11 liiiu ENTOIVIOLOGIST'S RECORI AND I JOURNAL OF VARlATIOr Edited by Richard S. BAGNALL, p.l.s., f.e.s. George T. BETHUNE-BAKbR, F.L.S., F Z.S., F.E.S. M. BURR, D.SC, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S. (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROW a, f.e.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d., f.k.s., f.e.s. E. A. COCKAYNE, m.d., f.e.s. Jas. E.COLLIN, f.e.s. H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F John Hartley DURRANT, f.e.s ALtRED SICH, F.E.S. (Kev.) George WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s., and Henry J. TURNER, f.e.s., Editorial Secretary. VOL. XXXI V. ^c^ ^/^NUARY TO DECEMBER, 1922. PRICE 12s. 6d. Special Index (with every reference), Is. 6d The Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation. VOL. XXXIY. SPECIAL INDEX. By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. Coleoptcra arranged in order of Genera, The othev orders arranged hi/ Species- Genera, Species, etc., neiv to Britain are marked with an asterisk, those new to Science with ttvo asterisks. ACARINA. PAGE Broscus cephalotes . . PAGE 203 Acarina 22 Bruchus aftinis 207 Antennophorus 23 obtectus . . 207 calcariger, Sphaeiolaelaps. . 23 rufimanus . . 207 donisthorpii, Uroplitella 22 Bythinus glabratus . 54 europaea, Ripersia . . 85 Calandra granaria . 20 foreli, Antennophorus 22, 23, 51 52 Carabidae 117, 165, 205 grandis, Antennophorus . . 52 Carabus auratus 206 holothyroides, Sphaerolaelaps 22 23 violaceus . . 94 lintearius, Tetranycbus 207 Cassida fastuosa 54 ovatula, Uroplitella.. 22 hemisphaerica 207 pubescens, Antennophorus 52 murraea . . 114 uhlmanni, Antennophorus. . 22 nebulosa . . nobilis 54 115 ARANEINA. Cerambycidae 79 Cetonia aurata 118 175, 222 224 affinis, Atypus 20 metallica . . 160 arietinus, Tetrilus . . 23 Chrysomela banksi . 56 **bruennichi, Argiope (Epeira) 183 207 graminis . . 56 durandi, Clotho 168, 206 menthastri 162 diversus, Tetrilus . . 23 Chrysomelidae 207 fasciata, Epeira 206 Cicindela campestris 118 Lycosa 145, 206 hybrida 44 narbonensis, Lycosa 168, 223 Clerus apivorus 206 picta, Lycosa 207 Clythra 4-punctata . Clytus verbasci 84 162 COLEOPTERA. Coccinella(idae) Coccinella bipunctata 20, 19, 101 20 Aculpalpus nieridianus 94 distincta . . 84 Agrilus sinuatus 186 impunctata 25 Aleochaia spadicea.. 207 mutabilis = variegata 24, 25 , 26, 102 succicoia . . 94 septenipunctata . . 67 Anchomenus parumpunctatus H4 variegata (rautabilis) "24 •25', Anisotonia cinnamomea 203 26, 101, 102 103, 104, 105 pallens 203 3 punctata 101 Antherophagus nigricornis 207 7 punctata. . 94 pallens 207 9 punctata. . 94 Anthononius cinctus 207 11 punctata 94 Anthrenus . . 20 ininiaculata (variegata) 24, 25 Aphodius rufipes 94 scutello- punctata (vari egata ah.) 25 Apion niiniatum 55 simiiis (variegata .), Pararge 211, 212 alveus, Hesperia amandus, Polyommatus amata, Timandra . . amatbusia, Brenthis 44 180 . 177, 192 .. 191 46, 47, 160, 215 . 179, 192 72, 73 ampbidamas, Loweia ampla (croceus race), Colias anargyra (papbia ab.), Dryas . . 182 anatipennella, Coleophora.. .. 89 andromedae, Hesperia .. 41, 42 angelicae, Zygaena.. .. ..73 anguiaria, Ennomos .. 171, 172 anthyllidis, Zygaena . . . . 185 antigone (io .], Aphantopus 19 caerulea (coridon ah.), Agriades .. 207 caeriileocepl'.ala, Diloba .. .. 123 eaeruleopunctata (phlaeas «?;.), Ea- rn icia . . . . . . . . 57 eaeruleopunctata (pheretes ab.) Al- bulina . . . . . . . . 19 I'AGK 178 1 39 190 193 182 222 182 195 182 20 216 194 223 191 8S 191 ]SC, 110 191 223 223 44 75 93 54 191 182 194 113 34 200 107 218 19 144 217 141 78 173 201 106 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE caernleseens (alexis = icin'us ah.), Polyomniatiis . . . . . . 198 caesiata, Entephria, Larentia . . 57 caespititiella, Coleopbora . . . . 87 caja, Arctia 55, 108, 113, 186, 200, 201, 223 c-album, Polygonia 50,67,98, 143, 148, 162, 186, J 90, 205 caldaiia (didyma rtttr), Melitaea .. 13 Caledonia (megera race), Pararge.. 218 calida (hyale race), Colias . . 71, 73 calida (inedon race). Alicia . . 193 californica, Synchloc .. ,113 callidice, Pon'tia . . . . 140, 195 callisto (cydlppe ah.), Argynnis . . 78 cambrioaiia, Venusia . . . . 57 Camilla (livularis), Limenitis 11, 44, 47, 68, 161, 162, 180 **cana (sinapis /.), Leptosia 92, 93 canidia, Pieris . . . . . . 138 canigulensis (lachesis ah.), Jlehui- argia . . . . . . . . 36 carbonana, Ephippipbeia, Aigy- rogploce . . . . . . 208 cardamines, Eucbloe 49, 56, 96, 124, 142,144, 145, 182, 183, 184, 189 caidui, Pyiameis 11, 19, 50, 57, 114, 124. 16G, 168, 190, 217, 224 carnella = semirubella carniolica, Zygaena 30, 47, 48, 74, 75 carpopbaga, Diantboecia . . . . 223 Carposinidae . . . . . . 185 cartbanii, Hespeiia.. .. ..44 carye, Pyrameis . . . . ..114 castaiiea (neglecta), Noctua .. 201 castesti (byberbius ah.), Argynnis 98 cataleuca (lacbesis <((>.), Melanargia 36, 67 catapelia (trivia race), Melitaea 13, 14 catapelioides (trivia r((cr), Melitaea 13 Catoeala . . . . . . . . 164 j Catoehrysops . . . . . . 1()6 **caucasi (trivia race), Melitaea.. 13 ! caiicasica (napi race), Pieris 130, 141 ' caulosticta (cardamines ah.), Eu- cbloe . . . . . . . . 184 cecropia, Samia .. .. ..168 celsia, Jaspidea . . . . . . 107 cellis, Libythea .. 37, 159, 180, 217 centralis, Zygaena . . . . 73, 74 centralis-occidentalis, Zygaena 73, 74 centralis-provincialis, Zygaena . . 73 centripuncta (tiliae «?>.), Mimas .. 106 ceiitum-notata (truncata ah.), Dys- sUoma . . . . . . . . 58 cerago = fLilvago ceronus (tbetis ah.), Agriades . . 55 cerri (ilicis «?>.), Nordmannia .. 56 cbaonia, Drymonia 171, 172, 173, 174 charlotta (aglaia ah.), Argynnis .. 50 chlorodippe (cydippe ah.), Argynnis 68 chlorographa (latbonia ah.), Issoria 78 cbrysantbenii (filipendulae ah.), Zy- gaena 80 PAOE Cbryseis . . . . . . . . 77 cbrysippus, Danaida . . 53, 181 cbrysitis, Plusia .. .. .. 191 Cbiysopbanus . . . . . . 55 cbrysorrhoea = phaeorrboea, Por- tbesia = Nygniia .. .. 46, 147 cbrysorrboea (similis), LeucomalS, 147 cbrysotbeme, Colias . . . . 179 cinerea, Agrotis .. .. 186, 223 cinxia, Melitaea 8, 11, 38, 50, 175, 221 circe, Satyrus 8, 11, 38, 67, 68, 176, 180, 217 circellaris (ferruginea), Amatbes . . 202 ciisii = fritillum .. .. 8, 12 cilrago, Tiliacea . . . . . . 148 citrata (immanata), Cidaria (Dys- stroma) . . . . . . ..116 clatbrata, Chiasmia, Strenia 44, 57 cleantbe ijapygia race), Melanargia 67 cleodoxa (cydippe (;/-■.), Argynnis 18, 215 Cleopatra, Gonepteryx 10, 37, 69, 70, 78, 177, 181 climene, Pararge . . . . . . 166 cl^ tie (ilia ;-«ff), Apatura .. .. 216 c-nigrum, Noctua .. .. .. 223 Coenonynipba . . . . . . 11 ruleocephala, Diloba . . . . 123 Coleopbora . . . . . . 86, 218 Colias (idi) Ill, 198 comes (oibona), Tripbaena 147, 190 comma, Leucania .. .. ..190 comma, Urbicola .. ..8, 12, 182 comma-notata (citrata ah.), Dys- slroma . . . . . . . . 58 eomplana, Lithosia. . .. .. 163 concinnata, Dysstroma, Cidaria .. 116 eoncolor, Tapinostola .. 123, 124 concolor (napi race), Pieris 129, 141 coneomitella, Litbocolletis. . .. 107 conlluens (caia «/;.), Arctia .. 108 conigera, Lencania .. .. .. 190 conjiincta (filipendulae ah.), Zy- gaena .. .. .. .. 108 consignata, Eupithecia . . . . 222 consonaria, Tephrosia . . . . 20 consortaria, lioarmia . . 45, 118 cons[iicuella, Coleopbora . . . . 89 conversaria (repandata ali.), Boar- mia .. .. .. .. 173 convolvuli, Agrius .. .. 219, 224 conyzae, Coleopbora . . . . 88 cordula, Satyrus .. 11, 160, 180, 217 coridon, Agriades 8. 12, 45, 46, 47, 76, 100, 1U9, 110, 111, 112, 113, 121, 160, 207, 220, 222, 223 corinna, Coenonynipba .. .. 182 coronillae (epbialtes ah.), Zygaena 160 corticea, Agrotis .. 47,171, 186 corylaiia (sordiata) (prunaria ah.), AngeronM .. .. .. .. 201 corylata, Cidaria . . . . . . 191 costipuncta (tiliae a7>.), Mimas .. 10(5 crabronit'ormis, Trochilium . . 19 Crambus . . . . . . . . 218 crassa, Agrotis . . . . . . 176 SPECIAL INDEX. crassicornis (statices ah.), Ino crataegi, Apoiia erataegi, Tiichiura .. crateiellus, Cranibus crepusculaiia, Tephvosia . . 48, cribruin, Eni.ydia, Coscinia crinaiiensis, Hydioecia ci'istana, Peionea . . croatica (sinapis race), Leptosia . . crocealis, Ebulea croceus (etlusa), Colias 8, 10, 19, 47, 49, 58, 67, 68, 09, 71, 72, 73, 106, 124, 130, 142, 160, 161, 162, 166, 168, 175, 186, 190, 195, 201, 207, 222, crucivora, (rapae race), Pieris cucullatella, Nola .. 51,123, Cucullia cydippe (adippe), Argynnis 15, 18, 50, 68, 78, 171, 174, 215, cyllarus, Glaucopsyche cyntbia, Melitaea' .. 168,215, cyparissus (optilete ah.), Polyom- matus cyrenaica (phlaeas race), Rumicia cyrus, Papilio cytisi (filipendulae nh.), Zygaena.. dalmatina (didyma race), Melitaea damon, Hiisutina 44, 45, 46, 47, 160, danione, Antbocbaiis .. 181, daphne, Brenthis . . 8, 14, 15, daplidice, Poiitia 8, 38, 47, 49, 68, 69, 72, 124, 125, 126, 127, 138, 162, 166, davdanus, Papilio . . . . 80, decolorata = fiavofasciata deficiens (cinxia ah.), Melitaea deficiens (napi var.), Pieris defiexella (concomitella ah.), Litho- colletis defoliaiia, Hibeinia. . .. 58, degenerana (revayana ah.), Sarro- thiipus deione, Melitaea 8, 11, 37, 178, delius, Parnassius . . 168, 194, delphius, Parnassius dentata (aretbusa ah.), Satyrus dentina, Mamestra deschangei (.iris ah. deserticola 171, Apatura sinapis race), Leptosia 90, 11, 77, 78, 37, 216, dia, Brenthis dictyniia, Melitaea didyma, Melitaea 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 37, 157, 160, 162, 163, 182, didymata, Malenydris diluta, Asphalia . . . . 57, dimidiata, Ptycbopoda diniensis (carniolica race), Zygaena diniensis (sinapis f.), Leptosia 90, 91, 92, discordella, Coleopliora dispar, Chysopbanus 20, 55, 76, 77, I'AGE 75 49 123 218 124 171 96 54 90 57 224 219 173 174 223 193 218 193 210 96 73 12 193 182 215 195 205 221 138 107 95 205 216 200 208 11 223 107 93 215 221 216 191 223 191 75 93 88 163 PAGE dispar, Lymantria, Liparis 59, Hi, 160 dispila (cardaniines ah.), Euchloi'. . 183 ditrapeziuin, Noetua .. .. 147 divisana (hastiana var.), Peronea 118 dohertyi (inarsballi ah.), Mimacraea 80 dolus, Aricia, Polyommatus . . 180 donzelii, Polyommatus . . 177, 193 dorilis, Loweia .. 11, 163, 192 Doritites 200 dorus, Coenonympha 11, 38, 178, 180, 181 doubledayaria (betularia ab.), Ani- phidasis 80, 117 dromedarius, Notodonta . . . . 202 Dryas Ill dryas, Enodia .. .. 180, 217 dubia (stoecbadis race), Zygaena . . 75 dubiosa (napi a6.), Pieris .. 138, 142 dubitata, Scotosia .. .. ..161 duplex (aegon «6.), Plebeius .. 110 duponcheli, Leptosia . . . . 181 edusa = croceus 8, 10, 19, 44, 58, 67, 68, 106, 124, 142, 160, 161, 168, 175, 190, 195, 201, 207, 222, 224 egea, Polygonia . . . . 9, 159 eleus (phlaeas race), Eumicia 8, 11, 19, 162, 192 elisa, Argynnis .. .. .. 182 elongata (transalpina ah.), Zygaena 144 elpenor, Eumorpha.. .. .. 106 **emibryoniae (napi race), Pieris 128, 130 emilyssa, (niegera race), Pararge . . 210 Endrosa (Setina) . . . . . . 146 Ennomos .. .. .. Ill, 113 ephialtes, Zygaena .. . .• 75, 160 Epichnopteryx . . . . . . 19 epipbron, Erebia .. .. 57, 176 Erebia 11, 46, 68, 158, 180, 181, 225 eremita (monacha ab.), Psilura .. 106 ergane, Pieris .. 69, 180, 181 eriphyle, Erebia . . . . . . 176 eris (niobe r«ce), Argynnis. . 11, 46 eros, Polyommatus . . .. 180, 193 eros (titbonus), Polyommatus .. 180 erosaria, Ennomos .. 171, 172, 201 erysimi (sinapis ah.), Leptosia . . 49 ■•■■"erythraeformis (rubicundus race), Zygaena . . . . . . . . 30 erythrus, Zygaena 29, 30, 31. 32, 44, 46 erythrusoides (purpuralis race), Zygaena . . . . . . . . 32 escheri, Polyommatus 12,160, 181, 193, 199 esculi = aesculi, Nordmannia .. 178 ethiopica (phlaeas 7'acc), Rumicia. . 54 Euchroea . . . . . . . . 143 Euclidia 169 Euclidimera . . .. .. .. 170 eumedon, Aricia . . . . 180, 193 eupbemus, Lycaena . . . . 192 euphenoides, Euchloe 37, 38, 180. 181 euphorbiae, Hyles . . . . . . 20 SPECIAL INDEX. eiipbiosyne, Brenthis 50, 57, 58, 7S, 117, 124, 146, 168, 185, 189, 207, 215 Eupithecia . . eniyale, Erebia eurybia (hippothoe race) eurytheme, Colias . . exanthemaria, Cabera exclaniationis, Agrotis 191 ..160 Heodes 55, 176, 192 ..114 ..191 172, 186, 190, 223 expansa (daplidiee ab.), Pontia 125, 126 exulans, Zygaena . . . . . . 33 fagaiia(be]giaria), Scodiona .. 222 fagi, Stauropus .. ..4S, 54, 173 fagi = hermione, Satyrus .. familiella, Crinopteryx faiiiialis, Pyralis . . . . 172, faseelis (trivia race), Melitaea 13, fasciaria = prosapiaria fasciata (hypophlaeas ah.), Chryso- phanus tasciata (lubricipeda «/;), Spilosoma 223 i'austa, Zygaena 47, 48, 74, 75, 77, 78, feisthamelii(podaliriusrflce),Papilio 37, ferruginea = cireellaris fei-vida (rubi race), Callopbrys festiva, Noctua .. .. 171, fibrosa (leucostigma ah.), Apamea iibulella, Adela lidia, Satyrus filipendulae, Zygaena 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 47, 55, 73, 74, 80, 108, 127, 159, filipluma (megera race), Pararge 213, 214 fimbria, Triphaena .. 57, 171, 207 tiorii (purpuralis race), Zygaena . . 32 flava (thaumas), Adopaea 44, 47, 166, 190 flavescens (fulvago ah.), Citria . . 202 flavescens (napi race), Pieris 135, 136, 141 flavicornis, Asphalia, Polyploca 57, 223 ilavidor (aegon ab.), Plebeius 46, 47, 100 (error) fiavidior (simplonia ah.), Antbo- eharis . . . . . . . . 195 fiavofasciata (decolorata), Perizonia 191 fiavopicta {daplidiee rt/j.), Pontia .. 125 fluetuata, Xantboiboe . . 191, 217 fluviata, Percnoptilota . . . . 223 foulquieri, Hesperia . . . . 180 fowleri (coridon ah.), Agriades .. 76 frischella, Coleopbora . . . . 87 fritillum (cirsii), Hesperia 8, 12, 163 fuciformis, Hemaris . . . . 58 fuliginosa, Pbragmatobia .. .. 147 fulvago (cerago), Xanthia, Citria.. 201 fulvata, Cidaria . . . . . . 191 furcata (sordidata), Hydrioniena 163, 191 furcula, Cerura . . . . . . 186 180 218 218 176 109 100 178 182 173 58 218 178 191 PAGE f urvata, Gnopbos . . . . . . 44 fusealis, Botys . . . . • • 191 fuscedinelia, Coleopbora . . ^6, 89 fuscula, Ei-astria . . . . . . 172 galatbea, Melanargla 11, 36, 44, 47, 51, 157, 182 gallii, Celerio . . . . • . 161 gamma, Plusia . . . . 124, 191 geminana, Grapholitba, Ehopobata 208 gemmaria (rbomboidaria), Boarmia 161, 191, 206 genistae, Coleopbora . . . . 86 Geometridae . . . . . . • . 222 geryon, Ino .. .. .. 44, 222 gidica, Belenois . . . . ■ . 222 glacialis (alecto race), Erebia . . 176 glandifera = muralis glauca, Mamestra . . . . . . 148 glaucata, Cilix . . . . 124, 190 glaucicolella, Coleopbora . . . . 87 glauconome, Pontia. . .. .. 125 glaucus, Papilio . . . . ■ • 107 glyphica, Euclidia 124, 169, 170, 183, 191 Gonepteryx . . . . . . . . 70 gonerilla, Vanessa . . . . . . 147 Gonospileia . . . . . . • • 170 gordius (alcipbron race), Heodes 160, 177, 192 gorge, Erebia .. .. 176, 177 gotbica, Taeniocampa . . . . 147 Gracilaria . . . . . . . . 86 gracilis, Taeniocampa . . . . 145 graminis, Charaeas.. .. .. 190 **grandis (sinapis race), Leptosia 91, 92, 93 **grandis-bivittata (sinapis ah.), Leptosia . . . . . . . . 91 grossulariata. Abraxas 107, 108, 113, 148, 175, 191, 205, 223 giypbipennella, Coleopbora . . 88 balesus, Atlides . . . . . . 114 halflantsi (selene ah.), Brenthis . . 78 balterata (bexapterata), Tricop- teryx, Lobopbora.. .. .. 124 hardwickii (delius ab.), Parnassiu-j 194 hastata, Eulype . . . . . . 191 bastiana, Peronea . . . . . . 118 bebe, Arctia . . . . . . . . 201 bector, Papilio . . . . . . 96 hecuba (priamus race), Ornitbop- tera . . . . . . . . . . 55 hedysari (carniolica ah.), Zygaena 75 belice (croeeus ab.), Colias 49, 106, 162, 201, 222, 224 Heliconius . . . . . . . . 99 hemerobiella, Coleopbora . . . . 89 bemisilvia (ilia ah.), Apatura . . 107 Heodes . . . . . . 11, 55 hepatiea, Xylophasia .. 124, 171 hera = quadripunctaria herbida, Aplecta . . . . . . 172 berculeana (rivularis race), Limeni- tis 180 herbida, Aplecta . . . . 173, 223 SPECIAL INDEX. pAoa **iiiicromeridionalis (napi "■''.), Pieris ..131, 138, 139, 141, 142 iiiincki (tithonus ah.), Epinephele. . 19 iiiiniiTia (napi ah.), Pieris .. .. 141 mininuis, Cupido .. 57,182, 185 niiiioides (tiilolii «/>.), Zygaena .. 109 minos (pluto) = puvpuralis . . .. 30 **mirabilis (piirpuralis race), Zy- gaena . . . . 32, 33, 180 **iniserrima (eiythrus race), Zy- gaena . . . . . . . . 31 mittiei, Aigeuia .. .. .. 143 iiineino-^yne, Painassius 157, 182, 194 moerens (liebe ah.j, Arctia. . . . 201 monacha, Psilura 105, 171, 172, 223 moneta, PJusia . . . . 58, 191 monoglypha, Xylophasia . . . . 206 niontana (semiargus race), Celas- tiina 193 montanata, Xanthoihoe .. 20, 191 inorpheus, Heteropterus . . 180, 192 nuinda, Taeniocampa . . . . 145 iimnitata, Coremia . . .. ..57 miiralis (glandifera), Bryopbila . . 190 inuricata, Hyi'ia . . . . . . 57 imirinipenneila, Coleophora .. 87 iiiyelhis, Ci-auibns .. .. 186, 218 Diyniiidone, Colias . . . . . . 179 niyrtillata, Gnoplios .. .. 161 naevana, Grapholitha, Klioiiobata 208 nana (daplidice «b.), Pontia .. 125 nana (napi ((t>.), Pieris .. .. 141 nana (trivia ?v(ct'), Melifcaea .. 14 napaeae (napi race), Pieris 127, 133, 136, 137, 140, 141, 224 napi, Pieris 40, 68, 69, 80, 91, 96, 109, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145, 157, 186, 190, 195, 217, 224 navarina (atbalia ah.), Melitaea 50, 57, 216 nebulosa, Apamea . . . . . . 223 neeraeforinis (didynia (1^.), Melitaea 182 neglecta (castanea race), Noctua . . 201 nelamus (epipluon a/;.), Erebia .. 170 neobryoniae (napi race}, Pieris 136, 137, 141 neodoxa, Litbocolietis . . . . 79 neomiris, Hippaicbia .. .. 182 neoridas, Erebia .. ..11,47, 181 Neptis . . . . . . . . 53 nerine, Ereliia .. .. 176, 177 neustria, Maliicosoma ..45,57, 222 nevadensis (apollojvice), Parnassius 174 nicaea (fausta race), Zygaena 48, 77, 78, 100 nicippe, Terias .. .. .. 114 nigra, Epunda, .. .. .. 202 nigra (grossulariata ah.), Abraxas 108, 113 nigra (orion ah.), Scolitantides . . 193 nigrescens (delius ah.), Parnassins 194 nigrescens (sinapis var.), Leptosia 92, 93 PAGE nigricans (tritolii ah.), Zygaena . . 55 nigricella, Coleophora . . . . 89 nigricostana, Ephippiphera, Argy- roploce 208 nigronottata (brassicae ah.), Pieris 145 nikator (daphne race), Brenthis 14, 15 niobe, Argynnis . . 11, 15, 46, 215 nitida (daplidice race), Pontia 124. 125, 126, 138 Noctuidae . . . . . . . . 222 nomion, Parnassius . . . . 200 nordmanni, Parnassius . . . . 14 **normanna (purpuialis race), Zygaena . . . . . . . . 34 nostrodamus, Gegenes . . . . 181 nubigena (purpuralis race), Zygaena 33 nubilosa (mnemosyne ab.), Par- nassius . . . . . . . . 194 nupta, Catoeala . . 58, 174, 188 nurag, Epinephele . . . . . . 182 oblitei-ata, Euehoeea . . . . 191 obliteiata (phlaeas ah.), Rumicia.. 57 obscura (anon ah.), Lycaena . . 37 obscura (caia ah.), Arcfcia . . 108, 113 obscura (trifolii ah.). Zygaena . . 55 obscura (viminalis «/;.), Cleocera.. 146 obscuraria, Gnophos . . . . 57 obsoleta (athalia ah.), Melitaea . . 50 obsoleta (coridon ah.), Agriades . . 207 obsoleta (icarus ah.), Polyommatus 109 obsoleta (phlaeas ah.), liumicia . . 56 obtusella, Coleophora . . . . 87 occidentalis (didynia ah.), Melitaea 37 occitanica, Zygaena . . . . 74 occitanica (phoebe race), Melitaea 37 ocellana, Hedya, Spilonota . . 208 ocellata, Melanthia, Mesoleuca 121, 172 ocellea, Eromene .. .. .. 118 ochrodactyla, Platyptilia . . . . 171 ochsenbeimeri (tilipendulae ah.), Zygaena .. .. .. 32, 33 ochsenbeimeri (napi race), Pieris . . 130 octomaculata, Ennychia . . . . 57 Oeeophoridae . . . . . . 185 oedipus, Coenonympha . . . . 181 oeme, Erebia .. .. ..44 Oeneidi 198 opacella = atra .. .. .. 168 optilete, Vacciniina . . . . 193 or, Cyinatophora . . . . . . 124 orbifer, Hesperia . . . . . . 182 orbitella, Coleophora . . . . 88 orbitulus, Latiorina . . . . 193 orbona = comes orbona = subsequa orion, Scolitantides 12, 37, 160, 193 ornatipennella, Coleophora 8(), 87 ornithopus (rhizolitha), Xylina .. 202 orobi (trifolii race), Zygaena . . 75 oxyacanthae, Miselia . . . . 123 palaenion, Cyclopides, Carfcero- cephalus 77, 122, 123, 124, 179, 223 paiaeno, Colias .. 176,177, 195 paleaceii, Cosmia . . . . . . 161 pales, Brenthis 161, 177, 180, 215, 221 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE pallens, Leucanica . . . . . . 190 pallescens (pamphilus race), Coeiio- nympha . . . . . . . . 51 palliatella, Coleophora . . . . 89 pallida, Urbicoia 182 palmeii, Lemonias . . . . . . 114 palpina, Pterostoma . . 5S, 222 paludata, Carsia . . . . . . 58 palumbella, Peinpelia . . . . 173 pamphilus, Coenonympha 8, 11, 51, «8, 166, 182, 190, 207, 212, 217, 222 pandora, Dryas 67, 160, 162, 180, 215 paphia, Dryas 19, 46, 47, 49, 50. 67, 106, 130, 145, 161, 162, 164, 172, 173, 174, 182, 190, 215 Papilio 98, 111 papilionaria, Geometra . . . . 191 paradoxa, Pseudopontia . . . . 167 paramegaera (megera race), Par- arge . . . . . . . . 214 paripennella, Coleophora . . . . 88 parisiensis (coridon ab.), Agriades 109, 110 Paniassius (iidi) 168, 181, 198, 199, 200, 225 parthenie, Melitaea.. .. 179,216 **parvalpina (purpuralis race), Zygaeiia . . . . . . . . 33 parvipuncta (phlaeas ab.), Kumicia 56 pascuellus, Crambus . . . . 117 pasiphae, Epinephele . . 37, 178 pastinuni, Toxocampa .. .. 171 patycosana (didyma race), Melitaea 182 pauiula (tilipendulae race), Zygaena 33 pavonia, Saturnia .. .. .. 207 pavonia-major = pyri pectinitaria = viridaria, Amoebe perlumaria (gemmaria ub.), 13oar- niia 206 perfuscata (truncata ab.), Dys- stroiiia . . . . . . . . 58 peribolata, Eubolia.. .. .. 176 perla, Bryophila . . . . . . 163 perplexaiia, Acalla, Argyrotoxa . . 208 persea (didyma race), Melitaea . . 12 **persis (napi ?'«cf), Pieris .. 140 petiverella, Dichrorampha. . .. 218 petraria, Lozogramma . . . . 191 petriticata = socia peucedani (ephialtes ab.), Zygaena 75 phaeorrhoea (chrysorrhoea), Nyg- mia (Porthesia) .. .. 46, 147 pilaris, Leueeronia . . . . . . 167 phasma, Catocbrysops . . . . 166 phegea, Syntomis .. 109, 111, 219 pheretes, Albulina . . . . 186, 193 pherusa, Melanargia . . 181, 182 phicomone, Colias .. ..46,47, 195 philodice, Colias . . . . . . 106 philoxenus (tvphon rare), Coeno- nympha . . . . . . . . 144 phlaeas, Kumieia 8, 11, 19, 54, 55, 56, 57, 76, 90, 94, 99, 124, 129, 133, 144, 162, 175, 182, 186, 192, 210, 211, 217, 219, 222, phoebe, Melitaea 8, 11, 37, 160, phragmitidis, Calamia pickettaria (prunaria var.), An- gei'ona Pierik (idae) 69, 92, 125, 126, 127, ; 129, 138, 139, 167, 180, pigi'a, Pygaera pinastri = seabriuscula piniperda, Panolis . . . . 146, pisi, Hadena pistacina = lychnidis plagiata, Anaitis plagicoleila, Nepticula Plebeius plexippus = archippus plumbaria, Ortholitha plumbellus, Hyponoineuta. . plumigera, Ptilodonta pluto (alecto ali.), Erebia . . pluto = minos (purpuralis) . . 33, **plutonia (purpuralis race), Zy- gaena . . . . . . 34, podalirius, Papilio 8, 10, 19, 37, 47, 55, 77, 159, 162, poeas (eordula race), Satyrus polychloros, Eugonia 46, 159, 174, polygalae (purpuralis rrtce), Zygaena 30, 31, polygalae formis (rubicundus race), Zygaena polygonalis, Mecyna Polyomniatus .. 11,121, polytes, Papilio polyxena, Tliais .. 116, 181, polyxenes, Papilio . . populata, Lygris populi, Poecilocampa . . 123, populi, Limenilis .. .. 179, porcelius, Theretra. . .. 106, poseidon (priamus race), Orni- thoptera **praeau3tralis (megera race arge **praenapaeae (napi race). , Par- 212, Pieris 137, 123, prasinana, Hylophila priamus, Ornithoptera prinzi (ephialtes (i^.), Zygaena proboscidalis, Hypena proeida (galathea ii«r.), Melanargia pronoe, Erebia .. .. 160, pronuba, Triphaena 57, 107, prorsa (levana var.), Arascbnia . . prosapiaria (fasciaria), EUopia 146, 171, protea, Hadena protea (didyma race), Melitaea 12, protodice, I'ieris provincialis (centralis race), Zyg- aena prunaiia, Angerona. . pruniata, Pseudoterpna pruni, Ino PAGE 223 161 5S 120 206 190 174 57 124 218 11 144 218 19 176 35 35 178 217 217 32 30 218 199 96 182 107 161 124 216 190 55 214 141 174 55 75 191 11 207 190 216 172 202 13 114 73 201 44 fePECIAL INDEX. PAiii-; priini, Odoiiestis .. .. .. 21S priini, Strymon .. 75, US, 179, 194 pruni (error), =ilicis .. .. 100 pruni (error) = spini .. .. 100 psfudo-atbalia (utlialia "''), Meli- taea 180 pseudobryoniao (napi race), I'ieris 128, 130 pseudomelete (napi /'(jctf), J'ieris .. 130 pseudonomion (apollo race), I'ar- nassius . . . . . . . . 194 pseudorapae (napi cat't'), I'ieris 132, 133, \40 psi, Triaena.. .. 124, 172, 190 Psilura Ill psittacata = siderata, Cidaria pudibunda, Dasychira . . 124. 222 pumilio, Exelaslis . . . . . . 79 pumilus (a|)ollo race), Pariiassius. . 200 punctaria, Zonosoiiia, Epliyra 124, 191 puniceus (hetaera), Teiacoius .. 117 purpuralis, Zygaeiia 29,30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 3r>, 75, 127 pnrpurana, Euchroniia, Celypa . . 208 pusaria, Cabera .. 108,174, I'Jl pustulata biijularia), Pliorodesma 58, 171, 173, 22:i puta, Agrotis . . . . . . 223 pyraliata, Ciibiria . . . . . . 191 Pyralidae 53, 165 pyraniidea, Aniphipyra .. 148, 202 pyri (pavoiiia-niajor), Saturiiia 37, 160, 218 pyrina, Zeiizera .. .. .. 191 pyrrhula (manto race), Erebia . . 176 qtiadrii)unctaria (hera), Calli- morpha 159, 162, 175, 179, 207 quercinaria, Ennonios .. Ill, 113 quercus, Bithys 20, 46, 76, 162, 190, 194 quereus, Lasiocampa . . 159, 190 quinqueniaciila (filipendulae ah.), Zypaena . . . . . . . . 74 rabesina (eapbrosyiie vor.), Bren- this .. " 78 ladiana (hastiana var.), Peronea . . 118 radiata (cardamines ah.), Euchloe 144 radiata (Icarus ah.), Polyoiumatus 118 radiata (napi (((j.), Pieris .. 128, 130 radiata (plilaeas ri6.), liutuicia .. 57 rainosana (revayana var.), Sarro- thripus . . . . . . . . 205 rapae, Pieris 8, 10, 18, 19, 68, 69, 94, 114, 132, 138, 140, lti6, 175, 189, 194, 195, 21)0, 2i9, 224 raphani (daplidice rac), Poiitia . . 8 repandata, Boariuia 38, llii, 173, 191, 223 retusa, Plasteiiis .. .. .. 191 revayana (undulanus), Sarrothripus 201, 205 rex, Papilio . . . . . . . . ^0 rhaetica (aurelia var.), JNIeiitaea . . 216 rbanini, Gonepteryx 49, 67, 69, 70, 71, 124, 201, 217 rharanusia (lupinus race), Epine- pbele 182 ihizoiitba = ornithopus rlioinboidaria = genimaria . . .. 161 ridens, Polyploca .. 171,172, 174 rivata, Xanthorboo . . . . 20, 171 rivuiaris (caiiiilla), Limenitis . . 180 roboraria, Boarmia.. 58, 172, 173 roboris, Laeosopis . . 36, 67, 178 romana (didyma race), Melitaea 12, 13. romeo, Zygaena . . . . . . 158 **roiiiula (didyma race], Melitaea 12 romulus, Papilio . . . . . . 9(j rostagiioi (statilinus race), Satyrus 180, 182 rostralis, Hypena . . . . . . 218 rotundaria (pusaria ah.), Cabera 108 roxelana, Pararge .. .. ..166 roystonensis (coridon «ii.), Agriades 207 rubi, Callopbrys 109, 182, 190, 202 rubicundus, Zygaena . . 29, 30 rubida (niobe ah.), Argynnis . . 15 ruljrieollis, Giiophria .. .. 174 **rubrofimbuata (purpuralis race), Zygaena . . . . . . . . 35 **nibrotecta (purpuralis race), Zygaena .. .. ..31,32, 35 rufa (apollo «''.), Parnassius • .. 194 rufopunctata(macbaon ah.), Papilio 44 rumicis, Phareta . . . . . . 124 rumina, Thais .. 19,168, 178 russata = truncata, Dysstroma .. 124 nissula = dannio rustica (mendica race), Diapbora 117, 148 rutilus (dispar rare), Cbrysopbanus 20, 55, 163 sabulifera, Cosniopbila . . . . 79 Galicata, Melenydris .. .. 186 salustius, Cbrysopbanus . . . . 147 sambucaria, Ourapteryx 17, 18, 19, 51, 191 sannio (russula), Diacrisia 57, 159, 223 ..12, 44, 182 sao, Hesperia sarpedon, Zygaena sartba (sinapis race), Leptosia satellitia, iScopelosoma Hatyridi satyrion (arcania race), Coeno- nympba saueia, Agrotis scabiosae, Zygaena.. .. 158, scabriuseula (pinastri), Dipterygia 171, 172, scballeriana, Acalla, Argyrotoxa . . scbmidtii (phlaeas «&.), Kuniicia57, Scolitantides. . sebrus, Cupido selene. Brentbis 18, 19, 50, 51, 7S, 117, 124, 145, 163, 181, 189,206, semele, Hipparchia 11, 38, 44, 51, 55, 67, 160, 175, semiargus (acis), Polyommatus 8, 44, 46, 77, 192 93 201 198 47 201 185 223 208 222 12 198 215 182 193 semicadmeis (ino race), Brentbis 221 SPECIAL INDEX. seniirubella (carnella), Salebria . . semisyngrapha (coridon ah.), Agri- ades .. .. .. 110, sephyius, Polyommatus septentrionalis (napi race), Pieris 131, 137, Serena, Hecatera serratulae, Hesperia . . 48, Setina= Endrosa .. sexmaculata (purpuralis race), Zy- gaena sibilla, Limenitis 18, 51, 172, 173, sibirica, Hesperia . . . . 41, siccifolia, Coleopliora . . 8G, siderata (psittacata), Cbloroclysta, Cidaria . . . . . . 172, Silvia (ilia ah.), Apatura . . similata, Idaea similis^chrysorrboea, Leuconia simplonia, Antbocharis sinapis, Leptosia 10, 49, 69, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 129, socia (petrificata), Xylina 202, sociata = alternata sociella, Aplioniia . . solitariella, Coleophora somnulentella, Bedellia sordiata = coiy iaria sordidata = furcata, Hydriometia Speiiedonia . . spbeciformis, Sesia .. sphinx, Asteroscopus spini, Klugia 38, 47, 56, 67, 100, 180, spissicella, Nephopteryx sponba, Catocaia . . . . 174, statiees, Ino . . . . . . 75, statilinus, Satyrus 8, 68, 100, 157, 162, 180, 182, 191, **stauderi (napi race), Pieris 139, stelviana (nerine race), Erebia 176, steveni (nieleager a/).), Polyommatus stichiiis, (polytes ab.), Papilio stoechadis, Zygaena . . 73, straminata, Acidalia . 173, strataria, Amphidasis, Plafcypora, Pachys 171, striana, Orthotaenia, Celypa striata (coridon ab.), Agriades striata (thetis ((ii.), Agriades strigillaria, Aspilates strigosa, Anosia .. .. 113, strigula, Agrotis . . . . 173, suavella, Rhodophaea .. 171, siibalpina (dorilis race), Loweia .. subgrisea (sinapis race), Leptosia.. subiustris, Xylophasia •*subnapaea (napi race), Pieris 131, 136, 137, 138, subseqna (orbona), Triphaena 170, 171, subsericeata, Acidalia . . 124, subsignaria (quercinaria ah.), En- nomos . . . . . . Ill, 44 207 181 141 48 180 146 29 223 42 201 107 48 195 195 223 172 87 218 222 18 148 194 174 202 191 217 141 177 159 96 75 175 172 208 207 77 124 114 223 174 192 195 171 141 223 173 113 subtusradiata (cyllarus <(?>.), Glauco- psyche . . . . . . . . 193 sudetiea (melampus race), Erebia 176 suffumata, Lygris . . . . . . 191 siiffuga, Agrotis .. .. ..19 suli'usa (phlaeas ab.), Rumicia 50, 57 sulphurea (napi ah.), Pieris 135, 136 syllius, Melanargia . . 30,178, 181 sylvanus, Augiades 8, 16, 47, 77, 124, 190 sylvata, Abraxas .. .. .. 191 syngramnia, Acrocercops . . . . 79 syngrapha (coridon ah.), Agriades 110, 111, 207 syringaria, Hygrochroa . . . . 191 tages, Nisoniades 18, 51, 57, 124, 190 tagis, Antbocharis .. .. .. 182 taras (malvae ah.), Hesperia 168, 192 **tarda (napi vrtcej, Pieris.. .. 139 tau, Aglia . . . . . . . . 106 telesiphe, Colaenis . . . . . . 144 telicanus, Syntarucus .. 163, 1&4 temerata, Bapta .. .. 124, 185 tenebrata, Heliaca . . . . . . 191 tenebrosa, Rusina . . . . . . 223 tenuemacuiosa (napi car.), Pieris 139, 140, 141 **tenuitermaculosa (daphne race), ..14, Welitaea 15 172 114 50 .. 223 . 206, 223 .. 200 . . 124 47, 166, 190 .. 199 .. 182 .. 87 .. 180 181 Brentliis tersata, Phibalapteryx tessellata, Hesperia.. tessellata (atlialia ah.), testacea, Luperina . . testudo, Limacodes . . Thaidi thalassina, Hadena.. thaunias = flava Theclidae theophrastus, Tarucus therinella, Coleophora thersamon, Heodes.. thersites, Agriades . . thetis (belLn-gns), Agriades 8, 12, 54, 55, 76, 181, 205, 222 thoas, Papilio . . . . . . 55 thore, Brentbis .. .. 176, 215 thusnelda (napi ah.), Pieris . . la2 tigelius (megerarc(ct), Pararge 209, 210, 212, 213, 214 **tigellina (megera race), Pararge 213 tiliae, Mimas .. 57,106, 112 Tineidae . . . . . . . . 208 tiphon, Coenonympha 58, 75, 96, 144, 180, 215, 222 tithonus, Pyronia, Epinephele 8, 11, 19, 38, 49, 67, 68, 175, 182 tithonus = eros, Polyommatus .. 180 tithraustes (telesiphe ;•((«'), Colaenis 144 tityus (bombyliformis), Hemaris 190, 223 Tortricidae 39, 2O8 transalpina, Zygaena 73, 74, 144, 158, 160, 185 transcaspica (aurorina race), Colias 72 SPECIAL INDEX. I'AGK transiens (sinapis vur.), Leptosia 91, 92, 93 transtenuata (iris var.), Apatura 107 transversa (tiliae ah.), Mimas . . 106 trapezina, Calyninia . . . . 191 tremuiae (populi «/;.), Limenitis .. 216 trepicia, Notodonta 171, 172, 173, 174 triauguiiini, Noctiia. . .. .. 147 trifolii, Zygaena 19, 55, 58, 74, 75, 109, 175 trifolii, Hadena, Maniestra . . 58 trigeniiiiata, Acidalia . . . . 174 trigeniiiiellu, Coleophora . . . . 88 trigvamniica, Graminesia 124, 108, 190 trilinea (trigraniinica ah.), Graiii- mesia . . . . . . . . 168 trilinearia, Ephyra, . . . . 223 triopes (gorge ah.), Erebia 176, 177 triplasia, Abrostola . . . . . . 222 tristis (achiileae vur.), Zygaena . . 33 trivia, Melitaea .. 13,14,176,180 triviltata (filipendulae «/>.j Zygaena 108 troglodytelia, Coleopliora . . . . 87 truncata, i^ysstroma, Cidaria 58, 116, 124 tumidana, Acrobasis . . . . 205 turca, Leucania . . . . . . 58 turcica lurticae ah.), Aglais . . 216 turcicLis (phJaeas ah.), Kumicia . . 57 turnus (glaucus rd/-.), Papiiio .. 107 tutti, Zygaena .. .. ..53 tyndarus, Erebia .. .. 55, 161 unibrosa, Noctua . . . . . . 58 umoris (napi race), Pieris 131, 132, 134, 141 undnlanus = revayana unicolor (arion ah.), Lycaena . . 37 unicolorata (atomaria ah.), Enia- tuiga- . . . . . . . . 56 urticae, Aglais 45, 46, 47, 60, 57, 98, 109, 112, 145, 182, 190, 212, 216, 217 vacciiiii, Orrhodia .. .. .. 202 vacua (dietynna ((?J.), Melitaea .. 221 valdensis (iathonia race), Issoria . . 215 valesiaua (epiphron race), Erebia. . 176 valesiiia (paphia var.). Dryas 49, 50, 106, 161, 162, 172, 173, 174, 215 109 114 179 148 i 191 Vaiiessidae vanillae, Dione varia, Melitaea varleyata (grossulariata ah.), Abraxas vauaria, Thamnonoma **venosa (mendica var.), Diaphora 117 verbasci, Cucullia .. .. 171, 191 verityi (purpuralis var.), Zygaena 29, vernalis (hyale var.), Colias 71, vernalis = mediterranea (croeeus var.), Colias .. 71, 72, vernalis = anipla (croeeus vur.), Colias vetulata, Scotosia . . vibicella, Coleophora 31 73 73 73 172 89 HAGK villica, Arctia .. 108,113, 186 viminalis, Cleoceris. . .. .. 146 viminetelia, Coleophora . . 87, 88 virgaureae, Coleophora . . . . 88 virgaureae, Heodes 44, 46, 47, 55, 67, 68, 162, 192 virgularia, Acidalia . . .. .. Ill viridaria, Phytometra . . . . 57 viridaria (pectinitaria), Amoebe 173, 191 viridata, Nemoria . . . . 185, 222 vittata, Phibalapteryx . . . . 58 vulgaris (napi race), Pieris 127, 131, 132, Vii, 137, 141, 142 w-album, Strymon . . walkeri (menlhastri var.), soma werdandi (palaeno ? ah,), winni hyh., Ennomos wolfensbergeri (raaturna Melitaea . . xanthomelas, Eugonia xeranipelina, Cirrhoedia xylostella, Harpipteiyx zapellonii (daplidice var.), Zegris zelieri, Acrobasis zermattensis (virgaureae Heodes ziczac, Notodonta . . zoegana, Euxanthe.. Zygaena (idae) 29, 30, 35, 53, 56, 73, 74, 96, 111, 127, 191 NEUROPTERA. Astbenopus-povilla . . bipennis, Nemophora chrysops, Osmylus . . coa, Nenioptera Coniopteiyx . . dorsalis, Chrysopa . . excisus, Stenosmyius fusca, Ithone. . Hemerobius . . Hydroptila . . leonina, Psychopsis.. libelluloides, Palpares lutaria, Sialis niaculicollis, Kaphidia Myrmeleontidae notata, llaphidia ottoiuanus, Ascalaphus Palpares perla, Chrysopa prasina, Chrysopa . . Sabatinea sinuata, Nenioptera. . vittata, Chrysopa vulgaris, Chrysopa . . 47, 194 Spilo- 107 Colias 176, 177 111, 112 ''"'■-). 176, 216 179 18 55 Pontia 126 181 205 race) , 192 186 218 ORTHOPTERA. acervorum, Myrmecophila . . Acrotylus 221 206 166 168 206 146 167 168 168 224 116, 165 168 168, 206 168 224 35 224 55 19 224 146 205 206 162 48, 146 224 28 SPECIAL INDEX. Anisoptera . . alpinus, Anoneonotus bieolor, Stauroderus bimaculatus, Gryllus bipunctatum, Acridium brachypterus, Chrysochraon 28, 29, 47 28, 29 20, 160, 28 .44, 48 .27, 28 ..28, 29 eaerulescens, Oedipoda Calliptamini . . campestris, Gryllus.. cantaiis, Locusta domesticus, Gryllus . . dorsale, Xipbidium.. dorsatus, Chorthippus egena, Empusa elegans, Chorthippus elegaiis, Stauroderus falcata, Phaneroptera frigidum, Podisma . . fusca, Arcyptera fuscuiu, Xipbidium.. gallicus, Bacillus . . germanica, Blatella. . gennanica, Oedipoda giornae, Platyphyma griseoaptera, Pholidoptera. grossus, Mecostethus hastatuiu, Xipbidium insubrica, Acrotylus italicus, Caloptenus.. kraussi, Epbippigera lineatus, Steuobotbrus mandibularis, Conocephalus miuiata, Oedipoda . . . . 44 morosus, Carausius 19, 20, 143 nitidulus, Hemerocoryphus Oedipoda Omocestus . . parallellus, Stauroderus, thippus pauperata, Empusa. . pedestre, Podisma . . punctatissima, Leptopbyes religiosa, Mantis riparia, Labidura rufipes, Omocestus . . ruf us, Gomphocerus . . scaleris, Stauroderus sphacophilus, Epbippigera stridulus, Psophus . . subulatum, Acridium sylvestris, Nemobius verrucivorus, Decticus viridissima, Phasgonura viridissima, Locusta viridulus, Omocestus vitium, Epbippigera Chor- 28, 161, 163, 28 47, 48, 159,' PAGR 45 161 44 55 28 161 160 99 28 163 28 27 28 206 28 29 29 161 160 163 19 28 206 29 28 28 27 28 160 28 44 27 160 147 163 44 27 159 146 163 56 206 200 28 29 160 28 206 28 28 160 28 161 28 29 27, PARANEUROPTERA (ODONATA). Aescbna . . . . . . . . 162 Agrion . . . . . . 16, 46 annulatus, Cordulegaster . . 16, 162 barbara, Lestes brunneum Orthetrum eaerulescens, Orthetrum cyanea, Aeschna depressa, Libellula . . elegans, Iscbnura . . forcipatus, Lindenia, grapbus grandis, Aeschna mercuriale, Agrion . . meridionals, Sympetrum nymphula, Pyrrhosoma pedemontana, Libellula pennipes, Platycnemis pulchellum, Agrion.. splendens, Calopteryx striolatum, Sympetrum virgo, Calopteryx PAGE .. 163 .. 163 .. 16 .. 45 44, 163 45, 163 Onycho- 163 159 17 .. 163 .. 45 .. 163 .. 163 .. 45 44, 163 .. 161 .. 46 16, RHYNCHOTA. Aphididae .. . . .. 5, 21, apterus, Pyrrhocoris aurita, Ledra bieolor, Sebirus Carpocoris cerasi, Mysus Cimex cimiciformis, Paracletus . . Coccidae 94, 96 eorni, Anoeciae, Ichizoneura cornutus, Centrotus currens, Velia formicaria, Forda . . formicetorum, Piezostethus gahani, Pseudococcus humuli, Phorodon .. interstinctum, Acanthosoma inuncta, Podops juniperis, Pentatoma lanigera, Schizoneura lanigerum, Eriosoma . . 75, laricis, Chermes lativentris, Nabis leetularius, Cimex . . lineata, Grapbosoma marginatus, Syromastes . . nigricornis, Carpocoris Paracletus personatus, Reduvius pomorum, Mylelaspis quereiis, Stomaspis . . . . 21 rotundatus, Cimex . . setulosa, Tychaea . . ulmi, Tetraneura . . . . , NOT CLASSIFIED. arcaneoides, Scutigera (Myr.) europaeup, Scorpio . . Gateodes boftinanseggii, Platyartbrus (Crus. Mallopbaga . . 22 46 186 207 47 55 56 21 146 21 186 2C 21 5 95 21 206 207 48 117 146 146 85 57 163 55 163 21 46 54 80 57 21 5 168 56 145 43 166 SPECIAL INDEX. CORRIGENDA, Etc. 1917. pit. 8., fig. 2. a)u?romf(ia« should be sp. ? 1919. p. 131, 133, 170, 206. " maZuae " in all cases should be '' inalvoides." p. 134, 170, 176, 173. " coridon" in all cases should be " hispanw^ 'iragotienHs." p. 171, 172. " pnnii " in all cases should be " ilicis." p. 186, line 45. for '' pnini " read " Rpini.'^ 1922. p. 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48. " nicaea " in all cases should be '\jucunda." p. 47, lines 36, 37. delete " /iavidor " and substitute '' arnufs {aryyroy- nomon).'^ p. 23, line 4 from bottom, for " und formigen " read " C-formigen." p. 43, line 3 from bottom, for " irimatonus'' read " primatorius." p. 83, line 4 from bottom, add " by Dr. A. Jeffries Turner. p. 189, line 24 from bottom, for " Phcniia lacta " read " Phaonia laeta." Subscriptions for Vol. XXXIV. are nov\A due. Vol. XXXIY. No. 1. CDe entomolofilsrs Recora Journal of Variation Richard S. BAGNALL, f.l.s., f.e.s. George T. BETHUNE-BAKER, f.l.s. m. burr, d.sc, f.l.s., f.z.s., f.e.s. (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, f.e.s. E. A. COCKAYNE, m.d., p.k.s. JAs. E.:G0LLI1SI, p.e.8. H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, P.z.b., F.a.s. John Hartley DURRANT, f.e.s. Alfred SICH, f.k.s. (Rev.) George WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s. and Henry J. TUENEE, f.e.s., Editorial Secretary. CONTENTS. PASB. 1 Myrmecophilous Notes for 1921, H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S A fortnight at Mont Ventoux (Vauclause), G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S... 6 Seasonal Polymorphism and races of some European Rhopalocera, Roger Verity, M.D. . . 12 Notes on Collecting : — Augiades sylvanus, R. Bernard Cruickxhank ; A note on Somerset Dragonflies, (Capt.) R. Troup; Second Brood of 0. sarabucaria, Id.; The White Border of Euvanessa antiopa, R. M. Prideaux, F.E.S. ; Ditto, E. A. Cockayne, M.D. F.E.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . _ _ ig Current Notes and Short Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ j-^ Societies : — Entomological Society of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight ; The South London Entomological Society. . .. .. ., .. ,. ,. ,_ __ jg Special Index. Title page of vol. xxxiii. JANUARY 16th, 1922. Price TWO SHILLINGS (n..i). with special index. SiibBcripfcion for Complete Volume, pont fi-ey (liioliidiiig all DOUBMi; NUMUIOHH, elo.) TEN SHILLINGS. TO lilt liOUWAUDlSU TO HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E.14. Communications have been received or have been promised from Rev. G. Wheeler Messrs. Hy. J. Turner, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. Verity, Capt. Burr, G. T. Bethune-Baker,' E. B. Ashby, J. H. Durrant, Orazio Querci, Dr. Cockayne, P. P. Graves, Rev. C. N. r! Burrows, D. H. Pearson, R. S. Bagnall, J. W. H. Harrison, A. W. Stelfox, G. B. C* Leman, with Reports of Societies and Reviews. WATKINS & DONCASTER, NATURALISTS, Keep in Stock — All kinds of Apparatus and Cabinets Required by Collectors of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Plants, etc. A Large Stock of British, Continental 81 Exotic Lepidoptera, and also Birds' Eggs (Singles as well as in Clutches.) OUR NEW CATALOGUE WILL BE SENT POST FREE ON APPLICATION. 36, Strand, London, W.C 2. 'Phone : Geerard 9451. Lantern Slides in Natural Colours. LEPIDOPTERA & LARV>ffi A SPECIALITY. Photograplied from life and true to Nature in every detail. SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c., By same Colour Process. LA>"j.BRN SLIDES MADE TO ORDPJU FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOUUICD DRAWING. PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARY^, LIFE SIZE, ON IVORINE TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET. For List apply to — CHARLES D. HEAD, Cherrymount, Donnycarney, DUBLIN. Baxley] L. VSl. N^JSlflnVIJBLN [Kent Has for sale a superb stook of 1920 specimens in tine condition, including Varleyata ; Bicu^pis ; Pendularia var. Subroseata ; Melauic forms Lariciata, Consortaria, Conson- aria, Abietaria; Irish forms Aurinia and Napi, fine vars. Tiliae, Yellow Doiuinula, etc., etc. (Quotations and Insects sent on approval with pleasure. Also a huge stock of fine PUP^ and OVA. Write for latest price lists. Relaxing Tins are now 4/- small and 6/- lar^^e, post free. Re-fills, 2/3 small, 3/3 large, post free. AND ^'« JOURNAL OF VARIATION. Vol. XXXIV. No. 1. January 15th, 1922 Myrmecophilous Notes for 1921. By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc. The very long hot summer aud the drought of 1921, made it a very poor year for Ants in England ; nearly all the species burying them- selves much deeper than usual in the ground. The entire failure of many species of Aphids during part of the summer also had a marked effect upon the Foiuiicidac. My colleague Mr. Crawley tells me that he was informed of several cases of ants entering dwellings this year, where they had never done so before. I also heard of similar occur- rences, and we are both agreed to attribute this to the lack of plant-lice. Some ants, as we shall see later, had their marriage-flights quite a month earlier than is usual with them. Bormica sangninea, which always goes down for the winter sooner than our other species of Formica, disappeared still earlier than usual this year. FORMICID^. Ponera piinctatissiina, Roger. — My friend, Mr. Philip Harwood, sent several winged females and workers of this rare little ant to me to name. He tells me he captured two ^ ? in fungi, and a winged $ which he beat off a fungus on October 29th, in the Limpsfield Woods, near Westerham. On November 5th be took twelve more specimens, including winged ? J as well as ^ ^ , in the same locality, in a saw- dust heap on which some large fungi were growing. I have only one previous recoi'd from West Kent, when a winged J was swept by the late Edward Saunders, in a wood at Bromley, far from any houses [Brit. Ants, p. 72] . In Harwood's locality also, no houses are anywhere near, nor is there a refuse heap, or anything to suggest the ants had been introduced. Myr)necina (jraiirinicola, Latr. — In my last year's notes I recorded that no winged females had been reared for the first time for four years in my observation nest of this little species, which I have now had in my possession for over eleven years. I suggested that the lighting, which took place between tha ants in 1919, might have caused this, and that as no fighting to speak of had occurred in 1920, winged females might be produced again in 1921. Such has been the case, and large numbers of winged $ $ were reared ; the first individuals putting in an appearance on June 17th. One or two of these females are still Sa THK ENTOMOLOGIST S RECOKD. retaining their wings to-day (November 15th). Many males were reared as usual, and the colony continues in a flourishing condition. Stenamtna westicoodi. West. — As pointed out in British Ants (p. 142), very few actual colonies of this rare species have ever been found. Its habits are obscure, and it is usual only to find isolated workers, often in or near other ants' nests ; though sometimes a certain number may occur together in moss, etc. Mr. Phillips has, however, recently found a number of colonies in their actual nests in County Wexford. For his very interesting account of these discoveries see the Irish Naturalist for November [30 125-7 (1921)] . I am indebted to Mr. Phillips, and to Mr. Stelfox of the Dublin Museum, for a nice little live colony of this ant, which they kindly posted to me. On September 20th I fixed up this colony, which consisted of a deiilated $ , some 50 ^ ^ , and a number of medium and large larvjig, in a four-chambered "Janet" nest. The $ laid eggs on September 21st, and again between November 2nd and 7tb. I find the ^ ^ " feign death" when touched ; they also have a curious habit, when the cloth over the nest is raised and the colony disturbed by being exposed to the light, of rushing at a larva, seizing it, and apparently giving it a good shaking up ! I have found when touched that a larva will exude a drop of thick white fluid ; it is probable that this is a means of defence, and possible that the worker shakes up a larva to induce it to discharge this fluid. These ants devour flies and other insects readily, with bits of which thej' feed the larvae, as also with crumbs of cake and biscuits ; but they do not appear to care much for honey. Mr. Main has kindly photographed two of the larva? for me. He had them in his possession for about a fortnight, at the end of which time, when I returned them to their nest, the ^ ? for a long time would have nothing to do with them. Eventually they were placed with the rest of the brood. The following is a short description of the egg and larva : — Egg. — White, opaque, shining, longer than broad, somewhat paiallel-sided, rounded at each end ; rather large for the size of the insect. Larva. — Greyish white, head pale yellow, mandibles reddish ; covered all over ■with short anchor-tipped golden hairs. Plainly segmented to within a third of the posterior end ; the head and 3 thoracic somites bent over posteriorly towards the ventral surface. Head fiat, rounded, with short very pointed mandibles ; abdomen pyriforni. The larva is semi-transparent under the microscope, part of the alimentary canal, breathing apparatus, and nervous system being visible through the skin from the dorsal and ventral aspects ; but not nearly so plainly through the sides. At the ventral posterior end of the body, a white opaque mass can be seen through the skin, which is evidently of a liquid consistency, as when the larva is touched with a paint brush, a thick white drop of fluid is exuded from the anus, which either evaporates very quickly, or is partly received back into the body, leaving a thick white coating of the consistency of " Chinese White " on the anal surface of the larva. Acanthomyops [Uonistltorpea) ttii/er. L. — Marriage flights of this ant took place on July 7th and 8th this year at Putney ; about a month earlier than the more usual time. On August 20th another flight occurred in my garden at Putney in the afternoon, and shortly after it MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1921. O had commenced a number of Sea Gulls had arrived, and were observed to catch the tiying ants high up in the air. Yet another flight was observed (and also of A. {('.) jlann^) on September 5th, when very many swallows collected and levied toll on the ants. Formica exsecta, Nyl., '^* F. fiisca, L. — Several mixed nests of these two species were found by Harwood on July 15th, when he was staying at Rannoch, in Scotland. He tells me there were three or four in number, within a yard or so of each other, situated under stones about seven inches by four inches in size. Little or no nest was visible from above, and, in fact, nothing to indicate that ants were to be found beneath the stones. The mixed colonies were not very strong, although a fair number of ants were found ; the e.vsecta ^ ^ predominating over the fiisca ^ ^ in each case. Very few mixed colonies of these ants have been found before, either in Britam or on the Continent [see British Ants, ^. 21d]. Formica sanr/iiiuea, Latr. — Colonies of the " Slave-Maker " were discovered by Harwood at Brasted, Westerham, and Ightham near Sevenoaks ; the first records for Kent of this species. Formica ftisca, L. — On the afternoon of May 22nd when at Bewdley I captured a female of this ant on the wing. This appears to be the earliest date on which a winged fusca $ has been found away from the ne.st. Introduced Ants. — On January 11th I visited Kew Gardens in search of ants, but found them to be far less abundant than in former years. The gardeners have (in my opinion very unnecessarily) been continually killing ofi' ant colonies in the hot-houses in recent years, by means of poison. The ants do little, if any, harm, only attending such Aphids and Coccids that may occur on the plants, and it is very ridiculous to say that the ants introduce these pests into the hot- houses. On the other hand they do much good by killing off other noxious insects. Prenolepis donisthorpei, Forel., still occurs in the Fern House, and Triijlyphotlirix striatidens, Emery, was also present. The only other ant noticed was the common TechnomyrHiex alhipes, F. Smith, in the Palm House, etc. CoLEOPTERA. Qiiediiis mesomeliHiis, Marsh. — On September 27th last year a number of this beetle was found in the Woking A. (D.) fidii/inosus nest, and again this year on October 7th more specimens, including a fine (J , occurred in the same nest. I have taken it with the same ant at Chiddingfold in numbers, and sparingly at Oxshott. This insect shows strong leanings towards a myrmecophilous life, and as I pointed out in my paper on the " Origin of the Ancestral Form of Myrme- cophilous Coleoptera" [Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1909 407], we can * ^ This sign was invented by Wasmann in Die Zusammengesetzter Nester tmd gemischten Kolonien der Ameisen, Munster (1891), to express the union of two species to form a single colony. The name of this auxiliary species is always placed after the sign. 4 THK ENTOMOLOGIST S UKCORD. easily imagine a descendant of QncdinH iiH'soiiiclinuH as a regular ants'- nest species. Microt/lossa (/cnfilis, Miirk. — Previous to last year I had only taken this species at Oxshott, but it put in an appearance in the Woking fi(li(ii)iosiis nest on March 19th, 1920 ; on May 30th it was common together with its larvie. It was subsequently observed on June 20th, 1920, and June 6th and October 7tb, 1921. Sri/dinaeniis e.vilis, Er. — Harwood found this little beetle in a nest of Foiviica tufa in the Limpsfield Woods near Westerham, in consider- able numbers extending over a period of many weeks. On September 17th I had the pleasure of taking it with him in this nest. This precludes the possibility of its being only a chance find ; moreover J. J. F. X. King sent me several specimens taken on July 24th, 1916, in a riifa nest at Bridge-of-Gairn, and Wasmann tells me he has it in his collection, taken by the late Viehmeyer with the same ant in Saxony. The beetle is often, and probably generally, found under bark — I have taken it under such circumstances in Sherwood Forest — but the above records show that at times it can, and does, lead a myrmecophilous life. Chalcididae. Spalavf/ia enjthromera, Forst. — Having at last discovered the true host of this Chalcid, it seems advisable to give a short account of both how this was arrived at, and also its history as a British insect. On April 6th, 1906, T captured a specimen of this insect (which had not previously been found in Britain) in a nest of A. {£).) fiili(linnsiis at Wellington College. On the same date I took home a number of the ants and their larva;, carton from the nest, and other debris, which I fixed v;p in a large glass bowl to serve as an observa- tion nest. In this bowl large numbers of the Spalatujia were reared (the insect continuing to emerge all through the year) ; as well as other parasitica ; Diptera including many i^lnjlloiiij/za lasiae ; etc. I jumped to the conclusion, perhaps naturally, that as the Chalcid is shining black like the ant with which it always occurs, and as the ants treat them without hostility, even tapping antennae with them at times, they were parasitic on the ant larv;i3 ; and there the matter rested. I subsequently captured the species, always with the same ant, at Darenth Wood, 26-vii-09 ; Oxshott, 9-ix-lB ; VVeybridge, 28-viii-14 ; and Woking, 27-ix-20, 22-ix, and 7-X-21. On September 27th, 1920, I took home, from a fuliiiittosiifi nest at Woking, a small quantity of carton, damp earth beneath it, refuse, etc., which bad in it a number of fat Dipterous larvte, and various species of Dipterous pupaj ; but neither ants, nor ant larvte. This I fixed up in a small plaster nest. On December 10th a Spalani/ia put in an appearance. I suggested that — " This however proves nothing, as the Sjialaii;iio may leave its host before pupating, and have been present as a pupfe in the debris " [Knt. Hec 33 28 (1921)] . It never- theless made me suspicious, and I isolated some of the Dipterous pupie in a small glass-topped box. On February 18th, 1921, a S/'rtZrt»///a emerged from a pupa of Phylloinyza lasiae; thus settling the question of the host. Two more specimens were reared from MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1921. 0 J'/iyllniiii/za pupfe ; one on April 10th, and the other on September 20th. Braconid.e. BlaciiH iiia)iiillanas,R\ithe. — Mr. Hallett sent me a S of this l^racon, which he had taken at Porthcawl, Glamorgan, on May 16th, 1921, in company with ^ ^ of A. {]>.) ni/jer. The shape, colour, and general appearance of the body and legs are very like the ant. The ^ of this insect was unknown to science. PrOCTOTRYPID/'E. Helotioi an<»iialipeA, Pz. — Mr. Hallett took a t? of this Proctotrypid in company with LA'ptothorax acervoritm at Candleston, near Porthcawl, ill July, 1916. The insect in question is superficially so like a J of the ant, that it was not until he was setting it together with ^ ^ oi the Leptotliorax, he discovered it was not an ant. This and the previous species were kindly identified by Mr. Morley. Ceraphnn sp. ? — I captured a specimen of a species of Ceraj>hon in a nest of F. mfa at Westerhain on September 5th, 1921, which I believe to be new to Britain ; at any rate I have not taken it before. Heteroptera. Piezostcthiis formicetorum, Boh. — This curious little myrmecophilous bug was discovered by Harwood in a nest of Foniiica mfa in the Limpsfield Woods, Kent, in some numbers, both nymphs and adults being present. He showed me this nest on September 17th, when I secured a few nymphs. This capture is of considerable interest, as the bug has never been found in England before. It was first recorded for Britain in 1872 from Aberdeenshire where it was taken in rufa nests at Glen Lui (Hislop) and Bnemar (B. White). After this it was not found again until 1907 when I turned it up in infa nests at Rannoch, Perthshire. In May, 1909, 1 took it at Nethy Bridge; and again at Hannoch in June, 1911, when it occurred in some numbers in one mfa nest, both nymphs and adults being present. In July, 1915, J. J. F. X. King found it with its usual host at Bridge of Gairn, Aberdeen. Aphidid^e. Tetiant'iira nhiti, Geofi'. — This species occurred in some numbers in a nest of A. {('.) flovus in my garden at Putney on March 25th. My previous captures of this Aphid are as follows : in nests of — Mi/niiica riuiinodis Loch Arher 31-iv-08 ; A. {(J.) «//eH('s Whitsand Bay 16-iv-09; A. {€'.) /Ud'us, Myrmica seabrijiodis and Formica fiisca Bradgate Park ;-3-v-09 ; A. [( '.) flariiH Darenth Wood 6-vi-09 ; Tetramnriuin caespitnui St. Issey 25-iv-ll ; A. (('.) flanis Isle of P^igg 18-ix-ll ; and A. (C.) //rtc/^sLundy Island 9-vi-13. Mr. Laing tells me he has kept a special lookout for it, but has only found it on elm at Newlands Corner in Surrey. I imagine however that he has not looked for it in Ants' nests. It is very curious that a species which is associated with the elm should occur in ants' nests on Lundy Island, and the Isle of Eigg, where elm trees are not to be found ! There is much yet to be learnt about the life history of most of the myrmecophilous Aphididae. ('To be concluded.) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S HECOHI). A fortnight at Mont Ventoux (Vaucluse). By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S. From Digne to Mont Ventoux is not really a long way, but it is an awkward journey, and we found that much the best way was to go back to Marseilles and there get on to the main line to Avignon, changing there for Carpentras where we caught the motor-bus for Bedoin, which was to be our resting-place. To do this in a day we left Pigne by the 5.30 a.m. train in the morning and even so had very little time to spare at Marseilles to enable us to catch the train north. Of course, the train we were in was late and it seemed to delight in staying as long as ever it could at every little wayside station we passed through, but at last we arrived at the great French port with about three minutes to catch the Avignon express. Fortunately I knew the station, so we seized our baggage and sped across to the other platform and had barely got into the train, when the departure horn was sounded. We had done the job and so we were content and could then enjoy the delightful views of the coast, if somewhat distant, that are obtainable from the railway for those who know what to look for. The motor-omnibus at Carpentras was waiting our arrival, but so full was it that I ascended on to the roof as did quite a few other men and sat among the baggage ; it happened to be market day and all the people from Bedoin and several big intervening villages, had been to Carpentras to buy their week's provisions, etc., among them being one or two enormous yellow pumpkins about two feet long and well over a foot in diameter, all of which found a resting place with us on the top; the only things that troubled us occasionally were the branches of the trees that lined all the roads and that caused a torrent of excitement to issue forth from one or two of my travelling companion's throats when their hats were swept off by the passing branches. Meanw^hile my wife was crushed inside and would far rather have been on the top, but alas it was not possible for a woman to make the decidedly primitive ascent. We at last reached our headquarters, somewhere about 6 p.m. in the evening, and if the Hotel du Mont Ventoux at Bedoin was somewhat primitive, the Hostess at least was kindness itself and nothing was left undone to add to the comfort of our visit. The heat was very great, but it w^as a dry heat, and was therefore quite bearable, for descending from the Maritime Alps at an altitude of about 8400 feet to somewhere about 800 feet, it will be readily understood that the difference in the rarity of the atmosphere must necessarily produce a certain amount of relaxation that was not at first conducive to violent exercise. I understand that we were prol^ably the first English people who had explored the country around and the Mont Ventoux itself, certainly they had never to their knowledge entertained "les Anglais" before in our little hotel. I had sorely wanted to stay at the hotel on the summit of Ventoux but Monsieur H. Brown of Paris strongly advised me not to do so, as the top was subject to violent storms and was very frequently enveloped in mist. So I had to be content with two separate nights on the summit and in one case there was a hurricane blowing that nearly took my wife off' her feet, and in the other case when I stayed there alone, a soaking mist covered the highest area. But what are Bedoin and Mont Ventoux like'? The latter from just A FORTNIGHT AT MONT VENTOUX (vaUCLUSe). 7 outside the little village of Bedoin appears to be a vast waste of rock and stone almost devoid of vegetation, but this first impression is not quite correct for there is really everywhere, except on the steepest gradients and the very summit, a considerable amount of stunted brushwood and also plenty of more or less dried up low growing plants that are just able to maintam an existence on the wind-swept serried surface. But along the route towards the east (the summit runs roughly east and west so that the slopes are approximately north and south ; Bedoin being on the southern side) that leads to the summit there are large areas of various trees, on the borders of which the vegetation, being protected, is more luxuriant, with lavender and other aromatic herbs in abundance. The best hunting grounds were naturally in this district, though Monsieur H. Brown tells me that much the most interesting side is to the north in the neighbourhood of Brantes. But Bedoin on the edge of the lowland country is totally different, here we were but 800 feet high, whereas the altitude of Ventoux is over 6000 feet, and around our hotel we found ourselves in the land of olives and vineyards, a land where tomatoes and asparagus were cultivated in acres and acres, and a land apparently of incredible plenty and luxuriant growth. The cultivated lavender, of which there were vast fields, grew in great and beautiful bushes four to five feet high with a girth in proportion, whilst the olive trees were probably by the million and were almost the feature of the landscape, with their neat and trim appearance, and their bluish green foliage, and with their height always within the range of a ladder of quite moderate length. The people like the country looked prosperous, the farms all beautifully kept and the fields in exposed parts protected from the winds b}^ bamboo hedges and rows of maize. Poverty or want seemed to be most certainly banished from this part of France. It was indeed most interesting to see agricultural and horticultural France at home, quite oft' the usual tourist route, and here as ever, ready to give her allies a most cordial welcome, for nothing could be more gratifying than the welcome given to us not only b)^ our hosts Monsieur and Madame Bernard but also by many of the French tourists on their way up to the observatoire, on the summit of Ventoux itself. The butterfly fauna of Bedoin is not quite similar to that of Ventoux and therefore it will be better to keep them separate. No doubt we were fully late in both cases, but especially in the former, though this was advantageous so far as some of the Satyrids were concerned, but there is no doubt that had we gone there for the end of June and the beginning of July my list of species would have been greatly increased, nevertheless it may be interesting inasmuch as it is a record from a district that is probably quite new to most English readers. Taking the lowland country (if I may call it so at 800 feet) around Bedoin, between the vineyards or between the olive plantations, and such like, there are often broad cart roads for the passage of carts collecting the produce, and these are sometimes edged hj high banks with paths on the top and plenty of rough growth and flowering plants, whilst here and there are small copses of trees with the usual undergrowth around — these byways and undisturbed spots were the places where insects were to be best obtained, whilst the small woods around the farms at the very foot of the mountain were also worth visiting for various odd species. O THK ENT0MOI..OGTST S RECORD. On a little wooded knoll outside the village both Pajnlio podalirins, past its best, and P. machaon were not uncommon, the latter in prime condition, and it may be of interest to note that of two females, both perfectly fresh, one is cream colour and one is of the pale form, both being taken during the first week in August ; here also I took Sati/nis herininne and .S. circe. In the cart roads and by-paths Pier is daplidice was fairly common, the type form not var. raphani — P. rapae was leas common whilst P. brassicae was still less so. Colias crave ns (ediisa) was to be seen here and there but was not plentiful, the few I captured being very fresh, evidently quite recent emer- gencies. I did not see, however, a single C. In/ale at this level. Along these paths P. jindaliriuH would occasionally course, but always with a very strong straightforward flight, Satyrus. arethnm and S. statilinns were common, whilst occasionally S. briseis would dart out from the rough ground of the olive plantations and more often perhaps avoid my net than fall a victim to it. Ejiiuefihele jitrtina race hispnlla was plentiful but Pararge vuiera was rare, whilst I only saw one or two P. nieijera. Coenofiympha paiitpliihia race billus were not infrequent and Kpinephele tithoniis also common, E. ida was to be found flitting uncertainly at the foot of the grass banks, but was difficult to take owing to its dodgy flight. It is curious to remember that when I took this species flying in the hedgerows at Ille-sur-Tet, I did not notice this quick uncertain flight ; possibly the more open country here may account for this when compared with the more luxuriant growth under the high hedges of the Pyrenean district. The only Ar the Isle of Wight. Noi-eiiiber 5th, 1921. — Meeting at 47, Tennyson Road, Southampton. The President, Mr. W. Fassnidge, M.A., in the chair. . New Members.— Mr, J. C. Moberley, M.A., and Mr. B. Hobby, both of Southampton, were elected members. The secretary reported that the authorities of University College, Southampton, had generously placed a meeting-room, two cabinets, and library accommodation at the disposal of the Society. One more meeting, the Annual General Meeting, will be held at Tennyson Road, on December 3rd, at which Mr. A. E. Burras, B.A., has consented to read a paper, and after that all meetings held in Southampton will be at the new headquarters. It was reported that the work of compiling the County Insect I'auna List was proceeding satisfactorily, and that the Hemiptera would now be in the charge of Mr. Rae Sheriffs, M.A., D.Sc. Two short papers were then read by the President. The first was " On the Habits of the Larva of S. sphecifonnis," which gave a very interesting description of the habitat, illustrated by original photo- graphs, and of the life-historj- of the larva. The second paper dealt with " A short entomological trip tc the Vosges," and was well supplemented with photographs and specimens. Outstanding exhiiiits were Arirj/nnis cydijipe [adippe), var. rleodoxa, Issoria lathonia (partial albino), Linieuitis sibilla (second brood), and a C .veramiielina with unicolorous left wings. A general discussion on abnormal broods was raised, and the following reports read : — Mr. A. E. C. Stowell (Alton) : Pararye ineyera, third brood in October ; Porthesia simiiis, second brood in October ; RKpithecia albipiinctata, and Cleora lichenaria in the same month ; Brenthis selene on September 4th ; Xisaniades tatjes, pale s|)ecimens of a second brood. Mr. W. Fassnidge (Southampton) : Hespcria malrae, second brood ; N. tages, second brood in July ; B. seleiw, a plentiful second brood in July: Oitrapteri/x sainbiicaria, Ootoher '6vd ; P. .s/)///7/.s, October 4th and later ; Plebeins aee/on, a perfect, newly-emerged male was captured at Lyndhurst on October 80th. Mr. F. J. Killington (Eastleigh) : H. malrae, second brood; N. taiiea, second brood at Portland in August ; I'ieris brassicae and P. rapae * We are very pleased to welcome this new Society and have printed the Secretary's first report in full. SOCIETIES. 