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ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
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VOL. XXXVI."

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CONTENTS.

PAGE,

Hippodamia variegata, Goeze, G. B.C. Leman, F.E.S.

Switzerland in 1923, D. H. Pearson, LE.S. iy :

Entomological Notes for the Season 1923, Command. G. C. We oodward, R.N.

The Rainham ‘“ Hybrids,” H. 4. Cockayne, M.A., M.D., F.E.S.

Screntiric Norrs AND OBSERVATIONS :— Brenthis euphrosyne, ab. plumbea, ‘ab. nov., E. A.
Cockayne, M.D. ; Lycaenid larvae and Ants, Hy.J.T.; ‘‘ Hermaphroditism”’ in the
Hesperiidae, Hy. TT. 8

NotEs on CoLLEotine :—Lady- birds hibernating i in the house, Florence J. Kirk; Syntarus
telicanus in Switzerland, G. 7. Bethune- Baker, FG.S., -F.B.S.- O. BR: ” Goodman,
#.E.S., F.Z.8.; Hy.J.T.; G.W.+ A Homeric Contest, G. C. Leman, F.E.S, 9

CURRENT Nores : 11

Soctrrirs :—The Entomological Society of London ; : The South London. Entomological
Society - 13

Reyrews anp Notices or Booxs :—Hy. J.T: EB. A.B. : HE. Pe 14

List of Races of the See of Peninsular r Ttaly, Roger Verity, M.D. and Orazio
Querci. .. x i <3 Se (21)-(24)

Title-page for 1923. :

Spectra InpEx, 1923.

JANUARY 15th, 1924.

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AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

VoL. XXXVI ENon ae January 157TH, 1924.

Hippodamia variegata, Goeze.
Ry G. B. C. LEMAN, F.E.S.

1. ab. arcuata, n.ab.

I regret to find that through an oversight this new aberration was
omitted from my paper in Hnt. Rec. XXXYV., p. 11, though in fact I
did refer to it under my ab. swbarcuata in such paper.

This aberration differs from ab. turkmenica, Zoubk., in having spots
41§+6 in the form of a “CC,” teste Weise B.-T., 1885. ~

Its formula is: 1, 2, 3, 44+5+6 (“C0 ” —form), 4
2. ab. triangularis, nov. nom.

Mr. H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe has drawn my attention to the fact
that my ab. maculigera in Int. Tec. XXXTV., no. 2, p. 1, 1 (2) is pre-
occupied by Weise’s ab. maculigera (=ab. turkmenica, Zoubk.), 1879.

I therefore propose to give my aberration the above new name.

Switzerland in 1923.
By D. H. PEARSON, F.E.S.

Someone has said that we ought to record our failures as well as
our successes, and it may therefore ‘be well to record a visit to Kelépens
and Yverdon this year for the ‘‘ Hmperors”’ and Limenitis popult.

My brother and IJ left London on June 28th, and arrived at Yverdon
_on the morning of the 29th, as this was said to be a convenient centre

from which to work, Yvonand for L. populi and HKelépens for the
«« Himperors.”’

We worked both, and when on July 4th we shook the dust of
Yyverdon from our feet, we had not even seen either an ‘‘ Emperor ”’
or L. populi, and very little else, which was probably due to the very
late season. We tried both the upper and lower road to Yvonand, but
on one day achieved the distinction of not bringing home a single
butterfly, and on another three or four rather nice Pararge aegeria, but
we did manage to take a pair of Trochiliwn apiformis on a poplar trunk.
At Eclépens we tried the upper road, the road near the brickfield, and
over the tunnel, but saw never a sign of the desired Apaturids, and
again very little else. In articles on Eclépens the ‘‘ marsh ”’ is often
referred to, and we took this to be the flat ground on the right of the
station as one arrives from Yverdon, but we found the first part a hay-
field, and further on rough ground, but no marsh, and the only butter-

2 THE ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD.

flies a few Melitaea dictynna. On another day we tried the ground
beyond the tunnel, where peat is being dug, but found nothing. A
few Lycaena alcon were found in the wood aboye the tunnel, and some
Melitaea parthenie, but the latter very badly worn, though a few M.
athalia flying with them were quite fresh. We took odd specimens of
both L. stbilla and L. rivularis (camilla) at Eclépens. On July 4th we
took train to Brigue and drove up to Bérisal, where better luck
awaited us. I had never taken Plebeius sephyrus race lycidas, and on
the afternoon of the 5th we walked down to the second Refuge and
managed to net a few both g and ? in good condition, though some
were too much worn to be worth keeping and were released. The
Species seems to emerge over a considerable period, and during the
next few days we took a nice little series, most of them being taken on
the road between the Refuge and the Ganter Bridge. Flying with
them were a number of Polyommatus escheri and P. hylas, and we took
a few large Mrynnis lavaterae in good condition. Parnassius nmemosyne
was plentiful in the field at the back of the hotel, but most of them had
gone from their best.

The road above Bérisal was not very productive, but on the 6th we
took a motor diligence up to Simplon Kulm, had a fine day among the
alpines and a walk down in the afternoon. As a result of three visits
to the Kulm we took a nice series of Melitaea aurinia race merope,
brightly coloured, M. varia, three oc four M. cynthia, Hrebia lappona,
Plebetus (Latiorina) orbitulus, and Polyommatus (Agriades) coridon,
which we also took in the Laquinthal, an unexpected capture, as there
does not appear to be any limestone in the district. Our second visit
to the Kulm was marred by a heavy storm of rain and hail. On July
11th we took the motor to Simplon Dorf, and stayed until the 28rd at
the Hotel Fletschorn, and found the landlord most obliging and atten-
tive. Here we had the pleasure of staying with Mr. and Mrs. Warren,
who were making a most vigorous attack upon Hrebia christi (and who
very kindly gave us the benefit of their experience), but had come to
the conclusion that it was for this season at least very scarce. On
July 12th we took two H. christi, but only managed to take a total of
six during our stay, though we worked fairly well for them. One 9
was taken about half-way from the entrance of the Laquinthal to the
usual ground, but we could not find them further up the valley near
the Chalets. Hyrebia ceto, both var. obscura and well marked ordinary
forms, and LH. mnestra, were abundant, with a sprinkling of 1. epiphron
and HM. melampus, and a large number of these were netted and ex-
amined to make sure they were not F/. christi, which, when flying with
them were difficult to spot. Hrebia goante gs were in fine condition
in the Laquinthal, and we took some nice ?s on the Gondo road. A
few nice L. avion, both var. obscura and the normal form, were taken,
with one or two very dwarf specimens. We also took a few of the
large var. alsotdes of Cupido minimus. Coenonympha arcania var.
darwtniana was plentiful, and we took a nice and varied series, some
being very close to forms of race satyrion. Seitz gives both satyrion
and darwiniana as vars. of arcania. One specimen has two spots under
the eye-spot on the underside of forewing, and one male is partly
bleached on upperside. A nice little series of Hesperia carlinae was
taken in the lower part of the Laquinthal, and some very bright Pyrgus
sao. A few males of Heodes viryaureae were netted, but we failed to

SWITZERLAND IN 1923, 3

find a single ? either at Simplon or Bérisal, which was disappointing,
as my series is a short one.

Mr. Wheeler kindly gave me some most valuable information as to
working the district, and he said “if you like to walk down to Iselle
and back,” etc. Well, we didn’t, far from it, the ten miles steeply up
hill at the end of a ten miles walk down, not seeming to agree with
‘’anno domini,”’ but we had four most delightful trips down to Gondo
or Iselle, took some interesting insects, and found the motor diligence
an excellent method of making the return journey. On the Swiss side
of Gondo we took two Lampides boeticus and one Syntarucus telicanus,
the latter badly worn, but interesting as being the first time we had
met with the species. They were caught near a large red pea, which
was probably the food-plant, as we took L. boeticus near the same pea
at Luchon, in the Pyrenees. Close to Iselle station and upwards nearly
to Gondo, but not above, we took some fine large Scolitantides orion
which were very welcome, and we also took some bright male Heodes
(Loewit) alciphron race gordius, but nothing very striking among the @ s.

We picked up a few useful “ Burnets’”’ during the trip. On the
Simplon Kulm a densely scaled form of Zyyaena exulans was taken,
quite a different looking insect from those taken at Lauteret. Near
Gondo two very bright Z. carniolica, without the usual light border to
the spots, and some very large Z. lonicerae. Below Gondo a number
of Syntomis phegea were flying, and three or four were taken. It was
only on reaching home that among them a specimen of Z. ephialtes var.
coronillae was discovered, which was annoying, as doubtless more were
to be had. Z%. purpuralis was common, and both Z. transalpina and
Z. filipendulae were taken, but I must confess that I am unable to
separate these two species. In Vol. 82, p.290f the nt. Record, Dr. Verity
writes: ‘“‘ An unmistakable character which distinguishes all the sub-
species of filipendulae from all those of transalpina, no matter how
similar to each other they may be in certain regions, is the position of
the hind row of red spots of the forewing as compared to the corres-
ponding spots of the fore- row; the former in transalpina are always
situated more outwardly, and a line drawn parallel to the direction of
the body through these spots does not pass through the spot which
stands in front of it, as it does in /ilipendulae and in its subspecies
stoechadis. No author seems to have noticed this character, which ig
the only really constant and reliable one, to my knowledge.”’

The above is more or less correct, as in a row of filipendulae the
bulk of them agree with this description, but I have Sussex specimens
which have spots exactly as in transalpina, and the distinction therefore
fails, unless we are to conclude that transalpina occurs in Sussex.

Mr. Warren kindly handed me his notes on Hrebia christi, as fol-
lows :—‘‘ None seen on July 7th or 8th, although perfect days. Three
3 s in finest condition taken on the 9th, and a few every day up to the
13th, those taken on the 12th and 18th being worn. One ? on the
15th and one on the 17th. No g seen after the 18th at 4800 to 4900
feet, but one on the 18th at 5600 feet, on left side of valley, south-west.
of Altstafel. One was taken on July 14th in the Gondo gorge, a new
locality, so far as I know.”

On the morning of July 28rd we took a few Hrebia pronoe race
pitho, on the Simplon Road, near the entrance of the Laquinthal, and
this brought our holiday to a conclusion, for we packed in the after-

4 THE ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD.

noon, caught the 8 p.m. at Brigue, and travelled straight through to
Nottingham. Owing to the late season the first part of the trip was a
failure, but it would never do to take all one wanted on one holiday, or
there would be nothing to look forward to for the next, and half our
pleasures are in anticipation.

Entomological Notes for the Season 1923.
By Commander GEORGE C. WOODWARD, R.N.

I found the season 19238, with the exception of some cold weather
during June, on the whole, good. One curious fact I noticed was, that
evidently on account of the cold weather a good many of the earlier
species were on the wing much later than usual.

At the beginning of the season, on March 27th, I paid a visit to
Oxshott Heath, where I found Brephos parthenias common, flying
at a height around the birch trees in the sunshine, but they seemed
to come down readily enough to sallow bushes in bloom. A pair of
Saturnia pavonia emerged in my breeding cage; this early date
evidently being due to the fact that the cage was kept in an unheated
greenhouse. They emerged from the pupae about 12.30 p.m., and
paired at 6.0 p.m. The female laid three batches of eggs during the
night, commencing about 8 p.m. The first batch of eggs was laid on
the woodwork of the cage, and not on the twigs supplied for that pur-
pose. They remained paired for about one hour. Cucullia verbaset
emerged about two days earlier.

On March 28th another pair of S. pavonia emerged at almost the
same time and also paired about the same time and the @ laid during
the night. This female also laid her ova on the woodwork of the
cage and not on the twigs, I think because the part of the cage where
they laid their eggs was more in the shade; each laid about 150 eggs
in the first night. The first batch hatched out on May 38rd, and
started. feeding readily on bramble.

By April 2nd B. parthenias appeared to be pretty well over, only
one or two stray specimens being observed.

On April Gth I observed Lycaenopsis (Celastrina) argiolus at
Surbiton.

On May Ist I again visited Oxshott, and found Hinaturya atomaria
yery common, mostly males; also one specimen of Mupithecia nanata.

May 2nd, at Oxshott, | found one S. pavonia at rest on rough grass,
Dievis rapae just out; Gonepteryx rhamni, Tephrosia punctularia, and
L. arytolus.

On May 8rd, at Surbiton, L. arate. was quite common in the
garden and with P. vapae continued so on the next few succeeding
days.

On May 7th, at Oxshott, Pieris napt was common, and Huchloé
cardamines, both sexes, Hesperia malvae just beginning to emerge,
Huclidia mt, Tephrosia crepuscularia, Hphyra pendularia, T'. punctu-
laria, and S. pavonia $ , were noted.

On May 24th, I went down to Bramshott, just over the Hants
border, a fine bright day, with a few clouds above, and found Ff. carda-
mines common, Brenthis euphrosyne common, Pararge meyera, Heodes
phlaeas common, Hespert ia malvae, Nisoniades tayes common, Diacrisia

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES FOR THE SEASON 1923, 5

mendica, Phlogophora meticulosa, Xanthorhoé sociata, and Venilia macu-
lata common.

On May 25th I again visited Oxshott, Surrey, and observed HL.
cardamines, H. phlaeas, Coenonympha pamphilus, H. malvae well out, /.
mt, Hemaris fuciformis, X. sociata, and X. fluctuata.

At the end of May I went to stay for about a fortnight in Shrop-
shire, close to Cleobury Mortimer, the weather all this time was
horribly cold for the time of year, especially at night, so it was only
when the sun was out in sufficient strength that there was much
doing.

On May 30th, F/. cardamines, Lampropteryx suffumata, Perizoma
albulata, X. sociata, X. fluctuata, and Opisthograptis luteolata were
seen.

May 31st was very cold and the only insect seen was one specimen
of L. suffumata.

June Ist was cold with a north-east wind; there were observed
Gonodontis bidentata, P. albulata, OU. luteolata, X. fluctuata, and Lygris
prunata.

On June 2nd the same north-east wind was prevailing, to the detri-
ment of things entomological, but we had some sunshine during the
afternoon, when H. malvae, N. tayes, and B. euphrosyne were fairly
common on some rough ground on the outskirts of a wood ; also I saw
Phraymatobia fuliginosa, Phytometra viridaria, X. rivata, LH. nanata, P.
albulata, Lozoyramma petraria, and Anticlea badiata very worn.

June 3rd was warmer, the wind having gone round to the west.
The sun was shining in the morning, but it clouded over later on, I
saw the same insects as before mentioned, with the addition of Hemaris
tityus, Heliaea tenebrata, and Hustroma silaceata. I tried sugar in the
evening, but found it perfectly useless, about 50 trees producing one
Aylophasia rurea.

June 6th, most of the foregoing and Ortholitha plumbaria, Kulype
hastata, and Mamestra nana (dentina). I again tried sugar with about
the same results as the previous night, one S. libatria very worn, one
A. fluctuata, and Cidaria corylata.

June 7th was much warmer with a south-west wind, but the sun
hardly showed itself. The usual species mentioned were seen when
the sun did appear, and I also found a large number of pupae of
Abraxas grossulariata under the porch of the local post office. The
evening produced Hupithecta castigata, Ochyria designata, Mesoleuca
ocellata, L. suffumata, and Perizoma flavofasciata (decolorata).

The next three days produced nothing new except X. montanata, FE.
vulgata, X. rivata, and one specimen of M. genistae at sugar.

By June 20th I was again down south, and visited Oxshott on the
20th, 21st, and 22nd. The weather was now warmer. I found there
B. piniaria, not nearly so common as most years, all gs, S. litwrata,
Cabera pusaria, H. phlaeas, H. malvae going over, /. mi, E. hastata,
EKuchoeca obliterata, Diacrisia lutea (lubricipeda), Noctua primulae,
Miana yasciuncula, X. rurea and var. alopecurus, Lodis lactearia, Hphyra
annulata, Timandra amata, Amoebe viridaria, C. bilineata, L. petraria,
and Hepialus hectus 9°.

On June 23rd I went down to Shoreham, in Kent, and here I
found C. pamphilus very common, Epinephele jurtina just emerging, H.
phlaeas, Polyommatus tcarus, Callophrys rubi, Cupido minimus 2 , Niso-

6 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

niades tages, H. malvae, Augiades sylvanus just out, Hipocrita jacobaeae,
A. amata, and Anattis plagiata.

On June 25th, at Oxshott, Surrey. Weather again cold. X.rurea
var. alopecurus, Noctua brunnea, A. viridarta, X. montanata, Cabera
exanthemata, and C. pusarta.

In July conditions were better and we had some really hot days.
During the first week, at Oxshott, I observed the following species :—
LL. amata common, X. rurea, A. viridaria, L. impura, M. margaritaria,
H. hectus positively swarming, H. jurtina very common, A. sylvanus
very common indeed, Petilampa arcuosa, Cosmotriche potatoria, Hygro-
chroa syringaria, EH. succenturiata, and Ania emarginata.

On some waste ground close to Esher, Surrey, I found Zygaena
filipendulae very common, including two ab. conjuncta.

On the 11th I tried Wisley Common. Diacrisia sannio was fairly
frequent, Perconia strigillaria, Anarta myrtilli a most annoying insect
when one is trying to capture it, as it issoswift when on the wing that
it does not give one a chance, and when it settles it so resembles the
heather that one cannot see it till it gets on the wing again, Plebetus
argus (aegon) just emerging, and Pachyenemia hippocastanaria.

- On the 12th I found P. argus (aegon) very abundant indeed on
another part of the common, and saw all the species observed on the
previous day.

July 13th, at Oxshott, X. monoglypha, Petilampa arcuosa, A.
emarginata, A. aversata, Hydriomena furcata ab. infuscata.

On July 16th, Aphantopus hyperantus was fully emerged and very
common, also d. sylvanus and A. flava (thaumas). I also took one
specimen of H. malvae quite fresh, surely a very late date for this
species. Plusia gamma, Aglais wrticae, Pseudoterpna pruinata, D.
sannio, and P. chrysitis were also seen.

On July 17th I again journeyed to Bramshott, but directly I got into
the collecting ground the sun disappeared and the afternoon finished
up with rain. Beside the usual common species I saw two specimens
of Limenitis sibilla, also A. urticae and Dryas paphia.

On July 19th I again paid a visit to Oxshott, when, besides the
species mentioned before, found P. argus (aeyon) common, a very dark
specimen of FH. atomaria, L. impura common, Geometra papilionaria
very worn, Hemithea strigata, T. fimbria, one specimen at rest on a
blade of grass, P. arcuosa abundant, 4%. filipendulae and Z. trifolii
common, Caradrina taraxaci, and C. morpheus.

(T'o be concluded.)

The Rainham ‘“ Hybrids.”
By E. A. COCKAYNE, M.A., M.D., F.E.S.

A note entitled ‘“ Remarkable variety of Lycaena bellargus,” pub-
lished in the Entomologist, 1886, XIX., p. 176, by Mr. E. Sabine, states
that he and his sons took five or six males of a beautiful pale lilae or
French gray colour, and six females, very pale brown or fawn, clouded
with pale lilac and with pale orange spots. They were all caught
within the space of a couple of acres, and most of them in one particu-
lar portion of ground, a few yards in extent, where bellargus was very
abundant. The date was June, and the place an inland locality in

THE RAINHAM ‘‘ HYBRIDS.” 7

Kent, where he had not collected previously. In a second note, on page
248, he says that, although the species was scarce in September, two
more pairs were taken in two visits to the same place. He records that
in June, 1887 (Hnt. XX., pp. 181-2), more specimens of the same colour
were taken on the same ground, but were distributed over a wider
area, and suggests that they are a distinct species, simple varieties of
hellargus, or hybrids between bellargus and icarus, most probably the
latter.

Mr. Richard South describes eight of them in detail in the same
volume, pp. 79-81. One of the males was a blue-black one, and one a
mauve one with bellargus-blue margins. Of the seven pale specimens
five had undersides like bellaryus and two like icarus. In the Farn col-
lection, sold in 1922, there were 24 males and 12 females catalogued
as hybrids between alewis and adonis.

These were some of Sabine’s specimens from Rainham. They
varied a little in tint, but all were very pale with faintly chequered or
plain white fringes.

I am indebted to Mr. L. W. Newman for the remains of one of them,
a pale greyish-blue male. Its genitalia agree in all respects with those of
Polyommatus (Agriades) thetis (bellargus), and show not ransition to those
of Polyommatus icarus. In some parts of the wings the blue scales are
curled up at the sides, in others they are rolled up into cylinders, but
all appear pale blue by reflected light. Some androconia appear nor-
mal, but others are curled up. The lower layers of scales are deficiently
pigmented, the lack of pigment being greater in some parts than in
others. The peculiar colour is due to several factors. The abnormal
structure of the blue scales produces a paler blue than usual, and the
light is reflected from them at various angles owing to their deformity.
‘The pinkish appearance is caused by the vefraction of the light falling
on the striated surface of the poorly pigmented lower layer of scales.
It is most marked where the blue scales are most curled and leave them
more completely exposed. The defect is very different from that found
in the dark leaden thetis. In them the lower scales are fully pigmented,
but the upper ones are yery thin, quite colourless, and rolled into tri-
angles with the tips so twisted as to resemble hairs. Their wings
would appear black were it not for some light reflected from the upper
scales.

' There can be no doubt that the Rainham specimens are Ayriades
thetis, and that they owe their peculiar colour to a defect of pigment
and structure of the lower and upper scales respectively.

Interesting as they are they afford no certain clie to the cause of
this and similar abnormalities. Their occurrence in considerable num-
bers in three successive broods at least may be regarded as evidence of
an inherited defect. But it can be explained with equal probability as
the result of some disease due to special local conditions. Other facts
are in favour of the correctness of the second of these alternatives.
Sabine states that three of his earlier specimens were crippled, and
some of Farn’s specimens also were imperfectly expanded. Leaden
thetis is not found at Folkestone every season, but in many different
years it has appeared on the same small piece of down. Although in
some specimens all the uppér scales are affected uniformly, in others
normal blue scales are present symmetrically placed along the costa or
round the margin, and in a few specimens irregular patches of normal

8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

scales are found, and the abnormal ones are not equally defective in
different parts of the wings.

In the Rainham specimen I examined, the degree of defect
varied in different parts, and one South deseribed had normal blue
scales round the margins. ‘This patchy distribution is more suggestive
of a disease than of an inherited condition. The occurrence of a leaden
specimen amongst the grey-blue ones at Rainham is easier to explain,
if both are the result of disease, in the one case affecting the upper
scales severely and sparing the lower, and in the other affecting both
layers to a moderate degree, than if each is due to an inborn error
involving the development of the scales. They are so different that, if
they are mutations, I think the grey-blue mutant must differ geneti-
cally from the leaden one. On the other hand, if they are due to
disease it is remarkable that specimens like the Rainham ones have not
been found at Folkestone and other places, where leaden ones occur.
The arguments in favour of disease are not conclusive.

SSCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Brentais EUPHROsyNE, L. as., plumbea, as. nov.—This differs
from the type in having on the underside all the spots, which are
usually silver, a dull leaden colour. Microscopical examination of the
scales shows no difference from the silver ones, except that of colour.
It occurs in both sexes and is found in the Chilterns, where Mr. H. B.
Williams caught two in 1916. I have seen three others from the
Bucks Chilterns, one a bred specimen, and have heard of more. It is
scarce, but appears to be firmly established in a rather restricted
locality. No intermediate form appears to have been met with. The
type is in the Collection of Mr. H. B. Williams.—H. A. Cockayne
(M.D., F.H.8.), 116, Westbourne Terrace, W.2.

LiycAENID LARVAE AND Ants.—It may be interesting to recall the
observations made by Doherty in 1886 on this subject (Jr. As. Soc.
Bengal). After quoting Dr. Thwaites in Moore’s Lepidoptera of Ceylon,
‘Nature, however, finds a protection for these said helpless individuals
[Lycaenid larvae] in the instincts of a species of ant, Formica smarag-
dina, which finding a substance palatable to it secreted naturally from
a glandular defined spot upon the bodies of these helpless larvae, takes
possession of them as ‘cows,’ surrounding each separate one, and the
leaf on which it feeds, with a few silken strands of its web, protecting
them jealously and attacking most fiercely any living thing intruding
upon them:”’ Doherty gives his own observations on this singular
occurrence as follows :—

‘«‘T have myself observed it in quitea number of Indian Lycaenidae,
belonging to several distinct groups, and feeding on the leaves of
various trees and herbs. The larvae in question are all very helpless
and inactive grubs, slug-like in shape, tapering at both ends, pubescent,
green or brown, with a very small retractile head. On each side of
the penultimate segment above there is a short protuberance, from
which can, in most cases (e.g., T’arucus theophrastus), be extended a
brush of hairs (apparently absent in some species, e.g., Azanus ubaldus).
This is, | have no doubt, a scent-gland, and may be intended to attract
the notice of the purblind ants. On the dorsal line of the preceding

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 9

segment, the eleventh, there is another short tubercle exuding a viscid
juice. It exists in all the Lycaenidae known to me, whether they are
maintained by ants or not, and from it issues a gummy thread, by the
aid of which I believe the caterpillars sometimes swing themselves from
branch to branch, or attach themselves to leaves. But though in all
probability acquired for such purposes, it is peculiarly attractive to the
ants, which at all hours surround the poor caterpillar and, by stroking
and tickling it with their antennae, induce it to yield up this sweet (?)
liquid. I have not yet found any caterpillars in the possession of web-
making or arboreal ants such as Formica smaragdina, and no restraint.
such as Dr. Thwaites mentions was placed upon any larva observed by
me. But the ants would always remain near the caterpillar, and would
always fly fiercely to the rescue if anything molested it. When it had
attained its full growth, the ants, forming a circle round it, would
forcibly drive it down to their nest at the foot of the tree. This sight is.
rather an amusing one, the caterpillar often showing the greatest
reluctance to leave its pasture ground, and manifesting strong doubts
as to the intentions of its escort. I was struck with the forbearance
and patience of the ants, which carefully abstained from any violent
use of their formidable jaws, though the journey was thereby some-
times prolonged to six or seven hours. Having arrived at the foot of
the tree, the ants deposited the caterpillar in an open space just within.
the mouth of the nest, whereupon the latter immediately attached
itself to the bark, and commenced its transformations. I haye counted
as many as thirteen chrysalids of Azanus ubaldus so attached in one
nest at the foot of a kind of Cabul tree (Acacia leucoploea). All were
uninjured and all produced perfect butterflies.” One would like to.
know if Dr. Thwaites’ observation on the action of the web-making
ants has been substantiated by any later observers.—H.J.T.

“‘ HERMAPHRODITISM’ IN THE HxEspeRmDAE.—Doherty, in the same
place, makes the following observation, for which one would like to
have an interpretation. ‘A kind of hermaphroditism seems to occur
sometimes in the Hesperiidae. From the body of (apparent) males of
Suastus eltola and of Coladenia dan, both having perfect prehensores of
the form characteristic of their respective species, I obtained one or
two well-developed eggs exactly similar to those taken from the females
of the same species. Also from a male of Suastus tosna (the egg of that
species being, except for this, unknown to me) I obtained a single
blood-red egg. I have not observed this in any of the higher groups
of butterflies.”’ Ido not think that Doherty could have been in error
as to ‘‘eggs,” for he was at the time working especially on the ova of
the butterflies to try to find some indication of their characteristics
which would aid in classification.—H.J.T.

WOTKES ON COLLECTING, etc.

Lapy-BirpDs HIBERNATING IN THE Housz.——For the last three years
a certain number of the common Lady-bird (Cvecinella bipunctata, L.)
have entered my house and passed the winter in the upper back rooms..
This year, however, a front bed-room has also been utilised; the
phenomenon being of a more interesting and spectacular type. Harly
in September over a dozen individuals appeared in this room and fixed

10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

themselves in a close mass, some resting on the others, in a crevice in
the ornamental plaster work of the ceiling. At the same time a num-
ber of small plant-lice settled down all round the ceiling, but these
soon disappeared some being eaten by the lady-birds. It was very
interesting to notice that whenever the weather got warmer most of
the lady-birds left their situation and circulated about the room, flying
round and striking at the ceiling, when they looked like flies ; and this
they kept up for hours at a time, even when the room was nearly in
darkness. When they settled down again it was always in the exact
same spot which they originally occupied ; and where they are to be
found at the present moment. This would appear to exhibit both
memory and a knowledge of direction. Most of the lady-birds in
question consist of the type-form (red with two black spots). A few
have exhibited a slight variation: but one specimen, which was found
dead, is a very nice aberration, being marked with a zig-zag black
pattern and various spots on the elytra.—F Lorence J. Kirk, 52, Oakhill
Road, Putney, S.W. 15.

SYNTARUCUS TELICANUS IN SwirzeRLaANp.—A few months ago my
friend Mr. Sich sent me a specimen of this butterfly, which he had
taken at Dorf, just above the Lake of Lucerne. Mr. Sich writes me
as follows :—‘“I boxed it off Hupatoriwn cannabinum on the road side
dear Kehrsiten Dorf, August 27th, 1923. The Dorf lies at the foot of
the Burgenstock, just above the lake, roughly 1450 feet above sea level.
If the butterfly is telicanus, and you think it worth recording will you
kindly do so.”

It seems desirable that this capture should be recorded.—G. T.
Betuune-Baxur (F.L.S., F.E.S.).

SYNTARUCUS TELICANUS IN SwiTzERLAND.—My son, Mr. O. R. de B.
Goodman, took a very worn specimen of O. telicanus in the Val del
Fain, which joins the Bernina Pass, close to the Bernina Hauses
station, at a height of about 8500ft. I should think this is a record
for altitude if not for Switzerland.—O. R. Goopman (F.E.S., F.Z.8.),
Horley, Surrey.

[Seitz, Macro-lep: Pal: Vol. I., says of this species, that it appears
to migrate in certain years, since the butterflies, as rare exceptions have
been observed here and there in localities lying far north, for instance
at Bale, Strasburg, Augsburg, Bozen, etc. Favre, Mac.-Lep. du Valais,
says, “Very rare. Opposite La Croix, Martigny, not far from the
Dranse, in October,” reported by Wullschlegel; in July, 18938, on the
road above Trois Torrents (coll. Fison). Wheeler, Butt. of Suwitz.,
quotes these localities, and adds Cassarate, August 14th, 1902 (Fison) ;
Hermanz, July, and Pinchat, July (Blachier) ; Geneva, August, and
the remark that it occurs every year in gardens in and round Geneva.
It will be noted that all these captures were of the second generation,
as was the specimen exhibited at the S. London Annual Exhibition in
November last, taken by Mr. D. H. Pearson on the Swiss side of
Gondo, in July. Frey, Lep. der Schw., refers to the species by a note,
in which he mentions its occurrence at Misox, Chur, and Ragatz,
but says.these reports have never been confirmed. Ruhl, Pal. Grosschne.,
adds the Swiss localities Kreuzlingen and Thusis. All these records

CURRENT NOTES. iat

seem to substantiate the remarks of Seitz as above ; the species is a
purely Mediterranean one so far as its real habitat, its further remove
being Aswan on the Nile, where Captain Hayward took it commonly
in 1920-21.—H.J.T.]

[I have also taken it at Mendrisio (Hnt. Rec., XVIIL., p. 198).—
G.W.]

A Homeric Conrest.—Cervus lucanus was very much in evidence
in my garden on the evening of July 6th, 1923, taking offin their usual
blundering way and as inevitably crashing in the tennis netting. I
rescued two males and placed them vis-a-vis on the top of the fence to
recover their equanimity. They did not, however, appear to appreciate
this close proximity, and, having recovered their breath, started spar-
ring. One, a heayvy-weight, was about one-third larger than his
opponent, and the odds were therefore on the heavy bruiser. After
several preliminary clinches the heavy-weight secured his antagonist
by the horns with a firm grip, and so interlocked raised the light-
weight bodily off his feet into the air, until the latter was in a vertical
position, head downwards. He then to all appearance threw the light-
weight over his back, aneasy winner. Even allowing for his greater
size and weight, this feat appears to me a remarkable exhibition of
strength.—G. C. Leman, F.E.S.

@URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

We understand that the expedition to the Islands of the Southern
Seas, of which Miss EH. Cheesman, the talented and successful ento-
mologist of the Zoological Society’s Gardens in Regent’s Park, is a
member, was delayed until the end of December owing to the Board of
Trade insisting upon certain alterations in the ventilation and general
fitments being first carried out.

We have received the following request from Kmbrik Strand, Pro-
fessor of Zoology and Director of the Systematic Zoological Institute
of the University of Riga (Latvia) :—‘ For several years I have been
collecting contributions to a voluminous work, a Biographical Entomo-
logical Dictionary, which will contain biographies of entomologists and
arachnologists of all times and of all nations. The biographies of
deceased entomologists and arachnologists I have already almost com-
pleted from the literature, but to obtain the biographies of living
persons is more difficult. I hereby beg all entomologists and arach-
nologists, who have worked scientifically as authors, collectors, students,
etc., to send me their autobiographies. As far as possible these will be
printed in their original form and language. It would be a pity that
any of our workers should be omitted from such a comprehensive work.
If any one would volunteer to obtain such for me I should be very
grateful, and would much like to correspond with him.”

We hear that the South-HMastern Naturalist, the annual issue of the
South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies was published early in
December and is now issued.

The Directors of the British Museum (Natural History) have issued
series of post cards, both plain and in colours, of the various objects
exhibited in the galleries and of the aspects of the different rooms.
Those cards illustrating entomological subjects are extremely well

12 THE EN'TOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

executed and the colours accurate. Hach packet contains a four-paged
description of the subjects depicted.

We have to record the death of Colonel Swinhoe, M.A., F.L.S.,
F.Z.S., F.E.S., who was well-known to students of the Indian Fauna
for his writing on the Lepidoptera, and particularly for the com-
prehensive catalogues of the Heterocera of that vast area, which he so
carefully compiled some years ago. He was vice-president of the
Entomological Society in 1894 and was twice on its Council, and at
various times contributed articles to the Transactions. His large
collection is, we understand, to be sold privately.

After several years of more or less apparent inaction the ‘ Societa
Entomologica Italiana’ has since its removal from Florence to Genoa,
been regularly issuing its Bolletino with many interesting and useful
notes each month and the other day we received Fasc. 1 of Vol. IL., of
its new series of Memotes. This contains (1) Dr. Rocci, ‘“ Note di
Lepidotterologia’”’ dealing with Italian forms of species which have
come under notice more or less recently. (2) P. Zangheri, “‘ Fauna di
Romagna” (Lep.), an annotated list of nearly 40 pages. (8) P.
Luglioni, ‘“‘ Le Specie e le Varieta del gen. Pachypus (Col.) in Italia.”
(4) A “‘Mirecologiche Note” by Dr. G. Miller, giving notes on various
species of ants found in Italy. (5) C. Holdhaus, “ Elenco dei Coleotteri
dell’isola d’Elba,” an annotated List of species of some 30 pages.

Some time ago reference was made to the establishment of an
entumological society in Rio de Janeiro. Recently we have received
the first parts of the Boletim da Sociedade Entomologica do Brazil. The
President of the Society is the well known Prof. Benedicto Raymundo
and the Secretary Edward May. The “ membros effectivos’’ number
88 and the ‘‘membros honorarios’”’ 26, a by no means small beginning.
A large number of books and separata have been given to establish a
reference library. No doubt the Boletim will improve and the
illustrations will also be executed in a more effective manner. It is
printed partly in Portuguese and partly in French. A very useful
article deals with the pest of the banana, Cosmopolites sordidus (Col.)
from an economic point of view. Others treat of a new aberration of
Papilio agavus ab., aurimaculatus, Castnia laura is proved to be another
geographical form of Castnia licus, a new species of Phoridae (Dip.) is
described, Dohrniphora brasiliensis. May the Society grow and flourish.

Can any of our readers give us particulars of a Society called the
Wernerian Club which was established about the year 1844, for the
purpose of publishing works of science, natural history, ete. The Club
commenced to publish in 1847 a translation of the Natural History of
Pliny, of which we haye two volumes before us. Were there any more
printed subsequently ? Does the Club still exist? If not when did it
cease? Among the first list of members we note R. T. Abrahams
(Exeter), William White (Godalming), Robert Cook (York),
W. Sherwood (Hull), J. W. Slater (Manchester), and in the second
list of members, J. C. Dale (Glanville’s Wooton) all labelled “ ento-
mology.” Jonathan Crouch (Cornwall) was the ‘“ Superintending
Editor’’ of the Translation of Pliny. Other members we note were
Sir J. F. W. Herschel, F.R.S., J. D. Salmon (Godalming) J. T. Bell
(Maida Hill), George Bird (Yorkshire), W. H. Allchin (Bedford §q.),
B. R. Morris (York), ete. The Club was to publish two volumes per
year and the annual subscription was one guinea. Ray’s “ Hssay on

SOCIETIES. 13

the Wisdom of God, manifested in the Works of Creation ’’ was the
first work which they reprinted, and they proposed to reprint
Swammerdam’s ‘“‘ Bibla Naturae.”” The number of members was at
first limited to 75, but it was proposed to add a further 50.

SOCIETIES.

Vue [inromonogicaL Society oF Lonpon.

December 5th, 1923.—Osiruary.—The Chairman announced the
death of Colonel Charles Swinhoe.

Kuection or Frttows.—The following were elected fellows of the
Society :—Mr. R. Cottam, Entomological Dept., Wellcome Tropical
Research Lab., Khartoun, Sudan; Mr. G. D. Morison, B.Sc., Re-
search Entomologist, North of Scotland Agric. College, Aberdeen ;
Capt. T. N. C. Nevill, 48, Sloan Square, S.W.

EXxuisitions.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker exhibited a synaposematic
group of Butterflies from the Kameruns.

Mr. J. EH. Campbell-Taylor exhibited examples of Coleoptera
mounted on celluloid to afford means of examining the undersides.

Mr. W. G. Sheldon exhibited an example of Ancylis tineana, Hb.,
from Rannoch, and a bred example of Hedya simplana F. von R., from
S.E. Kent.

Mr... B. Ashby exhibited varieties of Melanargia galathea, L., from
various localities in France, including ab. lewconelas.

Dr. K. Jordan exhibited some remarkable pupae of a Brazilian
Eryeinid, Mesosemia sylvina, Bates.

Mr. G. J. Arrow, who illustrated his remarks with lantern slides,
discussed dimorphism and polymorphism in male Dynastid Beetles.

Paprers.—-The following papers were read :—

1. Notes on the Orthoptera in the British Museum, no. 3, by Mr.
B. P. Uvarov.

2. Physical Factors controlling Harvesting in an Ant, by Dr. P.
Buxton.

8. On Microlepidoptera of Rodriguez, by EH. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S.
_ 4. On the Geographical Races of Heodes phlacas, by Mr. I. B. Ford.
(Communicated by Commr. J. J. Walker, R.N., M.A.)

5. Some Coleopterous remains from the Peat Bed at Wolvercote,
Oxford, by Mr. K. G. Blair.

Tue Sours Loxnpon EntomonoeicaL Society.

October 25th, 1923.—Mr. Tonge exhibited several Sphina ligustrt
bred from a wild Cornish ¢, in which the normal pink of the hind-
‘wings was replaced by cream.

Mr. Hnefer, a Mygale spider found amone bananas from Costa
Rica.

Mr. Ashby, a series of Phytodecta pallida (Col.) from hazel in Glen
Nant, Scotland, with the forms ab. borealis and ab. nigripennis, not
noticed hitherto in Britain.

14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Messrs. Buckstone, Mera, and R. Adkin, long series of the
‘«Hrmines,’”’ to illustrate the paper read by Mr. R. Adkin, “The White
and Buff Hrmines, some Notes on their History and Variation.”

November 8th.—Baron J. A. Bouche, of Godstone, Mr. T. A. Nash,
of Richmond, and Mr. D. G. Sevastopula, of Gloucester Terrace, W.,
were elected members.

Mr. Mera exhibited a melanic form of Boarmia repandata from
Durham, and a partial second brood of the same somewhat smaller in
size.

Mr. Barnett, series of Plebeius aegon (argus) from EKynesford (chalk)
and Oxshott (heath) for contrast, and Xanthorhoé fluctuata from
various localities.

Mr. Step, the Mosquito-bue, Helopeltis theivora, received from Mr.
W. H. Miles, Calcutta. It was one of the chief pests of the tea
grower.

Mr. Turner, lepidoptera from W. Africa: 1. Four different species
of black and white butterflies showing Miullerian Mimicry, dAimauris
niavius (Danaid), Papilio dardanus 9 f. hippocoon (Papilionid), Hypo-
limnas dubia race anthedon (Nymphahd), and Elymniopsis bamimakoo
(Satyrid), the first being the distasteful model. 2. Specimens of a
Lycaenid, Larinopoda sp., which on account of its white coloration with
few sparse markings and aberrant appearance, had been classified as a
Pierid.

Mr. Grosvenor, Lepidoptera, Bird’s Eggs, etc., illustrative of his.
paper on “ Natural History in the North-West Provinces of India.”

FEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

‘‘ apres Boox or Insects,” retold from Alexander Teixeira de.
Mattos’ Translation of Fabre’s Souvenirs Hntomologiques, by Mrs.
Rodolph Stewell.—Thos. Nelson and Sons, London. Price 2s.—This
little book is an admirable introduction to the works of Fabre, in which
one still can appreciate the spirit and feeling of the great Frenchman’s
work, the matter having been judiciously selected, with the boiling
down process, which often mars works which are intended to be educa-
tive introductions, very carefully carried out. In it Fabre speaks for
himself. The first of the sixteen chapters is headed ‘“‘My Work and
my Workshop.” This is followed by chapters dealing with The Sacred
Beetle, The Cicada, The Praying Mantis, The Glow-worm, A Mason.
Wasp, The Psyches, The Self-denial of the Spanish Copris, Two.
Strange Grasshoppers, Common Wasps, The Adventures of a Grub,
The Cricket, The Sisyphus, The Capricorn, Locusts, The Anthrax Fly.
Kach of these is dealt with under subheadings, as with the Hunting-
wasp for instance, we have Her Choice of a Building-site, Her
Building, Her Provisions, Her Origin. We can highly recommend
this admirable little book.—H.J.T.

‘‘SoME HABITAT RESPONSES OF THE LARGE WATER-STRIDER, (rerris
remigis,”’ Say., by C. F. Curtis Riley.—New York. Reprinted from the
American Naturalist, 1919-1920.—Some months ago we had the pleasure.

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 15.

of reviewing a paper by Mr. C. F. Curtis Riley on the American water-
strider, Gerris renviyis, Say., and its responses to contact and light, and
now we have another paper by the same observer on other aspects of
the bionomics of the same insect. It is the record of a large number
of experiments carried out in the open with great assiduity and patience,
including in one case an all-day-long watching of 20 specimens, which
had been trapped on a small pool during a severe drought, until and
after their pool was completely dried up, the object of the observer
being to determine, as far as possible, the influences under which the
insect, especially in the apterous form, migrated from one body of water
to another at a distance. Flying specimens, when in the air, might of
course be influenced by their sense of sight and also probably by their
perception of the hygroscopic condition of the air due to the proximity
of a large body of water. But with the apterous specimens the case
was different. Irom the nearness of their eyes to the ground, even
small obstacles might easily cut off the reflection of light from small
surfaces of water even if near at hand, and vision would therefore play
a less important part in directing migration. In the case of the 20
specimens mentioned above, it was found that they made no attempt to
escape until ten minutes after their little pool was completely dried up,
and then they did not go into hiding under stones or plants, or bury
themselves in the soil so as to wait till conditions were restored as
before; but they began at once to move off apparently in search of
another pond. As the insect is so constructed that its limbs on the two.
sides move simultaneously, and not alternately, they can progress only
by a series of jumps, and on performing these acrobatic feats they often
lose control of the orientation of the body, so that at the end of a jump
they often proceed in a different direction from that towards which they
were facing at its beginning, and hence the entire course pursued
becomes zigzag. As the result of a very long series of observations
and experiments, the author was driven to the rather disappointing
conclusion that the insects were not guided by some preconceived idea.
of the direction in which they should aim, but that when they did
arrive at another water supply, it was as the result of what he calls a
‘‘blundering sort of trial and error,” and he concludes therefore that
many must perish on the way. Some of the experiments consisted in
removing individual specimens from the water and placing them at
varying distances of one, two, three, or four yards from the water’s:
edge and in three different positions, facing the water, facing away
from it, and with the body parallel to it. In most cases they were able
to find their way back again after a longer or shorter time, and some-
times by circuitous routes. British hemipterists might take advantage.
of suggestions contained in this paper to experiment with our Gerris.
najas, De G. These questions of phototropism and hydrotropism have.
not been much studied by observers in these Islands, and to those who
have the time and opportunity for such investigations, interesting facts:
would probably be revealed.—H.A.B.

‘Practica, Bes Anatomy,” with notes on the Embryology, Meta-
morphoses and Physiology of the Honey Bee, by Annie D. Betts, B.Sc.
(Lond.), Vice-President and Fellow of the Apis Club.—Published by
the Apis Club. Benson, Oxon, England, 76 pp. and 12 plates.

16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

The publication of this first volume of the series comprising the
Apis Club Library will undoubtedly appeal to all educated bee-keepers
throughout the country.

The format of the books recalls our college days, when practical
note books on Chemistry were required for use in the laboratory.

The amount of information packed in these closely printed pages is
wonderful, and ordinarily would make a volume three or four times
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“CONTENTS.

PAGE.
A Somatic Mosaic or Mutation in Abraxas grossulariata, H. A. pees MSD eB PG Pen

F.E.S. (with PlateI.) .. j : 17
Entomological Notes for the oe 1998, Caponunay G. C. Woodward, R. N. Bade 20
Geographical Variation in Hipparchia semele, Roger Verity, M.D. (concluded) ae a 21°

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A SOMATIC MOSAIC OR MUTATION IN ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA. 17

A Somatic Mosaic or Mutation in Abraxas grossulariata. (JVith
Plate I.)

By E. A. COCKAYNE, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.E.S.

The specimen is a large female, labelled «A. Horne, Aberdeenshire,
1906,” and was most generously given to me by Mr. Robert Adkin.
The whole of the upper- and underside of the wings on the left side
have a rather heavily marked pattern of typical yrossulariata, both
wines on the right upperside are lacticolor. On the underside the right
forewing is lacticolor with a large area in the middle of the central band
and a smaller one at the termen, showing the pattern of grossulariata.
The underside of the right hindwing is lacticolor, pure white except for
the small black discal spot. The insect is a mosaic of a dominant and
a sex-linked recessive pattern.

For the benefit of those who have not read the literature on this
subject I will preface my attempt to explain its origin by an account
of the mode of inheritance of the sex, and of the somatic factors in-
volved. In moths the male is homozygous for sex ; in other words,
the spermatozoa are all alike in having one sex-determining or Z
chromosome. ‘The female is heterozygous for sex and has eggs of two
kinds, one kind male-producing, the other female-producing. The
former has a Z chromosome and, when it is fertilised, receives a Z
chromosome from the spermatozoon, giving rise to an individual which
is homozygous in regard to sex, having chromosomes ZZ in all its
cells, and is therefore a male. The latter have instead of a Z chromo-
some the corresponding W chromosome, which in grossulariata may be
entirely absent without any apparent effect on the individual. When
fertilised it receives a Z chromosome from the spermatozoon, and gives
rise to an individual heterozygous for sex with chromosomes WZ in
each cell, a female. The Z chromosome in addition to its effect on sex
has an effect on the appearance of the markings of the wings, because
it carries the dominant factor, which gives rise to the grossulariata
pattern, or the corresponding recessive factor, which gives rise to the
lacticolor pattern.

The W chromosome is negligible in this respect. We may repre-
sent the Z chromosome carrying the grossulariata factor by (7, and that
carrying the lacticolor factor by Z. Males may be homozygous for the
grossulariata factor with chromosomes (5 (7 or heterozygous with

chromosomes (7 Z, if the female parent was lacticolor.
All the spermatozoa of the first or homozygous male will carry (>in

the Z chromosome, and all the offspring of both sexes must be grossu-
laviata, but half the spermatozoa of the second, homozygous for sex
but heterozygous for the grossulariata-lacticolor factors, have the Z factor
in the Z chromosome. If one of these fertilises a female-producing
ege, a lacticolor female is the result, since the W chromosome
of the egg does not affect the appearance, and the Z chromosome
carries no grossulariata factor.

This has been proved by many breeding experiments, and is the
classical example of sex-linked inheritance in Lepidoptera. Another
discovery which bears on the origin of this mosaic was made by Don-
caster, who showed that in some eggs of grossulariata there are two

Fesruary 157TH, 1924.

18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

nuclei instead of one, and that each may be fertilised by a separate
spermatozoon. Although only a single insect results from such a
union, one part of it may be genetically different from the other.

One explanation of the origin of this mosaic is that, although both
parents were yrossulariata in appearance, the male was heterozygous
for the yrossulariata factor, and the female had binucleate eges

If both nuclei of one of these eggs were female producing, and one
was fertilised by a spermatozoon carrying the yrossulariata factor and
the other by one carrying the lacticolor factor, a yrossulariata-lacticolor
mosaic would be produced.

The part derived from the first union would have chromosomes
(7W in all its cells and would be female grossulariata, and the part
derived from the second union would have chromosomes ZW in its
cells and be female lacticolor. | BBE

In the ease of an ordinary egg with a single nucleus, division into
two cells takes place after fertilisation, and as a rule each of these by
innumerable subsequent divisions gives rise to half the resultant insect.
Sometimes, however, cells derived from one of these wander across and
mingle with those derived from the other. This is seen readily in
gynandromorphs, which may have streaks of male tissue amongst the
female or vice versa, although the loss of a Z chromosome, which
caused the gynandromorphism, occurred at the first division of the
fertilised ovum.

A migration of cells derived from the one fertilised nucleus amongst
those derived from the other would explain the streak of grossulariata
pattern on the lacticolor side of this specimen.

It is fortunate that this mosaic occurred in a species in which the
cytology has been so thoroughly investigated, and involved somatic
characters the inheritance of which are so well known.

All the conditions necessary for its production in the way suggested
above are known to occur in wild grossularviata. It has also been
proved that a somatic mosaic has originated from a binucleate ovum.
This example, which occurred in Drosophila is described by Morgan in
his Origin of Gynandromorphs on page 26.

A second possible explanation is that the specimen is a somatic
mutation, which originated by loss of the yrossulariata factor from the
Z chromosome, during, or immediately after t be first division of the
fertilised ovum.

In this case after the first division of the fertilised ovum was
complete, one cell would have a Z% chromosome lacking the
grossulariata factor, and would produce the lacticolor part, the other
would still have the grossulariata factor and would produce the typical
part by its subsequent divisions. Both parents in this case might have
been typical grossulariata. Since the insect is a female, with only
one Z chromosome in each cell a mutation occurring in that
chromosome would cause a visible difference in outward appearance.

The arguments for and against this origin of mosaics in Lepi-
doptera by somatic mutation were given in my former paper in the
Entomologist’s Record 1922, XXXIV., p. 105. There is no doubt that
it is the cause, which usually operates in Drosophila.

A third explanation is that the same mutation occurred in a gerin
cell of the male parent. Morgan mentions its possibility in this

A SOMATIC MOSAIC OR MUTATION IN ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA. 19

species and points out that it would give rise to a lacticolor female,
although both parents were normal yrossulartata.

But to produce a mosaic the spermatozoon in which this mutation
occurred would have to fertilise one nucleus of a female-producing
binucleate egg and a normal spermatozoon the other.

It is obvious that the third explanation is the most improbable.
In favour of the first is the fact that we know that all the conditions
necessary for its production do exist in wild grossulariata, whereas we
do not know that somatic mutations have ever occurred in this species.
In addition there is the probability that several similar mosaics would
be found in one brood and the chance of capturing one or breeding one
from a wild larva would be much greater than in the case of a somatic
mutation, because this would only affect a single individual.

Its likelihood depends on the frequency with which Jlacticolor is
found in Aberdeenshire, and of this I have no knowledge.

The following are descriptions of two more mosaics in Abraxas
grossulariata.

(1) A female formerly in the Horne Collection. Left side
typical grossulariata, right side a lightly marked form.

(2) A female bred by Mr. H. B. Williams in June 1921, from
a wild larva found in his garden at Thornton Heath. It
is a small specimen with the wings equal on the two sides.

The upper- and undersides of both wings on the left are the usual
heavily marked London form of yrossulariata, with the fringes almost
completely black. On the right side the black markings are much
reduced, especially those on the outer side of the orange band of the
forewings, the median row of spots on the hindwing and the marginal
spots, and the fringes are white. Mr. Williams tells me he has never
met with a specimen of this lightly marked form in his garden. I
have seen specimens of both sexes marked like the light halves of these
two mosaics from Argyllshire, Durham and Bath, and elsewhere, so it
must have a wide distribution. It may be a recessive like the Q
variety, with the factor carried by an autosomal chromosome. Since
wild males are found it is not sex-linked. Each of these specimens
may have arisen from a binucleate ovum, with the nuclei differing in
the constitution of an autosomal chromosome, or with the nuclei alike
but fertilised by spermatozoa differing in the same way. On the other
hand, since both are females, they may be somatic mutations.

To my list of somatic mosaics published in this journal, 1922,
pp. 105 and 200, I add the following :—

Viminia (Acronicta) menyanthidis, Vieweg. Sex not mentioned.
Right side var. obsoleta, Tutt, left side much more strongly marked and
typical (Tutt, British Noctuae and their Varieties, Vol. 1., p. 24).

Mimas (Smerinthus) tiliae, L. Female. Right side typical with
large markings on costa and posterior margin, left side with one central
spot, var. centripuncta, Clark. The latter appears to be recessive to the
former (Bull. Ent. Soc. de France, 1895, p. xe.).

Dryas paphia. Female.
Right upperside valesina nigra (ohner schiller).
Left upperside valesina brunnea (grund schillernd).

20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD,

Right underside valesina subtusaurea.
Left underside valesina subtuscoerulea.

D. paphia. Female.
Right upperside paphia rutila.

Left upperside paphia viridescens.
Right underside paphia.
Left underside paphia subtusaurea.

D. paphia. Male.
Upper surface on both sides paphia.
Right underside var. subtusaurea.
(T. Reuss, Societas Hntomologica, 1923, p. 26).

Cirrhoedia xerampelina, Hb. Right side typical, left unicolorous,
but not agreeing exactly with the description of var. unicolor, Stgr.
(Ent. Record, 1922, XXXIV., p. 18).

Mr. W. Fassnidge took it on the trunk of an ash, between Litzel-
bourg and Saverne, in Lorraine, in August, 1921. It is a female, in
which the ovipositor and both frenula were clearly seen.

Entomological Notes for the Season 1923.
By Commander GEORGE C. WOODWARD, R.N.
(Concluded from page 6.)

July 22nd, Triphaena fimbria (1), Leucania lithargyria, Leucoma
chrysorrhoea (similis), Drepana falcataria, Hypena proboscidalis, Zan-
clognatha grisealis, Hydriomena furcata.

At Wisley, on June 28rd, P. argus=aegon was still common, A.
aglaia, V. urticae, P. brassicae, P. gamma. A. myrtilli, appeared to be
over, as I did not see one.

On July 30th I spent a couple of hours at Box Hill, and the fol-
lowing species were noted :—Avgiades sylvanus, Zygaena filipendulae,
very abundant everywhere, Hpinephele jurtina and C. pamphilus, also
abundant, P. rapae, O. bipunctaria and A. aylaia.

The evening at Oxshott, on July 31st, produced Hepialus sylvina,
which I found rather difficult to capture, A. secalis and ab. leucostigma,
Noctua baja, Triphaena pronuba, Finnomos elinguaria, Leucania impura
common, and Petilampa arewosa common. I found P. brassicae quite
commonly asleep on the bushes, a most conspicuous object in the rays
of the lantern.

On August Ist I again tried Shoreham, in Kent. Polyommatus
(Agriades) coridon was most abundant in a grass field close to the
station. A. aylaia was also quite common, but seemed to be
getting worn. In the same field I noticed P. rapae, P. napi, P.
brassicae, Coenonympha pamphilus, H.jurtina, A. sylvanus, Z. filipendulae,
O. limitata and O. bipunctaria.

At Oxshott, on August 2nd, I found a small sallow bush covered
with the secretions of aphids, it simply swarmed with Noctuae, mostly
common, for about a couple of nights. The following were in abund-
ance:—T’. pronuba, N. baja, I.. impura, Caradrina morpheus, H. nicti-
tans, A. ab. leucostigma, and also 7’. comes=orbona, T. janthina, T. inter-
jecta, M. maura, A. secalis and X. monoglypha not common.

On August 8th I again went to Bramshott. I found Vanessa io

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN HIPPARCHIA SEMELE, L. 21

swarming on thistles, witha few G. rhamni g ¢ and 2 2, P. brassicae,
A. urticae, D. paphia, which was very worn; I only saw two specimens
of Hipparchia semele, when last year it was abundant; also a few P.
icarus. Up to now P. ticarus has been conspicuous by its absence, I
have seen only about four specimens of it this season.

I paid another visit to Oxshott on the evening of August 28th. I
found X. fulvayo common, just emerged. This moth seems to like
sitting on tall grass stems in the vicinity of sallow bushes, and is a
most conspicuous insect in the rays of the light.

During the first fortnight in September I was again in Shropshire,
and have never seen J’. to in such abundance as I did between the
6th and 10th, every field that had scabious growing in it simply
swarmed with this insect. Polygonia c-album was found more
frequent than usual; this species seems to like scabious growing just
outside a wood, and the individuals seem to stick to the same spot day
after day. I also noticed a few Pyramets cardui, P. atalanta and
Aglais urticae. P. icarus was common, the first time I have found it
commonly this year.

I spent an hour or two pupa digging, getting a few dozen pupae,
the only ones to emerge so far being Hadena protea and Cidaria miata,
which appeared on the 16th of September.

This practically ended the season as far as I was concerned.

Geographical Variation in Hipparchia semele, L.
By ROGER VERITY, M.D.
(Concluded from page 156.)

Let us now examine the races which constitute the various grades
of lines A and H, classifying them according to the average intensity .
and extent of the network on the underside of the hindwing. One
finds these two lines divide in corresponding grades, and that roughly
the corresponding ones often are found in about the same regions, and
follow each other from north to south, so that a very natural and con-
venient classification is obtained. ‘I'he same order is suggested by the
tone of the suffusion, which turns, as already stated, from dark grey to
light grey and then to tawny, according to the general rule in Lepi-
doptera that dry heat turns black into tawny. This of course is much
more conspicuous in line EK than in A, because in the latter the suffu-
sion is limited in extent.

Grade I.: Line A is represented in this grade by race scota, Vrty.,
Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1911, p. 313, pl. I., fig. 10, one of the most
distinct of the species; it is the smallest in size: the fulvous is so
extensive, it is only surpassed by aristaews and equalled by siciliana,
but it is of an extremely dull, pale yellowish tone: the network of the
underside is very thick and very deep black in tone and uniformly
spread all over the wing, so that the narrow, white, band-like space
only just shows through it vaguely ; the black streak, which usually
marks its inner outline in all the other races is obliterated here. My
“types”? are from the northern coast of Scotland. It is remarkable
that the greatest amount of fulvous exhibited by the species should
thus be produced in the extreme north and in the extreme south of
Hurope (Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily). The English race is larger
than scota, but always smaller than the continental ones, and, in other

29, THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

characters too, it answers the designations either of race scota trans.
ad jubaris and ad semele or of jubaris and.of semele trans. ad scota,
coming nearer one or the other of these races, according to latitude
and localities.

Tutt, in his Handbook of Brit. Bntts., p. 898 (1896), points out the
the difference of upperside between the male of line A and that of line
HK, and names suffusa the extreme individual form of the latter, deserib-
ing it as ‘almost unicolorous without pale bands.’ This name should,
I think, be used as Tutt meant it to be, for the particularly melanic
individuals of any race they may occurin. One must make a very
clear distinction between this sort of name and those waich apply to
an entire race or generation, taken on the whole, and which stand, as
rule, for a combination of various characters. These must all be taken
into account when the name is used. It was very misleading of Tutt
to apply the name of aristaeus, Bon., to British females ‘‘ with rich
fulvous transverse bands.” As to the two English races of lines A and
Hi, I have hesitated as to whether they should be named or not. The
fact they. are so much collected and handled and that they represent
entities of particular interest to the numerous British entomologists
has, however, pushed me to suggest a less cumbersome way of desig-
nating them than the “trans. ad’? form. I thus propose the names of
angliae, mihi, for the race describable, in size and pattern, as inter-
mediate between scota and jubaris, and of anglorum, mihi, for that of
line H, smaller than nymotypical semele and with an average darker
underside.

Line E is found in grade I. in race cadmus, Fruhstorfer, /nt.
Ent. Zeit. Guben, April, 1908, p. 10, described from Klausen in South
Tyrol, and recorded in the original description also from the Valais,
the Simplon route, Zermatt, and Geneva. I possess it from Oropa in
Piedmont, from Moravia (transitional to semele), from Mt. Sumbra, m.
1,200, in the Apuane Alps (N. W. of Tuscany), and from Saint Come
Bazas (S.-W. of France), so that its range is very extensive in the
southern part of Central Europe. The characteristics of line H,
described above, are exhibited by this race to their highest degree
(fulvous very limited and very warm in tone on upperside; very reddish
also on underside of forewing; underside of hindwing dark suffusion,
very black and extensive, greatly restricting and often nearly abolish-
ing the white band-like space, which, anyhow, is always covered over
by the thick black network of streaks). All these characters are evi-
dently the result of warm, damp surroundings.

Grade II. consists of the races found in the northern part of
Central Europe. ‘They are very variable, individually and locally, and
they are only surpassed in this respect by aristaeus. In size they
range from that of the Hnelish races to the larger size of more
southern ones, and the average is about intermediate. In pattern and
colour they culminate in two widely different forms, very characteristic
of line A and of E respectively. The former has been called jubaris
by Friihstorfer (/.c.) from “ types’’ of Hastern Prussia, described as
having ‘‘very prominent bands of a light ochre yellow on all the
wines.” It should be added that in this form the underside of the
hindwings is very light in general tone; network thin ; quite absent

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIA'TION IN HIPPARCHIA SEMELE, L. 23

on the broad, white, band-like space, which is left uncovered by the
very limited suffusion ; the latter is also of a very light gray or tawny.
The specimens I have from the northern coast of France (Paris-Plage,
in the Pas-de-Calais) are the most characteristic | have seen. The
form of line E, which belongs to grade II., is that which I take to be
the nymotypical one of semele, although I cannot affirm that this is its
proper name, because I am not acquainted with the Swedish race.
This last is certainly nymotypical, Linneus’s first quotation being his
own description in Fauna Svecica. By naming jubaris, Frihstorfer
has restricted the Linnean name to the darker form, with no fulvous
on the forewing of the male (or only two or three small spots), with
this colour more limited generally in both sexes, and of a warmer tone,
and with a much darker underside to hindwings; the network is
thicker and more extensive, although less so than in scota; the suffu-
sion is blackish ; in the male they both leave, as a rule, a complete,
and sharply outlined band-like space of a pure white, which stands out
boldly on the darkened remaining parts of the wing; in the female
this space is entirely obliterated or vaguely visible through the net-
work. I possess this race from the Pont-de-l’Arche (Kure) and from
Les Boutardiéres (Maine-et-Loire). It evidently is found in some
localities and jubarts in others of the same regions. There remains to
establish definitively whether it is found in Sweden, and whether it
thus really is nymotypical semele.

Grade III. is exhibited, in line A, by race teres, Frubstorfer (l.c.),
described from Digne in the Basses Alpes, which takes the place of
jubaris in the south of Kurope. It is on the whole larger than the
latter, of a slightly warmer tone of fulvous, and distinctly a grade
lighter on the underside; the white ground colour has often a slightly
golden hue and it is broadly uncovered, forming a very wide band,
because the dark suffusion is very limited and of a very pale trans-
parent gray, or yellowish-gray ; the net-work is very thin and in some
individuals obliterated on extensive areas; in others it spreads all over
the wing, but the white band is not much obscured by it, owing to the
extreme slenderness of the little streaks. Near Florence the race is
found on Mt. Conca, m. 400, on the northern slopes of Mt. Morello,
whereas, only a few miles away, on the blazingly hot and parched Mt.
Fanna, 600 m., one finds the race I am about to describe.

Grade ILI. of line E is the race which replaces cadmus in peninsular
Italy ; the fulvous of the upperside is perhaps a little less saturated,
and more vivid, but otherwise that surface resembles it exactly in the
male sex by the total, or nearly totai, absence of fuivous on the fore-
wing and by the small triangular patches of the hindwing; the fore-
wing of the female exhibits broad spots, clean-cut in outline and of a
clear, brilliant fulvous, which stand out boldly, and confer a strikingly
finer appearance to this race than to the other continental races. The
underside of hindwings is distinctly different from cadmus, because the
general tone is much lighter; this is due to the fact that the network
is thinner and the suffusion is of a very pale gray (it will be observed
that this is the very character which distinguishes the race of Pararge
meyera, li, of this region, from those found further north and west) ;
the central white band-like space is never entirely abolished in the male,
as 1s often the case in the darkest cadmas individuals, but it is always
narrow, irregular in outline, and usually most of it is veiled over by the

24 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

thin network, so that it does not stand out, as it does on the darker
wing of nymotypical semele. Individual variation, however, is con-
siderable, because the darkest individuals point to cadimus, whereas the
lighter ones approach teres in some cases, and recall distantly the
uniform gray of mersina in others; the first mentioned are met with
chiefly in Tuscany ; apart from these, I detect no differences between
my series of Tuscany and those collected in the Aspromonte, at 1,200
m., in southern Calabria. I name it paeninsulitaliae. “Types,” from
Mt. Fanna, 600 m., near Florence.

Grade IV. in line A is the culminating degree of reduction of the
network of the underside, because in this line it is never entirely
abolished, as it can bein B, C, and E. It is exhibited by race siciliana,
Obth., Ht. Lép. Comp., X., p. 180, fig. 2815-6 (March, 1915), described
from specimens “collected in Sicily by Bellier.” I possess several
collected by Ragusa at the Ficuzza and other localities. It is the
largest race of the species, and one of the most striking. On the upper-
side the fulvous is only surpassed in extent by aristaeus, but it is not
as bright and reddish as in the latter; in both sexes there is a very
broad band across all the wings, but its inner outline is sharply defined
and never shades off towards the base as in that race; in the female
there is always a diffused patch in the middle of the forewing, usually
more extensive than in algirica, but never blending completely with the
band, as in aristaeus. On the underside of the hindwings the dark
suffusion is very pale and limited, so that a very broad central strip
and a basal patch of the white ground colour are left uncovered. It is
interesting to remark that the features of this Sicilian race and those
of aristaeus exactly correspond to those of Pararge megera, L., from the
same regions: in both cases the greatest extent of fulvous produced by
the species is found in Corsica aud Sardinia, but the Sicilian race only
just falls short of reaching it; in both cases it is combined with a very
dark underside in the former region, and with the lightest produced by
the species in the latter region. The parallelism is carried on also in
Greece by the dark upperside combined with a light underside (in
senthes, as in lyssa), and in the transitional race of Peninsular Italy (in
paeninsulitaliae, as in praeaustralis and in paeninsulitaliac). One won-
ders how local causes can produce such resemblances in all these '
regions in two species so little like each other! It shows to what an
extent surroundings influence some variations, whereas others are evi-
dently, to a considerable degree, produced independently of this
influence, the characters of line A and those of line EK occuring in
the same regions, and even on the same grounds, as individual varia-
tions. In Sicily the differences between the races of these two lines
A and E are more accentuated than in any other region :—

Grade IV. of line E consists, there, in a race | have from the Caronie
Mts., at high altitudes, which contrasts very markedly with siciliana by its
smaller size, very limited extent of fulvous above (none on forewing of
male), which is also more saturated and reddish in tone, and by the
remarkably dark underside of the hindwings, with a narrow, but very
clear white and sharply outlined band-like space standing out on them.
At first sight all this seems quite asin nymotypical semele of the north;
further observation shows instead that in the Sicilian race the black
network is as limited in extent as in siciliana, but that it is replaced
here by the dark suffusion, which is usually black, and very extensive,

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN HIPPARCHIA SEMELE, L. 25

absorbing what little network there is. ‘This race seems to be the one
Friihstorfer has described by a few vague words, from the female alone,
in the Hntom. Zeitschr., 1908, p. 98, under the name of blachiert. In
1914 I made the mistake of describing in the Bull. Soc. Ent. Italiana,
XLYV., p. 219, the male of siciliana, Obth., as that of blachiert, but, now
I am acquainted with the two Sicilian races, I can see that the darker
one is that named by Fruthstorfer. Both these authors are wrong in
stating their race is a near ally of alytrica. Stauder, too (Zeit. wissen.
Insektenbiol., 1916, p. 59), is not correct when he refers his semele of
Sorrento and of Calabria to blachieri or a transition to it; they, of
course, are paeninsulitaliae and thus, if anything, they point dis-
tantly to mersina, and on the underside rather to siciliana, on account
of the light gray tinge of the suffusion.

As grade V. of line E I consider race mersina, Stdgr., Cat. Lep. Pal.
II. ed., p. 28 (1871), described from Mersina in Cilicia, and found in
the north of Asia Minor generally and in Syria, either in well charae-
terised forms or in others transitional to the races of Greece. In the
former case the upperside has very limited fulvous spots in the male
and those of the female resemble paeninsulitaliae. The characteristic
of this race, however, consists in the absence of network and in the
nearly uniform gray, or brownish-gray suffusion on the underside of the
hindwings of the male, which thus stands well as the culminating
degree of line EK. Race maderensis, Baker, of Madeira, described as
extremely dark on both surfaces, I cannot place, because I am not
acquainted with it. I can only say the same of diffusa, Butler, from
Asia, also described as very dark.

The relationship of the different lines of variation just described is
an interesting subject, but it can only be developed well by dealing
more generally with the variations of other genera. The following
table may be found useful as a summary and as a help to one’s memory,
but I cannot claim it to be a true representation of the positions the
lines occupy as compared with each other, because they cannot-be shown
on a single plane. If one places on the plane of the page the lines I
have called A and HK, because they consist in the two groups of races,
whose features differ more widely from each other, the other lines
should not stan: between them, but on other planes. The space
between A and E is filled up by the numerous individual forms of
transition one meets with continually in nature, and which do not in
the least pass through B and C. Line D, if anything, is a combination
of upperside and underside characters, which is actually found amongst
them. Line B of aristaeus, by the extent of fulvous on the upperside,
should stand before A, but the underside of many individuals swings
the balance so far towards H,, that one feels obliged to place it between
these lines, and the resemblance of some females to some of algirica,
also suggests that these two lines, B and C, should be kept close to each
other. Line C certainly stands quite apart on account of the shape of
the fulvous spots on the forewing of the male above; their similarity
to those of the female and consequent lesser sexual dimorphism
suggests that the more extensive and continuous band of the male in
line A and the tendency, on the contrary, to obliteration of the fulvous
in line E, might be two divergent variations, which have sprung from
it. That is why I have placed algirica in a central position. Its
underside, however, brings it markedly nearer to line EK than to A.

26 THU ENLOMOLOGISY’S RECORD.

Nain B C D E
ey ascota uibs cadmus
Il. : jubaris gee i semele

; I] é pate
IIl.: teres aristaeus eee pati paeninsulitaliae
apenninigena }
Vita stort vam ates hibera blachiert
Vine ae ete \ merstna
algirica — )

The Roman figures indicate decreasing grades in the extent and
thickness of the black network on the underside of the hindwings. In
column B the dots are meant to show that individual variation is so
unusually broad as to cover all the grades in single race. It must be
borne in mind that individual variation does in most races embrace
more than one grade, but to a much lesser extent than in aristacus.
In A line of variation the fulvous of the upperside is extensive, and its
tone is not saturated, although it does become slightly warmer and
brighter from I. to LV. ; on the forewing of the male it forms a broad
continuous band; on the underside of the hindwings the dark suffusion
is limited and pale, as compared with the other lines, and it becomes
increasingly so from I. to IV.

In B the fulvous of the upperside is more extensive than in any
other line, and it spreads to the base of the wings; its tone is very warm
and bright; on the underside of the hindwings the dark suffusion is
always very extensive, whatever extent the network has.

In C the fulvous of the upperside is intermediate in extent between
A and E,; on the forewing of the male it is divided, in grade Y., into
spots, as in female ; its tone varies as in A; suffusion of the underside
very extensive, and particularly so in grade V., but tawny rather than
black.

In D the fulvous of the upperside is as limited as in EH, but as cold
in tinge as in A; the underside suffusion is limited and pale, as in the
corresponding grade of line A.

In E the fulvous of the upperside is very limited in extent, especi-
ally in the male sex, in which it is more or less entirely obliterated on
the forewing; it is of a very saturated, warm tinge, and often very
bright; the underside suffusion is dark and usually very extensive, but
more particularly so in grade V.; from I. to V. it turns on broad lines
from dark gray to light gray, and then to tawny, except in blachiera,
where it is quite as black as in cadmus.

I OTHES ON COLLECTING, etc.

BoarMia ABIETARIA AT GRAVESEND.—In August, 1922, I captured
two B. abietaria, a male in fair condition on August 14th, beaten from
a yew, and a female on August 17th in perfect condition on the trunk
of a beech tree close to the same yew tree, when sugaring.

This insect 1s new to this district. Is it new to Kent?—F. T.
Grant, 87, Old Road West, Gravesend.

AN EARLY APPEARANCE OF HuprrHecra PuMILATA.—On January 25th,
I saw an apparently recently emerged example of #. pumilata resting
on the wall of my sitting-room. Our authorities tell us that it can be

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 27

found from April to November, but January is certainly an unusual
month for the species.—Hy.J.T.

New sprcies to Great Brirain.—We have recently seen no less
than six species of Micro-lepidoptera already this year which our best
authorities have been unable to identify with any hitherto known
British species. Even in the best well-worked orders no doubt
novelties will still reward the persistent workers.—Hy.J.T.

BRENTHIS EUPHROSYNE, Li. ap. PLUMBKA, CockAyNE.—I owe an
apology both to Dr. Cockayne and to readers of the Ent. Record. for a
slight error in the note on this form on p. 8 of this volume. My
specimens were taken, one in 1916 (which is now in Dr. Cockayne’s
collection), the other (the type, which is in my own collection) on May
27th, 1922. In communicating the facts verbally to Dr. Cockayne I
doubtless failed to make these dates clear—H. B. Wuixuiams, Briar
Cottage, Claygate, Surrey.

LapyBIRDS HIBERNATING IN THE HousE.—I have also experienced
this phenomenon in a somewhat spectacular form this autumn.
During September, 1923 (I have not noted the exact date), the species
referred to in the note on p. 9 of this volume, entered my house in
great numbers. In almost every room in the house there were
hundreds on the walls and ceilings, mostly in small groups of a dozen
to twenty. Many hundreds were swept up and ejected, but they are
still present in crevices, etc. Recently the removal of a hollowcurtain rod
revealed the presence of a great number, in fact my wife tells me it.
was almost full.—In.

