish
a paper which I have nearly finished on the genus Mi/Dirica, and will
then deal more fully with sabuleti.

Leptothora.v tiibero-affinis, Forel. — Crawley and I found this race in
some numbers in the New Forest in July last. We took J s and
winged J s, and also dealated ? s, in the nests with the workers.
They were nesting under stones, often in close proximity to Tetra-
iiioriiDii nests.

I may here mention that we do not appear to possess L.
unifasciatiis, Latr., in Britain. Forel has now seen all the specimens
standing under that name in the British, Oxford and Cambridge
Museums, which include Saunders', and the Rothney and Dale
collections, etc., and also my own specimens, which I took at St.
Margaret's Bay, and they none of them were nnifasriatiis, but belong
to the race /.. tiibcruiii, F., the ti(beni)ii proper. All records of
loiifasciatiin in Saunders' Hi/meiioptera, etc., will have to be cor-
rected. I was never able to make specimens named by Saunders
loiifasciatns agree with Forel's table. This led to my arranging for the
latter to see all the specimens I could. Crawley took some of these
and I others on our visit to Forel.

Funnica picea, Nyl. — This is the species described by White, Anfs
and their H'rt'/s, P- 253 as ijlabra, and is doing duty as '/ai/ates, Latr.,
in the British list. Arnold found a nest in the New Forest some
years ago, and Crawley and I found another in the same locality. 1
shall publish the differences shortly. The synonomy is as follows :—
/*'. jiirra, Nyl. /''. glabra, \\. F. White. F. (/ai/ateti, Saunders, nee.
Latr. — H. Donistiioicpe.

CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

Dr. Fr. Zacher has an article in the Xvitsrhrift fur wissvusrhaft-
liche Jmektenbioloiiie, 1912, pp. 27G-284, on the male genitalia of the
Kuderiuaptera. We do not find here such a variety of forms as in the
Frotudermaptero, but the author finds material for proposing an arrange-

CURRENT NOTES. 307

ment on lines similar to that adopted in the more primitive si'0"P.
differing but little from that offered by Burr in the Genera Imertnnon.
It is noteworthy that in this higher group of earwigs we find a more
uniform and simple type of male genital organ ; the suggestion being
that the diversity of type shown in the Protodermaptera is a series of
experiments on the part of Nature, aiming at an ideal form. — M.B.

The Annual Pocket- box Exhibition of the South London Entomo-
logical and Natural History Society, on Thursday, November 28th,
was a great success. Each year this Society seems to outdo itself.
There were more than a hundred members and their friends from other
societies present in the room, a large proportion of whom brought
exhibits. The exhibits themselves were mainly Lepidoptera, and were
extensive, varied, and interesting. A full report of them will be pub-
lished later. In the meantime we have been asked, in the interests of
the general lover of nature, of the younger members and of the visitors,
to ventilate a grievance. Many of the exhibitors did not, or did not
adequately, label their exhibits with their specific names and indicate
full details of the purport of the exhibits, not even was the name of the
exhibitor on the box. These deficiencies are often much accentuated by
twoothercircumstances,both, however,more or less unavoidable ; first it
is impossible for those examining exhibits which are passing round the
room to, at the same time, attend to what is being said by other exhibi-
tors at the table, and secondly, it is often impossible for those not
sufficiently close up to be able to hear what is said by the exhibitor.
It seems advisable in future that a special request should be made to
all intending exhibitors to adequately label their boxes with (1) specific
names, (2) the full purport of the exhibit, and (3) the exhibitor's
name.

In the Entomoloiiieal Neir>i for October is a most interesting article
by Mr. A. A. Girault, of Brisbane, Australia, recounting his " Experi-
ments with the Effects of the Protective Vapours of Heteroptera on
Other Insects." In each case two vials were taken. In one the Hete-
ropteron was introduced and was kept for some time, occasionally being
roughly shaken up to cause it to discharge its vapour. Ants, aphids,
and other small insects were then obtained, the bug hastily removed
and one ant introduced into the infected vial, while the other ant was
put into the clean vial and used as a control. In most of the experi-
ments, when properly carried out, it was found that the insect placed
in the infected vial more or less rapidly succumbed to the influence of
the vapour, while the insect in the control vial was absolutely unaffected
by its confinement. Mr. Girault sums up the result by saying, " There
can be little doubt from what has been recorded that the vapours
emitted by certain Heteroptera are highly noxious to certain forms of
insect life, in many cases quickly stupefying some insects when the latter
are exposed to them in an air-tight receptacle." And again, " The
actual protection must consist in being distasteful or obnoxious, not in
causing serious injury, stupor or death to the attacking animals, since
the latter must involve, under natural conditions, actual handling or
even swallowing of the protected insect, in order that the protective
vapour would have time to be effective, even if then effective." And
still again, " It works through the memory of the young attacking
animals, not stupifying or killing them, but giving them such an
experience of unpalatableness, that they soon learn to avoid attacking."

308 THE entomologist's eecord.

The Officers and Council nominated for the Entomological Society
of London for the ensuing 3'ear are as follows: — Pieudent, G. T.
Bethune-Baker, F.Z.S.; Treasurer, Albert H. Jones; Secretaries, Rev.
G. Wheeler, M.A., F.Z.S., and Commander James J. Walker, M.A.,
R.N., F.L.S.; Librarian, George C. Champion, F.Z.S., A.L.S.;V 'o»»(77,
R. Adkin, Jas. E. Collin, J. Hartley Durrant, Stanley Edwards, F.Z.S.,
F.L.S., H. Eltringham, M.A., F.L.S., A. E. Gibbs, F.L.S.; Rev. F. D.
Morice,M.A., Gilbert W. Nicholson, M.A., M.D.. Hon. N. C. Rothschild,
M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., W. E. Sharp, J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A., and
Colbran J. Wainwright.

Ji^EYIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

The Coleoptera of Cumberland. By Frank H. Day, F.E.S.'''
The first two instalments of a catalogue of the Coleoptera of the
County of Cumberland have now been published, and we may con-
gratulate the Natural History Society of the Border City on having
been the means of greatly extending our knowledge of the distribution
of an important part of the insect fauna of this country. Although
the author has been handicapped, as are all compilers of strictly
county faunal or floral lists, by the quite unnatural limits imposed
by boundaries so artificial as those of a county, in this case, perhaps,
more than usually unfortunate since it involves the exclusion of West-
moreland and north Lancashire, areas which form in a faunistic sense
one indivisible whole, yet, because this region contains within itself
the loftiest mountain system of England, of which the centre and
highest peaks fall within the County of Cumberland, a record of the
Cumbrian beetles cannot but prove more interesting because more
specialised than that of the majority of English Counties.

That Mr. Day has done his work well hardly needs asserting
in the pages of this magazine; " fit, though few " may be said of the
Cumbrian Coleopterists, and in Mr. Britten, Mr. Routledge, and Mr.
Murray, the author has found very able assistants. When we learn
that previous to the labours of these four students, not more than some
500 species of beetles had ever been recorded from Cumberland, it
becomes evident that a much larger part of this list must represent
original work than is the case in many of our local catalogues, where
ampler harvests have been gathered by those who have gone before.

Nor is this commencement from some approach to a tabula rasa
without its compensations, most of us, indeed, who have been
responsible for the compilation of faunistic lists, know but too well
how often embarrassing as much as helpful are the records of the past,
uncorroborated and impossible of verification, the specimens beyond
recall, and the records themselves too often convincing in inverse ratio
to their interest.

In the present case Mr. Day seems to have had but two precursors
of any importance, T. C. Heysham who died in 1857, and the much
better known, at any rate to modern Coleopterists, T. J. Bold.
Northumberland, however, more than Cumberland, was the theatre of
the activities of the latter and his incursions into Mr. Day's sphere

* Pts. I. and II. publisheil in the Transactions of the Carlisle Natural History
Society, Vol. I. (1909), p. 122, and Vol. II. (1912), p. 201.

REVIEWS. 309

seem to have been only partial and sporadic. Thus the bulk of the
records in the present list are due entirely to the exertions of Mr. Day
and his three friends.

Now the only object of such a careful enumeration of the Coleoptera
of a limited area as we have before us, apart from merely providing a
useful manual for collectors, is to increase our knowledge of the
distribution and possibly of the derivation of the British fauna, and
from this point of view it may be interesting as well as instructive to
compare two English areas as dissimilar as may be possible in the
same country. For this purpose the county of Kent suggests itself as
suitable, Kent differs from Cumberland as widely as regards situation,
climate, physiography, geology and flora, as any two counties in
England very well can, their only features in common being the
possession of a sea coast, and the shore of a wide estuary.

Now let us see how they differ in their Coleopterous populations as
regards the four major groups under review.

This the following table will briefly show.

Total Rccordecl Recorded Cumbrian Kentish Recorded

British

Kentish

Cumbrian

Species un-

Species un-

Species corn-

Species

(1).

Species ('2

!). Species.

recorded

recorded from montoboth

from Kent.

Cumberland.

Counties.

Geodepbaga . .

316

'227 .

.175 .

44

96

.. 131

Hydiadcphaga

131

73 ,

, . 81 .

29

21

.. 52

Palpicornia . .

97

76

, . 61 .

12

27

.. 49

Brachelytra . .

789

••

566 .

.512 .

102

156

. . 410

1333 942 829 187 300 642

(1) As given in the latest British list, that of Beare and Donisthorpe 1904.

(2) As given in the " Kent " of the Victoria County Histories.

Now from these figures many inferences might be drawn on which
it is hardly within the scope of this notice to dilate, but at least it
demonstrates that the Coleopterous population of these counties is
very different. The actual diminution in this distance of about 400
miles is not perhaps conspicuously great, being not more than 12% of
the major total ; what is undoubtedly more significant is its specific
difference — thus in the four groups we are considering, groups which
can only be slightly and indirectly affected by a differing flora, we find
that of 942 Kentish species, 800 or nearly one third are unrecorded
from Cumberland, but that these are replaced by 187 species similarly
unrecorded from Kent. In many cases whole Southern genera are un-
represented by a single Northern species, thus in Ueodephana, 18
genera recorded from Kent are unknown in Cumberland, while only 2
Cumbrian genera are unknown from the Southern county.

No doubt more than one interpretation might be placed on these
salient facts, and it seems incontestable that some considerable
influence must be attributed to so great a climatic and physiographical
disparity as these counties exhibit, but this is probably not all, it would
seem indeed a tenable hypothesis that of these 800 Kentish but not
Cumbrian species, many form part of a South-Easterl}^ invasion from
the Continent, of course at a time previous to tbe complete insularity
of Great Britain, which had died out l)efore it had been able to reach
('iimberland, while a large proportion of the 187 Cumbrian species
unknown in Kent may represent the survivors of an antecedent
Coleopterous population, extirpated throughout the greater part of

310 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECOKD.

England, cither by a secular change of climate, or by the competition
of a later migration, or by both forces combined. As to the 642 species
common to both areas, we may perhaps regard them as more or less
dominant forms, that is, such as possess a sufficient organic plasticity
to allow of their adjusting themselves to conditions fatal to other and
even closely related species.

Leaving, however, these larger speculations for a more detailed
consideration of the various species enumerated by Mr. Day, a record
that at once arrests our attention amorg the (icodciihai/a is that of
Lcbia ciK.v-Diinnr. Capricious as are the appearances of this rare
insect, its occurrence in Cumberland only deepens the mystery of its
range and of its economy, and many more captures will be necessary
before we can attempt any satisfactory explanation of why it should
appear so rarely and so sporadically. Another beetle whose occur-
rence on the mountains of Cumberland may well surprise the
Southern Coleopterist is Calatlixs /W.stffN, a species usually associated
with the sandy sea shore of the South of England.

Among the Staplnjlinidac, Alitalia iiiipresxa is an insect on whose
capture Mr. Britten may be congratulated, while his record of
lJi/poc!//>tiis aj)icalis "among ivy on old walls," certainly extends our
knowledge of the economy of that species. Tachinns rufipenjtis is also
another noteworthy capture of Mr. Britten, as is Staiiln/liniis fulripcn
of Mr. Day.

Limits of space, however, forbid an extended reference to many
other interesting records contained in these two papers, which will
either by their rarity or unexpectedness detain the attention of the
Coleopterist reader. Of a few records which could not easily have
been excluded by Mr. Day, although neither he nor his co-workers are
responsible for them, confirmation by more recent captures would, it
must be admitted, be very acceptable— such are X<>ti<>iihiliis niiiprs,
FAa)>hrus lappouicnx, Bailistcr nodalis, Jli/ilroiionis halmsis, the two
species of Faedents (about which Mr. Day himself hints a doubt)
and Bledius erraticus.

Two names in the list certainly deserve special mention, llijdrama
britteni, Joy, and T/iinubiiis pallidus, Newbery, species described quite
recently as new to science from Cumbrian specimens, while another,
Himalinni brericolle, Thorns., was added to the British list in 1909 on
captures made by Mr, Day and Mr, Britten. Cumberland, even
limited faunistically as it is for the purpose of this list by its
boundaries, oilers perhaps as varied physiographical conditions as any
county in the British Isles. It includes lofty mountains, lakes,
rivers'i nujsses, and woodlands, the sandhills of the coast, and the mud
flats of the Solway estuary, and the extension of the range of the ant
h'onnica rufa within its borders ensures the habitat for several
myrmecophilous Coleoptera absent from many of our northern
counties, hence we are not surprised to find so large a Coleopterous
fauna within it. We shall anticipate with an interest which we think
our readers will share those further portions of this list which will
deal with the remaining groups of the order, and we trust that the
completed work may be obtained in such a form as to make it possible
for every Coleopterist to place, as we are sure they will be glad to do,
the Coleoptera of Cumberland in one complete volume on his shelves
beside the other local records of the order which already exist and

SOCIETIES. 311

which have done so much to extend our knowledge of the distribution
of our British Beetles.— W. E. S.

SOCIETIES.

The Entomological, Society of London. — (frtobcr 2n(l, 1912. —
Miss Lily Huie, Hollywood, Colinton Road, Edinburgh, was elected a
Fellow of the Society. The death was announced of the Hon. Fellow,
Prof. L. Ganglbauer, of Vienna, and also of Messis R. Shelford, M.A.,
F.Z.S.,E. A.' Fitch, F.L.S., and G. H. Grosvenor, M.A. An Aberra-
tion New to Britain. — Dr. Nicholson showed three specimens of Adalia
oblitcrata, L., ab. snldiueata, Weise, an aberration not as yet recorded
from Britain. Dark aberrations of Abraxas grossulariata.- — Mr. G.
T. Porritt exhibited various forms of the variety ninrosparsatn, together
with the type specimen of var. nigra. Coleoptera from Oxford. —
Commander J. J. Walker exhibited series of the following rare species
of British Coleoptera, recently taken in the Oxford district : — Lathro-
biidii pallidinii, Nord., Apiinu annulipea, Wenk., J and $ , Psj/lliodes
luteola, Miill. "Insect-catching Grass." — Commander Walker also
exhibited on behalf of Mr. A. M. Lea, a specimen of the so-called
Insect-catching grass [Cenchnts aitstralis) from Cairns, N. Queensland,
with several ('oleoptera, belonging to various genera, adhering to the
spinous awns. Aberration of Pyrameis cardqi. — Mr. R. M. Prideaux
brought for exhibition a beautiful aberration of P. cardui, closely
resembling one figured by Newman. Dimorphic Homoptera. — Mr. C.
J. Gahan exhibited a small series of Fhroinnia siiperba, Melich, a
dimorphic species of Homoptera of the sub-family Flatinac, taken by
Dr. A. C. Parsons in Northern Nigeria. West African Homoptera. —
Mr. W. A. Lamborn exhibited a series of twelve Howuptcra of the
genus hlata, all taken feeding on one plant, 70 miles E. of Lagos, on
December 1st, 1912. Euciielia jacob.e.e, L., captured and then
abandoned by a Robin. — Prof. Poulton exhibited an apparently un-
injured example of E. jacubaeae given him by Mr. Roland Trimen,
F.R.S. The moth was flying slowly at midday in his garden at
Woking, when a robin captured it on the wing and flew with it behind
a bush. After about three minutes the bird flew away, and Mr.
Trimen found the moth lying upon the ground. Aberrations of
Alpine Lyc.enids. — Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited several unusual
forms of some common "Blues" taken this year in the Valley of
the Iscre and at Courmayeur. He said that the "blues" of this
region are generally large and more than usually variable ; and that it
is also the head-quarters in Western Europe of Ai/riades ale.vita^, Frr.
Scarce Ants. — Mr. Donisthorpe exhibited a number of J <? of Ponera
(•(larctata which he had swept at Box Bill, and remarked that no one
living appeared to have taken J J in Britain. Also c? <T , $ $ , and
^ ^ of P'ormicoxoiKs nitididtts, taken in a nest of P\ riifa at
Weybridge. Also 3- 3 , 5 ? , and ^ ^ of Leptotlwrax tiibero-olfinis, a
form new to Britain. Also a 3 , and wmged and deiilated ? $ of
Anen/ati'x atratiilus, which lives in. the nests of TctrainuriKin racspitiiin.
Celastrina argiolus on a new Food-plant. — Mr. Hy. .7. Turner
exhibited on behalf of the Rev. C. R. N. P>urrows, a long series of bred
( 'dastrina an/ialKs. The larvie had occurred each year for some time
past in the garden at Mucking, feeding on Portugal laurel, attacking
the flower buds in the early summer. The form closely resembled the
Nearctic form pseudanjlolus. The Genus Dianthoecia. — Mr. L. W.

312 THE entomologist's record.

Newman exhibited specimens of Dianthnecia, bred from North Kent
wild larv«, resembling exactly, both in size and coloration, Dianthnecia
caiiKophila from the Isle of Man. This appeared to confirm the opinion
of several leading men that D. rapsopJiiht and D. rarpopluKja are the
same species. He also showed for comparison varied series of
I), rarpopltaiia with a pair of 7>. capsopJiila and ]>. capsinrola. Colias
HEci-A FROM FiNMARK. — Mr. W. G. Sheldon exhibited a series of C. heda,
from the Porsanger Fjord, Arctic Norway, with specimens of the other
orange species occurring in Europe for comparison. A Living
Earwig. — Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited a living ^ of Labidnra riparia
(the Giant Earwig), taken on the shore near Christchurch, Hants.
He also exhibited a drawing giving the colour of the living insects, and
demonstrating how well they are protected by resemblance to the pale
sand of the Hampshire coast. Pyrenean Lepidoptera. — Mr. G. T.
Bethune-Baker showed specimens of Hepiabta pj/renainis, a species
found not uncommonly on the higher parts of Mount Canigou, with
the apterous female. Also a fine form of Li/cacna arion, and a specimen
of ileadoi Jiippotho'c that was at once radiated, obsolescent and
asymmetrical. Alpine Butterflies. — Mr. Douglas Pearson exhibited a
drawer of Rhopalocera from the Black Forest and the Swiss Alps,
including an albinistic specimen of Krebia lappona, the large Black
Forest form of Colias palaeno, Brenthis pales from Pontresina, with
underside, hind-wings of a deep purple-red, and others. Egg-laying
OF Erebia Glacialis. — Mr. J. A. Simes read the following note : —
"On the 15th July, 1912, I came across Krebia (jlarialis in some
numbers on a scree slope below the summit of the Colette de Gily,
Dauphiny, and saw a $ alight on a piece of loose rock on the slope,
sun itself for a time and then proceed to walk slowl}' backwards until
it reached the lower end of the rock. It then bent its abdomen
underneath the slab of rock and deposited an egg on the lower surface
of it." Delayed emergence of a Bee-imago (Osmia sp.) — The
President exhibited a species of Osmia and its cell, found three and a
half years ago beside a little stream at Jericho, which only emerged
during the Oxford Congress this year. Aberration of Brknthis
SELENE. — Mr. H. Baker Sly exhibited a very dark example of Brentliis
selene, having the under-wings clouded with dark brown all over,
except for a slightly lighter shaded spot in the middle, and the upper-
wings very heavily clouded with dark brown. He also showed a speci-
men of l\}tinephele ji(rti)ta {jaiiira), one upper-winghaving a white blotch
at the tip, and also the under-wing on the same side with a white
streak. The following papers were read : — " Life History of Lonr/iaea
chorea,'" by A. E. Cameron, M.A., B.Sc. ; counnunicated by H. S.
Leigh, F.E.S. "A few Observations on Mimicry,"by W. J. Kaye,F.E.S.
The South London Entomological and Natural History
Society. — September 2Qth. — Varieties of "Blues." — Dr. Chapman
exhibited varieties of " blues " taken in the French Alps this year
where several species were of unusually large size ; they included
r<ili/o)iiiiiatiis icariis resembling P.escheri, Aifriades thetis ah. pinictifera,
a possible hybrid between //. damou and A. coridon, etc. Bred

PA(;iIY(iASrKIA TRIFOLII AND VARIETIES OF MUTTERFLIES. Mr. Colthrup,

long series of I'achipjastria trifolii from itomney and l^jastbourne, the
former showing much variation, especially in the males, specimens of
iSatyrus seiiiele, with the eye spot in the anal angle of the hindwings

SOCIETIES, 313

absent, an unusually large example of Colias e(hisa var. helice, etc.
A BROOD OF P. jiACHAON. — Ml'. Nswman, a long bred series of Papilio
iiiac/iaoii, of fine size mostly, but only showing trivial variation, in
size and position of the discoidal spots, in the amount of blue in the
hindwings, in the breadth and depth of colour of the transverse
bands, etc. The Coquilla-nut Beetle. — Mr. Hugh Main, a beetle,
Caryohoms nudeorum, bred by him from the Coquilla nut, previously
exhibited with the larva in it, by Mr. Joy. A Sicilian Coleopteron and
several local British species. — -Mr. .J. P. Barrett, the larvre of ('chrio
(lifiaa (?) a Coleopteron occurring somewhat freely in his son's garden in
Messina, doing injury to his potatoes, a short series of Lycaena ailon
from Cornwall, .J'^yeria niuKcuforniis and Dianthnecia Inteoyo var.
ficklini, from the same county, and a huge earthen cocoon of Manduca
atropoa. Brenthis pales. — Mr. Curwen, a very varied series of
Brenthis [laL's from Switzerland. A rare Coleopteron. — Mr. Blenkarn,
the rare Coleopteron, //^'?io(/(/(,s serratns, taken in the offices of Messrs.
Moet and Chandon, Northumberland Avenue, and a series of bred
Portlieda c/irysorrJioea from Sandown, including two with bright
golden anal tufts instead of the unsual rich brown. A rare
Orthopteron. — Mr. Lucas a living female of the rare Orthopteron,
Metrioptera roeselii. C. argiolus bred from Portugal laurel. —
Mr. Turner, for Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, a beautiful series of Celastrina
oryioliia bred from larvfe taken on Portugal Laurel, notable for their
large size and brilliant coloration, approaching the American form
jKendarfiiohis. — October 10th. — British Earwigs. — Mr. Lucas exhibited
specimens and detailed drawings of the various species of British
Earwigs to illustrate his paper, with living examples of the very local
Labidura riparia from Christchurch. A. ornata var. — Mr. Tonge, a
very dark marked example of Acidalia ornata from Reigate. Lapland
CoLiAS. — Mr. Sheldon, a long series of Colias hecla from N. Lapland,
with examples of other European Colias species for comparison. Nola
ALBULALis. — Mr. Adkiu, specimens of Nola albtilalis bred from larvae
that had hybernated in coiafinement. A. coridon and E. quercinaria
varieties.— Mr. Newman, a long series of Agriadea coridon including
several ab. senrisynyraii/ia from Royston, and showing in the ? s, much
variation in the ground-colour of both upper and under surfaces, and
3rd generation specimens of Knnomofi tjitercinaria, all with the apex of
forewings dark ; 25% of the 2nd generation had been melanic, of dark
chocolate colour. Paper. — Mr. Lucas read a paper " Earwigs that
breed in Britain," and illustrated his notes with a large number of
lantern slides. — October 2itJi. — Donation to the Collection. — The
Secretary exhibited four specimens of Abraxas yrossnlarmta ab.
rarleyata, presented to the Society's cabinet by Mr. G. T. Porritt.
Swiss Butterflies. — Mr. Ashdown, a collection of Butterflies made
during his holiday in Switzerland in .June and July. Photographs. —
Mr. Colthrup, a series of very fine photographs of lepidoptera at rest
and of famous entomological localities. Mr. Newman's breeding and
Hybrids. — Mr. Newman, one ( 'olias ediisa and four var. helice, which
he had bred this year from a captured var. helice, some Pyraweix
atalonta with smoky-red bands, and a fine series of autumn-bred
hybrid ocellatiiR-jmpndi showing much variability. These last had
not been forced. T. bistortata, 2nd brood. — Mr. Tonge, a long series
of Tephrosia bistortata, bred from a captured $ from Tilgate Forest.

314 THE entomologist's record.

An uncommon Pyrale. — Mr. Kaye, an uncommon Pyrale, Ar/lossa
cuprealis, captured in his house at Surbiton. Exotic Papilios. — Mr,
Edwards, the exotic Papilios, 1\ iacicus, from S. America, and J'.
hcUcrl and P. aiidraenion, from Mexico. Living P. c-album. — Mr. L.
Gibb, a living example of l'olij<fonia c-album. Eupitheciids.— Mr.
Adkin, short series of Kupithevia innotata and K, fia.vinata, and
initiated a discussion on the specific stability of these as two separate
species, Pieris napi of 1912. — Mr. Grosvenor, two drawers of Picris
napi, showing the geographical variation occurring in the British Isles.
Lapland butterflies. — Mr. Sheldon, all the species of the genus Erchia
known to occur in Scandinavia, and which he had taken in his trips
there during 1911 and 1912.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — October 21.s^
— Mr. Wm. Webster, Vice-President in the chair. This being the
opening meeting of the season was devoted to exhibits of the past
season's work. Mr. F, N, Pierce showed a box of Lepidoptera from
Silverdale, Lanes,, which included Hamearis lucina, Brenthis euplirosyne,
and Euclidia mi ; from Tansor, Huntingdonshire, ScJioenobiiis mucro-
nellus, 8. forjicellus, Acentropiis niveus, Hydrocampa nympheata, H.
stagnata, and Paraponyx stratiotata ; also Scapula fcrruyalis from
Oxfordshire. Mr. L. West exhibited his recently published work The
Natural Trout-Fly and its Imitations, containing a fine series of coloured
illustrations of the flies used by the angler for trout together with a
set of the artificial flies, inserted on special pages, Mr, B, H. Crabtree,
two drawers containing his very fine series of variations of Abraxas
yrossulariata, including vars. niyra, niyro-sparsata, niyro-caerulea, Jlavo-
fasciata, hazeleiyhensis, lutea, varleyata, and other striking forms. Mr.
E. Tait, Jun., a long bred series of Ayrotis ashworthii, with vars. sub-
striata, and riryata, a very fine set of Ayrotis ayatliina, including var.
rosea and a melanic form of Boarmia repandata, from North Wales ;
Leptosia sinapis, Colias edasa, Liydia adustata, Bapta temerata,
Melanippe yaliata, from south Devon ; Tephrosia luridata, from Wyre
Forest, and Nyssia zonaria, from Conway. Mr. W. A. Tyerman
exhibited the following species from Ainsdale, viz : — Procris statices,
Neuria reticulata, Dianthoecia nana, PUisia festucae, Phibalapteryx
liynata, and Kupithecia satyrata var. callunaria. Mr. W. Mansbridge
showed Micro-lepidoptera collected in Lancashire and Cheshire
during the past season, viz: — Along bred series oiTortrixcostana with
melanic and intermediate variations, a long bred series of Mnemonica
(Micropteryx) unimaculella, Coleophora fusccdmella and ( '. lutipennella,
Ornix betulae, Lithocolletis (j uercifoliella,&nd L.crame7-ella,ivomJ)e\iim.eve;
Pancalia loewenhoekella and Pyrausta purpuraUs from Grange, the last
being very brightly coloured. Mr. Prince, a bred series of Cidaria
reticulata, from Windermere, yemeophila plantayinis var. hospita, from
the Lake District, and many coast species.

BIT U AR Y.

William Forsell Kirby. (}Vith portrait.)

Although William Forsell Kirby was a naturalist by profession,
and had a world-wide reputation as a writer on various orders of
insects, besides being the author of more popular works on Natural
History, he was a man of great erudition, and took a considerable

OBITUARY.

315

interest in vaiious branches of general science, literature and philo-
sophy. His vast reading and great knowledge caused him to be con-
stantly apphed to by friends and correspondents whenever they required
information, on all manner of subjects, and in the true spirit of science
Mr. Kirby was always ready with his advice and help. On the other
hand, Mr. Kirby was a most gentle and retiring man, whose fear of
injuring others prevented him from putting himself forward, and taking
a place which his great talents would have deserved.

William Forsell Kirby was born on January 14th, 1844, at High
Street, Leicester, and was the eldest son of Samuel Kirby, banker.
His mother's maiden name was Lydia Forsell. In 1854 his father
died, and in 1857 the family removed to Burgess Hill, and afterwards
to Brighton. In Brighton Kirby became acquainted with several
entomologists and other naturalists, including Henry Cooke, Frederick
Merrifleld, and J. N. "Winter, and he became a member of the Brighton
and Sussex Natural History Society. He continued to collect insects
together with sea-shore objects, and his first published writings appeared
in the Kntnmnloiii^fs Weekbj Intellitiencer:'- In 1858 he published his
Lht of Brithh Ehnpaloccm.' In 18G0, Kirby left Brighton and came to
London, and entered the business of Meesrs. Williams and Norgate,
where he remained until 1866, with the exception of an interval in
1864, which was spent in studying chemistry under Dr. T. W. Wood.
It was at this time that he joined the Entoinological Society of London,
and in 1862 he published his first work of importance, A Manual of
tuiropeoii Butterflies. This brought him into notice, and he became
known to the famous entomologists of the day, J. 0. Westwood, H. T.
Stainton, W. C. Hewitson, H. W. Bates, Dr. H. G. Knaggs, and others.

The year 1866 was chiefly spent in Germany, where Kirby married
Miss Johanna Maria Kappel, to whom he was devotedly attached and
who, until her death in 1893, took a great interest in and assisted him
with his literary work. While on the Continent he collected insects
and plants, and studied German, Italian and Persian. Kirby was an
early disciple of Darwin, as shown in a paper read before the Entomo-
logical Society as early as January, 1863. In 1867 Kirby accepted the
post of Assistant Naturalist in the ]\Iuseum of the Royal Dublin Society,
afterwards the National Museum of Science and Art, his fellow-assistant
being A. G. More, the well-known botanist and ornithologist. It was
in 1867 that Kirby's only son was born. During this time articles from
his pen on entomological subjects continued to appear, not only in the
entomological journals, but in such papers as the Irish Fanners'
(jrazette, iSaiinders' Neirs Letter, The Gardener's Record, etc.

In 1871 his great work, A Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepi-
doptera, appeared, and at once made him famous. In 1877 he pub-
lished his Supplement to this Catalogue. The next work of importance
he produced was European Butterfiies and Moths, which appeared in
monthly parts from 1878 to 1882, and has been several times reissued.
The most recent edition, under the name Butter/lies and Moths of
Kurojie, was published from 1902 to 1904.

On the death of W. C. Hewitson, in 1878, W. F. Kirby was asked
to prepare the Catalogue of his famous collection of Butterfiies which
Hewitson had bequeathed to the British Museum. This necessitated a

Knt. Week. Int., Vol. I., p. 91 (1856). W.K. announces the discovery of the
full-fed larvBe of Orgyia gonostigma. — (H.J.T.)

816 THE entomologist's record.

stay at Mr. Hewitson's delightful house and grounds at Oatland's Park.
Here Mr. Kirby was visited by Mr. Hewitson's old friends Sir William
Armstrong, John Hancock, H. Grose-Smith, and S. Stevens, and
many a pleasant afternoon was spent by these naturalists in fishing
for tench, bream, and eels in the Broad Water. From 1869 to 1884
W. F. Kirby contributed the annual reports on Lepidoptera for the
Zooloijical Record, and afterwards the greater part of the Insecta. This
necessitated his acquiring a knowledge of various European languages
such as Dutch, Swedish, Danish, Spanish, Portuguese, and Eussian.

In 1879, on the death of P'rederick Smith, Kirby was transferred
from Dublin to the Zoological Department of the British Museum, a
post which he held until his superannuation in January, 1909. At
first, on his return to England, Kirby resided in the north of London,
and was an intimate friend and neighbour of Edward Clodd, H. W.
Bates, and H. G. Knaggs. On the removal of the Zoological Depart-
ment to South Kensington, he came to live in Chiswick, and was a
neighbour of Dr. Bowdler Sharpe, with whom he made a tour to
Norway in 1901.

At the British Museum Kirby ceased to work officially at Lepi-
doptera, and took up the orders Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, etc. In 1882
he published his List of [hjiiicnoptcra Tentliredinldae and Siricidae in the
Collection of the British Museum, and in 1883, Evolution and Natural
Theolo;/!/. In 1885 appeared his Textbook of Kntomolofiy (2nd edition
1892) ; in 1885 the Youn;/ Collector Series British Buttcrjlies, Moths,
and Beetles ; 1887 to 1897, in conjunction with H. Grose-Smith,
Uhopalncera Exotica (2 vols.) ; in 1889, A Natural Uistonj of Maiinuah,
Birds, lleptiles, etc. (8 vols.).

In 1890 A Si/)wnyinic Cataloi/ue of Neuroptera, Odonata, or Drat/on-
Jiies was issued, followed, in 1892, by his great Synomjmic Cataloijue of
Lepidoptera-Heterocera or JSlotlis : Sphinyes and Bombijces, on which he
had been working for a number of years. Want of sufficient support
prevented this monumental work from being continued, or it would
have run to some five or six other volumes. The shell of the work was
complete up to 1892. The Handbook of Lepidoptera, 5 vols., was issued
from 1894 to 1897, followed by Marvels of Ant Life in 1898, Eavi'liar
Butterflies and Mothfi, 1902, British Lloweriny Plants, 1906, Mannuals of
the ]Vorld, 1907, and .Sipio)n/)iiic Catalot/ue of Orthoptera in the Collec-
lection of the IJritish Aluseuiu, 3 vols., 1904, 1906, 1910, as well as
numerous contributions to Entomological and other journals which
appeared from time to time. All this while W. F. Kirby was writing
books and papers on various branches of Literature and Poetry, as well
as on Mysticism and Philosophy. He was a Fellow of the Linnean
and Entomological Societies, to the latter of which he was Honorary
Secretary for some years.

Kirby was fond of travelling and generally spent his holidays abroad.
He had thus visited Scotland, France, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland,
Italy, the United States and Canada, and always started on his travels
armed with a butterfly net and collecting box. His last holiday, in
August of this yeai', was spent with his son and grandsons in Germany
and Austria.

His genial kindliness, tact, and quiet amiability, together with his
never tiring assistance to all who required help or counsel, endeared
him to a large circle of friends and acquaintances, whilst the world

OBITUARY. 317

will be the poorer for the vast amount of work which, at the age of 68,
he was still prepared to give it from his prolific brain,

William Forsell Kirby died on November 20th, at his residence in
Chiswick, after a short illness. lie was buried in Chiswick Cemetery
on the 26th, being attended to the grave by a large gathering of
sorrowing friends. — W.E.K.

Arnold Wullschlegel.

The last of the well-known lepidopterists of the Rhone Valley
has been removed by the death of Arnold Wullschlegel, at Martigny,
on November 18th, on his 63rd birthday. His death will not
have come as a surprise to any of his friends, since more than
two years ago he was afflicted with three strokes of paralysis within a
fortnight, after the last of which he never spoke again, though he
retained his intellect unimpaired. He is best known as the colla-
borator of the late Chanoine Favre in the " Macro-Lepidoptera of the
Valais," but having bred an immense number of species from the egg,
he had naturally acquired vast stores of knowledge of their early
stages, much of which will in all probability be lost to the world. He
leaves a widow who for many years has shared his entomological
labours, and though she has so far published nothing, it is possible
that through her means some part of this hardly-acquired knowledge
may be preserved for the service of future generations. — G. W.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXIV.

PAGE

Aberrational Names . . . . 229

Aberrations and Varieties (see also

Variation) : — Abraxas grossn- .

lariata, 132, 276; Adalia ohli-

terata, 245; Aglaia iirticae, 177,

223; Af)riades coridoit, 238; A.

thetis, 153 ; Agrotis jordani, 304 ;

A. jordani ab. chali/haea, 304 ;

A. kermesina ab. virescens, 305 ;

Anthochelis phtacina, 131 ; An-

throcera jilipendulae, 132 ; Apa-

tura ilia, 276; Argijnuis adippe,

152 ; Boarmi'i repandata, 57,

202 ; Brenthi.f pales, 41 ; Bri/o-

pliila raptriciiloides, 305 ; B.

raptriculoides ab. vun'morata,

305; A. raptriculoides ab.

mediostrigata, 305 ; Calloplirys

rubi, 152 ; Cidaria populate!, 85 ;

C. truncata, 58; Clytus arietis,

278 ; Coenonymplia. pamphilus,

60 ; Colias edusa, 199 ; C. erate,

12 ; C. palaeno, 252 ; Coscina

cribrnm, 159; Ephyra annulata,

199 ; Epinephele jurtina, 192 ;

i-J. tebuessia, 192 ; i*.. tithonus

ab. /"itZf/e/i.s, 304; Erchia lappona ,

98; E. stygne, 2, 159; Euchlor

cardamines, 131 ; 7*-'. damone,

223; Himera pennaria, 57;

Leptosia duponcheli, 148 ; L.

sinapis, 12, 149 ; Ltptothorax

tubero-all'inis, 306 ; Loweia alci-

phron, 10, 99 ; lAiperina guencei,

18; Zv. krnegeri, 305; Lycaeiia

sephyrus, 190; Malenydris uiulti-

strigaria, 134 ; Melanargia

galathea, 101, 275 ; Melitaea

othalia, 42 ; i!/. aurinia, 132 ;

i1/. cynthia, 89 ; Noctua festiva,

85 ; Ocneria krnegeri, 304 ;

Parasemia 2''«"'"S'"'*'''> 255 ;

Parnassius apollo, 75 ; Z-".

mnemosyne, 4 ; Pieris napi, 12,

214 ; Plebeius argus, 3, 101 ;

Polyommatus icarus, 11, 54,

153, 268; Pyrameis atalanta ,

105, 199 ; Jhimicid phlaeas,

10, 51, 131 ; Satyrus al-

cyone, 152; ,S'. statiliiius, 121;

Scoparla ambigualis, 203; Xylina

aruilhopus .. .. .. 123

Abundance of Acidalia fumata,
138; Z^i.s^on hirtaria, 122;
Celastrina argiulus, 215 ; Coc-
nonymplia typhon, 257 ; Crambus

geniculeus, 166 ; Dasydia ubfus-
cata, 82; Ematurga atumaria,
57 ; Hadena pisi, 56 ; Halia
brunneata, 83; Heliaca tene-
brata, 135 ; Hibernia leuco-
phaearia, 247 ; Issoria lathonia,
121 ; Melanargia galathea, 113 ;
Malenydris didymata, 138;
moths at Light, 175 ; Odezia
atrata, 138 ; Pyrameis cardui,
215 ; Rumicia phlaeas, 54 ;
Satyrus cordula, etc., 70, 98 ;
(Sesia stellatarum . . . . 61

Acarina with ants . . . . . . 38

Acceptance of Aner gates at ratal us

by Tetrauiorium cespitum . . 218

Acraeidae, New species of 28, 223,

225, 233
Alternation of Generations . . 194

Ants 4, 34, 47, 63, 65, 76, 77,

126, 198, 208, 218, 306
Aphaniptera. . .. .. .. 194

Aphidae with ants . . . . . . 39

^ra»(eiw(^i with ants. . .. ..39

Assembling of ilZ. ritftt, 93 ; Satur-
nia pavonia . . . . . . 134

Asymmetry of Apatura iris, 54 ;
Mimas tiliae, 50 ; Pontia dapli-
dice, 60 ; Vcnilia macula ta . . 57
Attacks on Anthrocerid pupas . . 216
Bibliography of Luperina guvicei.. 87
Bionomical Notes . . . . . . 244

Birds and Insects . . . . • • 263

Bleaching in Lepidoptera . . . . 98

Braconidae with ants . . . . 36

"British Butterflies" (J. W.Tutt),
completion of . . . . • • 192

British Destructive Insects in

India 222

Camptogramma fluviata in North
London . . . . . . • • 306

Captures in Norfolk . . . . 230

Case enlarged by Coleophora
maeniacclla . . . . . . 242

Ceanotlius, Attractive power of . . 193
Cleaning of Greasy Insects . . 123

Coccidae with ants, 37 ; eaten by
Lycffinid larvffi . . . . 107, 129

Cocoon, Aberrant, of P. cecropia 276
Coenuuympha, The genus . . . . 201

Coleophora, Notes on the various
siieciesof .. .. 183, 241, 281

Coleoptera, Bare species of, 24, 25,
27, 28. 48, 102, 117, 128, 168,
191, 202, 246 ; at Newhaven, 22 ;
Bibliographia, 127; Carrion-

INDEX.

819

feeding, 143 ; Catalogus, 144 ;
Changes in synonymy, 116 ;
Fooclplants of Ajnon aiinuliijes,
etc., 271 ; Fossil, 223 ; genus
Anisotoma, 140; genus Bledius,
141 ; genusCeutliorhynchns, 139 ;
genus Gabrius, 140 ; genus
Gyrophaena, 250 ; genus Hali-
2)lus, 139 ; genus Loiifiitarsiis,
142 ; infesting vines, 85 ; in the
Isle of Wight, 65; niyrmeeophilous
notes, 34 ; New species and
varieties of, 27, 53, 114, 140, 141,
142, 187, 194, 195, 250; notes
on species of Lathrohiiiin, 259;
on the Isle of Eigg, 13 ; Records
of local Geodejihaga, 168 ; Retro-
spect for 1911, 114, 138 ; species
and vars. new to Britain, 1, 14,
71, 114, 129, 191, 194, 195, 243,
250 ; taken at Ditchling, 1911 . . 20
Collecting Orthoptera in the

Caucasus and Transeaucasus . . 297
Collecting at Constantinople in
1911, 10, 293 ; in 1912, 293 ; in
frost, 103 ; notes for 1911, 90,
145, 176 ; notes for 1912, 219, 220
Collection, An old Essex . . . . 290

Collections of H. J. Adams, 250;

J. W. Tutt . . 73, 104, 188, 221

Collembola with ants . . . . 37

Congress, Second International,

of Entomology . . 207, 209, 221
Comparison of the Coleopterous

Fauna of Cumberland and Kent 309
Cosmopolitan Cockroaches . . 217

Courting of I'rbicola comma . . 157

Crustacea with ants . . . . 40

Current Notes 26, 44, 74, 104,

125, 192, 221, 249, 274, 306
Description of Adalia obliterata
(abs.), 243; Catops montivagus,
71 ; Coleophora artemisiella
(larva), 243 ; C niaotiacella
(larva), 241; C. ochrea (larva),
281 ; C. therinella (larva), 184 ;
C. viminetella (larva and ovum),
282'; Eryx fairmairci, 1 ; Hy-
droecia burrowsi, 109 ; Lepto-
thorax corticalis (and other races
of L. tuberum), 63 ; Longitarsus
plantago-maritiymtti, 187; do. ah.
perplexus, 188 ; Mysia oblongo-
guttata ab. nigroguttata, 53 ;
Platycleis barrctii, 31 ; Zono-
somaorbicularia a.h. iantliinarium 25
Dimorphism in Anthocharis belia,
59 ; Euripus lialitherses, 52 ;
Melaiiitis ismene, 72 ; Phasmidas 203
Diptera 48, 75, 198, 199, 200, 201,

225, 227
Diptera new to Britain 27, 77, 126,

189, 194, 195, 250
Diptera with ants . . . . . . 35

Disease transmitted by insects 194, 195

Distinction between Acraea orestia
and A. humilis, 49 ; Brentlns
pales and B. arsilache, 88 ;
Croesus varius and C. latipes,
130 ; Eurytela. hiarbas and E.
dryope, 130 ; Hesperia malvae,
H. Dialvoides, and H. melotis,
127 ; Hydroecia burrowsi, H.
paludis, etc., 109 ; Leptosia
siiiapis and L. duponclieli, 149 ;
Leucania jnilleii s and L. favicolor,
106 ; Luperina graslini and L.
nickerlii, 18 ; Mycetoporus forti-
cornis and M. oiavicornis . , 25

Distribution of the Blattidse, Notes
on the 238

Early appearances . . 25, 74, 122, 201

Easy Method of getting full-fed
Cossus larvffi from the trees . . 190

Economic Entomology 75, 108,

194, 210, 211, 222

Egg-laying of Bithys quercus, 54 ;
Fararge megaera. . ., ..55

Emergence of Geometra papilio-
naria, 245; Blattid larvas .. 283

Entomological Club ..26,44,104

Eupithecia, Notes on . . . . 33

Exhibition of the S. London Ent.
Society 307

Experiments with the Effects of the
Protective Vapours of Heteroptera 307

First Fortnight in July at Digne,
The 67, 99

Foodplant of Ajnon annulipes, etc.,
271 ; Lithostege griseata, 231 ;
Hesperia sidae, 44 ; Nonagria
cannae .. .. .. .. 220

Fortnight at Gavarnie, A . . 150, 157

Fungus growing on ants . . . . 5

Genitalia 28, 101, 109, 126, 127,

139, 148, 170, 171, 226

Genotype of the Blattid genus
Steleopyga . . . . . . 23

Gloucestershire Lepidoptera, Col-
lection of . . . . . . . . 74

Grapta (Polygonia), North-Ameri-
can, in British Museum . . 47

Greek Lepidoptera in April, 1911 59

GynandromorphoLis Oxynopterus
audouini, 48 ; Amorpha populi,
49, 147 ; Hydroecia paludis, 170,

172, 202, 229

Habits of Amauris egialea, 198 ;
Antennophorus , 88; AntJirocera
exulans, 254; A. meliloti, 245;
Asthena blomeri, 163; Boarmia
roboraria, 165 ; Coleophora
maeniacella (larva), 242 ; Croesus
varius and C. latipes, 130; Di-
anthoecia irregularis, 261 ; Glau-
copsyche cyllarus, 62 ; Gluto-
phrissa saba, 128; Hibernia, 103;
Hirsutina dolus, 118, 119 ; Litho-
stege griseata, 231, 262, 273 ;
Luperina gueneei (larva), 271 ;

320

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

PAGE.

Lijcuena aephi/niii var. iilirtiki,
190 ; Malenydris nuiltistrigaria,
134; Microdoii inutahilis, 35;
Miltochriata miiiiatd, 24.5 ; Noc-
tua primulae, N. hruniiea und N.
triuiKjuluin, 245 ; Puchi/tltelia
villosella (larva), 246; I'alim-
psestis octogesima, 136 ; Fapilio
memnon, etc., 73; Phycis carhon-
aiielhi, 85 ; Fieris rapae, 146 ;
Folyonunatus esclieri, 99 ; Stilhia
anonuila, 105; Thyreostheniui<
hiovata, 39 ; Tortrix pronuhana,
273 ; Tricopteryx virctata . . 272
Hailstorm, Remarkable . . . . 161

Hairs of Aiiuphe iiij'racla, Irritatiiif^ 225
Hcmiptera-Ileteroptera ..36,75, 194
Hibernation of Ciciudela senilix,

1U4 ; Goneptcryx r]ia))uii .. 178

Hybrids . . 129, 200, 269, 313

Hydroecias in the Tutt collection . . 73
Hymenoptera {see also Ants), 36,

37, 144, 202, 252
Insects as prey 48, 72, 128, 129,

155, 174, 216, 224, 225, 257, 263
Italian Lakes in Spring .. ..112

Larvse, Carnivorous 107, 248, 249

LarvsB of Bistoii hirtaria, 93, 122 ;
Coleophora arteviisiella, 242,
272; C. discordella, 189; C.
viaeniacella, 241 ; C. niyricella
(?), 187 ; C. ochrea, 281 ; C.
therinella, 183; C. viminetclla,
282 ; Cossits liyniperda, 190 ;
Dianthoecia capsincola, 95 ; I),
carpophaga, 95 ; Jocheaera alni,
56 ; Lasiocampa qiiercvs, 127 ;
Luperina yueiieei, 271 ; Ij. nick-
erlii, 20; j\Ia)uluca atrojjos, 273;
Microdon inutahilis, 35; Myelois
cribrella, 75 ; Myrmecimt grand-
7iicola, 4; Pachythelia villosella,
246 ; Fhyllotoma aceris, 276 ;
Pieris napi, 103 ; Thera /Irniata,

237 ; Tiiieina Ill

Lepidoptera of Abertillery, 133,
162 ; Albula Pass, 41 ; Altmatt,
2 ; Braemar, 81, 253 ; Bernina
Pass, 87 ; Black Forest, 265 ;
The Broads, 220; " Breck "
district, 260, 273; Campfer, 267 ;
Canvey Is., 124; The Cevenne.'?,
117; Chamonix, 104; Constanti-
nople, 10,293; Courmayenr, 16;
Daiiphine Alps, 96 ; Digne, 67,
99; FiCli'pens, 15; Kilzbach and
the Thalalp, 3 ; Fontaineblean,
17; Co. Galway, 127; Gavarnie,
150, 157; Gibraltar, 172; Grand
St. Bernard, 16; Greece, 59;
Grindclwald, 288; Hinterzarten,
266, 295, 296; Italian Lakes,
112 ; Lyndhurst, 90 ; Martigny
and Branson, 15 ; Meienthal, 2;
Miirren, 288; Norfolk, 230;

PAGE.

Orsieres, 18; Pontresina. 266;
llhone Valley, 112 ; Rilfelalp,
104; S. Moritz, 87; Virton,
294; Wye Valley .. .. ,53

Lepidoptera, New species of, 28 ;
Species and vars. new to Britain,
25, 27, 49 ; Types of, 188 ; with
ants . . . . . . . . 37

Lepidopterology . . . . . . 14

LUnjthea celtis, Eggs and ovi-
position . . . . . . . . 302

Life-history of Haemonia appendi-

citlata 143

Light, Insects at . . . . 166, 175

Light-Emission of American Lam-
pyridae . . . . . . . . 46

lAiperina (?) gucneei as a species

and as a British species. . 17, 87
Lycaeiiidae 48, 107, 153, 190,

198, 224
Malformation of Ih/droecia palu-
dis, On a .. .'. .. 169, 171

Mantida? 202

Marriage flight of Lasitis niger, 6 ;
of Forndca nifa . . . . . . 8

Melanic, Acidalia inrgularia, 79 ;
Boarmia repandata , 138 ; De-
pressaria applana, 200 ; Euholia
hipttnctaria, 131; Hihernia leu-
cophaearia, '2'65; Blelitaea a^iri-
nia, 200 ; Noctua xanthographa,
200; Pyrausta atirata, 167;
TItera variata, .. .. ..79

Micro-lepidoptera of Canvey Is. . . 124
Migration of Sirex gigns . . . . 252

Mimicry, 48, 72, 77, 105, 124, 128,
153, 174, 198, 208, 210, 224,

225, 226, 233, 262
Monopis, The Genus . . . . 126

Month in Switzerland and else-
where, A 2, 41, 87

Moths on trunks of apple trees . . 181
Myriapoda with ants . . . . 37

Myrmecophilous Notes for 1911, 4,

34, 143
National Trust for Places of

Historic Interest . . 74, 217

Neuroptera . . . . . . 28, 203

New Species and new forms of

Lepidoptera from Sardinia . . 303
Nomenclature 127, 178, 199, 206,

207, 213, 227, 229
Nonsense Names . . . . 66, 102

Note on certain species of Lathro-

hlum .. 2.59

Note on the abundance of Biston
Iiirtaria in 1912, and on Insect
Periodicity . . . . . . 122

Note on the Early Season . . . . 122

Notes from Braemar, Supple-
mentary . . . . . . . . 253

Notes from the Wye Valley . . 53

Notes in late May or early June . . 191
Notes on the season 1912 at Con-
stantinople . . . . . . 293

321

PAGE.

Notes on a July Trip to Switzer-
land 287

Notes on Collecting, etc. 44, 74,
103, 12-2, 152, 188. 219, 246,

272, 306
Notes on collecting in 1911 10, 90,

145, 176
Notes on collecting in 1912 219,

220, 234, 267, 272, 293
Notes on Gibraltar Lepidoptera . . 172
Notes on the various species of

Coleophora . . 183, 241, 281

Obituaries, S. J. Capper, 52; A. J.
Fison, 280; E. A. Fitch, 228;
G. H. Grosvenor, 252; W. R.
Jeffrey, 279 ; W. F. Kirby, 314 ;
Dr. McCook, 46 ; Dr. Sequiera,
275; R. W. C. Shelford, 204,
205; A. M. Shuguvoff, 278;
Prof. J. Bernard Smith, 203; A.

Wullschlegel 317

Occasional Notes on Eupithecia, in
LO. Fermanagh . . . . . . 33

Odonata, Pre-imaginal stages of,
80 ; in Scotland . . . . 126, 275

Officers and Council of the Ento-
mological Society of London . . 308
Oothecae of Blattidae .. . , 283

Orchid stamens adhering to moths 245
Orthoptera 23, 29, 76, 77, 130, 155,

202, 205, 217, 238, 274, 279. 283, 297
Ova of Biston hirtaria, 122; Boar-
mid cinctaria, 91 ; Coleophora
vwdnetella, 282; Dianthoecia
capsincola, 95; D. carpophaga,
94,95; Dicranura rinula, 190;
Gonepteryx rhamni, 224 ; Pieria
napi,lQ'6; Lihythea celtis .. 303
Oviposition of E. carclamiiies^, 221 ;

L. celtis 302

Pairing of Hepialiis hecta . . . . 236

Parasites on a parasite, 1911 ; on
cockroaches . . . . . . 287

Parasitic Diptera . . 200, 227, 243

Periodicity 122, 261

Phaxiiiidae 106, 202

Polid }:hi and Protective Resem-
blance . . . . . . . . 124

Polyctcnidac viviparous . . . . 28

Proctotriqxidae with a.nts .. ..37

Professorships in Entomology . . 222
Protective Resemblance (s<p also

Mimicry) . . 124. 153, 174, 262

Protodcrmcqitcra .. . . . . 307

Pscudticraea, An extraordinary
example of mimetic poly-
morphism.. .. .. .. 233

Pupav of Anthrocera filipendiilae,
216; Chrysojysyclie i-aria, 226;
Kmmelesia albulata, 132 ;
Myrvieciua graiiiinicolu, 4 ;
Norasmna holga, 106 ; Pliisia
festiicae . . . . . . , . 137

Pupation of Brent)n.< enplironytte . . 191
Random Notes on 1912 .. ..234

112
244

271
111

PAGE.

Recollections of the Eastern
Counties . . . . . . . . 273

Retrospect of a Coleopterist for

1911 114, 138

Reviews see 322

Rhone Valley and Italian Lakes in

Spring
Scent of Papilio machaon larvae . .
Scientific Notes and Observations
44, 72, 103, 124, 153, 191, 221,
244,
Seasonal Notes on Tineina
Season of 1911 in the Abertilleiy

District 133, 162

Season of 1912, The 213, 219, 234,

246, 248, 267, 272, 293

Second brood of Acidalia riilngi-

nata, 261 ; Acontia luctuosa,

261 ; Agrophila trahealis, 274 ;

Agrotis seyetum, 168 ; Argymiis

(iglaia, 123 ; Brenthis scleiie, 17,

124; Bryophila perla, 57;

Celastriua argiolus, 118; Coremia

designuta, etc., 58; Eniiychia

octomaculata, 59 ; Eupitliecia

virgaureata, 33 ; Leitcania

comma, 79; Limenitis Camilla,

11; Melanippe suhtristata, 58;

' Melitaca didyma, 11 ; Minoa

j murinata, 58 ; Odontopera

j hidentata, 124; Pharetra rumicis,

56 ; Smerintlius occllata, 273 ;

Tephrosia histortata, 235 ; T.

crepuscularia, 57 ; Tortrix

pronubana, 273; Xylocanqya

areola

Seeds collected by ants

Sight in insects, 208 ; in birds . .

Social Habit of Micropteryx

calthella ..
Societies' Reports : Birmingham
Photographic Society, 125 ; City
of London Entomological and
Natural History Society, 79. 130;
Entomological Society of London,
27, 45, 47, 105, 128, 198, 223,
311 ; Lancashire and Cheshire
Entomological Society, 80, 105,
195, 202, 314; South-Eastern
Union of Scientific Societies,
193 ; South London Entomo-
logical and Natural History
Societv 45, 49, 104, 197, 274,

276, 312
Spring Notes
Stray Notes from Ceylon, 153;

from Java . .
Some Races of Ants new to Britain 306
Summer Holiday in Belgium,

Germany and Switzerland
Summer Trip in France, Switzer-
land and Italy
Symbiosis in whorls of Bromelia-

ceac
Tabanidae, Unknown males of . .

124

5

224

246

189

72

294

15

76
224

322

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

I'AGE. I PAGK.