19 partial thii-d broods ; A. paphia, a single specimen in the first week of September; B. seieiie, second brood at the end of July ; (>. sainbucaria, at light in October; P. meyera. early October. The Rev. J. E. Tarbat showed dwarf forms of P. rapae, Rninia luteolata, Maiiiestra brassicae, Arirotis sup'usa, captured this year ; Mr. S. W. Dale exhibited a six-spotted Z. nieliloti; Mr. E. Cornell sent Rumicia phlaeas var. elens, bred in a greenhouse at Ventnor. Colias crocens [cdusa), a lemon-coloured male, Pyrameis cardui, with practically no markings on the hindwings, and Epinephele tithonus var. mincki, and var. alhidn, all of which he presented to the Society ; Mr. F. J, Killington, a unicolorous female of Hepialus Iiiniiidi, and varieties of the beetle Coccinella bipiinctata. At the conclusion of the meeting a hearty vote of thanks was passed to Mr. J. C. Moberley, who has presented the Society with a splendid library of entomological books, and' a valuable collection of Lepidoptera including many rare species. [The address of the Hon. Secretary is — Fredk. J. Killington, 1, St. Catherine's Road, Eastleigh.] The South London Entomological Society. Jnite 9th. — Photographs of Mosses. — Mr. A. W. Dennis exhibited stereophotographs of the mosses Mniuin hornuin and Bartramia pomi- formis. Aberration of C. croceus. — Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone, series of Colias croceus (ediim) with extended black border of forewings. Aberrations of British Lepidoptera. — Dr. G. S. Robertson, ab. caeca of Aphantopua hyperaidiis from tbe Lakes, forms of Spilosoma menthastrl with spots tending to run together, bred from Horsley, pale forms of Tiliacea aiirago from Box Hill and dark ones from Torquay, and var. lavaterae of Hesperia inalvae from Bude, etc. Exhibition of living imagines and larv.e of various insects. — Mr. K. G. Blair, living specimens of the Phasmid Bacillus gallicus, young larvae of Thais runiina and Papilio podalirius, the asparagus beetle Crioceris 12-punctata, the pupae of the glowworm, and the female of Epichnopteryx sp., on the life- history of which he communicated notes. A captured melanic H. abruptaria. — Mr. 0. R. Goodman, the melanic form of Hemerophila abruptaria, taken near its originallocality in N. London. Larv^ of p. plumigera. — Mr. F. B. Carr, larvae of Ptilophora plimiiyera. The Ant-lion. — Mr. Enifer, cocoon and pupa of the Ant-lion from S. France. A LIVING T. crabroniformis and a hybrid Zyg.enid. — Mr. Grosvenor, a living specimen of Trochiliain crabrnniformis and a hybrid between Zygaena trifolii and Z. hippocrepidis. June 23rd. — Exhibition of Living Objects. — Insects, etc., from S. France. — -Mr. H. Main, a number of objects obtained recently in S. France, including toads, crickets, centipedes, spiders, trap-door spiders, earwigs, harvesting-ants, larvae of the ant-lion, of the Ascalaphus vwrosus, of Palpares. etc. Galls in ash. — Mr. Coxhead, galls in ash leaves of the Dipteron Pgrrisia fraxini. 20 THE entomologist's REOORI). Phasmid, fire-fly, and glowworm. — Mr. Blair, the Phasmid Carau- sius morosiis from India, the glowworm Lampyris lusitanua from S. France, and the firefly Phntnris pemuylvcmica, bred from larvje from U.S.A. Parasitic diptera. — Mr. H. Moore, dipterous parasites from a pupa of Sphinx litiustri. Trichoptera. — Mr. Step, several species of Trichoptera. Larvae of C. bipunctata, etc.- — Mr. Enifer, larvje of Coccinella hipimctata and of an Anthrenns. with the grain weevil Calavdra f/ranaria. Scorpion fly larvje. — Mr. Withycombe, larvfe of the Scorpion fly, etc. Lepidopterous larv^. — Mr. Carr, larvfe of Bithys quercuK, Xan- thorhoe montanata, Tephrosia conaonaria, etc. July Uth, 1921.— New Member.— Mr. G. S. Baker, of W. Brompton, was elected a member. Exhibition and Discussion on X. rivata and X. alternata. — There was a short discussion on Xanthorhoe {Cidaria) rivata and X. (C.) alternata [soriata) introduced by Mr. Hy. J. Turner, who dealt at length with the nomenclature and differentiation and briefly with the variation. Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited series from several localities and referred to a later and darker form of X. alternata (sociata). Mr. Mera, series of both species and referred to the variation occurring in Britain dealing especially with the I. of Lewis dark race of the latter species. The pinebeetle H. abietis. — Mr. Enefer read a note on his exhibit of Hylobiits abietis a beetle recently becoming abundant in the S. of England. Aberration of A. Berenice. — Mr. H. Moore, an ant-lion he had bred from the larva given him by Mr. Main, from S. France, and also an aberration of Anusia herenice with additional spotting from Florida. Winged form of V. currens. — Mr. Priske, the unusual winged form of the water Hemipteron, Yelia CHrrens. An American Fire-fly. — Mr. Blair, the fire-fly I'/ienyodes laticullis from Washington and read notes on its life-history. Californian Lepidoptera. — Mr. Turner, further species of Lepi- doptera from California sent to him by Mr. G. B. Pearson. July 28tJi, 1921. — Digne insects. — Mr. Edwards, various insects taken by him at Digne in April, 1897. Details of various Life-historiks. — Mr. Main, an example of the 2nd ecdysis form of Gryllns campestris ; puparia of the 1 setse-fly from S. Africa; ova of the " Katydid " Locust of N. America; and a young trap-door spider, Atypns affinis, from Epping Forest. The Ashdow^n Coccinellid^. — Mr. Ashby, the Coccinellidae from the collection of the late Mr. Ashdown, 2,220 specimens. DAUPHiNi; insects.- — Mr. Goodman, a nest of the wasp Polistea yallicHs and a larva of Hyles etiplmrbiae from the Dauphino. C. DisPAR VAR. RUTiLus REPORTED. — Mr. Farmer said that it was reported that a specimen of the "large copper " had been taken at Limpstield, and Mr. Edwards suggested that it was possibly an escape from Capt. Purefoy's rearing experiments in Kent. Subscriptions for Vol. XXXIV. (1 O shiSiings) should be sent to Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gallatly Road, New Cross, S.E. 14 [This subscription includes ait numbers published from January 16th to December 15th, 1922.] Non-receipt or errors in tlie sending of Subscribers' magazines should be notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. 14 Advkrtisbmkntb of Books and Insects for Sala, or Books wanted will be nsertecl at a ininimum charge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines). Tjoiiger Advertisements in praportion. A reduction inada tor a series. Particulars of Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. 14 Subscribers wlio change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. 10. PAfiE "Bertrose," 9ellally Road, New Cross, Ijondon, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed. Deiiderata. — Cratajgata, Sambucaria, condition immateria.. Duplicates. — Dominula, mendioa, and numeious common species. — E. A. Cockayne, 65, fVestbourne Terrace, W.2. Desiderata. — Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all paits of the world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial ; exact data indispensable. Liberal return made. — IV. G. Pether, " Tlielma," 4, Willow Bridge Road. London, N. 1. Duplicates. — Aglaia, Adippe, *Io, T. quercus, Coridon vars., *Fuliginosa (Reading), *B. quercus ? , Tilise, Menbhastri, *Linariata, Aurantiaria, Leucophffiaria vars. Paniscus. Desiderata. — ^Pupoe of Dictssoides ; Imagines of typhon, palpina, camelina (dark), Curtula, Pyra, and numerous others; Ova of Hispidaria. — Harold B. Williams, 113-A, Be.nsham Manor Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. Duplicates. — SjhiUa, Paphia, lo (2), Selene, Lucina (2), Ocellatus, lUustraria (autumn) Nastata, Roboraria licatio)i. Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BACK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXII.) CONTENTS OF Vol. I. {Most ivqwrtant only mentioned.) Gekus Aa-onycta imd its allies. — Variation of Smerivthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates — Differentiaticn of Jie/i^fl^o athalia, parthenie, and aurelia — The Doubleday collection — Parthenogenesis— Paiier on Taeniocampidue — Phylloxera — Practical Hints (many) — Parallel Variation in Coleoptera — Origin of Argynnis yuphia var. valesina — Work for the Wintc-r^ — Temperature and Variation — Synonymic notes — Eetrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890 — Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epxindu Uchenea, Heliopliobus hiitpidus— Captures at light- — Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. COhSTEIS3TS OF VOL. II. Melanism and Melanochkoism — Bibliography — Notes on Collecting — Articles on Vakiation (many) — How to breed ^Igroticlnnigern, Sesia sphegifoiniU, Taeniocaiu} a opivia -Collecting on the Norfolk Broads — "Wing development — Hybridising Avi]:hidasy$ prodrovKiria and A. hetvhiria — Melanism and Temperature — Difierentiation of Dian- ihcecias^Dhuse of wings — Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London — Generic nomen- clature and the Acronyctidae — A fortnight at Rannoch — Heredity in Lepidoptera — Notes on Genus Zygjena (Anthrocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera — Lifehi.^tory of Goiophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from — Mr. H. E. PAGE, " BertroBe," Gellatly Foad, New Cross, London, B.E. 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. Au illustrated magazine, published monthly — except August and September— devoted to the study of INSECT LIFE. It contains a list of the titles of the current Literature on American Entomology, articles by the leading authorities in the United States and Canada, and is a necessary journal of reference for working entomologists. Valuable information for economic and systematic students. Annual subscription price $2*50. Foreign (except Canadian) subscriptions $2.70. Single copies 30 cents. Address ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Subscriptions for Vol. XXXIV. are now due. Vol XXXIY. No. 2. Cl)e €iitomolOQi$r$ Record AND Journal of Variation BiOHARD S. BAGNALL, f.l.s., f.e.s. George T. BETHUNE-BAKER, f.l.s., f.e.s. m. burr, d.sc, f.l.s., f.z.s., f.e.s. (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, f.e.s. E. A. COCKAYNE, m.d., f.e.s. Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, F.z.b., F.a. John Hartley DURRANT, r.E.s. Alfred SICH, f.e.s. (Rev.) George WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s. and Henry J. TUENER, f.e.s. Editorial Secretary. CONTENTS. Myrmeeophilous Notes for 1921 {concluded), H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S. Hippodamia variegata, Goeze, G. B. C. Leman, F.E.S. A few Notes on Orthoptera in Croatia, Malcohn Burr, D.Sc, F.E.S. .. Notes on Z. rubicundus ; Z. erythrus on the races of Z. purpuralis in Europe Verity, M.D The Eastern Pyrenees in 1921, D. H. Pearson, F.E.S Current Notes and Short Notices . . . . . . . . . . . > • Boger PAOB. 21 23 26 29 36 39 FEBRUAEY Idth, \an inst/Y^^ ^0, Price ONE SHlLLIN(/t*Vi). .-«n ^' k i^ 1^R14W^ Subscription for Complete Voli^ie, post free (InoUultng all DOUBLE NUMBl';H8"f«^j|«T5f jq p „^ ^\3k^ TEN SHILLING sT to DE CORWAnuilu TO HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S., "Bebtrose," Gellatly Road, ^t^w Cross, S.E.14. ^i' .<^: Communications have been received or have been promised from Rev. G. Wheeler, Messrs. Hy. J. Turner, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. Verity, E. B. Ashby, J. H. Durrant, Orazio Querci, Dr. Cockayne, P. P. Graves, R. S. Bagnall, J. W. H. Harrison, A. W. Stelfox, P. A. H. Muschamp, with Reports of Societies and Reviews. WATKINS & DONCASTER, NATURALISTS, Keep in Stock — All kinds of Apparatus and Cabinets Required by Collectors of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Plants, etc. A Large Stock of British, Continental 81 Exotic Lepidoptera, and also Birds' Eggs (Singles as well as in Clutches.) OUR NEW CATALOGUE WILL BE SENT POST FREE ON APPLICATION. 36, Strand, London, W.C. 2. 'Phone: Geeearp 945L Lantern Slides in Natural Colours. LEPIDOPTERA & LARViS; A SPECIALITY. Pbotogiapbecl from life and true to Njiture in every detail. SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c., By same Colour Process. rjA>"'xERN SLinES MADE TO ORDlOlf FROM ANY SPECIMKN OR COLOURED DRAWING. PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARY^, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET. For List apply to — CHARLES D. HEAD, Cherrymount, Donnycarney, DUBLIN. Bexleyj L. ViZ^. NElftTlVIAN Kent Has for sale a superb stock of 1920 specimens in fine condition, including Varleyata ; Bicuspib ; Pendularia var. Subroseata ; iMelanic forms Lariciata, Consortaria, Conson- aria, Abietaria ; Irish forms Aurinia and Napi, fine vars. Tiliae, Yellow Dominula, etc., etc. Quotations and Insects sent on approval witb pleasure. Also a huge stock of fine PVPE and OVA. Write for latest price lists. Relaxing Tins are now 4-/- small and 6/- large, post free. Re-fills, 2/3 small, 3/3 large, post free. MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1921. ^ 21 Myrmecophilous Notes for 1921. By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., E.E.S., etc. (Concluded from page 5.) Aphidid.^^.. Foida forniicaria, Heyd. — In June Mr. Halletfc found a number of the rare alate form of this Aphid at Penarth ; they were resting quietly on the under surface of the stone over a nest of A. (D.) niger. 2)/r/iea setidosa, Pass. — Specimens of this Aphid were taken in some numbers in a nest of A. (C.) flaviis at Bristol in June by Mr. H. Womersley. This is the first record I have had of this species being found with ants. PJioroidm Jiiniiidi, Schrank. — Mr. Phillips found a certain number of the " Hop Aphis " in nests of A. (C.) iiii.rtns at Graiqurnamagh, Kilkenny, in June. He tells me the ants picked up the plant-lice and carried them into safety. As the specimens were nymphs it is probable part of the early life is passed in ants' nest. Anoecia [Sclnzoneiira) corni, F. — Mr. Stelfox sent me some Aphids taken in nests of A. (C.) viixtus at Mt. Garrett Wood on September 16th, and A. (D.) nir/ei- at Ferrybank on October 6th, Co. Wexford. I submitted them to Mr. Laing, who found they agreed with Buckton's slides of Paraeletits ciinicifaruih. We found however that they did not agree with my specimens of the latter, and I told him I always doubted all records of Faracletus with any other ant except Tetraiiion'ioii caesjrititDi — Bnckton records it from nests of Fonirica riifa. Laing has gone into the matter further and he writes — " Buckton states in his description of the genus Paradetus that the third, fourth, and fifth joints of the antennae are nearly equal. This is correct for the diagnosis of Paradetus. In his figures of P. ciiiiicifonnis, however (Plate CIL, fig. 4 and 4c), he shows the antenna with joint 3 much longer than the two following. His slides bear out these figures and show that they are not' Paradetus ciniicifonnis at all, but Anoecia corni, F. I think that the evidence is conclusive that Buckton's records of /*. cimiciformis should be wiped out ; he does not appear ever to have had this species." ^,„*-^""'"~^" ■'=■<».,. My own captures of A^ corni with ants are as t'^ii^^<^¥^W*vthi>^{J^^'*^ Myniiica laevinodis, Balrath, Co. Meath, Septemb^lC^^b, 1910 ; . ^*/l Formica fusca, Hartlepool, October 10th, 1910, anal Whitsand Bay, July 9th, 1911; A. {€.) dams, on an Island infteob^^^|^Ym|yJQ29 September 15th, 1911, and Isle of Eigg, Septei^er 17th, "^IBU ■^^^'- Myrinica riii/inodis, Isle of Eigg, September 18th, 191%: h^rmica riifa, Parkhurst Forest, September 8th, 1912 ; and Myrrn}Sljatiis at Bewdley on May 21st, 1908 [Knt. Her. 21 20 (1909)] . I remarked— " The mite is the same colour as the ant, and when it moved it looked like the abdomen of an ant walking by itself." I have since taken it with ttnibratus at Woking, Wellington College, Weybridge, and Box Hill ; and with niixtits at Box Hill and Lundy Island. I have kept the species in captivity on numerous occasions. In 1911 I wrote : — " I introduced a number from Box Hill into my uHibratus observation nest, where they lived for a few months. They sit about with the ants and run in and out among them. The ? ^ sometimes appeared to threaten them with their jaws, but never bite them." [FJnt. Rec 23 63 (1911)] . (2) Anti'iutojt/ionis uhlnianni, Haller. — This species occurred in great numbers in a nest of ninbratiis at Woking on May 6th, 1911, and again on May 10th. I find that nearly 90% of the material I took then are J .) nii/er, which had two specimens of this Antiunioji/ionis on its head, a J and 2 , one on the chin of the ant, the other on the upper surface of its head. The mites were evidently courting, as they kept vibrating the front legs very rapidly, and tapping at each other round the ants' jaws. It is very unusual to find A)itennoi>hori on ants outside the nest. In June, 1914, Mr. P. A. Buxton sent me up a few tubes of ants which he had taken on Caldey Island, Pembrokeshire. In one of these, which contained some specimens of A. (D.) niijer, I found a few examples of Ante)t)io/i/ioran foreli, one of which was a S . These are the only British records for this species. S/iJuerohelapK calcariyer, Berl. — In searching through my material of S. holothyr aides for 5^ (? ; I found a specimen of a mite (taken by me in a nest of A. {(J.) inixtits at Box Hill on May 23rd, 1918) which I at once recognised as a distinct species, and which appears to me to be S. calcaii(/er, Berl., a species new to Britain. Berlese records it from the same host. I have sent it to Mr. Hull for confirmation, but all he can say at present is that it is new to him and to Britain. Araneina. Tetriliis arietiniis, Thor. — An immature <^ , and several ? $ (the T. diversa, Camb.) were captured in the Woking fiditiinusits nest on October 7th. The adult male of this spider has only once been taken in Britain, when I first discovered the species here in a nest of h'. rufa at Oxshott on April 19th, 1900. I am indebted to Dr. A. R. .Jackson for the names. Hippodamia variegata, Goeze. By G. B. C. LEMAN, F.E.S. I. — Descriptions of new aberrations : — ■ (1) ab. Donisthorpei, n.ab. While going through Mr. Horace St. John Donisthorpe's series of this species, I noticed a variety with an arrangement of the spots, for which I have not found any name recorded. The distinguishing feature is the somewhat unusual confluence ia this species of spots ^ and 3, and its formula is 1, 3 + |, 4, 5, 6. The marks on the thorax are the usual isolate two small spots and the short medial line. Mr. Donisthorpe's specimen was taken by him on September 29th, 1920, at Barton Mills, and the type is in his collection. Confluence with spot ^ is not common in this species and occurs, as far as I can trace any records, in the following aberrations : — ab. mtulata, Ws. [1879] , formula 1, 2, 3 + i 4 + 5, 6. ab. italica, Walt. [1882], formula 1, 2, 3+|, 4, 5, 6. ab, iiiacrostu/t)ia, Gabriel [1905], formula ^ + 3 + 5 (in an irregular design), 4. According to Weise [B.T. 1885] it also occurs in a subvariation of his ab. niaciilit/era : — ■" h.)P. 4 + 5 + 6 zu einer dicken und formigen Zeichnung oder zu emer grossen, eckigen Makel vereint. Gleichzeitig kann auch P. 1 + 3 verbunden sein, oder es fehlen die Punkte 3, 2, und 1 giinzlich. > . . y> niacuWjera, Weise." 24 THK KNTOMOr.OGISTS KKfOKI). So far, however, as the confluence of spots 4 + 5 + 6, coupled with the other spots mentioned by Weise, is concerned, this is the formula of ab. turkmenica, Zoubk., described in Sor. Imp. Nat. Mosc, vi. p. H39 [1833], viz., 1, 2, 3, 4 + 5 + 6 (in an irregular blotch), i. Weise appears to have overlooked Zoubkoff's aberration and to this extent, therefore, the ab. tnacuUiicra, Ws., sinks as a synonym of ab. tinkwenica, Zoukb. There remain, however, two subvariations of Weise's ab. macuUgera for which no names exist and these I propose to name. (2) ab. Maculigera (Weise) n.ab. This aberration is described by Weise in his B.T. [1885] as a sub- variation of his ab, maculigera, which latter with formula 1, 2, 3, 4 + 6 + 6, i is a synonym of ab. tinkmenira, Zoubk. [1833] . I propose to keep Weise's name for this aberration and its formula is: 1, 2, 3 + 1, 4 + 5 + 6, the latter, three spots being in an irregular blotch. (3) ab. Zoubkoffi, n.ab. This aberration is described by Weise in his B.T. ri885] as a sub- variation of his ab. macnlii/era, which with its formula of 1, 2, 3, 4 + 5- + 6, I sinks as a sjmonym of ab. turkmenica, Zoubk. rhw* ,. ,\z I propose therefore to name this aberration after Zoubkoff to dis- tinguish it from ab. macidiijera, Ws. Its formula is : 4 + 5 + 6 (in an irregular blotch), ^. II. — Some observations on var. e. of Gyllenhall's C mxtabilis and on the true type of ab. inimaciilata, Gmelin : — (1) While searching through the many authors who have written on this species, I have found recorded by Hummel [1829] in Ksi^ais. Ent. t. 1. No. 7. p. 33 on (7. viiitabilix, Gyll. [~H. variegctta, Goez., ab. similis, Schrank, with 13 spots] an aberration which he refers to as the var. e. of Gyllenhall [1827] Im. Suec. T. I. pars. iv. p. 211. " Yar. e. . . . elytra puncto tantum unico communi juxta scu- tellum. Habitat in plantis, oleribus, apud nos rarius ; var. e. in Scania ad Ystad capta, a Dom. Prof. Zetterstedt communicata." vjiiia It will be noted that Gyllenhall distinctly states his var. e. has the ^ spot and it cannot therefore be referred to ab. immaculata, Gmel.y as Mulsant, Weise, Ganglbauer and others have grouped it. Gmelin's [1790] original description from his K(L Linn. I. 4. p. 1644. No. 155 runs as follows : — "Immaculata. 155. C. coleoptris flavescentibus, immaculatis, thoracis macula nigra: punctis duobus albis. Mm^. Le.sk. p. 11. no. 211. Habitat in Suecia." On referrmg to Zschach's [1789] description on Leske's Collection, he appears to describe, without assigning any specific name to it, an impunctate Coccinellid : — "211. Cocc. impunctata, coleoptris flavescentibus, puncto nuUo, thorace macula nigra, in qua puncta duo alba." I think it is quite clear from the above text and from Zschach's mode of describing other Coccinellids that he is using the term, " impunctata," in a purely adjectival sense and not as a specific name^ and consequently the ab. immacidata, Gmel. stands for the aberration with no spots whatever on the elytra. HIPPODAMIA VARIEGATA, GOEZK. 25 Mulsant [1846] Sectir. p. 40 under A. imitahilis var. B. enlarges Gmelin's original description, a proceeding tor which I find no authority : — " Var. B. Elytres sans tache on n'offrant qu'une tache juxta gcutellaire, commune aux deux etuis." " Coccinella itiipunrtata, Zschach. Man. Leak. p. 11. no. 211. . . . " Coccinellti iiiiiuacidata, Gmel., C Linn. Si/st. Xat., p. 1644. 155. " (^'occinella tnutubdis, Gyllenh., Inn. Siiee. t. 4. p. [sic] var. e." Similarly Weise [lb79] B.T. incorrectly describes Gmelin's ab. imiiiacidata as : " a. Fig. mit 1 P. ^ ... V. iiiniiacidata, Gmel." which, equally incorrectly, in 1885 he enlarges into : — " a. Fig. ohne schwarze P. oder nur mit dem geraeinshaft- lichen am Schildchen ... v. immacidata, Gmel." Stierlin [1886] in CoL Helv. II., Ganglbauer [1889] in Kdf. Mitteleitr, L'Abeille [1892] in Jour. d.Ent. T. xxviii. and Reitter [1911] in Faun. Genu. III. p. 137, No. 17, fall into the same error, following Weise's description of 1885. I propose therefore to name the var. e. of Gyllenhall to distinguish it from ab. inniiacidata, Gmel. (2) ab. Scutellopunctata, n.ab. C. miitabili^i, Gyll. [1827] , Ins. Suer. T. 1, pars. 4, p. 211, No. 47, var. e. This aberration is described by Gyllenhall, without any specific name, as having only the common scutellar spot. It was subsequently grouped bj^ Mulsant, Wiese, Stierlin, Gangl- bauer, L'Abeille and Reitter under ab. iimnaculata, Gmel., but as this latter is devoid of any spots, it cannot be properly referred to such aberration. The formula therefore for this aberration will be : ^. Gyllenhall states that his var, e. was taken in Scania at Ystad and that it i;> rare in his country (Sweden). His authority was Zetterstedt. (8) To return to Hummel, he also describes a new aberration, but without assigning to it any specific name : — " Thorace radio in medio brevissimo et punctis utrinque minutis albidis, elytris puncto unico pone medium ad marginem." If as seems probable, as Hummel was writing on variations of C. niutabilis (which, as H. variegata, Goez., ab. siiiiilis, Schrank, has 13 spots including the ^ spot), this aberration had the ^ spot present, then it corresponds in its formula of 4, i with the aberration named by W«ise [1879] as ab. hunimeli. If, per contra, there was no i spot, but only the single spot 4, I find no record of any such named aberration. III. — On the distinguishing characteristics of the sexes of this species collated from various authors : — While working out this species and its aben-ations I have collated such information as I have been able to obtain from the many authors 1 have consulted on the differences in sex, and I venture to append such data, in case it may prove useful to any other Collector interested n this species and help him to distinguish the sexes. 26 THE entomologist's RECORD. (1) Mulsant [1846] Seem: p. 39 gives the following general differentiation ; — " (? Premier article des tarses anterieures ovale, sensiblement plus large dans son milieu que le deuxieme article, garni de ventouses en dessous. " $ Premier article des tarses anterieures subparallele ou faible- ment retreci d'avant en arriere, plus etroit que le deuxieme article, depourvu de ventouses en dessous." And on p. 41, adds the following particular differences : — " Tete triangulaire ; subperpendiculaire d'un flave faune (J^)ou noire ( ? ) sur le labre ; paree sur le vertex et la partie posterieure au front d'un bandeau noir, ordinairement bidente en devant ; blanche sur I'epistome et la partie anterieure du front ; souvent marquee de deux points ou traits noirs {S) reunis en une tache presque carree, isolee ou liee avee le bandeau noir precite (?)... cuisses noires ; les anterieures en partie d'un fauve flave {^ ). Jambes de la premiere paire entierement de la meme couleur ( J ) ou obscures sur I'arrete ( $ ). Les suivantes en partie noirs. Tarses roussatres avec I'ex- tremite et les ongles noirs (biH.s nj/lrestris, Fabr. On October 22nd, a female Phaneroptera fulcata, Scop., flew into my bedroom, attracted by the light. On the 16th, a bright sunny Sunday afternoon, in a clearing by some big woods near the Pantovchak, St. hicolor, NOTES ON RUBICUNDUS, HB. 29 €barp., PZ. f/iomae and G. nifiis, L., were both abundant and active, as though in midsummer, and I flushed 0. caeridescens, and it did one good to see the blue flash of his wings when one knew winter was almost upon us, especially as the previous afternoon I had been down to the bottom of the garden and found no Orthoptera left. But the final goodbye to this long and splendid, but to me, entomologically speaking, wasted, summer, was on October 28rd. This was a warm day, but the sky was rather overcast and the long-waited rain seemed to be coming at last ; there was a gusty wind and the dust was unpleasant. Still, we were able to lunch in the open air, and out for a stroll I picked up St. bicolor, a few pairs of PL iiiornae and a female Calopteiiiis italictis, L. That night there was a violent thunderstorm, and we looked out of the window next morning to see the countryside under a thick mantle of snow. Later notes: — On the morviing of 26th I found a belated male Fhaneroptera falcata in the house, seeking refuge from the winter outside. On 28th, a week after the first snow and several cold nights, I heard Kph. vitimn, a single specimen, chirping as though to keep himself warm, after dark. This very late date shows what a hardy species this is, and helps to explain the fact that it is the only member of this family to extend beyond the boundaries of its warm, original home, in the Western Mediterranean countries, to Central and Western Europe. November 1st. — The summer has returned ; once more lunch in the garden, and on a sunny hillside found St. bicolor, St. elei/ans, Govip/ioceriis riiftis and PL niurnae, the first chirping away busily, for sheer light-heartedness, the mating season being long over. Notes oil Zygaena rubicundus, Hb. ; Z. erythrus, Hb., and on the races of Z. purpuralis, Brunn, in Europe. By ROGER VERITY, M.D. This little group of species is interesting because it constitutes one of the extreme variations of the Zi/()amae, that in which the nervural pattern exists alone. ' The result is that also the red markings of the secondary pattern form bands parallel to the neuration and are never divided up into spots, as in most species of the genus. A vestige of the true or transverse pattern only occurs exceptionally in very dark individuals of the male sex found in the northern races of pnriniralis : form se.niutcnlata, Burgeff, in which the median and the posterior red bands are each divided in two. In erythrus there occurs the very rare veritiji, Stefanelli [BidL Soc. PJnt. JtaL, Ix., p. 255 (1909)], in which the median band is thus divided. That these three species are perfectly distinct there can be no doubt, their larvae are quite distinct from each other ; that of riibiamdus was discovered by Querci and described and figured in Oberthlir's Etudes de Lepidopt. (Joiirparee, v., fig. 824, and vi., p. 164. The imagines also bear constant differential features. Z. ndjiciouhis always has white legs in both sexes and a white collar and epaulettes ; these characters are only met with in the female of erijthnis and very rarely and to a slight degree in that of purpuralis ; in uibiciindus the 80 THE ENTOMOLOCJISX S HECORD. space between the hindermost nervure, or second anal, of forewing, and the dorsal margin is entirely red ; in eri/t/irus there is a little red triangle at its base and the rest is dark ; in piirpuralia the base is invariably dark, and a dark streak along the dorsal margin always connects it with the outer-marginal band even when the anterior part of that space is red along the nervure ; this character always allows one to separate the three species, even in the very extensively red specimens, which resemble each other most. Querci has found rubicund IIS and jnnpiiralis together in the Sibillini Mts. and in the Mainarde Mts., and cri/t/inis in a spot not far from them in the latter locality. It is worthy of notice that the most extensively red Ziji^ana known, rubiciindus, another of the most constantly red species, erythrus, and the reddest European races of pinpuralis are proper to peninsular Italy, that is to say to the very region in which most species of this genus produce their most melanic races. It might appear at first sight that the piirfniralis group reacts to the same surroundings in a way exactly inverse to the more usual one. Further consideration shows us that the same phenomenon occurs, on the contrary, through- out the genus : the nervural pattern reaches its full extent in the moist and colder climate of Central Europe, and tends to disappear in the arid and warmer southern regions ; the primarj', true or transverse pattern behaves exactly the other way, on broad lines. The result is that piirpiiralis, which has no transverse pattern, is left with very little dark marking in the south ; Z. camiolica, Scop., which has a very limited capacity of developing a nervural pattern, is much more broadly red in the northern region^ of its habitat and in the high mountains of the south. I have pointed out that species like Z. filifiendnlae, L., dealt with at length in a paper in these columns, in which both the nervural and the transverse patterns exist together and can both develop to a marked degree, produce their comparatively reddest races in an intermediate zone and develop darker races, due to the nervural pattern, to the north of this, and darker races, due co the transverse pattern, to the south. A beautifully harmonious law of variation thus unfolds itself before our eyes. Eaces of Z. rubicundus, Hb. This species may be said to be the least variable of the genus. Only once has Querci found a remarkable individual variety of the male in which the two cubital nervures of forewing were bordered with dark scales, so that the dark naarginal band exhibited a projection towards the cell, similar to the one usually seen in the form of pin-puralis, known hitherto as pnlijiialae, Esp. ; to this form I have given the name oi poliiiictlaeformU {Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. xlvii. (1915), p. 71). In 1916 I suggested in the Bull. Soc. Knt. de France, p. 287, that some unujiual looking specimens of Zi/i/aena collected by Kagusa at Palermo might belong to a Sicilian race of nihiciiniliis resembling eii/fhnis much more than the usual continental one; this assumption I based on the fore- legs of the male, which are white ; I called this form eri/tJiraefonnis. I must say however that I should like more materials to confirm this hypothesis, because the specimens in question might very well only be some weakly eri/thnis. The most northern locality known of rnbicnndiis are the Sibillini Mts. (Piceno), where Querci has discovered NOTES ON RUBICUNDUS, HB. 31 it and found it from Macerata up to as high an altitude as 1,200 m. (Bolognola). Races of Z. erythrus, Hb. This species varies more than the preceding, but always remarkably little as compared to most others of this genus. Forms irpinn, Zickert, and veriti/i, Stefanelli, constitute the least and the greatest degrees in the development of the dark pattern. Local variations consist chiefly in differences in the average size, but everywhere individual variation is very great in this respect. As Hiibner's figure represents one of the largest forms, the name of marina published by Seitz is useless. Staudinger, in fact, only used it in his Price List for commercial purposes. On the contrary the opposite variation is well worth naming. Race miserrima, mihi : Specimens I have received from Signor G. Gianelli of Turin and which he states he has collected on Mount Musine, a hill near that town, have an aspect so different from the usual erythrus that for some time I could not make out whether they belonged to this species or to purpHvalis. It was only when I estab- lished the constant differential character between the two, mentioned above, that I satisfied myself they must be erythrus. Both sexes only expand about 28mm., as compared to the usual 35 and 36 average; the result is they give the impression of only being about half the usual size. The scaling is very thin, the colour pale ; the red markings are very extensive and confluent, as in the irpina form. Race ALBiPEs, Verity {Bull. Soc. ent. France, 1916, p. 289) : This is the large, brilliantly coloured Sicilian race, in which sometimes the male, as well as the female, has whitish legs and in which the latter exhibits the brighter silvery gloss already noted by Oberthiir as characteristic of Sicily. Races of purpuralis, Brunn. Comparing series of this species I possess from various localities I notice that they are strikingly different from each other and it seems quite remarkable that they should not yet have been described. Beginning by those in which the dark markings are less extensive, I must first of all recall the discovery made by Burgeff' {Mitt. Munchner Entoiu. Ges., v., 1914, p. 42) that the specimen called polynalae by Esper is not, as was believed, a purpuralis, but a very unusually red rilipendulae; the " type " is in the Nat. Hist. Museum of Wiesbaden. I notice that this fits in much better with certain details in Esper's figure and description than did the form of purpuralis it was usually referred to. Burgeff' replaces the name of polyyalae by that of urinns, Herr.-Schaff. What I must point out is that this will not do : the name tninos was not created by Herr.-Schaff. ; it first appears three quarters of a century earlier in the "Syst. Verzeichniss der Srlunett. der Wiener Geyend, p. 45, and it is only a synonym of /'*(r/*(/rrt^/.s, for which species it has been used by naany. One might call rubrotecta, mihi, the individual form, whatever race it occurs in, in which the neuration is entirely covered over by red scaling and the resulting uniform patch spreads further back than the second anal, or hindmost, nervure on a greater or lesser extent of the latter, never reaching however the 32 THK kntomoi-ogist's rkcord. margin. A transition to this form is erifthnisoidca, Rocci {Atti Soc. IJiiasHca Scieitze Xat. e Geotjr., 1918) ; here the red markings are very extensive, but they are separated into bands by the darkened neuration ; Rocci says in his description that there is " a red dash at the back of the hindmost nervure, as in enjtJinis, Hb., but less marked." I made him note that this could not be correct, because the chief specific difference between eryt/niis and i)iirpiiralis consists in the fact that the former has the base of the wing between that nervure and the dorsal margin constantly occupied by a red triangular patch, whereas in jiitrpiiralis that area is alwaj^s dark and a dark streak extends from it along the dorsal margin, however gi-eat the extent of the red may be, as stated above. He answered I was quite right and that his description would have to be modified in this sense. Race MiKABiLis, mihi. Burgeff says very rightly that form minos, as he calls rithrotecta, rises to be a " subvariety " in Southern and Central Italy, because its percentage surpasses that of the typical form. Something more, however, must be said about it : Querci has found at S. Fili, m. 900, on the Coast Range of Calabria what may well be called the finest race known of piirpiiralis. It is larger and more robust than any other ; the dark markings are blackish ; the red ones are also very saturated, so that a rich effect of colouring is produced ; the red is unquestionably more extensive than in any other race and the most extreme examples of ruhrotecta predominate in the female and are quite frequent also in the male. A race transitional to this one has been found in the Aurunci Mts., north of Naples, which might be called xnrahilU trans, ad fioHL Race FioRii, Costantini [Att. Soc. dei Natiiralisti e Mateiiiatiri in Modena, serie V., vol. iii., 1916). Described from the Einilian Apennine (Cimone, Fiumalbo, Tagliole), this race seems to be quite the same in the whole of Central Italy ; I possess series from localities as varied as that of " types," Palazzuolo di Romagna, Sasso di Castro, Mt. Senario (near Florence), the Sibillini Mts., the Mainarde (north of Naples). This is a much smaller and frailer insect than inirabilix, usuitlly less highly coloured and often less densely scaled ; the extent of the red is on the whole distinctly lesser, but it certainly comes next to it by the frequency of form mhroterta, not unfrequent even amongst the males. A remarkable fact is, that notwithstanding this tendency to reduce the dark scaling of forewing, the hindwing has quite a comparatively broad marginal band, which in some individuals extends all along it, in a way not seen in any other race, except the darkest Alpine ones. The male and female figured by Seitz under the name of poli/iialac on PI. 1 of (Jross-sclniiett. are a fair representation of race fioiii, and no doubt they are Italian, as Northern and Central Italy is the habitat given for pob/fialcw in the text. Race isARCA, mihi. The specimens collected by Wagner in the Isarco Valley in South Tyrol are very large and bright ; the red is extensive, but not quite as much as in the Italian races just described ; it does not extend further back than the second anal nervure, but the middle band spreads out at its farther end in a broad fan-shaped area; the tone is of a slightly lighter carmine than in the races just mentioned and in the other Alpine ones, with a suspicion of yellow mixed in it, which makes it more brilliant and recalls the same difference existing in the series of Z. lilipcHdnlae race ochsenlieiineri, NOTES ON UUBICUNDtIS, HB. 33 Brk., from those two regions. This tine race is prolmhly that of many low, warm valleys in the Southern Alps. Race MAGNALi'iNA, mihi. Corresponds to nymotypical I'tlipoididae of the Alps, as harca corresponds to (iclmculiniiicri. No doubt it is the most widespread race of the species in the Alps and in the Mantes Pyrt'noe?. It is that which Oberthur [lit. d' h'lit., viii., p. 27 (18H4)] says is, round Cauterets, "superb, large, vividly coloured, al)Out similar to the one found at Zermatt." He adds that in the Ariege, near Ax, one finds a smaller type, more vermilion in colour ; this, I presume, is transitional to vuhi/fena, Led. Race iiuKjualpina is not quite so large as ■isarca ; its chief characteristic is the intensity of the colouring; the dark markings are very opaque and black; the red is saturated and even colder than in )iiirnl)ilis ; its extent is considerably lesser than in the races described above ; the fan -shaped area at the end of the median band is small. The hindwings have a slight blafk suffusion along outer margin. The series of Gedre, m. 1000 (Htes- Pyr.), received from Rondou is the most blackish I have seen, pi-obably on !i,ccount of the local causes which produce, there, also race tristis, Obtli., of Z. nrliillcac, Esp. From Mt. Boron (Alpes-Maritimes Departement) I have a pair of specmiens which seem vacq isair(t trans. ad. imu/nalpiiia. Race PARVALPiNA, mihi. At the Baths of Valdieri, m. 1375, in the Piedrnontese Maritime Alps, I have collected a race which cannot be referred to the preceding on account of its much smaller size and on account of the distinctly more reduced extent of the red bands ; the form usually called /dntn, Ochs. (see this race, below), is very frequent; the hindwings have in most males a narrow, but distinct dark band along the whole of the outer margin. It other'wise agrees with maiintili>iiia in the intensity and tone of colouring. Race nubigp:na. Led. [Ver/i. zooL-haf. IVr. Weiv, ii., p. 93 (1852)]. Briefly, but etiectively, descrilied as "very thinly scaled (like A. e.nil(i)is) the red of a pale crimson, the border of the hindwings rather convex,"' from a single male of the Pasterze glacier on the Gross Glockner. One might add that the body is covered with long hairs and that the red pattern is more extensive than in the two previous races. It is the race of very high altitudes, corresponding to niannii, H.-S., and paidnla, Vrty., of filiiicndidac, L. I have Welsh specimens- which are perfectly similar to my Alpine )uil>i(jena, Led. (not Birchallj, and very distinct indeed from any other race. Tutt says the P>ritish specimens he has seen are identical with the continental type piirinir(dis, but whether he actually means the nymotypical race of Denmark it is not made clear. Anyhow it seems likely that these northern races should resemble each other. Race MINOS, ISchiff. (seeabove) = pluto, Ochs. [Die ScliHiettt'ditvje, IL, p. 26 (1H08)] . The name pluto is generally used, not for a race, but for the striking individual form in which the red bands are shortened so con- siderably that the median one ends abruptly just beyond the extremity of cell with a sharp rounded outline, its usual fan-shaped expansion being entirely obliterated. If we refer to Ochsenheimer's description, we find all he says of the red pattern is as follows : " the red spots are finer, the third is wedge-shaped and shorter, fading off towards the outside into the ground colour." The habitats he gives are " Hungary and the neighbourhood of Vienna." I have a little series from the latter 34 THE entomologist's RECORD. locality, received from Hofer, and I find that all the other characters given by Ochsenheinier describe it admirably ; broader wings than in northern races, darker colouring, as in }iia(/)ial/iiiia, " black border of hindwing broadens at the angle." As to the red bands, one of my males does correspond exactly to the form usually called y)^(^*, but the rest are only transitions to it, and Ochsenheimer's words fit them much better than they do this form. I conclude that this author never had in mind the individual form to which his name has been arbitrarily given, and that he meant his inclusive description for the entire race of the region mentioned. Original descriptions must be taken as they stand and the totality of their meaning must be taken into account when applying the name they refer to. We must, however, note that, taken in this sense, jtluto next falls before ininos, Schiff., also described from Vienna. I suggest the name of plutonia for the individual form described above, independently of the race it may be found in. Race BosNiACA, Burgeff {Mitt. Munchner Knt. Ges., V., p. 48, tav. v., fig. 1-3 (1914). 1 am not acquainted with this race, described from the Vlasic Mts., m. 1800, in Bosnia. It is described as " larger and more thickly scaled than pliito, 0., of the Eastern Alps and having a darker appearance," the median red band of forewing extends towards the margin ; the male has a marginal dark band on hindwing ; the females are dusted with grey. Race NOKMANNA, mihi. This name I propose for the peculiar little race of Northern France, which Oberthiir has noticed and described at length {l''t. Up. Comp., iv., p. 425) and of which I have received a series of Pont-de-l'Arche (Eure) from L. Dupont. It is one of the smallest races of this species; the dark scaling has a more brilliant indigo gloss than in an}' other race, in the male, and a silvery one in in the female ; the red is not very saturated and it is limited in extent, the bands being distinctly separated from each other and short, so that the anterior, or subcostal one, ends at the level at which the median one begins ; examples transitional to form interrupta, Stdgr., are thus quite frequent. The most peculiar character of this race, however, consists in the way in which, in the great majority of individuals, the median band is shaped at its further end : before the second median nervure it is quite as short and ends as abruptly as in form plutonia; instead, between this nervure and the first cubital or, in other words, on both sides of the third median, it extends outwardly in a lonji^ pro- jection, sometimes nearly as far as the outer margin. In my paper on Zyijat'iia plipendidae, L., I have pointed out that this particular character in the pattern of the piirpiiralis group shows the origin of the sixth spot in the former, making it particularly interesting. I think that here, as in other cases, the local race, with its various distinctive features, should receive one name and another should be given to the form exhibiting the last characteristic mentioned, so that it can be used to designate the individuals of the other races in which it is met with not uncommonly. The name of IxVcisa seems suited, because the red projection described is due to a more or less deep incision of the dark marginal band in the atrophied zone, as explained in the aforesaid paper. Race JURAE, mihi. My large series of specimens, collected at 13ombresson, m. 1000, in the Jura, by the late and much regretted NOTES ON RUBICUNDUS, HE. 35 BoUe, belongs to a lace quite apart from those I have described. It is more variable individually than any other and a considerable number of examples exhibit a type of structure quite unknown in the preceding races, on account of the shape of the wings, very narrow and elongated, with a sharp apex and the outer margm falling off rapidly, so that the anal angle forms a very broad curve. This shape points to that of Hepialiis hnniidi, Z., and other low groups of Lepidoptera and, in fact, to that of the Mi/nneleonidae Neuroptera, suggesting that this form of piirpHralin may be one of the most primitive Zi/f^cena, The scaling in ■ the whole of this race is very thin, except in a few individuals, and the wings have quite a shiny surface, dark greenish indigo in male and silvery in female. The size is also very variable, but, on an average, about medium, as compared to the remaining races. The antenna? are longer and sometimes more slender than in the precedinw ones. The variation in the pattern of the wings is greater than in any other race I have seen ; it begins in both sexes by the most extreme riibmtecta, differing from the ones of Central Italy only by the fact that the red does not extend at the back of the second anal nervure and that it is so pale and transparent as to give quite a different look to the insect ; all gradations are then found up to the other extreme form interrupta, Stdgr. ; as a rule, however, even when the red bands are narrow, the median one extends well towards the outer margin either with the entire fan-shaped area or with the projection of incisa, and I have only one male which approaches form /iliitmiia, even that one not quite reaching it. The capillary black streak on fringes of hindwing is nearly invariably excessively thin and in the female often interrupted by entirely red scales ; in two example of this sex no trace of black is left, and the fringe is entirely pale red (form rubrofim- BRiATA, mihi.), a form I have seen in no other race. Race HEBiNGi, Zeller [Stett. Knt. Zeit., V., page 42 (1844)] . I am not acquainted with this race from Stettin. The original description is not sufficient to give one a clear idea of it, to begin with because one does not know what race of "minos" its author compares it to. The antennae are said to be more slender and the wings broader a combination which would be certainly very unusual and nearly incredible ; the red markings extend considerably towards the outer margin, "the middle spot . . . expanding suddenly very consider- ably ; " the males have a little gray at the apex of the posterior wings. Hering still sustained in 1881 that this was a distinct species from purpu rail's. Staudinger in his Catalog of 1901 does not even admit it as a variety, saying the larva is different, but the imago is very in- constant. Seitz makes very little of it, simply mentioning it in a few words. I am obliged to leave it at this. Race puRPURALis, Brunn. I am sorry not to have seen the nymo- typical race from the Zealand island, the most important 'island of Denmark. Judging from German specimens of various localities, I presume that the races of this country belong on the whole to the same group as JHraralis can, on broad lines, be divided into three groups : one, with very extensive red scaling, from the south, another, with that colour reduced to narrow bands, more or less 36 THE ENTOMOI.OGI.ST's RKCORD. separate from each other, from the southern part of Central Europe, and a third, with elongated wings and thin scaling, found, as a rule, further north. The Eastern Pyrenees, 192!. By D. H. PEARSON, F.E.S. Last year my brother and I were in the central and western Pyre- nees, and this year decided to go further east. Ijeaving London at 8.20 a.m. on June 24th, we arrived at Vernet-les-Bains on the afternoon of the 25th. All the large hotels were shut up, but we stayed very com- fortably at the pension of Madame Massina. After a cup of tea we started out for a short walk, and were delighted to take two Melanarciia lachesis. The next morning we took a nice little series of this species, which became commoner as the days went on, but when we left Vernet, on July 5th, I realised that nearly all the captures were males, and we afterwards took a number of J s at Molitg-les-Bains. The speciea show's considerable variation. The markings are practically the same as in i/alathea, except that the black at the base of the upper wing and the central band in lower wnng are replaced by the ground-colour. In most specimens there is a faint discoidal lunule, and in some this is composed of purple scales instead of the ground-colour. On the under- side the hindwing has usually three spots at the anal angle, sometimes two, and occasionally four, and two spots near the costa, as in ijalatkea. In .two specimens these two costal spots appear on the uppersideof the wino-, and there are faint traces of them in others. Some have three well defined spots on the upperside in a complete ring of ground colour, some have two, some one.' A few show no trace of spots, and some are represented by a tiny patch of purple scales. There is also considerpible variation in the black submarginal band, which in one or two specimens is carried right round the lower wing with only a trace of the usual ground colour gap. They are all noticeably darker than specimens I have seen from Spain. The centres of the eye-spots are purple, in some consisting of a large patch, and in others confined to a few purple scales. These purple spots do not seem to be mentioned in descriptio-n& of the species, though Kane refers to them in syllius, arge, and ines. On looking through my series of (lalathea I find several which have these purple eye-spots, viz., from Polegate, Monkswood, Lulworth, Luchon, Brian(,"on,etc., so that they appear to be common to the family. A few specimens of lachesis were taken with a yellow ground colour (var. canigideiisis), but though we netted and examined a considerable number we failed to turn up the var. catalenca, and understand from a local entomologist that this is a very rare form. I really ought to have taken a longer series, but that brother of mine looked upon me as a Herod among the Innocents, and I weakly allowed my ardour to be damped. From the train we saw what appeared to be lachfsis most of the way up to Mont Louis, but we did not meet with it at Mont Louis itself. M. jinlatliea was not seen at all during our trip, though it was common last year at Gavarnie. On June 26th we took our first LaeaxopU rohnris, and managed during the next week to get a nice series of this insect. Our best locality was a steep bank under a watercourse on the left bank of the stream outside the grounds of the Grand Hotel, and we also took them. THE EASTERN PYRENEES, 1921. 87 on the St. Vincent road, where they often left the trees to feast on the bramble blossoms on the road side. We only saw one specimen in the grounds of the Hotel Mercador during several visits. It is a species which does not last long in good condition, and it is therefore well to make ha,y while the sun shines. The first h'pinephele posiphar was taken on June 27th, and it afterwards became fairly common, especially at Molitg, but its habit of keeping well inside a bramble bush is a bad one for thin nets. Visions of clouds of PapiUo padalin'tis var. feist/ia- iiielii were called up by Keyne's article on Vernet, but we were unlucky and only managed to get four or five specimens out of the very few seen. \Ve expected Kncldn'e eiiphenoides to be almost over, but it was barely out, all the males being in bred condition and only two or three J s- seen, though we hunted carefully the spots where Buciitdla grew. Probably owing to the drought emergence had been held back. The first Melitaea phoebe taken was a beautiful var. occitanica, and we eagerly sought for others, but were disappointed, as most of those taken would pass for ordinary Swiss specimens. ScolitantidL's nrimt was a species which we hoped to find, but only managed to get three, two 0/ which were in fresh condition. On the way up to the interesting Monastery of St. Canigou (which is being restored by the Government) I went for what seemed in the distance to be a lame bird on the road, but it proved to be a huge Satiirnia pyri {pavnnia-inojor) which almost needed a tin box to itself. Kirby gives its time of appearance as May. The white Cistus was here in full bloom and was a magnificent sight on some of the steep' hillsides and we found a few dwarfer plants with pink blossoms. On July 2nd we struck over the hills to the west and round to Ville- franche, but found the country very much burnt up and very few butterflies. Near Villefranche we saw our first Gonepteryx cleopatra and afterwards took a good series m beautiful condition. On a tree near the river we also saw Ubi/t/ifa celtu, nicely out of reach, with his snout pointing heavenwards, and before we could devise anything for his undoing he flew over the river and was lost to sight, but we after- wards captured two near Vernet. A few nice light forms of Melitaea (lictynna were taken and some large and curious forms of .1/. athalia also three or four M. deione. We had hoped for XL didijixa var. meridionalu, but got one only though we afterwards took two var. ocddentalisi at Molitg. Several Lycaena arion were taken and among them one var. imicolor which is not common and one var. ohscura from Molitg, which is only about 1475 feet above sea level. On a piece of fallow ground on the way to the Cascade des Anglais we took a nice little series of Thecla [Sordiiiamiia) acaciae which were welcome, and near the same spot two very large Pleheiits arrpis measuring 34mm. in expanse, thouo-h others seen were of quite ordinary size. We achieved the distinction (if staying for nine days at Vernet without going up Canigou, but this was not entirely due to slothfulness. The Chalet Hotel was not open until just before we left and for various reasons we changed our plans and on July 5th went by train to Mont Louis instead. I could not find any reference to Mont Louis in the Record so presume it has not i)een much worked. The small town is completely surrounded by a wall and can only be entered by one gateway. It is situated at 5280 ft. on a large plateau, which is mostly cultivated, with a belt of 88 THE KNT()1\IOT,<)(4ISt's KK(H)Kl). fir woods on the north side. /'-'. cKplunoiiics was evidently onlj' just coming out as all those taken were quite fresh and ? $ were very scarce. We took a few very interesting M. cin.ria with a strong tendency to increase of black markings on tlie underside, one having the central white band almo-;t filled with black blotches. Unfortun aiely most of the specimens were hopelessly worn, though we had taken several in good condition at Vernet, nearly 3.000 ft. lower. Among the fir woods ('Dniouipupha i/ihis was plentiful and showed variation in spotting and we also took three fresh I'outia (Irijiliiiici'. Three large hawthorn trees in full bloom on July 8th seemed rathei- out of date. A iai'ge group of (jenera,ls. Colonels and Ked Hats were staying at our hotel for some time and touring the district and they nmde it a trifle overcrowded, so on July 8th we took train down to Prades and drove up to Molitg-les-Bains (pronounced Molitch) where we stayed most comfortably until July 14th. The valley is very narrow and the heat was very great and inspired a thirst like the one the toper said he would not take £5 for. On July 9th we were intro- duced to two new insects, Satyrioi dice and Kpincphele ida, both of which were just coming out — we had searched in vain for S. circe at Vernet. The K. ida were neaily all nuiles but we took two ? 2 and also two or three /'A tithonns, which were easily mistaken for the ? when on the wing. In a damp iri-igated ineadow we took a nice series of J'!reit's alcetds of both sexes in good condition and after a chase it was a joy to get into the river and wallow in a deep rocky pool. We tried the hills beyond Molitg village, but the country was quite burnt up and practically nothing was seen l)ut a few I lijiparrhia seiuele. At the back of the old chateau which is perched on a rocky point we saw U. hriseis but could not get at it as the ground was very steep and. overgrown. A few 0. anfioliis were flying over the braujbles by the roadside and with them Nnrdinaiiiiio (T/wdo) ilids, mostly of the type form. Flying with lY. ilids were a few Kliiyia (T.) spiiii, and one of these is the var. lyncciis with a pale patch on the upper-wing and a wide yellow band on the lower-wing with dark veins running through it. The tails are also exceptionally long. A curious small form of /'. icanis was taken, the upper side like A. iiiedon but with a few blue scales, the lower side a reddish-brown with well marked orange lunules to both wings. As one of them is var. icad)iuK they are very difiticult to separate from nicdon. A few ' '. dams were taken, generally in th(' hottest and driest corners. On July 11th we reluctantly started for home; we left Prades at 1.50, had a breakdown with the electric train and missed the Paris connection at Perpignan, travelled with numerous stoppages till we were turned out of our train at 2.80 a.m. at Toulouse owing to another accident (language quite violent but mitigated by the crippling foreign tongue), and being quite unable to get a bed, dozed in chairs until it was time for a 6 o'clock wash and breakfast. We arrived in Paris about midnight, crossing by the morning hoat and reached home on the afternoon of the 16th. In the next day's paper we saw that our boat broke down just oft' Dover on the return journey and passengers had to be taken oft' in a rather heavy sea, so we narrowly missed an unpleasant finish to a very pleasant holiday. OIJKKKNT NOTES. 39 CCrUKRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. " Marvels " indeed ! ! ! — In '/'/«' Thdbj Teleijraph, Tuesday, January 24th, 1922, appears an article on " Plant Life Marvels," from which a correspondent culls the following choice devices for reproduction : — " Some seeds are covered with a capsule, which Imrsts and scatters them broadcast. Others get distriljuted in the excrement of birds and many foreign weeds are introduced to our lands by such means, and so are plants growing on walls, on church towers and other inaccessible places. Animals like the sheep will carry certain seeds of wild plants in their wool. Another remarkable growth is the fungus known as ergot, which thrives on the flowers of certain grasses in our meadows, and when eaten by sheep is said to produce the disease known as 'fluke' or perforation of the life organs by a sort of maggot." — W.H.B.F. In the Irish Naturalist for November, 1921, Mr. K. A.Phillips gives some interesting notes on a number of nests of the ant Stenannna westiroodi, discovered by himself in Ireland. In the saiiie number Mr. Donisthorpe records Gymnetron sfjiiamicdlle, a beetle taken by himself in Co. Kerry, new to the British Isles. We are pleased to hear that Messrs. F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., and T. W. Metcalfe, M.A., F.E.S., are about to publish the results of their investi- gation on the " Genitalia of the British Tortricidae." The volume will contain nearly a thousand outline drawings, and includes the female characters, which the authors consider to be of the greatest importance. They go so far as to give a classification of the group, and express their belief that the result indicates a distinctly natural system. The price of issue of this volume in advance is fifteen shillings and sixpence, to be raised after publication to twenty-five shillings. We have much pleasure in urging our readers to subscribe for this worthy object. At a recent Council Meeting of the S. E. Union of Scientific Societies it was decided tbat a Zoological Section should be formed, it being left in the hands of the President, Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Treasurer, R. Adkin, F.E.S., and two other well-known members, Messrs. H. .J. Turner, F.E.S., and Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., to proceed ■on behalf of the Council in the formation of that Section. We are advised that the plate 6 given in the last issued part of Vol. IV. of the lUiU. Soc. lep. Genere is to be replaced by an entirely new one, which members of the Society will receive in due coarse. The Publishers of Seit/' Macrolepidoptera Exotic Section, are now " Making the foreigner pay," they having increased their charge per part to 2s. for parts still to be published. This comes to about M. 80 per part at the present rate of exchange. Those of our readers who have obtained a copy of Kennel's *' Palsearctic Tortrices " should see that they get the very useful " Stammtafel " referred to on the title page, which should be placed opposite page 18 of the work. Part III. and. IV. of the Transactions of the F,ntoiiioLo(iicaL Societij for 1921 have been issued together at the end of January. A iiiuch earlier date for these parts than for many years past. Part V. which will complete the year's issue is in an advanced stage of preparation and should be in the hands of Fellows by Easter at the latest. The Annual Address read to the Entomological Society by Lord Rothschild was a most interesting: account of Algeria as a field for 40 THE entomologist's recokd. natural history research, written by one who has spent holidays for many years past in this wonderful land on the confines of the Palffiarctic Region. The lantern illustrations were a great aid to the audience in appreciating the remarks of the author. The Entomological Society is anxious to obtain some of the back volumes of its 'rransartions which have become depleted. A few of the earlier volumes are now unobtainable, but in order to be able to supply sets to Fellows or to Societies who wish to purchase sets, the Council is advertising for copies of the issues for the years 1907, 1908 and 1912. Will those who have copies of these years and who do not require them kindly offer them to the Society. The " Verrall " supper took place on January 17th in the old quarters at the Holboru Restaurant, with our colleague Dr. Malcolm Burr in the chair. The number present was less than usual, owing no doubt to the prevailing epidemic. A very pleasant evening was passed in renewing old acquaintance and meeting those one only knew by correspondence or repute. Among those present the following were noted :—Adkin, B. W., Adkin, R., Andrews, H. W., Ashby, E. B., Ashby, S. R., Balfour-Browne, F., Beare, Prof. T. Hudson, Bedwell, E. C, Bethel, G., Bethune-Baker, G. T., Blenkarn, S., Bouskell, F., Box, L. A., Brunetti, E., Burr, Dr., Cant, A., Carr, F. B., Carr, Prof. J. W., Champion, G. C, Cheetham, C. A., Collin, J. E., Collins, Joseph, Colthrup, C. W., Cottam, Major P. M., Cummings, B. D., Dixey, Dr. F. A., Dods, A. W., Donisthorpe, H., Dunster, L. E., Durrant, J. H., Edwards, Stanley, Ellis, H. Willoughby, Ford, L. T., Fox-Wilson, J. S., Frohawk, F. W., Fryer, J. C. F., Gahan, Dr. C. J., Goodman, 0. R., Green, E. E., Grosvenor, T. H. L., Hall, T. W., Hallett, H. M., Hamm, A. H., Harwood, B. S., Harwood, P. H., Hunter, Dr. D., Image, Prof. S., Janse, A. T. T., Janson, 0. E., Jordan, Dr. K., King, J. J. F. X., Leeds, H. A., Laing, F., Leman, G. E. B., Leman, G. Curtis, Lofthouse, T. A., Lucas, W. J., Lyle, G. T., Main, H., Mansbridge, W., Mera, A. W., Morice, Rev. ¥. D., Nell, L., Neave, Dr. S. A., Newman, L. W., Nicholson, C, Oldaker, F. A., Peed, J., Pickard-Cambridge, A. D., Pierce, F. N., Rilev, N. D., Robertson, Dr. G. S., Rothschild, Rt. Hon. Ld., Scharff, Ih-. R. F., Schmassman, W., Scott, H., Seabrook, Lt. J., Shaw, Y. E., Sheldon, W. G., Stott, C. E., Stenten, R., Step, E., Talbot, G., Tauims, W. H., Thomley, Rev. A., Tomlin, J. le B., Tonge, A. E., Turner, H. J., Uvarov, B., Wainwright, C. J., Walker, Comm. J. J., Waterston, Rev. Dr. J., Watson, J. H., ^^'heeler, Rev. G., Withycombe, C. L. To those who are working at the European Rhopalocera we would suggest that they consult Signor Querci, whose family have made extensive captures during the last few years in various parts of Italy and the Italian Islands. Many of the forms referred to in Dr. Verity's papers on Italian butterflies and Zygfenids have been obtained in quantities, and the specimens are in excellent condition. We have before us examples of many Zyga^nid forms recently discussed in these pages, and must at least say that they are most controversial. One cannot identify these forms by any of our standard text books, most of which are based on Central European races and do not deal with those coming from the extreme parts of the Italian peninsula. An appreciation ol the late Dr. T. A. Chapman will appear in the March number. \ Subscriptions for Vol. XXXIV. (1 O shillings) should be sent to Mr. Herbent E. Page, " Bertnose," Gailatly Road, New Cross, S.E. li [This subscription includes all numbers published froin January 15th to December 15th, 1922.] Non-receipt or errors in tlie sending of Subscribers' magazines should be notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bcrtrose," Qellatly Road, New Orosa, S.E. 14 Advertiskjirnts of Books and Insects for Sale, ov Books wanted v.'ill be nseited at a inininaum charge of 2s. Oil. (for four lines). Longer Aclvertisenients in proportion. .\ reduction niacle for a series. Particulars of Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. 14 Siibsoriljers who change their addresses must report tlie same to I\Ir. H. I',. Pawu "Berlrose," Qellatly Uoad, New (Jro.ss, Ijontloii, S.lv, otherwise their tiuis^azines will probably be delayeii. ORAZIO QUERCI, 49, YIA BOLOGNESE, FLORENCE (FIRENZE), ITALY. A Large Stock of Lepidoptera tor Sale. Price List is sent on applicaticn. Desiderata. — Crataagata, Sanibucaria, condition immateria.. Duplicates. — Dominula, mendica, and numerous common species. — E. A. Cockayne, 65, Westhoume Terrace, \V.2. Desiderata. — Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all paits of tbe world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial ; exact data indispensable. Liberal return made. — (T. G. Pether, " Thehua," i, IVillow Bridge Road, London, N. 1. Duplicates. — Aglaia, Adippe, *Io, T. quercus, Coridon vars., *Fnliginosa (Reading), *B. quercus ? , Tilite, Menthastri, *Linariata, Aurantiaria, LeucophiEaria vars. Paniscus. Desiderata.