Dasycuira FasceLina IN Surrey.—In May, 1921, 1 found upwards
of sixty of the larvae of this species sitting on the top sprigs of
heather on Hankley Common, near Elstead, Godalming. They were
apparently confined to quite a small area. The pupae were chiefly
found in pairs, and the silken pads, on which they change their skins,
made the task of finding them considerably easier. Exceptionally
small moths emerged and a very large number died in the pupa stage.
Despite repeated attempts I have been unable to find the species since
1921.—H. B. D. Kerriewett, Pageites, Charterhouse, Godalming.

PHILOPHORA PLUMIGERA IN Surrey.—On November 12th, 1928, a
friend of mine noticed what he took to be a dead moth in an electric-
light in the road at Godalming. On closer examination it was found
that it was a specimen of P. plumigera and not quite dead. On
November 18th I took two other 2s at the electric-light, one at rest
on the standard and the other flying round the lamp. The Charter-
house Records for the District show that two males were taken in 1888
and this points to the fact that this species is well established here.—
Ib.

Nota conrusa 1x Hypr Parx.—lI took one specimen, newly-hatched,
of the ‘‘ Least Black Arches” on April 14th, 1923, sitting head-
upmost on a poplar tree. Both the dates and the localities seem
unusual.__Ip. [Flies in May-June.—H.J.T.]

28 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

SHSIA ANDRENAEFORMIS.—Few people seem to be aware that this
Clearwing, generally considered a rarity, is. particularly common in
certain localities along the Hog’s Back, especially the Guildford end.
The “ Wayfaring Trees’ there are riddled with the larvae to such an
extent that whole limbs of bushes die down because the interior is
eaten out. By cutting the stems in late May, wherever the well-known
round hole is to be seen, as many specimens can be collected in a single
day as will ever be needed for the collection. The time of the
emergence varies with the season; only about half of the collected
twigs produce the required results as the life-cycle lasts two years and
a good proportion of the larvae may be in their first year only.—Ib.

Catymia TRapEZINA.—Mr. G. B. C. Leman sent me a specimen of
this moth which he had taken, while beating for Coccinellidae, on an
oak in a friend’s garden. His capture rather approaches ab. nigra in
form. ‘The species is not rare, but the locality (Putney) seems to me
most unusual. It was taken in July, 1923.—Ib.

G{URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

The Annual ‘“ Verrall Supper” took place on January 15th, as
usual on the day before the Annual Meeting of the Entomological
Society of London, and was a most successful gathering; no doubt
the improved weather was no small factor in the large attendance,
for more than 180 were present out of the 140 acceptances:
Among those present were, B. W. Adkin, J: H. Adkin, R. Adkin,
H. W. Andrews, KE. B. Ashby, S. R. Ashby, J. B. Ashworth,
EK. C. Bedwell, G. Bethell, G. T. Bethune-Baker, K. G. Blair,
S. Blenkarn, Col. W. Bowater, L. A. Box, H. Britten, R. T. Bowman,
F. B. Carr, Prof. J. W. Carr, G. C. Champion, C. A. Cheetham, Dr.
HK. A. Cockayne, J. HE. Collin, Joseph Collins, B. H. Crabtree, Capt.
Crocker, Dr. J. Davidson, L. K. Dunster, J. H. Durrant, H. Donisthorpe,
_H.M. Hdelsten, F. W. Edwards, Stanley Edwards, HK. Willoughby-

Kllis, Dr. H. Eltringham, E. Wylie Fenton, Dr. Fremlin, L. T. Ford,
G. F. W. Fox- Wilson, G. E. Frisby, F. W. Frohawk, J. C. F. Fryer,
Dr. C. J. Gahan, F. Gilhatt, C. T. Gimmingham, EK. EK. Green,
A. de B. Goodman, O. R. Goodman, T. H. L. Grosvenor, A. T. J.
Gedye, H. M. Hallett, A. H. Hamm, B. 8. Harwood, P. Harwood,
H. C. Hayward, Capt. A. F. Hemming, T. F. P. Hoar, H. Hodge, Dr.
D. Hunter, H. C. Hugeins, G. L. R. Hancock, Prof. 5S. Image, Dr.
A. D. Imms, O. E. Janson, C. F. Johnson, D. C. Johnstone, Dr. K.
Jordan, W. J. Kaye, F. A. Labouchere, L. Lacey, F. Laing, H. A.
Leeds, G. C. Leman, Prof. J. J. Lister, R. W. Lloyd, T. A. Lofthouse,
W. J. Lucas, G. T. Lyle, A. H. Macmurdo, H. Main, W. Mansbridge,
H. H. May, A. W. Mera, Dr. Chalmers Mitchell, J. P. Mutch, L. Nell,
W.G. F. Nelson, L. W. Newman, C. Nicholson, F. A. Oldaker, J. Peed,
F..N. Pierce, Prof. KE. B. Poulton, R. M. Prideaux, W. Rait-Smith,
Col. Rattray, Capt. N. D. Riley, A. H. Ruston, A. Rymer-Roberts,
Lord Rothschild, P. F. Skinner, L. G. Saunders, J. W. Saunt, Dr.
R. F. Scharff, W. Schmassmann, Hugh Scott, Lieut. Seabrook, V. EH.
Shaw, W.G. Sheldon, C. E. Stott, R. Stenten, H. Step, HK. EK. Syms,
G. Talbot, W. H. Tams, Rev. J. E. Tarbat, M. L. Thompson, Rev.
A. Thornley, A. EK. Tonge, H. J. Turner, C. J. Wainwright,

SOCIETIES. 29

Commander J. J. Walker, S. Walker, J. D. Ward, G. EK. R. Waters,
J. H. Watson, B. S. Williams, EH. J. Winstanley, L. Bonaparte- Wyse,
and H. B. Wilhams.

The Annual Reports of the London Societies seem to be of a most
excellent nature. Both the Entomological Society of London and the
South London Entomological Society have higher membership than
ever before in their history. The former has in the past three years
paid off more than three-fifths of the debentures issued to purchase
their freehold premises at 41, Queen’s Gate, and the latter have suc-
cessfully found funds to pay for the extremely good proceedings
recently issued. The Treasurers of the Societies are to be heartily
congratulated for their persistent intensive work on behalf of their
respective society.

SOCIETIES.
Tue Sours Lonpon EnromoLocicaL Society.

November 22nd.—Annuau Exuierrron.—Messrs. O. R. and A. de B.
Goodman exhibited butterflies taken by them this year on the conti-
nent: in the Riviera (spring), Zerynthia polywena var. cassandra,
Euchloé crameri and var. ausonia, ete.: in the Basses Alpes, Melitaea par-
thenie, Argynnis niobe ab. orientalis, bleached Hpinephete jurtina var. his-
pulla, ete.; at Digne, Leptosia duponcheli, Hesperia sidue, Thestor ballus,
ete.: near L. Maggiore (summer), A. cydippe ab. cleodowa, Neptis lucilla,
Dryas paphia ab. valesina, ete.; at Reazzino, Heteropterus morpheus, ete.;
and at Pontresina and in the Hngadine, Parnassius delius, Drenthis
thore, Melitaea varia, Krebia alecto, Colias palaeno, Plebeins donzelit,
ete.; and a worn Syntarucus telicanus from the Val de Fain.

Mr. A. E. Stafford, series of aberrations of Polyommatus (Agriades)
coridon from Royston.

Mr. Worsley Wood, three hybrids of Xanthia (Mellinia) ocellaris and
X. (Citria) fulvago bred in 1922; and gave notes on the brood and on
his other attempts to hybridise these species.

Mr. J. J. Fisher, series of Lycaenids illustrating striate forms of
aberration and variants of 7’. ballus, T. polyxena and a melanic Melitaea
dictynna.

Mr. Leeds, a very large number of aberrations of British butterflies
taken this season largely in Herts and Hants, worked out and named
on the basis of the nomenclature in Tutt’s british Lepidoptera, vols.
I.-IV., and Courvoisier’s Die Schmett. Schw., Polyommatus (A.) coridon
was especially dealt with.

Mr. R. Adkin, representative series of Diacrisia mendica, two broods
of a second generation of race mistwa, and gave notes on the breeding.
Also a Pyrameis atalanta with the large white blotch much obscured
by black.

Mr. Holford, a remarkable and unique aberration of Triphaena pro-
nuba with black-brown suffusion and suppression of the bright orange.

Mr. R. T. Bowman, a striate Abravas grossulariata.

Mr. Greer, of Tyrone, aberrations of Pieris napi, light, dark, extra
spots, pale yellow, Huchloé cardamines, abs. schepdaeli, ab. caulosticta,
? streaked with orange, ete., Melitaea awrinia, extra spotted P. megera,
several ab. addenda of EH. jurtina and one near var. hispulla, spotted
Coenonympha pamphilus, a number of ab. icarinus of P. icarus with a
streaked @ , etc.

30 THE KNTOMOLOGISL’S RECORD.

Mr. D. Pearson, FH. jurtina, bleached and ab. addenda, gynandro-
morph of P. (4.) coridon, dark M. aurinia and an obsolete underside, a
black Limenitis sibilla, E. cardamines 2 with orange ‘patches, streaked
and obsolete /’. (A.) thetis, a white R. phlaeas, etc., and from the
Simplon area Plebeius sephyrns race lycidas, Hrebia christi, M. dictynna
forms, EH. pronoé var. pitho, L. arion var. obscura with British L. arion
for comparison, etc. i

Capt. Crocker for Mr. Sperring, variable series of bred P. aegeria,
black suffused Brenthis euphrosyne, with P. aegon (aryus) showing range
from leaden to violet-blue.

Mr. C. H. Williams, aberrant series of R. phlaeas and P. (A.) coridon.

Mr. Tonge, series of P. (A.) coridon aberrations, including a fine
striated ¢, and ab. cinnus, unusually common this season, series of P.
(d.) thetis, including an obsoleta and blue suffused Qs, spotted C. pam-
philus, an extreme aberrant and suffused Cleora jubata (glabraria), and
two ab. g polonus of P. (A.) thetis, ete.

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone, a series of the recently differentiated
Anaitis efformata, and pointed out the facts of its differentiation.

On behalf of Mr. and Mrs. Castle-Russell, aberrations of British
Lepidoptera 1922-3, melanic ?s of D. paphia, LE. jurtina g resembling
?, a striated B. evphrosyne, series of abs. of B. selene and M. aurinia, a
pale yellow P. (A.) coridon, and forms striate and obsolete, etc.

Mr. A. W. Vernon, Rhopalocera from the Austrian Tyrol B. thore,
E. lappona, E. pronoé var. pitho, M. aurinia var. merope, etc.

Mr. A. W. Mera, species that have developed, in recent years, a
marked tendency to melanism, Hpirrita (Oporabia) christyi, HK. (O.)
autumnaria, L. multistrigaria, and Hybernia defoliaria.

Capt. Hemming, striate aberrations of British Lycaenids showing
two forms assumed, internal and external, according to their origin
and direction.

Mr. L. W. Newman, an Arctia caja, brown forewings with zigzag
markings near apex.

Mr. H. Candler, eggs of the Blackheaded Gull from Scoulton Mere,
showing remarkable extremes of coloration.

Mr. Garrett, a fine ab. schmidtii of R. phlaeas from Bexley.

Mr. Grosvenor, the wonderful ab. of Z. filipendulae taken by him
at Royston, with a duplicated forewing in place of a right hindwing,
with other Zygaenid aberrations.

EVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

‘‘Socran Lire Amone tHE InsEcts”; being a series of Lectures
delivered at the Lowell Institute in Boston, in March, 1922, by
William Morton Wheeler, Ph.D., Sce.D., Harcourt, Brace and Co., New
York. Pp. i.-vii.+ 3875, with 116 text figures. 1923.

This splendid volume is undoubtedly a work of the first importance;
extremely interesting; most carefully thought out ; and a most valu-
able contribution to the science of both Entomology and Natural
History in general.

It is well known to most people that ants, bees, and wasps, and
also termites, live in social communities; but not that such phenomena
occur also with other insects. Here, however, they will learn, not
only that such is the case, but will also obtain a good idea of the
origin and development of such a mode of life.

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 31

Anyone who carefully reads this book is obliged to take a much
larger and broader view of social life among insects, and to regard the
subject as a whole from quite a new standpoint.

Let us now proceed to examine the contents of this attractive book.
In the preface the author points out that he has endeavoured to throw
emphasis on the fundamental nutritive motifs in the phylogeny, onto-
geny, and maintenance of insect societies, and he gives generous
thanks to all those to whom he is indebted for the loan of photographs
and drawings for some of the beautiful illustrations with which the
book is freely embellished. The work is then divided into six lectures;
a Documentary Appendix; an Index of Subjects; and an Index of
Authors.

Lecture I. ‘General Remarks on Inseet Societies. The Social
Beetles.’ The first nimeteen pages are devoted to the General Remarks
and space will only allow us to deal with them very briefly. We are
not entirely in agreement with all the views expressed by Prof. Wheeler,
as we are considerably more of a Darwinian than he is, and also we do
not much believe in “the greater mutual helpfulness,” or ‘ the draw-
ing together of nations,” etc.; but as these are purely matters of
personal opinion, and have nothing to do with facts, we will leave it at
that.

The immense age of insects—some 300 million years !—is com-
mented on; and the author finds that social habits have arisen no less
than 24 different times, in as many different groups of solitary insects.
A list of the groups that form these various societies is given in the
accompanying table.

Scarabaeidae (Copris, Minotaurus).
Passalidae (Passalus).
Tenebrionidae (Phrenapates).
Silvanidae (Vachiyalia Beetles).
Ipidae (Ambrosia Beetles).
Platypodidae (Ambrosia Beetles).

Sphecoidea.
Sphecidae (Sphea).
. Bembicidae (Digger Wasps).

CoLEoPTERA.

(Gynandrarchic). |
|

D> OVE oy BO

@ 3

Vespotdea.
9. Kumeninae (Synayris).
0. Zethinae (Zethus).
. Stenogastrinae (Stenogaster).
3 oi Epiponinae (Chartergus, Belonogaster,

etc.).
*13. Rhopalidiinae (fhopalidia, etc.).
*14. Polistinae (Pulistes).
*15. Vespinae (Vespa),
Apidae.
16. Halictinae (Halictus).
17. Ceratininae (Adlodape).
*18. Bombinae (Bumble-bees).
*19. Meliponinae (Stingless Bees).
*20. Apinae (Honey Bees).
*21. Formicidae (Ants).

HYMENOPTERA.
(Gynarchic).

32 THE ENTOMOLOGISL S RECORD.

DERMAPTERA. 22. Forficulidae (Harwigs).
(Gynarchic).

Empiparia. — - { 23. Embiidae (Hmbia).
(Gynarchic). (

TsoprEra. ( “24. Termitidae (Termites, or ‘‘ White
(Gynandrarchic). — | Ants”’.

In this list those marked with an asterisk are definitely social, the
rest being incipiently social or subsocial. In the Termites and all the
beetle groups the colony consists of a male and female parents and
their offspring of both sexes; in all the Hymenoptera, Dermaptera, and
Embidaria, the female alone founds the colony, which is developed by
her daughters. The former groups are, therefore, gynandrarchic,
the latter gynarchie.

The rest of the lecture is devoted to the six beetle societies which
have been developed by species belonging to as many different natural
families.

Space will only allow us to touch on a few points of interest; but
where all is so interesting 1t is difficult to know what to mention and
what to leave out. It may be stated here that throughout the book
the author gives full credit to all other observers for their work on the
life-histories and habits of the insects mentioned.

The life-histories of the Sacred Scarabaeus and other dung-rolling
beetles are thoroughly explained, and the illustrations show them
trundling their pellets and fashioning the dung in their subterranean
chambers. The stridulating of the larvae of Paussalus sps. is described
and figured, and their colonies are shown to consist of a male and
female and their progeny. In the “ Tachigalia Beetles,’ Wheeler
recapitulates his most interesting discovery, made in the jungles of
British Guiana in 1920, of a couple of Silvanid beetles, which occur
in the hollow leat-petioles of young trees of a Vachigalia (T. paniculata).
Both the adult beetles, and their larvae in all stages, have learned to
stroke certain mealy-bugs, which find their way into the leaf-petioles,
with their antennae as ants do, and feed on their excreta.

The author summarises the main points of interest in connection
with the social beetles. To briefly mention a few of them :—

The six unrelated families are all very ancient; the substances on
which they feed are remarkably diverse ; the father beetle co-operates
to a greater or less extent with the mother beetle in providing for the
young. :

Lecture II. ‘* Wasps Solitary and Social.’’—This is an extremely
interesting chapter, and one feels that any extracts one can give, or
any remarks one may make in the space of a review, can but feebly
represent the beauty.of this lecture. It must be read as a whole to be
really appreciated as it deserves, As the lecturer truly observes, wasps
bave attracted fewer investigators than the ants and bees, though they
are of even greater interest to the student who is tracing the evolution
of specialised instincts and social habits. He divides the enormous
Wasp group into two great complexes, the Sphecoids and the Vespoids,
and he establishes some seven generalisations of which the following
are the chief points :—

(To be concluded.)

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Duplicates.—Cinxia, Bellargus, Coridon, H. Comma, Lineola, Galathea, Moneta,
Nupta, and many others. Desiderata.—Blandina, Irish Icarus, Carmelita, Cuculla.
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Sparganii, Dissoluta (Arundineta), Graphalii. Also imagines of extreme forms Noctus
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N. American Lepidoptera in papers in exchange for ditto from any part of the world.
J. C. Woodward, Training Ship ‘* Cornwall,’’ Purfleet, Essex.

CHANGE or Appriss.—H. W. Morse, 4, Wortley Road, Upper Armley, Leeds.
Commander J. C. Woodward, Training Ship ‘* Cornwall, ” Purlleet, BSG
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The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
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February 28th, W. J. Lucas, B.A., ‘‘The caudal lamellae of the Naiads of the British
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Teratological Legs in Lepidoptera, H. A. Cockayne, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.E.S. (with Plate II.) 83
New British Cecidomyiidae, R. S. Bagel Jad beens Oey OR IS\3 eo and J. W. H.

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TERATOLOGICAL LEGS IN LEPIDOPTERA. 33

Teratological Legs in Lepidoptera. (IVith Plate IT.)
By E. A. COCKAYNE, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.E.S.

Descriptions of abnormalities in the structure of the legs of Lepi-
doptera are few in number. It is probable that they are rarer than in
Coleoptera, in which the legs are more exposed to injury during the
pupal period. But frequently they must be overlooked, owing to the
fact that they are concealed by the wings, by the long hair on the
abdomen, and by their own covering of scales. Specimens of Smerin-
thus ocellatus and Plusia iota, each with an extra leg, have been
described by Schultz and Bleuse. An extra tarsus has been recorded
in Cosmotriche potatoria by Barrett, in Catocala nupta by Chapman, in
Parnassius apollo by Bleuse, and in Ocneria dispar by Forbush and
Fernald. A Aygaena anthyllidis described by Chapman affords the
only example of reduplication in a lepidopterous leg which follows
Bateson’s Law. It has three tarsi on the left meta-thoracic leg, the
two extra ones being arranged in secondary symmetry. Although the
abnormalities, which I am describing below, are not so striking, I think
they are different from any previously noted. They include a tarsus
with the terminal joint double, tarsi with three claws, and a tarsus with
the claws partially fused at the base, but ending in three and five tips
respectively.

Apocheima hispidaria.—Female. Loughton, bred from a full grown
wild larva. IL., 1923. The tarsus of the left metathoracic leg is very
short, measuring only lmm., the corresponding tarsus on the right side
being 8°75mm. long. It has only three joints, the second of which
bifurcates at the distal end. From the anterior, or internal portion,
arises a terminal joint with two small claws and paronychia. [From
the posterior or external portion, which is more heavily chitinised,
arises a thinner, longer joint formed of very weak chitin, and devoid of
claws, pulvillus, and all the other structures which form the foot.
Hig,

Lastocampa trifolii.mKemale. §. Cornwall. Bred IX., 1923.

The right prothoracic leg has a five-jointed tarsus 4mm. instead of
5mm. long. The terminal joint bears three claws. The plate, from
which the pulvillus springs, is abnormal in shape and lies toward the
outer side. ‘The outer paronychium is small, and is very nearly in the
usual position, but the one on the inner aspect is further out than usual,
and is separated from the plate of the pulvillus by a piece of smooth
chitin. The pulvillus itself, well formed, of black and polished chitin,
is displaced outwards. Of the three claws the central one is obviously
supernumerary, but bears no appearance of being double. The outer
one, on the other hand, is very wide, and may be a fused double one.
If so the specimen may conform to Bateson’s Law. The inner half
of this claw may be a mirror image of the outer, and each may repre-
sent a complete claw, whereas the central claw may be a mirror image
of the inner half of the double claw. The two last would be super-
numerary. The long bristle of the empodium is present, but is
omitted from the figure. Many spines are absent from the ventral
surface of the last joint of the tarsus. Figs. 2 and 3,

Lycia hirtaria.—Female. London.

From a family of inbred larvae, many of which produced weak,
Marc 151m, 1924. ,

84 _ THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

crippled imagines. The tarsus of the right prothoracic leg has only two
joints, and measures 1mm. in length instead of 3°25mm. It has on the
last joint a small narrow pulvillus, two small paronychia, two lateral
elaws and a third abnormally broad claw lying almost midway between
and a little dorsal to them. Its tip is bent upwards. Its width makes
it probable that it is a fused double claw. If so, this may be regarded
as an example of Bateson’s Law. The distal extremity of the last tarsal
joint is slightly longer on the inner and wider on the outer side, and
the latter is probably the side on which reduplication has occurred.
The outer part of the double claw may be a mirror image of the exter-
nal lateral claw and the inner part of a mirror image of the outer.

The external lateral.claw would be the original claw and the double
central claw would represent the two extra ones. In addition to the
tarsus the tibia of this leg is short, being 2mm. instead of 3:25mm.
long. Figs. 6 and 7.

Lasiocampa trifolii.cKemale. §. Cornwall. Bred IX., 1923.

The right prothoracic tarsus is very small, being 1mm. in length,
and has only two joints. The terminal joint is so abnormal that I
cannot identify the different parts. There appears to be one minute
paronychium, but the other one and the pulvillus are absent. It ends
in a most peculiar single claw, which terminates in a sharp point and
a small blunt process, and has another sharp pointed process projecting
from it laterally.

There was another dense chitinous process arising from the ventral
aspect of the last joint at a point much nearer to the base. Thin at
its origin it became swollen distally, and the swollen part was deeply
grooved and ended in two sharp points. J made a drawing of it in
the dry state, but broke it off and lost it when making a microscopical
preparation. Apparently there are two claws, one bifid or trifid and
the other bifid. The penultimate joint of the tarsus has only three
spines. Figs. 8 and 9.

Apocheima hispidaria.—Female. Buddon Wood. W. G. Blatch-
22.111.1895. Canon C. T. Cruttwell’s collection.

Of the six legs four have abnormal tarsi. The left prothoracic
tarsus terminates in two large normal claws, but it has only three
joints, and measures 1-75mm. in length. ‘The left mesothoracic tarsus
measures 2mm., has four joints, and ends in a normal foot. The left
mesothoracic leg has a tarsus 1°8mm. long, with four joints The claws
are fused for about one-third of their length and do not diverge in the
usual way. A lateral view shows that the posterior or internal claw is
partially separated into three by deep grodves and terminates in three
distinct tips, an upper, a middle, and a lower one. (Fig. 4.) The
external or anterior claw is also partly divided by a groove. The upper
part ends in a sharp tip turned inwards at right angles, and the lower
part ends in four separate tips, three of which are bent inwards. (Fig.
5.) The normal claws in this species are much longer, quite separate,
and each ends in a single sharp point turned outwards and downwards.
The spines on the penultimate joint of this abnormal tarsus are reduced
in number to three. The right metathoracic leg has a tarsus with four
joints, measuring 1:'75mm. The last three joints are very short. The
penultimate has a rounded lateral outgrowth, and the last a dorsal
outgrowth ending in two sharp pointed pieces of chitin projecting over
the spines. The remaining two legs are normal with tarsi between 3
and 4mm. long.

TERATOLOGICAL LEGS IN LEPIDOPTERA. 35

Lasiocampa trifolit.—Female,

The left prothoracic leg has a tarsus with four joints, the last three
_ being very short. It has two small but perfect claws. Its length is
3mm., that of the corresponding tarsus on the right side being 5mm.

Apocheima hispidaria.—Female.

The left metathoracic leg has a four-jointed tarsus 3mm. instead
of 4mm. long, and the right prothoracic leg has a three-jointed tarsus
2mm. instead of 4mm long.

A. hispidaria.—Female.

The right mesothoracic leg has a three-jointed tarsus slightly more
than 1mm. in length.

A. hispidaria.—Female.

The tibia of the left mesothoracic leg measures 1°5mm. instead of
vmm. in length. The tarsus is normal.

L. trifolii.—Female.

The left prothoracic leg has single-jointed tarsus devoid of scales,
spines, claws, pulvillus and paronychia.

Lycia hirtaria.—Female.

The right mesothoracic tarsus has five joints but is 8 instead of
4mm. lone.

eietar ia.—Female.

The left metathoracic tarsus has five joints, but is half a millimetre
shorter than the right.

L. hirtaria.—F emale.

The left mesothoracic tarsus has only four joints and one claw is
» missing.

Xanthia ocellaris.—H. Worsley- Wood. Thames Valley.

The right prothoracic tarsus has only two joints and measures
15mm. instead of 4mm, All the structures on the terminal joint are
present but much reduced in size.

Hrannis defoliaria.—KFemale.

The left prothoracic leg has a very thin four-jointed tarsus without
scales or claws.

Fidonia atomaria.—Male. Bred L. W. Newman. X. 1910. Dr.
Chapman’s teratological collection.

The right prothoracic leg is very small but perfect. The following
are the measurements of the two legs in millimetres. R. femur, 1-1,
L. 2:4; R. tibia -5, L. 1-8; Epiphysis of R. tibia -3, L. 1:1; Tarsal
joints R. -9, -5, -36, -24, -4, with claws, Li. 1-8, -6, 5, -3, -52:
From them it will be seen that the greatest reduction in length has
occurred in the tibia and femur.

Barrett, C. G.—Ent. Month. Mag., 1899, Vol. XXXV., p. 270.

Bleuse.— Bull de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1900, p. 52.

Chapman, T. A.—Proc. Hnt. Soc. Lond., 1914, p. lxxxiv., and
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917, p. 178.

Forbush and Fernald.—The Gypsy Moth. Report of Massachusetts
Board of Agriculture, 1896, p. 341, pl. h., fig. 8.

Schultz, O.—IJllustr. Wehenschr. f. Ent., 1897, I1., pp. 631-2.

[Melitae maturna. —* Among the specimens taken by Mr. Fison in
the Kngadine, in 1901, is a most remarkable g , in which the middle
left leg is replaced by a tiny wing, having the appearance of the inner
margin of a hindwing with the fringe, about 8mm. in length and 2mm.
in breadth. It is quite detached from the normal wing, which is per-

36 THE ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD,

fect without it. It is more curious, as the leg is a true limb, which the
wing structures, correctly speaking, are not.’—G.W.|

=

New British Cecidomyiidae. 5.

By RICHARD S. BAGNALL, F.L.S., F.R.S.Ep., F.E.S., and J. W.
HESLOP HARRISON, D.Sc., F.R.S.ED.

(Continued from Vol. XXXIV., p. 154.)

The present lengthy list of additions to the British Fauna is due to
the unequalled opportunities we have had this year of working
districts producing plants, either new to us or not previously accessible
in any quantity. In particular, our visits to Shropshire and to
Blakeney Point were exceptionally profitable; on the contrary, much
hard work was done in the Norfolk Broads with a minimum of success.
Equally noteworthy was the detection, at points well worked by us in
the past, of such species as Rhopalomyia baccarum, Contarinia fagi and
C. pist.

All of this demonstrates that much remains to reward the labours
of Cecidologists in the British Isles.

Clinorrhyncha tanaceticola, K.

Affecting achenes of Tanacetwm.
SuropsHirReE, near Cross House, October, 1923.

Prolasioptera cerealis, Lind.
On various grasses and cereals, a depression in the stem containing
a yellowish orange larva, concealed under a shining black “scale” or
8 Iba.”
Duruam, Gibside, on Avena, Agropyrum and Dactylis. Also other
records. :

Lasioptera populnea, Wachtl.

A leaf pustule greater in diameter and less convex, or rather of less
depth, than that of Harmandia pustulans.

Suropsuire, Pulley Common, near Shrewsbury, on Populus tre-
mula, October, 1923. Rare.

Rhopalomyia baccarum, Wachtl.

On Artemisia vulgaris. Prominent spherical gall, chiefly situated
at the roots.

Durnam, Birtley and Lamesley, August, 1923. the midge just
emerging. Rarer than in 1922, when it abounded in September and
October.

Stenospatha ertophort, K.

Pale pinkish to orange-yellow larvae, in the leaf- sepa of cotton
grass (Hriophorum spp.).

Scornanp, Bavelaw Moss, September, 1922.

SuropsHine and Crnsmnne, Whixall Moss near IEEE Caos,
19038.

NEW BRITISH CECIDOMYIIDAE. 37
g
Mayetiola lanceolatae, Ribs.

On Calamagrostis lanceolatus, white larvae, usually solitary, in
stem near node, causing a shortening of of the terminal internodes.

Suropsarre, Hencott Pool, near Shrewsbury; not uncommon ;
October, 1923.

Mayetiola calamagrostidis, K.

On Calamagrostis lanceolata, under leaf-sheath, mostly basally,
galling the stem much as M. holct on Holcus.

Saropsarre, Hencott Pool, near Shrewsbury, about a dozen old
galls in one clump; apparently local, October, 1923.

Arthrocnodax coryli-gallarum, Targ-Tozz.

Inquiline in gall of Hriophyes avellanae ; larvae yellow.
Somersetsuire, near Bath, July, 1923.
Suropsuire, Bayston Hill, near Shrewsbury, October, 1923.

Harmandta globuli, Ribs.

On Populus tremula, gall somewhat like that of Al. tremulae, but
smaller in diameter.
SHRopsHire, Pulley Common, near Shrewsbury, October, 1923.

Rhabdophaga ocnliperda, Ribs.

On Salix aurita, slight swelling at base of bud.
Duruam, Gibside.

Jaapiella clethricola, Ribs.

Yellow larvae in twisted leaves of alder (Alnus).
SHRopsHIRE, Shomere Pool, near Shrewsbury; occasionally ; October,
1923.

Perrisia auricomi, K.
Gregarious yellow larvae amongst the seeds, which are swollen, of
Ranunculus auricomus.
NortHuMBERLaND, near Stocksfield-on-Tyne.

Perrisia myosotidis, K.
On Myosotis palustris, flower swollen and remaining closed.

Suropswire, Berrington Pool, near Shrewsbury; a few empty galls.
Norrotx, Hempstead, with larvae.

Perrisia socialis, K.
Perrisia sp. H. 5579. Flower head remaining closed and swollen

somewhat basally ; larvae red; on Hriyeron acris.
SHropsuireE, Harley Hill, near Much Wenlock, October, 1923.

Perrisia subterranea, K.

On Silene maritima, in swollen buds formed from reduced leaves
exposed at sand level.
Norrouk, Blakeney Point.

38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.
q

Contarinia pisi, Winn.
In flowers, shoots and pods of cultivated peas; whitish gregarious
' larvae. Has been recorded by other writers as Diplosis pisit, Kalt. ~

NorTHUMBERLAND, Hexham.
Norrouk, Baconsthorpe.

Contarinia fagi, Rubs.
Beech, young terminal leaves malformed; larvae white and
gregarious.
Scornanp, near Abbotsford.
NortHumpBertanp, Hexham and Corbridge.
Norrorx, Cromer and Hempstead.

Contarinia schlechtendaliana, Rubs.

Sonchus oleraceus, flower heads closed, swollen and deformed; larvae
vitelline, gregarious and leaping.
Norroux, Baconsthorpe. Rare.

Sitodiplosis mosellana, Gehn. (aurantiaca, B. Wagner).
Orange larvae on rye, affecting ovary, which is arrested in its

development.
Duruam, Gibside.

FEindopsylla agilis, Meijere.
An endoparasite of Psylla forsteri, the larvae living in the

abdomen.
NortHUMBERLAND, Stocksfield-on-Tyne.

Lestodiplosis liviae, Ribs.
Inquiline in gall of Livia juncorum on Juncus spp.
Duruam, near Winlaton Mill.

Hormomyia kneuckeri, K.

At roots of Carex.

Scornanp, Bavelaw Moss, September, 1922, on Carea sp.

Duruam, Sunniside, on Carea goodenowit, rare, October, 1923. In
this latter locality Dichrona gallarum, Hormomyia tuberifica and H.
cornifex occurred in extraordinary profusion, with an occasional H.
frirent.

Amerhapha gracilis, Rubs.

Orange-red to red larvae in deformed galls of Schizomyta pimpi-
nellae on Daucus. The galls lose their seed shape and spines, being
usually smooth and glossy. The larvae may be found full fed in mid-
October, after the larva of Schizomyia has left its gall.

SHROPSHIRE, near Pulley Common, locally plentiful.

(To be continued.)

THE VARIATION IN LARENTIA (THERA) VARIATA, SCHIFF. 39

The Variation in Larentia (Thera) variata, Schiff.
By CARL HOFER of Klosterneuburg (Vienna).
(Translated by H. J. Turner, F.H.S.)

At the meeting of the Zool.-bot Gesellshaft of December 5th, 1919,
I discussed this question and there was inserted in the Proceedings
(Vol. LXX., H. 1-2. p. (19)] in 1920, a summary with the addition of
figures of which the further use was unfortunately not possible, owing
to the subsequent loss of the blocks.

This Larentia species was named nearly 150 years ago by the
Viennese professors Schiffermtiller and Denis in a very appropriate
way as “‘variata.” In the name which this Geometer bears, the fact
of its great variability has been well retained. Unfortunately we
possess neither a description nor a figure of that form, which the
authors had in front of them for their determination in 1776[5]. But
since variata is indigenous near Vienna, we have a well-founded right
to take for the so-called stem-form, that form, which occurs as the
commonest in our neighbourhood, as the original type, of which we
are accustomed to take into consideration the extreme variability of
the colour markings. The first figure of vartiata which we find under
fig. 293 in Jacob Hubner’s work issued in 1785, represents this form
tolerably well. Among the material lying before me, consisting of
some 500 specimens from Lower Austria, many examples agree very
well with this figure, and I chose some of these and placed them at
the top of my series which I exhibited.

First of all concerning the variation in colour, I must mention the
following forms :—

ab. nigrofasctata, Gmppbe.—In his work Syst. Bearb. der Spanner
der nérdl. gemdss. Zone,’ 1887, von Gumppenberg established this
form with the short diagnosis ‘‘ Area media nigra,” as a variety. He
refers it to Rossler, who in his ‘‘ I’n. des Rey. Bez. Wiesbaden” in 1881
writes of variata, ‘‘ There isa variety, not figured, with black median
area, while the remainder of the forewing is greyish, white, or wood-
colored.” Réssler himself refers again in the year 1866 in his Verz.
Schm. Herz. Nassau to this variety with black median area, but without
giving it a name.

As a synonym of ab. nigrofasciata, Gmppbg., ab. medionigricans,
Reutti, has been recognised, of which the latter author writes in his
Uebers. Lep. Gross-herz. Baden, in 1898 as follows, ‘“‘ Brownish white,
with unicolorous blackish median area.’’ I have before me two males
and two females of ab. nigrofasciata.

ab. scotica, Stder.—This form was described by Staudinger as a
dark, Scottish, local form of variata and as an aberration occurring in
Central Italy. Prout in Seitz, placed this quite noteworthy form
under obeliscata and determined it as a synonym of ab. obliterata,
B. White. He did this in spite of his having announced in a con-
tribution by himself appearing in August, 1912, in the H’nt. concerning
the English variata, the occurrence of our typical continental form in
England, so that already, the appearance of a dark variata race in
Scotland as mentioned by Staudinger, was undoubtedly established.

The occurrence of true variata appears to have been reported in
England, as in Vol. 46 of the Ent. for 1918, and established over and

40 ; THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

over again by breeding from larvae found on pine (See Notes by
C. E. Raven of Cambridge).

I have before me two males and one female of this form to which
the description of Dr. Staudinger exactly applies. Moreover Herr Dr.
Schawerda has allowed me to examine from his rieh collection an
example of ab. scotica from Kngland, which I pronounced as our native
ab. scotica. This form also agrees well with the figure given as a male
on plate 8 in Seitz, and the placing of ab. scotica, Stder., to obeliscata
may in all probability be considered as correct. At the same time I
can establish ab. obscura as the darkest of our variata forms,.as well as
an aberration of the Wienerwald.

[Since the above was written, I again considered the specimen from
Dr. Schawerda’s collection, and since it was an old and somewhat
damaged example and really difficult to recognise, | doubted whether
it could have exactly the same appearance as true var. scotica, and
endeavoured to obtain some actual and perfectly true examples from
Scotland. In 1928 I succeeded in getting these and at once saw that
var. scotica, Stdgr., was indeed the more or less dark -form of the
(brown) L. obeliscata and not of the (greyish) L. variata. The few
true var. scotica | now have before me are very fine examples of English
melanism and I much doubt whether similar typical scotica have been
found on the Continent. I do not know a Continental fauna which lists
this form. Count Turati has written to me that neither scotica nor any
transitions to it are in his extensive collection from either Central or
any other part of Italy.

It therefore arises that the dark, uniform, greyish-black form of
our &. variata which I wronely considered to be Staudinger’s var.
scotica is unnamed, and at the meeting of the Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien
on January 4th, 1924, I introduced it as Larentia variata, Sehitf., ab.
obscura, clearing up the matter.—C.H.]

Var. cembrae, Kitt. The appearance of a form analogous to var.
cembrae Kitt., among our Wienerwald variata is interesting. | have
three examples before me, which in their uniform mouse-grey colour
agree fully with the type of var. cembrae from the Tyrol, according to
an examination of the few in the Hofmuseum by Prof. Kebel and my-
self. The specimens before me—all females—descended from an
equally monse-grey female obtained by me in the summer of 1921 at
Rekawinkel, which, since it was already worn, I reserved for egg-laying.
This @ , enclosed in a linen kag, was fastened in a pine tree in the open,
and the larvae grew up therein splendidly. At the beginning of
September, besides quite small larvae, a few pupae were found, which
in the middle of September, gave me a partial 2nd generation, to which
the three specimens I have, belong. But these are distinctly smaller
than the type-form found in the Hofmuseum.

Herr Prof. Kitt describes this form in the Proceed. zool.-bot.
Ges. October 4th, 1912. He considered it a high-elevation form,
living on the stone pine and says of it. ‘ All the wings are pure grey
without brownish suffusion which otherwise occurs in variata. The
disposition of the markings are as in typical variata, the central area
darkened.” But, in Seitz, Prout writes var. cembrae, Kitt is probably a
synonym of ab. nigrofasciata, Gumppenberg; but Kitt describes the

SOCIETIES. 4]

ground colour as pure white, without brownish suffusion.’’ Hence
there must arise to the readers of this work a perfectly false idea of
var. cembrae, and it is incomprehensible why Prout has given the
ground-colour white.

Fritz Hoffmann in his Styrian auna aceepts the wrong description
of Seitz, for therein he gave the pure white ground as the distinguish-
ing characteristic of var. cembrae and then arranged his other forms
accordingly.

From the examples of ab. nigrofasciata and var. cembrae before me it
is seen how distinct these two forms are from one another.

It is probable that var. cembrae is a synonym of var. coniferata,
Curt., which is also described as grey. Var. coniferata has also been
obtained by Miller-Rutz at Griiben in Turtmantal in Switzerland.

P (To be continued.)

G\URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS.

We regret to record the death at the ripe age of 84 of Mr. A. H.
Jones, who from 1904 to 1917 was Treasurer of the Entomological
Society of London. For 30 or more years he was a familiar figure in
the meetings at Chandos Street‘ a genial and kindly gentleman. The
robust health, which he enjoyed almost to the end, enabled him to
journey to many parts of Europe in search of rare butterflies until
quite late in life. At the age of 74 he went to Sarepta, on the Volga,
in §. Russia, to become acquainted with the interesting and peculiar
forms which exist in that rich and remote area. We understand that
his collection of European butterflies is bequeathed to the Hope
Museum, Oxford.

SOCIETIES.
Tue HNromonocicaL Socrery or Lonpon.

January 16th, 1924.—Annua Merrtinc.—Mr. E. Hi. Green,
President, in the chair.

Dr. H. Eltringham read the Report of the Council, which was
adopted on the motion of Commander J. J. Walker, R.N., seconded by
Mr. Stanley Edwards.

Mr. W. G. Sheldon, the Treasurer, read his Report.and gave some
details of the highly satisfactory condition of the Society. ‘he Report
and Accounts were adopted unanimously on the motion of Mr. G. T.
Bethune- Baker, seconded by Mr. W. J. Kaye.

The President announced that the Fellows nominated as Officers
and Couneil for the ensuing year had been duly elected in accordance
with the Bye-Laws.

The President then read his Address on ‘“‘Some Hpisodes and
Aspects of Insect Life in Ceylon,” and at its conclusion a vote of thanks
to the President, coupled with a request that it might be printed in the
Proceedings, was moved by Professor EK. B. Poulton, F'.R.S., seconded
by Mr. K. G. Blair, and carried unanimously.

A vote of thanks to the Officers for their services was then passed
on the motion of Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis, seconded by Mr. W. Rait-
Smith, and Mr. W. G. Sheldon. Dr. H. Eltringham, and Mr. H. J.
Turner briefly replied.

49 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Tue Sours Lonpon EntomonoaicaL Society.

December 13th.—Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis, of Hampstead, and
Mr. G. Vredenburg, of Maida Vale were elected members.

Mr. H. Main exhibited a whip-scorpion, Phryxus reniformis, sent
by Dr. Withycombe from Trinidad, an Arachnid nearly related to the
true scorpions.

Mr. Sevastopulo, Pyrameis atalanta with the second sub-apical spot
missing ; an asymmetrical Abraxas yrossulariata, right forewing
normal, right hindwing traces of a yellow band, left forewing with
yellow patch only, left hindwing with three extra black spots.

Mr. Rayward, H’pirrita (Oporadia) autumnata and FE. dilatata, and
pointed out their distinctions, referring to preparations of the genitalia;
he also exhibited Anaitis playiata and A. efformata and by preparations
showed the complete distinction of the species.

Mr. R. Adkin, a bred series of Arctia villica and read notes on its
occurrence at Eastbourne, its breeding, its parasites and the variation
the specimens showed. Compared with 4. caja it was quite common
in the larval state.

Mr. Andrews, the very rare Dipteron, Aygathomyia elegantula from
Farningham, September 1st.

Mr. Parker, an absolutely black form of Aphantopus hyperantus ;
one of a rich mahogany colour ; a radiated Brenthis euphrosyne ; a rich
chocolate-coloured Mimas tiliae, and Huchloé cardamines 2 with streaks
of orange.

Mr. Blenkarn, a long series of aberrations of British Coleoptera
including a form of Apion aestivum (trifolit), var. ruficrus, with dark
yellow legs, and black tibiae, which was new to Britain.

Mr. Adkin read a report of the Meeting of the British Association
at Liverpool, which he attended as a delegate of the Corresponding
Societies Section.

Subsequently a Special Meeting was held when after a short state-
ment it was unanimously agreed to raise the ordinary subscription to
12s. 6d., the country members subscription to 7s. 6d., and the Life
Composition to £8 8s. Od., to cover the increased rent of their rooms.

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.
‘“Socran Lire Amone tHE Insecrs.”—(Continued from page 32.)

1. The structure and behaviour of these two complexes show that
they must have arisen from the Parasitic Hymenoptera.

2. The groups of social wasps have evolved independently from
primitive solitary Vespoids.

3. Both complexes are primarily predaceous and feed upon freshly
captured insects.

4. The mutual exchange of food between adults aud their young
(‘‘ Trophallaxis’’ of Wheeler) can be observed more clearly in the
social wasps than in other social insects.

5. The study of wasps and their ancestors furnishes a key to par-
thenogenesis and dominance of the female sex (gynarchy) in the whole
group of stinging Hymenoptera.

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 43

6. The first gradual development of a worker cast, of polygyny, and
swarming, is witnessed in the social wasps.

7. Wasps exhibit a high degree of modifiability of behaviour and
an extraordinary development of memory. Notwithstanding some
exaggeration whieh has occurred, Wheeler considers that “ the wasp’s
psychic powers, compared with those of most other insects, or even of
many of the lower Vertebrates seem to me, nevertheless, to be suffi-
ciently remarkable.”

All these generalities are then more closely examined, and a
thorough account is given of the life-history and habits of many
solitary, parasitoid, and social wasps. A fine Phylogenetic Tree of the
various genera and families of Vespoids is given on page 71. On page
55 a beautiful illustration is given of Sphew wrnarius using a selected
pebble to pound down earth over the burrow. On this remarkable fact
Wheeler writes:—‘‘This astonishing behaviour, which has been
observed by no less than nine investigators, can hardly be reduced to
simple physiological reflexes.”

In conclusion he points out that the Vespinae and most of the
Polistinae are monogynous, their colonies being annual developments
begun by a single fecundated queen, and that they perish at the end of
the season, with the exception of the annual brood of queens, which
after fecundation hibernate and start new colonies during the following
spring. Many tropical Epiponinae (and Ropalidiinae) are polygynous
and send off swarms to form new colonies. This behaviour is evidently
as perfect an adaptation to the continuously favourable food and
temperature conditions of the tropics, as is that of Vespa and Polistes
to the pronounced seasonal vicissitudes of the temperate regions.

Wheeler supports the view that polygyny is the more primitive
condition, and as he justly says the species of Vespa and Polistes each
year produce a swarm of females and workers, but that the advent of
cold weather destroys the less resistant workers and permits only the
dispersal queens to survive and hibernate till the following season.

Lecture III. <‘ Bees Solitary and Social.” —This lecture is divided
‘into two parts. The author first discusses man’s interest in the honey-
bee in pre-historic times, and he informs us that the price of strained
honey some 3,500 B.C., in Egypt under the Pharaohs, was five cents a
quart! Many of the innumerable myths and superstitions are recorded,
and it is pointed out that the very abundance of literature—the Bureau
of Entomology at Washington has a working bibliography of 20,000
titles on the honey-bee—is an obstacle to the clear understanding of
this insect. Less than 5% of the bees from all parts of the world are
social, these consist of about 500 species and are contained in only five
genera—T'riyona, Melipona, Bombus, Psythirus and Apis. Bees taken
as a whole may be regarded merely as a group of wasps which have
become strictly vegetarian, and feed exclusively on pollen and nectar
of flowers. It is noted that very many flowers have been modified in
structure, arrangement, colour and perfume, in adaptation to the bees,
and for the purposes of insuring cross-pollination ; and the adaptation
of all the organs and habits of the bees to flowers are described. It is
pointed out that many of the solitary species tend towards social
habits, as in Halictus, Allodape, etc. The following remark taken
from Dr. Hans Brauns is well worth repeating :—‘‘ Most of the descrip-
tions drawn from single captured specimens have little value. Fanati-

44 . HE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

cal describers, merely make the work of the monographer more
difficult, or more unattractive, or even well nigh impossible, in a genus
which is almost as monotonous as Halictus.”

An account of many solitary species is given; and then the bumble-
bees are dealt with very thoroughly. They are shown to be very
primitive and to represent an interesting transition from the solitary
to the social forms.

Part 2 is devoted first to the Meliponinae, or stingless bees (the
latter name being not strictly accurate, because a vestigial sting is
present); their habits, etc., being discussed in a most interesting
manner. Finally, to quote an earlier remark in this lecture, the honey-
bee is relegated to its proper piace at the end of a large series of
developments.

In conclusion Wheeler refers to the absence of that peculiar inter-
change of nutriment between the adult and larva, or ‘‘'‘Trophallaxis,”’
which constitutes a powerful factor in maintaining the colonies of
the social wasps. He suggests that the abundant storage of food may
be one of the reasons why such exchanges of nutriment as we observe
among the social wasps and see again in a more exaggerated form
among the ants (as discovered by himself) and termites, were either
never developed or were long ago discontinued by the social bees.

Lectures IV., “Ants, Their Development, Castes, Nesting and
Feeding Habits,” and V., ‘“ Parasitic Ants and Ant Guests,” are, as
their titles show, devoted to the study of ants and their habits. It is
no exaggeration to say that these two lectures comprise, in a compact
form, almost everything that is known about these most interesting of
all insects, from the earliest times right up to date. The subject, more-
over, is developed and expounded in a most able and entertaining
manner. Wheeler gives a summary of what he conceives to be the
fundamental peculiarities of ants. Space will only allow us to briefly
mention the salient points.

The whole family Formicidae consists of social insects. The num-
ber of described species of ants is approximately 3,500. Ants are the
dominant social insects. Their geographical distribution is world-wide.
All authorities agree that ants had their origin among the Scolioids,
an offshoot of the primitive Vespoids. Ants are eminently terrestrial
insects. All three castes (male, female, and worker) are more highly
specialized than in the social wasps and bees. Ants are singularly
plastic in their nesting habits. The young are not reared in separate
cells, but in clusters, and lie freely in the chambers and galleries of the
nest. Their intimate acquaintance with their young, in all stages, has
been an important factor in the development of the Formicidae. As a
group they feed on an extraordinary range of substances. ‘This plas-
ticity in nesting and feeding habits has resulted in the formation of a
vast and intricate series of relationships between ants and other
organisms, including man.

The seven subfamilies of the Hormicidae:— Ponerinae, Cerapachy-
inae, Dorylinae, Pseudomyrminae, Myrmicinae, Dolichoderinae, and
Formicinae—are shown to be clearly established, and an ingenious
figure of an ancestral tree, showing the phylogenetic relations of the
family as a whole, is given. The different kinds of workers and females
are described ; the various methods of colony founding are discussed ;

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 45

and the feeding of the larvae, including his celebrated discoveries of
the feeding of the larvae of Psewdomyrminae with the pellets rejected
from the infrabuccal pockets of the adults, and the mutual feeding
(trophallaxis) of larvae and adult are explained.

The carnivorous habits of some of the more primitive species; the
association with plant-lice, etc. ; the very interesting honey-ants, who
have hit upon the ingenious device of using the crops of certain of
their workers to act as living honey-pots; the harvesting ants, who
collect and store seeds; and the extraordinary group of mushroom
growers, all receive due attention.

The seeond lecture on ants is devoted to parasitism, both on and by
ants ; the author preferring the word “‘parasitoidism.” The following
table is given for the Relations of ants to other organisms :—

I. Social Parasitism. (Ants as Parasites.)
A. Compound Nests. (Broods reared separately.)
*J. Brigandage. (Cleptobiosis.)
*2. Thievery. (Lestobiosis.)
3. Neighbouring. (Plesiobiosis.)
4. Tutelage. (Parabiosis, Phylacobiosis.)
5. Hospitality. (Xenobiosis.)
B. Mixed Colonies. (Broods reared together.)
*1. “Slavery.’’ (Dulosis.)
2. Temporary Social Parasitism.
3. Permanent Social Parasitism.
Il. Myrmecophily. (Ants as hosts.)
*Ll. Persecuted Intruders. (Synechthrans.)
Indifferently Tolerated Guests. (Synocketes.)
Mess-mates. (Commensales.)
. True Guests. (Symphiles.)
. External Parasites. (Hctoparasites.)
. Internal Parasites. (Hntoparasites.)
III. Trophobiosis. (Relations of Ants to Phytophethora, etc.)
IV. Phytophily. (Relations of Ants to Plants.)

It is truly remarkable how very much information, on nearly all
the above associations, the author has been able to compress into the
space of_one lecture. This subject has occupied the greater part of our
own study and attention during the last thirty years, and we can only
feel unbounded admiration for the able manner in which Prof. Wheeler
marshals his facts. We do not quite agree with all the theories
advaneed by him, but that again, as we mentioned before in the begin-
ning of this review, is only a matter of personal opinion, and need not
be enlarged upon.

Lecture VI. The Termites or “ White Ants.” The title of this
lecture is as above, but the other two of the most ancient and primitive
orders, the Dermaptera and the EKmbidaria, are first dealt with. The
third order, the Isoptera, which of course consists of the termites,
coming last.

The Dermaptera, or earwigs, are ineluded among the subsocial

> Or OD DO

* Each series, including the myrmecophiles, begins with predatory (indicated
by asterisks), and terminates in definitively parasitic, relations.

46 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

insects, because the female carefully guards, rearranges, and licks her
eggs, and even remains with the young for a short time after they
hatch.

The Embidaria are a very small order of even more archaic habitus
than the earwigs, and are confined to the tropics. They live in small
colonies in peculiar silken webs which they spin in cavities of the soil,
under stones, and on the bark of trees. The female shows very marked
solicitude for the welfare of her offspring after her first eges have been
deposited.

What is known of the habits of both orders is described; in both
there is a feeble tendency to a social organisation like that of the dung
beetles ; and they are interesting mainly as showing that social ten-
dencies may have been rather prevalent among the ancient carboniferous
orders.

The social organisation of the Isoptera, or Termites, is considered
to be of unusual interest, both because it is so elaborate, though exhibi-
ted by insects of a very primitive anatomical structure, and because it
parallels in so many of its features the social organisation of the most
highly specialized Hymenoptera. The order is naturally divided into
four families, the Mastotermitidae, Protermitidae, Mesotermitidae, and
the Metatermitidae. All the species are social, and the four families
show a progressive development in all ways from primitive to specialized
forms, in the order mentioned. Wheeler regards the termites as primi-
tive cockroaches; he refers to the fossil forms, and traces their descent.
The vast numbers that occur in the colonies of the more specialized
forms are mentioned, and they are shown to be both extremely helpful
and extremely injurious. He carefully characterises the five castes, the
first three of which are fertile and the last two sterile. These are
briefly :—

1. First torm adults: Kings and queens. Deeply pigmented; large
compound eyes, brain, frontal gland; well developed reproductive
organs and wings. ‘The latter break off at their basal sutures.

2. Second form adults: Substitutional kings and queens. Less
pigmented ; smaller compound eyes, brain, frontal gland, and repro-
ductive organs; wings incipient.

3. Third form adults: Also substitutional kings and queens.
Searcely pigmented; brain small; eyes and frontal gland vestigial ;
reproductive glands smaller; entirely wingless.

4. Workers: Unpigmented ; brain small; eyes and frontal gland
extremely small or absent ; reproductive organs embryonic ; wingless.

5. Soldiers: Head large and somewhat pigmented; brain very
small; compound eyes vestigial; wingless. This form varies in
different genera.

The sequence of these forms also varies in some of the families,
and it is noted that there are males and females (unlike the ants) in all
the castes ; some sixteen different kinds of individuals being present,
though probably no single colony ever produces all of them. The
origin and meaning of these various castes is touched upon, and it is
noted that probably all of them may be distinguished at the time of
hatching. All the various problems arising out of this extraordinary
state of things are discussed, and the author remarks, ‘“. . . we shall
have to revise our views on caste differentiation in the ants. It is, in
fact, not improbable that the caste of a particular ant is likewise de-

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 47

termined in the egg, but special feeding of the larva may be necessary
to bring it to maturity. The passively fed ant-larvae are certainly
very different from the active termite nymphs, which soon after hatch-
ing are able to run about and seek their own food.”

The social functions of the various termite castes; the dispersion
flights; colony founding; different kinds of nests and nest building ;
and the extraordinary fact that they also grow fungus, as do the ants,
are all described and figured.

Finally the various associations of termites with alien insects pre-
senting a striking parallelism with the condition in ants, though with
some significant differences, are related. The most characteristic
feature is the extraordinary physogastry, or excessive enlargement of
the abdomen in many of their guests, belonging to different orders. Of
perhaps more importance to the lives of the termites than the above
guests, are the numerous intestinal infusoria, which have been found
to be present in so many species, and which are considered to assist
these insects in digesting crude cellulose. In his concluding remarks
Wheeler points out that the amount of degeneration accompanying
social evolution is much greater than in the ants, and this degeneration
is brought about very largely by an increasing need of protection.

As an aid to the reader who may care to extend his studies of the
social insects, the author has added a documentary appendix contain-
ing considerable bibliography and several notes on special topics which
could not be adequately treated in the lectures.

We may add he has done this in a very thorough and generous
manner.—Horace DonistHorrPE.

Tue Procerpincs oF THE SoutH Lonpon EntomenocicaL AND
Narurat History Society, 1922-1923, pp. xxviil-152. With eight
Plates.—Upon comparing this Volume with its immediate predecessors,
seven of which lie before us, we notice at once with great satisfaction,
that this is larger than the largest, showing that the years of depres-
sion following the War Period are passing away, and that more normal
conditions have been restored.

This evidence of recovery, and progress, is to be found also in the
increase. in the number of members, from 200 last year, to 225, in spite
of the loss of 5 by death, and 7 by resignation.

The Treasurer puts the financial position thus—-‘‘ We are still
over £20 short of being in a self-supporting condition.” This is
healthy, but would be better still if the 28 “slow payers” could be
induced to remember their obligations.

The 50th anniversary of the Society did not pass unmarked. A
Supper was held at the Holborn Restaurant, in commemoration of
the event ; a social gathering which emphasizes the happy comrade-
ship which has always marked the ‘South London,” and we are
pleased to read that the result of the venture was a very satisfactory
addition to the funds. A delicate attention was also paid to a, if not
the only, surviving Founder of the Society in 1872, Mr. G. C.
Champion, by electing him an Honorary Member.

Six of the papers read at the Meetings are printed in full. An
unusual local list ‘‘ Spiders found in the Neighbourhood of Oxshott,”
but extended to the whole County of Surrey in an accompanying list,
is contributed by Mr. W. S. Bristowe. This carries on the work of

48 THE BNTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

O. P. Cambridge, who however it must be remembered never professed
to exhaust the Fauna of this particular district. Of the 244 Species
listed, 50 have not been recorded hereabouts previously, and one,
Oonops domesticus, in the male sex, was previously unknown to
Science. ‘To his paper Mr. Bristowe adds a complete list of all the
Species of the nearly related Phalangidae, and ‘‘ Pseudo-Scorpions ”
taken. This Paper is illustrated by two Plates.

Mr. HK. E. Green follows with “A Brief Review of the indigenous
Coccidae of the British Islands.” This, which is accompanied by four
Plates, includes all the Species yet recorded in Britain, with
descriptions, and life-histories, so far as are known.

Mr. R. Adkin gives a very interesting account of ‘The Lepi-
dopterous enemies of man.” Quoting Dr. L. O. Howard’s remark
upon ‘the enormous forces of injurious insects which attack man at
every point, and constitute to-day his greatest rivals in the control of
Nature,’ Mr. Adkin gives interesting details as to the tremendous
destruction wrought by these tiny adversaries.

The same contributor gives ‘a History of Diacrisia mendica, and
its varieties,’ a complete monograph of the insect.

Mr. W. J. Lucas supplies notes upon the mouth organs of the
Paraneuroptera (Dragon-Flies), a further contribution to his well
known studies in this group of insects.

Mr. T. H. Ul. Grosvenor continues his work amongst the
Zygaenidae, touching upon the evidence of the working of the
Mendelian Law, in the rearing of these insects from selected parents.
He finds that confluence of spots, does not follow the law, and
ascribes this rather to temperature, and atmospheric conditions. He
records also his experiences, and disappointments, in rearing, the
treatment which has proved most successful during the very critical
period of hibernation, the food plants, and distribution. He
mentions, in connection with the extreme vitality of these insects,
their ability to resist the “Cyanide Bottle,” which power it recurs
to one, is shared with the butterfly Genus Acraea, at least in South
Africa.

The President’s Annual Address is an accoant of his experiences
during a trip to Canada, entitled, ‘‘ Some Notes on the Natural History
of Manitoba.” This reminds us of our experiences in that country
many years ago, and we are not at all surprised to find him complain-
ing about the attentions of the ‘‘ Mosquitoes,” which would appear to
be as abundant and persistent, asever. Whether these pests will ever be
exterminated remains to be proved. Pinning Microlepidoptera, with
head and arms inside the net, and enveloped in the sometimes far from
fragrant smoke of the inevitable ‘‘ Smudge,”’ is not an easy business.
The ‘‘ Abstract of Proceedings’ contains a wealth of interesting notes.
Three Field Meetings were reported, more encouraging it would appear
than those of the previous year, when these ‘‘outings” were spoiled,
we remember by unfavourable weather conditions.

Copious Indices, both General and Special, are provided, occupying
nearly twelve pages.

The Proceedings include the report of the Society’s Delegate
(Mr. R. Adkin) to the meeting of the British Association at Hull.—
C.R.N.B.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXXVI. (10 shillings) should be sent to
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Desiderata.—Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all parts of the
world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial; exact duta
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Road, London, N. 1.

Duplicates.—Cinxia, Bellargus, Coridon, H. Comma, Lineola, Galathea, Moneta,
Nupta, and many others. Desiderata.—Blandina, Irish Icarus, Carmelita, Cuculla.
Gonostigma, Ashworthii, Templi, Australis, Undulata, Smaragdaria, Testacea.—
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N. American Lepidoptera in papers in exchange for ditto from any part of the world.
J. C. Woodward, Training Ship ‘‘ Cornwall,’’ Purfleet, Essex.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

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Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collection—
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Vol. XXXVI. MAY & 1924 No. #
[3% 20
=e Critomm a i Record
AND
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CONTENTS.

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Myrmecophilous Notes for 1923, H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 5.0 : a0 49
New British Cecidomyiidae, R. S. ee F.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.S.Ed., ee I Wo. He

Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S.Ed. .. Z 56 53

A Society in the High Alps, Névache-le- Chatenae Wm. Heide M. ie ae ‘ : 55
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MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1923, 49

Myrmecophilous Notes for 1923.
By H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Most of my time in the field in 1923 was again spent with
researches in connection with Coleoptera. It is possible, nevertheless,
to record a certain number of interesting facts and observations con-
cerning ants and myrmecophiles. I have taken this opportunity in
mentioning any ants, to record when the species in question has been
discovered in any new county or vice-county, since the publization of
British Ants, in 1915. The knowledge of the distribution of our species
has not been added to as much as I should have liked since that date.
IT am hoping that all entomologists, botanists, etc., will be so good as
to send me ants when collecting in the less worked counties. A glance
at the British distribution of the species in my book will show that
many counties are still without records for even some of the commonest
and most widely distributed of our ant fauna.

Formicipar.— Ponerinae.

Ponera coarctata, Latr.—A deilated 2 and five % 3 were found in
a nest of Formica fusca at Box Hill, on May 4th. These were taken
home and put into'a small plaster observation nest; but they unfortu-
nately escaped during my absence from home. As I have before
mentioned (Brit. Ants, p. 70), colonies of this species have not been
kept in captivity with much success. On August 8th afew 8 % were
dug up with seed potatoes at St. Peter’s, Kent. There are no new
county records for this ant.

Myrmicinae,

Myrmecina graminicola, Latr.—A 8% was found in a nest of F.
fusca, aS is often the case, at Box Hill, on May 4th. The only new
county record for this species is Sully, Glamorgan, where it was dis-
covered by Hallett, in 1916. My colony of this ant, which I have kept
in captivity for thirteen years and ten months, continues to flourish
and prosper. No further fighting has taken place, and very few ants
died during the year. February 11th.—The first eggs laid in 1923,
and several of the many larvae present being large (2 ?). February
25th.—The large larvae had pupated and prove to be 9 2. April
22nd.—A winged @ present. May 21st.—Many g and 9? pupae.
May 27th.—A second winged 9. June 24th.—Two winged g g and
five winged 9 ¢. July 38rd._—Many ¢ g and winged 2 ?. August
1st.—All 2 2 had lost their wings. September 30th.—Two large
bunches of eggs in different parts of the chamber, surrounded by many
3 3, many larvae, ¥ pupae, and several g ¢ still present.,

Monomorium pharaonis, L.—On September 26th 8 3 were observed
on the plates at breakfast, at the Park Hotel, Preston, Lancashire
(Mid.). This is a new vice-county record. Other new county records are
—Salisbury, Wilts., S. (O.P. Cambridge Coll.) ; Nottingham, Notts
(Thornley) ; and Dublin, Co. Dublin (Stelfox).

Myrmica scabrinodis, Nyl.—Was found at Wicken in August ; its
first record for Cambridgeshire. Other such records are—Trelleck,
Monmouth (Hallett) ; Church Stretton, Salop (Leman) ; Weedley, 8.E.
Yorks (Stainforth); Bunawe, Main Argyle (Waterston); Hmyvale,

Aprit 15ru.

50 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Monaghan (Morton); near Kilkenny, etc., Co. Kilkenny (Phillips) ;
Brosna, ete., King’s County (Phillips); Abbeyleix, Queen’s County
(Phillips); Kilrush, etc., Clare (Phillips); and Coolmore, Cork
(Janson).

Myrmica scabrinodis v. sabuleti, Mein.—A dead ¢ was found ina
nest of A. (D.) niger, at Dover, Kent, H., on May 1st, and Hodson sent
me 8 8 to name, taken fighting with M. laevinodis, at Sharpenhoe,
Beds; being new records for these two counties. Others since 1915
are—Flax Burton, Somerset, N. (Bacchus) ; Savernake Forest, Wilts,
N. (Butler) ; Bloxworth, Dorset (O. P. Cambridge Coll.) ; Cavenham,
‘Suffolk, W. (Harwood) ; Loddington, Northampton (S. O. Taylor) ;
Bristol, Gloucester, W. (Bacchus); Trelleck, Monmouth (Hallett) ;
Bewdley, Worcester (Donisthorpe) ; Church Stretton, Salop (Leman) ;
Grassington, Yorks. Mid W. (Butterfield); Howth Head, Dublin
(Stelfox) ; Devil’s Glen, Wicklow (Stelfox) ; and Rosslare, Wexford
(Phillips).

Leptothorax nylanderi, Forst.—A large colony was found at Pad-
worth, on August 81st, occupying the burrows of Priobium castaneum
in av old holly tree in a hedge. Dr. Joy also found the species this
year at Windsor Forest, in an old oak tree, tenanted by A. (D.) brun-
neus. The only new county records are—Bosham, Sussex, W. (Har-
wood); Billericary, Essex, 8. (Box); Chepstow Castle, Monmouth
(Hallett) ; Shrewsbury, Salop (Hodson).

Formicinae.

Acanthomyops (Dendrolasius) fuliginosus, Latr.—On September
80th a number of 8 8 of this ant was swept up in a turnip field near
Colby Glen, Isle of Man: As no trees occurred near by the ants must
have been nesting in the ground. This is a very interesting capture,
on account of the fact that it is the furthest north in which the species
has yet been found in the British Isles ; moreover, all problems con-
nected with the fauna and flora of the Isle of Man are of considerable
importance. The island has been demonstrated to have been covered
with a vast sheet of ice during the Glacial period ; but whether it was
connected with England or Ireland, or both, after the disappearance of
the ice, or whether it was isolated before that epoch, is unknown.

It appears to me that the fortuitous arrival of A. fuliginosus, either
by air or by water, or by human agency, is very improbable. We have
proved that colonies of this ant extend their range by branch nests, or
by the retucn of fecundated ? ¢ after the marriage flight to their own
colonies, or by such ? @ being accepted into nests of A. (C.) mixtus.
The marriage flight takes place on, or near, the parent nest, and the
fecundated ° 9 get rid of their wings at once. It is very doubtful if
they could be carried so far by the winds as the Isle of Man (the
nearest lands are Scotland 16 and 20 miles, Cumberland 30 miles,
County Down 30 miles, Anglesea 45 miles); and even if they were, it
is extremely improbableif such a ? , whois unable to fonnd her colony
unaided, would find a nest of A. wmbratus or A. niatus, eyen if they
occur on the Island, which is at present unknown. Secondly, if by
water she would surely perish; and it is inconceivable that a carton
nest of this species could be drifted over without all the inhabitants
being drowned. This would tend to prove that the Isle of Man was
still connected with the mainland after the disappearance of the ice.

MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR: 1923. 51

Other new county records for A. fuliginosus are—Wotton-under-Hdge,
Gloucester, E. (Perkins); and Glan Conway, Denbigh (W. Gardner).

A. (Donisthorpea) niger, .—On June 10th, when at Hastbourne,

Mr. Blair picked up on the downs a large gnail shell, occupied by a
small colony of this ant, which he handed to me. On August 4th
marriage flights occurred from several nests in my garden at Putney,
at 4.80 p.m. summer time. August 30th, two solitary dedlated ? 9
-were found in the empty pupal chambers of Criocephalus polonicus,
under bark on pine stumps, at Padworth. After a marriage flight
they must have selected these situations in which to bring up their
brood. This species was abundant under stones on an island in the
river Swale, near Richmond, Yorks, N.W., on August 15th, a new
vice-county record. The only other new records are—Trelleck, Mon-
mouth (Hallett); and Byrford, Hereford (Leman).

A. (D.) alienus, Férst.—This species was very abundant in July at
Hunstanton, all over the sand hills, in flowers, under refuse and stones.
The new records are—Savernake Forest, Wilts, N. (Butler); and
Wallasey, Cheshire (Hallett).

Ap (D.) brunneus, Latr.—It will be remembered that this ant was
discovered in January this year, by Dr. Joy, at Theale, in Berkshire,
and was introduced to the British list by me [Hnt. Record, 35, 21-23
(1923)]. On June 20th we visited the locality again, and found that
the ants had deserted the felled poplar tree in which the colony was
originally discovered. Another colony was found in a hawthorn tree
near by (from it two young @ @, one with one wing and the other
with a wing stump, some 8 8, larvae, and % cocoons were taken) ;
and % 8 were also found on and under the bark of a large oak tree.
The nest, however, of the latter could not be located. Joy subse-
quently discovered the species in Windsor Forest, on oak trees, and
later I also found such colonies there, which could be detected by the
presence of frass outside the bark; but again the actual nests were not
traced, and the ants quickly disappeared. On August 80th I went
again to look at the hawthorn tree at Theale, but the ants had de-
parted. On breaking into the tree, the wood inside was found to be
entirely riddled by the borings of the ants; the colony, therefore,
must have been in occupation for along time. I kept for sometime
in observation nests, some of the ants and larvae from the poplar tree,
and also those mentioned above as being taken from the hawthorn tree;
but it appears to be a cowardly, stupid, and uninteresting species in
captivity. I tried to induce the two colonies to amalgamate without
success; nothing would induce the queenless colony to accept one of
the young queens, she was eventually killed, as were all % % intro-
duced from either colony into the other. The other young queen soon
died in her own colony, and all the 8 8 gradually died off. These
ants frequently ‘“salute’’ each other; they chewed up wood put into
the nest, and would eat a little honey, but not readily. They take a
long time to discover the presence of food when introduced into the
nest ; and when an ant had found it, it did not endeavour to acquaint
its fellows with the fact.

Acanthomyops (Chthonolasius) flavus, F.—Marriage flights occurred
at Wicken, on September 18th, in the afternoon. It occurred abund-
antly at Colby Glen, Isle of Man, in September, under stones on walls,
etc. It was also sent to me from the Island by Mr. 8. O. Taylor; its
first record for the Isle of Man. Other new records are—Trelleck,

52 . THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Monmouth (Hallett); Ystradfellte, Brecon (Hallett); Weedley, etc.,

Yorks, S.E. (Stainforth); Killkenny, ete., Co. Killkenny (Phillips) ;
Maryborough, etc., Queen’s County (Phillips); Birr, King’s County
(Phillips); and Thurles, Tipperary, S. (Phillips).

A. (C.) mivtus, Nyl—% % were taken at roots of grass and under
stones, at Dover, on May 1st. The new records for this species are—
New Forest, Hants, S. (Donisthorpe); Sharpenhoe, Beds (B. 8.
Williams); Mount Garret Wood, Wexford (Phillips); Graiquena-
managh Wood, Kilkenny (Phillips); Maryborough, Queen’s County
(Phillips) ; and Menlough, Galway, EH. (Phillips).

In a valuable paper entitled “‘ Kine interessante Instinktregulation
bei Ameisen (Lasius mivtus, Nyl.),” Wasmann records that he found,
in May, 1923, at Valkenburg, a mixed colony of Lasius fuliginosus and
L. miatus, and he points out at some length the importance of the fact
that both species were seeking food and marching together in files
above ground. As miatus is, when by itself, a very subterranean species,
it shows how it had learnt to break away from its instinctive and
inherited habits. He refers to my paper on the colony founding of
fuliginosus ; and to a similar case as the one above mentioned, when I
found the same two species marching together in Hngland in 1918.
[Att. Pont. Accad. Romana, 16, 255-59 (1923)]. It was on July 17th,
1918, in the New Forest, when I found the mixed colony which he
refers to. Both species were walking together in files along a fence,
near a railway bridge. I mentioned that—“ I found that the tracks
led right down the brickwork of the bridge to the ground beside the
line. It was really a beautiful sight, when the sun was shining, to see
the jet black fuliyinosus and yellow miatus marching in files up and
down the wall of the bridge, and saluting each other when they met.
As miaxtus is very subterranean in its habits, it must have learnt from
the fuliginosus to march in files in the open.” ([Hnt. Rec., 34, 4
(1919) ]. :

Formica rufa, L.—When in Dean Forest, in June, this ant was
found to be abundant, its nests being constructed of grass ; holly twigs
and leaves; and beech buds; respectively. Winged 2 were
observed walking about the roads in the Forest on the 18th and (6th,
and a few dealated ? 2 on the latter date. A 3S was captured on the
wing on the 14th; evidently marriage flights had recently taken place.
It was on June 15th (1911), that I actually witnessed the coupling of
the sexes of this species at Aviemore. New records for I’. rufa are—
Trelleck, Monmouth (Hallett); and Ystradfellte, Brecon (Halleit).

Formica sanguinea, Latr.—On May 26th a number of nests of this
ant was dug up at Woking. In one of these about 7% of the ants .
present were pseudogynes, and over 20 queens occurred, but not a single
fusca slave could be found. This nest was situated in the exact spot
where I first discovered pseudogynes at Woking, in two nests situated
near to each other, on May 12th; 1913; and I have never found them
to be present in any other of the nests scattered over this district.
Indeed I have only once found sanguinea pseudogynes in any other
place in Britain, v7z., in the New Forest, on May 22nd, 1908. The
Woking pseudogyne colony has flourished for ten years to my know-
ledge, and I have recorded visits to it and experiments, etc., in the
years 1913-1918. New records for F’. sanguinea are—Westerham, etc.,
Kent, W. (Harwood); Southend, Essex, 8. (O. Whittaker); Much

*

NEW BRITISH CECIDOMYIIDAE. 53

Wenlock, Salop (O. Whittaker); and Grange-over-Sands (O. Whit-
taker). Whether the last-named locality is in Lancashire or West-
moreland, I know not; and shall be glad of information on the
subject.

Camponotus (Myrmothrix) abdominalis, .—Miss Tassart gave me &
24 and 8 of a var. of this species, which she had found on some
apples in her house at Clapham Common in January.

(To be concluded.)

New British Cecidomyiidae. 5.

By RICHARD S. BAGNALL, F.L.S., F.R.S.Ep., F.E.S., and J. W. |
HESLOP HARRISON, D.Sc., F.R.S.Ep.