Tarsal Claws, Specific value of . . 49 | Urticatins hairs 225

Ten Days in the Cevennes . . 117 ; Value of Protective Resemblance in

Teratology . . 28, 50, 03, 70, 132, 202 I Moths 174, 262

Third Brood of Celostrina ar<iiolu^,

79 ; Limenitis Camilla, 11 ;

Jimnicia phlaeas, 54, 177 ;

Tephroaia crepuscularia . . .. 57

Third generation of Acidalia vir-

(lularia .. .. .. ..51

Thysanoptera .. 191,224,250

Tineina Ill

Toluol as a grease solvent . . . 123

Trunks of trees. Moths on. . 106, 181
Types of Lepidoptera . . . . 188

Variation in Aricia anteros, 10 ;
Cyaniris semiargns, 10 ; Delias
eucharis. 153 ; Eiicliloe euphe-
iioides, 44 ; Formica riifa, 8 ;
Hihernia leucophaearia, 234 ;
Picris napi and P. rapae, 132 ;
Pscudacraeaeuiytus, 233; Tera-
coliis liinbatuii . . . . 154, 230

Varieties {see Aberrations)

Viviparous cockroaches . . . . 284

Week at Braemar, A . . . . 81

Reviews and Notices of Books, etc. : — Aunales de la SocUte Ent. de Beh/ique,

251 : Annals of Scottish Nat. Wst., ]2'i, 145 ; Annual liejMrt a)id Proceed-
ings of tlieLancashire and Cheshire Entoni. Soc, 40, 195 ; Animal Report of
the Entoni. Soc. of Ontario (42nd), 192; Berliner Entomologisclie Zeitsch rift,
76; Bihliograpliia Coleopterologica, 127 ; Bulletin de la Societ(} Ent. de
France, 75, 192, 276; Bulletin de la Societe Lepid. de Geneve, 127;
Bulletin of the State University of loiva, 223 ; Butterfly Hunting in
Many La)ids, Dr. Longstaff, 76, 107; Canadian Entomologist, 46,192;
Colcoptera of Cumberland, 308 ; Coleopterorum Catalogus, 144 ; Ento-
mological Neivs, 46, 76, 193, 194; E)ttomologische Mitteilungen, 78, 127;
Entomolo<iisk Tidshrift, 126; Entomologist, 76, 127; Entomoloqist's
Monthly Mag., 27, 77, 120, 144, 193, 194', 195, 250 ; Etudes de Le'pidop-
tirologie Coniparee, C. Oberthiir, 14 ; Genera Insectorum (Dermaptcra),
155 ; Illustrated Descr. Cat. of the Coleoptera (e.rclusive of Rhynchophora)
known to occur in Indiana, Prof. Blatchley, 144 ; Irish Naturalist, 127,

252 ; Lepidoptera of the Zoological Museum of the University of Naples,
75; Lepidopterorum Catalogus, C. Aurivillius and H. Wagner, 196;
Life and Love of the Insect, J. Henri Fabre (trans, by A. de Mattos), 26;
Macro-Lepidoptera of the World, Seitz, 193 ; Monograph of the African
species of the genus Acraca, H. Eltringham, 226 ; Naturalist, 76, 195 ; Pre-
liminary Jieport of Grape Insects, 7.^ ; Proceedings of the Soutli London
Entomological and Nat. Hist. Society, 195 ; Proceedings of the Zoological
Soc. Lond., 77 ; Proportions of the Seres in Forficula auricularia, H. H.
Brindley, 275; Report of the Agricultural Research Institute and College,
108; Revue ]\Iensuelle de la Socidti^ Ent. Na)nuroise, 128, 275; Scottisli
Natnralist, 275 ; Social Life in the Insect World, J. H. Fabre, 107 ;
Terehrae of the Chalastogastra, Rev. F. D. Morice, 125; Transactions of
the Carlisle Nat. Hist. Soc, 193, 221; Transactions of tlie Entom. Soc.
of Ijondon, 144; Verhandlung der k. k. zool.-hot. Ges. in Wien, 223;
Zeitschrift fiirioiss. Insektenhiologie, 27; Zoologisclie Kilinuindjaro-Meru
ii.rperfiftcn (1905-6) .. ..' .. .." 78

Localities : — Abbot's Wood, 248 ; Abertillery, 133, 162 ; Albula Pass, 41 ;
Algeciras, 172; Algeria, 44; Altmatt, 2; Argeles, 101; Avieniore, 8;
Bagshot, 145; Balta, 298 ; Barnes, 112 ; Baveno, 112 ; Ben Bheuiab, 73 ;
Bergiin, 41. 87; B(>risal, 113; Bernina Pass, 87; Bex, 113; Bickley,
166 ; Boxhill, 4, 35, 235, 236, 237, 243 ; Braemar, 81, 253 ; Branson, 15 ;
Brasted Chart. 152 ; Breck District, 200, 273; Briancon, 97; Brighton,
92; Bristol, 237; Bromley (Kent), 90; Brookwood, 235; Bugalla, 234;
Cambridgeshire, 238 ; Campfer, 2'67 ; Canipomento, 172, 173 ; Caterham,
219; Cdusse, 119; Cevennes, 117; Ceylon, 153, 175; Chamonix, 104;
Chelmsford, 290; Chingford, 234; Chiswick, 112; Christchurch, 91;
Clandon, 111; Colley Hill, 74,210; Constantinople, 10, 74, 293; Costa
Rica, 70 ; Courmaveur, 16 ; Coventry, 189 ; Cromer, 189 ; Croydon, 94.;
Cumberland, 310;" Curdridge, 26; Cuxton, 191; Darenth, 4, 35;
Dauphinc', 96 ; Dawlish, 162; Deal, 92, 107, 177, 249, 273 ; Dean (Forest
of), 104 ; Delamere, 5 ; Digne, 67, 99, 148 ; Ditchling, 20, 271 ; Dorking,
153; DourbesMts., 99; Dulwich, 91, 93; Earlswood, 103,247; Eastbourne,
94, 191 ; East Hoathly, 190 ; Eclepens, 15 ; Eigg, 5, 13, 145 ; Epping,
102; Farnborough, 235 ; Farningham, 189; Fermanagh, 33; Filzbach,

82B

■6 ; Fobbing, 242 ; Folkstone, 6, 27, 93, 167, 189 ; Fontainebleau, 15, 17 ;
Freiburg, 265, 295 ; Gavarnie, 150, 157 ; Gibraltar, 172 ; Gomshall, 153 ;
Grand St. Bernard, 16 ; Gravesend, 187 ; Greece, 59 ; Grindelwald, 288 ;
Gudaur, 300 ; Guildford, 215 ; Hadleigh, 191 ; Hailsham, 219, 221 ;
Hailing, 220, 272 ; Hampshire, 145, 270 ; Highgate, 74 ; Hindhead
Common, 219; Hinterzarten, 266, 295, 296; Horsley, 268; Hungary, 190;
Hjeres, 44 ; Ilfracombe, 44, 124 ; Java, 72 ; Kew, 37 ; Kewstoke Woods,
135, 163; Kilimandjaro, 78; Lanslebourg, 98; Laveno, 113; Le
Lauteret, 97 ; Lewes, 92 ; Leytonstone, 122 ; Looh Lomond, 191 ;
Lyndhurst, 90 ; Madeira, 29 ; Mailing, 191 ; Margate, 122, 177 ;
Marlborough, 237; Martigny, 15, 16, 290; Meienthal, 2; Meiringen, 289;
Mende, 118 ; Modane, 98 ; Mont Cenis, 98 ; Mooswald, 295, 296 ; Mor-
peth, 73 ; Mull, 5 ; Miirren, 288 ; Nethy Bridge, 5, 34, 71 ; New Forest,
25, 90, 91, 123, 178, 218, 219, 235, 248 ; Newhaven, 22 ; Newland's Corner,
.270; Northampton, 146; North Downs, 216; Orsieres, 17; Oxford,
143, 236; Oxshott, 24, 36, 53, 147, 236, 248; Oxted, 147;
Pangbourne, 63 ; Pctworth, 123 ; Pontresina, 89, 266 ; Porlock, 34 ;
Portslade, 95 ; Purley, 146 ; Putney, 112 ; Puv, 96 ; Eanmore, 268, 270 ;
Eannock, 5, 34 ; Rhone Valley, 112 ; Richmond, 111 ; Eiffelalp, 104 ;
Rye, 92 ; St. Issey, 5, 37 ; St. Margaret's Bay, 5 ; St. Maurice, 112 ; St.
Moritz, 87; S. Triphon, 112; Sardinia, 27, 303; Schaffhausen, 297;
Shanklin, 146 ; Sherwood Forest, 1 ; Simplon, 290 ; Skye, 145 ; South-
end, 219, 272 ; Stalham, 220 ; Surrey, 268, 269 ; Sussex, 146 ; Sutton-in-
the-Elms, 246; Sutton Park, 189; Swanage, 229, 270; Teignmouth, 162;
Termignon, 98; Tbalalp, 3; Thames Estuary, 241; Thetford, 230;
Tilgate Forest, 214, 248, 271 ; Towyn, 247 ; Vernayaz, 16 ; Virton, 294 ;
Vladivostock, 109 ; Wellington College, 6, 35 ; Weybridge, 5; Weymouth,
168; Wicklow, 73; Wight, Isle of, 65, 146, 202; Winchester, 91;
Witherslack, 248, 269 ; Woking, 6, 34 ; Woldingham, 248 ; Wye Valley,

53, 191

LIST OF COXTllUiUTORS.

Allen, J. E. R., M.A

Anderson, J.

Ashby, E. B.,F.E.S. .. 15,

Ashby, H.,F.E.S

Bagnall, R. S., F.L.S., F.E.S. . .
Barclay, F. H., F.G.S., F.E.S. . .

Barrow, W. H

Baxter, T. A

Beare, Prof., T. Hudson, B.Sc,

F.R.S.E., F.E.S. .. 114,

Bentall, E. E., F.E.S

Bethune-Baker, G. T., F.L.S.,

F.E.S. 67, 99, 117, 150, 157, 207,
226,

Bird, J. F 53,

Bradley, R. C

Burr, M., D.Sc, F.L.S., F.Z.S.,

F.E.S. 29, 78, 205, 274, 275,
278, 297,

Butler, W. E., F.E.S

Buxton, D.A.J.

Buxton, P. A 59,

Cardew, Capt., C. A.

Caudell, A. N

■Chapman, T-l A., M.D., F.Z.S.,

F.E.S. 14, 102, 109, 147, 169,

233,

•Cockayne, E. A., :\I.D., M.A.,

F.L.S., F.E.S 73,

AGE. i

p.

33 '

Colthrup, C. W. 90, 122,

123, 124,

273

176,

294

Crawley. W. C.,B. A., F.E.S. 63,

273

Curtis, W. P., F.E.S.

191

Curwen, B. S.

189

Dollman, H. C, F.E.S.

20, 24,

246

25

, 53, 187,

271

Donisthorpe, H. St. J.K..

, F.Z.S.,

F.E.S. .. 1, 4, 1£

'<, 34, 71,

138

Eltringham, H., M.A., F.

E.S. ..

104

Fountain, F.
Fountain, J. T.
Girault, A. A.

. . 246,

228

Graves, P. P., F.E.S.

' ' 10, 74',

192

Grosvenor, T. H L.

1H9

James, Russell, Junr.

James, R. E.

..74, 81*

Kirby, Dr. W. E. . .

307

Main, H., B.Sc, F.E.S.

. .

273

Mallinson, H.

59

Manders, Lt.-Col. N.,

" F.Z.S.",

244

F.E.S

72, 153,

220

Moore, H., F.E.S. ..

23

Muscbamp, P. A. H., F.E.S.

Newman, L. W., F.E.S.

Nichols, R. A.

44,

302

Nicholson, G. W., M.A

., M.D..

F.E.S

102, 168,

234

Nurse, Lt.-Col. C. G., F.E.S. ..

AGE.
190

218
229

287

271

306
252
272
103
307
293
213
306
253
317
191
103

174
189
123
273
123

243
260

324

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

PAGE.

Pa^e, H. E., F.E.S. .. 107,108

Pearson, D. H., F.E.S. .. 90,265

Pierce, F. N., F.E.S 171

Poulton, Prof. E. B., D.Sc, M.A.,

F.E.S., etc 204

Powell, H., F.E.S 44

Prout, L. B., F.E.S 26

Ravnor, Rev. G. H., M.A. . . 290

Rothschild, Hon. N. C, M.A.,

F.L.S., F.E.S 190

Russell, A., F.E.S., .. 145,248

Russell, S. G. C 267

Sharp, W. E., F.E.S. 148, 259, 311

Sheldon, W. G., F.E.S 148

Shelford, R., M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S.,

(the late) .. .. 24, 217, 238, 283

Sieh, A., F.E.S. Ill, 181, 189, 221

PAGE.

Sills, E. H 189

Smith, W. Rait . . . . 133, 162

Stiff, Rev. A. T., M.A 262

Tarbat, Rev. .J.E 26

Taylor, .J 65

Tetley, A.S., M.A. , F.E.S. ..112

Thornewill, Rev. C, M.A. ..230

Tonge, A. E., F.E.S., .. 25,273
Turati, Count Erailio, F.E.S. ..303
Turner, H. J., F.E.S. 17, 52, 87,

178, 183, 188, 195, 196, 203, 241,

273, 279, 281
Wheeler, Rev. G., M.A., F.Z.S.,

F.E.S. 2, 26, 41, 66, 87, 152,

153, 209, 229, 280, 317
Whittle, F. G. 124, 191, 219, 272

Woodward, Lieut. G. C, R.N. .. 172

LIST OF ILLUSriiATIONS, dc. (Notice to Binder).

To

Hololampra iv/umata, Br., and Platycleii harretii, Burr

Mysia ohlomjoguttata, L., ab. nigroguttata, n. ab.

Hydroecia burrutvxi, n. sp., and H. paludis

Hydroccia paludis, ina.[ioYma,tion ..

Amoipha popiili, L., gynandromorph

Amorplui populi, h., ? and s

Hydroecia paludis, malformation . .
(Amusing Incident. i

[Where Erebia lefehvrei Hies i

Views of Gavarnie

R. Shelford

GjnandromovT^hoas Aiiiorjiha populi, h. ..

Ova of Coleophora viminetella

Eggs of lAhytltea celtis

Eggs of lAhythea celtia

Views in the Caucasus Mountains . .

William Forsell Kirby
Hydroecia hurroii-si, n. sp. . .
Details of gynandromorphous .(. ^;(»^ji/Zi, L.

Pl.

I.

Pl.

II.

Pl.

III.

Pl.

IV.

Pl.

V.

Pl.

VI.

Pl.

VII.

Pl.

VIII.

Pl.

IX.

Pl.

X.

Pl.

XI.

Pl.

XII.

Pl.

XIII.

Pl.

XIV.

Pl.

XV.

Pl.

XVI.

face Page

.. 29

.. 53

.. 109

.. 169

.. 147

.. 147

.. 169

.. 157

.. 157

.. 205

.. 229

.. 281

.. 301

.. 301

.. 297

.. 313

Pagk 110

„ 147

The Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation.

YOIi. XXIY.

SPECIAL INDEX.

By T. HUDSON BEA.RE, B.Sc, F.R.S.E., F.E.S. (Coleoptera) ; M. BURR,
D.Sc, F.Z.S., F.E.S. (Orthoptera) ; J. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. (Diptera) ; and
H. J. TURNER, F.E.S. (Hemipteva, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, etc).

Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera. The other orders arranged hij Species.
Species, Genera, etc., neio to Britain are marked witli an asterisk, those new
to Science with two asterisks.

ACARINA. i-AGE.

Acari . . . . . . . . 38

Acarus . . . . . . . . 199

Antennophorus . . . . 38, 39

comata, Cilibano . . . . . . 38

cuneifer, Lffilaps . . . . . . 38

donisthorpei. Antennophorus . . 39

Ganiassus . . . . . . . . 199

grandis, Antennophorus . . . . 38

laminosa, Trachyuropoda . . . . 38

minutissima, Uroplitella . . . . 38

myrmecophilus, Lffilaps . . . . 38

ovalis, Uropoda . . . . . . 38

philoctena, UrodisceJla, Uropoda 38

uhlmanni, Antennophorus . . 38

wasmanni, Antennophorus . . 39
*wasmanniana, Trachyuropoda . . 38

ARANEINA.

arietinus, Tetrilus . . . . . . 40

biovata, Thyreosthenius . . . . 39 I

helveola, Hahnia . . . . . . 40 i

hombergi, Harpactes .. .. 40 [

merens. Evansia . . . . . . 40

minimus, Micarisoma . . . . 39

Mygale 48

puUcaria, Micaria .. .. . . 40 !

recisa, Cryphoeca . , . . . . 40

COLEOPTERA.

Acidota crenata . . . . . . 14

Actobius procerulus . . . . 21 '

Acupalpus brunnipes, . . . . 169 i

consputus . . . . . . 65

Adalia obliterata

a/;, fenesti'ata** .. .. 243

- ah. fumata . . . . . . 244

ah. illigeri . . . . . 244

ab. sexnotata . . . . . . 248

ab. sublineata . . . . 243, 311

Aetophorus imperialis . . . . 169

Agabus arcticus . . . . . . 13

bipustulatus . . . . . . 13

chalconotus . . . . . . 14

Agathidium badium . . . . 117

Alegoria dilatata . . . . . . 77

Aleoehara bilineata . . . . 128

brunneipennis . . . . . . 246

discipennis .. .. 27, 117

ruficornis . . . . . , . . 246

Alianta incana . . . . . . 21

Amara consularis . . . . . . 169 j

continua . . . . . . . . 65

Anacffina globulus . . . . . . 13

Anaspis liudsoni
Anchomenus versutus
Anisodactylus atricornis .
Anisotoma algirica. .

badia

brunnea . .

calcarata ub. nigrescens.

curta var. donisthorpei,.

dubia .. .. 116,

var. davidiana . .

fleischeri '. .

nigrita

obesa

scita

similata .. .. ll(j,

stenocoi'yphe
Anobium paniceum
Antherophagus pallens
Aphodius contaminatus

depressus rar. nigripes ..

inquinatus
Apion annulipes .. 171,

immune . .

kiesenwetteri

Iffivicolle . .

onopordi . .
Aspidomorpha silacea
Alemeles emarginatus
Atbous undulatus . .
Autalia impressa
Badister peltatus

sodalis
Baris lorata . .
Barypeithes duplicatus

pellucidus. .
Batrisus venustus . .
Bembidium seneum . .

affine

bruxellense

clarki

decorum . .

ephippium

fumigatum

quadripustulatum ..20

5-striatura
Berosus affinis
Blaps mucronata . .
Bledius annse

arenarius . .

bicornis

crassicoUis

diota

erraticus . .

PAGE.

.. 117
.. 169
.. 169

115, 140
.. 116
.. 140

65, 115

.. 115

140, 141

116, 140
.. 141

116, 141

116, 140

116, 141

140, 141

115, 140

.. 65

.. 22

.. 14

.. 14

.. 22

271, 311

.. 22

.. 22

.. 22

.. 271

.. 28

.. 34

.. 117

.. 310

.. 169

.. 310

.. 144

115, 142

115, 143

25

169

169

169

169

169

202

169

, 48, 169

169

65

76

114, 141
27, 115

115, 141
.. 117

114, 141
.. 310

SPECIAL INDEX.

femoralis .

filipes

fracticornis

fuscipes .

hinnulus*.

laetior

pallipes

rastellus .

secerdendus**

terebrans . .
Bryaxis impressa . .

var. unicolor

waterhousei
Bryoporus rugipennis
Bythinus bulbifer. .
Csenopsis fi«!sirostris
Calandra oryzas
Calathus fuscus
Calodera riparia

umbrosa ..
Campylus linearis . .
Carabus calenulatus

granulatus
Carpopbilus obsoletus

sexpustulatus
Caryoborus nucleorum
Cassida fastuosa
Catops coracina

grandicollis

longulus . .

montevagus* .- ..71

tristis .. .. ..71

Cebrio gigas. .
Cercyon melanocephalus
Cetonia floricola
Ceuthorhyncbidius dawsoni

distinctus .

rufulus
Ceutborhynchus cochleariee

marginatus . . 115,

ah. distinctus . .
ah. inoequalis . .

molleri

punctiger . .

rotundatus
Cheetocnema conducta*
Choleva coracina . .

fuliginosa . .

morio

nigrita
Cbrysomela hyperici

polita
Cicindela maritinm

senilis
Cillenus lateralis . .
Claviger longicornis*

testaceus . .
Clivina collaris

fossor
Clytus arietis
Codiosoma . .
Co'lambus 9-lineatus
Colon microps
Conosoma inimaculatum
Criocepbalus ferus . .

PAGE.

141

114,

141

115,

141 !

141

114.

141

115,

141

141 1

141

27,

115

114,

141

25

116

22

117

14

25

222

310

21

21

22

13

13

128

128

313

25

71

72

72

, 72 ,

129

, 72,

129 :

225

313

13

35 '

22

117*

139

22

23

138,

139

117

117,

139

115,

139 1

115,

139

115,

139 ,

195

22

65,

115

65

22

65

271

169 I

194 1

169

194,

198 \

198

169 1

13

, ,

278

22

14

, .

115

35

..

117

PAGE.

Cryptarcba strigata

. .

22

Cryptopbagus distinguend

us

22

pilosus

65

punctipennis

65

saginatus . .

65

setulosus . .

22

subfumatus

65

Cycbrus rostratus . .

'. 13,

169

Deinopsis erosa

21

Dendrophilus pygmeeus

35

Deronectes depressus

65

Dicbirotricbus pubescens

202

Dinarda dentata

34

Dipbyjlu? lunatus . .

22

Dromius agilis

169

angustatus

117

4-signatus..

169

Drusilla eanaliculata

35

Dyscbirius angustatus

. 117

169

Dytiscus lapponicus

13

Elapbrus lapponicus

310

Encepbalus complicans

21

Ephistemus globosus

22

Epipeda plana

24

nigricans..

114

Epuraea sestiva

22

angustula . .

117

tboracica . .

25

Eryx ater

'. 1,

106

bellieri

1

fairmairei*

'.1, 106,

115

Isevis

1

melanarius

1

subsulcatus

1

Euplectus anibiguus

22

bescidicus . .

25

Eutbia scydmsBuoides

22

Fidia viticida

75

Gabrius nigritulus . .

140

pennatus . .

65

stipes

65

trossulus . .

'. 65,

140

Galeruca antbracina

142

pomon.T . .

142

tanaceti

142

Gnatboncus nidicola

22

punctulatus

22

Gnorimus nobilis . .

117

Gyropbaena bihamata

250

convexicollis**

250

Isevipennis

250

Incidula . .

250

nana

65

strictula . .

21

Hirmonia appendiculata

143

Haliplus cinereus . .

116

confinis var. pallens

116

fluviatilis . .

139

fulvicollis . .

. 114,

139

beydeni

. 114,

139

immaculatus

139

laminatus . .

116

nomax . . . . 1

14, 139,

200

pallens

116

ruHcoUis . .

. 114,

139

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

(

PAGE.

striatus

139

melanocephalus . .

28

wehnckei . .

114, 139

, 277

niger .. ..116,142,

187

188

Haltica chalybea . .

75

nigerrimus

117

Harpalus parallelus

169

obliteratus

116

142

Helophorus dorsal is

20

ochroleucus

271

tubeiculatus

117

parvulus . .

116

142

Henoticus serratus . .

313

plantago-maritimus** ..

187

188

Heteioceius biitannicus

22

ab. perplexus . .

188

Heteiothops binotata

21

pulex .. .. 116,

142

271

Homalium brevieolle

'.'. 117

310

Macrodactylus subspinosns

75

concinnum

65

Malacbius vulneratus

117

planum

22

Medon apicalis

117

striatum . .

22

brunneus . .

35

Homalota sequata . .

21

Megacronus cingulatus

25

atramentaria

13

inclinans . .

117

autumnalis

116

Megarthrus denticoUis

65

basicoi-nis . .

116

Metabletus truncatellus . .

169

cireellaris . .

13

Metamasius dimidiatipennis

77

cuspidata . .

21

Microg 03sa marginal is

eremita

102

rar. obscura* . .

194

inhabilis . .

114

pulla

34

immersa . .

21

Micropeplus margaritte

65

intermedia

21

Micrurula melanocephala

var.

liliputana . .

114

brunnea . .

28

linearis

21

Myeetophagus quadriguttatus

117

longula

114

Mycetoporus angularis

21

muiri

. .

114

clavicornis .. ..21

, 25',

48

niselia

21

forticornis .. ..25

, 48,

117

oblongiuscula

'. '. I's

21

Myelophilus piniperda

24

pagan a

21

Myrmecophora uvida

21

picipennis..

117

Nanophyes gracilis..

142

subfenea . .

13

Nebria gyllenhali . .

13

testudinea

21

Necrobia rufipes

65

Hydrsecia nigrita . .

20

Neuraphes elongatulus

122

Hydrii-na britteni . .

310

rubicundus

117

Hydroporus discretus

20

Notiophilus rufipes. .

310

halensis . .

310

Ochtbebius exaratus

21

obscurus . .

13

Ocypus cupreus

14

Hylastes palliatus . .

. .

24

cyaneus . .

28

Hylectbtus dermestoides

191

olens

105

var. marci*

191

Ocyusa incrassata . .

24

var. morio*

191

picina ' . .

25

Hypocyptus apicalis

310

Oligota apicata

117

Hypophkfus linearis

24,

48

granaria . .

117

Laccobius regularis. .

116

ytenensis**

195

scutellaris. .

116

Olophrum piceum . .

65

Lamprinus saginatus

• . .

117

Opilo mollis . .

202

Lathrobium atripalpe

259

Orchestes pratensis. .

271

fovulum . .

259

saliceti

23

palltilum . .

311

salicis

271

punctatum

. 259,

260

Oxyhtmus variolosus

21

quadratum

. 259,

260

Oxynopterus audouini

48

ripicola* . .

195

Oxyomus porcatus . .

65

terminatum

'. 259,

260 !

Oxypoda hiBmorrhoa

34

var. atripalpe . .

. 259,

260

Pana<4iEus crux-major

169

Labia crux-minor . .

21,

310

4-pustulatur.

169

Lesteva fontinalis . .

65

Pelophila borealis . .

169

longelytrata var. maura

14

Pentarthrum huttoni

278

luctuosa . .

14,

115

Phiedrophilus o'connori . .

47

pubescens . .

65

Phasnonotum tarsale

77

Licinus depressus . .

169

Philonthus carbonarius

65

silphoides

169

corruscus . . . . . .21.

48,

65

Liodes calcarata var. nigrescens . .

115

intermedius ab. donistborpei

48

Longitarsus ater

. 116,

142

proximus . .

14

atricillus . .

271 1

puella

278

holsaticus

.

25 '

varius var. bimaculatus. .

65

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

PAGE.

Phkeopora corticalis

.. 21

Thinobius bicolor ...

.. 115

Photinus pyralis

46 47

linearis

.. 115

Phytobius quadiinodosus .

.. 25

pallidus . .

.. 310

Pityogenes bidentatus

.. 24

Tomicus laricis

.. 24

Plagiogonus arenarius

.. 22

Trecbus micros

.. 169

Planeustomus flavicollis* .

.. 250

obtueus

.. 13

Platyderus ruficollis

.. 169

rivularis . .

.. 169

Plegaderus . .

. . 25

secalis

.. 169

dissectus . .

.. 117

Triartbron maerkeli

. . 28

Polystichus vittatns

.. 169

Trichonyx maerkeli

22, 143

Proteinus macropterus

.. 22

sulcicollis . .

.. 143

Pseudopsis sulcata . .

. 117, 246

Xantbolinus linearis

.. 14

Psylliodes luteola . .

.. 311

Xylopbilus populneus

. . 22

Pterostichus a?thiops

.. 169

madidus . .

. . 13

COLLEMBOLA.

vulgaris . .

.. 13

albinos, Cypboderus

. . 37

Ptinus geimanus . .

.. 22

Beckia

..37

Quedius attenuatus var. picipennis 141

Collembola . .

..213

brevis

. . 35

saccbarina, Lepisma

..105

hammianus

.. 114

heidenreichi

.. 116
.. 114
.. 143
.. 116

CRUSTACEA.

molochinus
puncticollis
talparum , .

boffmanseggi, Platyarthrus .. 40
Platyarthrus 40

ventralis . .

.. 21

DIPTERA

vexans

.. 116

Ehynchites barwoodi

27, 115

abiens, Agromyza* . .

. . 27

nanus

.. 27

senea, Pyrellia*

..251

uncinatus . .

27, 115

ffneiventris, Agromyza*

..27

Scaphisoma bolet-i . .

. . 22

ffironetba, Hilara* . .

. . 78

Scydmffinus scuteliaris

.. 22

albatella, Cipnosia*

.. 251

ycymnus testaceus

.. 65

albifrons, Limnospila*

.. 251

rur. scuteliaris . .

.. 65

albitarsis, Agromyza*

. . 27

Silpba rugosa

.. 14

angelicsE, Pbytomyza*

. . 27

sinuata

.. 14

angustata, Germaria*

.. 251

Silusa rubiginosa . .

.. 21

angustifrons, Apbioebseta

.. 250

Sitones waterbousei

.. 22

angustifrons, Gymnopternus* . . 250

Stapbylinus fulvipennis

.. 310

apicalis, (Edalea* . .

,.126

pubescens..

.. 21

arcticus, Syrpbus . .

. . 200

Stenus

. . 25

atra, Cinocbira*

.. 251

canaliculatus

. . 22

atra, C(pnosia*

..251

crassus var. littoralis

.. 116

atriniana, Aphiocbajta**

.. 250

exiguus

. . 22

basalis, Boletina* . .

. . 77

formicetorum

48, 116

beckeri, Hilara*

..126

fornicatus..

. . 22

bicolor, Bracbyopa..

..201

fuscicornis

. . 22

biJineella, Ccenosia*

.. 251

incrassatus

'.'. ! . 21

boletina, Odinia* . .

..27

morio

. . 49

bracbialis, Caricea*

..251

pallipes

. . 22

braueri, Hilara*

..126

pallitarsis . .

. . 22

brevicornis, Gymnopternus* . . 250

similis

..14

breviseta, Aphiocbfeta**

.. 250

solutus

. . 22

eadaverina, Pyiallia

..251

Stilicus similis

. . 25

calcaratus, Teucbopborus

.. 251

Stropbosomus curvipes*

.. 250

caledonica, Heteroneura*

.. 194

Sunius intermedius

..21

caliginea, Glossina . .

. . 225

Tacbinus laticollis . .

-.14

carbonaria, Agromyza*

. . 27

rutipennis..

..310

carintbiaca, Hilara*

..126

Tacbporus cbry?omelinus

..14

cborea, Loncbasa

..312

fasciatus . .

..114

, cilifemoratus, Dolicbopus

.. 126

formosus . .

..21

cinereomicans, Hilara*

. . 126

pallidas . .

..21

cingulata, Hilara* . .

..126

solutus

21, 114

comitialis, Pu-cilobothrus

.. 126

Tacbusa atra

. . 21

compeditus, Campsicnemus* . . 251

Telepborus tboracicus I'dr.

suturalis 116

comtus, Xantbaudrus

.. 200

Tbaniiara;a cinnamomea

..21

conformis, Phora . .

. . 36

bospita

..21

coxendix, Seatopse**

..77

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

PAGE.

crassiseta, Cbirosia*

.. 251

mitis, Apbrosylus**

.. 251

crassiseta, Phytomyza*

.. 27

modesta, Platyura* . .

.. 77

culicina, Rhamphom;yia* ..

.. 78

morio, Pbytomyza*

.. 27

cunctans, Agroniyza*

.. 27

mutabilis, Microdon

35, 198

cuprea, Chrysochlamys

.. 50

nigra, Dixa* . .

.. 77

Dacus

.. 129

nigra, Pbysocepbala

.. 225

decemmaculata, Limnobia*

.. 77

nigricauda, Platyura*

.. 77

diversipes, Hilara* . .

.. 78

nigriceps, Napomyza*

.. 27

divisus, Thrypticus**

.. 250

nigriceps, Platyura*

.. 77

dorsalis, Ccf nosia* . .

.. 251

nigritella, Pbytomyza*

.. 27

eggeii, Microdon

9, 10

nitidus, Medeterus*

.. 251

elegans, Calliniyia*

.. 251

nobilis, Ceratopogon*

.. 77

equestris, Merodon . .

.. 105

nubeculosus, Ceratopogon*

.. 77

erberi, Pachymeria*

.. 78

ocellata, Ardoptera*

.. 126

erythrocera, Caricea*

.. 251

opaca, Trichina*

.. 126

excellens, Medet.erus*

.. 251

pallidus, Ceratopogon*

.. 77

exigua, Syntomogaster* . .

.. 251

parvicornis, Cbirosia*

.. 251

fasciata, Syntomogaster* ..

.. 251

pertinax, Eristalis . .

.. 50

femorata, Pegoniyia*

.. 251

platyptera, Spilogaster

.. 251

ferruginea, Hammerschmidtia*

.. 251

pollinosus, Tbrypticus** ..

.. 250

tiliger (rufipes), Syntoi-nion*

.. 250

posticata, Agromyza*

.. 27

forcipatus, Ceratopogon* . .

.. 77

procellaris, Antbomyia* . .

.. 251

formica', Phyllomyza

.. 36

pulcbripes, Cricotopus** ..

.. 77

formicarum, Phora..

.. 36

puUula, Pbytomyza*

. . 27

fracta, Porpbyrops*

.. 250

pumila, Citinosia* ..

.. 251

fucivorax, Homalomyia* . .

.. 251

pumila, Sarcopbaga*

.. 251

fuscula, Pbytomyza*

.. 27

pusilla, Psiloconopa*

.. 77

gentilis, Hoteroneura**

.. 194

pygmisea, Cceiiosia*..

.. 251

gentilis, Onesia*

.. 251

pygmsea, Lispe*

.. 251

grata, Argyra*

.. 250

quadrata, Scatella . .

.. 362

halterata, Spilogaster*

.. 251

replicata, Pbalocrocera

.. 189

heterogastra, Hilara*

.. 126

pyrastri, Catabomba

.. 200

humeralis, Platyura*

.. 77

rotbschildii, Telmatoscopus**

.. 77

hyalipennis, Apbiochffita**

.. 250

rubescens, Apbiocbaeta** ..

.. 250

bydromyzina, Lispe*

.. 251

ruticornis, Phytomyza*

.. 27

Hyperecbia . .

.. 225

rufina, Pegomyia* . .

.. 251

imbrida, Antbomyia*

.. 251

salinarum, Ccsnosia*

.. 251

incognitus, Pipunculus* ..

.. 251

scutellaris, Hyctodesia

.. 201

infumatus, Medeterus*

.. 251

selecta, Ptycbomyia*

.. 2.51

interruptella, Pegomyia* . .

.. 251

simplex, Agromyza*

.. 27

irregularis, Hypocera** ..

.. 250

simplex, Sciomyza . .

.. 48

jobnsoni, Contarinia

. . 75

simulans, Apbiocbasta** ..

.. 250

Isetus, Tbrypticus**

.. 250

Simulium

.. 212

lasife, Pbyliomyza . .

.. 36

sinuata, Sarcopbaga*

.. 251

lateralis, Cerodonta*

.. 27

spbenoptera, Leptopeza* . .

.. 126

laterella, Agromyza*

.. 27

spicatus, Syntormon*

.. 250

latipennis, Chortopbila* . .

.. 251

spinicornis, Cerodonta*

.. 27

lineata, Homalomyia*

.. 251

squamifera, Pegomyia*

.. 251

lineatipes, Crenosia*

.. 251

steini, Ccjenosia** ..

.. 251

loewi, Psilopus*

.. 126

suavis, Cbrysotus* . .

.. 2.50

Icewi, Spbaeropboria*

.. 251

subalpina, Botbria*

.. 251

longicauda, Ccjenosia*

.. 251

subsimplicipes, Hercostomus*

• .. 2.50

longicostalis, Apbiocbseta**

.. 250

Tabanidffi

.. 224

longiventris, Sciara*

.. 77

talpse, Scatopse** ..

.. 77

ludens, Milicbia

.. 36

tenuipalpis, Lispe . .

.. 251

lugubris, Hilara* . .

.. 78

tenuis, Lestodiplosis*

.. 195

magriicornis, Eudoromyia*

.. 251

terminalis, Leia*

.. 77

major, Apbiocbasta**

.. 250

tridentata, Pbytomyza* . .

.. 27

major, Bombylius . .

.. 50

trilineella, Cienosia*

.. 251

marginatus, Campsicnemus*

.. 251

trisulcata, Triogma*

189, 194

maritima, Limnopbora* . . .

.. 251

tubereulata, Tacbista*

.. 126

maura, Agromyza* . .

.. 27

tumidulus, Telmaturgus* . .

.. 251

melampodius, Cbrysotus* . .

.. 250

turrita, Vibrissina* . .

.. 251

melanotricbus, Acbaleus* . .

.. 250

Trypetidffi . .

.. 199

mellinum, Melanostoma . .

.. 200

uliginosa, Spilogaster

.. 50

SPECIAL INDEX.

varians, Chrysotus*
velutina, Chilosia* . .
ventricuiosus, Oligotropbus
verbasci, Agromyza*
veronicse, Phytomyza*
verralli, Ephelia** ..
versicolor, Ceratopogon*
verticalis, Heteroneura**
vittigera. Agromyza*
wesmselii, Clinocera*
zetterstedti, Agathomyia*

HEMIPTERA

albipes, Psylla*
ApbiHfE

catapbracta, Orthezia
nimiciformis, Paracletes
Cnccidae

f.nmes, Typblocyba..
Dactylopius . .
dissimilis, Chlffirocoris

Plata

Flatinse

floccosa, Newsteadia
forraicetorum, Piezostethus
Paracletes
Polyctenidas . .
rugulosus, Belminus
spasmae, Polyctenus
subterranea, Ripersia
superba, Phromnia. .
talpa, Polyctenus . .
tiliffi, Phytocoris
tomlini, Ripersia
vejdovskyi, Ortheziola
vitellinus, Psallus* . .

PAGE.

. 250
. 251
. 195
. 27
. 27
. 195
. 77
. 194
. 27
. 126
. 251

194, 200
.. 39
.. 37
.. 39

37, 107
.. 75
.. 130
.. 77
.. 311
.. 311
.. 37
.. 36
39

28, 212
.. 77
.. 28
.. 37
.. 311
.. 28
.. 183
.. 37
.. 37
.. 194

HYMENOPTERA.

aceris, Phyllotoma . . . . 276, 277

acervorum, Leptothorax . . 5, 65

affinis (tuberum var.), Leptothorax 64
alienus (niger sub-s^jy.), Lasius 7,

37, 40, 219
alpina (rufa vrtT.), Formica* 7,9, 10
Andiena . . . . . . . . 51

Anergates 218, 219

atratulus, Anergates* 6, 218, 219, 311
auropunctata, Wasmannia . . 37

bistigmaticus, Euphorus . . . . 36

BraconidjB . . . . . . . . 36

brunneus, Lasius . . . . . . 35

buccata, Pachylomma . . . . 36

caespitum, Tetramorium 5, 6, 37,

39, 40, 218, 219, 311
Camponotinse . . . . . . 6

Chalastrogastra . . . . . . 125

Cilissa . . . . . . . . 51

coarctata, Ponera .. .. 4,37, 311

corticalis (tuberum suh-sp.), Lepto-
thorax* .. ..47,63, 64

Dolerus . . . . . . . . 50

Dolichoderinas . . . . 6, 40

dusmeti (rufa I'rtr.), Formica .. 9
erraticum, Tapinoma . . . . 6

PAGE.

exsecta, Formica . . 5, 9, 10, 34

ferruginea, Osmia . . . . . . 50

flavus, Lasius 4, 7, 35, 37, 38, 40

flava, Formica . . . . . . 40

Forraicidae . . . . . . . . 4

fuliginosus, Lasius 4, 6, 34, 35, 36,

37, 38, 40, 49
fusca, Formica 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 34,

35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 198
fusco-rufibarbis (fusca t;ar.), Lasius,

Formica 7, 8, 85, 38, 39, 40
gagates, Formica . . . . . . 306

gigas, Sirex . . . . . . . . 252

glabra, Formica .. .. .. 306

graminicola, Myrmecina . . . . 4

hospes, Plesiobseus . . . . . . 37

Hyperechia . . . . . . . . 225

interruptus (tuberum var.), Lepto-
thorax . . . . . . 64

laevinodis, Myrmica 5, 34, 36, 38 40
latipes, Croesus . . . . . . 130

latreillei = graminicola

Leptothorax.. .. .. ..63

lobicornis, Myrmica . . 5, 36

luteus (tuberum var.), Leptothorax 65
maculipes, Myrmica . . . . 219

manicatum, Anthidium . . . . 50

mixtus, Lasius .. .. 38, 219

Myrmica . . 34, 35, 36, 40, 306

Myrmicinas .. .. .. 4, 10

niger, Lasius 6, 7, 28, 35, 36, 37,

38, 39, 40, 219
nigriceps (tuberum var.), Lepto-
thorax . . . . . . 64

nitidulus, Formicoxenus .. .. 311

nylanderi (tuberum var.), Lepto-
thorax .. ..63,64, 65

Osmia 312

papaveris, Osmia . . . . . . 50

parvula, Ceratina .. .. ..50

persuasoria, Rhyssia .. .. 252

picea, Formica .. .. .. 306

pimplator. Meniscus .. .. 235

Ponerinae . . . . . . . . 4

pratensis, Formica . . . . . . 5

pratensis (rufa siib-sp.), Formica 9
Proctotrupidae . . . . . . 37

rubra, Myrmica .. .. ..40

rufa, Formica 7, 8, 9, 34, 35, 36,

37, 39, 40, 311
rufibarbis, Lasius . . . . . . 35

rufo-pratensis (rufa var.), Formica 36
ruginodis, Myrmica 34, 35, 40, 198
sabuleti, Myrmica*.
sanguinea, Formica

scabrinodis, Myrmica

..306
5, 9, 10, 34,
35, 36, 37, 40

5, 34, 37,
39, 40, 306
5, 40

. . 28

sulcinodis, Myrmica

Tenthredinidae

testaceus; Strongylognathus . . 6

Tetramorium . . 218, 219, 306

tuberum, Leptothorax* 47, 63, 64, 306

tubero-affinis, Leptothorax* 306, 311

truncicola (rnfa far.), Formica .. 9

SPECIAL INDEX.

▼ii.

PAGE.

umbratus, Lasius 7, 36, 38, 39, 40, 219

unifasciata, Leptothorax . . . . 5

unifasciatus (tuberum var.}, Lepto-
thorax . . . . 64, 306

varus, Crcesus . . . . . . 130

vulgaris, Vespa . . . . . . 202

Xylocopa 50, 225

LEPIDOPTERA.

abbreviata, Eupithecia ..34,59,
abdominalis, Argyresthia . .
abietaria, Boarmia . .
abietella, Dioryctria
abruptaria, Hemerophila . .
absinthiata, Eupithecia . . 34,
acaciw, Nordmannia 62. 266,

acanthodactyla = cosmodactyla
aceris, Apatela

achilleae, Anthrocera 71. lUO,

achine, Pararge . . . . 113,

acis = semiargus

Acrsea . . . . 28, 48, 226,

Acrseidae
acrita, AcrsEa

acritoides (periphanes r«r.), Acraea
actaea, Satyrus 15, 68, 69, 70, 97,
98, 121,
actcon (actseon), Thymelicus 12,
101, 120, 159, 270,
Actinote

addenda (phhfas ab.), Rumicia . .
addenda (thetis <tb.), Agriades
Adelidae
adippe, Argynnis 11, 16, 69, 90,

99, 152, 163, 164, 165, 237,
270, 289, 290, 291, 293,
adnietus, Hirsutina . . 100,

adonis = thetis

adrasta (maera var.), Pararge 120,

151,
adusta, Hadena . . . . 85,

adustata, Lygdia 236, 237, 247,
advenaria, Epione . .
adyte (ligea var.), Erebia . . 41, 42,
if^geria
aegeria, Pararge 4, 12, 55, 60, 114,

135, 160, 161, 163, 172,
173, 220, 235, 292,

235
111
236
220
92
166
293

92
112

266

227
197
227

28

290

294
226
131
153
197

295
101

161

256

314

57

88
50

fegon-= argus
aello, Oeneis
8enea = viridaria

88scularia, Alsophila (Anisopteryx)

91, 133, 234, 247,

SBstiva (duponcheli var.), Leptosia

148. 149, 150,

ajthiops (blandina), Erebia 17, 49,

106, 288, 290,

affinitata, Emmelesia

agatha, Neptis

agathina, Agrotis . . . . 147,

agestis = medon

aglaia, Argynnis 4, 11, 12, 16, 17,

70, 84, 94, 123, 127, 151,

152, 163, 164, 237, 256, 258,

270v 288, 289, 291,

293
89

252
200

292

58
198
314

295

PAGE.

agrammella, Coleophora . . . . 276

ahenella, Coleophora . . . . 219

ajax, Papilio . . . . . . 50

alba (phla3as ab.), Rumicia 51, 131

alberta (cinerea var.), Acraea .. 28
albicillata, Melanthia . . 58, 13S
albicolon, Mamestra .. .. 93

albipunctata, Eupithecia . . . . 166

albipuncta, Leucania . . 273, 278
albulalis, Nola . . . . . . 313

albulata, Emmelesia, Perizona 58,

132, 134, 258
alcefE, Erinnys . . . . 12, 173

alcetas, Everes . . . . . • 293

alchemillata, Emmelesia . . . . 58

alcinoe, Planema . . . . . . 106

alciphron, Loweia 10, 12, 15, 16,

70, 97, 99, 113, 118
alcon, Lycfena . . . . . . 97

alcyone, Satyrus 15, 98, 118, 119,

120, 152, 160, 162

alecto, Erebia
Aletis..

alexanor, Papilio
alexis = icarus
alexins = thersites.

43, 97

128

!69, 70, 277

Polyommatus

226, 278, 311
algirica (semele var.), Hipparchia 50
alni, Acronycta .. .. ..56

alniaria, Ennomos . . . . . . 166

alopecurus (rurea ab.), Xylophasia 137
alpigenella, Nephopteryx . . . . 101

alpina, Eudoria . . . . . . 255

alpina = hyperborea

alpina, Scoparia .. .. ..84

alpina (hippocrepidis var.), An-
throcera . . . . . . 100

alpinalis, Scopula 81, 84, 85, 255, 256
alsus = minimus

altheffi, Erynnis . . 12, 60, 61, 266
alticola (pyrenaicus var.), Hepialus 158
alticolella, Coleophora .. .. 112

alveolus = malvae

alveus, Hesperia 12, 14, 42, 89, 113

amanda, Polyommatus 11, 12, 67,

98, 293
amathusia, Brenthis 2, 3, 98, 288, 289
Amauris .. .. .. .. 198

ambigua, Caradrina . . . . 176

ambigualis, Scoparia . . 86, 203

ampelophaga, Adseita . . . . 100

arapelophila, Drosophila . . . . 211

ancilla, Naclia . . . . . . 100

andrpemon, Papilio. . .. .. 314

andrenaeformis, iEgeria 201, 215, 235
andromache, Acraea . . . . 226

andromedae, Hesperia ..42,43, 89
anemosa, Acrsea . . . . . . 48

anguinalis = nigrata

annulata, Ephyra . . . . 199, 246

anomala, Stilbia . . . . 165, 168

anteros, Aricia .. 10,11,12, 294
anthedon, Hypolimnas .. .. 128

Anthocharia = E uchloe

Anthrocera . . . . . . . . 100

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

Anthroceridffi . . . . . . 221

anthyllidis, Anthrocera . . . . 160

antiopa, Euvanessa 11, 12, 26, 114,

162, 296

antiqua, Orgyia . . . . . . 166

Apatura . . . . . . . . 119

apicella, Coleophoia . . . . 278

apiciaria, Epione . . . . 57, 220

apiformis, Trochilium . . . . 236

apollo, Parnassius 15, 16, 43, 69,

70, 75, 119, 120, 152, 288, 290

applana, Depiessaria . . . . 200

aprilina, Agriopis . . 56, 147,- 178, 191
arbusculse (lanestris var.), Erio-

gaster . . . . . . 126

arbuti = tenebrata

arcania, Ccenonympha 2, 11, 12,

15, 90, 97, 99, 100, 120,

201, 202, 288, 289

areas, Lycasna . . . . 4, 266
arcella, Scardia

191
72
48
29
131
204
54

arcesilaus, Clerome

archesia, Precis

archippus, Danais

archippus (erippus var.), Anosia

ArctiidsB

aircua (icarus ab.), Polyommatus . .

arcuata (icarus ab.), Polyommatus

11, 215, 278
arcuosa, Petilampa, Hydrilla 137, 237
arduinna, Melitiea . . . . . . 293

areola (lithoriza), Xylocampa 25,

80, 91, 124
arete (hyperantus ah.), Aphantopus 237
arethusa, Satyrus . . . . . . 121

argentella, Elacbista .. Ill, 124

argiades, Everes . . . . . . 297

argiolus, Celastrina 11, 12, 54, 60,
79,91, 92,96, 118, 123, 132,
133, 145, 153, 166, 189, 214,
215, 235, 237, 238, 247, 249,

268, 269, 277, 292, 311, 313

argus (ipgon), Plebeius 3, 11, 12,

16, 43, 68, 69, 80, 90, 98,

99, 101, 113, 118, 121, 151,

152, 203, 220, 244, 266, 270,

290, 293, 294
argyrana. Coccyx, . . . . . . 182

argyrognomon, Plebeius 88, 89, 98,

104, 289, 290
arion, Lycsena 3, 15, 16, 17, 43. 69,
96, 97, 98, 266, 288, 290,

296, 312, 313
arsilache (pales var.), Brenthis 41,

88, 89, 266, 267
artaxerxes (medon var.), Aricia

85, 256, 258, 293
artemis = aurinia
artemisiella, Gelechia

ashworthii, Agrotis. .
asiatica, Hydrcecia . .
asinalis, Bntys
aspersana, Peronea
associata, Lygris

191, 241,

242, 272

.. 314

.. 109

.. 162

.. 220

.. 164

PAGE.

asteria, Melitsea . . . . . . 42

astrarche = medon

astrigera, Acrsea . . . . . . 28

atalanta, Pyrameis 12, 29, 54, 61,
63, 95, 96, 105, 147, 167,
168, 172, 173, 191, 199,
203, 215, 237, 238, 249, 289,

291, 296, 313
athalia, MelitaEa 3, 4, 42, 43, 70.
98, 113, 120, 201, 260, 288,

289, 290, 291, 294, 295
atlantica, Ocneria . . . . . . 304

atomaria, Ematurga 51, 57, 79, 93,

95, 134, 138, 146, 236, 248, 258
atra (vinolentella), Blastodacna .. 183
atrata, Odezia 86, 138, 219, 237,

248, 258
atropos, Manduea . . 130, 273, 313

augur, Noctua . . 85, 137, 164

aurago, Tiliacea 56, 91, 92, 95, 96
aurantiaria, Hibernia 103, 168, 178, 194
aurata, Pyrausta ... . . . . 167

aurelia, Melitaea .. ..42,99.130

aureola = sororcula

aureola, Acrsea . . . . . . 28

aurinia (artemis), Melitffia 3, 42,
89, 97, 104, 113, 132, 135,

200, 248, 291
auroraria = muricata
ausonia (belia var.), Anthocharis

12, 70, 173
australis, Agrotis .. .. .. 177

autumnaria, Oporabia . . . . 129

aversata, Acidalia . . . . 138, 163

avis, Callophrys .. .. 129,200

badiata, Antielea . . . . . . 133

badiipennella, Coleophora 193, 223

balcanica (anteros var.), Aricia . . 10
balkanica, Tarucus, Lampides 12, 294

ballus, Thestor 173

barrettii (luteago t>«r.), Dianthoecia 201
basi-juncta (thetis ab.], Agriades 11
basilinea, Apamea . . . . 93, 137

basilipuncta (phheas ab.), Eumicia 131
batis, Thyatira . . . . 56, 136

baton, Sc'olitan tides 11, 12, 60, 61,

62, 63
baxteri (gueneei var.), Luperina 19, 87
belemia, Anthocharis . . 172, 276
belgiaria, Scodiona .. .. 248

belia, Anthocharis 12,16,59,

60,61, 63, 70, 98, 173
belina (hypermnestra ab.), Hestia 201
belisama, Delias . . . . . . 72

bellargus = thetis

bellidice (daplidice f/.i>.), Pontia .. 12

bennettii, Adaetyla . . . . 124

berisalensis (deione var ), Melitaea 88
betulas, Ornix . . . . . . 314

betula>, Ruralis . . 146, 147, 292

betularia, Amphidasis 92, 125, 146,

203, 294
bicolorata (rubiginata), Mesoleuca

58, 163, 237
bicoloria, Miana . . . . . . 137

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

bidentata, Odontopera 124, 134,

145, 236, 247
bifida, Dicranura . . 55, 76, 132, 201
bilineata, Camptogramma 138,

163, 166, 258
bilunaria, Selenia . . . . . . 145

bimaculata (taminata), Bapta .. 232
bin aria (haniula), Drepana 166,

235, 236, 238
bipunctaria, Ortholitha, Eubolia

125, 131, 166
bipunctata (maritima «/;.), Senta.. 220
bipunctata (phlasas ah.), Rumicia. . 51
bischoffaria (virgularia ah.),

Acidalia* . . . . . . 131

biselliella, Tineola . . . . . . 37

bisetata, Acidalia . . . . . . 237

Biston 196

bistortata, Tephrosia 91, 235, 313

bistriga, Cryptoblabes .. ..163

blanda, Caradiina . . . . 237, 238

blandiata, Emmelesia . . . . 58

blandina = iEtbiops

bloQieri, Asthena .. .. 58, 163

bloinfeldii, Smyrna. . .. .. 277

boetica, Anthrocera . . . . 174

boeticus, Lampides. . 158,162, 172

boisduvali, Hewitsonia . . . . 198

boisduvali, Opsiphanes . . . . 278

bolina, Hypolimnas . . . . 155

bombyliformis, Hemaris . . . . 236

bondii. Tapinostola. . .. .. 132

boreata, Cheimatobia . . . . 58

brassicfe, Mamestra (Barathra) 56,

137, 164, 166, 177
brassicse, Pieris 3, 12, 53, 59, 60,
61, 62, 95, 113, 133, 134,
162, 166, 167, 172, 173, 176,

222, 258, 288, 290
brevicornis, Baronia . . . . 130

brevilinea, Leucania . . . . 220

briseis, Satyrus . . . . . . 121

brumata, Cheimatobia 74, 178,

247, 264
brunnea, Noctua . . . . 164, 245

brunnea (astrigera «?^.), Acnea .. 28
brunnea (pistacina ah.), Anchocelis 131
brunneata, Halia 80, 83, 85, 86, 256
bryonht (napi, vav.), Pieris 4, 43,

104, 112, 225, 277, 288
bucephala, Pygsera . . . . 55, 122

burrowsi, HydrcEcia** 109, 110,

111, 225
butleri, Ceramidia .. .. .. 247

cacalise, Hesperia . . . . 42, 89

caecilia (manto var.), Erebia .. 152
cserulea (icarus ab.), Polyom-

matus . . . . . . 135

cseruleocepbala, Diloba . . . . 55

cseruleopunctata (purpureo-punc-
tata) (phlfeas «/*.), Rumicia

10, 51, 131, 278
csesiata, Larentia (Entephria) 80,

83, 84, 138, 253, 256, 257
cassiella, Swammerdammia . . Ill

49

288
277
203

Eupi-

257, 314

.. 246

55, 166

120

58
11

PAGE.

caespititiella, Coleopbora . . . . 112

caia, Arctia . . . . 50, 94, 200, 248

c-album, Polygonia 12, 15, 49, 54,

99, 101, 247, 266, 267, 289,

291, 294, 295, 296, 314
Caledonia (fethiops var.), Erebia . . 49
Caledonia (megsera var.), Pararge
callidice, Pontia 16, 89, 97, 104,
267,
Callidryas . .

calliroe (atalanta ah.), Pyrameis . .
calluna3 (quercus var.), Lasiocampa

247, 258
callunaria (satyrata var.),

thecia
calthella, Micropteryx
camelina, Lophopteryx
Camilla, Limenitis 11, 12, 15, 16,

68, 70, 119, '290
Camilla = Sibylla .. .. .. 292

canaria (pistacina ah.), Anchocelis 131
Candida (cribrum var.), Emydia,

Coscinia
candidata, Acidalia. .
candiope (icarus aZ^.), Polyommatus
cannse, Nonagria . . . . 220, 221

canteneri (rumina), Thais. . .. 51

capsincola, Dianth(pcia 56, 94, 95,

96, 137, 146, 277, 312
capsophila, Dianthoucia . . 277, 312
capucina (oxyacanthae var.), Miselia
56, 168,
carbonariella = f usca
Carcharodus (Erynnis)
cardamines, Euchloe 2, 4, 12, 49,

50, 53, 61,93, 113, 130,131,

135, 145, 153, 162, 173, 189,

214, 221, 235, 247, 248, 268,

288, 291
cardui, Pyrameis 12, 17,48, 49, 54,

61, 62, 63, 79, 146, 147,

162, 166, 167, 168, 172, 173.

189, 202, 203, 215, 236, 238,

249, 277, 291, 311
carniolica, Anthrocera 101, 120, 121
carpinata(lobulata),Lobophora 91,
125, 145,
carpini (pavonia), Saturnia 85, 91,

134, 146, 200
carpophaga, Dianthoecia 50, 92, 94,

95, 96, 132, 146, 177, 232,

277, 312
carthami, Hesperia. . .. 162, 295
cassiope (epiphron var.), Erebia,

Melampias . . 98, 152, 158, 292
casta, Fumea . . . . . . 55

castigata, Eupithecia . . 33, 59

Catopsilia . . . . . . . . 155

caudata (phlteas ah.), Rumicia .. 131
cecropia, Platysamia . . 276, 277

celerio, Hippotion . . . . 172, 296

celinde, Discophora . . . . 72

celtis, Libythea 11, 12, 97, 98, 99,

277, 302, 308
cenea = dardanus

178

14

47

SPECIAL INDEX.

ah.),

163
59, 166, 167
97, 130

304
135
201

276

PAGK.

centaureata = oblongata
centum-notata (truncata

Cidaria . . . . . . 58

cerago, Citria . . . . . . 147

cerealella, Sitotroga . . . . 112

cerri (ilicis ab.), Nordmannia 68,

69, 70
cerusellus, Platytes..
cespitalip, Herbula . .
ceto, Erebia . .
chasrophyllata = atrata
chalybosa (jordani ah.), Agrotis**
chaonia, Drymonia
Charaxes

charlonia, Anthocharis . . 208
chi, Polia 24, 56, 76, 80, 91, 105
124, 174, 176, 177, 273
chile, Acraea
chioridice, Synchloe
chrystyi, Oporabia .
chrysitis, Plusia
chryson, Plusia
chi-ysorrhfiea, Porthesia
chrysotheme, Colias
Cidaria . . . . . . 63

cinctaria, Boarmia 20, 91, 92, 201
cinctata (pales ah.), Brenthis
cinerea, Acrsea
cirigulata (rhadamanthus ab.)

Anthrocera . .
cinxia, Melitsea 11, 12, 97, 112
146, 200, 248
circe, Satyrus 11, 12, 68, 69, 118

120
circeis, Acraea
circeilaris (ferruginea), Mellinia

Amathes . . 56, 168

citrago, Tiliacea . . . . 56

12

84, 95, 137
94, 122

citrana (galathea ab.), Melanargia 275
citraria, Aspilates 60, 61, 63, 92, 232
citronea (cardamines ah.), Euchloe 61
clarkii (comes ah.), Triphsena . . 132
cleodoxa (adippe ah.), Argynnis 69, 152
Cleopatra, Gonepteryx 29, 50, 60

61, 62, 69, 70, 162, 172, 173
clerkella, Lyonetia . . .. .. Ill

cloacella, Tinea .. .. ..Ill

clytie (ilia ab.), Apatura 15, 119

266, 294. 296
c-nigrum, Noctua , . . . 166, 177

Ccenonympha . . . . . . 201

cognata (simulata), Thera. . .. 84

cognatellus, Ypsolophus . . . . 135

Coleophora . . 183, 202, 223, 241

Colias . . . . 12, 202, 313

comariana, Peronea . . . . 105

cotnbusta (rurea ab.), Xylophasia

85, 256
comes, Triphaena . . . . 132, 168

comitata, Pelurga . . . . . . 220

comma, Leuoania . . . . . . 79

comma, Urbicola, Pamphila 98

104, 151, 157, 159, 237, 238, 293
commanotata (truncata ab.), Cid

aria . . . . . . . . 58

278
227
294
129
245
3
313

12
104
248
280

28

100
291

121

49

177
166

commixta, Papilio . . . . . . 198

comparella, LithocoUetis .. ..112

complana, Lithosia . . . . 158

comptana, Phoxopteryx . . . . 220

conchana = rivulana

conebellus, Crambus . . . . 158

concinnata, Cidaria . . . . 48

concolor, Tapinostola . . . . 131

concomitella, LithocoUetis . . 182

confiuens (trifolii ab.), Anthrocera 105

confusalis, Nola . . . . . . 55

conigera, Leucania . . ..94,95, 238

consonaria, Tephrosia . . . . 235

consortaria, Boarmia . . . . 236

conspersa = nana

conspicillaris, Xylomiges . . . . 131

contamineoides (punctum ab.),

Anthrocera . . . . . . 118

contigua, Hadena, Mamestra 135,

137, 146

continuata (nysiades ab.), Neptis. . 198
conversaria (repandata var.),

Boarmia . . . . 50, 57

convolvuli, Agrius . . 50, 132, 147, 167
cordula, Satyrus 15, 68, 69, 70, 97,

98, 290
coridon, Agriades 4, 16, 42, 43, 49,
51, 68, 70, 89, 94, 95, 99,
100, 118, 121, 151, 152, 162,
215, 238, 249, 269, 270, 278,

288, 289, 290, 292, 297, 312, 313

Cornelia, Argyresthia . . . . 182

coronata, Chloroclystis, Eupithecia

34, 59, 235, 237

corticea, Agrotis . . . . . . 93

corticella. Tinea . . . . . . Ill

corylata, Cidaria 134, 138, 145,

247, 258

coryli, Demas . . . . . . 145

corylifoliella, LithocoUetis . . 182
cosmodactyla (acanthodactyla),

Amblyptilia 167

cossus (ligniperda), Cossus 126, 190

costoBstrigalis, Hypenodes . . . . 57

costana, Tortrix . . . . . . 314

costleyi, Mimacrasa . . . . 223

costovata(fluctuataa6.),Melanippe, 79

Crambus .. .. 86, 158, 167

cramerella, LithocoUetis . . . . 314

crassicornis (statices ab.), Adscita 158

crataegata = luteolata

crataegi, Aporia 3, 4, 12, 69, 270,

288, 289, 291
crepuscularia, Tephrosia 57, 134,

235, 247

cribrella, Myelois . . . . . . 75

cribrum, Emydia, Coscinia 120, 159

crinanensis, Hydroecia ..47,73, 74

crishna, Neorina . . . . . . 277

cristulalis, Nola . . . . . . 92

croceago, Opoiina . . . . . . 80

crocealis, Ebulea . . . . 164, 167

ciocicapitella (ferruginella), Mono-
pis 126

crcesolla (sulzella), Adela .. ,. 197

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

crcesus, Ornithoptera . . . . 200

crucla = pulverulenta

crystallina, Acrsea . . . . . . 226

cubicularis, Caradrina 85, 177, 258
cucubali, Dianthcecia 91, 94, 95,

96, 146, 178, 238
cuculipennellun, Coriscium . . 220

cucuUatella, Nola . . 55, 132, 165

culiciformis, Aegeria . . 202, 216

culmellus, Crambus . . . . 2-58

cultraria (unguicula), Drepana235, 236
eupiealis, Aglossa . . . . . . 314

curtula, Clostera . . . . . . 235

euspidaria (sambucaria ab.),

Ourapteryx . . . . . . 57

cyaneus, Parthenos . . . . 155

cyanosticta (io ah.), Vanessa . . 79
cyllarus, Glaueopsyche 11, 12, 62, 63
cynipiforniis, ^-Egeria . . . . 216

cynthia, Melitffia 16, 43, 89, 104,

266, 288
damon, Hiisutina 15, 17, 98, 99,

118, 120,121, 267, 289, 290,

297, 312
damone, Euchloe .. ..50,60,223

Danainse . . . . . . . . 129

daphne, Brenthis 11, 12, 15, 16,

69, 119, 290, 295
daplidice, Pontia 12, 15, 60, 152,

158, 172, 288, 293. 294
dardanus, Papilio 48, 129, 210, 233
darwiniana (arcania var.), Coeno-

nympha . . . . 2, 120

davus = typhon

dealbata = lineata

debiliata, Eupithecia . . . . 59

debora, Eumceus . . . . . . 276

decolorata, Emmelesia . . 58, 236
defoliana, Hybernia 57, 104, 105, 178
degeneraria (montanata ab.),

Melanippe . . . . . . 58

deione, Brenthis . . 88, 96, 97, 98
deleta (lacticolor) (grossulariata

ah.), Abraxas . . . . 132

Delias 72

delius, Parnassius 16, 17, 41, 43,

89, 267
dentalis, Odontia . . . . . . 220

dentina, Hadena 93, 135, 236, 256

deplana, Lithosia . . . . 52, 235

derasa, Thyatira . . . . 56, 136

designata, Coremia 58, 134, 138, 236
dia, Brenthis 12, 15, 19, 69. 113,

119, 277, 289, 290, 294, 295
Dianthcecia .. .. 277, 312

dictaBa = phcebe

dictfeoides, Leioeampa . . . . 258

dictynna, Melitaea 3, 4, 43, 97, 120,

151, 266, 288
didyma = secalis, Apamea
didyma, MelitsBall, 12, 43, 68, 70,

74, 96, 97, 98, 113, 120, 290, 294
didymata, Melenydris 265, 138,

237, 264, 2o5
diffinis, Calyinpiia . . . , . . 167

PAGE.

digitellus, Crambus . . . . 158

diluta, Asphalia . . . . 56, 166

dilutata, Oporabia, Epirita 103.