— Fapte of Dictreoides ; Imagines of typhon, palpina, camelina (dark), Curtula, Pyra, and numerous others; Ova of Hispidaria. — Harold B. IVilliams, 112a, Bensham I\Ianor Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. Duplicates. — Hyh\\\ii, Paphia, lo (2), Selene, Lucina (2), Ocellatus, Illustraria (autumn) Nastata, Roboraria s , Prunaria (4) cf , Tipuliformis. Desiderata. — Castreusis c? , CueuUina, Cribrum, Cinerea, Ravida, Ashworthii, Notata, Obfusearia, Smaragdaria and others, also vars. and local forms. — Harold E. W'inser, Kent House, Cranleigh. Desiderata. — Volumes of Ent. Mo. Mag. for 1920, second-hand. State price. — Hy. J. Tamer, 98, Drake/ell Road, New Croz$, S.E. 14. Duplicates. — Cinxia, Bellargus, Coridon, H. Comma, Lineola, Galathea, Moneta, Nupta, and many others. Desiderata. — Blandina, Irish Icarus, Carmelita, Cuculla. Gonostigma, Ashworthii, Templi, Australis, Undulata, Smaragdaria, Testaeea.— W. Gifford Nash, Clavering House, Bedford. Duplicates. — Brevilinea, Cannae, Lutosa, Straminea, etc. Desiderata. — Many species and melanic forms. — E. B. Haynes, 25, Denmark Avenue, Wimbledon, S.W.19. Duplicates. — *Atalanta, Sylvanus, *UrticaB, Phlasas, *Moneta, *Pi.si, *T. crataegi, *Lucipara, *Fiiipendul», etc. Desiderata. — Paniscu.s, Actseon, Anachoreta, Tincta, Asteris, Absinthii, Notha, Socia, Festucfe, Rubi, Unangulata, Munitata, etc. — Wm.Foddy, 39, York Street, Rui/ht/. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entoinological Society of London. — 41, Queen's Gate, Soulh Kensington, S.W.7, W p.m. 1922, March 1st; March 15th; April .5th. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in t!ie nconth, at 7 p.m. February 2ard, Lantern Slides; March 9th, Paper with Lantern — Hon. Sec, Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German's Place, Blackheath, S.E..^. The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History Society) now meets in Hall 40; Winchester House, Old Broad Street E.C. 2, first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec, W. E. Glegg, 44, Belfast Road, N. 1(3. All MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs returned to Hy. J. Turhku, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, S.E. 14 We must earnestly request our correspondents not to send u$ co7}imunicaliou» ii)i';NTieAr, with those they are .sending to other magazines. Lists of DuPLiCATHs and Desiderata should be sent direct to iMr. H. E. Page, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. 14 OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E. Tbo Largest ]ireecler of LepiilopLera in tbe British Isles is H. W. HEAD, 05nniinolooi«it, bUrnxston, Nr. sct^rboroUgH. Full List of Ora, l.arrae, and ]^ii/iae, also l,e)rido}iteia, Appardinn, Cahinetit «tc., nfiit 0)1 apiilicatio)i. Wlany Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. IMPORTANT ~" TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BACK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXIII.) CONTENTS OF Vol. !• (Most ivtportant only mentioned.) Genus Acront/cta and its allies. — Variation of Swerhithns tiliae, 3 coloured philes — Differentiation of /17fZi<((^icyifon)iis, Tueinocavipu vpima Collecting on the Norfolk Broads — Wing development — Hybridising AvipliidoKys jrodroDuirid and A. betvhnia — Melanism and Temperature — Differentiation of Dian- 'lurciaf — Disuse of wings — Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London— Generic nomen- clature and the Acronyciidoe — A fortnight at Bannoch — Heredity in Lcpidoptera — Notes >)n Genus Zyg;ena {Anthrocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera — Lifehistory of Govopliora deiusa, etc., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from — Mr. H. E. PAGE, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.E. 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. An illustrated magazine, published monthly — except August and Heptenibei- — devoted to the. study of INSECT LIFE. It contains a list of tbe titles of the current Literature on American Entomology, articles by the leading authorities in the United States and Canada, and is a necessary journal of reference for working entomologists. Valuable information for economic and systematic students. Annual subscription price $2'50. Foreign (except Canadian) subscriptions $2.70. Single copies 30 cents. Address ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Subscriptions for Vol. XXXIV. are no>v due. Yol XXXIY. No. 3. Che entomolofiisrs Record AND Journal of Variation Richard S. BAGNALL, f.i,.s., f.e.s. George T. BETHUNE-BAKER, f.l.s., f.e.s. m. burr, d.sc, f.l.s., f.z.s., f.e.s. (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, f.e.s. E. A. COCKAYNE, m.d., f.e.s. Jas. E. COLLIN, f.e.s. H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.>,., f.e.s. John Hartley DURRANT, f.e.s. Alfred SICH, f.e.s. (Rev.) Geokge WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s. and Henry J. TUENER, f.e.s., Editorial Secretary. CONTENTS. The Genus Hesperia. — A Correction, B. G. S. Warren, F.E.S. (with plate) . . On the Habits of Stenamma westwoodi in Ireland, A. W. Stelfox, M.R.I. A. The French Alps of Haute Savoie in .July, 1920, LL E. B. Ashby, F.E.S. . . The Earn Collection, S. G. C.-/? Notes on Collecting. ^Second Broods in 1921, H. SIcD. Edelsten, F.E.S. ; Correction, G. B. G. Leman, F.E.S. ; Myrmecophilous Mites, W. C. Graivley, F.E.S. Current Notes and Short Notices Scientific Notes: — L. hirtaria, E. A. Cockayne, M.D., F.E.S. Societies : — Entomological Society of London ; The South London Entomological Society ; The Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society ^^^,,„i^-jet-^--" Dr. T. A. Chapman, F.R.S. — An Appreciation, Hy.J.T^ ,v'S«^"'"' • '''^'' . :■ ■ i r ^} M^:>'' 8nl»scription for C!oniplefce Volniue, p'oali free (Including all DOUBI.Ii; NUMBMllB, elo.) re/V SHILLINGS, TO UK rOUWAUDlCD TO HERBERT PAGE, F.E.S Bertrose," Gellatli Road, New Cross, S.E.14. Communioations have been received or have been promised from Rev. Q. Wheeler, Messrs. Hy. J. Turner, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. Verity, J. H. Durranfc, Orazio Querci, Dr. Cockayne, R. S. Bagnall, J. W. H. Harrison, Mrs. R. Page, G. T. Bethune-Baker, Alfred Sich, W. Daws, with Reports of Societies and Reviews. WATKINS & DONCASTER, NATURALISTS, Keep in Stock — All kinds of Apparatus and Cabinets Required by Collectors of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Plants, etc. A Large Stock of British, Continental 81 Exotic Lepidoptera^ and also Birds' Eggs (Singles as well as in Clutches.) QUE NEW CATALOGUE WILL BE SENT POST FREE ON APPLICATION. 36, Strand, London, W.C. 2. 'Phone: Gerrard 9451. Lantern Slides iii Natural Colours. LEPIDOPTEKA & LARVVE A SPECIALITY. Pbotogiiipbecl from life ami true to Nature in every detail. SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c., By same Colour Process. LAl-.'xEUN .srilOES MADE 'J'O ORDI'Ml FROM ANV SPECIMKN OR COLOUHKD DRAWING. PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARY^, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET. For Iiist apply to — CHARLES D. HEAD, Cherrymount, Donnycarney, DUBLIN. Bexley] L. W. NElrtZ^lVIAN [Kent Has for sale a superb stock of 1920 specimens in fine, condition, including Varleyata ; Bicuspis ; Pendularia var. Subroseata ; Melanic forms Lariciata, Consortaria, Conson- aria, Abietaria ; Irish forms Aurinia and Napi, fine vars. Tiliae, Yellow Doniinula, etc., etc. Quotations and Insects sent on approval with pleasure. Also a huge stock of fine PUP^ and OVA. Write for latest price lists. Relaxing Tins lu'e now 4/- small and 6/- large, post free. Re-fills, 2/3 small, 3/3 large, post free. Vol. XXX IV. Plate 1. II. I. HKsrKKi.\ X. I? species). II. ii. sibikica. The Entomoloina, with a specimen of Ino i/eri/im. The fnoths KtJonia bipnnctella, L'sendoterpna piuinata and Craiiibiis cariiella fell to my net. These with a tew Parnassius apolh> and Ari/jpuiis af/Uiia on the higher slopes of the Petit Saleve completed my observations among the Lepidoptera. The Orthoptera produced Stairrodcnis bicolor in abundance together with Stouibot/iniii iincatiis and also Oedipuda ))iiiiiata. Pall., with its crimson wings, veiy complete black alar fascia and greyish elytra with dark transverse markings, which I took for the first time in France. I also took twQ males and a female quite fresh of Arrr/pteid fnsca, Pall., with the larva of a species of Dedijioda. The beetle Liita papitli was also common. July 6th. — To-day I spent on the range of hills known as Les Yoirons. Arriving at St. Cergues station about 10 a.m. I made for the village which lies back under the hillside. Reaching the first part of this straggling village, I took the first turn sharp to the right which leads from a cafe-restaurant up towards Montauban which I reached about midday. On the way I took Li/caena avion male, Liuieniti^ Camilla female, and Xoydniannia iiiciti, one of each, and saw little else except one worn Apatura iris. After dejeuner at the Hotel at Mont- auban, I walked up to the Chalet de la Rive and on the way took a large fine female of i'apilio machaon ab. rnfopunctata, males of Heodes hipputho'e and H. viryaureae. On the way back I took a Brenthis atiutt/nisia very fresh, and Chiasmia clathrata, and below the Hotel on the stony descent two specimens of the beetle Cicindela hybrida, L., with a quite fresh Foh/onnnatus daman. The dates and emergences this forward year are rather puzzling. Between St. Cergues village and the station I took a fine female of L. avion and the Dipteron Vobicella inanis, L., and concluded a hot day's tramp under a broiling sun for a very small bag of specimens worth keeping. July 7th. — This afternoon I ascended tbe Grand Saleve by the funicular as far as Les Treize Arbres station and walked on to the summit. Close by I had the pleasure of meeting M. Boulanger who was studying the various liomceae on the Saleve. The view of the High Alps from the summit to-day was grand. There was very little of interest on the summit itself except P. machaon, which was abundant. The two little ponds just by the summit produced the dragon-flies LibelUdla depressa, the blue mature form, male and female of Caloptevy.v splendens, but I could get neither, as they decided not to settle near. Towards the descent by the Grand Gorge 1 took several H. carthami and females of I'olyominatas semiaviiim {acis), also Evebia oeme, and discarded numbers of Satyrns alcyove, which were all chipped. From the higher ledges which overhung the narrow path there Hew out the moth Liynicolor {(Tnoplios) fnrvata, \\.\., wliich I promply secured, the only other specimen I have taken was at St. Martin Vcsubie on July 27tb, 1914. I don't think it is very common. N. ilicis was abundant and in good condition on the way down, and on THE FRESCH ALPS OF HAUTE SAVOIE IN JULY, 1920. 45 the higher slopes I had found quite fresh specimens of /'. dainon, but not abundant. They and both sexes of A. ai/laia and A(/lais mticae were the most generally distributed butterflies on " levels " between the highest point of the Saiiiitalis liitca, Genista sat/ittalis, Cam- panula (jloinerata. Campanula r/ioHiboidalis ; On the Mole, Aqidlefiia vulgaris, Astrantia nwjor, Digitalis (jrandiiiitra, Gentiana lutea ; (6) On the Point des Brasses, Geranium si/lraticum, Dianthns saj;ifra(.fus, Diantlius sj/lvestris, Centaurea montana. Digitalis ambigua, Gentiana verna, iJiantlius superhus. Sale of the Farn CoUection. On February 14th last there was sold at Steven's Auction Rooms the first portion of the above well-known collection, formed by the \ SALE OF THE FARN COLLECTION. 49 late A. li. Farn of Ganarew, Monmouth, who was a President of the South London Entomological Society in 1875-6. The writer was well acquainted with this very estimable gentleman, who was a man of great character and charm, and fine presence. He possessed consider- able knowledge of all orders of insects and birds, and w'as a most interesting correspondent, with a beautiful handwriting which remaired perfect until the end. A very long life was devoted to forming his collection and he was happy in keeping it in excellent order. He was at all times willing to go through the cabinets, with anyone interested, and the writer remembers that on the last occasion he was looking at the Rhopalocera, Mr. Farn said that very recently he had spent rather a tiring time going through every drawer with a lady visitor, who when asked what her impression of the collection was, said that the thing that struck her most was the immense number of pins used ! The portion of the Collection under notice included the earlier genera of the Rhopalocera down to Hjiinffihele tithoims, and comprised 400 lots, there being very numerous remarkable aberrations and gynandromorphous specimens. Generally speaking the lots were in excellent condition and well set, and quite the best collection from this point of view that has been sold in recent years. A large number of buyers congregated and the owners of several famous collections were present and intent on bidding. Among the Pa/iilin niachann the best aberration realised 90s., the remaining lots fetching from 7s. to 22s. each. Seven good Pontia dapliilice brought 35s. to 65s. per pair, and a single female, 50s. A remarkable dark var., somewhat diaphanous, of Fieris vai>i, fetched 180s. Aporia crataeiji, from 12s. to 16s. for nine. A cream-coloured Leptusia [Lencopliasia) siiwpis brought 80s. and a var. enjsiiiti, with a specimen with body and markings light brown, 65s. A gynandro- morphous Gonepteryx rhaiiini hvonghi 55s. and a female with margins of male tint 32s. 6d. An extraordmary female specimen of EticJdn'e canlainiiies, with large patches of orange on upperwings, persuaded a bid of £9, and another with two thin streaks of male colour on underside, 40s. Beautiful series of (Julias eduaa, with ab. helice and Coliaa hyale, were comprised in lots 42 to 79, and those together realised over £62, the best individual prices ranging from 30s. to 80s. Some beautiful Dryaa /xipJiia were next disposed of: a male with spots united and forming oblong blotches, fetched £4, and two similar, slightly defective, £4 10s. Lot 97. — A fine and perfect gynandromorph, right side male, left female, taken by Mr. Charles, at Brockenhurst, brought £8. Lot 98. — A tine female, with spots large and united, fetched £4, and lot 99, a beautiful var. with fore- and hindwings black, except basal portion, and partly rayed hindwings, realised £12. Two exceptionally black females, not in the best of condition, fetched 80s. and 26s. each, and six very interesting and rare intermediate forms between the type and var. valezhia, brought 90s. Lot 106. — A fine var. ralezhta, black and spotless, with outer row of streaks in hindwings greenish black, excited keen competition, and cost the fortunate buyer £17. This insect the writer knows last changed hands at the price of £7 7s., thus turning out a good investment, bu 60 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. in those days the prices paid for aberrations were very mod(^t com- j)ared to present day prices. The form is undoubtedly a remarkable one, and exceedingly rare — an ab. of an ab. in fact. ; The next lot attracting deep interest was No. 117 — thiswas a silvery or creamy white female of Argi/nnis cydippe — and co^ £20. This insect formed a complete contrast to the black valezina of 1). paphia, but was not so attractive as an aberration. Apart from this one lot, there was nothing very remarkable about the series of Aryynnin cydippe, which realised from 6s. to 80s. per lot. Lot 124 was a splendid dark male Aryynnia at/laia, rich black with rayed borders, and cost the highest bidder £12. Other lots of this species realised from 8s. to 25s., and lots 133, 134, 134a, each being a fine ab. cliadotta, cost respectively 90s., £10 10s., and 60s. Lot 134 was an exceptionally aberrant form. Fifteen hsoria lathonia now came along, and produced from 22s. to 30s. for males, and 35s. to 52s. 6d. for females, according to condition. Two good undersides went for 40s. each. Two fine vars. with black blotches on disc of forewings sold for £8 and £2 each, the latter being in rather poor condition. Brenthis selene next came to the table and included some fine vars. Lot 155 a light var. with spots and markings mostly absent, cost only £2 2s. and was remarkably cheap in view of the extreme rarity of this form as compared with melanic aberrations. Lot 158, a really beautiful form, black with median band in forewings and marginal streaks, realised £8 lOs., and Lot 159 with light forewings, blotched with black, £6 10s. Lots 166 to 189 comprised the Brenthis eiiphroHyne. A silvery-white var. fetched 60s., and one. Lot 175, with light fore- wings and nearly black hindwings cost £8 10s. Another with large costsl blotch and zig-zag band through forewings went for £6 10s. Lot 185, a specimen almost entirely black cost the bidder £10 10s. Other aberrations fetched from 18s. to 55s. each. Lot 188, a remark- able underside, rayed with upperside black brought £8 10s. Lots 190 to 199 comprised the Melitaea aurinia from various localities, and single specimens brought from 25s. to 70s , the latter being pale ochreous brown without markings. A curious sub- diaphanous specimen without markings went for 25s. Melitaea cin.eia consisted of eight lots, the only very striking var. being one figured in the Entouiolui/i.st for August, 1896. This realised £6 10s. Some nice varieties of Melitaea athalia were now brought into view — an ab. obsoleta with fulvous wing fetched £6, a good var. tesselata £5 10s., and two var. naearina 30s. and 90s. respectively. A white var. of Pyrameis cardni, catalogued as unique, cost £16, and a var. of P. atalanta smeared with white at apex of forewings, and richly coloured underside realised £10 10s. Eleven Euvanessa antiona varied in price from 30s. to 45s. each, according to condition. A var. of Vanesm io with ocelli in forewing replaced by costal patch and small in hindwings, realised £6, and a light var. with disc of forewings pale orange £7 10s. Some extra good aberrations of Polyynnia c-alhinii produced good prices. A white var. with small spots fetched the satisfa'ctjry price of £21, and another with large confluent blotches on costa and inner margin of forewings, disc of hindwings all black £10. Other lots of one or two insects 25s. to 55s. each. The Aylais articae tempted buyers and six or seven single lots fetched from 25s. to £2 2s., £4 15s. and £5 each. NOTES ON COLLECTING. 51 Liiiimtis sibilla with bands more or less obsolete fetched from £1 Is. to oOs, each. Apotiira irifi still maintains the high prices at present existing and type specimens averaged about 8s. each. A fine var. without bands and spots cost £11, and one somewhat similar, but not so large and good £4 10s. ; another only brought 21s. Now came the sensation of the sale, the much figured and well- known black variety of Mdanar(jia galathea taken at Chattenden in 1871 by Mr. Doran. After keen competition a bid of £32 was successful, this being the record price paid for a British butterfly. Another very light var. fetched £3 10s. A remarkable var. of IJipparchia aetneU with three large spots forming a band on forewings, owing to its poor condition only fetched £2 10s., but it is of some interest as aberrations of this species are uncommon. A golden-brown Kpineiiliele jiirtina realised £4 10s., and others with wings more or less bleached, realised from 12s. to 50s. Several very interesting vars. of Apliantopufi Jnjperantits fetched good prices — a pale golden ochreous var, realised £7, one with pale ocelli fig. in Mosley £3, and one with broad buff borders to ocelli £3 10s. Two var. laiiccolata of rather small size fetched 25s. to 30s. each. White Uoenoniiiiiplta pampliilKS lotted with four var. lylliis fetched 28s. to 27s. 6d. each. A fine pale golden male, var. palleacens, realised £3 10s. This was the end of a very successful sale, although the prices for the extreme vars. with several exceptions did not reach the high average experienced in several previous sales, the less conspicuous aberrations realised exceptionally good prices. The total sum I believe approximated £850. The collection was effectively catalogued by Mr. -Janson, whose descriptions are roughly followed by the writer. The sale of the remainder of the butterflies takes place on the 14th March, when some remarkable blues and coppers will be shewn. — S.G.C. E. r?lOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc. Second Broods in 1921. — On the Downs at the back of Worthing Hesperia malvae and Nisoniades tat/es were taken on August 6th. Brenthis sdene also appeared in some numbers during August. Nola cucullatdla came into the house at Worthing on September 9th. Porthesia anrifiiia and Oitrapteryx saiiibiicaiia were taken on a gas lamp at Worthing on October 3rd. Paravfie iiiegera, third brood, was in fresh condition on the Downs at Sompting on October 2nd. — H. McD. Edelsten, Oakhurst, Balcombe Road, Haywards Heath. Correction. — H. varieijafa, Goeze. — I regret to find the quotation from Weise (B.T. 1885) is not correct in my paper on this species in vol. xxxiv., p. 23. It should have read as follows : " h) P. 4 + 5 + 6 zu eirier dicken C.-formigen Zeichnung oder de ae." Will subscribers please therefore in their copies alter the words " und formigen " into " C-formigen."— G. B. C. Leman, F.E.S. Myrmecophilous mites. — I see from Mr. Donisthorpe's " Myrme- cophilous Notes for 1921 " that the mite Antennophorus forcli, Wasm.^ 52 THE ENTOMOLOliJST's RKCOKI). ' has only been recorded twice in this country. It therefore seems worth while to put on record that I took this mite in nests oi\ Lasius ni(jer in 1898 at Oddington near Oxford. It was present in consider- able numbers and both sexes were observed. Vide Ent. Rec, 23, 23 (1911), for notes on its habits in artificial nests. Two other species were found in the same year in the same locality, undoubtedly A. (irandb with L. fnliginoniia and A. piibeacens with. L. /iavits (Ent. liec, loc. cit.). I still possess a slide containing two $ J of A. foreli (determination verified by Mr. J. E. Hull) prepared in 1898.— W. C. Crawi.ey. [On first reading- the above short note I was much afraid that I was at fault, as I rather pride myself on having indexed every British record of ants, or myrmecophiles, into my Pilot files, etc. However, on looking up the reference given by Mr. Crawley, the mystery was explained. He had very unfortunately not mentioned any locality (the note does not even indicate that the ants in. question were British), nor the names of the mites (except A. iirandia) ; though any AntcnnnjJwnis found on Acaiithniin/njix {Ddni^tlKiriica) niiji'r would of course be A. foreli, Wasm. In 1910 I pointed ont , [Ent. I!,'r. 22, 69 (1910)] that the Anteunopliorii.': recorded by -Crawley on A. {DciKlrnlasiiis) fulifiimmis ^ ^ , would be A. (jrandin : a species I had added to the British list in 1 90G. — Horace Donisthorpe] . (^t^URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. The first portion of the Farn Collection of Aberrations of British Lepidoptera was a record we understand both for the company in the room and for the prices realised. We print a review of it in the present number. The rest of the aberrations will be sold on March 14th, when no doubt another fine sale' will take place. Attractions to buyers fall thickly just now, for on the following day, March 15th, the bulk of the Library of the late Dr. Chapman will be disposed of. Probably this is one of the most perfect libraries of entomological books ever dispersed. All notable authors are represented. Of many works there are two or three copies. Old and modern work, complete series or long runs of British and foreign periodicals, quantities of assorted separata bound in half morocco will be sold. Practically all the volumes are in very good bindings and in excellent condition. There should be another record for Stevens' Rooms. SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. L. HiRTARiA.— A male Li/ria In'rtai ia emerged on March 23rd, 1921, and paired the same day with a recently emerged female. On March 27th it paired a second time with a very large female, which had emerged on March 9th and had been laying a few infertile eggs since the 17th. On March 31st it paired with a third female, on April 2nd with a fourth, and on April 4th with a fifth. All these pairings were actually observed. Meanwhile two other females, which had been kept in the same cage had started laying eggs, which proved to be fertile. As far as I know parthenogenesis does not occur in this SOCIETIES. 53 species, and no other male had had access to them. About two-thirds of the eggs laid by the second female, and some laid by one of the others were infertile, but all the others were fertile. It is well-known that males of some species pair quite readily more than once, but very few instances have been recorded. There is little doubt that this Idrtaria paired with seven females, and might have paired with more had they been available. — E. A. Cockayne, Westbourne Grove, Jannani 21 th, 1922. J^ 0 C I E T I E S . The Entomological Society of London. October 5th, 1921.— The President announced that owing to the illness of Mr. H. Rowland Brown, Dr. H. Eltringham, M.A., F.Z.S., had kindly consented to act as Secretary for the remainder of the session. The Treasurer called attention to two portraits that had been be- queathed to the Society by the late Dr. Longstaff. A vote of thanks to Mr. .J. Joicey, "F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S., for his generous gift of a lantern to the Society was passed unanimously. New Fellows. — Messrs. Charles L. Fry, 1621 Vallejo Street, San Francisco, California; William F. N. Greenwood, Lautoko, Fiji; Henry W. Dobson, 14/16, Finkle Street, Kendal ; Kalidos D. Shroff, Nahani, Surat, India ; Arnold Roebuck, Edgmond, Newport, Salop ; the Rev. J. Wesley Hunt, 116, Cross Street, Kroonstadt, Orange Free State ; and Miss Amy Castle, Assistant Entomologist, Dominion Museum, Wellington, New Zealand. Habits of A. manicatum. — Mr. E. E. Green, F.Z.S., communi- cated an extract from his journal on the habits of the bee Anthidiion hianifatiiui. Zyg.enid.e. — Mr. T. L. H. Grosvenor exhibited some British species of Zt/ijaena and remarked on the results of crossing certain species and varieties. Dr. Cockayne, M.A., F.R.C.P., commented on the question of the identity of Zi/i/aena tiitti. BiKDs capturing Lepidopteka. — Professor E. B. Poulton, D.Sc., F.R.S., etc., exhibited an example of Danaida c/ui/slppus that had been captured and subsequently rejected by a young shrike in South Africa. Insects taken from a trout. — He also exhibited on behalf Dr. R. C. L. Perkins, F.R.S., a collection of terrestrial insects taken from the stomach of a trout in Derbyshire. Mr. M. E. Mosely expressed* surprise that such a large amount of surface food had been taken. Papers. — "On Boreiit< hi/enialis," by Mr. C.^L. Withycombe. " Some apparently new S. African Genera and Species of the family I'l/ralidae," by Mr. A. T. J. Janse. "The African Species of the Genus Neptis, Fah., by Dr. H. El- tringham, M.A., F.Z.S. " The number of joints in the antenme of HaliplUlae and Paussidae (Coleoptera)," by Mr. T. G. Sloane. " Observations in the Structure of some Homoneura, including the Diagnosis of two new families of Lepidoptera." Lantern Slides. — Mr. A. T. -J. .Tanse gave an account illustrated with lantern slides on methods of collecting insects when travelling in- South Africa. 54 'i"HI<; KNT()lVU)I.U(ilS'i'S KKCOKO. Octohi'i- Idtli. — Presentation. — The presentation by Mr. II. Donis- thorpe of a drawing of Mr. T. W. Bates to the Society was announced, and a special vote of thanks was passed to the donor. New Fklia)Ws. — The foUowint!^ were elected Fellows of the Society: Messrs. H. J. Wilson, O.U.E., j\I.A., F.Z.S., 18i), liishops Mansions, S.W.6; Alexander John Nicholson, University of Sydney, New South Wales; F. N. Chasen, M.r>.O.U., Assistant Curator, Raffles Museum, Sin'nipore; Baron -1. J^ouck, Springhill, South CJodstone, Surrey; and Percy A. Glick, 903, West Illinois, Urbana. New Guinea Lepidoptera. — Mr. G. Talbot exhibited on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey new and rare Lepidoptera collected by Mr. Pratt in the Weyland Mountains, New Guinea, and also read a letter describing the country from which the specimens came. Afuioan Papilios. — M. F. Le Cerf on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey exhibited several new forms of African Papilios ; comments were made on this exhibit by the President and Professor Poulton. P. chistana and 0. LiTEKANA. — Mr. W. G, Sheldou exhibited a series of IHOO specimens of I'rrnnta cT/sta/jir,' including examples of all the 72 named forms ; also a series of about 250 specimens of (Kvinrapha litcrana. A New Race of R. phlaeas. — Professor Poulton exhibited examples of a form of Hi-odcs phlaeiu from S.W. Uganda, and dis- cussed its relations with //. abbotti. lie read some details of the genitalia of these forms supplied by Dr. Chapman. He proposed to treat abbotti as a race of phlaeas, and suggested the name " et/uopica " for the new race from Uganda. Rare Coleoptera. — Mr. Donisthorpe exhibited examples of Oi/iii)i,'tn»i siiitaiiiindle from Ireland ; the pupa and larval skin of Ca.s.s/r/ij lubiilosa taken on Chouipodiitm album ; and larviP both dead and living of Trionoiles hirttts. 1. ERosus, ETC.— Mr. W. J. Atkinson exhibited examples of /ys erosiis found breeding in the Forest of Dean, and read some notes on this bark l)eetle and on allied species. Pafkr. " New or litile known Exotic Tipulidae (Diptera)," by Professor C. Alexander. Lantern Slides. — Mr. A. T. J. Janse gave a further account on methods of collecting when travelling in South Africa, illustrated with lantern slides. TuK South London Entomological Society. Aiiiiiist llth, 1921. — The Apple Scale. — Mr. Edwards exhibited apples infested with the apple-scale Mi/li'laspix pomonon. Pupa ok P. atalanta. — Mr. Hy. J. Turner, a chrysalis of ri/rauwis atalaiita from Betws-y-Cunl, N. Wales. Local Coleoptera. — Mr. Blenkarn, Milanophila acuminata horn Crowthorne, taken from actually burning pine-stumps, Lfbia ci/atw- n-phala from Box Hill, Cassida fastiiosa on Snurio jacnbaca at Box Hill, ]>ianot(s coeridescois from the Mole near Box Hill, Lipanis (prmanini on bogweed in Kent, Aromia moscJiata in London, Ih/t/iiuKs 'i/labratiis in a nest of Lasiiis fiaviis at Box Hill, etc. Taken at the Field jMeeting. — Mr. Ashby, Stattropns faiii and Asthma blomeri taken at the Chalfont Field meeting. Variation in A. thetis.— Mr. T. H. Grosveuor, six distinct shades SOCIETIES. 55 of blue in A(jriadeH thetis, including a unique specimen with scattered black scales, and a very pronounced $ ab. ceronns, from Surrey. Living P. pooalirius. — Mr. K. G. Blair, a living bred I-'ajjilio poJalirins from 8. PVance and a (ii ijIIiih himaculatiis taken in the docks. Stereoscopic slides. — Mr. Withycombe, stereoscopic slides of ova of a Ilemipteron, and of the Tineid JJarpipter;/x xi/lostdla. Third jiRooD of P. aigekia. — Mr. Tonge, a presumably third brood specimen of i'aranjfi. aeijeria bred from a female captured at Chalfont on June 26th. Races of E. tyndarus. — Mr. Goodman, two distinct races of Erehia tijndariai from La Grave and the Engadine. Aiujnat 25th. — The cherry aphis and " white-fly." — Mr. Edwards exhibited the black " cherry-aphis," Mtjsus cerasi, and the greenhouse " white-fly," and referred to the methods of control of the latter pest. Local forms of H. semele and R. phl^as. — Mr. Barnett, dark heath forms of Hipparrhia seinelt;, light banded forms of the same, a dark Rumicia /j/ilai'as, etc. S. American Lepidoptera bred and sent by Mr. Lindeman. — Mr. Turner, a cocoon of Unt/isrhiltlia anrata from which a large imago had emerged, with ova laid by it ; a chrysalis of Pa/iilio thoas remarkably resembling a piece of rotten stick ; and a pupa of Eade>i viarpii/ira, pointing out the rough file-like surface characteristic of the genus. A NEW French record. — -Mr. Withycombe, AacalapJitiH ottoinanus from Digne, a new record for France. A GAr,L on dogwood. — Mr. Coxhead, a Dipterous gall (>li;/(>trop/ius ■i-orni on dogwood. Living Insects. — Mr. Enefer, living examples of //. >ieinde, the beetle Apion miniatnm, and the shield-bug SiponKistes inarainatns. The rearing of N. interruptus (Col.). — Mr. Main, in his terrarium the larva of Necrophorus interruptus reared from ova ; it would probably pupate in the spring. Species of Heodes and Chrysophanus. — Mr. Goodman, European species of "coppers " for comparison, Jjeodes virgauj'eae, H. hippothoe, var. eiirijbia, (JhnjaoplianuH dinjiar and var, rutilus. Aj;erkations of Arctia ca.ja. — Mr. Coppeard, one of six similar aberrations of Arctia cuja in which the usually cream-coloured banding had a beautiful pink flush, Septeiiiher 8t/i. — Nest of Vespa germanica. — Mr. H. Moore exhibited a nest of Venpa (jennanica from Kent, with 1052 dead wasps, another 100 or 200 in the nest, and several grubs still alive. Zygaenidae hybrids. — Mr. T. H. Grosvenor, several hybrid Zygaenids from Z. trifoUi taken in cop with Z. kqjpocrepidis, various forms of Z. trifulii including ab. niffricans, ab. ohscura, a white specimen, very large and very small specimens, confluent spotted forms, with minute 6th spot, with wide border to hindwings, etc., and of Z. jilipctuhdae, very large and very small forms, confluent spotted (forms, several fine yellow forms, etc. Races of Ornithoptera. — Mr. Hy. J. Turner, males and females of race po.seiilon and race hecnha of Ornitkojitera priamus from Queensland and Key Island respectively. Aberrations. — Major Cottam, the chalk form of Fleheius aecrita jacohaeae, etc. Chrysomklidae (Col.). — Mr. Syms, Chri/^oinclo f/ratiiinis fi-om Yorkshire, and ' '. hanksi from the Isle of Wight, Larvak of a Sawfly and a local (iRAssiioPPKR. — Mv. K. G. lilair, the living larviB of the sawfly Kiiocauipa orata with its waxy secretion, and the living subapteroas grasshopper lA'/itopIn/cs piiJirtafissiDia^ from Oxshott. Reports on the Season. — Numerous reports were made on the season and a discussion took place on immigration. September 22»'/. — Lantern Slides. — The evening was devoted to the demonstrations on a long series of lantern slides by various members. Mr. H. Main, slides of the various phases in the life-history of the oil-beetle, Mehi'e proscarahoenn, a parasite in the larval stage of the Anthophnra bee. Practically the whole of the details of the Ijiology of the beetle were illustrated. Mr. Withycombe, slides showing the habit, structure, growth, and development of the bladderwort Vtriciilana which entraps small crustaceans and larvixi' in water, and of ViiKjuicnla the leaves of which capture and digest small insects, by means of their tentacles. Mr. G. T. Lyle, slides of details of Lepidopterous structure, habits and development. Mr. W. J. Lucas, slides illustrating the Black Pond area near Oxshott before and after the devastation ; slides showing the fruiting of many shrubs and bushes ; and a few of " other orders." Mr. Bunnett, slides of various larvae and imagines, etc. Mr. Dennis, a slide of the ova of a Cimex sp., etc. October 13f/(. — New Member. — Mr. A. W. Vesterling, 107, Castle Street, Battersea, was elected a member. Lecture. — Mr. Soar lectured on " The Hydracarina or Water- mites," and showing a large number of lantern slides and coloured drawings of species and structural details. Exhibits. — Mr. Grosvenor, the chief Paljearctic species of the genus Zipjaena. Mr. Blenkarn, the scarce weevil, Kpipolaens caliijinoaus, from Dover. Mr. Newman, Rumicia pldaeas with ab. obsoleta, ab. siifiixa, a golden form, and ab. parvipimrta ; he reported Kiiranessa antiopa seen by his son at Bexley. Messrs. 0. R. and A. de B. Goodman exhibited Nordnionnia ilida var. cerri, and v. aesciili, with Kliiqia spini having (1) straight white line below, (2) concave ditto, (8) and greatly widened ditto, all but the last two from Digne. October 21tJi. — New Member. — Mr. J. A. Yernon, " Lynmouth," Reigate, Surrey, was elected a member. A LIVING Scorpion. — Mr. H. Main exhibited a female Scorpio europaeiia with her family from Hyeres, and gave notes on the life- history. Mr. Grosvenor had seen a N. Indian species carry its young similarly. Local Series of E. atomaria. — Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone, several local series of l^motimia atomaria from Southern areas with var. mdcolorata from Burnley, including a very dark form from Horsley and some pale yellow forms from Otford. SOCIETIES. 57 Variation in M. neustria. — Capt. Crocker, long series of Malaco- suma neustria bred from two pairings from Otford : (1) all light with narrow band ; (2) mixed light and dark forms. He also shewed a very long series including ab. alba, ab. i(/nita, ab. inter media, ab. obliterata, ab. caernleopnnctata, ab. radiata, ab. tiircicnf;, ab. Niifl'iifta, and others with unnamed and intermediate forms. Abkrration of M. athalia. — Mr. 0. R. Goodman, ab. navarina of Melitaea athalia from St. Martin Vesubie. Photographs. — Mr. Dennis, photographs of the English ( 'imex lectulariiiH, and the tropical (\ rotundatus which latter had conspicuous sculpturing. Communications. — Mr. Turner read extracts of letters from Mr. G. B. Pearson in California, and showed a specimen of KchinocactuH msliczeni from the Californian desert sent by him. Nuveiiiber 10th. — New Members. — Rev. R. E. E. Frampton, M.A., Halstead Rectory, Kent, and Dr. H. D. Smart, Huddersfield, were elected members. Lecture. — Mr. Laurence Chubb, of the Commons Preservation Society, gave a lecture with lantern illustrations. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. October llth. — Exhibitions were numerous and varied, as is usual at the opening meeting of the session. The Hon. Secretary exhibited, on behalf of Mr. 0. J. Wilkinson, photographs of {a) Pyrameis cardui pupating ; {b) larva of Hadena pisi ; (c) an unusal variety of Einnicia phlaeas, taken at Delamere, having the right side var. srhinidtii and the left side typical. Mr. W. Mansbridge showed Lepidoptera from N. Lanes., I'anessa io, with nearly blind eyespots on hind- wings from Cark; I'lebiiis ae(jnn var. iiiasfteyii from Witherslack, and a short series from Delamere for comparison. From Arnside, Westmorland, Brenthis eiiphrosi/ue with pale ground colour, Ilaralis betulae, Nisoniades tayeH, Asp/ialia diliita, Fhi/toiiietra viridaria and Knnycliia octaniaculalis ; from Formby, near Liverpool, a series of Kbulea cnn-ealis, and from Cark a short series of Gnoplios obscuraria of a dark grey colour. The Rev. F. M. B. Carr showed a long series of Kpunda hittdenta from his garden at Alvanley and said it had been abundant there in the autumn ; also two fine varieties of Asphalia JlavicoDiis and several Piiraiiieia cardui from Delamere. Mr. S. P. Doudney showed Northern insects as follows: — Cupido iiriniiiia, Hyria invricata and Strenia clathrata from Witherslack; F,rebia epiphron, Coremia munitata, Larentia caesiata and Vennsia cam- bricaria from Cumberland. In the same exhibit was a fine under-side aberration of Flebeius aeymi, with elongated spots, captured at Delamere. Mr. S. Gordon Smith was unable to be present but sent a fine drawer of Mimas tiliae and a large number of varieties of other species captured or bred this season in various localities; prominent among the latter was a specimen of Trijiliaena pmnuba with hindwings nearly white, bred from a wild pupa dug at Tarvin near Chester, an ab. of Afflais urticae with nearly black hindwings captured at Llwydiarth, N. Wales, Triphaena fimbria with crescent mark on hindwings bred from Delamere, two vars. of Nemeophila rusxula also with hindwings black 68 THK K\'T()IMOI,0(ilST's ICKOOKD. nearly all over taken in the New Forest, confluent forms of Zyuaena trifnUi, Boarmia roboraria, Phurodemiia piistulata, Pterostoma palpina and Leiicania tnrca from the New Forest ; a fine series of Di/sstroma truncata from various localities, comprising vars. centnni-notata, conima- notata, perfuscata, etc., was much admired, and a long series of Boarmia repandata, which contained several examples of the Penuiaenmawr melanic form, characterised by whitish submarginal blotches on the black ground. Mr. Chas. P. Rimmer had a box of micro lepidoptera taken this year, chiefly round Liverpool, also his fine series of Hibemia dcfoUaria from Delamere. Mr. A. W. Hughes exhibited from Witherslack a long series of Carsia jialndata, P. aegon and Coeno)ii/uiplta tiphon, and Brenthh eiiphr<)R!/)te from Cartmel. Mr. R. Tait brought Wicken insects as follows: — Catocala nupta, Apaniea lei(custiers who change their addresses must report tlie same to Mr. H. K. Paub " Berirose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.IO., otherwise their magazines will proloably l;e delayed. Desiderata. — Cratasgata, Sambucaria, condition immateria.. Duplicates.— Dominula,, mendica, and numerous common species. — E. A. Cockayne, 65, JVesthourne Terrace, W.2. Desiderata. — Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all parts of the world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immiterial ; exact data indispensable. Liberal return made. — IP. G. Pether, " Thelnia,^' 4, IVillow Bridge Road, London, N. 1. Duplicates. — Aglaia, Adippe, *Io, T. quercus, Coridon vars., *Fuliginosa (Reading), *B. quercus ? , TilitE, Menthastri, *Linariata, Aucantiaria, Leucophrearia vars. Paniscus. Desiderata. — Pupae of Dicti«oides ; Imagines of typhon, palpina, camelina (dark), Curtula, Pyra, and numerous others; Ova of Hispidaria. — Harold B. Williams, 112a, Bensham Blanor Road, Thornto)i Heath, Surrey. Duplicates. — SyhxWii, Paphia, lo (2), Selene, Lucina (2), Ocellatus, Illustraria (autumn) Nastata, Roboraria j" , Prunaria (4) /idannii sp. On Lathi/nis sllrestrh, rolled leaflet, feebly thickened ; larvae white. ? I'firisia fu'lrestn's. Devon, ISidmouth, September, 1920. Cecidoiinjidavuiii sp. On (laliinii aparinc. Northumberland, WarkworLh, June, 1921. NEW BRITISH CKCIDOMYIID.E, 3. -63 Ceciduuiyidayiiin, sp. On (Jaliiiiii reriiiii. NoRTHUMBEKLAND, Wai'kworth, June, 1921. CecidoiinjidaniDi sp. On (Jaliinii boreale, H. 5192. Durham, Upper Teesdale, August, 1920. CecidoiiiijidarHui sp. Houard 5216, on Galinui iiiolliKin. Stem swelling at point of whorl of leaves which are slightly hypertrophied at base ; larvre orange. Devon, Torquay, October, 1918. Sidmouth, September, 1920. Cc'cidnun/idariiiii sp. Houard 5211. On GaUum nioUinio. Leaves of the last whorl enlarged, incurved, ^forming a spherical gall containing a single red larva. i^^'.:.;iS Devon, Torquay, October, 1918. (Jecidoiinjidanim sp. On Galium )iiollii;io, H. 5217. Devon, Tipton St. John, September, 1920. Cecidoiin/idant in sp. On Oriiianniii. Margins of leaf rolled. Devon, empty galls, Branscombe, September, 1920. ('ecidoniyidaruiii sp. On honeysuckle. Larvse white, in angles of leaves or in loosely campled terminal leaves which are blotched yellowish green. Durham, Gibside, August, 1920. Cecidiiiinjidanim sp. On Foxglove. Decaying flower containing small reddish-grey or oi-ange larvie, gregarious on top of seed case. Apparently widely distributed. Cecidnmijidaruin sp. On Foxglove. T},With'above, larvfe larger, pale yellowish white. Devon, Sidmouth, September, 1920. Cecidonnjidaruiii sp. On Atrijdex portidacoides. Parenchymatous leaf pustule. Devon, Dawlish Warren. Cecidoiinjidariiui sp. Oq Geiini iirhanniii, leaf crisp and folded ; larvffi red. Northu.mbkkland, Hexham ; Durham, on the Wear near Durham, June, 1918. 64 THIS ENTOMOLOGISTS KKCOKD. Cecidoinyidanwi sp. On Elm and Wyeh elm, small pouch-shaped parenchymatous leaf- galls depending upon a nervnre.. yellowish and containing a single white larva. Frequently in the north of England though it is not yet recofded as British; also in South Devon. Cecido)iiyi(hinii)i sp. On Cornus sangidneuH, leaves discoloured, pustule on upper sui-face and depression below. South Devon, Torquay district, October, 1918 ; too late to secure larvffi. Cecidoviyidarum sp. " On Beech (Fay its) ; larvae feeding on leaf below, no defonnaiion other than discoloured spot. Tunbridge Wells, September, 1920. Cecidoiiiijidarin)! sp. On Craiaegm oxyacantha, Houard, 2940. Fruit swollen, suiface irregularly tuberculate, containing greyish-white larvae appaiontly solitary in cells. London, Putney, June, 1920. Cecido)iiyidannii sp. On Pyriis aria, Houard, 2918. Leaf folded and crinkled, seemingly lightly pilose. Surrey, Hindhead, June, 1920. Cecidoriiyidannii sp. Hazel. Discoloured spots on leaves, a rather large white larva suspended from each on underside of leaf. Durham, Allansford, June, 1920. Cecidomyidaniui sp. On Lime {Tilia) ; minute discoloured pustules on upper surface with corresponding depression below ; only 1*0 to l-o mm. in diameter; generally situated near angles of nervures, larvte hyaline, feeding naked below ; some leaves with minute cocoons, about 1-Omm. long in each depression. South Devon, Torquay district and Dawlish Warren, October, 1918. Durham, Gibside, July. Northumberland, Otterburn, August, 1920. Cecidoniyidarum sp. Lime, Tilia. Flower closed, somewhat hypertrophied and hardened, containing a single larva of a clear pale amber or greenish colour. London, Hampstead, June, 1920. Cecidoniyiiarnm sp. Sycamore. Minute irregular parenchymatous pustule with minute NEW BRITISH CECIDOMYIID.E, 3. 65 hole (? capped) for exit of larva at end of either upper or lower surface of leaf. Northumberland, Ovingham, July, 1918 ; Bamburgh, Sep- tember, 1918. Cecidonii/idartiiii sp. Svcamore. Spot yellowish, without depression or excavation, HouaVd, 3988. Durham, Gibside. Cecidoiiii/idaiuiii sp. On Galeopsis tetrahit. Swelling about 3 mm. in length, one side of the stem containing a bone-white larva. Swelling discoloured, yellowish with dark margins. Durham, Beamish, July 20th, 1918. Northumberland, near Ryton on Tyue. CecidoDii/idanini sp. On Cytisus scopariits. Terminal interuodes shortened and leaves bunched. Durham, Hamsterley, Gibside. Cecidomyidariini sp. On Saxifrage aizoides. Flower closed and deformed, larvae pale flesh colour. Durham, Upper Teesdale, August, 1921. Cecidomyidarnm sp. On Deschainpsia flexuosa. Thickened swelling at base of leaf. Northumberland, Corbridge, June, 1918. Cecidomyidaram sp. On ChrysantJtenntin sp. and Matricaria sp. Minute parenchy- matous galls as described from Senecio spp. Apparently widely distributed in gardens. Cecidoiiiyidarnni sp. On Senecio erncifolius. Flower slightly swollen near base ; like Stictodiplosis hypochaeridis but with larvae, which are gregarious, of a fleshy reddish pink and apparently non-leaping. Northumberland, Seaton Sluice. Durham, Ryhope, July. Cecidoiiiyidar 11)11 sp. On Senecio eriicifoliiia. Small pustule on upper surface sheltering a minute white broad and flat larva in depression below. Durham, Ryhope sea banks, July, 1920. Cecidoiiiyidarit))! sp. On Senecio spp. Minute, pale or discoloured parenchymatous galls irregular in shape, each containing a minute white larva. Often numerous examples on a single leaflet. Northumberland and Durham, apparently common. 65 THE ENT0MOI.OGIST S RE(;ORI> Cecidoviyidariim sp. On Senecio jacobaea. Red larvfe in angles of nervures. Northumberland, Ottei'burn, August, 1920. Ceridoiiujidarit))! sp. On Senecio cineraria. Crimson larvae in old heads, apparently solitary ; capitulum lumpy, florets browning in patches. Devon, Torquay, October, 1918. Cecidowyidarum sp. On Santolina rosmarinifnlia var. Flower head partly closed, seeds irregular in size and florets incurved. Possibly the form noticed by Tavares in Portugal (Houard, 5256). South Devon, Torquay disti'ict, October, 1918. Gecidoniyidannn sp. Flower of Geranium si/lvaticuiii remaining closed, larvae white, gregarious. Durham, Allansford, June, 1918. La Granja, 1921. By EOSA E. PAGE, B.A. (Lond.). Spain had been calling us back ever since we left it in August, 1914, and now on July 21st, we were at last on the way. The journey taking longer than it did before the w^ar, and there being an awkward delay at Irun, we decided to stop there for the night and go on next morning. At the Station Fonda we had an excellent dinner with delicious white wine at two pesetas (Is. 6d.) a bottle, and through the manager succeeded in getting a very clean room for the night. We had already had our baggage examined by the French at Hendaye for "oro" (gold), but on leaving Irun next morning a further search was made for "ropa nneva'' (new clothes). Passports also were examined, and we were herded with a crowd of filthy peasants, like so many sheep, until the customs officers saw fit to let us through to the platform. A special visa was issued for those going to Madrid, owing to the recent political troubles there. The heat was terrific, even for Spain, and all the Spaniards on the train were complaining that they could scarcely breathe. We had decided on a semi-circular trip, entering at Hendaye-Irun, going on to La Granja, then Segovia, Madrid, Toledo, Saragossa, Barcelona, and out at Cerbere, so that our only collecting was done at La Granja, where we accordingly made the longest stay. We found the Hotel' Roma under new proprietors, the rooms expensive and the food poor. The Europa — the only other hotel — is always full and has a good name, but it would be advisable to book ahead to avoid disappointment. On July 26th the morning was a perfect one, glorious sunshine with cool breezes. The Minister, who issues permits for the Royal Park was " ill," so we were to go in and out as we wished, said the kindly attendant at the gate — an old soldier covered with medals. The Park is a glorious place to collect in, shady and breezy, the LA GRANJA, 1921. 67 air full of perfume from the trees, with everywhere the sound of running water. There are many avenues, each being planted with a single species of tree. We found two only with ash trees, and searched them for Laeosopis raboriH, but only found three and these on the trunks. The avenues are bordered with tall hedges of hornbeam ; these enclose, with many gaps in them, parts of the woodland which clothes the mountain side. Round the oak trees, quite high up, L. roboria flies in the morning and many rest on the leaves — but about mid -day numbers of them come down and settle on the hornbeam hedges or on the roads, where they are not difficult to net. We took on the 26th 15 specimens, chiefly $ ? s. The next day Mr. Page went over to the farm spoken of in Mr. Sheldon's article vide vol. xviii., pp. 60 et seq., expecting a bag, but he took a single specimen only from a small ash sapling. So on the 30th we went back to the Park, where we obtained about 30, most of them in good condition, with a few Dryas pandora, Nordniannia ilicis, and D.paphia. The tree trunks at mid-day were covered with resting Satyrids, chiefly Sati/nin Circe, S. alci/nne and Hipparchia xeiiiele, sometimes 6 on a trunk. On July 30th and 31st we collected up what I shall take the liberty of calling " Sheldon's brook," a most delightful place. Giant thistles edged the brook and on them hung crowds of Melanarriia lachesis with many var. J cataleuca, and M. japijijia var. cleanthe, Colias ediisa (small), D. pandora, and D. pap/iia, all these (and especially the M. lachesifi) so lazy that it was easy to examine them at leisure and select just what one wanted. We were late, however, and many were worn. Epinephele tithonwi was in clouds everywhere, the commonest insect. Aricia astrarche (a fine form) were not so numerous. Hendes virr/aureae var. meigii were seen, but only one here and there on the brambles, whilst Celastrina arfp'olun were flying about up and down the stream and resting on damp patches. A beautiful Pohjijonia c-album persisted in settling on my hand. One felt intoxicated with the rhythmic floating, swaying and gliding of the insects all around one, the golden light, the singing of the brook with the clearness of its pools, the vibrant heat, the novelty of ti-ee, bush, and flower, and the delicate tinting of the line of mountains behind La Granja. The red tiles surmounting the cream or pink houses of the town contrasted with the green foliage of the trees and the light blue sky, quite unlike the deep azure Italian sky as seen the year before from Le Lauteret in the Dauphiny Alps. Besides clumps of a species of Cmnpositae and of thyme, there were still many small flowers, among them being clover, foxgloves and lavender. The sweet-briar gave out a delicious fragrance as we passed, and we trampled the thyme under our feet. A pair of Gonepteryx rhainni, sporting along, glowed with reflected sunlight. Under the acacia trees bordering the road back to La Granja were some quite fresh KliKjia spini resting on the ground and imitating the shadows cast by stones. Further up the road beyond the brook we found some ash trees, and on brambles near these were worn L. roboris. August 1st, a steaming hot day, with steady sun and no air stirring, found us again in the Park. L. roboris were seen, but only eight specimens taken as they were practically over. The insects in the rides had all disappeared as if by magic. But in a small clearing in the pines we found a brood of Gonepteryx rhatnni just emerged, and 68 THK EM'UMOI.OGlSr's KKCOKJ). took about 30 from thistles together with An/i/nnis ar/laia var. clilorodipiie, Aricia astrarclic, Fiens napi, hsovia lathonia, Coeiinn'jnipha arcania, and one L'mienitis catnilla. In the evening we went out by the Gate of Segovia, turning sharply to the left. The ground here is much over-run by picnicing parties, as there are fine views of the Guadarramas, and is useless for collecting. Next day we went up the mountain (Pico de Penalara), at first parallel to the Park wall, then to the left along the crest through bracken (in places up to the armpits) and grass, to the remains of an old glacier. At the foet were a good number of C. pauiphilas var. lyllus, which were useful. The views were good, but the collecting disappointing ; we saw ft', tithoniis, E. bjcaon with one Pijrameis atalanta and one Satyms atatiliuiis. When we had descended most of the slope we entered a more or less level tract dotted with bushes, where 6'. circe was flying freely. A few only were taken for comparison with those taken soine years ago at Digne (Basses Alpes). Except that the Digne specimens were on the average larger, there was nothing worthy of note. On August 3rd S. fitatilinii.'i was just emerging along the road leading to the brook, and another P. atalanta was seen resting on oak scrub. Insects were now going over. The thistles were crowded with worn il7. lachesis and an occasional C. edima : there was a fresh brood of C. aryioliis, only a few. C. viryaureae, some fresh and some worn, A. astrarche were still good and E. tithoiius were everywhere. . We left La Granja the same day and did no more collecting. The only notes in my diary after this which refer to entomology are as follows : — - Between Segovia and Madrid, as our train crawled along in true Spanish fashion, a medium sized Erehia could be seen flying in some numbers, apparently in good condition, on August 6th, on railway banks on both sides of the station of Otero de Herreros in the Guadarrama Mts. Fontia daplidice were seen flying along the banks of the Linares and Jalon, almost all the way from Madrid to Saragossa, but there is much cultivation around the city. At Toledo we walked across the Puerta de Alcantara which spans the Tagus gorge, and over some rough ground along the opposite bank to the Puerta de San Martin, through which one enters the city on its north-western side. We saw only one or two worn E. ida, but we were told that in May there were many varieties of "butterflies to be found there. The late Dr. Chapman had suggested to us the Montes de Toledo as interesting ground waiting to be explored, but, at present, we are unable to get away early enough. Seasonal Polymorphism and Races of some European Grypocera and Rhopalocera. By ROGER VERITY, M.D. {Continued jrom page 15.) As recently as June, 1908, I remarked in Uhopalocera Falaearctica, page 159, how surprising it was that such a common species as Pieris rapae, L., should have been so neglected by entomologists that very little was known concerning its geographical and seasonal variations. SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 69 All the rieriduc have been left iu an equally sad state of neglect foi years, as compared with many much scarcer species. Since that time both Querci and I have devoted much attention to this interesting family and much light has beea cast on the subject both by us and by others. Turati, in 1910, in his Note critiche nulla Pieris eriicnic, H.G. [Atti Soc. Ital. Sciense Nat., xlix.] gave a lucid account of the three generations of this species. Rostagno, in 1911, in his Rhopulocera Faunae Romanae, Addenda [Bull. Soc. Zool. Ital., xii.] attempted to establish that all the Pieridi had three generations in Rome ; he made the mistake, however, of mixing up the second and the third genera- tion into one, so that he never saw their distinctive features ; he also started from the preconceived idea that all these species had what he called a third generation in October (in reality the fourth, when it exists), so that in the case of dapUdice, of napi, and of enjanc, which do not produce it, he actually described its features from a few laggard weaklings of the preceding. Stauder, in 1913, in his Weitere BeitriUjc zur Kenntniss der Makrolepid. der adriatisclwn Kuatenciehiete [Bull. Soc. Adriatica di Seienze yaturali, xxvii.] , gave an excellent account of the three principal broods and of their features in several Pieris and in Colias croceus ; he entirely overlooked, however, the fourth emergence. I had not read this paper when in 1919 I published in this Journal (vol, xxxi. ; The various modes of E»ien/ence, etc.), the conclusions I had reached by my own observations in Tuscany and by the long and patient researches of Querci in Central Italy. We were very interested to learn subsequently that they exactly confirmed Stauder's. In my Nuove osservazioni sui Lepidotteri PiOjialocerl dell'Isola d'Klba in the Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., xlviii., p. 180 (separatum distributed in December, 1916), I pointed out the features distinguishing the two summer broods of P. rapae, L. In this Journal, of May, 1919, I did the same in C. croceus, P. daplidice, P. vianni, and M. brassicae, as we shall see more at length. Finally, also Rocci devoted some attention to this subject and made some interesting observations in the neighbourhood of Genoa : Osservazioiii sui lepidotteri di Liijuria (Afti Societa Liipistica di Seienze Nat. e Geofjr., xxx., n. 1, of vi'hich I received the separatum on the 8th of April, 1919, and n. 4, received in 1920). In the first of these papers he deals with the Pieridi, but unfortunately he overlooks, like Rostagno, the existence of two summer generations and confuses their characteristics ; he describes well, instead, the fourth generation of brassicae and of rapae, although he, of course, calls it third, and in his second paper that of Colias croceus. We thus see that to get to a tolerably clear knowledge of the number of broods and of their features it has required several years and the work of many. What I intend doing here is to collect and summarise the main lines of it, correcting some mistakes of the past and adding a few notes at the same time. I will not deal with the species which do not produce a complex seasonal polymorphism. On the contrary, I will have to devote special attention to Lej^tosia sinapis, L., because this species has been entirely neglected by the writers mentioned above. Gonepteryx rliauini, L., and cleopatra, Tu. — Mr. J. A. Simes published in the Knt. Uec. of November 15th, 1920, a very interesting paper on the careful observations he has carried out in several localities 70 THE ENT()M()LO(iIST S RECOKD. to ascertain whether deopatra has one or more generations yearly. He concludes most positively it has only one. I was surprised on reading this, because for years I have collected this species in Florence, and I have found that very fresh-looking specimens are to be met with in the early spring, as noted also by Simes, that the insect is on the wing in June and again quite commonly in the autumn, after a, long summer period, during which it entirely disappears, and finally that the colour of the underside of the wings is difi'erent in specimens collected during the three periods of flight. All this had led me never to doubt the existence of three generations. In the Ent. Rec. of May 15th, 1919, I pointed out that males with a bluish-white underside predominate amongst specimens of all three of the periods, that those with a vivid green underside are only found in the early spring and that those of a uniform yellow or of a reddish ochreous constitute about a quarter of the individuals of the second and third period and are never found in the first. During 1921 both Querci and I directed our attention particularly to the Gunepteryx and, much to our astonishment, I confess, we could find no proofs that they reproduce more than once a year. None of the ova or larvae, so easily found in April and May, were detected later, nor did the young autumn shoots of the lihamnua show any signs of having been attacked ; no copulations were observed in June and, what is more, not a single female was seen on the wing during the third period of flight of the male sex. We next examined carefully all available specimens and we noticed that the very freshest June ones, evidentl}' just emerged, have a velvety or chalky wing surface, which is never seen in those of the two other seasons. We have thus come to the conclusion that, if positive proofs to the con- trary are not found, Kober and Simes must be right in holding there is only one emergence, in the early summer, although it is quite wonderful how some individuals can live from June till April and still have a perfectly fresh look, save for the velvety surface, which they lose. A still more difficult phenomenon to explain is the difference in colour on the underside. The only hypothesis I can make is that when the surface of the wings becomes more smooth and shiny, as noted above, the scales of some parts of the wings acquire a bluish sheen, which, combined with the yellow pigment contained in the scales, turns the yellow individual forms into green ones, thus abolishing the entirely yellow ones of June, still in existence in September, and turning them into the vivid green ones, only found in the early spring. The whitish-blue individuals would, of course, simply become of a less milky and more intense blue and this would corres- pond to the fact that specimens obviously old and worn are more blue than fresh ones. The same remarks would apply to the undersides of the females : those, which are white when they emerge, turn pale blue, so that the white form is never seen in the spring ; those, which are at first whitish-blue, acquire the very intensely blue colour, often to be found after hibernation. In the case of G. rlimuni I had never been quite satisfied as to the existence of three generations ; I had never observed more than two periods of flight in the same locality ; late winter and June in Florence and early spring and end of August to September at Forte dei Marmi, on the Tuscan coast. I had been struck by the difference in the colour of the underside in specimens of these two periods, similar to those of deopatra, and this I had taken to- / SEASONAL POLYMOKPUISM. 71 be a proof of the existence of at least two generations. As I had never conceived the possibility of any butterfly living nine or ten months at the imago stage in a climate such as that of peninsular Italy, I had concluded that an autumn emergence must take place also in Florence, though the insects did not show themselves on the wing at that time of year. Last year we have actually had a proof of the longevity of rhatimi: Querci in September found a female still alive in a paper, where it had been placed in July. When it was taken out it made no attempt to fly, but remained motionless till February, notwithstanding the warmth of the room, when on a sunny day, it was suddenly heard knocking vigorously against the window-panes. C'olias liijale, L., and C. croceiis, Fourcr. — The first generation of these two species I have figured and described at length in Hhopalocera Palaearctica (April, 1909), under the name of vernalifi. Stauder, not being aware of it, gave that of cmceiis the name of iiu'diterranea in 1914. The features of vernaUs in both species are : great individual variability ; small size in most individuals ; paleness of colour ; increased extent of yellow powdering; of streaks on neuration ; and of spaces, according to the sex and the species, in the marginal dark band ; this is reduced in extent ; so is the discocellular spot ; more or less thick and extensive green powdering on underside; prominent pre-marginal row of spots on this surface ; costa and fringes con- spicuously pink. In ('. ixjale the two summer broods of June and of the end of August and September are quite similar to each other, as far as I have been able to make out from my series of Central Italy ; they belong to the form I have called calida in the Ent. Eec. for May, 1916, p. 99, taking as typical a Tuscan couple figured in PJwp. Pal., pi. xl., figs. 31 and 36 ; they stand opposite to rernalis by all the characters mentioned above. The fourth emergence, which begins towards the 10th of October in Florence, usually consists only in a few sporadic individuals : in exceptionally favourable autumns, such as this last one of 1921, quite a fair number make their appearance (over 200 were collected in one locality in 1921), but whether they reproduce and their oft'springs join the first generation in the following spring, so that one can really speak of the October emergence as of a fourth extraordinary generation in some years, probably depends entirely on the time when the first severe frosts take place ; when they are not too precocious they may allow the larvae to reach the very definite fourth stadium in which, only, it seems that hybernation can safely be accomplished. Anyhow the October individuals afl'ord striking features of their own: the chief one consists in the extremely pale tinge, more Avhitish in male than rernalis ; the marginal dark band is as developed as in calida, or rather more so, on an average ; the under- side is always conspicuously dusted with green. We thus have a mixture of some characters of calida with some of rernalis. I have pointed out in 1916 (I.e.) that this form quite resembles the summer generation of the more northern parts of the habitat of the species, and thus answers to the English insect of Petiver's figure, which is the first quoted by Linnfeus ; besides, as the two other seasonal forms have been named, this, also by exclusion, would remain the nymo- typical one of the species. As to C. croceus, there is quite a difference between the 72 THE entomologist's RECORD. second generation of the end of spring and early summer, and the third of late summer and early autmim. Strangely enough, it is only last year I realised this ! The June emergence was more plentiful than usual, and Querci gave more attention to it, so that a large series was obtained. We were then struck by the fact that it ■differed from the mors familiar look of the third generation just as. much as does the series of the second generation collected in May near Palermo and named by me awjda in the Ent. Bee. for May, 1919, p. 87 (placed by a miss-print under the heading of P. daplUUce, as stated at page 121). The characters I had taken to be geographical and peculiar to a Sicilian race turned out to be simply seasonal, except perhaps that the average size in Florence is a trifle smaller. The second generation is, however, always quite a giant as compared to the first, and very much larger than the third. The orange is lighter and brighter than in the latter, it has more yellow mixed with it, especially in the costal and radial zone ; in the female the hindwing is not 30 much darkened, the yellow spaces inside the marginal hand are in many individuals very broad and more uniform in size, forming a complete row across the wing, of a bright colour on forewing and a band on hindwing ; on underside there is never any trace of green dusting. These characters remind one, on a minor scale, of the differences between C. aiirorina, H.