(Continued from p. 88.)
[Porricondyla phragmitis, Giraud.]

On Phragmites, small depressions in face of stem, as a rule near the
node, and each containing a single larva under, and therefore covered
by the epiderm.

Suropsuire, Upper Berrington Pool, near Shrewsbury, October,
1928 ; a few examples. The species is entered in square brackets (as
above) in Houard.

We also saw evidence of what may be Lasioptera flewnosa, a species
not yed recorded as British.

Stenodiplosis geniculati, Reut.

This is the Cecidomyidarum sp. we have recorded from Alopecurus
geniculatus.

Cectdomyidarum sp.
Pale pink larvae, at the roots of Carew stellulata.
ScotntanD, Bavelaw Moss, September, 1922.

Cecidomyidarum sp. (2=B and H 400).

Small white larva at base of leaf-sheath of Carea stellulata.
Scornanp, Bavelaw Moss, September, 1922.

Cecidomytdarum sp.

On Rubus fruticosus; leaf crinkled basally, containing creamy-
yellow to pale orange larvae, gregarious.
Duruam, Ravensworth, August, 1923.

Cecidomyidarum sp.

On Betula; parenchymatous leaf gall, not hypertrophied or dis-
colored as in Contarinia betulina.
Duruam, Ravensworth and Gibside, August, 1923.

Cecidomyidarum sp.

On Poa sp; small yellowish larva in the seed.
Dvuruam, Gibside, August, 1923.

54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Cecidomyidarum sp.

On Pyrola rotundifolia var. arenaria: flower remaining elosed,

larvae white.
Lancs., Freshfield, September, 1923.

Cecidomyidarum sp.

On Chlora perfoliata ; flowers remaining small, closed, and some-

times twisted; larvae white.
Lancs., Freshfield, September, 1923.

Cecidomyidarum sp.

On Ballota nigra; crinkling of leaves basally, larvae pale yellow.
Norrouk, Hindolvestone.

Cecidomyidarum sp.
Gall like that of Asphondylia lathyri, in pods of cultivated beans:
larva red.
Duruam, Birtley.
Cecidomyidarum sp.
On Jris pods; twisting the fruit.
YorxsuireE, Hull, September, 1922.

SHRopsHiIRE, Bomere and Shomere Pools, near Shrewsbury, Octo-
ber, 192%. a

Cecidomyidarum sp.
Red to bright orange-red larvae in leaf-sheaths of Catabrosa

aquatica.
SuHRopsHireE, near Kdstaston, October 8th, 1923.

Cecidomyidarum sp.

On Frawxinus; parenchymatous leaf gall-like that of Perrisia
fravinea, but with an irregular purplish-black discolored patch. The
larva is white and is later than P. fravinea, occurring on the same
leaf as the old galls of the latter.

Widely spread but not so common as P. fraxinea.

Cecidomyidarum sp.

On Comarum palustre; pink to blood-red larvae in head.
Norrotk, Hindolvestone.

SuropsHirgE, Bomere and Shomere Pools, near Shrewsbury,

October, 1928.

Cecidomyidarum sp.

On Epilobium angustifolium; a small honey-yellow larva in galls of
the Psyllid Aphalara nebulosa.
SuropsHirE, Shomere Pcol, near Shrewsbury, October, 1923.

Cecidomyidarum sp.

Apparently predacious, feeding upon Sciara larvae under beech
bark.

A LOCALITY IN THE HIGH ALPS. 55
_ Duruam, Gibside, October, 1923.

Cecidomyidarum sp.

Inguiline in juniper gall of Rhopalomyia valerii ; larva yellow.
NortHumBertanp, Helingham, August, 1922.

Cecitdomyidarum sp.

Inquiline in galls of Rhopalomyia baccarum ; larva honey-yellow.
Duruam, Birtley, August, 1922.

Cectdomyidarum sp.

(a) Naked pupa in gall of Jaapiella veronicae on Veronica chamae-
drys.
NortHuMBERLAND, Ratcheugh Crag, near Alnwick, August, 1922.
_ (b) White larva in gall of Perrisia similis on the same plant;
probablyt he same species. —
Scorzanp, Kelso, August, 1923.

Cecidomyidarum sp.

On Anaygallis arvensis ; honey-yellow larvae in seed capsules.
Lancs., Poulton-le-Fylde, October, 1923.

_ New host plant for species already recorded. Jaapiella floriperda,
FE, Loew.
Hypertrophied discolored flowers with pale red larvae on Silene
maritima.
Norrotk, Blakeney Point.

Jaapiella inflatae, Riibs.
With the preceding on Silene maritima.

Contarinia cucubali, K.

White jumping larvae in gall formed from terminal leaf-bud of
Silene maritima.

Norroik, Blakeney Point; much more abundant than the
preceeding.

A Locality in the High Alps, Névache-le-Chateau.
By WILLIAM FASSNIDGE, M.A.

Névache-le-Chateau (Hautes-Alpes), 21 kilometres from Briangon,
P.L.M. Altitude 1595 metres. Autobus service from Briangon in
summer. Staff map 1 : 80,000, Briangon 189 N.K. Hotel de Névache ;
Pension : ‘‘ Les Sapinettes.”’

In such a disappointing season as that of 1923, when, at all events
in the south of England, there was little entomological work possible, ©
one’s thoughts turn with longing to more favoured localities on the
continent, and apologies for this article seem hardly necessary. Most
English collectors have spent the summer vacation in the Alps at one
time or another, but of the large number who visit this “‘ Playground

56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

of Europe,” few seem to stay in the same locality for any length of
time, and fewer still seem to get far away from the beaten track. There
is risk attached to this procedure, both with regard to the insects one
may not take, and to the accommodation, which is not always of the
most luxurious in a remote alpine village; but none the less, there is a
decided charm in striking out into the unknown, for there are butter-
flies everywhere in the Alps, and our knowledge of their distribution is
as yet far from complete.

The locality where the writer spent six weeks with his friend Mr.
A. E. Burras, B.A., F.E.S., was the village of Névache, which nestles
in the valley of the Clairé, 21 kilometres from Briangon, the nearest
accessible point on the railway, and about 2 km. from the Italian
frontier. The village is quite one of the highest in France, being about
5,000 feet above sea-level. It includes five scattered hamlets, and had
before the war a population of 422 in the winter months. It is still
practically unknown to the tourist. The valley of the Claré, which
stretches almost due north and south from Briancgon, makes a bend to
the west and widens out before Névache is reached, while beyond the
village the valley rises steadily to the north-west, until the road beside
the torrent degenerates into a mule-track and is almost lost among the
mountains. Few cars attempt to climb beyond Névache, and of those
that do, all return by the way they went. The visitor is completely
cut off from civilisation and can only visit Briancon in the jolting
autobus, that runs in the summer months, on pain of spending at least
one night there. All excursions must be made on foot; there are no
places of interest in the neighbourhood ; the entomologist can give his
undivided attention to the insects that abound on every hand, with no
fear that time will ever lag, rather will he find, as we did, that the days
are all too short.

After such dismal weather in England, it is a pleasure to record
the glorious weather we experienced. We reached Névache at the end
of July, and photographs taken then show fine masses of cloud high in
the sky. After that for three weeks no cloud was seen, and the sun
blazed down from a sky of the brightest blue, scorching up crops where
irrigation was not possible, bringing forth grasshoppers innumerable,
and causing us to shed all but the most essential garments. A sudden
drop in the temperature, followed by 24 hours’ rain, came as a welcome
relief almost, after which the sun regained his power nearly, and the
weather, except for one rainy morning, was fine for the remainder of
our visit. High winds were not infrequent, and thunderstorms were
often reported from neighbouring valleys, indeed almost every evening
sheet lightning flashed above the mountain tops, but no storms came
our way. Yet in spite of the abnormal drought, the countless streams
and springs, fed by the mountain snows, kept the upland pastures
green, and the cascades and torrents foamed and dashed amongst rocks
and boulders almost as impetuously as ever.

From the time of our arrival at the end of July, until the fourth
week in August, insects were to be taken in the greatest abundance,
both in the valley and on the mountain slopes up to the snow-line ;
but as the pastures were successively shorn at-ever greater altitudes,
so the numbers of insects decreased, and a sharp temporary drop in the
temperature round about the 23rd August, wiped out many species and
put a sudden end to insect life at high altitudes. From that date to

A LOOALITY IN THE HIGH ALPS, 57

the end of our stay hunting was restricted to sheltered localities and
favoured spots below 6,000 feet, and most of those species that were
abundant when we arrived, had completely disappeared. We were nene
the less astonished to note how some species seemed to spread their
emergence over the whole period of our stay, while the vast majority
lasted rarely more than three weeks. For instance Polyommatus
(Hirsutina) damon was in full flight on July 80th, and on September
9th it was still possible to take a series in good condition ; Parnassius
apollo was for the most part somewhat worn at the end of July, but
freshly emerged specimens were taken at the beginning of September ;
Melitaea dictynna appeared to have two distinct waves of emergence,
one early in August, the other three or four weeks later. Probably the
most productive time for localities at such high altitudes is from mid-
June to mid-August, but unfortunately holidays are not fixed with any
regard for the entomologist.

Staying as we did for some time in the same place, we were able
to utilise every method of collecting known to us. By day we worked
at flowers—Névache is nearly as famous as a hunting ground for the
botanist—or followed the course of some dashing torrent right to its
source in a patch of snow, rising 4,000 feet, and finding insects in
plenty all the way. Such hot weather as we experienced made of every
seeping spring on the hillside an amazing place of rendezvous for many
species of blues, skippers, and Erebias. For two or three hours round
about mid-day, such species as Plebeius (Latiorina) orbitulus, Plebeius
(Aricia) donzelii and Hesperia alveus settled on the moist ground in
swarms, while the Hrebias seemed more partial to boulders wet with
the spray of the cascade. The runnels, by means of which the villagers
irrigated their fields and gardens, especially where they crossed a dusty
track, were at dusk the resort of numerous Geometers, which could be’
seen in the lamplight greedily imbibing moisture from the damp ground.
Always after a hot day we found large numbers of Geometers ‘around
these wet places, but of Noctuae we only saw three specimens; and
after the drop in temperature already referred to, either the Geometers
ceased to be thirsty, or more probably, they were for the most part ex-
terminated, for we saw very few around the puddles. One Geometer,
Halia brunneata, was to be found by day, drinking at mud-patches
amongst the pine forests that cover the slopes of the mountains on the
southern side of the valley ; and concerning this species we observed a
curious fact: when it first appeared we tried hard to take a series, but
with indifferent success, until we sat down in the shade of the pines to
rest and to wipe the moisture from our brows. Then H. brunneata
began to appear from all directions and to flutter around us in fair
- numbers. Not until we grew tired of taking them did we discover that
they came attracted by the perspiration that covered us, which they
would imbibe from a bare arm until literally driven away. Certain
species which in England sometimes circle round, and even settle upon,
the person, may conceivably be attracted by the same natural bait.

Hvery evening we went for a short stroll in the dusk after dinner,
and hunted with lamps among the flowers upon the hillside. We did
not begin to sugar until nearly a fortnight had elapsed, chiefly because
we were too busy with other methods, and there was no very suitable
sugaring ground in the district. Moreover, conditions throughout our
stay were unfavourable to sugar, so far as we could judge, and for the

58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

four weeks or so during which we sugared regularly, we did not once
see more than four insects on any one patch at a time. Of the species
that came to sugar very few were in any numbers, and quite a large
proportion were represented by three or four or even single specimens
only, while others, including Laphygma exigua, of which a few examples
were netted, did not visit the sugar at all. The species taken serve to
show how short the season must be in these altitudes, and how strangely
times of emergence differ from those noted in England, for iate autumn
species were found in mid-August side by side with insects associated
in England with July.

Beating for larvae was almost a complete failure. Although we
persevered after the first check, we never found very many, and of those
we took at least 90% were ichneumoned. The trees and bushes avail-
able were chiefly pines, aspen, willows, juniper, barberry, wild plum,
and alpine rose, and none of them yielded results at all commensurate
with the time and effort expended. Besides, a considerable number of
the larvae taken we could not identify, and in some cases we never
shall be able to do so for we failed to rear them even to the pupal stage.
Searching was more profitable than beating, low-growing plants yield-—
ing rather better at this time of the year. But it remains to be seen
whether the larvae of Zygaena ewulans, found at 9,000 feet, can be suc-
cessfully hibernated at sea level, or whether larvae of Dasychira fasce- ~
lina, found wandering just before hibernation on and near clumps of
alpine rose, will take kiadly to a different foodplant in the spring.
However this may be, it adds greatly to the fascination of a new. and
unknown locality to spend at least a few hours with the beating-tray
at intervals of a week, even if the results are small.

It was not necessary to search for colonies of the larvae of Huvancssa
antiopa, which were easily to be found on the narrow-leaved willows.
that fringe the banks of the Clairé. Of some hundreds of larvae taken |
after the last moult, not one yielded a parasite, yet the chrysalids we
found in odd places produced nothing but hosts of Chalcid flies. The
same result is often obtained by those who have the patience to search
in nature for chrysalids of other Vanessids, such as Ayglais urticae,
Eugonia polychloros, Vanessa io, which are unprotected, but chrysalids
of V’. atalanta, which are concealed in a kind of tent of spun-together
leaves of nettle, rarely produce these parasites. An observation we were
enabled to make seems to prove that the parasite attacks not the larvae
but the newly formed chrysalis, while its skin is still too soft to resist
its attacks.. Two small flies were seen late one evening in attendance
upon a larva of A. urticae that was hanging from the lintel of a way-
side shrine, and the next morning one was observed apparently oviposit-
ing through the soft skin of the newly changed chrysalis, in spite of the
violent twists by means of which this latter was endeavouring to dis-
lodge the larval skin, for the change had but just occurred. Thinking
we could easily find chrysalids of #. antiopa in nature, and so gain some
idea of the percentage that escaped this melancholy fate, we devoted
some time to search around a tall willow bush on which, to judge by
their ravages, at least five hundred larvae must have fed. Yet we could
not find a single chrysalis. Later on a few were found by chance in
various odd situations, but never anywhere near the bush on which the
larvae must have fed. How a large brood scatters so far and hides so
successfully is little short of wonderful.

A LOCALITY IN THE HIGH ALPS. 59

Owing possibly to the abnormally hot and dry summer, the insects
captured showed considerable range of variation, and a few notable
aberrations. Amongst these latter should be recorded a specimen of
Aryynnis niobe, unfortunately badly battered, almost wholly black, with
a single splash of tawny yellow on the upper surface of each wing; an
underside aberration of Plebeius argyrognomon g , in which the mark-
ings are reduced to thin black streaks; an almost completely black
specimen of Nemeophila plantaginis ; a shining white Brenthis pales; a
silvery white aberration of Melitaea didyma, which was not captured ;
and a wonderful aberration of Gnophos serotinavia having the nervures
of the wings powdered with greyish, and the spaces between them filled
in with brownish black.

It may upset our insular notions to elk about immigration in con-
nection with a locality situated on the continent, yet there can be little
doubt that certain species regularly spread each year over higher and
more northerly regions, only to be cut off by the rigours of a normal
winter. In an exceptional season such as has been experienced this
year in south-eastern France, the range of immigrating species is
presumably increased, as well as their numbers, and at the same time
there is much greater likelihood of an unusual partial second brood in
species normally single brooded in any given locality. Only in some_
such way can the presence of some of the insects observed be accounted
for. For example, larvae and imagines of Heliothis peltiyera were
taken ; a few specimens of Leptosia sinapis were taken in mid-August ;
larvae of Hyles euphorbiae were observed of varying size, at altitudes up
to 6,000 feet ; in the valley specimens of Sphina convolvuli were seen,
two of which were found dead, but in perfect.condition, possibly killed
by the night frosts, while another was observed to remain on the same
post for three days and nights; two specimens of Phry«us livornica
were taken by day at flowers on the hottest slope of the valley; a speci-
men of Cyaniris argiolus was taken on September 9th, together with
Limenitis camilla; a few specimens of Melitaea cinwia, all males, were
taken in August; Lampides boeticus appeared-in fair numbers at the
end of August; a single male of Polyommatus (Agriades) thetis was
taken in September; strangest record of all, three specimens of
Huchloé euphenoides were seen in the second week in August,
one female only being captured. Not only among the Lepi-
doptera but in other orders the same phenomenon was observed,
notably in the case of the Orthoptera. For the last few years
only, the valley has been devastated by hordes of grasshoppers, the
reason alleged by the peasants being that the winter mantle of snow
has come to cover the ground before any very sharp frost has been
experienced. The result is that the hibernators have been protected
from the low temperatures of winter, and in the space of three years
the grasshopper has become a serious pest. A well known French
entomologist, Monsieur P. Chrétien,* relates that, during an expedition
into this valley, he laid down his net for a short time to search for
larvae, and found on his return little more than the iron rim left. We
were not able to give much attention to orders other than the Lepi-
doptera, although many pleasant hours were spent observing the habits

_* See L’ Amateur de Papillons, I., 83.

60 THE ENTOMOLOGIS!’S RECORD.

of sand wasps, which provision their cells with lepidopterous larvae, or
watching the graceful flight of that weird, predatory, and ferocious
Neuropteron dAscalaphus italicus, whose captures seemed chiefly to—
consist of Hvebia tyndarus. Of dragonflies only five species
were captured, all in the valley; Symwpetrum scoticum and S..
flaveolum in some numbers, S. striolatum not commonly, deschna
cyanea commonly, and a single specimen of a species of Lestes,
too faded to identify. That Névache is a fine hunting ground for.
the student of any branch of entomology and a paradise for the
botanist we are convinced, and for those who wish to escape for a time
from the exacting duties of life in a large town, no better spot could be
found wherein to pass a few weeks in peaceful seclusion. _

(To be continued.)

TOTES ON COLLECTING, etc.

A Norte on Cronus woopi, Donits.—In the Ent. Mo. Mag. (1924,
LIX., p. 34), Mr. Champion, when discussing the above named species,
described by me in 1921, the types (g and 2) of which are in the
collection of the late Canon T. Wood, writes as follows :—‘ These
insects, in my opinion, are undoubtedly a form of CU. scrophulariae, L.,”’
and further, ‘‘ Cionus woodi, Don., must therefore be treated as a
variety of C. scrophulariae, L.”” Mr. Champion is of course entitled to
his opinion in the matter, but the following points appear to me to call
for some comment.

1. The abbreviation for my name should be Donis., “ Don.’’ has
always stood for Donovan.

2. It would perhaps have been treating me with greater fairness
had mention been made of the fact that before describing these insects
they were first sent to Major Sainte Claire Deville (who declared them
to be quite unknown to him and undoubtedly new) ; and also submitted
to Dr. G. K. Marshall, F.R.S., who makes a special study of the
Curculionidae. The latter gentleman likewise expressed his entire
agreement with the view that the species was new to science, and
kindly helped me to work it out with Wingelmiiller’s table on the genus
Cionus. He also read through and approved of my MS. description.

3. The point, however, which strikes me most of all, is this—the
late Canon Wood’s collection of British Coleoptera has only recently
been presented to the British Museum (Natural History). In that estab-
lishment the Coleopterists are of long standing, merit, and recognised
ability. Yet, almost before the insects in the collection in question can
have been registered and arranged, a third party steps in and decides
what certain insects shall be called, and publishes his views on the
subject ; thus greatly reducing their value. Is the staff of the Museum
incapable of dealing with a collection of beetles placed in their care ?—
Horace DonistHOoRPE.

Tue CannipaL CoccineLuiv.—Those of us who have at any time
bred Coccinellidae know from experience, the reprehensible habits of this
species to cannibalism in their early larval days and Mrs. O. A. Merritt
Hawkes, M.Sc. (Birm.), B.Sc. (Lond.), has given us her experiences of
this painful trait in a racy article in a recent number of “ Conquest”
(August, 1923). I was not however aware till last year that these

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 61

unpleasant habits were continued after reaching years of discretion, or,
in other words, after emergence from the pupa stage. It so happened
however, that in the course of last year on two several occasions I had
placed in separate boxes two Coccinellids( A. 2-punctata, L.), while
still in the yellowish-white dress of emergence, to await the develop-
ment of the elytral markings. By some accident I forgot to attend
to these boxes for some time, and on opening them I found in one case,
one Coccinellid had entirely eaten out his neighbour, leaving only
thorax and elytra picked as clean as if they had been eaten out by ants,
while in the other case, the stronger had attacked and was eating
away the head of the weaker, who, when released, was able to stagger
about till I putit out of its misery. I also observed on two occasions
larvae attacking pupa, so that so far as this species is concerned, it is
prepared to eat its brother Coccinellid at any stage.—G. C. Leman,
F.E.S.

Hairs or Lycra awietaria.—Sluggish habits of Lycia (Biston)
hirtaria, have often been noted. The following may be of interest :—
At West Dulwich on Monday, April 24th, 1922, at 10.80 a.m., a 9
hirtaria was noticed about 5 feet up on the North East side of a lime
tree, the wind was North West and cold, from Tuesday to Saturday it
remained in exactly the samespot. On Sunday, April 30th, at 11 a.m.,
it was noticed to be iz cop. At 6.80 p.m., they were separated, the 9
being in the same spot, the g about 3 inches away. On Monday,
May Ist, at 11.30, the @ was again in cop., the (?) other male being in
the same place 3 inches distant.

On Tuesday the 2 was alone but on Wednesday at 12.30 it was
still at same spot with one male three inches away and 3 other females
a foot or more below it on the South side of the tree. On Thursday,
12.30 noon, the @ was still apparently on the same spot, but on Friday,
May 5th, it had gone.—G. S. Rosertrson (M.D.), 72, Thurlow Park
Road, Dulwich, S.H.

THe Season 1n SoutH Hants.—The terrible sequence of bitterly
cold east winds has not given us much chance to go hunting, but still
we have been out. I have been collecting larvae of Thera variata (I
hope the real variata) from spruce, and 7’. obeliscata (presumably) from
Scot’s pine, but I can find no point of difference in the larvae —in fact,
I cannot be quite sure what I have got. Hylaea (Ellopia) prosapiaria
larvae are very rare this year. Malenydris multistrigaria is well out
and Polyploca flavicornis has been almostabundant. Panolis piniperda
is also out but I am afraid there is no Apocheima hispidaria again this
year. Ve have managed to find a few mines of degeria (Sesia) sphegi-
formis, but they are not common. During the short warm spell of
b.W. winds, quite a lot of insects emerged indoors. I got plenty of
Aegeria culiciformis out (forced), some Asphalia ridens, one Drymonia
chaonia, one Pygaera curtula, two P. piniperda, Hupithecia abbreviata,
Pygaera pigra and Hemerophila abruptaria. 1 wonder what sort of a
season is in store for us. It can hardly be worse than the last one.
So far, I have not seen Brephos parthenias nor heard of it, yet there are
plovers’ eggs about and the woodcock are sitting already.— Wm.
Fassnipen, Southampton. April 4th.

62 THE ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD.

G}URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

Volume V. of Seitz Macrolepidoptera of the World, America Rho-
palocera will be complete in about eight months from now. It will
include about 1,140 pages and 208 plates. The publishers hope that
within a year Volume IX., the Indo-Australian Rhopalocera, and
Volume XIII., the African Rhopalocera, will also be finished. The
parts are issued at the rate of about four per month; so far this year
we have received twenty parts.

We are pleased to find the Annalen Naturhist. Mus. in Wien has
recovered to a large extent its pre-war size and style. The current
issue deals very comprehensively with the Tyrrhenian area of which
the Islands of Corsica and Sardinia are the chief geographical features.
An intensive study of the Coleoptera of the region is the basis of the
investigation, with reference to the fauna of all the varied contiguous
areas, lying between the Alps, Apennines, Sicily, Atlas, Iberian and
Pyrenean Mts., not omitting that of the smaller islands such as Elba.
First there is a systematic account of the Coleoptera of Corsica and
Sardinian, then a statement of the area of distribution and possible
origin of each species, an attempt to explain the absence or scarcity of
widely distributed species of adjoining areas, a consideration of the
probable influence upon the coleoptera of the nature of the land
surface, elevation, etc., and finally the characteristics of the more local
areas In the region such as, elevated areas, wooded mountains, Elba,
etc. In a less intensive degree other orders are dealt with in asimilar
way, the Lepidoptera, the Mollusca, the Fish, the birds, ete. The
consideration of the Gibraltar-bridge, the Adriatic-bridge, the Aegean
area, the shores of the Black Sea, the island of Cyprus as sources of
influence is also included. ‘The writer is Dr. Karl Holdhaus of Wien.

SOCIETIES.

Tue EnromonoeicaL Socimty or Lonpon.

February 6th., 1924,—Vics-Presipents.—The President announced
the Vice-Presidents for the coming year to be Mr. R. W. Lloyd, Dr.
G. A. K. Marshall, C.M.G., F.R.S., and Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis.

Exections or Fettows.—The following were elected Fellows of the
Society :—Leonard Kastham, M.Sc., Zoology Dept., The University,
Birmingham; G. H. Simpson- Hayward, Icomb Place, Stow-on-the-
Wold, Gloucestershire.

Eixursirs.—Dr. H. A. Cockayne exhibited a pathological aberration
of Pyrameis dejeant from Tosari, Kast Java, in which all the scales
which should be cream coloured were devoid of pigment, very thin, and
rolled up at the tip.

Dr. K. Jordan exhibited specimens of earwigs (Arivenia) which are
found on bats in the Malayan Sub-region. Apparently a case of
symbiosis and not of parasitism as the earwigs appear to feed on the
bats’ excreta, etc.

Lord Rothschild exhibited Teinopalpus aureus, a recently described
species of the genus from Kuangtung, $.H. China.

Mr. E. B. Ashby exhibited a female Leucaspis grandis (Chalcididae)
taken at Digne, July 16th, 1923, and called attention to the habit of
carrying the long black ovipositor curved over the back.

SOCIETIES. 63

Mr. H. Donisthorpe exhibited specimens of the Ant Acanthomyops
fuliyinosus taken in the Isle of Man, the most northern locality for the
Species yet recorded, and showed a map exhibiting the area of
distribution of the species in Great Britain.

Dr. Gahan exhibited the dead larva of a Longicorn beetle which
had lived in the Museum for the last six years. When deposited at
South Kensington, it had presumably existed in a piece of wood which
had been in use for domestic purposes for some 25 years, and thus the
larva had in all probability lived for at least 31 years.

Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis gave his experience with Longicorn
larvae in confinement and said that he was of opinion that to attain
success in breeding Coleoptera it was necessary to introduce dampness
in sueh a way and in such amount that mould could not be introduced,
and to produce longevity the minimum amount of food should be given
just sufficient without causing death by starvation.

Dr. Gahan exhibited living specimens of a luminous Hlaterid beetle
Pyrophorus punctatissimus from the Argentine, and called attention to
the two sets of light organs in these insects, one of which was only
visible when in flight.

Mr. K. G. Blair considered that the chief function of luminosity in
the Lampyridae, as a whole, was primarily a sexual one in securing the
suitable mating of the species, and probably the same function was
indicated in the Pyrophorus. He agreed that the luminosity might
also be of some service as a warning of inedibility.

Mr. J. H. Durrant exhibited a specimen of 7%nea albicomella from
Torquay, July 17th, 1922, a species new to Britain. Nothing was yet
known of its life-history.

Mr. Willoughby-Ellis exhibited the results of his examination of
three ‘‘ castings ’’ of the owl (Athene noctua) sent to him from Cornwall
by Dr. Cockayne. The remains were exclusively of some eight or ten
species of Coleoptera.

Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis exhibited specimens of Boletophagus
reticulata (Col.), infested with Acarids, probably a species of Gamasus,
which filled all the depressions in the elytra and suggested that it was
a case of phoresy.

Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis showed examples of the very rare Coleop-
teron Agabus mellanarius from its only British locality and referred to
a, teratological specimen of which the left posterior leg was extremely
small although the parts were perfect.

Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., exhibited the Longicorn beetle
Chlorophorus (Clytanthus) annularis, which had bred in the wall of a
bamboo waterpot from Burmah.

Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., exhibited some of the actual
specimens of Libythea laius, found congregating perhaps before, or
during, migration, as observed by Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton in 8S.
Africa.

Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., read the account of an invasion
of ‘‘Siafu” or Driver-Ants at Nairobi, as related by Dr. V. H. L. van

64 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Someren, and exhibited examples of the species Dorylus nigricans,
sub-sp. burmeisteri var. molesta, identified by Mr. W. C. Crawley.

Professor E. B. Poulton, E.R. §., exhibited the Nymphaline butter-
fly Antanartia hippomene, with a dimorphic larva, one form of which
mimics the orange and black banded larva of a Hypsid moth, Amphi-
callia tigris, and read Dr. van Someren’s series of interesting observa-
tions on the various mimetic associations connected with this butter-
fly, in both the larval and imaginal stages.

Tue Souta Lonpon EnromonoGicaL Socrery.

January 10th, 1924.—Miss Emily Chapman and Miss Laura
Chapman of ‘“ Betula,” Reigate, and Mr. Thos. Greer, of Stewarts-
town, Co. Tyrone, were elected members.

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a short series of the recently introduced
species Blastobasts lignea and gave a short account of what is known of
it so far.

Mr. Enefer, fasciated stems of sycamore and of narcissus flower
head.

Mr. 8. A. Blenkarn, Me ripe of the species of Coleoptera
mentioned by Mr. H. Main in his paper on Provence read at the last
meeting, including 5 species of Onthophagus and Acanthosinus aedilis.

Mr. H. J. Turner, yellow forms of Pieris napi from Médling near
Vienna, spring form lutescens and summer napaeae form flavescens, the
latter the deeper yellow. He showed a spring form of the Irish yellow
napi which differed distinctly from the Médling spring race; the Irish
bright yellow summer form flava which was very rare was also quite
distinct from the summer flavescens.

Mr. K. G. Blair, for Mr. Hirst, a living Brachinus selopeta (Col.)
from Corsica.

Mr. Rayward, females of Anattis efformata and A. plagiata with
microscopical preparations and pointed out the various differentiating
characters.

Mr. Tonge, for Mr. Baker-Sly, Sphinw ligustri bred from a Cornish
larva with the pink marking replaced by cream, and a male Sterrha
sacraria taken at Lewes on August 11th last.

Mr. N. D. Riley, a var. salmacis of Plebeius (Aricia) medon from
Castle Eden Dene, a locality which will soon be utterly destroyed by
the making of roads and railway and by mining operations.

Notes were read from Mr. G. T. Porritt, (1) Scarcity of Lepidoptera,
particularly Tortrices near Huddersfield. (2) A peculiar habit of
Satyrus semele to settle on a scrap of newspaper at St. Anne’s on Sea.

Reports of the Field Meetings at Ashtead and Ranmore Common
were read.

January 24th, 1924.—The Annual Meeting. On this occasion the
reports of the Council and Treasurer were read and passed, and the
President, Mr. N. D. Riley, F.Z.S., F.H.S., read his Address. Subse-
quently Mr. Jacobs exhibited a remarkable, small, very pale coloured
and practically markingless example of Hybernia marginaria taken last
year, and Mr. Blenkarn exhibited a dwarf Huchloris pustulata (bajularta)
taken years ago at the New Forest, of only half the usual expanse.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXXVI. (10 shillings) should be sent to
Mr. Herbert E. Page, ‘‘ Bertrose,’’ Gellatly Road, New Gross,
S.E.14 [This subscription includes all numbers published from
January 15th to December 15th, 1924.)

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers’ magazines should be
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Desideraia.—Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all parts of the
world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial; exact data
indispensable. Liberal return made.—JV. G. Pether, “ Thelma,” 4, Willow Bridge
Road, London, N. 1.

Duplicates.—Cinxia, Bellargus, Coridon, H. Comma, Lineola, Galathea, Moneta,
Nupta, and many others. Desiderata.—Blandina, Irish Icarus, Carmelita, Cuculla.
Gonostigma, Ashworthii, Templi, Australis, Undulata, Smaragdaria, Testacea.—
W. Gifford Nash, Clavering House, Bedford.

Duplicates.— Cinerea ¢ , fine forms, grey, brown and blackish, Maritima and vars.
Immorata and other East Sussex species.

Desiderata.—Pupe. Luteago (Barrettii), Caesia, Albimacula, Alpina, Xanthomista,
Sparganii, Dissoluta (Arundineta), Graphalii. Also imagines of extreme forms Noctue
in fine condition only.—A. J. Wightman, 85, Morris Road, Lewes.

N. American Lepidoptera in papers in exchange for ditto from any part of the world.
J. C. Woodward, Training Ship ‘‘ Cornwall,’’ Purfleet, Essex.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7
8p.m. May 7th, 1924.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m.
—Hon. Sec., Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.H.3.

The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London
Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History
Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street H.C. 2, first and
third Tuesdays in the month, ‘at 6.30 p-m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec., W. E.
Gurae, 44, Belfast Road, N. Ge

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Lists of Durricarrs and Dusripmnata should be sent direct to Mr. H. EH. Page,
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CONTENTS.
PAGE.

Larval habits of Teichobia verhuellella, Stain., Alfred Sich, F.E.S. .. ies ee Se ae iB
Myrmecophilous Notes for 1923, H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.8., F.E.S, nie 69

Further Records of Lepidoptera from the Witley District of Surrey, IV. Hawker-Smith,
JOGOS os a : : : Fi 4% A ae : 75

| The Russian Entomological Society, Malcolm Buri S¢.. Hob... e ae ae He 78
Current Norrs anp SHort Noricus ae oe 3 oe 56 79
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Supp. :—List of Races of the Rhopalocera of Peninsular Italy, Roger Verity, M.D., and

Orazio Querci Ss i 3 ae 20 (29)-(32)

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LARVAL HABITS OF TEICHOBIA VERHUELLELLA. 65

Larval hiabits of Teichobia- verhuellella, Stainton.
By ALFRED SICH, F.E.S.

My first acquaintance with this species was made at Niton, near
Ventnor, in the Isle of Wight, where I found the larvae on Harts-
tongue Fern, and subsequently bred several moths, but I did not then
notice the interesting habits of the larva, which actually moves its
dwelling from old pastures to new like a nomad. In 19231 again met
with the larvae in plenty at Badenweiler, in the Black Forest, where I
spent the winter, and was pleased to find them again on the Burgen-
stock, a mountain near Lucerne. Here they were living in an even
more natural state than at Badenweiler, as they inhabited limestone
rocks instead of stone walls made by man.

Teichobia verhuellella, Stainton, is on the whole a somewhat primi-
tive species with an ill-developed tongue, two-jointed maxillary palpi,
all veins present and separate, and unicolorous wings, while the larva
mines in an aneient type of plant.* Rebel, in Staudinger and Rebel’s
Catalogue, 1901, places it in a subfamily by itself, the Teichobiinae, and
it appears to have no very near relations. It appears to be distributed
over Central and Western Europe, and I believe it has been recorded
from the United States of America. Near Ventnor it occurred at a few
feet above sea level, on the Burgenstock at 3,000 feet, and Zeller found
it at Bergiin, in the Engadine, at over 4,000 feet. The larva mines in
the fronds of certain species of fern in its earliest stages, and later lives
under a cover of silk and fern spores. I will begin my observations on
the larvae I found at Burgenstock. On August 28th, 1923, the first
mine was seen, but I could find no trace of the egg on this one, nor on
any of those found subsequently.

The first mine is a blotch mine, more or less triangular in outline,
quite flat, and pale brown in colour. The larva has a pale ochreous
head and a pale greyish ochreous body, but my lens would not show me
more of this creature, some 05mm. in length. It lives entirely in the
mine, eating out the green tissue. Here I believe it undergoes its first
change of skin, and then continues to feed for a time in the same mine.
Whether in the first stage it can leave the mine and form a new one I
do not know, but it certainly is able to do so in the second stage. These
mines were in Aspleniwn ruta-muraria. On September 8rd I found a
larva in the second stage on a leaflet of afrond of Asplenium viride. It
had just mined out sufficient space to enclose its body. Above, on the
opposite side of the stalk, was the leaflet containing the first mine which
the larva had vacated. ‘'lhree days later I left Burgenstock, and was
unable to make any further observations. As the leaflets of these
Asplenium ferns are often very small, I should suppose that the larva
makes two mines at least before hibernation. It may, however, be
content with one mine when feeding in the large fronds of Hart’s-
tongue. Whether the larva passes the winter in the mine, as I think
probable, or whether it leaves the mine and hides away till the spring,
is a problem | have not yet solved. I will now go back to my obser-
vations at Badenweiler, in the spring of 1923. There was a fair amount

* Compare Meyrick, Handbook, p. 777.
May 15ru, 1924.

66 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

of A. ruta-muraria on the walls of the villages in the neighbourhood,
and I intended looking out for the larvae in April, as Tutt gives that
month for finding it in England (Practical Hints, Vol. III.), and as
Badenweiler is about 1,200 feet above the sea, I thought the species
would not be earlier there. However, happening to be in the village
of Niederweiler, on February 26th, I saw a good patch of the fern,
and, on examination, I was surprised to find several larvae under their
covers, all in the last stadium. From time to time others were found
in various places, some on Hart’s-tongue, which was not very common
in the district, anda few on Asplenium trichomanes, which was abundant
but is, I fancy, a less suitable food-plant than the other species above
mentioned. It was not till March 22nd that I was able to find any
larvae in the penultimate stage. These occurred on the highest and
most exposed position that I searched, and on 4. trichomanes. They
had already left the mines and were living under their covers just like
those in the last stage. In these two last stages the larvae live on the
underside of the fronds, not in a case as some authors state, but under
a tent or cover made of the spore capsules of the fern. It may not be
wrong to call the dwelling a case, but I prefer the word cover, as it is
entirely different from the cases of Coleophorids, Psychids, or Adelids.
When examining the fern I first noticed, the pale patches on the upper-
side of the leaflets where the larvae had been mining. On turning over
the fronds I saw the covers spun on to the underside of the leaflets.
They are formed of the spore cases of the fern and silk enough to hold
them together, so that they are exactly the same colour as the groups
of spores, and but for their size and irregular position they might be
readily passed over. When on Aspleniiun, where the leaflets are small,
the covers usually are spun across two leaflets, so that they are easily
seen. The shape of the cover may be likened to that of a rowing boat
in reversed position, but without a keel. At rest the larva is very
plump and the cover appears to house it conveniently. The edges of
the cover are fastened to the fern, but there is an opening at each end.
With its body hidden under the cover, the larva bites through the lower
cuticle of the leaf and mines patches out of the interior. It places its
excrement outside the cover at the more exposed end. When the fronds
in the tin box, where I kept the larvae, began to get dry, I put fresh
- ones in and took the larvae out of their covers, placing them on the
fresh fronds. They soon began to form new covers by biting off the
spore cases and spinning them over their bodies. One was quite hidden
in three hours, while another was still half exposed at the end of that
time. In my walks I frequently found the covers, and began to notice
that these often occurred on leaflets where the spore groups had not
been disturbed. This puzzled me, as I was still under the impression
that when a larva moved to a fresh leaflet it there formed a fresh eover.
I did not then know that it usually took its cover with it when it moved.
Finding that the fern dried up rather quickly in the tin box, I gathered
some fronds with long stalks and placed them in a small glass tube
with a little water at the bottom, and as the larvae were sluggish no
cork was needed. Here they did very well, and I could observe them
without disturbance. One evening on looking at them I noticed two
larvae crawling down the stalk of a frond and underneath each was a
flat piece of their covers. The progress was slow, and in the failing

LARVAL HABITS OF TEICHOBIA VERHUELLELLA 67

light I could not make out how the cover was carried and kept in posi-
tion just below the larva. I thought that perhaps the larva had spun
the cover to its body, but I induced one larva to crawl beyond its cover,
and finally it fell into its cover. I then saw the cover was fastened to
the stalk. The cover when carried by the larva is rather flat, more or
less quadrilateral in shape, and rather stiff by reason of its silk lining.
So far as I could see, the larva after spinning one corner of the cover
to the stalk, seized the opposite corner in its strong jaws, pushed it
forwards and fastened it. Then cutting loose the first corner moved
that forward again. In this manner slow progress was made. The
larva is strong for its size. Unfortunately I never saw the larvae on
the move in a good light. On one occasion I placed a larva and its
cover on a fresh frond, but the cover fell a short distance away from
the larva. Being in a hurry I left it where it fell. When I looked
again I found the larva had fetched its cover and spun it on to the fern
in another place. When on the growing fern I do not suppose the
larva moves frequently, as it is quite a small one when fully grown,
and not of an active nature. When about to spin up, it either crawls
down among the fern stalks or finds its way on to the wall or rock, as
the case may be, and of course carries its cover with it, as this is made
use of for the cocoon. In the open I have found one cocoon on the
stone of a wall and two on the stalks of fern. Of those I had in
captivity four spun up on the fern and two on the glass tube. The
cocoon is firmly attached and has more silk on the floor than the cover.
It retains the same colour and shape, but may be recognised by a ridge,
which runs along the top. Its colour is light brown, its length about
7mm., and its width about 2mm. ‘The larva lines the sides of the
cocoon thiekly with whitish silk, nearly up to the ridge. Thus, at the
top of the rather stiff sides, there is a strip of loose material, which
gets pinched up to form the ridge. My larvae spun up during the first
fortnight in April, except one, which must have done so earlier, as the
moth appeared on April 26th. This was abnormally early. The last
one bred appeared on June 9th, and June and July are given as the
usual months when the moth is on the wing. When the moth is about
to emerge the pupal shell is thrust out of the cocoon as far as the third
abdominal segment. I have not found the moth in the open, but those
I have bred never showed any activity.

The full-grown larva is pale ochreous, short and stout when at rest,
but when feeding the anterior segments are stretched out and become
much flattened. Head black, clypeus marked out with yellow, pro-
thoracic shield black with pale anterior collar, and divided by a yellow
suture. Legs short, black. Four pairs of abdominal prolegs with
complete ring of crotchets. The claspers havea horse-shoe of crotchets.
There is a black anal shield. Length at rest about 5-6mm. On the
meso- and meta-thorax tubercles i and li are on a common plate. On
the first and second abdominal segments the pair of tubercles i are
closer together than the pair of ii, as in most lepidopterous larvae. On
the third abdominal the pairs are of equal distance apart, but on the
fourth and subsequent segments tubercles 1 are wider apart than
tubercles ii. This arrangement is not uncommon in some of the
Tineina. The larva in the penultimate instar has the head deep olive
brown, without yellow marks, and the prothoracic shield olive brown,

68 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

very faintly divided by a paler line. Otherwise the larva resembles
that of the final instar. Length about 3mm.

The pupa, about 4mm. long, is light ochreous and rather stout. In
the ¢ the abdominal segments 8,4, 5,6 and 7 are free. The antennae,
wings, and third pair of legs come down as far as the 7th abdominal.
The prothorax is about double the size of the dorsal headpiece, show-
ing that the pupa does not belone to the Adelid-Tineid series. The
tongue is very short, maxillary palpi very conspicuous below the eyes.
Some of the abdominal segments appear to have the upper row of dorsal
teeth. On the dorsum of the ninth abdominal there is a pair of strong
spines, slightly curved upwards, which probably help to hold the lower
part of the pupal shell in the cocoon while the moth is emerging from
the upper exposed portion. I could not with my lens make out any
setae.

From the foregoing it may be gathered that the larva is purely a
leaf-miner and does not eat the fructification of the fern, that it has
four instars and hibernates in the second. I believe now that it leaves
the mine before winter.

Of the food-plants Phyllitis scolopendrium is no doubt useful. Its
large fronds provide ample mining space. A possible disadvantage
may arise from its flat leaves offering little means of concealment. The
larval cover is usually placed either between the long rows of spores or
adjoining one of them. The larval mine is fairly conspicuous on the
green upperside of the frond. The common Wall Rue, Asplentum ruta-
muraria, especially where it grows in thick tufts, is a convenient food-
plant. The leaflets are sufficiently thick and sappy to afford good
mining material, and the numerous fronds provide shelter for the larval
covers, the cocoon, and the perfect insect. The fronds mostly remain
green throughout the winter, except where they are exposed to severe |
frost; by June and July the young fronds are of sufficient size to
accommodate a small mining larva. These plants sometimes grow on
old walls in towns, but then are usually so covered with the webs of
spiders as to be unsuitable to moths. Besides 7. verhuellella I have
found, not uncommonly, a yellow dipterous larva mining the leaves.
One I bred was a slender gnat-like insect. Asplentwn trichomanes is
also an abundant fern in the limestone districts of Germany and
Switzerland, and it often grows in fairly thick tufts. The leaflets are
thin and rather dry, and do not appear to be so suitable for a mining
larva as the leaves of the wall rue. The moth seems to prefer the
latter plant for oviposition. Asplenium viride is a more local species
and prefers higher elevations. The leaflets are also small, but they
contain more sap than those of A. trichomanes. It is a delicate plant,
and many of the fronds wither during the winter. Ceterach officinarum
is quoted as a food-plant. It is rather a local species, but it looks
suitable, though the mine would be conspicuous on the even green
upperside of the frond. I should much like to find the larva on this
in order to see if it used the scales, which thickly cover the underside
of the fronds, in forming its habitation.

Bruand stated that the larva fed on “ capillaire.”’ This word seems
to have puzzled the entomologists of the Staintonian period, but
according to Frey it is a collective term for the species of the genus
Asplenium.

MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1923. 69

Myrmecophilous Notes for 1923.
By H. DONISTHORPH, I.Z.S., F-H.S.
(Concluded from page 53.)
CoLEOPTERA.

The following species were taken with ants in Dean Forest in June,
all of which were new county records:—Oxvypoda haemorrhoa, Sahl.,
with 4. (C.) flavus and Ff. rufa; O. formiceticola, Mark., Thiasophila
angulata, Er., and Notothecta flavipes, Gr., with I’. rufa.

Drusilla canaliculata, F.—This beetle, and two of its larvae, were
found in a nest of A. (D.) niyer, under a stone at Dever, on May Ist.
I have found the larvae of Drusilla on several occasions in ants’ nests
ere this, and I recorded such an occurrence in the nest of Myrmica
ruginodis, at Nethy Bridge, on July 20th, 1913 [ Hnt. Rec. 26, 42 (19) 4)].
My friend Mr. Keys, has also sent me this larva to name, which he
had taken with ants at Plymouth. It is very like the perfect insect in
appearance, though of course only superficially.

Mons. R. Stumper suggests that this beetle is only an accidental
ant-guest, and he considers that further observations and experiments
are necessary to settle the question [| biol. Centralb., 85, 189 (1920)].
He is evidently unaware of the very numerous records of its occurrence
with ants, and also of my experiments with the beetle. It would take
up far too much space to give anything like a full st of all such records
extant; but the following may be mentioned to demonstrate the points
in question.

In 1887 Aubé records it with ants in France (Ann. Soc. Ent.
France, 1887, 458-69), in 1843, F. Smith recorded it with A. (C.) flavus
at Mickleham in Surrey (Zool. 1843, 268); in 1844 Markel gives
several species of ants as its hosts [Germar, 5, 198-271 (1844))| ; in
1848 Bold says it tenants the nests of ants and preys on the inhabitants
[Cat. Col. North and Durh., 1384 (1848)|. The italics are mine; Bold
was a first rate observer, and this is as far as I know the first record of
the beetle feeding on ants. Many field observations, such as the
Phoresy of Antherophayns, ete., were first published by him. In 1876,
Lucante and Bleuse record that they saw a Drusilla “run after an ant,
which not having time to escape, was seized and carried off.” = [ /nt.
Mo. Mag. 18, 65, (1876)]. In 1890 Wasmann says it occurs commonly
with M. laevinodis, M. ruginodis and M. rugulosa {[Tijd. v. Kntom. 38,
69 (1890)}. On May 38rd, 1898, Wasmann found at Linz a Drusilla
running on a path in a field with a dead Myrmica in its mouth (Deuts.
Ent. Zeit., 1894, 274). On July 17th [not June}, 1900, Donisthorpe
captured a Drusilla which was running in the porch of a cottage at
Chiddingfold with a dead ant [Myrmica] in its jaws. This he said
helped to show of what the food of the beetle consisted, and why it
occurred with ants [Hnt. Rec., 42, 238 (1900)|. In 1901 Donisthorpe
brought up from Portland a number of this beetle taken in nests of
A. (C.) flavus and A. (D.) niger, and on April 28rd, he introduced
several into his large J’. xwfa observation nest. The beetles ran about,
and entered the nest, appearing to avoid the ants by their quickness,
and hiding under twigs, etc. When two rufa % 8 were placed in a
small box with several of these beetles, the latter’s defence proved to be
the same as in Dinarda, Myrmedonia, ete. (i.e., by thrusting the tail

70 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

into the ant’s face, and giving off the ‘“‘ Myrmedonia odour”). They
were left with the ants in the small box all day, and none of the
beetles were injured. When however arufa 8 was forced to seize a
Drusilla, it did not let go as with Mymedonia, but dragged the beetle
into the nest. On June 80th, a Drusilla was seen to come out of the
nest, and run quickly about, hiding itself among the pine needles.
This beetle therefore had lived in the rufa nest for nearly three months
[Ent. Rec., 18, 851 (1901)|). On May 80th, 1906, Walker captured at
Cumnor Hill, near Oxford, a Drusilla carrying a niger % in its jaws.

In 1909 Donisthorpe in a paper on the “ Origin and Ancestral form
of Myrmecophilous Coleoptera,” after recapitulating some of the above
facts, remarks that the defence of Drusilla was evidently not so perfectly
developed as in Myrmedonia ; and that as the glands which secrete the
odour given off became better developed, the beetle would be able to
inhabit the nests of ants with greater impunity, and eradually become
a more regular guest. No doubt some such steps as these have taken
place with the Myrmedonias (Zrans. Hut. Soc. Lond., 1909, 404).

On July 21st, 1910, Donisthorpe found a Drusilla at Hanwell
carrying off a freshly killed niyer ¥ ; and on September 6th, of the
same year he took another at Ditchling with a dead MV. scabrinodis 3
in its jaws [/vnt. Rec., 28, 60 (1911)}. Again on May 18th, 1913,
Donisthorpe captured at Bletchington a Drusilla with a half dead J.
scabrinodis % in its Jaws [Mnt. lec., 26, 42 (1914)].

I may mention that I have taken this beetle in the nests of the
following species of ants in Britain:—Ponera coarctata, Myrmica
laevinodis, M. sulcinodis, M. ruginodis, M. scabrinodis, Leptothorawx
acervorum, Letramoriun caespitium, A. (D.) fuliginosus, A. (1).) niger, A.
(D.) alienus, A. (C.) flavus, f°. rufa, In, ewsecta, F. sanguinea, F. fusca,
and HH’. fusca var. glebaria.

It is evidently quite clear that Drusilla canaliculata may be classed
as a “hostile persecuted lodger’’ (Synechthran) ; its food consisting of
ants and its larvae cccurring in the nests as is the case with most of
the Myrmedonias. Its defence is not yet as perfect as in Myrmedonia,
and it has probably not been so long a dweller with ants.

DirrTsra.

Aptochaeta ciliata, Zett.—A specimen was taken with 4. (D.) brunneus
at Theale, on February 6th. I have previously taken it with A. (D.)
fuliyinosus in plenty at Wellington College, in 1906, and at Darenth
Wood in 1910.

Limosina crassimana, Hal.—l took a specimen of this fly with A.
(D.) brunneus at Theale on June 20th, some of the species of Limosina
evidently show a tendency to inhabit ants’ nests. 1. curtiventris was
taken with 4, (D.) fulivinosus at Woking on May 26th, this year, and
in the same nest in May and July 1920. It occurred with the same
ant at Darenth Wood in September, and I bred it in plenty ina
fuliyinosus nest trom Wellington College in 1906. I have taken L.
rufilabris with I’. fusca, and LL. fungicola, and Limosina sp. with
fuliyinosus. I am indebted to Mr. Collin for the names of the above
species of Diptera.

Phyllomyza.—In ** Konowia”’ in 1923 [2, 44-7 (1923)|, Schmity
published a table of the European species of Phyllomyza, and described

MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1923, Wal

three new species, two of which, P. formicae and P. donisthorpet, are
myrmecophilous.

P, formicae, Schmitz.—This is the species I have been recording
for years from Pormica rufa nests sub P. formicae, Collin MS. It was
originally brought forward as British by the late Mr. Verrall in his
second hundred new British species of Diptera, sub P. secwricornis, Fin.
[Ent. Mo. Magy. 30, 146 (189+)], on specimens swept by himself over
nests of the wood ant [=F rufa] at Braemar, on July 25th, 1873.
He pointed out that his specimens had darker legs than continental
types and descriptions, but that he was not well acquainted with the
group. It was not taken again until 1901, when I discovered it at
Oxshott in rufa nests. I have also taken it with the same ant at
Weybridge and Nethy Bridge; and have bred it in my large rufa
observation nests from the two former localities. I bred it from larvae
which I brought back from rufa nests at the last named locality.

P. donisthorpet, Schmitz.—This species, which I have recorded as
Phyllomyza sp. from fuliginosus nests, was first taken by me in a nest
of that ant on the Birkdale sandhills on June 22nd, 1905. I sub-
sequently found it at Wellington College, Darenth Wood and Oxshott.
Schmitz records a specimen (?) sent to him by the British Museum,
as having been taken in a rufa nest at Weybridge. This of course was
given by me to the British Museum, and I cannot help thinking that
either the Museum, or I, had mixed the data of the specimens up in
some way, and that it was really taken with fulivinosus.

P. lasiae, Colun MS.—Unfortunately none of the $ g of this fly
sent to Father Schmitz by the Museum and myself were in good enough
condition to be described. It was first taken by me at Oxshott, on
April 26th, 1901, in a fwliginosus nest, and I subsequently found it in
numbers with the same ant at Wellineton College and Woking. Ihave
also bred it from larvae and pupae taken in the two latter localities.

Microdon egyert, Mik.—On May 14th Mr. Edwards kindly gave me
two puparia of this species from Woking. I placed them in a chamber
of one of my observation nests, and one hatched on May 21st, the
second on May 26th.

According to Edwards all the specimens of M. latifrons, Liw., both
adults and puparia, in British collections, are really M. eggeri, Mik.
[Hint. Mo, Mag., 59, 233 (1923)|. His reasons for this statement
appear to be quite sound, and he mentions most of the British records.
He appears to have forgotten, however, that the late Dr. Sharp brought
M. eggeri forward as a British insect on the strength of a specimen
captured by himself at Rannoch, early in June, 1910. [Mnt. Wo. Maqg.,
46, 274 (1910)]. Sharp mentioned that Wasmann had taken the
species in Luxemburg, but he (Sharp) could not remember the refer-
ence. I pointed out that Wasmann published his notes on this species
in the Archiv. trimestr. d. UInstit. R. Grand-Dukal, Luvemburg, 1909,
T.IV., Fascic. I11., p. 50, and that the host was Formica sanguinea; etc.
[Ent. Mo. Mag., 47,43 (1911)].

The occurrence of this species in Britain would appear to be as
follows :—

’

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Loca.iry. DatE Capror. PHASE. Host. REFERENCE,
1. Oxshott es ee ae 3 3 Grant. e Adult. Ree | Verrall, Brit. Flies, 8, 1901.
2. Sore : ie Be ee Unknown. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1900, xiv.
3. New Forest stag rhe 1902. ae i Ee Eas ray Mo. ae 38, 206 Bete
ee : ; June, 1910. Bis a Adult Unknown. Ent. Mo. oe 46, 274 (1910).
5. Wimborne... 1911. iss Seca eae Unknown. Ent. Mo. Mag., 59, 233 (1923).
6. Woking Fy ee Scan Puparia. Tee. ee ean feos nt. Mo
( Ascot. = ean es - giftinand ao nes oe Heo Bate:
8. New Forest .. | May ab & 11th, 1922. ee ae . a (D.) ee Ent. ce 35, 7 (1923).
- eee : ae ae fe aoe : Ree Puparia. A. (D.) ie FF ee ie Foy

and No. 8, sub M. rhenanus,

?

ert

Nos. 4, 5, and 9, sub M. eg

and M. latifrons ?

.
b)

Mos. 1, 8, 6, and 7 were recorded sub M. latifrons; No. 2, sub M.

devius

MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1923. 73

The host of this species in Britain is, as far as is known at present,
A. (D.) niger. It is almost certain that No. 6, and probable that Nos.
5 and 7, were also taken with this ant.

Peyerimhoffia subterranea, Schmt.—I am indebted to Mr. Edwards
for the name of this apterous Dipteron, a specimen of which was taken
in a nest of f. fusca, at Box Hill, on May 4th. As I have taken
another species of this genus in ants’ nests (/.¢., P. brachyptera, Kieft.,
with A. (D.) alienus, on Lundy Island, in June, 1913 [Hut. Rec.. 25,
268 (1913)], it would appear that they really have something to do
with ants. A small soft-bodied apterous “ fly’ would not otherwise
seem to have much chance of survival in an ants’ nest !

APHIDAL,

Trama radicis, Kalt.,and Gevica formicina, Buckt., occurred in some
numbers in nests of A. (D.) niyer, under stones, at Dover, on May Ist.

Forda formicaria, C. Heyd., and Geotca carnosa, Buckt., were found
together in a nest of 4. (C.) flavus, in Dean Forest, on June 138th.

Stomaphis quercus, L.—On June 18th I observed a number of .8 $
of A. (D.) fuliginosus walking in files along a fence, in a ditch, and on
two large oak trees, at the far end of Wimbledon Common. Some of
the ants were noticed clustering round something on several places on
the bark of one of the oak trees. Closer inspection proved that they
were attending individuals of this curious aphid, which had their very
long proboscis inserted into the bark of the tree. It will be remembered
that I found this same aphid, attended by the same ant, at Woking,
on September 22nd and October 7th, 1921 [Hnt. Nec., 34, 21 (1922)].
Forel, in Vol. II., p. 118, of his Le Monde Social des Fourmis, 1922,
shows that this plant-louse is the usual species attended by Ad. (D.)
brunneus.

Coccrar,

Ripersia subterranea, Newst., was found in nests of A. (D.) niger, at
Dover, on May Ist; and Newsteadia floccosa, de G., with I. rufa, in
Dean Forest, on June 16th.

ARANEINA.

Thyreosthenius biovata, Camb., occurred commonly in the nests of
F’. rufa, in Dean Forest, in June.

Harpactes hombergi, Sep.—An example of this spider was found
with A. (D.) brunneus at Theale on February 6th. I believe this is not
regarded as a myrmecophilous spider especially by those who only
study these arthropods. Nevertheless, however, it is frequently found
in company with ants, upon which it feeds, and may be regarded as a
synechthran. The late O. Pickard Cambridge wrote—“It will not
easily be mistaken for any other species on account of its linear form
and creeping ant-like movenents’’ [Brit. Nat., 1, 65 (1891)|}. The
italics are mine. In my notes on Myrmecophilous spiders in 1908,
I considered it belonged to my group II.—‘“ Those species which hunt,
and prey on ants. They are generally found outside and in the neigh-
bourhood of the nests.” [Zool., 1908, 420]. I have constantly met
with it in ants’ nests; especially with A. (D.) fuliginosus, with which
species Wasmann records it on the Continent.

74 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

CoLLEMBOLA.

Cyphodeirus albinos, Nic—This little creature was abundant in nests
of A. (C.) flavus, at Colby Glen, Isle of Man, on September 19th; its
first record for this island. This is another instance of an insect, which
could hardly have reached the island except by crossing on dry land.

CRUSTACEA.

Platyarthrushoffmanseggti, Brdt.—This little myrmecophilous wood-
louse was abundant in nests of A. (C.) flavus at Colby Glen, 1. of Man, on
September 19th, its first record for the Isleof Man. Dr. Scharff writes
as follows concerning the distribution of this species—‘‘I have had
occasion to mention once before an extremely interesting genus of
Blind Woodlouse, viz., Platyarthrus. Like Testacella it lives under-
ground, and also resembles it in its general range. It is difficult to
conceive that Platyarthrus, from its peculiar mode of life, could have
crossed any formidable barrier, such as even a narrow strait of sea.
Its occurrence in Spain and North Africa indicates, therefore, that the
straits of Gibraltar did not exist at the time when it undertook the
migration southward, just as the English Channel and the Irish Sea
could not have been there when it wandered to England and Ireland.
The species which occurs in the South of England, has a wide~range
in Ireland, and reaches in Scotland its most northern Kuropean limit
of distribution, Platyarthrus is only one of the Lusitanian genera of
woodlice . . . . “If the presence of Platyarthrus in North-west
Africa proves that the Straits of Gibraltar had come into existence after
its southward migration, it also suggests that the ancestral home of the
Woodlouse was in the Spanish Peninsula. Whether this supposition
is correct or not, does not affect the Straits of Gibraltar problem, for
in a migration northward into Spain from Morocco land-connection
would be equally necessary. Almost every group of vertebrates, and
invertebrates furnishes instances of species which must haye crossed
the Straits on dry land.” (Vhe History of the European Fauna, London,
1899, pp. 299-3802.) These same arguments support what I have
written above in connection with the presence of dA. (D.) fuliginosus
on the Isle of Man, and help to show that the Island was connected
with Ireland or England after the disappearance of the iee.

A word about the British distribution of Platyarthrus:—It is not
confined to the South of England, but is now known to occur in the
Midlands, Yorkshire, Lancashire Mid., and Durham; it is found in
the Isle of Wight and extends from Hampshire to Durham, without a
break. In Scotland it appears to be very rare, I have never taken it
there, and I have records only from Fife and Kinross, and Banff. In
Ireland I know of its occurrence only in the South, and South-Hast,
but no further north than Dublin County.

Lacerrinia.

Anguts fragilis, L.—On June 18th, a slow-worm was found in a
nest of Hormica fusca in Dean Forest. The ants’ colony, which was a
large one, was situated under a large flat stone, and the slow- worm was
resting coiled up in the midst of the ants. It glided away into the
grass by the side of the nest when the stone was lifted. I have on
several occasions in past years found slow-worms in ants’ nests, at

RECORDS OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM’ SURREY. 75

Weybridge and elsewhere. In 1902 I mentioned that the late A. J.
Chitty frequently found slow-worms in nests of . fusca at Dorington
in Kent, and said that this was worth recording as the Amphisbaena, a
blind, snake-like lizard lives in the nests of the leaf-cutting ants on the
Amazons. In Guiana, a legless lizard, Caecilia annulosa, also lives in
the nests of the fungus-growing ants [Hnt. Rec., 14, 15 (1902)|}. Mr.
J. Clark informs me that there are several species of snakes living with
ants in Australia.

Further Records of Lepidoptera from the Witley District of Surrey.
By W. HAWKER-SMITH, F.E.S.

Since the publication of Mr. Tullett’s ‘‘ Notes and Observations on
the Lepidoptera of the Witley District, 1912-1919,” in the H’ntomolo-
yist’s Record, Vol. XXXII., nos. 8, 5, 6, the following notes and records
of additions to the List have come to hand. For these we are princi-
pally indebted to Messrs. H. T. G. Watkins and J. HE. Eastwood, who
kindly furnished us with lists of captures made in the district, either
by the latter or by Mr. E. G. R. Waters, and which are not recorded
in Mr. Tullett’s paper.

But first of all I must dispel the illusive report of Sérymon prune
and explain how it came to be recorded. We have lately discovered
letters showing that some pupae of S. pruni had been purchased from
a dealer in the same month and year in which the larvae were recorded
to have been beaten, and it is clear that some of the purchased pupae
(from Huntingdonshire) became accidentally mixed up with pupae of
Rurales betulae from larvae beaten in May, 1919, and, emerging at the
same time, were supposed to have been among the beaten larvae.

The List published by Mr. Tullett is a fairly long one considering
the fact that the Pyrales, Tortrices and Tineae are omitted ; so itis not
surprising that few names have been added to the list in the four years
since 1919, and that most of the following are records of species taken
in this district by other collectors previously to the time covered by Mr.
Tullett’s paper.

Papinionipar.—Sub-family Pierinae.—Colias hyale, L. Hastwood
records one at Hinton in 1892.

NympuHatipar.—Sub-family Nymphalinae.—-Euvanessa antiopa, L. Two
taken at ivy bloom, at King Edward’s School, about 1870, by a
gardener, were seen by Hastwood.

Argynnis aglaia, L. One, below Hambledon Common, recorded by
Hastwood.

Melitaea aurinia, Rott. _One in the Hill Museum, taken 3.V1.1914,
Witley.

Lycanniwar.—Sub-family Lycaeninae.—Strymon w-album, Knoch. This
species is recorded from Witley in Newman’s British Butterflies.
He lived at Godalming.

Polyommatus (Aricta) medon, Hufn. Recorded for Witley in plenty by
Hastwood.

Polyommatus (Agriades) coridon, Poda. Waters records one on Witley
Common (Rodborough), 1905; also several in a meadow at
Chiddingfold, apparently freshly emerged, 1911.

76 THK ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Spxineipan.—Manduca (Acherontia) atropos, L. One, at Sweetwater.
At rest in afternoon on grass, recorded by Kastwood.

Mimas (Dilina) tiliae, L. Recorded at Witley from pupa dug under
elm. (Hastwood.)

Ayrius (Protoparce) convolvuli, L. Witley. Kastwood notes this as very
plentiful in 1891.

Humorpha (Chaerocampa) elpenor, L. Recorded from Witley by Hast-
wood.

Theretra (Metopsilus) porcellus, li. Also recorded from Witley by
Eastwood.

Noroponripan.—Drymonia chaonia, Hb. Witley (Mastwood),.

Phaeosia dictaeoides, Esp. Watley (Kastwood).

Notodonta ziczac, L. Witley (Mastwood).

Odontosia carmelita, Hsp. Recorded from Witley Common, April 10th,
1912, by Waters.

Palimpsestis (Cymatophora) fluctuosa, Hb. Witley. One at sugar
(Hastwood),

Enpromipar.— Endromis versicolora, Li. Mr. Eastwood’s own note as
regards this species is, ‘‘ No—but I am fairly certain I saw a
male flying on the Heath between Enton and the railway.”

Arctipan.—Sub-family Arctiinae.—Parasenia plantaginis, L. Witley
(Hastwood).

Arctiupar.—Sub-family Lithosiinae.—Lithosia deplana, Esp. Witley
Common, 1914 (Waters), also Hydon Ball.

Nocruiwar.—Sub-family <Acronictinae.—Acronicta aceris, L. Witley
(Hastwood).

Acronicta megacephala, Fab. Witley (Eastwood).

Nocrumaw.—Sub-family Trijinae.—Pertdroma margaritosa, Haw., (sau-
cia, Hb.). Recorded by Eastwood, at sugar in plenty, 1891.
Lint, SOUS 229)

Ayrotis agathina, Dup. Witley Common, 1911 (Waters).

Noctua sexstriyata, Haw. (wubrosa, Hb.). Witley (Kastwood).

Noctua ylareosa, Esp. Witley Common, on heather, 1911 (Waters),
also ab. rosea.

Noctua stiymatica, Hb. (rhomboidea, Tr.). Witley, recorded by Kast-
wood; Witley Common, near Lea Park, at Ragwort, 1908
(Waters).

Aplecta advena, Fab. Eastwood had six and Miss A. Evans one,
taken at Witley.

EKumichtis adusta, Esp. Eastwood, who records this as quite common
in some years, has a long series from Witley.

Mamestra pisi, L. Witley (Mastwood).

Dianthoecia carpophaya, Bkh. Eastwood took also abs. capsophila and
pallida. ;

Luperina (Melanchra) cespitis, Fab. Taken at Witley, by Hastwood.
Also one in the Hill Museum. August 30th, 1912.

Miana literosa, Haw. Witley (Hastwood).

Xylophasia scolopacina, Hsp. Witley, in 1892 (Hastwood).

Mamestra (Apamea) sordida, Bkh. (anceps, Hb.). Witley in plenty,
1892 (Hastwood).

Petilampa arcuosa, Haw. Witley Common, 1910 (Waters).

Neuria (Hadena) reticulata, Vill. (saponariae, Bkh.). A few at Witley
(Eastwood).

RECORDS OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM SURREY. ae

Leucania impudens, Hb. (pudorina, Hb.). Witley (Eastwood); Witley
Common, in a bog, 1912 (Waters).

Nonagria arundinis, Fab. (typhae, Esp.). Witley (Eastwood).

Tapinostola fulva, Hb. Witley (Hastwood).

Cerigo matura, Hufn, (cytherea, Fab.). Witley (Kastwood).

Pachnobia lencographa, Hb. Witley (Kastwood).

Taeniocampa populeti, Fab. Enton, April 5th, 1917 (Kastwood) ;
Witley Common, March, 1911, at Sallow (Waters); Enton,
March 28rd, 1920, at Sallow, by the Hill Museum Staff.

Taentocampa opimna, Hb. Witley. Taken by Eastwood, April 11th,
1916.

Calymnia affinis, Li. Recorded as taken every year at Enton, by East-
wood ; also Witley Common, 1911-12 (Waters).

Calymnia diffinis, L. Witley Common, at end near Mousehill, at
sugar, 1911-12 (Waters).

Calymnia pyralina, L. Three recorded at Enton, by Eastwood, Witley
Common, at sugar, 1912.

Dyschorista iners, Germ, (suspecta, Hb.). Recorded at Witley by East-
wood ; also Witley Common, 1910-12, by Waters.

Aporophyla nigra, Haw. Enton, bred from dock by Eastwood. One
taken at The Hill, Wormley, October 17th, 1923.

Xantholeuca croceago, Fab. Witley (Eastwood).

Dasycampa rubiginea, Fab. Witley seems a good locality for this
rarity. [astwood had a long series taken at ivy bloom. Waters
took it at sallow in 1907-1908 and 1910.

Chariclea wnbra, Hin. (marginata, Fab.). Witley, 1918 (Hastwood).

Eustrotia (Hydrelia) uncula, Clk. Witley Common, ina bog, abundant
in 1913-14 (Waters).

Cucullia gnaphalii, Hb. One at Witley, 1892, also larva between
Witley and Grayswood, taken by the late Miss Ada Evans; also

one near Chiddingfold, about 1911, by Mr. A. E. Tonge.

Sub-family QuapririnaE.—Ophinsa (Voxocampa) pastinum, Tr. Miss
Evans took six.

Sub-family Hypentinan.— Hypenodes costaestrigalis, Stph. Witley Com-
mon, 1910 (Waters).

Sehrankia turfosalis, Wocke. Witley Common, in sheltered boggy
places, abundant, 1912 (Waters).

GrometripaE.—Sub-family Acipanunan.—Eois (Hyria) muricata, Hfn.
(auroraria, Bkh.). Witley (Mastwood).

Leptomeris immutata, L. Two at Witley (Hastwood).

Pylarge fumata, Stph. Witley, at whortlebury (Eastwood).

Eiphyra orbicularia, Hb. Witley (Hastwood).

Sub-family Hypriomentnan.—Ortholitha cervinata, Schiff. Hight in
Miss Evans’ collection.

Anattis efformata, Guen. Several of these were picked out by Mr. L.
B. Prout from among A. plagiata in The Hill Museum Collee-
tion, from Witley, dated June 11th, 1912, August 29th, 1912,
August or September, 19138, and May 27th, 1918.

Chesias rufata, Fab. (obliquaria, Bkh.). Recorded from Witley
(Eastwood).

Philereme rhamnata, Schiff. Four recorded from Witley (Eastwood).

Cidaria siderata, Hfn. (psittacata, Schiff.). Two in Miss Evans’ col-
lection.

78 THE ENTOMOLOGIS'’S RECORD.

Cidaria miata, L. Witley, taken by Miss Evans.

Ochyria quadrifasciaria, Clk. Witley (EHastwood). Recorded also by
Barrett. Near Milford (Waters); also one or two specimens
near Hambledon, taken by the writer

Xanthorrhoé rivata, Hb. Witley (Eastwood).

Mesoleuca bicolorata, Hin. Hambledon, July 10th, 1919. Taken by
the writer.

Hydriomena furcata, Thunbg. (sordidata, F., elutata, Hb.). Common in
woods between Hambledon and Chiddingfold.

Anticlea rubidata, Fab. Recorded, in Victoria County History of Surrey,
as taken at Chiddingfold, by W. J. Kaye.

Eupithecia subnotata, Hb. Witley, 1910 (Waters).

Eupithecia togata, Hb. Witley, from spruce (Hastwood).

Phibalapteryx vitalbata, Hb. Witley (Hastwood).

Phibalapteryx tersata, Hb. Wormley Hill, 1910 (Waters).

Caenocalpe vittata, Bkh. (liynata, Hb.). Witley (Eastwood) ; Milford,
1914 (Waters).

Sub-family Boarmunan.—Hnnomos quercinaria, Hufn. Recorded from
Witley by Eastwood.

Ennomos erosaria, Bkh. Witley, recorded by Eastwood.

Epione apiciaria, Schiff. Taken at Sandhills in 1911, by Waters.

Cleora lichenaria, Hufn. Enton, July 10th, 1915, taken by Waters.

Cossipan.—Zeuzera pyrina, L. (aesculi, Li.) Witley, recorded by Kast-
wood; also a larva received at the Hill Museum, found in a
piece of oak branch, from Hambledon, 1923.

Arerripar.—Aegeria (Sesia) tipuliformis, Cl. Witley, recorded by Hast-
wood ; also a pair taken by the writer’s son, in 1922.

Aegeria (Sesia) cultctformis, L. Watley, recorded by Eastwood. .

Aegeria (Sesta) asiliformis, Rott. (cyniptformis, Esp.). Witley, recorded
by Eastwood.

Aegeria(Sesta)myopifornis, Bkh. Recorded from Hambledon by Hastwood.

The Russian Entomological Society.
By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.E.S.

In spite of many difficulties and eyen hardships, the Russian
Entomological Society is carrying on its fine tradition; in fact, the
very difficulties to be overcome have, perhaps, stimulated the activities
of its members, many of whom have been in actual want and distress,
through which the sympathetic encouragement and material assistance
of British entomologists has been an immense help, which has been
fully appreciated.

The Society has very comfortable quarters allotted to it in the
Zoological Museum. The President is A. P. Semenoy-Tian-Shansky,
Hon. F.E.S., whose name is familiar to readers of the Hnt. Record.
The Vice-President is Professor M. N. Rimsky-Korsakov, son of the
famous composer: Hon. Secretaries are A. M. Diakonov and V. A.
Lindholm; Editor, N. J. Kuznetsov; Curator, V. V. Barovsky ;
Treasurer, N. N. Ivanoy, and Librarian R. N. Kirichenko; these
officers, together with two elected members, G. G. Jacobson and N. N.
Bogdanoy-Katjkov, form the Council.

The Society has a special Section for Applied Entomology, which
plays such an important partin Russian agriculture; the chairman si

CURRENT NOTES. 79

V. V. Redikortsev, the Vice-President, N. N. Bogdanoy-Katjkov, and
Secretary, A. N. Reichhardt.

The Society is fortunate in having fine accomodation in the
Zoological Museum allotted to it, but its financial condition leaves a
good deal to be desired, there are from two to three hundred names on
the list of members, but the whereabouts of many of these is unknown.
The annual subscription is five roubles (about half a guinea) a year,
with an alternative composition fee of fifty roubles (about five guineas)
for life-membership, but the latter has now been abolished ; the
Society’s budget in 1915 amounted to over 16,000 roubles, but i3 now
about 1,000 only. This handicaps their publishing activity, but here
they are helped by the Government, which grants them ten sheets per
annum for printing towards their Review.

GXURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS.

Readers of the /’ntomologist’s Record are familiar with the name of
Alexander Borisovich Shelkovnikoy, the well-known Transcaucasian
field naturalist, and of Geok Tapa, in the district of Aresh, which
occur on innumerable labels in museum and private collections,
wherever the fauna or flora of the Caucasus and Transcaucasus is
studied. In the stirring events of the past 10 years, the beautiful
estate has been destroyed, but the enthusiasm of its former owner has
found a vent in the National Museum of Armenia.

A. B. Shelkovnikoy, though educated as a Russian, and in his early
years an officer in the former Artillery of the Guard, is an Armenian
by birth, and a more appropriate field for his energies could hardly be
found. The Republic of Armenia, one of the constituent members of
the “Transcaucasian Socialistic Federation of Soviet Republics,”
which in its turn is the fourth member of the ‘“ Union of Soviet
Socialistic Republics,’ which the western world knows better under
the more familiar name of “ Russia,” has the advantage of being
administered by educated men, and being protected from the inroads of
the less cultivated and unruly neighbours from the highlands of Ararat
and Kurdistan, by the energy of the army, and is consequently in the
happy position of being able to develop its natural resources.

The capital is Krivan, where an Armenian University has been
founded, and A. B. Shelkovnikov is the founder and Director of the
National Museum attached to the University. He has thrown himself
into this work with characteristic energy and enthusiasm, and last year,
the first season available for peaceful work, he was able to carry out
two well-equipped scientific expeditions. He is well supported by his
Government and the University authorities, but they are, of course,
not in a position to supply sufficient funds to do justice to the amount
of work to be done, and it is to be hoped that wealthy fellow-nationals
outside Russia, or indeed, anyone interested in the prosecution of
scientific exploration in that interesting and little-worked district, will
contribute to the support of the good work.

The field is wide, and the country of very great interest. It is
worth noting that a few years ago, a German expedition in connection
with the presence of German troops in the Caucasus, found a valuable
deposit of Tertiary mammal remains, representing the Sewalik fauna,
with a new species of elephant, H. armentacus.—M.B.

80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

The Annual Congress of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific
Societies takes place at Guildford, on May 28th-31st. The recently
established Zoological Section is responsible this year for a definite
portion of the programme. Prof. i. B. Poulton gives his Presidential
Address, ‘“‘ Some Modes of Protectson in the Pupal Stage of Butterflies
and Moths,” Mr. Ray Palmer reads a paper ‘Observations on the
Communal (or Social) Life of the Humble-Bee,” and Rev. 8. O. Ridley a
paper ‘‘Some Problems of Life in the Deep Sea.’ All the papers are
illustrated by the lantern.

SOCIETIES.

Tur Souta Lonpon EnromonocicaL Society.

February 14th.—Mr. Philip Harwood, of St. Albans, was elected a
mem ber.

Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited living specimens of a luminous Elaterid
beetle, Pyrophorus punctatissimus, from the Argentine, and called atten-
tion to the two sets of light-giving organs.

Mr. Main, a living Mygale sent from Trinidad by Dr. Withycombe,
and noted the delicate hairs on the lower side of the limbs.

Mr. Rayward, a nest of Nygmia phaeorrhoea from Eastbourne, where
the spezies was again very common, and ova of Polyommatus coridon,
found wild on stems near the food-pl \nt of the species.

Mr. Blenkarn, Dytiscus circwncinctus from Wicken Fen, 1921.

Mr. Bunnett, Scardia boleti, a Tineid bred from fungus.

Dr. Cockayne, Pyramets dejeant, a pathological specimen with
abnormal scaling.

Mr. Grosvenor, the various local races of Zygaena transalpina from
France and Italy.

Mr. Enefer, a species of golden tortoise beetle, Cassida, found
among bananas from Costa Rica.

Lantern slides were shown by Messrs Main, Bunnett, and Dennis.

February 28th,—N. D. Riley, Esq., F.Z.8., F.H.S., President in
the chair.

Mr. Wm. Fassnidge, M.A., of Southampton, was elected a member.

Mr. §. N. A. Jacobs exhibited an aberration of Ayrotis evclamationts
with a deep black cloud along the dise of the forewings uniting the
lower portions of the stigmata. ‘

Mr. Blenkarn, the somewhat rare beetle Opilis mollis, found near
Kidderminster feeding on Anobiuim larvae.

Mr. W. J. Lucas read a paper, “The Caudal Lamellae of the
Naiads of the British Agrionid Dragon-flies,’ and showed a large
number of lantern slides.

March 13th.—The President in the chair.

Mr. A. W. Buckstone, a bred series of Boarmia yemmaria with
much variation, and another series for comparison from Mickleham.

Mr. H. W. Andrews, the dead larva of Charagris virescens, a moth

from New Zealand, and the fungus which had attacked and killed it,
viz., Cordiceps robertsir,

Mr. R. Adkin read a paper and showed many slides in illustration,
‘‘ Some Phases in the Parallel Variation in some British Lepidoptera.”

Subscriptions for Vol. XXXVI. (10 shillings) should be sent to
Mr. Herbert E. Page, ‘‘ Bertrose,’’ Gellatly Road, New Gross;
S.E.14 [This subscription includes al! numbers published from
January 15th to December 15th, 1924.)

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers’ magazines should be
notified to Mr. Herbert EK. Page, ‘“ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. 14

ADVERTISEMENTS of Books and Insects for Sale, or Books wanted will be nserted at a minimum
charge of 2s, 6d. (for four lines). Longer Advertisementsin proportion. A reduction made fora series
Particulars of Mr. Herbert E. Page, ‘‘ Bertrose,’’ Gellatly Road, New Cross, 8.l. 14

Subscribers who change their addresses nust report the same to Mr. H. W. Pace ‘ Bertrose
Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.@., otherwise their magazines will probably bs delayed.

Desiderata.—Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all parts of the
world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial; exact data
indispensable. Liberal return made.—IV. G. Pether, ‘‘ Thelma,’ 4, Willow Bridge
Road, London, N. 1.

Duplicates.—Cinxia, Bellargus, Coridon, H. Comma, Lineola, Galathea, Moneta,
Nupta, and many others. Desiderata.—Blandina, Irish Icarus, Carmelita, Cuculla.
Gonostigma, Ashworthii, Templi, Australis, Undulata, Smaragdaria, Testacea,..—
W. Gifford Nash, Clavering House, Bedford.

Duplicates.—-Cinerea ¢ , fine forms, grey, brown and blackish, Maritima and vars.
Immorata and other East Sussex species.

Desiderata.—Pupe. Luteago (Barrettii), Caesia, Albimacula, Alpina, Xanthomista,
Sparganii, Dissoluta (Arundineta), Graphalii. Also imagines of extreme forms Noctue
in fine condition only.—A. J. Wightman, 35, Morris Road, Lewes.

N. American Lepidoptera in papers in exchange for ditto from any part of the world.
J. C. Woodward, Training Ship ‘‘ Cornwall,’ Purfleet, Essex.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7.
8p.m. June 4th, 1924.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m.
—RHon. Sec., Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, 8.H.3.

The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London
Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History
Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street H.C. 2, first and
third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec., W. H.
Guraa, 44, Belfast Road, N. 16.

All MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs returned to Hy. J. Turner,
98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, 8.H.14

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws s communications IDENTICAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.

Lists of Durnicarrs and DrsipErata should be sent direct to Mr. H. HE. Page,
Bertrose, Gellatly Road, New Cross, §.H. 14

OVA, LARVAE, AND PUPAE.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, @Gitonrologist,

BURNISTON, Nr. SCARBOROUGH. —

Bull Last of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,
etc., sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

—/ Hardwood finished rich mahogany, panelled
GPEa Eat @tS. or glass doors. Drawers, 17 x 16 x 24”, on

hidden runners.

Lift-off glazed tops. Camphor cells. lined cork or peat.

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Store Boxes. 3i: ‘$66 vo 3.

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EMPORTANT
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

BACK VOLUMES OF

The Entemologist’s Record
and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXXYV.)

GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates—
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collection—
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Yaeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)—
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—-Retrospect of a Lepidopterist
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus—
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., ete., 360 pp.

To be obtained from—
Mr. H. E. PAGE, “Bertrose,’ Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E. 14
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable

Subscriptions for 1924 are now due. ~'
Mol. XXXVI (3, F.20 No. 6.

The € Enlomologis SUS Record

AND

» Journal of Variation

Wpirep By
Ricuarn S. BAGNALL, v¥.1.s., r.u-s. Jas. Hi. COLLIN, v.z.s.
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CONTENTS.

Upon the suggested Relationship of Psychides, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, #.£.S. (cont.)

The Cumberland Coccinellidae, 7’. F. Marriner, F.E.S.. oe as we ae me 85
The Variation in Larentia variata, Carl Hofer (cont.) .. ve : 5¢ sas 53 88
Euchloé (Anthocharis) ausonia (belia) and its second brood, P. P. Gr EOS, IM inicio oe 90

Notres on Contnectinc.—Variation on Eiichloé cardamines, Thomas Greer: A Nigerian Ant
imported into England, W. C. Crawley, B.A., FE. S.; ; Camponotus perrisii subsp.

nigeriensis at Wembley, H. Ae FZ. ee F.E.S. ; Notes from See: Win.
Passnidgé, M.A.

6 91

Current Nores anp chou, Notes se 4% ae a ate a Pe 93
Societies :—The South London Bitomoleieat Soxtety ; The Entomological Society of

London : 5% ee 4 ae Bo ce a 55 94

REVIEW . 96
Supp. :—List of ‘the Meee lepidopier of Hampshire sal the Isle of Wieht, W.. caine

M.A. )

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SUGGESTED RELATIONSHIPS OF PSYCHIDES. 8i

Upon the suggested Relationships of Psychides. (With two plates.)
By Rey. C. R. N. BURROWS, F.E.S.

The question as to the position of the Psychides with reference to
the rest of the Lepidoptera, would appear to be still an open one.
Looking into the matter it would seem that all, who have taken up the
enquiry, have been led more, or less, by guess work, and to have
solved it by throwing them into one, or other, of those classificatory
*“ Tumber Rooms’ which, even in our present state of knowledge,
form the very useful receptacles for doubtful Groups, Genera and
Species.

I must acknowledge, at the outset, that the more I have studied
the subject, the less have I been able to make of it, and also, that had
it not been for my promise, | should have been very much inclined to
let it alone.

I am indebted to Tutt for all the information I possess upon the
point. In british Lepidoptera, Vol. I1., pp. 117-127, he gives, under the
head of “ Classification of the Psyehides,” a very complete, and there-
fore to me, very welcome, review of the attempts of previous writers to
solve the difficulty.

Generally these attempts have resulted only in suggestions as to
the affinities of these insects, not always I admit, without assigning a
reason, but usually without this reason being in any way satisfactory.
It would appear that the grounds of all such suggestions have been
one or other of the following—

1. Resemblance between the male imagines.
2. Apterous condition of the females.

3. Case-bearing habit of the larvae.

4. Size (of the smaller species).

5. Suggested primitive character.

Tutt records these different suggestions in some detail. I do not
however gather that he deduced anything important therefrom (they
appear to be to him merely as so much ancient history), but he rather
falls back upon the conclusions of Bruand and others, and formulated
by Dr. Chapman (who based his opinion chiefly upon the pupal
structure), that the Psychides constitute a distinct, homogeneous,
group of Lepidoptera.

It is then only in the hope of throwing a little more light upon the
subject that I offer the present note. It would be better undoubtedly
could I transcribe in full Tutt’s 10-11 pages, but that would be
impossible within the limits of this paper, 1 must therefore confine
myself to a short analysis of his remarks. The whole argument is
however too involved, and obscure for me to give more than the
merest outlines.

Seopoli (1768). Connects the Psychides with the Phryganeids.
(Trichoptera.)

Curtis. Agrees. Psychides, are a link between Lepidoptera and
Phryganeids.

Stephens holds that this connection is forbidden by difference in
mouth-parts.

Newman agrees with Curtis, but refers to the scales, in place of
hairs, in a part “of the Psyehides.

JuNE 157H, 1924,

82 THK ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD.

Linné. Places the larger species (2) in his Bombyces, the smaller
(2) in Tineides.

Hubner. Places all in the Tineides.

Guenée strongly supports the same view.

Stephens. Bombyces, not Tineae. Allied to Heterogynis penella.

Horsfield. Connects them with Hepialides.

Bruand (1853) says one group, includes Lypusa, Hetercgynis, and
Psychoides.

Herrich-Schiiffer, places them between the Cochliopodidae, and the
Heterogynides, the Cochliopods uniting them to the Tineina.

Duponchel. Divides them into Macro- and Micro-Psychides.

Stainton divides them, the Micro-group go to the Tineinae, the
Macro-group he places between the Cochliopods and the Platypterygidae
in his Bombyees.

Barrett places the Macro-species next to the Liparidae.

Meyrick. Places them with Zyyaenidae, Zeuzeridae, and Cochlio-
podidae.

Spuler makes them one Superfamily.

Tutt sums the subject up thus—“It is necessary, when such a
violent division of a Superfamily is made, as that of placing one
portion of it among the Tineids, and the other (structurally identical)
amongst the Bombycids, to examine carefully the characters on which
the division is made.” ‘‘ There can be no doubt that all the Psychides
are so Closely related that they must represent one superfamily’ (pp.
123-124).

I need scarcely say that I entirely agree with this opinion, after
having examined the group from a different standpoint, and with quite
sufficient material at my disposal.

I have attempted to represent these different suggestions in the
Plates which accompany this paper, illustrated as far as possible from
British material.

Phryganeids, by Hydropsyche pellucida.

Bombyees, by Megalopyga sp.? and Orgyia antiqua.

Tineides, by Psychoides verhuellella, Lypusa maurella (a Tineid),
Adela viridella, and Tinea vinculella.

Hepialides, by Hepialus lupulinus.

Cochliopods, by Heterogenea asella.

Heterogynids, by Heterogynis penella.

Platypterygidae, by Drepana cultraria.

Zygaenidae, by Zygaena filipendulae.

Some of these references are remarkable for their vagueness. To
assign the Psychides to the Phryganeidae, or to the ‘‘ Bombyces”
would appear now-a-days, to our more enlightened intellect, very like
referring a cat, or a dog, to the whole Zoological Gardens.

I will not here repeat what I have already said about the differences
between the genitalia of the Psychides, and the rest of the Lepidoptera.
Taking the figures in the order in which they stand.—

Hydropsyche pellucida.— A Trichopterous species, of the Family
Phryganeidae. This was the simplest form in a number of specimens
sent to me for examination by Mr. F. N. Pierce. The relationship
here was supposed to lie in the presence of hair-scales in some of the
Psychides, and also in the case-building habit of some of the larvae
(which is indeed very often remarkably Psychid-like), and also possibly

SUGGESTED RELATIONSHIPS OF PSYCHIDES. 83

upon the superficial resemblance of the perfect insect to some of the
Psychid males. My own researches into the genitalia of Insecta have
not extended into this Order, but I have been able, thanks to Mr.
Pierce, to assure myself that there is probably quite as much variety
of structure here, as in the Order Lepidoptera.

Heterogynis penella——Presumably suggested on account of the
appearance of the male, and also by the apterous female. But this
female bears no resemblance to the females of our group, nor does the
larva construct a case. Bruand, it will be remembered, includes this
Genus in his Monograph and figures the life stages in Pl. I., figs. 11,
12, 13, where the strange naked larva, and the apterous female (so
curiously resembling the larva) are well represented.

Hepialus lupulinus—Unless as a member of the old fashioned
Bombyces (not of Linné) I cannot imagine why this connection was
ever suggested. There is of course no resemblance in the larval habits,
nor is the female Hepialus, so far as I know, ever apterous.*

Drepana cultraria.—Kixcept that Stainton placed the ‘ Maero-
Psychides”’ between this Genus and the following, probably in despair
of finding a better position for them, I fail to guess at the cause of his
decision. The larva does not build a case, nor is the female, so far as
I know, ever apterous.

Heterogenea asella.—The same remarks apply here. ‘The large
‘“‘onathos”’ (quite unknown amongst the Psychides) is very noticeable (I
have darkened this in my figure). The larva does not build a case,
nor are the females apterous.

The two following species, both included by Bruand, but excluded
by me, on account of the structure of the final segments of the male,
are also excluded by Staudinger.

Psychoides (Teichobia) verhuellella.—The imago is sufficiently small
to look rather like one of the Psychides, but the female is not apterous, -
nor can the larva be said to be a case-bearer, in a strict sense.

Lypusa maurella.—This somewhat obscure, and not easily obtained,
insect, is included by Tutt, and (as I have mentioned above) under
another name, I believe, by Bruand. ‘The female is winged. The
larva is said to construct a case of leaves, which scarcely describes the
elaborate Psychid habitation. The final segments are totally different
from those of the latter.

Megalopyga sp.—This Neo-Arctic insect has no real right here. I
found an example amongst Dr. Chapman’s specimens, but do not infer
from this, that he regarded it as having any connection with our
subject. This specimen is doubtless referred to by Tutt (p. 871), when
discussing the Psychid antennae. The species belongs to the
Megalopygidae, which come near to our Limacodidae, and has a slightly
Psychid appearance. It is allowed here as an example of ‘‘ Bombyces.”’

Adela viridella.—Here we appear to have arrived at a somewhat
clearer assertion of relationship. So great an authority as Guénée
concludes that ‘‘ the Psychid alliance is with Adela, Incurvaria, etc.,
and not with Orgyia, or Liparis.’’ Adela has of course a winged

* H. pyrenaica ? has very aborted wings, and with its abnormally large body
is probably unable to fly.—H.J.T.
+ See Sich Ent. Rec., p. 65 ante.—H.J.T.

84 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

female, but it has also a case-bearing larva. Now it is very note-
worthy to find that Bruand (Fig. 81 a-b) figures a case of Adela, or
Incurvaria, as a probable Psychid, under the provisional name of
linguliformella. He says that this case (of flat, violin form) having
been attacked by an Ichneumon, produced nothing, and he therefore
leaves its position undecided.

Tutt (Hntom. Record, Vol. XI., p. 212) expresses his regret that it
is not possible to refer to Bruand’s collection for the verification of his
species, and somewhat casually remarks, that the collection had been
destroyed. It would be well to know whether this unfortunate
calamity is anywhere recorded, and whence Tutt obtained his
information.

It is an interesting and suggestive fact that, in the Doubleday
collection of Psychides, now preserved in the Natural History Museum,
(to which neither Tutt, nor Chapman, ever seem to refer, although it
was under Tutt’s very nose for years when at the Bethnal Green
Museum) there is a similar case, also bearing the mark of an
Ichneumon, and placed exactly as in Bruand’s book, at the end of the
Psychides. This fact has led me to wonder whether instead of being
destroyed, it may not have come into Doubleday’s possession, no note
of this acquisition being forthcoming owing to the fact, which is I
believe fully authenticated, that Doubleday’s papers were all wilfully
destroyed after his death.*

Tinea vineulella (richardsoni).—-The relationship of the Psychides
to the Tineina has been very persistently suggested. Here I am in
the difficulty that I know very little of the anatomy of this very
extensive Family, but so far as I have seen, there would appear to be
no relationship from my point of enquiry. I am able however to
refer to an examination of this species, by Tutt and Bacot, undertaken
-with this particular object in view. In the Hntom. Record, Vol. XI.,
pp. 148-49 it is stated that these gentlemen, examining the Dorset
captures of Richardson, under the name of vinculella, or leopoldella,
came to the conclusion that tt had no connection with the Psychides.
It is one of these Dorset insects which I figure. Again, the female of
this Tinea is not apterous.

Orgyia antiqua.—There is no structural relationship with the
Psychides, although the female be apterous.

Zygaena filipendulae—I am again surprised to find this group
compared with the Psychides. I suppose the idea may have followed
upon the assumed relationship with Heterogynis. There is however no

* It would be a very interesting exercise for any Entomologist, with time and
opportunity, to examine this collection, and compare it with Bruand’s Monograph,
in order to discover how far the contents agree with the species, which he there:states
to be actually in his possession. Unlessmy memory plays me false, I believe that in
_ one of the copies of the Monograph, in the Library of the Entomological Society of

London, there is evidence upon the flyleaf of some connection between Bruand
and Doubleday. [The following is the inscription on the flyleaf ‘‘Jos. Gul.
Dunning | Hunce Librum | ab auctore, Theph. Bruand | acceptum | D.D. | Henricus
Doubleday | ’’—H.J.T.]

+ Itis strange to read in this account Tutt’s statements that one of the points
of difference, lay in the fact that the Tineid case is open at both ends, while that
of the Psychides i is open at one end only. Of course, until the time of pupation,
the Psychid case is also open at both ends.

THE CUMBERLAND COCCINELLIDAL., 85

connection here. The Zyyaenidae do not construct larval cases, and
the female is rarely apterous. I imagine that as with Heptalus, so
here the link may be found in the assumed antiquity of these forms. —

I hope that comparison with my former plate will convince my
readers that I am justified in holding the Psychides to be entirely
separated structurally from suggested relations. It is of course possible
even probable that the connecting link or links between the Psychides
and the rest of Lepidoptera, may be discovered, as investigation pro-
ceeds, and I do not suggest that they shall be erected into a separate
Order.

As ali the different divisions of Lepidoptera, with the exception of
the Tineina, have been at least partially examined, as to the structure
of the final segments of the male abdomen, without the desired
relationships having been found, it may quite reasonably be supposed
that the connecting link, if existing, may yet be discovered in this last
group.

(To be continued.)

The Cumberland Coccinellidae.
By T. F. MARRINER, F.E.S.

When I took up the study of Coleoptera some few years ago
under the guidance of Mr. F. H. Day of Carlisle, I soon found that
with other interests claiming a large share of my attention it was
impossible to do justice all at once to so large a field of study. Ispent
about 2 hours along with Mr. Day one February afternoon hunting
through some flood-refuse and we took between 70 and 80 species in
that short time, all of which were then practically new to me. The
resultant attempts at identification and classification gave me a sort of
mental indigestion, and I then and there decided that if I was to do
anything at the subject I must not try to swallow the whole of it at
once. Being a Stamp-Collector, and knowing that while the rudiments
might be mastered by general collecting, the finer points could only be
learned by specialisation, I applied the same principle to the Coleoptera
and determined to specialise in one or two families at first. Iam told
I shall probably have missed no end of good things by taking only one
or two particular families, but 1 am certain I have learnt more. Being
somewhat of a garden enthusiast my fancy first turned to the “ Lady-
birds,” as they are popularly called, and I have covered quite a large
portion of Cumberland in my quests for these interesting and useful
beetles. I am indebted to Mr. Day of Carlisle and Messrs. Donisthorpe
and Leman of London for help in classification, and other kind hints.

Of the 41 species of Coccinellidae in the British List, 831 have been
recorded for Cumberland and where a species is subject to variation
most of the varieties are also present or have been at some time
taken.

Supcoccinetia, Huber.

S. 24-punctata, L.—In Vol. Ill. of the Carlisle Natural History
Society's Transactions this is recorded as having been taken at Great
Salkeld by H. Britten, and by F. H. Day at Drigg. I have specimens
taken at Allonby and Port Carlisle by sweeping grass, so that it is
probably present at least all along the coast of the county. One of

86 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

the specimens taken at Port Carlisle has no spots. Var. saponariae,

Huber.
Hieropamia, Muls.

H. 13-punctata, L.—There is an old record of this having been
taken at Rockcliffe, but it has not been seen recently. The species
variegata, Goez., is however found along the coast. Of this species
some 70 or 80 aberrations have been recorded and 14 of these have
turned up in the collections of Mr. Day and myself. No doubt further
search will reveal others. Mr. Day first came across variegata at
Drigg in 1921, and I have three specimens taken at Silloth in
September, 1922.

Apauia, Muls.

A. obliterata, Li.—This is common wherever fir-trees are found
in the county. The type form which has no spots is not perhaps so
common here as are some of the aberration forms given by Weise.
Var. sublimata is perhaps the eommonest form in the area immediately
North and East of Carlisle. Var. tumata is the only form I have taken
in the district just South of Carlisle; a little further South and reach-
ing to Penrith var. livida seems the commonest form found. Nearer
the coast and in the Lake District, and near the Pennines I have found
the typical form most common.

A. bipunctata, L.—This is common though much more so in some
seasons than in others, and a tremendously interesting variety may be
obtained within the boundaries of the county. I intended writing a
few notes on my experiences in breeding this Ladybird, and its
hibernation, but after reading the excellent paper on the subject in the
Proceedings of the Zooloyical Society London, by Mrs. Merritt Hawkes,
M. Sce., of Birmingham, I decided not to do so.

Mysia, Muls.

M. oblongoguttata, L.—This is common in the county on fir-trees.
In my perhaps somewhat limited experience this species varies much
more than is commonly supposed. It was by far the commonest
“Ladybird” in the county during the summer of 1923 (a wet year)
and I was able to watch it work out its life-history from the egg to the
perfect insect on the pine trees near my camp. I have, within a few
yards of me while writing, a breeding cage wherein a number of these
Ladybirds are in hibernation and I am anxiously awaiting their
awakening. As what I have to say about oblongoguttata would take up
too much space here, I must leave it to a later occasion and pass on.
In the same wood, on the same tree, though not so numerous, I found
Anatis ocellata, L., in all stages of its life-history. It is fairly common
also wherever there are fir trees in thecounty. A few years ago I came
across a specimen with very pale coloured elytra. Both Mr. Donis-
thorpe and Mr. Leman to whom I sent it, remarked upon its unusual
colour. Last summer I gathered two more specimens, and my camp
companion also took two, of the same pale colour exactly. The colour
was not due to new emergence for two of these were kept alive for some
weeks and did not change, and further, one of a batch of larvae we
collected and kept, produced an exactly similar specimen.

THE CUMBERLAND COCCINELLIDAE, 87

Coccinetia, L.

C. 10-punctata, .—Is common all over the county lowlands and
appears in tremendous variety.

C. hieroglyphica, L.—Also very common wherever there is heather
among the fir woods. The county affords quite a nice series of this,
varying from the type form to the all-black variety.

©. 11-punctata, L.—This is common in the low-lying portions of
the county nearer the coast. Of the aberrations recorded and named
from time to time I have taken ab. confluens, Haw., ab. cakiles, Ws.,
ab. 9-punctata, ab. boreolittoralis, Donis. These have all kindly been
identified for me by Mr. Leman of London. Another specimen sub-
mitted was found to be altogether new and as I was asked to name it
I gave it the name ab. lemani as some slight return for Mr. Leman’s
kindness and his work on the Coceinellidae generally. This new
aberration was taken at Burgh on June 3rd, 1922.

C. 5-punctata, L.—One specimen of this was taken in flood refuse
near Carlisle many years ago and this with a record by T. C. Heysham
(Steph. 1ll.), were the only known Cumberland captures, until | was
fortunate enough to take four specimens when sweeping along the
Caldew Valley a few miles from Carlisle, in May, 1922.

C. 7-punctata, L.—This, too, is fairly common in the county.
Except in size there is not much in the way of variation to be recorded
here. I have one very small specimen taken at Brampton in 1922 and
a specimen without spots except the 4 spot at the scutellum, the
aberration ab. lucida of Weise.

Hatyzia, Muls.

H. 16-guttata, L.—This is very rare in Cumberland. The first
record is, I believe, one by T. C. Heysham, for Newby Cross near
Carlisle, about 80 yearsago. Since then it has been recorded by H.
Britten for Penrith neighbourhood, Orton near Carlisle by Mr. Day,
and the latest record is my own, taken in the very wood at Newby Cross,
where the earliest recorded capture was made.

H, 14-quttata, L.—This is fairly common and often turns up among
flood refuse.

Hf. 18-guttata. L.—Though this is recorded in Mr. Day’s County
List as common on fir trees, I personally have not found it so, except
in two localities.

H. conglobata, L.—Only one record for this exists, an old one
made by T. C. Heysham.

H, 22-punctata, L.—This cannot be called uncommon. I have taken
it in flood refuse on one occasion when out with Mr. Day. I also had
one really lucky day in my search for it. I had looked for it on nettles
in vain several times, but came across quite a colony on some oak
seedlings by the road-side. My specimens all came from one or other
of two localities or from flood refuse.

Mricraspis, Redtb.

M. 16-punctata, L.—Also claims inclusion in the Cumberland
List on the strength of one old record and Hyperaspis reppensis, Hbst.
has only three records. It is recorded from Hskdale in Fowler, from
Great Salkeld by Britten and from Cumrew Fell by Day. These

88 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

localities are well apart; so possibly further search will add to their
number. Of the genus Scymnus the county has at one time or other
produced seven species but only three of these can be called common;
further search will probably lead to the discovery of new localities and
add to the county list of species. S. nigrinus, Kug., S. discoideus, Ill., and
S. testaceus var. scutellaris, Muls., | have taken at Orton near Carlisle.
Of S. pygmaeus, Fourc., there is only one recorded capture, by Mr.
Day at Silloth, of S. capitatus, F., two old records, one at Baron Wood,
by T. C. Heysham and one given by Fowler at Carlisle. S. frontalis,
F., and 8. haemorrhoidalis, Hbst., are marked in Mr. Day’s List as
rare.

Cuimocorus, Leach.

C. similis, Ross.—I have taken it in company with Mr. Day at Orton
near Carlisle. It is also recorded from Penrith area ty Mr. Britten.

C. bipustulatus, Li.—This is another beetle which I have not yet
succeeded in taking in Cumberland, though I am informed that it is
quite common in the mosses on the heaths in all parts of the county.

Exocuomus, Redtb.

EF. quadripustulatus, L.—Two records exist, an old one for
Armathwaite, and a more recent one by Mr. J. Murray for Dalston.

Rhizobius litura, F., and the last on the list Coccidula rufa, Hbst., are
both commonly taken by the sweep-net among the grasses and other
low growing plants.

There is still plenty of work to be done in connection with this
group in the county. There are areas yet unexplored, life-histories to
work out, and perhaps with patience old records may be confirmed by
new captures, and even new species be discovered for the County List.

The Variation in Larentia (Thera) variata, Schiff.
By CARL HOFER of Klosterneuberg (Vienna).
(Translated by Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S.
(Continued from page 41.)

ab. alboniyrata, n. ab., isalso a vartata form with pure white ground
colour, which, so far as I know from a search through the literature,
has not yet been described.

Among our native variata there occur, at the present time speci-
mens with pure white ground-colour and dark almost black discal area,
which, on account of their striking colour-contrast, produce a hand-
some, remarkable form, and which, at the suggestion of Prof. Rebel, I
name ab. albonigrata. They are in short, ab. nigrofasciata with pure
white ground colour. I have four examples of it (¢ May 81st, 1917.
Hohe Wand, coll., Héfer. g May 28rd, 1904, Hinterberg, Ysper,
coll. Preissecker. @ ex. ovo August 19th, 1919, Rekawinkel, coll.
Preissecker. @ May 18th, 1916, Tullnerbach, coll. Galvagni.).

And now with respect to the divergency of the markings.—Let us
look somewhat closer at the middle area (transverse band) of the fore-
wings, and we see that this at its lower, narrower extremity towards

THE VARIATION IN LARENTIA VARIATA. 89

the inner-margin tends to be interrupted or obsolescent, while its upper
broad portion forms from the costal margin to the chief vein, an
exceedingly permanent element of the marking. However its colour
changes, it is on the costal half and on the inner margin usually
deepest in colour, while in its central portion there is often a noticeable
clear area. I have before me a number of examples, which, by a
superficial examination, one might speak of as an interrupta-form.
Only by a close examination does one find a so-called pseudo-interrupta
form is present, in which the transverse area, still holds its own in its
marking and only the sharp and dark colour-contrast disappears in the
filling up of the internal. '

A single actual interruption of the central band by the ground
colour occurs not uncommonly in our native variata. On the other
hand less eften do there appear other interruptions in its lower
portion, so that the middle area towards the inner margin appears to
be lost in several small spots.

ab. tnterrupta, Schaw.—The form with interrupted middle area,
Herr Dr. K. Schawerda has named an ab. interrupta in the 24. Jahresber.
Wien. Hunt. Ver. 1913. Then a few years later, Fritz Hoffman in his
Fauna of Steiermark, again named ths form with the same name, and
a humorous chance has stepped in, for he remarks in the same place
‘“‘ that he gladly agrees with the proposal of Dr. Schawerda of denoting
by the term interrupta all the Geometer-forms whose interrupted middle
band has hitherto not received recognition by a varietal name.”

Further also one can differentiate here more closely, for in relation
to the transverse interruption of the middle area we can generally note
the following probable forms.—

1. Forma inswlata:—The middle area has been cut across by light
veins. (Larentia silaceata, Schiff. ab. snsulata, Haw.)

2. Forma interrupta or divisa:—The middle area has been inter-
rupted once, more or less widely, by the ground colour (Larentia cory-
lata, Thnbeg., ab. interrupta, Hirschke; Larentia sayittatta, F., ab.
interrupta, Hirschke; Larentia juniperata, L., ab. divisa, Strand).

3. Forma maculata or dissoluta:—The middle area has been broken
up into spots by numerous interruptions by the ground colour over its
whole length or over only a portion. (Larentia rivata, Hb., ab. macu-
lata, Rbl.; Lobophora sertata, Hb., ab. dissoluta, Hofer.)

The last mentioned form of these with interrupted band, forms a
transition to those forms, in which the lower portion of the middle
band as far as the inner margin, is completely wanting. This aberra-
tion occurs, but rarely in our native variata. I can show two examples of
it, one a male from the coll. of Fritz Preissecker obtained on June Ist,
1919, at Rekawinkel, and a female form the Rosaliengebirge on June
1st, 1902. The last is in the coll. of Herr Dr. Galvagni and was
mentioned by him at the meeting of the Zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien of
January 2nd, 1903.

This form |ab. costimaculata, Hofer.| as can be seen even at the
first glance, is not to be piaced with ab. strayulata, Hb. Without
taking note of the distinctive size and colour, the two specimens
referred to belong in this view to what is usually considered as typical
variata—these insects have a sharply toothed waved line, and an angle

90 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

of the middle line projecting out towards the apex of the wing—both
significant characters of the typical form.

A further male example from Campiglio, Tyrol, which Herr Dr.
Schawerda, with great kindness, gave me for exhibition, offers such a
peculiar appearance, because the dark middle area strongly narrows
towards the costal margin, diminishing into little more than a short,
stout streak. Among the many hundreds of variata, which I have had
under my observation, this specimen is the only one in which the
middle area has undergone a decrease towards the costa.

Correction :—The last line of page 39 (ante) should read ‘‘ Vol. 45
of the nt. for 1912, pp. 241-6.”

(To be continued.)

Euchloé (Anthocharis) ausonia, Hb. (=belia auct.) and its second
brood.

By P. P. GRAVES, F.E.S.

Having studied H. ausonia in its near Hast forms for several years,
I wish to take exception to Dr. Roger Verity’s statement (Hnt. Rec.,
1923, p. 169, and 1919, p. 143) that the two generations of this species
are ‘‘a myth.” Not only did the late Dr. Staudinger vouch for the
existence of a second brood, not merely a bipartite emergence, in South
Spain, where as he pointed out the larva feeds up very rapidly, but I
myself, a much humbler lepidopterist than the illustrious Saxon, have
bred the second emergence y. a. »elisanda of the Palestinian race from
larvae of the first brood.

Males and females of the vernal brood of /. ausonia occurred spar-
ingly round the W.T. Station near G.H.Q. at Birr Yaxus, also called
Bir Sauem, in Palestine in late January and the first half of February
in 1918. This place is in the coastal plain and lies near the small
towns of Lupp and Ramuren. Females in bad order were flying about
what we took to be Biscutella plants early in February. About March
12th, I took two larvae of FH. ausonia on the Biscutella. They were
two thirds grewn. One was drowned when a cloud-burst flooded our
camp. ‘The other produced a specimen of FH. ausonia, yg. a. melisanda
(which differs from the Palestinian vernal form triangula both in the
Coastal Plain, the uplands and the Jordan Valley) between the 5th and
the 8th of April, 1918. This is surely conclusive as far as Palestine is
concerned. I suspect a partial second brood at Constantinople, and a
more complete second brood in Greece. Dr. Verity’s view that there
would not be time for a second brood to pass through all the stages
ab ovo, between April and June, may be true of Italy or South France.
But at Constantinople, ’. ausonia appears in late March, or at the very
beginning of April in favourable years as do P. napi and P. rapae. If
the two common Pierids produce second brood specimens there, even
in quite normal years as early as the first week of June, why should
the occasional FE. ausonia g. a. maxima taken near Constantinople in
June not be also direct deseendants of the first emergence of the same
year. In Greece I have taken a female H. ausonia race graeca as early
as January 31st, at Athens. The first H. ausonia g. a. maxima taken

NOTES ON COLLECTING, 91

by me fell to my net in the first week of May. This gives ample time
for development.

Y)OTES ON COLLECTING, etc.

Variation in EucHio# carpamines.—In my notes in The Record,
Vol. XXXV. (1923), p. 179, I stated that ab. schepdaeli, Derenne,
appeared to be very similar to ab. caulotosticta, Wms. (given as caulo-
sticta in error.). This isnot so; as I have since been in correspond-
ence with Mons. F, Derenne, who kindly forwarded through Mr. H. J.
Turner, a beautiful coloured figure of the first named aberration ; in
this, on the fore-wing the costa is blackened as far as, and almost
touching the discoidal ; and extending along the sub-costal vein into
the apical area; whereas in ab. caulotosticta, a black line springs from
the discoidal and extends along the sub-costal towards the base.

I possess several 2? 2s combining both the above aberrations.

I also wish to describe a new form (as far as I can find out) of this
species; @ with all wings of a dull ochreous yellow; for this form I
would suggest the name ochrata. Two examples in Mr. D. Westropp’s
collection from Co. Cork (one of these is almost of a buff colour) ;
one from Co. Tyrone.—THomas Greer, Stewartstown, Co. Tyrone.
May 21st, 1924.

A Nigerian Ant meorteD into Eneranp.—In the cases containing
two termites’ uests. sent to the British Museum (Natural History) this
spring for exhibition at Wembley, were a number of live ants, which,
presumably included by accident in the earth and vegetable debris in the
boxes, had penetrated into the nests during the voyage and had emerged
in the warmth of the museum. A number of these ants were given me
on April 14th, and J actually picked up some living ones on the Museum
floor. These live ants I kept for some time in a Janet plaster nest.

The consignment of termites was from Ibadan, Nigeria, and I
identified the ants as Camponotus (Myrmotrema) perrisii, Forel, subsp.
nigeriensis, Santschi. There are % 8 and alate 9 2.

CO. perristi, For., was described from Angola in 1886 (Ann. Soc. Hint.
Belg., XXX., p. 177) as a race of C. foraminosus, For. Later it was
raised to a specific rank by him. The s.sp. nigeriensis, Sants. (Boll.
Lab. Zool. gen. e agr. Portici, VIII., p. 888, 1914), was described as a
s.sp. of bayert, For., from specimens from Ibadan. The following year
the author altered it to a s.sp. of perrisii, For. (Ann. Soc. Ent. France,
LXXXIV., p. 277), adding descriptions of the g g and 9? 9. These
specimens were from the Belgian Congo.

In none of the above references is there any mention of the habits
of the ant or of any connection with termites. In captivity the % 3
and 2 2 were extremely sluggish under our spring temperature, but
became very lively and were capable of enduring extraordinary heat in
front of a gas fire. They eat honey fairly readily, and kill flies, but do
not apparently devour them. During my absence for a few days, how-
ever, the nest had become too dry, and on returning I found that three
or four of the ¥ 3 had been killed, and one of the two ? @?, and their
bodies dismembered. A few days ago the remaining 8 died, and there
is at present only one 9 surviving.

92 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Since the termites’ nest has been exhibited at Wembley several
people have reported that there are still living ants running about
inside the cases.—W. C. Crawtey (B.A., F.E.S.).

Camponotus (Myrmotrema) PERRIS, FoREL, SUBSP. NIGERIENSIS,
Sant., at Wemsiey.—When walking through the section devoted to
Nigeria, at Wembley, early in May, I observed a number of live ants
(winged @ ¢, 2£2f, and ¥ 8 of a Vamponotus) crawling about in one
of the show cases. In the show case are exhibited—a number of
butterflies on grass stems; an earthen termites nest ; and a represen-
tion of a raid by ‘‘ Driver ants.” I found the Secretary of the section.
and explained to him that the live ants were neither ‘“‘ Drivers” nor
termites. He told me that they had commenced to emerge from the
termites’ nest four days after it had been fixed up in the case, and he
was so obliging as to have the glass sides unscrewed for me, so that I
could take as many of the ants as I wished. Collecting in the tropics
was a new experience for me! I was quite unaware that the ant had
previously been found at the Museum, but when I sent specimens to
my colleague, Mr. Crawley, he gave me the information contained in
his note on the ant in question. The ants must have been in consider-
able numbers in the termites’ nest, as my friend Mr. Laing, of the
Natural History Museum, tells me they were in evidence in some num-
bers when he was at Wembley subsequent to my visit.—Horacr
DonistHoree (F.Z.8., F.H.S.).

Norges rrom HampsnirE.—Arounp SourHampton.—I have been
working hard this spring, and am pleased to say that I have managed
to do something, which is certainly encouraging, when one hears such
depressing accounts all around. On April 19th, on sallow, close to the
town, L took one Taentocampa opima, which, so far as | am aware, is a
new species for Hants. Hybernated Sarrothripus revayana have been
moderately common, as well as Leptogramma literana, and one Peronea
eristana has turned up. I have bred a large number of Thera variata
and 7’. obeliscata, but I am quite unable to distinguish the larvae or the
pupae. I note, however, that the newly emerged imago of 7’. variata
has a curious habit of refusing to climb before the wings expand, so
that a fair number of them have curled wings, due to insufficient space
or height for expansion. This is a nuisance in so frail an insect, for I
found it usually impossible to set them. boarmia cictarta has been
abundant this year in all the Forest (New) bogs, and on the same pines
numbers of Xylocampa areola were to be taken. Hupithecta irriguata
turned up in gratifying numbers, but is strangely restricted and local
in both the localities, which I know. FE. dodoneata has been very
abundant locally, and Nola confusalis was to be taken freely at the same
time and place. By searching also I was gratified to find specimens of
Asphalia ridens. One Lampropterya sufumata turned up at Denny, and
Lobophora halterata (heaapterata has been plentiful, and in the same
wood I took a nice form of Boarmia consonaria which lacked the distin-
euishing square spot. On the Winchester Downs I took three H.
fraxinata in a larch copse. Some years ago I took two specimens at
Winchester, but could not recall the spot where they were found.
Perhaps my best capture this year was a long series of Chesias rufata
of which, in one night, I took twelve near Southampton. A long

CURRENT NOTES. 93

search by the canal at Shawford, yielded only one larva of Apamea
ophiogramma, but larva of Philereme (Scotosia), transversata (rhamnata)
were plentiful. Larvae of Cleora jubata (glabraria) were fairly common
in a local wood, where hitherto I have only found odd specimens. It
seems to be a good year for “ pugs,” for EF. vulgata is swarming every-
where, H. castigata is fairly common, HE. coronata, a few, FE. pusillata
is quite common, FH. lariciata is fairly common, FE. satyrata, is, as
usual, searce, but H. scabiosata is plentiful enough, and larvae of F/.
sobrinata are in countless numbers.—Wm. Fassniper (M:A.), 47,
Tennyson Road, Southampton, Hants, June 2nd, 1924.

G@IURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

It has been my privilege to have seen two books recently published,
which particularly interested me, inasmuch as they intimately
concerned my friend and colleague, Mr. H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe. As
doubtless subscribers to The Hntomologist’s Record will share this
interest, we give data as follows :—

I. The Life-work of Lord Avebury (Sir Jno. Lubbock) 18384-1913.

This comprises essays by

(a) Sir Bernard Mallet, K.C.B.

(6) Sir Arthur Keith, F.R.S.

(c) Dr. A. Smith Woodward, L.L.D., F.R.S.
(d) Professor J. Arthur Thomson, L.L.D.

(e) H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
(f) Dr. A. C. Seward, F.R.S.

(g) Sir Michael E. Sadler, K.C.8.I.

The essay (e) by Mr. Donisthorpe is a clever and lucid treatise on
Ants. The work is edited by (the late) Lord Avebury’s daughter, the
Hon. Mrs. Adrian Grant Duff and is published by Watts, London,
May, 1924.

~ IL. The Ants of Timothy Thiimmel, by A. Ferenczy.

This is a Fantastic Story in the style of Gulliver's Travels or
Evrewhon, but founded upon the marvellous social life of the Ants. It
is dedicated to Horace Donisthorpe, and contains 60 pages of Scientific
Notes on the Social Life of Ants at the end of the book.

It was compiled with the assistance of Miss Cheesman, Curator of
the Insect House at the Zoological Gardens, and has been revised by
Mr. Donisthorpe. Published by Jonathan Cape, London, May, 1924.
—H.E.P.

From June 4th, 1924, onwards, the Library of the Entomological
Society of London will be open to Fellows and the their friends (except
during September) from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., but not on Saturdays, when it
is closed: On the nights of meetings it remains open until 10 p.m.,
and on other Wednesdays until 9 p.m.

Three Fellows of the Entomological Society of London have passed
away during the last few weeks. Mr. F. Merrifield, a past President
(1905-6), and a life-long resident of Brighton had reached the ripe age
of 94. He was'a man of exceptional energy who, when his time of retire-
ment from his daily duties came, not only took up other public duties,
but began actively to investigate the influence of temperature on the

94 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

life-histories of the lepidoptera and joined the Entomological Society
in 1897. His death came quite unexpectedly, for only a few days
before, although confined to his bed, his mind was fully alive to the
pleasures of the study of entomology. Mr. J. H. AS Jenner, of Lewes,
Sussex, had been a Fellow since 1886 and was well known to an older
generation as a student and correspondent in the study of the British
Lepidoptera. His name appears frequently in the literature of the
early part of the later half of last century. Mr. A. D. R. Baccus was
a younger man and had only recently joined the Society, but his work
on the local insect fauna of the Bristol area showed great promise.

Mr, HK. J. Pierce writes:—‘ With a view to the compilation of a
county list of beetles, I should be very grateful for any records of
Coleoptera taken within the boundaries of the county Dorset. Full
data of Habitat, Locality and Date are most desirable whenever available.
They should be sent to me at the following address.—K. J. Pearce, The
Lodge, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.”

SOCIETIES.

Tue Sours Lonpon EntomonocicaL Society.

March 27th.—The President in the chair.

Capt. Crocker, a long series of Melitaea athalia showing consider-
able varation in the light and dark markings, both in shape, area, and
in depth of colour.

Mr. Wm. Hales read a paper on the ‘“‘ Old Chelsea Physic Garden,”
illustrating it with numerous lantern slides.

Tue EntromonoeicaL Sooty oF Lonpon.

March 5th.—Osituary.—The President announced the death of Mr.
A. H. Jones, Treasurer of the Society from 1904 to 1917, and a vote of
condolence was passed to his relatives.

Exection or Fettows.—The following were elected Fellows of the
Society :—Mr. H. B. Cott, 9, Old Orchard Road, Hastbourne; Mr.
R. H. Le Pelley, Entomological Dept., Royal College of Science,
S.W. 7.

Kxursits.—Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited and made remarks upon
some Central European forms of Pieris napt.

Mr. W. G. Sheldon exhibited about 50 of the more striking forms
of Peronea hastiana.

Mr. A. M. Altson exhibited some of the parasites and hyper-
parasites of the common earwig and also a tsetse-fly parasite, both of
which are being bred at Rothamsted Experimental Station on behalf
of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, and Dr. G. A. K. Marshall,
C.M.G., F.R.S., described the circumstances under which this work
had been undertaken by the Bureau.

Dr. K. Jordan exhibited a new species of Thysania allied to 7’
agrippina from.§.K. Brazil.

SOCIETIES. 95

_ Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a living specimen of a bird-eating spider
from Brazil, and Miss Cheesman described some personal experiences
of spiders of this type.

Professor EK. B. Poulton, F.R.S., exhibited a remarkable cocoon of
the Noctuid moth Labanda fasciata, Walk., from Ceylon, and also
drawings and specimens demonstrating that the larvae of Asilid flies
of the Genus Hyperechia prey upon those of Xylocopid bees in the
colonies of which they live.

March 19th.—Euxcrion or Frttows.—The following were elected
Fellows of the Society :—Mr. W. H. Edwards, 59, Leinster Square,
Bayswater, W.2; Mr. J. H. Grant, Cole Dale View, Coleshill Road,
Ward End, Birmingham; Major R. W. G. Hingston, I.M.S.,
Lloyds Bank, Ltd., Bombay; Miss E. M. Ralfs, Greenfield, Redhill,
Surrey; Mr. O. W. Richards, 70, Belsize Park Gardens, N.W.3; Hem
Singh Pruthi, Zoological Laboratory, University of Cambridge ; Pro-
fessor Teiso Esaki, Entomological Laboratory, College of Agriculture,
Kiushui Imperial University, Fukuoka, Japan.

Eixureits.—Dr. J. W. Scharff exhibited and made rematks upon a
number of butterflies from Malaya.

Miss L. E. Cheesman exhibited an example of Scolopendra gigas
and discussed the effect of the poisons secreted by centipedes and
spiders.

Mr. O. E. Janson exhibited some rare beetles from North Ireland.

Mr. J. G. Arrow gave an account of stridulating organs in
Erotylidae and Dytiscidae (Col.).

Dr. F. A. Dixey, F.R.S., exhibited a series of Catopsilia crocale, C.
pomona, and C. catilla and discussed the identity of these species.

Parsrs.—The following papers were read :—

(1) ‘‘ On Fluorescence in Lepidopterous Pigments,” by Dr. E. A.
Cockayne.

(2) ‘On the species of the Genus Cosmophila,” by Mr. W. H. Tams.

(3) “On the Dragonflies of Palestine,” by Mr. K. J. Morton.

(4) “On the metamorphosis of Deuterophlebia sp. (Diptera,
Deuterophlebiidae, Kdw.) by Miss Pulikoyski.

April 2nd.—Osituary.—The President announced the death of
Dr. L. Peringuey, Director, South African Museum, Cape Town, anda
Fellow of the Society.

Exection or Fetnows.—The following were elected Fellows of the
Society: —Mr. E. T. Ellis, The Firs, Bridge Street, Wye, Kent; Mr.
F. D. Golding, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria; Mr. W. E. Jones,
M’fongosi, Zululand.

Exuisits.—Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., exhibited a new race
of Amauris lobengula from near Lake Rudolph flying with a correspond-
ing female form of Papilio dardanus, He also made further remarks on

96 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

the nocturnal flight of Ploetzea cerymica and on the close resemblances
between two Hispid beetles from India.

Mr. H. M. Edelsten exhibited an aberration of Argynnis selene from
Sussex.

May 7Tth.—Wicken Fen.—The Treasurer, Mr. W. G. Sheldon,
made a statement on the present position of the Wicken Fen Fund and
appealed to Fellows for contributions.

Exuipsits.— Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker exhibited a new method of
mounting small butterflies between two sheets of glass as advocated by
Dr. Verity of Florence, for ready examination and comparison.

Mr. A. E. Tonge exhibited some British Lycaenidae which demon-
strated in a remarkable manner the extremely satisfactory result of the
new lighting installation in the meeting room as regards colour values.

Dr. K. Jordan exhibited a new race of a Hypsid moth, Asota
heliconia, from the Solomon Islands which has lost the orange warning
colour of the body.

Mr. W. G. Sheldon exhibited examples of Peronea cristana var.
curtisana and var. tolana which by well founded facts he had ascertain-
ed to be Desvignes’ types.

Professor EK. B. Poulton F.R.S., exhibited and made remarks upon
the following, among others :—

(1) The terrifying “false head” of the large 8. American
Fulgoridae.

(2) Notes of Fijian butterflies, by Mr. H. W. Simmonds.

(3) An Australian bee Halictus sp. devouring Thrips.

He also gave an account of Mr. R. H. Harris’ experiments proving
that dummy animals are attractive to tsetse flies and suggested a
possible interpretation of this remarkable phenomenon.

Mr. B. C. §. Warren exhibited and deseribed a new European
skipper resembling Hesperia centaureae.

Paprers.—The following papers were read :—

(1) ‘‘ On the Ethiopean species of the Genus Hesperia,” by
Dr. L. G. Higgins.

(2) “On the relation between the larvae of the Asilid Genus
Hyperechia, and those of Xylocopid Bees,” by Professor HE. B. Poulton,
E.R.S.

WEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

“ Dre Leprpopreren-|'auna AGyprens,” By A. ANDRES AND A. SEITZ.
—During the past year three articles have appeared in the periodical
of the well known Senckenberg Natural History Society of Frankfurt
on the Macro-lepidoptera of Egypt, to which is added a plate of some
30 colored figures of local and new forms. ‘The paper is really a sum-
mary of what has hitherto been reported by various lepidopterists who
have either, collected in the country, or received collections obtained
for them there. The paper contains a description of the country, a
general comparison of the lepidopterous fauna with that of the neigh-
bouring areas, a note on the distribution of species, and remarks on the
time of flight as regards the seasons. Of the Rhopalocera thirty-seven
species are given, some of course being exclusively Mediterranean
species, which go but a short way from the coast, and others only
admitted as occurring in Sinai.—H.J.T.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXXVI. (10 shillings) should be sent to
Mr. Herbert E. Page, ‘‘ Bertrose,”’ Gellatly Road, New Cross,
S.E.14 [This subscription includes ali numbers published from
January 15th to December 15th, 1924.)

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers’ magazines should be
notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, S$.E. 14

Apvenrisumunrs (f Books and Insects for Sale, or Books wanted will be nserted at a minimum
charge of 4s. 6d. (for four lines). Longer Advertisementsin proportion. Areduction made for a series
Particulars of Mr. Herbert E. Page, ‘“‘ Bertrose,’’ Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.l. 14

Subseribers who change thsir addresses must report the sume to Mr. IL. IW. Paau ' Bertrose
Gellatly ltioad, New Cross, |.ondon, 8.14., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed.

Desideratu.—Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all paris cf the
world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial; exact duta
indispensable. Liberal return made.—IV. G. Pether, ‘‘ Thelma,” 4, Willow Bridge
Road, London, N. 1.

Duplicates.—Cinxia, Bellargus, Coridon, H. Comma, Lineola, Galathea, Moneta,
Nupta, and many others. Desiderata.—Blandina, Irish Icarus, Carmelita, Cuculla.
Gonostigma, Ashworthii, Templi, Australis, Undulata, Smaragdaria, Testacea.—
W. Gifford Nash, Clivering House, Bedford. 2

Duplicates.— Cinerea ¢ , fine forms, grey, brown and blackish, Maritima and vars.
Immorata and other East Sussex species.

Desiderata.—Pupe. Luteago (Barrettii), Caesia, Albimacula, Alpina, Xanthomista,
Sparganii, Dissoluta (Arundineta), Graphalii. Also imagines of extreme forms Noctuse
in fine condition only.—d. J. Wightman, 85, Morris Road, Lewes.

N. American Lepidoptera in papers in exchange for ditto from any part of the world.
J. C. Woodward, Training Ship ‘* Cornwall,”’ Purfleet, Essex.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.\W.7.
8 p.m. October Ist, 1924.° j

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m.
—RHon. Sec., Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.E.3.

The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London -
Imtomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History
Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street T1.C.2, first and
third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec., W. EH.
Gunae, 44, Belfast Road, N. 16.

All MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs returned to Hy. J. Turner,
98, Drakefel] Road, New Cross, London, 8.1.14

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send us communications IDENTICAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.

Lists of Dornicarrs and Drsiprrata should be sent direct to Mr. H. E. Page,
Bertrose, Gellatly Road, New Cross, 8.H. 14

OVA, LARVAE, AND PUPAZ. —
The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles Is
Fi. VV ia Bee); G@riutonrelogist,

BURNISTON, Nr. SCARBOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,
etc., sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

MOUNTING
OUTFITS.

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392, Strand, W.6.2.

BACK VOLUMES OF
The Entomologist’s Record
and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXXV.)

CONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates—
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection—
Parthenogenesis— Pauper on ‘aeniocanpidae—Phylloxera— Practical Hints (many)—
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—-Retrospect of a Lepidopterist
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, EHpunda lichenea, Helio, hobus hispidus—
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., ete., 360 pp.

To be obtained from—

Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Eertroge,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E. 14
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be mude payable

af,
:

Tou. xxxvi vl cae 1924 Nee 7&8,
The Entottologist’s Record

AND

~ Journal of Variation

Hipirep BY

Ricwarp S. BAGNALL, F.u.s., F.E.s. Jas. E. COLLIN, F.z.s.

Grorce T. BETHUNE-BAKER, f.1.8., F.z.S. H. Sr. J. K. DONISTHORPH, #.z.»., v.5.8.

M. BURR, D.SC., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.U.S. Joun Hartitry DURRANT, r-x:s.

(Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, r.x.s. Aurrep SICH, F.r.s.

EH. A. COCKAYNE, m.p., ¥.z.s. (Ruy.) Grores WHEELER, m.a., F.n.s.
and

Henry J. TURNER, F.«.s.,

Kditorial Secretary.

CONTENTS.

Upon the suggested Relationship of Psychides, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.E.S. ci ac 97
New British Cecidomyiidae. 6., R. S. Bagnall, F.H.S., F.L.S., and J. W. Harrison, D.Se. 99

Digne and the Basses Alpes in taly, 1923, Lt. E. B. APE Aland oto. ae ae 102
Additions and Corrections to ‘‘ List of Opn and Rhopalocera of Beetccular Thaly ? 2B

Roger Verity, M.D. a6 we as oh aie 50 BE .. 106
Nomenclature—1924, H. J. Thao F. E. 8. 56 He Bie 5c a Be Sa. dul
Norns on Con~nurctine :—‘‘ Tinea vinculella (richardsoni), J.H.D.; Abraxas ene

and parasites in 1924, H.J.T.; The Pupation of fem ye bergmanniana,. Jaldioste

Plusia moneta at Amberley, ee T. C. Pepper. : Tee LEIS
Current Nores anp SHort Novices fe 115
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SUGGESTED RELATIONSHIPS OF PSYCHIDES, 97

Upon the suggested Relationships of Psychides.
(Continued from page 85.)

By Rev. C. R. N. BURROWS, F.E.S.

I may perhaps, as I have threshed out all that I can find to say
upon the subject of this paper, be allowed to add a few notes about
my more recent experiences in attempting to rear some of the larger
Psychides.

- I must confess that I have found the work fairly heartbreaking.
Evidently ignorance of the attention required, climatic conditions, or
resentment on the part of the captives, makes the rearing of these
insects particularly difficult. On two occasions Whittle handed to me
cases which he had found in Britain. These produced nothing.

The same fate has overtaken almost every individual which has
reached my hands. I have often found, upon carefully opening acase
(which has only been done when hope had been abandoned), a living
larva, but all attempts to persuade it to eat, although Psychides are
reputed to be nearly omnivorous, have proved fruitless.

My last experience has been almost equally disappointing. Last
autumn I received about a dozen cases from Dr. P. A. Buxton, which
he had collected in Palestine, with the warning that the natives
declared they would produce nothing. Only one of these has at all
rewarded my pains, and that but partially. Having lost a consign-
ment from Tunis (for which I have to thank M. Charles Dumont), by
leaving them out of doors during the winter (lest they should get dry,
or hungry, in doors), I kept these Palestine cases, during the past
winter in my study, and duly watered them from time to time.

Only one of these has ever shown life since its arrival, although
such cages as I have been led to open, have usually contained a living
larva. ‘This one specimen has, however, made up in interest, for the
inertness of its companions. It alone ‘“‘opened its door.’’ No other
has exhibited the smallest curiosity as to its whereabouts, nor trace of
hunger. The history of this individual seems to be worth recording.

On September 14th, 1928, Mr. H. J. ‘Eurner being with me, we
noticed that a pupa was forcing its head parts from the free extremity
of the case. It was then of a pale honey-colour and although I ought
to have been able to decide upon its sex, I found it difficult to make up
my mind as to whether I detected more detail than some Psychid female
pupae show. Its transparency made it difficult to examine, and the
slightest disturbance sent 1t back at once out of sight. It was then
evidently not sufficiently developed to be on the point of emergence.
I watched it carefully day by day, making notes of its behaviour. Its
habit proved to be, on every fine day, to protrude as far as the thoracic
segments, every morning, until noon, when it always withdrew for
the rest of the day. On dull days it did not appear, and sometimes i
even seemed to close its door, although that would seem a difficult
operation for a pupa to perform.

This performance continued until October 19th, when it emerged
too far, and consequently fell on to earth. Seeing that it was alive
‘and active I carefully replaced it in its case, but it fell again on
November 8rd. It continued to fall out, more and more frequently,
and to be replaced, until November 18th, when examination proved

Juty-Aueust, 1924.

98 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

that life was extinct. It had by this time assumed a dark chestnut
colour, and the imaginal organs of the male were plainly visible.

Having assured myself that there was no remaining hope of rear-
ing the insect, I took advantage of Mr. Pierce’s next visit to mount
the remains. It proved to be perfectly developed. This development
was, I feel quite certain, completed after its first appearance outside
the case. I secured therefore from this specimen perfect preparations
of all parts, except the wings, which of course, never expanded. This
was my sole success. :

Some time ago I had a similar successful experiment. I managed
to rescue from a purchased case of Amicta quadrangularis, a dead male
pupa, which supplied me with a perfect preparation in the same way.
I may add that I have never been able to procure a specimen of this
Species, which would appear to be common enough in Palestine, in
the larval, but very rarely procured in the perfect state, this goes to
show that these insects are liable to die when ready to emerge. I have
not been able to identify my insect by its wing parts, but by comparison
with specimens in my collection, I feel confident in deciding that it
belongs to the Genus Amicta, and not far removed from, if not identical
with, febretta.

I have to-day (March 25th), examined the remaining cases from
Palestine, which I have stated came to hand in August last, and which
have never yet shown a sign of life. The result is this.—A case of
Amicta quadrangularis, from Wadi Felt, Jericho, which was marked as
having spun up for pupation on July 28th, last, is absolutely empty,
no trace of larval skin, or indeed of occupation. A second case is also
empty, while a third contains the remains of a dead larva. ‘The
remaining four each contain a living and active larva (although very
emaciated), which obviously resented my intrusion. Every time I
have thus opened a case, the tenant has promptly set to work to repair
the damage. But these larva have during this long period taken no
food of any description.

Another curious habit of these larvae, which may probably indicate
a #o-far unrecognised habit, consists in the construction of an earthen,
or sandy cap upon the end which is usually fixed down at the time for
pupation. It appears to me that when this cap is found, it must be
an indication that the species does not spin up to a support, but either
lies upon the surface of the ground, or else enters some cavity therein.
This fact may explain why the cases of some species never appear to
be collected, even where an insect may be common.

I think I have already mentioned the ascertained fact, that if a
Psychid case be removed from its support before the larva has
actually pupated, there is a probability that the insect will not emerge
safely.

The reason for this fatality is simply that the larva, having spun
itself up, turns round in the case, bringing the head to the free end.
If the case be now disturbed, the larva is upset, and returns in order
to refix the case. It is said that it rarely, or never, retains sufficient
vitality to enable it to carry out this second turn safely. I must in
common honesty, however, put on record the fact, that all my four
larvae, examined to-day, have their heads directed towards the free
end of the case, after having been removed from their original location
for at least eight months. There is evidence that these larvae do on

NEW BRITISH CECIDOMYIIDAE. 99

occasions leave their cases. Luffia lapidella and L. ferchaultella, for
instance, object to confinement, and will generally be found wandering
about, when the box containing them has been long closed. The
larva of the latter species and that of Narycia (melanella) monilifera,
certainly renew the pattern upon the exterior of the cases with fresh
Lichen, Diplodoma herminata frequently to add to its “skirt.” Those
which construct elaborate cases, must emerge almost, if not quite,
entirely, in order to fix the large fragments which they use, upon their
cases. Amicta febretta is the only species which seems to be satisfied
to fix fragments by the one extremity alene. I may then add to my
previous suggestions, this, that larvae may, and do on occasions, leave
their cases empty.

New British Cecidomyiidae 6.

By RICHARD 8S. BAGNALL, F.R.S.E., F.E.S., F.L.S., and J. W. HESLOP
HARRISON, D.Sc., F.R.S.E.

The following is a list of larve observed feeding on rusts, mildews,
etc., all of which are presumably referable to the genus Mycodiplosis.

Mycodiplosis sp.
1. On Puccinia lampsanae on Lampsana communis ; larvae largish,
reddish to brick red. Widely distributed.

Mycodiplosis sp.
2. On Puccinia glechomatis on Glechoma hederacea; larvae dirty

pinkish-salmon.
Devon, Sidmouth, September, 1920.

Myeodiplosis gp.
3. On mildew (Peronospora viciae) on Lathyrus pratensis; larvae
yellow.
Devon, Sidmouth, September, 1920.
NorTHUMBERLAND, Seaton Sluice and Stocksfield.

Mycodiplosis sp.

4, On an epiphytic fungus on elm (Ulmus) ; larvae red.
Devon, Sidmouth, September, 1920.

‘Mycodiplosis sp.
5. On Puccinia annularis on Teucrium scorodonia; larvae light to
dirty pinkish-yellow.
Devon, Sidmouth district, September, 1920.
NortHuMBERLAND, Rothbury, October, 1921.

Mycodiplosis sp.

6. On mildew (Peronospora myosotidis) on Myosotis sp.; larvae pale
creamy yellow to rosy-white, inclined to be translucent.

Devon, Hartford Woods, near Sidmouth, September, 1920.

NortHuMBERLAND, Ratcleugh Crag, nr. Alnwick, August, 1922.

100 THE ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD.

Mycodiplosis sp.
7. Feeding on Uromyces loti on Euphorbia; larvae red, yellowish at
ends.

Devon. Common Torquay district. Sidmouth, on E. heltoscopis.
Suropsuire, Shrewsbury, October, 1923, on H. peplis.

Mycodiplosis sp.

8. On Puccinia menthae on Mentha ; larvae dirty whitish.
NortHUMBERLAND, Gosforth Park.
Duruam, Beamish, Waldridge.

“Mycodtplosis sp.

9. On Mildew on Poterium sanguwisorba.
NortHumpertanDd, Riding Mill and Corbridge.
Duruam, railway -banksides, Birtley.

Mycodiplosis sp.

10. On Mildew on Heracleum.
(a) larvae dirty white to pale flesh-colour.
Durnam, near Rowlands Gill. August, 1916, Birtley.

11. (b) larvae yellow to orange-yellow.
NortHumMBer.and, Rothbury, October, 1921.
Scotitanp, Balerno and Dalmeny, September, 1922.

Mycodiplosis sp.

12. On Mildew on Dandelion ; larvae dirty white.
Duenam, near Rowlands Gill, August, 1918.
NorraumBertanD, Stocksfield, July, 1922. The Sneap.

Mycodiplosis sp.

18. On Mildew (Bremia lactucae) on Lampsana communis; larvae
amber yellow to lemon yellow.
Apparently common and widely distributed.

Mycodiplosis sp.
14. On Mildew (Peronospora sordida) on leaves of Verbascum ; larvae
orange-red.
Devon, Sidmouth, September, 1920.

Mycodiplosis sp.

15. With above; larvae larger, lizht to lemon yellow.
Devon, Sidmouth, September, 1920.

Mycodiplosis sp.
16. On Mildew (Bremia lactucae) on Sonchus; larvae largish,
yellow. Boe

Devon, Sidmouth, September, 1920.
NorTHUMBERLAND, Staward.

NEW BRITISH CECIDOMYIIDAE. 101

Mycodiplosis sp.

17. On Mildew (Peronospora lamiti) on Stachys palustris; larvae
minute, pale lemon-yellow.
Devon, Sidmouth, September, 1920.

Mycadiplosis sp.
18. On Puccinia violae on violet; larvae pinkish yellow.
Devon, Sidmouth, September, 1920.

Mycodiplosis sp.
19. On Puccinia menthae on Origanum; larvae pale flesh colour.
Devon, Branscombe, September, 1920.

Mycodiplosis sp.
20. On Puccinia malvacearum on Malva; larvae rose-red, small

example yellow orange.
Devon, Sidmouth, September, 1920.

Mycodiplosts sp.

21. On Puccinia schroeteriana on Serratula; larvae orange-red
(J. HK. Plender and R. 8. Bagnall).
Kunt, Tunbridge Wells, September, 1920.

Mycodiplosts sp.
22. On yellow fungus (Melampsora) on leaves of Saliw caprea.
Kent, Tunbridge Wells, September, 1920.

Mycodiplosis sp.
23. On Phragmidium rubi, on bramble ; larvae red.
Kent, Tunbridge Wells, September, 1920.

Mycodiplosis sp.
24. On yellow fungus (Melampsora pinitorqua) on aspen leaves ;

larvae orange-red to red.
Kent, Tunbridge Wells, September, 1920.

Myeodiplosts sp.

25. On yellow fungus, on birch leaves ; larvae orange-red to red.
Duriam, Beamish.
Kent, Tunbridge Wells, September, 1920.

Mycodiplosis sp.

26. On Puceinia coronata on Holcus lanatus; larvae rose-red.
Kent, Tunbridge Wells, September, 1920.

Mycodiplosts sp.
27. On Puccinia hieracii on Hieracium sp.; larvae orange-red to
reddish. -
Kent, Tunbridge Wells, September, 1920.
Dvuruam, very common at Chopwell on A. murorum. -

102 THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD.

Mycodiplosis, sp.
~ 98. On Puccinia arenariae on Stellaria nemorum.

ScotLanp, near Edinburgh, September, 1921.

Mycodiplosis sp.
29. On an epiphytic fungus (? mildew) on Convolvulus; larvae
pale-white to palest lemon- white.

Mycodiplosis sp.
30. On Puccinia lolii on Rhamnus cartharticus.
Westmoruanp, Witherslack.

Mycodiplosis sp.
31. On Mildew on Aegopodium ; larva pinkish-red to brick-red.
NorTHUMBERLAND, Stocksfield, July, 1922.

Mycodiplosts sp.
32. On Phragmidium on nettle; larvae rusty-red.
NortauMBERLAnNr, North Shields, Stocksfield.

Mycodiplosis sp.
38. On Puccinia on betony (Stachys betonica).
Yorks, Saltersgate, June, 1922.

Mycodiplosis sp.

34. On an undetermined rust on Huonymus europaeus; larvae
salmon-red.
WestmorianD, Witherslack, June, 1922.

Mycodiplosts sp.
35. On Puccinia absinthii on Artemisia vulgaris; larvae red.
NorTHUMBERLAND, Seaton Sluice, August, 1921.

Mycodiplosis sp.
36. On mildew (FPodosphaera owyacanthae) on stem of Spiraea
ulmaria ; larvae yellow-orange.
Scotianp, Balerno, September, 1922.
NortTHUMBERLAND, Wylam-on-Tyne, September, 1922.

: Mycodiplosts sp.
87. On mildew (Podosphaera sp.) on Geum wrbanum; orange-

yellow larva.
ScornanD, Dalmeny, September, 1922,

Digne and the Basses Alpes in July, 1923.
By Lt. E. B. ASHBY, F.E.S. and memb. Soc. ent. Fr.
This year I left England with my friends Mr. F. T. Gilliat and the
Rev. S. W. E. Gilliat on July 5th, and travelling via Paris and Grenoble
we reached Clelles-Mens in Dauphiny on the morning of July 6th.

DIGNE AND THE BASSES ALPES. 1038

We collected here until 8 p.m. that day and took Strymon ilicis, Melitaea
athalia, Plebeius argyrognomon (argus), Pararge maera 2 , one Adopaea
lineola, Coenonympha arcania, and Plebeius medon (astrarche). I saw
also one or two quite fresh Heodes virgaureae and took the “ burnets ”
Zygaena filipendulae and Z. achilleae with Rhodostrophia vibicaria ab.
strigata, Stdgr., in which the bands are represented by lines only, with
the Hymenoptera Sphea viatica, Andrena hattorfiana, etc., the
Coleoptera Clythra laeviuscula, Cryptocephalus sericeus and Podabrus
alpinus, and a Dipteron Tabanus quatuor-notatus. The Mt. Aiguille is
the outstanding feature seen from Clelles-Mens station and the
wonderful viaducts of the P.L.M. railway near here are triumphs of
engineering. We had a pleasant luncheon on the verandah of the
Hotel Ferat, now kept by the daughter of the old lady who kept it on
the occasion of my last visit in 1914, and in the evening reached our
destination, the Hotel Boyer-Mistre at Digne. Whilst waiting at 8S.
Auban, Mr. F. T. Gilliat found a larva of Papilio podalirius on an
almond tree on the station platform.

There is not much fear of oversleeping at Digne for the Boyer-
Mistre overlooks the market square, and people are early about. The
morning of July 7th, was fine and we were soon out on the Dourbes
road by way of the Cathedral and the Rue Mére de Dieu. My friends
collected along this road while I ascended to the La Collette by the
Petit Vallon which leads up to the left and passes a small barn. On
the top I found the males of Polyommatus meleager just emerging, whilst
Gonepteryx cleopatra and Papilio alexanor swung about the steep slopes
of the hillsides. The usual abundance of Satyrus hermione and S. circe
were around the tree trunks with Coenonympha dorus everywhere in
good condition. On a high ridge I took a freshly emerged specimen of
the Arctiid Rhyparia purpurata, and on the way back, Mr. F. T. Gilliat
found a larva of Deilephila (H les) euphorbtae, on the spurge, which
pupated in a few days and produced a fine female on September 14th,
after reaching home. A specimen of the form ab. pallida of Coscinia
striata, in which the forewings are wholly without the stripes was taken,
and the Orthopteron, Stauroderus scalaris.

On July 8th, we walked up to the Kaux Chaudes gorge past the
Baths and there found Polyommatus (Hirsutina) admetus race ripartit,
on the bottoms of the streams, just emerging. The usual species of
the “ fritillaries ’’ were on the wing and in ascending high up the cross
gorge I managed to take eight P. alevanor in good condition out of
about twenty seen. Near the Baths I got a pair of the dragon-fly
Orthetrum caerulescens, in cép in the early morning, and.on the little
road to the left of the Baths the Hymenopteron Sphev melanaria was
insome number. A male of the Orthopteron Barbitistes berenguieri, was
taken.

We spent July 9th and 10th on and about La Colette. Males of
Parnassius apollo and of P. meleayer were now getting common. The
Rev. 8S. W. E. Gilliat took a female P. alewanor on the bridge by the
octroi, and Mr. F.. T. Gilliat took a fine female of Laeosopis roboris, near
the Petit Vallon. Males and especially females of Strymon spini were
now in fine condition. Owing no doubt to the prolonged cold period
experienced in Western Hurope this season many of the usual June
species were still quite fresh. Satyrus cordula was plentiful; Polyom-
matus eschert and P. hylas were both worth catching, the former the

104 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

much more plentiful. Thunderstorms were about but up to now
were no hindrance to our collecting.