129, 168, 178, 247
dimidiata (scutulata), Acidalia,

Ptychopoda . . . . . . 258

diniensis (carniolica var.), Anthro-

cera . . . . . . . . 120

diniensis (sinapis var.), Leptosia

12, 69, 119, 149, 150, 200
diores, Thaumantis . . . . 278

dipsacea, Heliothis. . .. 101, 120

discordella, Coleophora 189, 190, 202
dispar, Chrysophanus .. 51, 292
dispar, Lymantria, Porthetria 170,

212, 226
dissimilis, Hadena.. .. .. 176

ditrapezium, Noctua . . . . 164

Diurni 51, 53

dodoneata, Eupithecia . . . . 34

dolus, Hirsutina 102, 118, 119,

120, 121, 228
domestica, Bryotropha . . . . 182

dominula, Callimorpha ..15,50, 278
donzelii, Aricia . . 98, 266, 267

dorilis, Loweia 10, 12, 17, 97, 100,
113, 118, 159, 162, 266, 288,

289, 290, 297
dorus, Coenonympha ..68,97, 201

dotata = pyraliata
doubledayaria (betularia ah.), Am-

phidasis . . . . , . 125

doubledayi, Acra?a . . . . . . 227

doxo, Pinacopteryx. . .. .. 223

dromedarius. Notodonta . . 55, 145
dromus (tyndarus «/j.), Erebia .. 151
dryas, Enodia . . . . , . 290

dryope, Eurytela . . . . . . 130

dubitalis, Seoparia . . . . 162, 164

dubitata, Triphosa . . - , . . 164

Jubius, Hypolimnas .. .. 128

dumerilii, Apamea, Luperina 18, 50
duplana, Rhyacionia . . . . 27

dupiaris, Cymatophora . . . . 2.56

duponcheli, Leptosia 148, 149, 150, 200
edusa, Colias 12, 15, 29, 59, 60, 61,
G2, 68, 74, 95, 97, 98, 120,
121, ]52, 161, 167, 168, 172,
199, 200, 202, 203, 214, 215,
220, 249, 270, 273, 277, 290,

313, 314
egea,Polygonia 11,12,61,71,97,99, 101
egerides (wgeria. var.), Pararge .. 12
egialea, Amauris . . . . . . 198

eleus (phlseas var.), Rumicia 10,

49, 100, 131, 172, 174, 289
elinguaria, Croeallis . . 95, 163

elko, Coenonympha. . .. .. 202

ella, Acraea . . . . . . . . 28

elpenor, Eumorpha. . .. ..55

eltringhami, Mimacrsea . . . . 223

elutata = sordidata = f urcata

Ephestia 278

epiphron, Erebia 16, 98, 104, 152,

157, 158» 160, 288, 289, 292

SPECIAL INDEX.

Epitola

erate, Colias. . .. ..12,74

Eiebia .. 100, 101, 130, 160

ergane, Pieris . . . . 59

ericetata (minorata var.), Emme
lesia . . 83, 85, 2.56

erippus, Anosia

eriopsis, Eripbile

eris (niobe var.), Argynnis. . ll'J
278,

eros, Polyommatus 89, 97. 98, 104
267

erosaria, Ennomos . . 57, 166

Erynnis ^ Carcbaiodus

erynnis (gorge var.), Erebia

erysimi (sinapis var.), Leptosia

escheii, Polyommatus 70, 97, 98

99, 101, 113, 118, 120, 121

151, 1.52, 259, 289

esperi (ausonia ab.) (belia var.)
Anthocbaris

eucbaris, Delias . . . . 72

Euciidia

Eucbloe (Antboebaris)

euliniene, Calopieris

eumedon, Aricia . . 104, 113

eupbeme, Zegris

euphemus, Lyctena . . 4

eupbenoides, Eucbloe 44, 97, 172

eupbrosyne, Brentbis 2, 4, 43, 49

55, 80, 88, 93, 132, 134,135

145, 14(5, 1.53, 160, 162, 191

214, 215, 235, 236, 2-58, 276

288, 291

Eupltbecia . .

Eupld'a

europome (palfeno var.), Colias

252, 266, 295
eurota, Eunica
euryale, Erebia 2, 4, 98, 104, 152
euryaloides (euryale fa?*.), Erebia
eurybia (bippotboe var.), Cbryso

phanus 2, 98, 267

eurytus, Pseudacrtea
evemon, Papilio
Evetria = Rbyacionia
evias, Erebia . . 112, 113

exantbemaria, Cabera 134, 138

163
excessa (titbonus ah.), Epinepbeh
exclamaiionis, Agrotis 93, 137, 164
168, 177
exigua, Lapbygma . .
exiguata, Eupitbecia . . 34

exoleta, Calocampa
extensaria, Eupitbecia
extimalis, Orobena, Pionea 232

262
exulans, Antbrocera 80, 81, 82

253, 254, 255
exulis, Crymodes . .
fagi, Stauropus
falcataria, Drepana 55, 135, 145,

166
falloui, Eucbloe

PAGE.
. 198

294

314

60

258
131
276

289

288
178

43
149

312

173
153
153

276
225
288
51
266
173

314
33
52

296
277
290
104

288
233
105
27
267

236
304

237
50
191
178
132

274

257

278
146

', 236
276

P.\GE.

falsellus, Crambus . . . . . . 164

farinata, Litbostege . . . . 60

fascelina, Dasycbira . . . . 286

fasciaria = prosapiaria

fasciata (lubricipeda ah.), Spilo-

soma . . . . . . . . 132

fasciuncula, Miana . . 56, 137, 164

fatua, Satyrus . . . . . . 294

faunula (comma ah.), Urbicola . . 157
fausta, Antbrocera.. .. 118, 120

favicolor, Leucania . . 106, 132

leisthamelii (podalirius '(('•.),

Papilio .. .. 70, 161

ferrea (pistacina ah.), Ancbocelis 131
ferreti (damon ah.), Hirsutina 17, 267
ferrugalis, Scopula . . . . . . 314

ferrugata, Coremia 134, 138, 145,

162, 166, 236, 2-58, 277
ferruginea = circellaris
ferruginella, Moiiopis . . . . 126
ferruginella = crocicapitella

festiva = primul:u

festuca', Plusia . . 95, 137, 314

fibrosa (leucostigma var.), Apamea 50

tibulella, Adela 191

ficklini (luteago var.), Dianthoecia

201, 313
filigrammaria, Oporabia . . . . 129

tilipendulae, Antbrocera 50, 93, 94,

132, 136, 146, 162, 216
fingal (eupbrosyne var.), Brentbis 43
firmata, Tbera . . . . . . 237

tlammealis, Endotricba . . . . 166

llava (linea, tbaumas), Adopaja 12,
55, 95, 100, 120, 146, 162,

163, 165, 249, 289, 293
flava (filipenduhe ah.), Antbrocera 50
flava (griseola ah.), Litbosia . . 220
tiavago, Citria . . . . . . 56

fiavago = ochracea

tiavescens (galatbea ah.), Me-

lanargia** .. .. .. 275

flavescens (tlavago ah.), Citria . . 56
tlavicans (irrorella ah.), Setina . . 101
tiavicincta, Polia . . . . 56, 249

flavicinctata (ruficinctata), Larentia

85, 255
flavieornis, Asphalia 56, 85, 133,

145, 247
fiavofasciata (grossulariata ah.).

Abraxas . . . . . . 314

fluctuata, Melanippe 58, 79, 134,

164, 166, 258
fluviata, Camptogramma . . . . 306

fontis, Bomolocba . . . . . . 57

forficalis, Pionea . . . . 164, 166

forficellus, Scopula.. .. .. 314

formosa, Salebria . . . . . . 272

forinosa, Tirumala . . . . . . 198

fosterana, Tortrix . . . . . . 162

fortunata (jurtina ab.), Epinephele

50, 192
foulquieri (alveus var.), Syrichthus 14
fraxinata, Eupitbecia . . . . 314

freija, Brentbis .. «.. .. 199

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

freyeri (irrorella ah.), Setina .. 160
frigga, Brenthis . . . . . . 199

fritiilum — malvoides .. .. 127

f uciformis = tityus

fulgens(tithonusrt').),Eplnephele** 304
fuliginosa, Nemeophila 55, 136, 220
fulvago, Citria . . . . 49, 56

fulvata, Cidaria . . . . 58, 188

fumata, Acidalia 50, 84, 85, 138,

248, 256
furcata (soididata) (elutata),
Hypsipetes 50, 58, 138, 163,

237, 258
furcatellus, Crambus . . . . 255

fusea (aurantiariaa/).), Hybernia** 194
fusca (carbonariella), Phycis 85,

164, 257
fusca (gueneei a?;.), Luperina .. 87
fuscalis, Botvs . . 86, 164, 258

fuscantaria, Ennomos . . 57, 166
fuscedinella, Coleophora . . . . 314

fusconebulosa (veileda), Hepialus

84, 86, 136, 258
gachtaria(bipunctariaa?).),Eubolia* 131
galathea, Melanargia 12, 15, 48,
50, 51,95,97, 101, 113, 118,
119, 121, 128, 146, 162, 196,
237. 270, 275, 289, 290, 292, 294
galiata, Xantborhoe (Melanippe)

94, 146, 147, 164, 176, 314
gamma, Plusia 56, 95, 96, 137, 158,

166, 168
gemmaria, Boarmia . . 138, 237

gemina, Apamea . . 85, 93, 137, 258
gemmella, Stenoleehia . . . . Ill

geniculeus, Crambus . . . . 166

genist;¥, Mamestra (Hadena) . . 247
genistffi, Coleophora . . . . 281

Geometrje 197, 220

gerronella, Brachmia . . . . 37

gibbosella, Psoricoptera . . . . Ill

gilvago, Mellinia . . . . . . 49

gilvaria, Aspilates . . . . 95, 167

glacialis (alecto), Erebia 43, 97,

266, 312
glandifera = muralis
glareosa, Noctua
glauca, Mamestra . .
glaucata (spinula), Cilix
glaucio^oUa, Coleophora
Giutophrissa
glyphica, Euclidia

goante, Erebia

.. 147, 168
.. 137, 247
164, 166, 236
.. 112
128
. 57, 93, 101,
135, 137, 191, 236
104, 267

gcL'dartelia, Argyresthia . . . . 105

Gonepteryx . . . . . . . . 277

gonodactyla, Platyptilia . . . . 167

gonostigma, Orgyia . . 248, 315
gordius (alciphron var.), Loweia

70, 97, 99, 113, 118
gorge, Erebia 42, 43, 89, 104, 157,

160, 266, 289

gorgone, Erebia 151, 152, 157, 158, 160

gothica, Tsniocampa 91, 134, 248

GraeilariidiB . . . . . . 197

PAGE.

gracilis, Tseniocampa .. 91, 248
gradiens, Terias . . . . . . 105

graminis, Charseas 95, 147, 164,

166, 238, 247
grammica = striata
Grapta = Polygonia. . .. ..47

graslini, Luperina . . 18, 19, 49, 87
grisea (rhadamanthus ah.), An-

throcera . . . . . . 100

grisea-flava (paludis oh.), Hydro^cia 73
grisealis, Herminia. . .. 57, 165

griseata, Lithostege 230, 231, 232,

233, 262, 273, 274
griseola, Lithosia . . . . . . 220

grossulariata. Abraxas 49, 92, 94,

122, 132, 138, 163, 200, 201,

211, 220, 276, 311, 313, 314
grosvernori, Acrrea . . . . . . 28

gruneri, Euchloe . . . . 60, 61

gueneei = nickerlii

guttea, Ornix . . . . . . 182

halitherses, Euripus . . . . 52

hamellus, Crambus. . .. .. 164

hamula = binaria

hastata, Eulype (Melanippe) 58,

138, 247
hazeleighensis (grossulariata ah.).

Abraxas . . . . . . 314

hecate, Amauris . . . . . . 198

hecla, Colias .. .. 312, 313

heeta, Hepialus . .136, 164, 236, 237
helice (edusa ah.), Colias . .12, 29,

62, 68, 121, 313
helleri, Papilio . . . . . . 314

hellerella, Blastodacna . . . . 183

hellmanni, Tapinostola .. .. 131

helvetica (athalia var.), Melitasa . . 43
belvola (rufina), Anehocelis

(Amathes) . . . . 56, 168

heparata = obliterata
hepatica, Xylophasia . . . . 137

Hepialidas 197

Hepialus . . . . . . . . 197

hera, Callimorpha . . 15, 17, 119, 162
herbida = prasina

Hercyna 160

heringi = croeicapitella

hermione, Satyrus 12, 96, 99, 289,

290, 294
hero, Coenonympha . . 201, 266

Hesperia . . . . . . . . 3

Hesperidffi . . . . . . . . 121

Heterocera . . . . . . 55, 101

Hewitsonia . . . . . . . . 198

hexapterata, Lobophora . . 58, 236
heydeureichii (statices ah.), Adscita 158
hiarbas, Eui'ytela .. .. .. 130

hiera, Pararge . . . . 113

hilaris, Anthrocera.. 100, 101, 118

hilda, Neorina . . . . . . 277

hippocoon (dardanus tar.), Papilio

48, 129
hippocrepidis, Anthrocera 100, 118,

119, 136, 216
hippothoc, Cbrysophanus (Heodes)

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGK.

2, 17, 98, 159, 26(5,267,288,

295, 296, 312
Hirsutina . . . . . . . . 228

hirtaria, Biston 91, 93, 122, 200,

201, 235, 276
bispidaria, Apocheima . . 133, 234
bispulla (jurtiiia rar.), Epinephele

50, 161, 192, 289
hobleyi, Pseudacrfea 106, 226, 233, 234
bolosericeata, Acidalia . . . . 237

honratbii, Tenaris . . .. .. 278

bonoratii (rumina (ib.), Thais . . 51
bonorius, Hewitsonia . . . . 198

bospita (plantaginis vtir.), Nemeo-

phila 80, 253, 255, 267, 314

biibnerella, Chelaria . . . . 105

humulis, Aciffia . . . . . . 49

bumuli, Hepialus . . 55, 135, 197, 236
byale, Colias 12, 16. 17, 29, 50,

62,70,97,113,120,121,132,

167, 168, 177, 214,288,289,

290, 297
byalinella = crocicapitella
hybridana, Sciaphila . . . . 105

Hydrctcia 47, 107, 109, 110, 169, 225
hyemana, Toitiicodes . . . . 133

bylas, Polyommatus 4, 16, 70, 88,

97, 98, 118, 121, 288
hyperantus, Apbantopiis 2, 55, 90,

146, 162, 164, 165, 237, 266,

270, 288, 292, 294
hyperborea (alpina), Pachnobia

202, 255, 278
bypermnestra, Hestia . . . . 201

Hypocistina . . . . . . . . 202

bypophlffias, Kiimicia . . . . 51

iacicus, Papilio . . . . . . 314

icarinus (icarus <ih.), Polyommatus

11, 61, 62, 153, 215, 278
icarus (alexis), Polyommatus 3, 11,
12, 51, 54, 61, 62, 08, 84,
88, 93, 94, 95, 113, 118,
121, 127, 135, 146, 152, 153,
162, 163, 166. 167, 168, 173,
189, 192, 202, 215, 235, 238,
249, 258, 268, 269, 270, 278,

288, 290, 292, 294, 312
'icbnusa (urticEE vur.), Aglais . . 223
igati, Acraea . . . . . . 226

ilia, Apatura 15, 119, 265, 266,

276, 294, 295, 296
ilicis, Nordmannia 10, 12, 15, 68,

69, 70, 295
imbutata, Carsia . . . . . . 84

imitaria, Acidalia .. 138,162, 237

immanata, Cidaiia . . .. 58, 80

immutata, Acidalia. . 163,220, 278

implicitana, Plialonia . . . . 47

impluviata, Hydriomena (Hypsi-

petes) 138, 145

impura. Leucania . . 94, 137, 237

inaria, Diadema . . . . 29, 225

incajiaria==- virgularia

ineerta = gueueei — nickeilii

jncftita, Tteniocampa 145, 147, 248

PAGE.

indigata, Eupitbecia . . 34, 236

inflatff = nutantella

infracta, Anaphe . . . . . . 225

infra-extensa (pblaeas ab.), Rumicia 131
initia (phliims ab.), Kumicia . . 131

innotata, Eupitbecia . . . . 314

ino, Brenthis . . 16, 41, 98, 267

inornata, Acidalia . . . . . . 237

inquinatellus, Crambus .. .. 167

instabiiis, Tseniocampa .. 91, 134
interjecta, TiipbiEna . . . . 95

intermedia (anteros ab.), Aricia . . 10
intermedia-flava (paludis ab.),

Hydrcecia . . . . . . 73

intermedia (semiargus ab.), Cya-

niris . . . . . . . . 12

interrogationis, Plusia 50, 80, 83,

85, 256
io, Vanessa . . 12, 54, 79, 91, 113,
127, 147, 163, 164, 166, 167,
215, 235, 236, 237, 238, 248,

249, 291
iogani, Hestia .. .. .. 105

iolas, Glaucopsyche . . . . 15

iota (gueneei ab.), Luperina . . 87

iota, Pltisia . . . . . . 95, 137

iphioides, Ca-nonympha . . . . 201

ipbis, Ccenonympba ..96,98, 113

iphita. Precis . . . . . . 155

iris, Apatura 15, 51, 52, 54, 165,
265, 278, 291, 297, 294, 295,

296, 297
irregularis, Dianthcecia 230, 261, 274
irrorella, Setina .. 101,158,160
isis (pales ab.), Brentbis 41, 88, 89
ismene, Melanitis . . . . . . 72

isogrammaria, Eupitbecia . . 237

itamputi, Papilio . . . . . . 105

jacoboeae, Eucbelia (Hippocrita) 136,

146, 235, 311
janira = jurtina
janthina, Tripbtena . . . . 167

jantbinarium (orbicularia ab.),

Zonosoma* .. .. ..25

jasius, Cbaraxes . . . . . . 277

jordani, Agrotis** .. .. .. 304

juniperata, Tbera . . . . . . 256

jurtina (janira), Epinephele 12, 50,
55, 90, 94, 135, 146, 161,
162, 163, 164, 192, 238, 249,
266, 270, 288, 289, 290, 292,

294, 312
karwinskii, Smyrna . . . . 277

kermcsina, Agrotis** .. .. 305

knautiata (absinthiata ab. ?), Eu-
pitbecia . . . . . . 34

kolga, N'orasuma . . . . . . 106

kruegeri, Luperina** .. .. 305

kruegeri, Ocneria** .. .. 304

krueperi, Pieris . . . . . . 61

kurdistana (telmessia vur.), Epine-
phele 192

lacertinaria (lacertula), Drepana

135, 145, 236, 258
lacbesis, Melanargia . . . . 176

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

lacteaiia, lodis . . • • . . 162
laeteella, Endrosis . . . . . . 182

lactico!or = deleta(grossulariataa^.) 132
iactipennis (ornitopus ah.), Xylina 123
lapcealis, Perinepbele . . . . 59

lanceolata (hyperantus ah.),

Apbantopus . . .. .. 164

lanestiis, Eriogaster .. 126, 146

lapidicola, Ocneria . . . . 304

lappona, Eiebia 42, 89, 98, 104, 160

266, 289, 312

Larentia . . . . . . . . 60

lariciata, Eupithecia 59, 138, 257

lariciella, Coleophora . . . . 282

lathonia. Issoiia 11, 12, 16, 29, 44,

97, 121, 203, 289, 290, 291, 296
lathyri (sinapis var.), Leptosia . . 12
latistrius, Crambus. . .. .. 164

latreillei, Arctia . . . . . . 173

lavanduliB, Anthrocera . . . . 100

lavatherae, Erynnis (Carcharodus)

15, 69, 101, 159
Jecheana, Ptycboloraa .. 201, 277
lefebvrei. Erebia 151, 152, 157, 158
lemolea (signata), Spalgis 107, 129, 130
lemonias, Precis . . . . 154, 155

lepida, Diseophora . . . . . . 278

leporina, Acronycta . . . . 56

Leptosia (Leucopbasia) 69, 149,

150, 200
leucomelas (galathea ab.), MeJan-

argia . . . . . . . . 119

leuconoe, Deilemera . . . . 198

ieucopbaea, Pacbetra . . 92, 93

leucopbaearia, Hybernia 90, 133,

200, 201, 234, 235, 247
Leucopbasia = Leptosia
leucostigma, Apamea . . 50, 220
levana, Arascbnia 3, 5, 15, 17, 51,

295, 29G
libatrix, Gonoptera . . . . 57, 95

Libytbeidse 197

licbenea, Epunda .. .. .. 177

ligea, Erebia 3, 17, 41, 42, 88, 98,

99, 266, 288, 290, 296
lignata, Pbibalapteryx . . . . 314

ligniperda = cossus

ligula. Orrbodia .. .. 56, 168

ligustri, Spbinx .. .. ..95

Limacodidie . . . . . . . . 197

limbatus, Teracolns . . 154, 230

limitata (mensuraria), Eubolia 86,

167, 258
limonielia, Goniodoma . . . . 124

linariata, Eupitbecia . . . . 166

linea = flava

linearia, Epbyra . . . . 49, 58

iineata (dealbata). Scoria .. ..93

lineola, Adopsfa . . 69, 100, 288

lineola (pistacina ab.), Amatbes,

(AncboceHs) . . .. .. 131

Jineolata = virgata

literana, Leptogramma . . . . 49

literosa, Miana . . . . 94, 137

litbargyria, Leucania . . . . 137

314

28

27,

127

272

71,

100

56, 79,

168

105

PAGE.

Litbocolletis. . .. .. ..63

]itboriza = areola

Litbosiidfe 221

litboxylea, Xylopbasia . . . . 94

litura, Amatbes (Ancbocelis) 56, 168
iiturata, Macaria (Semiotbisa) 57,

138, 235, 258
livornica, Phryxus 50, 123, 147,

173, 189
lobengula, Amauris . . . . 225

lobulata = carpinata 91, 125, 145, 247

lte\venb(fkella, Pancalia .

lofua, Acraa .

logffia, Rbyaciona**

logiana, Acalla

lombardica = croeicapitella

ionicerae, Anthrocera

lota, Amatbes, Ancbocelis

lowii, Danisepa

lubricipeda, Spilosoma 132, 136, 263

lucens, Hydrcecia . . 47, 73, 74, 109

lucernea, Agrotis .. .. 50, 127

lucida, Acontia . . . . 60, 61

lucina, Hamearis 80, 112, 113,

153, 236, 291, 314
lucipara, Euplexia . . . . 137, 168

lueretia, Pseudacrtea . . . . 234

luctuosa, Acontia . . 60, 120, 230, 261
lugens (galatbea ah.), Melanargia 101
lunigera, Agrotis . . . . . . 94

lunosa, Amatbes (Ancbocelis) . . 177
" " 135, 236, 237

..314
.. 158, 220
. . 50
..168
Abraxas.. 314
.. 201, 313
.. 164, 166
. . 58

lupulina, Hepialus

luridata, Tepbrosia

lurideola, Litbosia . .

lurlinus, Papilio

lutarella, Litbosia . .

lutea (grossulariata ab

luteago, Diantbo^cia

lutealis, Scopula . .

luteafa, Astbena

luteolata (cratffigata), Opistbograp-

tis 134, 137, 163, 166, 236, 237
lutipennella, Coleopbora . . . . 314

lutosa, Calamia . . . . . . 79

luzella, Lampronia. . .. .. 191

Lycajnidffi 28, 68, 70, 153, 198,

224, 225, 228
lycaon, Epinepbele. . .. 99, 121

lycbnidis (pistacina), Amatbes

(Ancbocelis).. 56,131,1(58

lycidas (sepbyrus var.), Plebeius . . 113
lydius, Ornitboptera . . . . 200

lyllus (pampbilus ah.), Cu>no-

nympha . . . . . . 60

lynceus, Hestia . . . . . . 201

macarista, Planema . . . . 233

maebaon, Papilio 12, 16, 17, 50,

61, 63, 70, 161, 173, 220,

244, 277, 288, 290, 297, 313
macilenta, Amatbes (Ancbocelis)

56, 168
Macroglossinas . . . . . . 28

macularia(ta), Venilia .. 57, 146
raaculiferella, Lita . . . . . . Ill

niaculosana, Conchylis . . . . 191

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

ma'ia, Pararge 2, 3, 11, 12, 61,

119, 120, 151, IGl, 288, 289
mnpniacella, Coleophora . . . . 241

magniticella, Elachista . . . . 220

magnipuncta (phla^as ab.), Rumicia 131
major (pblseasrt/).), Eumicia .. 131
maivffi (alveolus), Hesperia 12, 55,

93, 112, 113, 127, 134, 145,

146, 153, 268, 293
malvella, Gelechia . . .. .. 105

malvoides (fiitiiluin), Hesperia . . 127
manioloides (telmessia ah.), Epine-

pbele 192

manto, Erebia .. .. 152,288

marcellus, Papilio . . . . . . 50

margaritalis = extimalis
margaritaria, Metrocampa 84, 137,

163, 256
margaritellus, Crambus . . . . 85

marginaria, Hybeinia . . 133, 200
marginata, Lomaspilis . . 163, 236
marginata (pampbiius ah.), Ccpno-

nympha . . . . . . 12

marginepunctata,Aciclalia 166, 167,

176, 237
maritima, Bucculatrix . . . . 124

manlima, Senta . . . . . . 220

mantima (dipsacea ah.), Heliotbis 101
marmorata (raptriculoides ah.),

Bryophila** .. .. 305

marmorata (immanata ah.),

Cidaria . . . . . . 58

marmorinaria (leucophajaria ah.),

Hybernia 133, 201, 234, 235

marshalli, Mimacrfea . . . . 223

marsballina (nigricans ah.), Agrotis 131
matronula, Pericallia . . . . 266

maturna, Melittca 3, 43, 89, 98,

266, 267
maura, Mania . . . . . . 94

medesicaste (rumina var.), Tbais 51
medon (astrarcbe) (agestis), Aricia

11, 12, 60, 61,85,88, 93,99,

113, 121, 151, 153, 162, 172,

173, 192, 238, 249, 256, 258,

269, 270, 288, 289, 293, 294
mediostrigata (raptriculoides ah.),

Bryophila** .. .. 305

medusa, Erebia .. .. .. 112

megacephala, Acronycta (Cuspidla)

92, 94
megsera, Pararge 12, 49, 55, 60,

114, 147, 161, 162, 166, 167,

172, 173, 235, 268, 280. 292
melaleuca (conspicillavis ah.), Xylo-

miges.. .. .. .. 131

melampus, Melampias 2, 4, 41, 99, 104
melanoptera (striata al).), Coscinia 71
nielanoptera (cribruiii ah.), Cos-
cinia . . . . . . 159

melanotoxa (icarus ah.), Polyom-

matus . . . . . . 153

meleager, Polyoniniatus 15, 70, 71, 97
melibd'us (alciphron ab.), Loweia 10

Lupe-

18,
V a r.),

var.).

PAGE.

melicerta, Neptis . . . . . . 198

meliloti, Anthrocera .. .. 245

Melinda = Tirumala

Melita3a 43, ISO

mellonella, Galleria . . . . 222

melotis, Hesperia . . . . . . 127

memnon, Papilio . . . . . . 73

mendica, Diaphora (Spilosoma) 55,

136, 235
mensuraria = limitata
mentbastri, Spilosoma 92, 93, 136, 235
menyantbidis, Acronycta . . 137, 256
raercedonia, Tirumala . . . . 198

mercurella, Scoparia . . . . 164

meridionale (testacea ah.

rina . .
meridionalis (didyma

Melitaea
meridionalis (eupheme

Zegris
meridionella, Coleophora**
merope (aurinia var.), Melitsea 42,

89,
mesomelia, Cybosia (Lithosia)
metella, Neptis
meticulosa, Phlogophora 137, 164,

166, 168, 177
mi,Euclidia 57, 93, 135, 137, 146,

236, 314
micacea, Hydroecia . . 56, 166

Micropterygidae . . . . . . 197

Mimacrsea . . . . . . . . 223

mimeticus, Papilio . . . . . . 198

miniata, Miltochrista . . . . 245

minimus (alsus), Cupido 4, 69, 93,

113, 258, 269, 288, 292
rainiosa, Tieniocampa . . 56, 91
ministrana, Tortrix . . . . 163

minoides (trifolii ah.), Anthrocera

120, 136, 202
minor (coridon ah.), Agriades .. 51
minor (gueneei (ih.), Luperina .. 87
minorata (ericetata), Emmelesia

83, 85, 256, 258
minutata, Eupitbecia . . . . 34

mirabile (populi <//'.), Amorpha .. 229
rairifica, Acraja . . . . . . 226

miscella, Mompha . . . . . . 272

misippus. Hypolimnas . . . . 225

mnemosyne, Parnassius

19

120

51
223

104
55

198

113

4, 99,
112,

104, 267, 289
. . 191, 297
Phigalia 133

105, 146, 236

mnestra, Erebia

monacba, Psilura . .

mona':'baria (pedaria ah.)

moneta, Plusia

monodactyla, Pteropborus 167, 168

monoglypba, Xylophasia 85, 88,

94, 134, 137, 164, 166, 177, 256
montanata,Melanippe(Xantborboi')
50,58, 84, 85,134, 138, 163,

164, 258
morgeni, Tirumala. . .. .. 19H

inorpbeus, Caradrina .. 12, 146
Morpbiiiffl . . . . . . . . 278

SPECIAL INDEX.

ivu.

PAGE.

mucronellus, Schcenobius . . . . 314

multiskigaria, Larentia 58, 134, 247
munda, T.i'niocampa ..56,80, 91
mundana, Nudaria. . .. .. 164

munitata, Coremia . . 80. 84, 85, 256
muralis (glandifera), Bryopbila 94,

95, 96, 124, 132, 177, 278
murana, Eudoria . . . . . . 258

muricata (auroraria), Hyria .. 248

murinata, Minoa . . . . . . 58

murrayi (gueneei ah.), Luperina .. 87
muscffiformis, Aegeria . . . . 313

muscerda, Lithosia . . . . . . 220

myelins, Crambus .. .. ..84

myopffiformis, Aegeria . . . . 79

myrtillana, Phoxopteryx . . . . 219

myrtillata (obfuscaria), Gnophos

80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 256, 258
myrtilli, Anarta 85, 92, 93, 146, 256
nana (conspersa), Diantbcecia 92,

94, 95, 146, 272, 314
nanata, Eupitheoia 34, 84, 134,

138, 146, 257
nanella, Eecurvaria . . . . 182

napaja (pales ab.), Brenthis 2, 41,

89, 104, 267
napaese (napi var.), Pieris . . . . 12

napi, Pieris 4, 12, 43, 50, 53, 60,

90,92,93,104, 112,113, 132,

133, 134, 153, 162, 166, 172,

196, 200, 214, 225, 235, 258,

277, 278, 288, 291, 294, 314
napi = nigra, Epunda (in erro)') .. 103
nebulosa, Aplecta . . . . 137, 196

neglecta, Noctua . . . . 85, 256

nemetes, Neptis . . . . . . 198

neoridas, Erebia . . 96, 120, 121, 161

Neptis 198

neustria, Malacosoma 101, 122, 135
nexa, Nonagria . . . . . . 224

ni, Plusia .. .. 50, 101, 158

niavius, Amauris . . . . . . 199

niceerli = nickerlii ..

nickerlii (gueneei), Luperina 17, 18,

19, 20, 49, 87, 95, 106, 196,

197, 271,

nicomedes, Neptis . .

nictitans, Hydrcccia 47, 107, 109,

166, 169,

nigra (grossulariata uh.), Abraxas

311, 314
nigra (napi in error), Epunda . . 103
nigra (repandata ah.). Boarmia . . 202
nigi'ata (anguinalis), Ennyehia . . 191
nigrescens (comes ah.), Tripba^na 132
nigrescens (delius ah.), Parnas-

sius . . . . . . . . 43

nigricans, Agrotis .. .. 131, 220

nigricata (repandata ah.), Boarmia 57
nigricella, Coleophora . . . . 187

nigrocserulea (grossulariata ab.).

Abraxas . . . . . . 314

nigrofasciaria, Anticlea . . . . 133

nigrosericeata (rectangulata ah.),

Eupithecia . . . . . . 183

197

305
198

238

PAGE.

nigrosparsata (grossulariata ah.),

Abraxas .. 132, 311, 314
nilgeriensis, Lethe . . . . . . 155

niobe, Argynnis . . 97, 119, 278, 289
niveicostella, Coleophora . . Ill, 220
niveus, Acentropus. . .. .. 314

Noctuse 85,123, 134, 136, 165, 167,

170, 178, 188, 232, 238, 282
noctuella, Nomophora 167, 168, 191

Noctuidffi 203, 204

Nolidffi 221

nostrodamus, Gegenes . . . . 12

notata, Maearia . . . . . . 57

notha, Brephos . . . . . . 236

nubilata (multistrigaria ab.),

Melenydris (Larentia) . . 134
nubilosa (mnemosyne ah.), Par-

nassius . . . . • • 4

nupta, Catocala . . 50, 166, 167

nutantella (inflatte), Coleo-
phora . . . . . . 272

nyassinus, Papilio . . . . . . 50

Nyctalemon . . . . . . . . 201

nympheata, Hydrocampa . . . . 314

nyseus, Telicada . . . . . . 73

nysiades, Neptis . . . . . . 198

Nyssia . . . . . . • . 196

obelisca, Agrotis . . . . • . 220

obeliscata (variata), Thera 58, 79,

84, 92, 166, 236, 258
obfuscaria = myrtillata
obliquaria, Chesias. . .. ..58

obliterata (heparata), Euchceca

(Eupisteria) 58, 138, 236

obliterata (phlseas ah.), Rumicia . . 131
oblongata (centaureata) , Eupithecia

33, 58, 166
obscura (ravida), Agrotis .. 237, 304
obscura, Pseudacriea . . 233, 234

obscura (arion ab.), Lyctena . . 97
obscura (ceto ah.), Erebia . . . . 97

obscurata (aria), Gnophos 50, 57,

60, 125
obsoleta (coridon a&.), Agriades .. 51
obsoleta (annulata ah.), Ephyra.. 199
obsoleta (phlffias «?).), Rumicia .. 131
obsoleta (pistacina ah.), Amathes

Anchocelis . . . . . . 131

ocellaris, MeJlinia . . . . 49, 79

oeellata, Melanthia, Mesoleuca 58.

84, 138, 162, 163, 166, 237, 258
ocellatus, Snierinthus . . 145, 273
ocellatus-populi, Smerinthus . . 313
occitanica (phcebe ab.), Melita-a . . 290
ochracea(flavago), Ochria (Gortvna)

56, 166
ochraceella, Myrmecozela . . . . 37

ochrea, Coleophora. . .. .. 281

ocihroleuca, Eremobia . . . . 95

ochsenheinieri (filipendulse ab.),

Anthrocera . . . . . . 162

octogcsima, Palimpsestis . . . . 136

octomaculala, Ennyehia . . . . 59

ocularis, Cymatophora . . . . 146

oculea (didyma)=secalis

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

(Ecopbylla 198

adippus, Canon jmpha . . . . 201

leme, Erebia . . . . . . 113

oleracea, Hadena 134, 137, 177, 237
olivacea (chi rt/y.), Polia .. ..76

olivalis, Scopula .. 59, 164, 166

onctea, Acraea . . . . . . 227

onosmella, Coleopliora . . . . 220

operculella (solanella), Lita . . 222

ophiogiamma, Apamea . . . . 220

ophione, Neptidopsis . . . . 198

Opoiabia 129

Opostega . . . . . . . . Ill

optilete, Vacciniina 43, 88, 104

266, 288, 289, 296

or, Cymatopbora . . . . . . 256

orbicularia, Zonosoma .. 25, 49

orbifer, Powellia . . . . . . 12

orbitulus, Latioiina

89, 98, 104
267
95
, Epinepbele

orbona, Tripbajna

oreas (telmessia ab

orestia, Acrrea

orion, Scolitantides 15, 112, 113

oritbyia. Precis

oiizapa, Attacus

ornata, Acidalia . . 167, 191

oniata (podalirius ab.), Papilio .

Ornithoptera

oinitopus (rbizoliiba), Xylina 56
80, 91, 123

osiris (sebrus), Cupido 61, 62, 101

ostrina, Micra

ostrinalis, Pyrausta 166, 191

oxyacanthffi, Miselia 56, 168

pactolicus, Callioratis

palaemon, Cyclopides . . 80

palseno, Colias 16, 42, 104, 251
252, 266, 280, 288, 295, 296

pales, Brentbis 2, 16, 17, 41, 42

69, 88, 89, 104, 152, 160

199, 266, 267, 280, 288, 296

312

pallens, Leucania 93, 94, 95, 106
137, 166, 176, 177, 200, 237

pallescentella. Tinea

pallida (ornitopus ab.), Xylina

pallida (pistacina ab.), Aniatbes
(Ancbocelis). .

pallida (tbetis «/;.), Agiiades

paludis, Hydi-dcia 47, 73, 74, 109
110, 111, 169, 170

paludis-flavo(paludis((/;.), Hydnecia 73

pamphilus, Ccrnonympba 2, 12

55, 60, 63, 86, 88, 90, 112

114, 134, 135,146, 151, 153

162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 201

215, 249, 258, 270, 292

pandalis, Botys . . . . 59

pandora, Dryas .. ..11,12

pantaria, Abraxas

paphia, Dryas 4, 11, 12, 15. 17
55, 90, 99. 119, 161, 163
164, 200, 201, 220, 237, 266

2M9, 290, 291, 294, 295

288
177
192

49
201
155
203
313

61
200

178
112
61
255
178
226
146

312

313

238
112
123

131
269

171

294
191
294
174

Papilio

..61

, 63,

69

papilionaria, Geometra

58,

245

Papilionidw

50

paradoxus, Papilio . .

201

paragea, Planema . .

234

parasitella, Scardia

191

parenthesella, Sopbronia . .

..

105

paris, Papilio

73

Parnassius . .

69,

128

partbenias, Brepbos 57, 91,

134,

145,

248

partbenie, Melitosa . . 98,

112,

267

parvidactyla, Oxyptilus

191

parvipunctata (pblasas ab.).

Eu'-

micia . .

131

pascuellua, Crambus 86, 163,

164,

258

pavonia = carpini

pavonia-major, Saturnia . .

173

pecfcinitaria = viridaria

pedaria (pilosaria), Pbigalia 25

, 57,

74, 133,

247,

252

peltigera, Heliotbis. .

61,

1.59

pendularia, Zonosoma 25, 50,

145,

200

penella, Heterogynis

101

pennaria, Himcra . . 57,

103,

178

perfuscata (truncata ah.), Cidaria

58

periphanes, Acrasa . .

28

perla, Bryopbila 57, 96, 164,

160,

247,

278

perlellus, Crambus .. 163,

164,

166

Peronea

104

persica (jurtina ab.), Epinepbele. .

146

persicarise, Mamestra

146

petraria, Lozogramma (Panagra)

134,

138,

146

petrificata = socia

pfeifferella, Antispila

111

pbarte, Erebia 41, 42, 89,

288,

289

pbasianipennella, Gracilaria

197

pberetes, Albulina 88, 89, 97,

129,

225,

267,

288

pbicomone, Colias 16, 17, 42

,98,

104, 113, 280,

288,

289

pbilonome, Prioneris

72

pblgeas, Bumicia 10, 12, 49

, 50,

51, 54, 59, 60, 90, 95

98,

100, 113, 131, 135, 146,

147,

153, 162, 163, 165, 166,

167,

168, 172, 173, 174, 177,

196,

200, 213, 2,35, 249, 258,

278,

289, 290,

292,

293

pbwbe, Melitaea 11, 12, 61, 62

, 70,

97, 98, 112, 113, 120,

290,

293

pbd'be (dictasa), Notodonta

55,

247

pbtunissa, Ocneria . .

304

phorcas, Papilio

277

pbragmitellus, Cbilo

164

pbragmitidis, Calamia

94,

220

pbrygialis, Hercyna

160

picata, Cidaria

58

pioata, Alaena

210

Pieris . .

86

piclella, Argyrites . .

50

pilosaria ■— pedaria

pinastri, Hyloicus . .

263

SPECIAL INDEX.

pinellus, Crambus . ,
piniai'ius, Bupalus . ,

PAGE.

..164

49, 84, 146,
237, 247, 257
piniperda, Panolis . . 91, 237, 247

pinivorana, Ehyacionia . . . . 219

pisi, Hadena .. ..56, 91, 258

pistacina = lychnidis

placida, Cupha . . . . . . 154

plagiata, Anaitis 58, 61, 86, 188,

166, 236, 247, 258
plagicolella, Nepticula . . . . 112

Planema 226, 233

plantaginis, Nemeophila, Paras-

emia 55, 80, 85, 136, 253,

255, 267, 314
plecta, Noctua 137, 146, 164, 166, 176
pleione, Teracolus . . . . . . 225

plumbaria, Orfcholitha 58, 83, 138, 258
plumbeolata, Eupitheeia . . . . 33

Plusia 137, 158

pluto (glacialis ab.), Erebia 43, 97, 266
podaliiius, Papilio 12, 15, 17, 61,

63, 70, 97, 113, 161, 173, 290
polaris (pales var.), Brenthis . . 199
policenes, Papilio . . . . . . 50

polychloros, Eugonia 12, 110, 235, 291
polygonalis, Mecyna . . . . 61

Polygonia (Grapta) . . . . . . 47

polyodon = monoglypba

polytes, Papilio .. .. 73, 212

pomonella, Carpocapsa . . . . 182

popularis, Epinenronia (Helio-

phobus) . . 147, 166, 177

populata, Cidaria .. ..80,85, 256

populeti, Tasniocampa . . . . 236

populi, Amorpha 49, 55, 94, 145,

147, 148, 202, 229, 266
populi, Pcecilocampa . . . . 178

porata, Zonosoma . . . . . . 58

porcellus, Theretra. . .. .. 146

porima (levana var.), Araschnia . . 51
porphyrea (satura), Hadena .. 200

posthumus, Epitola . . . . 198

potatoi'ia, Cosmotriche . . 94, 135
potentillae, Coleophora . . . . Ill

prasina (herbida), Aplecta 145, 191

prasinana, Hylophila . • . . 55

pratellus, Crambus . . 162, 164, 166
primulae (festiva), Noctua 56, 60,

84, 85, 93, 134, 137, 164, 245, 256
Prioneris . . . . . . . . 72

pioboscidalis, Hypena . . 57, 164
proeellata, Melanthia . . 58, 167
piocida (galathea va/-.), Melanargia

12, 48, 97
prodromaria = strataria
progemmaria, Hybernia 91, 145,

234, 247
pronoti, Erebia .. .. .. 104

pronuba, Triphana 56, 85, 93, 94,

95, 134, 137, 164, 166, 168,

177, 258
pronubana, Torhix.. 220,272, 273
prorsa (levana var.). Araschnia 3,

15, 17, 51, 295, 296

1'
prosapiaria (fasciaria), Ellopia 84,
protea, Hadena . . . . 67,

proto, Hesperia
pruinata, Pseudoterpna
prunalis, Scopula . . 59, 164,

prunaria, Angerona
prunata, Cidaria

pruni, Strymon . . 146, 268,

Pseudacraea .. .. 225,226,

pseudargiolus, Celastrina . . 311,
psi, Acrooycta . . 92, 94, 136,

psi ttacata = si t.era ta
psyttalea, Amauris . .
pterodactyla, Stenoptilia . .
Pfcerophoridae

pudibunda, Dasychira 55, 91, 145,
163,
puella, Neptis

pulehellata, Eupitheeia 33, 59, 84,
166,
pulchrina, Plusia . . . . 84,

pulla, Epichnopteryx
pulverulenta (cruda), TaDniocampa
91, 134,
pulveraria, Numeria
pumilata, Eupitheeia . . 34,
puncta (thetis «fc.), Agriades
punctaria, Zonosoma
punetifera (rhetis ah.), Agriades . .
punctigera (cribrum ah.), Emydia
punctularia, Tephrosia 92, 138,
145, 235,
punctum, Anthrocera 100, 101,
purdeyi, Rhyacionia** .. 27,
purpuralis, Anthrocera
purpuralis, Pyrausta 59, 86, 165,
166, 167, 168,
purpureo-punetata (dorilis ah.),

Loweia
purpureo-punetata = ea?iuleo-punc-

tata (phlseas ab.)
pusaria, Cabera 84, 85, 134, 138,
163, 236,
pusillata, Eupitheeia
pustulata, Euchloris
puta, Agrotis . . 56, 166, 176,

putridella, Depressaria
pygmseata, Eupitheeia
pygmseella, Argyresthia
Pyralis

pyraliata, Cidaria 58, 146, 164, 237,
Pyrausta

pyrella, Swammerdammia
pyrenaica, Latiorina . . 151,

pyrenaicus, Hepialus . . 158,

pyri, Saturnia . . . . 62,

quadripunctata, Caradrina56, 137,
quercifolia, Eutricha
quercifoliella, Lithocolletis
quercinaria, Ennomos . . 166,
querciis, Bithys 10, 12, 53, 162,
163, 165, 237, 248,
quercus, Lasiocampa 120, 127, 134,
136, 247, 248,
quinqueguttella, Lithocolletis

AGE.

256
168
172
138
167
51
58
292
233
313
164

198
167
221

235

198

257
137
245

234
57
59

153
58

312

120

236
118
127

127

314

10

258
236
237
177
50
33
105
86
246
167
182
152
312
277
168
220
314
313

292

258

112

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

quintella, Neptis . . . , . . 198

radiata (lubricipedao/y,), Spilosoma 132
radiata (phlsas ah.), Eumicia 54,

IJJI, 278

radiellus, Crambus.. .. .. 158

rapse, Pieris 12, 53, 59, 60, 91, 93,
94, 95, 113, 118, 132, 134,
146, 153, 158, 162, 166, 167,

173, 214, 249, 258, 289, 290, 294

raptricula, Bi-yophila . . . . 305

rapti'iculoides, Bryophila** .. 305

ravida = obscura

reclusa, Clostera . . . . . . 145

rectangulata, Eupithecia 34, 182, 183

rectilinea, Hadena (Hyppa) 85, 256

remutaria, Aeidalia. . .. .. 138

repandata, Boarmia 50, 57, 83, 94,

138, 202, 237, 256, 314

reticulata, Neuria . . . . . . 314

retiella, Whittleia 124

Retinia = Khyacionia

revayana = undulanus

rex, Papilio . . . . . . . . 198

rbadamanthus, Anthrocera . . 100

rbffitica (anrelia ah.), Melitasa . . 42

rhamni, Goneptervx 12, 50, 53,

130, 61. 62,' 69, 90, 91, 92.

97, 98, 113, 120, 166, 167,

173,178,224, 235, 244, 247,

263, 290

rheediella, Pyrodes. . .. .. 182

rbizolitba = ornitopus

rhombella, Gelechia . . . . 182

rhomboidaria, Boarmia . . . . 57

Khopalocera . . .. .. .. 214

Rbyacionia (Evetria) (Retinia) . . 27
ripartii (admetus ah.), Hirsutina

100, 101

rippertii (cribrum a/;.), Coscina .. 159

rivata, Melanippe (Xanthorhoe) . . 164

rivulana (conChana), Sericoris . . 220

roboraria, Boarmia. . .. 80, 165

roboris, Lfeosopis . . . . . . 70

rosea (agathina ah.), Agrotis . . 314

roxelana, Pararge .. ..11, ] 2, 294

rubetra (pistacina ab.), Amathes

(Anchocelis). . .. .. 131

rubi, Callophrys 12, 62, 63,

113, 134, 135, 152, 153, 173,

189, 236, 247, 249, 268, 292, 293

rubi, Macrotbylacia 90, 92, 93, 95, 136

rubi, Noctua.. 85,137,164,166, 176

rubidata, Anticlea . . . . . . 162

rubiginata = bicolorata

rubiginata (rubricata), Aeidalia

230, 231, 232, 261, 262

rubiginea, Dasycampa . . . . 91

rubricata = rubiginata, Aeidalia

rubricollis, Gnophria .. 80, 145

rubricosa, Pflcbnobia 56, 91, 134, 145

rufa, Cocnobia . . . . . . 220

ruficinctata = flavicinctata

rufina = helvola

rumicis, Acronycta. . 56,135, 137

rumina, Tbais .. 51,172, 173

PAGE.

rupicapraria, Hybernia . . . . 133
RuralidiE 268

ruralis, Botys . . . . . . 167

rurea, Xylophasia . . 85, 137, 164, 256

russata = truncata

russula = sanio

rusticata, Aeidalia . . . . . . 59

rustieella, Monopis.. .. .. 105

rutilus (dispar car.), Chrysophanus 51
saba, Glutophrissa . . . . . . 128

saclava, Neptis . . . . . . 198

sacraria, Sterrba . . . . 50, 172

salaciella, Opostega . . . . Ill

salicata, Larentia 60, 61, 83, 84, 255
salieis (rumicis xb.}, Acronycta . . 135
salietella, Marmara. . .. .. 107

salmacis (medon var.), Aricia 249,

269, 293
sambuealis, Ebulea . . . . 164

sambucaria, Ourapteryx . . 57, 166
sanio (russula), Diacrisia 80, 93,

136, 248, 295, 296
sao, Powellia, Hesperia 99, 157, 289
sarpedon, Anthrocera . . 100, 119
satellitia, Scopelosoma 56, 91, 145, 178
satura = porphyrea
Saturniidas . . . . . . 203, 204

satyrata, Eupithecia 33, 58, 257, 314

Satyrida^ . . 277

satyrion, Coenonympha 2, 88, 89,

104, 267, 288
scabiosse, Anthrocera . . . . 100

scabiosata, Eupithecia . . . . 33

scabrella, Cerostoma .. .. Ill

schulziana, Mixodia . . . . 105

sehmidtii (phlfeas ab.), Eumicia

49, 50, 51, 98, 131
scipio, Erebia . . . . . . lOO

scota (semele var.), Hipparchia .. 49

scutulata — dimidiata

sebrus = osiris

secalis (oculea) (didyma), Apamea

94, 95, 137, 237
segetum, Agrotis .. 137,168,177
seiasellus, Crambus 163, 164, 166

selene, Brenthis 2, 17, 49, 55, 80,
84, 90, 124, 135, 162, 163,
164, 189. 191, 215, 220,247,
248, 258, 266, 291, 295,296, 312
selene, Tenaris . . . . . . 278

semele, Hipparchia 12, 49, 50, 52,
94, 99, 121, 163, 203, 270,

289, 290, 292, 312
semiarcnata (icarus ab.), Polyom-

matus . . . . . . 11

semiargus (acis), Cyaniris 3, 10, 12,

41, 89, 101, 288, 289, 292, 295
semirubella, Salebria (Ilithyia) 161, 220
semisyngrapha (coridon ab.), Agri-

ades 51, 238, 278, 313

scmitestacella, Argyresthia . . 272

senex, Nudaria . . . . . . 220

senna, Agrotis . . . . . . 304

sepliyrus (zephyrus), Lycsana 113, 190
sequax, Gelechia . . . . . . 220

SPECIAL INDEX.

12, 44,

293

58,

248

155

276

50,

55

222

16,

98

PAGE.

Serena, Hecatera . . . . 94, 95

sei'ina (pistacina ah.), Amathes

(Anchocelis). . .. .. 131

serratulse, Hesperia . . . . 89

servillana, Acrolitha . . . . 191

servona, Acrtea . . . . . . 227

Sibylla, Limenitis 70, 90, 248, 266,

292 (Camilla), 294, 295, 297
sidse, Hesperia
signata = lemolea
silaceata, Cidaria . .
silhetana, Terias . .
Silvia (ilia ab.), Apatura .
similis, Porthesia . .
simplex, Chilo
simplonia, Anthocharis
simuiata = co gnata, Thera
sinapis, Leptosia 4, 12, 15, 63, 69,
99, 113, 119, 149, 150, 161,
173, 200, 247, 266, 274, 288,

289, 290, 291, 294, 314
sinuata, Anticlea . . . . . . 274

sita, Prioneris . . . . . . 72

siterata (psittacata), Cidaria 58, 178
sobrinata, Eupithecia . . . . 166

socia (petrificata). Xylina ..80, 91, 178
sociata, Xanthoroe 145, 162, 164, 258
sodorentium (repaiidata itb.),

Boarraia . . . . . . 83

solanella = operculella

solidaginis, Litbomoia . . . . 168

sordidata = furcata

sororcola (aureola), Lithosia . . 235

spadicea = ligiila

spartiata, Chesias . . . . . . 79

spectrum, Apopestes . . . . 294

spbserulatina (pistacina «/».), Ama-
thes, Anchocelis . . . . 131

spheciformis, iEgeria . . . . 215

Spbingidffi 203, 229

spilodactyla, Wheeleria . . . . 50

spini, Klugia, Strymon 68, 97, 98, 99

spinula = glaucata

stabilis, Tasniocampa 134, 145,

174, 248
stagnata, Hydrocampa . . . . 314

statices, Adscita, Procris 136,

158, 219, 236, 248, 314
statilinus, Satyrus .. • H, 12, 121

steeveni (meleager ah.), Polyom-

matus . . . . . . 15

stellatarum, Sesia, Macroglossa
55, 59, 61, 94, 172, 220, 237,

249, 277, 295, 296
sthennyo (lappona ah.), Erebia . . 104
sticticalis, Spilodes 231, 232, 262

stigmatella, Gracilaria . . . . 112

straminalis (stramentalis), Oro-

striata (graramica), Coscinia
striata (coridon ab.), Agriades
strigata, Hemithea . .
strigilis, Miana
strigillaria, Aspilates
strigula, Agrotis (Lycophotia)

137,

bena (Pionea)

59

straminea, Leucania

94,

220

stramineola = llava

strataria (prodromaria)

Amphi-

dasis . .

200, 235,

247

stratiotata, Paraponyx

314

striata, Bryophila . .

305

56,
84,
stygne, Erebia 2, 42, 43, 97, 98,

104, 118, 130, 151, 159, 266,
288,
Satyrinffi

subalpina (dorilis), Loweia 2, 42,
subfulvata, Eupithecia . . 59,
sublustris, Xylophasia
subnotata, Eupithecia
subroseata (pendularia ab.), Zono-

soma . . . . . . 2'),

subsericeata, Acidalia
substriata (ashworthii ah.), Agrotis
subtristata, Melanippe . . 58,
sutfumata, Cidaria . . . . 58,

sutfusa (phlffias ab.), Eumicia
sutfusa (vaccinii ab.), Cerastis
suffusa (ypsilon), Agrotis .. 168,
sulpliuralis = trabealis
sulzella = cra'sella
swammerdammella, Nemophora . .
swynnertoni, Keptis
svlvanus, Adoptua (Augiades) 3, 12,

55, 69, 113, 146, 162, 163,

166, 245, 288, 293,

sylvata (ulmata). Abraxas 58, 146,

sylvina, Hepialus . . 164, 166,

Syntomidfe . . . . . . 51,

syracusana (galathea var.), Mela-

nargia
syringaria, Pericallia
syringella, Gelechia
tages, Nisoniades 12, 55, 93, 113,

134, 146, 153, 162,191, 231,
236, 268, 290, 293,
tamerlana, Papilio . .
taminata = bimaculata
taraxici, Caradrina..
tarsipennalis, Zanclognatha
telesicles (paradoxus ab.), Papilio
telicanus, Raywardia, Tarucus 11,
12, 100,
tellus, Planema
telmessia, Epinephele
temerata, Bapta . . 236, 247,
tenebrata, (arbuti) Heliaca 56, 135,
tenebrosa, Eusina . . 93, 164,

tephradactyla, Leioptilus . .
terra, Pseudacraea . . . . 233,

tersata, Phibalapteryx . . 58,
testacea. Luperina 18, 19, 20, 49,
87, 166,
testata, Lygris . . 146, 164, 168,
tetradactyla = tridactyla
teucriana, Tortrix . . . . 104,

thalassina, Mamestra, Hadena 135,
137,
thaumas = flava
Theclidse

.\GE.

120

51

165

164

248

258

296
135

288

278

94

220

200
58

314
85

247

131
79

177

1.35

198

294
163
177
107

48

57

105

294
73

94

57

201

294
234
192
314
235
258
201
234
237

177

256

202
146
268

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

theriiieJla, Coleophora 111, 188, 223
thersamon, Chrysophanus 10, 12, 294
thersites (alexias), Agriades 266,

278, 311
thetis (bellargus) (adonis), Agriades

11, 88, 89, 93, 113, 121, 153,

167, 168, 191, 215, 245, 268,

269, 270, 292, 312
thoi-e, Brenthis 89, 266, 267

thules (albulata var.), Emmelesia.. 132
thunbeigella, Micropteryx. . .. 245

tilaba, Terias . . . . . . 105

tiliffi, Mimas .. ..50,92,145

tincta, Aplecta . . . . . . 137

Tineina 59, 111

tipuliformis, .Egeria . . 55, 202

Tii-umala (Melinda) . . . . 198

tithonus, Epinephele 12, 55, 94,

95, 121, 167, 237, 238, 292,

294, 304
tityus (fucifoimis), Hemaris 80,

134, 146
togata, Eupithecia . . . . 34, 84

Tortrices 182, 279

Tortricina . . . . . . . . 66

Tortrix 162

trabealis (sulphuralis), Agrophila

230, 231, 232, 261, 274
tragopogonis, Ampbipyra 166, 168, 177
transalpina, Anthiocera . . . . 160

transcaspica(megieia (vir. ), Paravge 280
transitella, Deilemera . . . . 198

trapezina, Calymnia . . 164, 166

trepidaria, Psodos .. 81,254, 255

trianguluni, Noctua .. 56, 245

tridactyla (tetradactyia), Merri-

fieldia 84

tridens, Acronicta . . . . . . 56

tiifasciella, Litbocolletis .. .. 112

trifolii, Anthiocera 93, 105, 120,

136, 202, 216
trifolii, Mamestra . . . . . . 137

trifolii, Pachygastria . . . . 312

*trigeminella, Coleophora. . 193, 223

trigrammica = trilinea

trilinea (trigrammica), Grani-

mesia . . . . . . 93

triopes (gorge ab.), Erebia 43, 89, 266
tripartita, Habrostola . . . . 137

triplasia, Habrostola . . 92, 137

trisigiiaria, Eupithecia . . . . 33

tristata, Melanippe. . .. .. 138

tritici, Agrotis .. .. 189, 247

trivia, Melitiea .. ..11,12, 293

Trochilium . . . . . . . . 50

trochilus, Chilades . . . . . . 12

troglodytella, Coleophora . . . . 223

trmicata (russata), Cidaria 50, 58,

84, 85, 93, 134, 256
tvndarus, Erebia 16, 41, 42, K9,

98, 104 ,151, 288, 289
lyphiu, Nonagria . . . . 220, 221

typbon (daviiri), C(f'nonympha 2,

80, 82, 85, 201, 248, 256,

257, 266, 269, 292, 295

PAGE.

typica, Nffinia .. .. 94, 137

**uhryki (sephyrus var.), Lycrena 190

ulmata = sylvata

umbratica, CucuUia . . . . 137

umbrosa, Noctua . . . . . . 176

unangulata, Melanippe 58, 167, 236

uncula, Hydrelia . . . . - . 220

undulanus (revayanus), Sarro-

thripa .. .. 178, 219

undulata, Eucosmia 58, 146, 236
unguicula = cultraria

unicolor (arion iib.), Lycaina . . 69
unicolor (satyrion ab.), Cn-no-

nympha . . . . 88, 89
unicolor-brunnea (pisticina ab.),

Amathes, Anchocelis . . 131

unicoloraria, Eaconista .. .. 172

unidenlaria, Coremia 145, 166, 236

unifasciata, Perizona . . . . 166

unimaculella, Mnemonica. . .. 314

upupana, Phoxopteryx . . . . 219

urania (thetis ab.), Agriades . . 153

urbicola, Ocneria . . . . . . 304

urticas, Aglais 11, 12, 43, 54, 60,

86, 94, 163, 164, 167, 176,

177, 215, 223, 235, 238, 258,

288, 289,291, 294

urticsB, Spilosoma . . . . . . 202

vaccinii, Orrhodia (Cerastis) 56,

79, 91, 145, 168, 178, 234

valesiaca (stygne ab.), Erebia . . 2

valesina (paphia ab.), Dryas 17, 90

varia, Chrysopsyche . . . . 226

varia, Melita'a . . 89, 98, 130, 267
variata = obeliscata, Thera 58, 79,

84, 92, 166, 236, 258
variegata, Gnophos. . .. ..60

varleyata (grossulariata ab.). Abraxas

132, 313, 314

vauaria, Thamnonoma . . . . 164

velleda = fusconebulosa

venosa (pistacina ab.), Amathes

(Anchocelis).. .. .. 131

venosata, Eupithecia . . . . 146

venustula, Erastria . . . . 248

verbasci, Cucullia . . . . . . 201

vernaria, Geometra . . . . 165

verticalis, Spilodes . . . . . . 232

vetusta, Calocampa . . 168, 177

v-fiavum, Oinophila .. .. 112

villica, Arctia . . 55, 14r), 247

villosella, Pachytbelia . . . . 246

viminetella, Coleophora . . . . 282

vinolentella = atra

vinula, Dicranura 55, 94, 190,

247, 277
**vire.scens (kermesina ah.), Ag-

rotis . . . . . . . . 305

viretata, Tricoptervx (Lobophora)

50, 58, 145, 247, 272
virgata (lineolata), Mesotype 92,

167, 249

virgata (ashworthii ab.), Agrotis . . 314

virgata (aurinia <//^), Melitiea .. 200
virgata (multistrigariaa/).), Larentia 134

SPECIAL INDEX.

virgaurea', Heodes 15, 17, 98, 118,

151, 267, 289, 295
virgaureata, Eupithecia . . 33, 34
virgo (iogani ab.), Hestia . . . . 105

virgularia (incanaria), Acidalia 51.