-S., race trajiscaxpica, Chr., and race libanotica, Led., as shown by my figures 21 and 23 on PI. xlv. of Bhop. Pal. On looking up Stauder's paper of 1913 on the Eastern , Adriatic coast, I find he, too, had noticed the lighter colouring of the second generation as compared with the third, whereas in his paper of 1911 he had not' detected the existence of two summer broods. The third generation of the later half of August and of September, is by far the primary one by the number of its individuals. It is curious how these are distinctly less active than the restless ones of the other generations ; they settle more frequently and longer on flowers, whilst the others are always flying wildly about, as if ill at ease ; this, no doubt, is the cause of the well-known spring excursions towards the north. The fourth emergence is less scarce than that of hyale and the larva is not limited to a single stadium or moult, as regards hyberna- tion ; in fact, a brood I bred in Florence in the open went on slowly feeding and growing, whenever there were spells of weather not too cold for them, all through the winter ; we can thus talk Avith no hesitation of a fourth partial generation in the case of this species. In 1921 emergence took place in great numbers from October 7th to 22nd, when some cold, rainy days cut it short ; an extensive series of 3,000 specimens was collected by Querci ; this is most interesting on account of its enormous variability and contrasts sharply with the comparatively uniform aspect of the third generation. The individual variations of the fourth embrace those of all three of the others and tiny vernaiis, with all their characteristics just as prominent as if the larvse had undergone the frosts of winter, flew together with gigantic ampla, which might have grown in the hot days of late spring. The name of autiDirneflis has been given by Rocci {Hull. Soc. Ligustica di Scieme Natnrali, 1920, p. 18) to definite features, intermediate between those of vernaiis and of Avhat he took to be a single summer generation. The form he describes is found individually, and, as a rule, pre- dominantly ; I also have examples of it collected late in April, at the NOTES ON THE ZYGTENID.E OF PROVENCE (fRANCe). 73 end of the first generation. The compound name of irmalis-awpla- eroceiis might in some localities and years be applied to the fourth generation, to be exact. There thus exists : C. hyale, L., race lu/alc, L. : I. gen. vernalis, Vrty. ; II. gon. hi/ale, L. — C. hyale, L., race calvia, Vrty. : I. gen. vernalis, Vrty.; II. gen. calida, Vrty.; III. gen. calida, Vrty. ; IV. partial emergence or extraordinary gen. hijale, L. — ( '. croceus, Fourcr., race croceiis, Fourcr. : I. gen. vernalis, Vrty. ; II. gen. ampla, Vrty. ; III. gen. croceus, Fourcr. ; IV. partial gen. vernalis- mnpla-crocens, Vrty. -Fourcr. (in some localities and years), or autwnn- alis, Rocci. According to Tutt, as far north as England, the individuals of C. croceus which reach it in the spring may, in favour- able years, produce two other generations. As the different features of the various generations have only so recently been established in the south, where they are probably more prominent, we have as yet no knowledge as regards these in Central Europe, including Paris, whence the species was described. That is why I abstain from designating the southern race by a different name. It may be that ampla is peculiar to it and should be used for the entire race, as distinguished from race croceus, consisting only of vernalis and croceus. Barrett records, however, that in June, 1877, particularly large and bright croceus were produced in Pembrokeshire by larvte which had survived the English winter, extremely mild that year ; they may have been ampla, but anyhow, this remark shows that in the north seasonal polymorphism is much more erratic than in the south, because the small vernalis was cut out. (To he continued.) Notes on the Zygaenidae of Provence (France). By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S. One of my objects in visiting Provence in 1920 was to investigate, so far as circumstances might permit, the local races of the genus Zye/aena. The distribution of Z. astralu(ji, Bkh. = liippocre]ndis, Hb., is as far as I can trace quite a matter of hypothesis, as is its relation to Z. trans- alpina, Esp., and also to Z. alpiua, Boisd. I take it for granted that all those who have studied this group are now satisfied that none of these species, including also Z. anyelicae, are local races of either Z. filijiendulae or Z. stoechadis ; whilst another point of interest is the relation of this group with the little assemblage of species named by Oberthiir centralis, i.e., centralis-centralis, ceiitralisocciileiitalis, and centralis- provincialis. Before considering this question I should like to again raise the synonymical value of Z. loti, Schift". Dr, Verity is of the opinion that the name should be used for transalpina, Esper, but he has unfortunately given us no reasons for such use. I went very fully into this synonymy in vol. 32, p. 76 (1920), of this magazine, and will not therefore repeat it here except to remind my readers that judging from Esper's figure, loti, Esp., is probably filipendtdae var. ci/tisi, and loti- vera (loti, Schiff.) is most likely referable to uieliloti. With the name loti, I shall shortly deal in detail. But to return to the Zijtjaenidae I observed in Provence. From the point of view of numbers actually captured and seen Zipjaena centralis v. jirovincialis was much the most abundant, i took about one hundred-and-fifty specimens at la Sainte Baume and at 74 THE entomologist's record. Mont Ventoux ; Monsieur Oberthiir has very kindly sent me labelled specimens of the various forms (referred to in his Lepidoptera Comparci') of the transalpina, filipendulae, and lonicerae groups, so that I am fortunate in having his determinations, and the majority of my Sainte Baume specimens are thoroughly typical of the specimens he sent me, ^vhich were taken in Var and also at Montrieux. In a long^ series we, of course, find variations, and many of my specimens have broad margins to the secondaries, there is, however, wonderfully little variation in the spots of the primaries, there are a very few specimens with largish spots, but even this is rare. The series from Mont Ventoux is not quite typical. Here I took about twenty-five specimens and all have the margins to the secondaries almost linear, whilst the spots in the primaries are decidedly larger in all the specimens, and in half of them they are more or less inclined to confluence, but not to the extent obtaining in centralis-occidentalis, these are a well marked group and apparently cfntralis will prove to be a distinct species. In the neighbourhood around St. Martin Yesubie the species belonging to the transalpina section that I found plentifully was viaritiiiia, Obth., it also seems to be easily distinguishable. Monsieur Oberthiir kindly sent me half-a-dozen specimens labelled hi/ipocrcpi'lis v. alpina — no doubt this is Boisduval's insect. Whilst at bigne in 1911, and again tbe jear l)efore last, I took a fair series of a Zyiiaeiia in the Dourbes mountains and elsewhere that I have endeavoured to fit in with Oberthiir's examples, but I cannot make them agree either in the pattern or in structure. I have dissected out the genitalia of each and there are certainly two species, that is to sa_y aljtina does not agree with my series from Digne, and I regret that I cannot yet identify with any certainty my specimens though I hope to do so later. Zipjaena fdipendnlae, Z. trifoUi, Z. lonicerae, Z. fausta, and Z. carniidica will be referred to later on, but it is interesting to note that at Old Nans, some 800 feet below la Sainte Baume, I took a single specimen of Z. occitanica. In no place did I take transalpina and centralis together, the latter in its form a'ntralis-pr()ri)icialis seems to replace transalpi)ia at la Sainte Baume. The most interesting feature of this genus in this district is the fact that at la Sainte Baume I took a fair series of filipenditlae, about two dozen individuals, and that half of them are a five-spotted form. I could have taken many more but did not realise that I was taking two species until I came home, and even then it was only (being some- what doubtful of one or two specimens) the examination of the genitalia that revealed for certain what I had before me. The specimens in question are rather smaller than the average six-spotted filipendulae; they are somewhat thinly scaled and of slighter build, generally the margin of the hindwings is narrowly black, but in several specimens it is as wide as in the trifolU that I took alongside them, and as a matter of fact in the first instance I placed all the five- spotted form under that species, especiuily as most had not a sixth spot on the underside. I took also several at Digne and one at St. Martin Vesubie ; these, however, unlike the majority of those from la Sainte Baume, have a well marked trace of the sixth spot on the under-surface. It seems to me that we have a well marked form being here developed and that it is quite worthy of a name. I therefore propose to call it filipendulae var. (juithjiieuiarula, the la Sainte Baume THE FARN COLLECTION. 75 specimens being the type form. Zi/iiaow trifolii in its race orohi was common at la Sainte liaume, but I did not taite it elsewhere, except that I captured one typical trifolii, i.e., with the central spots confluent, at Bedoin. Z. lunicerae was rare at la Sainte Baume, but very common in its fine race major, Frr., everywhere around Ht. Martin Vesubie, where I took a long and beautiful series. Four specimens of Z. tneliloti fell to my net. I do not know whether this species has been recorded from la Sainte Baume before, the genitalia prove them to be this insect though I had no doubt of it from their general appearance. Z. stoechadu var. duhia, Stgr., was very common at St. Martin Vesubie especially in the higher parts, the specimens being large and hand- some and also somewhat variable ; the great majority had five spots in the primaries but I took a few Fix-spotted specimens. The hind- W'ings were likewise variable, all being richly red, but the dark borders varied considerably, some were comparatively narrow and very even in width ; some few had very broad borders with the fold well invaded below vein 2 ; whilst between these two extremes there are many grades. I did not take this species at la Sainte Baume at all. We spent two or three days at Digne, and in that short visit I netted three specimens of Z. c/ihialtes, but none were of the type form. I took one peucedani, one prinzi, and one aiirantiaca. Turning now to the carniolica section, this species was not rare at la Sainte Baume, all the specimens being of the Jiedi/sari form. I took but one at St. Martin Vesubie, which is the var. dijiieusis; at Digne the species was very common, the majority being also of the diniensis variety, but I took a fair series of the type form also, these being smaller than Herrich-Sehaft'er's variety. Z. fanata occurred sparingly at la Sainte Baume, it Avas only coming out as we left. At Mont Ventoux where it was going over I took several nice specimens, whilst nt Digne it was very common indeed, though all were of the type race. Z. acliilleae occurred only at Digne, where it was not uncommon, in July. (Jf Z. bri::ae 1 took a small series at la Sainte Baume, where I cilso captured two specimens of Z. sarpedon. Z. purjinralis did not occur at la Sainte Baume, that is to say, we did not take it there, but it was common around St. Martin Vesubie. Of the genus Ino I took but three specimens, one beautiful male of /. pntni and two worn males of 7. staticen var. crassicomis. The Farii Collection. On jMarch 14th last the sale of the above was continued, the first 196 lots comprising the remainder of the Rhopalocera. A dark Paranje aei/eria fetched 20s. and another dark form with spotless hindwings, 35s. Fararneiiiei/eraxsiv. bipiipiUata (rt//'e)ti) realised 5s., 7s. and 8s. per lots of two, three and six. Series of Coe)wni/iiin/i(i tiphon from various localities realised 42s., and two lots of undersides each of 48 and 46, 60s. and 80s. Included in these were several fair forms of the rare aberration lamndata. Fifty-one Krebia act hi ops, several slightly varying, fetched 56s., and 53 undersides 20s. The series of Theclas included nothing special, excepting a broadly orange banded Tliccla pntni, which realised with others £2 2s. 7t> I'HK KN WMOl.Olilsr's UKl'OUP. A gyuamlfouun'ph speoiuuni of Zt'i'/ii/nta tjiiercitti, not in the host of oomlition, was clump at i'l 10s., ami a fcnualo of tho same species with the purple colour greatly oxtentloil, i'l Is. 'I'welve iliii/soplmHux ilispar, mostly in line condition, realised each Md l)s.. i'll lis'., i'9, t'o 10s., n2, £\), L'll, £10 10s., .1'9, £1 7s., £6, £6, the two latter heing undersides, one having elongated spots. A whole drawer contained the series of liii»iicia phlottis, most of which came originally from the Sahine Collection. There won many aherrations among the long series, the hest being a bred specimen with broad band of blotches across the centre of forewings. A true gynandromorph, although not in bred condition, was reuuirkably cheap considering its rarity at £1 15. Lots SJ) and 54, each containing four rich golden specimens bred by Sabine, realised OOs. and oSs. each. A female without the band of spots on the forewing fetched GOs. Various silvery white forms (ah. (i//»(i) brought from BOs. to 80s. each, and two pale golden forms 81s. and 88s. each. The entire series realised about .£(?0. A pale and a dusky male, {'(hiad itut aniii'lus, went for £1 10s. the pair. Two lots each containing a pale lilac male and about 50 I'lthtins iit'iioit realised 18s. and £2 15s. each, the latter lot containing many females marked with blue (ab. »ninn«*»//). A perfect gynandronuM'ph in bred condition, right side nuile. left female, was not dear at £5 10s., and other lots of the species brought 7s. to £2 2s. per lot. An aberra- tion of Alicia nietUni with white underside with broad streaks on upper wings realised £9. A specimen of I. a)ii pities bot'ticnx taken by Sabine at Dartford brought £9. An entirely black Foh/o)iiiinxtits icanis cost £8, and a true gynan- dromorph rather small but in good condition £2. Three other gynandromorphous specimens 18s. A male underside pale with broad stripes on fovewings £7. A cream coloured underside almost spotless £8 10s. Lot 109, a superb streaked underside tig. in South was cheap at £10 10s. Among the Atiiioii*')^ coridon, lot 121, containing 8 ah. f'oirleri — tine Swanage forms — went cheaply for £8 5s. A male with one black forewing ^Yith narrow streaks of blun realised £5 10s. A line streaked underside fetched £9, and 27 other lots varied from 10s. to 15s. each. Lots 14G, 147, 148, each containing 12 reputed hybrids between /'. icanix and A. t/ietis (heUar()Hs), taken by Sabine at Rainham in 188(5-7, realised £20, £5, and £8, the prices varying according to the number of perfect specimens in each lot. The colouring is nearer to /'. icarus than to -I. tlutix in these insects, but it would be ditVicult to say definitely that they were hybrids. The fact that they were caught in successive seasons and that the ground was then cut up, is interesting : in form generally, except colour, the specimens favoured A. thetis. The writer has taken females of A. coriiion in copulation with A. tJutig, and A. thi-ti'< nuile with fouuile P. icitrim, and it is, of course, possible that imagines might result from these illicit connections. An oehreous-grev male of A. tlietis {ht'lUiiiiits) realised £G ]0s.. and an entirely black male 80s. Another black male larger and perfect fetched £8 10s., and a dark smoky grey specimen £2. One of pale t>-reenish hue and one a dull blue 85s. the pair. Lot IGO, a beautiful Zrinta underside aberration fetched £20, and this specimen was NOTKS OK COM>KCTIN'>. 77 one of the most extreme and Fjeautiful of any nfriafa form of " blue " seen by the writer. A fine series of 49 f^iraales, brown and blue, fetches! £2. The PolijoiiimatiiM HeiiiianjiiH (acis) in two lots of six each, brought 45s. and 70s. each lot. Lycaena arion in lots of about 20 fetched from 158. tfj 80s. Lot 182, containing one almost spotless underside, and an underside with few spots only, brought £8. Lot 188, an ab. of (yi/do/ndeK pala/'iiiou with black forewings and conHuent spots in hindwings brought £5. A pale smoky AiKjiadeH HijlvanuH realised i'2. The cabinet of 3G drawers cost the buyer .'58 guineas. The result of the sale (without the cabinet) I V;elieve was about 4'150, which together with the total realised in the first sale (£'850j brought the total sum realised for the Rhopalocera to approximatelj- £1,800 a highly satisfactory result. The total for the corresponding portion of the Webb Halo was, I think, in the neighbourhood of £1,400 — but the figures are only approximate. [B'ourteen C. (linjiar were reserved for the concluding Farn sale. — H.J.T.] Judging from an article in the current issue of the Weekly JJix/jatch by a " leading expert on Collections," some of the insects were remark- ably cheap. The article contains such statements as the following : — " The adoniif butterfly is now so rare in this country that an example sold for £20. A man whom the author knew, bought a cabinet of butterflies at Stevens', one drawer of which was stuck — and in consequence the caljinet fetched merely a nominal price. On forcing the drawer open the new owner found two fine swallow-tails {jiodalirins) and one Arran brown (liyea), which he sold for considerably more than he had given for the whole lot." " At a country sale, a whole mass of butterflies in a glass case was bought and the purchaser found half a dozen long-tailed blues — hoeticns and one culonin blue, which he sold for quite a substantial sum. The author once saw a little group of these butterflies together in the South of England, and a Mr. MacArthur caught one or two of them." " The author also caught a large copper {dinjiar) in the South of England, but damaged, as it was probably blown over, and in 1890 saw two beauties caught at St. Davids." " The purple edged copper {('hryiseis) was caught in the author's early days in Epping t'orest and the Weaver's Fritillary (dia) and 'i/jollo. He is also sure that a/iollo can still be found in the Lake district, and has seen two on the wing within the last two years." Personally I do not recognise the name of this "expert on Collec- tions," but in all my wadingsthiough back numbersof the Entomological journals I have never read of any one equalling his exploits. — S.G.C.-K. i^t) 0 T £ S ON COLLECTING, Etc. Zygakna fausta var. niceae. — It was very pleasing to read Mr. Ashby's diary (pp. 43-48) on that little corner of France, that Geneva people consider to be far more Swiss than French. Of course both Gex and the Saleve belong politically to France, but from their position their fauna and flora have always been claimed by the Genevese. Mr. Ashby seems to have missed a good deal of the booty generally gathered 78 THK entomologist's JIMICOKI). on the Grand Salcve in July, but he may congratulate himself on having netted Z. tuiista var. niceae. Is Mr. Ashby quite sure that this is what he has picked up? I should very much doubt it. Although forms of faiista are common enough all along the Jura, I have even taken a few at Gex, whence Mr. Ashby had come, but have never heard of the type being found on the Salove, much less a southern form. Qf course many extraordinarj^ things have been vaguely reported from that most popular and rich locality. I have even seen a Goiu'iitcii/.r clea- patra that is reported to have been captured there many years ago. Still, though few believe in the report, cleopatra might possibly lly so far north, or be carried by the winds, whereas niccae could not. I should imagine that Mr. Ashby has simply netted 'a jiicunda, which is found in small numbers at several points on the top of the Saleve as well as in tremendous numbers at its foot. Jiicinida varies greatlv both in size and in colouring, and a very long series can be made in an hour or two, but July 15th is perhaps rather too early to expect to find many. Jiiciinda is not to be differentiated from the type by the lack of a red abdominal girdle, for more often than not there are traces of this, and it is sometimes of very fair size, the wing dimensions too, vary from that of a novmaX faiista to a tiny little moth that may be hidden beneath one wing of its big sister. — P. A. H. Moschamp. New Aberrations of Lkpidopteka. — The following forms have recently been described in the Uerne MeuHuelle of Namur. Brenthh eiiiihrosyne ab. rahcsina. — The basal portion of the wing is almost entirely black, except that in the midtlle of this area there is a spot of the usual ground colour in the centre of which lies the discoidal cellular spot. Captured at Virton, May 25th, 1920. Brcnthis i)iu ab. r((tl)iififi. — The submarginal spots are all very large and elongated, occupying half, or almost half, the space between the median line of spots and the marginal border. Captured at Sugny, June 30th, 1921. Issoria lathoiiid ab. chloroiirapha. — -The median area of the fore- wing is of a whitish yellow (subfiavoalbida). Taken at Virton, April 28th, 1921. Anii/nnis cijiiippc ab. callistn.— AW the black markings of the median area of all the wings much enlarged, and united to form an irregular band separating the basal and marginal areas. The black markings are all enlarged and very deep in tone, and the ground colour is slightly dusky. Taken at Virton, June 14th, 1921. M. I'abbe Cabeau is the describer, January 25th, 1922. Jhcnthis selenc ab. /lalfiantsi. — The black maiginal chevrons of the forewings are irregular in shape and depth of black, in the nervular spaces 2 and 8 they are strikingly aberrant. On the underside the forewings are of the usual colour, but there is no trace of black chevrons, while almost all the other markings are present and emphasised. The lower wings below have no little black dots, and the basal area is intensely black, as is also the anal angle. Taken at Bergh, May 17th, 1921. Brenthis dia ab. interliiiota. — On the upper side the two black spots above the middle of the inner bordei' are united by a black extension. Taken at Fees, May 10th, 1921. M. I'abbe Cabeau describes these, March 25th, 1922. — Hv.J.T. CI;KI!K.N'T M/IKS. 79 (CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. On the evening of March 14th we went to the " Old \'ic " in the Waterloo Road, to hear a lecture by Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.8., on "Animal Camouflage." The lecturer explained the meaning and origin of the term (which is now, somewhat incorrectly, used for protective resemblance in animals), and gave numerous examples in mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and insects, illustrated by a set of very fine lantern slides. The Professor was in excellent form, and all that he had to say carried conviction with it. We were both surprised and pleased to notice the great interest and attention displayed by the large local audience. — ^H. J. D. We regret to record the death of an old and valued correspondent, M. L.-J. L. Lambillion, of Jambes-lez-Xamur, vice-president of the Societe Entomologique Namuroise, and one of its founders. He died unexpectedly on March 12th, being apparently in his usual health the day before. He was the author of a very useful work on the Butter- flies of Belgium, and also compiled a Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of the country : he was a constant contributor and supporter of the Revue Mensuelle of Namur. His age was 69 years. Some time ago we received the Report of the Imperial Entomolo- gist (F. Bainln-igge Fletcher, F.L.S., F.E.S.) of the Indian Govern- ment on Insect Pests in 1920-21. Like all the work done m India, it is not useful unless it be thorough and detailed. The principal work done was a continuation of the investigation of borers in sugar-cane and other gramineous plants, carried out by observations and countings on various experimental plots. A bad attack by Aphids on an experi- mental crop was checked in a few days by the liberation of large num- bers of Cocci nellid beetles collected elsewhere. An attack of Red- spider was controlled by spraying with crude oil emulsion and sulphur. The rearing of insects to record life-histories is an important part of the work done. In the present report there are plates and groups of figures pourtraying the life-histories of Uaematopota javana (Dip.) on the roots of indigo, an Agromyzid fly on the leaves of rape, Gonocepha- Lnni eiont/atinii (Col.) on the roots of l'oly. was announced, and a vote of thanks to him was carried with acclamation. Nkw Fellows. — Messrs. Norman E. Miller, Dar-es- Salaam, East Africa ; Oliver Richardson Goodman, 210, Goswell Road, E.G. 1 ; K. P. U. U. Nair, M.A., Training College, Trivandrum ; Frank Balfour-Browne, M.A., F.R.S.E., F.Z.S., Oaklands, Fenstanton, St. Ives, Hunts ; E. Melville Du Porte, M.Sc, Ph.D., Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada ; Oliver C. Cassels, D.F.C., N.D.A., West Hill, Ottery St. Mary, Devon ; 0. C. Ollenbach, Survey of India Dept., Dehra Dun, India ; J. B. Corporaal, Pieter Bothstraat, 39, The Hague, Holland; Douglas Cator, 13, Westminster Mansions, Great Smith Street, S.W' . ; Marco Pallis, Tatoi, Aigburth Drive, Liverpool ; and Samuel Walker, 53, Micklegate Hill, York. Exhibits. — Mr. W. G. Sheldon exhibited a series of Epinepltele jnrtina from Sutherlandshire, showing an approach to var. hisindla ; also Pieris napi showing an approach to var. brijoniae ; Mr. Bethune- Baker a, seviesoiZ yt/aeiia /Hi iii')i(liilaeSih.clrrt/santhL')iii from Birmingham; Mr. F. W. Edwards a remarkable new insect from Kashmir, which, though probably representing a now family of Diptera, shows curious resemblances to the Mayflies ; Mr. L. Newman a gynandromorphous example of Amphidasis hetularia ab. doiibledai/aria, and an Ichneumonoid parasite from Sphiux ligmtri ; Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., the warble-fly of the reindeer captured with its model Bombns lapponiciis var. anxrneanicus ; he also read a note regarding observations made by Mr. Arthur Loveridge on the oviposition of the Mylabrid beetle, il/. ocnlata, Thunb., var. tricolor, Gerst ; Canon'St. Aubyn Rogers, butter- flies from East Africa, including remarkable females of Papilio dardanus, examples of Papilio rex and Miiiiacraea inarshalli var. dohertyi ; Dr. W. A. Lamborn, an oriental Danaine butterfly brushing the brands on its hindwings ; Mr. G. Talbot (on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey), new and rare butterflies from New Guinea and Peru ; Mr. H. Donisthorpe, a rare British Aphid, Stotiiaphifi qnercas, L. Lantern slides. — Mr. A. T. J. Janse concluded his account on methods of collecting while travelling in South Africa, illustrated with lantern slides. Xovt'i)d>er IQtIi. — Aitev some discussion it was decided to hold an informal meeting on January 4th, 1922, from 5.30-7.30 p.m. Exhibits. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, a new race of the Ithomiine butterfly, Dirvenna lenea, from Trinidad, with a series of the typical forms from the Potaro district of British Guiana ; Mr. A. W. Bacot, enlarged microphotographs of the eggs of bed bugs ; Mr. W' . G. Sheldon, Lepi- doptera from Sutherlandshire; Dr. E. A. Cockayne, an example of Pip-aineis aUdanta with larval head ; Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., discussed the question of fluorescence as evidence for the evolution of the pigments of mimetic females from those of their non-mimetic males, and said that with the help of Dr. Cockayne, he had been able to examine for fluorescence the Nairobi forms of Papilio dardanim that had been shown by Canon St. A. Rogers at the last meeting; Mr. H. Donisthorpe, specimens of theChalcid, Spalamjia erjithromera, together with its ])iptei'ous host, and the ant Acant/ioini/ops fidipinosus in the nest of which those insects live. Communication. — Dr. Neave read a translation from the German of an amusing skit on modern systems of Zoological Nomenclature. Subscriptions for Vol. XXXIV. (1 O shillings) should be sent to Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. 14 [This subscription includes all numbers published from January 15th to December 15th, 1922.] Non-receipt or errors in tlie sending of Subscribers' magazines should be notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. 14 Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale, or Books wanted will be nserted at a iniaiiauon chairge of 2s. 6tl. (for four linesl. Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made tor a series. Particulars of Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Gross, S.E. 14 Siibscrihers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. lil. Paois " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will i)robably be delayed. Desiderata.— Cratasgata,, Sambucaria, condition immateria.. Duplicates. — Dominula, mendica, and numerous common species. — E. A. Cockayne, 65, Westbotcrne Terrace. W.3. Desiderata. — Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all parts of the world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial ; exact data indispensable. Liberal return made. — W. G. Petlier, " Thelnia," 4, IVillow Bridge Road, Loudon, N. 1. Duplicates. — Aglaia, Adippe, *Io, T. quercus, Coridon vars., *Fuliginosa (Reading), *B. quercus ? , Tillas, Menthastri, *Linariata, Aurantiaria, Leucophaearia vars. Paniscus. Desiderata. — Pupas of Dicts9oides ; Imagines of typhon, palpina, canielina (dark), Curtula, Pyra, and numerous others; Ova of Hispidaria. — Harold B. Williams, 112,x, Bensham Manor Road, 'Thornton Heath, Surrey. Duplicates. — ajhiWn, Paphia, lo (2), Selene, Lucina (2), Ocellatus, Illustraria (autumn) Nastata, Roboraria g , Prunaria (4) t? , Tipuliforrais. Desiderata. — Castreusis cT , Cucullina, Cribrum, Cinerea, Ravida, Ashworfchii, Notata, Obfuscaria, Smaragdaria and others, also vars. and local ioinis.— Harold E. Winser, Kent House, Cranleigh. Desiderata. — Volumes of Ent. Mo. Blag, for 1920, second-hand. State price. — Hy. J. Turner, 98, Drakefell Road, Netv Cr03», S.E. 14. Duplicates. — Cinxia, Bellargus, Coridon, H. Comma, Lineola, Galathea, Moneta, Nupta, and many others. Desiderata. ^Blsindina,, Irish Icarus, Carmelita, Cuculla. Gono?tigma, Aahworthii, Templi, Australis, Undulata, Smaragdaria, Testacfia. — ir. Gifford Nash, Claveriny House, Bedford. Duplicates. — *Atalanta, Sylvanus, *Urtica3, Phlseas, *Moneta, *Pisi, *T. cratsegi, *Lucipara, *Filipendula;, etc. Desiderata. — Paniscus, Actaeon, Anachoreta, Tincta, Asteris, Absinthii, Notha, Socia, Festuca:', Rubi, Unangulata, Munitata, eie. — lVm. Foddy, 39, York Street, Rugby. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London. — 41, Queen's Gate, South Kensington, S.\V.7, 8 p.m. 1922, May 3rd; June 7th. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Cliambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. — Hon. Sec, Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German's Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3. The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street E.C. 2, first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 0.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec, W. E. Glegg, 44, Belfast Road, N. 16. All MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs leturned to Hv. J. Tukner, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, S.E. 14 We must earnestly request our correspondents not to send us comniunicationsjDEN'ncA.L with those they are sending to other magazines. Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata should be sent direct to Mr. H. E. Page, Bortrose, Gelhitly Road, New Cross, S.E. 14 OVA, LARVAE, AND PUP/E. The Largest Breeder of Lepidopfcera in tbe British Isles is H. -yv. HEAD, ©ntomoloate't, BUrNISXON, Nr. SeT^RBOROUGH- Full Lint of Ova, I.corae, and I'li/iae, also Lejiiiloptera, AfipaxitiiK, Caliinets etc., se)it on apjilication. Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BACK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXIII.) To be obtained from — Mr. H. E. PAGE, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.E. 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable. G, A, BEMTALL, Hatitrnliot, 392, Strand, London, W.C. 2. Entomological Supplies OF ALL KINDS. Any of the following Price Lists sent without charge- Apparatus, Books, Palsearctic, Indo-Australian, African or American Lepidoptera, also other Insect Orders. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. An illustrated magazine, published monthly — except August and September— devoted to the study of INSECT LIFE. It contains a list of the titles of the current Literature on American Entomology, articles by the leading authorities in the United States and Canada, and is a necessary journal of refei'ence for working entomologists. Valuable information for economic and systematic students. Annual subscription price .f2'50. Foreign (except Canadian) subscriptions $2.70. Single copits 30 cents. Address ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Subscriptions for Vol. XXXIV. are now due. n i AllNonAIAI.MTKS IN Ani The Eiitomologisf.i Hecord. ON SOME ABNORMALITIES IN ANTS. 81 Oil some Abnormalities in Ants. (With Plate II.) By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S., Etc. In 1917 the late H. Viehmeyer published a short paper on abnor- malities in the skeleton of ants, embracing certain cases of malforma- tion, variability, intermediate forms, and gynandromorphism, which had come under his observation in the course of time [Hntoin. Mitt.,6f 66-72 (1917)]. The first category included a ( 'aniiioiintiifi {Dinorni/rmex) i/iijas, Latr., cf , with a projection proceeding from the inner side of the left fore tibia, which he regarded as a second half tibia ; an Overbeckia snhcla- rata, Yiehm., (^ , with a deformed thorax; specimens of C((nipnnotiis raf/aiia, Scop., $ , and i'orniici I'vattims, Retz., ? , with deformed scales, etc. The second category included certain variations in the scales of Cniiilio)iiitiis (^Mi/iDtotiirha) iiiacidatiis-c/doroticiis, Emery, J , b'orinica rufa, L.. 5 , and /''. pratenaiK, Retz., 5 ; and of the petiole in Mj/nnica [Xeinin/)-}ii(i) nibida, Latr., 5 ^ . The third category consisted of Mijnnica brrz/i, Ruzsky, var. harc/uoiicii, Ruzsky ^ , and Mijiinica nii/ino'lis, Nyl., var. rntii)iodo- laeriiiolis, Forel. This from the description is evidently a Pterergate. The fourth an ergatandromorph of Mi/niiicct rtif/iiiosn, Nyl. I have for some time past been collecting similar cases to those recorded by Viehmeyer ; and am here describing and figuring a certain number which come into the first two categories. As the third and fourth belong to phenomena of quite a different nature, I do not propose to deal with them in this paper. No. 1. (Fig. 1.) Mi/rniira ii(ifiito(]is, 'tiyl., ^, taken at Wey bridge, July 2iSth, 1919. This ant was walking about on the heath, and although to the naked eye it appears to be normal, yet there was some- thing about its movements which caused me to bottle it. Under the microscope there can be seen a short growth projecting from the l)asal third of the inner side of the scape of the left antenna; a tiny point occurring at the end of the projection. It may possibly be a portion of a half-formed second scape ; the point at the end being the spot whence the funiculus would arise. This growth may be due to an injury, caused by pressure or otherwise, in an earlier instar ; the wound l)eing the starting point of a super- regeneration of a second scape. As pointed out by the late Dr. Chapman in a paper on some experiments on the regeneration of the legs of Liparis dispcir, L. — "Where crushing takes place and possibly, therefore, division of the group of embryonal cells that provides for regeneration, there may take place various sup- plementary portions, branches, and duplication of limbs." [Tra)is. hit. Hilt. rmuj. (h-fhi-d, 2, 805 (1912).] No. 2. (Fig. 2.) Mi/niieciiia ifrauiinio)l(i,hi\tv., '^ . Both antenna? are deformed, being bent and curled round like a ram's horns ; other- wise it is perfectly formed. This may be the result of some injury, but I am more inclined to think that the pupal skin had not been properly removed from its antenuio by its fellow workers when it was a callow. The result being that thev had liecome stiff and fixed in one [)ositioii. May IflTir, ]02*J. 82 TIIK KNrOMOl.OlilSX's UECUKIJ. This individual was bred in my obsei'vation nest of ^f. (jrainiiiirola ; the colony of which I obtained at Box Hill on May 1st, 1910, and have still under observation. It pupated in ]\Iay, 1911, enieroed in July, and died on December 15th. It was a pugnacious little ant and would attack a paint-brush when presented to it. It was generally to be found wanderuig- about the nest, or sitting by itself, away from the other ants. No. 3. (Fig- 3.) Foniiira i^autjuinea, Latr., partly winged $ . l^ug up in a /''. saiKininea nest at Woking, on June 12th, 1914. The right posterior leg is short, and deformed, the femur being short and abruptly bent, the tibia short, and the tarsus twisted and deformed. The tarsal claws are short and blunt, being almost absent. The right forewing, though broken, was still present, which would appear to show that this female dated from, not less than, the year previous to that of capture. The formation of the leg may be due to injury received during an earlier instar ; or possibly to neglect, as in the case of the antenna; of A/, (/laiiiiiiicola recorded above. This latter supposition, however, is not so likely to occur in a nest in natui-e as in one in captivity ; more- over, the shortness of the femur and tibia, etc., are a,gainst this. No. 4. (Fig. 4.) I'Oniiico nijibarbia, F., ^ . Both the antenna", the labial palpi, and all six legs are deformed, being twisted in all directions. This ant (and a similar specimen) was reared m an obser- vation nest of F. rnjibarbiii, the colony of which was taken at Wey- bridge, on July 10th, 1912. These two cripples, though quita unable to walk, lived for some time in the nest. I am inclined to consider their condition to be due entirely to neglect; their pupal skins not having been properly removed. Although 1 had the nest in question under observation for six years, and the queen laid eggs regularly, very few ants were reared. The workers appeared to resent captivity, and I eventually liberated them. No. 5. (Fig. 5.) l-'onitica fiisca, L., S • Taken at Cratloe, Co. Clare, Ireland, in 1895, and presented to me recently by Mr. Stelfox of the Dublin Museum. The left antenna is deformed ; the scape being shorter than that of thjB right one, which is of normal length, and the joints of the funiculus are soldered together into a sort of spiked club (see figure). Although most of the joints of the funiculus are so mixed up, yet it is almost possible to recognise 12, which is the normal num- ber of joints (not counting the scape, which makes it 13) in the S of Form tea. T'his ant is otherwise quite normal ; excepting that the mandibles possess 4 or 5 well-developed teeth. This latter character, though remarkable''" in itself, has nothing to do with the deformity of the * Tliis struck me as being remarkable as, though I have examined hundreds of male specimens of F. fus^ca, I have never seen a specimen with toothed man- dibles before ; moreover, in the following works, both in the tables and under the descriptions of the species, the J' of F. fnsca is stated to possess mandibles without teeth — Andre, Spec. Ilijiu. Furope (ISSl) ; Uonisthorpe, lirithli Aiil.t (19I.5) ; Emery, PdlaearktiKclie Formicidcn (lHOill ; I'ormiciddr Italiaiiae (19111) ; Forel, Foiiiinis .) nitjer usually being somewhat emarginate, but not to the extent shown in this specimen. In the genus Formica the scales in the females and workers of F. mfa, L., /''. prateiisis, Hetz., 3bnd F. e.rsecta, Nyl., are known to vary in this way. The scales in the workers of F. mfa are usually not emarginate, though I have found colonies in which all the ants possess emarginate scales. In F. crxecta the scales are usually considerably emarginate, though less so in some cases. This paper is No. Ill of a series of notes and papers, etc., on Myrmecology which I have published up to date. As the last list published [Ihiti^h Jnts, liiblioijiajiliij, p. 357 (1915)J only gives such papers up to No. 74, it has been suggested to me that I should publish a list of the rest : — No. 75. " Genital Armature of the Male Ant," I'mc. I'.nt. Soc. Loud., 1915, l.-liii. (with a Historical Chart). No. 76. "Marriage-flights of VotiistliDrpea species on August 8th, etc.," Eiit. Uecnid, 27, 206-207 (1915). No. 77. "British Ants, their Life Flistory and Classification," Brendon and Son, Plymouth (1915). (pp. xv. -f 379, with 18 plates and 92 text figures). No. 78. "The T\pe of Canipouotiix [Mi/niioti(rha) maciilatiis, I'.," /•:iit. Record, 27, 221-22 (1915). No. 79. "Descriptions of a Pterergate and two Gynandromorpbs of M>/n)iica scabrinodis, Nyl., with a list of all the known cases of the latter," F.nt. Record, 27, 25H-GO (1915). 84 THK KNTOaiOI.CXirK'r's ItKCOUl). No. 80. " Mi/y>iiira schenrki, Emery, an ant new to Britain," /•,';;^ Record, 27, 265-G6 (1915). No. 81. " Mvmiecopbilous Notes for 1915," Ent. Rerunl, 28, 1-4, 33-37 (1916). No. 82. "The eggs of Chjthra 4:-i>iinctata," F.ut. ZiVcorJ, 12, 238 (1900). (= 8a, missed out of all previous lists.) No. 83. " Probable Myrmecophilous Habits of the genus Astilbi(s," F.)it. liccord, 12, 835 (1900). (= 9a, missed out of all previous lists.) No. 84. " Note on Leptothorax nylanderi, Forst.," Knt. Record, 14,, 180 (1902). (= 12a, missed out of all previous lists). No. 85. " KpitiitKs u-lieeleii, n.sp., an Ant new to Science; with Notes on the Genus Kpitn'tas, Emery," Ivut. liccord, 28, 121-22 (191G). No. 86. "The Ants of the Netherlands and their Guests," I'lnt. Record, 28, 228-29 (1916). (Review of Father H. Scbmitz's book.) No. 87. '■ Synonymy of Some Genera of Ants," F.iit. Record, 28, 241-44, 275-77 (191G). No. 88. "Myrmecophilous Notes for 1916," Fut. Record, 29, 30-33, 48-52 (1917). No. 89. " The Ants of the Baltic Amber," Fnt. Record. 29, 112-16 (1917). (Review of Prof. W. M. Wheeler's paper.) No. 90. " Dolic/ioderiis {HijpocUnea) craivlci/i, n.sp., a species of Ant new to Science ; with a few notes on the Gennr<," Fnt. Record, 29, 201-202 (1917). No. 91. " Some Notes on a Paper by Dr. Leach on Ants and Gnats in 1825," Fut. Record, 30, 8-9 (1918). No. 92. " Myrmecophilous Notes for 1917," Fiit. Record, 30, 21-24 (1918). No. 93. " A List of Ants from Mesopotamia : with a description of a new species and a new variety," Fnt. Record, 30, 165-68 (1918). No. 94. " Myrmecophilous Notes for 1918," Fnt. ReconI, 31, 21-26 (1919). No. 95. " Coccinella distincta, Fald., and its association with Formica rufa, L.," Rroc. Fnt. Soc. Loud., 1919, xix.-xxii. (1920). No. 96. " Ova of Cocci iiclla distiiicta," Rroc. Fnt. Soc. Lond., 1919,^ xix.-x.>^x. (1920). No. 97. "Coccinella distincta," I'roc. Fnt. Soc. /,'*;((/., 1919, xlvii.- xlviii. (1920). No. 98. " The Myrmecophilous Lady-Bird Coccinella distincta, Fald., its Life History and Association with Ants," Rnt. Jiecord, 31, 214-222 (1919) ; 32, 1-3 (1920). (With two plates.) No. 99. "The Ants of France and Belgium," Fnt. Ru'cord, 32, 71-76 (1920). (Review of Mons. J. Bondroit's book.) No. 100. "British Oligocene Ants," Ann. Maq. Sat. Hist. (S. 9), 6, 81-94 (1920). (With one plate.) No. 101. " Colonizing of a nest of Acanthonii/o/is (DendrolaKins) fKlit/ino^iiis by Myrmecophiles," read February 2nd, 1921, l^roc. Fnt. Soc. Lond., 1921, vii.-ix. (1921). No. 102. " Mvrmecopbilous Notes for 1920," Fnt. Record, 33, 21-25 (19U). No. 103. " Le Monde Social des Fourmis du Globe compare a' celui de I'Homme," Knt. Record, 33, 59-60 (1921). (Review of Dr. A. Forel's book.) \ FORMICIDAE A NEW SPECIES AND VARIETY. 85 No. 104. " The Subfamilies of Fnrmicidae,'" Pioc. Knt. Soc. bond., 1921, xl.-xlvi. (With 4 text figures and 1 diagram.) No. 105. '• Nabis lativentvis, Boh., a Myrraecophilous Tnsect," hhit. Mo. Mag., 57, 136-38 (1921). No. 106. " The Colony Founding of AcantJiuiinjoijH [Dciidrolasiits) fidii/inosus, Latr.," Biol. Bull., 24 (1922). Boston, U.S.A. No. 107. " Mimicry of Ants by other Arthropods," Trans. Knt. Soc. Loud., 1921, 307-11 (1922). No. 108. " Uipersia europaca, Newst., as a British species," Knt. Mo. Man., 57, 234-5 (1921). No. 109. " Myrmecophilous Notes for 1921," Knt. Eecord, 34, 1-5, 21-23 (1922). No. 110. " Punera /miictatissiina, Roger," Knt. Mo. Mai/., 58 (1922). Forniicidne. — A new species and variety. By W. C. CRAWLEY, B.A., F.E,S., F.R.M.S. Anochetna evansi, sp. nov. § L., 5-2mni. (with mandibles.) Entirely castaneous. Pilosity as in tjhiliani, Spin., from which it difiers in its small size, shorter body, and in having the posterior part of the corselet smooth and shining. All joints of funiculus except the three apical ones, considerably shorter than in i/hiliani, the second in particular being hardly longer than broad. Thorax rather shorter proportionately than in ijldliani, and the incision between the mesonotum and epinotum is hardly marked. The scale is lower and thicker, especially at the top, where it is more rounded. Head similarly sculptured to that of in f var. Emery has now identified it with Ruzsky's variety, which I have not seen. Lejitothora.v scnlptiventiis, Mayr., var. distincta, var. nov. ^ L., a little over 5-Omm. (type 4-Omm.). Differs only in the colours, which are more sharply defined. Thorax and petiole pale yellow ; head, mandibles and basal third of gaster slightly deeper in colour. Funiculus and apical third of scape dark chocolate- brown ; tip of apical segment of funiculus and remainder of scape yellow- brown. Apical joints of tarsus, the basal fifth of femur, the apex of coxa, and apical half of tibia pale yellow ; the remainder and apical two-thirds of gaster dark chocolate- brown. 86 TIIK ENTOM()I.O(;1ST's HKCOHI'. The femora are very swollen. In addition to the lateral teeth of the petiole, this segment bears a small sharp tooth beneath. The pnstpetiole bears on each side behind a small tubercle carrying a short stiff hair. 1 ^ , South America (Dr. Swale). Type W.C.C. coll. Observations on the Family Coleophorides. By ALFBED felCH, F.E.S. {Continued from foL xxxiii., jnige 133.) In the last observations I described some of the different forms that occur in the ova of this family. Here the period of time spent in the oval stage can have no influence on the form of the ovum because all the species mentioned lie in the ovum for the same period. This is curtailed or extended by the degree of warmth existing in the atmosphere during the time and ranges in my experience from ten days to three weeks. I believe these periods will stand good for all Coleophorids under normal conditions. As' a rule in England the eggs of the early flying species are laid in May and those of late ones, mostly seed-feeders, in September, but the great majority of species being on the wing in July will oviposit in that or in the following month. The rule will I think hold good for central Europe but not for the south. On the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, the great home of the Coleophorids, much of the vegetation is dried up in July and the moths probably lay their eggs earlier in the year. Although the ova exhibit so great a variety of form the larvfe that hatch out of them are in all particulars except one very similar. In 1904, I called attention to the fact that certain larvfe of this genus have lost the fourth pair of ventral prolegs [Proceed. South Land. E. and N.H. Soc, 1904-5, p. 9). In this respect these particular larvae resemble those of the genera, GrociUo ia, Litlwcolletis and one or two others. Since February, 1904, some thirty additional species of this genus have been examined. I believe the presence or absence of ventral pro- legs is not a factor of great phylogenetic significance. To most Lepidopterous larvfe they are a convenience, but to some they are not useful or necessary in early life and they then appear only at a later stage. In the Coleophorids, as far as I have observed, the newly hatched larva is already provided with these processes, The Coleo- phorid larva possesses three pairs of well developed true legs, and though in freedom not a very active caterpillar, it has to move about its foodplant and it does so by means of these true legs only. The newly hatched larva of fuscedinella uses its true legs onl}- when atter leaving the egg shell it seeks a convenient spot at which to commence its mine. It is then unemcumbered by any case. In crawling it arches its body upwards dragging the extremity behind, not throwing it aloft as do some newly hatched Psychids. The larvre when taken out of their cases and placed on a flat surface progress in the same manner. So highly is the centre of the body arched that an inequality in the surface or a breath of air may overturn the larva. It soon, however, rights itself, but it retains the curved position even when lying on its side. The only exception that I am aware of is the larva of oruatipemiella. In the first three stages of larval existence, ihis, OBSERVATIONS ON THE FAMILY COLEOPHORIDES, 87 when taken from the mine, crawls in the ordinary Avay without arching the body, and I think it probable that some of the seed-feeding larvae which only make cases late in life may be found to crawl in the same manner during the earliest stages. But even in the case mentioned the true legs afforded the means of progress. The Coleophorid larva has three or four pairs of ventral proleijs and a pair of fairly well developed anal daspers. These four or five pairs together are employed during progression to maintain the case in its proper position, and also when the larva is more or less exposed while feeding to withdraw the body into the case when necessary. Besides these functions the prolegs and claspers must perform an important office during the process of skin-casting. It is probably by their means that the old skin is firmly fixed, and while the larva creeps out of it the old skin will be retained in position by the old crotchets belonging to it. These ventral prolegs of the Coleophorids are small, short, and weak, and more difficult to see than those of many smaller larvit belonging to other families. When taken from its case the larva has a habit of contracting the prolegs to such a degree tbat Avhen viewed in the lateral aspect it appears to have none at all, but when viewed in the ventral aspect the dark crotchets will usually show where the pro- legs are situated. When examining the prolegs it is always well to use the microscope. The larva may be placed on its back on a piece of moistened stamp paper where it will remain long enough to allow of an examination being made. Normally the crotchets on each pro- leg lie in an anterior and a posterior row not connected, each row consisting of about half-a-dozen points. They vary in number and are occasionally absent. In one larva of (fenistae there were none on one leg and the other legs each carried a different number, while in a larva of siccifolia all these legs were without crotchets. In the genus Coleophnra there are a greater number of characters present which may be used to distinguish the different species than is perhaps found in any other genus. Besides these characters which may exist in the imago, pupa, larva and ovum, we also have the larval case in its essentially different forms, to consider when we attempt to divide into groups the very numerous species. With so many factors to work on this division would seem to be an easy task but as certain species stand out alone and others show gradations of these characters or apparently strange combinations of them, no hard and fast lines can be drawn, at least with our present knowledge. Nevertheless certain natural groups do exist though we cannot yet clearly define their limits. From certain evidence to be considered later we may conclude that there are two main divisions, the one consisting of those species whose larvfe feed on the seeds of plants, the other con- taining the species whose larv?e mine in the leaves of plants and further that the seed-feeders are the more ancient of the two. Tbat the loss of the prolegs belonging to the sixth abdominal segment which occurs in some of the larviB has been brought about l)y redaction, lies beyond dispute. The cause of this redaction I propose to consider later. There is a group of rather small species whose larvae feed on the seeds of Juncaceae, and in their earliest stages some, probably all of them, live without a case in the seed heads of these plants. This group prohal^ly contains the most primitive species now known. All those examined have four pairs of ventral prolegs. They 88 THE ENTOMOI.OGIST's Ith-COHD. are the following species : caeapitidella, (ilatictnilella, tihtiiNclla, aud murinipennella. Another gi'oup may be formed of those species which are marked on the forewings with scattered dark dots as well as pale longitudinal lines. They are chiefly coastal species and feed on C/ieiiopodiaceae or Compositae. lAtripemiella and arteiiiisiella (the latter examined by Mr. H. J. Turner) belong here and both have four pairs of ventral prolegs. Vin/aHreae and arijentiila have also four pairs and are the British repi'esentatives of what I consider another group. The small group with metallic forewings, whose larviB feed on the seeds of Papilionaceai', probably all have four pairs of ventral prolegs. Unfortunately I had no living larv* of this group, but I possess tw'O blown larva3 of fris- chella from the late Dr. Mason's collection. These show the four pairs very distinctly. The last of the seed-feeders to be mentioned is alhicosta, which is one of these species which seem to stand alone. The larva feeds on the seeds of Ulex euro/iaeus, and probably does not form a case in its earliest stages. It has four pairs of ventral prolegs. There is a a small, but highly interesting, group which may be considered as a bridge between the seed-feeders and the leaf-miners. In their youth they eat the seeds of species of Lahiatae, but after hybernation the larva? mine in leaves of grasses. One species, nrnatipeiuiella, does not in reality make a case till after hibernation, but hides itself in a seed- capsule, another, our li.rdla, may do likewise. Both these species have four pairs of prolegs. (jroniodoma lii)U))iiella, belonging to this family and feeding in the flower-head of Statice, has also four pairs. Thus we see that in the few larva? of the seed-feeders which have yet been examined there is no exception, they are all four-paired. Among the leaf-miners alci/onipi'nneUa, w'hich may belong to the above,- mentioned metallic group, also has four pairs. There is a veined group whose larvae mine in the leaves of ('ovijiositac. Tlierinella, aud tr<>(ilody- tella, represent it here, they both have four pairs. The larva of sulita- riella also carries four pairs, and so does that of lineolea. Ottmar Hofmanu was the first writer to apply the theory of descent to the Coleophorids, when, in 1869, he described some of the members of the viiiiinetdla group. All the species of this probably have four pairs of ventrals, riiniiietclla, bicolorello, and orhitella, certainly have. Paripennelia, a member of another unicolorous group, also has four pairs. I believe all the species hitherto mentioned also agree in another character, that is that they only form one case during their larval life. We now come to a pair of small unicolorous species, which in neura- tion and other particulars are evident!}' closely allied, one of them, laricella, has four, while the other, jiDicicoldla, possesses only three pairs of ventral prolegs. Discordella and alhitarsella, though widely separated species, agree in two particulars, their larvae have but three ventrals and form but one case. The group containing, among others, triiieininello, hadii- pennella, and liinosipennella, consists of very similar species; the three mentioned have only three pairs of ventral prolegs. The first of these species may mal of lathi/ri, which are then feeding, to grow large. Grade VI. : iiii/rencens, Vrty., Ent. Bee, 1919, p. 87, can be described as the highest expression of the latliyri features, more accentuated than they are in the vast majority of cases. The basal suffusion is distinctly blackish instead of gray on both surfaces ; it fills the cell and extends far beyond it on forevving above ; it also exists at the back of cell, along the dorsal margin ; the apical patch is very broad and stretches backwardly by a tapering point as far as the first cubital nervure ; both the cubital nervures have a black streak at their ends ; the aforesaid patch is always black, as it often is in northern races, but only exceptionally in the usual races of Central Italy, such as yrandis, which might well be called cana in the first brood by its very pale gray tinge, evidently due to the same causes as the crescent of that tinge so often produced in the I'^'eris of this region ; also the underside of nijpcficeus is more extensive!}^ 'larkened and of a colder tone. This race I discovered at the mouth oi'the Arno on such swampy grounds that they are under one or two feet of water after the winter and spring rains ; in the last days of May the water had just retired and male siiiajtis was beginning to emerge, whereas in the SEASONAI, POLYMOKPHISM. 93 plains of Tuscany it is quite over by that time ; it makes one wonder whether the chr^'salids of )ii(jrcsri")is get submerged. I must mention the name of sait/ia, Riihl. [Pal. Gross-Srhim'tt., p. 143), a large form described from " the south of Europe and Asia Minor," but I am quite unable to refer the characters he gives to any form of siiiiijih I know, especially as regards " the underside of hind- wings entirely yellowish-green, weakly sprinkled with dark." As to the form which should be the nymotypical one of xinapts, I have stated in other papers that the specimen left by Linneus is a lat/ii/ri, Hb. I understand most entomologists are inclined to disregard specimens. In that case the data of literature alone work out as follows : Linneus's description applies to any Leptoaia ; his only quotation is Fauna Svecica and no habitat is mentioned ; the Scan- dinavian race is thus nymotypical. Hiibner was at liberty to name any form he chose, and by calling the first brood latlnjri he restricted sinapis to the summer one. I have designated two more grades of variation by the names of hirittata and Iramiena. That of nymotypical sinapis is thus restricted to individual forms standing between these two, and such as would, in fact, I presume, be most numerous in the second generation of Scandinavia. Form tiansiens and spring-like (at/ii/ri probably outnumber them in damper localities, but I doubt hirittata being more than exceptional even in the hottest summers. In Central Europe the latter seems, on the contrary, to predominate, with fluctuations towards transient or towards dinieiisis. We thus have : — In Northern Europe : Race lal/u/ri, Hb., with only oue generation. Races transient, Vrty., and sinapis, L., with latlujri as first generation. In Central Europe : Races diniensis, bicittata, inaijna, sinapis, and transiens, all with lat/n/ii as first generation ; a third generation certainly e.Kists in the southern portion. In Southern Europe : Race deserticola, ^'rty., may occur locally in the extreme south. The following have been found in Italy:— Race DINIENSIS, B. : I. gen. tY/»(Y, Vrty., or latlujri, lib.; II. and III. gen. di)iiensis. Race GRANDis, Vrty. : I gen. frt»(/, Vrty. ; II, gen. ;ira)idis; III. gen. dinimsis. Rnce bivittata, Vrty.: I. gen. lathyri ; II. gen. hirittata ; III. gen. transiens, ^'rty. Race magna, Vrty: I. gen lat/n/ri: II. gen. iiiaijna ; III. gen. dinirnsis. Race nigrescens, Vrty. : I. gen. ni.jrescens ; II. and III. gen. unknown. There remains to establish the distribution of these races; to my present knowledge, it is, on broad lines, as follows : race diniensis is by far the most usual and wide- spread, at all altitudes, in Peninsular Italy ; it is probably very frequent in dry localities of Northern Italy; (jrandis may be found to be peculiar to Central Italy ; it is produced in hot localities, where the spring vegetation is particularly luxuriant ; hirittata is presumably the most widespread in Northern Italy ; in Central Italy it is found in damp localities ; manna is the race of the Alps, where the vegetation is luxuriant in the early summer, and of the Coast Range of Calabria; nifirescens is the marsh race. No fourth generation, or even emergence of sporadic individuals, of /,. sinapis has ever been observed anywhere as far as I know. (To he concluded.) 94 THK entomologist's UECORU. Entomological Notes from Putney, 1921. By H. DONISTHOIIPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S. Jan. 9th. — Cocvinella 11-pnnrtata, L. ab. O-pnnctata, L. out on fence on Putney Common. Jan. 24th. — The honey bee {Aju's m ell i fern) flying in garden. ,, 80th. — Cocrinella 7-punctata, L. on fence. Feb. 15th. — Queen Wasp (IVs/^a vnhiaris) flying in garden. „ 20th. — Corticaria fiilva, Com. in scullery. March 14th. — Harpalns oeiiens, F. in garden. ,, 18tb. — Queen Wasp flying in garden. „ 23rd. — Blaps iimcronata, Lat. in scullery. ,, 24th. — Oiiinsita discoidea, F. on the wing in garden. ,, 25th. — Gahriiis nif/ritiiliis, Gr. in garden. ., 28th.— i>orciis payallelopijiediii^, L. emerged from a log of flrewood. The log was given to me by a neighbour on March 4th, 1920 ; when a large Lamellicorn larva could be seen in a burrow in the wood. The hole was soon filled up with frass. April 3rd. — Many small Coccidae ( J J ) were flying in the garden in the late afternoon. April 4t,h. — Ithizophat/us ferriKjincKs, Pk. caught on the wing in garden. April 12th. — The small white {l^ien's rapae) flying in garden ; another in the High Street on 13th. April IBth. — Blaps tiiiieyonata, Lat. on pavement in street. ,, 14th. — AucliomeuHS parawpitnctatiis, F. on path. May 12th. — Vermestes lardarhis, L. in scullery. ,, ISth. — Acupalpus nieridianiis, L. in garden. ,, 15th. — Hi/lastes aiiffiistatiis, Hbst. in bath room. This may be H. attcnitatiis, Er. ; though I am not satisfied that the two species are distinct. This rare species must have flown into the house. May 18th. — Pltilondius politus, F. in garden. ,, 19th. — Osiiiia, sp., the bee entering small hole in post in Putney Station. May 25th.— Lace Wing Fly out m garden. '28th. — Carabiis violciceiis, L. ; several in drain in garden. 29th. — Xiptits /lololeiiciis, Fall, in cupboard in kitchen. .June Brd. — Liicaniis cerviis, L. J on fence in Hazelwell Rd. ,, 23rd. — AU'ochaia sufcic(da, Th. on window in study. „ 24th. — Lncaniis cerrus, L. ? a very small specimen on pave- ment near East Putney Station. This female only measures 26 mm. I possess a specimen of Dorcns parallidnpijH'dus which I took at Ryde I. of W., which measures 27 mm. July 15th. — Xa)it/iidi)iiis (flabrdfu.'^, Gr. in garden. ,, 15th and Aug. 27th. — The Holly ]31ue Celastn'na {Ci/aniris) i in garden. August 28th.— The Red Admiral {Vijianwis atalanta) flying in garden . August 29th. — Aphndiim ni/ipes, L. on pavement. Sept. Brd and 14th. — The small Copper Iliiiiiicia {Chri/nophanns) pJdaeos, in my garden. J have not noticed this butterfly in my garden before. Sept. 10th.— "r///»».s' ater, Gr. in garden. This species is rare inland. Rye recorded it from Wimbledon and I have taken it at Penge. NOTES ON COLLKOTINU. 95 Sept. 27th. — Wasp {I'espa viiljiaris $ ) observed to catch and carry •off a fly. It is as well to record such cases as some entomologists have expressed doubts on the subject. In the Irish Xatiiralist [28 107 (1919)] I recorded various instances. Sept. 27th. — Otiorhynchns scabroaiis, Marsh, in garden. Oct. 23rd. — Oci/piis oUuh, Miill. running on pavement. ,, 24th. -Male wasp {Vespa viihjaris ^ ) flying in garden. „ 29th. — PfieiidoroccKs (/ahani, Green. I noticed large numbers of this Coccid on the trunk of a tree in Oakhill Koad. I took some of the leaves to the Museum and am informed it is Lahiirnum rnliiaris. The leaves are pointed, whereas the leaves of a Laburnum tree in my garden are rounded. The Coccids are still as abundant today, Dec. 26th, as they were in October. Last year I recorded the capture of specimens on my study window ; these I subsequently traced to the creeper on the wall outside. Nov. 5th. — The " woolly apple aphis" {Erumninx lani. (^TURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. As we go to press we deeply regret to hear of the death of Henry Rowland Brown, M.A. An obituary will appe:ir, we hope, in our next nuniber.-G.T.B.-B. Late in the year 1921 the London Natural History Society issued its Tra)imcti(ins for 1920. Iilntomology does not come largely into this report, which contains matter dealing with Ornithology and J^otany chiefly. As is expressed in the Council's Report, " the size of the annual volume has been much reduced owing to the change in money values" and " one of the most important features " has had to suffer. Still we note that no less than twenty -one field meetings have been held by the various sections of the Society, and that much good work has been done, and that on an income of only about £G0. We wish them a brighter time. We have received a copy of I'/ie Macni-li'iiidniiterd uf ( 'ouiitj/ I'l/roiw from its author, our correspondent, Thomas Greer, who for many years has been a most enthusiastic observer of the butterflies and moths of his OAvn neighbourhood, one rich in local forms. Entomologists will find this list of much use, as it collects in one brochure the details of all these local races, e.;/., of Pierin na/n', I'litcldoc cardainines, Mrlitacd aiiiinia, I'arari/e ae(ie}ia, I'lpinepliele jiirtina, (Joenouijnipha tiphoii, Pobj- Diininttiis icanis, etc., among the butterflies, Hi/droecia rrinaiu'iisis, Zi/(/at;iii(lae, and many more of the Heterocera. It is ably done, and will be most useful. The Report of the Fourth b^ntomological Meeting, held at Pusa, in February, 1921, contains fifty out of the fifty-two papers which were read, with many plates, some of which are coloured, and over 400 pages of letterpress. The matter has been prepared from MSS. sent in and notes taken by the Jouit Secretaries, Messrs. R. Senior-White and G. R. Dutt, and edited by the Imperial Entomologist, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.L.S., F.E.S. The papers read were classified as dealing with, I., Crop Pests, c.;/., cotton, sugar, mango, etc. ; II., Forest Enemies ; III., Medical and Veterinary Entomology, e.(j., Surra and flies, mosquito distribution, chemical reactions, etc. ; IV., House- hold and Store Pests ; V., Lac Pests; VI., Life-histories and Bionomics, ('.//., Protective movements, range of vision in Platypezid Flies, Oviposi- tion on parasites of various pests, etc. ; VII., Insect Preservation ; VIII., Systematic Entomology, cj/.. List of Cnccidac of India, List of Parasitic Hymenoptera of economic importance; IX. and X., Other practical and administrative matters. A most interesting paper to us is one by Prof. I'J. B. Poulton, on a ccpiprehensive collection of speci- mens of ra I'll ill iiohjtcn, sent to him from Baghownie and other places. It is noted that all were taken, damaged or perfect. The author states, " The injured specimens are of special interest, being in nearly all cases symmetrically shorn, or torn at the anal angle of the hind wing, injuries evidently the work of birds or lizards." Tabulation is given of the 3 -like $ ci/rtis, ihearitere)iiher 1th. — New Fellows. -Messrs. W. lievan Whitney, B.Sc, A.M.Tnst.C.E., Glen Doone, Gerrards Cross, Bucks; Edward Nevill Willmer, Tratfbrd Hall, near Chester, and Corpus Christi College, Oxford ; and John Glover Hugo Frew, M.Sc, 262, Church Road, Yardley, Birmingham, and Rotbamsted Fjxperiinental Station, Har- penden. Exhibits. — Professor H. Maxwell-Letroy exhibited on behalf of ])r. A. Moore a new method of preserving insects. Mr. G. Talbot discussed the existence in Africa of a renuirkable I'ajiiUi) of the nutiinachiis group, and also exhibited on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey a gynandromorphous example of Arrii/nnis lij/pcrhins var. castesti. Mr. R. Adkin brought for exhibition a series of Aijlais mtirae; this exhibit gave rise to some discussion on the coinparitive rarity of A. loticae in 1921, and on the relative abundance and apparent spread n the South of England of Tay/csA^/ c-alhiim. OBITUARY. 99 Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited Hdiconiiis from Trinidad, and a remark- Erycinid, Xy»ij)hiiliinn iiunaralica, witla its supposed model Adelftha i phi da. Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., exhibited black varieties of the Longicorn beetle, (jraumptera auaiis, on behalf of Mr, Joseph Collins ; he also gave an account of some observations of Mr. A. H. Hamm on the third brood of Ihitnicio pidaeas from the Newbery district m 1921, and exhibited the specimens referred to. Mr. R. Stenton exhibited some living Mantids bred from an egg- case taken by Mr. J. C. F. Fryer on an imported Japanese maple. Papers. — "Descriptions of South American Micro-Lepidoptera," by Mr. E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. " Notes on Ortlioptera in the British Museum, II. Group, ('allip- tamini," by Mr. B. Uvarov. Mr. C. Nicholson read some notes on Vespidae, and on a remark- able nest of Yespa ndr/aris, illustrated with lantern slides. endid((', L. Right side typical, left with all the spots con- fluent (?ab. conjirncta, Tutt). Y. E. Shaw, JJ>over, 1910. (Trans. City of Lond. Ent. Soc, 1911, p. 5.) The sex is not recorded, but I have examined the specimen with a microscope, and the shape and size of abdomen and the external genitalia are female. The wings on the two sides are equal and perfect. Confluent aberrations are not very rare at Dover, Z. /ilipendiiLc, L. Confluent on left forewing only. Sex not mentioned. Joicey coll. (Entoinolotjist, 1917, L., p. 45.) Z. loniceric, Scheven. Spots on left fore^ying confluent, separated on right. Sex not mentioned. (Oberthiir, Etudes. Lep. Coinp., 1910, v., p.. 514 ; and Tutt, llrit. Lej>ido/>t., vol. i., p. 4G9.) Confluent aberrations are uncommon in this species. SOMATIC MOSAICS IN LEPIDOPTKRA. 