On July ilth, we got to the Haux Chaudes Torrent and the cross
gorge by 8.80 a.m. and ascended the latter for about a mile and a half.
P. alexdnor was flying in some numbers and about a dozen were secured,
chiefly males. I took a pair in cép sitting on lavender. We got a fair
number of Heodes (Loweta) alciphron race gordius, the males still quite
good. A dragon-fly Cordulegaster annulatws occurred near the stream
of the gorge, and a fresh Brenthis daphne. S. spint and S. ilicis, were
quite swarming on several-large clumps of white melilot and one
specimen of S. w-albwn. I was fortunate to secure a fine specimen
of Libythea celtis on a bush not far from the last captures. ‘The tall
clumps of white melilot were very attractive to Hymenoptera, among
which I got several more specimens of Sphea melanaria.

June 12th found us again on the Dourbes road around the base of
La Colletie and up the Petit Vallon. Mr. F. T. Gilliat took a fine
specimen of the Mantid, Hmpusa egena, whilst it was just finishing a
meal on a Melitaea didyma. Another $ M. didyma came up and had
a sniff around, but finding the situation somewhat unpleasant, cleared
off. As I passed the octroi-office | found a specimen of the 8. European
form of Hutricha (Gastropacha) quercifolia race ulmifolia, at rest on the
wall. The Rev. S. W. Gilliat found a similar specimen on July 19th.

July 13th. The sun was obscured most of the day but the heat

was great. J went along the bed of the Torrent from the octroi bridge
to the Baths to hunt for dragonflies. They were quite numerous on
the many patches of reeds along the sides of the stream which feed the
main torrent. Orthetrwm caerulescens, Calopterya splendens and C.
haemorrhoidalis, were all abundant of both sexes, with Onychogomphus
forcipatus. I saw no deschna at Digne. The flowers of the white
melilot, which grows to a great height in several places, were generally
crowded with insects and I took a number of Hymenoptera around
them. J’. admetus race ripartii, were now emerging in good numbers
along the river bed. My friends brought me from the skirts of La
Collette on the Brusquet road the green Orthopteron Barbitistes
servicauda.
_ July 14th. The National Féte day in France. We celebrated this
at the Haux Chaudes gorge as far away from guns and the many other
noises accompanying the festivities, as we could. All Haute Provence
seemed to have swarmed into Digne for the celebration of this day and
the next. Along the bed of the stream /’. adimetus was in increasing
uumbers, both above and below the Thermal Establissement which has
recently been modernised and was reopened on June Ist. Mr. F. T.
Gilliat took a fine ab. midas, of the yordius race of H. alciphron in the
eross gorge and another nearly full fed larva of H. ewphorbiae, which
after a walk around the Hotel obliging pupated, subsequently producing
a fine male at Hounslow on October 3rd. The long reeds by the
water-wheel of the Establissement Thermal are an excellent ground for
dragon-flies which are more easily obtained than in the hot muddy
river-bed.

July 15th. To-day was Sunday and we visited the museum in the
morning. I much reeretted to. find that the famous Duponchel
eollection is in a mush worse state than when I saw it last in 1914
owing to its continued utter neglect in the past.

DIGNE AND THE BASSES ALPES. 105

July 16th. A fine male of Satyrus fidia was taken by Mr. BF. T.
Gilliat at the flowers of traveller’s joy on the Dourbes road; the first
we had seen.

On July 17th, I took the first train to Thoréme-Haute on the Sud
de France line, and arrived there at 8.283 a.m. [rom there I took the
autobus for Colmars, which I reached at midday for déjeuner at the
Hotel de France. As the autobus did not leave Thoréme until after 10
a.m., | walked on for about a mile until I came to a very likely looking
field on the left of the road just beyond a wood-cutting yard. Here I
caught a fine series of H. alciphron race gordius, of both sexes, a P.
machaon, just emerging and the Zygaenids, %. achilleae, Z. carniolica,
Z. fausta, race niceae and Z, transalpina. After déjéuner at Colmars I
walked from thence to Allos sending my portmanteau on in advance
by the autobus. I was much disappointed with the results which
produced only Limenitis rivularis (camilla), a good g Aporia crataeyt, the
“blues” P. damon, P. tcarus, Plebeius argyrognomon (argus) and the
‘skippers’ Thymelieus acteon, Hesperia alveus and H. sao.

Parnassius apollo and Papilio alexanor, were also seen. Just before
reaching Allos on the right of the road by a small stream I took four
specimens of the dragon-fly Agrion mercuriale, for the first time. I put
up for the night at the Auberge Pascal, Allos.

July 18th. I left Allos this morning before 7 a.m. and carrying two
knapsacks and a camera reached the Lac D’Allos by the only mule
track, and not too fatigued before midday, collecting allthe wayup. I
had ordered a bed at the Lake-side Chalet by telephone from Allos post
office the previous evening. If one wishes to stay up at the Lake for
any length of time you can send up your luggage by mule, 20 frances
each way. The first sight of the lake is lovel ely, blue tranquil water,
one or two fishing boats, two small islands, and the two or three little
chalets, man’s only habitation in sight. ‘he frowning mountains
marked with snow around, make this place worth twice the grind up
from Allos. On the way up to the lake I took Coenonympha iphis, C.
arcania var. darwiniana, Plebetus argus (aegon), Cupido minimus, Hrebia
euryale, S. tlicis ab. cerri, EH. styyne and the ‘‘burnet” Z. achilleae ;
several interesting Diptera including Tabanus bovinus, Ocyptera bicolor,
Volucella pellucens, Chrysotoxum cautum, Cyrtopogon rificornis, Empis
tessellata and Chilosia variabilis ; the Hymenoptera included Chalicodoma
muraria and Allantus arcuatus; and the Hemipteron Reduvius
personatus. I saw numbers of beautiful flowers on the way up,
perhaps the deep blue of the Alpine gentians being the most beautiful.
‘There is one point in the path nearly halfway where it is easy to miss
the track, and I did so at first and lost half an hour over it in the hot
sun. Krom Allos you must follow the river and the telephone posts
generally speaking all the way. But at one point you must cross the
river by a little wooden bridge and take the path to the right of the
river, which path at first leads through some fine woods apparently
in a wrong direction and then curves back sharply in the proper direc-
tion above the left bank of the river and leading on uphill. ‘There is
no signpost, but if the “‘ voyageur’”’ is not sure what I indicate, he can
ask at the farmhouse above the river on the left hand of it before
crossing the said bridge. ‘The rest of the route presents no difficulty.

. In the afternoon I took a mile or so walk around the Lake, which
after Lac D’Annecy is perhaps the most beautiful Lake in France.

106 THE ENTIOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Unfortunately the sun did not shine strongly and I got only one EH.
stygne 3, one I’. alecto ab. pluto g§ , one Polyommatus (Aricia) eumedon
2, one ‘‘ skipper’”’ H. cacaliae, a couple of beetles, and the Geometrid
Pygmaena fusca, which was very abundant, with a specimen of each of
Crambus perlellus, Acidalia flaveolavia and Venilia macularia. Just as
I had reached the Chalet again a terrific hailstorm came on and I took
refuge in an outhouse with sheep, poultry, and rabbits, all of whom
appeared very fed up with the weather. Storm after storm succeeded
accompanied by thunder and heavy rain and [ turned in early. On
the whole it had bee a better day at the Lac for a Botanist than for an

Entomologist.
(To be continued.)

Additions and Corrections to “ List of Grypocera and Rhopalocera of
Peninsular Italy.”

Published in Ent. Rec., Vol. XXXV and XXXVI. —
By ROGER VERITY, M.D.

Page 3: EHrynnis alceae, EKsp.—Having collected more material
than had hitherto been available, we have been able to work out more
accurately the variations of this species. In Sicily and in Africa,
there exists a peculiar form of very small size, of a clear and very
warm fulvous and with dark spots very limited in extent. This
is quite constant and racial during the warmer months and to it
should be restricted Zeller’s name of australis. Its first generation
differs from nymotypical alceae by its smaller size, warmer hue, which
is dark brown rather than grey, with a slightly fulvous sheen, and by
the dark spotting standing out less on ground colour; I should distin-
guish it by the name of praeaustralis. “ Types’’ of April and May
from Monreale, 800m., near Palermo. In Central Italy and probably
in the the whole of the peninsula, save Southern Calabria, a trans-
itional race is found and true australis does not exist, except perhaps
as a rare extreme individual variation. The first generation differs
quite constantly from the others, contrary to what we thought, by its
cold grey tone, with no trace of fulvous and by its bluish sheen on
both surfaces; it is thus quite similar to nymotypical alceae of Central
Europe. The second generation of June and July, in Tuseany, comes
nearest to australis by its warm fulvous tone and sheen and clear
underside, but it is much larger and it has larger and darker spots:
magnaustralis. The third, of August and September, is smaller and
darker than the latter, with a strong mixture of black scaling on both
surfaces: griseofulva. The paragraph on this species should be
modified as follows :—

(a) race australis, Zeller.—I. gen. praeaustralis, Vrty.; II. and IIL,
gen. australis, Z.—Southern Calabria.

(b) race magnaustralis, Vrty.—l. gen. alceae, Esp. ; Il. gen. magn-
australis, Vrty.; ILL. gen. griseofulva, Vrty.—Central and probably the
whole of P. It., up to 1800 m.

Page 3: EH. altheae, Hb.—Il. gen. fulvipinnulis, mihi, is the
name by which I propose distinguishing the second generation of June
from Tuscany, restricting my name of australifornis to the third,
because the former differs from the latter by the bright fulvous tinge

GRYPOCERA AND RHOPALOCERA OF CENTRAL ITALY. 107

of the tuft of hair on the underside of the forewing of the male, which
is more or less black in the other generations ; it is also rather lighter
in tone generally on that surface.

Page 4: Hesperia armoricanus, Obth., I. gen. tersa, mihi, and H.
onopordi, Rbr., I. gen. tersior, mihi.: In 1923, the Quercis collected
in the narrow gorges of the Camaione Valley (proy. of Lucca). The
sun only beats there during four or five hours and the vegetation
never gets parched. ‘The result is that butterflies can go on feeding
and emerging all through the summer heat in much larger numbers
than is usual in this region and no generations get suppressed. Thus
a second generation was detected in these two Hesperiae, emerging
from July 1st to 18th, whilst the third began about the middle of
August. In both species, but more distinctly in armoricanus, the
former differed from the latter quite constantly by the perfectly clear
fulvous tinge of the underside of the hindwings, which in the latter 1s
usually more or less mixed with black scaling. I possess a similar
series of tersa from Mt. Conca, 400 m, near Florence, of July 5th to
August 10th. Instead, in the Pian di Mugnone the II. g. is only
represented by a few sporadic individuals in June, and we had, in
consequence, never suspected its existence; the III. g. emerges there
from the first days of August, and goes on all through September; at
the end of October a few individuals of a fourth partial generation
appear again in favourable years; these resemble the spring ones.

Page 5: Urbicola conma, Z.—Race apennina, Rost., with features
on the whole quite similar to those of the ‘‘ typical” series collected
by Querci just under the village of Vallerotonda, 500 m, in the prov.
of Caserta, is widespread all over Central Italy. I have, however,
found two races which differ strikingly from that usual aspect in
exactly opposite directions. One I have collected at the Abetone Pass,
at 1300 m., on the northern boundary of Tuscany, on very arid, stony
grounds. What characterises it is that all the black markings of the
females are replaced by a golden chestnut of a very pale tone, giving
the insect a washed out appearance ; the little quadrate spaces do not
tend at all to white, but are all bright yellow; the underside of hind-
wings is also unusually bright yellow, with much less green powdering
than is usual in that sex of apennina, although in the latter it is
already much reduced as compared to other races. The males are
rather small and with dark pattern, rather limited in extent. ‘he
other race I have discovered on the coast, first at Pertusola, on the
Gulf of Spezia, and then at Quercianella, near Leghorn. Itsaspect must
be due to the moisture of sea-air, because in both cases it was flying
only a few hundred yards from the shore, but in the first it was on a
swampy spot and in the second on an extremely parched one. At first
sight, it recalls the largest and finest alpina from the Alps, by its
large size, broad black patch at the base of the forewing on the under-
side and extensive and dark patterns in both sexes. ‘The tone of
black, however, is not as deep and the quadrate spaces are entirely
fulvous on the upper surface of the female and yellow on the under-
side of the male; in both sexes they are very much smaller,
although they are larger than in most apennina; the green scaling on
the underside is also of a much brighter yellowish tinge and usually
with no black mixture. The Abetone race I propose calling aurata,
the coast-race orae. ‘There is a certain degree of parallelism between

108 : THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

the latter and race flava, Tutt, from South Tyrol, because they are
both transitional between alpina and apennina, but flava stands
considerably nearer to alpina by its darker markings and whitish
Spaces on the upper side of the female and by their larger size in both
sexes and surfaces; it is also much smaller than orae. Race aurata is
the culminating grade along the apennina line of variation.

Page 6: Loweta dorilis, Hufn. —There are two extreme forms of
underside variation on both wings of the male and on the hindwing of
the female: in one the ground-colour is of a cold white tinge, suffused
more or less abundantly with grey, and there is a suffusion of biuish
scales at the base; in the other the ground colour is of a clear, bright
sulphur-yellow colour, and there is no trace of blue at the base ; the
description of the underside of phocas, Rott., seems to apply to the
first ; that of circe, Schiff., to the second. In Central Europe, as far
as I can make out from my specimens from Germany and from Vienna,
the two forms occur in both generations. In a large series of May
from Vendée, in N.-W. of France, the males belong nearly exclusively
_ to the first, and the females all belong to the second. August males
from the same locality are highly characteristic of the second, so that
in this sex, seasonal dimorphism exists perfectly. Race italorwn,
Vrty., which is well characterised in all generations by its prominent
premarginal lunules on both surfaces of the male, does not vary geo-
graphically in the least from the Prealps of Northern Italy to Calabria,
but the first generation differs from the two others more constantly
and markedly than it does in Central Europe, because the underside is
of a clearer white than is usual there, rarely sprinkled slightly with
grey, and the blue basal. suffusion is extensive and bright. As my
original description of italorwm applies to the summer underside, I
now distinguish from it the spring generation by the name of
italaveris, taking as ‘‘ typical’ my specimens of the end of April and
beginning of May from the Pian di Mugnone, near Florence.

Page 6: Lycaena arion, Li.—In the Sibillini Mts., in the Marche,
at about 1200 m., in alpine surroundings, there exists a distinct
mountain race allied to punctifera, Grund., which is widespread in
Central Italy. The former is constantly smaller and the spots are
reduced in extent on both surfaces ; most individuals also have a broader
marginal black band, and the tone of the blue gives the impression of
being deeper, because it is mixed more or less abundantly with black
scales ; when this character is pronounced, also the underside is of a
much darker grey than is ever seen in pure race punetifera, but some
individuals do not differ at all from the latter on either surface and
only do so by their small size. Wheeler reports in Hint. Rec., XXIL.,
p. 281, that at Palena and Roccaraso, at about 4,000 ft. in the Abruzzi,
the specimens are rather small and dark, but not approaching the
blackness of var. obscura. This is evidently the same race as my series
from the Sibillini. Tutt remarks in Brit. Butts., IV. p. 309, that
they are no doubt to be referred to ab. Beeld csts: le Chamb., des-
cribed as an individual form from the Cotswold Hills in England,
because he maintains that no real geographical races are produced by
arion in Kurope and that exactly the same forms are found everywhere
simply varying in number according to localities; he concludes that
races must be called by the name of the prevailing form. I fully agree
he is right to a certain extent in this remark, when arion is compared

GRYPOCERA AND RHOPALOCERA OF CENTRAL ITALY. 109.

with most other species, but I cannot bring myself to label with the
game name, my dark blue Engiish specimens and the whole of the
Sibillini Mts. race, simply because many individuals of the latter
point to this character, for which the name was created. To begin
with, they do not exhibit it fully and constantly enough and then they
always combine it with other features approaching punctifera, not
found in English specimens. As the race differs on this account from
all the other named ones, I think it should be called australpina.

Page 8: Aricia medon, Hiifn.—It is only lately I have been able
to read Zeller’s paper on The Lepidoptera observed during a Journey to
Ttaly, in Isis, 1847, wonderfully in advance of its times by the minut-
ness and accuracy of its remarks on seasonal and geographical charac-
teristics. To my surprise I found in it at page 155, that the name of
aestiva had already been introduced by him in connection with this
species, whilst Staudinger appropriated it in 1871 (Horae Soc. Ent.,
Rossicae, p. 52 and Catolog) and, strange to say, even Tutt, always so
exhaustive in collecting bibliographical data, entirely overlooked this
fact. This has obliged me to look over Tutt’s conclusions as to the
use of this and other names, and the summary of the names of races
and generations I had drawn out in Hnt. Rec., 1920, p. 150. Fortun-
ately, I think no changes of names are necessary, if | am not mistaken
in reasoning as follows. Zeller’s Latin diagnosis is: var. aestiva: alis
omnibus subtus lutescentibus (specimina, Sicula, [tal., Asiae Min). He
- then says the second generation began on June 20th, when he found a
specimen on the Etna, and went on through July and August,
when he collected a male at Camaldoli, near Naples, and one in Rome.
He describes them as follows: ‘‘ This II. gen. is to be distinguished by
the more pronounced tone of red-and more marked rows of spots and
also by the brighter, light, yellowish-brown colour of the underside ”’ ;
he then gives an elaborate description of the friges. Hvidently the
description, the localities and the dates are all very inclusive and
embrace all the forms subsequently described in the summer genera-
tions. Bellier, Oberthtir and myself have gradually restricted Zeller’s
name to the form in which the lunules are less pronounced and the
underside is less warm in tone, by creating the names of calida, gallica,
and subcalida for the other forms. As it happens this has turned out
well, because Tutt informs us (Brit. Butt., [V., p. 288) that Zeller’s
specimens of June 26th and July, from Sicily in the British Museum
collection ‘“‘ have very narrow orange bands failing towards the costa.”
Tutt’s and my conclusion, concerning Staudinger’s aestiva, that this
name could perfectly be used for the form most frequent in the second
generation of Central Europe, although his ‘‘types’’ were from the
mountains of Greece, applies curiously enough to Zeller’s aestiva,
whose ‘‘ types’’ were from Sicily and Italy, and I had already referred
the entire summer generation of high altitudes in the Sibillini Mts. to
that aestiva race, so that no alteration need be made, beyond the
author and the locality of ‘ types.”

Querci in 1923, has made the interesting discovery that in the
deep, cold and damp Camaione Valley, mentioned above in connection
with the Hesperiae, the II. gen. of A. medon does not acquire the
characteristic fulvous tinge of the underside, but remains entirely of a
cold grey, like the I. gen., only differing from. it by the total lack of
bluish silvery scales at the base. I have called this infraplumbea in

110 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Ent. Rec., 1920, p. 149, from specimens found in the Isle of Elba in
June, at the beginning of the second generation. In the Camaione,
the name must be extended to the entire generation, whilst the third
is subcalida, Vrty. In that Valley the second emerged from July 10th
to 18th, the third began at the end of August.

Page 8: Plebeius argus, L.—In the same Camaione Valley locality
a spring emergence of this species was witnessed during the first week
of June, in fair numbers. Although much inferior to those of the
primary August emergence, they were sufficient to make one believe
that it was due to a partial generation. In the Ent. Rec. for 1919 I
stated, at p. 145, the existence of two generations in Tuscany, but we
had never: had an occasion to find more than a few sporadie individuals
in June, anywhere, so that serious doubts had arisen in our minds as
to whether they were not, rather, precocious individuals. To settle
the matter definitely breeding of their offsprings will have to be effected,
so as to see whether they grow up in time to be on the wing within the
same year, joining the August emergence. The race of the Camaione
is apenninicola, Vrty., and most spring specimens do not seem to me to
be in any way different from the summer ones; amongst them one
finds, however, some of larger size, with a broader black border above
and with a purer white underside, and bolder black and orange spots,
which point to the smallest and less highly characterised specimens of
race calabrica, Trti., (= calabrica, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 45). This is
the largest and finest form we have observed in Central Italy, and it
will be useful to have a name to designate it, as very probably it will
be found to predominate in some localities; I propose that of veris.
The opposite extreme variation has been found in the middle of August
at the unusually high altitude of 1700m., in the Sibillini Mts. (Marche),
under the Pizzo Tre Vescovi; an altitude at which butterfly-life, in the
Apennines, is nearly entirely suppressed by the parchedness and per-
petual beating of winds on the summits. This form of argus, which
predominated there, is small and faded in colour in both sexes, recall-
ing, in the most highly characterised examples, specimens which have
been in collections for years exposed to light; in the male the blue is
very clear, bright and silvery, and broadly white along the costa of the
forewing, and a whitish circle is often seen around the premarginal dots;
all the fringes are perfectly white as low down as their point of inser-
tion; the females are of a pale reddish-brown in some cases, or grey in
others, and in the latter there may exist a suffusion of greenish silvery
scales over part of the wing, and a white circle around the discocellular
spot of the forewing and whitish striae on the hindwings (this last
form, which is frequent in northern races, has not been found by us in
any other locality of Peninsular Italy) ; fringes much whiter than in
other races ; the underside of male is pale gray; black spots very small ;
orange spots small and yellowish; females correspondingly pale.
This is evidently a secondary aberrative race of race apenninicola, which
is found at lower altitudes in the same mountains. The name of
pallidula seems appropriate for it.

Page 15: Leptosia sinapis, L.—There can be no doubt it is foolish
to multiply names to an endless extent for slight variations when they
are purely individual, and there is no reason to point them out particu-
larly, except as part of a more general line of variation, but there are
cases in which an inconspicuous difference may be very constant and

NOMENCLATURE. 111

characteristic in a race or a generation, and | think one should then
admit that a name is not wasted on it. Such is the case I found myself
confronted by when | tried to name a large series of the second gener-
ation of this species, collected by me at Forte dei Marmi, on the
Tuscan coast, at the end of June and beginning of July, 1923. Except
for two or three specimens, which have a uniformly white underside
to the hindwings, all the others, of both sexes, exhibit a light, but
distinct, band across them at the back of the discoidal cell and of the
second median nervure, and in some cases an indistinct patch near the
costal margin, being a vestige of another band, which in form bivittata
crosses the wing too; they are thus not diniensis, B., such as are the
great majority of individuals of the third generation of that same
locality, and practically of the whole of Peninsular Italy, and such as
are also those of the second in other localities.. The second generation
of Forte dei Marmi, on the other hand, cannot be referred in the least
to bivittata, Vrty., because in every way it is much more closely con-
nected with diméensis, in the male especially by the pure white under-
side, which is instead yellow in bivittata ; by the extent and shape of the
apical spot on the upperside it is intermediate between the two, and so it
is by the extent of grey suffusion at base of forewings on both surfaces.
It is not mogna, Vrty., nor grandis, Vrty., because it is much smaller
and different in other ways. I thus find that, if | wish to name that
generation, and I do not wish to apply a name inaccurately, there is
nothing to be done but to point out these differences, slight as they
may be, and to give it a new name, as a grade standing between
diniensis and bivittata in the line of variation of sinapis in Western
Kurope. I call it monovittata. With this addition we have the
following grades in the extent of the dark markings taken as a whole:
deserticola, diniensis, monovittata, bivittata, sinapis, transiens, lathyrt,
nigrescens. Hach of these prevails in a generation of some race; see
Ent. Rec., 1922, p. 90.

Nomenclature—1924.
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

More than ten years ago my summary of what was then being done
on this question opened with the words, ‘‘ Progress is slow ; especially
is it so in the vexed question of Nomenclature.” At that time, in the
spring of 1913, the Entomological Society of London appointed a per-
manent Nomenclature Committee. This committee has met, I believe
once, or at any rate has only had one series of points under considera-
tion since their constitution, to the present time. Partly no doubt
_ owing to the adverse political events this inactivity has occurred, but
nomenclature has gone on and on the whole time, and many knotty
points have arisen, to be shelved again and again. At their meeting
in early June the Kntomological Society of London once more took up
the matter. But perhaps before referring further to their present
action, a retrospect of the whole question of concerted action in Nomen-
clature may be not inappropriate.

In August, 1912, the 2nd International Congress of Entomologists
took place at Oxford, at which were present representatives of every
important entomological body, not only of the British Kmpire, but of

-the world, and one of the Sections of the Congress devoted its energies

112 YHE ENTOMOLOGIST’S. RECORD.

to this question of Nomenclature, for which the Executive Committee
hod made arrangements in accordance with instructions received from,
the representatives present at the 1st International Congress, held two.
years before in Brussels. With these arrangements the Entomological
Society of London had a great deal to do, and submitted to the Con-
gress a long resolution through Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, which
resolution was by an amendment directed to be brought before the
Eixecutive Committee and a report submitted later in the Congress.
This was done, and the following machinery dealing with Nomencla-
torial questions was arranged :—

1. An “International Entomological Committee of Nomenclature”
was set up, consisting of eight members, of whom Mr. C. G. Gahan
was one, and Dr. Karl Jordan was Secretary. If necessity arose
additional members could be added with certain reservations.

2. Instruetions were given to the International Committee to com-
municate with the Entom nological Societies of the world with a view to
the formation of ‘“ National Committees on Entomological Nomen-
clature.”’

Thus it was that in the late spring of 1913, the Entomological
Society of London replied to the communication of the International
Committee by electing Messrs. J. H. Durrant, L. B. Prout, and the
late C. O. Waterhouse to serve on the National Committee. Mr. G.T.
Bethune-Baker was, I believe, put on this committee by the Birming-
ham Entomological Society, and Dr. Jordan by Tring. Who the other
members of this committee were, orif there were any more, I do not
know.

However, the Entomological Society of London being the premier
society of Great Britain, showed its active interest in this question by
appointing a ‘“‘ Permanent Committee of Entomological Nomenclature,”
composed of five ev-officio members and two elected members, with
power to add to their number if necessary. That is the Committee
consisted of Messrs. C. J. Gahan, J. H. Durrant, L. B. Prout, C. O.
Waterhouse (now dec.) with the Secretary of the Entomological Soc.
(then the Rev. G. Wheeler) all ea-officto, the elected members were Mr.
G. T. Bethune-Baker and Dr. Karl Jordan (Tring). The view generally
accepted all through was that the Committees should be kept small.
Subsequently this Permanent Committee was recognised as the
National Committee including, as it did, the whole of that Committee.
So that so far as Great Britain was concerned there existed only the
International and National Committees.

It will be remembered that owing largely to the researches of. Dr.
Verity, there were numerous nomenclatorial difficulties which required
consideration at that time. Some of these were submitted to this
National Committee and in 1915, their Report was issued and published
with the Transactions of the Entomological Society of that year. Of
this Report, a summary was given in this magazine, Vol. XXVIII,
p. 146, 1916. Since it was impossible for the International Com-
mittee to meet at that period, this Report was not brought before it.
However, British entomologists accepted the decisions therein given,
and they have since been generally adopted in entomological literature
both here and abroad.

Thus when the Council of the Bmtorbieeleal Society in the present
year came to consider its obligations, it found that the National Com-

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 118

mittee had lost one elected member the late Mr. C. O. Waterhouse and
that Dr. Neave had succeeded the Rev. George Wheeler as Secretary of
the Society, and thus taken his place on the Committee. The vacancy
was filled by the election of Dr. G. A. K. Marshall, and whether wisely,
or not, the Committee was enlarged by the additional of Messrs. J. H.
Collin, EK. K. Green, W. H. Tams and Dr. Waterston. It would have
been much better to have kept the Committee at its smaller size, since
it is quite possible that other purely entomological societies such as the
Lancashire and Cheshire, the Manchester, and the Hampshire Societies
may each in future appoint at least one representative, to which they
are quite entitled. A small committee can more easily come to
a decision than can a large one and it is always possible to call in any
number of experts for suggestion and assistance. The decisions arrived
at are more likely to be unaminous with a small committee than with
an unwieldy one of say a dozen. It would be of much more advantage
to be able to consider and impartially weigh the opinions of experts
than to give them a chance of fundamentally dividing the committee
on their own views which may be strongly ex parte.

I will conclude by quoting what I wrote in 1913, that ‘‘It is to be
hoped that decisions arrived at by this committee will at onee be
accepted by all those responsible for our entomological literature,
whether magazines, or transactions of Societies, or contributed articles,
even though the individual writers may personally disagree, for only by
this rigid acceptance can any real stability be assured in our scientific
- names.” (Vol. XXV., p. 142.)

W®OTKS ON COLLECTING, etc.

‘TINEA VINCULELLA (RICHARDSON!) VIDE p. 84 anrE.—This is quite
wrong if it applies to British specimens. It should for these read
thus: richardsoni (=vinculella : British specimens erroneously identified),
vinculella, richardsont and leopoldella are distinct species, properly
removed from Tinea to Meessia, Him., in Stdyr.-Rbl. Cat. But Meessia
will have to sink under an older (American) genus.—J.H.D.

ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA AND PARASITES IN 1924.—The larvae of this
moth has been super-abundant in my small garden this year and
Opportunity was taken to feed up the larvae in confinement for
varieties. Only two out of several hundred larvae succumbed to the
attacks of parasites, which in my experience with this species is most
unusual. Some of the larvae were fed and allowed to pupate in a zinc
larva-tin with perforated sides. Yesterday when picking up the tin, I
found an ichneumon sitting on it with its ovipositor inserted, through
the perforated sidein a pupa.—This was rather remarkable as the tin was
standing in the conservatory among the plants and not at all conspic-
uous, back away from the door and in the shade.—Hvy.J.T., June
19th.

Tue Pueation or DictyopreRYX BERGMANNIANS.—It has been
generally understood and expressed in our text-books, such for instance,
as in Barrett’s Lepidoptera of the British Isles that the pupa is “ Spun
up among the twisted rose leaves, or in a fold in the larval habitation,”
giving one the impression that there was no definite plan in the larval

114 THE ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD.

preparation of the pupal chamber. On June 24th while rambling
around Shoreham in Kent, I noticed that many of the wild rose leaves
were curiously and regularly folded, and on opening several found that
there was contained a pupa. I picked a goodly number of these leaves
and found that they were one and all neatly folded up and knit
together on a very definite plan, which only varied in a few definite
directions. It will be remembered that the normal rose leaf is made
up of two pairs of opposite leaflets with a terminal leaflet, five leaflets
in all. Every pupal arrangement comprised the terminal leaflet and
the two adjoining leaflets, the former being the actual pupal chamber
folded length-wise alone the midrib, the serrated edges neatly tied
together by silk. The adjacent pair of leaflets were attached to this by
the proximate half of the undersurface in all cases, the one leaflet on
the one side the other on the other side, but from the varied growth of
the petioles of the leaflet it was impossible that the side leaflets should
coincide with the terminal leaflet hence variation one was that the
pupal-chamber leaflet either projected considerably beyond the two
adpressed leaflets or was more or less between these two. Variation
two was the further use which was made of these two adpressed leaflets.
In some cases they too were folded on the midrib as the pupal chamber,
in others the outer half was only brought up at an acute angle, in other
cases it stood out at right angles to the adpressed portion as wings,
while in still another the outer halves were bent back on their midrib
until they met undersurface to undersurface below the pupal chamber.
In no case was there any folding other than along the midrib, in no
case was there any irregular twisting and further in no case had any of
the three included leaflets been eaten by the larva. In every case it
appeared that the larvae deliberately search for a leaf with the three
terminal leaflets absolutely undamaged by having been fed upon.
Hence the larva does not spin up ‘‘among twisted rose leaves” and it
does not spin up “in the larval habitation.” I note that Wilkinson in
1859, in ‘‘ British Tortrices,” says ‘* When about to assume the pupa
state it frequently folds the terminal leaf longitudinally along the
midrib, and slightly fastens to it the contiguous leaves; it afterwards
goes into pupa at the base of the folded leaf, but before the imago
emerges it wriggles to the top and the puparium may be found pro-
jecting almost wholly out of the leaf.’’ There is little to criticise in
this statement of 60 years ago except to read “leaflets ’’ for “leaves ”’
and ‘‘ pupal-skin ” for ‘‘puparium.’’ Does this definite plan always
occur ? I seem to have an impression from long ago that I have bred
the “‘ beastie’ from irregular bunches of leaflets of our garden roses.
But this is only an impression.—H. J. Turner. [Kennel Pal. Tort.
gives Rhamnus catharticus asa foodplant. Has anyone taken the larvae
on other than rose species ?—H.J.T.|

Pxusia Moneta at AmBertey.—TI thought you might be interested
to learn that last evening at 10.380 I caught two perfect specimens of
“Golden Plusia’”’ hovering over Delphiniums.—H. T. C. Pepper.
Highdown, Amberley, Sussex. June 24th.

[P. moneta is now by no means rare in the South and South Central
England, especially in the larval stage. We know a Surrey hostelry
where the larvae have been found for many years past. Several were
seen there a few weeks ago.—H.J.T. |

OURRENT NOTES. 115

YURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at 19, Hazlewell
Road, Putney Hill, on May 6th, 1924, Mr. H. St. John K. Donisthorpe
being the host. Members of the Club present were Prof. HE. B.
Poulton, F.R.S., Messrs. Robt. Adkin, H. Donisthorpe, and H.
Willoughby-Ellis. Visitors present were Messrs. K. G. Blair, Jas. E.
Collin, Drs. E. A. Cockayne, Messrs. P. Harwood, W. J. Kaye, F.
Laing, Dr. G. H. K. Marshall, F.R.S., Messrs. H. EK. Page, W. Rait-
Smith and W. Bevan Whitney. Mrs. Donisthorpe welcomed the
visitors in the Drawing-room where tea and coffee were served, and
afterwards a business meeting was held in Mr. Donisthorpe’s study.
during which Mr. Jas. E. Collin and Dr. H. Eltringham were elected
members of the Club. A letter was read by the Hon. Secretary from
Mr. G. T. Porritt accepting Honorary membership of the Club. A
resolution that the new Laws of the Club should be printed and distri-
buted was passed. After the meeting Mr. Donisthorpe’s interesting
collection of British Coleoptera and Myrmecophilous Insects and their
life histories were inspected and discussed with great interest; after-
wards an excellent supper was served at 8 o’clock and a most enjoyable
evening was spent.—H.W-E.

We much regret to hear that the greatest of French entomologist’s
of the present age has passed away. M. Chas. Oberthtr died on June
1st at an advanced age, leaving behind him a monument of records of
the entomological work of bimself and of many whom he inspired
with his own enthusiasm and his own thoroughness in his Htudes
d’Entomologie and his Etudes de Lépidoptérologie Comparée. Of the
many honours of which he was the recipient, such as Chevalier de la
Legion d’honneur, he considered his election as an Honorary Fellow
of the Kntomological Society to be one of the most valuable.

We have just received an article from the Proceedings of the
United States National Museum entitled, ‘“‘ New Species of Moths in
the United States National Museum,” which contains the descriptions
of 150 species new to science. We have made an analysis of this
work as follows:—69 descriptions are absolutely ad hoc, 7.e., there is
not the slightest indication to what previously described species the
one named is similar, not a single comparison ; 78 descriptions remark
“near’’ such a species, “allied” to such a species, etc. ; about 6 give
a very meagre point of comparison with another species ; less than 20
descriptions in any way lead one to infer that more than one example
exists ; in 44 cases it is the female only which is described ; there is
not a mention in the whole paper of habits; in only one case is the
date of capture added and in one other the local elevation is given.
We would like to know whether such “‘ barebones” is of the slightest
use to workers without every possible comparison added to the descrip-
tions? Surely by now our modern scientific workers should have got
out of the ways of Hewitson and others, who rolled out such
“incomparable ’’ descriptions score after score ad nauseam. Is not the
first act of all of us, upon getting an insect unknown to us, to compare
and compare, note all differences, particularly the salient ones ? These
should assuredly be recorded in full in all modern descriptions to make
them of real use and advance our science.

116 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

SOCIETIES.
Tue Sours Lonpon EwromonoeicaL Socimty.

April 10th.—Mr. J. lL. Henderson, of Thornton Heath, was elected
a member.

Mr. Sperring exhibited series of Pieris napi captured in Aberdeen,
and a series bred in the South from ova laid by Aberdeen-caught
females, showing that the captured ones were darker. Also a bred
series of Pararge aegeria from N. Cornwall forced to emerge in
February, to compare the effect with another series which emerged in
March after only about 14 days forcing.

Mr. H. W. Andrews, British Anthomyiid flies whose larvae are
injurious to crops.

Mr. L. W. Newman, a living full fed larva and a living pupa of
Dryas paphia after about 6 weeks temperature of about 75° F.,
and pupae of Melitaea awrinia from Dorset larvae wild hybernated and
now forced.

Mr. Garrett, the rough stick-like chrysalis of the N. American
Papilio philenor.

Mr. A. W. Buckstone, a garden Anemone flower with a petaloid
bract below it.

Capt. Crocker, a very varied series of H’pinephele jurtina from one
field and series of both broods of 1923, Polyommatus (Agriades) thetis
from Folkestone, 1st brood pale undersides when the temperature
was cool, 2nd brood darker (redder) with warmer temperature to
compare with the corresponding broods of 1922, when the temperature
was much hotter.

April 24th.—Mr, Parker exhibited an example of fasciation in the
Daisy (Bellis perennis).

Dr. Cockayne, larvae of Cerastis ligula (spadicea) on dock ; ova laid
December to January.

Mr. Dennis, examples of Primrose and Oxlip to show points of
difference.

Dr. Baylis read a‘ paper ‘‘ The Romance of Helminthology,” and
showed lantern slides.

May 8th.—Mrs. L. Brook, 48, Anerley Park, and Mr. J. W. Cox, 8,
Elm Court, Middle Temple, were eleeted members.

Mr. Dennis exhibited the Mistletoe and called attention to the
separate g and ? flowers..

Mr. Blair, a living green cockroach, Panchlora nivea, found among
imported bananas.

Mr. Parker, a living specimen of Samia cecropia, a large American
Saturniid.

Mr. Edwards, the skin of the Indian python, P. molarus, 15 ft. long.

Mr. H. J. Turner, a collection of the smaller species of the genus
Delias (Pieridae) from New Guinea, Ceram, etc., showing remarkable
similarity of pattern on the upperside and brilliant and diverse
colouring on the undersides.

Mr. O. R. Goodman, a g¢ Lycaenid butterfly which from its colour
and markings appeared to suggest a natural hybrid between Polyom-
matus (Agriades) coridon and P. hylas. It was taken at Gavarnie,
Pyrenees, where both P. coridon and P. hylas were flying together.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXXVI. (10 shillings) should be sent to
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Desiderata.—Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all parts of the |
world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial; exact data
indispensable. Liberal return made.—IV. G. Pether, ‘‘ Thelma,’ 4, Willow Bridge
Road, London, N. 1.

Duplicates.—Cinxia, Bellargus, Coridon, H. Comma, Lineola, Galathea, Moneta,
Nupta, and many others. Desiderata.—Blandina, Irish Icarus, Carmelita, Cuculla.
Gonostigma, Ashworthii, Templi, Australis, Undulata, Smaragdaria, Testacea.—
W. Gifford Nash, Clavering House, Bedford.

Duplicates.—Cinerea ¢ , fine forms, grey, brown and blackish, Maritima and vars.
Immorata and other East Sussex species.

Desiderata.—Pupe. Luteago (Barrettii), Caesia, Albimacula, Alpina, Xanthomista,
Sparganii, Dissoluta (Arundineta), Graphalii. Also imagines of extreme forms Noctuse
in fine condition only.—d. J. Wighiman, 35, Morris Road, Lewes.

N. American Lepidoptera in papers in exchange for ditto from any part of the world.
J. C. Woodward, Training Ship ‘‘ Cornwall,’’ Purfleet, Essex.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7.
8 p.m. October Ist, 1924. ©

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m.
—RHon. Sec., Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.H.3.

The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London
“Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History
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third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec., W. H.
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IMPORTANT
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BACK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist’s Record |
and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXXV.)

CONTENTS OF Voli. I. (Most important only mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates—
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— ~
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Yaeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)—
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—-Retrospect of a Lepidopterist |
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus—
‘Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, ete., etc., 360 pp.

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Vol. XXXVI. No. 9.

Che Entomologist’s Record
— Journal of Variation

Eiprrep By

RICHARD S. BAGNALL, F.L.S., F.E.S. Jas. E. COLLIN, rF.z.s.

ocT 1 1924 =
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CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Batrisodes delaportei, Aube, and B. adnexus, ao additions to the British List of

Coleoptera ae 117
Taphronychus villifrons, Dut. a srecie. e Coleoptera new to the British List of Coleoptera,

H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E. Sn CLC. tle : 118
The Variation in Larentia (Thera) variata, Schiff., Carl oe is 119
Notes on the Myrmecophiles found with Acanthomyops brunneus, Latr. Ay tel “Britain,

H, Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc. .. ie sc aA Ss LOR
Digne and the Basses Alpes in July, 1923, Lt: E. B Ashby ; F.E.S. ». (concluded) .. Boe ee
Norses on Cotnecrine :—Size of the Generations of L. rivularis in Italy, G.W.; Scarcity of

Lepidoptera, Harl Waldegrave.. se 50 oe So <s se x6 so dey
Current Notes anp SHort Notices Sc : 3 3 o5 20 - 5 127
Societies :—The South London aieroee eee Society The Hntomological hep of

London .. 5 : Sa eS Sc ae Fete ee)
Review :—The Bulletin of the Hill Teeth lal, I ED sd ar 50 131
Supp. :—List of Races of the ee of Peninsular ee Roger Verity, MLD. sy ae

Orazio Querct .. : a0 (37)-(40)

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TWO ADDITIONS TO THE BRITISH LIST OF COLEOPTERA. 1LiL'7/

Batrisodes delaportei, Aubé, and B. adnexus, Hampe—two additions
to the British List of Coleoptera.
By HORACH DONISTHORPH, F.Z.S., F.E.S., Ere.

It is with much pleasure that I am able to bring forward these two
very fine additions to our list of myrmecophilous Coleoptera. I took
them both in nests of A. (D.) brunneus in Windsor Forest this year ;
nor can their capture be said to be only luck, or by chance, as they are
both mentioned in the list I published [see Hint. Record, $5, 23 (1923) |
of the species found with this ant on the continent. I have been
specially working ever since to try and find them in Britain, and the
other species enumerated in that list. The following table shows how
they may at once be recognised from our third species, Batrisodes
venustus, Reich :—

1. (Antennae stout; the middle joints transverse... delaportei, Aubé.
Antennae more slender; the middle joints not

or transverse... 2.

9 Shoulders terminating — in a small pointed

| tubercle, or tooth... : ... adnexus, Hampe.
(1.) (Shoulders nominiled. or bluntly ‘angled... ... venustus, Reich.

Batrisodes delaportei, Aubé.—Mon. Psel. in Mag. Zool., 3, 46 (1838).
—B. delaportei is a very handsome beetle; it is somewhat larger than
the other two, stouter, and with much thicker antennae. The head is
entirely dull, and considerably more punctured. It is also a more
lethargic beetle, and walks in a slower and more dignified manner.
The 3, as in other species of the genus, has the last two joints of the
antennal club considerably enlarged, and with small tooth-like projec-
tions on the inner side. The head (as also with the others) is broader
than in the ?, and the raised borders are thicker.

It was first taken in France in rotten wood, in company with ‘a
small brownish ant,” which would of course be brunnens.

Habitat : Central Kurope (France, Germany, Austria, etc.) ; widely
distributed, but always rare.

Batrisodes adnexus, Hampe. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., 1868, 285-86.
—B,. adnexus is of the size of B. venustus; it is a more slender and
much more active insect than B. delaportei, and runs very swiftly.
The distinctly pointed shoulders will at once separate it from venustus ;
as in the latter species they are rounded, though in some specimens the
g shows a blunt angle (in the 2 venustus the shoulders are always
quite rounded). In adnewus the shoulders always show a distinct small
pointed tubercle, or tooth, in both sexes. Also the raised borders of
the head are more coarsely punctured, and the space between in the
centre of the head is convex. In venustus this space is flatter, more
shining, more dug out, and the borders are more closely punctured.
The head of the § in adnewus is armed with a long thin bent horn;
which is not present in venustus, the forehead of which is only pointed.

Habitat: Central Europe (Austria, Tuscany, France, Greece, and
Italy). In company with brunneus; always very rare.

Reitter describes this species as being ‘‘ extremely rare.” Both
these two species are, like the rest of the genus, found with ants of the
genus Acanthomyops, in particular with A. (D.) brunneus; and appear
to be very rare.

SepremBer, 1924.

118 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Taphrorychus villifrons, Duf., a Species of Coleoptera new to the
British List.

By HORACE DONISTHORPH, F.Z.S., F.H.S., erc.

Taphrorychus villifrens, Duf. Dufour “ Expl. valléed’ Ossau. Pau.
1843.” Bull. Soc. Sci. Lett. et Art. Pau. 91 (1848) ; (capronatus, Perris).

‘* B. villifrons, Duf. Obl., cyl. noiratre, velu; téte d. male a touffe
d. poils gris tr. foumie; cors chagr. a ses 2 tiers antér. dépr. et ponct.
en arr.; él. a ser. d. p., trenq. en arr., mais inermes; ant. et pat.
pales. Long. 24m. H. le Chéne—Distinct du fuscus, Gyl.”

According to Reitter, and others, it is the 9 9 in Taphrorychus,
whieh have the tuft of hairs on the forehead.

T. fuscus, Gyl., is a synonym for our other species, 7. bicolor, Hbst.

Reitter gives the following table to separate the two species :—

“‘1. The declivity above finely punctured, without distinct rows
of small tubercles, the suture slightly raised, 1-2 striae also
generally indicated; in the 9 with 2-3 striae, above more
distinctly punctured, the interstices with traces of rasp-like
elevations. 1,6-2,3 mm. (B. fuscus, March).

bicolor, Hrbst.

“1. Declivity of the elytra in g very steeply arched, and the
declivous surface flat with rounded border edges, in 9 more
distinctly arched. Elytra at the truncature not distinctly,
or extremely finely, punctured, with three rows of very small
tubercles. The declivous surface of truncature in g and ¢
equally flatly arched, shining, the suture in ¢ scarcely, in
? distinctly tectiformly raised, and the sutural stria shal-
lowly impressed. 1,8-2,8mm. (Dryoc. capronatus, Perris.)

villifrons, Dufour.”

T. villifrons, Duf., may be easily recognised by the three rows of
little sharp tubercles, which are very distinct, on the declivity of the
elytra.

Reitter gives the distribution for this beetle, as Austria, South of
France, Italy, and Algiers; and the European Catalogue of Coleoptera,
as Central Kurope and the Caucasus.

It oceurs in and under bark of oak and beech.

On June 17th, 1924, I was at Ruislip (where I went to try for
Cryptocephalus frontalis; most of my time being spent in beating
poplars and sallows); when I took a g of this little beetle in the thick
bark of a large standing dead oak tree. When set, as I did not recog-
nise it, the insect was put on one side until recently, when I sent it
with other beetles to my friend Major Sainte Claire Deville, who re-
turned the specimen to meas 7’. villifrons, Duf. I have since compared
my insect with the series of 7. capronatus and 7’. villifrons, standing
under the name of the latter species in the general collection in the
South Kensington Museum, with which it well agrees.

A second visit in August failed to produce any further specimens,
but I brought home some of the bark of the tree, in which small
Scolytid larvae are present, and from these I hope to breed more of the
beetle.

I have taken our other species, 7. bicolor, Hbst., freely, in beech
bark in Epping Forest.

THE VARIATION IN LARENTIA (THERA) VARIATA, SCHIFF. 119

The Variation in Larentia (Thera) variata, Schiff.
By CARL HOFER of Klosterneuburg (Vienna).
(Translated by Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S.)
(Continued from page 90.)

Ab. stragulata, Hb.—This interesting form is of striking appear-
ance in itself. It was originally determined by Jacob Hiibner as a
form of L. variata, and in his work it is well figured as fig. 887 from a
female specimen. ‘The figure depicts a satin-white ground colour with
a suggestion of yellow, and does not, as Treitschke and de la Harpe
remark, appear to be polished, but strikes one certainly as a very fresh
example. I have now before me two good specimens agreeing with
this, a g ex coll. Galvagni, taken at Perchtoldsdorf on September 8th,
1910, and a 2 ex coll. Preissecker, taken at Rekawinkel, on May 22nd,
1911.

The very distinctive appearance of stragulata has naturally misled
entomologists, even of considerable repute, to consider it a distinct
species.

It will probably be interesting if I here recall to mind what Freyer
said about it in his Newe Beitr. Schm. Kunde, which appeared in 1888,
at Augsburg.

« Herr Hubner and Herr Treitschke have determined this Geometer,
which is not rare with us (near Augsburg) as a variety of L. variata.
I cannot agree with this, the more so, as I have before me now the
corresponding to Htibner’s ? figure (837) from which I have had made
my own figure [plt. 60, flg. 8, vitiosata] .

‘« By comparison of captured specimens with specimens of variata
it is very clearly apparent that the two must be separated, since there
is not the slightest trace of the toothed band across the forewing of
this insect. The general coloration of the wings is pale yellowish. The
forewing having at the base two dark brown, toothed, narrow bands
lying close together. A brown round spot extends on the middle of
the forewing from the costa as far as the chief vein (median) where it
terminates abruptly, and from which there projects a tooth towards the
outer margin of the wing. Between this spot and the margin there
appears the trace of a dark, indistinct band, showing feebly across the
wing. Below the apex of the wing, close on the marginal fringe, and
between the veins, there lie three black streaks in a shaded area.

‘The underside is uniformly whitish, varying to fawn colour, and
on the forewing the marking of the upperside show through slightly.

‘* I. variata has the underside very sharply marked and the bands,
especially on the hindwings are quite distinctly developed.”

Further, also de la Harpe in his Lep. Fauna d. Schweiz, published
in 18538, treated stragulata as a distinct species. He writes on it as
follows :—

« Rare in the woods around Lausanne; it is difficult to take it in
fresh condition. Up to now I have only been able to obtain males.
Mlle Bremi and M. Rothenbach each possess one female (Lah.).

“In spite of the authority of Herrich-Schaffer 1 cannot admit that
stragularia is only a variety of L. variata. Below are the points of
difference which I have noted.

“1. The costa of the forewings is more rounded in stragularia than
in L. variata.

120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

‘© 2. The commencement of the median band of the forewing shows
no projecting angle along the margin of the costa in the former,
whereas in the latter there is a very pronounced projection.

‘3. The angle at the centre of the band on the hindwings is more
produced in stragularia, and the waved band is more distinct on a
deeper ground.

‘‘4, The female of the former is precisely like the male, in the
latter it is constantly different from it.

‘“‘5. There exist no individuals transitional between one species and
the other. The specimens of L. variata, which have a yellowish tinge
around the median band, are precisely those which differ the most from
stragularia by their very pronounced band.

‘¢6. I have never seen fresh L. variata show the grey black tint of
the median band of stragularia.

‘““7, The waved line of L. variata has the teeth much more pointed.

“8. The cellule of the lower wings is longer in L. variata.

‘“ Hubner’s fig. 887 is too brightly coloured. It is probable that
Boisduval had our stragularia before him. The synonyms of Freyer,
and of Herrich-Schaffer, as well as the figure of Hubner, 380 are
uncertain. Strayulata, Hib. (vitiosata, Frr.), is found in the Vienna
Museum, placed along with L. fluctuaria; it is specifically distinct from
L,. variata, while it is not L. obeliscata (Mann).”’

And later he says :—

“ Further specimens, very fresh, taken recently, have only served
to prove still more, in my opinion, the validity of the species admitted
by Htibner. Not only the coloration and the general shape are con-
stantly different, but the male always similar to the female, which
never occurs with L. variaria. The waved line in the former always
has rounded undulations, while the undulations in the latter are always
pointed and much emphasised.

‘‘The specimens of L. vartaria in which the middle band is cut off
in its internal half, are not of the stragularia form and remain quite
distinct. One cannot say, without being in error, that the fig. 337 of
Hubner is ‘ var. stragularia,’ as Heydenreich does (Cat. 598).

“As regards obeliscata, Hb., it ought to remain as a variety of L.
variata, I have seen several specimens reared by M. Couleren, at La
Neuville, and other taken by M. Rothenbach ; it is easy to establish a
transition between them, from the best marked L. variata to obeliscata,
in which the markings disappear almost entirely in a large suffused
band, graduating off at its margin into the ground colour. It appears
that obeliscata only occurs in Switzerland at the foot of the Jura, and
always in company with L. variata.,”

In conclusion I cannot leave without noticing that Treitschke, in
his Nachtrige, which appeared in 1835, places stragulata to fluctuaria (!)
and corrected himself as regard what Preyer had said was his opinion
in 18383 (see above).

Treitschke by this admission is obviously very much in error, and
one must unwillingly call to mind that the proverb says ‘‘ Appearances
deceive.’ Moreover, it is further evident that this error of Treitschke’s
arose either from having too little material or from forming his opinion

from a solitary specimen.
(To be continued.)

NOTES ON THE MYRMECOPHILES. 121

Notes on the Myrmecophiles found with Acanthomyops (Donis-
therpea) brunneus, Latr., in Britain.

By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.8., F.H.S., Ere.

It will be remembered that my friend Dr. N. H. Joy first discovered
the tree-ant, A. (D.) briunneus, in Britain near Theale, in Berkshire, on
January 21st, 1923, and I brought it forward into the British list
[Donisthorpe, 1923]. Subsequently, in the same year, he found it
inhabiting Windsor Forest ; this I also recorded {Donisthorpe, 1924
(a)], and in these two papers I gave an account of the habits of the
ant, and a list of the myrmecophiles found with it on the Continent.
This year I have devoted a considerable amount of time in hunting for,
and investigating, nests of brwnnews in the latter locality, and carefully
studying the guests of this ant.

Although I have been very successful (having added at least three
insects to the British list), it has only been by means of extremely hard
work, patience, and perseverance. It is not sufficient just to find a tree
in which the ant occurs, as perhaps in one day out of a hundred trees
examined, in five it may be present, but three or four of these will be
quite unworkable, and of the remainder, though apparently suitable, in
only one any myrmecophiles may be found, or in none! Another
difficulty is that a tree, which is easily worked, will be found to be
deserted on the next visit—in fact a very little disturbance of the ants
will always cause this—and new trees containing the ant must be
hunted for. In this way I have tramped all over the district; I divided
it into sections, and must have examined many hundreds of trees in all.
It is quite useless to set traps, or pack a tree with grass, etc., as one
does with A. (D.) fuliginosus; both Joy and I have tried this, but on
the next visit both the ants and anything that may have been with
them have simply disappeared. The ant also occurs in the Park, but
here the trees are too well looked after, the lowest branches and twigs
cut off, old decayed trees cut down, and their roots blown up and carted
away.

I am hopeful that the following results of my labours are of value
as a real addition to the knowledge of our myrmecophilous fauna; and
do not merely represent the capture of a few rare species to fill up gaps
in a collection.

First to deal with the ant itself, and its connection with other
Formicidae :—

A. (D.) brunneus is not confined to any particular tree, as I have
found it present in oak, elm, ash, beech, poplar, and maple. On two
occasions I was fortunate enough to find the winged sexes, viz., on June
14th and June 25th. On the former several § g and one winged 9
occurred in cells under the bark of an oak tree; but on the latter date
many ¢ g§ and a number of winged 2 ? were running about on the
surface of another oak tree, and in the crevices of the bark; some also
being present under the bark. The % 8 were in a very excited state,
running all over the tree, and endeavouring to drag back some of the
winged forms beneath the bark. The time was about 12 o’clock noon,
“summer time.’”’ The marriage flight is recorded for June and July,
and Schenck [1852] says it takes place between five o'clock and eight
o’clock in the morning. | should judge that on this occasion the sexes
were anxious to leave the tree, but were being restrained by the 8 3;

UPD THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

the time, or temperature, or some other reason’ best known to them-
selves, being unsuitable. One % remained for a long time standing
motionless on the tree, holding in its jaws a dead deilated 2°, which
was hanging down in a vertical position, not touching the tree. Not
infrequently little colonies of Leptothoraw nylanderi, Forst., were found
inhabiting the same tree in which brunneus was present. Their nests
consist of little cells in, and under, the bark, and these tiny ants were
sometimes walking freely about in the runs of the larger species.

On one occasion | found a mixed colony of A. (D:) brunneus and A.
(C.) wnbratus in an ash tree. The wnbratus ¥ 8 occurred in the lower
part of the tree, but the brunneus 8 % were running all over it, mixing
freely with the yellow ants. When examples of both species were
placed together in small tubes and boxes, no fighting took place, and
the ants were quite friendly together. It would thus appear that an
umbratus @ had founded her colony in a brunneus nest at the foot of
ya tree, in the same way as do EN and wnibratus 9 2 in nests of

A. (1).) aliens. and A. (D.) niger !

The food of this ant consists chiefly, no doubt, of the excreta of
their large aphides (about which I shall have a good deal to say
presently) ; but I have seen the ¥ 3 carrying Psocids, and other small
insects in their j jaws.

We now come to the other inhabitants of the nests of this interest-
ing ant. It must be understood that all the following species were
found with brunneus ; and in-Windsor Forest, unless otherwise stated.
Those species marked with an asterisk were mentioned by me in the
list I gave [1923] of the guests of this ant on the Continent.

(To be continued.)

Digne and the Basses Alpes in July, 1923.
By Lt. E. B. ASHBY, F.E.S., and memb. Soc. ent. Fr.
(Concluded from page 106.)

July 19th. Arising at 6 a.m. and after a few snapshots of the lake
bathed in the early morning sunlight, I began to make the descent
about 7 a.m. and reached Allos about midday. Below the lake I took
two fine specimens of F’. stygne and one or two moths. On the first
meadow that I reached, irrigated by a beautiful overflowing stream, I
netted one or two Brenthis pales and a grey skipper. Just below the
first chalet insects became more abundant and P. argus (aegon), C.
minimus, and C, 7phis were swarming. I also took HF. stygne, H. oeme
g, EH. gorye 9, HF. ceto, BH. mnestra, and E. epiphron. Between this
and the bridge over the river, I got some fine Hymenoptera including
Discolia quadripunctata, Chalicodonia muraria, Ichneumon xanthorius
and Allantus olivacea; and the Diptera Tabanus bovinus, Fabricia ferox
and Syrphus vitripennis.

By the large meadow just above the bridge, Argynnis niobe var. eris
was flying and Polyommatus eros was taken, while Colias phicomone was
missed. The Coleoptera I took just here were Cieindela hybrida,
Clytus arietis and Silpha quadripunctata.. Ags time was urgent and I
had only a few more boxes I pushed on to catch the autobus from
Allos, which left about 12.80 for Thoréme-Haute. Just before reach-
ing Allos, I met with Heodes virgaureae. But I was somewhat

DIGNE AND THE BASSES ALPES, 123

disappointed from the entomological point of view with the results of
this toilsome expedition, as I had hoped for a good series of P. eros
and of Plebius donzelit as well as other alpine species. However the
trip itself was a most delightful if toilsome experience in so short a
time. For those who may visit this spot in future, I advisea day to be
given in going from Allos to the lake, if possible, three days spent at
and around the lake and a full day for the descent. As insect life is
teeming especially between Allos and the lake plenty of boxes or
envelopes are needed, and as one can get nothing by the way, lunch
must be taken, which would allow more time for collecting in the
ascent.

When the autobus had passed Thoréme-Haute and had reached the
field by the timber cutting sheds on the right, I got down, directing
my luggage to be left at the station. Heodes alciphron var. gordius
was here in swarms, the females were in splendid condition and I
selected a fine series, including a perfect ab. midas and a specimen
approaching this form. Alelitaea didyma race alpina 9, Polyommatus
icarus, Plebius argyrognomon and the moth Malacosoma castrensis
occurred here, with the Coleoptera Clytus verbasct, Larinus sternus and
Molytes glabratus, the Hymenoptera Ammophila viatica, Anthidium
manicatum, and 2 98s of Psithyrus rupestris, and of the Diptera a
Bombylius species which in the British Museum is labelled “ near
vartabilis,’ and which is common at Digne.

Digne was reached at 8 p.m. that night and I was glad to turn in
early for a long night’s rest.

July 21st. My friends and I this morning drove along the Dourbes
Road as far as the bridge over the river, near which is the sign post
directing one to the village of Villard. We stopped at promising spots
both going and returning. All along the rough grass by the river
banks we found Polyommatus admetus race ripartit in numbers and in
good condition, and flying with them were some females of P. eschert.
In the clover and vetch fields the following species were in plenty,
Papilio podalirius, Gonepteryx cleopatra, Pyramets cardut, Satyrus circe,
Argynnis adippe (some large females), Melitaea didyma, and Melanargia
galathea vace procida. Of the last species I took a fine ab. lewcomelas,
the undersides of the hindwings being without markings, in one of the
fields. On likely ground some way on we found Satyrus jidia settled
on Clematis vitalba when it is much easier to net. We stopped some
time beyond the bridge; the grey skippers were in some numbers,
but they are not yet identified, Mpinephele lycaon was present as was
also Zygaena transalpina. The above list does not exhaust our
captures for we found the ground thereabout very good for a morning
collecting, especially as there is a much greater downward breeze in
this valley than in the Kaux Chaudes valley by the Baths, although it
would have been quite hot enough had we had to walk all the way.

July 22nd. My friends drove direct to the same bridge as yester-
day and collected all the way down taking more S. fidia including one
2, S. dryas and another ab. lewcomelas while Leptosia duponcheli race
aestiva was flying in some numbers. I had left by bicycle at 5 a.m.
for the Dourbes and reached the bridge where the road divides about
6 a.m. Close by in a gully under a tree by a dry stream, I ‘‘ cached ”’
my bicycle and went on up to Villard. En route I gathered a quantity
of cocoons of a Zygaenid and took some interesting Coleoptera. Pass-

124 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

ing the village I went on through the beech and pine forests taking
Erebia ligea, fresh males of P. eschert, Pararge maera, Satyrus alcyone,
and one Coenonympha arcania while Zygaenidae swarmed everywhere,
Z. carniolica, Z. lonicerae, Z. purpuralis, and 4%. fausta race niceae.
There was a number of Lycaena alcon too worn to take. I took two
males of the robber-bee Psithyrus vestalis as well as the Asilid Steno-
pogon sabaudus flying with a specimen of Pararge meyera impaled.
Going on towards a most likely looking gorge according to a rough
map which a friend had kindly lent me, I found //. styyne and LH. ligea
but quite failed to find FH. scipio as I had hoped, and had to content
myself with ab. pallida of Coscinia striata (the form with pure white
forewings), Callimorpha quadimaeulata (hera) and one Diacrisia sannio
(russula) g. About 8 o’clock I descended to the little café at Villard,
kept by M. Cotte (brother of the naturalist of Digne, who died two
years ago), for déjeuner, taking on the way P. damon, and P. meleager
on lavender and some perfectly fresh P. admetus race ripartii. I was
evidently too early for /. scipio, and from what M. Cotte told me a
week or two later would have been a better date. It is, I should
suggest, a much better plan to stay a night at Villard and to make an
early morning start for the seipio ground. About 8 p.m. I reached
Digne. I might say in passing, that it is inadvisible to hire French
bicycles here, as they are very poor things, and the road from Digne as
far as it is usable, is very stony and dusty. Among other things I
took on the Dourbes, were L. duponcheli race aestiva, M. galathea race
procida, the beetle Cicindela campestris, the Hymenoptera Halictus
sexcinctus and Melanichneumon monostogon, the Dipteron Syrphus late-
fasciatus, and the Rhyncota Stenocephalus agilis and Piezodorus
lituratus.

July 28rd. My friends found S. fidia in some numbers on the
Dourbes road, sometimes settling on garbage sometimes on Clematis.
The males of Hnodia dryas were quite fresh and a 2 of P. podalirius
was seen on a cherry-plum tree just emerged with limp wings. A
quarter of an hour later the same insect was observed in cop. with
its wings still undeveloped. In the afternoon the next valley to the
left after passing the Petit Vallon on the Dourbes road proved to be a
good spot. A number of Z%. transalpina were taken with the var.
peucedant of Z. ephialtes, as well as the var. athamanthae of the same,
also Z. carniolica and Z, fausta var. niceae. Another fine specimen of
the ab. lewcomelas of the procida race of M. galathea turned up as well
as a very extreme dark procida, which may be considered as ab. turcica.
I also took an immature Orthopteron probably Ephippigera crucigera
(bitterensis).

July 24th. I noted to-day that the S. jidia along the Dourbes road
were partial to the flowers of blackberry but perhaps more than to any-
thing else they seem to prefer the blue green thistle which occurs so
plentifully along this road. A fine specimen of Sphex melanaria and a
couple of the bee Anthidium manicatum, an example of Ammophila
sabulosa and a female of Anthophora quadrimaculata were captured.
But little else of interest was noted except that I captured an Asilid fly
Selidopogon diadema with its prey, an example of Satyrus actaea, in its
clutches.,

The afternoon found me again in the gorge of the HKaux Chaudes
beyond the Baths. Both sexes of Heodes dorilis and of H. virgaureae

DIGNE AND THE BASSES ALPES. 125

abounded in excellent condition and I picked up some %. transalpina,
Z. ephialtes and its ab. athamanthae. Various species of grey “skippers”
were conspicuously in evidence and there is always a legion of many
“ fritillaries”’ at the foot of the cross gorge, fighting for possession of
the tallest thistle-heads.

We left Digne with keen regret. With our sojourn at the Hotel
Boyer-Mistre we were amply satisfied for Madame attends to her guests
very well. In the quiet of the late evening hours when setting occupied
us we always had the company of the owls at the back of thehotel. Digne
has changed but little since 1914; perhaps the dogs are quieter but the
children are more numerous and consequently more noisy. One or
two cinemas haye sprung up, motor charabanes are in evidence; the
beautiful ‘‘ Monument aux morts pour La France” by the Bridge over
the R. Bléone speaks for itself. When collecting on the Kaux Chaudes
road, I tried to picture Digne as it was in 1815 when Napoleon having
escaped from Elba, landed on the coast not far from Cannes, came on
to Grasse, crossed the mountains to Castellane, and having slept at
Barréme came down the Haux Chaudes road and pausing at the Baths
spent three hours at Digne, thence on and on rallying all France to
him for a final coup. As to the insect fauna around Digne, it was to
us quite normal in its abundance. Collecting ground behind the
station and along the Nice road diminishes in area as more land is
built upon, but the remaining spots are as good as ever.

Besides the butterflies mentioned and omitting those common every-
where we met with P. apollo, P. machaon, P. manni, G. cleopatra, S.
ilicis ab. cerri, S. spini, R. phlaeas race eleus, L. sinapis, P. argus (aegon),
E. argiades (one taken by Mr. F. T. Gilliatt), P. escheri, P. egea, U.
dorus, H. onopordi, H. malvae, H.carthami, A. lineola, A. Nava, I. alceae,
EF, althaeae, E. lavathevae, ete.

The chief Heterocera taken at Digne were Aeyeria asiliforimis,
Syntomis pheaea, Z. rhadamanthus, Z. achilleae, Z. purpuralis, Adscita
statices, Thyris fenestrella, Naclia ancilla, Lithosia caniola, Setina aurita
ab. ramosa, Diacrisia sannio (russula), Arctia purpurata, Notodonta
trepida, Pterostoma palpina, Laphygma exiqua, Leucania straminea, L.
impura, Aedia funesta, Xylophasia lithoaylea, Metoptria monogranima,
Agrophila trabealis, Nemophila hybridalis, Pyralis costalis, Aphomia
sociella, Boarmia rhomboidaria, Pseudoterpna pruinata, Leptomeris
rubiginata, Rhodostrophia vibicaria, Nychiodes lividaria, Phibalapterys
tersata, Gnophos lignicolor and G. furvata.

~The Hymenoptera taken were Formica fuscus, Camponotus cruentatus,
Glyptomorpha pectoralis, Discolia quadripunctata, Humenes pomiformis,
Ei. amydei, Polistes gallica, Osmia rufahirta, Anthidium manicatwn,
Stronygaster singulatus, Andrena varians, A. chrysosceles, Pedanaspis
crassitarsis, Amblyteles palliatorius, Ophion paniscus, Pinpla instigator,
Ichneumon extensorius, Halictus zonulus, H.nitidulus, H.scabiosae (zebrus),
H. sexcinctus, H. cylindricus and the Chalcid Leucaspis grandis.

The Paraneuroptera met with were Cordulegaster annulatus, Or-
thetrum caerulescens, Onychogomphus forcipatus, Calopteryx haemor-
rhotdalis, C. splendens and Pyrrhosoma nymphula.

The Neuroptera were Hphemera bivculata, Ascalaphus longicornis,
Chrysopa perla and C. prasinus.

The Coleoptera have been identified as Cicindela hybrida, Silpha
quadripuuctata, Lucanus cervus, Cetonia aurata, Phyllopertha horticola,

126 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD.

Anisoplia floricola, Halyzia ocellata, Coccinella septempunctata, Tricodes
alvearius, T. apiarius, Mylabris quadripunctata, Oedemera nobilis, O.
podagrica, Rhagium bifasciatum, Leptura fulva, Coptocephala unifasciata,
Cryptocephalus aureolus, C. globicollis, Hxosoma lusitanica, Otiorrhynchus
sulcatus, Polydrosus sericeus, Molytes coronatus, Apoderus coryli, Attelabus
curcultonotdes, Chlorophorus trifasciatus, C. figuratus, Larinus sternus,
etc.

The Diptera captured were Tabanus anthracinus, T. bromius,
Bombylius cruciatus, Dioetria oelandica, Syrphus ribesti, S. glaucius,
Platychirus manicatus, Volucella bombylans var. plumata, V. inanis, V.
zonarta, Xanthogramma ornatum, Ocyptera bicolor, Hrigone rudis,
Stenopogon sabaudus, Selidopogon diadema, and Pangonia micans var.
ornata.

The Digne Rhyncota were represented by Cicada fraaina, Harpactus.

iracundus, Reduvius personatus, Graphosoma lineata, Cercopis sanguino-
lenta, Carpocorts nigricans, Dolycoris baccarum, Jalla dumosa,
Sptlostethus equestris, S. saxatilis, S. pandurus, Monodesmus m-flavum,
Campotopus lateralis and Gonocerus acuteanyulatus.
On reaching Paris I spent some time at the Laboratoire Colonial,
55, Rue Buffon, and had an interesting chat with M. J. R. Surcouf.
By his suggestion I went by train to Nemours St. Pierre, two hours
run by the P.L.M., lying beyond Fontainebleau. Following a quarry
light railway and then continuing for a distance of about a mile I
reached Montmien which was reputed a good ground for insects. Here
I found the ab. latelians of M. galathea flying in good numbers. ‘This
is one of the late M. Oberthur’s discoveries and ig marked by a
considerable increase of the white area on the upperside and is of large
size. They were past their best but I succeeded in getting a dozen
good ones. Probably about July 14th, would have been a good date to
eet them in the best condition. I took P. machaon, a form like the
British fen form and quite different from the form at Digne. Besides
these J found Issoria lathonia, P. daplidiee, H. dorilis, P. coridon, A.
lineola and S. semele mostly in some numbers. There were a good.
number of Hymenoptera about including Vespa sylvestris, Cerceris
arenaria, Halictus cylindricus, H. albisectus, Hwochilium brevicorne,
Ichneumon xanthorinus, ete.

In addition I met with Rhagonycha fulva (Col.), Syritta pipiens (Dip.)
and the moth Setina awrita.. In fact a very successful day and a half
were spent at Montmien. ‘There is a tolerable inn for déjeuner about a
quarter of a mile further on over the rocky hill amid the woods.

My best thanks are due particularly to Mr. H. L. Earl for the loan
of his valuable notes on Digne, to M. J. R. Sourcouf of Paris, and to
Major Austen, Messrs. Blair, Arrow, Edwards, China, Frisby,
Donisthorpe, the Rev. F. D. Morice and Dr. B. P. Uvarov for their great
kindness in helping me to name many of the species referred to in this
paper.

Have any of our readers collected at the Col de la Croix, 1167m. a
station on the P.L.M, at the highest part of the line between Grenoble
and Veynes? or at Saint Maurice-en-Trieves, a station near with a
Buffet Hotel Terminus with ‘ service automobile” ? orat Luz-en-Croix-

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 1 27

Haute? or at Saint-Julien-en-Beauchéne in the midst of beautiful
forests? If so I should be grateful for an account of what was taken
at any of these places’ and the best place to stay at as 1 imagine this
district may be very good for Hrebia species about July-August.—H.B.A.

TOTES ON COLLECTING, etc.

Size or tae GeENERaATIONS oF L, rivularis ww Irary.—Dr. Verity
states on page (35) that ‘the first generation of Limenitis rivularis
(camilla) differs markedly from the successive ones by its smaller
size, more slender build, etc.” This isin complete opposition to my
experience. The only two late specimens from Italy which I possess
(Assisi, July 26th, 1909, and Orvieto, August 9th, 1909) are both
extremely small, far the smallest specimens I have seen.—G.W.

Scarcity or Leprpoprrra.—l shall be glad to know the experience
of others. Here, in spite of S.W. winds and hot sun, there is hardly a
butterfly to be seen, very few even of the common ‘“ Whites ’’ and an
occasional Meadow Brown, but nothing else.—Wa.prcrave, Chewton
Priory, Chewton-Mendip, Somerset, July 12th, 1924.

[My own experience is the same, at practically every spot I have
visited there has been a remarkable scarcity of insects in any stage.
Most of the places visited were noted choice collecting grounds, where
one ought in a normal season to obtain ‘‘a good bag,” yet they yielded
nothing. Tree searching, larva beating, has been the same. Beating
for Geometers only produced odd specimens and traces of larvae, such
as leaves defaced, were completely absent. Insects were scarce last
year, but this year matters seem to be worse. The “‘ blues’’ have been
particularly scarce in my experience during the whole season. In one
very favoured spot for Polyommatus (Agriades) thetis | met with only
three or four dozen instead of the usual hundreds. The only larva I
have found abundant (locally) was that of Marasmarcha lunaedactyla
(phaeodactyla),—Hy.J.T.|

G)|URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

-Two meetings of the Entomological Club were held at Oxford
during the week end July 12th to 14th, by the invitation of Prof. EH. B.
Poulton, F.R.S., and Dr. H. Eltringham. Members present :—Messrs.
Robert Adkin, Jas. E. Collin, Horace Donisthorpe, Dr. H. Eltringham,
Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis. Visitors :—
Messrs. KE. Bolton-King, G. C. Champion, Dr. F. A. Dixey, F.R.S.,
Mr. HE. E. Green (Pres. Ent. Soc.), Dr. Hanitch, Dr. W. A. Lamborn,
Dr. G. A. K. Marshall, C.M.G., F.R.S.. Dr. S. A. Neave, Mr. A. W.
Pickard-Cambridge. Capt. N. D. Riley, Dr. Hugh Scott, Mr. H. J.
Turner, Commander J. J. Walker, Dr. C. A. Wiggins, ©.M.G. Accom-
modation was provided at Wykeham House, the residence of Prof.
Poulton, and in rooms at Wadham College, by permission of the Bursar.
The members and visitors met at the Hope Department, University
Museum. During the afternoon of July 12th an opportunity was
afforded of inspecting the magnificent collections and of witnessing a
demonstration of Fluorescence in Lepidopterous pigments. ‘Tea was

128 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

dispensed by Mrs. Poulton during the afternoon. A meeting of the
Club was held at Jesus College in the evening. Prof. Poulton, F.R.S.,
was in the Chair, and entertained the members and visitors to dinner
in the Hall of the College at 7.45. A most enjoyable evening was
spent. On July 13th the Hope Department was again open for in-
spection, and an opportunity of visiting interesting places in Oxford was
provided and taken advantage of by many of the party. A collecting
excursion to Tubney was also organised, which was joined by several
Entomologists, who took advantage of the fine weather, and many
interesting captures were made. After the luncheon, the whole party
joined in a boating excursion on the River Cherwell and a picnic tea
was provided on the banks of the river. A meeting of the Club was
again held in the evening at Wadham College, Dr. H. Eltringham was
in the Chair, and entertained the company to dinner in the College
Hall, by kind permission of the Bursar, Dr. F. A. Dixey, F.R.S., after
which a short business meeting of the Club was held in the beautiful
gardens of the College. After the meeting a retirement was made to
the smoking room where another most enjoyable evening was spent.
The morning of the 14th was spent at the University Museum, and
also in the town of Oxford, which concluded two most interesting and
successful meetings of the Club.—H.W-E.