79, 131, 166
viridana, Tortiix . . 133, 163, 264

viridaria (pectinitaria), Piothym-

nia, Larentia, AnKtba 84,

135, 138, 236, 256
viridaria (tEiiea), Phytometra 56,

146, 256
viridata, Nemoria . . . . . . 146

viridella, Adela . . . . . . 133

viiidis (muralis d^.), Bryophila . . 95
viiidis (statices «6.), Adscita .. 136
vitalbata, Phibalapteryx . . 145, 236
vittata (dolus ab.), Hirsutina .. 228
vulgata, Eupithecia 34, 134, 166, 236
w-album, Chattendenia 113, 237,

238, 292
warringtonellus (perlellus ab.),

Ciambus . . . . . . 164

whytei (lobengula ab.), Amauris . . 225
wolfensljeigeri (maturna var.),

Melitsea . . 43, 89, 98, 267
xanthographa, Noctua 164, 165,
166, 177,
xanthomista, Polia
ypsilon = suff usa
zephyrus = sephyrus
Zeuxidia

ziczac, Notodonta ..
zonaria, Nyssia . . . ■ 200,

Zyg83na = Antbrocera
Zygaenidie . . . . . . 100,

MALLOPHAQA.

capitis, Pediculus..
hopei, Cyclopodia ..
vestimenti, Pediculus

200
50

113
72
145
314
100
152

195
199
195

MYRIAPODA.

complanatus, Polydesmus. . .. 125

higuius, Polyxenus . . . . 37

Myriapoda 213

NEUROPTERA.

Chrysopa 277, 278

germanica, Panorpa . . . . 28

inconspicua, Namoura . . . . 203

lutaria, Sialis . . . . . . 200

nebulosa, Taeniopteryx . . . . 203

ODONATA.

.Eschna . . . . . . . . 80

elegans, Ischnura . . . . . . 80

fonscolombii, Sympetrum . . . . 126

Libellula 80

modestus, Mecistogaster . . . . 76

nigrescens, Sympetrum . . . . 275

scoticum, Sympetrum . . . . 275

splendens, Calopteryx . . . . 202

striolatum, Sympetrum .. .. 275

Sympetrum . .

ORTHOPTERA.

Achroblatta . .

ffigyptiaca, Polyphaga

Aeluropoda . .

albifrons, Decticus . .

algeriana, Thalpomena

Allacta

Alluaudella . .

americana, Periplaneta 23,

PAGE.

80, 275

240
284
239
31
31
240
240

283,

287,

Anaeompsa . .

Anallacta . . • . .

Anamesia

Anaplectoidea

Anaptycta

Anareolaria . .

Anchoblatta . .

Anisogamia . .

Anisopygia . .

annulata, Labia

annulipes, Anisolabis . . 30,

Apachyidiv . .

apricarius, Stauroderus . . 298,

Apsidopis

Aptera

Apteroblatta. .

Archiblatta . .

Archimandrita

Areolaria

Arixenina

Ataxigamia . .

Atelobiatta . .

Attaphila

Atticola

auricularia, Forficula

australasiffi, Periplaneta . .

autroniana, Deropeltis

Axenia

azteca, Homceogamia

Bantua

barrettii, Platycleis*

bieolor, Stauroderus

bilunata, Paratropes

bimaculata, Liogryllus

Blabera . . 240, 284,

Blaberinse . . . . 240,

blanchardi, Eumegalodon. .

Blaptica

Blatta

Blattseformia

Blattidae .. .. 283,

Blattella

Blattinaj . . 218, 238,

Blepharodera

Bracbycola . .

bracbyptera, Platycleis

brunnea, Periplaneta

Byrsotria

Cacoblatta . .

cterulans, Spbingonotus

cffirulescens, Oedipoda

Caesparia

Caloblatta . .

30,

28*7,

31,

283,
31,

285,
284,

24,

284,
285,
239,

32,

31

218
239
239
239
240
240
239
240
238
239

77

32
156
300
238
239
239
239
240
239
156
239
239
240
240

32
287
218
130
284
239

33
301
284

33
286
286
105
240
286
284
286
286
286
239
240
202
218
240
240

32
301
239
239

SPECIAL INDEX.

p

AGE.

PAGE.

Calhypnorna

240

griseoaptera, Olynthoscelis

31,

298

Capricina

240

Gromphadorrhina . .

239

Caiadax*

239

guttata, Spbodromantis

" 202,

203

Cardax

239

Gymnonyx . .

2.S9

Cartoblatta . .

239

Gyna

. 239,

286

Catara

239

Gynopeltis . .

239

Chorisoneura

286

Hedaia

239

Choiistima . .

239

Hemiblabera

240

Chraistoblatta

239

Hemimerina

156

cinerea, Nauphiita. .

218

Hcmimerus . .

28

cineieus, Thamnotrizon

. . 202,

298

Heminaupb(vta

239

cognatus, Stauroderus

298

Heminyctobora

239

Comsolampra

238

Hemipanesthia

239

Corydia

239

Hemipterota

240

Corydiina' .. 218, 239,

240, 284,

286

Hemitbyrsocera

286

Cosmozosteria

239

Heteroplana. .

239

ci'Lirifolium, Pulchriphyll

lum

202

hispanicus, Gryllus

31',

33

Cryptocercus

240

Hololampra . .

. 240,

286

Culama

240

Homaloblatta

239

curvicauda. Labia . .

'. '. 30,

32

Homalosilpba

240

Cutilia

240

Homceogamia . . i

240, 284,

286

Cyrtitvia

'. '. 239,

286

Homopteroidea

239

danicus, Pachytylus

31,

32

Hormetica . .

240

Dasyposoma . .

240

Hoatilia

239

decipiens, Loboptera

30,

32

Hypercompsa

240

Decticus

300

Hyposphreria

239

Derocalymma

239

infiatus, Psorodonotus

300

Deroeardia . .

239

infumata, Hololampra

'. 30,

32

Deropeltis . .

." .' 239,

286

insubricus, Acrotylus

31,

32

Desmosia

238

Ipisoma

239

Desniozosteiia

239

Ischnoptera . .

286

Dicellonotus. .

240

Isoniscus

239

Diploptera . .

'. '. 240,

286

italicus, Caloptenus

31,

32

Dorylosa

240

Karnya

239

Duryodana . .

238

Kurokia

239

Dyscologamia

240

Labia

156

Ectobiina)

238, 239,

286

LabiduridtB . .

156

Ectobius

. . 240,

286

Latindia

240

Ectoneura . .

. . 239,

286

Leptozosteria

239

edentulus, Perirrhytiis

29,

32

LeucophiEa . .

286

pjllipsica

239

Linchodes . .

202

EUipsidion . .

. . 239,

286

Loboptera . .

286

Elliptoblatta

289

Macropanestbia

239

Epilampia . .

286

Macropliyllodromia

239

Epilamprina; 238, 2311,

210, 283,

286

maderiu, Oedipoda . .

31

Ergaula

239

maderre, llbyparobia 30,

32, 218,

239

ericetoiuni, Ectobius

30

madersB, Thalpouiena

32

Eioblatta

240

madeirensis, Perirrhytiis

'. 30,

32

Escala

239

Mallattoblatta

239

Eudeniiaptera

. . 156,

306

Mantida;

. '. 203,

284

Eurycotis

. .

240

Mareta

.

286

Euryctibora . .

239

maroccanus, Stauronotus

31,

32

Eustegasta . . 239,

284, 285,

286

Megaloblatta

239, 284,

2H6

Euzosteiia . .

239

Melanoblatta

239

Evea

239

Melanosilpba

239

fieberi, Psorodonotus

301

Melestora

240

fisheri, Prisopus

106

Metbana

240

Forticula

156

micans, Eustegaster

284

forcipata (auviculaiia rar.

i,Foificul

%300

Microdina . .

239

fusca, Platycleis

32

minor. Labia

30,

32

Geoscaplieus

239

Mioblatta

240

gennanica, lilattella

! '. 217,

284

Miopaiiesthia

239

Giyplopeltis . .

239

Miroblatta . .

239

Grifliniella ..

239

modesta, Platycleis..

32

giisea, Platycleis . . .

..31, 33,

202

Molytria

. 239,

286

SPECIAL INDEX.

Monachoda . .

Monistria

morosus, Dixippus

Moipbina

Mylacrina

nana, Phaneroptera

NauphcEta . .

nigrofasciatus, Oedaleus . .

nitidulus, Conocephalus . .

Noeticola

Notolampra . .

Nyctibora

Nyctiborinffi . . 283, 284,

Nympbytria . .

Olyntboscelis

Oniscosoma . .

Opistboplatia

orientalis, Blatta . . 23, 24,

Oxybaloa

Oxyhalointe . . 239, 240,

Oxycercus

Pacbnepteryx

pacilica, Eutbyrrbapba

Palloblatta . .

Pancblora . . . . 284,

Pancblorinae 218, 239,

Panesthia . . 240, 284,

Panestbiinse . . .. 239,

panzeri, Ectobius . .

Paraceratinoptera . .

Parabormetica

Paralatindia . .

parallelus, Cbortbippus

Paraloboptera

Parametbana

Paranaupboeta

Paraplecta . .

Parateninopteryx . .

Paratropes . .

paupeiata, Empusa

peregrina, Scbistocerca

Periplaneta . .

Perisphteria . .

Perispbajiiinae 239, 240,

Petasodes

Pbasmidae

Pbenacisma. .

Pblebonotus

Pboetalia

Phoraspis

Phortiffica

Phorticolea . .

Pilema

Pinaconota . .

Piroblatta

Platysilpha . .

Platyzosteria

Plectopteia . .

Poeciloblatta

Polyphaga . . . . 23

Polyzosteria. .

Prisopus

Pionauphoeta

Pronoanota . .

PAGE.

. 240

. 240

. 282

. 238

. 239

31, 33

240, 286

31, 32

31, 33

.. 239

.. 240

.. 239

285, 286

.. 238

.. 300

.. 239

.. 238

218, 283

240, 286

284, 286
.. 240
.. 238

.. -ns

.. 240

285, 286
240, 286
285, 286
240, 286

.. 30
.. 239
.. 240
.. 240
.. 298
.. 240
.. 239
.. 240
.. 239
.. 239

239, 286

.. 62

31, 32

23, 286

239, 240

285, 286
.. 240

106, 203
.. 239

238, 286
.. 240
.. 240
.. 240
.. 239
.. 239
.. 240
.. 239
.. 239
.. 240
.. 240
.. 239

, 240, 286

239, 286
.. 106
.. 239
.. 239

Proscratea . .

Prosoplecta . .

Protagonista

Protodermapteia

Pseudectobia

Pseudicbnopteia

Pseudoderopeltis

Pseudoglomeris

Pseud ogyna . .

Pseudomopidae

PAGE.

.. 240
. . 240
.. 239
156, 306, 307
.. 238
.. 239
286
239
239

239,

27, 218, 238, 239,
283, 284,

Pseudomops . .

Pseudopboraspis

Pseudopbyllodroraia

Pseudotbyrsocera . .

Psorodonotus

pulvinatus, Cbortbippus .

punetatissinja, Leptopbyes

Pycnoseelus . .

religiora. Mantis

Ehabdoblatta

rbombifolia, Neostylopyga

llbyparobia . .

riparia, Labidura . .

roeselii, Platycleis . .

rutipes, Megaioblatta

Salganea

saussureana, Platycleis

saussurei, Oxybaloa

Scabina

Scbizopilia . .

scbmitzii, Perirrbytus

Spbecopbila . .

ybelfordella . .

specularis, Psorodonotus .

Speleoblatta . .

Steleopyga . .

Stenoblatta . .

Stenopilema

Stilpnoblatta

strepens, Epacromia

Stylopyga . .

supeilectilium, Supelia

surinaniensis, Pycnoseelus

Temnelytra . .

Tepperia

tessellata, Platycleis

tbalassina, Epacromia

Tbeganopteryx

Tbliptoblatta

Tboracopyga

Tborax

Tbyrsocera . .

Tivia

Tribonidea . .
Tribonidium
Tricboblatta . .
Trichoprocta
Triconium . .
truncata, Periplaneta
viridis, Pancblora . .
Zetobora
Zonioploca . .

238,

30,

30, 32,

, 239,
30, 32,

'. 283*
. 240,

30,

23,

30,

28,

31,

286,

286

240

286

230

238

300

32

298

239

107

239

218

286

312

202

284

286

32

284

239

240

32

240

238

300

239

24

240

286

239

32

24

218

239

239

239

32

32

239

239

239

238

239

239

240

240

239

23

240

218

284

240

239

SPECIAL INDEX.

PLECOPTERA.

dubitans, Nemoura..
ineonspicua, Nemoura

SCORPIONES.

margaritatus, Centiurus

SIPHONAPTERA.

*kohauti, Palaeopsylla

76

194

THYSANOPTERA.

I'AGE.

I'AfiE.

.. 224

iEolothripidffi

.. 213

.. 224

*monilicornis, Cephalothrips

.. 250

nobilis, Megalotbrips

.. 224

Thysanoptera

.. 213

Thysanura..

.. 213

FUNGI.

formiearum, Laboulbenia
Laboulbeniaceoe
wasraanni, llickia . .

5, 40

COERIGENDA, Ac.

5, 1. 29, for
6

7

Cavara " and for "formicorutii'^ read

12,

86,
103,
118,
133,
135,
138,
158,
160,
167,

177,
219,
236,
244,

246,
278,
294,

1. 2
1. 21
1. 10
1. 33
1. 17
1. 13
1. 4(3
1. 14
1. 9
etc.
1. 41
]. 11
1. 15
1. 34
1. 38
1. 2

1. 11
1. 49
1. 20
1. 20
1. 9
1. 32
1. 10

Cavora " read

'■' fornncarum.'"
for " Myrmecocorous " read ' Myrmecochorus."
for " Dolidoclerinae " read " Dolicho'lerinde.^'
for " Hiibner " read " Hiiber."
for " strong " read " stony."
for ''fusca " read "/((sco."
for ? read i .

for " daJijme " read " dapltne."
for " Pyrale " read " Pij talis. "
for " Pieris napi " read " Ejmnda nigra.'"
for " Hirsulina dolus " read " Hirsutina dulus var. vittata."
for " Tortrix " read " Tortricodes."
delete " Pliytovietra."
for " Melenydris " read " Malenydris."
for " alticolor " read " alticola.^'
for '■ alinaria " read " alniaria."
for " Plntyptila" read " Platyptilia," for " viouodactylus "

read " monodactyla."
for " sylvann " read " s?/ii'W!rt."
for " lihyaciona " read " Rhyacionia."
delete " Pliytovtetra."
add "s" to "discoloration."

delete " costa '" (twice) and insert " inner margin " (twice,
for " coeriileopnuctata " read " coerulenpunctata.^'
for " balcanicus " read " balkaiiica.^'

The Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation.

VOL. XXIII.

SPECIAL INDEX.

By T. HUDSON BEARE, B.Sc, F.R.S.E., F.E.S. (Coleoptera) ; M. BURR,
D.Sc, F.Z.S., F.E.S. (Orthoptera); J. E. COLLIN, P.E.S. (Diptera); and
H. J. TURNER, F.E.S. (Lepidoptera, etc.).

Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera. The other orders arranged by Species.
An asterisk denotes the species which are new to Britain, a double asterisk
denotes those which are also new to science.

ACARINA.

PAGE.

Acari . . 23, 62, 101, 170, 237, 280

Antennophori . . . . . . 23

bostoeki, Trachyuropoda .. .. 237

comata, Cillibano . . . . 62, 237

cuneifer, Lselaps . . . . 62, 170

formicarius, Urotrachytes. . .. 62

grandis, Antennopborus . . . . 23

holothyroides, Spbserolselaps 62, 237

myrmecopbilus, Lselaps . . 62, 170
Neoberlesia = Spbserolffilaps

ovalis, Uropoda .. .. 63,237

ovatula, Uroplitella . . . . 170

pbiloctena, Uropoda . . 237, 280

pubescens, Antennopborus . . 63

pyii, Eriopbyes . . . . . . 101

ricasoliana, Urodiscella . . 62, 170

Spbaerolselaps (Neoberlesia) . . 237

TrombidiidiB 258

ublmanni, Antennopborus 237, 280

ARANEINA.

aviculare, Mygale . . . . . . 279

biovata, Tbyreostbenius . . . . 62

Cambridge!, Dysdera .. ..62

cinerea, Cicurina . . . . . . 62

hombergi, Harpactes . . . . 62

merens, Evansia . . . . . . 62

minimus, Micarisoma .. ..62

pbalerata, Asagena. . .. ..62

puliearia, Micaria . . . . . . 62

recisa, Crypbceca .. .. ..62

COLEOPTERA.

Abdera llexuosa . . . . 310, 311

triguttata . . . . . . . . 311

Acantbocinus sedilis . . . . 311

Acrulia inflata .. .. ..311

Agabus arcticus . . . . 308, 309

bipustulatus . . . . . . 74

congener . . . . . . . . 308

Agapanthia aspbodeli . . . . 225

Agatbidium atrum . . . . 310, 311

badium 310

rotundatum 811

seminulum
Amara f ulva . .
Anaspis hudsoni

rufiiabris . .
Anchomenus ericeti
Anisotoma algirica*

calcarata . .
ab. nigrescens*

curta*
var. donisthorpei

davidiana** ..

dubia

ab. bicolor

ab. subglobosa . .

obesa

picea

stenocorypbe
Anthophagues testaceus
Aphodius borealis . .

fcetidus

lapponum
Apion brevicorne . .

cantianum

filirostre . .

gyllenbali . .

platalea

unicolor . .
Aromia moscbata . .
Arpedium bracbypterum
Asemum striatum . .

var. agreste
Atemeles emarginatus

paradoxus . .
Atheta liliputana* . .

picipennis . .
Athous ha&morrhoidalis

undulatus
Atomaria umbrina . .

wollastoni . .
Barynotus scbonherri
Barypeithes duplicatus**

pellucidus . .
Bembidium bipunctatum

paludosum
Bibloporus bicolor . .
Bledius annae**

denticoUis. .

PAGE.

.. 311
.. 310
300, 311
.. 301
.. 309

44, 330
.. 44
.. 44
.. 44
.. 43
.. 28

28, 43, 330
.. 44
.. 44
.. 43
.. 330
253, 330
.. 310
.. 310
.. 310
.. 310
.. 4
.. 4
.. 4
.. 45
.. 45
.. 45
103, 179, 327
.. 310
279, 310
.. 279
58, 59
.. 59
.. 306
.. 2

45, 74
.. 310
.. 44
.. 5
.. 310

252, 280
252, 280
310
310
310
47
310

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

PAGE.

filipes**

47

Criocephalus polonicus

6

longulum . .

310

rusticus

311

pallipes

47

Cryphalus abietis . .

6

subternineus

811

Cryptocephalus fulvus

170

terebrans*

47

sexpunctatus

170

Bolitophagus veticulatus .

310

Cryptohypnus dermestoides

311

Borboropora kraatzi

45

maritimus

311

Bryoporus rugipennis

6

quadriguttatus . .

311

Bythinus glabratus . .

60

riparius

311

Calathus micropterus

309

Cryptopbagus bimaculatus

3

nubigena . .

309

cylindrus . .

. 310,

311

Carabus glabratus . .

'. 309

310

fowleri

3

nemoralis . .

279

scanicus . .

3

Caryoborus nuctuorum

326

var. patruelis

3

Cathormiocerus maritimus

6

subfumatus

5

socius

228

Cychrus rostratus . .

309

Catops varicornis . .

6

Cymindis vaporariorum

309

Cetonia aurata

46

Dascilius cervinus . .

310

floricola . .

'. 46

311

Dendrophagus crenatus

". 301,

311

Ceuthorhynchidius mixtus

6

Dendropbilus pygmeeus

60

Ceutborbynchus setosus .

46

Deronectes griseostriatus .

308

Chsetocnema arida . .

5

Diglotta

45

Cboleva cbrysomeloides .

69

Dinarda dentata

59

coracina . .

59, 310

311

bagensi

59

fuliginosa*

67

104

markeli

59

fusca

68

pygma?a . .

59

grandicoUis

68

Donacia discolor

310

kirbyi

'. 68

311

Dromius angustatus

309

loDgula . . ...

69

Drusilla canaliculata

60

morio

'. 69

311

Dryocaetes autograpbus

5

nigricans . .

.

68

Dyschirius angustatus

310

nigrita

.68, 69

, 104

Dytiscus lapponicus

308

tristis

08

, 69

marginal is

327

watsoni

68

Elater nigrinus

311

Chrysomela brunsvicensis .

45

Encepbalus complicans

44,

247

didymata . .

.

45

Enicmus histrio

3

Cicindela sylvatica . .

327

transversus

3

Cis jacquemarti

310

Epur£ea silacea

*. 310,

311

lineatocribratus . .

. 310

variegata . .

310

punctulatus

311

Ernobius nigrinus . .

310

Clerus formicarius . .

310

Eros aurora . .

'. 310,

311

Clinocara tetratoma

311

Eryx fairmairei*

325

Clythra 4-punctata..

. 310

Eudectus wbitei

45

Clytus arietis

327

Euplectus kunzei . .

5

Cocinelia 5-punetata

. 311

Euryporus picipes . .

309

Cceliodes cardui

.

. 45

Eusomus

46

fuliginosus

. 45

Gabrius appendiculatus .

311

Colon barnevillei . .

. 45

bishopi

2

brunneum . .

.

6

keysianus . .

2

calcaratum

. 4

pennatus . .

2

microps . .

5

, 99

stipes

'. 2

327

puncticoUe

. 5

velox

2

serripes

5

, 6

Galerucella calmariensis .

4

253

viennense . .

.

. 6

fergussoni . .

4

279

Corticaria fowleriana

. 3

nympbsBffi . .

6

fuscula

.

. 3

pusilla

3

lambiana . .

3

sagittarifB . .

'. 4

6

simiiata . .

3

Geodromicus nigrita

310

Corymbites cupreus

. 310

Gonipterus lepidotus

4

var. ferugineus

,

. 310

Hfemonia appendiculata .

6

impressus . .

. 310

Haliplus beydeni . .

327

var. rufipes . .

. 310

inimaculata

327

purpureus..

. 231

nomax** ..

253

Crepidodera impressa

. 4

Helophorus arvenicus

310

transversa

. 4

tuberculatUB

* 230,

279

SPECIAL INDEX.

Heteerius feriugineus
Hister merdarius . .
Homalium brevicoUe

brevicorne

pineti . • • • * ' |

Homalota . •

atramentaria

cinnamoptera

coracina . .

fungicola . .

monticola . .

muiri** ■ •

picipennis

vicina
Hydroporus melananus • •

morio

t vi ^tlS • ' ' ' * *

Hypocyptus Iffiviusculus . .
Hypotbenemus eruditus . .
Ilybius cenescens • • . • ^

Ilyobates propinquus
Ips 4-pustulatus
Laccobius scutellaris

ytenensis . .
Lathrobium longipenne . .
longulum . .
rufipenne . .
Leistus montanus . .
Leptura sanguinolenta • • ^
LeptLisa analis • •
Lesteva fontinalis . .

longelytrata • • • • .

luctuosa* . .
pandellei . .
pubescens..
punctata . •
bharpi
sicula
Liodes algirica
calcaiata . .
castanea . .
glabra
picea

stenocorypbe** ••
Lomecbusa . .

strumosa . . • •

Longitarsus agilis .. ••

Macronychus 4-tuberculatus
Malthodes atomus . .

brevicolHs
Magdalis phlegmatica .•
Mefanopbthalma acuminata
distinguenda
transversalis • •
Melanotus castanipes
Melastis glabripennis
Melolontba vulgaris
Microcara livida

var. bohemanni
Miscodera arctica . .
Monohammus sartor
Morinus lugubris . .
Morycbus seneus
Mycetoporus angularis

iii.

PAGE

.. 247
.. 247
.. 44
.. 46
59, 310
.. 59

clavicornis

forticornis

longulus . . • •

Myelopbilus piniperda
Myrmedonia humeralis

laticoUis • • r ' ' "" .. 309

Nebria gyllenhalU . . • • ^^q

Necropborus ruspator . . ••

vor. microcepnaius. . ^

Neuraphes carinatus • • • • ^47

rubicundus • • • • " ^r^Q

Nototbecta anceps . • • • * " ^gy

flavipes . • • • * ' " 31O

Nudobius lentus . • • • " 3

Olopbrum nicbolsoni • • • • g

Omalium brevicoUe • • " * 60

Opatrum sabulosum • • "322

Orinocarabus sylvestris . • " " 309

Otliius melanocepbalus .• ••

Otiorbynchus auropunctatus •• ^^^

blandus •• •• •• '." 311

septentrionis • • • • "44

Oxypoda brachyptera •• •• ^g

exoleta • • • • ' ' . . 45

lurida • • . • • " * * 2

Oxytelusfairmairei.. •• •• ^.^y

laqueatus . . • • * " ' ' 2

saulcyi . • • • * * _ 329

seuiptus .. •• •• ;; 311

Pflohvta sexmaculata • • ,

?aramecosomaiTaelanocephalum 4

var. infuscatum • ■ * • ^

var. univeste . . •• " " g

Parapbffidon concinnus • • • • g

tumidulus.. •• •" '' 311

1 Parnus ernesti •• •• "309

I Patrobus assimilis . . • • " ^g

I pentomacrus distinctus .. •• ^g

1 serratus • • • - " " ' '_ q

\ Pbsedon •• •• ,;• ■" 309

1 philbydrus melanocephalus ^

' pbilonthus intermedius .. •• ^

var. donistborpei • • • • ^

\ nigritulus . . • • ■ " ' ' 2

1 trossulus . . • • • • ■ ■ 5

Pbyllotreta diademata . • ^^^^ ^^^

Pissodes notatus • • • • ^^^'^ gn

pini •• •• '■ . ' 310

Podabrus alpinus .. •• ^g

Polydrusus cbrysomela • • • • ^g

confluens . . • • ' * ' " 322

Polypbylla fullo • • • • * "_ 247

Pseudopsis sulcata . . • • , . 45

Ptenidium •• •• •* '" 248

intermedium •• •' "..247

liBvigatum • • * ' ' * 248

■wankowiezi • • • • * ' g

Pterostichus aternmus •• • • ^^^

lepidus •• •• ;; 309, 310
oblongo-punctatus ..309

vitreus •• •• "■ .. 3

Ptilinus costatus . • • • " ' g

Ptinella britannica . . •• •• g^Q
Pytbo depressus

SPECIAL INDEX.

Quedionuchus leevigatus .

±

309

Quedius brevis

60

fulvicollis . .

309

hammeanus**

99

lateralis

309

mesomelinus

45

var. fageti

.

45

molocbinus

99

nigriceps . •

309

variabilis . .

45

vexans

'. 248

280

xanthopus

309

Ehagium indagator. .

310

Ehagonycha elongata

311

Ebyncolus ater

310

Khinomacer attelaboides .

310

Rhizophagus dispar

310

Saperda populnea , .

102

Smicronyx . .

44

Sphaerites glabratus

311

Stapbylinus latebricola

309

stercoi-arius

310

Stenus crassus

96

formicetorum*

95

palposus . .

5

proditor . .

6

Steni

46

Stepbanoderes

45

Sunius gattoi

46

Syncalypta setigera

5

Tachinus flavipes . .

30*9',

310

laticollis . .

309

pallipes

309,

310

proximus . .

310

rufipennis

5

Tacbyporus chrysomelinus

24, 73

, 74

fasciatus**

24

, 73

solutus

24, Tc

S, 74

Tachypus pallipes . .

310

Tachyusa umbratica

253

Telephorus abdominalis .

45

var. cyanea

45

figuvatus . .

310

var. scoticus

310

paludosus . .

310

thoracicus . .

28

var. suturalis . .

28

Tetratoma ancora . .

311

Tbinobius bicolor**

27

linearis

, ,

28

Tbymalus limbatus. .

311

Trechus rubens

310

subnotatus

2

Tricbonyx miirkeli . .

44

sulcicollis . .

6,

238

Triplax russica

310

Tychius bsmatopus

4,

44

junceus

2

polylineatus ..

5,

6

squaniulatus

4

Xantholinus distans

, ,

309

glaber

5

tricolor

310

Zeugophora subspinosa

6,

310

turneri

6

PAGE.

Zilora ferruginea . . . . . . 311

COLLEMBOLA.

albinos, Cyphodeirus . . . . 61

DIPTERA.

acutipennis, Camilla* . . . . 306

senea, Siphunculina* . . , . 252

asqualis, Pbora . . . . . . 61

aeronetba, Hilara* . . . . 217, 225

albimana, Anthomyza* . . . . 306

alboguttata, Pbortica* . . . . 306

approximatonervis, Diplotoxa* . . 252

argentata, Leucopis* . . . . 306

argyrogenis, Hydrellia . . . . 253

Asilidse . . . . . . . . 75

bicolor, Anagnota* . . . . . . 306

bifasciata, Anthomyza** .. ..72

brevipalpis, Glossina . . . . 48

brunnipes (stagnicola), Notiphlla* 253

caviceps, Scatopbila* . . . . 253

ciliata (inssqualis), Pbora . . . . 61

cinerella, Diseocerina (Clasiopa)* 253

cognata (gilvipes), Oscinis* . . 252

concinnata, Conipsilura . . . . 266

coronata, Parochthiphila* . . .. 306

costata, Cbymomyza* .. .. 306

curvicauda, Casnia* . . . . 253

Diptera 182, 284

duinensis, Siphonella* . . . . 252

durrenbergensis, Atissa* . . . . 253

ephippium, Gaurax* . . . . 252

fasciata, Ochthiphila* . . . . 306

flavicornis, Hydrellia* . . . . 253

flavitarsis, Pbyllomyza* . . . . 306

frontalis, Geomyza* . . . . 306

frontella, Oscinis* . . . . , . 252

fusea, Glossina . . . . . . 48

fuscimana, Cbymomyza* . . . . 306

fuscipes, Glossina . . . . . . 48

gilvipes = cognata .. .. .. 252

glaucella, Diseocerina (Clasiopa)* 253

Glossina . . . . . . . . 48

grisea, Hydrellia* . . . . . . 253

grossa, Glossina . . . . . . 48

birsuta, Chlorops . . . . . - 252

humeralis, Hyadina* . . . . 253

humeralis, Psila* . . . . . . 252

bypostigma, Chlorops* . . . . 252

in£Equalis = ciliata .. .. ..61

inconstans, Diplotoxa . . . . 252

interrupta (birsuta), Chlorops* .. 252

interstincta, Hilara. . .. .. 217

Isevifrons, Oscinis* . . . . . . 252

Iffivigata, Liomyza* . . . . 306

limbata (inconstans), Diplotoxa*.. 252

limosina, Atissa . . . . . . 253

lineatopunctata, Opomyza* .. 306

lineella, Oscinis (Notonaulax)* ., 252

lineola, Syrphus . . . . . . 327

longipalpis, Glossina . . . . 48

longipennis, Glossina . . . . 48

longirostris, Ehicnoessa* .. .. 306,

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

longirostris, Sipbonella* . . . . 252

ludens, Melichia . . . . . . 61

maculiventris, Hydrellia* . . 253

maura, Hilara . . . . . . 217

megaspis, Elaehyptera* . . . . 252

minima, Chiromyia* . . . . 306

minuta, Chlorops . . . . . . 252

morsitans, Glossina . . . . 48

Muscidae 233

mutata, Hydrellia* . . . . 253

myrmecophilus, Ceratopogon . . 60

nigra, Periscelis* . . . . . . 306

nigripennis, Philotelma* . . . . 253

nigritarsis, Parhydra* . . . . 253

nigromaculata, Psila* . . . . 252

nitens, Pelina* . . . . . , 253

nitidissima, Oscinis* . . . . 252

obliqua, Parhydra*. . .. .. 253

obscurella, Chloropisca* . . . . 252

omissus, Ceroxys . . . . . . 280

ordinata, Anthyroglossa* . . . . 253

pallicera, Glossina . . . . . . 48

pallida, Anthomyza* . . . . 306

palpalis, Glossina . . . . . . 48

pictus, Ceroxys . . . . . . 280

planifrons, Chlorops* . . . . 252

plumosa, Discocerina (Clasiopa)* 253

pubescens, Elaehyptera* . . . . 252

pumilionis, Sipbonella* . . . . 252

rata, Phora . . . . . . . . 61

rufa, Chloropisca* . . . . . . 252

rufifrons, Drosophila* . . . . 306

scrobiculata (trapezina), Elaehyp-
tera* 252

Serena, Chlorops* . . . . . . 252

simplex, Seiomyza . . . . . . 327

sordidella, Anthomyza* . . . . 306

sordidella, Oscinis* . . . . 252

speiserianum, Ascodipteron . . 230

stagnicola, Notiphila . . . . 253

submorsitans, Glossina . . . . 48

Syrphidae . . . . . . . . 253

tachinoides, Glossina . . . . 48

tetrasticha, Scaptomyza* . . . . 306

tibialis, Dicrfeus* . . . . . . 252

trapezina, Elaehyptera . . . . 252

triangularis, Chlorops* . . . . 252

tristis, Sipbonella*. . .. .. 252

tuberculifera, Elaehyptera* . . 252

unicornis, Scatophila* .. .. 253

vagans, Diastata* . . . . . . 306

vagans, DicraBus* . . . . . . 252

Vanessa, Sturmia . . . . . . 266

variegata, Scatophila* . . . . 253

vittiger, Syrpbus . . . . . . 327

vittipennis, Philhygria* . . . . 253

xantbocera, Discocerina (Clasiopa) 253

HEMIPTERA.

ffineus, Eysarcoris .. .. .. 279

albipennis, Plagiognathus. . .. 279

antennatus, Teratocoris . . . . 326

Aphidse 12, 24

apterus, Halticus . . . . . . 234

PAGE.

aurita, Ledra . . . . . . 279

cimiciformis, Paracletus . . . . 24

CoccidfE 12, 323

cornutus, Centrotus . . . . 159

Dactylopius . . . . . , . . 170

furfurus, Chionaspis . . . . 323

glaucescens, Chlorina . , . . 280

hybridus. Pirates . . . . . . 281

lineatus, Nabis . . . . . . 326

medius, Stenocepbalus* . . . . 252

Membracidae . . . . . . 159

montana, Cicadetta . . . . 279

perplexus, Pilopborus . . . , 61

pulchellus, Aroespus . . . . 280

saltator, Halticus* . . . . . . 234

subterranea, Eipersia .. .. 170

tomlini, Eipersia . . . . . . 170

tricinctus, Acocephalus . . . . 279

ulmi, Lepidosaphes .. .. 328

vejdovskyi, Ortheziola* . . . . 253

HYMENOPTERA.

acervorum, Leptothorax .. 11, 12
albipes, Technomyrmex .. ..15

alienus, Lasius . . . . . . 15

Aphelinfe 323

aphidicolEe (mixtus var.), Lasius.. 238

apterus, Chasmodon . . . . 61

Asilidse

Aspidiotiphagus

atalana (vividula sub-sp.), Preno-

lepis . .
auropunctata, Wasmannia
bistigmaticus, Euphorus . .
boerorum (punctatissima (suh-sp.),

Ponera
braueri, Prenolepis\ .
buccata, Pachyloma
burmeisteri, Amomma
Cbalcididse . .
einerea, Formica . .
coarctata, Ponera . .
Coccophagus
congerens = pratensis
con tracta, Ponera .. .. ..60

cyanurus, Neoitamus . . . . 267

donisthorpei (braueri sub-sp.),

Prenolepis . . . . . . 15

elongatulus, Crabro . . . . . . 271

exsecta, Formica 10, 11, 59, 60,

61, 63, 169, 170
flavus, Lasius 13, 15, 22, 23, 62,

63, 170, 236, 237
formicaria, Trichopria . . . . 61

formicaria (furcata var.), Belyta . . 61
formosus, Pepsis . . . . . . 75

fuliginosus, Lasius 11, 13, 22, 23,

59, 60, 61, 62, 170, 226, 228, 229
furcata, Belyta . . . . . . 61

fusca, Formica 11, 13, 58, 59, 60,

61, 62, 96, 170
fusco-rufibarbis (rufibarbis var.),

Formica . . . . 59, 62

fuscus, Salius . . . . . . 75

323

15

170

61

14
.. 15

.. 238
.. 75
216, 322
.. 96
.. 13
.. 323

SPECIAL INDEX.

gallica, Polistes

gigas, Leucospis

glebaria (fusca rar.), Formica*

guineense, Tetramorium . .

hyalinus (scutellaris var.), Ambly

aspis . .
Ichneumonidae
kollari, Myrmica
Iffivinodis, Myrmica 11, 62

Lasius

latreillei, Myrmecina
Leptothorax . . .. ..11,12

Leucospis

lobicornis, Myrmica

Mermis

mixtus, Lasius 63, 231, 236, 237

monilicornis, Passalaecus

My mar

Mymaridffi 183

Myrmica . . . . . .11, 14

neoniger, Lasius

niger, Lasius 11. 13, 22, 23, 24
60, 61, 170, 229
noctilio, Sirex
nylanderi, Leptothorax
ochracea, Ponera . .
pharaonis, Monomorium
Pompilus
Ponera

pratensis, Formica . .
Prospaltella . .
pubescens, Periclista*
pulchellus, Mymar . .
punctatissima, Ponera . . 13
regalis, Mymar
rubescens (fusca var.), Formica .
rufa, Formica 10, 11, 59, 60, 61
62, 63, 169, 170
rufibarbis, Formica . . 59

ruginodis, Myrmica
sanguinea, Formica 11, 12, 15, 59
60, 61, 62, 96, 238
scabrinodis, Myrmica 58, 59, 60
scutellaris, Amblyaspis
sertifer, Lophyrus . .
Stephanodes
sulcinodis, Myrmica
tarda = punctatissima, Ponera
Technomyrmex
Tenthredinidfe
truncicola, Formica
umbratus, Lasius 11, 59, 61, 62

63, 228, 229, 231, 236, 237

238, 280

vividula, Prenolepis

PAGE.

281

331

96

14

11, 98

60

61

292

14

170

15

12

13

331

11

15

238

272

280

280

59

15

329
331
272

14
331
281

14
329
323
306
280

14
280

96

329
62
11

329

253

61

101

280

11

14

15

306

11

329
15

LEPIDOPTERA.

abietaria, Boarmia . . . . . . 309

abietella, Dioryctria . . . . 245

abingensis (or ab.), Cymatophora 321

absynthiata, Eupithecia . . . . 58

abyla, Adelpba . . . . . . 224

acaciffi, Nordmannia . . 163, 312

acamas, Cigaritis .. ..34,35, 36

acanthodactyla = cosmodactyla

aceris, Neptis .. .. .. 1S9

achillea?, Anthrocera . . . . 85

achine. Pararge .. 188,266,312

Acidalia 188, 315

Acronycta 277, 288

actaja, Satyrus . . . . . . 174

acteon (Eeon), Thymellcus 36, 40,

186, 262, 297, 318
acuminatella, Lita . . . . . . 258

adssquata (blandiata), Emmelesia

57, 58, 259^
addenda (phlteas ab.), liumicia . . 275
adippe, Argynnis65, 163, 166, 192,

266, 291
admetus, Hirsutina. . 32,175, 192

adonides, Heliconius . . . . 73

Adopsea . . . . . . . . 35

adrasta (maera var.), Pararge . . 297

Adscita 109

adusta, Hadena . . . . 64, 65

advena, Aplecta . . 64, 65, 228, 332
adyte (ligea var.), Erebia 78, 104,

228, 235
.Egeria (Sesia) . . 109, 231, 328

segeria (egeria), Pararge 32, 168,

190, 261, 262, 288, 297, 302
asgeus, Papilio . . . . . . 222

segon = argus

aello, (Eneis 79

renea, Pbytometra . . . . . . 57

oesculi (ilicis var.), Nordmannia,

Thecla 297

sethiopella, Asorta . . . . . . 9

asthiops (blandina), Erebia 39, 43

206, 324
sethiops, Lita .. .. .. 257

affinis, Calymnia (Cosmia) 66, 212

affinitata, Emmelesia . . . . 58

agestis = astrarche = medon
aglaia, Argynnis 8, 166, 192, 207,

234, 259, 266, 280, 289, 291, .300
aglaope (melpomone var.), Heli-
conius . . . . . . 73

Agria . . . . . . . . . . 324

alba (phlasas aft.), Rumicia .. 275

albana (tyndarus ah.), Erebia . . 323
aibicillata, Melanthia, Mesoleuca 58
albicolon, Mamestra . . . . G6

albidella = rhyncbosporella
albopunctala (virgaurero ao.),

Heodes ' 101

albulalis, Nola 224

albulata, Emmelesia ..56,58,328

alcese, Erynnis 32, 35, 36, 162, 192,

266, 318
alcetas, Everes . . . . . . 186

alchemillata, Emmelesia . . 58, 65
alchimiella, Gracilaria . . . . 257

alciope, Acra;a . . . . . . 331

alciphron, Loweia 77, 162, 175,

208, 218, 246, 299, 300
alcippus (cbrysippus var.), Limnas 32
alcyone, Satyrus, (Hipparchia) 41,

174, 185, 300

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

alexandrse, Ornithoptera . . . . 222

alexanor, Papilio . . . . . . 175

alexis = icarus

algirica(semele ?;ar. ),Hipparchia. . 330

alni, Acronycta . . . . . . 320

alniaria, Ennomos . . . . 226

alpestialis, Orenaia . . . . 79

alpicola (franconica var.), Mala-

cosoma . . . . . . 208

alpina, Hesperia .. .. .. 223

alpina (didyma i^ar.), Melitasa .. 293

alpina = hyperborea

alpinalis, Scopula . . . . . . 259

alpinata, Parascotia, Psodos 7, 9
alsoides (minimu? ab.), Cupido . . 299
altbe;^, Erynnis (Carcharodus) 35,

36, 77, 162, 222, 297, 318, 324
alticolor (pyrenaicus var.), Hepialus 307

Alucitides 36, 254

alveus. Hesperia . . 35, 222, 266, 317
amandus, Polyommatus 35, 199, 200
amatbusia, Brenthis . . 78, 208

ambigualis, Scoparia . . . . 260

ampelopbaga, Procris . . . . 122

ampbidamas, Loweia . . . . 42

ampla (diversilinea var.), Agatbia 267
amyntas, Everes . . . . . . 85

Anaitis 102

anceps, Mamestra . . . . . . 66

andereggiella, Argyrestbia. . .. 25

andrenffiformis, iEgeria, Sesia 75,

98, 225, 231, 271
andromedfe, Erynnis, Hesperia

222, 223
angnlaria, Ennomos .. .. 102

annulata, Zonosoma . . . . 251

anomala, Sorocaba.. .. .. 231

anteros, Aricia . . 35, 162, 193, 317
antbe, Satyrus . . . . . . 31

antbedon, Euralia .. .. 281, 282

Anthrocera (Zygsena) ..55,78, 185

antimachus, Drurya . . . . 223

antinorii, Deilemera . . . . 282

antiopa, Euvanessa ..39,52, 305

apennina (coridon var.), Agriades 338
apenninicola (euryale var.), Erebia 324
apiciaria, Epione . . . . . . 328

apollinus, Doritis . . . . . . 36

apollo, Parnassius 42, 77, 101, 175,

206, 223, 289, 299, 300, 312,

321, 322
applana, Depressaria . . . . 26

apta, Argadea . . . . . . 102

arbuti, Heliodes .. .. 57, 168

arcania, Coenonympha 7, 77, 78,

186, 208, 265, 266, 288, 299, 312
areas, Lycsena . . . . . . 42

arceutbina, Argyrestbia . . 246, 260

Arctiida^ 239

arcuata (coridon a6.), Agriades 192, 292
arete (byperantusa?).), Aphantopus

226, 313
aretbusa, Hipparcbia . . . . 174
argentea (phlffias at.), Rumicia .. 332

PAGE.

argentella (cygnipennella), Ela-

cbista . . . . . . 258

argiades, Everes, Lycsena 85, 192,

211, 289
argiolus, Celastrina 32,34, 36, 163,

167, 280, 293, 297, 302, 304, 328
argus (segon), Plebeius 51, 77, 79,

83, 85, 187, 206, 235, 289,

292, 298, 299
Argynnidse . . . . . . . . 7

Argynnis . . . . . . 77, 295

argyrognomon, Plebeius 77, 79,

85, 163, 206, 208, 235, 300
ariana, Polyommatus 86, 87, 88,

198, 199, 200
arion, Lycfena 40, 41, 50, 78, 82,

85, 163, 186, 208, 211, 216,

289, 299
aristffius (semele var.), Hipparcbia 326
arsilacbe (pales vnr.), Brenthis 312, 313
artaxerxes (medon var.), Aricia 88,

257, 258
artemis = aurinia

arundinis (castanese), Macrogaster 193
arundinis (typbte), Nonagria . . 66
asella (cruciana), Heterogenea . . 320
asbworthii, Agrotis. . .. 216, 332

assimilella, Depressaria . . . . 26

asterope, Yptbima 31, 33, 34, 35, 36
astrarcbe = medon 7, 31, 32, 34,

35, 36, 50, 78, 85, 88, 162,

163, 186, 208, 235, 257,258,

266, 289, 292, 293, 295, 297, 305
atalanta, Pyrameis 36, 166, 167,

175, 244, 261, 291, 296
atbalia, Melittea 39, 101, 164, 208,

228, 234, 265, 289, 298, 299,

300, 312, 313
atlantica, Saturnia . . . . 322

atomaria, Ematurga . . 79, 185

atrapophanes, Gelasina .. .. 267

atrata, Odezia . . . . 188, 259

atropos, Manduca . . 244, 253, 304
Attacus . . . . . . . . 216

augur, Graphipbora, Noctua 103, 224
aurago, Xantbia . . . . . . 315

aurantiaria, Hybernia . . . . 98

aurelia, Melita3a . . 164, 188, 298
aurifrontella, Tischeria . . . . 113

aurinia, Melitaea 9, 26, 51, 52, 64,

76, 166, 188, 266
aurita, Setina (Endrosa) . . 208, 236
aurivillii, Acrffia .. .. .. 331

ausonia (belia var.), Antbocbaris

(Euchloe) .. .. 221, 296

australis (alceffi fl?^.), Erynnis .. 35
autumnaria, Ennomos . . 328, 332
avellanella, Semioscopis . . . . 257

avis, Callophrys . . 84, 253, 281

badiata, Anticlea . . . . . . 221

baeticus (altbese, var.), Erynnis,

(Carcharodus) 222, 297, 324

baia, Noctua . . . . . . 226

baliodactyla = niveidaetyla

SPECIAL INDEX.

QAGE.

balkanica, Tarucus. . .. 32, 317

ballus, Thestor . . . . 261, 263

barrettii (luteago var.) , Dianthcecia, 228
basalis (trifolii ab.), Anthrocera . . 55
basijuncta (coridon ah.), Agriades 292
basijuncta (icarus ab.), Polyom-

matus . . . . • • 293

basilinea, Apamea . . . . . . 100

basilipuncta (phlajas ab.), Bumicia 275
basi-obscura (io «?).), Vanessa .. 19
batis, Thyatira . . . . 57, 65

baton, Scolitantides 35, 36, 161,

192, 295, 297, 302
baxteri (gueneei ab.) (nickerlii
var.), Luperina (Apamea) 74,

76, 89, 91, 92, 171, 172, 203
belemia, Antbocharis (Euchloe)

36, 261, 262, 294, 296
belia, Antbocharis (Euchloe) 36,

221, 294, 296
belisaria (io ab.), Vanessa 17, 18, 19
bellargus = thetis
bellezina (tagis var.), Antbocharis

(Euchloe) .. .. ..296

bembeciforme = crabronif ormis ..
bennettii, Adactylus . . . . 37

bergmanniana, Dictyopteryx . . 260

betulje, Ornix 246

betulEe, Ruralis .. 51,168,240

betulsetana, Penthina . . . . 259

betularia, Amphidasis 70, 283, 321, 332
bicolorana, Hylophila . . . . 64

bidentata, Odontopera . . . . 56

bifida, Dicranura . . . . . . 57

bilinea (trigrammica var.), Gram-

mesia . . • . . . 56

bilineata, Camptogramma.. 167, 224
bilunana, Psedisca . . . . . . 259

bilunaria, Selenia 221, 228, 229,

307, 332
binaria, Drepana . . . . 57, 103

bipunctaria, Eubolia, Ortholitha

186, 208
bipunctata (maritima ah.), Senta 52
bipunctidactyla, Adkinia . . 37, 186
bisetata, Acidalia . . . . . . 58

Biston . . . . • . . • 223

bistrigella, Phylloporia . . . . 257

biundularia, Tephrosia . . . . 221

blandiata = adsequata

blandina = rethiops

blomeri, Asthena .. ..56,68, 226

blumei, Papilio . . . • • • 222

bceticus, Lampides 31, 32, 33, 34,

36, 262, 297, 303
Bombycidae . . . . . . • • 322

boreata, Cheimatobia . . . . 98

Botys ^

brassicse, Mamestra . . 97, 98

brassicie, Pieris 31, 33, 36, 165,
288, 246, 273, 276, 290, 295,

300, 304, 305
brevilinea, Nonagria . . 314, 315

briseis, Hipparchia, Satyrus 42,

43, 174, 192

PAGE.

brilliantina, Agriades . . . . 332

britomartis, Meliteea . . . . 289

brumata, Cheimatobia . . . . 101

brunnea (cursoria ah.), Agrotis . . 75
brunnea (io ah.), Vanessa 17, 18,

19, 20
brunnea-lucidocellata (io ab.), Van-
essa . . . . . . . . 18

brunnearia (bilunaria ab.), Selenia

228, 332
brunneata, Halia . . . . 259, 260

bryoniffi (napi var.), Pieris 79, 283, 299
Bunsea . . . . . . . . 86

busckiella, Gnorimoschema . . 182

cacalise, Hesperia . . . . 223, 299

cjerulea (cursoria ab.), Agrotis . . 75
ceeruleocephala, Diloba . . 167, 253
cseruleopunctata (phleeas ah.),

Eumicia . . . . 32, 304

CBBsia, Dianthcecia . . . . . . 324

csBsiata, Larentia . . . . 8, 208, 259

caia, Arctia .. 99, 103, 221, 225,

276, 279
caicus, Grammodia . . .. .. 332

c-album, Polygonia 19, 52, 74, 76,

96, 97, 163
Caledonia (asthiops var.), Erebia® 324
Caledonia (megrora var.), Pararge* 324
caledoniella, LithocoUetis . . . . 257

Caligo 222

Caligula . . . . . . . . 216

callidice, Pontia, Synchloe 9, 35,

261, 298, 299, 317
callimachus, Thestor . . . . 33

callisticta, Anisozyga . . . . 267

calodactyla (zetterstedtii), Frederi-

cina . . . . . . . . 25

cambrica, Venusia . . . . . . 280

camelina, Lophopteryx . . 56, 70
Camilla, Limenitis 34, 36, 39, 175, 189
candalus (eros in error), Polyom-

matus . . . . . . 35

candiope (icarus ab.), Polyommatus

32, 275
cannffi, Nonagria . . . . . . 66

canteneri (rumina ah.), Thais . . 295
caprseana, Penthina . . . . 245

cardamines, Euchloe 55, 64, 69,

165, 220, 289, 291, 299, 330
cardui, Pyrameis 32, 36, 166, 175,

225, 262, 291, 296, 299, 327, 329
carniolica, Anthrocera 43, 77, 185, 223
carphodactyla, Leioptilus . . 2, 37

carpinata Lobophora . . . . 221

carpophaga, Dianthoecia . . 52, 70
carthami, Hesperia . . 162, 298

cassiope (epiphron var.), Erebia . . 188
casta, Fumea . . . . 57, 119

castanene = arundinis

castigata, Eupithecia . . . . 58

castrensis, Malacosoma .. 51, 103
Catophaga . . . . . . . . 331

cebrene (bierta var.), Junonia 32, 36
cecropia, Samia, Philosamia 280, 326
celestina, Tachyris . . . . . . 331

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

•celtis, Libythea . . . . . . 189

cenea = dardanus

<3entaure8e, Hesperia . • . . 223

cerisyi, Thais .. .. ..36

ceroDUS (thetis ab.), Agriades 263, 297
cerri (ilicis ah.), Nordmannia . . 312
cervinata, Ortholitha . . . . 324

cespitalis, Herbula . . .. .. 259

cespitis, Luperina . . 67, 102, 171

ceto, Erebia 8, 79, 104, 207, 228,

298, 299
chaonia, Drymonia . . . . 167

Charaxes .. .. 253, 280, 281

Cheloniides = Arctiidae

chi, Polia 67

chimaera, Ornithoptera . . . . 222

christi, Erebia 9, 10, 77, 78, 79, 299
christyi, Oporobia 79, 80, 81, 82

chryseis = hippothoe
chrysidice (callidice var.), Pontia 35
chrysippus, Danais 32, 33, 35, 36

Chrysiridia . . . . . . . . 85

chrysitaria (pennigeraria var.),

Eurranthis 298

chrysitis, Plusia . . . . . . 212

«hrysorrhcea, Spilosoma . . . . 187

cilialis, Phlyctaenia . . 193, 228

oiliella, Depressaria .. ..26

cinerella, Brachycrossata . . . . 258

cingulata, Botys . . . . . . 7

cingulata, Herse . . . . . . 102

cinxia. Melitsea . . 39, 266, 298

Circe, Satyrus 42, 43, 164, 174, 192
circeilaris, Orthosia . . . . 98

citrago, Tiliacea (Xanthia) . . 315

citraria, Aspilates . . . . 186, 298

clara (comma ah.), Urbicola . . 294

clarkii (comes ah.), Triphsena .. 226
clarkii - nigrescens (comes ah.),

Triphaena 226

cleodoxa (adippe ah.), Argynnis

163, 192, 266
Cleopatra, Gonepteryx 36, 174,

262, 294, 296, 330
clerckella, Lyonetia . . . . 101

climene, Pararge . . . . . . 190

cloacella, Scardia . . . . . . 260

clytie, Thecla (?) 277

cnicana, Argyrolepia . . . . 246

c-nigrum, Noctua . . . . . . 320

codrus, Papilio . . . . . . 280

ccelestis (thetis a&.), Agriades .. 231
Ccenonympba . . . . . . 83

Colias . . 79, 233, 274, 330, 333

colquhounana, Sciaphila . . . . 225

columbata, Anaitis . . . . . . 102

columbina (confusalis ah.), Nola

219, 220
combinata (maritima ah.), Senta 52
combusta (rm'ea ab.), Xylophasia 64
comes, Triphaena . . . . . . 226

comma, Urbicola .. 43,294,318

comma, Leucania .. .. .. 7

complana, Lithosia. . .. ..66

complanula, Lithosia . . . . 66

58

1.

259

65

56, 58*,

70

57,

70

216

103

212

332

37,

186

232

PAGE.

composana, Stigmonota . . . . 186

conchellus, Crambus . . 79, 208

concolor, Tapinostola . . . . 65

conformis = furcifera .. .. 8

confusalis, Nola 56, 57, 219, 220, 328
consortana, Dicrorampha . . . . 246

conspersa, Dianthcecia . . . . 52

constanti, Agrotis . . . . . . 188

coiitigua, Hadena . . . . . . 326

conversaria (repandata ah.), Boar-

mia . . . . 58, 102, 332

convolvuli, Agrius 167, 304, 305,

320, 326, 329
coracina, Parascotia (Psodos) 10,

258, 259
cordigera, Anarta . . . . . . 258

cordula, Satyrus . . . . 41, 174

coridon, Agriades 41, 42, 77, 110,

163, 166, 175, 185, 186, 192,

206, 210, 218, 231, 235, 244,

274, 292, 328, 333
coronata, Eupithecia
corticana (picana) Penthina
corticea, Agrotis
corylata, Cidaria
coryli, Demas
Coscinocera . .
Cosmiffi
Cosmiidse

cosmius, Xylophanes
cosmodactyla, Amblyptilia
Cosmosoma . .
costa-c£erulea (cursoria ah.), Agrotis 75
costa-juncta (icarus ah.), Polyom-

matus . . . . . . 275

costsestrigalis, Hypenodes . . . . 58

coulonellus, Crambus . . 7, 9

crabroniformis (bembeciformis),

Trochilium . . 103, 104, 228

craccse, Toxocampa . . . . 226

Crambi . . . . . . . . 64

Crambus 7, 208

cratsegella, Scoparia . . . . 260

cratffigi, Aporia 8, 39, 208, 288, 289
cratsegi, Trichiura . . . . . . 52

crenana, Phlceodes . . . . . . 246

crepuscularia, Tephrosia . . 56, 328
cribralis, Herminia ..66, 75, 228

cribrai-ia (cribrum), Euprepia .. 239
cribrum, Myelois . . . . . . 70

cribrum = cribraria

crinanensis, Hydrcecia . . 125, 315

crcesus, Ornithoptera . . . . 222

cruda = pulverulenta

cucubali, Dianthcecia . . . . 56

CucuUia 279

culiciformis, ^Egeria 102, 103, 104

cultraria, Drepana . . . . . . 103

cuprea, Epsilia (Agrotis) . . . . 236

cursoria, Agrotis . . . . 75, 260

curtisii (comes ah.), Triphsena . . 226
cyanosticta (io ah.), Vanessa 22, 52

Cyclotorna 280

Cydimon . . . . . . . . 85

cygnipennella = argentella, .

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE. I

cylLarus, Glaucopsyche 36,163,220, 266

cymon = seraiargus

Cynthia, Melitjea . . . . 9, 10

dahlii, Noctua . . . . . . 67

daraon, Hiisutina . . 41, 163, 175, 300
damone, Euchloe(Anthocharis) 220,

273, 330

Danais . . . . . . . . 333

daphne, Brenthis . . 168, 300, 322
daplidice, Pieris (Pontia) 31, 33,

36, 39, 221, 262, 263, 296, 317

dardanus, Papilio . . . . . . 281

darwiniana (arcania vai-.), Coeno-

nympha 7, 78, 208, 288, 299
davus = typhon

decoiella, Laverna . . . . . . 246

defoliaria, Hybernia . . 98, 225

Deilemera 282

deione, Melitsea 295, 296, 313, 314

Delias 332

delius, Parnassius . . . . 8, 235

delunaria (lunaria var.), Selenia 51

demantiia, Cosmosoma . . . . 102

denhami, Biston . . . . . . 223

dentina, Hadena . . . . . . 56

deplana, Lithosia 309, 325, 326, 330
derasa, Thyatira (Gonophora) 57,

65, 66
designata, Coremia, . .. ..56

dia, Brentliis 300

Dianthcecia . . . . . . . . 324

diaphanus, Hymenitis . . . . 224

diazeuxis, Anisozyga . . . . 267

dictffia, Leiocanipa . . . . . . 56

dictseoides, Leiocanipa . . 57, 70, 314
dictynna, Melita;a 39, 188, 235,

265, 300, 313
didyma, Melitsea 42, 77, 163, 164,

175, 192, 289, 298
didyma = secalis, Apamea

diffinis, Cosraia . . . . . . 212

diluta, Asphalia .. .. ..314

dilutata, Oporabia . . 79,80,81, 82

diniensis (sinapis var.), Leptidia . . 77

dirce, Gynwcia . . . . . . 224

dispar, Chrysophanus 84, 85, 120,

187, 188, 192, 193, 210, 333, 334

dispar, Ocneria . . . . . . 187

dissiuiilis (suasa), Hadena. . .. 332

diversilinea, Agathia . . . . 267

dodecella, Teleia 258

dodonea, Tischeria . . . . . . 246

dolabraiia, Eiu-yraene . . 56, 64
dominula, Callimorpha, Euchelia

64, 103, 207, 225, 279, 288, 289

donzelii, Aricia . . . . 188, 235

dorilis, Loweia . . 42, 175, 187, 317

dorus, Ccftnonympha . . . . 173

doubledayaria (betularia ah.),

Amphidasis . . . . . . 321

dromedarius, Notodonta 70, 228, 314

dryas, Enodia . . 43, 174, 186, 314

dubia, Dianth(ccia . . . . . . 324

dubia, Euralia .. .. 281,282

dubitalis, Scoparia . . . . . . 258

PAGE.

dubitata, Scotosia . . . . . . 181

dumerilii, Luperina, (Apamea) 54,

171, 172, 173, 188, 203, 205
dumetellus, Crambus . . 7, 79

duplana, Rhyacionia (Retinia) . . 330
duplaris, Cymatophora . . . . 228

echii, Luperina .. .. .. 172

edusa, Colias 31, 32, 33, 35, 36,
39, 163, 167, 173, 218, 262,
274, 276, 277, 291, 293, 296,

300, 304, 317, 327, 329, 330
ega, Catophaga . . . . . . 331

egea, Polygonia . . . . . . 36

egeria = 8egeria

egerides (fpgeria va?'.),Pararge 190, 297

eleus (phleeas var.), Rumieia 162,

275, 304
elymi, Tapinostola . . . . . . 66

emarginata, Acidalia . . 64, 65

emberizsepennella, Lithocolletis . . 257
Emmelesia . . . . . . . . 210

encedon, Acraea .. .. 330, 331

Endrosa . . . . . . . . 10

Epidola 169

epiphron, Erebia, Melampias 9, 40,

188, 207, 332
erato, Heliconius . . . . . . 73

Erebia 78, 79, 188, 207, 233, 274, 334
ergane, Pieris . . . . . . 35

ericellus, Crambus . .

erigone, Polyommatus

Eriocraniides

eriphyle, Erebia

eris (niobe var.), Argynnis

erithonius, Papilio .

eros, Polyommatus

259
200
254
104
207
287

eros = candalus
erysimi (sinapis var.