109 Z. trifolii, Esp., male. Right side typical, left ab. niinoides, Selys., with spots confluent. The specimen, which has well-formed valves on each side, was in Mr. Bright's collection. {I^Jntomdloi/ist, 1909, xlii.j p. 224, fig.) Z. trifolii, Esp., female. Right side typical, left with spots 3, 4, and 5 confluent, and 3 nearly confluent with 1 and 2. (Ibid.) Si/ntoiins phegea, L., female. Left forewing with Ave white spots, right forewing with three spots. (0. Schultz, Illi(sfr. Zeitaclir. f. hUit., 1900, v., p. 72.) Pieris napi, L., male. Right forewing with a black middle spot, which is not present on the left. Not a gynandromorph. Cologne. (0. Schultz, IllnHtr. Wochenschr. f. Kiit., 1899, iv., p. 809.) Chn/Hophaniis {liioiricia) hupoplda'as, Bdv., male. Left side typical, right side var. fasciata, Streck. {Psyche, 1907, p. 89, tig.) Vanessa 'io,,L. Sex not mentioned. Right side typical io, lef t side ab. antii/one, Fischer. (E. Irmscher, Illustr. Zeitschr. f. K)'t., 1899, iv., p. 314.) Irmscher states that it was bred and compares the aber- rant side with the figure of antiijone given by Fischer, ibid, fig. 68. This aberration has been produced by exposing pupsie to cold. Kuraitessa aiitiopa, L., ab. Jii/i/iaa, Heydr. Both wings on the left side with a broader yellow border than on the right. Two small blue spots present on the right hindwing, the spots are entirely supplanted on the left by a broader border. Sex not given. Schlesien. (0. Schlultz, Illitstr. Wuclienschr. f. thtt., 1899, iv., p. 310.) The ab. Jnjnifstiis ; dung beetles,- (leotnijies tijpliinis, ti. sjiiniijer (ster- corariiis), and (t. mortiioriDii ; the cocktail beetle, (h-iifnis olena; sexton beetles, Xfcrophorm humator and .V. inoifnnnin) : the bloody-nose beetle, 'l'i)iiarclta toiebricosa ; the rose chafer, Cetuniu aitratn : the water beetles, r>iftisnts luarf/inalis and Hi/ilritphilns piccns, all had some salient feature portrayed, the whole making a very fine exhibition. At the close a cordial vote of thanks was passed to Mr. ^lain for this exceptionally interesting exhibition. I'jXhibits. — Mr. A. E. ^Yright exhibited the Tineid moth Bla^ifnbisis li'inea, Wslm., and its variety ailnstclla, Wslm., taken in N. Lanes, and new to Britain, also a specimen of Hioiiu'iie ncellea captured at light at ■Ci range m September last. Mr. W. Buckley showed a series of t'oli/oiiiiiuitiis icariis including a specimen of the underside var. raditita all taken at Delamere last May. Mr. W. Mansbridge showed the best forms selected from a large number of reronea hastiana bred last autumn from larvae found on the Lancashire coast: vars. aiitiiiiinana, alhistriaiia, leiicoitlwaua, iiiiii/ra)ia, (lirisa)ia, aiid radiana were represented. Ih'ct'tnbcf IQtIi, 1921. — Annual Meeting. ^Election of Officers. — The following were elected Oflficers and Council for the ensuing year, riz. : —Pri'sidoit : J. W. Griflfin, F.E.S. Vice-Presidentx : Robert Tait, F.E.S., S. Gordon Smith, F.L.S., F.E.S., E. G. Bayford, F.E.S. Ron. Treasurer: Dr. John Cotton. Hon. Sc-rt'tdri/ and Hon. Librarian: Chas. P. Rimraer. Hmi. Sec. for Records: Wm. Mansbridge, F.E.S. ('onnril: Messrs. W. A. Tyerman, S. P. Doudnev, A. E. Wright, A. R. Warnes, A.LP., A.I.Mech.E., A. W. Hughes, R. Wilding, W.^Vebster, F.R.S.A.L, Hugh Main, B.Sc, F.E.S., ^B. H. Crabtree, F.E.S., E. F. Studd, MA., F.E.S., and the Rev. F. M. B. Carr. Pkesidential Address. — Mr. R. Tait read the Presidential Address entitled " The Life-history of JI//rof/.s rt,s7(»(*r^/;// up to date." A vote of thanks to the President for his address and for his services in the chair was carried unanimously. New Members. — Dr. Frederic ('has. Garrett, O.B.E., West Croft, Elvaston Road, Hexham, and !Mr. A. .L Wightman, H5, Morris Road, Lewes, were elected members of the Society. Exhibits. — Mr. W. Mansbridge exhibited a short series of Tephrosia ronaortaria bred from a fenuile taken at Wimbledon by Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone in 1920 : the series varied from typical to very dark brown forms. OBITUAK*. 119 (g) B I T U A R Y. HENRY ROWLAND-BKOWN, M.A., F.E.S. It is with a feeling- of pain, coupled with a sense of real loss, that we have to record the " Home Call " of one of tlje best loved entomo- logists of our day, one who is mourned l)y a very wide and varied circle of friends. Henry Rowland- Brown passed from among us on May the 28rd. The telegram to the writer " At Peace," fitly describes our dear friend's end. Since the sudden commencement of his illness, just over a year ago, his suffering had often been intense, and more than once hope was given up. His robust constitution however pulled him through for a time, and it should be recorded that never a murmur passed his lips, as he lay helpless for long, and his patience was beyond words. Whilst building his house at Harrow-Weald his father came to Pinner temporarily, and here it was that our friend was born, on May 19th, 1865, "when all the world was up and stirring in the radiant spring time," as his sister writes of his coming, for whom he has ever " been the central figure of life," and " The daisy chains of old link us together with gyves that can never be broken." So must we indeed tender to that sister our deep and heart-felt sympathy. A passion for flowers was inherited by both of them from their father, who loved his garden and his flowers greatly. In his baby days, when he could little more than toddle, Rowland- Brown evinced a lively interest in, and had no fear of the " hairy and many-hued caterpillars " which his sister then rather shuddered to touch. We pass on to the brother and sister's first visit to the Isle of Wight, where " iridescent lUues and small Coppers danced in open spaces over rest-harrow, hawkweed, the pretty lemon -seen ted, lemon-coloured agrimony, and the Painted Lady, haunted the roadside thistles," to quote from Rowland Grey's Mtjwli when Yoitii;). But before this at j>terpaiatiis, i'ahinefx etc., sent 0)1 application. Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BACK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXIII.) To be obtained from — Mr. H. E. PAGE, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E. 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable. A, BEMTALL, 392, Strand, London, W.C. 2. Entomological Supplies OF ALL KINDS. Any of the following Price Lists sent without charge — Apparatus, Books, Palaearctic, Indo-Australian, African or American Lepidoptera, also other Insect Orders. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. An illustrated magazine, published monthly — except August and September — devoted to the study of INSECT LIFE. It contains a list of the titles of the current Literature on American Entomology, articles by the leading authorities in the United States and Canada, and is a necessary journal of reference for working entomologists. Valuable information for economic and systematic students. Annual sub.scriplion price $2*60. Foreign (except Canadian) subscriptions $2.70. Single copies 30 cents. Address ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, iSOO Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. r c.' Next Issue on September 15th. Vol. xxxiY. ^Q"- ^ ^ »i Cl)e entomolosisfs Recora AND lournal oT Variation Richard S. BA.GNALL, f.l.s., f.e.s. George T. BETHUNE-BA.KER, f.l.s., f.e.s M. BURR, D.SC, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S. {Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, f.e.s. E. A. COCKAYNE, m.d., f.e.s. Edited by Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.i.., f.b.s. John Hartley DURRANT, r.E.s. Alfred SICH, f.e.s. (Rev.) George WHEELER, m.a., f.e.ii. and Henry J. TURNER, f.e.s., Editorial Secretary. CONTENTS. FAOE. Polyommatus and Agriades, the late Dr. T. A. Chapman, F.R.S 121 Whitsuntide in the Midlands, iiwsseZZ £. James •• 122 Seasonal Polymorphism, Uof/er Ferity, M.D. .^^^ — ^- ~^"=~'-~. H. Pearson, F.E.S. ; C. alchymista in Shropshire,yPoiy>ff. C. Woodward ; A/^Sra^hylinid Beetle attacked by an Ant, S. C. Lemaji, J'.arSj'^ ^ \ .. •• 142 Current Notes AND Short Notices /. ..y .c^l ^922" ) " " ^^^ ^ Societies :— Entomological Society of lltf»don>, '-STutS' Dbndon Entomological Society; • J Lancashire and Cheshire Entomologi^l Society ...... Obituary :— The Hon. Victor A. H. Huia ^^^^^j^^'^-G-. JJly^S^ 143 148 JULl Price ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE (n.ct). (With Plate.) Siil)scdption for Complete Volume, post free llnoliidiiig all DOUBI.Ii; NUMB1CR8, elo.) TEN SHILLINGS. TO DIE fomVAUDlCD TO HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S. "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E.14. Communications have been received or have been promised from Messrs. Hy. J. Turner H. Donisthorpe, Dr. Verity, J. H. Durrant, G. T. Bethune-Baker, Alfred Sich, W. Daws, the late Dr. T. A. Chapman, Lt. E. B. Ashby, with Reports of Societies and Reviews. WATKINS & DONCASTER, NATURALISTS, Keep in Stock — All kinds of Apparatus and Cabinets Required by Collectors of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Plants, etc. A Large Stock of British, Continental 81 Exotic Lcpidoptera, and also Birds' Eggs (Singles as well as in Clutches.) OUR NEW CATALOGUE WILL BE SENT POST FREE ON APPLICATION. 36, Strand, London, W.C 2. 'Phone : Geurard 9451. Lantern Slides in Natural Colonrs. LEPIDOPTERA & LARV^ A SPECIALITY. Pliotogriipheil from life iirul true to Niitnre in every detail. SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c., By s;vnie Colour Process. LArxBUN HMUKS MAUIC 'l"0 OUOIOH PROM ANY SPECIMEN OK CObOURF,D DRAWING. PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARY^, LIFE SIZE. ON lYORINE TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET. For List Apply to — CHARI ES D. HEAD, Cherrymonnt, Donnycarney, DUBLIN. BexleyJ L. VSl. K^ElATlVIiLN [Kent Has for sale a superb stock of 1920 specimens in tine eomlition, incliicling Varleyata ; Bicuspis ; Pendularia var. Subro.seata ; Melanic forms Lariciata, Consortaria, Conson- avia, Abietaria ; Irish forms Aiiriiiia and Napi, tine vars. Tiliae, Yellow Duminula, etc., etc. Quotationi and Insects sent on approval with pleasure. Also a huge stock of fine PUP/E and OVA. Write for hvtest price lists. Relaxing Tins are now 4/- small and 6/- large, pos free. Re-fills, 2/3 small, 3/3 large, post free. HENRY ROWLAND-BHOWN, M.A., F.E.S. POLYOMMATUS AND AGRIADES. 121 Polyommatus and Agriades. By the late Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN, F.E.S. Tutt {British Lepidopteya) adopted or accepted PobjonunatiiH, Latr., and Af/riades, Hb., as distinct genera, with ieanis as the type uf the former and coridon of the latter. Except, however, by indicating these species as types, he gave us no character by which the species could be allocated to their proper genera. Can we maintain these as distinct genera ? This cannot be discussed without some preliminary agreement as to what we mean by a genus. It will probably be agreed that a genus is a group of species more nearly allied to each other than to other species ; as a theoretical position this is unaffected by the practical difficulty, of intermediate forms that might be put in either of two genera that, nevertheless, we more or less agree should be treated as distinct. I do not think we can accept Tutt's contention that a separate genus is due, if a few (or even one) species have distinctive characters in common. In tabula- tions of species in any large genus, it is usual to find "groups" distinguishable from each other by some common characters. Tutt viewed each group as a distinct genus. As a matter of fact, I not only assert as my own opinion, but as a nearly universal one, though comparatively few persons will admit that their attitude is really one of agreement in this dictum, that a genus is entirely arbitrary; so far as its extent is concerned, it is a matter of convenience. It is desirable if we can find characters by which to define them, to substitute two or more moderate-sized genera, in place of one large one. On the other hand, however, we maintain genera containing only one species, because that species has nr very close allies, and we wish to observe what we may call the average amount of difterences by which genera are separated from each other. To return to Poli/oiii»iatiis : i'oli/owinatiis and Agriades comprise a large number of species which it would be convenient to sub-divide into two or more genera. Tutt 8eemed to see that these fell into two groups Polyounnatiis and Atjriadex, which he was able to distinguish and which presumably had characters separating them. One, at once asks, if this be so, what are these characters. Tutt did not tell us. If there be no such characters, only Tutt can tell us, beyond the type species, icanis and coridon, what species belong to either genus. This is an impossible position, and if we stay there the two genera must be combined. It remauis, however, that Tutt did see some characters, not easy to seize for description, and which he did not attempt to describe because he felt that a closer acquaintance than he had with a larger number of species was necessary to do so with any valuable efltect. Considering that the separation of these two genera, if possible, was for convenience desirable, I was pleased to be able to find a definite structural difference between them, which I described in Ejit. Ptec, vol. xxii., p. 101. I must admit, therefore, that I am to some extent the upholder of these two genera as distinct. I seriously demur, however, to being asked, " Am I really prepared to found genera on one character in the J genitalia." As a general question, I think it possible a case might occur when one should do so, but broadly, I should answer as decidedly as the questioners believe I ought to do, because they have cornered me, " Decidedly not." July — August 15th, 1922. 122 THK KNTOJIOI.lXilSl's KKCOllD. Be it noted that these two genera are not founded on one (or any) genitalic characters, nor did I found them. They (as at present understood) were founded by Tutt without any reference to genitalic characters. These characters, however, coming in support of an already adopted position, are of vastly greater force, than if they were the original and only basis for these genera. Mr. Bethune-Baker a^ain asks me how I should separate these genei'a apart from the aedoeivjus. So far as the imagines go, I answer at present, " I don't know." I should expect there is some character, but for its discovery I fear we must wait until we have another Tutt, with more time than Tutt had, to devote to this question. As regards my negative answer, it is largely founded on the dis- covery of Agyiades alexins as a species distinct from PohjoiiuiiatKs iearns, these have been accepted by everybody, Tutt says for more than the last 50 years, as merely varieties of one species. As there are still amongst English Entomologists not a few who are sceptical as to the value of the male appendages for systematic purposes, it may be well again to reiterate what I believe to be a correct estimate of their use for this purpose. Broadly, they are on all fours with any other characters. Definite and constant differences in two forms imply the two forms are distinct species. The exception to this is where the diftjprences are not great, and where the two forms seem to be geographical varieties. They are in fact incipient species. In such cases, of course, where the two forms are neither two "good " species, nor yet one homogeneous species, the appendages no more than other characters will say they are either one or the other. It is possible for two forms that are unquestionablj'^ distinct to have very similar appendages, but as a matter of fact I cannot call to mind any instance where this is certainly the case. It is to be remembered that the appendages are not one simple organ, but are two whole segments (out of fourteen), and important segments at that, of the insect, with their appurtenances ; they are of very definite and distinct hard chitinous structure, enabling their con- formation to be ascertained with certainty. In not a few cases there can be little doubt that they are a chief item in species being or remaining distinct from each other. No very long separation of a species into two segregated groups is perhaps necessary, for these parts (which are not bound in natural selection by the general environment, as most other characters are), for one group to drift away from the other in their morphology ; a small group perhaps very rapidly ; as it is only constrained so far that all individuals within the group shall vary together. The conclusion I arrive at is that if it be desirable and convenient to separate these two genera, adequate characters on which to define them are not wanting ; if on the other hand it be neither desirable or convenient to do so, it is no more necessary to do so, than it was for Linnaeus to place machaon and brassicae in different genera. I myself regard it as desirable for convenience of study to keep them separate. Whitsuntide in the Midlands. By RUSSELL E. JAMES. The date of Whitsun this year falling during the first few days of June, my son and I made arrangements to run down to one of the favourite haunts of Carterocep/ialiis j)alaejiion in Northamptonshire. WHITSUNTIDE IN THE MIDLANDS. 128 My son had never tcxken this species nor Stri/nton pnini, so we broke our journey on the way to Peterborough on the morning of the Srd, to try for the latter in the original Monk's Wood locality. The wood, alas ! is fast vanishing under the hands of a Canadian Timber Company, but I have hopes of sufficient blackthorn surviving for the maintenance of -S'. pinni, as it is only the oak and ash that they are after. The season was difficult to gauge, but we found that the hot spell had more than balanced the cold March and April, and things were now very forward. S. jinini larvae had all gone, except a sickly- looking ichneumoned specimen and a dead one that had succumbed for the same reason, but we managed to obtain three pupae which have since emerged — the first as early as June 9th. Rnralis hettdae were not uncommon and Trichiura crataeiji more plentiful than I have known before and almost full-grown. A good many were seen sunning themselves on the higher outside branches. Other blackthorn feeders such as Mixelia o.rijacaiit/iae, Nola cuciiUatella and of course Diliiha raerideoceiiJuda were in numbers and frequently imagines of Hi/liipliila pratiinana, gorgeous in their freshness, fell into the um- brellas. Several Poecilocauipa popiili and Ai/ridpin aprilina larvae and a freshly emerged Craiiiophnya lupistri were found on tree trunks, and as the latter was on an oak with no ash quite near, the larva evidently must sometimes wander before pupating. Just after leaving the wood my boy espied a large nest of Evi'xjaster laite.strh on a blackthorn. They were changing to their last skins and leaving the nest, so we took as many as we wanted and they are doing well. The delay thus caused left us none too much time for our train, but we managed to catch it, well satisfied with our three-and-a-half hours work in the wood. During a tedious wait at Peterborough, we discussed the early season and the chances of C. palaemon being over. I also half-joknigly mentioned that Tajtinostola concolor was taken somewhere in this corner of the county (the locality unknown to me) and with things so forward might already be out. This suggestion proved to be prophetic. We visited our C. palaemon wood the same evening, put on some treacle, and while dusking in an open grassy ride my boy called out that he had netted a " Wainscot," and immediately after had another before I could arrive to inspect. They were both in the net together and it was obvious at once from the small size and robust thorax that they must be T. concolor and not Petilanipa arciiosa, and so they proved to be. Two others followed immediately — both falling to my son — and then the flight was over. I noted the time exactly. The first was taken at '9.40 (summer time) and the last at 9.50. We searched over the ground with lanterns later, but took no more. The next night we were on the spot early, but the night turned chilly and few things flew. Again, however, at 9.40 (almost to the minute) I netted a specimen and two more at intervals of ten minutes —the last, at ten o'clock was seen to fly down into the grass and settle near the roots. My boy this time drew a blank, so our combined total for the two evenings was seven specimens. Whether our locality is the one where the species has been turned up in recent years or a new one I do not know, but given a little later 124 THK entomologist's record. date and a warm night, I feel sure they would be plentiful. I imagine our locality has not been worked much at night, as I could not detect the faintest trace of any treacle marks on the trees. With us, treacle only produced about a couple of dozen moths — mostly ('irariivu'sia triyravumca, but the night was clear moonlight and so chilly that our hands were almost too cold to box easily. Among the visitors were Cywatophora or, TJn/otira hatis, Xyhipliaaia Jujiatica, Hadena thalasfii)ta, and I'haretra riimicis. The wood is full of ash trees and small aspens, and would, I should imagine, yield plenty of Cranio jJiora lu/iistri and Ci/)iiat(>)i/i(ira or a little later. The next morning our doubts about ( '. palaenion were soon set at rest, as we found them almost before we got into the wood. They Mere in immense numbers, but had evidently been out some time and wanted a lot of picking over. A few Haviearis hnina were among them and butterflies generally were in great numbers. Brentliis eviilirosyne was getting worn, but we saw no B. selene; Pararge meyera was everywhere and /'. aeytria, although ragged, was very common. Gotieptery;!- rhainni, EjtcJtlo'e cardaviinen, Poiyonniiatus icariis, lUiinicia jMaeas, Hesperia malvae, ISHsoniadea tafjes, Aiiyiades sylvaniis, Eiididia mi, K. (jlypldca, Hy/mcrita jacoliaeae and other species made up a great host of day-fliers and numbers of worn I'liisia (jantma and occasional Pyramids caidiii in similar condition are probably heralds of a later abundance of these species. I am told that further south these two migrants have Coliaa noceus (ediisa) in their company in which case we may hope for a real " edusa " year again More larvae of P. populi and A. ajn-ilina were found on tree trunks, but not many moths were in evidence during the day. A few 2'eji/irosia crepiiscularia, Triaena }>si, Lobojiltora liexajiterata, and odd Zonosoma jxaictaria, and Bapta tevierata, were the only species on tree trunks and a newly emerged female I)asychira jnidibiivda was found on the grass. At dusk before the T. concolor w'ere taken there were plenty of Geometers on the wing, the best perhaps being Acidalia snbsericeata in some numbers. Others were MelantJiia ocellata, Aspilates striyillaria, Liydia adiistata, Anaitia playiata, Cidaria riissata and among them an occasional Cili.r ylaucata and Cytnotophora or. After T. concolor commenced to fly, how^ever, we gave little attention to anything else and may have missed other things at later dusk. We travelled back on Monday afternoon very well satisfied with the results of our two and a half days collecting. Seasonal Polymorphism and Races of some European Grypocera and Rhopalocera. By EOGER VEKITY, M.D. (Continued from page 90.) Pontia dajdidice, L. — The specimens from many regions I have seen during the last few years confirm the statement I made in the Ent. Pec, of April, 1916, that this species has a very limited variability in Europe. The only geographical variation I have detected consists in the occurrence of form nitida, Vrty., Phopal. SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 125 Palaearctica, p. 132, pi. xxx., fig. 9 (Jan., 1908), in a greater or lesser number of individaals, chiefly of the third generation. This takes place in particularly arid localities of the extreme south (I have found it, however, as far north as Piedmont, where I collected it on a barren hill above Ponzone, m. 600, near Acqui), and then only in certain regions. In Italy, for instance, well characterised specimens are scarce and only transitions are to be met with, as a rule, even in apparently most suitable localities, so that I know none in which one could extend the name to the entire race, as can be done to series from the Bosphorus, whence came my " type," or from Andalusia (Sierra di Alfacar). The features of nitida consist in its small size, short and broad wings, absence of gray basal suffusion, and sharply defined outline of black markings, which are also of a very deep tone. It evidently is a grade of variation towards the North African and Corsican albulice, Obth., which is another grade along the same line of variation, leading up to the extreme race aethiopx, de Joannis and Verity, BM. Soc. Ent. Ital., xliv., p. 120, fig. 2 (1913), of Abyssinia, figured also in Rliop. Pal., I.e., fig. 7 ; the latter, however, deviates from that line by its large size in some cases, and by its limited, but sharply defined, underside green pattern, which does not tend to turn pale yellow and disappear, as in alhidice (see pi. xxx., fig. 29, of Ilkop. Pal.). Race aetkioim points remarkably to P. (ilauconome, Klug. The characteristics of the small first brood of daplidice, described and named helUdice by Ochsenheimer a century ago, are so well known (see pi. XXX., figs. 17 to 25 of Wioj). Pal.), that I need waste no words on it. What I must point out here, because, curiously enough, as in the case of the other Pieridi, no writer seems to have perceived it, is the difference between the second and the third brood. In the former the average size is considerably larger (13 to 41 mm. of expanse, as compared to an average of 39 to 40, and a maximum of 40 in male and of 43 in female of third brood), and giants of over 45 mm. are not unfrequent. The black markings of upperside are often pale and dusted with gray, thus recalling hellidice, in this respect, in extreme examples; this faintness of the pattern is particularly striking in some females. On the underside the tinge of the green tends to be lighter and more yellow, so that females in which that colour is replaced by yellow (form riavopicta, Vrty., Ilhnp. Pal., p. 166, pi. xxx., fig. 11 (June, 1908), are found more often. Talking of this character I might mention that, in daplidice in general of the summer broods, the female is on an average considerably yellower than the male. I have given the name of ed-pan^a to the second generation in the Ent. Rec. of May, 1919, but at that time I thought even within the boundaries of Tuscany, whence I described it from Florence, the large form was only produced locally ; instead, I since have clearly seen that it is constant in all the European localities, from which specimens have been sent, in Italy, Switzerland, France, Spain, and Southern Russia. A slight difference is to be noticed in the number and size of the giant individuals ; dwarfs are found everywhere, but strike one as aberrations, not being connected to the average size by a decreasing series of intermediate forms (ab. nana, Vrty., Ehop. Pal., p. 166) ; in my series of " types " of eqiansa, from Mt. Fanna, m. 600, near Florence, there is one with tbe features of nitida. As to the third generation, I think it should bear the name of daplidice, except in the 126 THE entomologist's MCCOKD. rare instances in which the more usual form is outnumbered by nitida or alhidice, as stated above. Linnens's description could apply to almost any form of the species ; the habitat he gives is " Southern Europe and Africa " ; the first figure quoted by him is Petiver's ; the specimen left by Linneus with his own label belongs to the form which is by far the commonest in the third generation (see pi. xxx., fig. 3, of Rhnp. Pal.) ; the names subsequently given to various forms by other authors all restrict the Linnean one to this form ; so, there seems to be no doubt possible. I have mentioned in my introductory remarks to these paragraphs on the Pieridoe (page 69) that Eostagno thought all the Pieridi had a partial autumnal generation. Renames za/ielloiiii and describes that of dapUdice as follows : " half the size of typical form ; black spots of upperside less intense and more reduced ; prevalence of the yellow dusting on underside." This was grounded on specimens collected in 1910 by Querci at Formia (Caserta). Since then the latter has made careful observations every year, and be has concluded that those were only laggard weaklings and that daplidice never produces that late emergence even as sporadic individuals. The extraordinarily favourable 1921 did not produce any and has been conclusive. Besides, one might remark that Rostagno's underside character consisting in an abundant yellow colouring is in no way a transition to the spring form bcllidire, but just the opposite, whereas it is quite a rule that the fourth emergence should approach the first in aspect. I conclude that nearly everywhere in Europe there exists only the one race dajdidicc, with : I. gen. bellidice, 0. ; II. gen. e.vpauxa, Vrty. ; III. gen. dajdidice, L. In rare instances the third generation must be named nitida, Vrty., or even alhidice, Obth., as shown by a series from Corsica in the British Mus., and in these cases the entire race should, of course, bear these names. I'ieris napi, L. — This is one of the most variable of European butterflies, individually, seasonally and geographically. Much has been written about it by many authors, evidenth' attracted by its striking forms, both Paltearctic and Nearctic. A considerable number of these have been named and discussed at length. The European ones have been dealt with, for instance, by Wagner {Verliandl. zooL-bot. Ges. Wien, 1903), by Eober (Seitz's (Tras^-schiiiett., 1907), by myself {Ehop. Pal., 1908 and 1911), by Stichel (/>i(rpi(rali!<, Briinn. {I.e., 1922, p. 30), and I had noted its remarkable resemblance to that of the Pie rid i in general and of P. napi in particular, as stated in the first of these papers, at page 107, that I was able to unravel the variation of this species. In this case, as in that one, it is a question of noticing and bearing in mind all through that there are two sorts of wing-markings : the nervular suffusion or pattern and the true or transverse pattern, which can vary in extent independently of each other, according to surroundings. Dampness, of course, increases the extent of both, but cold and dampness develop the nervular pattern, whilst heat and dampness develop the true or transverse pattern, as much as the specific capacity, so limited in napi, will allow the latter to develop, considering it only consists in a series of spots across the middle of forewing, one costal spot and a series of thickenings, equivalent to these, sometimes detectable on the dark streaks of the underside of hindwings, and in the thickenings at the end of the nervules on outermargin, which may blend at apex into a crescent and then extend to a triangle, especially when the latter blends also with the first, or costal, of the spots mentioned above. One finds evidence in this and other Pieri
  • . I\il., p. 146 (January, 1908), taking as " type " my figs. 86 and 37 of PI. XXXII. ; as this name is not mentioned in the explanation of the plate, Fnihstorfer overlooked it in the text and renamed my figure 37 adalwimla in the Kiit. Zeitr. Guben, III,, p. 88 (1909) ; it is quite out of tbe question to base the differences between the races of Alaska and of Finmark on these two figures as suggested by Fruhstorfer, Ruber's radiata is the very rare culminating form in the arctic variation direction, described from a specimen found near Vienna, with no trace of true pattern left. Another important point to be noticed, if one wishes to classify the female forms of napi with prominent nervular pattern, is that, when it is reduced in extent, it follows two different lines. It either does so uniformly on tbe whole of the neuration, so that the streaks end up by being very thin, but stand out sharply in an even network, or else the streaks dwindle iiwiiy in the basal part of the wing whilst on the outer part of it tbey remain quite broad. The first of these lines of variation is obviously that followed in nearly the totality of cases by uajn' of both sexes on the underside of hindwings and here it is usually the outer part of the wing in which the nervular streaks get thinnest earlier ; on the upperside of the female it pre- dominates in the arctic races, both pabvarctic and nearctic (see tig. 35 on my PI. XXXII. mentioned above and LXVIL, tig. 16 and 17) ; it is also the commonest line in the wonderfully variable race of Rliidling, near Vienna, and virtually in most races of the plain, though in these it is not striking on account of the inconspicuous streaks. The second of the two lines of variation just mentioned is the only one, to my knowledge, followed by the true bn/ouidt' race of the Alps on upperside of female ; the basal part of the wings may be nearly devoid of nervular streaks, whilst the outer part exhibits broad triangles tapering inwardly to sharp points (form emibryoniae mihi). This line of variation is carried on by the summer forms of tbe species in general and it is particularly obvious in races of damp warm localities, where the females have a comparatively very extensive dark pattern on upperside. whilst their underside follows the other line of variation and maj' not exhibit any streaks at all or very reduced ones near the base, just like some females of bri/o7iiae. If one notes the two sorts of variation described SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 129 above, each causing two parallel lines to exist, and one furthermore bears in ruind that the tone of the dark pattern varies from pale grey to black and that of the ground colour from white to yellow (the black and the yellow being, on broad lines, the result of dampness), one can classify very fairly the principal variations of the first genera- tion of /-". »«/>/, which at first sight seern so hopelessly complex as to defy any such attempt. To do this in connection with all the individual variations would, however, be quite outside the object of this paper. To be interesting and useful it must be done on a large scale and systematically, not only in the entire species, but sorting out the characters which are generic and comparing them with their equivalents in the other J'ieridi and even with broader groups. What I want to do here is to try and grasp the characteristics of the geographical races on the whole, such as can only be done and clearly seen by comparing adequate series from each locality. It becomes obvious, by so domg, that the vast niajority of the innumerable individual varia- tions run through all or most of the races and can be ignored from this point of view, so that European races are reduced to quite a small number. As in the cases of litniiicia pidaeas, L., Aricia medon, Hufn., Leiitonia sinctjiis, L., and other species I have studied in this way in these columns, we find that the features of the races of F. vapi consist simply in a series of grades along one single line of variation ; as in A. medon, the main line bifurcates at its two ends by producing variations which are certainly not successive, but collateral to each other. The order in which the races fall in the most natural way is the one which begins by those whose nervural streaks are most highly developed and leads down to their minimum extent. The latter meet and partly overlap the features of the summer generations, which take up variation at this point, gradually reduce and abolish the nervural pattern and tend to develop the transverse pattern alone, or nearly so. Grades in the extent of the dark pattern, taken on the whole, and races of P. napi, L., in Europe, detectable in the first generation : — Grade I. : amcolor, Ruber, in Seitz's (jroHs-Schmett., p. 49 (1907), is the name which has been given to " individuals in which the yellowish ground-colour, especially on the forewing, is almost entirely suppressed by the greater extension of the dark scaling." I have noticed that in some regions of the Alps and, to my knowledge, more precisely in the Austrian ones, this extreme form of bnjoniae is frequent, whereas m others, such as the Maritime Alps, it never occurs, and the females are, in a general way, much less heavily scaled with dark. This observation seems to make it necessary that the darkest forms of hri/oniae should be introduced as a grade in geo- graphical variation. One may anticipate that the name of conculcm will be extended to a race, although I lack the necessary material to establish this now. Grade II. : This may be described as having broad nervural streaks over the entire wing, separated from each other by narrow spaces of clear ground-colour. As individual forms they are very definite and characteristic, including all those usually known in a general way under the name of bnjoniae. As races it is very restricted, because, as a rule, the forms just mentioned do not predominate, but are found amongst individuals belonging to the following less heavily marked grades, and the average extent of the dark pattern falls well 130 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. within the next one. It is worthy of notice, however, that in Alpine races of this sort, consisting in a mixture of very different individual forms, the vast majority of female individuals do not exhibit the average extent of pattern, as might have been expected, but divide into two groups approaching respectively the two extremes, whilst intermediate forms are comparatively scarce. If a curve of frequency were drawn from statistical data it would consist in two cusps, with a strong depression between them. This evidently points to a tendency to dimorphism, somewhat similar to that of female ('alias cnnriis, Fourc, with its distinctly either orange or white forms and extremely rare intermediate ones, or similar to Dri/as paphia, L., with either fulvous or grey females. Grade II. is the one which exhibits most distmctly the secondary variation I have dealt with above. The main line may be mentally pictured as broadening out into parallel lines ; the extreme one on one side consists in those forms in which the nervural and the true, or transverse pattern are equally extensive (the true Alpine bnjoniae, as figured on pi. xxxii. of Uhop. Pal., tig. 27, .'ind the Arctic equivalent ailalainda, Frhst., fig. 37) ; the median liiie consists in forms in which the transverse pattern is very much reduced as compared with the nervural (pseinln-bri/oniae, Vrty., as represented by fig. 86) ; the line on the other side consists in forms with only the nervural pattern, and Eober's radiata, as figured by him in Seitz's CTross-Schiiu'tt., pi. 21, corresponds precisely to the level of grade II., as regards the extent of this pattern. My nymotypical raiicasica, fig. 22, also belongs to this grade, but whether the entire race does, still remains to be established with more material at hand than I possess. Grade III. can be roughly described as including those forms which are intermediate between those known in a broad way as bnjoniae and as napi. High Alpine and Arctic races, of most localities, have an average extent of pattern corresponding to this level, and so does the wonderful race of Modling, near Vienna, of which the first generation should, I think, be called interjcrta, Rober., because in it there exists a large predominance of the individual form so named by this author and most characteristic of grade III. At this grade one can detect more clearly than at others the two parallel lines of variation in connection with the reduction in the extent of the nervural pattern noted above. On one of these lines we can imagine the gradual transformation of the Alpine bnjnniae through einibr;/o)tiae, . Vrty., at the level of grade III., on to the following grades ; my fig. 26 on pi. xxxii. of Tihop. Pal. might bear this name, but it is not well characterised, because the streaks on basal half of wing are too pronounced ; my fig. 8 on pi. xxxiii. of female oclisenhciweii, Stdgr., shows instead the features of eniihnioniae well ; this Asiatic mountain sub-species of najii (I scarcely think it is a distinct species) is, in fact, the culminating degree of the emibrijoniae line of variation and fixes it as a constant characteristic. On the other line we have interjecta and the Arctic forms similar to my figure 35 of pi. xxxii., with thin streaks of uniform breadth on the entire neuration ; it is the predominating Arctic individual form, and by the extent of the pattern it falls, as a rule, in grade III., so that race arctica, Vrty., belongs to this grade, on an average. Here again the Asiatic races fix this line of variation as a constant characteristic in Eastern Siberia, in Northern China, and in Japan {paeudomelete, Vrty.), being much less variable indi- SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 131 vidually than the European races ; they belong, however, by the extent of their pattern, on an average, to the two following grades and not to this one. Grade IV. can best be conveyed by referring the reader to pi. xxxii., fig. 5, and to pi. ixvii., fig. 16, of Ehop. I'aL, which represent about rightly the lesser and the greater extent of the dark pattern to be included herein. It will be seen that it is distinctly more extensive than that of the races of the plains of Central Europe, taken on the whole. The second figure mentioned represents an individual form of race arctica, Vrty., lighter than the average in this race, but still commonly found in it. The first figure represents a female hritannica, Vrty., the race of Ireland and northern Scotland, which I consider typical of this grade, because its average extent of pattern, to my knowledge, falls here ; it is the last race which recalls brijoniae and arctica by producing now and then a female with yellow ground-colour and some with thick nervural streaks, which would belong individually to grade III. As far as I know, also the race of Southern Sweden has its average at this level. It is quite distinct from arctica of the north, and it is the nyraotypical race napi, L., because Linneus gives Fauna Siiecica as first quotation, and the former having been subsequently named, Linneus's name is restricted to the southern race. Grade V. includes the widespread races of the lowlands of Central Europe and of some particularly damp localities of Southern Europe. For the present I detect amongst them two perfectly distinct races. By far the commonest is the one I have named septentrionalix in the Ent. Bee, xxviii., p. 79 (April, 1916), taking as typical the English race, as represented by a series from Westcliff-on-Sea and by another from Epping Forest. I have since ascertained that this race spreads as far as Central France and Switzerland in the plains. It must be noted that the grey tinge of the dark pattern predominates over the black one in septentrinnalis. In the race which I have called uinoris in the Ent. Bee. for December, 1921, p. 210, the extent of that pattern is, on the whole, about the same, but it is very predominantly black. I described it from swampy grounds on the coast of Tuscan}-, but I have evidence that it spreads into Northern Italy and probably to Central Europe in particularly damp localities. I notice a perfect resemblance, quite surprising, considering the very different surroundings, between my t^^Dical series and the whitest individual forms collected at the Baths of Valdieri, m. 1375, in the Maritime Alps, in company with much scarcer bryoniae, 0. In Tuscany the second generation of iinwris is micromeridionalis, which I will describe further on ; further north sttbnapaeae, also to be described, and Icovigilda, Frhst., are to be expected. Grade VI. stands strikingly apart from the preceding when well characterised series are compared. I take as typical of this grade my first generation viih/aris of race meridionalis, Riihl., as represented by series of specimens from the neighbourhood of Florence, whence were my " types." In the Linnean Society's Journal — Zooloyy, xxxii., p. 177 (May, 1918), I had proposed this name for the more widespread naiii as contrasted with hryuniae and with the Linnean Scandinavian race, which I grouped with the latter. I now fully realise such a dis- tinction of two large groups of races can in no way be made, because they blend into each other and overlap. The name of vulgaris however 132 THE entomologist's record, can perfectly stand for the Florence first generation, which, as far as I have made out, is the predominant one over the whole of southern Europe and extends locally also to Northern Africa. Fig. 7, on pi. XXXII. of ilJioj). Pal., gives an excellent idea of its aspect and it is quite identical with many Florentine individuals, although it represents a female from Le Tarf in Algeria. Stauder in his Weitere BeitriUie, describes and figures it from Illyria. The characteristic of grade VI. is the strong tendency to total obliteration of the greater part of the dark pattern, especially on upperside. This is due l3oth to the tone of its colour, which in typical series is constantly pale grey in all the in- dividuals and extremely pale in many, and to the marked reduction in its extent, as compared with the races mentioned in grade V. The basal suffusion is limited ; the nervural streaks scarcely stretch beyond the surface of the actual nervure and are entirely abolished in many individuals ; the apical crescent and the spots are small, the hinder one not unfrequently being obliterated ; the extreme form has been named ab. thn»iiel(la by Stauder from Gorz specimens ; the streaks on undersides of hindwings are thin and of a lighter greenish-gray. These characters are distinctly most prominent in the most dry and warm localities. A series from Milan, in the Turati collection, could well be called race nibjaris trans, ad Kiiiorix, VrtJ^ ; Milan is so much damper than Florence that it produces individuals similar to average uiiiiiris mixed with others, which are quite vnh/aris. My fig. 6 on pi. xxxii. represents an exceptional individual in my series of iiinoris, which by the extent of the pattern belongs to the latter, but by the pale gray tone is similar to vulgar isi. In Florence such individuals are found now and then as extreme variations, overlapping grade V. The following, to my knowledge, are not found in Europe, but I must mention them to complete the series of grades we are dealing with : — Grade VII. seems to be the result of surroundmgs as bad for this species as it can survive in, on account of heat and drought. It is reduced to meagre dwarfs ; not only is the upperside pattern still more obliterated and paler than in vith/aiis, the little that remains con- sisting in all the males, and in many females, solely in true or trans- verse pattern, but even the streaks of underside are entirely absent on forewing, and are reduced on hindwing to sparse and scattered pale grey scales, scarcely revealing streaks and resembling more, in extreme specimens, those of P. rapae, L. I have described and figured it in FJiop. Pal. under the name of pseudorapae, from a Beyrout, in Syria, series, which I possess. (PI. xxxii., figs. 23 and 24.) Grade Vlirt is the most suitable heading I can think of to classify a variation, which is evidently successive to Grade VL, but on a difterent line from the one I have just described as Grade VII. It is here that the variation of the species seems to bifurcate into two col- lateral branches, as it seems to do, although less distinctly, at the other end of the series. In unsuitable surroundings the organic balance of the species gives the impression of becoming unstable, so that it has to modify itself and establish new centres of oscillation of its individual variations by a selection of the individuals more suited to the various localities and just able to survive in them. Instead we can quite well SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 133 conceive the other grades, apart from these extreme ones, as all having the same hereditary tendencies and the races as produced simply by the effect of environment on the development of each individual, although experimental breedingof 6r//o«m^', of Rimiicia iihlaeax, and other species, have shown that some characters have a tendency to persist in one or two generations, notwithstanding altered surroundings. Grade VIIa I call the interesting race from North Africa, which I have named maura in Pihop. Pal. It shows no signs of being frail, like jiaeudorapae. Its features consist in a combination of characters of the first generation with characters of the second, such as I have never seen in Europe even in single individuals. The upperside in characteristic specimens of both sexes is absolutely that of the second generation of southern Europe; the underside however is similar to that of the r/(///fl//.s individuals with the thinnest nervural streaks ; they are sharply outlined and in no way shaded and partly obliterated, as in pseudorajiae. Some males have the apical crescent above broken up into streaks, as in some vuU^aris, but a very large discal spot distinguishes them from any European specimen of this generation. Some females have more basal shading and nervu- ral streaks above than my " type " figured on pi. lix. I possess speci- mens from La Calle (Alger), collected in February. As vuh/aris is also found in Algeria, there remains to make out how these two perfectly distinct forms, and presumably races, stand to each other in Africa. It is quite remarkable that this should be the only case in which the first generation shows signs of transition to the following; as a rule, they are sharply distinct or (in the north of Europe) it is the second generation which approaches the first. Evidently the very special climatic conditions of northern Africa are the cause of this former phenomenon. Some individuals of the Syrian psetulorajiae (see my fig. 24) recall maura by the shape of the wings and upperside markings pointing to summer characteristics. Grades in the extent of the dark pattern, taken on the whole, and races of P. napi, L., in Europe, detectable in the second and third generation : — These generations do not produce such striking individual variations as the first, so that much fewer forms have been named and races have scarcely been noted. A comparison of series from the various regions shows, on tne contrary, that geographical variation is quite consider- able, as well as distinctive features between these two broods in each locality, so that it is well worth working them out accurately. The incredibly indiscriminate use which has been made of the name of napaeae, Esper, as I shall presently point out, is no doubt partly responsible for the neglect of this interesting group of forms, because collectors and authors set their minds at ease by applying it to the one that each of them chanced to find in his region ; in every local list we invariably find napaeae and nothing more interesting than this. In a general way the features of these generations, as compared with the first, may be said to consist in a broadening of the wings, more convex outer margin, and in a tendency to obliteration of the nervural pattern, which, as a rule, is, in most cases, except the northern ones, entirely absent on the upperside, and in an increase of the true or transverse pattern. The latter does not consist so much in an increase of its extent, as in its becoming of a darker tinge and acquiring sharper 134 I'HK entomologist's rkcokd. outlines, so that it stands out more boldly. In the male it has more extent in that the spot on disc of forewing is invariably present and often larger and in that a little streak, or a series of tiny dots, homo- logous to this spot, often becomes very distinct next to the costa, just within the apical crescent; the corresponding streak on hindwing also becomes prominent in both sexes, and in the female a spot sometimes appears between the third median and the first cubital nervure, homo- logous to the anterior spot of forewing. Whilst in the first generation the nervural streaks on the underside of hindwing vary comparatively little in extent, in the two following this part of the pattern acquires primary importance and affords some of the leading features of geographical variation. In those races in which the second and the third generation differing less from the first on account of the extent of their pattern, still strongly resembling that of the latter, there is an interesting phenomenon to observe of variation along two collateral lines. It is evidently connected with the phenome- non I have dealt with in my introductory remarks to the grades of the first brood, which in the Arctic and more particularly in the Alpine forms may exhibit an intensive dark pattern on upperside of some females and a very limited one on their underside. The generation we are now dealing with develops this feature to a high degree individually, and it becomes also so constant in some regions as to constitute an im- portant feature of the race. We thus have one line of variation in which the streaks of underside keep about as extensive as in the first generation, whilst the upperside pattern becomes more and more characteristic of the two other generations by losing the nervural one and developing the true pattern, and another line of variation in which the underside streaks tend to obliteration, whilst the upperside ones keep quite broad, especially on the outer part of the wing, and even the ground colour may preserve its brj/diiiac-Wke bright yellow colour. The existence of these two lines constitutes a difficulty when one sets to work to establish the various grades of extent of the pattern, because by the upperside some races should stand at the head of the series, whereas by the underside they should be classified further down. What one wants is a classification which will show as nearly as possible the relationship of the various races, and not an artificial one based only on one or on a few characters, chosen according to our fancy, such as used to be the fashion in old days. If we follow this rule, and we take into account both sexes and both surfaces of wings, we find that the races of luipi fall into a very natural order, and that it is only a minority of individuals which seem to be out of place by some charac- ters, due chiefly to the dimorphic tendency I have described in the first brood of hri/oiiiac, airtica, and interjccta. This tendency, so conspicuous in the first grades, is carried on through all the others, and we thus always find individuals with an upperside pattern exceptionally exten- sive for the grade and as compared with that of the underside. Grade I. is so very similar to the first generation of some races, and more precisely to loiwris, Vrty., from the marshes of Tuscany and from the Alps, that one could not make out it was a second generation, except by knowing when and where it was collected. I take as typical of this grade and name linnaei, a series collected at Norrweken, in Central Sweden, from July 25th to the beginning of August. I SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 135 presume this is very near the extreme northern limit at which a second brood is produced. Compared with its own first brood differences do exist : for instance, the male constantly has a large apical crescent and a spot on disc, whereas these are usually absent in the first ; the under- side streaks are greenish-gray, whereas they are much darker and sharper in the first ; one male of my series has the slightly broader wings and more convex outer margin, characteristic of summer broods ; this, no doubt, is the race which produces the yellow form siilphtoea, Schoyen, described from the extremely rare male, but more frequent in the female sex. Its first brood seems to answer the designation of race arctica trans, ad napi, Vrty.-L., but I have not enough material at hand to make certain of it. Grade la conveys, to my mind, as well as possible, the relationship of the following little group of races to the others. The latter consti- tute, more or less, one series of grades along the same line of variation, and their differential characters consist in the extent of the pattern, and are thus purely quantitative on an average, but the races in question in this paragraph are puzzling as to their position, because they could not be placed either before or after Grade I. By both surfaces of the male sex and of most females, as well, and by the underside of all the females, they would most positively fall into Grade III., but a considerable percentage of females exhibit on upperside a remarkably greater extent of pattern than is normally found even in Grade I., and a bright yellow ground colour, which is very clearly the equivalent of form bnjoiuae, O., of the first generation. Here, as in that case, the brijuniae-like individuals and those of the form stand- ing opposite to it, by its white ground-colour and by its limited dark pattern, constitute two groups pointing to dimorphism, whilst inter- mediate forms are quite scarce. In the case of the first brood, however, the dark streaks of underside are, as a rule, proportionately as extensive as those of upperside in the bnjo)iiae forms, and these fall in, quite naturally, as the culminating grades in the extent of the pattern. In the cases of the second and third brood, on the contrary, the bnjoniae features decidedly give an impression of abnormality, such as of atavism of some female individuals, making its appearance in races which ■would otherwise have a very natural position in Grade III., and would, in fact, be identical with the races I will describe in that paragraph. That is why I consider the races I am dealing with in this paragraph as a collateral variation to the main line, or in other words, as a sort of dimorphism amongst races. The doubt I have is whether it should not be called grade IIIc/, bat the analogy to bnjoniae and the consider- able average extent of dark pattern in the female sex on upperside, owing to the bniuniae-Wka forms, have decided me to call it grade la, because it must evidently be more closely connected with the first generation than are the races described as grade III. 'RoiCe fiavescens, Wagner, Verh. zuol.-bot. Ges., liii., p. 174, pi. I., fig. 1 (1903), is, I think, the name which should designate the one of Modling, near Vienna, whose first generation I have discussed under the name of interjecta. Rober. The name of fiavescens is the oldest given to any individual form from that locality, and designates the one which constitutes the characteristic of that race in the second generation. I have figured it in Il/top. Fal., pi. xxxii.,figs. 46 and 47 ; 136 THE entomologist's record. its characteristics are the broad nervural streaks on upperside, which begin on the outer half and extend to the entire wing-neuration in extreme examples ; form )iieta, Wagner, with the same extent of dark pattern, but with ground-colour white, is figured by Rober in Seitz's Grosa-Sc/uiiett., pi. 21. Judging by the large series of this beautiful race sent by C. Hofer, meta is scarce, and so is the other transitional form sulplinrea, Schoyen, as figured by Eober, with the ground-colour bright yellow, but with dark nervural pattern nearly abolished. The males and the white females differ in no way from nHhnapaeae, Vrty., as noted above. My series was collected from the end of June to the end of July, so that it seems as if a third generation should exist. One of the specimens I have figured is from Frankonia, so that it would appear this race should be found over a wide area in Austria and Germany. Race neohryoniae, Shelj. = 6/7/o»rr/<'.s, Vrty., Wiop. Pal., p. 333, pi. lii., figs. 18-23 (1911), is the most conspicuous napi I have seen from any part of the world by its gigantic size, ranging from 40 up to an expanse of 55 mm. in male, and from 40 to 48 in the female by the presence of bright yellow females and by the boldness of the dark pattern ; the nervural streaks do not reach the extent they have in extreme specimens of fiaresci'iis and )iieta from Mcidling, but thinner streaks often reach the base of the wing ; what is characteristic here is the extent of the true or transverse pattern, and especially the enormous discal spots, nothing of the sort existing in other races ; evidently this is due to the phenomenon I have pointed out in the bryoniae of the first brood from the Alps, but in the latter the greater extent of nervural pattern shows off less the true pattern. I have described bryonidea from the Baths of Valdieri, m. 1375, in the Piedmontese Maritime Alps, and Turati and I have discussed it at length in the Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., xlii., p. 199 (1911). At that time, however, we had not yet detected the important fact that in that locality not two, but three broods are produced yearly : one in June, one from July 10th to 31st, and one from August 10th onwards. Extraordinarily quick a succession as this may seem, there is no question about it, because not only was it clearly to be seen in nature, but I have myself bred the third from ova laid by a female of second brood. Besides, if one separates specimens according to these three periods of emergence one finds they exhibit perfectly distinctive features in most males and in all the females. In my earlier descrip- tions of bryonides I stated that it was the second generation of bryoniae ; this is not correct ; all the specimens I have figured in lihop. Pal. and all those characteristic of it belong to the third generation ; the second is considerably smaller, has a much less extensive pattern, and never produces the yellow form of the females ; I will deal with it in the paragraph on grade V. and point out it is Esper's true napaeae. As in the other races of nai>i, with three broods, and, in fact, in the lihnjjalucera in general, the second brood is the largest, this inversion of size is quite remarkable ; the only explanation which occurs to me is that the second generation feeds so early in the season that the Cruciferae at that altitude are still quite small and tender and afford poor nourishment, whereas the third brood, both in the wild and in the orchards, get in August large plants, with firm tissues and abundance of the flowers and pods the larvae are so fond of, thus SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 137 reaching its gigantic size. I should call bryonides those races of bn/oniae which produce this third generation ; it remains to be seen, whether the features described by me are peculiar to the Western Alps, or are distributed more broadly. Strangely enough the variations of vapi in these mountains, so well known to entomologists, remain to be discovered. Stauder, I.e., p. 142, says that Sheljnzbko, in the Iris for 1913. p. 20, has re-named my bri/oniiles neobn/oniac, because he had already used the former name in the Rev. Riisse d' Kiitoni., ix., p. 384 (March, 1910), for some other form. Grade II. may be described on broad lines as still having, like grade I., the underside similar to that of first brood, but exhil)iting on upperside characters distinctly showing it belongs to a summer one. The underside differs very little from that of a southern spring genera- tion, such as vidnarix, Vrty., except that the ground-colour is usually of a bright canary yellow ; from its own first brood septentrionalb it differs in that the streaks are thinner and bright green or greyish green, instead of dark olive green ; they are, notwithstanding, always bold and sharp in outline and reach the outer margin on all the nervures. On. upperside the apical crescent of the male and its discal spot are quite summer-like in tone of colour and shape; in the female the crescent is not so broad and continuous as in the following grades and the neuration is always thinly dusted with grey on all its extent and bears- sharp black streaks at the terminal end of all the nervures of forewing; m some individuals all these streaks may be quite pronounced and this,. of course, is more frequent in localities where the race approaches grade I. I take as my " typical" series the one I have received from L. Dupont, collected at the Pont-de-l'Arche (Eure) in Northern France, during the whole of July. My specimens from the south of England correspond to them perfectly, just as the English first generation septeutrionalis extends to the Eure. I propose for this second generation of race septentricmolis, Vrty., the name of praenapaeae to recall the name which is usually used for it, but indicate that it does not exhibit to their full extent the features of Esper's true nupacae. Grade III. is the first which stands clear of all the features of the first generation: on underside the nervural streaks of hindwing l)ecome pale, shaded in outline and fadeaway towards the outermargin ; in the females their extremities are in fact often quite obliterated ; the ground colour of these wings is never bright canary yellow, but very pale yellow, or ochreous, or white. On upperside of male the true pattern is a little more extensive and sharper, that of the female exhibits a more compact and extensive triangle at apex ; in this sex the nervural pattern is usually quite obliterated on the basal half of the wings and also as far as the margin on the second cubital and on the anal nervures, only thin streaks remaining at the end of the other nervures ; of course, there are exceptions, more or less frequent, according to localities. This race seems to have a vast distribution from Central France eastwards; it probably is the commonest in Central Europe generally. It extends as far north as the Oise and the series I select as " typical " was collected by D. Lucas at Compiegne, in that Department, during the end of June and in July, evidently in a locality drier and warmer than the Pont-de-l'Arche, although it is slightly further north. I name it subnapaeae, mihi. 138 THK KNTOMOI^OGlST"S RKCOKD. Race leovigilda, Friihstorfer, Inteini. Ent. Zeit. Guhen, iii., p. 88 (July, 1909), is distinguished from the preceding chiefly by its very large size ; the dark pattern is on an average deeper in tone and more pronounced than in the smaller mihnapaeae, because the discal spots tend to be rather large in both sexes and the fore one of female is often connected to the outermargin by two thick streaks. The types were collected in Savoy at an altitude of 500 m., from the end of June to the beginning of July. Its author records it from the Saleve, at m, 800, near Geneva, and from Eclepens, near Lausanne, whence I possess specimens. It probably has a comparatively limited sub- alpine range. Grade IV. is well characterised by an interesting feature : the com- bination in many individuals of the minimum extent of nervural pattern with the maximum extent of true or transverse pattern. The former is not only entirely abolished, as a rule, on the upperside, as in grade III., but it is also reduced on underside in most cases to the basal part of the wing in the male (Rocci has named this character deficiens, as an individual form) and simply to one or two short streaks in the female, whilst in extreme examples of both sexes it is entirely absent. The true pattern, on the contrary, tends to develop on the upperside into deep black and extensive markings, with sharp outlines, standing out boldly on the pure white ground-colour; some females have black streaks at the terminal end of all the nervures of both fore- and hind- wing on the upperside. These, I presume, are part of the true pattern, originated from internervular centres, which blend across the nervure, because they are evidently homologous to similar streaks found in /'?Vr/s, such as canidia, Spar., which never produce any nervural pattern. The culminating form of this grade is the one which Rober, in Seitz's (Tross-aclimett., has named dnbiosa, actually describing it as a variety of P. rapae, L., and expressing doubts as to whether it is not a distinct species ; the entire lack of nervural pattern on both surfaces is evidentlj^ what led him wrong; the extensive markings of the true pattern on the upperside gives it a strong resemblance to P. knieperi, Stdgr., and this struck also Rober; he, no doubt, had seen only males. The corresponding form in the female sex seems to be the one I have figured in R/wpal. Pal., pi. XXXII., fig. 17, from a specimen from Le Tarf in Algeria. Rober gives Andalusia and Asia Minor as habitat. It is very likely that in these regions diihiosa is frequently met with and may predominate in certain localities rising to the rank of race. In Italy one meets with it now and then as an extreme individual form, but, like form nitida, Vrty., of P. daplidice, h., to which it is in some ways equivalent, it is never as abundant as in the regions mentioned above. The male from Vallombrosa, m. 1,000, in Tuscany, which I have figured on pi. XXXII., fig. 14, is very similar to Rober's figure and also to my fig. 18, from the Tuscan coast, resembles it, but I possess specimens still more exactly like it. My figs. 12 and 18 of male and 16 and 19 of female give a fair idea of the more usual aspect of the smaller race found in Central Italy and which I propose naming micromeridionalis, mihi. I possess series collected at Forte dei Marmi on the coast, at Vallombrosa, at Piteglio, m. 700, in the Pistoiese Apennines, on the Prato Fiorito, m. 900, near Lucca, and at Bolognola, m. 1,200, in the Sibillini SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 139 Mts. (Piceno). The mountain series all bear dates varying from July 20th to August 10th, except a few of the rest of August and beginning of September ; the Porte dei Marmi ones are more abundant in September. Querci and I have not been able to establish if this is the only summer generation of these localities, as it is very likely in dry surroundings, or whether it is followed by a third at Forte dei Marmi and possibly even in the mountains, very late in the season. Querci remembers having seen large numbers of napi at Bolognola late in September. In Florence and on the hills aroiind it, up to 600 m., there is distinctly a second emergence m June and a third one from middle of September to October. The former is of a much larger size and more robust build than the race just described, whereas the third is smaller and frailer, as we shall see in the next grade. To that large second generation no doubt belongs nteridionalin, Riihl, Pal. Gross- schiHftt., p. 714 (1895), described as follows: " Large, lightly coloured specimens ; underside of hindwings nearly unicolorous ; nervures scarcely darkened. Flies in Central Italy." In Hhop. Pal. I wrongly used the name for the individual form of all sizes with no streaks on the underside. In the dry neighbourhood of Florence incridinnalis has markings very limited in extent, as a rule, and usually also greyish rather than black (see FUiop. Pal., pi. XXXII. , fig. 11), as they are, instead, in the third generation. A series collected in the Mainarde Mts. (prov. of Caserta) has much more extensive and perfectly black markings. The second generation of Istria and Dalmatia, described and figured by Stauder in his Weitere Beitrd(/e seems to be quite similar to this last, whilst the third generation has a still more intensely black pattern, but is otherwise quite large and like the second; I name it stauderi, mihi, from his fig. 7 and 8 of PI. I. Grade V. has the nervural streaks of the underside about similar to grade IV., but on upperside the true pattern is very much reduced in extent, as compared with this grade. The apical crescent tends to be more broken up by white in each internervular space ; the spots are quite small in both sexes. My fig. 15 on pi. xxxii. of Plho/). Pal., gives an excellent idea of it. I take as typical of this grade and name tenuemaculosa, mihi, the third generation of race meridionalis from Florence ; a perfectly similar one was found in the Mainarde Mts. These consist invariably of small and frail individuals, which have evidently suffered from the summer drought and scanty food ; the butterflies emerge considerably later than the third generation of the other Pieridae, after a very long period (end of June to middle of September), during which no napi are on the wing. We have seen this is not the case in race micro}}ieridionalis, which emerges in July and August. Amongst the latter I have often found tmuemacnlosa as an individual form. Rostagno, in his R/wp. Faunae Ennianae, p. 66, has named barraudi a few dwarf specimens collected very late in the season, which he took to be a fourth generation, but this certainly does not exist. The gray and very limited spots above were due to his specimens being weaklings, and the nervular streaks on underside to a phenomenon I have observed in several localities : the early individuals of the third brood often have no streaks, whereas the latest ones often have very pronounced ones, and females may even exhibit extensive nervural streaks on upperside, recalling the spring brood (form tarda, mihi). 