Newspaper reports say that there has been an immigration of
butterflies along the Kentish coast. Have any of our readers first hand
particulars of this? Reports of similar origin describe “ une pluie de
papillons”’ in the province of Umbria, near Rome, which was such an
‘‘avalanche inattendue’”’ on the roads that motor ears were impeded
and trains delayed near Assisi. One would like to know the facts ;
can anyone help us here ?

We are still asked if Seitz Lepidoptera is being continued. Yes,
we regularly have two parts (Eng. edition) arrive per month, each 8pp.
and 2 plates, or 16 pp. and 1 plate, or 24 pp. only, at 3s. per part. A
few more pages of the Index and one plate of the American Rhopalo-
cera are to come to complete the 5th volume, while two other volumes,
the Africa Rhopalocera and the Indo-Malay Rhopalocera, are to be
completed next year (1925).

The London Naturalist for 1923 is just to hand. There is a most
interesting account of the life of the late A. W. Bacot, dealing with his
‘“¢ Medico-entomological Researches,’ by Dr. M. Greenwood. The
Reports of the various sections are printed and some of the papers that
were read are also printed, including some useful -‘ Notes on Collect-
ing in 1928,” by Dr. E. A. Cockayne. His remark “ that even the com-
monest species, especially the Geometers, with few exceptions, were
very scarce,’ we can all agree with from our own experience. In con-
trast to this it is here recorded that on April 8th Lycia hirtaria was in
such abundance on Wimbledon Common that 50 imagines were counted
on one trunk and 88 on one side of another.

The Isle of Elba has attracted many students of limited faunae.
In the ‘“‘ Memoires”’ of the Soc. Ent. [t., just published, is the continua-
tion of an account of the Coleoptera of the island, with remarks on the
Tyrrhenian Problem, as the comparative study of the whole of that
corner of the Mediterranean sea is styled.

SOCIETIES. 129

SOCIETIES.

Tue Sours Lonpon Entomonoeicat Society.

May 22nd.—Mr. Blenkarn exhibited Coleoptera from Wicken Fen
in April, Leistus rufescens, Bembidion fumigatum, B. aeneum, B.
dentellum, Agonum liveus, Pterostichus anthracinus, Oodes helopioides,
Paragaeus crux-major, Hydaticus transversalis, Trogophloeus corticinus,
Donacia dentipes, Dorytomus salicinus, etc.

Mr. Enefer, larva of Owrapteryx sambucaria,

Mr. Pennington, an aberration of Venilia macularia with a con-
tinuous narrow band of black across all four wings on a yellow ground;
a pale fawn coloured Xanthia fulvago (cerayo), and a curious Apamea
secalis with a light streak extending from the reniform stigmata.

An exhibition of Apamea secalis with a short discussion was opened
by Mr. Tams, Messrs. Buckstone, Pennington, Tonge, R. Adkin, Mera,
Turner, ete., exhibiting.

June 12th.—Mr. Blenkarn exhibited some rare and local Coleoptera,
Calosoma inquisitor, New Forest, Carabus granulatus, Wicken, Rhagium
indigator, Aviemore, Apoderus coryli, Darenth Wood, Gonodera luperus,
Box Hill, Tillus elongatus, Mickleham, and Grammoptera variegatus
(analis), and for Mr. Goodman Leptura cerambyciformis, Chiddingfold,
and Melasoma populi, Tilgate Forest.

Mr. Adkin, webs of the larvae of Butalis grandipennis on Ulex nana,
Eastbourne.

Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs, ova and young of a Hemipteron from
Saskatchewan.

Mr. K. G. Blair, the “firefly” Pyrophorus pilucidus, from Trinidad
sent by Dr. Withycombe, and described its characters and habits.

Mr. A. W. Dennis, the Filmy Fern, Hymenophyllum wilsoni from
N. Wales.

Dr. Cockayne, larva of Tricopterya polycommata from ovum.

Mr. Sims, Agapanthia villosoviridescens (lineaticollis) Col., and ova
of P. machaon, Wicken.

Mr. Tonge, larva of Taentocampa miniosa on bramble.

Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor, Zygaenidae from Algeria, Asia Minor and
Turkestan.

Mr. O. R. Goodman, Anthocharts falloui, A. belemia, and A. belia
(eupheno) sent him from Algeria by Prof. Lister.

June 26th.—Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor, F.E.8S., Vice-President, in
the chair.

Mr. C. G. Priest, of Notting Hill, was elected a member.

Dr. Fremlin exhibited the white helleborine (Cephalanthera ensifolia)
and the fly orchis (Ophrys apifera) from near Berkhampstead.

Dr. Cockayne, larvae ef Lampropterya suffwnata hatehed in early
June.

Mr. K. G. Blair, for Mr. Blenkarn, the green cockroach, Panchlora
virescens, with its brown coloured young, from Jamaica.

Mr. Turner, examples of the pupal habitations of Dictyopterya berg-

manniana among wild rose leaves, and pointed out the curious and
definite plan upon which these were always constructed.

130 THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD.

Mr. E. G. Bunnett, living larvae of Saturnia pavonia, Cucullia
verbasci, and Notodonta ziczac, with the yellow balsam, Impatiens parvi-
flora, and the sweet scented orchis (Habenaria conopsea).

Mr. Sims, young larvae of Papilio machaon and Chrysomela grami-
nis (Col.), from the Fens.

Mr. Blenkarn, Bembidion schiippeli from Cumberland, the black form
of Carabus arvensis, from Honister Pass, Geotrupes vernalis from Kes-
wick, and Hpipolaeus caliginosus from Ashford.

Mr. Priest, a perfect gynandromorph of Amorpha populi, bred June,
1923.

July 10th.—The President in the chair.

Mr. R. Adkin, egg-masses of the fresh-water snail, Limnaea stag-
nalis, attached to the underside of a lily-leaf, and gave notes on the
life-history. ;

Mr. Enefer, Sesia (Macroglossum) stellatarwm, taken at Blackheath
on June 23rd.

Mr. Farmer, imperfectly developed Zygaena filipendulae bred from
cocoons taken at Kastbourne, and remarked on the small size.

Mr. Step, a living 2 of the so-called ‘‘velvet ant,” Methoca ichneu-
monoides, from Swanage.

Mr. H. J. Turner, living larvae of Hypena rostralis, feeding on hop
in his garden at New Cross, and remarked on their curious habit of
curling and springing suddenly when touched.

Mr. Grosvenor, Teinopalpus imperialis, from Sikkim, and Armandia
lidderdalii, from Bhutan.

Mr. A. E. Stafford, a Rumicia phlaeas with the markings of the left
forewing underside reproduced on the left hindwing, and an Arctia
villica, from Reigate.

Tur EnromotoaicaL Society oF Lonpon.

June 4th.—Oxsituary.—The Chairman announced the death of Mr.
F. Merrifield, a Past-President of the Society.

Lrrrary.—Dr. §. A. Neave announced that by order of the Council,
a change had been made in the hours during which the Library would
-be open. From this date the hours would be from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.,
except on Saturdays, and during September when it will be closed.
On the nights of meeting it will remain open until.10 p.m. and on
other Wednesdays until.9 p.m.

Exection or Fettows.—The following were elected Fellows of the
Society :—Mr. 8. R. Baldock, Oakburn Villa, Hertford Road, Enfield,
Middlesex; Mr. H. B. Johnston, M.A., 25, Findhorn Place, Edinburgh;
Capt. I’. S. Smith, Sunnyside, Middle Bourne, Farnham, Surrey.

Exuisits.—Dr. §. A. Neave exhibited some insect remains found in
a stratum of oil-sand in ‘Trinidad ata depth of about 8 feet.

Mr. H. E. Andrews exhibited a new British Trechus probably allied
to T. amplicollis.

Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., amongst other exhibits com-
municated (1) Some notes by Dr. V..G. L..van Someren on the life
history and insect-food preferences of an Ascalaphid larvae at Nairobi ;
(2) A. W. J. Pomeroy’s observations on Lycaenid life-histories in
Southern Nigeria; (3) An entomological contribution to the under-

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 131

standing of Minoan symbolism, in which he discussed a letter from
Sir Arthur Evans, F'.R.S., describing a Minoan gold signet ring on
which two butterflies are represented.

Dr. K. Jordan exhibited and drew attention to some important
characters of several species of the African Genus Nyctemera
(Lymantriidae).

Mr. C. Dover exhibited the larva and pupa of two Cassid beetles
and called attention to the protective excremental structure found on
the larva.

Dr. F. A. Dixey exhibited a series of photographs illustrating the
pupation of Catopsilia crocale, which had been taken by Mr. F. N.
Chasea, Curator of the Raffles’ Museum, Singapore.

Paprrs.—The following papers were read :—

1. Mallophaga of the Spitzbergen Expedition, 1923, by Dr. J.
Waterston.

2. Vocal Organs in the Coleopterous Families, Erotylhdae and
Dytiscidae, by Mr. G. J. Arrow.

3. Notes on the Bionomies of Xylocopa aestumas, Linn. (Apidae) by
Mr. C. Dover, with notes on the beetle larvae by Mr. K. G.
Blair.

FREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Butwetin or tar Hirt Muszeum.—Vol. I., no. 8, pp. 260, 25 plates
(7 in colour), and 1 map.—We must congratulate Mr, J. J. Joicey and
his able colleague Mr. G. Talbot on this final part of the first volume.
It is a well arranged and a well thought out account of a portion of the
work, which has been done at the Museum, and the whole of the three
parts, some 650 pp. and 60 plates, has catalogued, described, arranged
and illustrated a huge mass of new material, for which there was no
adequate room in any of the existing periodicals, with the added ad-
vantage that the matter is not scattered and perhaps difficult and
expensive of access.

The subscription price is most reasonable, and we were somewhat
surprised to read in the editorial note that ‘“‘no adequate response has
been received by way of subscription.” This is decidedly discouraging,
for the cost of production at the present time is very heavy, and we
hope that the issue of part 8, such an admirable part as it is, will add
substantially to the list of subscribers. Possibly the price marked at
the foot of the cover of each part and the placing of an index at the
end of Part I. may mislead. It is not 30s. for each part, but 30s. for
parts 1 to 3 and index (to be issued later).

Among the contents are (1) a second part of “‘ A Catalogue of the
Lepidoptera of Hainan,” an island in the Gulf of Tonkin, 175 miles
by 100 miles, by Messrs. Joicey and Talbot. ‘There are bidliographical
and historical notes followed by remarks on the localities, and a few
words on the affinities so far indicated by the lists, with a map showing
the routes of the collectors and the elevations and relative positions of
the places mentioned. The list is not merely a list, but contains
references, dates, and comparative notes for identification ; data most
useful for a study of an island fauna. (2) ‘A List of Pyralidae col-
lected by T. A. Barns in Central Africa in 1919-20-21,” by Prof. A. J,
T. Janse, the §. African specialist in this family, whose presence in
England was taken advantage of to get him to work on the numeroug

182 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD.

new forms obtained in Africa, as well as elsewhere. (3) A similar list
from the mountains of Central Ceram. (4) Monsieur F. le Cerf gives
comprehensive notes on the rich series of African Papilio species in the
Hill Museum, at the same time introducing hisown views on the classifica-
tion of forms, in which he refers to ‘‘ purely individual forms suscep-
tible of furnishing indications as to the evolution of the species to
which they belong,” but ‘trop peu significatives pour étre nommeés.”’
This paper is illustrated by 55 figures of geographical and individual
forms. The writer, in discussing such species as Papilio dardanus,
considers the various forms as not being in any way stable, but mani-
festing “en periode d’évolution active.” Ninety-seven forms are dealt
with, of which fifty are figured.

A very large number of descriptions of new species of Heterocera
are published, particularly of Noctuidae by Miss A. K. Prout, and of
Geometridae by Mr. L. B. Prout, many of which species are also figured.
We note, with pleasure, that almost without exception the descriptions
are not of the ‘“‘ barebones,” ad hoc type, but contain sufficient com-
parative notes and references if not also accompanied by a figure. To
place a new species in its position in its genus the reader wants all the
references and salient comparisons and contrasts, which the writer has
made in working out the form. So many of our older descriptions are
practically useless without these indications of apparent affinity or
other data.

Referring to descriptions and comparisons it seems quite necessary
to have a commonly recognised colour standard. This is being done
at the Hill Museum by the use of Ridgeway’s ‘‘ Colour Standards and
Nomenclature,’ an admirable book as far as 16 goes with an enormous
number of shades. New names created in the ‘ Bulletin,” are of
course in Clarendon.

Although the bulk of the work published, when active collecting is
going on on a large scale, must be descriptive, yet we hope that when
opportunity offers we shall have a further article during the course of
Volume II, on Mimicry and such like subjects, as was given in Part 1,
so that we get not only the material results of the collecting, but the
scientific indications and results.

The coloured plates deserve our mention: not only are they well
done, but the insects chosen are just those which require such pour-
trayment. ‘The first three plates figure the new species of the genus
Delias fromCeram and New Guinea, all of them being that section of the
genus containing the smaller black and white species with remarkably
bizarre undersides of which Seitz only figures two, while 16 further
species are here presented, all having been described in Part 2 in
1922. ‘Two coloured plates figure new Sphingidae and one new Zyyae-
nidae (sens. lat.). A further plate figures two new forms of T’rotdes
from Buru and New Guinea, which were also described in Part 2.

We note one or two slight irregularities. The plates in part 3
begin with No. 1 again instead of running on from those in Part 1,
and the list of plates in part 3 refers to articles ‘‘ No. 12,” “No.1,” etc.,
which themselves are not numbered, and hence one has to refer to the
list on the cover of the part concerned, all of which lists begin at No.
1 instead of running on as should the plates in the one volume.

It is up to all, who can, to support such praiseworthy work so
generously carried on to advance our knowledge of the world around
us, by contributing our mite—a subscription.—H.J.T.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXXVI. (10 shillings) should be sent to
Mer. Herbert E. Page, ‘‘ Bertrose,’” Gellatly Road, New Gross,
S.E.14 [This subscription includes all numbers pulblished from
January 15th to December 15th, 1924.)

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers’ magazines should be
notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, “Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Gross, 8.E. 14

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EE

Desiderata.—Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all parts of the
world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial: exact duta
indispensable. Liberal return made.—IV. G. Pether, ‘Thelma,’ 4, Willow Bridge
Road, London, N. 1.

Duplicates.—Cinxia, Bellargus, Coridon, H. Comma, Lineola, Galathea, Moneta,
Nupta, and many others. Desiderata.—Blandina, Irish Icarus, Carmelita, Cuculla.
Gonostigma, Ashworthii, Templi, Australis, Undulata, Smaragdaria, Testacea.—
W. Gifford Nash, Clavering House, Bedford.

Duplicates.—-Cinerea @ , fine forms, grey, brown and blackish, Maritima and vars.
Immorata and other East Sussex species.

Desiderata.—Pupx. Luteago (Barrettii), Caesia, Albimacula, Alpina, Xanthomista,
Sparganii, Dissoluta (Arundineta), Graphalii. Also imagines of extreme forms Noctus
in fine condition only.—dA. J. Wightman, 85, Morris Road, Lewes.

N. American Lepidoptera in papers in exchange for ditto from any part of the world.
J. C. Woodward, Training Ship-‘‘ Cornwall,’ Purfleet, Hssex.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7.
8p.m. October lst, 1924.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m.
—AHon. Sec., Stanley Wdwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.H.3.

The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London
Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History
Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street E.C. 2, first and
third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. September 20th,
Botanical Excursion: Woldingham. Hon. Sec., W. EH. Gunae, 44, Belfast Road, N. 16.

All MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs-returned to Hy. J. Turner,
98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, §.H.14

We must earnestly request our correspondents not to send us communications IDENTICAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.

Lists of Durricarrs and Dzstpunara should be sent direct to Mr. H. E. Page,
Bertrose, Gellatly Road, New Cross, 8.H. 14

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Mull List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,
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BAGK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist’s Record
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(Vols. I-XXXV.)

CONTENTS OF Voli. I. (Most important only mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates—
Differentiation of Welitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—IThe Doubleday collection—
Partbenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)—
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—-Retrospect of a Lepidopterist
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus—
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CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Notes: on the Myrmecophiles found with Acanthomyops brunneus, Latr., in Britain,
Y H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc. (concluded) .. he 56 36 se so. BE
_ A Locality in the High Alps, Névache-le-Chateau, W. Fassnidge, M.A. (concluded).. ae 139

NorEs on Coxnuxctine:—A Holiday in N. West Cornwall, C. Worssam; M. aurinia v.
debilis, Hy.J.T.; ©. arcania, H.J.T.; Butterflies in late Autumn, Waldegrave.;
Aberration of A. urticae, C. Worssam; Double-broodedness in T. punctularia, F. B.

Carr.; Abundance of larvae locally, Hy.J.T.; Autumn Butterflies, Hy.J.T. .. SPS pial We
Current Notes anp SHort Notices oe $e oe ae oie bE a6 .. 144
Soctztres :—The South London Entomological Society... —... Ac Se ae epee eee)
Supp. :—List of the Macro-lepidoptera of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight .. Bey (33)-(36)

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NOTES ON THE MYRMECOPHILES. 133

Notes on the Myrmecophiles found with Acanthomyops (Donis-
thorpea) brunneus, Latr., in Britain.

By HORACE DONISTHORPH, F.Z.S., F.E.S., Etc.
(Concluded from p. 122.)

CoLEOPTERA.

1. Aleochara sanguinea, L. (brunneipennis, Kr., luyubris, Shp. Cat.).
—On June 7th, a single specimen was taken, I have only found this
rare species heretofore in Richmond Park, where a series was obtained
in birds’ nests. This capture is of interest, as several other beetles
which are found in the nests of birds (such as MWicroylossa yentilis, M.
pulla, ete.), also occur with ants. In my paper on the Origin and
Ancestral form of Myrmecophilous Coleoptera [Donisthorpe, 1909} I
discussed the whole subject and endeavoured to show how such species
had branched off from a common ancestor and adopted a double mode
of life, though not possessing ‘‘ double hosts’ in the ordinary sense of
the term.

2, Llyobates propinguus, Aubé, was captured on June 19th. It is
not usually found with ants; but André [1874] recorded it with
Formica rufa in France. Of course Ilyobates glabriventris, Rye,* is a
myrmecophilous species, and Wasmann |1891] records it with brun-
news in Holland. Certainly the bebaviour of this specimen of I. pro-
pinguus in the presence of the brunneus 8 3, was exactly that of an
ants’ nest beetle.

3. Myrmedonia limbata, Pk., one specimen running on a tree with
the ants on June 6th. This beetle occurs with various other species of
ants. I have previously taken it with Myrmica scabrinodis, A. (D.)
fuliginosus, A. (D.) niger, A, (C.) flavus, Formica exsecta, and F’
SaNGULILER,

4. Drusilla canaliculata, F., one on June 29th. This species is
also found with many species of ants, and | have recently [| Donisthorpe,
1924a| shown it to be a regular myrmecophilous species.

5. Atheta nitidula, Kr.,* occurred in a number of different nests ;
over a dozen specimens in all being taken. The late Dr. Sharp [1869]
recorded it as very rare in the South of England; being sometimes
found in the nests of fwligimosus. Ellis [1908] took it with the ant
last mentioned at Knowle; and Rouget |André, 1874] with the same
species in France. Schmitz [1915] records it with brunnevs in Hol-
land; and Wasmann [1894] states that the species of Atheta most
often found with ants is A. nitidula.

6. A. sodalis, Kr., was found on two separate occasions. I have
previously taken it with Formica rufa at Weybridge and Oxshott
[Donisthorpe, 1909], and Maeklin has also found it with the same ant
in Fennica [André, 1874].

Kuryusa, Er. I am writing a short separate paper on this genus
[Donisthorpe, 1924c] to correct the synonymy, and giving a table to
distinguish the species, etc. All the species of this genus are truly
myrmecophilous and live with species of Acanthomyops, especially A.
(D.) brunneus, in trees inhabited by ants of that genus.

7. Huryusa optabilis, Heer.* (laticollis, Heer.).—This beetle is
decidedly rare in Britain, and is moreover considerably scarcer at
Windsor than the next species. Out of the ten specimens, which isall
I have been able to find, five proved to be g 3.

Octoper, 1924.

134 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

It has been recorded in Britain from Highgate, Loughton, Shirley,
Hainhault Forest ,Tilgate Forest, Windsor, and Ilfracombe. The only
record, however, with ants in this country previous to Joy’s [1923]
capture at Windsor, is by Brewer [Linnell, 1898] , who took two speei-
mens in a nest of A. (D.) fuliginosus in Tilgate Forest, in 1866. One
is obliged to think, however, that in some of the other localities A. (D.)
brunneus was present, for as Wasmann [1891] wrote when discussing
the capture of this beetle by Dr. Veth, at Valkenburg, who did not
record it with ants, ‘‘As Lastus brunneus generally only shows itself
singly, is very fugitive, and possesses nests very hard to find, it can
easily be overlooked.”

8. Huryusa sinuata, Wr.*—Dr. Joy [1923] took. and recorded a
single specimen of this beetle at Windsor ; its first capture in Britain.
I have since taken some 30 specimens, only one of whichisa fg ! It
must not be thought that it is any the less rare, or difficult to get, as
this total, as I have already pointed out in the introduction to this
paper, represents the results of many visits, and many many hours of
hard and laborious work. These beetles, as was also the case with the
previous species, were always with and right amongst the ants. They
run very swiftly when disturbed, but do not fear the ants, sitting
quietly and poking their tail into an ant’s face if it threatens them. I
have kept a number alive in tubes with some ants for days at a time,
and though the beetles have come to no harm the ants have always
been found dead. I have never seen them kill au ant; but I believe
they do so. It is possible they may feed on the brood of brunneus, but
as Wasmann [1892] has also pointed out, this is very difficult to find,
and one would probably have to cut down a tree to get atit! My
observation nest of brunneus had died out before I got these beetles
[see Donisthorpe, 1924a] .

On several occasions I have taken what I believe to be the larva of
this beetle, under the bark in the runs of the ants. The following is
a rough description of a specimen preserved in spirit, which I should
judge to be nearly full grown :—

Narrow and linear; head brown: body yellowish white, with ventral segments
whiter. Eyes consisting of 6 ocelli on each side of head; antennae four-jointed,
the last two joints very short; labial palpi quite as long as antennae, their last
joint, long, thin, and pointed; mandibles triangular, pointed. The whole body is
furnished with long pointed yellow bristles, both on the dorsal and ventral surface.
The 9th segment of the abdomen bears two styles, or cerci, furnished with three or
more bristles. The 10th segment is terminated by a narrow round pointed tail or
‘false foot,’’ bent downwards, and brown in colour. The legs are slender, pale
yellow, and end in a simple claw. Long, 3°5 mm.

9. Quedius scitus, Gr.— One specimen was taken with brunneus in
rotten wood, on June 27th. Although this insect is generally found
away from ants, it is worth recording, as Crotch [1862] took a speei-
men with A. (D.) fuliginosus at Cambridge.

10. Xantholinus glaber, Nord.—One specimen of this rare beetle
was taken on June 29th. This is another birds’ nest species, which is
often found with ants. Fowler [1888] records it as ‘ often in com-
pany with ants.” Rouget [André, 1874] took it with A. (D.) fuligt-
nosus in France; and Wasmann [1691] says it is often found in
hornets’ nests in Holland; but he regards it as a regular guest of
fuliginosus, having found it with that ant at Exaeten and Valkenburg.
Schmitz [1915] took it with brunneus in Holland.

NOTES ON THE MYRMECOPHILES. 135

11. Stenichnus ewilis, Kr.—A single specimen was taken under
bark of oak with brunneus, on May 4th. As I pointed out in 1922
several specimens of this beetle were taken in a nest of F’. rufa at
Bridge-of-Gairn, by King, on July 24th, 1915, and Harwood found it
in numbers, extending over a period of many weeks, in a nest of F,
rufa in the Limpsfield Woods, near Westerham, in 1921, where I
subsequently had the pleasure of taking it with him. It was also taken
with the same ant by the late Viehmeyer in Saxony, who gave it to
Wasmann.

12. EHuthia formicetorum, Reitt. (formicetorum, Sauley, MS.).—On
August 12th I captured a specimen of this rare little beetle in a nest of
brunneus in an oak. It was first introduced as British by Bedwell in
1915, who found a single specimen in company with Trichonya sulct-
collis, and a Myrmica in an old beech tree, in the New Forest, in July
of that year. Walker has taken three specimens (at different times
from 1907 to 1912) in rotten wood, also in the New Forest, and these
are all the British examples that have been found up to now. The
insect has occurred in France, Dalmatia, and the Mediterranean and
Caspian regions, etc. I am indebted to Commander Walker for lend-
ing me one of his specimens to compare mine with. It is certain that
de Sauley (who described and recorded many Myrmecophilous beetles
in the 60’s and 70’s) must have taken this speeies with ants, hence the
name.

18. Batrisodes delaportet, Aubé,* and 14. B. adnexus, Hampe.*—l
have already published a short paper introducing these two beetles to
the British list | Donisthorpe, 1924b], and I gave a table to distinguish
them from the species previously found with us, ete. They are two of
the most interesting and most important of my discoveries with this
ant; as they are also two of the species I have worked hardest to find.
They appear to be extremely rare both with us and on the continent ;
the reason perhaps being that itis so very difficult to find a tree, which
one can get at, in a suitable condition for them.

15. Tvrichopteryx montandoni, All., occurred in small numbers on
June 25th. My friend Major Sainte Claire Deville has also taken it
with brunneus in France. I regard this little beetle as a truly myrme-
cophilous insect, though generally found in the nests of Formica rufa ;
where [ have taken it in Parkhurst Forest [Donisthorpe, 1909], ete.
Matthews [1872] gives nests of F’. rufa: Hamm took it with the same
at Tubney; Allen at Lustleigh Cleave [Donisthorpe, 1919]; and
Walsh [1923] at Barnscliffe. Walker [1920] records it with A. (D.)
fuliginosus at Tubney. Wasmann [1894] gives F’, rufa as the host,
and cites various authors who have recorded it with that ant on the
continent.

16. Ptenidium kraatzi, Matt., occurred in some numbers in the
rotten wood of a beech tree inhabited by brunneus, on August 12th.
It was described by Matthews from specimens taken by Foxcroft in
rufa nests at Rannoch, and Fowler took it with the same ant in
Buddon Wood, Leicestershire. On March 11th, 1908, I took a speci-
men in my observation nest of F’. sanguinea from Woking.

17. Ptinus subpilosus, Mull.—Four specimens (2g ¢22 2) were
taken on April 22nd and a single ? on August 12th, in company with
brunneus. Although this is not a regular ants’ nest beetle, never-the-
less it is occasionally found with ants. Fowler [1890] says it is some-

136 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

times found in company with ants, recording also that Brewer took it
in ants’ nests in Tilgate Forest. In the latter case the ant would no
doubt have been A. (D.) fuliginosus ; and Walker [1920] has found it
on several occasions in a tree inhabited by that species at Tubney, etc.

Hymenoprera.— Proctotrupidae.

18. <Acropiesta striolata, Th.,and 19. A. rufiventris, Kief., were
taken on June 29th.

20. Synacra brachialis, Nees., on June 6th; 21. Conostigmus
innotatus, Kug., on June 29th; and 22. ©. dubiosus, Kief., on June
19th and 29th.—I tan only record that these five species of Proctotru-
pidae were taken in company with brunneus; but if there is any real
connection between them and the ant, I know not.

I have taken a number of species of Conostigmus with other ants on
previous occasions.

I am indebted to my friend Mr. Claude Morley for the names of
these insects,

Diptera.

23. Aptochaeta ciliata, Zett.—A single specimen was taken with
brunneus near Theale, Bucks, on February 9th, 1923. I had previously
taken if in some numbers with A. (D.) fuliginosus, at Wellington
College, in 1906, and Darenth Wood in 1910.

24. Apiochaeta sp.?—A @ of a species of this genus was found
with brunneus in Windsor Forest, on June 25th.

25. Limosina crassimana, Hal.—Taken in the Theale nest on June
20th, 1923. As I pointed out [Donisthorpe, 1924a] I have taken
several other species of this genus with other ants.

HerrmropreEra.

26. Pilophorus perplevus, D. and S.—On July 25th a number of
the very young of a Pilophorus was seen running about among the
ants, and dodging in and out of the cracks in the bark of two brunneus-
infested oak trees. Several examples were sent to my friend Mr. H. A.
Butler, who suggested that they might be P. clavatus; but that they
were far too young to make certain. On August 5th these trees, which
I had specially not disturbed, were again visited, and a certain num-
ber of adults and a few nymphs of the bug were secured—proving them
to be P. perplexus, I have previously found this insect with A. (D.)
niger, A. (D.) fuliginosus, Formica rufa, F'. sanguinea, and F’. fusca.

I have never been able to ascertain the connection between bugs of
this genus and ants [see Donisthorpe, 1921]; but the fact remains that
they are always found with ants. Of course they are very ant-like in
appearance, and probably thus obtain protection from their enemies.

APHIDAE.

27. Stomaphis longirostris, F.—On April 24th I found under the
bark of an oak tree ‘“‘in the runs of brunneus’’ a number of very young
green Stomaphis. The ants were carrying some of them about, and
when disturbed they hurried off with them into safety under the bark.
At the same time a cluster of large egg-like cases was found, and these
when hatched proved to be the eggs of the plant louse. I took some

NOTES ON THE MYRMECOPHILES. 137

of the young aphides to my friend Mr. F. Laing, at the British Museum,
and suggested that they belonged to a different species from S. quercts,
which I had previously found attended by A. (D.) fuliginosus on the
bark of oak trees, but not under the bark, at Woking and Wimbledon.
With this he agreed, but said they were too young to be named with
any certainty. Accordingly I determined to follow the matter up, and
discover if possible, the adult form. On subsequent visits I continually
met with this insect under bark of various trees, where the ant occurred
(it is not confined to oak, as I found it in poplar, elm, etc.), and on May
14th the examples found were considerably larger; but it was not until
June 6th that the problem was solved—I then found many very fat,
large examples, grey in colour, and swollen with young, and from these
Laing was able to decide that the species was 9. longirostris, F'., a very
interesting addition to the British list.

These plant-lice generally have the end of their very long proboscis
buried in the wood of the tree, and it is with considerable difficulty
that they can be removed without breaking it. However large they
may be the ants drag and jerk at them unmercifully to make them
leave go, so that they can carry them off.

This is evidently the species which André [1882] referred to when
he said that brunneus feeds almost exclusively on the exereta of large
aphides, which it rears in the galleries of the nest; and also the large
grey plant lice, which Schenck [1852] said are found with it.

The egg is very large, 8mm. long by 1-5mm. broad, zeppelin-
shaped, with a smooth surface. In spirit specimens the embryo may
be seen shining through the cortex, fully developed, the antenna
5-segmented, and the rostrum a little shorter than the body.

The young are green with 5-segmented antennae.

Fabricius [1787] described the species in the following words :—
‘‘Cinereus, rostro corpore triplo longiore. Habitat Dresdae sub
arborum corticibus formicarum larvis victitans. Medius. Rostrum
longissimum, cylindricum, quo larvarum succum haurit.” This
species does not appear very frequently in literature. Passerini
[1860 and 1868] undoubtedly describes this species, and Alttim [1881}
describes a species under the name of Rhynchocles longirostris, which
may be Fabricius’ species ; though Laing is of the opinion that it is
the same as L. quercus. Del Guercio, in his Monograph of the Lach-
ninae [1908], gives additional references (but some of the synonymy is
obviously incorrect), and an excellent description with illustrations.
The illustration of the apterous viviparous ? has been done from
uncleared specimens, and does not therefore convey a good impression
of the appearance of a mounted specimen. [resh material (such as I
have supplied Laing with) of S. longirostris and S. quercis could not be
confused. The former is of a light ashy-grey, with the two dorsal
longitudinal rows of dark areas and the median ventral longitudinal
areas standing out more conspicuously than they do in the case of S.
quercus. The latter is of a dark coffee brown, if anything more shining
and smaller, while the dark dorsal areas (when in spirit or when
mounted) are not so compact, and in the anterior abdominal segments
especially are apt to become diffuse and disappear. The surest distinc-
tion lies in the antennal segments. In S. querciis segments 4 and 5 are
subequal and considerably shorter than 6, while in S. longirostris
segment 4 is consistently and plainly shorter than 5, while 5 is not very

138 THE ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD.

much longer than 6 (the average proportions of the three last segments
being 16, 21, 23). There are from 2 to 8 circular sensoria on segment
4, and 2 to 3 smaller ones apically on 8; the sensoria on the antennae
of S. quercis do not appear to be constant.

I am much indebted to Mr. Laing for the particulars concerning
the specific differences.

CoLLEMROLA.

28. Cyphodetrus albinos, Nicol., was found with several colonies of
brunneus, on June 6th and 25th, etc. This little creature is absolutely
panmyrmecophilous, and occurs with all species of ants in Europe.

ARANEINA,

29. Harpactes hombergi, Sep., was taken with the Theale brunneus,
on February 6th, 1923. On April 22nd, 1924, and on various subse-
quent occasions, it was found with this ant at Windsor. As I pointed
out in my Myrmecophilous Notes for 1928 [1924a] this spider con-
stantly occurs with ants on which it preys.

CRUSTACEA
30. Platyarthrus hofimanseyyt, Brdt.,* was found with two colonies
of this ant on June 25th. This is ariotliee panmyrmecophilous arthro-
pod. Both Schmitz [1915] and Wasmann [1894] have taken it with
brunneus in Holland, ete. In my notes quoted above, I dealt with its
geographical distribution and how it had extended its range.

REFERENCES To LirERATURE QUOTED IN THE TEXT,

AUD. IBS) ... 1881 Forst. Zool., 3, 856 (1881).
Anidreveties eee ... 1874 Rev, Mag. Zool, (s. 8), 2, 204-35 (1874).
Fehler ete ... 1882 Spec. Hym. Europe, 2, 198 (1882).
Bedwell, E. C. -.. 1915 | Hnt. Mo.\Mag., 81, 119 (1915).
Crotch, G. R. ... 1862 Zoologist, 1862, 8140.
Donisthorpe, H. ... 1909 Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, 397-411.
3h y ... 1919 Hnt. Record, 34, 24 (1919).
” 5 pee EOD if A 33, 23 (1921).
Paci ee cone 2D Eke,“ A 34, 4 (1922).
45 Soi ee LOS) Bane » 935, 21-23 (1923).
2 oh rae hay MeL ODA Ak f 36, 49-53, 69-75 (1924).
5 i one, UG ZS 44 36, 117 (1924).
3 Nan iietie too de Ent. Mo. Mag., 60, (1924).
Ellis, H. W. ... 1908 Ent. Record, 20, 57 (1908).
Fabricius, J.C. .... 1787 Mant. Wotecare 314 (1787).
Fowler, W.W. ... 1888 Col. Brit. Isles, 2, 290 (1888).
8 . ee) WL OBO ig ee os LOR SE Ss
3 5 ... 1890 yh TSE CL89O):
Guercio, G. Del. ... 1908 jeer. 5, 259 (1908).
Joy, New ee ... 19238 Ent. Mo. Mag., 59, 279 (1923).
Linnell, J.... ... 1898 Reigate List, 27 (1898).
Matthews, A. ... 1872 Trichopterygia, 125 (1872).
Passerini, J. ... 1860 Gli. Afidi Parma, (1860).
BF aA ... 1868 Arch. Zool. anatom. fistoloygia, 2, fas. 2

(1863).

A LOCALITY IN THE HIGH ALPS. 139

Schenck, A. ... 1852 Jahrb. Ver. Naturk, Nassau, 8, 58 (1852).
Schmitz, H. ». 1915 Naturk. Genvots., Limburg, 1915, 72-75.
Sharp Dies sa ... 1869 Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, 130.
Walker, J. J. ... 1920 Knt. Mo. Mag., 56, 210 (1920).

Walsh, G. B. ... 1923 Naturalist, 64 (1923).

Wasmann, EK. ..- 1891 Tijds. v. Entom., 34, 61 (1891).

... 1892 Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr., 1892, 350.

55 sp Pe OO4s ehitte Meine Wen Mer.vAnts 1OO4.

A Locality in the High Alps, Névache-le-Chateau.
By WILLIAM FASSNIDGE, M.A.
(Concluded from p. 60.)

List or LeprpopTeRA OBSERVED aT N&vacHE FROM JuLY 4OTH vo
SepremBer 10rn, 1928.

Altitude 5,000 feet unless otherwise stated.

Ruopatocera.— Papilio podalirius, imagines and larvae; P. machaon,
imagines common, larvae rare, all nearly full-fed; Parnassius apollo
race substitutus, abundant and variable, 5-8,000 feet; Aporia crataegi,
very abundant; Pieris brassicae and P. rapae, common, both imagines
and larvae; P. napi, one specimen, early in August; Pontia (Ieuco-
chloe) daplidice, not common; Pontia (Synchloe) callidice, fairly
common, 6-9,000 feet; Anthocharis (Kuchloé) crameri, a few larvae,
5-7,000 feet; Huchloé (Anthocharis) cardamines, a few larvae; FE. (A.)
euphenoides, three specimens, second week in August: Gonepteryx
rhamni, common ; Colias palaeno race europomene, not common, 8,000
feet; C. phicumone, abundant and variable, 5-9,000 feet; C. hyale
and (. croceus, abundant, one var. helice; Leptosia sinapis, a few ;
EKrebia epiphron race casstope, common but local, 7,000 feet; FH. enryale,
not common; H. nmestra, common, 6-8,000 feet; H. gorye and ab.
erynnis, locally common, 7,000 feet; H. stygne, common; F. pharte,
very common, 5-7,000 feet; FE. goante, abundant, 5-7,000 feet; EF.
neoridas, very abundant, some very small specimens; F. scipio, a few ;
EK. tyndarus, very abundant ; Melanaryia galathea, common just over the
frontier, 4,500 feet ; Satyrus briseis, one ; S. statilinus, locally common ;
Hipparchia semele, afew; Pararge megera and P. maera, a few; E'pine-
phele lycaon, common, 5-6,000 feet; Coenonymphaarcania race satyrion,
fairly common, 5-6,000 feet; C. pamphilus, common, 5-6,000 feet;
Limenitis rivularis (camilla), afew; Pyrameis atalanta, common, im-
agines and larvae up to 7,000 feet ; P. cardut, common, larvae abundant
up to 7,000 feet; Vanessa zo, fairly common; Aglais wrticae, very common,
larvae up to 7,000 feet ; Hugonia polychloros, afew; Polygonia c-album,
afew; Fuvanessa antiopa, common, larvaeabundant ; Melitaea cynthia,
a few, 8,000 feet. We were too late for this and the following species ;
M. aurinia var. debilis [=merope ?|, a few very small specimens, 8,000
feet ; M. cinaia, a few males; M. phoebe, common; M. didyma and race
alpina, very abundant and variable, 5-6,000 feet; M. dictynna, common
and variable ; M. varia, fairly common, 7-8,000 feet ; Aryynnis aglaia,
very common, 5-6,000 feet; A. cydippe (adippe), common; A. niobe
and var. ers, type not common, var. eris abundant, 5-7,000 feet ; Issoria
lathonia, common, 5-6,000 feet; Brenthis euphrosyne, two; B. ino,
fairly common, worn; B. amathusia, fairly common, worn; B. pales,

140 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

very abundant and variable, 6-9,000 feet; Heodes virgaureae, very
abundant, females very variable, 5-7,000 feet; AH. (Chrysophanius)
hippothoe var. eurybia (almost), common, 5-7,000 feet; H. (Loweia)
alciphron var. gordius, not common, females variable; H. (L.) dorilis
var. subalpina, common; H. (Rumicia) phlaeas, a few, all nearly ab.
eleus ; Lycaena arion and var. obscura, a few, worn, 7,000 feet ; Cupido
mimmus, afew; Plebetus (Aricia) donzelit, common, 5-6,000 feet; P.
(A.) medon (astrarche) and race alpina, very abundant, 5-6,000 feet ;
P, (Albulina) pheretes, locally common, 7-8,000 feet; P. argus (aegon),
common, beginning of August; P. argyrognomon, very common, later
than preceding species; Polyommatus (Nomiades) semiargus, common and
variable, 5-7,000 feet ; BP. (Aricia) ewmedon, a few, worn; P. (Hirsu-
tina) damon, abundant; P. (Ayriades) coridon, very abundant and
fairly variable; P. (A.) thetis, one male; P. hylas, fairly common ;
P. escheri, abundant, females variable, 6-8,000 feet; P. icarus, common,
some very small, 5-6,000 feet ; P. eros, fairly common, 5-6,000 feet ;
P. orbitulus, abundant and variable, 6-8,000 feet; P. (Vacciniina)
optilete, not common, 7,000 feet ; Hveres argiades, one, worn: Lycae-
nopsis (Cyaniris) arytolus, one, September 8th; Lampides boeticus,
common; Ruralis (Zephyrus) betulae, a few, females very large;
Strymon (Thecla) spint, abundant ; Hrynnis (Carcharodus) lavaterae, not
common, worn; H. alcaeae, fairly common; Hesperia alveus, very
common ; H. fritidlum (cirsii), common; Pyryus sao, fairly common ;
Urbicola comma, very abundant and variable, 5-8,000 feet; Adopaea
lineola, locally common; A. flava (linea), not common.

Herrrocera.— Agrins convolvuli, seven; Hyles euphorbiae, larvae
5-7,000 feet ; Phryxwus livornica, a few; Smerinthus ocellatus, a few
larvae; Sesta (Macroylossa) stellatarwm, very abundant, 5-9,000 feet:
Trochilium apiformis, a pair; Aegeria (Sesia) ichnewmonifornis, fairly
common; 4d. (S.) ramburt (2), one, worn; Lembecia hylaeiformis, a
pair; Adscita geryon and Zygaena purpuralis, locally fairly common ;
Z. achilleae, abundant; Z. evulans, common, 8,000 feet; 7%. trifolit,
abundant; 7%. fausta, abundant and variable; Z. carniolica, abundant,
a few red-belted specimens; Z. filipendulae and 7%. transalpina, abun-
dant: Nola cicatricalis, a few; Setina aurita var, ramosa, common,
5-8,000 feet; Coscinia cribrum var. candidum, 5-8,000 feet; Lithosia
lurideola, a few; LL. complana, fairly common; L. deplana, a few;
L. caniola, two; Nemeophila plantaginis and var. hospita, abundant and
variable, 5-8,000 feet; Dasychira fascelina, a few larvae; Stilpnotia
salicis, a pest; Lasiocampa quercis, small larvae common; L. rudt,
a few larvae; Lemonia tarawaci, one; Lachnets lanestris race arbusculae
(2), larvae common, 8-9,000 feet ; Malacosoma castrensis, one, two egg-
rings ; Pygaera pigra, larvae common ; Saturnia pavonia, a few larvae;
Cerura vnula and Notodonta ziczac, larvae fairly common: Lophopteryx
camelina and Pterostoma palpina, a few larvae.

Nocruiwa.—Acronicta euphorbiae, one; Bryophila perla, afew; B.
algae, two; Leucania virens, common; L. andereygi var. enyadinensis,
L, vitellina, L. conigera, L. albipuncta and Laphyyma exigua, a few of
each; Neuronia popularis, fairly common; Mamestra sordida, one;
Caradrina ambigua, fairly common; C. terrea, common; CU. quadri-
punctata and Amathes (Orthosia) helvola (rufina), a few; Xanthia
(Cosmia) paleacea, one; Citria (Xanthia) fulvago and var. flavescens,
common ; C. (X.) lutea (flavago), one: Amphipyra tragopogonis, abun-
dant; Triphaena pronuba, common ; Agrotis augur, one; A. alpestris,

A LOCALITY IN THE HIGH ALPS. 141

afew; A. yemina, a few; A. depuncta, a few; A. obelisca and A.
ocellina, fairly common; A. nigricans, a few; A. simulans, fairly
common ; 4. birivia, two; A. cuprea, A. tritici, A. ypsilon (suffusa), A.
simplonia, A. grisescens and A. saucia, a few; A. decora and Rhyacia
eleyans, common ; Derthisa (Hpisema) trimacula, one; Miselia owya-
canthae, one; Polia flavocincta, one; P. polymita and Dianthoecia
caesia, a few; D. clavipalpes (cubicularis) and D. capsincola, fairly
common ; Hadena chenopodit, one; H. chrysozona and H. ochroleuca, a
few ; H. lateritia, very common; H. platinea and H. monoglypha, a few ;
Mamestra ylauca, fairly common; MM. nana (dentina) and Phlogophora
meticulosa, a few; Crymodis ewulis, a few; Rhizogramma detersa, very
common ; Cucullia lychnitis, six larvae; C. artemisiae, larvae abundant ;
C. absinthti, one larva; Heliothis peltigera, a few imagines and larvae ;
Abrostola tripartita, one; Plusia v-argentenm, a few; BP. festucae,
common; P. ganima, very abundant; P. ain, a few; P. hochenwarthi,
common, 8,000 feet; Acontia luctuosa, fairly common; Catocala
puerpera, one; C. frawini, one ; Spintherops dilucida, a few ; Toxocampa
craccae, two; Hypena obesalis, a few.

Grometran.—FH'pione apiciaria, common; Crocallis elinguaria, a
few ; Gnophos obscurata, G. glaucinaria, G. obfuscata, G. myrtillata and
G. serotinaria, common ; Psodos coracina, fairly common, 8,000 feet ;
Acidalia flaveolaria, very common; A. twmorata and A. promutata, a
few ; A. incanata, common ; Asthena candidata, Xanthorhoé montanata
and X. munitata, a few; Halia vanaria and H. brunneata, abundant ;
Diastictis artesiaria, a few larvae and imagines; Cleogene lutearia,
abundant ; Lythria purpuraria, a few; Abraxas yrossulariata, two; A.
marginata, altew; Lygris prunataand L. populata, abundant; Larentia
fulvata, L.immanata and L. didymata, common ; Ll. flavicinctata and L.
minorata, common; Thera cognata, fairly common ; Anticlea berberata,
a few; Hydriomena sordidata, abundant; Mutephria caesiata, a few ;
Entephria cyanata, fairly common; Coenotephria verberata, common ;
Calostiyia olivata, afew; C. aptata, Triphosa dubitata and T’., subaudiata,
common; Hupithecia venosata, one; FH. lariciata, KH. distinctaria and
E. sobrinata, afew; EHubolia limitata and FH. bipunctaria, common ;
Anaitis playiata and Lithina rippertaria, afew ; Rhodostrophia vibicarta,
common ; Chlorochlysta miata, Orenata alpestralis and Tephronta sepiaria,
afew; Odezia atrata, abundant.

Pyrates, Tortrices, Etc.—Catastia marginea, common ; Nomophila
noctuella, very abundant; Odontia dentalis, one; Pyrausta aurata, a
few ; Scopula lutealis, common ; 8S. alpinalis, a few, 8,000 feet; Mbulea
crocealis, a few; Botys hyalinalis, one; B. sophialis, common ; Unaemi-
dophorus rhododactylus, common ; Mimaeseoptilus phaeodactylus, com
mon; Platyptilia calodactyla, fairly common; Stenoptilia pterodactyla,
Peronea permutana, P. varieyana and Heanthes argentana, common ;
Crambus luctiferellus, afew; C. lithoyyrella, common; C. selasellus, a
few; C. furcatellus, common, 8,000 feet ; Sconaria muralis and Tortria
crataegana, fairly common; Depressaria florella, D. applanella, 1).
thapsiella, Adela rufimitrella, common; Rhyacionia resinella, one ;
Pamplusia mercuriana=monticolana, Sctaphila penziana, S. wahlbomiana,
common; Semasia pupillana, Conchylis straminea var. alternana, Phycis
fusca, P. ampliatella.

The writer offers his best thanks to Mr. Hy. J. Turner for his
kindly aid in identifying some of his captures.

142 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

I)2OTES ON COLLECTING, etc.

A Houtay In Norta- West Cornwatt 1n 1924.—Visions of Lycaena
arion made us decide this year to break fresh ground, and so the last
week in June we piled up the car with luggage and set off for the West,
spending the first night at Taunton. The next day, June 29th, we
made Okehampton for lunch, and there a scout around with net in
hand resulted in one Melitaea aurinia, the species being apparently over,
Brenthis selene, Huclidia mt, and a number of Zygaena lonicerae also
being taken.

We arrived at our destination in a Scotch mist, and for the first
week the weather was very showery with frequent gales and mists.
Reports from other collectors were very depressing ; one party had taken
no lL. arion at all, and another party only five or six between them.
However, in spite of the weather, hard work produced five or six, and
during the next two weeks, which turned out beautifully fine and hot,
a fair series was obtained. The following butterflies were also taken
or observed, when searching for L. arion :—Argynnis aylaia, Dryas
paphia, Brenthis selene, Pararye megera, P. aegerta, Aphantopus hyper-
antus, Hipparchia semele, Melanargia galathea, Epinephele jurtina, HK.
tithonus, Coenonympha pamphilus, Callophrys rubt, Polyommatus tcarus,
Hesperia malvae, Nisoniades tayes, Adopaea flava (thaumas). During the
afternoon Ruralis (Bithys) quercus soared about the cliff tops, but were
very wild and difficult to catch, while Ortholitha plumbaria and O.
bipunctaria were very common on the hillsides.

A number of trips were made around the district with the car, and
I was glad to observe L. arion at points on the coast fifteen miles apart,
which shows the species to be fairly widely distributed. Several trips
were made with the object of getting Melitaea athalia but without
success; although, of course, other insects were taken. One solitary
fresh Leptosia sinapis was netted, and once we were rewarded by spotting
a Cleora jubata (glabraria) on the trunk of an old apple-tree at Week-
St.-Mary.

Dusking produced, among other things, Perizoma flavofasciata (de-
colorata), P. alchemillata, Ortholitha cervinata, O. limitata (mensuraria),
Pseudoterpna pruinata, Acidalia aversata, A. dimidiata, A. wnitaria,
Hemithea strigata (thymiaria), Mesoleuca bicolorata, Timandra amata,
AXanthorhoé unangulata, and Cueullia verbasci.

Sugaring was tried most nights with varying success (after the first
week, which was hopeless). Crowds of Xylophasta monoglypha, Leu-
cania lithargyria, and Agrotis exclamationis were always present, and we
were very pleased to get a short series of beautifully fresh A. luniyera.
Sugar or flowers also produced Leucania littoralis, Agrotis corticea, A.
lucernea, A. cinerea, and Pharetra rumicis (one of each), and numbers
of Habrosyne derasa, Xylophasia lithoxylea, Mamestra brassicae, M. ole-
racea, Miana striyilis, M. literosa, M. fasciuncula, M. bicoloria, Hadena
nana (dentina), Ayrotis segetum, Axylia putris, Noctua plecta, Lencania
conigera, L. pallens, etc. A fresh Gonoptera libatrix turned up on July
11th, an exceptionally early date for this species, considering the
season.

Aegeria musciformis was neglected until the end of the holiday,
when they were nearly over, and only three were taken. A day was
also spent at Starcross, beating the hedges for Callimorpha quadripunc-

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 143

taria, but we only succeeded in getting a few Geometridae and a pro-
found thirst. Altogether we had a holiday to look back to.—Crci
Worssay, “ Little Warden,” Station Road, Harpenden, September 14th,
1924.

Meitaka AURINIA VaR. DEBILIS.—The late M. Oberthtir named the
race of M. aurinia which occurs in the Pyrenees Orientales and French
Hautes-Alpes le Lauteret, as var. debilis. It resembles the Swiss race
merope, de Priin., by its small size, with diffuse markings and generally
worn appearance. There flies in the forests of Rennes, in Ille-et-Vilaine,
a similar form to this so-called debilis. From paper descriptions it
seems hardly correct to separate the two races; of course one’s Judge-
ment might be considerably altered if one could compare series of the
two forms. We remember how Apamea gueneéi appeared on paper,
compared with A. testacea, and yet how distinct they are when one
places the two series side by side.—Hy.J.T.

CornonympHa arcania.—lIn the recently issued List of the Butter-
flies of France, issued under the auspices of the periodical L’ Amateur
de Papillon, Coenonympha arcania, C. darwiniana, and C. philea=
satyrion, are treated as three separate species. As these three forms
intergrade into each other by every possible form, and their areas of
distinction are in touch everywhere as a matter of elevation, there
seems every probability of there being only one species, as treated in
Seitz, with extreme susceptibility to elevational environment.—Hy.J.T.

Burrerriies in tare Autumy.—For the last fortnight butterflies
have been much more numerous, many Vanessa io, Pyrameis atalanta,
and a few Ayglais urticae, but still very few ‘“ whites.”—WaLDEGRAVE,
Chewton Priory, Chewton Mendip, Somerset, Septembev 19th, 1924.

ABERRATION OF AGLAIS URTICcCAE.—When collecting to-day near
Biggleswade, I took a specimen of Vanessa wrticae with the ground
colour a pale biscuit. The insect appears to be perfectly fresh.—Crcin
Worssam, “ Little Warden,” Station Road, Harpendon, September 14th,
1924.

DovusLE-BROODEDNESS IN T. puNcTULARIA.—On September 14th I
found a specimen of Jephrosia punctularia on a tree-trunk at Wester-
ham. So far as I know there has been no previous record of this
species producing a second brood in the same year.—F. B. Carr, 41,
Handen Road, Lee.

Apunpbance OF Larvaz Locatty.—My small suburban garden is
this year devastated by many larvae of the common garden species of
all sorts. I do not remember it to have been so badly treated before.
At Chiselhurst, on the Common, about ten larvae of Drepana falcula
were found on a small bush of birch, and near by a bunch of fair-sized
Phalera bucephala, quite conspicuous on another bush about a foot
from the ground. A day’s beating at Westerham produced about an
average number of the usual autumn larvae, including five Acronicta
leporina in their early stage, when they are not at all like the full-grown
larva which is covered by long silky hair. Beating oak produced hardly

144 THE ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD.

a single larva. On Ranmore Common beating oak was useless, the
birch was very unproductive, and the few larvae obtained came from nut
and hawthorn. An hour or two in Ashtead Woods, beating birch, was
quite comparable to Westerham in the variety and number of larvae
obtained. Again a larva of A. leporina turned up, and one of Notodonta
dictaeoides.—Hy.J.T.

Autumn Burrerriies.—An afternoon spent at Kew in the beautiful
gardens on one of the few days this autumn, when the sun has deigned
to shine sufficiently, gave one a short interview with the Vanessids
preparing for hibernation by imbibing the sweets from the abundance
of flowers there provided. In one part there was about half an acre of
asters of all colours in full bloom. Flitting from flower to flower
plenty of Aglais urticae and a fair number of Pyrameis atalanta with an
occasional Pieris brassicae formed a beautiful sight. In another part a
more restricted bed of the same flowers was favoured with the same
three species and in addition a few Vanessa io. I noted one of the A.
urticae was a very fine lemon yellow form. In vain I tried to capture
it with fingers and thumb, it was too wary. A very large Pieris brassicae
? struck me as being of a quite yellow suffusion all over. Strangely
another bed of asters backed by a wall, a long narrower bed, had not a
single butterfly on or around it.—Hy.J.T.

<\;URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

A gathering of the Entomological Club was held at Hastbourne
from September 6th to 8th, by the invitation of Mr. and Mrs. Robert
Adkin. Other Members of the Club present were Messrs. J. HE. Collin,
Horace Donisthorpe, and H. Willoughby-lllis. The Visitors were
Messrs. R. A. Adkin, W. H. Miles, A. L. Rayward, Edward Step,
H. J. Turner, Capt. N. D. Riley and Dr. Malcolm Burr. The guests
met at ‘‘ Hodeslea’’ where luncheon was served about 1 o’clock. In
the afternoon an Entomological excursion was made to the Downs in
the neighbourhood of Beachy Head and a number of interesting
captures were made. In the evening a meeting of the Club was held,
Mr. Robert Adkin in the Chair, and supper was served about 7 o’clock.
On the 7th an excursion was made in motor cars to Abbots Wood and
after our return to luncheon, Mr. Adkin’s valuable collection of Lepi-
doptera were inspected and also his extensive library, which contains most
of the standard entomological books, was much enjoyed. After dinner
the guests joined in an informal Entomological meeting when many
subjects of interest were discussed, during which Mr. R. A. Adkin’s
collection of British Shells, which contains most of the local forms,
was also on view, and added considerable interest to the meeting.
The guests dispersed on Monday morning to their various destinations
after a most enjoyable visit.—_H.W-H.

In the life of every Society the Housing Problem becomes a
pressing business at some time or other. Societies grow and require
more space, not only for their meetings, but for their effects. As it
was with our own Entomological Society of London so it is now
with the Société Entomologique de Belgique. The Belgian Society
has solved their difficulty by finding a new home in the Library
of the University of Brussels, in which to hold their meetings and with

OURRENT NOTES. 145

ample space for housing their extensive library. The Société
Zoologique de Belgique had already found accommodation in the same
buildings, so that, by a fortuitous circumstance, students of general
natural history will find close together a series of the libraries likely to
furnish them with all the literature they may wish to consult.

Part I-II of the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London
has just been issued to the Fellows. It contains some 260 pages and
14 plates, 1 being coloured. One is pleased to find the Proceedings
issued as in the past with the Transactions and not deferred to the end
of the year before issue. In fact one would be inclined to advocate
the issue of these at more frequent intervals as is the custom of the
Société Entomologique de France, were it not for the great increase of
expenditure it would entail. The present parts contain (1) Dr. H. A.
Cockayne, ‘‘ The Distribution of Fluorescent Pigments in Lepidoptera.”
(2) W. H. T. Tams, ‘Notes on some species of the genus Cosmophila,
Bdy.” (8) Kenneth J. Morton, ‘‘The Dragon-flies of Palestine, based
primarily on collections made by Dr. P. A. Buxton, with Notes on the
Species of the Adjacent Regions.” (4) Miss N. Pulikovsky, “ Meta-
morphosis of Deuterophlebia sp. (Dip.).” (5) L. G. Higgins, M.A. “ On
the Ethiopian species of the genus Hesperia, with descriptions of two
new species.” (6) Prof. K.B. Poulton, F.R.S., ‘‘ The Relation between
the larvae of the Asilid genus Hyperechia and those of Xylocopid bees.”
(7) Gilbert Arrow, F.Z.S., ‘“‘ Vocal Organs in the Coleopterous families
Dytiscidae, Hrotylidae and E'ndomychidae.” (8) Cedric Dover, ‘‘ Some
Observations on the Biononies of Xylocopa aestuans, Li. (Apidae), with
a Note on the Beetle Larvae, by K. G. Blair, B.Sc.” (9) James
Waterston, B.D., D.Se., “On the Mallophaga of the Spitzbergen
Expedition, 1923.” (10) H. Eltringham, M.A., D.Sc., “ Dr. V. G. L.
van Sommeren’s observations on the early stages of Mimacraea marshalli
race dohertyi, Roth.” (11) Malcolm Cameron, R.N. ‘‘ New Species
of Staphylinidae from India.’”’ The Proceedings of the ordinary
meetings consists of 90 pages of most interesting matter dealing among
other things with Luminosity in insects, Insect Food of the Little Owl,
Parasitation of the Karwig, Wet and Dry seasonal forms of Precis,
Various cases of Mimicry in African Butterflies, Cases of Migration,
Bees devouring Thrips, Terrifying appearance in Laternarta (Lantern-
flies), Tsetse-flies and dummy animals, a new Huropean ‘“ Skipper,”
Insect remains from Trinidad oil-sand, Inheritance of colour in
Pierines, Insects on Ant-trees, etc.

The British Association for the Advancement of Science has sent
out the Report of the Delegates of Corresponding Societies including the
Annual List of Papers bearing upon Zoology, Botany and Prehistoric
Archaeology of the British Isles for the year 1922. This most useful
list is compiled by Mr. T. Sheppard, M.Sc., of the Hull Museum.

The Proceedings of the Entomoloyical Society of British Coliwmnbia for
1923, has been issued recently. The papers printed witness much good
work in progress, both from a faunistic and an economic standpoint,
The President in his annual address urges the object of compiling check
lists of the various orders of which none exist for British Columbia, not
even in the usually well worked Lepidoptera. The Proceedings contain
a Preliminary List of the Aphididae of B.C., Notes for the List of
Orthoptera of B.C., Collecting at Flowers and Blossoms, Leaf-rollers
(Tortrices) attacking orchard-trees, New Records of Hemiptera from

146 THE ENIOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

B.C., and an intensive economic study of the elm-currant aphis
(Hriosoma ulmi), with illustrations.

The U.S. National Museum have recently published a Revision of
the N. American Wasps of the sub-family Platyyasterinae, by R. M.
Fouts. Itis illustrated with numerous figures of parts where necessary,
deals with the synonymy, and type specimens and furnishes tables of
species, frequently redescribing them in the view of more recent
knowledge.

The Trustees of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) have decided to
catalogue and label all the type specimens of Rhopalocera in the
collections, largely from a desire to prevent the recurrence in the
future of the replacing by ‘better’ specimens, which took place in
the not very remote past. As a first instalment Part I., Satyridae has
just been issued. It contains details of nearly 4000 specimens, giving
the Mus. no., Name, Genus under which originally described, Original
reference, Date, Sex, ete. The Morphinae and Brassolinae are included
in the Satyridae. That the compilation is well done we can be assured
as it has been done by and under the supervision of Mr. N. D. Riley,
Assistant in the Department of Kntomology.

The Entomological Society of Ontario has just issued its 54th
Annual Report, 1923. ‘The Balance Sheet is enlightening; the sub-
scriptions of members for the year amount to $612:22 and Govern-
ment Grant $1000. The good work is recognised in Canada for the
insect pest is a pest in earnest and the citizen is compelled to call in
those who can give their skilled, technical aid. ‘The papers printed are
nearly all strictly economic or economic in their bearing, although
nearly 20 large pages of captures in all orders are given. As usual
there is a series of short reports from different districts on economic
insects of the year, life-histories of the clover weevil (Hypera punctata),
the cabbage worm (Pieris rapae), the control of the corn-borer, the
chicken-louse, the onion maggot, Notes on the ever-present Gypsy-moth,
with articles on Taxonomy, Legislative Regulations, Value of Natural
Enemies, etc.

We must congratulate the Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in
Wien (Vienna) on the Verhandlunyen for 1923 which has just been
issued. In size it is quite closely approaching its pre-war status. It
consists of 222 pages of Proceedings and 252 pages of Memoirs, with
a coloured plate of Lepidoptera and 183 text-figures. Dr. Schawerda
treats of the Lepidoptera of the Kaisergebirge in N. Tyrol, Prof. Rebel
introduces many aberrations, forms and races of Lepidoptera, Herr
Fritz Wagner treats of his holiday near Salzburg, Dr. Galvagni
announces numerous new aberrations, Herr Bubacek describes the
Lepidoptera of his collecting tour in Andalusia in 1922, Dr. Fulmek
writes of the notable species he met with in Sumatra, Dr, Preissecker
gives a Prodromus of the Lepidoptera of Nuiederdsterreich, Herr
Schwingenschuss deals critically with all the Palaearctic Psodos forms
and also with the Gnophids, Herr Winkler describes an excursion to
obtain blind beetles, Herr Mandl deals with the coleopterological
material obtained by him in EH. Asia, Dr. Rebel gives an analysis of
the forms of Philosamia cynthia, Dr. Schawerda deals with numerous
new forms of Lepidoptera, from Mesopotamia, Herr Heikertinger writes

SOCIBTIES. 147

on Nomenclature, Dr. Zerny gives an account of Anaitis efformata, and
Herr C. Hofer introduces a long series of aberrations of Lepidoptera.

The last part of the Annales de la Société Hntomologique de Belgique
contains a very important series of ‘‘ Notes sur les Ephémeres de la
Monographical Revision of Eaton,” by J. A. Lestage.

SOCIETIES.

Tue Soura Lonpon Entomonoeican Sociery.

July 24th.—Dr. Cockayne exhibited the living larvae of Humorpha
elpenor, Theretra porcellus, Hemaris fuciformis, Sesia stellatarum, E’pione
advenaria, and Geometra vernaria.

Mr. R. Adkin, a supposed example of Dianthoecia compta, and read

- notes on its occurrence in Britain.

Mr. Hugh Main, various insects taken by him in Corsica, including
a large specimen of Scarabaeus sacer, from Hvisa, where it was abundant.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner, short series of Parnassius discobolus and ab.
romanovi, with P. delphius race albulus, from Turkestan, taken at
12,000 feet elevation.

Mr. Enefer, photographs of a swarm of bees at Blackheath.

Mr. Coulson, a remarkable series of Rhagium bifasciatum, taken
among cut firs at Peaslake, in May; all showed extensive aberration
of colour and marking, and also Melanophila acuminata, from Wimble-
don, usually only taken near burning forest timber.

Mr. Grosvenor, a series of the Indian Papilio polytes showing its
polymorphism ; one @? like them, another resembling P. hector 2 , and
a third like P. aristolochiae @.

August 14th-—Dr. Cockayne exhibited the larvae of Cucullia
umbratica feeding on dandelion.

Mr. R. Adkin, a strongly banded Hupithecia thought referable to
FE. satyrata from Kssex.

Mr. H. Main, an Hmpusa sp. from Digne, a stridulating beetle,
Passalus sp. from Trinidad, and a Syrphid (Dip.) larva found fceding
on a larva of Cucullia graphalit.

Mr. 8. A. Blenkarn, a series of Agonum seapunctatus (Col.) from
Oxshott, where it now occurs since the destruction of the trees.

Mr, Andrews, the Dipteron Trypeta tussilayinis on burdock in N.
Kent in July.

Dr. Fremlin, a Pieris napt with very dusky veins below, taken in
early July.

Mr. K. G. Blair, Crabro vagus and its prey and contributed a note
on its burrow and habits, with details of the rationing of its cell.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner, specimens of Melanargia titea from Syria with
its summer form palaestinensis from Jerusalem, and an unocellated
aberration of the latter form. He also showed Anthocharis belemia
from Algeria and the summer form glauce from Gibraltar, and the
summer form palestinensis of the Syrian race.

Mr. Farmer, some 4ygaena filipendulae bred from Hastbourne cocoons,
the first portion and last to emerge were large and the rest were small.

August 28th.—Dr. Cockayne exhibited living larvae of Hupithecia
subnotata and of Hadena trifolii on Atriplex and of Mesoleuca ocellata on
Galium.

148 THE KNLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor, a long series of Melanitis ismene (leda), an
universally common Satyrid in South and Hast Asia, showing extreme
variation in colour, marking and eyespot development on the under
surface.

Mr. H. J. Turner, living larvae of Abrostola triplasia and of
Eupithecia assimilata on hop, both species usually common in the
London suburbs.

Mr. Dennis, a photograph of the fruit of Hrodium moschatum, a
wild geranium, and pointed out the peculiar mode of seed dispersal.

Mr. Enefer, larvae and pupae of Hipocrita jyacobaeae from Alum
Bay, and the Spider, Theridion Uneatum found at Ventnor with its green
bundle of eggs on Verbasewm thapsus.

Mr. R. Adkin, specimens of Zygaena filipendulae bred from pupae
collected at Taster near together, and noted the variation in
expanse was from 830 mm. to 388 mm. In 200 examples the variation
of marking was very slight, but a specimen captured on the same
ground had achilleae-like markings. He also showed a short series of
Acidalia immorata which was still fairly plentiful in its restricted
haunts.

Mr. S. R. Ashby, specimens of the Coleopteron Nebria livida found
in the cracks in the Cromer cliffs, where it was locally common.

Mr. K. G. Blair, a recently described new Psocid, Coecilius corticis
from Hendon.

Mr. E. J. Bunnett, several species of Coleoptera.

September 11th.—Mr. O. R. Goodman exhibited Melitaea didyma
and M. phoebe taken in cop. in August, 1923, at Reazzino.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner, living larvae of Acronicta leporina from Wester-
ham and of Drepana falcula from Chiselhurst, both species on birch.

Mr. E. Step, the fungi Clavaria formosa, Geaster fimbriatus, and
Craterellus cornucoptoides from Box Hill, where there was now a great
variety of species.

Mr. Priest, an Aretia caja with united blotches on the hindwing
submareip.

Dr. Cockayne, living larvae of Plusia chrysitis, Manduca atropos,
and the spotted form of Amorpha popult.

Mr. Jacobs, Tortrix unifasciana taken on September 7th, a late date
for the species.

Mr. Dennis reported the local plant Senecio viscosus as growing on
waste ground in Westminster, and S. squalidus as abundant on railway
banks in N.W. London.

Mr. Sims, a teratological specimen of Aescina grandis, with the 3rd
leg on the R. side extremely small but perfect proportionately.

Mr. Enefer, a living Vanessa io taken seeking winter quarters in a
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CONTENTS.

; PAGE
Yellow eggs in L. hirtaria, H. A. Cockayne, M.A., M.D., F.E.S. si 149
' Euplectus decipiens, a Species of Coleoptera new to the British List, by H. Donen
Be Z/ Si5 SEES «eer ae Se Xs oe Br Me eg ae Of eee tian)
The Variation in Larentia variata, by Carl Hofer. 28 Ee an ad Se ca Bu
- Insect Control—An Outiine of the Principles .. = ac se sc a lion
Aberrations nouvelles de Coccinelles, by J. A. Lestage .. a an a th ai AS)
Screnriric Notes AND OBSERVATIONS Ar : a0 ae 3¢ ELSE
i Notes on Connectine :—Autumn Captures, H. B. D. Ketilewell The Season, Rev. W. F.
Johnson; Entomology at Wembley, H. Moore; Unusual Foodplant of P. bifasciata,
: EH. A. Cockayne; M. atropos at Hastbourne, F. T. Grant; Beetle Pupates in and
emerges from a Piano, Jos. Anderson; Some Notes from Braemar, £. H. Hsson fe 156
: Socieries :—The Entomological Society of London 56 og Bs Se lees. 160
: NIE ==lL Deon Eknon se des Bou Dr. SPEIER W. C.G. B A ze 160

g NOVEMBER 5th, 1924.

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DreG 8 1924
YELLOW EGGS IN LYCIA HIRTARIA. 149

Yellow Eggs in Lycia hirtaria.
By E. A. COCKAYNE, M.A., M.D., F.E.S.

An interesting paper entitled “ Blue-green caterpillars: the origin
and ecology of a mutation in hemolymph colour in Colias (Eurymus)
philodice’’ was published in the Jowrnal of Haperimental Zoology, vol.
XXXIV., pp. 385-412. In this Professor J. H. Gerould related his
discovery of a blue-green form of larva, which behaved as a Mendelian
recessive to the normal, and owed its peculiar colour to the absence of
xanthophyll in the haemolymph. In the normal larva both xantho-
phyll and chlorophyll are present, having been absorbed unchanged
from the tissues of the plants they feed on. These pigments remain
unaltered in the pupa and imago and are transmitted to the eggs.
Blue-green eggs containing chlorophyll alone were laid by the imagines
bred from the abnormal larvae. After reading this paper I remembered
that many years ago I had seen yellow and orange eggs laid by some
females of Lycia hirtaria and Ithysia lapponaria, and wondered whether
their colour was due to the absence of chlorophyll. It seemed possible
that they were complementary to Professor Gerould’s Colias larvae,
and that in these geometers there existed a form, which either failed
to absorb chlorophyll or destroyed it in the alimentary mucosa or
elsewhere and so possessed a haemolymph containing xanthophyll
alone. In 1922 a hundred females of /irtaria were collected from the
London squares, in which I found my former ones. Some had paired,
but many were virgin, and these were fertilised in captivity.

Hach female was placed in a separate box, and the ones found still
paired or virgin were carefully labelled. All of the ones, which I was
certain had laid no eggs before capture, started by laying green eggs.
Hleven females, which began by laying deep green eggs, finished by
laying pure yellow ones. In some the change was abrupt, but in
others the transition was gradual, and the eggs became less and less
green until pure yellow ones appeared. One laid about 200 very pale
greenish-yellow eggs, three laid quite 200, and another about 100 pure
yellow ones.

The last eges of one female were a clear deep orange colour. One
female laid nothing but yellow ones to the number of 210, but may
have laid some before capture. These were kept for my experiment.
The females of the F 1 generation all laid green eggs and a cross pair-
ing was obtained, but many of the resulting larvae soon died. Only
13 females of the F 2 generation were bred, and all laid green eggs.
Had the form with yellow eggs been a recessive, and had the F'1
generation been heterozygous for egg-colour, there should have been
one homozygous female laying yellow eggs to three laying green eggs.
Three of my females in this case would have laid yellow eggs. The
number bred is too small to allow of a certain deduction, but the
probability is that the yellowness of the eggs in this female was not
hereditary, but that it started by laying green eggs like the others.

About 10% of my females ended by laying yellow eggs, and Mr.
Robert Adkin recorded the-same phenomenon in the Entomologist,
1892, vol. XXV., p. 129, so that it is not at all unusual in this species,
Tam unable to suggest a satisfactory explanation. It does not seem
likely that the chlorophyll in the haemolymph is all used up before

HN ORBMIETE a 1924.

150 THE ENLOMOLOGISL S RECORD.

the last eggs are laid, and that these in consequence contain nothing
but xanthophyll: The number of yellow eggs laid by some females
appears too large for this to be the case, and in others the change from
green to yellow seems to be too sudden.

In the female, which laid paler and paler eggs as she proceeded,
the alteration may have been due to deficiency of both pigments,
because even the last were tinged with green. But the yellow and
orange eges seem to be quite devoid of chlorophyll.

It would be interesting to know whether their colour is really due
to xanthophyll, or whether the chlorophyll undergoes a chemical
change into a yellow or orange pigment. Owing to the small amount
of pigment available it would be difficult to demonstrate its nature even
by using the micro-spectroscopic method, but until this has been done
further speculation is useless.

Euplectus decipiens, Raffr., a species of Coleoptera new to the
British List.