86, 88, 162,
198, 199, 200
. . 35
Leptidia . .

163, 192
35, 175, 298
.. 233
35, 235, 299
..267
.. 295, 296
42, 163

escheri, Polyommatus

Euchloe

euniedon, Aricia

eumixis, Gelasma . .

eupheme, Zegris

euphemus, LycEena

eupheno, Euchloe 262, 273. 296, 303

euphenoides, Euchloe 262, 272,

273, 294, 296, 303, 319

euphorbia3, Celerio . . . . . . 322

euphorbiana, Sericoris . . . . 245

euphrosyne, Brenthis ..8, 166, 291

Eupithecia . . . . . . . . 188

Euplffa . . . . 213, 222, 333

europome (paiajno ab.), Colias . . 313
europomene (palteno ab.), Colias . . 313
euryale, Erebia 104, 188, 207, 234, 324
eurybia (hippothoe var.), Chryso-
phanus . . 208, 235, 299
evelina, Stalachtis . . . . . . 279

evias, Erebia . . . . 188, 299

Evetria = Rhyacionia .. .. 330

excelsior, Isognathus . . . . 332

exclamationis, Agrotis . . . . 56

exmaculata (io a6.), Vanessa .. 16

SPECIAL INDEX.

QAGE.

extensaria, Eupithecia , . 220, 328
extincta = obsoleta (tilite ah.)
extranea, Leucania. . .. .. 188

exulans, Anthrocera 10, 188, 235

fagi, Stauropus •. . .. ..70

falcataria, Drepana 56, 57, 70, 103, 332

falcula = falcataria

falloui, Anthocharis .. ..86

falsellus, Crambus . . . . . . 324

faniula, Fidonia . . . . . . 297

fasclata (obscurata ah.), Gnophos 52
fascinans, Anisozyga . . . . 267

fatua, Satyrus .. ..32,34, 36

fausta, Idmais 31, 33, 34, 35, 36

favicolor, Leucania . . . . 327

feisthamelii (podalirius var.),

Papilio . . 280, 294, 295

ferrugana, Peronea . . . . . . 257

ferrugata, Coremia. . .. 5G, 186

festaliella, Schreckensteinia . . 254
festiva, Noctua . . . . . . 56

festucffi, Plusia . . . . 228, 315

feyeri, Heliconius .. .. ..73

fibrosa (leucostigma ah.), Apamea 315

ficus, Pachylia 102

fidia, Satyrus . . . . . . 174

filipendulas, Anthrocera 43, 51,
52, 55, 65, 78, 85, 99, 165,
167, 185, 208, 267, 279, 320, 326
fimbria, Triphasna . . 65, 66, 67, 102
fimbrialis, Thalera.. .. .. 186

fiscbeii (io «&.), Vanessa .. 16, 21
fiammea, Meliana .. .. .. 228

fiava (linea), Adopa3a 51, 52, 162,

165, 294, 318
flavicincta, Polia . . . . . . 57

flavicornis, Asplialia . . . . 64

flavifrontella, fficophora . . . . 260

fiavofasciata, Erebia . . . . 110

fiexula, Aventia . . . . . . 314

fluctuata, Melanippe . . . . 56

fluctuosa, Cymatophoi-a . . 56, 57
fontis, Bomolocha . . . . . . 58

forficalis, Pionea . . . . 55, 56

fowleri (coridon ah.), Agriades 292, 328
franconica, Malacosoma .. 208, 221
fritillum, Hesperia . . .. .. 222

frwlichiella, Lithocolletis . . . . 257

fruhstorferi, Stichtophtbalma .. 222
fuciforniis, Hemaris . . . . 168

fulva, Tapinostola . . . . . . 67

fulvapicata (grossulariata ah.),

Abraxas . . . . . . 329

fumosa (nigricans ah.), Agrotis . . 102
fumosata (cervinata ah.), Ortbolitha 324
funebrana, Grapholitha . . . . 254

furcatellus, Crambus . . . . 259

fureifera (conformis), Xylina 225, 326
fusca (ruta ah.), Ccenobia . . . . 52

fusca (gueneei ah.) (nickerlii i^ar.),

Luperina** 74, 76, 89, 201, 202, 203
fuscata (marginaria ah.), Hybernia 320
fuscescens, Acompsia . . . . 260

fuscodactyla (pterodactyla), Sten-

optilia . . . . . . . . 37

. . 321

51, 100, 315

56, 64

98, 251

. . 55

..267

. . 64

..226

. . 67

.. 9

. . 56

PAGE.

galactodactyla, Porrittia . . . . 37

galathea, Melanargia 42, 65, 168,
175, 186, 192, 210,266, 289,

291, 300, 311, 328, 329
galba, Lanipides . . . . . . 36

galbanella, Gelecbia . . 259, 260

galhijsolidaginis, Gnorimoschema 182
gamma, Plusia . . . . 212, 244

Gelechiida- 258

gemina, Apamea .. ..56,65, 228

geminana, Grapholitha . . . . 227

geminipuncta, Nonagria

gemmaria, Boarmia

genista;, Hadena

Geometvidse . .

Geometrides . .

Geometriniu. .

gigantellus, Schcenobius

glabraria, Cleora

glareosa, Noctua

glauca, Mamestra . .

glaucata, Cilix

glauce (belemia var.), Anthocharis

262, 296
glaucippe, Hebomoia . . . . 222

glaucus, Papilio . . . . . . 225

glomerata (icarus ah.), Polyom-

matus . . . . . . 275

glyphica, Euclidia . . 58, 166, 289

goante, Erebia . . 78, 207, 234

gonodactyla, Platyptilia . . . . 37

gordius (alciphron var.), Loweia,
Chrysophanus 77, 175,

208, 218,246, 299, 300
gorge, Erebia . . 8, 9, 188, 236

gorgon, Epistor .. .. .. 332

gothica, Tffiniocampa . . 69, 221
gracilis, Tgeniocampa . . 69, 221
graminis, Chaiffias . . .. ..67

grisealis, Herminia . . . . 58

griseola, Lithosia . . . . 64, 314

grossulariata, Abraxas 52, 226, 254

279, 329, 332
Grypocera . . . . . . . . 334

gueneei = nickerlii, Luperina 53,
54, 74. 76, 89, 90, 91, 92,
171, 172, 201, 202, 203, 204,

205, 227, 246, 269, 270

Habrostola 212

haggerti (pulverulentaa?;.), Tsenio

eampa
haliphron, Papilio . .
halteres (mnemosyne ah.), Parnas

sius . .
hamula, Drepana . . . . 64, 228

harrisoni, Biston .. .. .. 223

hastata, Melanippe.. .. 58, 166

hecate, Brenthis . . . . . . 163

hecta(us), Hepialus .. .. 322

hedysari (carniolica var.), Anthro-
cera 43, 77

helense, Biston . . . . . . 223

helice (edusa ah.), Colias 163, 167,

262, 274, 329, 296, 330
helicina (edusa ah.), Colias . . 330

52

285

300

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

73, 183, 223

.. 228

'.'. 224

.. 216

.. 267

.. 260

65, 212

.. 322

43, 254

79

Adscita,

32,
Papilio

254

58

208
299
36
174
281

326
322

314

Heliconius . .

hellmanni, Tapinostola

helveola = deplana ..

helvetina, Agvotis . .

Hemileuca . .

Hemitheinffi

hepariella. Zelleria..

hepatica, Xylophasia

Hepialus

hera, Callimorpha . .

herbida = prasina

Hercyna

hermione, Safcyrus 82, 34, 43, 164,

174, 185
Hesperia . . . . . . . . 35

Hesperiidse . . 162, 287, 306, 324

Hestia 222

Heterocera . . . . . . 219, 236

heterodactyla (teuerii), Capperia . . 37
hexadactyla, Orneodes
hexapterata, Lobophora
heydenreichii (statices ah

Ino . .
hiera, Pararge
hierta, Junonia
Hipparchia . .
hippocoon (dardanus ah.
hippocrepidis, Anthrocera 51, 185,
320,
hippophaes, Celeiio
hippothoe, Chrysophanus 8, 40, 84,
208, 235, 299,
hirtaria, Biston 226, 227, 228, 254

hispidaria, Njssia, Apocheima 98,

225, 226
hispidus, Heliophobus . . . . 188

hispulla (jurtina var.), Epinephele

190, 262, 297, 326
homerus, Papilio . . . . . . 224

homoeotes, Dioscore . . . . 267

hortella, Lithocolietis . . . . 327

hospita (plantaginis var.), Nemeo-

phila 332

humuli, Hepialus . . 57, 278, 322

hunii, Biston . . . . . . 223

hunza, Polyommatus
hutchinsoni (c-8.1bum ab.), Poly-
gonia .. .. 74,76,96,

hyale, Colias 39, 173, 192, 223,

274, 276, 277, 280, 291, 296,

298, 300, 304, 305, 327, 329, 330
hybridellana, Euptecilia .. .. 186

Hydriomena (Hypsipetes) . . . . 179

Hydrocampa . . . . . . 288

hylas, Polyommatus 7, 8, 77, 175,

186, 207, 289, 298, 299
hyperantus, Apbantopus 43, 51,

168, 206, 225, 226, 230, 231,

291,299, 313
hyperborea (alpina), Pachnobia . . 258
hyperboreus, Hepialus . . . . 307

Hypochrysops . . . . . • 232

hypoleucos (malvse var.), Hesperia

32, 86

200

97

PAGE.

Hypolimnas . . . . . . . . 222

Hypsipetes = Hydriomena
icarinus (icarus ah.), Polyommatus

32, 199, 275, 293
icarus, Polyommatue 7, 9, 31, 32,
33, 34, 35,36,43,50, 85, 86,
88, 163, 165, 166, 186, 187,
198, 199, 200, 235, 263, 266,
274, 275,277,289, 292, 293,
295, 297, 299, 300, 805, 314, 317
icasia, Eepantheria . . . . 102

ichneumoniformis, ^Egeria . . 324

ichnusa (urticse i;ar.), Aglais .. 19
ida, Epinephele . . . . 262, 297

Ideopsis . . . . . . . . 222

ilia, Apatura.. .175,189,223,312

ilia, Heliconius . . . . . . 73

iliades (ilia ab.), Apatura . . . . 223

ilicis, Nordmannia 36, i63, 289,

297, 312
illunaria, Selenia . . . . . . 328

immaculata (rubi ab.), Callophrys 297
immanata, Cidaria 67, 226, 315, 327
immundella, Trifurcula . . . . 260

imperialis, Teinopalpus . . . . 222

impluviata, Hydriomena, Hypsi-
petes . . . . . . . . 56

impudens, Leucania . . 65, 228

incerta (instabilis), Taeniocampa

69, 221
incerta = gueneei = nickerlii .. 203

incerta = testacea (in error) . . 91

incongruella, Amphisbatis 169, 238
Incurvaria . . . . . . . . 254

ines, Melanargia . . 294, 295, 296

ines, Thecla (?) 277

initia (phlseas ab.), Rumicia .. 275
ino, Brenthis . . , . 188, 266

inornata, Acidalia . . . . . . 260

insubrica (arcania ab.), Cccno-

nympha . . . . . . 288

interjecta, Tripbiena . . 66, 167

intermedia (adippe ah.), Argynnis 163
intermedia (aegeria ab.), Pararge . . 302
intermedia (pblseas ab.), Eumicia 275
inuus, Hemeroplanes . . . . 332

io, Vanessa 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,

21, 22, 52, 166, 254, 266, 291
ielas, LycEena (Glaucopsycbe) 192, 323
iole (iris ab.), Apatura . . . . 223

iota (gueneei ab.) (nickerlii var.),

Luperina** .. .. 171, 203

iota, Plusia 212

iphis, Ccenonympha . . 192, 312

Irriguana, Sericoris . . . . 259

iris, Apatura39, 166, 168, 179, 189,

223, 259, 312
jacobEese, Euchelia . . . . . . 56

janira = jurtina

jantbina, Tripbeena .. 66, 167

jesous, Castalius .. .. 34, 36

jurassica (carniolica var.), Anthro-
cera 223

jurtina (janira), Epinephele 32,

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

33, 35, 36, 48, 52, 168, 186,
190, 218, 262, 289, 291, 297,

800, 311, 326

kadeni, Dysdsemonia
karsandra (lysimon var.),

231

Zizera
31,

kilmunella, Elachista

kleemanella, LithocoUetis

labruscae, Pholus . .

lacertinaria, Drepana

lactearia, lodis

lacticolor ( grossulariata ab.),

Abraxas
lactipennis (ornitopus

Xylina
1-album (van-album), Polygonia .
lancealis, Perinephele
langii, Biston
lappona, Erebia
laricella, Coleophora
lariciata, Eupithecia
lathonia, Issoria
lathyri (sinapis var.)
lavateras, Erynnis . .
leda, Thecla (?)
lefebviei, Erebia

82

258

.. 257

.. 102

70, 103

.. 56

329
var,),
.. 97
164
56
..223
6, 7, 8, 9, 299
..101
56, 58
.. 163, 298
Leptidia .. 296
77, 318
..277
188, 190, 191
lefebvrei, Gegenes (Parnara) 222, 323
leighi (dardanus ab.), Papilio . . 281
lemnalis. Cataclysta . . . . 268

Lemoniinse . . . . . . . . 279

leporina, Acronyeta . . 57, 65

Leptidia . . . . . . . . 233

Lethe.. .. .. .. .. 383

Leucania . . . . . . . . 183

leucomelas, Anophia • . . . 188

leucomelanella, Lita . . . . 258

leucomelas (galathea ab.), Melan-

argia . . . . . • . . 192

leucopbearia, Hibernia 98, 219, 220, 221
leucostigma, Apamea . . . . 315

levana, Araschnia 209, 266, 267,

289, 300, 307
libatrix, Scoliopteryx . . 67, 103

Libythea 280

lichenea, Epunda . . . . . . 228

lienigianus = septodactyla

ligea, Erebia 39, 78, 103, 207, 228, 235

lignata = vittata

ligustri, Sphinx .. .. .. 109

Limenitis . . . . . . . . 189

limitata, Ortholitha . . . . 208

linea = flava

lineola, Adopsea .. .. 35, 186

literosa, Miana . . . . . . 66

Lithocolletidee 257

Lithocolletinas . . . . . . 228

lithodactylus, Oideematophorus 87, 329

..64

.. 212

.. 66

67, 315

58, 320

.32, 35, 36

.. 327

330

lithorhiza, Xylocampa
lithomylea Xylophasia
littoralis, Prodenia . .
litura, Anchocelis . .
liturata, Macaria
livia, Hypolyesena . .
livornica, Phryxus . .
loga;a, Retinia (Ehyacionia)

longivalvis, Arcyophora . . . . 219

lonicersB, Anthrocera 8, 85, 166,

185, 208, 235
lorquinii, Cupido (Lyceena) . . 262

lubricipeda, Spilosoma . . . . 25

lucens, Hydrcecia . . . . 67, 125

lucernea, Agrotis . . . . 260, 332

lucia (icarus ab.), Polyommatus . . 82
lucidocellata (io ab.), Vanessa 16,

19, 22
lucilla, Neptis . . . . 189, 289

lucina, Nemeobius (Hamearis) 50,

64, 84, 168
lucipara, Euplexia . . . . . • 56

lugens (galathea ab.), Melanargia 329
lugubris, Melasina . . . . . . 78

lunsedactyla (phseodactyla), Maras-
marcha . . . . . . . . 37

lunaria, Selenia . . . . . . 51

lunosa, Anchocelis . . . . . . 67

Luperina .. .. 91, 102, 172

lupulinus, Hepialus . . . . 181

lurideola, Lithosia . . . . . . 186

lutea (flavago), (silago) Citria .. 67
luteago, Dianthcecia . . . . 228

luteata, Acidalia . . . , . . 58

luteella, Nepticula . . . . . . 246

lutipennella, Coleophora .. .. 260

lutosa, Calamia • . . . . . 51

lutulenta, Epunda ,. .. 228, 315

LycEena 42, 199

Lycsenidffi 8, 40, 72, 215, 240, 305, 322
lycaon, Epinephele. . .. 175, 192

lycia (encedon uar.), Acraea .. 331

lycidas, Plebeius . . . . . . 298

lysimon, Zizera .. ..31,82, 36

machaon, Papilio 34, 36, 39, 42,

225, 277, 288, 289, 294, 295, 817
maculata, Venilia . . . . . . 288

maculiferella, Lita . . . . . . 258

masra, Pararge 8, 9, 31, 32, 86, 42,

78, 208, 288, 297, 299, 312,

314, 317
magnimaculata (io ab.), Vanessa

16, 17, 18, 19
maguimaculata-obscura (io ab.),

Vanessa . . . . • . 17
major (phlaeas ab.), Kumicia . . 275
malvffi, Hesperia 32, 36, 165, 166,

222, 266, 280, 294, 817
manni, Pieris . . 84, 163, 185, 273
marchandii (melanops ab.), Glauco-

psyche . . . . . . 297

marginalis (io ab.), Vanessa 16, 17, 22
marginaria, Hybernia 98, 225, 231, 320
marginepunctata, Acidalia . . 280

mantima, Senta . . . . . . 52

marmorea, Lita . . . . . . 258

marmorinaria (leueophearia ab.),

Hybernia .. .. 219, 220

mathias, Chapra . . . . 35, 36

matronalis (plantaginis ab.), Ne-

meophila . . . . . . 324

maturna, Melitsea 163, 188, 265, 821
maura. Mania . . . . . . 327

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

medon (astrarche), Alicia 7, 31,32,
34, 35, 36, 50, 78, 85, «8,
162, 163, 186, 208, 209, 235,
257, 258, 266, 289, 292, 293,

295, 297, 305

medusa, Erebia . . . . . . 191

meeki, Dioscore . . . . . . 267

meeki, Ogyris . . . . . . 232

megacephala, Acronycta, (Cuspidia)

57, 218
megrera, Pararge 36, 42, 291, 302,

324, 326

mebadiensis (athalia ah.), Melitsea 164
melampus, Melampias 7, 9, 207,

228, 235

melania, Tachyris . . , . . . 331

melanopa, Anarta . . . . . . 10

melanops, Glaucopsyche, Lycfena

263, 295, 297

luelanotica (daphne ab.), Brenthis 332
melanotoxa (icarus ab.), Polyom-

matus . . . . 275, 293

melas, Erebia . . . . 190, 191

meleager, Polyommatus 35, 174,

175, 192

melibceus (alciphron ab.), Loweia 77

meliloti (vicise), Anthrocera . . 223

Melitea . . . . 9, 78, 295, 313

melotis, Hesperia . . . . . . 222

melpomone, Heliconius . . . . 73

mendica, Spilosoma . . . . 57

mendicaria, Gnophos . . . . 208

mensuraria, Eubolia . . . . 186

menthastri, Spilosoma 56, 212, 225, 267

meridionalis, Ornithoptera . . 222
meridionalis(euphemei;t<?".), Zegris

295, 296

merope (aurinia I'ar.), Melitaja 9, 188

merope, Papilio .. .. .. 287

mesentina, Belenois 31, 33, 34, 35, 36
mesoides (io ab.), Vanessa 16, j7,

18, 19, 20, 21, 22
mesoides-brunnea {ioab.), Vanessa

16, 18, 20, 21, 22

mesoides-clara (io ab.), Vanessa . . 16
mesoides -lucidocellata (io ab.),

Vanessa . . . . . . 18

mesoides-paivimaculata (io ab.)

Vanessa . . . . .18

mesoides-splendens (io a/;.), Vanessa 18
mesoides-viridiocellata (io ab.),

Vanessa . . . . . . 18

mesomella, Lithosia . . . . 332

Mesosemia . . . . . . . . 279

metaxella, Neniophora . . . . 246

meticulosa, Phlogophora . . . . 51

mi, Euciidia. . . . 58, 166, 267, 289

micacea, Hydrcecia . . . . 67

microdactyla, Adaina . . 2, 37

Micropterygides . . . . . . 254

Micropteryx 126, 254

microtheriella, Nepticula . . . . 223
minima = napella (napi ab.),
minimus, Cupido 7, 9, 77, 78, 79,

186, 187, 210, 245, 299

9,
70,
37,

minor = napella (napi ab.)

minor (gueneei ab.), Luperina** 89,

minor (rapfe ab.), Pieris

minor (sinapis ab.), Leptidia

minorata, Emmelesia

minutata, Eupithecia

misippus, Hypolimnas ..33,36,

mixta (icarus ab.), Polyommatus. .

mnemosyne, Parnassius 223, 299
300,

mnestra, Erebia

monacba, Psilura . .

moneta, Plusia

monilifera, Narycia

moaodactyla, Emmelina

monoglypha (polyodon), Xylophasia

67,

montana (semiargusrar.), Cyaniris

montanata, Melanippe

morpheas, Caradrina

morpheus, Heteropterus . .

Morpho

mulinella, Gelechia

munda, Tseniocampa

mundana, Nudaria . .

muralis (glandifera), Bryophila . .

murana, Myelobius. .

murinata, Minoa

murinipennella, Coleophora

murrayi (gueneei ab.) (nickeilii

rur.), Luperina** 54, 74, 76,

89, 203,

mylitta, Antherea ..

myricffi (euphorbise var.
myscis

myrtillata, Gnophos

naevana, Grapholitba

nana (napi ab.), Pieris

nanata, Eupithecia..

napsese (napi var.), Pieris

napella (napi ab.), Pieris

napi, Pieris 52, 79, 163, 167, 183,
185, 246, 247, 273, 280, 283,
289, 290, 291, 298, 299, 300,
302 ,304, 305, 314, 317, 325,

nastes, Colias . . . . 327,

nebulosa, Aplecta 216, 221, 225,
226, 230, 231, 283,

nechus, Xylophanes

Nemophora . .

neoiidas, Erebia

Nepticula

Nepticulidffi . .

Neptis

nero, Tachyris

neustria, Malacosoma

neutrellus (falsellus var.), Crambus

nevadensis (deione var.), Melita^a
295,

nickerlii (gueneei), Luperina 53,

54, 74, 76, 89, 90, 91, 92,

171,172, 201, 202, 203, 204,

205, 227, 246, 269,

nictitans, Hydrcecia ..66, 67,

nigra, Epunda . . . . 67,

203
273

274
259
66
330
275

323
207
167
305
119
329

212
299

56
221
317
324
258

64

66
179

51
332
246

Arcto-

227,

273,

175,

189,
222,

227
227

7
208
228
273
66
163
302

326
331

332
332
254
188
126
223
334
331
51
324

296

270
125

228

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGK.

nigra (trapezina ab.), Calymnia . . 103

nigra (gemmaria ab.), Hybernia . . 51

nigra (orion ab.), Scolitantides . . 162

nigra (tritici ab.), Agrotis . . . . 102

nigrescens (comes ab.), Tripbgena 226

nigrescens (podalirius ab.), Papilio 280

nigricans, Agrotis .. ..57,66, 102

nigricans (papbia ab.), Dryas . . 223

nigricella, Coleopbora . . . . 259
nigrifasciata (io ab.), Vanessa

19,
20,

22
16
228
221
223
259

nigriocellata (io ab.), Vanessa
nigrocincta, Polia . .
nigrofasciaria, Anticlea
nigrofasciata (hyale ab.), Colias
nigromaculana, Grapbolitba
nigromaculata (icarus ab.), Poly-

ommatus . . . . 32, 34

nigrostriata (maritima ab.), Senta 52
niobe, Argynnis . . . . . . 207

nireus, Papilio . . . . . . 287

nivatus (apollo var.), Parnassius. . 312
niveidactyla, (baliodactyla), Wbeel-

eria 37, 185

Noctua . . . . . . . . 267

Noctuaj 64, 65, 67, 251, 286, 288, 323
Noctuelites . . . . . . . . 84

Noctuidee 179, 286

nogelii, Tbestor . . . . . . 33

Nonagria . . . . . . . . 183

nordmanni, Parnassius . . . . 321

nostrodamus, Panara, Gegenes 31,

36, 222, 317, 323
notabilis, Heliconius . . . . 73

notata, Macaria . . . . . . 259

notatella, Teleia . . . . . . 257

Notodontidse . . . . 286, 287

novaree (apollo ah.), Parnassius . . 223
nubigena (purpuralis ab.), Anthro-

cera . . . . . . 8, 78

nubilosa (mnemosyne ab.), Parnas-
sius 300

Nudaurelia . . . . . . . . 86

nupta, Catocala 168, 218, 219, 328
nympbaeata, Hydrocampa. . .. 286

Nympbalidffi 287, 334

obliquaria, Cbesias. . .. ..58

obscura (ravida), Agrotis . . . . 65

obscura (arion ab.), Lycaena . . 289

obscurata (aria), Gnophos 52, 58,

70, 226, 258
cbscurella, Elachista . . . . 260

obsoleta, Leucania . . . . . . 65

obsoleta (coridon ab.), Agriades

192, 274
obsoleta (cursoria ab.), Agrotis . . 75
obsoleta (hyale ab.), Colias . . 274

obsoleta (icarus ab.), Polyommatus 275
obsoleta (tiliffi ab.), Mimas .. 321

occitanica (phcebe var.), Melitasa

295, 296

occulta, Aplecta 280

ocellata, Melanthia. . .. ..58

ochracea, Gortyna . . . . . . 315

ochraceella. Tinea 169

ochrata, Acidalia
ochrea (cursoria ab.), Agrotis
ochrodactyla, Gillmeria . .
octomaculalis, Pyralis (Ennychia
odius, Aganisthos . .
CEcophoridfe. .
cedipus, Ccenonympha
oleracea, Hadena . . . . 212

omega (augur ab.), Noctua
omicronaria = annulata
00, Dicycla . .
ophiogramma, Apamea
opima, Tfeniocampa
optata, Catocala
optilete, Vacciniina. . 9, 235, 280
or, Cymatophora
orbicularia, Ephyra. .
orbifer, Pyrgus (Powellia) 32, 35
36, 192
orbitella, Coleopbora
orbitulus, Latiorina 188, 235, 280
orbona, Tripbrena . .
orientalis (mtera var.), Pararge .
orion, Scolitantides. . 162,192
ornata, Acidalia . . . . 186

ornata, Gloriana
ornata (feistbameliiat.) (podalirius

var.), Papilio
ornata (orion ab.), Scolitantides
ornatrix, Deiopeia . .
Orneodidte . .
Ornithoptera

ornitopus (rbizolitha), Xylina**
osiris (sebrus), Cupido 79, 186
osseata, Acidalia
osteodactyla, Hellinsia .. 1,29
oxyacanthfe, Miselia
oxyacantbffi, Lithocolletis . .
palsemon, Carterocephalus (Cyclo

pides)

palajno, Colias . . . . 313
pales, Brenthis 7, 188, 235, 312
pallens, Leucania . . 228, 320
pallida (comes ab.), Tripheena
pallida (edusa ab.), Colias. .
pallida (populi ab.), Amorpha
pallida-rufescens (comes ab.), Tri

phsena
pallidactyla, Gillmeria
palpina, Ptilodontis 57, 286, 287
paludis, Hydroecia . .
pamphilus, Ccenonympha 34, 84

165, 166, 186, 266, 289, 291

297, 311, 313
pandalis, Botys
pandora, Dryas . . 32, 36, 163
panoptes (baton ab.), Scolitantides
295
papbia, Dryas 42, 52, 65, 77, 163

166, 167, 168, 189, 223, 266

291
Papilio 223, 225, 285, 286, 287

288
papilionaria, Geometra . . 58, 70
Papilionidffi . . . . 183, 225

AGE.
186

75
37
58
224
169
313
229
103

65
228

57
188
314
321
251

318
246
330
64
31
289
297
103

280
162
102

27
222

97
187
186

31

67
257

266
327
313
327
226
274
227

226
37

288
125

329

58

192

297

312

323
332

285

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

paradisea, Ornithoptera . . . . 222

paralecta, Kallima . . . . . . 222

ParnassiidiB . . . . . . . . 321

Parnassius . . . . 8, 72, 235, 334

parthenias, Brephos 58, 64, 218

257, 306
parthenie, Melitaea . . 78, 235, 313, 314
parvidactyla, Oxyptilia . . . . 37

parvimaculata (io ab.), Vanessa . . 16
pascuellus, Crambus . . . . 315

pasiphae, Epinephele . . 263, 297
pastinum, Toxocampa . . . . 65

paulina, Catophaga . . . . 331

payeni, Papilio . . . . . . 222

pedaria, Phigalia . . . . 98, 100

pelopea, Satyrus . . . . . . 32

peltigera, Heliothis 228

pendularia, Ephyra, Zonosoma251, 326
pennigeraria, Eurranthis . . . . 298

pentadactyla, Alucita . . . . 37

perla, Bryophila . . . . . . 179

perlellus, Crambus . . . . . . 186

Peronea . . . . . . . . 324

persicariae, Mamestra . . . . 286

petraria, Panagra . . . . . . 56

petrificata = socia

peucedani, Anthrocera . . . . 185

pbffiodactyla = lunsedactyla

phegea, Syntomis . . . . 77, 326

pberetes, Albulina . . 245, 280, 330

pbicomone, Colias 6, 7, 8, 79, 188

234, 298, 327
philippsi, Polia . . . . . . 101

Pbilosamia . . . . . . . . 216

phlseas, Rumicia 31, 32, 36, 162
247, 274, 275, 280, 289, 292
297, 304, 314, 317, 326, 327

328. 332
phcebe, Melitea 36, 77, 208, 295

229

51

296, 298, 299
phorbas, Pholus
phragmitidis, Calamia
phrygialis, Titanio . .
picana = corticana
picata, Cidaria
Pierina;
Pierip..

pilosella = tithonus ..
pilzii, Biston
pinastri, Dipterygia
pinastri, Hyloicus . .
piniperda, Panolis . .
pinivorana, Eetinia
pisi, Hadena
plagiata, Anaitis
plagicolella, Nepticula
plantaginis, Nemeophila

314, 323, 324
Platyptilia . .
Plebeiidse
plecta, Noctua
plesseni, Heliconius
plexippus, Danaida (Anosia)
pluraifera, Psycbe . .
podalirius, Papilio 31, 32, 34, 36

225
56, 102

64, 21*0

51

317

332

328

9

58
228
256

39
223

66
231

64
260
276
297
246

332
2

109
56
73

330
10

PAGE.

39, 175, 280, 294, 295
podana, Tortrix . . . . . . 326

polychloros, Eugonia 36, 75, 164,

168, 221
polydama (typhon var.), Cceno-

nympha . . . . . . 39-

polyleucotes, Anisozyga .. .. 267'

polyodon = monoglypha

polyxena, Thais . . . . , . 220

pomifoliella, Lithocolletis . . . . 257

pomonella, Carpocapsa . . . . 254

popularis, Heliophobus . . . . 67

populata, Cidaria . . . . . . 226

populella, Tachyptilia . . . . 260

populetorum, Gracilaria . . . . 246

populi, Amorpha (Smerinthus) 56,

70, 103, 227, 327, 329
populi, Limenitis . . . . 189, 266

populi, Pcecilocampa . . . . 69

porata, Zonosoma . . . . . . 58

porcellus, Theretra . . . . 37, 70

porphyrea = strigula

poseidon, Agriades (?), H. . . . . 35

posteromaculata (napi ah.), Pieris 290
posticana, Eetinia (Rliyacionia) . . 330
potatoria, Cosmotricbe . . . . 279

powelli (iolas ab.), Lycsena, Glau-

copsyche . . . . . . 323^

prffiangusta, Batracheda . . . . 260'

praeclara (aurinia var.), Melitaea . . 52
prseformata, Anaitis . . . . 102

prasina (herbida), Aplecta 56, 57,

64, 65, 228, 326
prasinana, Hylophila . . 57, 70-
priamus, Ornithoptera . . . . 222

procellata, Melanippe . . . . 58-

procida (galathea var.) Melanargia

175, 192, 289
prodromana, Amphisa . . 257, 306
progemmaria, Hybernia .. 221, 232.
pronuba, Triphaena 25, 26, 65, 225, 226
prorsa (levana var.), Araschnia . . 300
protea, Hadena . . 67, 315, 326-

proto, Musehampia, Pyrgus (Hes-

peria) . . 35, 36, 262, 297, 3ia
protodice, Colias . . . . . . 323

provincialis (apoUo var.), Parnas-
sius 321

pruinata, Pseudopterpna . . . . 186

prunaria, Angerona 58, 183, 227, 329
pruni, Strymon (Thecla) 36, 65,

84, 168, 26&
Pseudosphex . . . . 115, 224

psi, Triasna (Acronycta) . . . . 21S

psodea (medusa var.), Erebia , . 191
psyttalea, Amauris . . . . . . 282-

pterodactyla, Stenoptilia . . . . 37

Pterophori . . . . . . . • 254

PterophoridsB . . . . . . 27

pudibunda, Dasychira . . 56, 70
pudorina, Leucania. . . . . . 66

pulchella, Deicpeia . . . . 262, 298

pulchellata, Eupithecia .. 56, 58
pulchrina, Plusia , . . . 57, 212
pulveraria, Numeria . . . . 70

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

pulverulenta (cruda), Tseniocampa

52, (54, 69, 221, 260
pumilata, Eupithecia . . . . 58

punctata, Naclia . . . . . . 41

purdeyi, Rhyacionia, Eetinia . . 330
purpuralis, Anthrocera 8, 9, 78, 208
purpuralis, Botys (Pyrausta) 9, 186
pusaria, Cabera . . . . 56, 70

putris, Axylia . . . . 65, 66

Pyralidse 287

pyratorum, Saturnia . . . . 227

pyrenaica (lefebvrei ab.), Erebia .. 188
pyrenaicus, Hepialus . . 188, 307

pyrene, Ixias . . . . . . 222

pyri, Saturnia . . . . . . 322

quadrella = tessella

quadrifaria, Parascotia (Psodos) 7, 8

quercana, Hvlophila . . . . 66

quercus, Bithys 36, 42, 64, 167, 175, 327
quercus, Bombyx (Lasiocampa) . . 225
quinqneguttella, Lithocolletis . . 257
radiellus, Crambus . . . . 7, 79, 208

ramella, Grapholitha . . . . 260

ramosa (aurita vac), Setina .. 208

rapa?, Pieris 7, 31, 33, 34, 36, 84,

163, 165, 185, 229, 243, 244,

245, 246, 256, 272, 273,276,

277, 290, 295, 300, 304, 305,

314, 323, 326, 328
raschkiella, Laverna .. .. 246

ratzburgiana, Pfedisca . . 254, 260

ravida = obscura

reclusa, Clostera . . . . . . 70

rectangulata, Eupithecia 56, 66, 315
regis, Ornithoptera. . .. .. 222

remissa (gemina ab.), Apamea .. 228
remus, Papilio . . . . . . 285

remutata, Acidalia . . . . . . 56

renago (oo ab.), Dicyela . . . . 65

renigera (lucernea ab.), Agrotis . . 260
repandata, Boarmia 58, 100, 102,

183, 216, 332
retiella, Epichnopteryx . . . . 220

retinella, Argyresthia . . . . 260

Eetinia = Rhyacionia .. .. 330

revayana = undulanus

Ehagades 109

rhamni, Gonepteryx 42, 165, 167,

231, 289, 291, 330
rhediella, Pyrodes . . . . . . 257

Rhinopalpa . . . . . . . . 222

rhododactyla, Eucnemidophorus . . 37
Rhyacionia (Retinia, Evetria) . . 330
rhynchosporella (albidella), Ela-

chista . . . . . . 258

ridens, Asphalia . . . . . . 166

rinaldus (selene ab.), Brenthis . . 312
ripae, Agrotis . . . . 54, 66, 328

ripartii (admetus var.), Hirsutina

32, 175
ripheus, Urania . . . . • , . 85

rippertii {in error) = ripartii

voborana, Spilonota . . . . 320

roboraria Boarmia . . 166, 320, 332

roboris, Lseosopis . . . . . . 240

robsoni (nebulosa ab.), Aplecta 226,

231r^83, 332
rondoui (plantaginis ab.), Nemeo-

phila . . . . . . . . 323

roseticolana, Stigmonota . . . . 246

rossii (manni var.), Pieris .. 163

roxelana, Pararge 161, 164, 189, 190

ruberata, Hydriomena (Hypsipetes) 280
rubi, Callophrys 84, 163, 168, 266,

295, 297

rubi, Macrothylacia (Bombyx) 210, 226

56, 280, 315
.. 103
.. 64
70, 288
.69, 70, 221
.. 73
. . 52
186, 225
226
228
320
67
293

187

56, 65

263, 294, 295

.. 9

.. 109

56, 64

56, 58

rubi, Noetua

rubidata, Anticlea . .

rubiginea, Dasycampa

rubricollis, Gnophria

rubricosa, Pachnobia

rubripicta, Heliconiu?

rufa, Ccenobia

rufata, Ghesias

rufescens (comes ab.), Triphasna

rufescens (pallens ab.), Leucania

rufimitrella, Adela . .

ruflna, Anchocelis . .

rufina (icarus ab.), Polyommatus

rufopunctatus (icarus ab.), Polyom

matus
rumicis, Pharetra . .
rumina, Thais 261, 262,
rupestralis, Orenaia
Ruralidae

rurea, Xylophasia . .
russata, Cidaria
russula = sannio

rusticana, Clepsis . . . . . 260

rutikis (dispar rar.), Chrysophanus

120, 187, 188, 192, 193, 210,

316, 333
sacraria, Sterrha . . 262, 297, 326
sagitta (cursoria ab.), Agrotis . . 75
salinaris, Gnorimoschema. . .. 181

salmacis (medon var.), Aricia .. 88
sambucaria, Urapteryx . . . . 328

sannio (russula), Diacrisia 65, 75,

259, 314, 327, 332
sao (Powellia), Hesperia .. .. 297

saponariffi, Neuria .. .,64,65, 66

satellitia, Seopelosoma
Saturniidse . .
Satyridae
Satyrus

scabioselius, Nematois
scarodactyla, Adaina
schmidtii (phljeas ab.), Rumicia . ,
schmidtii = alba (phleeas ab.), Ru

micia . .
schcenbergia, Ornithoptera
schranckella, Chrysoclista
schrankiana, Titanio
schulziana, Mixodia
Sciaphila

scolifeformis, ^geria
scolopacina, Xylophasia
Scoparia

scota (semele var.), Hipparchia*
scoticella, Ornix

221

216, 227

174, 192

.. 43

.. 186

.. 2

326

275
.. 222
.. 259
6, 9
.. 259
.. 225
.. 75
66, 226
229, 288
324
257

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

sebrus = osiris

secalis (didyma), Apamea . . .. 315

selene, Brenthis 52, 166, 225, 259,

266, 288, 291, 312, 320, 327, 332
semele, Hipparchia 41, 43, 69,

174, 185, 291, 324, 326, 330

semi-alba (jurtina ah.), Epinephele 289
semi-arcuata (icarus ah.), Polyom-

matus .. .. 38, 275
semiargus (cymon), Cyaniris 6,

7, 8, 9, 40, 43, 75, 79, 186,

187, 207. 211, 288, 289,299, 314

semibrunnea, Xylina . . . . 327

semicolon (lineola ah.), Adopsea . . 35

semiiulvella. Tinea. . .. .. 260

semipurpurella, Eriocrania . . 257
semisyngrapha (coridon ah.),

Agriades . . . . . . 328

seppella, Micropteryx . . . . 258

septodactyla (lienigianus), Oven-

denia . . . . . . . . 37

serena, Heeatera . . . . . . 57

sericealis (phrygialis ah.), Titanio 9

sericealis, Kivula . . . . 64, 75

serotinaria, Gnophos . . . . 208

serratulae, Hesperia . . . . 298

Sesia = ^geria .. .. 109, 328

sibilla, Limenitis . . 189, 266, 312

sibirica, Erynnis . . . . 222, 223

sichsea (fatua ah.), Satyrus 32, 34, 36

sidas, Hesperia . . 122, 223, 318

sieboldii, Epichnopteryx . . . . 10

silaceata, Cidaria . . . . 56, 58, 226

silago = lutea

similella = stipella

simplonia, Antbocharis . . 298, 299

sinapis, Leptosia 32, 34, 35, 36,

41, 77, 163, 165, 175, 186,

192, 262, 274, 289, 296, 300,

317, 330
sinelinea (alinea) (brevilinea ah.),

Nonagria . . . . . . 315

smaragdaiia, Phorodesma . . . . 70

socia, (petrifieata), Xylina .. 327

solidaginis, Caloeampa . . . . 67

Somabracbys . . . . . . 239

sordidata (elutata), Hypsipetes .. 327

sparganii, Nonagria . . . . 67

sparsata, Collix . . . . . . 228

spheciformis, ^geria 52, 64, 75, 279
spbegif ormis = sphe eif ormis

Spbingidse 285, 287

Spbinx 109

spini, Klugia . . 36, 161, 163, 174

spinolella, Litbocolletis .. .. 257

splendens (io ah.), Vanessa 16, 17

splendana, Carpocapsa . . . . 254

splendidella, Dioryctria . . . . 260

stabilis, Tffniocampa . . 64, 221

stacyi, Zelotypia . . . . . . 222

statices, Adscita (Ino) 165, 167,

208, 320

statilinus, Satyrus . . . . . . 174

stellatarum, Sesia . . . . 167, 206

stigmatica, Noctua . . . . . . 64

PAGE.

stipella (similella), Oecopbora . . 260
stoliczkana, Polyommatus 88, 199, 200
straminea, Leucania . . . . 228

strigilaria, Acidalia . . . . 332

strigula (porpbyrea), Agrotis 57, 66
stygne, Erebia . . 7,9, 188, 314
subbaumanniana, Argyrolepia . . 186
subbistrigella, Laverna . . . . 246

subfulvata, Eupithecia . . 58, 327
sublustris, Xylopbasia . . 65, 212
subornatella, Pbycis . . . . 186

subrosea, Noctua . . . . . . 220

subroseata (pendularia ah.), Ephy-

ra, Zonosoma . . . . 326

subsequa = orbona

subsericeata, Acidalia . . . . 56

subterranea, Gnorimoschema . . 181
subtristata, Melanippe . . . . 56

subtusa, Tethea . . . . . . 66

sudetica (melampus var.), Melam-

pias 207

suffumata, Cidaria . . . . 56, 58

suffusa, Peridroma . . . . 66

sutfusa (furcifera a6.), Xylina .. 326
suffusa (pblasas ah.), Eumicia 162, 275
suspecta, Orthosia . . 65, 228, 260

syllius, Melanargia 121, 122, 295, 297
sylvanus, Augiades 162, 165, 186,

266, 289, 294, 318
syivata. Abraxas . . 58, 226, 267

sylvella, Litbocolletis . . . . 327

sylvestrana, Ehyacionia, Retinia.. 330
syngrapba (coridon ah.), Agriades 231
Syntomiidai .. .. .. .. 232

Syntomis 223

syriaca (bermione afc.), Satyrus 32, 34

Syrichtus 287

syringaria, Pericallia . . . . 51

syringella, Gracilaria . . . . 326

Tacbyris 222, 331

tffiniata, Emmelesia . . . . 260

tages, Nisoniades 162, 165, 166,

280, 294, 317, 320
tagis, Antbocharis, Euchloe 262,

294, 296
taras (malvse a?).), Hesperia .. 280

tarsipennalis, Herminia . . . . 58

taurinorum (aethiops var.), Erebia 324
taxila, Agriades . . . . . . 333

telicanus, Raywardia 32, 33, 34,

36, 262, 289
telmessia (jurtina var.), Epinephele

33, 36
teloides (io ah.), Vanessa 16, 17,

18, 20, 21, 22
teloides-brunnea (io ah.), Vanessa

16, 17, 18, 20
teloides-clara (io ah.), Vanessa 16, 17
teloides-lucidocellata (io ah.), Va-
nessa 17, 18, 19

teloides-nigrifasciata (io ah.), Va-
nessa 20, 22

teloides-splendens (io ah.), Vanessa 18
temerata, Bapta . . . . . . 56

tenebrella, Monochroa . . . . 258

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

tenebrosa, Eusina . . . . . . 56

tephradactyla, Leioptilus . . 243, '259

Tephrosia 125, 251

terrella, Bryotropha . . . . 258

tersata, Philbalapteryx . . . . 58
tessella (quadrella), Gelechia . . 51
tessellum, Hesperia . . . . 36

testacea, Luperina 53, 54, 67, 89,
90, 91, 92, 171, 172, 173,
201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 246,

269, 270
testata, Cidaria . . . . . . 58

tetradactyla = tridactyla

teucrii = heterodactyla

thalassina, Hadena. . .. ..56

Thalassodes .. .. 265, 267

thersamon, Chrysophanus 31, 32,

33, 34, 35, 36, 192, 193

Thestor 38

thetis (bellargus), Agriades 43, 163,

231, 263, 292, 295, 297, 333
thetis, Chrysophanus . . . . 35

thompsoni (nebulosa ab.], Aplecta

226, 231, 283, 332
thore, Brenthis . . . . 288, 299
tigelius (megsera var.), Pararge . . 326

tiliae, Mimas 254, 321

tincta, Aplecta . . . . . . 332

Tinese 234

Tineina . . . . . . 168, 325

tipuliformis, ^geria . . . . 167

tiresias = argiades .. .. ..85

Titanio . . . . 9, 10

titea, Melanargia . . . . . . 36

tithonus, Epinephele 39, 43, 168,

173, 224, 291
torquillella, Ornix . . . . . . 246

Tortricidaj 330

transalpina, Anthrocera 8, 78, 185,

208, 235
trapezina, Calymnia .. 108, 212

trepidaria, Parascotia . . 8, 10

tridactyla (tetradactyla), Merrifieldia

37, 186
tridens, Trisena, Acronycta 66, 286, 288
trifolii, Anthrocera 55, 65, 76, 85,

166, 279
trigeminana, Ephippiphora . . 259

trigrammica, Grammesia . . . . 56

tripuncta (icarusaft.), Polyommatus 32
tritici, Agrotis .. ..66,67,102

trivia, Melitsea 32, 33, 34, 35, 36,

163, 164
trochilus, Chilades . . 34, 35, 36, 317
trophonius (dardanus var.), Papilio 281
troyana, Ornithoptera . . . . 222

truncata, Cidaria . . . . . . 315

tubulosa, Talseporia . . . . 119

turcica (urticse var.), Aglais . . 32

turcica (galathea var.), Melanargia 192
tutti, Megacraspedus . . . . 113

tyndarus, Erebia 9, 79, 188, 207,

234, 235, 323
typhae = arundinis

PAGE.

typhon (davus) Ccenonympha 39,

84, 120, 259, 280, 313, 332
188

56,

65

228

58

.. 65

259, 260

ab.),

.. 280

57

58

220

56

85

109, 317

ulicis, Cosmia
ulmata = sylvata
ulvEe, Senta . .
umbra, Chariclea . .
unangulata, Melanippe
unanimis, Apamea..
uncana, Phoxopteryx
undecimlineatus (podalirius

Papilio
undulanus (revayana), Sarrothripa
undulata, Eucosmia
undulella, Epichnopteryx . .
unidentaria, Coremia
Urania

Urbicolides (se)
urticse, Aglais 18, 19, 32, 35, 42,

165, 166, 208, 221, 266, 267,

291, 296, 299, 317
urticse, Habrostola . . . . . . 56

urticse, Spilosoma . . . . . . 56

urticana, Sericoris . . . . . . 259

urvilliana, Ornithoptera . . . . 222

ustomaculana. Coccyx . . . . 260

vaccinii, Orrhodia . . . . 98, 221

valligera = vestigialis

Vanessa . . . . . . . . 333

Vanessidffi 164, 208

varia (parthenie var.), Melitsea 78,

104, 235
variata, Thera . . . . . . 100

variegana, Peronea. . .. 327, 329

valezina (paphia ab.), Dryas . . 52

vau-album = 1-album

venusta, Polia . . . . . . 188

venustula, Erastria. . .. .. 331

vernetensis (dictynna ab.), Melitsea 265
versicolor, Dimorpha (Endromis)

227, 279
vestigialis (valligera), Agrotis 66, 188
vetulata, Scotosia . . . . . . 212

vetusta, Calocampa . . . . 67

viburniana, Heterogenea (Tortrix)

258, 259
vicise (meliloti), Anthrocera . . 223

vicinella, Lita . . . . . . 258

victorise, Ornithoptera . . . . 222

viminalis, Cleoceris. . .. ..57

vinula, Dicranura .. ..56,57, 168

virgaurese, Heodes 8, 40, 77, 101,

162, 206, 207, 235, 289, 299
virgularia, Acidalia 216, 315, 327

vitis, Pholus 102

vittata (lignata), Phibalapteryx . . 259
vulgata, Eupithecia . . . . 56

w-album, Chattendenia 163, 167, 312
walkeri, Amphimcea . . . . 332

weiskei, Papilio . . . . . . 222

vverdandi (nastes var.), Colias 327, 331
wismariensis (maritima nb.), Senta 52
wockeella, Coleophora . . . . 186

wolfensbergeri (maturna ab.),

Melitsea .163

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

xanthoraelas, Eugonia

164

Xylophasia . .

212

yama-mai, Antherea

227

zander i, Arcyophora

219

zaugis, Calisto

224

Zegris

233

zelleri, Baoris

36

zermattensis, Crarabus

79,

208

zermattensis (virgaurete

var.),

Heodes

207,

235

zetterstedtii = calodactyla

Zeuxidia

222

ziczac, Notodonta . .

70

zoUikoferi, Xylophasia

28

zonaria, Nyssia . . 226

227,

228

zonaria x hispidaria

103

Zygtena = Anthrocera

Zygaenidge . .

8,

329

brullei, Quirogesia
brunneri, Arminda
brunneri, Gryllus
cabrerffi, Forficula

MYRIAPADA.

lagurus, Polyxenus .

61

NEUROPTERA

alpestris, Stenophylax

100

barbara, Lertha

331

bipennis, Nemoptera

331

dives, Tinodes

100

flava, Chrysopa

229

hiemalis, Boreus

326

lusitanica = bipennis

pellucidus, Glyphotoelius ..

100

quadrifasciatus, Hemerobius

100

ODONATA.

depressa, Libellula . .

243

fonscolombii, Sympetrum . .

330

ORTHOPTERA.

Acrotylus

194

BBgyptiaca, Blatta . .

242

segyptiaca, Heterogamia . .

242

aegypfciaca, Polyphaga

242,

263

africana, Gryilotalpa

195

albifrons, Decticus . . 176,

178,

195

allaudi, Calliphona . .

178

americana, Periplaneta (Steleo-

pyga)

242,

263

Anataelia

95,

177

annulipes, Anisolabis 25, 93,

176,

177,

193

Anterastes . .

178,

195

Ariagona

195

asper, Sphingonotus

194

auricularia, Forficula

177,

193

bifasciata (vulcanius, var.),

Caloptenus . .

93

bimaculatus, Liogryllus 92

,94,

176,

195

bivittata, Hololampra 176,

178,

194

Blatta

242

Blepbaris

178

bolivari, Dericorys ..

195

94

95

cffirulans, Sphingonotus 176, 177
cferulescens, ffidipoda . . 93

Calliphona 178

campestris, Liogryllus

canariensis, Anataelia . . 95

canariensis, Forficula . . 95

canariensis, Gidipoda . . 93

canariensis, Sphingonotus

caudata, Locusta

cantans, Locusta

cicindeloides, Trigonidium 94

colossea, Anisolabis

comprtssicornis, Oxycoryphus

danicus, Pachylytus 94, 176

decipiens, Loboptera

Decticina?

Empusa . . . . . . 95

epacromioides, Stenobothrus
fletcheri, Challia . .
fortunata, Loboptera
fuscocincta, CEdipoda
giornse, Platyphyma
gracilis, Mantis

grisea, Platycleis 93, 94, 176, 178
gryilotalpa, Gryilotalpa
guancharia, Forficula 95, 178

Heterogamia
hispanicus, Gryllus
Hypsicorypha . . 95, 178

Idolomorpha . . . . 95

intermedia, Platycleis

italicus, Caloptenus . . 93

juliae, Hypsicorypha . . 95

konigi, Calliphona . .

laticauda, Platycleis

lesnei, Forficula

limbata, Parameles . . 93

lobata, Dericorys

Locusta . . . . . . 178

Lonchodes . .
longicauda, Gryllomorpha
longipes, Acrolytus . .
major, Anisolabis . .
mandibularis, Conocephalus
margaritiE, Ariagona . . 178

marginellus (italicus, var.), Calop

tenus . .
maritima, Anisolabis
maroccanus, Stauronotus 176

maxima, Anisolabis 93, 177

Meconemidffi
mendica, Blepharis. .
meridionalis, Paratettix
minor, Labia
nana, Phaneroptera 176, 178

Neostylopyga

nigrofasciatus, (Edaleus . . 176
nirgovittata (epacromioides, var.)

Stenobothrus
nubigena, Orophila 92, 178

Olynthoscelis

PAGE.

194
195
195
194
194
194
195

93
194
194
194
194
178
178
195

93
194
195
194
195
194
194

95
194
194

94
193
195
195
194
242
195
194
194
195
195
194
178
195
216
194
195
195
332
195
194
194

94
195

SPEECIA.L INDEX.

PAGE.

orientalis, Blatta (Steleopyga) 242, 263

Orophila 178

Pamphagidee . . . . . • 195

patruelis, Acrotylus. . .. 94, 176

pellucens, fficanlhus .. 176, 195
Periplaneta . . . . . . . . 242

Platyphyma . . . . . . . . 195

picteti, Thalpomena . . . . 194

Podisma . . . . . . . . 195

Polyphaga 242, 263

religiosa, Mantis . . 93, 176, 178, 194

rhombifolia, Blatta 242

rhombifolia, Neostylopyga. . .. 242

riparia, Labidura . . . . . . 193

savignyi, Sphlngonotus . . . . 194

senegalensip, (Edaleus 176, 178, 195
simonji, Holocompsa 92, 178, 194

simonyi, Stenobothrus . . . . 194

Steleopyga 241, 263

strepens, Epacromia 92, 176, 178, 194
Stylopyga = Steleopyga .. 242, 263
tereticornis, Oxyeoryphus . . .. 19 1

tesselata, Platycleis.. 94, 176, 178, 195
thalassina, Epacromia 93, 176, 178, 194
trichoprocta, Steleopyga . . 242, 263
unguiculata, Acrida . . . . 194

uxoris, Forficula .. .. 95, 194

verrucivorus, Dectieus . . . . 176
vestita, Holocompsa . . . . 194

viridissima, Locusta . . . . 178

vulcanius, Caloptenus 93, 94, 176,

177, 178, 195

PLECOPTERA.

dubitans, Nemoura*

SIPHONAPTERA.

canis, Ctenocephalus
cheopis, Xenopsylla

182

104
183

PAGE.

fasciatus, Ctenocephalus . . . . 104

felis, Ctenocephalus . . . . 104

irritans, Pulex . , . . , . 104

THYSANOPTERA.

agnessas, Bagnallia** .. ..73

ajugffi, Oxythrips . . . . . . 241

albopilosus, Thrips* . . . . 73

Amblythrips. . .. .. .. 240

avenas = cerealium

brevicollis, Oxythrips** .. 73, 241

breviceps, Frankliniella** . . .. 73

brevistjlis, Oxythrips* . . 73, 241

cerealium, Limothrips . . . . 278

Chirothrips 241

dilatatus, Bagnallia . . . . 241

dud£e = hauiatus, Chirothrips .. 241

ericEe, Amblythrips** 73, 240, 241

ericte, Euthrips . . . . 240, 241

Euthrips 241

ferrugineus, Anaphothrips . . 241

fasciatus, iEoloihrips .. .. 240

halidayi, Bagnallia** .. ..73

hamatus, Chirothrips . . . . 241

juniperina, Thrips . . . . 99, 241

klapaleki, Bagnallia. . .. .. 241

longipennis, Euthrips . . . . 278

longisetis, Tricothrips** .. .. 73

nobilis, Megathrips. . .. ..99

obscurus, Anaphothrips . . . . 278

Oxythrips . . . . . . • • 241

pallipennis, Euthrips* . . 73, 241

parviceps, Oxythrips . . . . 240

parvus, Euthrips . . . . . . 278

peculiaris, Rhaptothrips . . . . 278

propinquus, Tricothrips** . . .. 73

pyri, Euthrips . . . . . . 99

striatus, Anaphothrips . . . . 278

tenuicornis, Frankliniella.. .. 241

validus, Thrips** .. .. ..73

vittatus, ^Eolothrips .. ..241

32, 1.

1.

33,1.

35, 1.

1.
p. 36, 1.
p. 71, 1.
p. 94,1.

1,
p. 95, 1,
p. 117, 1.
p. 215, 1.
p. 257, 1.
p. 263, 1,
p. 273, 1
p. 275, 1.
p. 280, 1

CORRIGENDA, Ac.

6, for " Labia " read " Lablab."
35, comma after " elevations."

44, comma after " coast."
39, delete " .-1. isaurica,"

41, delete "either" and " or Pie' eiitu pylaon, both."

insert "a" before " species."
46, for "eros " read " candalus.^^

8, for " Djemur " read " Djerahur."
11, delete " Mr. Bower."
28, for "Rico" read "Pico."

Y - ^ov " Anatail " read " Anatael."

39, for " stretched " read "intended."

8, &c.. Corrected pp. 285-7, by Dr. Chapman.

IC, for " A. proilomana " read " Brenthis 'parthenias.

34, for " 1830" read " 1838."

45, for " mviima " read " uapella." See p. 302.

46, for " basalipuncta " read " basilipuncta ."
32, for " Albula " read " AlbuUna."

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CONTENTS.

PAOl!;.

Notes on the various species of the Genus Coleophora, Hi/. J. Turner, F.K.S.

(with plate) ." '281

Oothec.e of Blattidte, the late Ji. Shelford, M.A., F.E.S., edited by Malcolm Burr,

BiScF.L.S., F.K.S ■ -283

Notes on a July Trip to Switzerland, B. jS. Cinwreu .. .. .. .. .. 287

An old Essex Collection, Eev. G. H. liayuor, M.A 290

Notes on the Season 1912 at Constantinople, F. P. Graves, F.K.S 293

A Summer Holiday in Belgium, Germany and Switzerland, 1912, E. B. Aahln/,

F.K.S ".. 294

Collecting' Orthoptera in the Caucasus and Transcaucasus, Malcolm Burr, D.Sc,

i''.L..V-, i''.A'..S'., with plate (to be continued) .. .. 297

Libythea celtis. Ejjrs and oviposition, T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.E.S. (with two

plates) . . 302

New Species and new Forms of Lepidod^era from Sardinia, Count Emilio Lurati,

F.K.S., i-tc 303

Notes on Collecting : — Camptogramma fluviata in N. London, liussell James,
'Jnur. : Some Races of Ants new to Britain, H. St. J. K. DoniMhorpe, F.Z.S.,

F.K.S 306

CuKHENT Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 306

Eeviews \nu Notices of Books : — The Coleoptera of Cumberland. By Frank

H. Day (ir./;.,S'.) 308

Societies : — The Entomological Society of London ; The South London Entomo-
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Okituary:— W. Forsell Kirby, )V K.K. (with portrait) ; Arnold Wullschlegel, G.W. 314
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Brockiey, S.E.

The Back Volumes (I-XXIII) of the Ent. Record, &c. (published at 10s. 6d. net),
can be obtained direct as follows — Single volumes, 78. 6d., except vols. I. and II., which
are lOs. 6d. each ; of the remainder, 2 or 3 volumes, 7s. 3d. each ; 4, S, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols.,
7s. each ; 10, 11, 12, 13 or ii vols, at 6s. 9d. each ; 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
vols, at 6s. 6d. each. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus
postage). Special Indexes to Vols. III-XXII, sold separately, price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to 2'he Entomologist's Itecord, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (witti or without the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. Herbert E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. Cheques
and Postal Orders should be made payable to H. E. Page.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale or Books wanted will be inserted at a minimum
charge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series.
Particulars of Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E.