140 THE entomologist's kecord. Race napaeae, Esper : It is to this grade that Esper's true napaeae seems to belong. The first point to clear up is to what race should his name be applied. I think we can come to a very definite conclusion : to the second generation i ' the Alpine race brijoiiiat^, 0. Esper stated his types had been collected in August in the Alpenthal above Geneva, together with callidice. The latter can only have been found at the beginning of August, and in a locality where it is extremely unlikely napi could produce more than two broods. What is more, my male specimens of the second brood from the Baths of Valdieri, where we have seen the first is bryoniae and the third is hryonides, I found agree most perfectly in every detail with Esper's figure ; on upperside the markings are less bold than in bryonides, the apical crescent tends to break between the nervures, or has at least a dentate outline, whereas it is more or less straight in bryonidcs. What is very striking and nearly surprising at the Baths of Valdieri is the very small size of all the females, as compared with that of males ; in the third brood brycmiden this is not the case ; evidently the female sex, requiring more food than the male, suffers more from the scantiness of it in the early part of the season. The very reduced extent of both nervural and true pattern markings is also most striking in the females, on both surfaces, and the contrast with bryonideH is again considerable. It is this character, as well as the small size of the female, which obliges one to place the Valdieri napaeae in grade V., because this sex thus agrees perfectly with tenueinacidusa. The male, instead, differs from that of the latter by its larger size and by the streaks on the underside, which nearly invariably reach the outer-margin, although they are always very pale and shaded in outline ; this sex thus corresponds perfectly also in this respect with Esper's figure. It remains to be established definitely whether the females of the callidice localities nearest to Geneva are really similar to my Valdieri specimens, or whether they approach more those of race leoviijilda, which is the one of lower altitudes in that region ; in this case Esper's race napaeae might have to be classified in grade III., as the underside of the male would require, and the Valdieri second generation would remain in this one, with the designation of napaeae trans, ad. teniteinaculosa. The following grade, to my knowledge, does not exist in Europe as a race, but weaklings of tenuemacidosa belong to it universally. Grade VI. consists in small and often extremely small desert forms, with all the markings reduced to a minimum extent and no basal dark shading on the wings above in most individuals, a character which in this species is very rare. Race persis, mihi, I suggest naming the very interesting form from Persia, described by me in llhop. i'al., p. 166, and figured on pi. xlix., figs. 8 to 5, in which the apical patch has an unusual shape, more quadrangular than in any other napi, and the spots on disc are small, but sharp in outline, quite recalling /'. rapae, L., of summer broods. It is, no doubt, the second generation of a race similar to pseiidorapae^ Vrty., of Syria. The actual specimens I have, or I have seen, from Beyrout, obviously belonging to the second generation of pseadonipae, are not like these Persian ones, but are still smaller and frailer, with the markings similar to those of teniionaculusa in shape, but so pale and reduced in extent as to be on the verge of obliteration. I have SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 141 figured a female in Bho/i. Pal., pi. xxxii., fig. 20, under the name of minima, Vrty., which I mention at p. 143. I used the same name at p. 154 for tiny individuals of P. iiianni, Mayer, but these fall under that of nana, Vrty., p. 166, and the name nrininia, first used for the definite summer Beyrout generation of '^pi, should stand for the latter. Summarising the conclusions of the above remarks, I find that the seasonal and geographical variations of F. napi, L., in Europe, as far as they are known to me, work out as follows : — Race concolor, Rober : Single generation at very high altitudes in the Alps and chiefly in the Eastern Alps. Race hryoniae, 0. : Single generation at very high altitudes in the Alps. Race napaeae, Esper : I. gen. bryoniae, 0. ; II. gen. napaeae, Esp. Described from high altitudes in the region of Geneva. Race neobryoniae, Shelj. { = bryonides, Vrty.) : I. gen. bryoniae, 0. ; II. gen. napaeae, Esp. (or najiaeae tians. ad teniiemacidona, Esp. -Vrty.) ; III. gen. neobryoniae, Shelj. : Described from the Baths of Valdieri, m. 1375, in the Piedmontese Maritime Alps. Race caucasica, Vrty.: I. gen. caucaaica, Vrty.; other gen. unknown: Described from the Kouban, in N.W. Caucasus. Race arctica, Vrty.: Single generation. Described from Saltdalen, in Northern Norway. Race linnaei, Vrty. : I. gen. arctica trans, ad najd, Vrty.-L. ; II. gen. linnaei, Vrty. : Described from Norrwegen, in Central Sweden. Race flavescens, Wagner : I. gtin. interjecta, Rober ; II. gen. /hivescens, Wagner : Described from ModUng, near Vienna. Race napi, L. : I. gen. napi, L. ; II. gen. unknown to me : Southern Sweden. Race britannica, Vrty.: I. gen. britannica, Vrty. ; II. gen. unknown to me : Described from South of Ireland ; I possess it also from the north coast of Scotland. Race aeptentrionalis, Vrty. : I. gen. septentrionaUs, Vrty. ; II. gen. inaenapaeae, Vrty : Described from Westcliff-on-Sea and Epping Forest, in England ; spreads to Northern France. Race subnapaeae, Vrty. ; I. gen. septentrvnialis, Vrty., or nmoria, Vrty. ; II. gen. aabnapaeae ; III. gen. may exist, but unknown to me : Described from Compiegne in Northern France, is broadly widespread in Central Europe. Race leorigilda, Frhst. : I. gen. septentrionalis, Vrty., or uinoris, Vrty. ; II. gen. leoviyilda, Frhst. ; III. gen. unknown to me: Described from Savoy, m. 600, Geneva and Lausanne, is, presumably, purely a Sub-alpine race. Race iiinnris, Vrty.: I. gen. iimoris:, Vrty. ; II. gen. micromeriiiionalis, Vrty. ; III. gen. micromeridionalis, Vrty. : Described from Forte dei Marmi, in swampy localities on Tuscan coast. Race statideri, Vrty. : I. gen. ndyaris, Vrty. ; II. gen. tneridiojialis, Hiihl. ; III. gen. staitderi, Vrty : Described from Istria and Dalmatia. Race ineridionalis, Riihl : I. gen. vnlgaria, Vrty. ; II. gen. iiwridion- alin, Riihl. ; III. gen. tenuemaculosa, Vrty. : Described from " Central Italy " ; I possess it from Florence and from Atina, m. 500, in Mainarde Mts. (Caserta). 142 THE entomologist's record. Race micromeridionalu, Vrty. ; I. gen. nihjarh, Vrty ; II. gen. inirrowcriilinjKilis, Vrty. ; III. gen. doubtful. I possess it from Vallombrosa, m. 1,000 (prov. of Florence), from Piteglio, m. 700 (Pistoia), from Mt. Prato Fiorito, m. 900 (Lucca), and from Bolognola, ra. 1,200, in the Sibillini Mts. (Piceno). Race ditbioaa, Rob. : Will probably be established as distinct from Southern Spain. (To he continued,) r;») 0 T E S ON COLLECTING, etc. Butterflies in Notts and a Gynandromorph. — My brother and I have devoted some time this May and June to Enchlo'e cardamines, but could not turn up any striking variety, though one male had white streaks running into the orange patch. On June 10th we found a new locality, to us, in the county for I^oli/oininatiis icanis, and among the females a large proportion showing more or less of blue, a few being very fine. We also saw and captured Colias crocens (ednsa) in good condition, which is surely a very early date for this district ; it must be an immigrant. We visited the same ground on June 16th and 17th, but were un- lucky in the weather, as there was a strong wind and practically no sun. Still we managed to bag a nice series of the P. icanis. On the 18th — an afternoon which is apt to be more or less devoted to " reflection " — my brother, who has passed his three score years and ten, dragged me out for a ten miles tramp to have another look at the same spot, but by the time we reached the ground the sun was over- cast and nothing was flying. By diligently searching the grass heads —a back-breaking job — we managed to take about forty, and among them a magnificent gynandromorph, left wings 3- , right wings 5 , both upper and underside, and in beautiful condition. The right wings are dark, shot with blue, and with well marked orange spots on the fore- wing and less strongly marked on the hindwing. We also took a female with right hindwing partly bleached, both upper and underside. — Douglas H. Pearson (F.E.S.), Chilwell, Notts. C. ALCHYMisTA IN SHROPSHIRE. — I took here on June 20th a speci- men of Catefdiia alc/npiiLsto at light, on a hedgerow in the corner of a hayfield, at Cleobury Mortimer. — Commander G. C. Woodward. A Staphylinid Beetle attacki':d by an Ant. — Sitting in my garden at Claygate, on June 17th, 1922, 1 noticed a large red ant moving across the lawn, carrying in front of him what appeared to me, at first sight, to be a small piece of stick, but on closer investigation the latter proved to be a medium sized Staphylinid, which the ant had got hold of by the lower abdominal segments in such a way that the " Staph " was held inan upright position. Itwas evidently carrying thesametoits nest. The beetle, which was about twice the size of the ant, was still alive, but had evidently given up the struggle. I captured the ant and released its prey, which promptly made tracks for safety. — S. C. Leman (F. K.S.) (CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. At a recent meeting of the South London Society a letter was read from the representatives of the late Mr. Lachlan-Gibb, stating that a SOCIETIES. 143 sum of £200 had been bequeathed by that gentleman to the funds of the Society, " as an appreciation of a life's pleasant and instructive fellowship with their members." The Kntomoloiiical A'ewH for June reminds us that " a specimen unaccompanied by any data as to its habitat, its time of occurrence, its relation to its surroundings, has a certain value, but from any other view- point such a naked object is useless." All of the most interesting sides of entomology, of biology, are based upon the observations made in connection with the living thing and its surroundings, and the more completely these are recorded in connection with the specimen the better." This was brought home to us recently very strongly when a collection of a life-time with thousands of butterflies and moths came into our possession, not one of which had a label of any kind. They were absolutely useless, although many were local species there was not the slightest indication of locality even. SOCIETIES. The Entomological Society of London. March 15th, 1922. — New Fellows. — The following were elected Fellows of the Society : — Messrs. Reginald Charles Treherne, Entomo- logical Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada : T. G. Sloane, Moorilla, Young, New South Wales, Australia ; William Monod Crawford, B.A., Orissa, Marlborough Park, Belfast ; Leonard Charles Bush by, 11, Park Grove, Bromley, Kent ; Arthur Morel Massee, " Park Place," The Common, Sevenoaks, Kent ; Linnaeus Greening, " Fair- light," Grappenhall, Cheshire; John Wilson Moore, 151, Middleton Hall Road, Kings Norton, Birmingham ; John Edmund Eastwood, Wade Court, Havant, Hants ; Dr. Francis Arthur, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 395, Bethnal Green Road, E.2 ; and Dr. H. Silvester Evans, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Lautoka, Fiji. Exhibits. — Mr. W. H. Tams exhibited a selection of insects, chiefly Lepidoptera, taken on the Mount Everest expedition. Mr. 0. E. Janson exhibited a new species of Kiichioea and a female of the rare Saturniid moth, Anjema inittrei, from Madagascar. Dr. C. J. Gahan exhibited an example of the Indian Phasmid Caraiifiiii>< inorasiix, in which homoeotic regeneration had taken place, an amputated antenna having been replaced by a tarsus. Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., who illustrated his remarks with lantern slides, read some notes by Mr. A. H. Hamm, on the occurrence of Si/)U(»iiaspu dnipariun in hawthorn seeds in birds' droppings, and some notes by Dr. R. C. L. Perkins, on the procryptic resting attitude of i'uli/iionia c-alhnw. He also exhibited some Chalcids bred by Mr. J, Collins from beetles m dog biscuits and plum branches. Dr. S. A. Neave read a letter from Mr. W. J. Harding recording the capture of Pohiijonia c-alhuiii at Holcorabe, in Devonshire, and some dis- cussion took place as to the distribution and recent spread of this butterfly in the south of England. Apy'd 5th. — New Fellows. — The following were elected Fellows of the Society : — Messrs. William George Clutten, 186, Coal Clough Lane, Burnley ; Edmund James Pearce, The Lodge, Corpus Chnsti College, 144 THE entomologist's record. Cambridge ; George Evelyn Hutchinson, Aysthorpe, Newton Road, Cambridge ; Charles Herbert Lankoster, Cartago, Costa Rica ; Arthur D. R. Bacchus, 29, Abbotsford Road, Redland, Bristol ; and Captain Douglas S. Wilkinson, Kennington Vicarage, Ashford, Kent. Exhibits. — Lord Rothschild exhibited a group of luimefcic Lepi- doptera and Hymenoptera from South America. Mr. W. G. Sheldon exhibited, on behalf of Mr. T. Greer, a series of Epmephele jiirtina, and of Pieris napi, from Co. Tyrone. Mr. A. W. Pickard-Cambridge exhibited Zeller's types of a number of moths, mainly Crambids fron) Egypt and Palestine. Mr. W. F. H. Rosenberg exhibited an example of Colaenis telesiphc race titJiiaiiiites from Ecuador, in which the band of the hindwing is white as in the typical form. Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker exhibited a series of Hemles jihloeas, and a specimen of Zi/ijama transalpina ab. elowjata from Florence. Dr. G. A. K.' "Marshall, on behalf of Mr. B. P. Uvarov, exhibited some remarkable mimetic long-horned grasshoppers with their Cicindelid models. Dr. K. Jordan, F.E.S., exhibited a pair of the Agaristid moth, Ae(jocera mahdi, the male of which has a stridulatory organ ; also a series of Lipliyra brasi^olis. Dr. S. A. Neave gave an account of the fauna of Mt. Mlanje, Nyasa- land, and illustrated his remarks with lantern slides, and with an exhibition of some typical msects from that locality. The South London Entomological Society. Januarij 12fA. — Exhibits. — Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited Heliophohus hispidiis, the dark form from Torquay and the lighter form from Dorset, and a very dark aberration of OrthoUtha pluniharia. Mr. Withycombe, larvfe of Taeniorhyncus richardi (Dip.) attached by siphons to roots of Typha ancmntifolia from Epping, with illustra- tive photographs. Mr. Hy. J. Turner, for Mr. Thomas Greer, Tyrone, the following aberrations recently taken by him. F.uchlo'c cardawhws (1) in fine condition only. — A. J. Wightman, 85, Morris Road, Lewes. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. " Entomological Society of London. — 41, Queen's Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7> 8 p.m. 1922, October 4th and 18th. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. July 29th, Field Meeting at Eastbourne. Leader, R. Adkin, F.E.S. — Hon. Sec, Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German's Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3. The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street E.G. 2, first and third 'Tuesdays in the month, at G.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec, W. E. Glegg, 44, Belfast Road, N. 16. All MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs retiu-iied to Hy. J. Tounkr, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, S.E. 14 We must earnestly request our correspondents not to send us conutiniiicolions identical with those they are sending to other magazines. Lists of DupiiiCATEs and Desiderata should be sent direct to Mr. H, E. Page, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. 14 OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP>E. The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is H. V^. HEAD, ©ntoniolooiet, P'ldl lAst of Ora, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepido}>te)a, Apparatus, Cahinets etc., sent on application. Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. JWi YVtO IVIOXJNTIlSrG OUTFITS. A simple aud permanent method for mounting insects, &c. Adapted by the Entomological Dept. Royal College of Science, London. Price 3/- i^'%tT) and 6/- i:^t^T) HARBUTT'S PLASTICINE, LTD. 56, LUDGATE HILL, E.G. 4, and BATHAMPTON, np. BATH. AQ'ENT— G. A. BENTALL, F.Z.S., Naturalist, 392, Strand, W.G.2. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. An illustrated magazine, published monthly — except August and September— devoted to the study of INSECT LIFE. It contains a list of the titles of the current Literature on American Entomology, articles by the leading authorities in the United States and Canada, and is a necessary journal of refei'ence for working entomologists. Valuable inforiBation for economic and systematic students. Annual subscription price $2'50. Foreign (except Canadian) subscriptions $2.70. Single copies 30 cents. Address ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Vol XXXIY. ^o Q- CDe entomologist's Record AND Journal oT Variation l*'ji)ni';i) itv RiCHAiiu S. BA.GNALL, f.l.s., f.e.s. George T. BETHUNE-BAKER, f.l.s., f.e.s. M. BURR, D.SC, F.L.S. , F.Z.8., F.E.S. (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, f.e.s. E. A. COCKAYNE, m.d., f.e s. and .Tas. E. COLLIN, f.e.s. H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.j,., f.b.s. John Hartley DURRANT, f.e.s. Alfred SICH, f.e.s. (Rev.) George WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s, Hknry J. TURNER, F.E.S., Editorial Secretary. CONTENTS. PAGE. 149 New British Cecidomyiidae, 4. It. S. Bagnall, F.L.S., F.E.S.. cf- J. W. H. Harrison, D.Sc Races and Seasonal Polymorphism, Rof/er Verity, M.D., and Orazio Querci Notes on Entomology in France and Italy, 1921. Lt. E. B. Ashhy, F.E.S. „. Current Notes and Short Notices Societies : — Entomological Society of London ; South London Entomological Society 1S4 158 164 166 SEFTEMBER 15th, 1922. ^ \,^ I'. ice ONE SHILLING (n..i) / !5ul)8ui-iplion foi- Complete Volume, post ftoe llnoliidliiB all DOUBlilO NUMBl'Mia, elO.I /,; TEN SHILLINGS. TO HE lOUWAllDICn TO HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S., "Bertrose," Gkllatly Road, New Cross, S.E.14. Communications have been received or have been promised from Messrs. Hy. J. Turner, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. Verity, J. H. Durrant, G. T. Bethune-Baker, Alfred Sich, W. Daws, the late Dr. T. A. Chapman, R. S. Bagnall, J. W. H. Harrison, W. J. Kaye, Dr. E. A. Cockayne, C. R. N. Burrows, with Reports of Societies and Reviews. WATKiNS & DONCASTER, NATURALISTS, Keep in Stock — All kinds of Apparatus and Cabinets Required by Collectors of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Plants, etc. A Large Stock of British, Continental 81 Exotic Lepidoptera, and also Birds' Eggs (Singles as well as in Ckitches.) OUR NEW CATALOGUE WILL BE SENT POST FREE ON APPLICATION. 36, Strand, London, W.C. 2. 'Phone: Gerrard 9451. Lantern Slides in Natural Colours. LEPIDOPTBRA & LARViG A SPECIALITY. PbotogiM plied from life aiul true to Nature in every detail. SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c., By same Colour Process. LAriERN bLll>li;S MADli; 'I'O ORDIOU FKOM ANY SrECIMKN UH COhOUitKD DRAWING PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARY^ffi, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET. For List apply to — CHARLES D. HEAD, Cherrymount, Donnycarnay, DUBLIN. Bexley] L. \R[. NElftTIVIAN Kent Has for sale a superb stock of 1920 specimens in fine condition, including Yarleyata ; Bicuspis ; Pendularia var. Subroseata ; Melanic forms Lariciata, Consortaria, Conson- aria, Abietaria ; Irisb forms Aurinia and Napi, fine vars. Tiiiae, Yellow Dominula, etc., etc. Quotations and Insects sent on sipproval with pleasure. Also a huge stock of fine PUP.?: and OVA. Write for latest price lists. Relaxing Tins are now 4-/- small and 6/- large, pos free. Re-fills, 2/3 small, 3/3 large, post free. NEW BRITISH CECIDOMYIIDAE, 149 New British Cecidomyiidae. 4. By RICHAKD S. BAGNALL, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., F.E.S., and J. W, HESLOP HARRISON, D.Sc, F.R.S.E. {Continued from vol. xxaiv., p. 66.) Many of the following reoords are largely due to our now having access to further continental literature, in particular to the valuable contributions of Riibsaamen published during the progress of the war and, therefore, not then available to British Zoologists. Many species affecting common plants are so extraordinarily local and isolated that Oiily the most determined and constant research will yield success; the species from elder, beech, and Raiiunniliis acris recorded here are cases in point. Olif/otrojiJuis schmidti, Riibs. On Jiutipenoi ; a small obscure gall. Durham, Chester-le-Street, Langdon Beck. MoRTHUMBERLAND, Blanchlaud, Eglingham. P/ieffo)n)/ia fagicolns, K. On Fa;/ lis, Houard, 1158. Leaf discoloured, hypertrophied and folded between the secondary veins ; each fold containing two or three red larvae. Scotland, Crieff, on one tree only, September, 1921. Psectrosania tainarivia, Stefani. On Tiniiari.c (jallica ; young twig swelling, "with large cavity. Devon, Torquay district, twice, including an example extra- ordinarily like the one figured in Houard. Sussex, Bexhill, December 30th, 1921, two examples, in each case causing a bend in the young twig. Recorded in Houard from Sicily and Portugal. Iriliopalutinjia crutae-iialli, Karsch. On Ilhiiiant/uis crista-f^alli ; flower distinctly deformed, faintly pilose; larvae gregarious, white. YoRKS., near Moorsholm, July, 1922. Durham, Widdy Bank Fell, near Langdon Beck, August, 1922. Macrolabis holosteae, Riibs., 1917. On Stellaria holustea ; terminal gall ; larvae creamy-yellow. Northumberland, Stocksfield, June, 1922. Macrolabis sp. Leaves of Hi/pochaeris radicafa ; larvae white (? M. hieracii). Northumberland, Seaton Sluice, August, 1921. Geodiplosh ranunculi, K. . A shining red larva, living in the roots and lower part of radical leaves of [laniiuciilns acris. Northumberland, Stocksfield, Hexham, July, 1922, rare. i'rofeltit'lla rainiiicidi, K. An amber-yellow larva, accompanying the above is probably September 15th, 1922. 150 THE entomologist's kecord. referable to this species. Kieffer describes it as predaceous upon Gfodij^losis raniDiciiU. Northumberland, Stoeksfield, July, 1922, rare.' Octodiplo'ils f/lijceriac, Riibs., 1895. Reddish larvae, paler anteriorh', in leaf bases of Glycerin aijiiatica. Durham, Billiugham and R3'ton. llliabiloplicKja exiiiecans, Kiibs. On Salix ]>entandra\ a clavate twig-pall. Durham, Langdon Beck, Waldridge Fell. Yorkshire, near Moorsholm. lUiahdopltaga iji'iiniiicula, K. Bud gall on SciUa- mnita. Scotland, Birnam. Durham, Gibside, Hunstanworth. Northumberland, Riiiirjg Mill, Hexham. Rhidxhqihuija raiiiicola, Rilbs. A twig swelling on Sali.c purpurea. Northumberland, Stockstield. Westmorland, Appleby. Lancashire, Ainsdale. Genus Jaapiella, Riibs., 1915. Of the species of Pcrrisiii already recorded by us alpina, F. Loew, cirsieola, Riibs., coitipositaniiii , K. (?), dittricia, Riibs., Jloriperda, F. Loew., genutwiitorq liens, K., ncuuticujla, F. Loew., mfiatae, Riibs., laticolii, Riibs., panuila, Liebel, praticoia, K., (?) riibicimdida, Riibs., scabiusae, K., acJuiiidti, Riibs., racriniroriiiu, K. (vaccinii, Riibs.) and veronicae, Vail., fall into this genus. Jaapitila hiflatae, Riibs. B. and H. in Ent. Hec, xxxiii.. p. 154. The larvae are white and not red as stated, the red larvae being those of the host species Jaapiella flDiiperda. Jaapidla loiaiitiai', Riibs., 1917. On Knaiitia arrensis ; deforniation of terminal leaves enclosing gregarious white larvae. Durham, near Wmlaton (old record) ; Vigo. NoRTHUMBEKLAND, Hear Stockstield. Jaapidla mrothaiinii, Riibs., 1917. On C'-ytisva tico/iarius ; flower undeveloped and not opening, contain* ing pale red larvae. Durham, Gibside. Northumberland, Stockstield. Perrinia berheridis, K. On Berber in. NliW BRITISH CKCIDOMYIIDAE. 151 NoRTHUMBKiiLAND. Hexhcim iind Coi-bridge. ScoTi-ANi), Melrose district. We have known this species for some time but were under the im- pression that it was already known for Britain. I'firisia raiilaiinnicola, Riibs., 1915. Bright red larvae feeding gregariously on Cardamine pratensia are referable to this species. Gall and larvae strikingly distinct from those of Perrisia ccirdainum, Winn. Durham, Burnhill, June, 1922. Perri^ia drijopldla, Riibs., 1917. Light reddish larvae in galls of Arnoldia and ( 'ontarinia (jiwrcma ; apparently not uncommon where the host-galls occur. Perrisia jaapiana, Riibs., 191-1. (Not P. jaapiana, Riibs., 1917, from Spiraea idmaria). This is B. and H. 158, a leaf-pod gall on Mdilntns liijndina. Perrisia fusca, Riibs. and P. oxijarantliaf, Riibs. In unopened flowers of (Jratae;/ns, the former with yellow to orange larvae and the latter with red (usually brick-red) larvae— much later than drntarinia anthohia and therefore liable to be overlooked. Both apparently widely distributed. Perrisia tiUpendulae, Kieffer {nan S wanton). Spiraea /ilipendnla ; red larvae in closed flowers. YoRKs., in a garden !it Aislaby, near Whitby. Perrisia rossi, Riibs., 1914. This is apparently B. and H. No. 405. I'errisia squamosa, Tavares. B. and H. No. 379 in part ; the form with whitish larvae ; usually solitary. We find acorn-cups also affected by pale salmon larvae feeding in groups of three or four. Perrisia trotteri, Tavares. On Cytisns scoparins ; gall m end of twig like that of Janetiella tuherculi, but larger and containing a red larva. Durham, near Lanchester and Lintz Green. Devon, near Sidmoutb. Recorded by Houard from Portugal. Perrisia rallisiiiiibrosae, K. On Pi/tistis s<-(ip,iriiis ; leaflets folded in form of a pod, thickened a»d discoloured, coutiuning a few red larvae. Houard, 3431. ScoTi,ANi>, Crieff, rare, September, 1921. Recorded by Houard from Italy. Perrisia licdivlcei, Riibs. On I'inipinella sa.rifrai/a ; affecting the leaves and the bases thereof 152 THE entomologist's record. Durham, Penshaw Hill and Bishopton, quite coniiiionly. Already recorded by us without name. Schizo)ui/ia nicirijiea, F. Loew. On SanihiicKS n'ujra ; flower enlarged, virescent, slightly elongated and remaining closed. Larvae gregarious, yellow to pale orange-yellow. Northumberland, Stocksfield, Fallowfield, July, 1922. In spite of persistent search in very many English counties this Cecidomyiid escaped observation until the date named and thus emphasises the patience necessary in the study of Cecidology. Asjihondylia lathyri, Eiibs. On Lathynts pratetms ; single, yellow to orange-yellow larva in pod, causing a swelling. Northumberland, Tughall, near Chathill ; near Hexham also. Young examples, July, 1922 ; Hartley, August. Tricholaha trifolii. Rubs. (1917, B. & H. 210). There may be two species, the one (B. & H. 210) containing a single white larva and the other an inquiline of Ptrrisia trifolii with one or more larvae, ranging from white to whitish-yellow and, according to Riibsaamen, to pale orange-red. If distinct then T. trifidu occurs with us as well as our B. & H. 210. Tricltolaba siiiiilis, Riibs., 1917. Yellowish-white to pale orange-red larvae in the pod galls of Perrisia riciae, possibly a variety of 2'. trifolii. Durham, Fatfield, Birtley. YoRKs., Saltersgate. Contarinia anjicriilae, K. On Asperula odorata; termmal leaves, shortened and broadened and somewhat concave enclosing orange-red larvae. Durham, Gibside, July, 1922. Two examples, one empty and the other with larvae of which two were apparently parasitized. Contarinia ijeicola, Rilbs., 1917. White larvae in crinkled leaves of Genm urbanuvi. Northumberland, Stocksfield, July, 1922. Contarinia jaapi, Riibs., 1914. On lAithyrus. pratensis ; stipules considerably enlarged containing largish agglomeration of buds ; larvae gregarious, j'ellowish-white to pale flesh -colour. YoRKs., Scarborough, Great Ayton, June, 1922. One example contained about 50 larvae. ( 'iinodi}iloiiis urticae, K. This is the inquiline of I'errisia urticae and already recorded by us (hhit. Uec, xxxiv., p. 62). NEW BRITISH CECIDOMYIIDAE. 15S CUnodiplons sorhicola, Riibs., 1917. Pale creamy-yellow larvae in twisted leaves with Coiitarinia sorbi, June. Westmorland, Witherslack. Yorkshire, Saltersgate and Sutton Bank. Stenodiiddsis (leniciilatiix, Reut. Pale red larvae in seeds of Alopectinis iienictdatna. Durham, Lintz Green, -July, 1922. YoRKs., near Moorsholm, July, 1922. This species is known from Finland and appears to be very distinct from Oligntropluis alopecnri, which we have now noted on both Aloperurus pratensis and A. miinsiiroides (ai/it^atis). Ceci(lo)in/i(lan(iii sp. Orange-red larvae in Aphis on Bramble. Northumberland, Stccksfield, July, 1922. Cecidoiii>/i(lani)ii sp. Red larva on lower side of Raspberry {nuhufi idaeua) leaves, crinkling the leaf and causing torsion of the veins especially basally and near the mid- rib, giving the appearance of Erin/dii/iid damage. Durham, Birtley, June, 1922. ('ecidn)in/i'dann)i sp. Honey-yellow larvae predaceous upon above. Durham, Birtley, June, 1922. Ijecidouii/idanoii sp. On Galiuni aparine, Houard, 5807. Northumberland, Stocksfield. Cecidoiiii/i/hiniiji sp. Red larvae in brown terminal shoot of Stellaria Iialostea, possibly an inquiline. Northumberland, Stocksfield, July 1922, once only, but probably late in the season. Several species cause a gall of this nature, of which we know Perrisia ulricola with white larvae, and Macrolahis holosteae with creamy-yellow larvae. CecidoiHijidarum sp. Leaves of Alchemilla riilijarU more or less deformed, slightly crumpled, or in some cases crinkled with torsion of veins. Larvae white tending to pale flesh-tint in the larger examples, feeding on the underside of the leaf. Northumberland, Stocksfield, July, 1922. Cecidaini/idannii sp. On fli/psiicHin pnlrhrHDi, flower remaining closed, small and slightly thickened. Larvae gregarious, glassy-white with end pinkish l54 THE KNTOMOIiOGIST S KICCORI). owing to ingested stamens. Seeminoly normal floNvers may contain & single larva. Northumberland, Stockstield, July, 1922, Durham, Waldridge, August, 1922. Cecidomyida rii m , sp . On Saiiibiictoi nvjra ; flower strongly swollen and enlarged, with tissues slightly thickened, containing a single flattish yellow larva (? Aspho)idi/lia sp.). Northumberland, Stocksfield, July, 1922. Very local, but plentiful where it occurred. ('ecid())iiyidari(iii sp. On JlaiiiDiridus repeiis ; similar gall to that caused by Verriaia raiinncuU but containing numerous yellow to orange -yellow larvae. Yorks., Scarborough, June, 1922. Cecidoiiiyidannii sp. On Maple (Acer ccunpestrc) ; Houard, 4027. Small sharply defined depression about 1mm. in diameter on the lower surface of the leaf (containing a broad white larva) with a surrounding zone of discoloration affecting both surfaces. Yorks., plentiful in hedgesides at Bpital Beck on the York to Malton Road, June, 1922. CecidoDiyidarinii sp. On Campanula ; inquiline in galls of I'eryisia frarhcHi Avith pale yellowish-orange larvae. Northumberland, sandLiills at Seaton Sluice, August, 1921, where the host-species (with its brick-red larvae) is plentiful. Cecid(iiiiyi(laiii))i sp. In galls of Perrisia veronicae; with white larvae predaceous on the larvae of that species. Yorks., common near Great Ayton. S(X)tland, Kelso. (To he co)itiniied.) Races and Seasonal Polymorphism of the Grypocera and Rhopalo- cera of Peninsular Italy. By ROGER VERITY, M.D., and ORAZIO QUERCI. Introductory Remarks ky R. VEiUTY. Researches on the Lepidoptera have progressed remarkably in con- nection with our knowledge of geographical and seasonal variation. New races are continually being discovered in the various localities, more or \esfi> definitely characterised, and these races are seen to constitute groups proper to certain regions or to certain kinds of surroundings. One thus perceives the instance of zones with features due, not only to the presence of species peculiar to each, as it has long been known, but also to the aspect of those common to more than one zone. Peninsular Italy stands out very prominently as a well-defined zone, better defined, in fact, than is usually the case, on account, no doubt, SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 155 of its being surrounded on three sides by. the sea and separated north- wa,rdly from the continent by a barrier of high mountains, which mark a most distinct change of climate from the damper one of the basin of the Po, with luxurious vegetation, to the much drier one, south of their water-parting, with a very different and comparatively much poorer flora. I shall come back to this subject later, when dealing with the different European zones. What I wish to say here is, that this is one of the reasons for which I have decided to publish this Catalogue separately from the rest of Italy. It is not an artificial division, but a very natural one. Another reason is that I am able to avail myself of the data obtained by Querci in the last forty years and of my own observations m Tuscany, where I live, which make this region much better known than any other from the special standpoint of this paper. During the last ten years I have published a con- siderable number of these observations, but unfortunately they are very much scattered in this and other Journals and Transactions. Our object here is to collect them and classify them, together with those of Oberthiir, Friihstorfer, Turati, Rostagno, Rocci, and others, who have dealt with races found in Peninsular Italy. We have left out all that refers to purely individual variations, which have no, or little, con- nection with surroundings or seasons. The interest of local catalogues and observations consists in pointing out the peculiarities of the regions they deal with, as compared with others. When one compares ade- quately extensive series of specimens from different regions, one finds that on the average, if not in all the individuals, certain characteristics stand out clearly as peculiar to each and leave no doubt as to their existence, even if they are not striking at first sight, whereas much more conspicuous individual variations are usually found to be common to all or most of the series and are of no interest from the geographical point of view. This distinction is of primary import- ance, but it can only be made with adequate materials to work upon. The habit of preserving in collections an extremely small number of specimens, which prevailed until the beginning of this century, caused the utter ignorance we were in as to variation in connection with distribution. A few of the most striking varieties had been observed and named. Collectors eagerly sought for them and were satisfied when they secured a specimen and they had mentioned them in local lists. Thus collections and literature always grevv within limited boundaries, established by previous authors. Innovations would only be introduced by a few entomologists who were more daring and were credited with such superior knowledge as to make them very nearly infallible. Otto Staudinger reigned supreme among them. It is interesting to look back on this curious phenomenon, which nowa- days seems incredible. It was evidently the result in our suiall ento- mological field of action of the mentality of humanity in general ; a lack of initiative in the mass of mankind, which used to let itself be guided entirely, in all its actions, by past experience and by a few sharper and more fortunate individuals, S/S if it feared to take a step without their consent. Entomological literature is full of errors due to this mentality : species and varieties were always conscientiously referred to those already known and named, whereas in many cases they were quite distinct and unknown and should have been described. One sees that many authors have 156 THK entomologist's record. undergone considerable mental strain to fit existing descriptions and figures to the specimens they had before them, but they evidently could not admit they had discovered a novelty. As a consequence one finds a wearisome uniformity in the literature of last century, the same informations and the same names of " varieties " and " aberra- tions," as all variations used to be called from the subspecies to the monstrosity, are found repeated over and over again in all the texts and in the lists of every sort of region ; the most usual variations, which are to be met with anywhere, and which for this very reason were better known and had received names, were those which local writers invariably quoted, whereas variations peculiar to their sur- roundings were not mentioned, because they could not place them in the established classifications and they thus gave them no importance. This is also another consequence of the way of collecting mentioned above : an individual variation is clearly discernible even in a single characteristic specimen, and if it happened to be one of those which had struck the fancy of a writer of the past, so that it had received a name amongst hundreds just as interesting, or even more so, which had been neglected, the local entomologist carefully noted it. Geographical variations were only taken into account in the past when they were particularly prominent and constant. Unfortunately even in these cases the literature of last century is overflowing with incorrect statements and gross blunders, because such characters had been described too vaguely (" larger," " smaller," " pattern more extensive," " markings reduced "), with reference to a "type of the species," which nobody knew, so that each collector conceived it according to his own fancy : some took as typical any specimen received from abroad and especially those sent from Germany by Staudinger's firm, under the specific name ; others trusted to the figures of the text-book they had at hand and which were most misleading because their authors never stated, as a rule, the locality of the specimens used for the figure they gave under the specific name. All this is most distressing and it is disheartening to think that our present efforts will, no doubt, produce the same impression on future generations ! The complexity of nature is such that it seems to make fun of our attempts to master it. Our onl}^ consolation is that it too proceeds, step by step, from the simple to the complex, so that the human brain, which is its most beautiful achievement, must follow Mother Nature and build up its knowledge stone by stone, while every man must remember that, though he may rise he still is very far from the summit, that none will ever reach. To try and clear up the entomological literature of the past and set it on firmer ground, so as to put a stop to the increase of confusion, is not an easy task. We must work our way back to the first origin of each name, establish it strictly, according to the law of priority, read up original descriptions carefully and thus establish definitely the typical race and form, as a starting point for new descriptions. It is with this view that Querci and I have undertaken the laborious task of looking up these descriptions in connection with the names mentioned in the following Catalogue, and we have thought it useful to note in each case the locality of the typical specimens, for future reference. Tutt was the first man who seriously undertook to look up the entire literature of the species he dealt with, notably some of the SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 157 British ones; we all deeply regret that death cat short, in 1911, the task he had began in 1905. Also Charles Oberthiir is one of the pioneers of the modern method of working out variation, in a work to which he gave the very appropriate name of " Ktuden de Lepidopteinloijie Com- paree,'' adopting it as the title of a long series of magnificent volumes. He has been one of the first to look up original descriptions in many doubtful cases. Unfortunately, however, he sometmies neglected the right of priority and used the name to which a good figure or a good description allowed him to refer more exactly, in preference to the name first published. This view may or may not be accepted, but, anyhow, it does not diminish the importance and value of this splendid work, which leaves one in amazement, when one considers the short period of time in which it has been written. In some instances one regrets that its author should not have made use more fully of the enormous materials he has collected, by working out geographical variation more thoroughly. One often finds evidence that he had made some interesting observation in this sense, but he drops it, without defining it, and fixes it too rarely by a name, making it a point not to follow " I'ecole de Fruhstorfer," as he puts it. Notwith- standing, his descriptions of variation on broad lines and of the distribution of those races which he does consider, constitute a clearer and more complete study of many subjects than any author has as yet produced. The writings of the late H. Frilhstorfer stand quite opposite to those of Oberthiir, unfortunately also by the form in which they are published ! He has followed the method of describing and naming, with no hesitation, every race which differed from those already known. It is several years since I came to the conclusion that this is decidedly the right method and that it gives excellent results. I cannot enter into a discussion of this long debated question here, but I must state my view. Facts clearly show anyone who devotes a little attention to this subject that it is the most natural development of the study of variation and that the results already achieved are of the greatest interest. The chief objection made to it, that it is a hopeless task, with no end or aim, is already obviously seen to have been an entirely mistaken anticipation. The geographical variations of most European species have been found to be very limited and to follow one simple line. Those which in reality vary to a disconcerting extent can be counted on one's finger-tips and it is only a question of energy and time to work them out ; of this sort are Flebdiis aryus, L., Pieris na/n, L., Faniassiii>i apolla, L., and P. »ine))ioi-iatli's coridon and Heudes alciphron (including a very fine pale brownish female. Heterocera. — Li/>na)itna dispar, Z(//jaena ephialtes var. coronillae, Z. traiisaipina, Z. lonicerae, and a fine full-fed larva of Soturnia pyri brought to me from a garden near, and which obligingly spun up at once and produced a fine moth in May, 1922. Colkoptera. — Silp/ia obsciira, Stramjalia macitlata, Teleplwrns fiilva, Crijptocephaliis aureolas, and Cetonia )iietaUica. Hymenoptera. — Scolia hirta, Sphex Jiiaxillosits (abundant), Annuo- phila viatica (also abundant), and Vespa crabro. Orthoptera. — Loriista cantana, Arcyptera fiisca, StaKroderim scalaris, Decticiis verritcivoruH, Oedipoda niiniata, and (J. caendeseen.s. Diptera. — Asiliis inconstant (male and female in cop.), and Evhino- viijid fero.c. The above list is of course by no means exhaustive, and the great heat during my visit prevented me from extending it. A day at Bardonnecbia on July 29th, the first station in Italy after pa-^sing through the Mont Cenis Tunnel, although looking most attractive from the train was really fruitless, and I got nothing mueh there beyond Parnassii(s apnllo, Poli/omtnatiis dainon, a few of the common mountain species, and the Hymenopteron Ammophila viatica. Leaving Susa on August 1st I reached Aosta via Turin, and spent a morning exploring this interesting old Roman city with its Roman Theatre and Gateways, and the Cathedral of St. John with a fine western facade. I reached Pre-St.-Didier on August 2nd by motor, and spent the latter part of the afternoon on the hillsides opposite the Hotel Univers, where I stayed comfortably until August 8th. I found the following insects fairly abundant on the slopes. Picris inanni, M. phoebe, E. lijcaon, P. dainon, Erynnis lavatcrae, and the beetles il///Z(//>r/s floralis and A/, variabilis, with the bee Bonibns pratoruiii. The grass- hopper, Caloptenus italiciis, was very abundant, and I afterwards found it abundant in many places around Pre-St.-Didier. Aaynst drd. — To-day I walked up to La Thuile on the Petit St. Bernard road and back. I was glad to get two specimens of Dryas pandora just above Pre-St.-Didier, at the commencement of the walk, several fine specimens of M. phoebe and Ji. amatJnisia, with one finely marked variety of A. aylaia, but I got little at La Thuile except a few specimens of P. dainon, and Eiebia prono'e, and one good specimen of Loweia alciphron var. yordiiix. Butterflies, including P. apollo, were swarming in suitable places but were nearly all worn except Liinenitis NOTES ON ENTOMOLOGY IN FRANCE AND ITALY. 161 Camilla, which was sometimes very fresh. I also took the beetle Pac/n/ta (jiiadriiiiariilata, and at La Thuile one specimen of the bee Boiiibiis disthviuendns. Edelweiss grows commonly round La Thuile, but it is not easy to find the first specimen, its diity grey-white colour harmonising so well with the rocky ground on which it occurs. Aui/Hnt. ith. — To-day I climbed to the top of Mt. Grammont behind Pre-St.-Didier, which is 9,059 ft. high and very steep. The view of the whole Alpine expanse from the summit was glorious, but the higher part of the mountain was practically denuded of insect life. P. ajHdlo was numerous but getting worn. I also got the Ichneumon Aiiiblijtdes fusoriiis, fairly high up, and the moths Clcot/eiui hitearia, Scutosia dubitata, Boarmia refiandata, B. rhoiiiboidaria (qenniiaria), Plnsia iota, Gnophon }nyrtillata, Liji'ln/s qnerciis (common), Ruralis betiilae, the latter large and in excellent condition but not very abundant, lUunicia /ihlacais var. cleuft, C hyale, and D. jiaplda, female var. valesina (the prevailing form of the female here), f>'. ii/caon (abundant), and i'. statilinii>i (very abundant and very fresh. In the lower part of this valley I also took three very fine and fresh female specimens of Chri/suphaiiiia hijiiiothof. On August l".ith I mounted up through this valley to the smaller village of San Barthelemi, a four hours' walk up hill, finding L>. iiandura nearly all the way, in some places plentiful and generally very fresh in both sexes ; also tleodes i-injaiireae in both sexes but worn in the higher altitudes, and a few /'. aethio/za. After dejeuner at the make- shift of a hotel in the tiny village, it started to ram, rain, rain, ending in a considerable fall of- snow on the mountains close by. I therefore descended on account of the cold, having left my coat at Nus, and as all hope of collecting up there on the snow-clad ground for a day or two, was dissipated, the entomological treasures of this altitude could not be ascertained. As usual in the Alps I did not find dragon-liies on this long walk at all numerous, but in the lower part of the Valley of San Barthelemi near Nus, I have frequently seen and captured Cunhtlei/aater a7iHHLitt4.s in gocd condition, and one species of JeaclDia that I could not catch. In addition to the species mentioned above I took the following insects in this valley during my stay at Nus : — Rhopalockka. — Fieris iiianni, F. da/didice, M. didijiiia, P. tiielearstii=^cin(/iilatinii, Scaimis chryfu'ppm, L., used to exist at Naples, but that it was extinguished there by that exceptionally cold winter. The Calabrian subzone, from the point of view of species, is notable by the presence of /'. alexanor, as already mentioned, and of ^. danione — at its furthest end. The latter is otherwise only found, in Italy, on the opposite side of the straits of Messina, on the Etna. What is also a striking characteristic is the total absence of the genus Erebia, which ends in the Abruzzi, although there are, here, several species, and the Calabrian mountains seem well suited to some of them, although they have been reached, as have those of Sicily, by both the l-'arnassius of Peninsular Italy. The absence of Ayriades, except theri>ites, both in' Calabria and in Sicily, is noteworthy too, and the existence of t/ietis in Africa makes it all the more surprising. The African-Italian subzone, as may well be called the island of Sicily, affords a very distinct entomological fauna, both as regards species and races. In connection with species the disappearance of a considerable number of those found in the Peninsula must first be noted, and amongst these of all FWebia and Ayriadcx, as in Calabria. This impoverishment is partly compensated by the existence of species which Sicily has in common with the African zone, but the Grypocera and Rhopalocera only afford three ; Melitaea aetherie, I 'rhicola 182 THlt; KNTOMOnO(iISTS KKCOKD. pallida, Stdgr. (which has been shown to becospecific with the African benuncas, Obth.,an(l distinct from coiinna, Jj.). and I'arunis theopluaxtuH, found only once by Kagusa. I have ah'eady mentioned that a colony of the eastern Aiithochoiis daiiione exists on both sides of the straits of Messina, and PoirelUa orbifer is another eastern species found in Sicily. One species is peculiar to this subzone, namely Melanatijia ji/iertisa. Kaces, in many species, contrast remarkably with those of the Peninsu- lar zone and, curiously enough, considering the aridity of Sicily, .they usually do so by their larger size, more robust build and gaudy colour- ing. The following are the exceptional ones, being particularly small and frail in Sicily : E. alceae, E. althaeae, L. boeticns, H. aldphron, C. minima, C. nibi, T. hypernniestra, K. cardaniines, P. apollo, P. ida, M. didyma, /'. atalanta. The race nieridionalia, Stdgr., of didyina, Sicily has in common with Greece, and it contrasts with the gigantic pati/co- sa)ia, Trti., of the Calabrian coast, and even with neeraeformis, Vrty., of its mountains. Also P. vineiiKmi/ne approaches the oriental races in features. The large rhainnnfiia race of //. liiinnns, Costa, is proper to Sicily, 'b'. statiliniiK produces the gigantic mstaynoi described from the Campania coast. Several races are perfectly similar to one of the African ones, or transitional to them : /*. icanm, P. machaon, K. jnr- tina, M. aalathea, H. seniele, U. briseis. Finally, some belong to races so generall}' distributed around the Mediterranean, besides northern Africa, that the astonishing thing is tbey should not be produced in Peninsular Italy : R. phlaeas race ae.stiva, Z., C. nibi race fervida, Stdgr., 0. paiiijdiihtu race lyllas, Esp. groups of races, /'. aegeria subspecies aeqeria, L., P. paphia race anuryyra, Stdgr., etc. VII. Zone of Corsica and Sardinia and Elban subzone of transi- tion : The former is so well known that I need waste no words in recalling the peculiar species and the marked races it produces, which makes it one of the uio«t highly characterised zones, notwithstanding its limited area. It is said, that with tbe Elban Island and other smaller islands near the coast of Tuscany, it consists of remainders of the great Tyrrhenian continent, and that tbe species proper to it are a few examples of its fauna and flora which have survived. In Elba, how- ever, only two of these species still exist: C. corimia a,nd H. neouiiris. The four others [I'. Iwapiton, P.. niiray, A. elisa, and A. ic/inusa) are missing, and so is E. bellezina, which spreads to the N., S., and \V., but which does not exist to the E. in Italy. 7V. belcmia is said by Turati to have been discovered lately in Sardinia, but there still is a doubt about it. The races of Corsica and Sardinia are most striking in a few species, such as P. sau, Pyronia tithontoi, etc., but not in Elba. The very distinct aristaeus of H. seniele, on the contrary, does extend to the latter. Most races are identical with some of those which spread from the Iberic zone to Africa and to Sicily, so that they differ very much from the races of Peninsular Italy, in a way which is rather unexpected, considering it is the nearest continent. Of these those of it', phlaeas and of l>. paphia exist also at Elba; the ones of A. niedun and of K- jurtiiia are in it transitional to the Tuscan races ; the remainder are quite identical with latter. Elba also possesses a few species not found in Corsica and Sardinia, such as /*.'. ansonia, M. athalia, M. didyma, etc. VIII. The Balkanic zone produces a large number of species and races, not otherwise found in Europe, so that it is a most distinct one. NOTES ON COLLECTING. 183 This is due to its close connection with Asia Minor, which it resembles in many ways. It undoubtedly affords several subzones, which will have to be made out, but it still needs much work, and, anyhow, it would be out of keeping with the object of this paper to enter into a description of it. {To be continued.) Jg^OTES ON COLLECTING, etc. An Aberration of E. glyphica. — On June 18th at Horsley I captured a specimen of F/ucUdia (/li/phica, L., with the normal yellow of the hindwings replaced by cream colour. The majority of the upper layer of scales are unpigmented and rolled up. I do not know of any other record of this kind of scale defect in ghjphira, but a long list of examples in other species is given in my paper published in the Trans. Land. N.H. Soc, 1921, pp. 58-64. — E. A. Cockayne (M.D., F.E.S.). Catocala nupta var. — On Monday, September 4th, I took a variety of Catocala nupta. The forewings are normal in colour and markings. The underwings are of a dark chocolate-brown colour, where in the type it is brick-red. The black markings on the hindwings are as in type as regards size and shape, but the edges are slightly shot with dark purple. I saw this specimen near Coggeshall in Essex resting on the wall of a house. Its size is normal. — Thomas B. Daltry, Madeley, Stevenage, Herts. A Rare Spider. — In a marshy field near Rye, Sussex, I found on September 2nd, 1922, a female specimen of the handsome spider Atiiiajie brnennichi. Scop. The web was spun between reeds, amongst a bed of yellow wild flowers. The spider had just caught an immature grasshopper. Mr. S. Hirst, who kindly identified the specimen, writes : — " This spider is fairly widely distributed in Europe, and in France it occurs as far North as Paris. So far as I am aware the species has not been found before in this country." — Frank Slade, F.Z.S., 3, Market Street, Rye, Sussex. September Wtli, 1922. Abundance of EucHLoii oardamines in East Tyrone, 1922 ; a record in gynandromorphs ! — This species was out in wonderful numbers during the only fine spell of weather that we have had so far this season ; ab. warcjinata, turning up again and I was pleased to get two examples of ab. dispila, Raynor. On May 27th I had the great luck to capture the two gynandromorphous specimens described below ; the first being netted at 3.30 p.m. (S.T.) and the second at about 5.30, in localities a quarter of a mile apart. (1) 2 ; upperside left forewing with a broad stripe of the (? colour extending from discoidal into the apical blotch. Underside left fore- wing with a large orange patch from discoidal to apical blotch, cover- ing two thirds of the wing in this area; right forewing with three orange streaks from discoidal to outer margin ; sub-costal veins broadly streaked with yellow. 184 THE ENTOMOI^OGIST's KKOOKl). (2) $ ; v&r. CO nlotosticta, WiWieims. Upperside right forewing with irregular oranp;e streaks from the discoidai to outer margin, another broader stripe just below, extending to apical blotch ; hindwings with well marked discal spots. Underside left forewing has three parallel stripes of orange, the first above discoidai, the second below, and the third near the anal angle ; right forewing has a triangular l)lotch of orange extending from and enclosing the discoidai to apical patch ; sub-costal area dusted with yellow. — Thomas Greer, Curglasson, Stewartstown. Septeviber 15tJi, 1922. Mosquitoes. — The Mosquito Investigation Committee of the South- Eastern Union are urging workers to make observations on the following lines. 1. Do AnopIieU'fi larvae require a meal of animal matter before pupating ? 2. If so, which species require it ? 3. During which instar do larvae take this meal if at all '? 4. Has any observer succeeded in getting Ano/ihfleH plionheiis to pair in captivity ? 5. If so, did the eggs subsequently laid hatch as usual or how long was the hatchmg delayed. 6. Are the eggs of any species ever laid on the damp marginal mud or on the water ? Which species do which ? 7. Whether dancing in the air of A. plinnbeiis has been observed ? If so, the sex, or sexes, of the participants, the height above the ground, and the nature of the observed movements. In the case of swarms being observed, whether other swarms containing insects of opposite sex were also observed and at what distance ? 8. Manner of capture, subsequent movements of the pair, and position in copulation, and its duration. 9. The duration of life of the male after it has mated and the time elapsing before oviposition in the case of females, are additional points of mterest to which attention is drawn of those able to keep and feed captured insects. 10. A record of the time elapsing between the first meal of blood and oviposition will add to the value of observations. 11. As there is a lack of positive knowledge based upon direct observations in the case of most species of mosquito as to whether aerial dances are a necessary prelude to mating ; observations throwing light upon this point are particularly desired. 12. The swarming of midges is far more commonly observed, and similar observations upon this point in the case of mosquitoes will be welcomed, as likely to afford comparative data. 13. Eecords should state — (a) Date, time of day, state of weather, direction and force of wand, and if after or before sunset. (/>) Place, under trees, or round bushes, buildings, above lighter or darker patches of ground, or in buildings, wells, etc. [c) Nature of trees, bushes, or ground, i.e., grass, gravel, etc. Papilio alexanor — Two YEARS IN PUPA. — While at Digne in July, 1920, I took a number of larvae of Papilio alexanor, all of which fed SOCIETIKS 1! up well and pupated in due course. All of the pupae produced butter- flies in the snnimer of 1921 with the exception of two which I thought must be dead. I left the two pupae /;/ .s/^(( in the breeding cage, however, and to my surprise perfect butterflies emerged — one on July 1st, 1922, and one on July 25th, 1922. I certainly did not expect that a southern insect like /'. alexanor would be capable of passing two winters in the pupal stage. — J. A. Simks (P.E.S.). (CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. We are informed that a new part of Genera lu.sertonnii has just appeared : Carpnunidae, by E. Meyrick. At the end of the year a thick volume will be issued on the Oecophoridae by the same author. We are getting the parts of Seitz Macrole/ridnptera of the Tl'orW (Exotic section) quite regularly, about four parts per month, direct from the present publishers, Messrs. Kernen, of Stuttgart. Each part contains eight pages and two plates, or sixteen pages and one plate, and the price is 2s. per part. By the time this is published we under- stand that parts 254-261, English edition, will be in the hands of the subscribers. Volume V., American Ehopalocera, has reached the Hesjicn'idae, and Vol. IX., Indo-Malay Rhopalocera, has also reached the end of the Lycaenids. These two volumes will be completed very shortly, and Vol. VL, the American Bombyces, etc., is in progress. The publishers have notified us privately that the translation of Volumes X., Indo-Malay Bombyces, etc., and Volume XIII., African Rhopalocera, is being so rapidly pushed forward that in a few weeks they too will be appearing alongside the parts of the other volumes. As there seems no possibility of getting the completion in any other way than direct from the German publishers, we recommend our readers to complete their sets to date before any part goes out of print; as have the parts of Volume I., Palaearctic Rhopalocera. SOCIETIES. Thk South London Entomological Society. Juli/ 27t/i. — Mr. H. Main exhibited the natterjack-toad from the South of France. Mr. Step, the insects he took on the occasion of the Field Meeting at Netley Heath, July 15th, including Stranijalia aniuita (Col.), VoLncella pelliicnis (Dip.), etc. He also showed the Southern Smooth Snake and the Wall Lizard sent from the Pyrenees by Mr. 0. R. Goodman, and gave notes. Mr. Adkin, a short series of Cupido ininimiis from Eastbourne, where it was abundant and generally large in size with blue dusting, in May last. Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor, Zt/ijaena ajit/njllidis, '/,. traitsalpina and Z. scahid.sae sent from the Pyrenees by Mr. 0. R. Goodman. Mr. F. B. Carr, larvae of Neiiioria viridata from Witherslack and of Bapta ieiiierata from Horsley. Mr. Barnett, a series of Brenthh eiiphrosyne from S. Devon, and K}iiatni(ia atmnaria taken as late as June 22nd. 186 THK KNTOMOl.OlilST S KKCORI). Mr. Hy. J. Turner, the race ale.cainlrina of Mditaea auriuia with other races for comparison. There was an abundance of light yellow markings on the fore- wings. Mr. Bell, larvae of Cenira bifida and C. furcida, he stated that the ova were laid on the under sides of the leaves not as the books stated on the upper. Also he showed larvae of Notodonta ziczac. All were from ova found near Hatfield in June. Atti^iist 10//(.— Mr. D. W. Seth-Smith, 34, Elsworthy Road, was elected a member. Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a series of Arctia rillica reared from larvae picked up on Eastbourne Parade. They were common this year whereas larvae of A. caja were unusually scarce. Mr. Tonge, a bred specimen of Melenydris salicata from Langridge Fell. Mr. Prideaux, aberrations of Rinaicia phlaeas from Kent, and a remarkable aberration of Mesoleuca alhicillata bred from Brasted. Major Gillet, a unique black-banded form of Ac/rotis corticea, a very light J and a dark 2 oi A. cinerea, and aberrations of A. exclamationis, all taken in his light-trap. Mr. Bunnett, larva and imago of Ledra aurita (Hem.), and the cicada Centrotiis coriuitus, from Box Hill, with the scarce beetle Agiilnx siuKcitKs, and Rlnnomacer attelaboides. Dr. Robertson, Lepidoptera taken by him at Grindelwald in July. Pierix napi var. bri/aniae, Albidina pheretes, Acidalia imiiiorata, Xynaena achilleae, Cra tubus tui/elliis, etc. Mr. Hy. J. Turner, species of the S. American genus Aiitoiiteris mostly sent by his friend and fellow member Mr. Lindeman, and read notes on the distribution and characteristics. Messrs. Tonge, Ham and Carr reported the abundance of A. rillica larvae, the scarcity of A. caja and the occurrence of P. c-album near and in Oxford, and fresh C. croceus, respectively. y OBITUARY. Dr. David Sharp, M.B., CM. (Edinb.), F.R.S., etc. Born 15th October, 1840. Died 'iTth August, 1922. The death of David Sharp leaves a gap in the ranks of British entomologists that will be difficult to fill.' Sharp was born at Torchester, Northamptonshire, but his family moved to Stoney Stratford when he was an infant, and his early boy- hood was spent at that place. About 1851 he came to London with his family, where he resided till 1864. He was educated at St. John's Foundation School, Kilburn, and when he left there he worked in his father's business in London for a short time. But David soon con- cluded that a commercial life was not congenial, and so in 1862 he began to study medicine at St. Bartholomew's. In 1864 he entered the University of Edinburgh and graduated in 1866. He then returned to London and worked for a short time under the Sharp's family doctor. In 1867 he proceeded to Scotland, where he took up his residence at Thornhill, Dumfries, in charge of a patient. In 1875 he OBITUARY. 