By HORACE DONISTHORPEH, F.Z.S., F.E.S., Hc.

On May 25th, 1924, Mr. Collins and I were collecting in a damp
place at Yarnton, near Oxford, and when sifting moss from an old tree-
stump I captured a rather large Huplectus, which Mr. Collins at once
recognised as the same species taken by himself near this locality in
1922. He told me it was a new species, and not known to the British
list. I therefore sent my specimen to my friend Major Sainte Claire
Deville, who returned it as Huplectus decipiens, Raffray, with the
remark: “ Détermination certaine.”’ As the synonymy, etc., of many
of the species of Huplectus is considerably mixed, it seems best to give
a translation in full of the description of the insect in question which

occurs in Raffray’s revision of the Palaearctic species of Huplectus
(1910).
“HY, deciptens, nom. nov. duponti,+ Reitter, Verh. Zool. bot. ges.

Wien., 1881, p. 524—-Ganglbauer Kaf. Mitteleur., 2, 1895, p. 785.
Pl. 2, fig: 1, 2

Elongate subparallel, slightly convex, reddish ferruginous; legs and antennae
lighter, somewhat shining, pubescence fine and sparse. Head large, as long as
broad and not broader than the thorax, noticeably contracted in front; front
squarely truncate, in the form of a pad “or cushion,” (‘‘ en bourrelet’’); anterior
angles well marked, but little raised, bearing a fairly strong fossette; sides oblique ;
temples rounded; posterior border arcuately impressed and very finely carinate
in the centre; frontal furrows deep and enlarged in the centre, reaching the
fossettes of the anterior angles; two, not broad but deep, fossettes on the vertex,
joined to the frontal furrow by two furrows slightly arched and well marked; the
whole head covered with a puncturation slightly varying according to sex; not
deep but close together, and alittle irregular. Eyes fairly large. Antennae
medium, moniliform ; joints 9-10 slightly transverse, 11 fairly large, ovoid. Pro-
thorax not broader but a little longer than the head, almost hexagonal, sides
rounded except a little in front of the middle, and very feebly sinuate at the height
of the lateral fossetter, which are large and slightly oval, the central fossette is
large; transverse, accentriformé (of the form of an inverted V), i.e., like a circumflex
accent; the transverse furrow is obliterated between the central and lateral
fossettes ; discoidal furrow abbreviated and a little more marked in front, becoming
narrower behind to rejoin the central fossette ; sides crenulate; puncturation much
finer, and above all more sparse than on the head. Elytra longer than broad,
sides nearly straight and parallel ; shoulders scarcely dentate; three basal fossetites,
the external one large; dorsal striae reaching the middle ; puncturation very fine

THE VARIATION IN LAR®NTIA (THERA) VARIATA, SCHIFF. 151

and sparse. Abdomen longer than the elytra, obtusely acuminate behind; 4th
tergite large; striae of the first two tergites passing the middle, with a basal im-
pression between them. Metasternum furrowed. Legs robust, femora a little
swollen.

¢ Puncturation stronger and more dense, extremely fine on the abdomen;
5th sternite moderately contracted in the middle, but transversely convex, with the
posterior border lightly bent and arched ; 6th transversely impressed at the base, a
fine circular furrow near the posterior border ; 7th ‘‘ en lossange,’’ (lozenge-shaped
or diamond-shaped), not quite as long as broad, convex, a very fine asymmetrical
carinule, ‘‘ en sens inverse dela normale,” (in the opposite direction from the normal).

? Puncturation less strong on the head, very fine and very sparse on the
thorax, practically nil on the elytra, invisible on the abdomen. Long: 1,66—1,80
mill.

France: Mont-Doré, Lioran ; Christiania ; Moraive; Silésie ; Carpathes (Types
Reitter in coll. Raffray).” -

[A. Raftray, ‘‘ Revisions des Muplectus palearctiques,” Ann. Soc. Ent.
France, 79, 208-10 (1910).]

In the same work Raffray points out that M. ardeanus, Reitter, and
FH. abeillei, Guillebeau, are both synonyms with FH, duponti, Aubé.

Mr. Champion has shown [Hnt. Mo. Mag., 45, 74 (1909)] that the
two largest specimens then in the British list are H. aubeanus, Reitt.,
and I. brunneus, Grim.; but as we now see the former name is a
synonym of H. duponti, Aubé.

Fi, brunnens, Grimmer (Aunzei, Aubé), is the largest species, measur-
ing 2mm. in length.

Ki. villifrons, Raffr., is a distinct and good species, and the male
characters are very different from those of the others.

The Variation in Larentia (Thera) variata, Schiff.
By CARL HOFER of Klosterneuburg (Vienna).
(Translated by Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S.)
(Continued from page 120.)

At any rate, in most recent works it is agreed to place stragulataas
a variata form. Although till now, I myself, have always thought of
strayulata as a variata form, and also at the present time there exists no
other explanation, yet I must confess that, in recent years, from my
own experiences of strayulata, and from those of my colleague, Herr
Fritz Preissecher, a few doubts have arisen in our minds concerning
the vartata connection.

1. We have in the same likely places, where stragulata is always
to be obtained as an imago, beaten far more than a hundred larvae
from pine (Picea eacelsa), without therefrom breeding even a single
stragulata.

2. The strayulata females which have been kept for ege-laying—in
spite of their bodies being full of ova—as was subsequently ascertained
—died, or they deposited only a few eggs, which in most cases proved
to be infertile. A few young larvae, which imy colleague Herr Preis-
secher obtained, very soon died, although he supplied them wholly with
fresh pine twigs. I must note that variata lays its eggs in confinement,
very veadily and quickly.

3. From the results of the ova, which were deposited by normal
variata females obtained on the stragulata ground, we have obtained

152 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

neither a strayulata nor a trasitional form. Notably the progeny from
the eggs of albonigrata, as that particular variata form from which
stragulata in all probability arose, produced neither a stragulata nor
even a transition form.

4. Stragulata appears to be absent in many neighbourhoods. For
instance we, my colleague Herr Preissecker and I, among many hun-
hundreds of variata captured and bred from ova and larvae at Kloster-
neuburg, have never met with a single strayulata. Fritz Hoffman, in
his Styrian Fauna, reports the same absence from the Murz valley, and
in England it appears to be altogether absent.

This form, not only in its general appearance, but also in its
peculiar biological characteristics, shows sufficient indications, that
must appeal to the serious entomologist, to throw light on this ques-
tion. In spite of the apparently opposite indications afforded by the
breeding experiments up to the present, I will hesitate a while, and
will take upon myself to correct these indications from the really final
results.

As to what the markings of the forewings in stragulata indicate, I
must strongly urge that the statement by Prout in Seitz, that behind
the costal spot, as in his figure, “ there are always visible small traces
of the back portions of the band,” is not correct. As may be seen by
a few specimens in my collection, there are existing stragulata which
have no traces at all of black spots behind the costal spot.

The reduction of the middle band also in stragulata follows in the
way already mentioned by me: interrupta (4.VI11.19, Rekawinkel ex
coll. Preissecker), dissoluta (9.VI.01, H. Mandling, agreeing with the
figure given in Seitz on plt. 8), costimaculata; and this successive step-
wise disappearing process of the middle band is to be observed very
clearly in these examples on the white ground colour. In one speci-
men of the last form there is left over only a mere trace of a small
costal marginal spot, and thus it is very apparent that it affords a
stragulata without any trace of the middle band.

The shape of the costal spot can be very variable: triangular,
rhomboid, rectangular, even almost quadrangular. It is interesting —
as de la Harpe and others have already stated—that towards the apex
of the wing it usually is more rounded and appears to be approaching
the margin, and but rarely shows the characteristic angle of the variata
band.

In addition, in our native stragulata, the undulated line is never so
sharply toothed as is the case usually in variata.

ab. grisescens, mihi. I have before me an example of strayulata in
which the typical white ground colour appears evenly dusted all over
with scattered grey scales (grisescens, mihi). It is a fresh, uninjured,
captured male, and was taken by Dr. Galvagni on May 138th, 1916, at
Tullnerbach.

var. obeliscata, Hb. It is probably not generally known that the
first figure of obeliscata to appear, with its original description, was
published by Jacob Hubner in his work Bettrage zu Geschichte der
Schmetterlinge, Augsberg, 1786-1789; its rare form was given, in which
basal and middle area are represented as blackish brown, and thus
therefore stand out sharply in contrast with the light fawn coloured
ground. Also Hibner’s figure 296, which appeared later, represented
this same form. Herrich-Schaeffer was the first to give the very excel-

THE VARIATION IN LARENTIA (THERA) VARIATA, SCHIFF. 158

lent long-desired figures of the usual obeliscata form in his figures 240-
242. J have before me three examples of both sexes of both these
forms, differing so strongly in their appearance. For the common
uniformly light fawn-coloured form, which Herrich-Schaeffer has so
naturally figured, I propose the name uerricHt, so that the Hubnerian
name obeliscata may remain for the rarer aberration with dark basal
and middle area twice figured by Hubner.

ab. reducta, mihi. I can also show a 2 of obeliscata, coming from
Podersam, in Bohemia, and now included in my collection, with a
central band reduced to a costal spot (ab. reducta, mihi). Intermediates
leading to this rare form, which Treitschke has already mentioned in
the Nachtrdaye, 1 cannot show up to the present.

ab. mediolucens, Réssler. This form was announced in 1866, by
Dr. Adolph Rossler, in his Verzeichniss der Schmetterlinge des Herzog-
tums Nassau, and described as dark grey with pale central area. It was
reported from Lower Austria by Dr. Schawerda in his paper, which
appeared in the 24th volume of the Proceedings of the Vienna Entomo-
loyical Society, dealing with the lepidopterous fauna of the south-
western corner of Lower Austria. The same entomologist has also
quite recently again obtained a few specimens of this aberration in
Payerbachgraben. It thus appears to belong rather to the Alpine zone,
and we cannot, up to the present, claim it for the neighbourhood of
Vienna.

Obeliscata, aberr. At the end of my series I have two obeliscata
female forms, which, on account of their more grey than brown colora-
tion, and their somewhat more sharply defined blackish markings, can
be referred to as intergrades to variata. :

One of them comes from the collection of my collecting companion
Fritz Preissecker, and has already been referred to and described in his
‘‘ Fauna of the Waldviertel,’ in the 23rd, annual volume of the Pro-
ceedings of the Vienna Entomological Society, as variata. It was disturbed
on June 29th, 1908, at Buchsbiihel, near Heidenreichstein, from a
young pine plantation, which was situated near a wood of tall firs
(Pinus sylvestris). The second, a very similar spécimen, was caught by
Dr. Galvagni on June 8rd, 1916, in Enzenreith.

With this I come to the question whether obeliscata be a species in
itself, or merely a modification of variata.

This question Treitschke has already taken up. But since that
time almost a hundred years have elapsed, a hundred years of wholly
uninterrupted advance in our illustrious science, and yet there is found,
even to-day, in our great and modern works, no reasoned comprehen-
sion of this question.

But before I give you my own observations, I must repeat what
Treitschke said in his Nachtrige, in 18385.

‘“‘Variata: After long and careful observations I must unite the
two species variata and obeliscata as varieties of one. With the aid of
my friends I brought together a considerable number of bred or freshly
caught specimens, which formed a complete series of the slightest
gradations from one form to the other. ‘The brown of the forewing,
which is met with in the ordinary variata, and sometimes inclines to
olive-green, often becomes reddish, and even red in tone. Never does
there occur a point of separation from variata to obeliscata, but again
the possibility arises that it is a case, which is well illustrated in prast-

154 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD,

naria and fasciaria, that undoubtedly the food influences the colour.
Herr Fischer von Résslerstamm and Herr von Tischer, who often
reared the varied larvae, which occur indiscriminately pale or dark
green, with white or yellow streaks, think with other friends, that
obeliscata thus obtained live on the scots fir, and that, on the other
hand, those feeding on the needles of pine usually produce variata.
Variata should emerge in July, obeliscata at the end of August or in
September. But Herr Koppe, in Brunswick, took the larvae on the
pine, and bred obeliseata from them in June. Then he caught the
same form for the second time in September. The cause may not be
very far from the kind of food (what causes the intermediate forms ?),
but more probably from the greater or lesser dryness of the food, This
influence, which in many genera, for instance S. tiliae, S. populi, etc.,
is so potent, may also here be the only natural one. The green-brown
form may be attributed to the young fluid sap of May, the yellow
reddish coloured form to the dry viscous sap of August. If the larvae
were reared in confinement and the food-plant allowed to be dry
habitually, the result would be the same; the early emergence in June
and July would be of the reddish-coloured form. Fabricius and Hub-
ner in their works are also correct when they unite the two varieties
into one species, just as did Borkhausen with his pinetata,

“The oldest name is that of the Wiener Verzeichniss for the type,
since the var. obeliscata was first made known to us later.

** Subsequently the occurrence of two generations had to be recog-
nised.”’

(Lo be concluded.)

Insect Control—An Outline of the Principles.
(From the Canadian Entomologist.)

A. Natura Conrrots.
1. Cuiimatic.
a, Winter Conditions.—Relation of hibernation, winter protec-
tion, etc.
b. Hrmidity.—Relation to insect development.
c. Soil Moisture.—Some insects thrive in damp soil, to others
moist conditions are disadvantageous.
d. Precipitation.— Rain effects emergence. Driving rain
destroys.
e. Wind.—Very important in promoting distribution of insects.
f. Seasonal Weather.—Long seasons may allow extra genera-
tions.
2. Natura Enemies.
a. Parasites of harmful insects.
b. Predaceous insects attacking harmful insects.
c. Predaceous birds, mammals, fish, and other vertebrates.
d. Fungus and bacterial diseases and lower animal parasites.
B, Arrirro1at Controts.
1, Farm Practices. (Almost all favourable to insect control.)
a. Cultivation.--Develops conditions unfavourable to insect
life ; promotes good growth to overcome insect attack.
b, Ploughing.—Develops conditions unfavourable for insect
life, and mechanical destruction of insects in the soil.
c. Good seed, good fertility, and good planting conditions.—
Healthy vigorous plants best overcome insect injuries.

ABERRATIONS NOUVELLES DE COCCINELLES. 155

d. Rotation of Crops.—Rotation with unrelated crops minimise
favourable conditions for insect generation.

e. Time of Planting.—Timeliness of planting to avoid a par-
ticular insect.

f. Time of Harvesting.—Prompt harvesting and threshing
avoid many opportunities for insect development.

g. Resistant Varieties.—Some plants resist attack better than
others ; native plants are particularly resistant.

h. Clean Cultwre.—Sanitation in garden, orchard, field, and
farm.

t. Drainage.—To remove conditions favourable to some
insects,

j. Kind of Cropping.—Avoid susceptible crops. Secure un-
favourable conditions for insect generation.

k. Trap Crops.—Planting in alternate rows specially attractive
plants, to be easily removed and destroyed at a particular
time to secure destruction of the insect pests.

2. Mecnanican Mernops anp Devices.

a. Methods.—Handpicking and jarring of foliage.

b. Protectors.—Screens, Insect-proof packing.

c. Mechanical Traps.—Devices for entrapping and collecting.

3. INSECTICIDES.

. Stomach Potsons.—For mandibulate insects.

Contact Insecticides.—Sucking and soft-bodied insects.

Fumigants.—For enclosed spaces.

Soil Insecticides.—Poisons, contact insecticides: often kill
by asphyxiation.

Repellants.—Materials which are distasteful.

. Combinations.—Insecticides and Fungicides together for more

than one kind of pest at the same time.

aeons

So

Aberrations nouvelles de Coccinelles.

Par J. A. LESTAGE, Membre Soe. Entom. Belg., Assistant de la Station
Biologique d’Overmeive, Belg.

Hieropamia 18-punotata, L,
ab. tonnoiri, n.ab., Elytres avec 2 points: 1, 6.
ab. beffai, n.ab,, Hlytres avec les points: 1, 2, 8, 4, 6, 4.
ab. guilleaumet, n.ab., Elytres avec les points: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5+6, 4.
Hipropamia 7-macuLata, Degeer.
ab. scutellata, ab.n,, 1+ 8-+4, 2, 4, 5, 6.
ab. trifasciata, ab.n., 1+2+8-+4, 4+5, 6.
ab. bifasciata, ab.n., 1+8-+4, 2, 4+5, 6.
ab. btoculata, ab.n., 1+8+4, 2,4+5+6.
ADoNIA vaARIEGATA, Goeze.
ab. bonaerti, ab.n., Elytres avec les points: 4, 4, 5, 6, et 1 point
supplémentaire entre les points, 5 et 6.
Anisosticr 19-puncrata, L.
ab. trijuncta, ab.n., 4, eam 3, 6, 7, 8, 9.
ab. riparia, ab.n., 3, 1, 2, 83, 4+5+7, 6, 8, 9.
ab. campiniensis, ab.n., 4, aL. 9, 3, 4,5+7-+49, 6, 8.
ab. averbodensis, ab.n., 4, 1, 2, 8, 4,5+7, 6+8, 9.

156 THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD.

+3, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7+8, 9.
ab. frenneti, ab.n., +8, 1, 2, 4+6, 5, 7, 8, 9.
ab. sinuata, ab.n., 4, 1, 2, 3,4+5+7-+49, 6, 8.
ab. wolwwensis, ab.n., 4, 1, 2, 8,4+5+7+9, 6+8.
ab. juncorum, ab.n., 4, 1, 2, 8, 4,5+7+9, 6+8.
ab. schoutedeni, ab.n., $4, 1+8, 2,4+5-+7, 6+8, 9.
ab. rubi-claustri, ab.n., $+8, 2, 4,5+7+9, 6+8.
Apatia 10-punctata, L.
ab. lemani, ab.n., Elytres avec la moitié inférieure entiérement
noire et la moitié supérieure rouge sauf un gros point noir
situé au milieu du bord antérieur de chaque élytre.
(Forme dédiée 4 Mr. G. B. C. Leman bien connu par ses recherches
sur les Coccinelles).
Toutes les formes décrites ci-dessus proviennent de Belgique.

ab. simplea, ab.n.,

IH pofea BOE!

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

‘‘DivERGENCE oF CHaractTEerR.”—In Wallace’s Darwinism occurs the
following paragraph: ‘“Itis no doubt due to the same cause (struggle
for existence) that some butterflies, on small and exposed islands, have
their wings reduced in size, as is strikingly the case with the small
tortoise-shell butterfly (Vanessa wrticae) inhabiting the Isle of Man,
which is only about half the size of the same species in England or
Ireland.” Is this a real fact? Are the Isle of Man specimens “‘ half
the size”’ of normal specimens? If so some of us would like to see
these dwarfs; they could be exhibited at our London societies meetings.
—H.J.T.

TOTES ON COLLECTING, etc.

Autumn captures.—A fine specimen of Manduca (Acherontia)
atropos was taken at Godalming, Surrey, on September 27th, 1924,
resting on a telegraph pole some 15 feet up. It harmonised so exactly
with its surroundings, that had its profile not been seen against the sky-
line it would have been overlooked. On September 8th, 19238, a speci-
men of Plusia festucae was taken at Folkestone, sitting on a gas-lamp
at night, no doubt the unusual occurrence of a second brood specimen,
which is especially rare in the south. From September 12th to Sep-
tember 19th of this year, 18 specimens of Catocala nupta were taken in
the London area, all on tree trunks. One on the Bayswater Road,
four in Hyde Park, and thirteen in Regent’s Park. This species appears
to have been very common generally this year, but I was not aware
that it abounded to this extent in the near London district.—H. B. D.
Kettlewell, Pageites, Charterhouse, Godalming.

Tur Srason.—We have had most awful weather, raging gales of
wind and torrents of rain. To-day, however, is fine so far (11 a.m.),
but there are too many clouds about. I spent July and August at a
place called Termonfeckin, about four miles north from Drogheda and
half a mile from the sea coast. It is a very out of the way place, but
there is a beautiful strand extending from the mouth of the Boyne to
Clogher Head, and capital sand-hills. I got a good many insects, but

NOTES ON COLLECTING. _ Ia

not so many as I might have done if I had had good weather. I took
quite a number of Ichneumonidae, and think I have some good species
among my captures.—(Rev.) W. F. Johnson, Rostrevor, Co. Down,
September 24th.

Entomotoey at Wemsiey.—With so much to attract attention,
and so much left over after each visit, it is no wonder individual im-
pressions were so varied, and that many entomologists were disap-
pointed in their expectations. From the popular standpoint, it was
the lack of the spectacular; very little forced itself on one’s notice.
One attempt, a 6 foot square case in the Nigerian section, had evidently
suffered in transit. The large bush in the centre, originally covered
with butterflies, was practically bare, and the floor strewn as it were
with fallen blossoms. Here and there were modest exhibits of the wall-
case order, but by leisurely search much of scientific and economic
value was to be found, but so far as the writer saw, there was nothing
in the insect line from Australia, Canada, or New Zealand. Consider-
ing the importance of some knowledge of insect life to the settler, and
the success of his crops, and to the merchant, the storing of the produce,
one would have thought an adequate display would have been organised
for their benefit.

Our remarks may be divided under the headings of Ornamental and
Heonomic. The first is comparatively unimportant though the most
attractive, and generally signifies the Lepidoptera, for with the excep-
tion of certain notoriously injurious moths and larvae, no great harm
is attributed to the remainder, especially the butterflies, while the life-
histories of all prove of absorbing interest to those who study them.
In most instances butterflies and moths were mixed up in the same
cases, and too often unnamed, and many desirable specimens were to
be seen by the possessors of moderately good collections. ‘Twelve
drawers of Indian lepidoptera, and a like number of Malayan, merited
attention. A drawer each of Lycaenidae and Hrycinidae from Trini-
dad were mostly poor in condition and unnamed. In the Tanganyika
section were two cases of named butterflies, lent by the B.M. But in
the Nigerian section, while the insects of economic importance, or
illustrative of mimicry were named, the butterflies were not, and what
seemed singular, in no instance were the sexes of Papilio dardanus
associated. Kenya Colony was content with a few wall cases of mixed
insects. Mauritius had three cases of representative insects of all orders,
named.

The economical section is best divided under Health and Commerce
(including Agriculture). The Government Health Departments exhibit
was as excellent as it should have been, and elaborately illustrative of
insects (including ticks) and disease. Here one could see cause and
effect in all its loathsomeness, the organism and probable or actual
carriers, the internal organs and monstrous growths, rotted muscles
and bones from so many hapless victims. Probably the British public
have never before been able to realise the horrors of leprosy, elephanti-
asis, etc., as in that chamber of horrors.

The Gold Coast exhibited four cases illustrative of the Tsetse-flies.
Glossina palpalis, G. longipennis, G. brevipalpus, carriers of the sleep-
ing-sickness organism,

The Punjab had a case of blood-sucking and other disease-carrying

158 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

insects (including ticks), taken on various domestic animals, and some
excellent enlarged drawings of Tabanidae, etc., by the native artist
Manawarud-din.

Agriculture and Commerce. Insect pests of the cotton plant, boll
and stem, were exhibited by Nigeria and the Punjab. Every state
entomologist, customs officer, and planter throughout the Empire,
where cotton is, or is likely to be, grown, cannot know too much of these
if the growing is to succeed.

Something more than passing interest is attached to certain bugs,
known as cotton stainers. The red cotton stainer, Dysdercus super-
stitiosus, F., appears in two forms, typical and banded, and has a
natural enemy and mimic, another bug, Phonoctonus picturatus, Faim.
The black cotton stainer, Dysdercus melanoderes, Karsch, has for enemy
and mimic another carnivorous bug, Phenoctonus formosus, Dist. Dys-
dercus is further controlled by dipterous parasites. The enlarged
models by Grace Edwards of Phonoctonus giving the coup-de-grace to
the Dysdercus, seemed to attract something more than a casual notice.

Kenya had four cases of insects injurious to sugar-cane and their
parasites.

The wild silk worms of Africa, Tanganyika and Kenya, both
exhibited the large silk nests of the gregarious larvae of the Anaphe
moths, A ambrizia, A. venata, and A. moloneyi, with their parasites.
Tanganyika, in addition, showed the larger and rougher nests of Dia-
palpus congregarius. The commercial possibilities of the silk was
demonstrated by dyed skeins and woven fabrics. But if it is to he a
paying proposition, some means of controlling their natural enemies
(hymenopterous and dipterous) will have to be adopted, further the
Anaphe larvae are large and rapidly denude the trees of leaves, and the
farming of the insects on a large scale would probably be negatived by
the food supply. It is of interest to note, that while in most cases it
is of importance to foster the natural enemies of insects, in the present
instance it would be necessary to suppress them or protect their would
be victims. In the Tanganyika exhibit numbers of diptera (? Tachinid)
had emerged after the nests were put in the case, also a few moths,

Of other exbibits mention might be made of the large piece of
a termitarum, and the driver ants (Dorylus) from Nigeria, and the floral
mimic Hlata pallida, Oliv., the pink and green forms settled (? arranged)
on the stem of a plant, and resembling the flowers of a legume.

In the Trinidad section was to be seen a small plaster nest contain-
ing living workers of the leaf-carrying ant, lent by Dr. Neave, interest-
ing because living, but it struck one as somewhat incongruous.

Doubtless many other exhibits of interest escaped me. The above
remarks are founded on notes taken on several visits, but weeks, not
days, would scarcely exhaust the wondrous show, Yet I have a strong
impression full justice was hardly done to what has become an import-
ant study, with such great possibilities.—Harry Moors, October, 1924.

Unusuat FooppLant oF Perizoma BiFasciAta.—On October 19th
Mr. T. Nash and [| found half-a-dozen larvae of Perizoma bifasciata
(Hmmelesia unifasciata) on a clump of common eyebright, Huphrasia
officinalis Further search led to the discovery of six more feeding on
the seeds of another clump of the same plant. The insect is common
in the field on the North Downs, in which these were found, » a

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 159

good many larvae were detected on the usual food-plant Bartsia odon-
tites. Milliére gives Huphrasia lutea as a food-plant in the South of
France, and this is treated by some botanists as a variety of officinalis,
and by others as a distinct species. It does not occur in Kingland.
Apart from the record I am not aware of larvae of bifasciata having
been taken on any plant except red Gartsia.—H. A. Cockayne, 116,
Westbourne Terrace, W. 2.

Manpuca atropos at Hasrsourne.—A fine female specimen of this
insect, in perfect condition, and measuring 4% inches across the wings,
was sent to me from Eastbourne by my daughter. It entered a bed-
room window on October 3rd, 1924, attracted by the electric light.—F’.
T. Grant, 87, Old Road West, Gravesend.

BeertLe PUPATES IN AND EMERGES FROM A Prano.—One day in June
last Mr. Palmer, of this city, sent me a beetle, which he had found
emerged from the top of his piano, to which it had caused some dis-
figurement. The piano was bought about about two years ago. I
sent the beetle to Mr. Guermonprez (of Bognor) for identification, and
by him it was forwarded to Mr. G. K. Blair, of the British Museum,
who prononneed it to be a variety of Xylrotrechus undulatus, Say. ‘The
insect is a N. American species, resembling a small Clytus mysticus in
build. I quote Mr. Guermonprez’s description : “ Normally the white
pubescence of the elytra is confined to three sharply detined wavy
bands, or rows of spots; but in this specimen the wing covers are
greatly whitish haired, the purplish brown ground colour showing only
in three transverse rows, two each of two oblong, and one of one quad-
rangular spot on each cover, as the colour of the legs, thorax, and
antennae. The length of the insect is about three-eights of an inch.”
—JoserH Anperson, Chichester.

Some Norrs rrom Braxmar in 1918,—This being my first visit to
Braemar I had to find out the whereabouts of the place. Ayyaena
exwlans of course was the most important of the expected captures to be
made. I reached Braemar on June 24th, with the weather somewhat
rough and cold. Little could be done the first week, and not until
July ard did I get an opportunity of working for 7, ewulans. From
my previous experience of hill-work I had little difficulty in locating
the hill resort of this species ; in fact I picked out the spot on my first
day of arrival. As I neared the top 7. exulans began to appear over the
heather and cranberry, but on reaching the top they were flying every-
where, although a good breeze was blowing at the time. They were
flying very low, just skimming the stunted vegetation, and one can net
quite enough in one day from flowers of the bedstraw, the small butter-
cup, and the bird’s-foot trefoil. But on this occasion they were not in
good condition on account of the prevailing bad weather, and the fact
that | was somewhat toolate. The cocoons (empty) were in abundance
on heather, bilberry, and cranberry. My other captures were Plebeius
(Aricia) medon race artaxe aes, Coenonympha davus, a nice ab. of aylaia,
swarms of Thanmonoma brunneata, Gnophos myrtillata (obfuscaria),
plenty of Hyppa vectilinea, and Agrotis hyperborea (alpina) just out of
pupa.—lL. HK. Eisson, Aberdeen.

160 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

SOCIETIES.

Tue EnromoxtoaicaL Society or Lonpon.

October 1st, 1924.—Osrruary.—The President announced the deaths
of M. Charles Oberthiir, Hon. Fellow of the Society, and of Mr. George
A. Booth, Mr. W. EK. Butler, Major F. W. Cragg, Colonel Turenne
Jermyn, Mr. R. C. Treherne, and Mr. J. H. A. Jenner, Fellows of the
Society.

Eecrion or Fettows.—The following were elected Fellows of the
Society :—Mr. Alan Druitt, Willow Lodge, Christchurch, Hants., and
Mr. 8. E. Wace Carlier, Morningside, Dorringe, Warwickshire.

Girts to THE Society.—The Treasurer called attention to the
seventeen new portraits added to the Society’s collection and now hung
on the walls of the Meeting Room.

Hixuisrrions.—Mr. H. Donisthorpe exhibited the following five
species of Coleoptera new to Britain and all taken by himself during
the year.

Mr. W. C. Crawley exhibited and made remarks on carton and
other nests of Ants’ from Sumatra and North Australia.

Mr. W. G. Sheldon exhibited four examples of Letoptilus brachy-
dactylus and discussed the previous records of this moth in Britain.

Dr. K. Jordan exhibited a series of a very polymorphic Zygaenid
moth, Musphalera sp., from New Ireland, and discussed its variation.

Lord Rothschild exhibited Aporia crataegt ab. flava, Tutt.

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited an example of the extremely rare
Dianthoecia compta from Sussex.

Professor E. B. Poulton, F'.R.S., exhibited and discussed (1) a dull
black Tenebrionid beetle rejected by the insectivorous lizard Sphenodon.
(2) the detailed resemblance of an Indian Lepidopterous larva to the
excrement of a bird.

Mr. A. E. 'onge exhibited varieties of Polyommatus Cipeis
cortdon and LP, (Aricia) medon (astrarche) from Kent.

Mr. H. Main exhibited the pupae of the beetle Scarabaeus sacer from
Corsica, where it was abundant in all stages near goat’s dung.

Papers.—The following Paper was read:—‘‘ A revision of the
Liphyrinae (Rhopalocera) with a description of the structure of the
puparium of Liphyra brassolis and of the pupae of Asalanya vininyra and
A. lambornt,” by Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker.

FQREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

‘ L’ORIENTATION SIDERALE DES FouRMIS.”—Dr. Santschi’s latest
paper on orientation in ants, under the above title, is perhaps the most
suggestive of all his contributions towards the solution of this problem.
The paper consists of some 40 pages with diagrams, and can only be
treated briefly here.

He begins with a classification of the different possibilities of
orientation, which he divides into two broad divisions: (a) ‘ L’orienta-
tion topoesthésique,’’ where the insect is obliged to move under
direct contact with the source of irritation; and (b) “ L’orientation
télesthésique,”’ controlled by organs specialised to deal with irritatious

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 161

arising from a distance. ‘Thus in (a) the animal is entirely dependent
on the surface over which it is moving, and in (b) it is much less
dependent.

(a) He subdivides into :—(1) “orientation haphéique,” purely
tactile, by which the insect learns of the consistance and position of
solid, liquid or gaseous substances through the sensorial hairs and
other epidermic elements; (2) ‘‘ topostéréique,’ i.e., the shape,
roughness or otherwise of substances is used by the insect to recognise
its path and even its direction, the organ employed being the antennae ;
(8) “ topochimique,”’ i.e., the chemical quality of substances is used
to recognise direction, the most common being that of smell (antennae).
This may be confused with (1) and (2). It is phylogenetically the
oldest and exists without exception in all ants; (4) “ isokinétique.”
This he explains as the muscular contraction whose intensity is recorded
by a special sense. By this means the insect may preserve an already
acquired orientation, should the means by which it has acquired this
orientation disappear for a short time. It necessitates the exact
repetition of the muscular movements already acquired.

(b) He subdivides into :—(1) “ orientation baresthésique.”’ Gravity.
has developed different organs permitting vertical direction to be
used as a guide. Ants do not appear to have any special apparatus
for this purpose, but muscular sense may replace it to a certain extent,
such as the movement of the abdomen as a lever against the muscles
of the pedicel; (2) “ téléosmique,”’ 7.e., orientation by smell from a
distance, very reduced in ants; (8) ‘‘ termesthésique”: that ants
recognise the direction from which heat comes is shown by their
transporting their brood several times a day from one chamber to
another according to the variation of temperature.: (4) ‘‘ acoustique,”
or the recognition of direction by sound. Here the author says that
all myrmecologists do not yet admit the power of hearing certain
sounds by ants, though several subfamilies possess stridulating organs.
This doubt we find it difficult to credit, as we have made careful
experiments with stridulating species such as Myrmica and have found
that an ant held by forceps close to the door of an artificial nest, but
in no way in contact with the nest or table, and stridulating con-
tinually, as these ants do when in difficulties, invariably called out
several ants from the nest, although none were stirring before. Other
simple experiments leave little doubt on this point ; (5) ‘‘ magnétique.”
which he considers not yet proved; (6) ‘“ optique,’ which, with the
“ orientation topochimique,”’ is that most used by these insects. This
may be divided into (a) orientation based on the perception of direct
sources of light, such as sun, moon, stars: these are virtually in
infinity, and the orientation which depends on them takes the name of
“Orientation sidérale”’; (b) light reflected from objects on the earth
provides landmarks at a moderate distance (large objects such as trees,
walls, etc., seen more or less indistinctly, are the landmarks of
georamic orientation) and is the foundation of ‘orientation
géoramique”’; (c) the two above forms of orientation have as organ
the compound eye, but the ocelli, being adapted to another order of
vision, are associated with an orientation arising from them and with
its special characters. . This is called “ orientation ocellaire.”’

Ocellar orientation is direct vision based on the use of the ocelli or
stemmata, and is most developed in the alate forms. It exists in all

162 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD.

hymenoptera that are not degenerate, and has thus disappeared from
the majority of the worker caste among ants. The author considers
that workers that still possess ocelli use them for recognising land-
marks near the nest, prey, or other insects. Such ants have a freer
and more rapid movement than others. The ocelli seem necessary
even among the large-eyed genera, such as Giyantiops, Pseudomyrma,
ete.

Dr. Santschi then leads up to his new theory, which we consider
of great interest, as follows :—When a hymenopteron leaves its nest,
the image of the latter gradually grows smaller and ends by dis-
appearing. While the image lasts, it constitutes the landmark which
allows of its returning, and is thus direct visual orientation. When
it disappears, the successive images which take its place must be noted
by the.insect to permit ofits return, This is indirect visual orientation,
demanding a mental effort which can hardly go very far in the insect
with its reduced mental plasticity. It is thus easy to understand that
the use of a guide-mark placed as it were in infinity, e.g., the sun, is
finally preferred on the score of ubiquity. In this manner his
“ orientation sidérale ”’ comes into play.

By Sidereal Orientation Dr. Santschi understands every form of
orientation which makes use of the sun, moon, or stars as guides, and
it is rendered possible owing to the anatomical construction of the
compound eye.

Starting with Lubbock’s classical experiment with candles, Dr.
Santschi traces the history of the discoveries which led up to his
own experiments which we will not go into, mentioning Turner (1907),
Pieron (1904), and Cornetz, who took Pieron’s experiments and repeated
them, finding them correct. Cornetz however tried to explain the ants’
power of finding their way by the hypothesis of an internal sense of
orientation requiring no landmark. Because the insect, when trans-
ported from its line of march, continues on a course parallel to its
original one ( virtual’’ as against ‘‘ real’’ orientation), he rightly
eliminated tepoesthetic orientation, but knowing, e.g., that a JMessor
could only see distinctly at a distance of less than a centimetre, and a
Cataglyphis a distance of 5 centimetres, he concluded that their eyes
did not serve them any better than their sense of smell, and consequently
inferred the existence of a special sense. It did not occur to him that
ants, instead of being short-sighted, may be long-sighted, and find their
way by indirect means.

Cornetz’ conclusions so impressed Dr. Santschi that he repeated
the experiments, with modifications, and he was led to search for an
external source of irritation whose action was ubiquitous, such as the
magnetic pole for sailors. If one could transport a ship on a certain
course, from one ocean to another unknown to its navigators, it would
preserve its parallel course.

He then began his experiments with the sun as the most obvious
source. Abruptly shading the sun from ants returning to their nest
only rarely caused them slight trouble, but the experiment with a
mirror produced very striking results. It was necessary to choose for
the experiment a worker returning to its nest without the aid of
“orientation topoesthésique,” presumably too far from the nest for
the surface of the ground to be recognisable, or on barren ground
untraversed by other ants.

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. )> 163

With the help of an assistant acting as a screen between the sun
and the ant, Dr. Santschi placed himself slightly behind or at the side
of the ant and projected on it, from time to time, the rays of the sun
by means of a large mirror (40 x 60 cm.), holding it as still as possible.
The result was that the insect often diverged from its course for a
considerable time, at an angle corresponding fairly exactly to that of
the apparent displacement of the sun. For instance, when the sun
was at the ant’s right, and he displaced it by means of the mirror to
its left, 180 degrees, the insect turned through 180 degrees and pro-
ceeded in an exactly contrary direction to its original course. In short,
when the sun was on the ant’s right and was displaced to any other
position, the ant turned so as to still have the sun on its right.

It must be admitted that this experiment does not always succeed,
a high wind, the presence of a large object close by, the too close
proximity of the nest, or a mirror too small, being sufficient to nullify
it. However, other methods of orientation being excluded, the use of
the sun asa guide is readily demonstrated. Similar results are obtained
by the experiment known as Brun’s “temporary fixation,” which
consists in placing an opaque box over the ant and removing it after
the sun has reached another position. Given conditions similar to the
above, the ant continues on its way to the nest in virtual orientation,
i.e., on a line that takes it away from the nest at an angle equal to
that of the sun’s displacement.

The moon also can serve as a guide in sidereal orientation. This
is illustrated by an experiment as follows. On a moonlight night a
fig on which numbers of Monomoriwm salomonis var. didonis were
feeding was carried some distance away, to ground unknown to the
ants that were still clinging to the fig, and replaced on the soil.

A number of the ants, disturbed by the operation, at once left the
fig and proceeded northwards in correct virtual orientation. They
were walking each on its own, some distance apart, but in parallel
lines. Suddenly they scattered and wandered on all sides. On
looking up, Santschi saw that the moon was obscured by a small cloud.
As soon as the cloud passed, the ants resumed their northward direction,
though now they were separated by greater distances. A second time
the moon was hidden, and a similar perturbation took place among
the ants, and on the moon appearing again, the former direction was
resumed, the ants then reaching a grass border and disappearing from
view. Thus these ants, removed to unknown ground, at once took
the moon as guide, and its momentary eclipse by a cloud was sufficient
to lead them astray.

Finally the author considers orientation by means of the stars
during the night, in twilight and in full daylight. (a) Stellar orienta-
tion during darkness. Here we may divide ants broadly into 38
categories, (1) species of a dark colour, in which the predominant
colours are black and red, because these colours best prevent the
penetration of the chemical rays of the sun. These species for the
most part are diurnal and possess well-developed compound eyes; (2)
pale and blind species living mostly underground, with which we are not
concerned here; (8) pale species with well-developed eyes. ‘These
come out at night time, or in the shadeof woods. There are, it is true,
some of this category that come out in full daylight, but they are
protected by a thick pubescence (eg., Cataglyphis bombycinus).

164 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD.

Yellowish species such as Camponotus thoracicus come out very rarely
during daytime, but often are found walking on the sheet on which a
lamp is placed to attract flying insects on moonless nights, and it is
well-known how often the winged sexes of ants will come to light at
night. In Tunisia during summer nights, even moonless ones, great
numbers of workers habitually come out. What then is the function
of these large compound eyes in nocturnal species, eyes often larger
than in allied diurnal species? From experiments made by placing
screens over ants on the march, either in daylight, or after sunset and
before the appearance of the stars, Santschi concluded that it is probable
that there is something in the sky itself, apart from the sun and the
moon, that can serve ants for a guide. When a cylindrical screen, 7.c.,
one hiding the surrounding ground but not hiding the sky, is placed
over an ant, the ant continues her way undisturbed, but when a
horizontal screen is held for a moment so as to hide the sky, the ant
at once becomes disturbed, wanders round, and is plainly at a loss for
the right direction. It must be noted that on nearing the nest, or
known ground, the cylindrical screen may derange the ant, because on
arriving at known ground the insect avails itself of georamic orienta-
tion and no longer depends on the sky.

The author is led to the conclusion that ants can see stars in
daylight. Stars may be seen in daytime from the bottom of a deep
well; the eye of the insect is composed of numerous tiny wells
directed to all points of the sky. In dealing with the objections to
his hypothesis, which he first stated in 1918, Santschi investigated
the wide-spread idea of stars being visible from a well, but this
phenomenon, if actually possible, appears only to be so under certain
conditions and under favourable circumstanees. Stars can however
undoubtedly be seen during an eclipse of the sun, and it is well-
authenticated that under certain conditions stars can be seen in
daylight without an eclipse, from the top of mountains or by reflec-
tion in mountain lakes. It is clear therefore that star-light traverses
the atmosphere in daylight, and the fact that we can enly see it rarely
is due to physiological not physical causes.

In support of his theory, the author goes into a careful anatomic
and physiologic survey of the eye of the ant.

In conclusion, he says it is perhaps because he lives in a flat,
“ desert ’’ country that he has been led to the discovery of sidereal
orientation, because in such a country landmarks are low, and there-
fore not suitable for use as distant guides to finding the way.

While sidereal orientation is not found in all ants, it is not confined
to these insects. Nesting hymenoptera return to their nests in a
direct line from considerable distances, aud where the conditions
exclude georamic orientation, astral vision may be the sole agent.
Experiments on a Scolia flavifrons gave results similar to the experi-
ments on ants.

Sidereal orientation appears to be the cause of the relatively large
development of the eyes in desert-living ants. The sand, constantly
disturbed by the wind, is a bad preserver of topochemical traces, and
under these circumstances ants are obliged to have greater recourse to
sight.--W.C.C.

(Mémoires de la Societe vaudotse des sciences naturelles, No. 4, pp. 187-
176, 1923). Bey pene oe

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CONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.)

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CONTENTS.

Seasonal Notes on the Rhopalocera, S. G. Castle-Russell, F.E.S.
The Variation in Larentia (Thera)*variata, by Carl Hifer (concluded)

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Bexley | lL. WW. NEWMAN [Kent

Has for sale a superb stock of 1920 specimens in fine condition, including Varleyata ;
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Also a huge stock of fine PUPA and OVA.

Write for latest price lists.
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i 1095
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SEASONAL NOTES ON THE RHOPALOCERA. 165-

Seasonal Notes on the Rhopalocera.
By S. G. CASTLE-RUSSELL, F.E.S.

So far as my own experience goes the season has been an exceptionally
bad one, one of the very worst that I remember during the last 30 years.
The summer has been cold, windy, and sunless, and following upon
two very similar ones has no doubt had a very deleterious effect upon
insect-life generally, even the wasps being conspicuous by their absence.
The want of sunshine prevented the butterflies from moving about and
exercising their usual functions of reproduction. I particularly noticed,
about August the 20th, a large number of freshly emerged female
Polyommatus (Agriades) coridon and within three days, owing to the
wet and very cold winds, they had practically all disappeared, there
being no opportunity for ovipositing. This surely must affect the
numbers of next year. I have found in this district every species
scarce, with the exception of Cupido minimus, which was abundant. P.
(A.) coridon which was abundant everywhere around here four years
ago, has been very scarce, and in some spots has hardly appeared at all.
The Argynnids, also generally abundant, have been in dozens where
they usually appear in hundreds.

In the New Forest Dryas paphia has been scarcer than I have ever
seen it, and during the whole month of July only one good aberration
was seen, but not taken. Argynnis aglaia and A. cydippe (adippe) were
seen but rarely. Aphantopus hyperantus was in fair numbers and some
nice aberrations were secured. My wife saw a beautiful silvery grey
female Hpinephile jurtina sitting on a bramble-bush, but made an
unsuccessful effort to catch it, owing to the suspected presence of an
adder in the near vicinity. At the end of the season the Vanessas
were abundant and [ heard of two remarkable aberrations being seen
in gardens in this district, but not taken as no net was available.

My wife and I expended a very considerable time in field work
entailing much hard walking, and during the season we were fortunate
enough to capture the undermentioned aberrations which, together with
many others of a minor character, constitute a very satisfactory addition
to our cabinets.

Brenthis enuphrosyne.—Basingstoke. A male with the hindwings
on the upperside of a light straw colour.

— Argynnis cydippe (adippe).—New Forest. A male with the greater
part of the wings on the upperside of a straw colour.

Argynnis aylaia.—Andover District. A silvery white male. This
insect was seen one day and caught during a visit to the same down
three days after. When first observed in flight it greatly resembled
Boarmia roboraria.

- Aphantopus hyperantus—New Forest. 1. A male with large
symmetrical buff coloured splashes on outer portions of each under-
side wing: this is a very unusual form.

2. A remarkably fine male form of ab. lanceolata; the large pear-
shaped spot with a long white dash in the centre of the hind
wing, which usually has a small spot connected to it above, has an
additional spot beneath, there being a combination of three, instead of
the usual two spots

| Epinephile tithonus.—Andover District. 1. A male with one upper
wing of white coloration. i

Decemper 15rn, 1924.

166 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD.

2. A female with two upper wings white except portions of the
inner margins.

Polyommatus icarus—Andover District. 1. A gynandromorphous
specimen with the left upper wing entirely of male colour, the remain-
ing three wings being of female colour (brown) with dashes of male
colour on each.

2. A male so heavily dusted with black as to give the appearance
of dark blue.

Polyommetus (Agriades) coridon.—Andover District. A number of
males of a greenish colour, heavily dusted with black.

Two males and two females ab. fowler? all well-defined forms.

A female with underside upper wing striated.

A female with underside lower wing striated. —

A female with the wings one side normal: on the other side the
upper wing is striated and the lower wing obsoleta-form with white
ground.

In addition to the above described captured forms we were fortunate
enough to breed several very striking forms of Melitaea aurinia.

Melitaea aurinia.—Hampshire. 1. Female. On the upper wings
the usual fulvous colour is very heavily suffused with black, the hind-
wings being almost entirely black with series of elongated straw-coloured
spots. The underside is entirely spotless, the wings being of a light
fulvous: on the lower wings is a broad white border occupying about
half the area of the wings. This specimen is very similar to one I
bred last year, which was described by Mr. Frohawk in the Entomologist
of May, 1923. The underside of tbis latter specimen instead of being
spotless was heavily striated with black.

2. Female. The upperside of this is somewhat similar to the one
above described, but with less black suffusion, and the underside is of
more normal type, with the exception that on the upper wings there are
four large black spots on each, in addition to the usual spotting.

3. Female. This is a difficult insect for a non-technical person to
describe properly. On the upper wings the general ground-colour is of
a light rosy tint with long rays of a greyish white colour. The hind-
wings are nearly entirely black with 12 long pinkish grey streaks. On
the underside the upper wings are fulvous with the outer margins of a
rosy hue, the lower wings have a wide white border occupying the
greater part of the wing. The underside is entirely spotless. This
insect has a singularly beautiful appearance.

4. Male. The upper side of all the wings are fairly normal except
that there is an entire absence of yellow colouring. All the wings
have a wide entirely black border, without spotting.

All these specimens were bred under normal conditions in an
unheated green-house in the garden and which, owing to the absence
of sunshine at the time, did not greatly exceed the normal temperature.
All the imagines emerged in mid-May, about a week before the butter-
fly was on the wing in a wildstate. I have bred this species for several
years past but my experience has been that striking aberrations are
very rare, and this seems borne out by the fact that no really extreme
aberrations were included in the recent sales of famous collections.

| Aglais urticae. A late brood of larvae was taken on September 7th,
and produced a number of unusually dark types, the best being several

THE VARIATION IN LARENTIA (THERA) VARIATA, SCHIFF. 167

ab. bolandii on which the blue marginal spots are very large and
extremely bright.

It may be of interest to note that on Tuesday last a number of very
remarkable named forms of aberrations of the Vanessas were sold at
Steven’s Auction Rooms.

Forms of EFuvanessa antiopa, Hugonia polychloros, Pyrameis atalanta
and Aglais urtieae, varying beyond one’s wildest imagination were
included. These specimens were of Continental origin, and the result
of submission to extremes of temperature.

It was interesting to note that the well-known collectors present
fought shy of the insects, and they realised only a matter of a few
shillings each, an unsatisfactory reward for the labour entailed. One
collector was heard to remark that probably in a few years time some
of these specimens would be found re-pinned and re-set in British
collections improperly labelled. I sincerely trust not: anyhow they
will be easily recognised for what they are I think. [Some of these
were bought for a collection of Palaearctic Rhopalocera.—H.J.T.]

The Variation in Larentia (Thera) variata, Schiff.
By CARL HOFER of Klosterneuburg (Vienna).
(Translated by Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S.)
(Concluded from p. 154.)

Nots.—In the foregoing portions of the article, by the name ‘‘ pine’’ is meant
Abies (Picea) excelsa (Féhren) Spruce, and by ‘‘ fir’’ is intended Pinus sylvestris,
scots’ pine, Fichten.—Hy.J.T.

To this I must add the foliowing notes from my own experiences.

1. The assertion is not true that an intermediate form is never
found—at least among the imagines in our neighbourhood (Vienna)—
between variata and obeliscata. In my own collection there are two
males of variata identical in their coloration with the obeliscata of
Herrich-Schiaffer’s figures. I have a similarly large and similarly
coloured example of obeliscata, placed with them to show that on the
other hand the insect affords quite a different impression.

2. That the food plant has no effect upon the colour, the insignifi-
cant results obtained by my colleague Preissecker and myself in breed-
ing from the egg have established. | have five variata of both sexes
which were reared from the eggs of a normally coloured and normally
marked variata female, and fed exclusively on Pinus sylvestris (FOhren).
These examples show very evidently not the slightest trace of an
approach to obeliscata. Further, I have a female of obeliscata, which
was bred from an egg laid by a female caught on the Buchberg, near
Klosterneuburg, exactly agreeing with the figure of Herrich-Schiffer.
The larva was exclusively fed on Abies excelsa (Fichten), but there was
no indication of the appearance of an obeliscata origin.

It is of no good to introduce into this question a parallel between
Ellopia fasciaria and obeliscata.. In woods of Pinus sylvestris (Fohren)
the brown form Ellopia fasciaria is found flying together with its
green form prasinaria; and these prasinaria, which fed on P. sylvestris
of course, are as deep green as the true prasinaria found in woods of
Abies excelsa (Fichten), where only the form prasinaria is found.

168 8 ! f THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

But if the food really mfluences the colour why then are not.all the
P. sylvestris (F6hren) fasctaria brown ?

3. The statement as to the time of appearance is wholly unreliable.
With us (Vienna), in favourable years, one can rely upon meeting with
the first variata well at the end of April—what is stated of the rest of
Kurope in the literature ought certainly to be that of the whole of
Central Europe. ‘The end of May and June then is the chief time of
the appearance of the first generation, the few belated examples in
July follow with larvae of great diversity of development. At the end
of August and in September, even right into October, an intermittent
and weak second generation appears. But we—my colleague Preis-
secker and I—have observed in the open, and bred from larvae, only
one generation of obeliscata, Relative to a second generation reported
by a few authors, it may easily be the chance, that somewhat worn
specimens of Larentia firmata, which frequent exactly the same locali-
ties as obeliscata, were confused with the latter. I myself have occa-
sionally got in exchange firmata for obeliscata, and I have two pairs of
firmata now before me, to prove that a confusion, especially in the
female, is by no means improbable.

4. As to the supposition relative to the influence of the softer or
drier food on variata there is no confirmation. Both my colleague
Preissecker, and I myself, have obtained variata last year in confine-
ment in January and February. Then it quite often occurred, as it
can in the life of the free larvae, that for days at a time no fresh food
has been provided for them, and just as in our case with hard, dry war-
food, they had to be satisfied. But the resultant imagines all proved to
be recognisable indubitably as varzata.

As for the remarks of Treitschke, they are not, for the most part,
founded upon his own observations, and I think also, moreover, that
the information to be found in literature concerning the biological
circumstance of variata and obeliscata, especially for neighbourhoods,
where Abies excelsa (Fichten) and Pinus sylvestris (FOhren) are mixed,
must only be considered as really correct, when it originates from
absolutely reliable sources.

What evidence do our own observations in the open afford? We
have variata in numbers always exclusively in fir Abtes eacelsa, (Fichten
or Tannen) woods, but obeliscata is always met with confined more
exclusively to Pinus sylvestris (FO6hren) woods. The imagines from
larvae beaten from Abies ewcelsa (Fichten or Tannen) produce only
variata, without intermediates. Variata appears every season a few
weeks earlier than obeliscata. Of the former there is always a second
—if only a partial—generation in the autumn, of the latter we can only
establish the occurrence of one generation.

These observations, so far as one can say, have been made by abso-
lutely reliable guarantors, also for most other neighbourhoods ; for
instance, Louis B. Prout’s statements in his article appearing in the
45th volume of the Hntomoloyist, in numerous quotations as well as
German literature-citations. Prout knew only a single entomologist
who had obtained obeliscata from Abies eacelsa (Fichten), and this was
Mr. Raven, of Cambridge, already quoted by me. This information
now must be received as quite reliable, since he confirmed it afresh in
vol. 46 of the Entomologist, of the year 1913, what he had himself
stated for Prout’s article, that he, from a number of larvae, which were

THE VARIATION IN LARENTIA (THERA) VARIATA, SCHIFF. 169

exclusively beaten from Abies excelsa (Fichten), and furnished the same
as food-plant, bred both typical variata, just as Prout figured in his
article, and typical obeliscata.

Concerning the larvae of variata and obeliscata, so very variable are
they, that we cannot separate them by any definite, constant, charac-
teristic differences.

Finally, Herr Prof. Dr. H. Rebel and Dr. H. Zerny have, at my
request, kindly undertaken an examination of the male genital appa-
ratus of the three chief forms of the variata group, and what they have
communicated to me is placed below.

“The male genital apparatus in the Larentia variata group is con-
structed on a single plan and uniformly shaped.

‘‘The uncus has the form of a very long, outwardly curved thorn.
A scaphium does not stand out as an independent morphological struc-
ture. The extended, distally spoon-shaped, spreading valves bear on
their inner margin before the first half of the length, a simple pair of
fibulae with their apices converged towards one another. In connection
with these there stands a much more slender chitinised pair of struc-
tures, in the form of a stalked long-bristled pad (2nd pair of fibulae).
A heel on the latter more dorsal lying structure is wanting. As the
penis duct functions a distal fold appears in one angle.

“The penis is a distal strongly enlarged chitinous tube, of which
the distal end is furnished with a border of strong chitinous
‘spines (thorns) lying along the tube. These penis spines, varying
jin number and position, afford but only individual variations. From
this it appears the assertion of Prout differs (Seitz., Vol. IV., p. 217),
in which he states in the case of obeliscata, ‘The spine group on. the
aedoeagus differs from that of the 9 of vartata.’

“Investigation was made of the genital apparatus of two each of
variata and obeliscata and of one stragulata. A very general con-
formity of the preparations was so apparent that no further prepara-
tions were made.”

If now no doubt still appears to exist as to a slight affinity between
variata and stragulata, we may probably recognise in the obeliscata-
form, retaining itself so different in its biological aspect, in spite of the
conformity in structure of the genital apparatus, a species in the
making before our eyes, on account of its tendency to isolation.

It would be equally interesting to establish crossings between
variata, obeliscata and stragulata, from the results of which probably
further conclusions could be demonstrated. Possibly there would
arise from such an investigation a conclusion as to which of the three
forms, is genetically the oldest.

I will, at any rate, myself endeavour to undertake such an investiga-
tion, and it would be a very great pleasure to me if my work were to
induce my dear collecting colleacue to the same object.

In conclusion I ask all who have aided me in the composition of
my small contribution to accept my best thanks. But especially do I
tender my thanks to Herr Prof. Dr. Rebel, who in spite of the prevail-
ing intolerable temperature of the unheated rooms of the museum
library, in an unselfish, devoted way, afforded me an introduction to
the rich collection of literature, and helped me with it.

170 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

Eintomotocy at WemBLEY.—One might mention, in addition to the
interesting account given by Mr. Harry Moore in our last number,
that Professor EK. B. Poulton, F.R.S., had an exhibit, No. 207, illus-
trating Mimicry in an African Swallowtailed Butterfly (Papilio dar-
danus); and Dr. C. J. Gahan an exhibit, No. 208, on Mimicry in
Beetles. These two exhibits will be found described in the excellent
little Handbook to the Exhibition of Pure Science, arranged by the
Royal Society. In this publication also, p. 127, Professor Poulton
writes a short article on Insect Mimicry and the Darwinian Theory of
Natural Selection.

It will be remembered that the ant Camponotus (Myrmotrema)
perristi, Forel., subsp. nigeriensis, Sant., recorded by Mr. Crawley and
myself [Hnt. Rec., 36, pp. 91 and 92 (1924)]|, was captured in some
numbers by me in the case containing the termitarum and driver-ants
in the Nigerian Section, referred to by Mr. Moore.—Horace Donis-
THORPE.

A very successful meeting of the Entomological Club was held on
November 4th, at No. 8, Lancaster Place, N.W. 8, the residence of Mr.
H. Willoughby-Ellis, F.Z.8., F.H.8., the Hon. Secretary of the Club,
and the host of the evening. The other members present were Messrs.
Robert Adkin, Jas. E. Collin, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. H. Eltringham, and
Prof. E. B. Poulton. Im addition the following guests were present.
Messrs. F. Balfour-Browne, EH. C. Bedwell, K. G. Blair, Dr. EH. A.
Cockayne, Messrs. E. Krnest Green, Philip Harwood, Dr. A. D. Imms,
Dr. S. A. Neave, Capt. N. D. Riley, Messrs. Rait-Smith, W.G. Sheldon,
and Hy. J. Turner. The visitors were received by Mrs. Willoughby-
Ellis in the drawing-room, where tea was served. An inspection was
made of the host’s private museum, especially of the collections of
Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera, which were very complete,
many rare and local species being either of his own collecting or
obtained by well-known collectors. During the evening the fine
original drawings of Tineina and of Staphylinidae, by the late John
Sang, were on view. The original drawings of the late John Scott
and of the late A. Matthews, of the figures published in their
respective entomological works were also on view. Supper was served
at 7.45, and at a late hour the very pleasant gathering closed.

Prof. Giacomo Cecconi, Director of the Royal Regional Observatory
of Fano, Italy, has just issued an admirable treatise on Forest Hnto-
mology (Manuale di Entomologia Forestale) consisting of XX.+680
pages with 786 figures in the text, many very beautiful photographs
mostly original. The cost is 120 lire. There is an introduction by
the well known entomologist, Prof. B. Grasse.

Subscribers will no doubt see again in the present issue the
advertisement of the great Oberthir collection in France. It has been
offered to the National Museum of France at a moderate figure as a
whole, we hear, but was refused, hence the advertisements now issued.
Intending buyers of species, series, families, groups, etc., must write to
Rennes for particulars. Our contributor M. Carl Hofer will send all
information if one writes to him at Imprimerie Oberthtir, Rennes,
France.

Signor Querci has returned from his Spanish tour with an extremely

CURRENT NOTES. 171

large collection of butterflies and moths colleeted by himself, his wife,
daughter, niece and latterly Dr. Romei. Tripolitania was worked by
the last and latterly by Sig. Ederli, and large collections were obtained
there. To those working on the Mediterranean section of the
Palaearctic Region there is a fine opportunity to obtain species and
races somewhat difficult to get by the average business man, whose
continental collecting must be limited to his annual holiday.

In the Revue Mensuelle de la Société Entomologique Namuroise, M.
Derenne describes and names anew form of Pieris napi as ab. elongata,
in which the wings are teratologically affected, all four wings being
elongated with a waved outer margin. In so doing he follows the
action of M. Gelin, Soc. Ent. Fr., 1914, in naming a similar aberra-
tion (cripple) of P. brassicae.

Dr. Holland, in the Entomological News for October, reports the
occurrence in numbers of Hurrhypara urticata, from Machias, Maine.
This species is not included in Dyar’s List of Lepidoptera of North
America.

It is curious that Papilio podalirius is an indigenous species in
Belgium and is not found even in the southern part of Great Britain. In
the Rev. Mens. M. Derenne discusses the question of generations, and
on all the evidence falls back on the statement of the late M. Lambil-
lion, that there was only one generation of P. podalirius in Belgium,
in May-June, and that the occasional specimens obtained later were
individuals retarded, for some reason or another, in their appearance.

Nomenclature is a complicated question. The editor of the H’ntomo-
logieal News calls attention to a recent remark by Dr. Holland, that
‘the laws of priority do not have precedence over the laws of correct
language,’ and he (the editor) asks the following cogent question,
«« Are names in biology convenient and arbitrary tags to designate
material things, or are they a field for linguistics?” He further remarks
that our ‘‘great needs in nomenclature are stability, and finality which
leads to the former.’’ The obvious comment is that if the classical fiend
is let in to the controversy there will never be finality, and we shall be
further off than ever from stability.

SOCIETIES.

Tue EnromonoeicaL Society oF Lonpon.

October 15th_—Excrion or Fritows.—The following was elected
a Fellow of the Society:—Mr. EK. P. Sharp, 1, Bedfordwell Road,
Kastbourne.

Aureration or Byz-Laws.—The Secretary read for the first time
the alterations in the Bye-laws proposed by the Council.

Exuiprrions. —The President exhibited intermediate forms between
typical Pachys betularia and var. doubledayaria bred from wild larvae
taken at Camberley.

Mr. H. Donisthorpe exhibited a number of insects and other
Arthropods found associated with the ant Acanthomyops brunneus in
Windsor Forest.

The Secretary, on behalf of Mr. C. Dover read a summary of
observations by Dr. H. Brauns on the habits of some South African
Carpenter- bees.

Dr. K. Jordan exhibited some beetles of the genus Urodon and

172 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

discussed their systematic position, expressing the opinion that they
belonged to the Bruchidae rather than to the Anthribtidae.

Professor EK. B. Poulton, F.R.S., discussed further evidence of the
pale yellow fluorescent pigment in the males and primitive forms of
mimetic females of ‘Papilio dardanus. He also read a letter from Mr.
R. H. Harris throwing further light on the attractiveness of dummy
animals to T’setse-flies discussed at the meeting on May 7th, 1924.

Mr. J. J’ Lister exhibited a fine series of Teracolus nouna and the
local form of Lycaenopsis aryiolus from Algeria.

Mr. W. J. Lucas, on behalf of Mr. G. Bateson, exhibited examples
of a rare dragonfly Leucorrhinia dubia from Surrey.

Paprers.—The following papers were read :—

(1) On Australian Histeridae (Coleoptera), by Mr. A. M. Lea.

(2) On the Morphology of the Male genitalia in Rhynchota, by
Hem Singb Pruthi.

(8) Some aspects of the Biology and Morphology of the Neuroptera,
by Dr. C. L. Withycombe.

(4) Notes on the Orthoptera in the British Museum. No. 4, by
Mr. B. P. Uvarov.

Tue Sours Lonpon EnromonocicaL Society.

September 25th.—Exuipi1ion oF ORDERS OTHER THAN LEPIDOPTERA.
—Mr. Robt. Adkin exhibited specimens of a Collembola he believed
were referable to Podura aquatica. It was common in his garden at
Eastbourne.

Mr. W. J. Lucas, coloured drawings of the Naiads of the dragon-
flies Aeschna juncea and Agrion mercuriale,

Mr. Hugh Main, living specimens from 8S. France of (1) Mphippigera
sp., gd and ?, both of which stridulate; (2) two species of Mantis, one
of which was M. religiosa, the female had not eaten the male, as, he
suggested, they were well supplied with food; (8) Scavabaews sacer, Corsica,
common near goat’s dung, with their ‘pear balls” and pupae; (4) the
larva of a Myrmeleon sp., common on the Mediterranean shores; (5) @
? of the large wolf-spider, Liycosa narbonensis, with her family on her
back; (6) and the banded spider, Hpetra fasciata, with her egg-cluster.

Mr. B. Williams, Coleoptera from Wicken, Harpenden, Luton, and
Bricket Wood.

Mr. O. R. Goodman, a brown Viper taken at the Field Meeting at
Westerham, on September 13th.

Mr. S. R. Ashby, the Carabus intricatus taken in 1857 by the late
Mr. Reading ; and Calosoma sycophanta taken by Mr. Tugwell, jun., at
Freshwater, in 1878.

The almost complete collection of Paraneuroptera from the Society’s
cabinet was on view.

Mr. H. W. Andrews, a long series of a very scarce Asilid dipteron,
Entolmus rufibarbis, from N. Kent, and a number of typical specimens
of Anthomytidae and Empidae he was presenting to the Society’s
reference collection.

Mr, R. A. R. Priske, series of several specimens of Helix (Mollusca)
from High Wycombe, and H. acuta from Sussex.

Mr. Stanley Edwards, the giant hemipteron, Macroceraea sp., taken
by Mr. Dawson in Tenasserim, and the striking Lycaenid Lohita
grandis.

SOCIETIES. 173

Mr. Enefer, a cactus dahlia sport, a red and a yellow flower on the
same stem ; an embryo of the Cocoa-nut; and an embryo of the Date
Palm.

Mr. L. . Dunster, an underside of Polyommatus (Agriades) thetis
with forewings striated and hindwings normal, except that the ground
colour was whitish.

Mr. H. Moore, various species of Ants, including Camponotus hercu-
leanus, the largest Huropean species, and stink ants, stinging ants, leaf-
carrying ants, and foraging ants.

Mr. 8. Blenkarn, four boxes containing many species of Coleoptera
from his collection.

Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis, several species of Carabus (Col.) which
showed melanic aberration, and also several maritime species which
occasionally were met with inland.

October 9th.—Mr. R. Adkin read a paper, ‘‘ Entomology: Ancient
and Present-day,’ and illustrated it with many slides of portraits of
ancient naturalists, and of plates and pages from old and famous
works.

Mr. Step exhibited the vaulted earth-star fungus (Geaster minimus)
from Mickleham, found on the Foray on October 4th, and new to the
British List.

Mr. A.A. W. Buckstone reported the second flowéring of rhododen-
dron on Netley Heath.

Captain Crocker exhibited a 2 of Polyommatns (Agriades) coridon
with distinctly blue hairs covering its abdomen, with many other Roys-
ton aberrations, and an aberration of P. (A.) thetis underside forewing
ab. obsoleta, and hindwing ab. striata.

PBEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

‘‘Tie Monpe Soctan pes Fourmis pu Guosr,”’ by Dr. Auguste
Forel, Geneva: Librairie Kundig, Kditeur, Tome 5°, 1923. Pp. I-VI.
+174; 2 coloured plates, 1 black and white plate, and 30 text figures.
—This, the fifth and last volume, treats of the specialised habits of
ants, followed by an Epilogue on Ants, Termites, and Man! The
frontispiece is a reproduction of a recent photograph of Dr. Forel in his

study.
There are as usual seven chapters ; briefly as follows :—
Ch. I. The wars of driver ants, or Dorylinac, against other

living beings.

Ch. Il. ‘The granaries of harvesting ants.
Ch. III. The Attini; ants which cultivate mushrooms.
Ch. IV. Weaving ants.
Ch. V. Ant door-keepers.
Ch. VI. The Rhagomyrmicinae.
Ch. VII. Diversa.

(1) The Ponerinae.

(2) The Pseudomyrmint.

(3) The Cremastogastrini.

(4) The Pheidole.

(5) The tree ants.

(6) Ants of the deserts and steppes.

174 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD.

(7) Agile and sluggish ants.
(8) Jumping and projecting ants,
The Epilogue.

Cuapter 1.—Good descriptionsare given of the well-known raids and
habits of the formidable Driver-ants (Annoma) of Africa, etc,, and the
Wander-ants (Hciton) of S. America, etc. The author refers to and
quotes some of the observations of Bates, Belt, Bruch, Muiler, Savage,
Vosseler, etc., and gives an account of his own experience with Dorylus
(Lyphlopone) fulvus in Tunis, in 1889.

Speaking of Dorylus (Alaopone) orientalis in India, he says that it
appears to be herbivorous and not carnivorous, and that according to
Green it eats the bark of trees and various tubers, such as potatoes,
etc. He adds, however, ‘This requires confirmation, although Green
was a good observer.” Our friend Mr. Ernest Green tells us that there
is not the slightest doubt about this. He has observed it himself over
and over again, both in his own garden and elsewhere, in Ceylon. The
habits of the quite eyeless genus, Aenictus, are given, chiefly from the
observations of Wroughton. They are more subterranean than Dorylus,
and their military organization is said to be more perfect.

Finally the Leptanillini, the smallest ants in the world, are dealt
with. ‘These tiny creatures hide under stones, and probably hunt the
very smallest living beings.

CHarrer I].—Gives an account of the ‘‘ Harvesting ants.” The
writings of Solomon are quoted (as the author truly remarks, he was
more observant than some of the scientists at the beginning of the last
century), as also those of Horace, Virgil, and others of the ancients.

The ‘‘Seed-Collectors” belong to the Myrmicinae; in Kurope chiefly
ants of the genus Messor; in Asia Halcomyrmea and Pheidologeton ; in
America Pogonomyrmeax; and numerous Pheidole everywhere; some
Solenopsis, and others.

The observations of Sykes (1829) and Jerdon (1851) are referred to,
and a good account of the work of Moggridge (1871-2), at Mentone, on
two species of Messor, and Pheidole pallidula, is given. Mogeridge also
mentioned that Lasius emarginatus and Tetramorium caespitunt occa-
sionally stored seeds; and Forel himself once found a granary of Lasius
brunneus at Martigny. In the same way we have several times found
T. caespitum storing seeds in England.

Next the more experienced experiments of Hmery in Italy, and
Wheeler in America are related, and finally Laméere’s interesting
observations on the harvesting ants of the Sahara are recapitulated.

Cuapter IIJ.—This is a very interesting chapter, dealing with the
“ Teat-cutting Ants’ (Attint), which cultivate mushroom gardens, and
the observations of nearly all the workers on the subject are referred
to. Forel, when recording his own experiences in Colombia, mentions
that Trachymyrmex marthae carries the petals of flowers into its nests.
This reminds us that we once found A. (D.) fuliginosus at Woking
carrying the petals of the privet into its nest; and though of course it
does not cultivate fungus gardens, a fungus does grow on the walls of
its carton nests.

On page 86 he says that the fecundated ° ¢ of Aéta fight together
and mutilate each other; whereas, in his third volume, he said he did
not believe this.

As an appendix to this chapter a resumé of the recent discoveries

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 175

of Dr. Carlos Bruch, at Buenos Aires, is given.

Cuapter 1V.—This is quite a short chapter, devoted to those ants
which use their larvae as spinning machines to fasten together leaves,
etc., to form their nests.

Forel truly says that the Englishman, Ridley, first discovered this
remarkable fact in 1890, and he also refers to the work of Doflein,
Dodd, Bugnion, Goeldi, and Jacobson, on the subject. The list of the
observers in their proper order should read as follows :—Ridley (1890) ;
Savil Kent (1891); Hammond (1900); Green (1900); Dodd (1902);
Chun (1908); Doflein (1905); Goeldi (1905); Jacobson (19085) ;
Karawaiew (1906); Bugnion (1908); O’Brien (1910); and Wheeler
(1914).

The ants which practice this remarkable habit belong to the genera
Oecophylla, Polyrhachis, and Camponotus, which are all in the sub-
family Formicinae. This phenomenon is perhaps most widely known
with the first named genus, and the author reproduces some of Dof-
lein’s figures, showing a worker ant holding its larva; a number of
workers holding aud sewing together two leaves; and the silk glands of
the larva. Forel explains how, if two leaves are too far distant from
each other, the ants form a chain by each grasping a fellow-worker by
its long petiole. He mentions that Bugnion has given a drawing of
one of these chains (but Green also published an account of the same)
in Ceylon. Wheeler has suggested that this habit may account for the
very long petiole possessed by these ants. Finally an account is given
of various kinds of Polyrhaehis nests spun together with larval silk.

Cuapter V. is also a very short one. Forel explains that by the
term “fourmis portiers’’ he means the soldiers, or large workers, whose
special office consists in guarding the doors, or entrance to a nest,
either in the earth, or in branches, or carved in wood. He says they
only occur in the Camponotinae (should be Formicinae) and Myrmicinae.
There are all possible transitions between the door-keepers entirely
adapted to this purpose, and the semi-doorkeepers. The most perfect
examples occur in the sub-genus Colobopsis, in which the front of the
head in the soldier is cut off quite flat, and it fits exactly into the round
hole which forms the entrance into the twig, or wood, in which the nest
is situated. These forms Wheeler has most aptly called living front-
doors.

The author describes how he discovered this habit in the Huropean
Camponotus (Colobopsis) truncatus at Vaux, in 1872; and discusses the
intermediate forms, and how the more perfect cases have been
developed.

Carter VI.—Three tribes of the Myrmicinae—Cataulacint, Cryp-
tocerint, and Dacetini—are dealt with. In the first two the integument
is very hard, and the head and thorax are sharply bordered, no doubt
as a protection against other ants and differentenemies. The eyes are
hidden beneath the borders of the head, and Forel suggests that this
accounts for the fact (as observed by himself in Colombia) that these
ants are unable to walk in a straight line, like other ants can.

In Cryptocerus eduarduli the eyes in the female are flatter and
smaller than in the %, contrary to what usually occurs with ants.
The gizzard also in Cryptocerus is entirely unlike that of any other
Myrmicine ant. The males in the Cryptocerini are so entirely unlike
their @ @ and 8% 8, that they might easily be thought to belong to
quite a different family of insects.

‘176 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

In certain Cryptocerini (of which a good figure is given) the 2 Q
and % % have the head not only enlarged, but cut off short, and
scooped out in front like a saucer. It is suggested that these species
act as front-doors in the same way as do Colobopsis species.

In the Dacetini the rule is for them to possess curiously formed and
long jaws, and the genus Strumigenys is said to use the latter for
jumping. Many of these species are covered with curious scale-like
hairs and spongy growths.

Finally the author points out that all the Rhagomyrmicinae present
a vast field for observation, and experiment, on their biology and
habits.

Cuapter VII.—This chapter embraces a number of observations
on many different and widely separated species of ants.