Duplicates. — Meliloti, Russula ((f), Dominula, Griseola, Fulva, Turca, Rufina,
Lunosa, Spadicea, Satellitia, Oxyacanthse, Pisi, Protea, Rubricosa, Munda, Silago,
Serena, Rubi, Baja, Augur, Brunnea, Nictilans, Lutulenta, Nebulosa, Polyodon var.
infuscata, Rurea var. combusta, Pennaria, Illunaria, Autumnaria, Fuscantaria, Lunaria,
Advenaria, Porata, Albicillata, Juniperata*, Luteata, Auroraria. Desiderata. — Numerous.
: — Capt. P. A. Cardeio, 50, Milbury Gardens, Gottenliam Park, Wimbledon.

Duplicates. — Advena, Tincta, Prasina, Adusta, Miniosa, Munda, Gracilis, Glauca,
Flavicornis var Scotica, Tetralunaria, Advenaria, Alsines, Blanda, Glareosa, Deplana,
dark Impluviata, Galatea, H. comma, Bellargus. Desiderata. — Anthrocera hippocrepidis
(early filipendulse) and A. trifolii-minor, if from same colony. — E. A. Cockayne, 16,
Cambridge Square, W.

Duplicates. — L. gueneei,* Campanulata, Absinthiata,* Tridens,* Russata* (yellow
var.), Flavicincta, Megacephala, Dilutata,* Valligera, Cursoria, Triangulum, Afifinis,
Derasa, Tersata,* Ribesaria,* Badiata,Lithoriza, Geryon, Aurago,* Wavaria*. Desiderata.
— Numerous. — Rev. A. M. Downes, Batheaston Vicarage, Bath.

Duplicates. — Humuli var. Hethlandica, Putrescens, Vestigialis, Exulis (Shetlands, I.),
Ambigua, Nigra, and many other local British moths. Desiderata. — British and Palffi-
arctic Rhopalocera. — J. A. Simes, F.E.S., Mon Eepos, Markham's Lane, Woodford Green.
Duplicates. — African butterflies in papers. Abraxas grossulariata (Scotch forms).
Desiderata. — Numerous species of British lepidoptera to renew series. Black pins. —
Joseph Anderson, Aire Villa, Chichester.

Duplicates. — Templi. Desiderata. — Very numerous. — C. P. Gledhill, 35, Leijburn
firove, Shipley. '

Duplicates. — Galathea, Argiolus, Filipendulfe, Derasa, Batis, Psi, Chi, D. pinastri,
Lunigera, Australis, Triangulum, Brunnea, Augur, Suffusa, Brumata ( ? s), Rupicaprai'ia
( ? s), Amataria, Trilinearia, Rotundaria, Lignata, Bipunctaria, vars. of Pronuba, Trape-
zina, Strigilis, Festiva, Nictitans, Oxyacanthse, Pyramidea, Betularia, Elinguaria, Pro-
gemmaria ( d" s and ? s), etc., etc. Desiderata. — Porcellus, Vespertaria, Apiciaria,
Advenaria, Prunaria, Fasciaria, Dolobraria, Lunaria, Tetralunaria, Bidentata, Alniaria,
and many other common Geometers to extend and replace. Well set perfect specimens,
black pins only. — J. Douglas, 6, Old Jewry, E.C.

Duplicates. — Cilialis, Margaritellus, Pascuellus, Inquinatellus, Phragmitellus,
Hastiana, Caledoniana, Sordidana, Bimaculana, Ophthalmicana, Geminana, (2), etc.
Desiderata. — Furcatellus, Ericellus, and many Pyrales, Crambi, Tortrices and Pterophori.
— T. Ashton Lofthouse, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

Duplicates. — Black Pilosaria*, Hamula*, Croceago*, Australis, Hastata*, Papilio-
naria, Palpina*, Autumnaria*, Unca, A. ligustri*, Fascelinaf, Zonaria*, Strataria,
Meliloti, Conspersa, Togata*, Ditrapezium*, Muralis, Dictaea, Opimia, Hispidus, Nigra,
Piniperda, Irrorella, Omicronaria*, Rubidata, Berberata*, Straminea, etc. Desiderata. —
Larvae of Grossulariata (Lancashire) and Caja (Blackpool district).— TF. J. Ogden, 87,
The Common, Upper Clapton, London, W.

Duplicates. — Larva, Tincta, Rumicis (from melanic wild ? ), Glauca, Nebulosa,
Carpini, Quercifolia, etc. Desiderata. — Well set imagines on black pins of many local
species. — Dr. Beckwith Whitehouse, 52, Newhall Street, Birmingham.

Desiderata. — Larvse or pupae of the type or lighter than type betularia and bidentata.
Many common heterocera. Duplicates. — Larvae and pupas of true melanic bidentata and
intermediate betularia. Dominuli.* — Hirbaria and Zonaria hybrid. — W. Bowater, 20,
Russell Road, Mosely, Birmingham.

Duplicates. — A few fine Grossulariata var. varleyata, Zatima, and other extreme
vars. of Lubricipeda, etc. Desiderata. — Achilleae, Livornica, Celerio, Ilicifolia, Muscu-

losa, Palustris ?, Satura, Ni, Crinanensis, Fuliginaria, Eoboraria black var., Innotata,
Salicalis, Unionalis, Paludellus, Semirufa, Splendiclella, Terebrella, Kubrotibiella,
Tesseradactylus, and extreme vars. of Grossulariata and other species. — Geo. T.
Porritt, Elm Lea, Dalton, Hudders field.

Urgently Wanted. — Fine pupae Porcellus, Callunoe, Orion, Dodonea, Vinula,
Dictffioides, Palpina, Chlorana, and many others ; also well set Vinula, Ocellatus,
Sibylla, Lucina, Stellatarum, Bombyliformis, Myopiformis, Cynipiformis, Ichneumoni-
formis, and many others. Duplicates. — Fine S. andreniformis and many other good
insects ; liberal exchange or cash. — L. W. Newmaii, Bexley, Kent.

Desiderata.— Bvitish. hymenoptera aculeata. Duplicates. — Many British lepidoptera
in fine condition. — V. E. Shaiv, Betula, Fallow Court Avenue, North Finchley.

Duplicates. — Dissimilis*, Velleda, Captiuncula, Fibrosa, Melanopa, Cordigera,
Ambigua*, Lutosa, Rufa, Lubricipeda var. fasciata*, Plantaginis*, Cambrica and dark
vars., Coracina, Blandiata, Hexapterata, Tristata, Bidentata* (Black), Carbonaria (6),
Fluviata*, Cffisiata, Ruficinctata, Pumilata, Linariata*, Bicolorata' var. plumbata, etc.
Desiderata. — Hyale, Pruni, Paniscus, Muscerda, Ligniperda, Andreniformis, Sphegi-
formis (narrow), Guenii, Albimacula, Irregularis, Barrettii, Obfuscata, Tffiniata,
Virgaureata, Consignata, Dipsacea, Oeellaris, Fraxini, etc. — T. Ashton Lofthouse, The
Croft. Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

Duplicates. — Selene, C-album (2), Sibylla (3), Betulse (2), Populi (pale and pink
forms), Meliloti, Z. trifolii* (vars.), Geryon (5), Senex, Griseola, Salicis,* Pascelina (3),
Ridens, Pudorina, Phragmatidis, Elymi, Strigilis, Fasciuncula, Nigricans, Baja, Inter-
jecta, Typica, Rubiginea (3), Gueneei (2), Templi (3), Affinis, Absinthii (4), Argentula,
Moneta,* Chrysitis, Haworthii, Umbra (4), Sponsa, Nupta, Fibrosa, Leucophearia, Un-
angulata, Testata,* Zonaria'* Hirtaria (hybrid), a pair. Desiderata. — Cynipiformis,
Culiciformis, N. strigula, Testudo, B. trifolii, A. ligustri, Bondii, Petasitis (3), Caliginosa,
Depuucta, Populeti, Subtusa, Rusticata, Salieata-, Dodoneata, Togata, Sparsata, Sexalata.
— G. Brooks, 28, Hilton Avenue, Friern Barnet.

Duplicates. — Polychloros,* Sibylla,* Betulee,* Bembeciformis,* Meliloti, Cristulalis,*
Miniata*, Aureola,* Dominula,* Fuliginosa,* Fascelina,* Cratsegi,* Carpini,* Advenaria,*
Alniaria,* Abietaria,* Roboraria,* Orbicularia,* Temerata, Pictaria,* Alternata,* Pine-
taria, Cffisiata, Grossulariata* (good vars.), Helveticata,* Lariciata,* Togata,* Albicillata,*
Undulata,* Psittacata,* Immanata, Populata, Obliquaria,* Furcuia, Vinula,* Dictsea,*
Dictsea,* Ziczac,* Dodonrea,* Ridens,* Myricee,* Menyanthidis,* Templi* (grease re-
moved), Flavago* (dark forms), Lucernea, Pisi,* Contigua, Absinthii,* Parthenias,
Bractea, Interrogationis, Pulchrina. Desiderata. — many local and common British
Butterflies, varieties especially. — Arthur Home, 60, Gladstone Place, Aberdeen, N.B.

Wanted. — Clean copy of Kane's Butterflies of Europe, without illustrations will be
sufiScient. — U. Bowland-Brown, Harrow Weald.

Duplicates. — Some Sicilian butterflies, including Galathea var. Procida. Also a dark
form of Galathea from Calabria approximating Turcica. Desiderata. — Types of other
species which occur in Sicily. — T. Piatt Barrett, " Westcroft," South Road, Forest Hillt
S.E. {After Januarij 29t7t, 1912.)

Changes of Address. — P. H. Tautz, 25, Berner Street, W. Rev. Prebendary E.
Grose Hodge, The Vicarage, Paddington, W. (52, Sussex Gardens.)

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. January 17th (Annual).

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.— London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.G.— The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m., except in July and August. January 16th — Annual pocket box exhibition. Feb-
ruary 6th— " Lepidoptera of Clapton District," Mr. J. E. Gardner. February 20th—
"Early stages of G. laburnella, Mr. A. Sich, F.E.S. March 6th— Discussion and Ex-
hibition, " The Genus Zonosoma," opened by L. B. Prout, F.E.S. Entomologists are
cordially invited to attend with exhibits.

Toynbee Natural History Society.— Toynbee Hall, at 8 p.m. Entrance fee Is.,
annual subscription Is. Meetings : Full particulars as to excursions can be obtained from
the Excursion Secretary, Miss L. Roberts, 11, St. James', Hatcham, S.E. —Hon. Sec,
Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibemia,
Chambers, London Bridge.— Meetings : The second and fourth Thursdays in the month
at 8 o'clock. Annual Meeting January 2.5th at 7 o'clock.

North London Natural History Society.— Meetings held at Room 20, Salisbury
House, Finsbury Circus, E.G., at 7 p.m., on the second and fourth Tuesdays in the
month.— Secretary, R. W. Bobbins, " Tonah," Hale End, Chingford.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society.— Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Seo.,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

NOTICE TO ALL PERSONS INTERESTED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

" SEITZ, THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD,"

Palsearctica, Part 85, Exotica, Part 68, has just been published.

Now ready, Yol. I. Rhopalocera Palsearctica, bound in half-morocco, price £3
payable with order.

I here give the plan of this important work and inform at the same time all the
subscribers of "Seitz" that, as there is now no agent for the United Kingdom, it
is in every case requested that orders be sent direct to me.

I. Division: Fauna palsearctica (blue cover) about 110 parts at Is. 3d. each.

Vol. I. Khopalocera. Vol. III. Noctuaj.

Vol. II. Sphinges and Bombyces. Vol. IV. Geometree.

II. Division : Fauna exotica, about 350 parts at 2s. each.

I. Fauna americana (red cover), about 120 parts.

Vol. V. Ehopalocera. Vol. VII. Noctuse.

Vol. VI. Sphinges and Bombyces. Vol. VIII. Geometree.

II. Fauna indoaustralica (green cover), about 145 parts.

Vol. IX. Rhopalocera. Vol. XL Noctuse.

Vol. X. Sphinges and Bombyces. Vol. XII. Geometrse.

III. Fauna africana (yellow cover) about 85 parts.

Vol. XIII. Rhopalocera. Vol. XV. Noctuse.

Vol. XIV. Sphinges and Bombyces. Vol. XVI. Geometras.

III. Division : General Subject. An account of the physiology, biology, and

preservation of Lepidoptera, containing in addition the supplements to the
different faunae. Vol. XVII.

Stuttgart, Verlag des Seitz'schen Werkes.

Poststrasse 7. (Alfred Kernen.)

The same firm publishes the following amalagamated magazines, in which

INTERNATIONAL ENTOMOLOGY

is furthered by well-known authorities and in different languages. The subscribers enjoy
very considerable advantages in comparison with other entomological publications :
Free advertisements as regards insects in the Insektenborse.

Opportunity of consulting the very large entomological library of Messrs.
Friedlander & Sons in Berlin.

ENTOMOLOGISCHE RUNDSCHAU.

Editor, Dr. K. Griinberg, Zoological Museum, Berlin. Appears twice a month.

SOCIETAS ENTOMOLOGICA.

Journal of the International Entomological Society. Editor, M. Biihl, Zurich.
Appears twice a month.

INSEKTENBORSE.

Organ for the purchase, exchange, and sale of insects and entomological

apparatus. Appears weekly.
Subscription price of the three magazines together 6s. per year, post free.

FOR SALE.

Tutt's " British Lepidoptera," vols. I to X. Tutt's " British Butterflies," vols.
I to III. Tutt's "British Noctuae," vols. I to IV. Tutt's "Practical Hints for the
Field Lepidopterist," parts I to III, with Index. There are also a few copies of
" British Noctuae," slightly soiled, to be sold cheaply.

A. M. COCHRANE.

41, Wisteria Road,

Lewisham, S.E.

TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

BACK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist's Record

and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXII).

Single back volumes of the above can be obtained at 7s. 6d. per volume ;
except vols. I. and II., ■which are 10s. 6d. each, net; any two or three volumes
of the remainder at 7s. 3d. per volume ; four, five, six, seven, eight or
nine at 7s. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fourteen at 6s. 9d. per
volume ; fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty or twenty-
one at 6s. 6d. per volume. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published
price (plus postage). Special Indexes, Vols. III-XXII, sold separately, price
Is. 6d. each.

Contents of Vol< l> (Most important only Mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies. — Variation of Svierinthus tiliae, 3 coloured
plates — Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aiirelia — The Doubleday
collection — Parthenogenesis — Paper on Taeniocampidae — Phylloxera — Practical
Hints (many) — Parallel Variation in Coleoptera — Origin of Argynnis paphia var.
valesina — Work for the Winter — Temperature and Variation — Synonymic notes —
Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890 — Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda
lichenea, Heliophobus hisixidus — Captures at light — Aberdeenshire notes, etc.,
etc., 360 pp.

Contents of Vol. II.

Melanism and Melanochroism — Bibliography — Notes on Collecting — Articles
on Variation (many) — How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis. Taenia-
campa opima— Collecting on the Norfolk Broads — Wing development^Hybridising
Amphidasys prodromaria and A. hetularia — Melanism and Temperature — Differen-
tiation of Dianthixcias — Disuse of wings — Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London
— Generic nomenclature and the Acronyctidae — A fortnight at Eannoch — Heredity
in Lepidoptera — Notes on Genus Zyg^na (Anthrocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera--
Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp.

Contents of Vol. III.

Genus Acronycta and its allies (continued) — Scientific Notes — The British
Coccinellidae — Notes -on Breeding — Notes on Coleopteka (very many) — Dates of
appearance of Eupithecia pygmeata — Dimorphic pupje — Duration of Ova State of
the Geometridae (with tables) — Effects of temperature on the colouring of Lepidop-
tera— Hints on labelling — Melanic varieties — Changes in nomenclature — Keeping
Micro pupeo during winter — Notes on Genus Hepialus — Reviews, etc., etc., 320 pp.

Contents of Vol. IV.

Additions to British Lists — Presidential Addresses of British Association and
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society — Autumnal collecting at Fresh-
water, Isle of Wight — Captures of rarities — Collecting beetles — Critical notes on
certain Noctuae — A day's collecting in the Western Highlands — Apparent dearth
of Ditirni — Double-brooded species — The early stages of certain Geometrina — Sensi-
bility of larvae to sound — Collecting in North Kent — How to obtain and preserve
ova — Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1893 — Stridulation — Variety breeding — The
Pupal and Imaginal wings of Lepidoptera, etc., etc., 354 pp.

Contents of Vol V.

On the larva of Arctia caia (with plates) — Evolution of the Lepidopterous
Pupa — Rev. H. Burney's collection (sale) — Life-History of a Lepidopterous Insect
(Morphology and Physiology, etc.) — Among the Ancients — Erebia epiphron and its
named Varieties — Life-History of Agrotis agathina — Ten Days at Wicken Fen —
Varieties of Spilosoma mendica — Butterfly Catching in the neighbourhood of Mt.
Blanc — Life-History of Ocneria dispar — Zygaena extilans and its Variations —
Entomology at Rainham, Essex — Additions to the British List — New Method of
Relaxing Insects, etc., etc., 308 pp.

To be obtained only from—
Hr. H. E. PAGE, " Bertrose," Oellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.E.

to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXiV. (7 shillings) should be sent to
Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross,
S.E. [This subscription includes all numbers published from
January 15th to December 15th, 1912.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road,
Brockley, S.E.

The Baci^ Volumes (I-XXIII) of the Etit. Record, &c. (pubhshed at 10s. 6d. net),
can be obtained direct as follows — Single volumes, 7s. 6d., except vols. I. and II., which
are lOs. 6d. each ; of the remainder, 2 or 3 volumes, 7s. 3d. each ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols.,
78. each ; 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 vols, at 6s. 9d. each ; 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
vols, at 6s. 6d. each. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus
postage). Special Indexes to Vols. III-XXII, sold separately, price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe tliat subscriptions to TIte Entomologixt's Record, iSc, are
payable in advance. The subscription (witii or witliout tlie Special Index) is Seven Stiilllngs, and
must be sent to Mr. Herbert E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Boad, New Cross, S.E. Cheques
and Postal Orders should be made payable to H. E. Page,

Advertisements of Bool<s and Insects for Sale or Books wanted will be inserted at a tniniruuin
charge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines). Ijonger Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series.
Particulars of Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E.

Duplicated. — Advena, Tincta, Prasina, Adusta, Miniosa, Munda, Gracilis, Glauca,
Flavicornis var Scotica, Tetralunaria, Advenaria, Alsines, Blanda, Glareosa, Deplana,
dark Impluviata, Galatea, H. comma, Bellargus. Desiderata. — Anthrocera hippocrepidis
(early filipendulse) and A. trifolii-minor, if from same colony. — E. A. Cockayne, 16,
Cambridge Square, IV.

Duplicates. -^h. gueneei,* Campanulata, Absinthiata,* Tridens,* Russata* (yellow
var.), Elavicincta, Megacephala, Dilutata,* Valligera, Cursoria, Triangulum, Af&nis,
Derasa, Tersata,* Ribesaria,* Badiata,Lithoriza, Geryon, Aurago,* Wavaria*. Desiderata.
— Numerous. — Rev. A. M. Downes, Batheaston Vicarage, Bath.

Duplicates. — Humuli var. Hethlandica, Putrescens, Vestigialis, Exulis (Shetlands, I.),
Ambigua, Nigra, and many other local British moths. Desiderata. — British and PalsB-
arctic Rhopaloeera. — J. A. Simes, F.E.S., Mon Repos, Markham^s Lane, Woodford Green.

Duplicates. — Blethisa multipunctata, Harpalus caspius, Bembidium pallidipenne,
Cincindela germanica, Dianous coerulescens, Lathrobium angustatum, Onthophilus
globulosus, Galerucella sagittarise, Caenopsis waltoni, &c. Desiderata. — Local coleoptera.
A. Ford, 36, Irving Road, Bournemouth.

Duplicates. — Templi. Desiderata. — Very numerous. — C. P. Gledhill, 35, Leyburn
Grove, Shipley.

Duplicates. — Galathea, Argiolus, Filipendulae, Derasa, Batis, Psi, Chi, D. pinastri,
Lunigera, Australis, Triangulum, Brunnea, Augur, Suii'usa, Brumata ( ? s), Rupicapraria
( f s), Amataria, Trilinearia, Rotundaria, Lignata, Bipunctaria, vars. of Pronuba, Trape-
zina, Strigilis, Festiva, Nictitans, Oxyacanthffi, Pyramidea, Betularia. Elinguaria, Pro-
gemmaria ( cT s and ? s), etc., etc. Desiderata. — Porcellus, Vespertaria, Apiciaria,
Advenaria, Prunaria, Fasciaria, Dolobraria, Lunaria, Tetralnnaria, Bidentata, Alniaria,
and many other common Geometers to extend and replace. Well set perfect specimens,
black pins only. — J. Douglas, 6, Old Jewry, E.G.

Duplicates. — Cilialis, Margaritellus, Pascuellus, Inquinatellus, Phragmitellus,
Hastiana, Caledoniana, Sordidana, Bimaculana, Ophthalmicana, Geminana, (2), etc.
Desiderata . — Furcatellus, Ericellus, and many Py rales, Crambi, Tortrices and Pterophori.
— 2'. Ashton Lofthouse, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

Duplicates. — Black Pilosaria*, Hamula*, Croceago*, Australis. Hastata*, Papilio-
naria, Palpina*, Autumnaria*, Unca, A. ligustri*, Fascelinaf, Zonaria*, Strataria,
Meliloti, Conspersa, Togata*, Ditrapezium*, Muralis, Dictaea, Opimia, Hispidus, Nigra,
Piniperda, Irrorella, Omicronaria*, Rubidata, Berberata*, Straminea, etc. Desiderata. —
Larvee of Grossulariata (Lancashire) and Caja (Blackpool district). — IF. J. Ogden, 87,
The Common, Upper Clapton, London, W.

Duplicates. — Larvae, Tincta, Rumicis (from melanic wild ? ), Glauca, Nebulosa,
Carpini, Quercifolia. etc. Desiderata. — Well set imagines on black pins of many local
species. — Dr. Beckwith Whitehouse, 52, Newliall Street, Birmingham.

Desiderata. — Larvas or pupaj of the type or lighter than type betularia and bidentata.
Many common heterocera. Duplicates. — Larvae and pupjs of true melanic bidentata and
intermediate betularia. Domiuula." — Hirtaria and Zonaria hybrid. — IF. Bowater, 20,
Russell Road, Mosely, Birmingham.

Duplicates. — A few fine Grossulariata var. varleyata, Zatima, and other extreme
vars. of Lubricipeda, etc. Desiderata. — Achilleae, Livornica, Celerio, Ilicitolia, Muscu-
losa, Palustris ? , Satura, Ni, Crinanensis, Fuliginaria, Roboraria black var., Innotata,
Salicalis, Unionalis, Paludellus, Semirufa, Splendidella, Terebrella, Rubrotibiella,
Tesseradactylus, and extreme vars. of Grossulariata and other species. — Geo. T.
Rorritt, Elm Lea, Dalton, Huddersfield.

Ursentli Wanted. — Fine pupfe Porcellus, Callunoe, Orion, Dodonea, Vinula,

Dicta'oides, Palpina, Chlorana, and many others ; also well set Vinula, Ociillatus,
Sibylla, Lucina, Stellatarum, Bombyliformis, Myopiformis, Cynipiformis, Ichneuraoni-
formis, and many others. Duplicateit. — Fine S. andreniformis and many other good
insects; liberal exchange or cash. — L. W. Newman, Bexleij, Kent.

Dedderata. — British hymenoptera aculeata. JDuplicaies. — Many British lepidoptera
in fine condition. — V. E. Shaw, Betula, Fallow Court Avenue, North Finchley.

Dupliaites. — Dissimilis*, Velleda, Captiuncula, Fibrosa, Melanopa, Cordigera,
Ambigua*, Lutosa, Eufa, Lubricipeda var. fasciata*, Plantaginis*, Cambvica and dark
vars., Coracina, Blandiata, Hexapterata, Tristata, Bidentata* (Black), Carbonaria (6),
Fluviata*, Cfesiata, Eulicinctata, Pumilata, Linariata*, Bicolorata var. plumbata, etc.
Desiderata. — Hyale, Pruni, Paniseus, Muscerda, Ligniperda, Andreniformis, Sphegi-
formis (narrow), Guenii, Albimacula, Irregularis, Barrettii, Obfuscata, Tteniata,
Virgaureata, Consignata, Dipsacea, Ocellaris, Fraxini, etc. — T. A.'ihton Lofthouxe, The
Croft. Liiitlturpe, Middlesbrough.

Duplicates. — Selene, C-album (2), Sibylla (3), Betulaa (2), Populi (pale and pink
forms), Meliloti, Z. trifolii* (vars.), Geryon (5), Senex, Griseola, Salicis,* Tascelina (3),
Eidens, Pudorina, Phragmatidis, Eiymi, Strigilis, Fasciuncula. Nigricans, Baja. Inter-
jecta, Typica, Eubiginea (3), Gueneei (2), Templi (3), Affinis, Absinthii (4), Argentula,
Moneta,* Chrysitis, Haworthii, Umbra (4), Sponsa, Nupta, Fibrosa, Leucophearia, Un-
angulata, Testata,' Zonaiia'* Hirtaria (hybrid), a pair. Desiderata. — Cynipiformis,
Culiciformis, N. strigula, Testudo, B. trifolii, A. ligustri, Bondii, Petasitis (3), Caliginosa,
Depuucta, Populeti, Subtusa. Eusticata, Salicata, Dodoneata, Togata, Sparsata, Sexalata.
— G. Brooks, 28, Hilton Avenue, Friern Barnet.

Duplicates. — Polychloros,* Sibylla,* Betulre,* Bembeciformis,* Meliloti, Cristulalis,*
Miniata*, Aureola.* Dominula,* Fuliginosa,* Fascelina,* Cratajgi,* Carpini,* Advenaria,*
Alniaria,* Abietaria,* Eoboraria,* Orbicularia,* Temerata, Pictaria,* Alternata,* Pine-
taria, Cajsiata. Grossulariata* (good vars.), Helveticata,* Lariciata,* Togata,* Albicillata,*
Undulata,* Psittacata,* Immanata, Populata, Obliquaria,* Furcuia, Yinula,* Dictsea,*
Dict8ea,*^Ziczac,* Dodonsea,* Eidens,* Myricae,* Menyanthidis,* Templi* (grease re-
moved), Flavago* (dark forms), Lucernea, Pisi,* Contigua, Absinthii,* Parthenias,
Bractea, Interrogationis, Pulchrina. Desiderata.— m&ny local and common British
Butterflies, varieties especially. — Arthur Home, 60, Gladstone Place, .Aberdeen, N.B.

V^^AmED.— Kntomoloyist,' 1868, nos. 50-52; 1869, nos. 62, 64-66; 1873, nos. 117,
119, 121-124 ; 1874, nos. 126-135 (or volume) ; 1876, nos. 151-154; 1877, no. 168; 1878,
nos. 176, 177, 180-187 (or volume).— Hy. J. Turner, 96', Drakefell Road, New Cross, S.E.

Wantkd. — Clean copy Boedeker's Spain. Eecent edition. — H. E. Page, Bertrose,
Gellatly Road, Neic Cross, S.E.

Duplicates. — Some Sicilian butterflies, including Galathea var. Procida. Also a dark
form of Galathea from Calabria approximating Turcica. Desiderata. — Types of other
species which occur in Sicily. — T. Plate Barrett, " Westcroft," South Road, Forest Hill,
S.E.

Changes of Address. — C. Bartlett, Rostock House, Woodhill, Portishead, Somerset.
P. H. Tautz, 25, Bcrners Street, W. Lt.-Col. N. C. Manders, No. 4 Hut, South Road,
The Camp, Cnrragh, Irelaixd.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. February 7th ; March. 6th.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.— London
Institution, Finsbury Circus. I'^.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m., except in July and August. February 20th — " Early stages of C lahurnella, Mr.
A. Sich, F.E.S. March 5th — Discussion and Exhibition, "The Genus Zonosoma,^^
opened by L. B. Prout. F.E.S. March lOth — Angerona prunaria. Notes on experiments
in response to colour environment, C. P. Pickett, F.E.S. April 2nd — Notes on Lepidoptera
ef Pinner, Mr. P. H. Tautz. Entomologists are cordially invited to attend with exhibits.

Toynbee Natural History Society. — Toynbee Hall, at 8 p.m. Entrance fee Is.,
annual subscription Is. .'i/rrtiiigs : Full particulars as to excursions can be obtained from
the Excursion Secretary, Mi^s L. Eoberts, 11, St. James', Hatcham, S.E. — Hon. Sec,
Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Eoad, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia,
Chambers, London Bridge.— Meetings ' The second and fourth Thursdays in the month
at 8 o'clock.

North London Natural Hiptory Society.— Meetings held at Room 20, Salisbury
House, Finsbury Circus, E.G., at 7 p.m., on the second and fourth Tuesdays in the
month. — Secretary, E. W. Eobbins, " Tonah," Hale End, Chingford.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society.— Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

NOTICE TO ALL PERSONS INTERESTED IN ENTOMOLOGY.
" SEITZ, THE MACROLEPJDOPTERA OF THE WORLD, "

Palaearctica, Part 90, Exotica, Part 70, has just been published.

Now ready, Yol. I. Rhopalocera Palsearctica, bound in half-morocco, price £3
payable with order.

I here give the plan of this important work and ask the subscribers of " Seitz "
that orders be sent direct to me.

I. Division: Fauna, palaearctica (blue cover) about 110 parts at Is. 3d. each.

Vol. I. Rhopalocera. Vol. III. Noctuae.

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II. Division : Fauna exotica, about 350 parts at 2s. each.

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Vol. V. Rhopalocera. Vol. VII. Noctua3.

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II. Fauna indoaustralica (green cover), about 145 parts.

Vol. IX. Rhopalocera. Vol. XI. Nocture.

Vol. X. Sphinges and Bombyces. Vol. XII. Geometnv.

III. Fauna africana (yellow cover) about 85 parts.

Vol. XIII. Rhopalocera. Vol. XV. Noctua;.

Vol. XIV. Sphinges and Bombyces. Vol. XVI. Geometrse.

III. Division : General Subject. An account of the physiology, biology, and

preservation of Lepidoptera, containing in addition the supplements to the
different faunas. Vol. XVII.

Stuttgart, Verlag des Seitz'schen Werkes.

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The same firm publishes the following amalgamated magazines, in which

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TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

BACK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist's Record

and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXII).

Single back volumes of the above can be obtained at 78. 6d. per volume ;
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Gends Acroiiycta and its allies. — Variation of TSinerinthvs tiliae, 3 coloured
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Lifebifatory of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp.

Contents of Vol. III.

Genus. Acronycta and its allies (continued) — Scientific Notes — The British
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appearance of Fjupithccia pygmeata — Dimorphic pupte — Duration of Ova State of
the Geoinetridue (with tables) — Effects of temperature on the colouring of Lepidop-
tera— Hints on labelling — Melanic varieties— Changes in nomenclature — Keeping
Micro pupae during winter — Notes on Genus Hepialus — Reviews, etc., etc., 320 pp.

Contents of Vol. iV.

Additions to British Lists — Presidential Addresses of British Association and
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society — Autumnal collecting at Fresh-
water, Isle of Wight — Captures of rarities — Collecting beetles — Critical notes on
certain Noctuae — A day's collecting in the Western Highlands — Apparent dearth
of Diitriii — Double-brooded species — The early stages of certain Geometrina — Sensi-
bility of larvffi to sound— Collecting in North Kent — How to obtain and preserve
ova— Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1893 — Stridulation— Variety breeding — The
Pupal and Imaginal wings of Lepidoptera, etc., etc., 354 pp.

Contents of Vol V.

On the larva of Aixtia caia (with plates) — Evolution of the Lepidopterous
Pupa— Rev. H. Burney's collection (sale) — Life-History of a Lepidopterous Insect
(Morphology and Physiology, etc.) — Among the Ancients — Krehia epiphron and its
named Varieties— Life-History of Agrotis agathina — Ten Days at Wicken Fen —
Varieties of Spilosoma metidica — Butterfly Catching in the neighbourhood of Mt.
Blanc — Life-History of Ocneria dispar — Ztjgaend exuluns and its Variations —
Entomology at Rainham, Essex — Additions to the British List — New Method of
Relaxing Insects, etc., etc., 308 pp.

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to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable.

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Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to The Kntomoluiiixt's lifc.ind, &i;., are
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and Postal Orders should be made payable to H. E. Page.

Advertisements of Books and'Iiisects for Sale or Books wanted will be inserted at a inhiiiuuiu
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Duplicates. — Advena, Tincta, Prasina, Adusta, Miniosa, Munda, Gracilis, Glauca,
Flavicornis var Scotica, Tetralunaria, Advenaria, Alsines, Blanda, Glareosa, Deplana,
dark Impluviata, Galatea, H. comma, Bellargus. Desiderata. — Anthrocera hippocrepidis
(early filipendulffi) and A. trifolii-minor, if from same colony. — E. A. Cockayne, 16,
Cambridge Square, IF.

Duplicates. — L. gueneei,* Campanulata, Absinthiata,* Tridens,* Russata* (yellow
var.), Flavicincta, Megacephala, Dilutata,* Valligera, Cursoria, Triangulum, Affinis,
Derasa, Tersata,* Ribesaria,* Badiata.Lithoriza, Geryon, Aurago,* Wavaria*. Desiderata.
— Numerous. — Rev. A. M. Downes, Batbeaston Vicarage, Bath.

Duplicates. — Humuli var. Hethlandica, Putrescens, Vestigialis, Exulis(Shetlands, I.),
Ambigua, Nigra, and many other local British moths. Desiderata. — British and Palse-
arctic Rhopalocera. — J. A. Simes, F.E.S., Mon Repos, Markham^s Lane, Woodford Green.

Duplicates. — Blethisa multipunctata, Harpalus caspius, Bembidium pallidipenne,
Cincindela germanica, Dianous ccerulescens, Lathrobium angustatum, Onthophilus
globulosus, Galerucella sagittarife, Coenopsis waltoni, &c. Desiderata. — Local coleoptera.
A. Ford, 36, Irving Road, Bournemouth.

Duplicates. — Templi. Desiderata. — Very numerous. — C. P. Gledhill, 35, Leyhurn
Grove, Shipley.

Duplicates. — Galathea, Argiolus, Filipendulae, Derasa, Batis, Psi, Chi, D. pinastri,
Lunigera, Australis, Triangulum, Brunnea, Augur, Suffusa, Brumata ( ? s), Rupicapraria
( t s), Amataria, Trilinearia, Rotundaria, Lignata, Bipunctaria, vars. of Pronuba, Trape-
zina, Strigilis, Festiva, Nictitans, Oxyacanthse, Pyraraidea, Betularia, Elinguaria, Pro-
gemmaria ( (j s and ?s), etc., etc. Desiderata.— ForceWas, Vespertaria, Apiciaria,
Advenaria, Prunaria, Fasciaria, Dolobraria, Lunaria, Tetralunatia, Bidentata, Alniaria,
and many other common Geometers to extend and replace. Well set perfect specimens,
black pins only. — J. Douglas, 6, Old Jewry, E.C.

Duplicates. — Cilialis, Margaritellus, Pascuellus, Inquinatellus, Phragmitellus,
Hastiana, Caledoniana, Sordidana, Bimaculana, Ophthalmicana, Geminana, (2), etc.
Desiderata. — Furcatellus, Ericellus, and many Pyrales, Crambi, Tortrices and Pterophori.
— T. Ashton Lofthouse, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

Duplicates. — Black Pilosaria*, Hamula*, Croceago*, Australis, Hastata*, Papilio-
naria, Palpina*, Autumnaria*, Unca, A. ligustri*, Fascelinaf, Zonaria*, Stratariii,
Mehloti, Conspersa, Togata*, Ditrapezium', Muralis, Dictaea, Opimia, Hispidus, Nigra,
Piniperda, Irrorella, Omicronaria*, Rubidata, Berberata*, Straminea, etc. Desiderata. —
Larvae of Grossulariata (Lancashire) and Caja (Blackpool district). — W. J. Ogden, 87,
The Common, Upper Clapton, London, W.

Duplicates. — Larvie, Tincta, Rumicis (from melanic wild ? ), Glauca, Nebulosa,
Carpini, Quercifolia, etc. Desiderata. — Well set imagines on black pins of many local
species. — Dr. Beckwith Whitehouse, 52, Neichall Street, Birmingham.

Desiderata. — Larvae or pupiE of the type or lighter than type betularia and bidentata.
Many common heterocera. Duplicates. — Larvee and pupw of true melanic bidentata and
intermediate betularia. Dominula.* — Hirtaria and Zonaria hybrid. — IF. Boicater, 20,
Russell Road, Mosely, Birmingham.

Duplicates. — A few fine Grossulariata var. varleyata, Zatima, and other extreme
vars. of Lubricipeda, etc. Desiderata. — Achillese, Livornica, Celerio, Ilicifolia, Muscu-
losa, Palustris ? , Satura, Ni, Crinanensis, Fuliginaria, Roboraria black var., Innotata,
Salicalis, Unionalis, Paludellus, Semiruta, iSplendidella, Terebrella, Rubrotibiella,
Tesseradactylus, and extreme vars. of Grossulariata and other species. — Geo. T.
Porritt, Elm Lea, Dalton, Huddcrsfield.

Ukgently w.\nted in April, May, or June, Living wild caught ? s Atalanta, Cardui.

lo, Edusa, Hyale, Polyctilcros, Lucina, C-Album, Vinula (or ova), Croeeago, Semibrunnea,
Exoleta, Vetusta ; also Giossulariata larvae from LancasHire and Huddersfield districts ;
liberal exchange or cash. — L. W. Newman, Bexley, Kent.

Desiderata. — British hymenoptera aculeata. Duplicates. — Many British lepidoptera
in fine condition. — V. E. Shaw, Betula, Fallow Court Avenue, North Finchley.

Duplicates. — Dissimilis*, Velleda, Captiuncula, Fibrosa, Melanopa, Cordigera,
Ambigua*, Lutosa, Rufa, Lubricipeda var. fasciala", Plaataginis*, Cambrica and dark
vars., Coracina, Blandiata, Hexapterata, Tristata, Bidentata* (Black), Carbonaria (6),
Fluviata*, Csesiata, Ruficinctata, Pumilata, Linariata*, Bicolorata var. plumbata, etc.
Desiderata. — Hyale, Pruni, Paniscus, Muscerda, Ligniperda, Andreniformis, Sphegi-
formis (narrow), Guenii, Albimacula, Irregularis, Barrettii, Obfuscata, Tteniata,
Virgaureata, Consignata, D.ipsacea, Ocellaris, Fraxini, etc. — T. Asliton Lofthouse, The
Croft. lAnthorpe, Middlesbrouqh.

Duplicates. — Selene, C-album (2), Sibylla (3), Betulae (2), Populi (pale and pink
forms), Meliloti, Z. trifolii* (vars.), Geryon (5), Senex, Griseola, Salicis,* lascelina (3),
Ridens, Pudorina, Phragmatidis, Elymi, Strigilis, Fasciuncula. Nigricans, Baja, Inter-
jecta, Typica, Rubiginea (8), Gueneei (2), Templi (3), Affinis, Absinthii (4), Argentula,
Moneta,* Chryeitis, Haworthii, Umbra (4), Sponsa, Nupta, Fibrosa, Leucophearia, Un-
angulata, Testata,' Zonaria'* Hirtaria (hybrid), a pair. Desiderata. — Cynipiformis,
Culiciformis, N. strigula, Testudo, B. trifolii, A. ligustri, Bondii, Petasitis (3), Caliginosa,
Depuucta, Populeti, Subtusa, Rusticata, Salicata, Dodoneata, Togata, Sparsata, Sexalata.
— G. Brooks, 28, Hilton Avenue, Friern Barnet.

Duplicates. — Polychloros,* Sibylla,* Betulae,* Bembeciforniis,* Meliloti, Cristulalis,*
Miniata*, Aureola,* Dominula,* Fuliginosa,* Fascelina,* Cratosgi,* Carpini,* Advenaria,*
Alniaria,* Abietaria,* Roboraria,* Orbicularia,* Temerata, Pictaria,* Alternata,* Pine-
taria, Cfpsiata, Grossulariata* (good vars.), Helveticata,* Lariciata,* Togata,* Albicillata,*
Undulata,* Psittacata,* Immanata, Populata, Obliquaria,* Furcuia, Vinula,* Dictsea,*
Dictaea,* Ziczac,* Dodonjea,* Ridens,* Myricae,* Menyanthidis,* Templi* (grease re-
moved), Flavago* (dark forms), Lucernea, Pisi,* Contigua, Absinthii,* Parthenias,
Bractea, Interrogationis, Pulchrina. Desiderata. — many local and common British
Butterflies, varieties especially. — Arthur Home, 60, Gladstone Place, Aberdeen, N.B.

WAmED.— Entomologist, 1868, nos. 50-52; 1869, nos. 62, 64-66; 1873, nos. 117,
119, 121-124 ; 1874, nos. 126-135 (or volume) ; 1876, nos. 151-154; 1877, no. 168; 1878,
nos. 176, 177, 180-187 (or volume).— Hy. J. Turner, 9S, Drakef ell Road , New Cross, S.E.

Wanted. — Clean copy Bcedeker's Spain. Recent edition, — H. E. Page, Bertrose,
Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E.

Duplicates. — Some Sicilian butterflies, including Galathea var. Procida. Also a dark
form of Galathea from Calabria approximating Turcica. Desiderata. — Types of other
species which occur in Sicily. — T. Piatt Barrett, " Westcroft,'^ South Road, Forest Hill,
S.E.

Changes oi'' Address. — C Bartlett, Rostock House, Woodhill, Portishead, Somerset.
P. H. Taxitz, 25, Berners Street, W. Lt.-Col. N. C. Manders, No. 4 Hut, South Road,
The Camp, Curragh, Ireland.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. March 20th ; April 3rd ; May 1st ; June 5th.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.— London
Institution, Fiusbury Circus, E.G. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
A. Sich, F.E.S. March 5th — Discussion and Exhibition, " The Genus Zo?io.so>«a,"
p.m., except in July and August. March 19th — Angervna prunaria. Notes on experiments
in response to colour environment, C. P. Pickett, F.E.S. April 2nd — Notes on Lepidoptera
of Pinner, Mr. P. H. Tautz." Entomologists are cordially invited to attend with exhibits.

Toynbee Natural History Society. — Toynbee Hall, at 8 p.m. Entrance fee Is.,
annual subscription Is. Meetings : Full particulars as to excursions can be obtained from
the Excursion ^secretary. Miss L. Roberts, 11, St. James', Hatcham, S.E. — Hon. Sec,
Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibemia,
Ciiaiubers, London Bridge. — Meetings : The second and fourth Thursdays in the month
at 8 o'clock.

North London Natural History Society. — Meetings held at Room 20, Salisbury
House, Finsbury Circus, E.C., at 7 p.m., on the second and fourth Tuesdays in the
month.— Secretary, R. W. Robbins, " Tonah," Hale End, Chingford.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

IN PARTS— ONE SHILLING.

A NATURAL HISTORY

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Commencing with the Variation and Life-histories of Agriades coridonand Polyommatus
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together with many photomicrographs of larval and pupal structure. Similar plates of
P. icarus are awaiting publication.)

Probably the finest life-histories of any species of lepidoptera ever published. The next
species to be treated is Aricia astrarche, a still more interesting one with regard to its
Varieties and Aberrations.

Part XI. will shortly be issued.
Subscription for 20 parts 17s. 6d.

BUTTERFLY=HUNTING IN MANY LANDS.

Notes of a Field Naturalist.

By GEORGE B. LONGSTAFF, M.A., M.D. (Oxon.),

Late Vice-President Entomological Society, London.

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Lewisham, S.E.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera

(Demy 8vo., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-.)
Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for the
forms of melanism and melanochroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of
melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin ; the special value of
"natural selection," "environment," "heredity," "disease," "temperature," &c., in
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the
Entomological Society of London, says, " An especially interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in
Mr. Tdtt's series of papers on ' Melanism and Melanochroism.' "

To be obtained from J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Koad
Brockley, S.E.

IIVIF* ORT ANT

TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

BACK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist's Record

and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXII).

Single back volumes of the above can be obtained at 78. 6d. per volume ;
except vols. I. and II., which are 10s. 6d. each, net; any two or three volumes
of the remainder at 7s. 3d. per volume ; four, five, six, seven, eight or
nine at 7s. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fourteen at 6s. 9d. per
volume ; fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty or twenty-
one at 6s. 6d. per volume. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published
price (plus postage). Special Indexes, Vols. III-XXII, sold separately, price
Is. 6d. each.

Contents of Voi> l> (Most important only Mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies. — Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured
plates — Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and anrelia — The Doubleday
collection — Parthenogenesis — Paper on Taeniocampida e — Phylloxera — Practical
Hints (many) — Parallel Variation in Coleoptera — Origin of Argynnis paphia var.
valesina — Work for the Winter — Temperature and Variation — Synonymic notes —
Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890 — Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda
lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus — Captures at light — Aberdeenshire notes, etc.,
etc., 360 pp.

Contents of Vol. II.

Melanism AND Melanochroism — Bibliography — Notes on Collecting — Articles
on Variation (many) — How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taenio-
campa opima— Collecting on the Norfolk Broads — Wing development — Hybridising
Amphidasys prodromaria and A. bettdaria — Melanism and Temperature — Differen-
tiation of Dianth(xcias — Disuse of wings — Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London
— Generic nomenclature and the Acronyctidae — A fortnight at Rannoch — Heredity
in Lepidoptera — Notes on Genus ZiGiENA (Anthrocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera —
Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp.

Contents of Vol. Mi.

Genus Acronycta and its allies (continued) — Scientific Notes — The British
Coccinellidae — Notes on Breeding — Notes on Coleopteba (very many) — Dates of
appearance of Eupithecia pygmeata — Dimorphic pupae — Duration of Ova State of
the Geometridae (with tables) — Effects of temperature on the colouring of Lepidop-
tera— Hints on labelling — Melanic varieties — Changes in nomenclature — Keeping
Micro pupse during winter — Notes on Genus Hepialus — Reviews, etc., etc., 320 pp.

Contents of Vol. IV.

Additions to British Lists — Presidential Addresses of British Association and
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society — Autumnal collecting at Fresh-
water, Isle of Wight — Captures of rarities — Collecting beetles — Critical notes on
certain Noctuae — A day's collecting in the Western Highlands — Apparent dearth
of Diurni — Double-brooded species— The early stages of certain Geometrina — Sensi-
bility of larvae to sound— Collecting in North Kent — How to obtain and preserve
ova — Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1893— Stridulation— Variety breeding — The
Pupal and Imaginal wings of Lepidoptera, etc., etc., 354 pp.

Contents of Vol V.

On the larva of Arctia caia (with plates) — Evolution of the Lepidopterous
Pupa— Rev. H. Burney's collection (sale) — Life-History of a Lepidopterous Insect
(Morphology and Physiology, etc.) — Among the Ancients — Erebia epiphron and its
named Varieties— Life-History of Agrotis agathina — Ten Days at Wicken Fen-
Varieties of Spilosoma mendica — Butterfly Catching in the neighbourhood of Mt.
Blanc — Life-History of Ocneria dispar — Zygaena exulans and its Variations —
Entomology at Rainham, Essex — Additions to the British List — New Method of
Relaxing Insects, etc., etc., 308 pp.

To be obtained only from—
Mr. H. E. PAGE, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Gross, London, S.E.

to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXIV. (7 shillings) should be sent to
Mr.'' Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross,
S.E. [This subscription includes all numbers published from
January 15th to December 15th, 1912.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines shuuld be
notified to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francerakry Road, Ladywell Road,
Brockley, S.E.

The Baclc Volumes (I-XXIII) of the Ent. Record, &c. (published at 10s. 6d. net),
can be obtained direct as follows — Single volumes, 7s 6d., except vols. I. and II., which
are lOa. 6d. each ; of the remainder, 2 or 3 volumes, 7s. 3d. each ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols.,
78. each ; 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 vols, at 6s. 9d. each ; 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
vols, at 6s. 6d. each. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus
postage). Special Indexes to Vols. III-XXII, sold separately, price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are kiiKlly requested to observe that siihscviptioiis to The KiUoinoloiiint'x liecaid. &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. Herbert E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. Cheques
and Postal Orders should l)e made payable to H. B. Page.

Advertisgmknts of Books and Insects for Sale or Books wanted will be inserted at a niiniiuuui
charge of '2s. 6d. (for coiir lines), fionger Advertisements in proportion. A redaction made for a series.
Particulars of Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.J';.

Duplicates. — Advena, Tincta, Prasina, Adusta, Miniosa, Munda, Gracilis, Glauca,
Flavicornis var Scotica, Tetralunaria, Advenaria, Alsines, Blanda, Glareosa, Deplana,
dark Impluviata, Galatea, H. comma, Bellargus. Desiderate. —Anthrocera hippocrepidis
(early filipendulsB) and A. trifolii-minor. if from same colony. — E. A. Cockayne, 16,
Cnmbridoe Square, IV.

Duplicates. — L. gueneei,* Campanulata, Absinthiata,* Tridens,* Bussata* (yellow
var.), Flavicincta, Megacephala, Dilutata,* Valligera, Cursoria, Triangulum, Affinis,
Derasa, Tersata,* Ribesaria.* Badiata,Lithoriza, Geryon, Aurago,* Wavaria*. Desiderata.
—Numerous. — Rev. A. M. Downes, Batheaston Vicarage, Bath.

Duplicates. — Humuli var. Hethlandica, Putrescens, Vestigialis, E.Kulis (Shetlands, I.),
Ambigua, Nigra, and many other local British moths. Desiderata. — British and Palse-
arctic Rhopalocera. — J. A. Sinies, F.E.S., Mori Pepos, Markhani's Lane, Woodford Green.

Duplicates. — Blethisa multipunctata, Harpalus caspius, Bembidium pallidipenne,
Cincindela germanica, Dianous c(prulescens, Lathrobium angustatum, Onthophilus
globulosus, Galerucella sagittariae, Csenopsis waltoni, d'c. Desiderata . — Local coleoptera.
.1. Ford, 36, Irving Road, Bournemouth.

Duplicates. — Templi. Desiderata.— Yevy numerous. — C. P. Gledhill, 'So, Leybum
Grove, Shipley.

Duplicates. — Galathea, Argiolus, Filipendula;, Derasa, Batis, Psi, Chi, D. pinastri,
Lunigera, Australis, Triangulum, Brunnea, Augur, Sutfusa, Brumata ( ? s), Rupicapraria
( t s), Amataria. Trilinearia, Rotundaria, Lignata, Biptlnctaria, vars. of Pronuba, Trape-
zina, Strigilis, Festiva, Nictitans, Oxyacanthae, Pyramidea, Betulkria. Elinguaria, Pro-
gemmaria ( <? s and ?s), etc., etc. Desiderata. — Porcellus, Vespertaria, Apiciaria,
Advenaria, Prunaria, Fasciaria, Doiobraria, Lunaria, Tetralunaria, Bidentata, Alniaria,
and many other common Geometers to extend and replace. Well set perfect specimens,
black pins only. — J. Doualas, 6, Old Jewry, E.G.

Duplicates. — Cilialis, Margaritellus, Pascuellus, Inquinatellus, Phragmitellus,
Hastiana, Caledoniana, Sordidana, Bimaculana, Ophthalmicana, Geminana, (2), etc.
Desiderata. — Furcatellus, Ericellus, and many Pyrales, Crambi, Tortrices and Pterophori.
— T. Ashton Lofthouse, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

Duplicates. — Black Pilosaria*, Hamula*, Croceago*, Australis, Hastata*, Papilio-
naria, Palpina*, Autumnaria*, Unca, A. ligustri*, Fascelinaf, Zonaria*, Strataria.
Meliloti, Conspersa, Togata*, Ditrapezium*, Muralis, Dictaea, Opimia, Hispidus, Nigra,
Piniperda, Irrorella, Omicronaria*, Rubidata, Berberata*, Straminea, etc. Desiderata . —
Larvae of Grossulariata (Lancashire) and Caja (Blackpool district). — TF. -T. Ogden, 87,
The Common, Upper Clapton, London, W.

Duplicates. — Larvae, Tincta, Rumicis (from melanic wild ? ), Glauca, Nebulosa,
Carpini, Quercifolia. etc. Desiderata. — Well set imagines on black pins of many local
-ipecies. — Dr. Beckwith Whitchouse, 52, Newliall Street, Birmingham.

Desiderata. — Larvse or pupas of the type or lighter than type betularia and bidentata.
Many common heterocera. Duplicates. — Larvae and pupa? of true melanic bidentata and
intermediate betularia. Dominula.^ — Hirtaria and Zonaria hybrid. — IF. Botvater, 20,
Russell Road, Mosely, Birmingham. ,

Duplicates. — A few fine Grossulariata var. varleyata, Zatima, and other extreme
vars. of Lubricipeda, etc. Desiderata. — Achilleae, Livornica, Celerio, Ilicifolia, Muscu-
losa, Palustris ? , Satura, Ni, Crinanensis. Fuliginaria, Roboraria black var., Innotata,
Salicalis, Unionalis, Paludellus, Semirufa, Splendidella, Terebrella, Rubrotibiella,
Tesseradactylus, and extreme vars. of Grossulariata and other species. — Geo. T.
I'ovritt, Elm Lea, Dalton, Huddersfield.

Urgently w.\nted in April, May, or -Fune, Living wild caught ? s Atalanta, Cardui.

lo, Ii^dusa, Hyale, Polychlcros, Lucina, C- Album, Vinula (or ova), Croceago, Semibrunnea,
Exoleta, Vetusta; also Grossulariata larvae from Lancashire and Hudderstield districts;
liberal exchange or cash.— /;,. IF. Newman, Bexley, Kent.

Desidernta. — Britif.h hymenoptera aculeata. Duplicates. — Many British lepidoptera
in tine condition. — V. K. Slonc, Betula, Fallow Court Avenue, North b'inchley.

Duplicates. — Disvimilis*, Velleda, Captiuncula, Fibrosa, Melanopa, Cordigera,
Ambigua*, Lutosa, Riifa, Lubricipeda var. fasciata*, Plantaginis*, Cambrica and dark
vars., Coracina, Blandiata, llexapterata, Tristata, Bidentata* (Black), Carbonaria (6).
Fluviata*, Coesiata, Riiticinctata, Pumilata, Linariata*, Bicolorata var. plurabata, etc-.
Desiderata. — Hyale, Pruni, Paniscus, Muscerda, Ligniperda, Andreniformis, Sphegi-
formis (narrow), Guenii, Albimacula, Irregularis, Barrettii, Obfuscata, Toeniata,
Vii-gaureata, Consignata, Dipsacea, Ocellaris, Fraxini, etc. — T. Asiiton Lofthouse, The
<^roft. Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

Duplicates. — Selene, C-album (2), Sibylla (3), Betulse (2), Populi (pale and pink
forms), Meliloti, Z. trifolii* (vars.), Geryon (5), Senex, Griseola, Salicis,* I'ascelina (3),
Ridens, Pudorina, Phragmatidis, Elymi, Strigilis, Fasciuncula. Nigricans, Baja, Inter-
jecta, Typica, Rubiginea (3), Gueneei (2), Templi (3), Affinis, Absinthii (4), Argentula,
Moneta,* Chrysitis, Haworthii, Umbra (4), Sponsa, Nupta, Fibrosa, Leucophearia, Un-
angulata, Testata,* Zonaria'* Hirtaria (hybrid), a pair. Desiderata. — Cynipiformis,
Culiciformis, N. strigula, Testudo, B. trifolii, A. ligustri, Bondii, Petasitis (3), Caliginosa,
Depuncta, Populeti, Subtusa, Rusticata, Salicata, Dodoneata, Togata, Sparsata, Sexalata.
— G. Brooks, 28, Hilton Avenue, Friern Barnet.

Duplicates. — Polychloros,* Sibylla,* Betulse,* Bembeciformis,* Meliloti, Cristulalis,*
Miniata*, Aureola,* Dominula,* Fuliginosa,* Fascelina,* Crataegi,* Carpini,* Advenaria,*
Alniaria,* Abietaria,* Roboraria,* Orbicularia,* Temerata, Pictaria,* Alternata,* Pine-
taria, Ca-siata, Grossulariata* (good vars.), Helveticata,* Lariciata,* Togata,* Albicillata,*
Undulata,* Psittacata,* Immanata, Populata, Obliquaria,* Furcuia, Vinula,* Diotaea,*
Dictaea,* Ziczac,* Dodontea,* Ridens,* Myricae,* Menyanthidis,* Templi* (grease re-
moved), Flavago* (dark forms), Lucernea, Pisi,* Contigua, Absinthii,* Parthenias,
Bractea, Interrogationis, Pulchrina. Desiderata. — many local and common British
Butterflies, varieties especially.' — Arthur Home, 60, Gladstone Place, .iherdeen, N.B.

Wantei).— Entomologist, 1868, nos. 50-52; 1869, nos. 62, 64-66; 1873, nos. 117'
119, 121-124 ; 1874, nos. 12B-135 (or volume) ; 1876, nos. 151-154; 1877, no. 168; 1878,
nos. 176, 177, 180-187 (or volume).— Hi/. J. Turner, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, S.K.

Duplicates. — Some Sicilian butterflies, including Galathea var. Procida. Also a dark
form of Galathea from Calabria approximating Turcica. Desiderata. — Types of other
species which occur in Sicily. — T. Piatt Barrett, " Westcroft." South Road, Forest Hill.
S.E.

CuANflKS OK Address. — ./. R. le B. Tomlin, " Lakc/oot,^' 120, Hamilton Road,
Reading.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
X p.m. May 1st ; June 5th.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Fin.sbury Circu.s, K.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the inonth, at 7.30
April 16th, "Modern Bee Keeping," V. E. Shaw. May 7th, Special Exhibition and
Discussion. — Hyhernia leucophearia. May 21st, Special Exhibit — living larvae.

Toynbee Natural History Society. — Toynbee Hall, at 8 p.m. Entrance fee Is.,
annual subscription Is. Meetings : Full particulars as to excursions can be obtained from
the Excursion Secretary, Miss L. Roberts, 11, St. James', Hatcham, S.E. — Hon. Sec,
Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia,
Chambers, London Bridge. Meetings : The second and fourth Thursdays in the month
at 8 o'clock.

NorthLondon Natural History Society. — Meetings held at Room 20, Salisbury
House, Finsbury Circus, EC, at 7 p.m., on the second and fourth Tuesdays in the
month. — Secretary, R. W. Robbins, "/lonah," Hale End, Chingford.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

IN PARTS— ONE SHILLING.

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION.
Vol. IV.

Commencing with the Variation and Life-histories of Agriades coridon and Polyommatus
icariis (with four plates of the named aberrations and varieties of the first-named species
together with many photomicrographs of larval and pupal structure. Similar plates of
P. icarus are awaiting publication.)

Probably the finest life-histories of any species of lepidoptera ever published. The next
species to be treated is Aricia astrarche, a still more interesting one with regard to its
Varieties and Aberrations.

Part XI. will shortly be issued.
Subscription for 20 parts 178. 6d.

Butterflies of Switzerland and tlie Alps of Central Europe

By GEO. WHEELER, M.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S.

Price Ss. net. Interleaved, 6s.

Limp cloth covers. — Handy for the knapsack.

This book is of the highest value not only to collectors of Continental Butter-
flies, but to all those who collect British butterflies, as it gives a great many detailed
facts about the species in which they are more particularly interested.

The details of Variation and Distribution are particularly important, and those
lepidopterists to whom Kane's book has long been a treasured friend, will find in this
more information, more detail, and many more localities than were at the disposal of
the author of the earlier volume.

" To those who carry a net abroad, this handbook will be invaluable as a book of
reference We can cordially recommend it " — H. Rowland-
Brown, M.A., F.E.S., The Entomologist's Record, vol. xv.
V Dear SiR.-Herewith I forward pos^tal'order value ^^\ for J'^l^ of The Butter-
flies of fin^it:erlnnd and the Alps of Central Europe.

Name >

Address

To Mr. H. E. PAGE, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Gross, London, S.E.

FOR SAlIeI

Tutt's ^'British Lepidoptera," vols. I to X. Tutt's "British Butterflies," vol«.
I to III. Tutt's " British Noctuae," vols. I to IV. Tutt's "Practical Hints for the
Field Lepidopterist," parts I to III, with Index. There are also a few copies of
i- ** British Noctuae," slightly soiled, to be sold cheaply.

' A. M. COCHRANE.

41, Wisteria Road,

Lewisham, S.E.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera

(Demy 8vo., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-.)
6 Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for th«

' forms of melanism and melanochroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of
* melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin ; the special value of
"natural selection," "environment," "heredity," "disease," "temperature," &c., in
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in bis Presidential address to the Fellows of the
Entomological Society of London, says, "An especially interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in
Mr. Tutt's series of papers on ' Melanism and Melanochroism.' "

To be obtained from J. Herbert Tdtt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road,
^ Brockley, S.E.
e

I1VIJPORXJS.NT

TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

BACK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist's Record

and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXIl).