187 was married to Jessie Margaret Murdoch, at Eccles, Dumfrieshire, who survives him. There were seven children — -five daughters and two sons ; one of his sons joined up during the War and died in England ; his other children still survive. In 1884 he returned to England and took up his residence at Southampton, where he remained till 1888, when he moved to Wilmington, near Dartford, Kent. -In 1889 he moved to Cambridge, and 1890 accepted the position as Curator in Entomology at the Cambridge University, which he held till March, 1909. In 1909 he gave up his residence at Cambridge and retired to Brockenhurst, in the New Forest, where he had built a house opening on to the forest which he loved so well. It is here that he died, and in the churchyard of the little parish church, which has associations with the ninth century and Domesday book, he lies buried in a spot that overlooks the forest. David's family life was of the happiest, especially with his mother, whose widowhood was brightened by his constant attention. As Sharp left no autobiographical notes it is not possible to follow the influences which moulded his character and directed his life's work. His father was a man of strong personality, which he inherited ; he also inherited a wonderfully judicious mind and a cautious but sound judgment. As a young man he met Herbert Spencer under his father's roof, and he was greatly attracted both by the writing and personality of this philosopher. His love of fundamental principles as guides to actions and beliefs were evidently gathered from this source. Like many another entomologist, he was first attracted to the study of insects through the beauty of butterflies. Before he took up the study of medicine a room at the top of the house in London was con- verted mto a butterfly farm, and here, with the assistance of one of his sisters, he bred butterflies and moths. The exact date he deserted Lepidoptera for Coleoptera is difficult to fix, and it was most probably gradual. When in Brighton, in May, 1861, he bought a small note book, and for a number of years he noted all his catches and localities. On February 5th, 1863, he possessed 662 species of named British Coleoptera, and on March 31st, 1865, he had 1984. The turning point of his life was in 1867, when he accepted the charge of a patient at Thornhill, for this gave him time and oppor- tunity to devote himself to entomological work which he never could have done had he started upon a general practice. It was during this period that he brought out his Rerision of the Homalota (1869), and did most of the work on the Dyticidae, which was published. In January, 1876, he offered himself as a candidate to the Town Council of the City of Glasgow for the post of Curator of the City Industrial Museum. It is perhaps as well for the science of ento- mology that he did not procure the position. Upon his return to England he decided to abandon the medical profession and devote himself entirely to entomology. In the following year (1885) he became associated with the Zoological Record as Recorder of Insects, and this position he held until a short time before his death, the. editing of the 1920 volume being his last work. The thirty years as Editor of this work made his name a household word to all zoologists. The work entailed as Recorder of Insects and as Editor was great, and to most men of Science a great deal of it would be uncongenial, but Sharp took it as a duty, and zoologists owe him their gratitude. 188 THE entomologist's recokd. The number of papers published by Sharp are too numerous to mention here. His two volumes of Inxccta in the Cambridge Natural History, is the work by which he is best known to the average ento- mologist. This is one of the few text books of entomology in the English language, which it is a pleasure to read from a point of view of literature. Sharp was greatly interested in island life. He worked consider- ably on New Zealand Coleoptera, and his interest in that country was such that he eventually allowed his entire entomological library to go to the Cawthorn Institute, Nelson, believing that it would be of greater use to science out there than in England. The Rev. T. Blackburn was one of Sharp's earliest entomological friends. The exact date of this friendship is uncertain, but in August, 1865, they were exchanging specimens. Upon the Rev. T. Blackburn going out to Hawaii, Sharp's attention was tvirned to those islands. Blackburn's collection of the Hawaiian insects were worked out by various specialists, the Coleoptera being worked by himself and Sharp. These collections demonstrated the peculiar precinctive fauna of the Hawaiian Islands and aroused the interest of zoologists, which led to the formation of the Sandwich Island Committee. Professor Alfred Newton was the first Chairman, and Sharp the Secretary and Editor of the publication. Sharp's judgment of men was shown in his choice of Dr. R. C. L. Perkins for the field investiga- tions, and it would have been difficult to have chosen a more fitting man. The results of the years devoted to this work are great, these islands being to-day more thoroughly worked than any similar group within the tropics. It also stands as a monument of the value of systematic work to economics. During the last eighteen years the sugar industry of the islands has been rescued from destruction by the introduction of parasites to control certain insect pests. It is estimated that an average of some eight million dollars per annum has been saved by this work. One of the chief reasons why the economic ento- mologists have attained this success is because the insect fauna of the islands was so thoroughly known. When a small leaf hopper was found destroying the sugar-cane it was at once recognised as an intro- duced insect and not a native ; when parasites were introduced it was known if hyperparasites were present or not to attack them ; the biological complex which surrounded these introduced insects could be calculated with some certainty. Without the labours of Sharp, Blackburn, and Perkins, along with various other syste- matists, the economic entomologists would have had to work in the dark. Sharp used to remark that he was an extravagant entomologist, as he was not an economic one, but few economic entomologists can claim greater economic results for their work than Sharp can for his years devoted to the " Fauna Hawaiiensis." Sharp joined the Entomologicol Society of London in 1862, he served as Secretary in 1867, President in 1887-8, Vice-President 1889, 1891-2, 1896, 1902-8. He was elected a special life Fellow in 1921. At the time of his death he was, with one exception, the senior Fellow, there being one other dating from 1861. In 1890 he was elected to the Royal Society. He was also an honorary member of a number of foreign entomological societies. — F.M. Subscr>iptions for Vol. XXXB V. (1 0 shillings) should be sent to Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertnose," Gellatiy Road, New Cross, S.E. 14 [This subscription includes all numbers published from January 15th to December 15th, 1922.] Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatiy Road, New Gross, S.E. 14 Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale, or Books wanted will be iiserted at a ininirnuin ohavge of 2s. 6(1. (for four lines). Ijonger Advertisements in pvoportion. Arednotion made for a series. Particulars of Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatiy Road, New Cross, S.E. 14 Subscribers wlin change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. 10. Pagio "Bertrose," Gellatiy Road, New Cross, Tjondpii, H.E., otherwise their magazines will probably l-.'i delayed. Desiderata. — Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all paits of the world of any buttertiies included in the British list. Setting iuimateiial ; exact dh,ta indi.spensable. Liberal return made. — iV. G. Pettier, " Tlidnin,'" 4, Willow Bridge Road, London, N. 1. Duplicates .—A.>^\a,ia,, Adippe, *Io, T. quercus, Coridon vars., *Fuliginosa (Reading), *B. quercus ? , Tilise, Menthastri, *Linariata, Aurantiaria, LeucophEcaria vars. Paniscus. Desiderata. — Pupaa of Dictseoides ; Imagines of typhon, palpina, camelina (dark), Curtula, Pyra, and numerous others; Ova of Hispidaria. — Harold B. Williams, 112a, Bensham ilanor Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. Duplicates. — SjhUl-A, Paphia, lo (2), Selene, Lucina (2), Ocellatus, Illustraria (autumn) Nastata, Roboraria . Sec, W. E. Glegg, 44, Belfast Road, N. 16. All MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs returned IoHt. J. Tornrr, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, S.E. 14 We must earnestly request our correspondents not to send us cuiiiinniiications idhntical with those they are sending to other magazines. Lists of Duplicates and Dicsidekata should be sent direct lo Mr. II. E. Page, Bertrose, Gellatiy Road, New Cross, S.E. 14 OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E- The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in tbe British Isles is H. W. HEAD, C$ntomolooi«*t, BUrNISXON, Nr. sct^hboroUgH. Full l.ist of Oia, Lairae, and Pupae, also l.epidopteia, Appaiatnn, C<(l'iiit>(ii «tc., sent oil application. Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. JWlY\AX)Vu^ <^«n6«^^|/ ^iH^l^Hi ? IVIOUNTINO OUTFITS. A simple aud periuaiieut method for mountiug insects, &c. Adapted by the Entomological Dept. Royal College of Scieuce, London. Price 3/- (^^stf) and 6/- {^t^') HARBUTT'S PLASTICINE, LTD. 56, LUDGATE HILL, E.G. 4, and BATHAMPTON, nr. BATH. G. A. BENTALL, F.Z.S., Naturalist, 392. Strand, W.G.2. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, An illustrated magazine, published monthly — except August and September— devoted to the study of INSECT LIFE. It contains a list of the titles of the current Literature on American Enldmology, articles by the leading authorities in the United States and Canada, and is a necessary journal of reference for working entomologists. Valuable information for economic aud systematic students. Annual subscription price !Si2-50. Foreign (except Canadian) subscriptions $2.70. Single copies 30 cents. Address ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Vol. XXXIY. No. 11. Cfte entomologisrs Record AND Journal of Variation l!ll)lTICl) BY KiCHAUD S. BAGNALL, f.l.s., f.e.s. George T. BETHUNE-BAKER, f.l.s., f.e.s. m. buer, d.sc, f.l.s. , f.z.s., f.e.s. (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, f.e.s. E. A. COCKAYNE, m.d., f.e.,s. Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.8. H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.s., F.a.s. John Hartley DURRANT, f.e.s. Alfred SICH, f.e.s. (Rev.) George WHEELER, m.a., F.E.g. and Henky J. TURNER, f.e.s., Editorial Secretary. CONTENTS. , PAGE. Notes on a few species of Diptera bred from the larval stage, H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 189 Notes on collecting in June, July and August in Shrop.=>hire, Commander J. G. Woodward . . 189 Some Notes on Swiss Butterflies, f/te Zafe /I. J. JPfson .. .. .. .. .. ., 192 'Races s.nd SeAsonnlFolymoYT^hism, Roger Verity, M.D., and Orazio Querci. . ., .. 195 Scientific Notes and Observations; — Somatic Mutations, E. A. Cockayne, M.D., F.E.S. 200 Notes on Collecting :— Colias croceus in Sussex, Joseph Anderson ; Celastrina argiolus, id. ; A Trip to the New Forest end September, H. Baker-Sly, F.E.S 201 CoLEOPTERA : — Somc Casual Notes on Coleoptera in 1922, il. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 202 Current Notes and Short Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Societies : — Entomological Society of London ; South London Entomological Society . . 205 Reviews .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....-.-----...._ ^ .. .. 207 NOVEMBER 15th/i0:^2. ""*'''>/ ^ Price ONE SHILLINCPiniSJv 1922 8iil)a(jription for Complete Voliuu^j; ^ost free Uiioliidiiig nil DOUBlili; NUMBIOIIS, «fl^,)-^ , ^^» TO IIIC I'OUWAUDISD TO HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S., "BERTRogH," Gbllatly Road, New Cross, S.E.14. Communications have been received or have been promised from Measrs. Hy. J. Turner, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. Verity, J. H. Durrant, G. T. Bethune-Baker, Alfred Sich, W. Daws, the late Dr. T. A. Chapman, R. S. Bagnall, J. W. H. Harrison, W. J. Kaye, Dr. E. A. Cockayne, C. R. N. Burrows, H. Baker-Sly, Command, J. C. Woodward, the late A. J. Fison, with Reports of Societies and Reviews. WATKINS & DONCASTER, NATURALISTS, Keep in Stock — All kinds of Apparatus and Cabinets Eequired by Collectors of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Plants, etc. A Large Stock of British, Continental 81 Exotic Lepidoptera, and also Birds' Eggs (Singles as well as in Clutches.) OUR NEW CATALOGUE WILL BE SENT POST FREE ON APPLICATION. 36, Strand, London, W.C. 2. 'Phone: Gerrard 945L Lantern Slides in Natural Colours. LEPIDOPTERA & LARVVE A SPECIALITY. Pbotogiapbed from life and true to Nature in every detail. SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c., By same Colour Process. LAl-'iKUN SLII^ES MADE 'J'O ORDIMl FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING. PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARY^, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET. For List apply to — CHARLES D. HEAD, Cherrymount, Donnycarnoy, DUBLIN. Bexley] L. \Rl. NElftf JVIJOLN [Kent Has for sale a superb .stock of 1920 specimens in fine condition, including Varleyata ; Bicuspis ; Pendularia var. Subroseata ; IMelanic forms Lariciata, Conaortaria, Conson- aria, Abietaria ; Irish forms Aurinia and Napi, fine vars. Tiliae, Yellow Doniinula, etc., etc. Quotations and Insects sent on approval with pleasure. Also a huge stock of fine PUPvE and OVA. Writ* for latest price lists. Relaxing Tins arc now 4/- small and 6/- large, pos free. Re-fills, 2/3 small, 3/3 large, post free. NOTES ON A FEW SPECIES OF DIPTERA. 189 Notes on a few species of Diptera bred from the larval stage. By H. DONISTHOKPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 1. Diptera bred from a small piece of fungus. — On July 31st last, when collecting Coleoptera in fungi at Barkham, I noticed some Dipterous larvae in a fungus — Aiinillaiia mellea — growing on a willow tree. They were similar in shape to some larvae I had taken in a fungus at Otford, in September, 1921 (and from which I bred Platypeza inodesta, Zett.), only instead of being white they were of a pinkish colour with dark bands. A few white larvae also occurred. A little of the fungus was taken home and placed on damp sand in a small glass bowl covered with muslin. Very shortly a number of AJi/cctoiihUa fariijonuii, Dg., hatched out, and these were followed by a dozen Drosophila sp. ? (not yet identified). Early in September a few Phaonia sciitellaris, a Hy with a yellow abdomen, appeared. This species I am informed would be predaceous on some of the other Dipterous larvae. Towards the middle of September a few l''aunia Miaiiicata, Mg., emerged, the adult form of the white larvae. Finally, at the end of September, a number of a handsome black velvet fly with red eyes, the g of Platijpeza fau-iata, Mg., put in an appearance, and at the beginning of October some six or eight of its grey $ 2 hatched out. This last species is the imago of the banded larva mentioned above, 2. Diptera bred from larvae taken in the burrows of Tomicus SEXDENTATus. — When capturing Taiiiicusi se.vdentatns in the Forest of Dean, in August last, a number of Dipterous larvae (large and small) were observed in the burrows of the beetle. These were collected into a small tin filled with frass and refuse from the burrows, and bits of Scots fir bark. From time to time the following species of Diptera have hatched out. Phania Iccta, Fir., the largest of the species bred oat, is probably parasitic on the larvae and pupae of the Tdhucus; L(»tchaea deiitsclii, Zett., the habits of which are unknown ; Sciara sp., lin some numbers. Dr. JMunroe, in his paper on the Genus liylast'^s, V^v. [I'roc. Li. Phij. Sue. KilinI).. 20 (1918)1, writes— " the larvae of bciarid flies are the chief inhabitants of the galleries of 11. jiaUiatiis " ; •and on October last Mi-detcr^s tiistis, Zett. (probably a predaceous species). I am indebted to Mr. Edwards, of the British Museum, for the names of these flies. Notes on collecting in June, July, and August in Shropshire. By Commander J. C. WOODWAKD. The following are a few notes on collecting this summer in Shrop- shire, within a few miles of Cleobury Mortimer. Until the middle of June the weather was warm and sunny, but afterwards turned cold, the nights especially, with rain nearly every day. From June 6th until about the 15th, most of the usual species were on the wing, but not in such profusion as in most years, but after this Lepidoptera became scarce, on account of the cold sunless weather. At the beginning of June /^'yV/-/.s ;•((;/«(' was common ; Ptuhlo'e cardaiiiints was observed, though it was anything but common, as it is in most years ; ^'aneasa io, one or two worn specimens t Brentlds eiipJiroxynt', ■common, but getting worn about June 8th ; B. selene, very comnn n November 15th, 1922. 190 THK entomologist's RECORD. and in good condition about June 10th ; Pararye aegeria, only seemed to occur sparingly this year ; Epinephele jtotino, most abundant towards the end of June; Jphantopim In/perantus, ver}^ common in its usual localities, but later than most years, I did not take it till well on in July ; Cocnonyuipha paiiijikilxs, very common at the beginning of June ; Bithys guercns, one specimen end of August, not seen here before ; CaUnphrys ruin, common in its usual haunts at the beginning of the month ; Polyo)iniiatiis icariis, most abundant and in splendid condition at the beginning of June; hlesperia nialrac, not so conmion as usual ; Xhoniades tages, also not so abundant as in most years ; Aiigiades sylvanus, observed a few specimens during the middle of June, but this also was not so abundant as usual. Daring the end of June, and all Julj'' and August the weather was atrocious, rain on most days, and cloudy when not raining, and very cold at night. The second broods were all late this year. I found a large num- ber of broods of the larvae of V. in, all very small, well on in July, and did not see any of the perfect insects until the end of August ; the same applied to Pyrcnnciti atalanta, Pieris iiapi, and P. brassicae, which did not appear till well on in August, and then only sparingly. I captured a Coliof< cmceus [ediisa) on August 21st, a species I have not seen here before, and I also observed, but I did not capture, one C. Injale, another stranger to these parts. Polygonia c-albnni occurred quite frequently this year, but I did not observe it till wejl on in August. Aglais urticae was only out in small numbers, at the end of August. Dryas paphia, uncommon this year, I only noted two specimens. Pararye meyera, very few about, 2nd of August. P. icariis did not appear again till the end of August, and then only sparingly. I suppose the majority of the larvae had been killed by the cold and wet. Adopuea fiara [thaioiias^vfas occasionally observed from August 21st onward. One Pyratiiela cardui was observed at the end of June, and another on August 21st. As to the Heterocera, most of the species that occur commonly here most years, seemed to be entirely absent this year. Theretra porcrllns was about at the beginning of June, but in very small numbers. Hemaris tityns {houihyliforni'is) was fairly common, but not nearly so common as usual. I took one specimen of 77(//c/?/r(7 /)rtf/'.s-,aspeciesl have nothitberto observed here. Oryyia antiqiia, found one larva, naiddle of August, but no more. Lnsiocawpa quercm, one larva, which did not spin up till August 25th, and one ? on August 23rd, which only laid five eggs before it died. Cilix ylaitcata, generally quite a frequent species here,. I observed only two specimens. I found one larva of Pyyaera pigra on August 21st. I took one specimen of Diaphura mendica flying in. the daytime in a wood, and one specimen of Triaena p.n on a tree trunk, whilst fishing. Byyophila ylandifera, on the roof of a fowl house, June 20th. Ayrotis exdamationh, very common in hayfields at the beginning of June. Triphaena mmcH [orhono), August 21st. T. pronuba, very common at the beginning of August at the flowers of lime. I should have mentioned that I found the larvae of Macrothy- lacia rubi on August 21st, fairly commonly. C/iaiaeas yra»ii)iis, com- mon about August 27th. Agriopis apiiUna pupae very common at the foot of oak trees in August. Mania wattra, August 15th. Leucania pallens and /.. cotiniia, very common during the end of July. L. co)ii- yera, common, end of July. Granniwaia trigianniika, very common ia hay fields, June. COLLECTING IN JUNE, JULY AND AUGUST IN SHROPSHIRE. 191 Cali/iiinia trapezina, two specimens, August 20th. Plastenix retiisa^ two specimens, July 15th. Larvae of Cucullia verbasn were very com- mon down by the river, feeding on figwort, during July. Heliaca tenebrata, only occasionally this summer, beginning of June, usually common here. I took a specimen of Flii^ia moucta, a species I have never taken here before. P. chri/sitis, very sparingly this year in July, usually a very abundant moth here. P. fnscalis and Hypena probosculalis were common in July. The Geometrids observed were, Gcometra papilionaria and Acidalia aversota, exceedingly common; Tiinandra amata, common in June; Ptijchopoda diiiiidiata, Ejdti/ra pimctaria, E. linearia, and Ortholitha liiiiitata, common in most grass fields during August ; Cidoria pyralinta, common at the end of June; C. fulrata, June ; C. corylata, this moth does not appear to be common in this part of Salop, as I have not taken it here before ; Li/grif; stiff nmata and Anioehe rin'daria, this latter species was very late this year, fresh specimens being taken right through till the end of August ; Xantliorkoe mnutanata, as usual very common ; A'. jinctiiata and Malein/di is didi/niato, exceedingly common during July ; Enlype hastata, in Jane ; Mesoli'uca bicitlorata, August ; Perizona d/lhu- tata, common ; P. liarufdsriata [ilecolnyata) ; P. albtdata, one specimen occurred at the beginning of September, an unusually late date; Caiiiptoyraiiniia bilineata. as common as usual in June and July ; Hi/driowena fitrcata, common ; H. itiipliiviata ; Eiichoeca obliterata, one specimen occurring at the end of July, a late date ; and Astliena luteata, one specimen also occurring at the end of July, again a late arrival. None of the FJnpithecia were observed at all. The Boarmiinar were very scarce this year. Abra.vaa sylvata, generally of frequent occurrence, was not seen at all, and even A. yvossulariata was not observed, a species generally svvarming here ; (Jabera piisaria, common in August; C. e.i-atUheiiiata ; Metrocainpa iiiaryiiritaria, even of this usually abundant moth only a few specimens were seen ; Selcnia bihniaiia, July ; Hyyroc/iroa syrinyaria, July ; Gunudontis bidentata ; Urapteryx satiibiiraria, August; Opistluxiraptis liiteolata, very common all the sui:nmer ; Veiiilia niacidata, June; Boaniiia yemmario, common, July ; B. repandata, even this u>uall3 very common moth only occurred sparingly ; PJmatiirya otoiuatia, June, common; Tltaninouoina rauaria, July; Lozoyratnnta petraria, ^nne. Among the Zyyaenidae, Z. filipendulae was exceedingly abundant in the hayfields at the end of June, but Adscita staticcs did not occur in its usual localities. 1 took one ? oi Zeiizera pyrina,¬hev species I have never previously taken here. Hepialits humuli was very abundant this year, also H. lupidina, which simply swarmed over low herbage in the twilight during June. This season has easily been the worst I have ever known in this part of the country, even the commonest species being either entirely absent or very scarce. Although I had more tune at my disposal for collecting than usual, I only observed about one-third of the species I shoidd have seen in u\x ordinary year. 192 THE ENTOMOLOGIST' S KICCOKU. Some Notes on Swiss butterflies. [Supplementary to the Butter/lies of Switzerland, by Rev. Geo. Wheeler, M.A., F.E.S.] By the late MR. A. J. FISON. (Arranged and communicated by Miss L. M. Fison.) " The works of the Lord are great, sought out of all them that have pleasure in therein." — Psabn, cxi. 2. 11. H('!<}n'na vialrae, L., ab. taras, Brgstr. — Aven9on Gorge (N. side and bottom), 29. i v. and 5.V.09. Heteraptenis xwrpheiib, Pallas. — (4) at Reazzino, near Locarno, 10.vii.03. ('hri/sojihanns viryaureae, L. — Jura. Salvan (7) 9.vii. Saasthal, $ , 15.viii. Pontresina, vii. C. vinjanreae var. zennattensis, Fallou. — Evolena, Zinal, Gadmen- thal. Best at Huteck, near Saas. 2 s of Yal Bregaglia and Pontresina are very near zeniiattejisis. Small J s from Rosegg Glacier are intermediate. Chii/sophaniis liippotlw'e, L. — 1 on Les Pleiades, 3.vi.l4 (L.M.F). Mt. Caiix, Glion, 20.vii.86 & 90, before hay cut. ('. hippotho'e var. ennjbio, Ochs. — Fexthal, S.viii.Ol. Ravoire and Bovine, near Marfcigny, and Mt. Chemi. Tuilbiere Marsh, ll.vi.92. C. alciphrvn, Rott. — Saas Fee, near glacier. Bergell. C. alciphron var. (jordiua, Sulzer. — Brusio, 17.vi.01. Salvan. Above Sembrancher, 9.vii.l4 (L.M.F.). C. dorilis, Hufn. — Charpigny, v. and vi. Brigue, viii.90. (J. dorilis var. subalj'imi, Spr.— Evolena. Fenestral Bridge, 4.viii.l0. Small form from Leysin — also below Trois Torrents, on old road near Chapel. C. phlaeafi, L. — Simplon, 24. vii. 10. Pont de Pierre Sonzier : Naters Charpigny (1), 5.ix.8S. C. phlaeas ab. eleus, Fabr. — Yal d'Anniviers, up to 3,000 ft. C. amphidawus, Esp.— Caux (18), 24.vi.03; (26), 30.V.04 ; (18), 4.vi.03. Tramelau Gorge, 30.vi.03 and 17.vi.05. Lycaena areas, Rott. — Gstaad and Lauenen, 18. vii. 07. L. euphenius, Hb.— (14) beyond (W. of) Ilarsaz Bridge, l.viii.06. L. alcon, Fabr. — S. of Aigle Golf Links, 20. vii. 06. Weesen Marsh, l/5.vii.03. L. arion, L. — Very fine, W. of end of Rockfall bed at Arth-Goldau, lG-22.vi.04. L. iulas, Ochs. — 19.vi.06, Sierre, 200 yds. E. of stand, vii., 3 5 s; 1 2 W. side of arm of lake. Took the 4 5s and 2 (J s and released them at Charpigny. L. aiiianda, Schneider. — (4015) W. end of St. Triphon Rock, 15.vi.09. Sion (10) 20-21.V.04. (1) at Visp, 15. vi. 19 (L.M.F.). 0) near the Pontet stream below Charpigny, 25.vi.14 (L.M.F.). Cupido sebrus, Bdv. — Abundant Huemoz, Auliens, Glutiere, vi.l4. €harpigny, 6.vi.07 (5), v.-vi., 13-14 (L.M.F.) ; also a few end vii. 22 (L.M.F.). No}niades seniiaryns, Rott. — Leuk, 29.iv.04 (2). SOME NOTES ON SWISS BUTTERFLIES. 193 N. sewian/Ks var. montana, Ney. — Morteratsch glacier. Glion, vii. and viii. N. cyllaru^, Rott. — Gryonne Meadows, v.l4. Charpigny, v.l4 , (L.M.F.). A\ cijllarus ab. liKjem, Caradja. — Pont de Pierre Sonzier (2). Charpigny, lO.v.Oo. X ojllanis ab. siihtiis-radiata, Obth. — Charpigny, v. 14 (L.M.F.). Pnli/oiiniiattis enmedon, Esp. — Pierre-a-voir, Les Plans, I6.vi.90. Caux, 10. vi. F. donzelii, Bsdv. — Jaman, 25.vi.90. Turtmannthal, 18.viii.90. Binnenthal, end vii. and beg. viii.05. Languard Falls. P. damon, Schiff. — Beyond Lavey. One year hundreds at Charpigny. (Charpigny, 14. vii. 22, few.) Huemoz, 14. vii. 13, abundant. Champery, 1. viii. 22. Massonger, 3, viii. 22 (L.M.F.). P. ineleager, Esp. — Follaterre de Fully. Sion to Vex by high road. P. hylas, Esp. — Charpigny, v. P. escheri, Hb.— Alvaneu Bad. Fully or Saillon, T.vi.Ol. On hill of Supy close to Ormonaz, v., abundant. P. ale.ris, Hb., ab. 5 coendi'scens, Hb. — -Martigny, v. com. Mt. Bre, 04. P. eros, Ochs. — Mauvoisin, 12-19. viii. 91. Faulborn, l.viii.l4 (L.M.F.). P. orhittdiis, Brunner. — Lac de Fully and above to S.W., 18. vii. 91. St. Luc, 16. viii. 88. Rosswald above Berisal, 26. vii. 90. Pontresina Tiischthal, 8.vii.95, abundant. Faulhorn 1. viii. 14 (L.M.F.). P. astrarche, Brgstr., var. calida, Bellier. Mt. Bre, 28.V.03. P. astrarche vera. — Kippel, 9. viii. 90 (2). Follaterre, 29. v. Lovschen Thai, 9.viii.90. P. pheretes, Hb. — Faulhorn, 1. viii. 14 (L.M.F.). Little Scheidegg, 3.viii.22. Savolaire, 20.Yi.93. St. Luc (6,000 ft.), mid viii.88. Dischmathal, 2.vii.01. Little Scheidegg and above. P. pheretes ab. 2 cuerHleopunctata, Wh. — Albula Pass, 21.viii.01. L. Scheidegg. P. piteretes ab. iiialoi/enais, Riihl. — Zermatt. P. baton, Brgstr. — En Chemin. Almagel Valley, 6. vii. 94. 2 below Sommet des Vignes, g $ , 12.vii.l4 (L.M.F.) . P. orion, Pallas. — On 20. v. 1 1 1 saw a fine ono)i on Gemmi Path. At Charpigny, I introduced it in 1909 from W. of Martigny. Charpigny, 2.vi.l4 (L.M.F.). P. orion var. ni(jra, Gerhard. — S. of les Marecottes. P. optilete, Knock. — Les Plans. Taschthal, 8. vii. 95. Temely, 2.vii.00. P. optilete var. o/parissiifi, Hb. — Zermatt, 1897. Near Einsiedeln. Type from Fenestral, 17. viii. 10. Plebeiits {HusticKs) aryns,!^. — Large at Mendrisio and Lugano; Sierre; many near Losone by Locarno, v. Zermatt, Bergiin. 2nd Simplon Refuge. I have 2 aberrations with narrow black borders, Vernayaz, 12.vi.l4. Above Lourtier, 9.vii.l4 (L.M.F.). P. aru, l>rgstr. — Branson Canal (9), 6.ix.05. Zermatt. Brigue. Round Geneva the type form is replaced by a variety in which yellow spots un.s. are pronounced, and in 2 appear on up. side in one or both wings, which are also darker (up. s) and have heavy black margins. 194 THE KNTOMOLOGISt's KKOOIll). Valley of Versoix river near Geneva, and at foot of Saleve near Crevin. /'Jvercs oriiiii(l, Pallas. — (18) Mendrisio, 15.viii.02. Lugano, nr. station, 14.viii.02. (Jyaniria cin/iolux, L. — Charpignv, iv. and v. Grvonne ; Brusio, i3-17.vi.01. Lampides boeticKs, L. — (2) Charpigny, 18.ix.05. L. teUcanus, Lang. — (3) ^ mile W. of Stampa, 17-2S.viii.01. Morgins to Monthey, 1894, by inn. Stresa. Zeji/n/riia ijiierciis, L. — Charpigny, vii. St. Tripbon ^larsh, vii.lB. Below Sommet des Vignes, 13. vii. 14. Z. hetidae, L. — Charpigny, 20.ix.06. Revereuiaz, 22.ix.06. St. Leonard, 28.ix.86. Veytaiix, FoUatene. Niiters (2), 2l.viii.90. T/ircla ir-albiiin, Knoch. — Glion to Les Avauts, ll.viii.95. •Charpigny, vi., on privet. Naters, 20.viii.90. Chateau D'Oex, •Church Path (1), 14.vii.08. T. ilicis, Esp. — Charpigny, 12-30. vi. 11. r. spini, Schiff.— Charpigny, 15.vi.08. l.vii.22 abundant (L.M.F.). T. priDii, L. — Charpigny (1), 4.vi.08. Bex. T. acaciae, Fabr. — Charpigny on Shumach. 26.vi.04. Lots 100 yards W. of Eclepens Station on elder flowers (4-5 ft. high), 30. vi.- S.vii.OS. XenieobiKs liicina, L. — Charpigny, Gryonne, v. Caux, vi. h'apilio Diacliaon, L., ab. btirdifiaUmsis. — Erimantet. Vallorbe. I'arnassitis apollo, L. — I have one of 63mm. Fine J s at Sion in June. Chasseral up to 4955 ft. Barely up to tree line as at Schwartzee. Zermatt, and foot of Fex glacier — apollo and delius vars. descending from 2nd Befuge to Im Grundt. At Charpigny, 15. v. 11, a fine apollo Wcis flying. I introduced it from Salvan in 1910. Charpigny, 2. vii. 14 and 26.vii.22 (L.M.F.). Finhaut, vi.13. Lac Champex, v.l4. Grindelwald, viii.l4 and viii.20. Val de Bagnes, vii. 14. St. Triphon Marsh (1), 3.vii.22. Champery, 31. vii. 22. Barmaz, 4.viii.22 (L.M.F.). y". apollu var. psendononnon, Christ. — Le Pont, 7. vii. 02. P. apollo ab. lafa, Tutt.— Zermatt, 18.vi.l4 (L.M.F.). /'. apollo ab. nevadensis, Obtr. — Martigny, 13. vii. 14. Charpigny, 29.vii.22 (L.M.F.). Faido and Lavorgo, 9-10.vii.03 (3). /'. deli us, Esp. — Chanrion Hut above Mauvoisin, 15. vii. 91. Taschthal, 8. vii. 95. Ermaney, 18.viii.09. ? Salanfe Road, above Salvan (old), B.ix.lO. Marsh by Meleise, 21. vii. 11. Lac Lioson, Vallee de Nant, 8.viii.06. S. of Palette by pond, 2. vii. 00. Champery, 29. vii. 08. Abundant in stream above Barmaz, 4.viii.22, fresh ^ and $ (L.M.F.). Fluelatbal entrance, 27.vi.01. Lac de Fully, 15.viii.87. Bonaveau, 8.viii.22. Les Crosets, 21.viii.22. P. deliiis ab. inornata, Wh. — Heuthal, 6.viii.04. P. ddias ab. 2 hardu'ickii. — Champery, 29.vi.08. Rosegg •Glacier, 9.viii.00. Langthal, 5.viii.00. P. delius ab. $ nufvescena, Wh. — Maryh below Path to Piz Languard, lO.vii.Ol. In Sertig Valley near Davos, several rare vars. of ddiiin. P. uinetiiofii/ne. L. — N.E. of Lake Tannay, 23.vi.85. Rosswald, Brigue, 26.vii.90 (x)ld). Faulenthal. 17.vi.95. Illgraben, 30.V.97. St. Triphon Marsh, vi.13 (L.M.F.). Sous Alesse (2), 3.V.90. Thalalpsee, vi. and vii. Illgraben, 25.V.04. P. inneiHosyne ab. nnbilosa, Christoph. — Most are so in Binn Valley. Pieru rapae, L., var. metra, Steph. — Charpigny, v. 14. SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 195 P. rapae ab. leucotera, Sfcefanelli. — Charpigny, v.l4. P. rapae ab. wannii, Mayer. — Mt. Bre, 16.iv.02 [a species.— H.J.T.] . P. brassicac, L. — Spring brood fine from Flatten ; waters, 14.vii.90 and Brigue. P. napi, L., var $ bn/oniae. — Jaman, 25.vi.90 (lots). The Dole, 23.vi.87. Pontia calUdice, Esp. — Portailles de Fully, 18.vii.91. Col de Gueulaz, vii. viii. and ix. Flying above Riffelalp up to summit of Oornergrat, over 2,000 ft. of snowfield, 17.vi.l4 (L.M.F.). Allesse, 15.viii.87. Van, 11. viii. 88. B'luela Hospice, 27.vi.01. P. (laplulice, L. — St. Triphon and Charpigny, 6. vii. 22, also Gryonne Meadows, 22.vii.22 (L.aI.F.). St. Nicklaus. P. daplidice var. bellidice, Ochs. — Sion, 28.iv.-3.v. Amthorharis simplonia, Fr. — Lac Champex, 8.vi.93. Verossaz, 4.V.93. Winkelmatten, 18-20 and 22.vi.14, some v. small (L.M.F.), also at Les Rives of Champery, 31. vii. 22, and Barmaz, 4. viii.22, singly. Gryon, G.vi.OS. Vernayaz, 3. v. 06. A. simidnnia var. fiavidior, Wh. — Charpigny, 25. v. 07. Charpigny, V.13 (L.M.F.). Gryonne, v.l4 (L.M.F.). Leptosia sinapis, L., ab. lat/u/ri, Hb. — -Replaced type 1903 even in S. Alps. L. sinapis ab. siibgrisea. — Sion, 21.iv.04. Colias phicomone, Esp. — St. Luc (above), IG. viii. 88. Salanfe, ll.viii.88. Col de Soud, 15. vii. 14. Faulhorn, l.viii.14. Barmaz, 4.viii.22 (L.M.F.). ('. palaeno, L. — Stockhorn, Binn, 8- 15. viii. 05, 2 s. v. good. S. of Celerina and Cresta (1), Iserables, 21. vii. 85. Salanfe, 11. viii. 88. Bel Alp, 14.vii.90. Wessel, 30.vii.90. Very large at Tramelan. Faulhorn, 1. viii. 14. (L.M.F.). Toubiere de Traconne, N.W. of Ste. Croix. C. palaeno ab. J henichi, Stgr. — Obergestelnalp. Bel Alp. Engelberg. Davos, Coire. Weisseustein. C. hyale., L., ab. apicata, Tutt. — • $ Le Pontet, Charpigny (L.M.P.). C. edma, F. — -In great numbers. Airolo, St. Gothard, 8. viii. 92. Races and Seasonal Polymorphism of the Grypocera and of the Rhopalocera of Peninsular Italy. By ROGER VERITY, M.D., and ORAZIO QUERCI. Introductory Remarks bv R. Verity. {Continued from page 183.) These notes will, I hope, go some way towards showing what a fascinating study geographical variation is, and what interesting observations can be made by a comparison of races, when they have been properly defined. The list, to follow, of the races of Peninsular Italy, is a proof that they are anything but indefinite and unlimited in number, as it was, till quite lately, supposed. It is perfectly clear that each species rarely produces more than one or two races in each of the zones I have mentioned, and that, on the contrary, the same one extends very often to more than one zone, so that the aim of reaching a tolerably complete knowledge of these races is anything but a hope- less undertaking. The more the zones have been worked out the more 196 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS RKCORD. interesting com25avative remarks will become. I think that one can safely say most races have already been described and named in all the zones, except, perhaps, the Balkanic one. What is now required is that in each zone someone should collect the notes, published chiefly by Oberthiir, Friihstorfer, Seitz, and myself in several books and journals, and give one a synthetic account of them by comparing them, filling gaps, and establishing roughly the distribution of the various races, as far as it can be made out now. The List to follow has been drawn out by Querci and myself with this object in view. This being the first attempt of its kind, we were confronted with special difficulties, on account of the utter ignorance Ave were in, ten years ago, when we started work, as to the number of yearly generations and of their distinctive features in the south of Europe, even of the commonest and most widespread species. As a considerable number vary very little even in the diffarent zones, and I have already pointed nut these features in some of my papers, I should hope a good deal of work will be saved to others. Another tedious task we have had to accomplish, has been that of going over most of the literature of the past, to make out how the old names were to be applied to the generations and races newly sepa- rated from each other. This too, I venture to think, is a considerable amount of labour not to be gone back upon. The new races, which will be discovered locally, should henceforth be described by a com- parison with those, already known, which stand nearest to them. I have shown in many instances that the variations of most species consist simply in grades along one main line, sometimes with a few minor collateral branches. New races will, in consequence, need no lengthy descriptions. It will often simply be a case of stating where the}' fall in connection with the others. As I have already stated, I believe in Western Europe the number of races to be discovered is small as compared with those already described. They will be found chiefly in the limited number of species which vary a great deal, both individually and geographically. In these cases the only way of establishing the new races well is to compare them with series of specimens from the locality, whence their nearest allies were described. I have often discovered, in my own experience, that descriptions and one or two figures are hopeless in particular cases of this sort, and that they lead one, too often, wrong. What is wanted is collaboration amongst entomologists, and a race suspected to be new should be sent for comparison with the " typical " series of those it resembles most, or specimens procured from the locality of the latter. This I have usually found to be quite feasible, and I can say, with great satisfac- tion, that the goodwill of entomologists to help each other is remark- able. As I am dealing with this argument, I must mention that, according to my view, one should abstain from describing individual forms singly, because these descriptions get lost in the mass of litera- ture, and fancy names given to them are getting overwhelming in num- ber. The only way of developing this subject in a practical form, and of obtaining interesting results and observations from it, is to set to work systematically on large series of specimens of the entire species, or even of the genas, including those races which produce the most extreme extent of pattern, and those which produce its extreme reduc- tion. As all forms, whether they are produced by nornaal variation SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 197 and are usual, or whether they are aberrations, only met with accidentally, must be some grade of a series of forms leading up to it from the average, and going beyond it to more extreme ones, we must contrive some way of designating these series, and then of desig- nating each form as a grade of it by a comparative number. Tutt used compound names as a first attempt, but this is a cumbersome method, when several characters are combined in one specimen. I believe the Linnean fancy name will have to be restricted to species, races, and generations, infinitely less numerous, and that individual forms will have to be designated by some sort of formula drawn from letters and figures, indicating the various parts of the wing pattern, and conveying at once to one's mind the position of that individual form in the totality of variation of the species or genus. I have worked at this problem considerably, and some day I hope to publish some results. Contrary to my expectation, however, I have found that the laborious task of making out characters by the statistical method does not lead, in practice, to any useful result in fixing races ; the standards, best characterised, are so obvious by simply comparing adequate series of specimens, collected at random, that no elaborate method is necessary to prove their existence, and for the present I see no object for long calculations on intermediate and transitional ones. Statistical data, however, give interesting results in other ways, and it is an excellent training for the eye in the analysis of characters, besides being con- ducive to the drawmg out of descriptions in a methodical and rational way. In these various studies I have found it of great help to use series of specimens set in glass mounts in the way I have described at length in the Bull. Soc. Kntom. de France, 1917, p. 312, which enables one to compare a large number at a glance, and on either surface. I have thus detected many characters that would probably have escaped ray notice among the thousands of specimens mounted for me by Querci and his family, and which I now in many cases preserve as a " typical " series. Last, but not least, what has been fundamental in my contribu- tions to the study of variation has consisted in my having been able to avail myself of the enormous amount of material collected each year by the Quercis in Peninsular Italy (about 25,000 specimens yearly), and of large series received by him from all sorts of regions, not to speak of his observations and his forty years experience in the field. I must end ixp these introductory remarks by a few words of explanation of the classification adopted in the List which follows. I very much appreciate the efforts made of late by several, and chiefly by British entomologists, to substitute a more rational and homogeneous classification for the very rough and incongruous ones in use during the last century. It is an extremely difficult task, and it still requires much work, but my impression is we are on the right track. First of all, it was quite the right thing to adopt the general principle of dealing with the simplest groups and to gradually rise to the more complex and highly specialised. I have followed this order, like Tutt, Wheeler and others, in the large Divisions or Sections, and I have, besides, endeavoured to apply it to the smaller groups more thoroughlj^ than they seem to have done, if I am not mistaken. I need scarcely say that the classification along a single line, which one is compelled to 198 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECOKD. follow in writing, is so artificial that it cannot come anywhere near showing the actual relationships. The more one studies variation, the more one sees that it always works oat into what can best be pictured materially by the spherical shape. In limited groups, such as the Gri//iocera and Wiopalocera afford, we also must conclude that all the minor groups now in existence are terminal and collateral lines on very nearly the same plane of the sphere, and that we rarely meet with any which carry us back to slightly deeper planes ; still this is always comparative, and should only be borne in mind as a warning against childish attempts to construct fantastic phylogenetic trees of descent. Even in the groups which seem comparatively the lowest and most ancient by many characters, one always runs up against some charac- ter clearly showing close analogy to the apparently highest and most distinct groups, and vice versa. It would seem that characters develop entirely independently of each other. Let me simply mention the Orypocera-Wke cocoon of the Parnaasins. In practice, we can only set to work by describing first those forms of each group which by the average of their characters give one the impression of being the simplest and lowest, and gradually passing to the highest ; then we must take up the next group and deal with it in the same way. This method, of course, has the inconvenience of bringing together the highest forms of one group and the lowest of the next, so that one jumps back abruptly from the former to the latter, while the lowest forms of the two groups, may really come much nearer each other than the order followed shows, but, notwithstanding, it is always a better plan than the confusion which would ensue if, tempted by some striking resemblance, one broke the rule, in some cases, and one inverted the order, as has been done by some authors. I have readily adopted also the comparatively recent tendency to split up many of the extensive genera of the past into a number of smaller ones, because I fully recognise that they consist in many cases of a lot of species clumsily brought together on the strength of most superficial characters, or even of resemblances, which were only apparent, so that they often comprised species standing further apart from each other than were others placed in different genera. The modern attempts are now aiming at more rational and homogeneous groupings. The arguments brought against it by the numerous entomologists who are only acquainted with Europe, is that very soon there will be a genus for each species, but anybody, who has a knowledge of the fauna of the other parts of the world, is fully aware that each Euro- pean species is, in most cases, the representative of a large group. The very fact that they are found together, or in localities not far distant, within such a comparatively limited area as Europe, is a reason for suspecting they stand far apart from each other, and they may belong to different genera. As a matter of fact one can take it as a general rule that the more similar to one another are the r/eneral areas of distri- tion of two species, the further apart the latter stand to each other specifi- cally. For the same reason the poorer in species of Lepidoptera a reyion is, the further apart those stand from each other. Exceptions are only met with in the cases of very particular surroundings, to which certain genera are especially siiited, for one then finds more species of these genera than would have been anticipated by this rule (such are the Oeneidi or the Coliidi in arctic or alpine localities, or the Sati/ridi in SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 199 very hot and dry ones). All this is due to the fact that in each group, be it hi'oad, like Divisions, or more restricted, like Genera, one finds, on the one hand, a tendency to produce a small niDiibcr of genera or of species, as the case may be, irltic/i ih'relop << Iii(ih dcf/ree of adaptability to all sorts of sinroiindiuijs (amongst the Rhopalocera Pi/rameis carditi, L., surpasses all others by its world-wide distribution and its very limited variability), and, on the other hand, a cumparatirely lar(je num- ber, uiore or less /ti/ana {iindti- ianns) 1, Emunnos erosaria 1, Seiiriotldsa liturata l,Chlorocli/sta {Cidaria) siderata 3, A(/rotis saucia 9, Noctua castanea race ncfilecta 4, Amathes litnra 1 var., Scopelosoina satcllitia ab. brunnea 3, Xanthia fulvarjo 202 THE entomologist's record. (cerat^o) ab. flavescenx 1, Kpiinda nigra 2, Afpiojih aprilina 2, Hadena protea var. 8, Xi/lina orniiliopns (r/iizolit/ui) 20, Xiilina socia [petrii'icata) 17, Catocala aponm 2 (worn). Besides the above Ai)iphipiira pyrmnidea and A. titnra were very abvindant and in good condition. H. protea was swarming, and I could have taken nmny more X. nmithopns {rhizolitha) but thought my captures sufficient. Except for a few common things, such as Orrhodia vciccinii, Amat/ies hjclmidis [pistac'nm), A. circellariH (ferriuiinea), etc., there was nothing else worth noting. "With regard to larvae, one Macrot/n/lacia riibi, one (V).s.s■/^s lit/niperda, several unknown Geometers, Noctuae, etc., and one Xotodonta drome- darins, were all my bag. — H. Baker-Sly (F.E.S.), " Kingston," Eden- bridge, Kent. ®OLEOPTERA. Some Casual Notes on Coleoptera in 1922. — In spite of the wet summer, or indeed want ot summer, we have experienced this year, I have managed on the whole to do very well with Coleoptera, adding over twenty species new to my collection. These notes, however, do not deal with the additions, nor with the rarer captures I have made, but refer to certain species met with casually during the year, which are either new country records or of interest for some other reasons. ScydinaenKft powcri, Fowler. — A specimen of this rare little beetle was taken in a sandy hollow near Eeaulieu Road Station on May 15th last. This is a new county record. Dr. Power originally took it at Wimbledon, Surrey ; Birdbrook, Essex ; and Seatcn, Devon. As far as I am aware it has only been taken since at Bradfield, Berks ; and Perranporth, Cornwall. I have verified my example with the speci- mens in the Power Collection at the British Museum. Hdedona cujarirola, F., occurred in its usual fungus at Balmer Lawn, May 5th, and Pthinefield Walk, May 10th. This beetle has not been recorded from the New Forest before. Nebria iherica, Oliv., was taken under moss on a wooden bridge at Pond Head, May IGfcb. All other specimens of Xcbria found in the Forest in sand-pits, etc., proved to be X. hrevicolUi^. Another example occurred under chips, etc., at Westerham on October 18th. This species was introduced into the British list by me in April, 1922 [Kut. Mo. Mtvj. 58 92 (1922)] . As far as I know it has now been taken in the British Isles at Borrowdale, Connemara, Westerham, New Forest, and Morthoe. (irammopterci holniiu'liiia, Pool, was abundant on hawthorn blossoms in a lane near Wiuibledon Common on May 26th. This species has evidently been extending its ran^'e of late years, and Mr. Bedwell informs me he has also taken it in several places in Surrey. Kryx ater, F. — I captured a specimen of this beetle in the hollow of an apple tree in an old orchard at Hartlebury on June 19th. This is its first record for the county of Worcester. Diphyllna liinatiis, F. — This species was found in its usual black tnngns, Daldinia concentrica, on a dead ash tree at Wroxham, Norfolk, on August 19th. It is also a county record. Cri/pticiiii (ii(hqiiUiu's, L., was taken in the sand-pits at Freckenham, the' only other inland record in Britain known to me is Tubney, near Oxford. From these same pits I have previously recorded the following OURRKNT NOTES. 203 coast species — Harpalus picipennis, H. serripes, Pldlopednn iieniinatus, Microzniiiii tihiale, and Brosciia cephalotes, see Knt. Bee. 32 153, 199 (1920). Triartlnon )iiarkeli, Schmt. — A specimen was taken by evening sweeping at Barton Mills on September 5th, in the locality where I took Aniwlotiia pallens and A. cliiiianioniea previously, neither of which turned up on this occasion. This is its first record for Sufiblk. I have now taken Triarthron in the New Forest, at Wellington College, Crowthorne, Woodhay, Barton Mills, and on September 22nd at Woking. Olopltrinii uic/iolsoni, Donis. — A specimen of this beetle was swept up at Barton Mills, Sufiblk, on September 5th. This is the first time as far as I know that this beetle has ever been taken anywhere outside Wicken Fen. Bla/is iiiiicninata, Latr. — I found a specimen under a stone at the foot of the Under Clift' at Ventnor, on September 9th. This seems a very curious locality for a beetle which is generally found in cellars. It is true I sometimss take it on pavements at Putney, but then there are houses quite near. The spot at Ventnor was far away from any houses. Lebia chlorocephala var. chri/socephala, Mots. — Swept up from young broom trees at Woking, September 22nd. There seem to be very few records of this race, though probably widely distributed. Mr. Harwood tells me he used to take it near Colchester also associated with broom, — Horace Donisthorpe. ii^rURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. It is seldom indeed that a man lives to see his work appreciated during his lifetime, though a few fortunate individuals have seen their own obituary notices. But it is still rarer that a biography of a living man appears, produced as a labour of love by his disciples. This has been the good fortune of the eminent Spanish Entomologist, Don Ignacie Bolivar y Urrutia, Director of the Koyal Natural History Museum of Spain, Hon.F.E.S. It is in the form of a well produced book of 151 pages, which is at the same time a history of the progress of Natural History in Spain during the past half century, and the growth of the Museum and Natural History Society, which are so intimately connected with rhe name of Bolivar. The frontispiece is an excellent portrait of this doyen of Orthopterists, survivor of the generation of Brunner von Wattenwyl, de Saussure and other famous names : there are half a dozen photographs of views of the Natural History Museum of Madrid, a chronological bibliography of Bolivar's writings from 1872 to 1921, and finally there is a reproduction of the autographs of the subscribers to the work, which includes the names of many entomologists of all lands. The book has been prepared by one of the best known of his disciples, Don Manuel Cazurro. Bolivar is a first-rate all round naturalist, but it is as an orthopterist that he is pre-eminent. The Iberian Peninsula has the richest and most striking Orthoptera-Fauna of any part of Europe, and it is thanks to him that it is at the same time one of the best known. Long may he be spared to his innumerable colleagues and frionds. — M.B. The first meeting of the Entomological Club since the war took •204 I'HK entomologist's recokd. place on Friday, October 27tb, Mr. H. Donisthorpe being the host. The guests were R. Adkin, member of the Club, E. C. Bedwell, H. J. Carter (Australia), Dr. Cockayne, J. H. Durrant, H. Willoughby Ellis, W.J. Kaye, G. C. Leman, Dr. G. K. Marshall, Rev. F. D. Morice, H. E. Page, N. D. Riley, and Hy. J. Turner. Mrs. Donisthorpe welcomed the visitors in the reception room, where tea and coffee were served during the conversazione before supper. Much admiration was expressed for the wonderful and admirably arranged collection of ant- guests made by Mr. Donisthorpe. On Thursday, November '28rd, the South London Entomological Society will hold its Annual Special Exhibition of Varieties, when it is hoped that another fine " gathering of the clan " will take place. The Society cordially invites friends and visitors, who will be doubly welcome if they bring an exhibit. Nearly two hundred members and friends were present on the last occasion, and it is hoped that there will be an equally successful meeting on this occasion. We hear that Messrs. Watkins and Doncaster, Naturalists, of 36, Strand, have a large number of back numbers of Seitz, and even a few- copies of the Palaearctir Bntteifiien (English edition) for sale. At the Annual Congress of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies, held at Southampton in June last, a Zoological Section was formed. Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., being unanimously elected President. It was agreed to include in the work of the section the Compilation of a List of all works, papers, articles, etc., dealing with the local fauna of the area comprised in the South-Eastern Union. The affiliated Societies are asked to co-operate by sending in titles of such. When a sufficient amount of material has been accumulated the Council of the Union will be asked to publish this Bibliography in the South- Eastern Naturalist, together with a summary shownig the areas which remain to be investigated in any order by individual workers of the affiliated Societies of those areas. Mr. Hy. J. Turner, 98, Drakefell Road, is acting as Secretary for the time being. The Entomological Society of Hampshire is undertaking the task of compiling a Hamiishirc Cuantij List of Lejiidoptera, and are asking that all lepidopterists, whether in or outside the county, who can help, will do so by sending in their lists, especially of the Microlepidoptera, to the President, Mr. W. Fassnidge, 47, Tennyson Road, Southampton. We trust that our readers will respond freely to this appeal. Work of this sort is a step in the advancement of knowledge, a help to all future students of our science. The Jubilee Supper of the South London Entomological Society was a very successful event. Some seventy members and their friends sat down to an excellent repast at the Holborn Restaurant, on Thurs- day, October 19th, with Mr. R. Adkin, F.E.S., in the chair. After a short account of the foundation and history of the Society by the chairman, the meeting had the pleasure of hearing a few words from the only surviving original member, Mr. G. C. Champion, A.L.S. The musical side of the meeting was afforded by a former member, Mr. Percy Richards. We regret to record the death of Arthur Home, F.E.S., a well- known collector of- Aberdeen, whose series of aberrations of British Lepidoptera is probably one of the most notable, and has few rivals. It is reported that the collection will come up to Stevens' sale rooms. SOCIETIES. 205 !^ 0 C 1 E T 1 E S . The Entomological Society of London. October Mi, 1922. — Obituary. — The deaths of the following Fellows were announced, and a vote of condolence with their relatives was passed : — Dr. David Sharp, F.R.S., one of the special Life Fellows of the Society, Mr. Hamilton H. Drace, Mr. Arthur Home, Mr. Frank M. Littler, and Mr. G. 0. Sloper. The Collection of Portraits. — The Treasurer made a statement as to four new portraits that had recently been hung in the Meeting Room, and a portrait of the late Dr. Sharp presented by Mr. W. J. Lucas, for addition to the collection, was gratefully accepted. Election of Fellows. — The following were elected Fellows of the Society: — Messrs. Guy Babault, 10, Rue CamillePerier, Chaton, Seine-et-Oise, France, and Albert E. Waight, Briinleigh, Kent Bank Road, Grange-over-Sands. Exhibits. — Mr. W. G. Sheldon exhibited some moths from the Farn Collection including the rare type form of Sarrothriptis revaijajia, Scop., as well as ab. raimmnta, Hb., and ab. degenerana, Hb. ; also Acrobasis tiiiiiidaua, Schiff., and A. zelleri, Rag. Professor Poulton, F.R.S., exhibited and made remarks on the position of the wings when at rest of living example of Polygonia c-albuin. Mr. Arthui" Dicksee exhibited some rare butterflies from Ecuador. Dr. F. A. Dixey, F.R.S., commented on some recent observations he had made on the scent of butterflies, chiefly Pierines. Mr. H. Donisthorpe exhibited specimens of Aulnninm riificorne, 01., and Ili/pophloeiis fiaj'tni, Kug., two beetles new to the British list taken in the Forest of Dean. October 18th. — New Fellows. — The following were elected : — Messrs. S. Stuart Light, Redcot, Linton Road, Hastings ; G. H. E. Hopkins, Downing College, Cambridge ; V. G. L. van Someren, CM. 25, Nairobi, Kenya Colony. Exhibitions. — Mr. Donisthorpe exhibited a series of both sexes of Leptiira rubra, taken in Norfolk. Dr. K. Jordan, F.R.S., exhibited some Notodontid Moths, the males of which have a remarkable organ on the side of the abdomen, the function of which seems to be to transmit scent from the abdomen to the hairy hind tibia and hindwing. Professor E. B. Poulton read a communication from Dr. R. C. L. Perkins, F.R.S., on seasonal changes in the colours of the female of Agriades thetis (6(^^/«)v/;(*), and exhibited specimens of the males I'apilio dardanm, from Kibwezi, Kenya Colony, in which the colouring of the hindwing was of the western pattern. He also exhibited a living and healthy larva of Abraxas (jrossidariata, the only survivor of a fifth inbred generation that had been sleeved out on Prunua pissardii as long ago as July 21st, 1921. Papers. — The following papers were read:— On Schmit-Goebl's Types of Carabidac, by Mr. H. E. Andrewes. On the Larva and Pupa of Sabatinea, by Dr. R. J. Tillyard. On Endomychiid Coleoptera, by Mr. G. J. Arrow. On the Biology of some British Neuroptera, by Mr. C. L. Withycombe. On the Rhopalocera of the 1921 Mt. Everest Expedition, by Mr. H. D. Riley. 06 THK ICNTOMOLOGIST's KKCORU. Thk South London Entomological Society. AvtfHst 2it/i. — Mr. Barnett exhibited series of two forms of the female of F>renthis aclene from S. Devon. Mr. Withycorabe, the larva of Limacodes testudo, beaten from oak at Oxshott, with the Hemipteron AcontliosDina interstinctinn. Mr. Sims, examples of the large earwig, Labidura riparia, and referred to its burrowing habits. He had seen a fly carried in the forceps. Mr. Main, the spider Clotho durandi, found under stones in S. France, with photographs of the structure of its snare, and read Fabre's remariis on the species. Mr. Turner, exotic species of " whites," Pieridae, to show the extreme development of brilliant coloration, with total, or almost total, suppression of the white coloration on both surfaces. Mr. iiobert Adkin, pupae of Papilio machaon, three spun up on a carrot-leaf, on the glass of the food-bottle, and on a dark stick amid the food, respectively, were pale yellow-greenish. Seven spun up on dark sticks leaning against the cage away from the food-plant were putty-colored with broad black stripes along the sides, and wing cases black, giving them a very dark appearance. September litlt, 1922. — The President in the chair. Exhibition of Orders other than Lepidoptera. — Mr. R. Adkin, exhibited a large female of Sirex !/i)ias from Eastbourne, 70mm. in expanse. Mr. W. J. Luoas, Orthoptera : a brown form of Ma)iti^ rdifiium from Spain, 1911. Neuroptera : specimens of Palparea lihelliiloidea from Sierra de Carboneva and Algeciras, Spain, 1911-12; Ne)noptera bipennin from S. de Carboneva, A', coa from Corinth, and A", suuiata from Macedonia and Syria. Hymenoptera ; two specimens of the rare Methoca ichnetiijionides taken by himself in the New Forest, one on August 27th of this year. Mr. H. W. Andrews, the Diptera: Diortria oelandica, found after many years search near Farningham, Kent ; Catobomba ptjrastri, a ? var. itnicolor from Shoreham, Kent; UropJiora cardin, bred from thistle galls and its hymenopterous parasites, also from Shoreham. Mr. H. J. Turner, the curious " flue-brush " beetle, llhina bar- hiroHtris (Ciirctdionidar), from Brazil. Mr. F. J. Coulson, var. hifiiscata of Xyhtphaaia inonoitli/p/ia. August 22nd, at Wiml)ledon Common, and a blackish speckled form of Hoaniiia (feniiiian'a bred from ova from St. Leonards-on-Sea, with normal forms, and var. perfmiiaria from Wandsworth. Mr. C. L. Withycombe, Orthoptera: Empusa ef/ena and Oedipnda HeniKiiiira from S. France ; Psophus strididits from the Pyrenees ; and a Mantid from the Straits Settlements with short prothorax and ill- developed forelegs. Mr. Enefer, Coleoptera : (Heriia apivorus, Stranr/alia qiiadiifa.sciataf both on cow-parsley; Lipanis (fernianns and a Longicorn, both on pine logs; and a living f'arabus oiiratKs, all from Miirren, Switzerland. He also showed a yellow crab-spider, a wolf -spider (Lijcosa), and the orb-spider {Epeiru faaciata) from Clarens, L. of Geneva, and read notes on the last-named species. REVIEWS. 207 Mr. H. Main, the wolf-spider, Lycom picta, sent to him by Mr. Bristowe from Oxshott, and described the habits of the young. Mr. Cheeseman, a striated Polyommatus icanis. Mr. B. S. Williams, Coleoptera from Harpenden, L'anayaeiu hipitsttilatus, Cassida heniisphaerica, Stilicus suhtllis, Megarthrus ilenticollis, Antherophaqus nigricornis, and A. pallens, with QnedittH othiniensis and Aleochara spadicea from moles' nests. Mr. G. E. Frisby, Hymenoptera : Aminophila lufii, from St. Ouen's Bay, Jersey, with A. Idmnta and Bemhex rostrata ; and the two British Sapi/ga, S. 5-piinctata and the rare S. clavicomk, from Wrotham. Mr. Stanton, Coleoptera of economic importance: Bruchns ru/imanua and B. afjinis, with notes on their occurrence, habits, specific identity, etc. ; B. ohtectus, its origin and habits ; Anthofwwiis cinctus, first recorded as British in 1921, a pest of pears abroad. Mr. Stanley Blenkarn, Coleoptera : (1) British species of BcmUdituii, (2) larger ground-beetles, (3) many species of water-beetles, (4) British ( 'hri/someliilae. Mr. Tonga, living larvae of Sphin.r ligustri, showing wide variation m the size and intensity of colour of the oblique stripes on the sides. The Society, the Ashdown Collection of British Chnjwiiielidae and (^donata. Septendier 28tft. — The President in the chair. Mr. Sperring exhibited specimens of the dark Lincolnshire race of JUmthis eiiphrosyne, and on behalf of Mr. Coppeard a dark suffused aberration of the same species, an Aphantopns hyperantus with a partial double row of eyespots on the right hindwing, an Epinephele jiirtina with additional spots on the forewing, and another partly xanthic. Capt. Crocker, aberrations of Ayriades coridon from Eoyston, ab. (ihsoleta, ab. striata, ab. roystonensis, ab. seinisynyrapha extended and approaching ab. syngrapha, females streaked with J colour, brown suffused females, ab. )iiarginalis S *> ^'b. caendea, asymmetrical specimens, etc. Capt. N. D. Riley, for Mr. Hirst, Fabre's Banded Epeira {Argiope hruenniclii) , new to the British fauna, fi'om Rye, Sussex, and the Gorse Red Spider, Tetranyc/nig lintearius, from Devonshire. Mr. B. S. Williauis, species of Pentatomids from Harpenden district, including Pudnjis immcta, Sehirus bicolur, etc. Mr. Coulson, an abnormal cocoon of Satiimia paronia in the shape of a dish, and aberrations of Coenonywpha pamphiltis. Mr. Mera, living larvae of Coliax crocein [ednsa) from ova laid by a female taken during the Field Meeting at Eastbourne, and a series of Tripliaena /iinhria bred from Epping Forest, generally dark in colora- tion compared with an old (1880) light specimen from Ipswich, typical of the then obtained specimens. Mr. Enefer, Calliinorp/ia quadripunctaria [hera) from Clarens, Switzerland, and Krcbia pronn'e from Miirren in August. ^g^EYIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. The Genitalia Of the Group Tortricidae or the Lepidopteka OF THE British Islands. — By F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., and Rev. J. W. 208 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S KECOKD. Metcalfe, M.A., F.E.S. Oiindle, Northants, 1292, 25/-.— This long- expected volume has at length been published. We congratulate the authors, Mr. F. N.Pierce and the Eev. J. \V. Metcalfe, on the work they have done, and entomologists generally should feel that they owe them a deep debt of gratitude for taking upon themselves the expenses of publication with such a meagre promise of support. Eighty sub- scribers only is apalling, and 22 of that 80, booksellers and institutions. The Entomological Society, with more than 700 members, only has 81 subscribers, and further, the South London Entomological Society, with the bulk of its 180 members workers on the Lepidopterous fauna, has only nine subscribers, of whom eight are fellows of the Entomo- logical Society, leaving only one additional subscriber. This apathy, this absence of a desire to acquire knowledge, this failure to help the skilled worker seems most unaccountable. One would think that every lover of insects would use his utmost endeavour to get a working liljrary together consonant with his needs or his resources, if only as a saving of time in the acquirement of knowledge. No; the average collector cares nought for books. The sale of the valuable entomo- logical library of our late, esteemed colleague, Dr. T. A. Chapman, in the past spring, was a record of such a state of mind. Possibly more entomologists on that occasion had an opportunity of viewing the books than had ever happened before, as on the previous day there was the largest assemblage ever known in the sale room, where they were on view, attendmg the disposal of the Farn collection of Lepidopcera. It is scarcely credible, but not a half a dozen of those then present came again the next day to the sale of the books. As the result of their special investigation the authors put forward a classification " based on the structure of the male and female Geni- talia " entirely. The nine large groups are arrived at in accordance with the structure of the signum in the female. The genera are in numerous cases rearranged and renamed, and Mr. Pierce recognises the aid he has received in the nomenclature from our colleague Mr. J. H. Durrant. Seven new species have been added to the British list during their investigations, and the authors have pointed out that in the following five pairs of species thsy can find no difference from a genitalic point of view. Anjyroplacr carhonana and A. niiiricostana ; Ar(jijrotoxa schalleriana and A. jitr/ilexana ; Celyjja sti-icuia and C. }niriiurana ; Spilonota oeellana and S. lariciana ; lihopobata naeva)ia and li. (jeminana. They may or may not be separate species in each pair. We notice an act of self denial extremely praiseworthy, but most unusual we think in the present age, and that is the refraining from adding names to the newly arranged genera, for which the classification of the authors afi'ords numerous opportunities. The general get up of the volume is quite good. Handy size, clear good type, figures well drawn of both sexes, which is very essential in this group. There are about 100 pages of concise descripi;ions and 34 plates, containing figures of each species. We are promised a further volume " at no distant date," giving an account of the genitalia of the Tineidae. May the intending subscribers to the present volume come forward and help in defraying the expenses of publishing this valuable pioneer work in our knowledge of the structure of Tortridiccw, and thus give cheering encouragement to our authors to " keep going." — H.J.T. Subscriptions for Vol. XXXiV. (1 0 shillings) should be sent to Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Geliatiy Road, New Cross, S.E. 14 [This subscription includes all numbers published frosn January 15th to December 15th, 1922.] Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, "Bertrose," Geliatiy Road, New Cross, S.E. 14 Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale, or Books wanted will be iiserteil at a miiiimum chairae of 2s. 6(1. (for four line;^i. Longar Adverttsementaiapropovtion. Areduotion made for a series. ParHculars of Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Geliatiy Road, New Cross, S.E. 11 Subsoriliers wlio change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. J';. Paqio "Bortrose," Geliatiy Road, New Cross, liOiuloii, S.E., otherwise tlieir uiaguziiies will probably h'i delayed. Dtsiderata. ^Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all parts of the world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial ; exact data indispensable. Liberal return made. — IF. G. Pether, " Thelma,^^ 4, Willoiv Bridge Road, London, N. 1. Duplicates. — Aglaia, Adippe, *Io, T. quercus, Coridon vars., *Fuliginosa (Reading), *B. quercus ? , Tilite, Menthastri, *Linariata, Aurantiaria, Leucophraaria vars. Paniscus. Desiderata. — Pupas of Dictaaoides ; Imagines of typhon, palpina, camelina (dark), Curtula, Pyra, and numerous others; Ova of Hispidaria.— ifaroZtf B. Williams, 112a., Bensham Manor Roud, Thornton Heath, Surrey. Duplicates. — HjhiUA, Paphia, lo (2), Selene, LuGina(2), Ocellatus, lUustraria (autumn) Nastata, Roboraria rn, I .en roe, and Vnpae, aho Le/iido/'ti'Ki, .\ jipdnttim, ( '(ihini^t.s ftc, sent on njiplication. Wfany Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. G, A, BENTALL, glittlU'ltllot, 392, Strand, London, W.C. 2. Entomological Supplies OF ALL KINDS. Any of the following Price Lists sent without charge — Apparatus, Books, Palaearctic, Indo-Australian, African or American Lepidoptera, also other Insect Orders. STEVENS'S AUCTION ROOMS, LTD. (Established 1760.) To be sold by Auction on TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 21st, at 12.30 p.m. A Collection of British Lepidoptera formed by the Reverend Archibald Day, including three Dispar, and other rare specimens, contained in several Cabinets, About 130 lots of Grossulariata, mostly bred by the Reverend G. H. Raynor. About 360 lots of Exotic Lepidoptera, etc., forming the collection and stock of the late Mr. Ernest Swinhoe. A number of Exotic Lepidoptera in papers. Two 40-dra\ver oak Cabinets ready for cork lining, and several mahogany and other Cabinets. Also Natural History Books, including " The Entomologist " from 1870 to 1918, " The Entomologists' Annual" from 1860 to 1868, and the " Ento- mologists' Record " from 1890 to 1911, etc. On view day prior and morning of Sale. : : Catalogues on application to 38, KING STREET, COYENT GARDEN, W.C.2. Telegrams: Auks, Hand, London. Telephone: Geerakd 1824. Vol XXXIY. No. 12. Cbe €iitoiitoio9i$r$ Recora AND Journal of Variation 1*]|)1TKI> HV Richard S. BAGNALL, f.l.s., f.e.s. Geobok T. BETHUNE-BAKER, f.l.s., f.e.s. m. burr, d.sc, f.l.s., f.z.s., f.e.s. (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, f.e.s. E. A. COCKAYNE, m.d., f.e.s. Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, F.z.b., f.e.s. John Hartley DURRANT, t.e.s. Alfred SICH, f.e.s. (Rev.) Gkoroe WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s. and ^,a»»»''— "^^^''''^-^w.,^ Henry J. TUEI'^^W.e.s,, ^U Editorial/SeS-etary. >/. 2 1923 ^ CONT^TS. Geographical and Seasonal Variations of Pararge megaerfevSS|^.lF|ft^|J^-£f; . . Some Notes on Swiss Butterflies, the late A. J. Fison Notes on Collectino :-Lepidoptera of the smaller Channel Islands, E. Bolton Kim, ■ Some Moths taken at Ti-emezzo, A. Sicli, F.E.S.; Lepid.ptera attacked by birds, H Domsthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S.; White-bodied P. rapae from Japan, W. Nakahara PIld'. CoLEopTEEA :—Leptura rubra in Norfolk, il. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S Societies -.-Entomological Society of London; Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society ; South London Entomological Society . . . . . . . . Obituary :—Hy. J Elwes, G.T.5 .B 215 •217 219 221 223 DECEMBER 15th, 1922. Price TWO SHILLINGS (nkt). (With Index.) Subscription for Couiplofce Volume, post five (Inoliuliiig all DOUBIMD NUMBIOIIS, elo.) TEN SHILLINGS. TO Uli: li'OUWAUDKD TO HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S, "Berteose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E.14. Commumcations have been received or have been promised from Messrs Hv J Turner, H. Domsthorpe, Dr. Verity, J. H. Durrant, G. T. Bethune-Baker, Alfred Sich' ?%'^^^ ^^--T-^- Chapman R.S. Bagnall, J. W. H. Harrison, Dr. E. A. Cockayne', C. ±x. N. Burrows, the late A. J. Fison, with Reports of Societies and Reviews. WATKINS & DONCASTER, NATURALISTS, Keep in Stock — All kinds of Apparatus and Cabinets Required by Collectors of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Plants, etc. A Large Stock of British, Continental 81 Exotic Lepidoptera, and also Birds' Eggs (Singles as well as in Clutches.) OUR NEW CATALOGUE WILL BE SENT POST FREE ON APPLICATION. 36, Stpand, London, W.G. 2. 'Phone : Gekrard 9451. Lantern Slides in Natural Colours. LEPIDOPTERA & LARY^ A SPECIALITY. Photographed from life and true to Nature in everj detail. SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.. By same Colour Process. LAl:"'j.EHN HLIOES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING. PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARY^, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET. For List apply to — CHARLES D. HEAD, Cherrymount, Donnycarney, DUBLIN. Bexley] L. MV. NElfl/lVIiLN [Kent Has for sale a superb stock of 1920 specimens in fine condition, including Varleyata ; Bicuspis ; Pendularia var. Subroseata ; Melanic forms Lariciata, Consortaria, Conson- aria, Abietaria ; Irish forms Aurinia and Napi, fine vars. Tiliae, Yellow Dominula, etc., etc. Quotations and Insects sent on approval with pleasure. Also a huge stock of fine Pl}?IE and OVA. Write for latest price lists. Relaxing Tins are now 4-/- small and 6/- large, pos free. Re-fiiis, 2/3 small, 3/3 large, post free. SKASDNAI. VAUIATIOXS OF PARARGE AiEGEUA, 209 On the Geographical and Seasonal Variations of Pararge megera, L. By liOGER VERITY, M.D. Tbis species had for the last few yeai's baffled my attempts to define its geographical and seasonal variations, although I felt that definite characteristics of races and generations did exist. They are, however, so subtle and so overshadowed by the very much more striking indi- vidual variations, which occur in all localities and at all seasons, that for a long time I could not grasp them. Oberthiir seems to have had the same impression, because in his Etiidi^s de Lep. Coiuji., III., p. 364, he mentions several geographical variations, but he concludes that races cannot be separated distinctly, except in the case of tijfiiliiin. I went on collecting series from all sorts of regions, although I found con- siderable difficulty, because correspondents do not realise that the most widespread and abundant species are the most interesting m the study of variation, and they seem to think they are not worth procuring. I think I have at last detected the lines of variation produced by sur- roundings. They are subtle, as I say, but, as they exist, this is no reason for neglecting them niore than characters, which are striking at first sight, and which any untrained eye can perceive. In most cases they are not absolute and constant, individual exceptions occurring, but the percentage of the latter is sufficiently small to be considered as su;:h, and for the existence of a general rule to be established just as much as in most other species, in which it is more easily seen. A greater or lesser degree of variation along the following lines xiistinguishes the summer generations from the first one in all regions, slight as it may be at times; the same variation takes place in the summer generations, as one proceeds from colder and damper surround- ings to warmer and drier ones, and finally it is also found in the first generation, when one passes from the remainder of Europe to its Bouth-Eastern portion : the wings become narrower and more pointed at apex ; the androconial scales are seen microscopically to become more slender at their further end ; the fulvous colour above becomes warmer in tone a.nd brighter ; the upporside dark markings become less extensive in general and the basal patch of the hindwings gets invaded by fulvous and, in consequence, lighter in tone, whilst the pale shaded band which precedes the ocellated spots tends to obliteration ; on the underside of the hindwings spaces of the clear ground colour appear, especially round the ocellated spots and along the dark streaks, and they break up the diffused scaling into bands and patches, so that these and the streaks stand out boldly, and give a more variegated appearance to the entire wing, increased by the fact that the streaks become darker and sharper (especially the lunules between tbe ocelli and the margin) ; these spaces increase in extent, as the diffused sealing withdraws, till the latter disappears entirely ; the ocellated spots, however, remarkably enough, tend to become larger, especially on account of the two streaks, which encircle them, becoming broader and of the inner one becoming more distinct. It must be noted that other individual variations found in all localities and seasons are distinctly greater in the fenrale sex, but that the variations described above, which characterise the average of series from different regions and seasons, are on the contrary more marked and distinct in the male. The main line of variation of the species consists decidedly in that afforded by the December 15th, 1922. 210 THE entomologist's RECORD. underside of the hindwings, where the features are found which chiefly and more constantly differentiate the second or the second and third generations from the first, and which characterise also more constantly the primary races of the hroader regions, apart from the secondary localised ones I will mention further on. The upperside characters usually follow them, in a general way, but in no way necessarily, and, on the contrary, there are cases, in which the opposite extremes of the variations of the two surfaces are found combined together; for instance, in tii/eliKs, first generation, the underside is very much darkened by a thick dusting, whilst the upperside exhibits the very least extent of dark pattern produced by uipneia ; in emUyssa the reverse occurs, and an underside of the lightest description is associated with heavy black markings on the upperside. The features of the upper surface are much more erratic ; in every series one finds an extent of individual variation, which, especially in the female sex, often covers nearly the totality of that afforded by the species. It also gives rise to an interesting phenomenon, not observed so markedly, to my knowledge, in any other species, iw., to a production of very localised secondary races, distinguished by a single character, which becomes prevalent in a limited area, whilst as a rule it is only one of the many individual variations met with occasionally. I think in some cases one would not be far wrong in calling this phenomenon aberrant RACES, because they consist in an unusual proportion between the individual forms, created by the great increase and prevalence of one form out of many, just as in individual aberrations the usual proportion between the markings and the colours of the wing is altered and one of them invades an unusual extent of wing-surface. I will mention these races presently. With regard to the general seasonal and geographical variations of inetjeia, one can note first of all that, amongst the widespread European species, it is one of the least variable. Altitude does not seem to affect it and in each region one meets with the same race from the mountain tops to the sea-shore. Latitude, too, seems to have a limited effect on it. As far as I have been able to make out' in my present state of knowledge, the first generation is identical from Scotland to Spain and even the very special climate of Palaearctic Africa only produces, as we shall see, a slight difference of tone on the underside, and this not in all cases. It reminds one of the similar lack of variation in the first generation of HiDiiicia iildacas, in which, also, Africa alone produces a washed-out appearance of the underside in race cyrenaica, Turati. What, on the contrarv, affects meyera most distinctly in all its generations are certain reoions. In Corsica and Sardinia it acquires such peculiar features that one would not be surprised if it proved to be a distinct species. In Sicily, the .Balkans and Asia Minor its underside features stand exactly opposite to those of the rest of Europe in the scale of variation of iiidirra, and in Peninsular Italy forms more or less intermediate are quite constant. One wonders what special cause there can be in the S.E. for a marked change of aspect in the generation, which is scarcely affected by the difference between the Scotch and the African climate ! It suggests that heredity comes into play and that the four lines of variation I will presently mention constitute four " phylogenetic " races, w^hereas the races which only differ from each other by belonging to successive grades along these lines are purely " ontogenetic," as in SEASONAL VAIilATIoNS OF PARARGK MEGEHA. 211 the case of Ruwicia phlacax, L., which I have dealt with in the I'Utt. Bee, xxxii., p. 7. Having thus cast a glance on the variations of nieiiira in a general way, let us see w^hat races are detectable and what features their generations exhibit. 1 find that in the case of this species, as in those of others described by me in this Journal, the most natural, and, at the same time, the most practical, classification consists in following the main line of variation I have described above, as afforded by the features of the underside of the wings, and in dividing it conveniently in the number of grades suggested by the races and generations, as they fall into groups. Here, however, it must be noted that other characteristics associate with the fundamental ones and create four parallel lines of variation ; these run through the various grades, so that each of the latter consists in various forms, most of which are characteristic of a race and a generation. I will endeavour to show this clearly in a tabubir form at the end of this paper. Grade I: Linueus gives " Austria and Denmark " as the habitats of the species, so that the nymotypical race is the one which spre^ids, as far as I can ascert-ain, to the whole of Northern and Central Europe, We shall see that F. J. Ball has described and named the second generation of Central Europe, thus restricting the Linnean name to the first. The latter can be described as the darkest amongst the usual forms of the species, on account of the extent of the pattern on both surfaces ; the fulvous colour is paler, more yellowish and duller than in the other grades ; the underside of hindwings is distinctly yellowish. The upperside markings seem to vary in extent according to localities. All the German authors mention particularly niediolufieiis, Fuchs, Jhrb. Nassau, 1892, p. 87, from Nassau on the Middle Rhine, and Seitz says it is predominant at Bergstrasse in some places; it thus is quite a local race. It is described as having all the pattern of the upperside increased in extent and especially the androconial band of the male one-third broader than usual and the transverse streak of the forewing in the female also much broader. If the underside of the hindwing is darker too, this would constitute a grade standing before this one, of nymotypical )iief/era but I find no record of the aspect of that surface, so that I take it to be purely a variation of the upperside ; this is far more likely, on account of ii:s much greater variability. The form standing opposite to the last described, by a strong reduction in the extent of the upperside markings, so that those of the forewing are in the female as thin as they usually are on the underside, is alticnla, Vrty. {Bull. Soc. Eiit. ItaL, xhi., p. 269, 1911). I described it from specimens collected by myself at the Baths of Valdieri, m. 1375, in the Maritime Alps, as the mountain race of nie/iera. This, I fear, is not correct : alticola is found as an extreme individual form in most races, and especially in particularly hot and dry localities, l)ut it seems to be the result of any sort of unsuitable condition which the individual has undergone. As altitude is, apparently, the chief hindrance to the development of this otherwise nearly ubiquitous species, it is very likely alticola is more frequent at the highest altitudes it reaches, according to regions, but I have found no evidence that it is prevalent anywhere. Race iNFRAPALLENs, mihl : As I have already mentioned, the African 212 THE KNTOMOr.OtilS'r's KIOCOKD. climate dots modify to a slight degree even the underside of the generation of the species in question, which emerges there during the autumn and the winter. Some individuals are quite similar to nymo- typical meijera, but others afford features I have not seen in any European individual : they consist in a warmer, more reddish tone of the yellow ground colour of the hindwings and in a duller and jialer tinge both of the diffused scaling and of the streaks and eye-spots : the former is often very thick and uniform ; the two latter are of the same tone, so that they do not stand out at all ; the eye-spots are also distinctly smaller than usual. To what extent this form is produced and whether it is prevalent or not in certain localities I have not been able to ascertain. It seems M'ell suited to afford protection on reddish sandy soils. The extent of the black markings on the upperside is considei'ably more variable in Africa than in most regions, because one finds quite usually both forms as dark as nymotypical iiieijcra and others approaching altieala and, thus, similar on that .surface to jiracaiistralix and aiiytrali^. The well known tii/i'liiis, Bonelli {Moii. E. Soc. Scienze di Tmino, XXX., pi. I., fig. 2), peculiar to Corsica and Sardinia, does not follow the main line of vai-iation exactly and must be considered as a particularly distinct collateral branch, which certainly is more distinct from all the other races taken as a whole than the latter differ from each other. For this reason, and because no individual of any otber race; could be mixed up with iii/eliiin or vice versa, as I will point out further on, one feels that tii/eliiis is at least a subspecies as compared with vieijera, if it be not proved in future that they are actually two species, like Ai/lais inticae, L., and ivhmisa, Bell, (see Eut. Bee, xxxi., p. 3 99), according to uiy views. In its first generation the underside features vaiy individually to a marked extent and occasionally do not differ much from nymotypical }iu'iiera ; a characteristic form is produced, however, quite commonly (transitional ones prevail), in which the basal half of the hindwings, as far as the furthest of the two central streaks, is covered with thick blackish scaling, whereas the outer half is veiy sparingly dusted with them, the eye-spots standing out on a space of clear groundcolour ; this, of course, is equivalent to the obliteration of the band which precedes the eye-spots on the upper- side ; this obliteration is the most prominent and better known characteristic of tiiidius ; the underside can thus be described as belonging to grade I. and similar to nymotypical iiienera in its basal half and to grade lY. similar to ciiixtralis, or transitions to it, in its further half ; also the tinge of the ground-colour is less yellow than in vieijern, particularly on the outer part of the wing. It is interesting to note that in the same islands one finds the race hjlhts, Esp., of t'oenoni/inpha pauijiliiltis, L., which, in its first generation l;/llides, Vfty., is distinguished from its other races by that very same division of the underside of hindwings into a dark basal and a lighter outer zone. Other characteristics of tiijelius are that it is considerably smaller than any other uieijeru and that the upperside markings are reduced in extent to a degree not met with even as an individual variation in other regions; we shall see that the summer generations carry this reduction still further; another noteworthj^ feature, which denotes a tendency to vary along a peculiar line, different from the main one of the species, is the large size of the apical eye-spot of forewing and the SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF PAKARGK MICGERA. 218 rather large size of the two placed between the third median and the second cubital nervures of the hindwings, whilst, on the contrary, the remaining eyespots all tend to become ver)' small and are, in the summer generations, often entirely obliterated. I will shortly point out that nymotypical ti'jdiiis (it should have been spelt with double /) is the summer one, and mention the differences between it and the spring generation, which I propose calling TioEr.i.ixA, rnihi (" types " from Lanusei and Ogliastro, in my collection). Grade II : It was F. J. Ball who first pointed out (Aiuialcs Sor. Kntoiii. de Bel(/i(jiie, Iviii., p. 177 (1914), that there exists a difference between the two generations of meffera of Central Europe. He named the second one filipluma, from Belgian specimens, because it differs microscopically from the first by having a thinner distal end to the androconial scales : the only character, visible to the naked eye, he detected is that the broad fulvous space of the forewiug, which contains the apical eye-spot, is not split up into five separate spaces by streaks on the nervures, as it is in the first generation. In the specimens I have at hand I might say this feature I do not see, but, its existence may, of course, depend on localities and years. I find, on the other hand, perfectly constant characteristics on the underside of the hind- wing. To describe them it would be sufficient to say simply that they are one grade away from nymotypical spring ineijera along the main line of variation of the species, as described above, but to be clearer I will briefly mention them again : the diffused scaling is not as uniform, on account of narrow spaces which appear along the streaks and round the eye-spots, splitting it up into bands and patches ; the streaks and the circles round the eye-spots are darker and stand out more ; the pre- marginal lunules, especially, become darker along their outer outline, becoming as dark as the streaks, instead of being of the same tone as the diffused scaling; the circles round the eye-spots are slightly broader on the average ; all this gives the wing a more variegated appearance and givr-3 one the impression of a dark complex pattern standing out on a light ground colour. It must be understood, however, that, though I find these features are always detectable, even in the most northern regions, it needs a little attention to see them in the races of Northern and Central Europe. As one proceeds southwards they become more striking, and one then meets with extreme individuals which recall the more southern races. At the same time one also observes a gradual decrease in the average extent of the dark markings on the upperside in the summer generation, or generations, whereas the spring genera- tion remains as a rule unaltered, except in the Italian zone ; seasonal dimorphism thus becomes more prominent. As might have been expected, the darkest summer generation is the one I have named Caledonia, in the Bull. Soc. Knt. de France, 1911, p. 814, pi. i., fig. 12, from a series collected on the northern coast of Scotland, in August, It is noteworthy that in this race, notwithstanding the high latitude, the summer characteristics of the underside are constantly quite marked. The summer generations of race tifielitis differ from the first in exactly the same way as do, from each other, those of the Continent, by the upperside reduced extent of the black markings, which are extremely thin, and even partly obliterated on the outer part of the 214 THE ENT0AU)1.0(iJST S KlfiCOKD. wing in some inclividuals of both sexes, by the brighter and warmer tinge of the fulvous, and by the underside characters. The features which distinguish this race from the continental ones in tbe first generation, exist also in the summer ones, so that one is justified in calHng them Grade II of the same line of variation. The diffused scaling on the underside of the hindwing is as reduced in extent on the further half of the wing as in Grades III and IV, but on the basal half it is as intensive and dark, and the markings, on the whole, are as thick as in the northern /ilipliiuia, so that one must classify the summer generations in this grade, just as their first falls in with the first of race inct/c'ia, in Grade I. Having looked up Bonelli's original description and figures, I have found that he stated his "types" had been collected duriug July "in the plains of Sardinia." His figures are good, and show unmistakably the characteristics of tbesummergenerations on both surfaces, quite resenibling the specimens I have myself found on the 2nd of September, 1910, near the house and tomb of Garil^aldi, in the little island of Caprera, off the north coast of Sardinia. Kii'by, in his catalogue, expresses the doubt that Hiibner's name of ixuiniieijaera might have the right of priority over that of iii/clins, Bon. This does not seem to be the case. Bonelli read his paper before the li. Acadeiuia di. Scienze of Turin on March 7tb, 1824, so that his name dates from that day, although it was only printed in vol. xxx. of the Meiiinrie of 1826. According to Fernald's researches on the dates of publication of Hiibner's plates, plates 162 to 195 were published from 1823 to 1833, so that it is extremely unlikely that plate 170, with /laranu'tiaera, should have appeared before March, 1824. Curiously enough Hiibner's three figures all look suspiciously identical with Bonelli's three, and as if copied from them ! As I have already mentioned, in the Italic zone the first generation of iiiei/era, which varies so little in the rest of Europe, does change aspect. It is shifted along the main line of variation to grades usually proper to the summer generations ; in consequence the seasonal dimorphism, which becomes so much more marked in other parts of southern Europe than it is in the north, again is diminished in the Italic zone. I propose the name of praeaustkalis, mihi, for the first generation of Peninsular Italy, which apparently does not vary in the least from Northern Tuscany to the Coast Eange of Calabria, and from the tops of the Apennines to the sea-shore. I select a series from Florence, as " typical," collected in the Plan di Mugnone, from March 30th (emergence usually begins in Florence about the 10th) to May 18th. Its most characteristic feature is that on an average the under- side of the hindwings exactly corresponds to that of the summer genera- tion of northern Europe in the extent and the intensity of the diffused scaling, in the sharpness of the streaks, of the premarginal luiuiles, and of the circles round eye-spots ; it differs from it in having only the slightest suspicion of yellow left in the tinge of ground-colour, which tends more to silvery- white. On the upper surface the fulvous is warmer and the black markings are usually decidedly reduced in extent; the basal black patch is more suffused with fulvous, the mai-ginal band is narrower, etc. {To be completed). SOME NOTES ON SWISS BUTTERFLIES. 215 Some Notes on Swiss butterflies. [Supplementary to the Butterflies ol' Sicitzerhmd, by liev. Geo. Wheeler, M.A., F.E.S.] By the late MR. A. J. FISON. (Arranged and communicated by Miss L. M. Fison.) " The works of the Lord are great, sought out of all them that have pleasure therein." — Psalm, cxi. 2. (Continued from page 195.) Drj/aa paiilii(i,Jj.,a.h. ? ralesina,FiS]i. — Brigue ; Stalden, 15.viii.90. Sepey Eoad e. .July. Bad Fideris, 7.vii.04 ; Mendrisoo, 15.viii.0'2; Flims ; Bevgell ; Im Grand, abundant, 20.viii.09. D. pandora, Schiff. — Charpigny, 23.ix.05 (1). Arm/nnis aijlaia, L. — A very dark aberration on Col de Pillon, 31.vii.08; Lac d'Arnon near Gsfceig, 30.vii.08. A. alfeniiher(ieri, Fre}'. — Gruinalp ; Le Prese, 13.vii.01. J/, aioiiiia, Rott. — (52) Gi-yon, 27.V.04 ; F.clepens, 20.viii.90; Chables Rouges, v, M. aiirinia var. niemiie, Prunner. — Zerniatt ; Latscher Kulm, 2 hrs. from ])ergiin, and at Lake Palpuogna, half way to Albula; Lac Pully; Portailles, 18.vii.91. il/. diiiywa, Ochs.— (21) Below Tourbillon Hill to N. at Sion, 18.V.04 ; A dark brown var. a very fiery orange, N. of Tourbillon, at Sion, lS.v.04. xl7. (liihjiiia var. alpina, Stgr. — J (1) Charpigny, 23.viii.88, also 5.vii.22 (L.M.F.). M . (leinne var. berualensia, Favre. — Saviese-Bisse Lentine (N. of Sion), 10.vi.05 (12) ; Ormona (12), 10.vi.05 and (13) ll.vi.08. M. anrelia, Nickerl. — Olon Granges, 16. v.04 ; Illgraben, 25. v. 04 ; Gandria, 16.V.03. M. aurelia var. $ rhoetica, Frey. — Tarasp ; Evolena ; Bel Alp. M. partJienie, Brkb. — Leukerbad ; Lugano; ab. at Les I'.covets (S. side), 19.ix.85. i)/. athalia, Rott., ab. navarina, Selys. — (1) Val Solda, 26.V.0S. Approaching ab. apJiaea, Hb.— From S. edge les ]*'.eovets to Ollon, 15.ix.85. M. (licti/iuia, Esp. — Temeley, 2.viii.l0, light colour. Araachnia lercnia, L. — 1904 at Thalapsee and Murgthal (86) from 28.vi.-2.vii. (/nis circe, Fabr. — On bill over La Sarraz tunnels ; in 1906 at l^clepens, 21.vi.-10.vii.07, took 10 but none at blclepens in 1905 ; (1) up Chamonix Road at Martigny; Gignard S. of Attelens, abundant in 1901 ; Cbaniby, 1902 ; at Ste. Croix in the Covatonnaz Gorge ; gets scarce in Switzerland. Sati/nis statiliiiiis, Hiifn., var. alUonia, Fabr. — Leuk, 4.ix.00 ; nr. Naters,'21.viii.90. ^'. cordiila, Fabr.— Wengern Alp ; St. Maurice, 29.vi.14 (L.M.F.) ; Dent du Midi, nr. Choex, 4.vii.22 (L.M.F.). 8. cordida ab. ? po'cas, Hb. — Village of Lavey 1 m. up ; Charpigny, 22.vii.22 (L.M.F.) ; La Batiaz, 13.vii.l4. Enodia drijas, Scopoli. — Charpigny, 4.viii. Hipjiarchia briseis, L. — Eclepens, 81.vii.06-15,viii.06 ; Dombresson nr. Nencbatel, viii. ; near Naters. Epi)ie)diele jiiiti)ia, L., var. hispnlla, Hb. — 3. viii. 03, N.W. of Champery ; N. of Brigue, 30.vii.90 ; Charpigny ; on Jura where butterflies are more like southern than alpine forms. r^) OTES ON COLLECTING, etc. The Lepidoptkra of the smaller Channei. Islands. — In the October number of the Piecord Mr. W. J. Kaye gives lists of butterflies in the Channel Isles. I myself spent most of August in Guernsey, going to Sark and Herm for one day each. To Mr. Kaye's list I can add the following species. Sark: Pierh iiajti, Kiujonia judi/chloros, Aiilaif. iirticae, Pi/)-aiii('is cardtii, Arijiinnis CKjlaia, Coenmu/inpha paniphilitx, aiid Pleheuix actpDi (argus). All other butterflies in Mr. Kaye's list, with the exception of Cda!>fri)ia aiy/ioliis, were also taken. Herm: All Mr. Kaye's eight species and Pieris brassicae, Picrifi napi, (idneptery.v Titaiiini, Aylais urticae, Pyratjwix canliii, ('oenonijmpha pamjihilus, Euiiiicta phlaeas, and Plebeitis aetjon {aryiis). Thus on one day all the 13 Herm species but one were taken ! — E. Bolton King, Bailiol College, Oxford. November 12t/i. Some Moths taken at Teemezzo. — At last my wanderings led me into a pleasant place. We arrived at Tremezzo, on the Lake of Como, in the middle of April last. This townlet is the capital of the fertile district known locally as the Tremezzina. In May and June it is a land of flowers, though hardly any of them indigenous. To see the indigenous flora one must get up the hill sides where conditions are too rocky or too steep to allow oi cultivation. The Spring was very back- ward and Lepidoptera were late in appearing. April 23rd, I saw half a dozen Xanthnrhd'e (Melani/ipe) fiuctuata, and noticed that they were 218 THE kntomologist's ukcokd. all darker and more richly marked than our Middlesex specimens. A few days later two Leiicania alhipuncta were seen, and Adela /ibiilella was not rare about veronica blossoms. Early in May the webs of H i/ponn)nc'i(ta jdniiibellus were seen on spindle. Though there were ants on the bushes they did not enter the larval webs. Ants were almost everywhere. Scarcely a tree trunk or bush was without them. I think they must destroy numbers of young larvae, as caterpillars wer? very scarce, except Coleophorids and Psychids. I saw larvae of the latter on tree trunks among ants. Whenever an ant touched a larva the latter promptly brought the edge of its case down on to the bark, thus protecting itself, and the ant then took no further notice of it. The leaves of the trees and bushes showed scarcely any signs of larval attack, but blight was now and then to be noticed. This was probably useful to the numerous ants. The snail-like cases of Crinojderij.r fa)ni- liella were not uncommon on Ciatiis, and I noticed six species of the genus Coleophora. Cases of ('. liiuosipennella on elm in a hedge; a dark brown species, caught on the wing, with a broad white subdorsal stripe and white antennae, the basal third thickened with scales, and another kind, also on the wing, with ochreous stripes. The fourth species seen was common in the larval state, mining the leaves of Silene nutans. The case was straight and pale in colour. I bred a few moths which were blackish fuscous in colour with several narrow whitish stripes. On the last mentioned plant I saw a large, straight, flattish case, evidently belonging to another species. Above Bellagio, on the opposite side of the lake, I found cases on Astrai/altm sp. ? These were formed of whitish n^ined portions of the leaves and were laterally compressed. The forewings of the resulting imagines were pale ochreous with two silvery white stripes. There was on the way to Cadenabbia a small electric light, which was very attractive to Lepidoptera. I always looked up when passing it. I saw Lycia (Iliston) hiitaria and other Geometers resting on the grey wall just above the light. On May 14th I looked up as usual and saw two huge Saturnia p'jyi. This species was seen again later. A few weeks afterwards a specimen of Saturnia cij)itliia was brought to me alive, but dilapidated. It was said to have been taken in the garden. If so, then the species may have acclimatised itself in the place in the same way as it has done in certain districts round Paris. July 1st, a fresh specimen of Oflouestis jniini flew in to the light. It is said to be rare, and it was the only one seen. The first of the Deltoidina and Pyralidina seen was our familiar Hi/pena roatralis, and then Pi/ralis fariiial'is. On June 1st, a Crambus flew into the room and next morning it proved to be a fresh specimen of the mountain species C. unjdlus. The next day Mcri/na poli/i/onalia was found entangled in an old spider web. It was alive and not much damaged. On June 18th, I saw the first ('rainbiis ciatcrellns. Strangely this was the most common species of the genus round Tremezzo. It haunted the herbage in the gorges behind the town. In the same places the pretty Eii.raiit/iis -.oriiana was not rare, but the Tortricina were not abundant. At J>ellagio I noticed I IcDiimoie al}ii)iaua and Dic/noraiiipha pt'tivcidla about Ar/tillea. In July I noticed mines of Bedellia wmnuleiitella in con- volvulus, and those of Xt^ptinila plaf/icolella in sloe. The usual Rhopalocera were late in appearing, and /'/Vr/.s bra.ssirae was by fai' the most abundant species. As the species inhabiting COLEOPTERA. 219 North Italy are well known, and as nothing of special note occurred, I will not dilate on the butterflies, more especially as it is many years since I studied this group, which has now become more than ever a subject of special investigation. My son went partly up one of the mountains and brought back Si/ntowis plieqea and reports of several Zygaenids, so no doubt the upper slopes would be well worth working. — Alfred Sich. November, 1922. Lepidoptera attacked by Birds. — On August 19th I was given a specimen of the Convolvulus Hawk Moth {Aipiiis conrolvnli) which had been picked up on the bank of the river at Wroxham. It was evidently a freshly emerged specijiien and in fine condition, with the exception that the lower half of the abdomen had been pecked ofl", probably by a bird of some kind. On September 4th I found a pupa of the small Copper butterfly {Ihiiiiicia i)hlaeat<) at New Fen, near Waterbeach. This I took home, and the perfect insect emerged in about a week's time. As the small Copper occurs in my garden I decided to let it go, and put it out of my study window on to the creeper. Next day I observed the four wings of the butterfly on the leads. I generally put bread for birds there ; it is therefore most probable that the insect had been eaten by a bird and its wings allowed to fall on the leads. — Horace Donisthorpe. A White-bodied Piekis rapae from Japan. — A form of Pieris rajiae, in which the abdoujen is entirely covered with white has long- been known from Syria under the name of var. lencusonia, Schawerda. From no other part of the world has a similar form of this well known and common butterfly been described, so far as I am aAvare. It was therefore with much interest that I came across an aberrant speci- men of Fieris rapae with white abdomen in a lot of butterflies sent to me some time ago by Mr. S. Satake, of Tokyo, Japan. A brief diagnosis follows : — Pieria rapae ab. albiventris, nov. aber. Belongs to subsp. cmcivora, Boisd., and is about the same size as the typical form of that subspecies, differing as follows ; — The apical black mark on the upperside of forewing larger at least by one- third, the shape more nearly approaching an equilateral triangle than a scalene triangle ; no trace of the dark suffusion on the underside of hindwings ; abdomen entirely white, as in var. leucoaoina, Schawerda. Much larger in size and by far the more strongly marked than var. leiicdHonia. Length of boJy, f inch ; expanse of wings, 2i inches. Holotype, 3 , Narita, near Tokyo, Japan, July 20th, 1917 (Mr. S. Satake). Type in my own collection. — Waro ISakahara, Ph.D. OfOLEOPTERA. Leptura rubra, L., in Norfolk. — On August 6th, 1918, Mr. H. J. Thouless captured a male of Lej)tnra rubra on the wing at Horsford, in Norfolk. Each year since he has taken a small number of speci- mens in this locality, on and in stumps of Scots pine. This year he was kind enough to tell me that he had again found the species, and I determined to go to Norfolk and try for it. On August 18th I visited Horsford and obtained a short series of the beetle, on the stumps and 220 THE entomologist's record. by digging into them. The latter method proved very hard work, as the stumps were very firm, and, moreover, it was evident that nearly all the beetles had emerged for the year. August 19th was spent at Horning and Wroxham with Mr. Thouless. The weather, which was dull on the 18th, having improved and become very hot, 1 visited Horsford again on the 20th, Mr. Thouless this time accompanying me in the morning. It turned out to be a most beautiful day, and the beetle was observed in great profusion all over a large area where Scots pine had been cut during the war. Females of the beetle were more plentiful than the males. It is no exaggeration to say that Lcptiira rubra had been present (or was present in the larval stages) in every stump, however long ago it had been cut down, over the whole area. I personally have no doubt whatever that this beautiful Longicorn beetle has been present in this district for many years, and- that when Mr. Thouless first tool^ it here it was no "chance specimen" nor '' recent introduction." Of course the cutting down of so many Scots pine during the war gave the beetle a splendid chance to increase, so many suitable stumps for breeding in being left ; and it has evidently availed itself of them to the utmost. — Horace Donisthorpe. (^lURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. A correspondent writes us, "It seems to me regrettable that no one has seen their way to replace the cork of insect boxes with a layer of the india-rubber now sold in the shops, as it readily allows of the insertion of all kinds of pins, and when working on .the more delicate Diptera it is ten to one the pin if inserted in cork lining gets provokingly bent, or deliberately snaps, with of course the end of the valuable specimen you desired to transmit to posterity. Metal pins themselves are objec- tionable, but nothing suitable to replace them, save possibly hardened glass, of which some mention has been made, occurs to mind. Mount- ing very small Diptera answers, but it renders the larger kinds un- sightly. The india-rubber I may commend to notice, I always have some pieces in use." " I can only afiirm that small pins penetrate this india-rubber, now sold in the shops, with ease. Most sheets of cork are perforated with cavities or are knotty, and very many small pms have T broken when transferring minute insects to a store-box, Diptera especially. The real question seems to me to be expense, and this the trade would be best able to understand. I can only say that when lining paper con- ceals a hard piece of cork it is most objectionable. The surface of the india-rubber is white. It might be made whiter. The subject deserves attention." Ugly stories come to us from Eoyston. We hear of sweeping for A. coridon, poison- bottles crammed with specimens good and bad, the hillsides dotted with small patches of those thrown out of the killing bottles and rejected, etc., etc. It is much to be hoped that these stories are extreme exaggerations, if not fabrications. Nothing " succeeds like success " we are told. We had never known a Society double its subscription and at the same time increase its membership until the Entomological Society of London did this ; and it continues to increase. We urge our readers to become Fellows in the coming year, and share in the prestige which this association of entomological workers ensures. SOCIETIES. 221 The South LonJon Entomolog-ical Society held its Annual Exhibi- tion on November 23rd. Needless to say another most successful gathering was added to the long list of previous " Annuals." Most of the well known and active workers in our study were present among the 190 who were in the room. The exhibits were perhaps somewhat more varied than last year, for in addition to the Lepidoptera, which on some occasions have been exclusively shown, there were exhibits in several other orders, as well as in botany. Visitors and country mem- bers were present from as far as the Isle of Wight, Bournemouth, and Liverpool, with many from the home counties. The recentl}" issued part of the Ann. Sac. J\nt. Ilehiiijuc contains "Notes on the genus Nemopalpiis (Dipt, ['xi/c/wdiilae),'' with one plate, by A. Tonner ; Studies on Ants: "Influence of Temperature on the Activity of Ants," by Robert Stumper; "Notes on the genus Asthe- nopiis-povilla (Ephemeroptera)," by J.-A. Lestage ; etc. The Bull. Sac. Knt. Beh/iijid' contains a " Synonymic List of the Orthoptera and Der- maptera indigenous and accidental in Belgium," hy J.-A. Leslage. The Ilev. Mens. Soc. Knt. Xaiiiuroifie for October contains the descriptions of more new forms of the Rhopalocera found in Belgium. Melitaea cinxia ab. deficie)ii< has the postmedian black line on the upper side of all four wings obliterated. I\l. atlialia ab. imlii/'tta has the anti- marginal black line on the forewings feebly marked, and the submar- ginal is absent. M. dicti/nna ab. vacua has the median and postmedian marks in the spaces 2 and 3 on the upperside forewings absent. BrentJiis pales form aisilac/ie ab. inteiiii/ata has, on the upperside of the forewings, the two black spots above the inner margin united by a black streak. B. inu ab. inteii'Kjata is an exactly similar aberration. l'>. inn ab. seinicadineis has lost the black submarginal dots on the upperside of the hindwings, but the antemarginal black spots are enlarged and of an oval shape. A considerable portion of the ScuU. Nat. for September-Oitober is taken up with entomological matter. William Evans gives " Some Insect Records from the Edinburgh district in 1921," dealing with all orders, and suggests that the appearance of two I'ljranieis atalanta in' May at Balerno indicates that the species survived the winter in the locality. Ronald C. Fisher writes "Notes on the Poplar Saw-Hy [Trieliincanipiis riniinalis)." A. Fergusson contributes a long series of " Additions to the List of Clyde Coleoptera." SOCIETIES. The Entomological Society of London. Xoceniher 1st. — Election of Fellows. — The following were elected Fellows of the Society: — Messrs. A. N. Burns, Salisbury Read, Rose Bay, Sydney, New South Wales; R. T. Daubeney, B.A., Heme Vicar- age, Heme, Kent ; C. G. Gosh, B.A., Agricultural College, Mandalay, Burma ; L. G. Higgins, M.A., F.R.C.S., Heatherside, Woking, Surrey ; J. F. ]\Iarshall, M.A., Seacourt, Hayling Island ; A. E. Moore, Brook- side, Brent Mead Avenue, Golders Green, N.W. ; A. Musgrave, Aus- tralian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales ; Miss E. K. Pearce, Kempston, Bournemouth West ; Messrs. E. Piazza, 4731, 46th Street, San Diego, California, U.S.A.; J. Price, 135, Corporation Street, 222 THIi: KNTOMOT.OGIST S KKCOUl) Stafford ; Rev. W. H. Richardson, 32, Wanderers Avenne, Wolver- hampton ; Messrs. A. H. Ruston, Aylesbury House, Chatteris, Cambs.; F. E. Wilson, Jacana, Darling Road, East Malvern, Melbourne; and H. E. Winser, 2, Mead Road, Cranleigh, Surrey. CoRRECTiTON. — Dr. H. SilvBsfcer Evans, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Loma- loma, Fiji (not Lantoka). Gitr TO THE Society. — The Treasurer announced that he had received £*.300 towards the Housing Fund from the Misses ('hapmaa, on behalf of their brother, the late Dr. T. A. Chapman, F.R.S. Exhibitions. — Dr. F. A. Dixey, F.R.S., exhibited specimens and drawings of the genitalia and scent-scales of lieleunis nidica, Clodt., with those of some other species of Ijelennia for comparison. Dr. K. .Jordan, F.R.S., described the tympanal organ of Sprircdonia and discussed the development of this organ in the Noctnidac Dr. Eltringham gave some account of similar organs in Geoinctridac. Dr. E. A. Cockayne exhibited an example of Homoeosis in t'ocmt- nyinpha paiiijihilnx, L. Mr. .J. E. Collin exhibited an intersex of Mydaea diijdicala. Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S. , exhibited on behalf of Mr. E. N. Willmer, living larvae of a Nemopterid from the Egyptian desert, and Mr. E. E. Green and Dr. Imms described the habits of a similar species from India and Ceylon. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. (Jetobfi- IQt/i. — The Opening Meeting of the Session. — This meeting was devoted to exhibits. General reports from members pointed to the fact that it had not been a very good season for collect- ing. One of the most interesting features was the wide distribution of Colias croceiis (ednsa). Practically every member present had captured at least one specimen, and several reported having taken fairly good series. In our immediate neighbourhood it was reported from Hale, Formby, Chester, Tattenhall, Waverton, Mouldsworth, Point of Ayr, and Abergele. Var. hdiee was taken at Abergele and Chester. Mr. V>. H. Crabtree, F.E.S., exhibited a small box of varieties of Bimticia jddaeas, including ab. schwidtii. Mr. E. P. Doudney brought a good exhibit of W^itherslake insects, including Xi/locampa areoUt", iJasi/chira /nidibiinda, Ptero^toma />al/ii)ia, Abrostola triplaaia, Drejtana lacertinario, Neiiioria viridata, Scodiona fagaria, Acronicta >iienyantliidh, Iiio t/eryoii, and Cooionymplia tiphon ; and from Biide, Lycaena arioii. Mr. Garner Richards showed a lonR series of ['(dyouniiatiis icanis and It. phlaeas from Hale district (Lanes.). Mr. A. W. Hughes showed Kiipithccia consiyjtata from Warmington, Northants., a series of alight form of the female of I'ararije aeaeyia, and a bred series of Malarosoma itcii stria, and some Atoinia inosc/utta (Cole- optera) from Freshfield. Mr. C. F. Johnson, F.E.S., brought long series of Ayriadcs roiidun and A. thetis [hellaryu^), including some beautiful varieties. SOCIETIES. 223 Mr. Win. Mansbridge exhibited some fine series of Hlaxtoha^is li/pwa and its dark variety adKstclla, and also a pale variety from Grange. Mv. C. P. Kimmer showed a series of Abraxas f/rossidariata, with some dark forms from Neston, Cheshire, and one very pale form from Abergele, N.W. Mr. S. Gordon Smith, F.L.S., F.E.S., showed a fine collection ot varieties he had secured this year, inclnding the following : — From Chester, FercHophtilnta finviata, a bred series obtained from specimen which came to light ; Ai/rotis pnta, series taken at light ; I >ia)it/t(>ecia carpojihaiia, dark var. taken at light ; A'potis cxclaniatitnii.'!, varied series at light ; Lupei imt testacea, dark var. at light. From Delamere, Anisiiph'ii/.i- aescidaria, var. with almost unicolorons forewings, at light; Diacrisia sanio, three, including one var. with the band on the hind- wings missing; Spilowma liibricipeda, vnv. Si,p])voaGhing fasciata ; I'oh/- j)loca jiavicurnia, two vars. without the cross Imes, one var. with the cross lines joined together, one var. with thorax and body black, one var. very pale. A specimen of Drepana binaria, taken at Houldsworth ; K. jihlaeas, var. with the orange red band of hindwings missing, from Waverton. P'rom Witherslake, Maiiwstra dentina, dark var.; liiisina tencbiom, very dark specimen. Series of PacJij/s betidaria ; Lumaspilis nian/iiiata, varied series taken at light. From the New Forest, two females of Lytuauti-ia monac/ia, one being a var. with whitish instead of pink body. AspJudia ddnta, varied series. A var. of Xoctiui c-iiii/ruin with the costal mark pinkish brown. A specimen of Aijyatix rinerea, taken at Pare Lhvydiarth. A specimen of Xijlina sncia, taken at Dol- gelley, and Sdeiita hilnnaria, dark form from Dolgelly. A var. of Arctia caia, from a Formby larva, and a var. of Aip-otis stn'i/ida, from Moel Fammau. Mr. Robert Tait, F.E.S., exhibited Carterocephalim palaemou, hlame- aris Incina, Kiiiatiirga atoiiiaria, from Northants. Liiiienitia sibilla Ar(jijnnis cipUppe {adippe), Ueiiiaris boiiibi/lifiDiiiis, Tripliaena siibseqna {orhnna), liipterijyia j>inastri, Apdecta hcrbida, and A. neb idosa, including a var. with dark band on the upper wings, Phorodcsma bajidaria, Epin/ra tillinearia, Liinacodes tentiido, etc., from the New Forest. Also a fine series of iioarwia repandata, bred from Penmaenmawr larvae. Thk South London Entomological Society. October 12t/t. — Exhibits. — Mv. Withycombe exhibited a queen hornet, \'c^pa crabm, caught when flying over a tram car at W'altham- stow. Mr. H. Main, recently hatched young of the slug Arioji ater, the larvae of the glow-worm, Lam/ii/rk liisitanka, a wolf spider found under stones, closely allied to Fabre's Pijrosa narboneni>is,Sindaj black scorpion abundant at Pont du Gard, S. France. Mr. Blenkarn, the Coleoptera il/ar/(/rt^/.sca;-6o)?f(r/«, from Mickieham, not hitherto taken south of Sherwood Forest, and Rhynchitrs pnbeu-eni^, which was not uncoijimon at "Westerham in June. Mr. L. W. Newman, a painting of an aberration J of Afiriadca corido)! from Royston, with various streaks of ? coloration, and an extremely pale Ejiinejdiele jirrtina from the Chilterns. 224 THK KNTOMOLOGIST S HUCOllI). Lantekn Slides. — Mi'. H. i\Iain, of the economy of the scorpion, of Mirroiloii sp. (Dip.) a scavenger in ants' nests, of the early stages of IJctnnia aiirata. Mr. Dods, of a series of plants. Mr. Lucas, of points in the life-history of Haphi'lid )infata, Li. }iiactilic(iUis, Chrysnpa jieiia, and HenwidbiKs sp. October 2G^/(.— Mr. F. T. Vallins, 372, Sherrard Road, E. 12, was elected a member. Mr. R. Adkin exhibited his series of lUaphoni uiinniira, with its various local races, etc. Messrs. 0. H. and A. de B. Goodman, J'icrin rajiae sexes and /-'. NUDiiii sexes for comparison, P. napi of the extreme summer form nojiaeae, approaching P. iiianni in facies, and a P. napi with a spot near the apex strongly formed. Miss Alice Lock, Ai/rins conndniU and a $ <_'iilla>< rinceiis {ctliixa) intermediate to var. Jtelicc, both from Sidmouth in September. Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone, a large sample of 500 bred /''iiidiiicix ranlni, from Oxshott parents, pointing out al)errant specimens (1) with pale blotch in centre of forewing, (2) with blue centres to spots on hindwings, (8) with pink nervures running through the white blotch, etc. Mr. Blair, the ant Mi/niieco/ihila arerfoniin from S. France. ^{v. Main, flour infested with the beetle, Trihnliuin fcmuiiiu-iiiii. Mr. Mera, a series of D. unnidiea, including a dwarf smoky female. Mr. Enefer, the ro;)ts of the bean, pointing out the nodules which are concerned in the formation of nitrogenous compounds, and which enrich the soil for the growth of crops. Mr. Tonge, his series of D. iiioxlica. Mr. R. Adkin called attention to his series of J>. Dieiidica and road a paper entitled '^ 1 Utijihura mendicn and its varieties." A sboit iliscussion took place. (OBITUARY. Henry John Elwes, F. R.S., F.E.S., etc. We regret to announce the death of Henry .John Elwes, F.R.S., etc., which took place at Colesborne Hall on Sunday, November 2Gtli, after a long illness. He had been failmg physically for some time, when the unexpected death of his only daughter, Mrs. Trepplin, in .Tune last, came as a great shock, from which he never recovered. He was educated at Eton, and subsequently joined the Scots Guards, in which he became Captain. A man of unusually robust physique and great energy, it is not surprising that he had a restless spirit, and so he became a great traveller. Prom the age of seventeen he never remained in England a whole year, but always desired to see " fresh fields and pastures new." His first love, apart from big game hunting, was OBITUARY. 225 horticulture, and his monograph on the Lilies remains to-day the most beautiful standard work on that lovely group of plants, whilst his last great work was on " The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland." On all his travels he was a very keen observer of nature and a great lover of birds and insects, in fact he was an all round field naturalist of great ability, and, as does not always happen, he was also a good gystematist. A large portion of his collection of insects was given by him to the British Museum, and he himself arranged much of the Palaearctic material so far as regards the Rhopalocera. The probability is that had not the war broken out, the whole of his insects would have come to the nation, but as things turned out he sold the remainder to Mr. Joicey. As a large landowner he took a very practical interest in farming, and was an expert on land cultivation and on stock ; he was specially interested in sheep breeding, and brought together very many breeds from all over the world. His travels covered a great part of the world, from the Rockies and the Andes on the one hand to the Himalayas and the mountains of China and Japan on the other. The one continent he never visited was Africa, and considering his great love for big game this is very remarkable, but he once told the writer that he never had any desire to visit that part of the world. His travels made him think, and made him in his many papers and monographs make deductions that were well in advance of the methods and systems of his day. His papers on the genera Poruansins and Erebia will be remembeied at once, whilst his list of the Sikkim insects is a valuable piece of geographical dis- tribution, and when he visited and collected in Formosa, and found that the insects of Formosa, and I believe the birds also, were identical in genera, and largely so in species as well, with those of Sikkim, he became very keen to institute a comparison of these areas, but he did not live to see this done. He was a member of very many Scientific Societies, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in the year 1897. He was President of the Entomological Society of London for the years 1893 and 1894, having been elected a member in 1878. He was a man of a dominating personality and independent judgment, and as a consequence was a bad opponent to fight, but he was a staunch friend, and once having made a friendship he was true to the end, and could be and was as gentle on the one hand as he could be drastic on the other. It is only about a couple of months ago since the writer saw him at Colesborne, and it was indeed a sorrow to see the bent figure and the difficulty of movement, though his brain was as clear and active as ever ; it was, however, charming to hear that " he could not complain, for he had had a fine and active, and varied life, and so he was content," and we said goodbye to each other knowing that we should not, in this world, meet again, but I did not think the end would come so soon. He leaves a widow and a son, with numerous grandchildren, to whom we tender our sincere sympathy. — G.T.B-B. 226 THE ENiOMOIiOfilST S RKCORI). CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXIV. By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S. Aberrations : — A. sylvanus, IG ; R. antiopa, 17 ; Z. meliloti, 19 ; P. cardui, 19 ; C. croeeus, 19 ; H. humuli, 19 ; A. bereiiice, 20 ; V. curreus, 20 ; M. cinxia, 38 ; L. sinapis, 49 ; E. cardatuines, 49, 56, 144, 145 ; D.paphia, 49 ; A. cydippe, 50 ; B. selenc, 50; B. euphrosync, 50, 146 ; P. c-alhnm, 50 ; M. galathea, 51 ; E. jurtuui, 51; ^. hyperantus, 51, 207; A. caja, 55; A. thetis, 55; Z. fili- pendulae, 55 ; Z. trifolii, 55 ; K. spini, 56; JR. phlaeas, 57, 76; r. proituba, 57 ; D. .S'niio ()«s- sttla), 57; P. icarus, 76, 144; ^)Us, 81 ; Somatic mosaics, 105, 200; P. megera, 144 ; 7'. incsrta, 145 ; -E. glypliica, 183 ; (7. mipta, 183; i4.'coft('cert 187 Abnormal broods . . . . . . 18 Abnormalities in Ants, On some, H. Donistborpe . . . . . . 81 Abundance of, E. cardamines in Tyrone 183 Alate form of E. fonnicaria . . 21 Albino, L. lathonia (partial) . . 18 Annual, Exhibition, 204, 221, 222; Congress of S.E.U.S.S 204 Ants, Psycbids and Coleopborids. . 218 Beetle attacked by an Ant.. .. 142 Bequests, to S. London Society, - 143 ; to Ent. Society . . . . 165 Benefits of Entomology . . . . 164 Bibliography of writings of H. Donisthorpe . . . . . . 83 Birds and insects . . . . . . 53 Broods of M. tieitstria . . . . 57 California in October and Decem- ber, G. B. Pearson .. .. 113 Chapman's methods in describing 158 Characters of the Coleophoridae available for differentiation . . 87 Classification . . . . . . 197 Correction, A (The Germs, Hesperia), 41 ; quotation (//. varieqitta), 51 ; French Alps . . " . . . . 100 Current Notes 17, 39, .52, 79, 96, 142, 164, 185, 203, 220 Drecriptions of. Egg and Larva of r . tcestwoodi, 2 ; Mt. Ventoux id Bedouin, 6 ; aberrations of H. variegata, 23 ; aberration of P. rapae . . . . . . . . 219 Diptera bred, from a fungus, 189 ; from larvae in burrows of Tomi- ciis 189 Discussion of A', rivata and A'. allernata (sociata) . . . . 20 Distinguishing characters of sexes of H. variegata, G. B. C. Leman 25 Don Ignacie Bolivar . . . . 203 Dwarf, P. rapae, 19; R. luteolata, 19 ; M. hrassicae, 19 ; A. suft'asa 19 Early D. livornica, 115 ; C. argio- li/.s', 201 ; G. rluimni . . . . 201 Eastern Pyrenees, The, D. H. Pear- son . . . . . . . . 36 Economic Entomology in U.S.A... 97 Entomological Club .. ..203 Five-spotted Z. filipendulae . . 74 Flashlight Photography and Nature 147 Fluorescence and mimetism . . 80 Formicidae—A new species and variety, W. C. Crawley . . . . 85 Fortnight at Mont Ventoux (Pro- vence), A, G. T. Bethune-Baker 8 Fossil insects .. .. -. 115 French Alps of Haute Savoie in July, 1920, Lt. E. B. Ashby . . 43 Fruhstorfor's methods in describing 157 Generations in Gonepteryx Genitalia of Tortricidae Genus, The, Hespeiia, B. C. S. Warren Geographical and Seasonal Varia- tions in P. megera Groups in the Genus Coleophora . . Guests of Ants . . . . 3, Gynandromorphs, P. icarus, 142 ; E. cardamines I Habits of S. westwoodi, 2 ; ditto in L-eland, A. W. Stelfox .. Hibernation of P. atalanta Hippodamia variegana, Descrip- tions of new aberrations of, G. B. C. Leman . . . . 23, History of the Chalcid S. erythro- niera in Britain . . Hybrids, etc., Z. trifolii x Z. Iiip- pocrepidis, 5b ; Agriadcs Indian, insect pests, 79, 96; -rub- ber lining for boxes Introduced Ants 69 207 41 209 88 21 183 42 95 101 76 220 3 INDEX. 227 Jubilee Supper of the S. Lond. Ent. Soc 204 Labelling . . . . . . • • 143 La Gianja, 1921, Rosa E. Page . . 66 Larvae of E. glyphica and E. mi, E. A. Cockayne . . . . . . 169 Lepidoptera of the Smaller Channel Islands, W. J. Kaye, 175 ; E. B. King 217 Leptura rubra in Norfolk,' H. Donisthorpe . . . . . . 210 List of Officers and Council of South London Entomological Society, 17 ; Entomological Society of London, 18 ; Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society 118 List of Seasonal and Geographical variations of P. na2>i .. ..141 Local Coleoptera . . . . . . 54 Loss of prolegs in larvae of Coleo- phorids . . . . . . . . 89 Melanic, H. abruptaria, . . . . 19 Mimetic, Proctotrypid H. anoma- lipes, 5 ; chrysalis of P. thoas . . 55 Mixed nests of F. exsecta and F. fusca . . . . . . . . 3 Mosquito Investigation (S.E.U.) 52, 98, 115, 184 Moths taken at Tremezzo, Italy, A. Sich • • 217 Myrmecophilous Acarina, Males of 3 species of, 22 ; near Oxford . . 52 Myrmecophilous, Notes for 1921, H. Donisthorpe .. .. 1, 21 New, Aberrations, from Belgium, 78, 164, 221 ; organ on abdomen of Notodoiitids . . . . . . 206 New British Cecidomyiidae (3), R. S. Bagnall and J. W. H. Harrison 61, 149 New Forest, in the rain, R. E. James, 170 ; in end September 201 New race of R. phlaeas from Africa 54 Newspaper Entomology . . . . 77 Note on, Somerset Dragonflies, Capt. R. Troup, 16 ; Z. riiU- cuudus, Z erythrus, and the races of Z piirpuralis, Roger Verity, 29 ; Swiss Butterflies, the late A. J. Fison (Miss F.), 176, 192, 215 ; A few species of Diptera bred from larvae, H. Donisthorpe . . 189 Notes on Collecting, 16, 51, 77, 95, 142, 183, 201, 217 ; m Shropshire, J. C. Woodward 189 Notes on Entomology in France and Italy, 1921.. .... ..158 Notes on Orthoptera in Croatia, Malcolm Burr. A few, 26 ; from Putney, H. Donisthorpe. . . . 94 Notes on, Zygaenidae of Provence (France), G. T. Bethune-Baker 73 Oberthiir's methods in describing 157 Obituary, Dr. T. A. Chapman, 17, 58; M. L.-J.Lambillion, 79; H. Rowland Brown, 9G, 119 ; A. Bacot, 99 ; Prof. Gilbert Story, 115; V. R. Perkins, 115; H. Fruhstorfer, 115 ; Hon. V. A. H. Onslow, 148; Dr. Sharp, 164, 186 ; Hamilton Druce, 164 ; A. Home, 204 ; H. J. Elwes, . . 224 Observations on, varieties of C. muUibiUs, by G. B. C. Leman, 24 ; the family Coleophoridae A. Sich 86 Pairing of L. hirtaria (several times) . . . . . . . . 52 Parasitic, Diptera in a pupa . . 20 Polish Entomology . . . . . . 115 Polyommatus and Agriades, the late Dr. T. A. Chapman . . . . 121 Pupal response to environment . . 206 Races and Seasonal Polymorphism of the Rhopalocera 154,177,195, 209 Races of, Z. rubiciindiis, 30; Z. erythrus and Z. purpuralis, 81 ; C. hyale and C. croceus, 71 : L. Siinapis, 89 ; P. daplidice, 124 ; P. napi, 126 ; P. megera . . 209 Rare species recorded, P. puncta- tissima, 1 ; S. %(} est wood i, 2 ; P. forinicetorum, 5 ; H. anomaUpes, 5 ; B. mamilianus, 5 ; C. dispar var. rutilus, 20 ; T. arietinus, 23; G. sqiiamicolle, 5i ; C.nebu- losa, 54; Trionodes liirtus, 54; ^-1. Iiruciiniche .. . .■ .. 183 Records of Coleoptera .. 114, 2111 References for, Digne . . . . 52 Regeneration in C. morosus . . 143 Reverdin's methods in describing 158 Sale of Earn collections, S. G. Castle-Russell .. ..48,52, 75 Scientific Notes . . . . 52, 201 Season 1, 190 Seasonal Polymorphism in Races of some European Grypoceraand Rhopalocera, Roger Verity 12, 68, 89, 1-24 Second Brood of, O. scunbucaria, 17, 51 ; L. sibillo, 18 ; P. similis, 18 ; N. tages, 18, 51 ; H. malvae, 18, 51 ; B. selene, 18 ; P. aegon, 18; N. cucullatella, 51; P. auriflua . . . . . . . . 51 Societies, Entomological Society of Hampshire, 18 ; South London Entomological Society, 19, 54, 117, 144, 167,206,223; Entomo- logical Society of London, 53, 79, 98, 116, 143, 166, 206, 221 ; Lan- cashire and Cheshire 57, 117, 147, 222 Somatic Mosaics in Lepidoptera, E. A. Cockayne .. .. 105, 20O Some Casual Notes on Coleoptera, in 1922 ._. 202 South -Eastern Union of Scientific Societies . . . . . . , , 35) Staudinger's methods in describing 15-5 228 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S KECORD. Teratological Ants . . Third brood of, P. megera, 18, 51; P. brassicae, 18 ; P. rapae, 18 ; P. aegeria . . Two years in pupa, P. alexanor . . Unicolorous forms of C. xeravipe- lina (left wings only), 18 ; H. liumuli Variation in, i)/. didynta, 12 ; BI. trivia, 13 ; B. daphne, 14 ; A. niobe, 15 ; J/, lachesis at Molitz PAGE 81 55 184 19 3G PAGE Verrall Supper . . . . 17, 40 White-bodied P. rapae from Japan, W. Nakahara 219 White border of E. antiopa . . 17 Whitsuntide in the Midlands, Russell E. James .. ■■ 122 Wicken Fen Fund . . . . . • 116 Winged form of V. currens . . 20 Zones of Polymorphism in Europe and Italy 177 Localities : — Alderney, 175 ; Bedouin, 6 ; Bossy- Veyrier, 45 ; Box Hill, 54 ; Belgium, 78; Barkham, 189; Croatia, 2(i ; Canigou, 37; Chalets de Balme, 4(3 ; California, 113 ; Chester, 148 ; Channel Islands, 175, 217 ; Corsica, 152; Cleobury Mortimer, 189; Devon, 16; Digne, 52,95; Elba, 182; Fontainebleau, 159 ; French Alps, 43 ; Grand Sateve, 45 ; Haute Savoie, 43 ; Hyeres, 120 ; Herm, 175, 217 ; Italy, 12, 28, C8, 89, 124, 154, 177, 195 ; India, 96 ; Jersey, 176 ; Lancashire, 57 ; La Granja, 66 ; Mont Ventoux, 6 ; Molitz-les-Bains, 36 ; Mont Louis, 37 ; Midlands, 122 ; Monk's Wood, 123 ; Mesopotamia, 1G5 ; New Ross, 42 ; Nottingham, 142; New Forest, 170, 201 ; Putney, 94 ; Pre-St.-Didier, 160 ; Pyrenees, 36 ; Petit Saieve, 43; Provence, 73; Sark, 175, 217; Somerset, 16; S. France, 19 ; St. Cerques, 44 ; Sainte Baume, 74 ; St. Martin Vesubie, 74 ; Susa, 159 ; Switzerland, 176, 192, 215 ; Sicily, 182 ; Shropshire, 189 ; Tyrone, 144; Turin, 162 ; Tyrol, 179 ; Tremezzo, 217 ; Vernet-les-Bains- 36 ; Worthing, 51 ; Wicken, 58 ; Zagreb 27 LIST OF COXriilBUTORS. Anderson, Joseph . . Ashby, Lieut. E. B., F.E.S S. 43, 100, F.R.S.E., 61, T., F.L.S., 6, 73, 119, F.E.S. 26, 48, A., Dr. T. 17, Bagnall, Richard F.L.S., F.E.S. .. Baker-Sly, H., F.E.S. Beck, R Bethune-Baker, G. ' F.Z.S., F.E.S. .. Burr, Malcolm, D.Sc. Castle-Russell, S. G. Chapman, The late F R S FES Cockayne, E. A.,' m!d., F.E.S. 53, 105, 145, 169, 183, Crawley, W.C.,, F.E.S. .. 52, Cruickshank, R. Barnard . . 16, Daltry, Thos. B. Donisthorpe, H.,F.Z.S., F.E.S. 1, 21, 79, 81, 94, 189, 202, Edelsten, H. M. D., F.E.S. Fison, A. J., .. 176,192. Fison, Miss L. M. . . 176, 192, Greer, Thomas Harrison, J. W. Heslop, D.Sc, F.R.S.E 01, James, Russell E 122, PAGE . 201 158 149 201 114 223 203 75 121 200 85 115 183 219 51 215 215 183 149 170 Kaye, W. J., F.E.S. Leman, G. B. C, F.E.S Leman, S. C, F.Z.S. Muir, F., F.E.S. .. Muschamp, P. A. H. Nakahara. Waro, Ph.D. Page, H. E., F.E.S. Rosa E., B.A. F.E.S. Pearson, D. H Pearson, G. B. Prideaux, R. M. Querci, Orazio Sharp, Edwin P. Sich, Alfred, F.E.S. Simes, J. A., F.E.S. Slade, Frank, F.L.S. Stelfox, A. W., M.R.I. A. .. Troup, Capt. R. Turner, Hy. J., F.E.S. 17, 19 52, 54, 58, 79, 95, 96, 115, 142, 144, 164, 167, 184, 185, Verity, Roger, M.D. 12, 29, 68 124, 154, 177, Warren, B. C. S., F.E.S. .. Woodward, Comm. G. C. . . PAGE .. 175 23, 51, 101 142 186 78 219 99 97 142 113 17 195 95 117 185 183 42 95 66, 36, 154, 177, 17, , 39, 117, 203, 206, , 89, 195, 142, 208 209 41 189 Pl. I. Pl. II. Pl. III. LIST OF ILLrSTRATlONS, .(r. Hesperia sp. and H. sibirica.. Abnormalities in Ants . . H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. (Notice to Binder.) To face Page 41 81 119 Subscriptions for Vol. XXXV. (1 O shillings) should be sent to Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. 14 [This subscription includes all numbers published front January 15th to December 15th, 1923.] Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. 14 Advertisements of Books and Insacts for Sale, or Books wanted will be nseitetl at a miuimura oliavge of 2s. 6cl. (for four lines). Loiigar Adverdi^ements iu proportion. A rediiotinn made for a series. Particulars of Mr. Herbert B. Page, "Bertrosa," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. 14 Subsoribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. K. PAais " IJerirose," Gellatly Road, New Cross, lioudon, S.E., otherwise tlieir magazines will probably be delayed. Desiderata. — Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all paits of th« world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial ; exact data indispensable. Liberal return made. — IF. G. Petlier, " Tlielnia," 4, Willoiv Bridg» Road, London, N. 1. Duplicates. — Aglaia, Adippe, *Io, T. quercua, Coridon vars., *Fuliginosa (Reading), *B. quercus ? , Tiliee, Menthastri, *Linariata, Aurantiaria, Leueophaearia vars. Paniscus. Desiderata. — Pupae of Dictteoides ; Imagines of typhon, palpina, camelina (dark), Curtula, Pyra, and numerous others; Ova of Hispidaria. — Harold B. Williams, 113a,, Bensham Blanor Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. Duplicates. — SyhiW-A, Paphia, lo (2), Selsne, Lucina (2), Ocellatus, Illustraria (autumn) Nastata, Roboraria j , Prunaria (4) t< Full I.ht of (h(i, Larvae, ami Pupae, also Leju'doiitera, rlpjxodtKs, ( 'ahinrts etc., sent on a/iplication. Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. 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