Single back volumes of the above can be obtained at 7s. 6d. per volume ;
except vols. I. and II., which are 10s. 6d. each, flet; any two or three volumes
of the remainder at 7s. 3d. per volume ; four, five, six. seven, eight or
nine at 7s. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fourteen at 6s. 9d. per
volume ; fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty or twenty-
one at 6s. 6d. per volume. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published
price (plus postage). Special Indexes, Vols. III-XXII, sold separately, price
Is. 6d. each. '

Contents of VoU !• {Most important only Mentioned.)

Gknus Acro)iycta and its allies. — Variation of Smerinthus tiluie, 3 coloured
plates — Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia — The Doubleday
collection — Parthenogenesis — Paper on Taeniocaiiipidae — I^hylloxera — Practical
Hints (many) — Parallel Variation in Coleoptera — Origin of Argynnis paphia var.
valesina — Work for the Winter — Temperature and Variation — Synonymic notes —
Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890 — Lifehistories of Agrotis-pyrophila, Epunda
lichenea, Heliophobus liispiduf — Captures at light — Aberdeenshire notes, etc.,
etc., 360 pp.

Contents of Vol. II.

Melanism and MEiANOCHROiSM — Bibliography — Notes oeT Collecting — Articles
on Variation (many) — How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegifonnis, Taenio-
campa opima— Collecting on the Norfolk Broads — Wing development — Hybridising
Aniphidasyn prodromana and A. betularia — Melanism and Temperature — Differen-
tiation of Dianthu'ciiis — Disuse of wings— Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London
— Generic nomenclature and the Acronyctidae — A fortnight at Rannoch — Heredity
in Lepidoptera — Notes on Genus ZYOiENA {Anthrocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera -
Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp.

Contents of Vol. III.

Genus Acronycla and its allies (continued) — Scientific Notes — The British
Coccwellidae — Notes on Breeding — Notes on Coleoptera (very many) — Dates of
appearance of Kupithecia pygmeata — Dimorphic pupte — Duration of Ova State of
the Geometridue (with tables) — Effects of temperature on the colouring of Lepidop-
tera— Hints on labelling — Melanie varieties — Changes in nomenclature — Keeping
Micro pupsE during winter — Notes on Genus Hepialus — Reviews, etc., etc., 320 pp.

Contents of Vol. IV.

Additions to British Lists — Presidentia^Addresses of British Association and
Ijancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society — Autumnal collecting at Fresh-
water, Isle of Wight — Captures of rarities — Collecting beetles — Critical notes on
certain Noctuae — A day's collecting in the Western Highlands — Apparent dearth
of Diurni — Double-brooded species — The early stages of certain Geometrina — Sensi-
bility of larvee to sound — Collecting in North Kent — How to obtain and preserve
ova — Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1893 — Stridulation — Variety breeding — The
Pupal and Iraaginal wings of Lepidoptera, etc., etc., 354 pp.

Contents of Vol V.

On the larva of Arctia caia (with plates) — Evolution of the Lepidopterous
Pupa — Rev. H. Burney's collection (sale) — Life-History of a Lepidppterous Insect
(Morphology and Physiology, etc.) — Among the Ancients — Erebia epiphron and its
named Varieties— Life-History of Agrotis agathina — Ten Days at Wicken Fen-
Varieties of S2)ilosonia mendica — ^Butterfly Catching in the neighbourhood of Mt.
Blanc — Life-History of Ocneria dispar — Zygaenu exulans and its Varif^tions —
Entomology at Rainham, Essex — Additions to the British List — New Method of
Relaxing Insects, etc., etc., 308 pp.

To 'be obtained only from —
Mr. H. E. PAGE, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.E.

to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXIV. (7 shillings) should be sent to
Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross,
S.E. [This subscription includes all numbers published from
January 15th to December 15th, 1912.]

Non-receipt of errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road,
Brockley, S.E.

The Back volumes (I-XXIII) of the Ent. Record, &c. (published at lOs. 6d. net),
can be obtained direct as follows — Single volumes, 7s. 6d., except vols. I. and II., which
are 10s. 6d. each ; of the remainder 2 or 3 volumes, 7s. 3d. each ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols.,
7s. each ; 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 vols, at 6s. 9d. each ; 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
vols, at 6s. 6d. each. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus
postage). Special Indexes to Vols. III-XXII, sold separately, price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to The Entomologist's ltecord,&c.,a,te
payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. Cheques
and Postal Orders should be made payable to H. E. Page.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale, or Books wanted will be inserted at a niinimura
charge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series.
Particulars of Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E.

Duplicates. — Advena, Tincta, Prasina, Adusta, Miniosa, Munda, Gracilis, Glauca,
Flavicornis var Scotica, Tetralunaria, Advenaria, Alsines, Blanda, Glareosa, Deplana,
dark Impluviata, Galatea, H. comma, Bellargus. Desiderata. — Anthrocera hippocrepidis
(early filipendulae) and A. trifolii-minor, if from same colony. — E. A. Cockayne, 16,
Cambridge Square, W.

Duplicates. — L. gueneei,* Campanulata, Absinthiata,* Tridens,* Russata* (yellow
var.), Flavicincta, Megacephala, Dilutata,* Valligera, Cursoria, Triangulum,, Affinis,
Derasa, Tersata,* Ribesaria,* Badiata, Lithoriza, Geryon, Aurago,* Vf&w&ria* . Desiderata.
— Numerous. — Eev. A. M. Doumes, Batheaston Vicarage, Bath.

Duplicates. — Humuli var. Hethlandica, Putrescens, Vestigalis, Exulis (Shetlands, I.),
Ambigua, Nigra, and many other local British moths. Desiderata. — British and Palse-
arctic Khopalocera. — J. A. Simes, F.E.S., Mon. Repos, Markham^s Lane, Woodford Green.

Duplicates. — Blethisa multipunctata, Harpalus caspius, Bembidium pallidipenne,
Cincindela germanica, Dianous cterulescens, Lathrobium angustatum, Onthophilus
globulosus, Galerucella sagittarije, Canopsis waltoni, &c. Desiderata. — Local coleoptera.
A. Ford, 36, Irving Road, Bournemouth.

Duplicates. — Templi. Desiderata. — Vex-y numerous. — C. P. Gledhill, 35, Leyburn
Grove, Shipley.

Duplicates. — Galathea, Argiolus, Filipendulse, Derasa, Batis, Psi, Chi, D. pinastri,
Lunigera, Australis. Triangulum, Brunnea, Augur, Suffusa, Brumata ( 9 s), Rupicapraria
( 9 s.), Amataria, Trilinearia.Rotundaria, Lignata, Bipunctaria, va«:s. of Pronuba, Trape-
zina, Strigilis, Festiva, Nictitans, Oxyacanthse, Pyramidea, Betularia, Elinguaria, Pro-
gemmaria ( <? s and ? s), etc., etc. Desiderata.— Porcellus, Vespertaria, Apiciaria,
Advenaria, Prunaria, Fasciaria, Dolobraria, Lunaria, Tetralunaria, Bidentata, Alniaria,
and many other common Geometers to extend and replace. Well set perfect specimens,
black pins only. — J. Douglas, 6, Old Jeicry, B.C.

Duplicates. — Cilialis, Margaritellus, Pascuellus, Inquinatellus, Phragmitellus,
Hastiana, Caledoniana, Sordidana, Bimaculana, Ophthalmicana, Geminana, (2), etc.
Desiderata. — Furcatellus, Ericellus, and many Pyrales, Crambi, Tortrices and Pterophori.
— T. Ashton Lofthouse, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

Duplicates. — Black Pilosaria*, Hamula*, Croceago*, Australis, Hastata*, Papilio-
naria, Palpina*, Autumnaria*, ITnca, A. ligustri*, Fascelinaf, Zonaria*, Strataria,
MeUloti, Conspersa, Togato*, Ditrapezium*, Muralis, Dictaea, Opimia, Hispidus, Nigra,
Piniperda, Irrorella, Omicronaria*, Rubidata, Berbei-ata*, Stramlnea, etc. Desiderata. —
Larvae of Grossulariata (Lancashire) and Caja (Blackpool district). — W. J. Ogden, 87,
The Common, Upper Clapton, London, W.

Duplicates. — Larvae, Tincta, Rumicis (from melanic wild ?), Glauca, Nebulosa,
Carpini, Quercifolia, etc. Desiderata. — Well set imagines on black pins of many local
species. — Dr. Beckwith Whitehouse, 52, Newhall Street, Birmingham.

Duplicates. — A few fine Grossulariata var. varleyata, Zatima, and other extreme
vars. of Lubricipeda, etc. Desiderata. — A.chi\\eee, Livomica, Celerio, Ilicifolia, Muscu-
losa, Palustris 9 , Satura, Ni, Crinanensis, FuHginaria, Roboraria black var., Innotata,
Salicalis, Unionalis, Paludellus, Semirufa, Splendidella, Terehrella, Rubrotibielia,
Tesseradactylus, and extreme vars. of Grossulariata and other species. — Geo. T.
Porritt, Elm Lea, Dalton, Huddersfield.

Urgently w.\.nted in April, May, or June, Living wild caught 9 s Atalanta, Cardui,
lo, Edusa, Hyale, Polychlorus, Lucina, C-Albura, Vinula(orova), Croceago, Semibrunnea,
Exoleta, Vetusta ; also Grossulariata larva; from Lancashire an4 Huddersfield districts ;
liberal exchange or cash. — L. W. Newman, Bexley, Kent.

Desiderata. — British hymenoptera aculeata. Duplicates. — Many British lepidoptera •
in fine condition. — T . K. Shaiv, Betula, Fallow Court Avenue, North Fiiichley.

Duplicates. — Dissimilis*. Velleda, Captiuncula, Fibrosa, Melanopa, Cordigera,
Ambigua*, Lntosa, Rufa, Lubricipeda var. fasciata*, Plantaginis*, Cambrica and dark
vars.; Coracina, Blandiata, Hexapterata, Tristata, Bidentata* (Black), Carbonaria (6),
Fluviata*, Cresiata, Euficinctata, Pumiiata, Linariata*, Bicolorata var. plumbata, etc.
Deaiderata. — Hyale, Pruni, Paniscus, Muscerda, Ligniperda, Andreniformis, Sphegi.
formis (narrow;, Guenii, Albimacula, Irregularis, Barrettii, Obfuseata, Taeniata,
Virgaureata, Consignata, Dipsacea, Ocellaris, Fraxini, etc. — T. Ashton Loftliouse, The
Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrouijh.

Duplicates. — Selene, C-album (2), Sibylla (B), Betulse (2), Populi (pale and pink
forms), Meliloti, Z. Trifolii* (vars.), Geryon (-5), Senex, Griseola, Salicis*, Fascelina (3),-
Ridens, Pudorina, Phragmatidis, Elymi, Strigilis, Fasciuncula, Nigricans, Baja, Inter-
jeeta, Typica, Rubiginea (3), Gueneei (2), Templi (3), Affinis, Absinthii (4), Argentula,
Moneta,* Chi-ysitis, Haworthii, Umbra (4), Sponsa, Nupta, Fibrosa, Leucophearia, Un-
angulata, Testata,* Zonaria,* Hirtaria (hybrid), a pair. Desiderata.— Cynipif.)rmis,
Culiciformis, N. strigula, Testudo, B. trifolii, A. ligustri, Bondii, Petasitis (3), Caliginosa,
Depuncta, Populeti, Subtusa, Rusticata, Salicata, Dodoneata, Togata, Sparsata, Sexalata.
— G. Brooks, 28, Hilton Avenue, Friern, Barnet.

Duplicates. — Polychloros,* Sibylla,* Betulae,* Bembeciformis,* Meliloti, Gristulalis,*
Miniata," Aureola,* Dominula,* Fuliginosa,* Fascelina,* Crataegi,* Carpini,* Advenaria,*
Alniaria,* Abietaria,* Roboraria,* Orbicularia,* Temerata, Pictaria,* Alternata,* Pine-
taria, Csesiata, Grossulariata* (good vars,), Helveticata,* Lariciata,* Togata,* Albicillata,*
Undnlata,* Psittacata,* Imnianata, Populata, Obliquaria,* Furcuia, Viuula,* Dicttea,*
Ziczac,* Dodonsea,* Ridens,* Myricse,* Menyanthidis,* Templi* (grease removed),
Flavago* (dark forms), Lucernea, Pisi,* Contigua, Absinthii,* Parthenias, Bractea,
Interrogationis, Pulchrina. Desiderata. — Many local and common British Butterflies,
varieties especi&lly .—Arthur Home, 60, Gladstone Place, Aberdeen, N.B.

WAmEv.—Flntomoloffist, 1868, nos. 50-52; 1869, nos. 62, 64-66; 1873, nos. 117,
119, 121-124 ; 1874, nos. 126-135 (or volume) ; 1876, nos. 151-154; 1877, no. 168 ; 1878,
nos. 176, 177, 180-187 (or volume).— if y. J. Turnir, 98, DrakeJ'ell Road, Neiv Cross, S.E.

Duplicates. — Some Sicilian butterflies, including Galathea var. Procida. Also a dark
form of Galathea from Calabria approximating Turcica. Desiderata. — Types of other
species which occur in Sicily. — T. Piatt Barrett, " Westcroft," South Road, Forest Hill,
S.E.

Duplicates. — Polychloros,* w-album, Lucina,* Minima, Neustria,* Urticae,* Consonaria
(var. Nigra), Diftinis, Hispidaria, Fuscantaria, Rhamnata, Asteris, Carmelita. Abruptaria,
Suasa, Gilvago Rufina, Pastinum, Puta, Phragmitidis and others. Desiderata. —
Bidentata, especially Scotch and Irish, and varieties. Also living specimens in any stage
from South of England. Paniscus. — W. Boicater, HO, Russell iioad, Moseley, Birmingham.

Changes of Address.— t7. R. le B. Tomlin, " Lake foot," 120, Hamilton Road,
Readiuf).

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.— 11, Chandoa Street, Cavendish Square, VV.,
8 p.m. May Jst ; June 5th.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.G.— The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
April 16th. May 21st, Special Exhibit— living larvre.

Toynbee Natural History Society. — Toynbee Hall, at 8 p.m. Entrance fee Is.,
annual subscription Is. Meetings : Full particulars as to excursions can be obtained from
the Excursion Secretary, Miss L. Roberts, 11, St. James,' Hatcham, S.E. — Hon. Sec,
Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia,
Chaml)ers, London Bridge. — Meetings .- The second and fourth Thursdays in the month
at 8 o'clock.

North London Notural History Society.— Meetings held at Room 30, Salisbury
House, Finsbury Circus, E.G., at 7 p.m., on the second and fourth Tuesdays in the
month.— Secretary, R. W. Robbins, " Tonah," Hale End, Chingford.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society.— Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

ON PARTS— ONE SHILLING.

A NATURAL HISTORY

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BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

THEIR WORLDWIDE VARIATION ^ND DISTRIBUTION.
Vol. IV.

Commencing with the Variation and Life-histories of AyrUuU's ooridoji and Polijommatus
icarus (with four plates of the named aberrations and varieties of the first-named species
together with many photomicrographs of larval and pupal structure. Similar plates of
P. icarus are awaiting publication.)

Probably the finest life-histories of any species of lepidoptera ever published. The next
species to be treated is Aricia astrarehe, a still more interesting one with regard to its
Varieties and Aberrations.

Part XI. will shortly be issued.
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' THE

Butterflies of Switzerland and the Alps of Central Europe

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The details of Variation and Distribution are particularly important, and those
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" To those who carry a net abroad, this handbook will be invaluable as a book of

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Melanism and Melanochroism in British Liepidoptera

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particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the
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nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in
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To be obtained from J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Boad, Ladywell Eoad,
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I]VII>ORTANrT

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Genus Acronycta and its allies. — Variation bf Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured
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Contents of Vol. IV.

Additions to British Lists — Presidential Addresses of British Association and
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water, Isle of Wight — Captures of rarities — Collecting beetles — Critical notes on
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ova— Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1893— Stridulation— Variety breeding — The
Pupal and Imaginal wings of Lepidoptera, etc., etc., 354 pp.

Contents of Vol V.

On the larva of Arctia caia (with plates)— Evolution of the Le^idopterous
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(Morphology and Physiology, etc.) — Among the Ancients — Erehia epiphron and its
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Entomology at Rainham, Essex — Additions to the British List — New Method of
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Duplicates. — Advena, Tincta, Prasina, Adusta, Miniosa, Munda, Gracilis, Glauca,
Flavicoruis var Scotica, Tetralunaria, Advenaria, Alsines, Blanda, Glareosa, Deplana,
dark Impluviata, Galatea, H. comma, Bellargus. Desiderata. — Anthrocera hippocrepidis
(early filipendulae) and A. trifolii-minor, if from same colony. — E. A. Cockayne, 16,
Cambridge Square, W.

Duplicates. — L. gueneei,* Campanulata, Absinthiata,* Tridens,* Bussata* (yellow
var.K Flavicincta, Megacephala, Dilutata,* Valligera, Carsoria, Triangulum, Affinis,
Derasa, Tersata,* Bibesaria,* Badiata, Lithoriza, Geryon, Aurago,* W&\sivi&*. Desidei'ata.
— Numerous. — Rev. A. M. Doicnes, Batheaston Vicarage, Bath.

Duplicates. — Humuli var. Hethlandica, Putrescens, Vestigalis, Exulis (Shetlands, I.),
Ajjibigua, Nigra, and many other local British moths. Desiderata. — British and Palas-
arctic Rhopalocera. — J. A. Siiiies, E.E.S., Mon. Repos, Markham's Lane, Woodford Green.
Duplicates. — Sinapis (Irish) aurinia (Irish, unset). Desiderata. — JLthiops, Epiphron,
&c., unset or continentar setting. — Lt.-Gol. N. Manders, 4, South Road, Curragh Camp,
Co. Kildare.

Duplicates. — Templi. Desiderata. — Very numerous. — G. P. Gledhill, 35, Leyburn
Grove, Shipley. ,

Duplicates. — Galathea, Argiolus, Filipendulas, Derasa, Batis, Psi, Chi, D. pinasti'i,
Lunigera, Australis, Triangulum, Brunnea, Augur, Suffusa, Brumata ( 9 s), Rupicapraria
( ? s.), Amataria, Trilinearia, Rotundaria, Lignata, Bipunctaria, vars. of Pronuba, Trape-
zina, Strigilis, Festiva, Nictitans, Oxyacanthae, Pyramidea, Betularia, Elinguaria, Pro-
' gemmaria ( <? s and ? s), etc., etc. Desiderata. — Porcellus, Vespertaria, Apiciaria,
Advenaria, Pinmaria, Fasciaria, Dolobraria, Lunaria, Tetralunaria, Bidentata, Alniaria,
and many other common Geometers to extend and replace. Well set perfect specimens,
black pins only. — J. Douglas, 6, Old Jewry, E.G.

Duplicates. — Cilialis, Margaritellus, Pascuellus, Inqninatellus, Phragmitellus,
Hastiana, Caledoniana, Sordidana, Bimaeulana, Ophthalmicana, Geminana, (2), etc.
Desiderata. — Furcatellus, Ericellus, and many Pyrales, Crambi, Tortrices and Pterophori.
— T. Ashton Lofthouse, The Croft, Linthorpe^J^Iiddlesbrough.

Duplicates. — Black Pilosaria*, Hamula*, Croceago*, Australis, Hastata*, Papilio-
naria, Palpina*, Autumnaria*, Unca, A. ligustri*, Fascelinaf, Zonaria*, Strataria,
Meliloti, Conspersa, Togato*, Ditrapezium*, Muralis, Dictaea, Opimia, Hispidus, Nigra,
Piniperda, Irrorella, Omicronaria*, Rubidata, Berberata*, Strarainea, etc. Desiderata. —
Larvae of Grossulariata (Lancashire) and Caja (Blackpool district). — W. J. Ogden, 87,
The Common, Upper Clapton, London, W.

Duplicates. — Larvae, Tincta, Rumicis (from melanic wild ? ), Glauca, Nebulosa,
Carpini, Quercifolia, etc. Desiderata. — Well set ima-gines on black pins of many local
species. — Dr. Beckwith Whitehouse, 52, Newhall Street, Birmingham.

Duplicates. — A few fine Grossulariata var. varleyata, Zatima, and other extreme
vars. of Lubricipeda, etc. Desiderata. — AchWleai, Livoinica, Celerio, Ilicifolia, Muscu-
losa, Palustris ?, Satura, Ni, Crinanensis, Fuliginaria, Roboraria black var., Innotata,
Salicalis, Unionans, Paludellus, Semirufa, Splendidella, . Terebrella, Rubrotibielia,
Tesseradactylus, and extreme vars. of Grossniariata and other species. — Geo. T.
Porritt, Elm Lea, Dalton, Huddersfield.

Urgently wanted in April, May, or June, Living wild caught ? s Atalanta, Cardui,
lo, Edusa, Hyale, Polychlorus, Lucina, C-Album, Vinula (or ova), Croceago, Semibrunnea,
Exoleta, Vetusta ; also Grossulariata larvae from Lancashire and Huddersfield districts;
liberal exchange or cash. — L. W . Newman, Bexley, Kent.

Wanted urgently. — A number of set Hirtaria (both sexes). Will do what I can in
return. — J. W. H. Harrison, 181, Abingdon Road, Middlesbro' .

Desiderata. — British hymenoptera aculeata. Duplicates.— Manj British lepidoptera
in fine condition. — V . E. Shaw, Betula, Fallout Court Avenue, North Finchley.

Duplicates. — Dissimilis*, Velleda, Captiuncula, Fibrosa, Melanopa, Cordigej»,,
Ambigua*, Liitosa, Rufa, Lubricipeda var. fasciata*, Plantaginis*, Cambrica and dark
vars.; Coracina, Blandiata, Hexapterata, Tristata, Bidentata* (Black), Carbonaria (6),
Fluviata*, Csesiata, Ruficinctata, Pumilata, Linariata*, Bicolorata var. plumbata, etc.
Desiderata. — Hyale, Pruni, Paniscus, Muscerda, Ligniperda, Andreniformis, Sphegi.
formis (narrow), Guenii, Albimacula, Irregularis, Barrettii, Obfuscata, Tseniata,
Virgaureata, Consignata, Dipsacea, Ocellaris, Fraxini, etc. — T. Ashton Lofthouse, The
Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

Duplicates. — Selene, C-album (2), Sibylla (3), Betulee (2), Populi (pale and pink
forms], Meliloti, Z. Trifolii* (vars.), Geryon (5), Senex, Griseola, Salicis*, Fascelina (3)
Ridens, Pudorina, Phragmatidis, Elymi, Strigilis, Fasciuncula, Nigricans, Baja, Inter
jecta, Typica, Rnbiginea (3), Gueneei (2), Templi (3), AfBnis, Absinthii (4), Argentula
Moneta,* Chrysitis, Haworthii, Umbra (4), Sponsa, Nupta, Fibrosa, Leucopbearia, Un
angulata, Testate,* Zonaria,* Hirtaria (hybrid), a pair. DeswZerata.— Cynipif:)rmis
Culiciformis, N. strigula, Testudo, B. trifolii, A. ligustri, Boadii, Petasitis (3), Caliginosa
Depuncta, Populeti, Subtusa, Rusticata, Salicata, Dodoneata, Togata, Sparsata, Sexalata
— G. Brooks, 28, Hilton Avenue, Friern, Baimet.

Duplicates.— Polychloros,* Sibylla,* Betulse,* Bembeciformis,* Meliloti, Cristulalis,*
Miniata," Aureola,* Dominula,* Fuliginosa,* Fascelina,* Cratsegi,* Carpini,* Advenaria,*
Alniaria,* Abietaria,* Roboraria,* Orbicularla,* Temerata, Pictaria,* Alternata,* Pine-
taria, Csesiata, Grossulariata* (good vars,), Helveticata,* Lariciata,* Togata,* Albicillata,*
Undulata,* Psittacata,* Immanata, Populata, Obliquaria,* Furcuia, Vinula,* Diettea,*
Ziczac,* Dodonasa,* Ridens,* Myricffi,* Menyanthidis,* Templi* (grease removed),
Flavago* (dark forms), Lucernea, Pisi,* Contigua, Absinthii,* Parthenias, Bractea,
Interrogationis, Pulchrina. Desiderata. — Many local and common British Butterflies,
varieties especially. — Arthur Home, 60, Gladstone Place, Aberdeen, N.B.

Wasted. —Entomologist, 1868, nos. 50-52; 1869, nos. 62, 64-66; 1873, nos. 117,
119, 121-124 ; 1874, nos. 12G-135 (or volume) ; 1876, nos. 151-154 ; 1877, no. 168 ; 1878,
nos. 176, 177, 180-187 (or volume).— iJ?/. J. Turner, 98, Drakef ell Road, Neiv Cross, S.E.

Duplicates. — Some Sicilian butterflies, including Galathea var. Procida. Also a dark
form of Galathea from Calabria approximating Turcica. Desiderata. — Types of other
species which occur in Sicily. — T. Piatt Barrett, " Westcroft,'^ South Road, Forest Hill,
S.E.

Duplicates. — Polychloros,* w-album, Lucina,* Minima, Neustria,* Urticae,* Copsonaria
(var. Nigra), Diffinis, Hispidaria, Fuscantaria, Rhamnata, Asteris, Carmelita, Abruptaria,
Suasa, Gilvago Rufina, Pastinum, Puta, Phragmitidis and others. Desiderata. —
Bidentata, especially Scotch and Irish, and varieties. Also living specimens in any stage
from South of England. Paniscus. — W. Boivater, 20, Russell Road, Moseley, Birmingham.

Changes of Address. — Col. L. B. Irby, Evington Place, Ashford, Kent. E. E. B.
Prest, " Arva,^' Ashtead, Surrey ^

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. May 1st ; June 5th.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
April 16th. May 21st, Special Exhibit — living larvae.

Toynbee Natural History Society. — Toynbee Hall, at 8 p.m. Entrance fee Is.,
annual subscription Is. Meetings : Full particulars as to excursions can be obtained from
the Excursion Secretary, Miss L. Roberts, 11, St. James,' Hatcham, S.E. — Hon. Sec,
Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibemia,
Chambers, London Bridge. — Meetings : The second and fourth Thursdays in the month
at 8 o'clock. Next Field Meetings : June 15th, Penslake, conducted by W. J. Kaye,
F.E.S. ; June 91th, Byfleet, conducted by S. Edwards, F.E.S. ; July 13th, Clandon,
conducted by H. J. Turner, F.E.S.

North London Notural History Society. — Meetings held at Room 20, Salisbury
House, Finsbury Circus, E.G., at 7 p.m., on the second and fourth Tuesdays in the
month. — Secretary, R. W. Bobbins, " Tonah," Hale End, Chingford.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

IN PARTS— ONE SHILLING.

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION.
Vol. IV.

Commencing with the Variation and Life-histories of Agriades coridov and Polyonimattig
icarus (with four plates of the named aberrations and varieties of the first-named species
together with many photomicrographs of larval and pupal structure. Similar plates of
P. icarus are awaiting publication.)

Probably the finest life-histories of any species of lepidoptera ever published. The next
species to be treated is Aricia astrarche, a still more interesting one with regard to its
Varieties and Aberrations.

Subscription for 20 parts 17s. 6d.

THE "

Butterflies of Switzerland and the Alps of Central Europe

By GEO. WHEELER, MrA., F.E.S., F.Z.S.
Price 5s. net. Interleaved, 6s.

Limp cloth covers. — Handy for the knaj)sack.

This book is of the highest value not only to collectors of Continental Butter-
flies, but to all those who collect British butterflies, as it gives a great many detailed
facts about the species in which they are more particularly interested.

The details of Variation and Distribution are particularly important, and those
lepidopterists to whom Kane's book has long been a treasured friend, will find in this
more information, more detail, and many more localities than were at the disposal of
the author of the earlier volume.

" To those who carry a nejt abroad, this handbook will be invaluable as a book of

reference We can cordially recommend it " — H. Rowland-

Brown, M.A., F.E.S., The Entoniologist's Record, vol. xv. '

Dear SiR.-Herewith I forward poft^f 'border value H: for ^^f^^ of The'Butter-
flies of Switzerland and the Alps of Central Europe.

Name

Address

To Mr. H. E. PAGE, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Gross, London, S.E.

FOR SAlE

Tutt's *' British Lepidoptera," vols. I to X. Tutt's " British Butterflies," vols.
I to III. Tutt's "British Noctuae," vols. I to IV. Tutt's "Practical Hints for the
Field Lepidopterist," parts I to III, with Index. There are also a few copies of
" British Noctuae," slightly soiled, to be sold cheaply.

A. M. COCHRANE.

41, Wisteria Road,

liewisham, S.E.

FOR SAlE

One set Tutt's "British Lepidoptera," Vols. I.X. Covers slightly soiled £2 2s. Od.
1 Set Tutt's " British Noctuae," 4 Vols. Covers slightly soiled . . . . £0 10s. Od.

1 Set Tutt's " British Butterflies," Vols. I-III . . £1 Ts. Od.

1 Set Tutt's " Practical Hints," 3 Vols. Covers slighty soiled . . . . £0 6s. 6d.

E. STANLEY,
27, Whitburn Road, Lewisham, S.E.

\

IJVIP>ORTANT

TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

BACK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist's Record

and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXIII).

Single back volumes of the above can be obtained at 7s. 6d. per volume ;
except vols. I. and II., which are lOs. 6d. each, net; any two or three volumes
of the remainder at 7s. 3d. per volume ; four, five, six. seven, eight or
nine at 7s. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fourteen at 6s. 9d. per
volume ; fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty or twenty-
one at 6s. 6d. per volume. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published
price (plus postage). Special Indexes, Vols. III-XXIII, sold separately, price
Is. 6d. each.
Contents of Vol- I. {Most important only Mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies. — Variation of Smefinthus tiliae, 3 coloured
plates — Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, stnd aurelia — The Doubleday
collection — Parthenogenesis — Paper on Taeniocavipidae — Phylloxera — Practical
Hints (many)^Parallel Variation in Coleoptera — Origin of Argynnis paphia var.
valesina — Work for the Winter— Temperature and Variation — Synonymic notes —
Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890 — Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda
lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus — Captures at light — Aberdeenshire notes, etc.,
etc., 360 pp.

Contents of Vol^ II.

Melanism and Melanochroism — Bibliography — Notes on Collecting — Articles
on Variation (many) — How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taenio-
campa opima— Collecting on the Norfolk Broads — Wing development-r-Hybridising
Ajuphidasy s prodromaria a.nd A. betularia — Melanism and Temperature — Differen-
tiation of Dianthmcias — Disuse of wings— Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London
— Generic nomenclature and the Acronyctidae — A fortnight at Rannoch — Heredity
in Lepidoptera — Notes on Genus Zyg^na (Anthrocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera- -
Lifehiftory of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp.

Contents of Vol. III.

Genus Acronycta and its allies (continued) — Scientific Notes — The British
Coccinellidae—l^otes on Breeding — Notes on Coleoptera (very many) — Dates of
appearance of Eupithecia pugmeata—DimoxTghm pupas— Duration of Ova State of
the Geometridae (with tables) — Effects of temperature on the colouring of Lepidop-
tera— Hints on labelling— Melanic varieties— Changes in nomenclature — Keeping
Micro pupfE during winter — Notes on Genus Hepialus — Reviews, etc., etc., 320 pp.

Contents of Vol. IV.

Additions to British Lists — Presidential Addresses of British Association and
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society — Autumnal collecting at Fresh-
water, Isle of Wight— Captures of rarities — Collecting beetles — Critical notes on
certain Noctuac—A day's collecting in the Western Highlands— Apparent dearth
of Diurni — Double-brooded species — The early stages of certain Geometrina — Sensi-
bility of larvffi to sound— Collecting in North Kent— How to obtain and preserve
ova— Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1893— Stridulation— Variety breeding— The
Pupafand Imaginal wings of Lepidoptera, etc., etc., 354 pp.

Contents of Vol V.

On the larva of Arctia caia (with plates)— Evolution of the Lepidopterous
Pupa— Rev. H. Burney's collection (sale)— Life-History of a Lepidopterous Insect
(Morphology and Physiology, etc.)— Among the Ancients— EreMa epiphron and its
named Varieties— Life-History of Agrotis agathina— Ten Days at Wicken Fen —
Varieties of Spilosoma mewcZtca— Butterfly Catching in the neighbourhood of Mt.
Blanc— Life-History of Ocneria dispar — Zygaena e.rulans and its Variations-
Entomology at Rainham, Essex — Additions to the British List — New Method of
Relaxing Insects, etc., etc., 308 pp.

To be obtained only from—
Mr. H. E. PAGE, " Bertrose," Oellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.E.

to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXIV. i7 shillings) should be sent to
Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross,
S.E. [This subscription includes all nunnbers published fron>
January 15th to December IStJh, 1^12.

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should li^
notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E.

The Back volumes (IXXIII) of tlie Ent. lleand, Ac (published at 10s. 6d. neti
can be obtained direct as follows — Single volumes. 7s. 6d., except vols. I. and II.. whiel:
are 10s. 6d. each ; of the remainder 2 or 3 volumes. 78. 3d. each : 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols .
7s. each ; 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 vols.^ at 6s. 9d. each ; 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. 21, 22, 23
vols, at 6s. 6d. each. Back copies of the Majjazine at double the published price (plus
|)ostage). Special Indexes to Vols. III-XXII. sold separately, price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are kiially reciuested to observe that snl)scriptions to The Eiitomologist'n lii:cord,i!i.c.. are
l)ayable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Indexi is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. Herbert E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Kew Cross, S.E. Checiu<-
.•rnd Postal Orders should be niiule payable to H. E. Pacsk.

Advertisejunts of Books and Insects for Sale, or Books wanted will be inserted at a uiinimuin "
charge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines'. Longei- Advertisements in j>roportion. .A reduction made for a serie.s
Particulars of Mr. Herbert E. Page, '■ Bertrose." Gellatly Itoad. New Cross, U.K.

Duplicates. — Axlvena, Tincta,' Prasina, Adusta, Miniosa, Mund^, Gracihs. Glauca,
Klavicornis var Scotica, Tetraiunaria, Advenaria, Alsines, Blanda, Glareosa, Deplana.
dark Impluviata, Galatea, H. oomma, Bellargus. />«.9trfe/«/a.— Anthrocera hippocrepidis
(early filipendulre) and .\. trifolii -minor, if from same colony.— 7*;. A. Cockai/iie. Ui.
Vfunhridge Square. W.

Duplicates.— h. gueneei.* Canjpauulata, Ab'sinthiata.* Trideus,* Ku.ssata* (yellow
var.), Flavicincta, Megacephala, Dilutata,* Valligera. Cur.soria, TriAngulura, Atiinis..
Derasa, Tersata,* Ribesaria," Badiata, lathori/.a, Geryon, Aurago,* Wavaria*. Demlnatu.
— Numerous. — Rec A. M. Dowiies, BiilJieastoii I'icarage, Both.

Duplicates. — Huniuli var. Hethlandica, Putrescens, Vestigalis, Exulis (Shetlands, l.j.
Ambigua, Nigra, and many othei- lopil British moths. Desiderata . -BrUiish and Pala-
arctic Khopalocera. — J- A. Sintes. F.K.S., Mon. Rejios, Markham's Lane, Woodford Green.
Duplicates. — -Sinapis (Irish) aurinia (Irish, unset). Desi'/<'raf^(.— ^Ethiops. Epiphron."
Du})licates, — Cynipiforrais*, Culiciformis*, Subtu.sa*, Venustula. Desiderata.—
Apiformis, Scoliajfoimis, Formiciformis, Philanthiformis, "Chrysidiformis, Bractae, Hyper
borea, D. ceesia, .\lbimacuia, Nigrocinota. Nubeculbsa. — H. Baker .S7//, Mapledcau .
Florley, Surrey.

Duplicates. — Sinapis, Icarus, auiinia from Ireland. Desiderata. — British butterflies :
unset or Continental setting. — N. Maiulerx. Tj.-Gol., B.aAi.C.. 4, Sautli Road. Carraf/h
(amp, Co. Kildare.

Duplicate.-<. — Teinpli. Desiderata. Very numerous.-- 6'. /'. (iledhill. .i'.;, I.eiihurn
Grove, Shipley.

Duplicates. — Galathea, Argiolus, Filipendulie. Derasa, Batis. Fsi. Chi, 1). pinastri.
Lunigera, Australis, Triangulum, Brunnea, Augur, Suffusa. Brumata ( ? s), Hnpicapraria
, ( ? s.), Amataria, Trilinearia, Rotundaria, Lignata. Bipunctaria, vars. of Pronulia, Trape
zina, Sferigilis, Festiva, Nictitans, Oxyacanthiw Pyramidea, Betularia. F'^linguaria. Pro
gemmaria ( j s and J s), etc.. etc. Desiderata. — Porcellus. Vespertaria. .4piciaria.
.\dvenaria, Prunaria, Fasciaria, Dolobraria, Lunaria, Tetraiunaria. Bidentata. Alniaria,
and many other common Geometers to extend and replace. Well set perfect specimens,
black pins only. — d. Doufilas, 6. Old deirry. E.G.

Duplicate}i.—G'\\\&\\s. Margaiitellus. Pascueilus. Inciuinateilus, Phragmitellus,
Ha.stiana. Caledoniana, Sordidana, Bimaculana, Ophthalmicana, Geminana, (2), etc.
Desiderata. — Furcatellus. Kricellus, and many Pyrales, Crarnbi. Tortriees and Pterophori.
-7'. Asliton Lofthouse. The VToft. T.iutharpe, iliddleshrougli.

Dtiplicates. — Black Pilosaria*. Hamula*. Cioceago*, Australis. Hastata', Papilio
naria, Palpina*, Aytumnaria*. Unca. A. ligustri*, Pascelinal , Zonaria*, Strataria.
Meliloti, ConspersH, Togato*, Ditrapezium*, Muraiis, Dictaea, Opimia, Hispidus, Nigra,
Piniperda, Irrorelia, Omieronaria*. Rubidala, Berberata*. Sti'aminea, etc. Desiderata.-
Larvae of Gro.ssulariata (Lancashire) and Caja (Blackpool district).- — IV. I . Ogdeit. S7.
The Co)inuou, I'ppier Clapton, Loudon, W.

Duplicates. — Larvai, Tincta, Rumicis (from melanic wild ? ). Glauca, Nebulosa,
Carpini. Quercifolia, etc. Desiderata. — Well set imagines on black pins of many local
species. — Dr. Beckwith \\ liitehouse, o'J, Newha II Street.- Birmingham.

Duplicates. — A few tine Grossulaliata var. varleyata:, Zatima. and other extreme
vars. of Lubricipeda. etc. Desiderata. — Ach'iUeie, Livoinica. Celerio, Ilicifolia, Muscu
Ipsa, Palustris ? , Satura. Ni, Crinanensis, Fuliginaria. Roboiaria black var., Innotata,
Salicalis, IJnionalis, Paludellus, Semirufa, Splendidella. Terehrella, Rubrotibielia .
Tesseradactylus. and extreme vars. of Grossulariata and other species. — Geo. T.
I'orritt, Elm Lea, Dalton, Huddersfield .

I'BfJF.KTi.Y \v\NrKi» ill .\pril. May. or .lune. Fiiving wild caught v s Atalanta, Cardui.

lo. Edusti., Hyale, I'olychloruSv Luciiia, C- Album, Viuula(oi' ova). Croceago, Semibiunnea,
Exoleta, Vetusta ; also Gross ulaiiata larva; from Lancashire and Huddersfield districts;
jjhpral exchange or cash. — •//. U'. Sewman, Bexley, Kent.

Wanted urgently. — A number of set Hirtaria (both sexes). Will do what I can in
retu)-n. — ./. II'. H. Harrison, 181, Abingdon Road, Middleshro'.

Desiderata. — British hymenoptera aculeata. Duplicates. — ^Many British lepidoptcra
in tine condition. — f . K. Shaw, Betula, Fallow Court Avenue, North Finchley.

Duplicates. — Dissimilis*, Velleda, Captiuncula, Fibrosa, Melanopa, Cordigera.
Ambigua*, Lntosa, Piufa, Lubricipeda var. fasciata*, Plantaginis*, Cambrica and dark
vara.; Coracina, Blandiata, Hexapterata, Tristata, Bidentata* (Black), Carbonaria (6).
Fluviata*, Csesiata, Ruficinctata. Pumilata, Linariata*, Bieolorata var. plurabata, etc.
Dedderata. — Hyale, Pruni, Paniseus, Muscerda, Ligniperda, Andreniformis, Sphegi.
formis (naiTOWj, Guenii, Albimaeula, Irregularis, Barrettii, Obfuseata, Tajniata,
Virgaureata, Consignata, Dipsacea, Ocellaris, Fraxini, etc. — T. Aahion Lofthouse, 'Die
Croft, Lintliorpe, Middlesbrough.

Duplicates. — Selene, C-album (2), Sibylla (3), Betulte (2), Populi (pale and pink
forms), Bleliloti, Z. Trifolii* (vars.), Geryon (p), Senex, Griseola, Salicis*. Fascelina (3),
Ridens, Pudorina, Phragmatidis, Elymi, Stiigilis, Fasciuncula, Nigricans, Baja, Inter-
jeeta, Typica, Rubiginea (3), Gueneei (2), Templi (3), Affinis, Absinthii (4), Argentula.
Moneta,* Chrysitis, Haworthii, Umbra (4), Sponsa. Nupta, Fibrosa, Leucophearia, Un-
angulata, Testata,* Zonaria,* Hirtaria (hybrid), a pair. Desiderata. — Cynipif jrmis,
Culiciformis, N. strigula, Testudo, B. trifolii, A. ligustri, Bondii, Petasitis (3), Caliginosa.
Depuncta, Populeti, Subtusa, Rusticata, Salicata, Dodoneata, Togata, Sparsata, Sexalata.
— G. Brooks, ^8. Hilton Avenue, Friern, Barnet.

Duplicates. — Polychloros,* Sibylla,* Betulue,* Bembeciformis,* Meliloti, Cristulalis,*
Miniata," Aureola,* Dominula,* Fuliginosa,* Fascelina,* Cratasgi,* Carpini,* Advenaria, *
Alniaria,* Abietaria,* Roboraria,* Orbieularia,* Temerata, Pictaria,* Alternata,* Pine-
taria, Cifisiata, Grossulariata* (good vars,), Helveticata, ' Lariciata," Togata,* Albicillata, *
Hndulata,* Psittacata,* Immanata, Populata, Obliquaria,* Furcuia. Vinula,* Dicttea,*
Ziczac,* Dodonaea,* Ridens,* Myricee,* Menyanthidis,* Templi* (grease removed),
Flavago* (dark forms), Lucernea, Pisi,* Contigua, Absinthii,* Harthenias, Braetea,
Interrogationis, Pulchrina. Desiderata. — Many local and common British Butterflies,
varieties especially. — Arthur Home, 60, Gladstone Place, Aberdeen, .\.B.

WA^TKV.—Enlomologist, 1868, nos. 50-52; 1869, nos. 62, 64-66; 1873, nos. 117.
119, 121-124 ; 1874, nos. 125-13-5 (or volume) ; 1876, nos. 151-154 : 1877, no. 168 ; 1878,
nos. 176, 177, 180-187 (or volume).— Hy. J. Turner, 9H, Drukef ell Road, New Cross, S.F.

Duplicates. — Some Sicilian butterflies, including Galathea var. Procida. Also a dark
form of Galathea from Calabria approximating Turcica. Desiderata.. — Types of other
species which occur in Sicily. — T. Piatt f'.arreft. " Jresfrroft." Soutli Unad, Forest Hill.
S.F.

Duplicates. — Polychloros,* w-album, Lucina,* Minima, Neustria,* I rticse,* Consonaria
(vai-. Nigra), Diffinis, Hispidaria, Fuscantaria, Rhamnata, Asteris, Carmelita, Abruptaria,
Suasa, Gilvago Rufina, Pastinum, Puta, Phragmitidis and others. Desiderata. —
Bidentata, especially Scotch and Irish, and varieties. Also living specimens in any stage
from South of England. Paniseus. — IF. Bowater, 20, Russell Road, Moseley, Birmingham.

Change of Address. — Richard S. Bagnall, '' Oldstead," Park Town, Oxford. A. .1.
Dalgish, 7, Keir St., Pollokshields, Glasgow.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W'..
s p.m. Oct. 2nd; Oct. 16th ; Nov. 6th ; Nov. 20th.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. -London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30.

Toynbee Natural History Society. — Toynbee Hall, at 8 p.m. Entrance fee Is.,
iumual subscription Is. .Meetings : Full particulars as to excux'sions can be obtained ironi
the Excursion Secretary, Miss L. Roberts, 11, St. James,' Hatcham, S.E. — Hon. Sec.
Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia.
<Jbambers, London Bridge. — Meetings : The second and fourth Thursdays in the month
Ht 8 o'clock. Next Field Meetings : July 27th, Otford, conducted fay R. Adkin, F.E.S, :
Sept. 14th, Bexley, conducted by L. W. Newman, F.E.S.

North London Notural History Society. — Meetings held at Room 20, Salisbury
House, Finsbury Circus, E.G., at 7 p.m., on the second and fourth Tuesdays in the
Krtonth. Secretary, R. VV. Robbins, " Tonah," Hale End, Chingford.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, l.iverpool, on the 3rd Monday in th« month from October to April.

IN PARTS ONE SHILLING.

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

THEIR WOTiLD WIDE VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION.
Vol. IV.

Coniinenciug with the Vai iatioii and Life-histories of Agriadcs coridou and PolijomnuUns
icurus (with four plates of the named aberrations and varieties of the first-named species
together with many photomicrographs of larval and pupal structure. Similar plates of
P. icarus are awaiting publication.)

Probably the finest life-histories of any species of lepidoptera ever published. The next
apeoies to be treated is Aririd dMrarclif, a still more interesting one with regard to its
Varieties and .Aberrations.

Subscription for 20 parts 17s. 6d.

THE

Butterflies of Switzerland and the Alps of Central Europe

By GEO. WHEELER, M,A., F.E.S., F.Z.S.

Price 5s. net. Interleaved, 6s.

Limp cloth covers. Haiidij lor the knapsack.

This book is of the highest value not only to collectors of Continental Butter-
Hies, but to all those who collect British butterflies, as it gives a great many detailed
facts about the species in which they are more particularly interested.

The details of Variation and Distribution are particularly important, and those
iepidopterists to whom Kane's book has long been a treasured friend, will find in this
more information, more detail, and many more localities than were at the disposal of
the author of the earlier volume.

" To those who carry a net abroad, this handbook will be invaluable as a book of

reference. . . . . \Ve can cordially recommend it " — H. Eowland-

Bkown, M.A.. F.E.S., The Entomologist'.^ Record, vol. xv.

Dear -SiR.-Herewith I forward p^^^^f^^.^e.- v*ilue ^,^: for ,;;^,V>^ ot The Butter
if.* i)i' SuHtzn'Tond mid the .4lps of Central Europe.

Nnnu

Addres.t

To Mr. H. E. PAGE, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.E.

" '. FOR SALlE

I'utt's '* British Lepidoptera," vols. I to X. Tutt's " British. Butterflies," vols.
1 to 111. Tutt's "British Noctuae," vols. I to IV. Tutt's "Practical Hints for the
Field Lepidopterist," parts I to HI. with Index. There are also a few oopies of
•" British Noctuse," sliubtly soiled, to he sold cheaply.

A. M. COCHRANE,
41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.

(Demy tivo., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-.)

Deals e.xhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for the
forms of melanism and melanochroism ; contains full data rcvspecting the distribution of
raelanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin ; the special value of
"natural selection,," "environment," "heredity," "disease," ' temperature," t&c, in
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the
Entomological Society of London, says, "An esi)ecially interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in
Mr. Tutt's series of papers on ' Melanism and Melanochroism.' "

To be obtained from .1. Hehbkrt Titt, 22, Francemarv Road, Lsdywell Road,
Brockley, S.E.

IIVIJPORTANT

TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS,

BACK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist's Record

and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXIII).

Single back volumes of the above can be obtained at 7s. 6d. per volume ;
except vols. I. and II., which are lOs. 6d. each, net; any two or three volumes,
of the remainder at 78. 3d. per volume ; four, five, six, seven, eight or
nine at 7s. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fourteen at Bs. 9d. per
volume ; fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty or twenty-
one at 6s. 6d. per volume. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published
price (plus postage). Special Indexes. Vols. III-XXIII, spld separately, price
Is. 6d. each.
Contents of Vol. I. (Most importaiu only Mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies.— Variation of Snierinthus tiliae, 3 coloured
plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athqlin , partJienie, and aurelia — The Doubleday
collection — Parthenogenesis — Paper 6n Taeniocampidde — Phylloxera — Practical
Hints (many) — Parallel Variation in Coleoptera — Origin of Argynuis paphia var.
valesina-— Work for the Winter — T^emperature and Variation — Synonymic notes —
Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1;690 — Lifehistories of Ayrotis pyrophila, Epnnda
lichenea, 'Heliophnbiis Itispidiia — Captures at light — Aberdeenshire notes, etc.,
etc., 360 pp.

Contents of Vol. II.

Melanism .\nij Mklanochkoism — Bibliography — Notes on Collecting — Articles
on Variation (many) — How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sj)hegiJ'orviis , Taeuio
campa opmfl—* Collecting on the Norfolk Broads — Wing development — -Hybridising
Amphidasys jjrodromariu and A. betularia — Melanism and Temperature — Differen
tiation of DiaHthocias — Disuse of wings — Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London
— Generic nomenclature and the Acronyctidae — A fortnight at Rannoch — Heredity
in Lepidoptera — Notes on Genus Zyg^na (Avthrocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera -
Lifehistory of Gonophorn derasa. etc., etc., H12 pp.

Contents of Vol. III.

Genus Acronycto and its allies (continued) — fcicientitic Notes — The British
Uoccinellidfte — Notes on Breeding — Notes on Coleoptkra (very many) — Dates ol
appearance of Eiqnthi'cio pygmeata-^I>'\mox^\\\(i pup* — Duration of Ova State of
the Geometridae (with tables) — Effects of temperature on the colouring of Lepidop
tera — Hints on labelling — Melanic varieties— Chunges in nomenclature — Keeping
Micro pupas during winter — Notes on Genus Hepialiii> — Reviews, etc., etc., 320 pp.

Contents of Vol. iV.

Additions to British Lists — Presidential Addresses uf British Association and
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society— Autumnal collecting at Fresh-
water, Isle of Wight — Captures of rarities — Collecting beetles — Critical notes on
certain Noctuac—K day's collecting in the W^estern Highiands — Apparent dearth
of Diuiiii — Double-brooded species — The early stages of certain Geoinetrina — Sensi-
bility of larva; to sound— Collecting in North Kent — How to obtain and preserve
ova — Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1893 — Stridulation — Variety breeding The
I'upal and Imaginsil wings of Lepidoptera, etc., etc., 354 pp.

Contents of Vol V.

On the larva of Arctia caio (with plates) — Evolution of the Lepidopteiouh
Pupa— Rev. H. Burney's collection (sale) — Life-History of a Lepidopterous Insect
(Morphology and Physiology, etc.)— Among the Ancients— A'/r^nw ejnphron and itH
named Varieties— Life-History of Agrotis agathina — Ten Days at Wicken Fen-
Varieties of Spilosoma mendica —Buttertiy Catching in the neighbourhood of Mt.
Blanc — Life-History of Ocneria dispar—Zygaemi exuUriis and its Variations —
Entomology at Rainharn, Essex — Additions to the Rritiah List- -New Method of
Relaxing Insects, etc., etc., 308 pp.

To be obtained only from —
Mr. H. E. PAGE, '"Bertroae," Oellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.E>

In whom Cheque^ and Postal Orders should be made pHvable.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXIV. (7 shillings) should be sent to
Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross,
S.E. [This subscription includes all numbers published from
January 15th to December 15th, 1P12.]

Non-receipt or errors in tlie sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E.

The Back volumes (I-XXIII) of the Ent. Record, &c. (published at 10s. 6d. net),
can be obtained direct as follows— Single volumes, 7s. 6d., exceiit vols. I. and 11., which
are 10s. 6d. each ; of the remainder 2 or 3 volumes, 7s. 3d. each ; i, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols.,
7s. each ; 10, 11, 12, 13 or U vols, at 6s. 9d. each ; 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
vols, at 6s. 6d. each. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus
postage). Special Indexes to Vols. III-XXII, sold separately, price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to The EntoviologigVs Tlecoid,&e., are
payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) Is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. Cheques
and Postal Orders should be made payable to H. E. Page.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale, or Books wanted will be inserted at a minimum
charge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a Series.
Particulars of Mr. Herbert E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, TSTew Cross, S.E.

Duplicates. — Advena, Tincta, Prasina, Adusta, Miniosa, Munda, Gracilis, Glauca,
Flavicornis var Scotica, Tetralunaria, Advenaria, Alsines, Blanda, Glareosa, Deplana,
dark Impluviata, Galatea, H. comma, Bellargus. Desiderata. — Anthrocera hippoerepidis
(early filipendulse) and A. trifolii-minor, if from same colony. — E. A. Cockayne, 16,
Cambridge Sq%iare, W.

Duplicates. — Xanthia Ocellaris,* a few bred; hybrid Zonaria x Hirtaria (females
only). Desiderata. — Many rare and local insects and good vars. Ova of Gilvago,
Cerago, Ocellaris. — H. Worsley Wood, 31, Agate Road, Hammersviith, W.

Duplicates. — L. gueneei,* Campanulata, Absinthiata,* Tridens,* Eussata* (yellow
var.), Flavicincta, Megacephala, Dilutata,* Valligera, Cursoria, Triangulum, Affinis,
Derasa, Tersata,* Kibesaria,* Badiata, Lithoriza, Geryon, Aurago,* Wavaria*. DesWe7Y((a.
— Numerous. — Rev. A. M, Doivnes, Batheaston Vicarage, Bath.

Duplicates. — Humuli var. Hethlandica, Putrescens, Vestigahs, Exulis (Shetlands, I.),
Ambigua, Nigra, and many other local British moths. Desiderata. — British and Palae-
arctic Khopalocera. — J. A. Simes, F.E.S., Mon. Repos, Markham's Lane, Woodford Green.
Duplicates. — Sinapis (Irish) aurinia (Irish, unset). Desiderata. — ^Ethiops, Epiphron,
Duplicates. ^GyniT^iiormis* , Culiciformis*, Subtusa*, yenustula. Desiderata. —
Apiformis, Scohseformis, Formiciformis, Philanthiformis, Chrysidiformis, Bractre, Hypej:-
borea, D. csesia, Albimacula, Nigrocincta, Nubeculosa. — H. Baker Sly, Majdedean,
Horley, Surrey.

Duplicates. — Sinapis, icarus, aurinia from Ireland. Desiderata. — British butterflies ;
unset or Continental setting. — N. Manders, Lt.-CoL, R.A.M.C., 4, South Road, Curragh
Cam]), Co. Kildare.

Duplicates. — Galathea, Argiolus, Filipendulse, Derasa, Batis, Psi, Chi, D. pinastri,
Lunigera, Australis, Triangulum, Brunnea, Augur, Suffusa, Brumata ( $ s), liupicapraria
( 5 s.), Amataria, Trilinearia.Rotundaria, Lignata, Bipunctaria, vars. of Pronuba, Trape-
zina, Strigilis, Festiva, Nictitans, Oxyacanthse, Pyramidea, Betularia, Elinguaria, Pro-
gemmaria ( <J s and 9 s), etc., etc. Desiderata. — Porcellus, Vespertaria, Apiciaria,
Advenaria, Prunaria, Fasciaria, Dolobraria, Lunaria, Tetralunaria, Bidentata, Alniaria,
and many other common Geometers to extend and replace. Well set perfect specimens,
black pins only. — J. Douglas, 6, Old Jeiory, E.C.

Duplicates. — Cilialis, Margaritellus, Pascuellus, Inquinatellus, Phragmitellus,
Hastiana, Caledoniana, Sordidana, Bimaculana, Ophthalmicana, Geminana, (2), etc.
Desiderata. — Furcatellus, Eficellus, and many Pyrales, Crambi, Tortrices and Pterophori.
— T. Ashton Lofthouse, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

Duplicates. — Black Pilosaria*, Hamula*, Croceago*, Australis, Hastata*, Papilio-
naria, Palpina*, Autumnaria*, Unca, A. ligustri*, Fascelinaf, Zonaria*, Strataria,
Meliloti, Conspersa, Togato*, Ditrapezium*, Muralis, Dictaea, Opimia, Hispidus, Nigra,
Piniperda, Irrorella, Omicronaria*, Rubidata, Berberata*, Straminea, etc. Desiderata. —
Larvffi of Grossulariata (Lancashire) and Caja (Blackpool district). — W. J. Ogden, 87,
The Common, Upper Clapton, London, W.

Duplicates. — Larvae, Tincta, Rumicis (from melanic wild ? ), Glauca, Nebulosa,
Carpini, Quercifolia, etc. Desiderata. — Well set imagines on black pins of many local
species. — Dr. Becktvith Whitehouse, 52, Newhall Street, Birmingham.

Duplicates. — A few fine Grossulariata var. varleyata, Zatima, and other extreme
vars. of Lubricipeda, etc. Desiderata. — kchiWeds, Livomica, Celerio, Ilicifolia, Muscu-
losa, Palustris ? , Satura, Ni, Crinanensis, Fuliginaria, Roboraria black var., Innotata,
Salicalis, Unionalis, Paludellus, Semirufa, Splendidella, Terebrella, Rubrotibiella,
Tesseradactylus, and extreme vars. of Grossulariata and other species. — Geo. T.
Porritt, Elm Lea, Dalton, Huddersjield.

Wanted urgently. — A number of set Hirtaria (both sexes). Will do what I. can in
return. — J. W . H. Harrison, ISl, Abingdon Road, Middlesbro\

Desiderata. — British hymenoptera aculeata. Duplicates. — Many British lepidoptera
in fine condition. — f . E. Shaiv, Betula, Fallow Court Avenue, North Finchley.

Duplicates. — Dissimilis* , Velleda, Captiuneula, Fibrosa, Melanopa, Cordigera,
Ambigua*, Lutosa, Bufa, Lubricipeda var. fasciata*, Plantaginis*, Cambrica and dark
vars.; Coracina, Blandiata, Hexapterata, Tristata, Bidentata* (Black), Carbonaria (6),
riuviata*, Ctesiata, Euficinetata, Pumilata, Linariata*, Bicolorata var. plumbata, etc.
Desiderata. — Hyale, Pruni, Paniscus, Muscerda, Ligniperda, Andrenifoi'mis, Sphegi.
formis (narrow), Gueneei, Albimacula, Irregularis, Barrettii, Obfuscata, Taeniata,
"Virgaureata, Consignata, Dipsacea, Ocejlaris, Fraxini, etc. — T. Ashton Lofthouse, The
Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

Duplicates. — Aglaia, Artemis, Cinxia, Galatea, ^Egon, Adonis, Corydon, Argiolus d s,
Lineola, Actaeon, Comma, etc. Desiderata. — Pupae of Sphingids, etc. — A. Ford, 36,
Irving Road, Bournemouth.

Duplicates. — Larvas and pupae of Machaon. Imagines of Z. trifolii*, Cuculatella*,
Linea, Lineola, Tilia*, Populi* (pale and pink forms), Chaonia' (4), M. arundinis,
Pudorina, Comma, Flammea, Phragmitidis, Anceps, Gemina (and Remissa), Basilinea,
Fibrosa, Haworthii, Segetum (grand forms). Nigricans, Baja, Interjecta, Affinis, Thalas-
sina, Chrysitis*, Moneta*, Argentula, Vernaria*, Osseata, Oblongata, Tenuiata, Unangu-
lata, Leucophearia, Vittata, Cribralis, Cilialis. Desirferafa.— Pruni, Myopaeformis,
Strigula, Testudo, Leporina, Cannae, Caliginosa, Depuncta, Sobrina, Eetusa, Palaeacea,
Eectilinea, Obfuscaria, Contiguaria, Sylvata, Unifasciata, Ruberata, Berberata. — G.
Brooks, 28, Hilton Avenue, Friern Barnet.

Duplicates. — Ocellatus,* Populi,* Tiliae,* Elpenor,* Stellataruni,* Chrysidiformia,*
Cynipiformis,* Museiformis,* Bembeciformis,* Humuli var. hethlandica, Undulanus,
Statices, Geryon, Globularias, Exulans, Meliloti, Cristulalis, Irrorella, Miniata, Aureola,*
Helveola,* Quadra,* Jacoboea,* Dominula,* Russula, Plantaginis,* Fuliginosa var.
borealis,* Mendica,* Salicis,* Monacha,* Pudibunda,* Fascelina,* Cratsegi,* P. populi,*
R. rubi,* B. quercus,* Carpini,* Lacertula,* Falcula,* Hamula,* Furcula,* Vinula,*
Bucephala,* Palpina,* Camelina,* Dictaea,* Dromedarius,* Ziczac,* Trepida,* Chaonia.*
Desiderata. — Very numerous. — Arthur Home, 60, Gladstone Place, Aberdeen, N.B.

Duplicates. — Pupse:^— Machaoff, Carpini, Valerinaeata. Imagines: — Atalanta*, Linea,
Lineola, Populi* (pale and pink), Z. trifolii*, Giiseola*, Arundinis, Pudorina, Flammea,
Comma, Phragmitidis, Hellmanni, Anceps, Basilinea, Gemma (vars.), Unanimis,
Fibrosa, Puta, Segetum (grand forms), Nigricans, Anquilina, Baja, Interjecta, Atifinis,
Thalassina, Libatrix, Moneta, Chrysitis, Argentula, Leucophasia, Tenuiata, Testata*.
Desiderata. — Myopaeformis, N. strigula, Testudo, A. ligustri, Leporina, Caliginosa,
Depuncta, Sobrina, Retusa, Paleacea, Rectilinea, Glabraria, Obfuscaria, Sylvata, Ornata,
Plumbeolata, Pimpinellata, Subciliata, Abbreviata, Sexalata, Ruberata, Berberata,
Psittacata. — G. Brooks, 28, Hilton Avenue, Friern Barnet.

Wanted.— Entomologist, 1868, nos. 50-52; 1869, nos. 62, 64-66; 1873, nos. 117,
119, 121-124 ; 1876, nos. 151-154 ; 1877, no. 168 ; 1878, nos. 176, 177, 180-187 (or
volume).— if 2/. J. Turner, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, S.E.

Duplicates. — Polychloros,* w-album, Lucina,* Minima, Neustria,* Urticae,* Consonaria
(var. Nigra), Dif3anis, Hispidaria, Fuscantaria, Rhamnata, Asteris, Carmelita, Abruptaria,
Suasa, Gilvago, Rufina, Pastinum, Puta, Phragmitidis and others. Desiderata. —
Bidentata, especially Scotch and Irish, and varieties. Also living specimens in any stage
from South of England. Paniscus. — IF. Bowater, 20, Russell Road, Moseley, Birmingham.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. —

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. Oct. 2nd ; Oct, 16th ; Nov. 6th ; Nov. 20th.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30.

Toynbee Natural History Society. — Toynbee Hall, at 8 p.m. Entrance fee Is.,
annual subscription Is. Meetings : Full particulars as to excursions can be obtained from
the Excursion Secretary, Miss L. Roberts, 11, St. James,' Hatcham, S.E. — Hon. Sec,
Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia,.
Chambers, London Bridge. — Meetings : The second and fourth Thursdays in the month
at 8 o'clock.

North London Notural History Society. — Meetings held at Room 20, Salisbury
House, Finsbury Circus, B.C., at 7 p.m., on th6 second and fourth Tuesdays in the
month. — Secretary, R. W. Robbins, " Tonah," Hale End, Chingford.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April.

I JVII> ORT ANT

TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

BACK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist's Record

and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXIII).

Single back volumes of the above can be obtained at 7s. 6d. per volume ;
except vols. I. and II., which are 10s. 6d. each, net; any two or three volumes
of the remainder at 7s. 3d. per volume ; four, five, six, seven, eight or
nine at 7s. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fourteen at 6s. 9d. per
volume ; fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty or twenty-
one at 6s. 6d. per volume. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published
price (plus postage). Special Indexes, Vols. III-XXIII, sold separately, price
Is. 6d. each.
Contents of Vol> !• (Most important only Mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies. — Variation of Smerinthits tiliae, 3 coloured
plates — Differentiation of Melitaea atlialia, parthenie, and aurelia — The Doubleday
collection — ■ Parthenogenesis — Paper on Taeniocampidae — Phylloxera — Practical
Hints (many) — Parallel Variation in Coleoptera — Origin of Argynnis paphia var.
valesina — Work for the Winter — Temperature and Variation — Synonymic notes —
Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890 — Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda
lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus — Captures at light — Aberdeenshire notes, etc.,
etc., 360 pp.

Contents of Vol. II.

Melanism .\nd Mel.\nochroism — Bibliography — Notes on Collecting — Articles
on Variation (many)-J-How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taenio-
campa opima— Collecting on the Norfolk Broads — Wing development— Hybridising
Aviphidasys prodromaria and A. hetularia — Melanism and Temperature — Differen-
tiation of Dianthoecias — Disuse of wings — Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London
— Generic nomenclature and the Acronyctidae — A fortnight at Rannoch — Heredity
in Lepidoptera — Notes on Genus Zyg.5ena (Anthrocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera- -
Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp.

Contents of Vol. III.

Gends Acronycta and its allies (continued) — Scientific Notes — The British
Coccinellidac — Notes on Breeding — Notes on Coleopteba (very many) — -Dates of
appearance of Eupithecia pygmeata — Dimorphic pupae — Duration of Ova State of
the Geoinetridae (with tables) — Effects of temperature on the colouring of Lepidop-
tera— Hints on labelling — Melanic varieties — Changes in nomenclature — Keeping
Micro pupae during winter — Notes on Genus Hepialiis — Reviews, etc., etc.-, 320 pp.

Contents of Vol. IV.

Additions to British Lists — Presidential Addresses of British Association and
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society — Autumnal collecting at Fresh-
water, Isle of Wight — Captures of rarities — Collecting beetles — Critical notes on
certain Noctuae — A day's collecting in the Western Highlands — Apparent dearth
of Diurni — Double-brooded species-^The early stages of certain Geometrina — Sensi-
bility of larvffi to sound — Collecting in North Kent — How to obtain and preserve
ova — Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1893 — Stridulation — Variety breeding — The
Pupal and Imaginal wings of Lepidoptera, etc., etc., 354 pp.

Contents of Vol V. ~^

On, the larva of Arctia caia (with plates)— Evolution of the Lepidopterous
Pupa — Rev. H. Burney's collection (sale)— ^Life-History of a Lepidopterous Insect
(Morphology and Physiology, etc.) — Among the Ancients — Erehia epiphron and its
named Varieties — Life-History of Agrotis agathina — Ten Days at Wicken Fen —
Varieties of Spilosoma mendica — Butterfly Catching in the neighbourhood of Mt.
Blanc — Life-History of Ocneria dispar — Zygaena exulans and its Variations —
Entomology at Rainham, Essex — Additions to the British List — New Method of
Relaxing lasects, etc., etc., 308 pp.

To be obtained only from —
Mr. H. E. PAGE, <' Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.E.

to whom Cheques an dvP.ogtal Orders, should be made payable.

IN PARTS—ONE SHILLING.

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

THEIR WOliLD-WIDE VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION.
Vol. IV.

Commencing with the Variation and Life-histories of Agriadea coridonsixid Polyommatus
icarus (with four plates of the named aberrations and varieties of the first-named species
together with many photomicrographs of larval and pupal structure. Similar plates of
P. icariis are awaiting publication.)

Probably the finest life-histories of any species of lepidoptera ever published. The liext
species to be treated is Aricia astrarche, a still more interesting one with regard to its
Varieties and Aberrations.

Subscription for 20 parts 17s. 6d.

THE

Butterflies of Switzerland and the Alps of Central Europe

By GEO. WHEELER, MrA., F.E.S., F.Z.S.

Price 5s. net. Interleaved, 6s.

Limj} cloth covers. — Handy for the k^iapsack.

This book is of the highest value not only to collectors of Continental Butter-
flies, but to all those who collect British butterflies, as it gives a great many detailed
facts about the species in which they are more particularly interested.

The details of Variation and Distribution are partieulariy important, and those
lepidopterists to whom Kane's book has long been a treasured friend, will find in this
more information, more detail, and many more localities than were at the disposal of
the author of the earlier volume.

" To those who carry a net abroad, this handbook will be invaluable as a book of

reference We can cordially recommend it. ' . . . ." — H. Kowland-

Beown, M.A., F.E.S., The Entomologist's Record, vol. xv.'

Dear Sm.-Herewith I forward pos'iaroi^er value H' for ^'^l of The Butter-
flies of Sivitzerland and the Alps of Central Europe.

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To Mr. H. E. PAGE, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.E.

FOR SaLb.

Tutt's " British Lepidoptera," vols. I to X. Tutt's " British Butterflies," vols.
I to III. Tutt's "British Noctuae," vols. I to IV. Tutt's "Practical Hints for the
Field Lepidopterist," parts I to III, with Index. There are also a few copies of
" British Noctuae," slightly soiled, to be sold cheaply.

A. M. COCHRANE,

41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

Second=hand Cabinets and Storeboxes.

12-drawer Mahogany Cabinet, 12-drawer Teak, 24-drawer Oak and Mahogany,
27-drawer Mahogany, 36-drawer Mahogany, 40-drawer Deal, 68-drawer Oak, also a
number of Storeboxes — about half original cost.

Also several thousand British Pyrales, Crambites, Pterophori, Tortricel, and Tinse
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S.E. [This subscription includes ail numbers published from
January 15th to December 15th, 1<^>12.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E.

The Back volumes (I-XXIII) of the E7it. Record, &c. (published at lOs. 6d. net;,
can be obtained direct as follows — Single volumes, 7s. 6d., except vols. I. and II., which
are 10s. 6d. each ; of the remainder 2 or 3 volumes, 7s. 3d. each ; i, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols.,
7s. each ; 10, 11, 12, 13 or H vols, at 6s. 9d. each ; 15, 16. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
vols, at 6s. 6d. each. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus
postage). Special Indexes to Vols. III-XXIII, sold separately, price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to The Entomologist's Record, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. Herbert B. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Soad, New Cross, S.E. Cheques
and Postal Orders should be made payable to H. E. Page.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale, or Books wanted will be inserted at a minimunj
charge of 26. 6d. (for four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series.
Particulars of Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E.

Duplicates. — Advena, Tincta, Prasina, Adusta, Miniosa, Munda, Gracilis, Glauca,
Flavicornis var Scotica, Tetralunaria, Advenaria, Alsines, Blanda, Glareosa, Deplana,
dark Impluviata, Galatea, H. comma, Bellargus. Desiderata. — Anthrocera hippocrepidis
(early filipendulffi) and A. trifolii-minor, if from same colony. — E. A. Cockayne, 16,
Cambridge Square, IV.

Duplicates. — Xanthia Gcellaris,* a few bred; hybrid Zonaria x Hirtaria (females
only). Desiderata. — Many rare and local insects and good vars. Ova of Gilvago,
Cerago, Gcellaris. — H. IVorsley Wood, 31, Agate Road, Hammersmith , IF.

Duplicates. — L. gueneei,* Campanularta, Absinthiata,* Tridens,* Russata* (yellow
var.), Flavicincta, Megacephala, Dilutata,* Valligera, Cursoria, Triangulum, Afiihis,
Derasa, Tersata, Ribesaria,* Badiata, Lithoriza, Geryon, Aurago,* ^N&■vavisi* . Desiderata.
— Numerous. — Rev. .i. M. Downes, Batheaston Vicarage, Bath.

Duplicates. — Humuli var. Hethlandica,, Puti'escens, Vestigalis, Exulis (Shetlands, I.),
Ambigua, Nigra, and many other local British moths. Desiderata. — British and Palae-
arctic Bhopalocera. — J. A. Simes, F.E.S., Mon. Repos, Markham'' s Lane, Woodford Green.

Duplicates. — Subtusa,* (0) Venustula, Castrensis,* Culieiformis,* Cynipiformis,
Pudorina, Lineolata, (5) Citraria, and others. Desiderata. — Very numerous, but chiefly
northern insects, also Paniscus, W-Album and Pruni. H. Baker Sly, Maplcdean, Horley.

Duplicates. — Sinapis, Icarus, Aurinia from Ireland. Desiderata. — British butterflies ;
unset or Continental setting. — N. Manders, Lt.-Col., R.A.M.C., 4, South Road, Curragh
Camp, Co. Kildare.

Duplicates. — Galatea, Argiolus, Corydon, Linea, Jacobasae, Lupulina (vars.), Batis,
Glandifera,Psi,Rumicis, Monglypha (dark), Gemina, and var. remissa, Fasciuncula (vars.),
Bicoloria, Morpheus, Cubicularis, Exclamationis (vars.), Obelisca, Augur, Brunnea, Gothica,
Rufina, Vaccinii, Chi, Oxyacanthae, and var. Capucina, o-o (white pins) Nupta, Macularia,
Elinguaria, Pennaria, Doubledayaiia, Rupicapraria ? s, Progemmaria, Atoraaria, Albulata,
Badiata, many others. -Desidera^a.^Vespertaria, Apiciaria, Fasciaria, Dolobraria, Tetralu-
naria, Blomeri, Rubricata, Straminata, Subsericeata, Immutata, Emutaria, Inornata,
Degeneraria, Emarginata, Belgiaria, Murinata, Hippocastanaria, Salisata, Olivata,
Affinitata, Ericetata, Blandiata, Lobulata, Simulata, Fii-mafa, Sparsata. Sexalata,
Viretata, Heparata, Vitalbata, Undulata, Vetulata, Psitticata, many others. — J. Douglas,
" Woodside," Milford, nr. Derby.

Duplicates. — Cilialis, Margaritellus, Pascuellus, Inquinatellus, Phragmitellus,
Hastiana, Caledoniana, Sordidana, Bimaculana, Ophtha,lmicana, Geminana, (2), etc.
Desiderata. — Furcatellus, Ericellus, and many Pyrales, Crambi, Tortrices and Pterophori.
— T. Asliton Lofthouse, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

Duplicates. — Black Pilosaria*, Hamula*, Croceago*, Australis, Hastata*, Papilio-
naria, Palpina*, Autumnaria*. Unca, A. ligustri* Fascelina*, Zonaria*, Strataria,
Meliloti, Conspersa, Togata*, Ditrapezium*, Muralis, Dictaea, Opima, Hispidus, Nigra,
Piniperda, Irrorella, Omicronaria*, Rubidata, Berberata*, Straminea, etc. Desiderata. —
Larvte of Grossulariata (Lancashire) and Caja (Blackpool district). — fV. J. Ogden, 87,
The Common, Upper Clapton, London, W.

Duplicates. — Larva, Tincta, Rumicis (from melanic wild ? ), Glauca, Nebulosa,
Carpini, Quercifolia, etc. Desiderata. — Well set imagines on black pins of many local
species. — Dr. Beckwith Whitehouse, 52, Neichall Street, Birmingham.

Duplicates. — A few fine Grossulariata var. varleyata, Zatiraa, and other extreme
vars. of Lubricipeda, etc. Desiderata.— AchiWese, Livomica, Ceierio, Ilicifolia, Muscu-
losa, Palustris ? , Satura, Ni, Crinanensis, Fuliginaria, Roboraria black var. , Innotata,
Salicalis, Unionalis, Paludellus, Semirufa, Splendidella, Terebrella, Rubrotibiella,
Tesseradactylus, and extreme vars. of Grossulariata and other species. — Geo. T.
Porritt, Elm Lea, Dalton, Huddersjield.

Wanted dbqently. — A number of set Hirtaria (both sexes). Will do what I can in
return. — J. W. H. Harrison, 181, Abingdon Road, Middlesbro\

Desiderata. — British hymenoptera aculeata. Duplicates. — Many British lepidoptera
in fine condition. — f . E. Shaw, Betula, Fallow Court Avenue, North Finchley.

Duplicates. — Dissimilis*, Velleda, Captiuncula, Fibrosa, Melanopa, Cordigera,
Ambigua*, Lutosa, Rufa, Lubricipeda var. fasciata*, Plantaginis*, Cambrica and dark
vars.; Coracina, Blandiata, Hexapterata, Tristata, Bidenta^a* (Black), Carbonaria (6),
Fluviata*, Csesiata, Euficinctata, Pumilata, Linariata*, Bicolorata var. plumbata, etc.
Desiderata. — Hyale, Pruni, Paniscus, Muscerda, Ligniperda, Andreniformis, Sphegi.
formis (narrow), Giieneei, Albimacula, Irregularis, Barrettii, Obfuscala, Tffiniata,
Virgaureata, Consignata, Dipsacea, Ocellaris, Fraxini, etc. — T. Ashton Lofthouse, The
Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

Duplicates. — Aglaia, Artemis, Cinxia, Galatea, ^Egon, Adonis, Corydon, Argiolus i s,
Lineola, Actaeon, Comma, etc. Desiderata. — Pupee of Sphingids, etc. — A. Ford, 36,
Irving Road, Bournemouth.

Duplicates. — Aurinia,* Bombyliformis, Mundaria,* Lonicerse, Filipendulse (Hippo-
crepidis?), Nigra, Lutulenta var. lunebergensis (2), Bractea (2) Gracilis, Upsilon*,
Rubricosa,* Ornithopus, Cracese* (2), Rufina, Glareosa, Multistrigaria, Ennomos
autumnaria, Clathrata, Ruberata,* Trifasciata,* Siterata, Obeliscata* (black vars.),
Repandata,* Dodoneata,* Absinthiata,* Assimilata,* Unidentaria,* Ferrugata* (both
from ova), Dilutata,* 0. autumnata,* 0. christyi* : ova of Dilutata, Autumnata, Christyi.
Desiderata. — Various. — J. E. R. Allen, Portora, Enniskillen, Ireland.

Duplicates.— OceWatas,* Populi,* Tiliae,* Elpenor,* Stellatarum,* Chrysidiformis,*
Cynipiformis,* Musciformis,* Bembeciformis,* Humuli var. hethlandica, Undulanua,
Statices, Geryon, Globularise, Exulans, Meliloti, Cristulalis, Irrorella, Miniata, Aureola,*
Helveola,* Quadra,* Jacoboea,* Dominula,* Russula, Plantaginis,* Fuliginosa var.
borealis,* Mendica,* Salicis,* Monacha,* Pudibunda,* Fascelina,* Crataegi,* P. populi,*
R. rubi,* B. quercus,* Carpini,* Lacertula,* Falcula,* Hamula,* Furcula,* Vinula,*
Bucephala,* Palpina,* Camelina,* Dictaea,* Dromedarius, * Ziczac,* Trepida,* Chaonia.*
Desiderata. — Very numerous. — Arthur Home, 60, Gladstone Place, Aberdeen, N.B.

Duplicates. — Pupse. Machaon, Carpini, Valerianata. Imagines. Rhamni,* Linea,
Lineola, Atalanta,* Populi (pale and pink), Senex, Griseolata,* Arundinis, Pudorina,
/ Comma, Phragmitidis, Flammea, Helmanni, Anceps, Gemira, Fibrosa, Haworthii,
Segetum, and Nigricans (marsh forms). Aquilina, Interjecta, Tragopogonis, Libatrix,
Moneta,* Argentula, Nupta, Leucophearia, Vittata, Testata," Cilialis. Desiderata. —
Bombyliformis, Strigula, Testudo, Leporina, Cannte, Uliginopa, Depuncta, Sobrina,
Retusa, Ochroleuca, Rectilinea, Glabraria, Sylvata, Plumbeolata, Albipunctata, Togata,
Sparsata, Sexalata, Ruberata. — G. Brooks, 28, Hilton Avenue, Friern Barnet.

Note.— Mr. Donisthorpe will be grateful for any ants from all parts of the British
Isles, with localities, unset or otherwise, for the purposes of study. — H. St. J. K.
Donisthorpe, 58, Kensington Mansion, S. Kensington, S.W.

Duplicates. — Polychloros,* W-album, Lucina,* Minima, Neustria.* Urticse,* Consonaria
(var. Nigra), Diffinis, Hispidaria, Fuscantaria, Rhamnata, Asteris, Carmelita, Abruptaria,
Suasa, Gilvago, Rufina, Pastinum, Puta, Phragmitidis and others. Desiderata. —
Bidentata, especially Scotch and Irish, and varieties. Also living specimens in any stage
from South of England. Paniscus. — W. Bowater, 20, Russell Road, Moseley, Birmingham.

Changes of Address. — G. D. Hancock, Mount View, Uffculme, Cullompton, Devon.
V. E. Shaiv, Betula, Park Vieiv Road, New Eltham. R. T. Baumann, 108, Station iJ<^,
Chingford. C. Mellows, Bishop's Stortford College, Herts.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society 'of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. Oct. 16th ; Nov. 6th ; Nov. 20th.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.— London

Institution, Finsbury Circus; E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30.

Toynbee Natural History Society. — Toynbee Hall, at 8 p.m. Entrance fee Is.,
annual subscription Is. I\Ieetings : Full particulars as to excursions can be obtained from
the Excursion Secretary, Miss L. Roberts, 11, St. James,' Hatcham, S.E.— Hon. Sec,
Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia,
Chambers, London Bridge. — Meetings :. The second and fourth Thursdays in the month
at 8 o'clock.

North London Notural History Society.— Meetings held at Room 20, Salisbury
House, Finsbury Circus, E.G., at 7 p.m., on the second and fourth Tuesdays in the
month.— Secretary, R. W. Robbins, " Tonah," Hale End, Chingford.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on'-tbe 3rd Monday in the month from October to April.

IN PARTS— ONE SHILLING.

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION.
Vol. IV.

Commencing with the Variation and Life-histories of Agriades coridon&nd Polyommatm
icarus (with four plates of the named aberrations and varieties of the first-named species
together with many photomicrographs of larval and pupal structure. Similar plates of
P. icarus' are awaiting publication.)

Probably the finest life-histories of any species of lepidoptera ever published. The next
species to be treated is Aricia astrarche, a still more interesting one with regard to its
Varieties and Aberrations.

Subscription for the complete parts 17s. 6d.

THE

Butterflies of Switzerland and the Alps of Central Europe

By GEO. WHEELER, M,A., F.E.S., F.Z.S.

Price Ss. net. Interleaved, 6s.

Limp cloth covers. — Handy for the knapsack.

This book is of the hijghest value not only to collectors of Continental Butter-
flies, but to all those who collect British butterflies, as it gives a great many detailed
facts about the species in which they are more particularly interested.

The details of Variation and Distribution are particularly important, and those
lepidopterists to whom Kane's book has long been a treasured, friend, will find in this
more information, more detail, and many more localities than were at the disposal of
the author of the earlier volume.

" To those who carry a net abroad, this handbook will be invaluable as a book of

reference We can cordially recommend it "— H. Rowland-

Brown, M.A., F.E.S., The Entomologist's Record, vol. xv.

■ Dear SiR,-Herewith I forward poftaf&r value g; for J'^l of The Butter-
flies of Switzerland and the Alps of Central Europe.

Name

Address

To Mr. H. E. PAGE, » Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.B.

FOR SALE,

Tutt's " British Lepidoptera," vols. I to X. Tutt's " British Butterflies," vols.
I to III. Tutt's "British Noctuae," vols. I to IV. butt's "Practical Hints for the
Field Lepidopterist," parts I to III, with Index. There are also a few copies of
" British Noctuae," slightly soiled, to be sold cheaply.

A. M. COCHRANE.
41, Wisteria Road, Lewishaiii, S.E.

Rarissima !

APOLLO ex. NORWAY.

I offer both sexes for cash. Beautiful big animals.

Write to Mr. A. KOENIG,

Berlin, Emserstp, 104.

IM[JPORTANT

TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

BACK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist's Record

and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXIII).

Single back volumes of the above can be obtained at 7s. 6d. per volume ;
except vols. I. and II., which are 10s. 6d. each, net; any two or three volumes
of the remainder at 7s. 3d. per volume ; four, five, six, seYen, eight or
nine at 78. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fourteen at 6s. 9d. per
volume ; fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty or twenty-
one at 6s. 6d. per volume. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published
price (plus postage). Special Indexes, Vols. III-XXIII, sold separately, price
Is. 6d. each.
Contents of Vol. I. (Most important only Mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies. — Variation of Smerintlms tiliae, 3 coloured
plates — Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia — The Doubleday
collection — Parthenogenesis — >Papcr on Taeniocampidae — Phylloxera — Practical
Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera — Origin of Argynnis paphia var.
valesina — Work for the Winter— Temperature and Variation — Synonymic notes —
Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890 — Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda
lichenea, Heliophobvs hispidvs — Captures at light — Aberdeenshire notes, etc.,
etc., 360 pp.

Contents of Vol. 11.

Melanism and Melanochroism — Bibliography— Notes on Collecting — Articles
on Variation (many) — How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taenia-
campa opima— Collecting on the Norfolk Broads — Wing development — Hybridising
Amphidasyi prodromaria and A. betularia — Melanism and Temperature — Diiieren-
tiation of Dianthtxciai — Disuse of wings — Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London
— Generic nomenclature and the Acronyctidae — A fortnight at Rannoch — Heredity
in Lepidoptera — Notes on Genus Zyg^na {Atithrocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera--
Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp.

Contents of Vol. III.

Genus Acronycta and its allies (continued) — Scientific Notes — The British
Coccinellidae — Notes on Breeding — Notes on Coleoptera (very many) — Dates of
appearance of Eupithecid pygmeata— Dimorphic pupae — Duration of Ova State of
the Geometridae (with tables) — Effects of temperature on the colouring of Lepidop-
tera— Hints on labelling — Melanic varieties— Changes in nomenclature — Keeping
Micro pupse during winter — Notes on Genus Hepialus — Reviews, etc., etc., 320 pp.

Contents of Vol. IV.

Additions to British Lists — Presidential Addresses of British Association and
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society— Autumnal collecting at Fresh-
water, Isle of Wight — Captures of rarities— Collecting beetles — Critieiil notes on
certain Nocttiae — A day's collecting in the Western Highlands — Apparent dearth
of Diurni — Double-brooded species — The early stages of certain Geometrina — Sensi-
bility of larvae to sound — Collecting in North Kent — How to obtain and preserve
ova — Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1893- — Stridulation — Variety breeding — The
Pupal and Imaginal wings of Lepidoptera, etc., etc., 354 pp.

Contents of Vol V.

On the larva of Arctia caia (with plates) — Evolution of the Lepidopterous
Pupa — Rev. H. Burney's collection (sale) — Life-History of a Lepidopterous Insect
(Morphology and Physiology, etc.) — Among the Ancients — Erebia epiphron and its
named Varieties— Life-History of Agrotis agathina — Ten Days at Wicken Fen —
Varieties of Spilosoma mendica — Butterfly Catching in the neighbourhood of Mt.
Blanc — Life-History of Ocneria dispar — Zygaena exulans and its Variations —
Entomology at Rainham, Essex — Additions to the British List — New Method of
Relaxing Insects, etc., etc., 308 pp.

To be obtained only from —
Mr. H. E. PAGE, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.E.

to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable.

JUST ISSUED.— Parts 12, 13 & 14 with 8 plates,
Price 3s. Ckl. post free.

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

THEIR wSrLD-WIDE VAR.'ATION AND DISTRIBUTION.

A Text- Book for Students and Collectors.

Vol. IV.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Commencing with the Variation and Life-histories of Agriades coridon and Polyommatus
icarus (with four plates of the named aberrations and varieties of the first-named species
together with many photomicrographs of larval and pupal structure. Similar plates of
P. icarus are awaiting publication.)

Probably the finest life-histories of any species of lepidoptera ever published. The next
species to be treated is Aricia astrarche, a still more interesting one with regard to its
Varieties and Aberrations.

Subscription for the\ complete parts 17s. 6d.

THE

Butterflies of Switzerland and the Alps of Central Europe

By GEO. WHEELER, M.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S.

Price 5s. net. Interleaved, 6s.

Limp cloth covers. — Handy for the knapsack.

This book is of the highest value not only to collectors of Continental Butter-
flies, but to all those who collect British butterflies, as it gives a great many detailed
facts about the species in which they are more particularly interested.

The details of Variation and Distribution are particularly important, and those
lepidopterists to whom Kane's book has long been a treasured friend, will find in this
more information, more detail, and many more localities than were at the disposal of
the author of the earlier volume.

" To those who carry a net abroad, this handbook will be invaluable as a book of

reference We can cordially recommend it " — H. Kowland-

B^owN, M.A., F.E.S. , The Entomologist's Record, vol. xv.

Dear SiR.-Herewith I forward ^.^t^'ori,, value H] for ,^^^3 of The Butter-
flies ot Sicitzerland and the Alps of Central Europe.

Name

Address ,^

To Mr. H. E. PAGE, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.E.

FOR SALE,

Tutt's " British Lepidoptera," vols. I to X. Tutt's " British Butterflies," vols.
I to III. Tutt's "British Noctuae," vols. I to IV. Tutt's "Practical Hints for the
Field Lepidopterist," parts I to III, with Index. There are also a few copies of
" British Noctuae," slightly soiled, to be sold cheaply.

A. M. COCHRANE.
41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

I1VEI> OI^T ANT

TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

BACK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist's Record

and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXIII).

Single back volumes of the above can be obtained at 7s. 6d. per volume ;
except vols. I. and II., which are 10s. 6d. each, net; any two or three volumes
of the remainder at 7s. 3d. per volume ; four, five, six, seven, eight or
nine at 7s. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fourteen at 6s. 9d. per
volume ; fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty or twenty-
one at 6s. 6d. per volume. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published
price "(plus postage). Special Indexes, Vols. III-XXIII, sold separately, price
Is. 6d. each.

Contents of Vol. I. (Most iviportant only Mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies. — Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured
plates — Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, jxirthenie, and aurelia — The Doubleday
collection — Parthenogenesis — Paper on Taeniocampidae — Phylloxera — Practical
Hints (many) — Parallel, Variation in Coleoptera — Origin of Aryynnis ixiphia var.
valesina — ^Work for the Winter — Temperature and Variation — Synonymic notes —
Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890 — Lifehistories of Agrotis 'pyrophila, Einmda
lichenea, Heliophobiis hisjndus — Captures at light — Aberdeenshire notes, etc.,
etc., 360 pp.

Contents of Vol. II.

Melanism and Melanochroism — Bibliography — Notes on Collecting — Articles
on Variation (many) — How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taenio-
campa opima — Collecting on the Norfolk Broads — Wing development^ — ^Hybridising
Amphidasys prodromaria and A. hetularia — Melanism and Temperature — Differen-
tiation of Dianthmcias — Disuse of wings — Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London
— Generic nomenclature and the Acronyctidae — A fortnight at Rannoch — Heredity
in Lepidoptera — Notes on Genus Zyg^na {Anthrocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera- -
Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp.

Contents of Vol. III.

Genus Acronycta and its allies (continued) — Scientific Notes — The British
Coccinellidae — Notes on Breeding — Notes on Coleoptera (very many) — Dates of
appearance of Eupithecia pygmeata — Dimorphic pupse — Duration of Ova State of
the Geometridae (with tables) — Effects of temperature on the colouring of Lepidop-
tera— Hints on labelling — Melanic varieties — Changes in nomenclature — Keeping
Micro pupae during winter — Notes on Genus Hepialus — Reviews, etc., etc., 320 pp.

Contents of Vol. IV.

Additions to British Lists — Presidential Addresses of British Association and
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society — Autumnal collecting at Fresh-
water, Isle of Wight — Captures of rarities — Collecting beetles — Critical notes on
certain Noctuae — A day's collecting in the Western Highlands — Apparent dearth
of Diiirni — Double-brooded species — The early stages of certain Geometrina — Sensi-
bility of larvae to sound — Collecting in JSforth Kent^ — How to obtain and preserve
ova — Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1»93 — Stridulation — Variety breeding — The
Pupal and Imaginal wings of Lepidoptera, etc., etc., 354 pp.

Contents of Vol V.

On the larva of Arctia caia (with plates) — Evolution of the Lepidopterous
Pupa — Rev. H. Burney's collection (sale) — Life-History of a Lepidopterous Insect
(Morphology and Physiology, etc.) — Among the Ancients — Erehia epiphron and its
named Varieties — Life-History of Agrotis agathina — Ten Days at Wicken Fen —
Varieties of Spilosoma mendica — Butterfly Catching in the neighbourhood of Mt.
Blanc — Life-History of Ocneria dispar — Zygaena e.rulans and its Variations —
Entomology at Rainham, Essex— Additions to the British List — New Method of
Relaxing Insects, etc., etc., 308 pp.

To be obtained only from —
Mr. H. E. PAGE, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.E.

to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXiV. (7 shillings) should be sent to
Mn. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross,
S.E. [This subscription includes all numbers published from
January 15th to December 15th, 1 SI 2.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E.

The Back volumes (I-XXIII) of the Ent. Record, &c. (published at 10s. 6d. netj,.
can4ie obtained direct as follows — Single volumes, 7s. 6d., except vols. I. and II., which
are 10s. 6d. each ; of the remainder 2 or 3 volumes, 78. 3d. each ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols.,
7s. each ; 10, 11, 12, 13 or ii vols, at 6s. 9d. each ; 15, 16. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
vols, at 6s. 6d. each. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus
postage). Special Indexes to Vols. III-XXIII, sold separately, price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to 'Clic Enioinnhiiii.tt'it Tlecord,&c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. Herbert E. Page, •■ Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. Cbeiues
and Postal Orders should be made payable to H. E. Page.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale, or Books wanted will be inserted iit a minimum
charge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series.
Particulars of Mr. Herbert E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E.

Duplicates. — Advena, Tiucta, Prasina, Adusta, Miniosa, Munda, Gracilis, Glauca,
Flttvicornis var Scotica, Tetralunaria, Advenaria, Alsines, Blanda, Glareosa, Deplana,
dark Impluviata, Galatea, H. comma, Bellargus. Desiderata. — Anthrocera hippocrepidis
(early filipendulas) and A. trifolii-minor, if from same colony. — E. A-> Cockayne, 16,
Cambridge Square, W. \

Duplicates. — Xanthia Oeellaris,* a few bred; hybrid Zonaria x Hirtaria (females
only). Desiderata. — Many rare and local insects and good vars. Ova of Gilvago,
Cerago, Oeellaris. — H. Worsley Wood, 31, Agate Road, Hammersmith, W.

Duplicates. — L. gueneei,* Campanulata, Absinthiata,* Tridens,* Russata* (yellow
var.), Flavicincta, Megacephala, Dilutata,* Valligera, ,Cursoria, Triangulum, Affinis,
Derasa, Tersata,* Ribesaria,* Badiata, Lithoriza, Geryon, Aurago,* yVa,wiina.* . Desiderata.
— Nuftierous. — Rev. A. M. Doicnes, Batheaston Vicarage, Bath.

Duplicates. — Humuli var; Hethlandica, Putrescens, Vestigalis, Exulis (Shetlands, I.),
Ambigua, Nigra, and many other local British moths. Desiderata .—Bxitish and Palte-
arctic Khopalocera. — J. A. ,Simes, F.E.S., Mon. Repos, Markham^s Lane, Woodford Green.

Duplicates. — Subtusa,* (0) Castrensis,* Culiciformis,* Cynipiformis, Pudorina,
Lineolata, (5) Citraria, and others. Desiderata. — Very numerous, but chiefly northern
insects, also Paniscus, W-Album and Pruni. H. Baker ^ly, Mapledean, Horley.

Duplicates. — Sinapis, Icarus, Aiirinia from Ireland. ^Desiderata. — British butterflies ;
unset or Continental setting. — N. ;Manders, Lt.-Col., R.A.M.C., 4, South Road, Curragh
Camp, Co. Kildare.

Duplicates. — Galatea, Argiolus, Corydon, Linea, Jacoba?ae, Lupulina (vars.), Batis,
Glandifera,Psi,Eumicis, Monglypha (dark), Gemina, and var. reraissa, Fasciuncula (vars.),
Bicoloria. Morpheus, Cubicularis, Exclamationis (vars.), Obelisca, Augur, Brunnea, Gothica,
Eufina, Vaceinii, Chi, Oxyacanthffi, and var. Capucina, o-o (white pins) Nupta, Macularia,
Elinguaria, Pennaria, Doubledayaria, Rupicapraria ? s, Progemmaria, Atomaria, Albulata,
Badiata, many others. Desiderata. — Vespertaria, Apiciaria, Faseiaria, Dolobraria, Tetralu-
naria, Blomeri, Rubricata, Straminata, Subsericeata, Immutata, Emutaria, Inornata,
Degeneraria, Emarginata, Belgiaria, Murinata, Hippocastanaria, Salisata, Olivata,
Aiilinitata, Ericetata, Blandiata, Lobulata, Simulata, Firmata, Sparsata. Sexalata,
Viretata, Heparata, Vitalbata, Undulata, Vetulata, Psitticata, many others. — J. Douglas,
" Woodside," Milford, nr. Derby.

Wanted urgently. — A number of set Hirtaria (both sexes). Will do what I can in
return. — J. IV. H. Harrison, 181, Abingdon Road, Middlesbro' .

Desiderata. — British hymenoptera aculeata. Duplicates. — Many British lepidoptera
in fine condition. — T . E. Sha%i\ Betula, Fallow Court Avenue, North Finchley.

Duplicates. — Aurinia,* Bombyliformis, Mundaria,' Lonicerje, Filipendulas (Hippo-
crepidis?), Nigra, Lutulenta var. lunebergensis (2), Bractea (2) Gracilis, Upsilon*,
Eubricosa,* Ornithopus, Craccffi* (2), Rufina, Glareosa, Multistrigaria, Ennomos
autumnaria, Clathrata, Ruberata,* Trifasciata,* iSiterata, Obeliscata* (black vars.),
Repandata,* Dodoneata,* Absinthiata,* Assimilata,* Unidentaria,* Ferrugata* (botli
from ova), Dilutata,* 0. autumnata,* 0. christyi* : ova of Dilutata, Autumnata, Christyi.
Desiderata. — Various. — J. E. R. Allen, Portora, Enniskilleyi, Ireland.

Duplicates. — Ocellatus,* Populi,* Tilias,* Elpenor,* Stellatarum,* Chrysidiforrnis,*
Cynipiformis,* Musciformis,* Bembeciformis,* Humuli var. hethlandica, Undulanus,
Statices, Geryon, Globulariae, Exulans, Meliloti, Cristulalis, Irrorella, Miniata, Aureola,*
Helveola,* Quadra,* Jacoboea,* Dominula,* Russula, Plantaginis,* Fuliginosa var.
b6realis,* Mendica,* Salicis,*.Monacha,* Pudibunda,* Fascelina,* Cratwgi,* P. populi,*
R. rubi,* B. quercus,* Carpini,* Lacertula,* Falcula,* Hamula,* Furcula,* Vinula,*
Bucephala,* Palpina,* Camelina,*"Dict8ea,* Dromedai-ius,* Ziczac,* Trepida,* Chaonia.*
Desiderata. — Very numerous. — Arthur Home, 60, Gladstone Place, Aberdeen, N.B.

Duinicates. — Pupas. Machaon, Carpini, Valerianata. Imagines. Rhamni,* Linea,

Lineola, Atalanta,* Populi (pale and pink), Senex, Griseolata,* Arundinis, Pudorina,
Comma, Phragmitidis, Flammea, Helmanni, Anceps, Gemira, Fibrosa, Haworthii,
begetum, and Nigricans (marsh forms). Aquilina, Interjecta, Tragopogonis, Libatrix,
Moneta,* Argentula, Nupta, Leucophearia, Vittata, Testata," Cilialis. Desiderata. —
Bombyliformis, Strigula, Testudo, Leporina, Cannae, Uliginosa, Depuncta, Sobrina,
Retusa, Ochroleuca, Rectilinea, Glabraria, Sylvata, Plumbeolata, Albipunctata, Togata,
Sparsata, Sexalata, Ruberata. — G. Brooks, 28, Hilton Aveiiue, Friern Barnet.

Note. — Mr. Donisthorpe will be grateful for any ants from all parts of the British
Isles, with localities, unset or otherwise, for the purposes of study. — H. St. J. K.
Do7nsthorpe, 58, Kensinfjton Mansion, S. Kensington, S.W.

Duplicates. — Polychloros,* W-album, Lucina,* Minima, Neustria.*Urtic8e,*Consonaria
(var. Nigra), Diffinis, Hispidaria, Fuscantaria, Rhamnata, Asteris, Carmelita, Abruptaria,
Suasa, Gilvago, Rufina, Pastinum, Puta, Phragmitidis and others. Desiderata. —
Bidentata, especially Scotch and Irish, and varieties. Also living specimens in any stage
from South of England. Paniscus. — W. Boioater, 20, Russell Road, Moseley, Birmingham.

Duplicates. — Dominula*, B. quercus*, ochracea*, Typhae, nigra, Opima (2), Gothica,
Gothicina (2), Stabilis, Cruda, Chi*, var. olivacea*, Abruptaria*, Zonaria*, Plagiata,
Hirtaria, Hispidaria, Pilosaria, Strataria, Doubledayaria, Leocophsearia. Desiderata. —
Pupae of Mendiea, Menthastri, S. urticae, and Pudibunda. — Harold B. Williams, 82, Filey
Avenue, Stoke Newvujton, N.

Duplicates. — Ova : — Fuscautaria, Autumnaria. Pups : — Pendularia, Omieronaria,
Hirtaria, Hirtaria (Forres), and most of the British Lepidoptera well set. Desiderata. —
Pupae : — S. ligustri, Carpini, Fagi, Carmelita, Palpina, Camelina, Dictaeoides, Trepida,
Dodonea, Prasinania, and many others also well set. Ligniperda, ^sculi, Villica,
Porcellus, and others. — L. W. Newman, Bexlcy, Kent.

Duplicates. — Sinapis, ^Egon, Arion (gilt-pins), Betulae*, Chrysidiformis*, Emutaria,
Orbicularia*, Gi'ossulariata* (dark), Repandata* (black and banded), Pilosaria (black),
Rubiginea*, Templi*, Prsecox*. Desiderata. — Numerous, especially Eupitheciae. —
Joseph Anderson, Aire Villa, Chichester.

Duplicates. — Cilialis, Pascuellus, Inquinatellus, H. cribrum (6), Caledoniana,
Hastiana, Variegana vars.. Angustiorana, Pinivorana, Myrtillana, Sauciana, Lariciana,
Occultana, Herbosana, Ramella, Nisella, Schulziana, Geminana, Dorsana (6), Nanana,
Osseana, Conwayana, Atmoriella, Corticella, Costella, Ochraceella, Faratinella, Cerusella,
etc. Desiderata. — Ericellus, Myelins, Flexula, Alpinalis, and many Pyrales, Crambi,
Tortrices and Pterophori. — T. Ashton Lofthouse, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

Duplicates. — lo*, Russula (4), Sylvinus, Vellecia, Hectus, Coracina, Plantaginis*,
Mendiea, Lubricipeda var. fasciata*, Fulva, Brevilinea (types), Fibrosa, Elymi (6),
Anomala, Dissimilis*, Duplaris, Ambigua*. Saucia, Nigra, Nigricans, Thalassina*, E.
autumnaria*, Pendularia*, Fumata, Tristata, Decolorata, Lignata, Ca^siata, Olivata,
Bicolorata, Pumilata, Linariata*, Puichellata*, Isogrammata*, Subfulvata*, Sobrinata*,
Cervinata*, Badiata*, Obliterata, Fluviata (3), Apiciaria, Infasciaria, etc. Desiderata. —
Muscerda, Ligniperda', Irregularis, T-aeniata, Rubricata, Obelisca, Viretata, Viridata,
Auroraria, Ornata, Subsericeata, Humiliata, Lapidata, Thymiaria, Ericetaria, Pimpinei-
lata, etc. — T. Ashton Lofthouse, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

I would be very glad to exchange Californian butterflies for English blues especially
■the variable ? s, and the blue ? s of coridon such as have been recorded by Keynes and
others. — Fordijce Grinnell, Jr., 712, East Orange Grove, Paradena, California, U.S.A.

Changes of Audkess. — B. C. S. Warren, Villa Romaine, Clarens.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. Nov. 20th ; Dec. 4th.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.— London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30.

Toynbee Natural History Society. — Toynbee Hall, at 8 p.m. Entrance fee Is.,
annual subscription Is. Meetings : Full particulars as to excursions can be obtained from
the Excursion Secretary, Miss L. Roberts, 11, St. James,' Hatcham, S.E. — Hon. Sec,
Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia,
Chambers, London Bridge. — Meetings : The second and fourth Thursdays in the month
at 8 o'clock. November 28th,. Annual Exhibition. December 12th, Reports of Field
Meeting.— Ho/i. Sec, Stanley Edward, 15, St. German's Place, Blackheath.

North London Notural History Society.— Meetings held at Room 20, Salisbury
House, Finsbury Circus, E.G., at 7 p.m., on the second and fourth Tuesdays in the
month. — Secretary, R. W. Robbins; " Tonah," Hale End, Chingford.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in each month from October to April. — Hon. Sec, Wm.
Mansbridge, 4, Norwich Road, Wavertree, Liverpool.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXV. (7 shillings) should be sent to
Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross,
S.E. [This subscription includes all numbers published from
January 15th to December 15th, 1S12.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. Herbert E, Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E.

The Back volumes (I-XXIV) of the Ent. Record, &c. (published at 10s. 6d. net),
can be obtained direct as follows— Single volumes, 7s. 6d., except vols. I. and II., which
are 10s. 6d. each ; of the remainder 2 or 3 volumes, 7s. 3d. each ; i, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols.,
7s. each ; 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 vols, at 6s. 9d. each ; 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
vols, at 6s. 6d. each. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus
postage). Special Indexes to Vols. III-XXIV, sold separately, price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to Tlie Entomologist's ttecord,&c. are
payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. Cheques
and Postal Orders should be made payable to H. E. Page.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale, or Books wanted will be inserted at a minimum
charge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series
Particulars of Mr. Herbert E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E.

Duplicates. — Advena, Tincta, Prasina, Adusta, Miniosa, Munda, Gracihs, Glauca,
Flavicornis var Scotica, Tetralunaria, Advenaria, Alsines, Blanda, Glareosa, Deplana,
dark Impluviata, Galatea, H. comma, Bellargus. Desiderata. — Anthrocera hippocrepidis
(early filipendulee) and A. trifolii-minor, if from same colony. — E. A. Cockayne, 16,
Cambridge Square, W.

Duplicates. — Xanthia Ocellaris,* a few bred; hybrid Zonaria x Hirtaria (females
only). Desiderata. — Many rare and local insects and good vars, Ova of Gilvago,
Cerago, Ocellaris. — H. Worsley Wood, 31t Agate Road, Hammersmith, W.

Duplicates. — L. gueneei,* Campanulata, Absinthiata,* Tridens,* Russata* (yellow
var.), Flavicincta, Megacephala, Dilutata,* Valligera, Cursoria, Triangulum, Afiinis,
Derasa, Tersata,* Ribesaria,* Badiata, Lithoriza, Geryon, Aurago,* Wa,v&rici* . Desiderata.
— Numerous. — Rev. A. 31. Downes, Batlieaston Vicarage, Bath.

Duplicates. — Subtusa,* Castrensis,* (6) Culiciformis,* Pudorina, Lineolata, (5)
Citraria, and others. Desiderata. — Very numerous, but chiefly northern insects, also
Faniscus and Pruni. H. Baker Sly, Mapledean, Horley.

Duplicates. — Sinapis, Icarus, Aurinia from Ireland. Desiderata. — British butterflies ;
unset or Continental setting. — N. Manders, Lt.-Col., R.A.M.C., 4, South Road, Curragh
Camp, Co. Kildare.

Duplicates.— Galatea, Argiolus, Corydon, Linea, .lacobjeas, Lupulina (vars.), Batis,
Glandifera,Psi,Ilumicis, Monglypha (dark), Gemina,and var. remissa, Fasciuncula (vars.),
Bicoloria, Morpheus, Cubicularis, Exclamationis (vars.), Obelisca, Augur, Brunnea, Gothica,
Ruflna, Vaccinii, Chi, Oxyacanthae, and var. Capucina, o-o (white pins) Nupta, Macularia,
Elinguaria, Pennaria, Doubledayaria, Rupicapraria ? s, Progemmaria, Atomaria, Albulata,
Badiata, many others. Desiderata.- — Vespertaria, Apiciaria, Fasciaria, Dolobraria, Tetralu-
naria, Blomeri, Rubricata, Straminata, Subserieeata, Immutata, Emutaria, Inornata,
Degeneraria, Emarginata, Belgiaria, Murinata, Hippocastanaria, Salisata, Olivata,
Affinitata, Ericetata, Blandiata, Lobulata, Simulata, Firmata, Sparsata. Sexalata,
Viretata, Heparata, Vitalbata, Undulata, Vetulata, Psitticata, many others. — J. Douglat,
" Woodside," Milford, nr. Derby.

Wanted dkgently. — A number of set Hirtaria (both sexes). Will do what I can in
return. — J. W. H. Harrison, 181, Abingdon Road, Middlesbro' .

Desiderata. — British hymenoptera aculeata. Duplicates. — Many British lepidoptera
in fine condition. — I . E. Shaw, Betula, Park Vieio Road, New EltJiam.

Duplicates. — Machaon, Napi, Edusa, Paphia, Valezina, Aglaia, Adippe, Euphrosyne,
Artemis, Cinxia, C-album, Polychloros, Sibylla, Blandina, Semele, Rubi, Quercus, Betulje,
Artaxerxes, Adonis, Corydon, Alsus, Ocellatus, Populi, Tilite, Elpenor, Hethlandica',
Exulans, Meliloti, Quadra, Dominula, Plantaginis, Fuliginosa, Fascelina, Callunte,
Carpini, Fasciaria, Fumata, Pictaria, Alternata, Pinetaria, Grossulariata (dark vars.),
Aurantiaria, Csesiata, Satyrata, Togata, Albicillata, Undulata, Psittacata, Russata,
Immanata, Falcula, Hamula, Dictfea, Dromedarius, Ziczac, Chaonia, Templi, Flavago,
Rufina, Conspersa, Suasa, Genistas, Solidaginis, etc. Desiderata. — Very many Pyrales,
Crambi, Pterophori, and Tortrices, if fine and well set. — Arthur Home, 60, Gladstone
Place, Aberdeen, N.B.

Duplicates. — L. gueneei* and var. Murrayi, Paludis*<, L. testacse* (a few black), A.
valligera*, Zonaria*, Caniola*, Galathsea*, C. album*, Tithonus (very fine specimens),
Artrxerxes*, Campanulata*, and many ethers. Desiderata. — Pupse of S. mendica, s!
urticae, D. pudibunda, Selenia illunaria, S. tetralunaria, N. lapponaria, N. abruptaria,
and many others. — Arthur Murray, 62, Clifton Street, St. Atiue's-on-Sea.

Duplicates. — Pupae. Machaon, Carpini, Valerianata. Imagines. Rhamni,* Linea,
Lineola, Atalanta,* Populi (pale and pink), Senex, Griseolata,* Arundinis, Pudorina,
•Comma, Phragmitidis, Flammea, Helmanni, Anceps, Gemira, Fibrosa, Haworthii,

begetuni, and Nigricans (marsh forms). Aquilina, Interjecta, Tragopogonis, Libatrix,
Moneta,* Argentula, Nupta, Leucophearia, Vittata, Testata,* Cilialis. Desiderata. —
Bombyliformis, Strigula, Testudo, Leporina, Cannae, Uliginopa, Depuncta, Sobrina,
Ketusa, Ochroleuca, Rectilinea, Glabraria, Sylvata, Plumbeolata, Albipunctata, Togata,
Sparsata, Sexalata, Euberata.^ — G. Brooks, 2S, Hilton Avenue, Friern Barnet.

Note. — Mr. Donisthorpe will be grateful for any ants from all parts of the British
Isles, with localities, unset or otherwise, for the purposes of study. — H. St. J. K.
Donisthorpe, 58, Kensington Mansion, S. Kensington, S.W.

Duplicates. — Polychloros,* W-album, Lucina,* Minima, Neustria, * IJrticse,* Consonaria
(var. Nigra), Diffinis, Hispidaria, Fuscantaria, Rhamnata, Asteris, Carmelita, Abruptaria,
Suasa, Gilvago, Rufina, Pastinum, Puta, Phragmitidis and others. Desiderata. —
Bidentata, especially Scotch and Irish, and varieties. Also living specimens in any stage
from South of England. Paniscus.— IT-'. Bowater, 20, Russell Road, Moseley, Birmingham.
Duplicates. — Dominula*, B. quercus*, Ochracea*, Typhse, Nigra (1), Gothica, Gothicina
Stabilis, Cruda, Chi*, var. olivacea*, Abruptaria*, Zonaria*, Plagiata, Hirtaria, Pilosaria,
Strataria, Doubledayaria, Leucophearia, Moneta, Orion, Ripaj, Vetusta (1), Artaxerxes,
Vinula (white pins), and Dealbata (white pins). Desiderata. — Pupae of S. urticse
Lubricipeda, Abruptaria, Bidentata. Ova of E. autumnaria, Fuscantaria, Castrensis, and
Neustria. — Harold B. Williams, 82, Filey Avenue, Stoke Newington, N.

Duplicates. — Ova : — Fuscantaria, Autumnaria. Pupse : — Pendularia, Omicronaria,
Hirtaria, Hirtaria (Forres), and most of the British Lepidoptera well set. Desiderata. —
Pupae : — S. ligustri, Carpini, Fagi, Carmelita, Palpina, Camelina, Dictaeoides, Trepida,
Dodonea, Prasinana, and many others also well set. Ligniperda, ^Esculi, Villica,
Porcellus, and others. — L. W. Newman, Bexley, Kent.

Duplicates. — Sinapis, >Egon, Arion (gilt-pins), Betulae*, Chrysidiformis*, Emutaria,
Orbicularia*, Grossulariata* (dark), Repandata* (black and banded), Pilosaria (black),
Rubiginea*, Templi*, Prfficox*. Desiderata. — Numerous, especially Eupitheciae. —
Joseph Anderson, Aire Villa, Chichester.

Duplicates. — ^Cilialis, Pascuellus, Inquinatellus, H. cribrum (6), Caledoniana,
Hastiana, Variegana vars., Angustiorana, Pinivorana, Myrtillana, Sauciana, Larieiana,
Occultana, Herbosana, Ramella, Nisella, Schulziana, Geminana, Dorsana (6), Nanana,
Osseana, Conwayana, Atmoriella, Corticella, Costella, Ochraceella, Faratinella, Cerusella,
etc. Desiderata. — Ericellus, Myellus, Flexula, Alpinalis, and many Pyrales, Crambi,
Tortrices and Pterophori.— T. Ashton Lofthouse, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

Duplicates. — lo*, Russula (4), Sylvinus, Velleda, Hectus, Coracina, Plantaginis*,
Mendica, Lubricipeda var. fasciata*, Fulva, Brevilinea (types). Fibrosa, Elymi (6),
Anomala, Dissimilis*, Duplaris, Ambigua*. Saucia, Nigra, Nigricans, Thalassina*, E.
autumnaria*, Pendularia*, Fumata, Tristata, Decolorata, Lignata, Ccesiata, Olivata,
Bicolorata, Pumilata, Linariata*, Puichellata*, Isogrammata*, Subfulvata*, Sobrinata*,
Cervinata*, Badiata*, Obliterata, Fluviata (3), Apiciaria, Infasciaria, etc. Desiderata. —
Muscerda, Ligniperda, Irregularis, Taeniata, Rubricata, Obelisca, Viretata, Viridata,
Auroraria, Ornata, Subsericeata, Humiliata, Lapidata, Thymiaria, Ericetaria, 'Pimpinel-
lata, etc. — T. Ashton Lofthouse, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

I would be very glad to exchange Californian butterflies for English blues especially
the variable ? s, and the blue ? s of coridon such as have been recorded by Keynes and
others. — Fordyce Grinnell, Jr., 712, East Orange Grove, Paradena, California, U.S.A.

Change of Address. — V. E. Shaiv, Betula, Park Vietv Road, Neiv Eltham.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.— 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. Nov. 20th ; Dec. 4th.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.— London

Inptitution, Finsbury Circus, E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30.
Dec. 17th, " Plusia moneta," Mr. C. Nicholson; Jan. 7tli, "Annual exhibition of
Varieties, *c."; Jan. 21st, "The Elements of theMendelian Theory," G. W. Heath, M.A.

Toynbee Natural History Society. — Toynbee Hall, at 8 p.m. Entrance fee Is.,
annual subscription Is. Meetings : Full particulars as to excursions can be obtained from
the Excursion Seci-etary, Miss L. Roberts, 11, St. James,' Hatcham, S.E. — Hon. Sec,
Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia,
Chambers, London Bridge. — Meetings : The second and fourth Thursdays in the month
at 8 o'clock. November 28th, Annual Exhibition. December 12th, Reports of Field
Meeting. — Hon. Sec, Stanley Edward, 15, St. German's Place, Blackheath.

North London Notural History Society. — Meetings held at Room 20, Salisbury
House, Finsbury Circus, E.G., at 7 p.m., on the second and fourth Tuesdays in the
month. — Secretary, R. W. Bobbins, " Tonah," Hale End, Chingford.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in each month from October to April. — Hon. Sec, Wm..
Mansbridge, 4, Norwich Road, Wavertree, Liverpool.

JUST ISSUED.— Pants 12, 13 & 14 with 8 plates, under one
coven, Price 3s. 6d. post fnee.

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION.

A Text- Book for Students and Collectors.

Vol. IV.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Commencing with the Variation and Life-histories of Agriades conrfon and Polyommatus
icarus (with four plates of the named aberrations and varieties of the first-named species
together with many photomicrographs of larval and pupal structure. Similar plates of
P. icariis are awaiting publication.)

Probably the finest life-histories of any species of lepidoptera ever published. The next
species to be treated is Aricia astrarche, a still more interesting one with regard to its
Varieties and Aberrations.

Subscription for the complete parts 17s. 6d.

I

THE

Butterflies of Switzerland and tlie Aips of Central Europe

By GEO. WHEELER, M,A., F.E.S., F.Z.S.

Price 5s. net. Interleaved, 6s.

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This book is of the highest value not only to collectors of Continental Butter-
flies, but to all those who collect British butterflies, as it gives a great many detailed
facts about the species in which they are more particularly interested.

The details of Variation and Distribution are particularly important, and those,
lepidopterists to whom Kane's book has long been a treasured friend, will find in this
more information, more detail, and many more localities than were at the disposal of
the author of the earlier volume.

" To those who carry a net abroad, this handbook will be invaluable as a ^ook of

reference We can cordially recommend it " — H. Ro^vI,AND-

Brown, M.A., f.E.S., The Entomologist' s Record, vol. xv.

Dear SiR,-Herewith I forward ^.^^''o^ier ^jalue ^^ for ^^f^^ of The Butter-
fies or Switzerland and the Aljys of Central Europe.

Name

Address

To Mr. H. E. PAGE, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.E.

FOR SALE,

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Field Lepidopt6r1st," parts I to III, with Index. There are also a few copies of
" British Noctuae," slightly soiled, to be sold cheaply.

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TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES ahd MUSEUMS.

BACK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist's Record

and Journal of Variation.

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Contents of Vol. I. (Most important only Mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies. — Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured
plates — Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia — The Doubleday
collection — Parthenogenesis — Paper on Taeniocampidae — Phylloxera — Practical
Hints (many) — Parallel Variation in Coleoptera — Origin of Argynnis papliia var.
valesimi — Work for the Winter — Temperature and Variation — Synonymic notes —
Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890 — Lifehistories of Agrotis 'pxjrophila, Epunda
lichenea, Heliophobus Jiisjndus — Captures at light — Aberdeenshire notes, etc.,
etc., 360 pp.

Contents of Vol. M.

Melanism and Melanochroism — Bibliography — Notes on Collecting — Articles
on Variation (many) — How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taenio-
campa opima— Collecting on the Norfolk Bi'oads — Wing development — Hybridising
Amphidasys prodromaria and A. hetularia — Melanism and Temperature — Differen-
tiation of Diantho'cias — Disuse of wings — Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London
— Generic nomenclature and the Acronyctidae^A fortnight at Rannoch — Heredity
in Lepidoptera — Notes on Genus Zyg^na {Antlvocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera--
Lifehistory of Gonopliora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp.

Contents of^Vol. III.

Gends Acronycta and its allies (continued) — Scientific Notes — The British
Coccinellidae — Notes on Breeding — Notes on Coleoptera (very many)— Dates of
appearance of Eupithecia pygmeata — Dimorphic pupae — Duration of Ova State of
the Geometridae (with tables) — Effects of temperature on the colouring of Lepidop-
tera— Hints on labelling — Melanic varieties — Changes in nomenclature — Keeping
Micro pupse during winter— Notes on Genus Hepialus — Reviews, etc., etc., 320 pp.

Contents of Vol. IV.

Additions to British Lists — Presidential Addresses of British Association and
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society — Autumnal collecting at Fresh-
water, Isle of Wight — Captui-es of rarities — Collecting beetles — Critical notes on
certain Noctuae — A day's collecting in the Western Highlands — Apparent dearth
of Dinrni — Double-brooded species — The early stages of certain Geonietrina — Sensi-
bility of larvae to sound — Collecting in North Kent — How to obtain and preserve
ova— Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1893^ — Stridulation — Variety breeding — The
Pupal and Imaginal wings of Lepidoptera, etc., etc., 354 pp.

Contents of Vol V.

On the larva of Arctia caia (with plates) — Evolution of the Lepidopterous
Pupa— Rev. H. Burney's collection (sale) — Life-History of a Lepidopterous Insect
(Morphology and Physiology, etc.) — Among the Ancients — Erebia epiphron and its
named Varieties — Life-History of Agrotis agathina — Ten Days at Wicken Fen —
Varieties of Spilosoma mendica — Butterfly Catching in the neighbourhood of Mt.
Blanc — Life-History of Oeneria dispar — Zygaena exulans and its Variations —
Entomology at Rainham, Essex — Additions to the British List — New Method of
Relaxing Insects, etc., etc., 308 pp.

To be obtained only from—
Mr. H. E. PAGE, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.E. .

to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable. J

LR8.Ap'13