It is pointed out that in the Ponerinae the % 8 as well as the? 9?
and 3 g¢ are able to escape from their cocoons, and rid themselves of
the pupal skin unaided. Forel says that they neither rear plant-lice,
Coccidae, nor any other ‘‘ cattle.” We, however, have taken the coccid
Ripersia donisthorpeti with Ponera coarctata in England; and the colem-
bolid Cyphodetrus albinos, and several beetles, including Bythinus glab-
ratus (a regular guest of this ant), are found in its nests.

Tepper is said to have observed the marriage flight in Myrmecia,
but he [1882] only mentioned swarms of the J g and winged ? 9.
Wheeler, however [1916], gives a very graphic account of a remarkable
marriage flight of the “ Bulldog” ant Myrmecia sanguinea, observed by
Froggart, and described by the latter observer in a letter to him
(Wheeler).

The Ponerinae are mostly insect feeders, some specializing in Ter-
mites, woodlice, ete. We may mention that Wheeler pointed out in
1904 that Leptogeuys elongata is a crustacean-eater.

Under Pseudomyrmini, their habits are briefly dealt with. The
reasons why Wheeler separated this tribe from the Myrmicinae and
raised it to the rank of a sub-family (and also the Cerapachyini from
the Ponerinae), with which Forel does not agree, are only given as follows
—on his studies on the gizzard; the larvae ; and the feeding of the latter
by these ants. Wheeler, however, also pointed out that the shape of
the head, especially the clypeus and frontal carinae, is unique; the
eyes are very large, the construction of the petiole, post-petiole, and
tibial spurs is peculiar; and that the antennae are 12-jointed in the
g as well as in the 9? and %. We consider that not only was
Wheeler justified ; but that he entirely proved his case.

Under Cremastogasterini, a very compact group of Myrmicine ants,
the peculiarly flexible form of the abdomen, and their habits of con-
structing carton nests, etc., etc., are touched upon. The feeding
of gnats by these ants is also described and figured. In the painting,
however, on Plate I. (fig. d) the position taken up by the gnat is incor-
rectly represented! The fly should face the ant, with a posterior pair
of lees raised in the air [see Jacobson’s actual photographs, Tijd. v.
Entom., 54, Plates 12 and 13 (1911)]; whereas it is shown standing
over the ant, facing in the same direction, with all six feet touching
the ground.

The immense and widely distributed genus Phetdole (which
exhibits extraordinary polymorphism in the 8 8; the 2{ 2/ possessing
large heads, which are enormously developed in some species), and the

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 177.

nearly allied genera, are next touched on, and their terrestrial and seed-
collecting habits are pointed out.

A few remarks follow on various ants which inhabit trees, and the
old belief is quoted, that some species with very big eyes inhabit the
tree-tops. ‘‘Gigantrops”’ (should be Gigantiops) of Brazil is mentioned
as an example; but Wheeler (1922) has shown that it really belongs
to a forest-floor ant fauna.

The ants of deserts and steppes: agile and sluggish ants; and the
jumping species, complete the seventh chapter.

The epilogue runs to 35 pages and, with the exception of six pages
on the role of ants in nature, has little todo with these insects. The
author takes the opportunity of expressing his socialistic views, and
other eccentricities. On page 160 he speaks of the horrible ferocity of
our ancestors, and maintains that the orang-utans and gorillas are
truly angels in comparison. I might with more justice assert that
Nero, and all the tyrants of antiquity were angels of light compared to
the brutal Bolshevists who have utterly crushed the Russian peoples in
our own day. He refers to the immense numbers of human beings
destroyed during the great war, but says nothing of the post-war tragedy
of the 8,000,000 souls in Russia alone for whose death Lenin and his
bloodthirsty associates were directly responsible. [I should wish in
particular to protest against the ants being employed as a supposed
weapon in political controversy. In my opinion an entomological work
is not the appropriate channel for the introduction of views on social-
ism, or politics of any kind, still less as the means for their glaring
advertisement. Let those, however, who are so ready to set forth the
social life of ants as a lesson to human beings, and in favour of a
socialistic community ponder on the following facts :—To ali intents
and purposes the working classes of ants are sterile! They have no
trade-union rules; each worker does as much work as she can from
early morn to dewy eve, and often during the hours of the night as
well. All are willing to sacrifice their lives at a moment’s notice for
the good of the State, and areever industrious and contented. Insomeof
the harvesting ants the large workers possess enormously developed
heads in order to contain the powerful muscles of the jaws with which
they crush the hard seeds required for food; but when these workers
are no longer needed by the colony, the other ants cut off their heads
and throw them on the refuse heap! This is, as I have pointed out
elsewhere, a very drastic, but effective, method of getting rid of a
superfluous working class !

Forel maintains that the true queens of ants are the workers, whose
labour gives to them at once their royalty and liberty ; while they are
denied the marriages and debauchery which, according to him, form
the sole ideal of human queens. Was ever such libellous nonsense
written 2? Where is the Queen, who in the memory of any of us, has
ever spent such an existence ?—Horace DonistHorPE.

P.S.—Reviews of the first and second volumes of this work may be
found in the Hnt. Record, Vol. XXXIII., pp. 59-60 (1921), and Vol.
XXXIV., pp. 38-40 (1923) ; and the third and fourth in the Ent. Mo.
Magq., Vol. LX., pp. 89-98, 140-142 (1924).—H.J.D.

Correction.—Page 151, line 18 from the top for ‘‘specimen”’ read
“« species ’’ and for ‘‘ ardeanus”’ read ‘‘ aubeanus,”

178

.THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME ae

By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

PAGE

Aberrations in, S. ligustri, 13; P.
atalanta, 29; T. pronuba, 29;
P. napi, 29; P.megera, 29; C.
pamphilus, 29; M. aurinia, 305
P. coridon, 30; A. caja, 30, 148;
Eggs of Blackheaded Gull, 30;
Z. filipendulae, 30; A. hyper-
antus, 42; M. tiliae, 42; LK. car-
damines, 42; P. dejeanii, 62; S.
ligustri, 64; H. marginaria, 64;
A. exclamuationis, 80; T. variata,
88; V. macularia, 129; C.
arvensis, 130 ; A. urticae, 143 ;
R. bifasciatum, 147; P. napi,
147; M. titea, 147; T. obeliscata
(variata), 153; B. euphrosyne,
165; A. cydippe, 165; A. aglaia,

165; A. hyperantus, 165; E.
tithonus, 165; P. icarus, 166;
P. coridon, 166 ; M. aurinia, 166 ;
P. thetis

Aberrations Mosaic, explained, 18 ;
List of, 19; Striate

He Aberrations Nouvelles de Coccin-
elles,’’ by J. A. Lestage.

Abnormal specimens of Lepidoptera

Abundance of Orthoptera in the
Alps, 59; of larvae Sic

Gr Additions and Corrections to List
of Grypocera and Rbopalocera of
Peninsular Italy,” yi Dr. R.
Verity ;

Affinities of Psychids :

Analysis of species of Taphrorychus

Ants, Lycaenid Larvae and, 8;
Castes, 44; Relation of, to other
organisms, 45; In I. of Man, 50;
Mixed colony of, 52; and Coleop-
tera, 69, 1383; and Diptera, 70;
Nigerian, imported into England

Asymmetry in 4. grossulariata

Autumn, Butterflies in Late, 143,
144; Captures

“ Batrisodes delaportet and B.
adnexus, two additions to the
British List of Poeapiera i by
H. Donisthorpe

Bee- Anatomy hes

Bees, Solitary and Social Sia

Biographical Dictionary, A. St

Boarmia abietaria at Gravesend ..

British Museum illustrations a

“Cannibal Coccinellid, omit by
Cc. C. Leman Bs

Classification, of Papilio, 132; of
Orientation in Ants :

Comparison of brood of P. thetis .

Contest, A Homeric..

“ Cumberland Coccinellidae,” by
PF. Marriner. 4 és. sis

. 173
30

155
33

143

5. 108

81
118

91
42

156

aly
16
43
11
26
11

60
161
116

11

85

PAGE :

Description of, ab. plwmbea of B.
euphrosyne, 8, 27; ab. aurata,
of H. variegata, 1; ab. triangu-
laris of H. variegata, 1; race
anglia of H. semele, 22; race
anglorum of H. semele, 22; race
paeninsulitaliae of H. semele, 24 ;
larva of 7. verhuellella, 65; B.
delaportet, 117; B. adnexus, 117;
T. villifrons, 118; larva of EH.

sinuata, 134; egg of S. longi-
rostris, 137; E. decipiens . 150
Descriptions, Barebones 115

‘« Digne and the Basses Alps, July

1923,” by Lt. H. B. Ashby, 102, 122
Dimorphic larva of a Nymphaline 64
Distribution of S. telicanus 10
Divergence of character query . 156
Double-broodedness in J’. punctu-

laria 143
Duplicated fore- -wing in Z. iii

pendulae : 30
Dwarf, H. pustulata 64
Early appearance of E. pumilata.. 26
‘« Hees in L. hirtaria, Yellow,” by

Dir A. Ei. Cockayne oy 149
Entomological Club, 115, 127, 144, 170
‘“* Hntomological Notes for the

Season 1923”’ by Comm. G. C.

Woodward ; 4, 20
Entomology in Russias 79: in

Armenia, 79; at Wembley 157, 170
“© Huchloé (Anthocharis) ausonia

(belia) and its second brood,’’ by

P. P. Graves 90
‘« Huplectus decipiens, a species of

Coleoptera new to Britain,’’ by

H. Donisthorpe 150
Foodplant of P. bifasciata, Unusual 158
Forcing of, P. aegeria, 116; D.

paphia . biG
Freyer on L. variata é 119
Generations of L. rivularis in Italy 127
‘‘ Geographical Variation in H.

semele,”’? by Dr. R. Verity 21
Genital characters of T. variata .- 168
Guests of Ants, 45, 49, 69, 121,133, 176
Gynandromorph of, Pe coridon, 30;

A. populi .. sal aO
Habits of, Water- bugs, ‘1b: L.

hirtaria, 61; L. grandis, 62;

Psychid Larvae, 98; larvae of

H. rostralis 130
Harpe, de la ,on mM ‘variata, 119 ;

Ants He 174
“« Hermaphroditism: ” in the Hes.

periidae : oo.
ee pep variegata,” by

G. B. C. Leman .. 1
6 nee in N.W. Cornwall, A, ”

by Cecil Worssam . 142

INDEX. 179
PAGE PAGE

Hybrid, Suggested, P. coridon and Rearing beetles in confinement 63
P. hylas é : .. 116 | Records of Lepidoptera from Witley

Hybrids, . 6, 29, 116 District of Surrey, Further, by

Immigration to the ‘Alpine region 59 W. H. Smith : 75

Inheritance in A. grossulariata 17 | References to Ant Literature . 138

Insect Control—an outline of the Relationship of Psychids, Suggested,
Principles 154 by Rev. C. R. N. Burrows Sil, C7

Irregular copulation of M. phoebe Rio de Janeiro Entomological
and M. didyma ae Las Society a 5¢ seu ly

Italian Entomological Society 12 | Reviews :—Fabre’s ‘‘ Book _ of

Lady-birds hibernating in the Insects,’’? 14; ‘* Some Habitat
House . 9.) 2H, Responses of the Large Water-

“ Larval habits of T. Meerintellelicn »3 strider, G. renugis,’”’ Curtis Riley,
by Alfred Sich .. 65 14; ‘‘ Practical Bee Anatomy,”’

Life-history of T. oenipenciaia . 65 A. D. Betts, 15; ‘‘Our Butter-

“Locality in the High Alps, flies and Moths and how to know
Névache-le-Chateaux, A,’’ by them,’’ F'. Daglish, 16; ‘‘ Social
W. Fassnidge 5 .. dd Life among the Insects,’’ W. M.

Longelivity of a beetle ao) | (3 Wheeler, 30, 42; Proceedings of

Luminous insects 63, 80 the 8. London Entomological and

Lycaenid larvae and Anta): ; 8 N. H. Society, 47; ‘* Life-work

Melanie B. repandata, 14; Mu. dict- of Ld. Avebury,” 93; ‘ Ants of
ynna, 29; D. paphia, 30; E. Timothy Thummel,’’ 93; ‘‘ Die
christyt, 30; C. autumnaria, 30; Lepidopteren Fauna Aegyptens’”’

IEK multistrigaria, 30; H. aefoli Andres and Seitz, 96; ‘‘ Bulletin
aria 5 atv) of the Hill Museum,’’ 131;

Migration, Congregation for 63 ‘‘Trans, Knt. Society of London,”’

Mine of L. verhuellella .. 65 145 ; ‘‘Verhandlungen Zool.-Bot.

Mimicry in W. African Lepldoptera 14 Gesells. Wien,’’ 146; ‘‘ L’Orien-

Myrmecophiles with 4. brunneus tation Sidérale des Fourmis,”’

121, 133 D. Santschi, 160; ‘‘Le Monde

‘“*Myrmecophilous Notes of 1923”’ Social des Fourmis du Globe,”’
by H. Donisthorpe da) EB Ge) Dr. A. Forel, Vol. V. .. oo dae}

New British Cecidomyiidae, by B.S. Russian Entomological Society,
Bagnall and J. W. H. Harrison The, Dr. M. Burr - heiie ahs)

36,53, 99 | Rare and very local species, #.

New forms of Coccinellidae .. 1, 155 Christi, 3; A. tinéana, 13; H:

New, Tinea, A, 63; Aphid, A 5 lei simplana, 13; Larinopoda sp.,

sé Nomenclature—1924 ” by Hy. J. 14; A. andrenaeformis, 28; A.
Turner, s go dle aliyal elegantula, 42; T. aureus, 62;

‘“Note on C. woodi,” A, by H. A. mellanarius, 63; B. lignea,
Donisthorpe, 60; from Hamp- 64; C. inquisitor, 129 ; Coleoptera,
shire, 92; on Braemar ats 159 129; D. compta, 147, 160; M. acu-

‘* Notes on the Myrmecophiles found minata, 147; T. tussilaginis, 147 ;
with Acanthomyops brunneus in A. sexpunctatus, 147; N. livida,
Britain,” by H. Donisthorpe, 121 133 148; O. titan, 148; L. brachy-

Oberthiir Collection, The .. 170 dactylus, 160; A. crataegi ab.

Obituary, Col. Swinhoe, 12; AY. H. flava, 160; EH. rufibarbis 2,
Jones, 41; C. Oberthiir, 115; Scarcity of Lepidoptera 127, 161
F. Merrifield, 93; J.H.A. Jenner, 94 | **Season in S. Hants, The,” by

Occurrence of H. urticatain U.S.A. 171 Wm. Fassnidge, 61; The . 156

Orientation among ants .. 160 | ‘‘ Seasonal Notes on ‘the Rhopalo-

Parasites in 1924, A. grossulariata cera,’’ by S. G. Castle-Russell .. 165
and.. 113 | Second generation in, D. mendica,

Pathological aberration of P. dejeanii 62 29; T.variata .. .. 166

Pest of tea-plant .. _. 14 | Societies of insects, 31; Ants 30, 42

-Phoresy of beetle and Acarid 63 | Societies : Entomological Society

Piano, Beetle pupates in and of London 13, 41, 62, 94, 130,
emerges froma .. 159 160, 171; S. London Entomo-

Polymorphism in P. polytes 147 logical Society 13, 29, 42, 64, 80,

Pupation of D. bergmanniana eeelaliss 94, 116, 129, 147, 172

Races of H. semele, 22; Table of ‘Somatic Mosaic or Mutation in
races of H. semele 22 A. grossulariata,’’ by Dr. E. A.

‘‘ Rainham Hybrids, The,” ‘by Dr. Cockayne .. 46 BB siody OME
E. A. Cockayne oe triate aberration .. ve o.

29

180

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

PAGE PAGE
‘« Switzerland in 1923,”’ by D. H. variata, The” by C. Héfer 39,
Pearson Kowal 88, 119, 151, 167
Symbiosis of earwigs ‘and bats 62 Variation in, H. semele, 21; L.
Syntarus telicanus in Switzerland 10 variata, 39, 88, 119, 151; J2,
“ Taphrorychus villifrons, a species napi, 64; E.cardamines, 91; M.
of Coleoptera new to the British athalia, 94; Grypocera and Rho-
List,’’ by H. Donisthorpe . 118 palocera of Peninsular Italy, 106;
Teratological, Legs in Lepidoptera, C. arcania, 143; M. aurinia, 143,
by Dr. E. A. Cockayne, 33; R. 166; M. ismene, 148; Z. » flipen-
phlaeas, 130; Leg of A. grandis 148 dulae : 148
Time of emergence of S. pavonia.. 4 | Verrall Supper 5 29
Treitschke’s on L. variata . 153 | ‘* Wembley, Entomology ‘at, a by
Tyrrhenian area of the Mediter- HI. Moore, 157; by H. Donisthorpe 170
ranean Sea 62 | Wernerian Club -. 12
‘‘ Variation in Larentia (Thera) Young stages of Stomaphis longi
rostris : fe . 137
SUPPLEMENTS.
List of Races of the Rhopalocera of Peninsular ial by Roger Verity, M.D., and
Orazio Querct. .. ofa (2 1)- (44)
List of the Macro- lepidoptera of Hampshire and thé Isle of Wight, by Wm.
Fassnidge, M.d. .. (17)-(40)
PAGE
Locanirres :—Allos, 105, 122; Bérisal, 2 ; Basses Alps, 102; Braemar, 159;
Cleobury Mortimer, 5; Cumberland, 85; Cornwall, N.W., 142; Digne,

29, 102, 122; Hclépens, 1; Engadine, 29; Hampshire, 92; Kew, 144;

Névache-le-Chateau, 55, 139 ;

Nemours St. Pierre, 126 ; New Forest, 161;

Oxshott, 4, 20; Riviera, 29; Switzerland, 1; + Simplon, 3; Vienna, 39 ;

Wisley, 6; Windsor, 51; Wicken . 129
GT SLMOE AC ON RREBOLOERS:
PAGE PAGE
Ashby, Lt. E. B., F.E.S. 102, 122 | Hofer, C. : 39, 88, 119, 151, 167
Anderson, Jos. .. 159 | Johnson, Rev. W. F., F. E. S. . 156
Bethune- Baker, G. T., E.E. ist 10 | Kirk, Miss F. Deiat : Bou NO)
Butler, EH. A., F.E.S. : 14 | Kettlewell, H. B. D. oe 27, 156
Bagnall, R. S., F.L.S., F.E.S. 36, Leman. G. B. C., F.E.S. .. sod
58, 99 | Leman, G. C., F.H.S. Be 11, 60
Burrows, Rev. C. R. N., F.E.S. 47, Lestage, J. A. ue aa oo LEG
81, 97 | Marriner, T. F., F.E.S. 85
Burr, Dr. M., F.Z.S., F.E.S. 09) | MoorewEle He Be Ss ee 157
Cockayne, Dr. i. A., M.A.. F.E.S. Pearson, D. H., F.E.S. £4 1
6, 8, 17, 83, 149, 158 | Page, H. E., F.E.S. 16, 93
Crawley, W. C., B. A., F.K.S. 91, 160 | Pepper, H.T.C. .. .. 114
Carr, F. B. i .. 143 | Robertson, G. S., M.D 61
Castle- Russell, Ss. Gu 165 | Sich, Alfred, F.E.S. 65
Donisthorpe, H., F.Z. Si, BE. S. Smith, W. 184 F.E.S. 15
30, 42, 49, 60, 69, 92, 117, 118, Turner, Hy. Ah F.E.S., 8, 9, 10,
121, 133, 150, 170, 173 14, 27, 39, 88, 96, nae 113, 114,

Durrant, J. H., FE. S. 113 119, 127, 143, 144, 151, 167
Esson, ing Je 159 | Verity, Dr. R.. 4 21, 106
Fassnidge, Wm., M. A. 56, ‘Gi. 92, 139 | Woodward, Com. G. (. RN. 4, 20
Goodman, O. R., F.Z.S., F.E. S. 10 | Williams, H. B. A SrA OI)
Grant, F.T.. 26, 159 | Wheeler, Rev. G., F. E. Sy 127
Graves Major, P,P. _F. E.S. 90 Worssam, C. a 143
Greer, T... 91 Waldegrave, Karl. .. 143

Harrison, J. W. H., Ske, 36, 53, 99

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS,
Pt. I, Somatic Mosaies ..
Pt. I,

Teratological Legs in Lepidoptera ‘ c

dc. (Notiee to Binder).

to face PAGE

Lauahee pha he BS

Pt. III. &1V. Relationships of Psychides ae oe BA S6 oo! | teil

Subscriptions for Voi. XXXVI. (10 shillings) should be sent to
Mr. Herbert E. Page, ‘‘ Bertrose,’ Gellatly Road, New Gross,
S.E.14 [This subscription includes ali numbers published from
January 15th to December 15th, 1924.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subseribers’ magazines should be
notified to Mr. Herbert EH. Page, ‘“‘ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, $.B. 14

ADVERTISuMENTS Of Books and Insects for Sale, or Books wanted will be nserted at a minimum
charge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines). Longer Advertisementsin proportion. A reduetion made for a series
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Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. I. Paau “ Bertrose
Gellatly ltoad, New Cross, London, 8.1., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed.

Desiderata.—Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all parts of the
world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial; exact data
indispensable. Liberal return made.—IV. G. Pether, ‘‘ Thelma,” 4, JVillow Bridge
Road, London, N. 1.

Duplicates.—Cinxia, Bellargus, Coridon, H. Comma, Lineola, Galathea, Moneta,
Nupta, and many others. Desiderata.—Blandina, Ivish Icarus, Carmelita, Cuculla.
Gonostigma, Ashworthii, ‘Templi, Australis, Undulata, Smaragdaria, Testacea.—
W. Gifford Nash, Clavering House, Bedford.

Duplicates.— Cinerea ¢ , fine forms, grey, brown and blackish, Maritima and vars.
Immorata and other East Sussex species.

Desiderata.—Pupe. Luteago (Barrettii), Caesia, Albimacula, Alpina, Xanthomista,
Sparganii, Dissoluta (Arundineta), Graphalii. Also imagines of extreme forms Noctuse
in fine condition only.—A. J. Wightman, 35, Morris Road, Lewes.

N. American Lepidoptera in papers in exchange for ditto from any part of the world.
J. C. Woodward, Training Ship ‘* Cornwall,’ Purfleet, Essex.

Desiderata.—English melanism, ova and pupae of English species.
Duplicata.—The splendid Hamburg melanism Pal. or albingensis. Finest condition
only.—Dr. V. Schultz, Soltuu (Hann.), Germany.

Cuanaes or Appress :—H. McD. Edelsten, ‘‘ Hillside,’: Lindfield, Sussex.
M. F. Bliss, Butlin’s Hill, Braunston, Near Rugby.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, 8.W.7.
8p.-m. January 14th, 1925 (Annual Meeting).

The South Londen Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m.
November 27th, Annual Exhibition.—Hon. Sec., Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s
Place, Blackheath, S.1.3.

The London Natura! History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London
Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History
Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street H.C. 2, first and
third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec., W. EH.
Gurce, The House, Albion Brewery, Whitechapel Road, H.1.

FOR SALE.
T.S. has Grand Vars. of A. GROSSULARIATA and other fine

vars. Lot of fine Noctuae, wild Pupae, ova, ete.
Larvae in season always on hand. A few local ee ete.
For Price Lists apply—

T. SALVAGE, Abbot’s Wood Corner, Arlington, Sussex.

OVA, LARVAZ, AND PUPA:

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, Grtomologist,

BURNISTON, Nr. SCARBOROUGH.

Kull List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,
etc., sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICES.

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IMPORTANT
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

BAGK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist’s Record
and Journa! of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXXV.)

CONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates—
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection—
Parthencgenesis— P#per on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)—
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the

Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist —

for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus—
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., ete., 360 pp.
To be obtained from—

Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E. 14
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable

are

FEB

VOL. XXXVI.

Sk nC UAE

13 1925

The Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation.

(1924.)

INDEX.

By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera.

to Soiaee with two ORAS.

ARACHNIDS.
PAGE
avellanae, Hriophyes be 37
biovata, Thyreosthenius .. 73
domesticus, Oonops.. 48
fasciata, Epeira 172
Gamasus 63
hombergi, Harpactes 138
lineatum, Theridion 148
narbonensis, Lycosa 172
Phalangidae .. 48
reniformis, Phryxus 42
COLEOPTERA.

Acanthosinus, aedilis 64
Adalia 86
obliterata .. 86
var. fumata 86
var. livida.. 86
var. sublimata .. 86
2 punctata 61, 86
10 punctata ee .. 156
**ab. lemani.. 156
Anisosticta 19 punetata 155
**ab. averbodensis .. 155
**ab, cammpinienis . 155
**ab. frenneti 156
**ab. juncorum 156
**ab. riparia. . 56 155
**ab. rubi-claustri .-- 156
**abl. schoutedeni 156
**ab. sinuata 156
**ab. simplex 156
**a6. trijuncta 155
**ab. woluwensis 156
Adonia variegata 155
**ab. bonaerti 155
Agabus melanarius .. 63

Agapanthia lineaticollis = = ‘yillogo-
viridescens oo Ws 50) UY
Agonum liveus 129
sexpunctatus 147

Aleochara sanguinea = lugubris = =
brunneipennis 50 .. 133
Anatis ocellata 86
Anisoplia floricola .. 126
Anobium 80
69

Antherophagus

The other orders arranged by Species.
Genera, Species, ete., new to Britain are marked with an asterisk, those new

——_—_—_—_—___—

| Anthribiidae. . ;
Apion aestivum = brifolii
var. ruficrus
Apoderus coryli ve
Atheta nitidula
sodalis
Attelabus curculionoides
Batrisodes adnexus .
delaportei ..
venustus °
Bembidion aeneum..
dentellum .. g
fumigatum
schiippeli ..
Boletophagus reticulata
Brachinus sclopeta .
Bruchidae
Bythinus glabratus..
Calosoma inquisitor
sycophanta
Carabus arvensis
granulatus
intricatus ..
Cassida
Cervus lucanus
Cetonia aurata é
Chilocorus bipustulatus
similis
Chlorophorus annularis
figurata
trifasciatus
Chrysomela graminis
Cicindela campestris
hybrida
Cionus scrophulariae
woodi es
Clytus arietis
mysticus
laeviuscula
verbasci
Coccidula rufa
Coccinellidae
Coccinella bipunctata
hieroglyphica
5 punctata
7 punctata
ab. lucida ..
10 punctata

122,

7

i.

11 punctata ee oe
ab. boreolittoralis.. ...
ab. cakiles.. ue o6
ab. confiuens a 40
ab. 9 punctata .. ois
Coptocephala unifasciata ..
Cosmopolites sordidus
Cryptocephalus polonicus ..
sericeus or

aureolus

frontalis

globicollis ..

Curculionidae
Dinarda :
Donacia dentipes
Dorytomus salicinus

Drusilla caniculata. .
Dytiscidae

Dytiscus circumcinetus
Endomychidae
Epipolaeus caliginosus
Erotylidae 3
Euplectus
brunneus=kunzei_ :
eG abeillei = ardeanus —
duponti .
villifrons
Kuryusa optabilis = laticollis
sinuata : 7
Kuthia formicetorum
Exochomus quadripustulatus
Exosoma lusitanica
Geotrupes vernalis ..
Godonera luperus
Grammoptera variegatus=analis. .
Halyzia conglobata ..
ocellata (Anatis) ..
14 guttata .
16 guttata..
18 guttata..
22 punctata
Hippodamia variegata

HAND
. maculigera
. subarcuata

). triangularis
ab.

arcuata

turkmenica = maculigera

7 maculata
**ab. bifasciata

ees
ADo
**ab,

bioculata At
scutellata ae aye
trifasciata

13 punctata
**ab. beffai . ye
**ab. guilleaumei ..
**ab. tonnoiri
Histeridae :
Hydaticus transversalis ..
Hypera punctata
Hyperaspis reppensis
Tlyobates glabriventris
propinquus ele O0
Lampyridae .. So G0
Larinus sternus .. de
Melanophila acuminata

, 69, 70,

SPECIAL INDEX.

95,

95,

150,

86,

86,

123,

PAGE
87
87
87
87

Leistus rufescens

Leptura cerambyciformis ..

fulva 36
Lucanus cervus ots
Melasoma populi
Micraspis 16 punctata
Microglossa gentilis. .

pulla 50
Molytes coronatus

glabratus ..

Mylabris quadripunctata
Myrmedonia limbata
Mysia oblongoguttata
Nebria livida.. :
Notothecta flavipes ..
Oedemera nobilis

podagrica ..
Onthophagus
Oodes helopioides
Opilis mollis..
Otiorhynchus sulcatus
Oxypoda formiceticola

haemorrhoa
Pachypus
Paragaeus crux- -major
Passalus
Phyllopertha horticola

Phytodecta pallida

ab. borealis

ab. nigripennis
Podabrus alpinus
Polydrusus sericeus..
Priobium castaneum
Ptenidium kraatzi -.
Pterostichus anthracinus
Ptinus subpilosus
Pyrophorus pilucidus

punctatissimus
Quedius scitus 56
Rhagium bifasciatum

indigator
Rhagonycha fulva
Rhizobius litura

Scarabaeus sacer .. 32,

Seymnus capitatus .
discoideus .
frontalis as
haemorrhoidalis ..
nigrinus
pygmaeus .
testaceus
var. scutellaris

Silpha quadripunctata

Staphylinidae

Stenichnus exilis

Subcoccinella 24 punctata..

var. saponariae
Taphrorychus bicolor

fuscus

villifrons =capronatus
Thiasophila angulata
Tillus elongatus
Trechus amplicollis. .
Trichonyx sulcicollis

69, 70,

32,

63,

126,

147, 160,

Trichopteryx montandoni .. bo

SPECIAL

PAGE
Tricodes alvearius. . .. 126

apiarius . 126
Trogophloeus corticinus .. 129
Urodon : cio be
Xantholinus glaber .. 134
Xylotrechus undulatus . 159

DIPTERA.

agilis, Endopsylla 38
Anthomyiidae 172
anthracinus, Tabanus 126
Aphiochaeta .. 136
auricomi, Perrisia WeenotG
baccarum, Rhopalomyia 36, 55
betulina, Contarinia ago
bicolor, Ocyptera 105, 126
bombylans, Volucella .. 126
Bombylius on Oe)
bovinus, Tabanus . 105, 122
brachyptera, Peyerimhoffia sere)
brasiliensis, Dohrniphora .. 12
brevipalpis, Glossina 157
bromius, Tabanus .. 126
calamagrostidis, Mayetiola 37
cautum, Chrysotoxum ‘ -. 105
Cecidomyiidae g iG. 53, 99
cerealis, Prolasioptera se) exe
ciliata, Aphiochaeta 70, 136
clethricola, Jaapiella SH RONG
cornifex, Hormomyia ‘ 38
coryligallarum, Arthrocnodax . 37
crassimana, Limosina 70, 136
cruciatus, Bombylius Se NG
cucubali, Contarinia 55
curtiventris, Limosina go UO)
Deuterophlebia (iidae) 95, 145
devius, Microdon iaylia
diadema, Selidopogon 122, 126
donisthorpei, Pay eMy 2 71
Drosophila Peis)
eggeri, Microdon . : COS ee
elegantula, Agathomyia |. bby 9 (42
Empidae : : 172
eriophori, Stenospatha .. 36
fagi, Contarinia 36, 38
ferox, Fabricia 35 Ie
flexuosa, Lasioptera 53
floriperda, Jaapiella 55
formicae, Phyllomyza val
fraxinea, Perrisia o4
frireni, Hormomyia 38
fungicola, Limosina 79
gallarum, Dichrona 38
geniculati, Stenodiplosis .. 53
glaucius, Syrphus .. sre .. 126
globuli, Harmandia.. ah oy row
gracilis, Amerhapha C0 38
holci, Mayetiola 37
Hyperechia .. -94, 96, 145
inanis, Volucella 126
inflatae, Jaapiella . on .. 55
juncorum, Livia .. 5c sgss
kneucheri, Hormomyia 38
lanceolatae, Mayetiola 37

INDEX. iii.
PAGE
lasiae, Phyllomyza .. j 71
| latefasciatus, Syrphus .. 124
| latifrons, Microdon . Tile Ue
lathyri, Asphondylia we (5 0
Limosina : 3 70
liviae, Lestodiplosis 38
longipennis, Glossina sta 157
manicatus, Platychirus 126
micans, Pangonia .. ne ie L126
mosellana (aurantiaria), Sitodi-
plosis 5 6 : ¥ coy BR
Mycodiplosis. . . 99, 100, 101, 102
myosotidis, Perrisia 3 oo BE
oculiperda, Rhabdophaga .. 37
oelandica, Dioctria .. : 126
ornata (micans ab.), Pangonia 126
ornatum, Xanthogramma.. 126
palpalis, Glossina 157
pellucens, Volucella 105
Phoridae aS 12
phragmitis, Porricondyla bs .. 58
Phyllomyza .. : 10; Gl
pimpinellae, Schizomyia 38
pipiens, Syritta 126
pisi, Contarinia 36
pisi, Diplosis 38
plumata (bombylans ab. ); Volucella 126
populnea, Lasioptera oe ake
pustulans, Harmandia 36
| quator-notatus, Tabanus .. 103
rhenanus, Microdon 72
ribesii, Syrphus 126
rudis, Hrigone bb 126
rufibarbis, Eutolmus 172
ruficornis, Cyrtopogon 105
rufilabris, Limosina soup
sabaudus, Stenopogon 124, 126
Schizomyia .. . 388
| schlechtendaliana, Contarinia 38
| securicornis, Phyllomyza .. 71
similis, Perrisia 50
socialis, Perrisia 37
subterranea, Perrisia 37
subterranea, Peyerimhoffia | 73
Tabanidae .. 158
tanaceticola, Clinorrhyncha 36
tessellata, Empis c 105
tremulae, Harmandia 37
tuberifica, Hormomyia 38
tussilaginis, Trypeta 147
valerii, Rhopalomyia 55
variabilis, Bombylius 123
variabilis, Chilosia .. 105
veronicae, Jaapiella 55
vitripennis, Syrphps 122
zonaria, Volucella .. 126
HYMENOPTERA.
abdominalis, Camponotus.. -. 53
Acanthomyops 5 ee lid, Jiss,
acervorum, Leptothorax one ce tt
Aenictus : 30 .. 174
aestuans, Xylocopa.. 131, 145
albiseetus, Halictus. -. 126

iv. SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
alienus, aan Tee: 51, 70, 73, 122
Allodape ue 0 43
amydei, Humenes .. 125
Annoma .. 174
Apidae, Apis.. , 31, 48
arcuatus, Allantus 60 .. 105
arenaria, Cerceris .. 126
Atta, Attini .. : S6 Uress. abzé!
bayeri, Camponotus ~ AeA cio ll
Bombus . 30 .. 43
bombycinus, Cataglyphis AN . 163
brachialis, Synacra.. ee pealtaG
brevicorne, Exochilium . 126
brunneatus, Camponotus
brunneus, Acantbomyops, Lasius
50, 51, 70, 73, 117, 121, 122, 133,
134, 135, 136, 137, 188, 171, 174
burmeisteri (nigricans race),
Dorylus.. 90 -. 64
caespitum, i etramoriun an 70, 174
Camponotus (inae) . hi 91, 175
Cataglyphis .. oo aly
Cataulacini .. 94 . 175
centuncularis, Megachile .. 148
Cerapachyinae (ini).. .. 44, 176
Chalcididae .. ‘ bo a 62
chrysosceles, Andrena O° Sls}
coarctata, Ponera ..49, 70, 176
Colobopsis 175, 176
Conostigmus. . : a -. 136
crassitarsis, Pedanaspis As 59) dle
Cremastogasterinae (ini) 173, 174, 176
cruentatus, Camponotus .. .. 125
Cryptocerinae (ini) .. 125, 175, 176
cylindricus, Halictus 125, 126
Dacetini oe o0 175, 176
didonis (salomonis var.), Mono-
morium A a0 55 G83
Dolicoderinae 4 44
Dorylus (inae) . 44, 158, 173, 174
dubiosus, Conostigmus 136
Kciton ‘ .. 174
eduarduli, Cryptocerus oo. les
elongata, Leptogenys . 176
emarginatus, Lasius . 174

Epiponinae .. o6 a0 st 43

exsecta, Formica 70, 133
extensorius, Ichneumon 0 hs)
flavifrons, Scolia ‘ae 164
flavus, Acanthomyops 51, 69, 70,

3, 74, 133
foraminosus, Camponotus.. Gi]
Formicidae (inae) 44, 49, 50, 121, 175
fuliginosus, Acanthomyops 50, 51,

52, 63, 70, 71, 73, -74, 121, 133,
134, 185, 186, 137, 174
fulvus, Dorylus 6 174
fusca, Formica 49, 70, 71, "23, 74,
75, 125, 136
gallica, Polistes a 22125
Gigantiops (Gigantrops) 162, 177

glebaria (fusca race), Formica .. 70
graminicola, Myrmecina .. oc.) 4)
grandis, Leucaspis .. 62, 125
Halcomyrmex AG een CAVA S

PAGE
Halictus ..43, 44, 96
hattorfiana, Andrena ¢ .. 103
herculeanus, Camponotus .. SORTS
Ichneumonidae z Sa . 157
ichneumonoides, Methoca .. .. 130
innotatus, Conostigmus . 136
instigator, Pimpla .. oi .. 125
laevinodis, Myrmica ..-50, 69, 70
Leptanillini ms é s .. 174
manicatum, Anthidium 123, 124, 125
marthae, Trachymyrmex a .. 174
Messor é E .. 162, 174
melanaria, Sphex 103, 104, 124
Melipona (inae) .. .. 48, 44
mixtus,Acanthomyops 50, 52, 122
molesta (nigricans ab.), Dorylus .. 64
monostagon, Melanichneumon .. 124
muraria, Chalicodonia .. 105, 122
Myrmica (inae) 44, 49, 69, 135, 161,
174, 175, 176
Myrmecia .. 176
niger, Acanthomyops 50, 51, 69, 70,
72, 73, 122, 138, 136
nigeriensis (perrisii race), Cam:
ponotus .-91, 92, 170
nigricans, Dorylus .. Ho .. 64
nitidulus, Halictus .. .. 125
nylanderi, aes es 50, 122
Oecophylla «. 175
olivacea, Allantus 122
orientalis, Dorylus .. 174
palliatorius, Amblyteles 125
pallidula, Pheidole .. i74
paniscus, Ophion Gi 125
pectoralis, Glyptomorpha .. .. 125
perrisii, Camponotus EGO a0
pharaonis, Monomorium .. .. 49
Pheidole We 173, ots 176
Pheidologeton We a 174
Platygasterinae 146
Pogonomyrmex 146, 174, 175
Polistes (inae) G0 o. 43
Polyrhachis .. 96 Sic e. 175
pomiiformis, Humenes .. .. 125
Ponera (inae) .. 44, 49, 173, 176
Proctotrupidae 136
Pseudomyrminae (ini) 44, “45, 178, 176
Pseudomyrmex é 162
Psithyrus . 43
quadrimaculata, Anthophora . 124
quadripunctata, Discolia 122, 125
Rhagomyrmicinae . 173, 176
Rhopalidiinae 43
rufa, Formica 52, 69, 70, ‘71. 73,
138, 135, 136
rufahirta, Osmia .. vy 25
rufiventris, Acropiestra .. -. 136
ruginodis, Formica... 69, 70
rugulosa, Myrmica .. .. 69
rupestris, Psithyrus.. c .. 123
sabuleti (scabrinodisvar.), Myrmica 50
sabulosa, Ammophila .. 124
salomonis, Monomorium .. 163
sanguinea, Formica 52, 70, 71, 133,
135, 136

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
sanguinea, Myrmecia te .. 176
scabiosae (zebrus), Halictus . 125
scabrinodis, Myrmica 49, 50, 70, 133
sexcinctus, Halictus 124, 125
singulatus, Stronygaster . 125
smaragdina, Formica te She
Solenopsis . 174
Sphecidae Bil
striolata, Acropiesta . 136
Strumigenys .. ; . 176
sulcinodis, Myrmica 50 CW)
sylvestris, Vespa .. 126
thoracicus, Camponotus . 164
Trigona ve fe «- 48
truncatus, Camponotus .. L715
umbratus, Acanthomyops.. 50, 122
urnarius, Sphex .. te .. 43
vagus, Crabro . 147
varians, Andrena .. 125
Vespa (inae) i Slaw
vestalis, Psithyrus .. -. 124
viatica, Ammophila, Sphex 108, 123
xanthorius, Ichneumon 122, 126
zebrus = scabiosae .. 125
zonulus, Halictus alos
ISOPTERA.
Mastotermitidae .. 6 46
Mesotermitidae on O6 46
Metatermitidae 46
Protermitidae WwOHIAG
Termitidae 32, 46
LEPIDOPTERA.
abbreviata, Kupithecia 61
abietaria, Boarmia .. a 26
abruptaria, Hemerophila . 61
absinthii, Cucullia .. 141
aceris, Acronicta, Avaielatri 76
Acidaliinae : 77
achilleae, Zygaena 103, 105, 125,
140, 148
Acraea -. 48
Acronyctinae 76
actaea, Satyrus 124
acteon, Thymelicus.. 105
Adela.. 00 83, 84
addenda (jurtina ab.), Epinephele
29, 30
adippe =cydippe 123, 139, 165
admetus, Polyommatus, Hirsutina
103, 104, 123, 124
adonis = thetis ag 7
adusta, Eumichtis, aden 716
advena, Aplecta 76
pavonaninl Epione ue eA
aegeria, Pararge 1, 30, 116, 142
Aegeriidae .. 78
aegon=aregus 6, 14, 20, 30, 105, 122,
125, 140
aesculi=pyrina . 78
aestiva (duponcheli a. gen), Lep-
tosia ae ae .. 123, 124

v.
PAGE
aestiva (medon a. gen.), edaae
Aricia a po ade)
affinis, Calymnia 77
agathina, Agrotis 76
agavus, Papilio . 12
aglaia, Argynnis 20, “5, 139, 142,
159, 165
agrippina, qyeaae 94
Agrotinae .. : D0 So) abel
ain, Plusia .. a0 141
nibicomelle: Tinea .. 63
albipuncta, Leucania : .. 140
albonigrata Verae ab.), Larentia,
Thera 6 88, 152
albulata, Perizoma . BS oO
albulus (delphius race), Parnassius 147
alceae, Erynnis 106, 125, 140
alchemillata, Perizoma . .. 142
alciphron, Heodes 3, 104, 105, 123, 140
aleon, Lycaena 2, 124
aleyone (fagi), Satyrus, Nytha .. 124
alecto, Erebia ae 29, 106
alexanor, Papilio 102, 104, 105
alexis =icarus ae Sa Svean |
algae, Bryophila 140
algirica (semele race), Hipparchia
24,25, 26
alopecurus (rurea ab.), Xylo-
phasia ae y an HR (3
Mr aeeealist Orenaia.. 141
alpestris, Agrotis .. a6 .. 140
alpina (comma race), Urbicola 107, 108
alpina (didyma race), Melitaea 123, 139
alpina (medon race), Plebeius, Aricia 140
alpina =hyperborea.. : .. 159
alpinalis, Scopula 30 .. 141
alsoides (minimus race), Cupido . 2
alternana (straminea ab.), Con-
chylis, Huxanthis .. 141
altheae, EKrynnis .. 106, 125
| alveus, Hesperia 57, 105, 140
amata, Timandra 5, 6, 142
amuathusia, Brenthis .. 139
ambigua, Caradrina 140
ambrizia, Anaphe 158
Amicta 98
ampliatella, Phycis 141
Anaphe o¢ : 158
anceps =sordida 76
ancilla, Naclia 66 oe .. 125
andereggii, Leucania 140
andrenaeformis, Aegeria 28
**angliae (semele race), Hipparchia 22
**anclorum (semele race), Hip-
parchia ae So 2
annulata, Ephyra .. a big!
anthedon (dubia var.), Hypelimnne 14
anthyllidis, Zygaena 33
antiopa, Huvanessa 58, 75, 139, 167
antiqua, Orgyia 82, 84
apennina (comma race), Urbicola
107, 108
apenninicola (argus race), Plebeius 110
apenninigena (semele mee ae
parchia : : . 26

vi.

PAGE
apiciaria, Epione -. 78, 141
apiformis, Trochilium ae 1, 140
apollo, Parnassius 33, 57, 103, 105,
125, 139
applanella, Depressaria .. 141
aptata, Calostigia pl ajo) Jul
arbusculae (lanestrisrace), Lachneis 140
arcania, Coenonympha 2, 103, 105,
124, 139, 143
arcuosa, Petilampa.. 50 Oy AOE 7
Arctiidae (inae) i ao AG
areola, Xylocampa .. 92
argentana, Huxanthis .. 141
argiades, Kveres 125, 140
argiolus (Lycaenopsis), Cyaniris 4,
59, 140, 172
argus (aegon), Plebeius 6, 14, 20, 30,
105, 110, 122, 125, 140
argus=argyrognomon 103, 105, 140
argyrognomon, Plebeius 59, 103,
105, 123, 140
arion, Lycaena 2, 108, 130, 140, 142
aristaeus (semele race), Hipparchia
21 2224 25426
aristolochiae, Papilio . 147
armoricanus, Hesperia 107
artemisiae, Cucullia 141
artesiaria, Diastictis : 141
arundinis (typhae), Nonagria 77
artaxerxes (medon mak Plebeius,
Aricia b0 oe Ja!)
asella, Heterogynis .. od | Sy: es)
asiliformis (cynipiformis), Aegeria
78, 125
assimilata, Hupithecia .. .. 148
astrarche—medon . 103, 140, 160
atalanta, Pyrameis 21, 29, 42, 58,
139, 143, 144, 167
athalia, Melitaea 2, 94, 103, 142
athamanthae (ephialtes ab.), Zy-
gaena .. Ba Sod EES 110453
atomaria, Ematurga, Fidonia 4,6, 35
atrata, Odezia ate a seo diel
atropos, Manduca .. 76, 148, 156, 159
augur, Agrotis, Noctua ae .. 140
**aurata (comma race), Urbicola
107, 108
aurata, Pyralis -. 141
aureus, Teinopalpus : bo, OZ
aurimaculatus (agavus ab.), Papilio 12
aurinia, Melitaea 2, 29, 30, 75, 116,
139, 142, 143, 166
aurita, Setina 125, 126, 140
auroraria =muricata ae ao UU
ausonia (crameri race), Anthocharis
29, 90
australiformis (altheae race), Hryn-
nis .. le .. 106
australpina (arion race), Lycaena.. 109
australis (alceae race), Erynnis 106
autumnaria (ata), Epirrita 30, 42
aversata, Acidalia .. Bie 6, 142
badiata, Anticlea 5
baja, Noctua.. we 20
bajularia = pustulata 64

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
ballus, Thestor, Tomares .. 29
bammakoo, Elymniopsis .. ar ytd
belemia, Anthocharis 129,. 147
belia =ausonia eo
belia =eupheno ae oa dl2t)
bellargus=thetis .. O60 Oy
berberata, Anticlea . ee .. 141
bergmanniana, Dictyopteryx 113, 129
betulae, Ruralis 75, 140
betularia, Amphidasis 141, 171
bicolorata, Mesoleuca 78, 142
bicoloria, Miana .. 142
bidentata, Gonodontis os 5
bifasciata (unifasciata), Perizoma
158, 159
bilineata, Camptogramma.. 5
bipunctaria; Eubolia, Ortholitha
20, 141, 142
birivia, Agrotis ae .. 141
bivittata (sinapis ab.), Leptosia 111
blachieri (semele ab.), Hipparchia
eG
Boarmiinae . ; oo. ths)
boeticus, Lampides .. 3, 59, 140
bolandii (urticae ab.), Aglais 167
boleti, Scardia : 80
brachydactyla, Leioptilus, Pselno-
phorus : 160
brassicae, Pieris 20, 21, 139, 144, 171
brassicae, Mamestra 142
Brassolinae QO MB
brassolis, Liphyra 160
briseis, Satyrus 139
brunnea, Noctua ie ara O
brunneata, Halia 57, 141, 159
bucephala, Phalera.. 6 .. 148
cacaliae, Hesperia .. as -. 106
cadmus (semele race), Hipparchia
22, 23, 24, 25, 26
caesia, Dianthoecia. . , 141
caesiata, Entephria, Larentia 5 Zul
caja, Arctia ae : .30, 42, 148
calabrica (argus race), Plebeius 110
c-album, Polygonia. . ae 21, 139
calida (medon race), Plebeius,
Aricia o¢ .. 109
callidice, Pontia . 139
calodactyla, Platyptilia 141
camelina, Lophopteryx .. 140
camilla =rivularis 2, 59, 105, 127, 139
candidata, Asthena.. 141
candidum (cribrum ab.), Coscinia,
Emydia Boi Oi ote .. 140
caniola, Lithosia ~~. 125, 140
capsincola, Dianthoecia .. 141
capsophila (carpophaga a Dian-
thoecia .. 76
cardamines, Euchloé 4, : 28, 30,
; 91, 139
cardui, Pyrameis oe 123, 139
carlinae, Hesperia .. 2
carmelita, Odontosia, Lophopteryx 76
carniolica, Zygaena 38, 105, 124, 140
carpophaga, Dianthoecia .. 76
carthami, Hesperia.. - 125

PECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
cassandra (polyxena race), ss
Zerynthia .. 29
cassiope (epiphron race), Erebia .. 139
castigata, Hupithecia ube 5, 98
castrensis, Malacosoma 123, 140
catilla, Catopsilia no Gh)
caulotosticta (cardamines ab.),
Kuchloé .. aie ao sy ee GML
cecropia, Samia et ENG)
celtis, Libythea ae .. 104
cembrae (variata race), Thera, Lar-
entia te , Al
centaureae, Hesperia 6 -- 96
centripuncta (tiliae ab.), Mimas .. 19
cerago=fulvago .. ae .. 129
cerri (ilicis ab.), Strymon .. 105, 125
cervinata, Ortholitha 77, 142
cerymica, Ploetzia .. sa OG
cespitis, Luperina on soy
ceto, Hrebia .. art aa 2, 122
chaonia, Drymonia.. 61, 76
chenopodii=trifolii. . .. 141
christi, Hrebia 2,3, 30
christyi, Epirrita 36 a5) 30)
chrysitis, Plusia .. as 6, 148
chrysorrhoea (similis), Nygmia 20
chrysozona, Hecatera, Hadena 141
cicatricalis, Nola 140
cinctaria, Boarmia .. 92
cinerea, Agrotis 142
cinnus (coridon ab.), Polyom-
matus 5 ae 30
cinxia, Melitaea 59, 139
circe, Satyrus 5 : 103, 123
circe (dorilis ub.), Heodes.. 108
cirsii = fritillum ae 140
citrata (Immanata), Dysstroma 141
clavipalpis (cubicularis), Atheta,
Caradrina . 55 .. 141
cleodoxa (cydippe ab. i Argynnis.. 29
cleopatra, Gonepteryx 108, 123, 125
Cochliopodidae ae 46. GY
cognata, Thera, Larentia .. 141
Colias 3 : 149
comes (orbona), Triphaena -. 20
comma, Urbicola 107, 140
complana, Lithosia .. 140
compta, Dianthoecia 147, 160
confusa (lis), Nola 27, 92
congregarius, Diapalpus .. .. 158
coniferata (variata ab.), Thera,
Larentia iets ; .. 42
conigera, Leucania .. .. 140, 142
conjuncta (filipendulae ab.),
Zygaena 50 Barred 10)
consonaria, Boarmia sls aa) BH
convolvuli, Agrias .-59, 76, 140
coracina, Psodos ae . 141
cordula, Satyrus Bo .. 103
coridon, Polyommatus, Agriades
2, 20, 29, 30, 75, 80, 116, 126, 140,
148, 160, 165, 166, 173
coronata, Kupithecia ok 56) SE
coronilla (ephialtes ab.), Zygaena 3
corticea, Agrotis 6 .. 142

vii.
PAGE
corylata, Cidaria ... re 5, 89
Cosmophila .. Ao -- 95, 145
Cossidae ; 55 (hs
costaestrigalis, Hypenodes. . 17
costalis, Pyralis -. 125
**costimaculata (variata. ab.),
Thera, Larentia .. 89, 152
cotswoldensis (arion race), Lycaena 108
eraccae, Toxocampa .. 141
crameri, Anthocharis 29, 139
crataegana, Tortrix . ay .. 141
crataegi, Aporia 105, 139, 160
crepuscularia, Tephrosia sevana ye
cribrum, Coscinia .. 140
cristana, Peronea 92, 96
crocale, Catopsilia . 95, 131
croceago, Xantholeuca Sah BA
crocealis, Kbulea 141
eroceus, Colias 139
cubicularis=clavipalpis .. 141
culiciformis, Aegeria 61, 78
cultraria, Drepana .. 82, 83
cuprea, Agrotis 56 .. 141
curtisana (cristana ab.), Peronea .. 96
curtula, Pygaera 61
cyanata, Entephria, Cidaria 141
cydippe (adippe), Argynnis 29, 123,
139, 165
cynipiformis = asiliformis = vespi-
formis : sc aS as
cynthia, Melitaea .. Fas 2, 139
cynthia, Philosamia 146
cytherea=matura .. SOE Teco Path
damon, Polyommatus, Hirsutina
57, 105, 124, 140
dan, Coladenia a rite)
daphne, Brenthis .. 104
daplidice, Pontia . ey el 2 Grelt39
dardanus, Papilio 14, 95, 132, 157,
170, 172
darwiniana (arecania race), Coeno-
nympha 2, 105, 143
davus, Coenonympha 159
debilis (aurinia var.), Melitaea 139, 143
decolorata =flavofasciata .. 5, 142
decora, Agrotis ae .. 141
defoliaria, _EHrannis, Hybernia,
Larentia .. Sie cis 30, 35
dejeanii, Pyrameis .. 62, 80
Delias : Fi 116, 132
delius, Parnassius oo ee)
delphius, Parnassius 147
dentalis, Odontia Ans -. 141
dentina=nana sie . 9, 141, 143
deplana, Lithosia 5 76, 140
depuncta, Noctua, Agrotis .. . 141
derasa, Habrosyne ..-.. .. 142
deserticola (sinapis race), eee Tle
designata, Ochyria .. 5
detersa, Rhizogramma .. 141
dictynna, Melitaea 2, 29, 30, 57, 139
dictaeoides, Phaeosia ae 76, 144
didyma, Melitaea .. 59, 104, 123,
139, 148
didymata, Melenydris, Larentia .. 141

viii.

PAGE
diffinis, Calymnia .. ole ou Oe
diffusa (semele var.), Hipparchia.. 25
dilucida, Spintherops é -. 141
dimidiata, Ptychopoda, Acidalia .. 142
diniensis (sinapis race), Leptosia.. 111
dilutata, Epirrita ue 42
discobolus, Parnassius 147
dispar, Ocneria, Lymantria . 33
dissoluta (sertata var.), Acasis,

Lobophora. . 89
dissoluta (stragularia ab.), “Thera,
Larentia : 3 152
dissoluta (variata ab.), “Thera,
Larentia a oc. Sy
distinctaria, Eupithecia Nana
divisa (juniperata ab.), Thera,
Larentia Ae te sists)
divisa (variataab.), Thera, Larentia 89
dodoneata, Eupithecia oo BE
dohertyi (marshalli race), Mima-
craea oo bd 66 .. 145
donzelii, Plebeius, Aricia 29, 57,
123, 140
dorilis, Heodes, Loweia 108, 124,
126, 140
dorus, Coenonympha, 103, 125
doubledayaria (betularia ab.),
Biston, Pachys, Amphidasis 171
dryas, Enodia, Satyrus 123, 124
dubia, Hypolimnas .. wi 14
dubitata, Triphosa .. an real:
duponcheli, Leptosia .29, 123, 124
efformata, Anaitis 30, 42, 64, 77, 147
egea, Polygonia 125
elegans, Rhyacia 141
eleus (phlaeas race), Rumicia.
Heodes 4 125, 140
elinguaria, Crocallis 20, 141
elongata, (napi ab.), Pieris a. dlzal
elpenor, Kumorpha. . 76, 147
eltola, Suastus Ata)
elutata =furcata 78
emarginata, Ania, Acidalia 6
Endromidae : eG
engadinensis (andereggii race),
Leucania .. dt Ao .. 140
ephialtes, Zygaena .. ..8, 124, 125
epiphron, Erebia ae 122, 139
Krebia 35 ay
eris (niobe var. ); Argynnis. . 122, 139
eros, Polyommatus.. 123, 140
erosaria, Ennomos .. 78
Hrycinidae de a 157
erynnis (gorge ab.), Hrebia 139
escheri, Polyommatus 2, 103, 123,
124, 125, 140
eumedon, Polyommatus, Aricia
106, 140
eupheno (belia), Anthocharis 129
euphenoides, Huchloé 59, 139
euphorbiae, Hyles, Deilephila 59,
103, 104, 140
euphorbiae, Pharetra 140
euphrosyne, Brenthis 4, 5, 8, 27, 30,
49, 139, 165

SPECIAL INDEX.

| PAGE
| Eupithecia 147
europomene (palaeno “race), Colias 139
| euryale, Hrebia ok -. 105, 139
eurybia (hippothoé ab.), Heodes .. 140
Kusphalera .. a GO,
exanthemata, Cabera tag
exclamationis, Agrotis 80, 142
| exigua, Laphyema 3a 58, 125, 140
exulans, Zygaena .. 3, 58, 140, 159
exulis, Crymodes 141
falcula (falcataria), Drepana 20,

143, 148
falloui, Anthocharis by WEDS:
fascelina, Dasychira ..27, 58, 140
fasciaria, Ellopia 154, 167, 168
fasciata, Labanda RS 3095
fasciuncula, Miana .. Ae 5, 142
fausta, Zygaena 105, 124, 140
febretta, Amicta ve 98, 99
fenestrella, Thyris . .. 125
ferschaultella, Luffia LEI 9,
festucae, Plusia 141, 156
fidia, Satyrus 105, 123, 124
filipendulae, Zygaena 3, 6, 20, 30,

82, 84, 103, 130, 140, 147, 148
fimbria, Triphaena .. Be 6, 20
firmata, Thera, Larentia 168, 169
flava (linea, thaumas), Adopaea 6,
125, 140, 142
flava (comma ab.), Urbicola 108
flava (crataegi ab.), Aporia.. 160
flava (napi ab.), Pieris 6 .. 64
' flaveolaria, Ptychopoda, Acidalia
| 106, 141
| flavescens (fulvago ab.), Citria 140
| flavescens (napi ab.), Pieris 64
| flavicinctata, Cidaria, Larentia 141
flavicornis, Polyploca 61
flavicincta, Polia ane po MOL
flavofasciata (decolorata), Perizoma
, 142
florella, Depressaria at .. 141
fluctuata, Xanthorhoé .. 5, 14, 120
| fluctuosa, Palimpsestis 76
fowleri (coridon ab.), Polyommatus 166
fraxinata, Hupithecia 66) 23
fraxini, Catocala hs 141
fritillum (cirsii), Hesperia .. .. 140
fuciformis, Hemaris 4 5, 147
fuliginosa, Phragmatobia .. 6 18)
fulva, Tapinostola .. 77
fulvago (cerago), Citria 21, "99, 129, 140
| fulvata (Cidaria), Larentia 141
fulvipinnulis (altheae ab.), Erynnis 106
fumata (ternata), Pylarge, Acidalia 77
funesta, Aedia 125
furcata (sordida, elutata), " Hydrio-
mena a at 6, 20, 78, 141
furcatellus, Crambus else
furvata, Gnophos 125
fusca, Phycis 141
fusca, Pygmaena : 106
galathea, Melanargia 13, 123, 124,
126, 139, 142
gallica (medon race), Plebeius, Aricia 109

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
gamma, Plusia . 6, 20, 141
gemina, Apamea, Hadena.. 141
gemmaria=rhomboidaria . 80
genistae, Mamestra, Hadena by
Geometridae. . .. 77, 132, 141, 143
geryon, Adscita 140
glabraria =jubata 1.50, 93, 142
glareosa, Noctua 76
glauca, Mamestra, Hadena 141

glauce (belemia race), Anthocharis
glaucinaria, Gaeplies

enaphalii, Cucullia . 77, 147
goante, Krebia ihe 2, 139
gordius (alciphron race), Heodes 3,
104, 105, 123, 140
gorge, Hrebia eel 22139
graeca (ausonia race), Anthocharis 90
grandipennis, Butalis .. 129
grandis, Lohita a 172
grandis (sinapis race), Leptosia 111
erisealis, Zanclognatha .. 20
**griseofulva (alceae race), nee 106
grisescens, Agrotis .. .. 141
grisescens, (stragulata ab.), Thera 152
erossulariata, Abraxas 5, 17, 18,
19, 29, 42, 113, 141
gueneci, Apamea .. ae .. 143
halterata (hexapterata), Lobophora 92
hastata, Hulype .. We SS)
hastiana, Peronea .. ok .. 94
hector, Papilio .. 147
hectus, Hepialus wi SEAS
helice (croceus ab.), Colias 139
heliconia, Asota .. ae 96
helvola (rufina), Amathes .. . 140
Hepialus 2° 83, 85
hera = quadripunctaria 124
hermione=mayjor, Satyrus, Nytha 103
herminiata, Diplodoma .. 99
Hesperia (idae) 9, 96, 107, 109, 145
Heterocera 140
Heterogynis .. 82, 84
hexapterata = haltera. Be su Be
hiberna (semele race), Hipparchia 26
hippocastanaria, Pachyenemia 6
hippocoon (dardanus race), Papilio 14
hippomene, Antanartia .. 64
hippothoé, Heodes .. ats .. 140
hirtaria, Lycia 33, 35, 61, 128, 149
hispidaria, Apocheima 29, 33, 34,
35, 61
hispulla (jurtina race), Epinephele 29
bochenwarthi, Plusia 5 .. 141
hospita (plantaginis race), Nemeo-
phila, Parasemia. . at .. 140
hyale, Colias y 75, 139
hyalinalis, Botys so eh
hybridalis = noctuella 125, 141
Hydriomeninae Sion UU
hylaeiformis, Bembecia .. .. 140
hylas, Polyommatus 2, 103, 116, 140
Hypeninae UU
hyperantus, Aphantopus 6, 42, 142, 165
hyperborea, Agrotis, Pachnobia .. 159
icarinus (icarus ab.), Polyommatus 29

ix.
PAGE
icarus, Polyommatus 5, 7, 21, 29,
105, 123, 140, 142, 148, 166
ichneumoniformis, Aegeria 140
ilicis, Strymon, Nordmannia 103,
104, 105, 125
imitaria, Acidalia, Leptomeris 142
immanata=citrata .. o5 .. 141
immorata, Leptomeris, Acidalia
141, 148
immutata. Leptomeris, Acidalia .. 77
imperialis, Teinopalpus 130
impudens (pudorina), Leucania 77
impura, Leucania .. .. 6, 20, 125
incanaria = virgularia = seriata, Aci-
dalia, Ptychopoda .. 141
Incurvaria 83, 84
iners (suspecta), Dyschorista 77
infraplumbea (medonab.), Plebeius,
Aricia . 50 .. 109
infuscata (furcata ab.), Hydriomena 6
ino, Brenthis & a 22139
insulata (variata ab.), Larentia,
Thera oD bi so° tel
insulata (silaceata ab.), Larentia 89
interjecta, Triphaena ps .. 20
interrupta (corylata ab.), Cidaria.. 89
interrupta (sagittata ab.), Cidaria 89
interrupta (stragulata ab.), Larentia
Thera a0 a .. 152
interrupta (variata a Larentia,
Thera ae 89
io, Vanessa 20, 21, ‘58, 139, 143,
144, 148
iota, Plusia .. 33
iphis, Coenonympha, 105, 122
irriguata, Hupithecia ang
ismene (leda), Melanitis 148
**italaveris (dorilis race), Heodes 108
italorum (dorilis race), Heodes 108
jacobaeae, Hipocrita ne 6, 148
janthina, Triphaena Ne .. 20
jubaris (semele race), Hipparchia
22, 23, 25, 26
jubata (glabraria), Cleora ..30, 93, 142
juniperata, Thera, Larentia so. Sy)
jurtina, Epinephele 5, 6, 20, 29, 30,
116, 142, 165
lactearia, Iodis S 5
lacticolor (grossulariata ab.),
Abraxas .. HK soll, ash 118)
laius, Libythea : .. 63
lamborni, Aslauga .. FAA .. 160
lanceolata (hyperantus ab.),
Aphantopus ae .. 165
lanestris, Lachneis .. 140
lapidella, Luffia 30. 0h)
lappona, Hrebia 2, 30
lapponaria, Ithysia.. .. 149
Larentia : .. 39
lariciata, upitheeia: 93, 141
Larinopoda 50 ° .. (14
latelians (galathea race), Melan-
argia i ae : 56, HAG
lateritia, Hadena .. 141
lathonia, Issoria 126, 139

x SPECIAL INDEX.
PAGE PAGE
lathyri (sinapis race), Hepeoee .. 111 | machaon, Papilio 105, 125, 126,129,
laura, Castnia 5 12 130, 139
lavaterae, Hrynnis .. by 125, 140 | macularia, Venilia.. . 5, 106, 129
leda =ismene ah 5 148 | maculata (rivata ab.), Larentia,
leopoldella, Tinea .. is 84, 113 Xanthorhoé 3 ts $5) tk)
leporina, Acronicta .. 143, 144, 148 | maculata (variata ab. ), Larentia,
leucographa, Pachnobia .. aie itil Thera ae Bo. tek)
leucomelas (galathea ab.), Melan- maderensis (semele race), Hippar-
argia 4 3, 123, 124 chia : ; aH Aon) 213)
leucostigma (secalis ‘ab. ),Apamea.. 20 | maera, Pararge 103, 124, 139
libatrix, Gonoptera .. é' 5, 142 | magna (sinapis ab.), Leptosia 111
lichenaria, Cleora 3 78 | **magnaustralis (alceae race),
licus, Castnia 12 Erynnis : df; .. 106
lidderdalii, Armandia 130 | malvae, Hesperia .. 4,5, 6, 125, 142
ligea, Erebia.. 124 | manni, Pieris ae .. 125
lignata (vittata), ‘Phibalapteryx, margaritaria, Metrocampa, Cam-
Orthonama 78 paea fs sas
lignea, Blastobasis .. 64 | margaritosa (saucia ‘ab. ), Peridroma
lignicolor, Gnophos.. 125 76, 141
ligula (spadicea), Cerastis, Orrhodia 116 | marginata, Ania .. 141
ligustri, Sphinx .. oh 13, 64 | marginata, Lomaspilis 141
Limacodidae. . : 2 .. 83 | marginata=umbyra . 77
limitata (mensuraria), EKubolia, marginaria, Hybernia 64
Ortholitha 20, 141, 142 | marginea, Catastia . ah spp nll4ili
lineola, Adopaea .103, 125, 126, 140 | marginepunctata (promutata), Aci-
linguliformella, Adela 84 dalia, (Leptomeris) : .. 141
Liparis (idae) 82, 83 marshalli, Mimacraea : 145
Thiphyrinae .. 160 | maxima (ausonia g.Q.), Anthocharis 90
literana, Leptogramma .. 92 | matura (cytherea), Cerigo .. <1
literosa, Miana 76, 142 | maturna, Melitaea .. 35
lithargyria, Leucania 20, 142 | maura, Mania ‘ ag Sp 240)
Lithosiidae .. BG -- 76 | maurella, Lypusa .. ab 82, 83
lithoxylea, Xylophasia 125, 142 | medon (astrarche), Plebeius,
littoralis, Leucania . J. dA2 Aricia 64, 75, 103, 109, 140, 159, 160
liturata, Selidosoma 5 | mediolucens (obeliscata ab.), Lar-
lividaria, Nychiodes .. 125 entia, Thera 153
livornica, Phryxus .. 59, 140 medionigricans =nigrofaseiata 39
lobengula, Amauris Of .. 95 | Meesia 113
lonicerae, Zygaena .. ..3, 124, 142 | megera, Pararge 4, 23, 24, "29, 124,
lubricipeda=lutea .. 3 Bieet) 139, 142
lucernea, Agrotis 142 | megacephala, Acronicta, Cuspidia 76
lucilla, Neptis : 29 | Megalopyga .. as 82, 83
luctiferellus, Crambus 141 | major (hermione), Nytha, Satyrus 102
luctuosa, Acontia .. 141 | melampus, Erebia .. Aft 2
lunaedactyla iphacodactyla), Mar- meleager, Polyommatus 103, 124
asmarcha .. 5 yah LT mendica, Diacrisia .. So yee chs
lunigera, Agrotis 142 | mensuraria=limitata .. 142
lurideola, Lithosia .. .. 140 | menyanthidis, Pharetra 19
lupulinus, Hepialus ee 82, 83 | melanella=monilifera é Suh yO9.
lutea (lubricepeda), Diacrisia .. 5 | melisanda (ausonia g. a.), Antho-
lutea (flavago), Citria oe -- 140 charis : 30 30 oa Sd)
lutealis, Scopula 56 141 | mercuriana (monticolana), Pam-
lutearia, Cleogene 141 plusia ae od .. 141
luteolata, Opisthograptis 5 | merope (aurinia race), Melitaea 2,
lutescens (napi av.), Pieris 64 30, 139, 143
Lycaenidae . 8, 9, 75, 96, 157 | mersina (semele race), Hipparchia
lycaon, Epinephele .. 120, 123, 139 , 25, 26
lycidas (sephyrus race), Plebeius 2, 30 | meticulosa, Phlogophora .. 5, 141
lychnitis, Cucullia .. : .. 141 | mi, Euclidia.. dc 4,5, 142
Lymantriidae 131 | miata, Cidarint Chloroelysta 21,78, 141
Lypusa ° 82 | midas (alciphron ab.), Heodes 104, 123
lythargyrellus, Grambus 141 | minimus, Cupido 2,5, 105, 122, 140, 165
lyssa (megera race), Pararge 24 | miniosa, Taeniocampa .. -. 129
minorata, Larentia, Perizoma , 14i
mistura (mendica race), Diacrisia 29

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE |

mnemosyne, Parnassius BO by
mnestra, Hrebia ..2, 122, 139
moloneyi, Anaphe .. .. 158
moneta, Plusia .. 114
monilifera (melanella), Narycia go) SN)
monoglypha, Hadena 6, 20, ee 142
Xylophasia : :
monogramma, Metoptria 125
monovittata.(sinapis ab.), Leptosia 111
montanata, Xanthorhoé 5, 6, 141
monticolana=mercuriana .. .. 141
morpheus, Caradrina ee 6, 20
morpheus, Heteropterus EDO
Morphinae ae oe .. 146
multistrigaria, Malenydris, Lar-
entia ah ee i 30, 61
munitata, Xanthorhoé -. 141
muralis, Scopula ae PAL
muricata (auroraria), Hois, Hyria,
Ptychopoda 4 SUT
muscaeformis, Aegeria .. .. 142
myrtillata (obfuscaria), Gnophos
~141, 159
myrtilli, Anarta .. 4 6, 20
myopaeformis, Aegeria .. 78
nana (dentina), Mamestra 5, 141, 142
nanata, Hupithecia .. 5 4, 5
napaeae (napi g. a.), Pieris . 64
napi, Pieris 4, 20, 29, 64, 90, 94, 116,
139, 147, 171
neoridas, Erebia ain 22/389
niavius, Amauris .. 14
niceae:(fausta race), Zygaena 105, 124
nictitans, Hydraecia 3 . 20
nigra, Aporophyla 17
nigrescens (sinapis ab.), Leptosia. . . 111
nigricans, Agrotis Be .. 141
nigrofasciata (variata ab.), Larentia,
Thera 39, 40, 41, 88
niobe, Argynnis .. 29,59, 122, 139
noctuella (hybridalis), Nomophila
125, 141
Noctuidae (ina) 76, 132, 140
Notodontidae Us so) he
nouna, Teracolus EAD,
nupta, Catocala 33, 156
Nyctemera .. ave 2. ail
Nymphalidae MELOMS
obelisca, Agrotis ae .. 141
Obeliscata (variata race), Larentia,
Thera 39, 40, 61, 92, 120, 152,
153, 154, 167, 168, 169
obesalis, Hypena .. se 141
obfuscaria=myrtillata 141, 159
obliquaria=rufata . 77
obliterata, Euchoeca ae 8 5
obliterata (variata ab.), Larentia,
Thera oe af oo BY)
obscura (arion ab.), Lycaena 2, 30,
108, 140
obscura (ceto av.), Hrebia .. gD,
**obscura (variata pases Larentia,
Thera ae -. 40
obscurata, Gnophos. . . 141

XI.
PAGE
obsoleta (coridon ab.), ures
matus 66 166
obsoleta (menyanthidis ab. :),
Pharetra 19
obsoleta (thetis), Polyommatus 140, 173
ocellaris, Xanthia, Mellinia 29, 35
ocellata, Mesoleuca. . ..9, 140, 147
ocellatus, Smerinthus 151033
ocellina, Agrotis ; .. 141
**ochrata (cardamines ab.),
Euchloé : 91
ochroleuca, Hadena, Eremobia 30, 141
oeme, Erebia 122
oleracea, Mamestra, Hadena 142
olivalis, ‘Calostigia,. Scopula .. 141
onopordi, Hesperia .. .. 107, 125
ophiogramma, Apamea Ai ngs
opima, Taeniocampa 2
optilete, Polyommatus, Vacciniina 140
**orae (comma race), Urbicola 107, 108
orbicularia, Ephyra. . 717
orbitulus, Plebeius, Latiorina 2, 57, 140
Orgyia 56 GB}
orientalis (niobe race), Argynnis 29
orion, Scolitantides. . ie Pail oe)
Ornithoptera : 148
oxyacanthae, Miselia .. 141
paeninsulitalia (semele race), Hip-
parchia ae Bb S24 a2 Sree G
palaeno, Colias RA ej 29, 139
palaestinensis (titea race), Melan-
argia ot is wy 147
paleacea, Xanthia 5B .. 140
pales, Brenthis 59, 122, 139
palestinensis (belemia race), Antho-
charis i a. 147
pallens, Leucania : .. 142
pallida (carpophaga ab.), Dian-
thoecia .. Se AG
pallida (striata ab.), Coscinia 103, 124
pallidalgirica (semele race), Hippar-
chia ‘ 2 6 Wh
**pallidula (argus ab. ), Plebeius .. 110
palpina, Pterostoma . 125, 140
pamphilus, Coenonympha 5, 20, 29,
30, 139, 142
paphia, Dryas 6, 19, 20, 21, 29, 30,
116, 142, 165
Papilio (onidae) i 75, 132
papilionaria, Geometra .. 6, 140
parthenias, Brephos A). 4, 61
parthenie, Melitaea.. ts 2, BY)
pastinum, Ophiusa, Toxocampa .. 77
pavonia, Saturnia ..4, 130, 140
peltigera, Heliothis. . 59, 141
penella, Heterogynis 82, 83
pendularia, Ephyra, Cosymbia .. 4
penziana, Sciaphila 141
perla, Bryophila .. 140
perlellus, Crambus .. 106, 140
permutana, Peronea a 141
petraria (chlorosata), Lozogramma,
Lithina 5
peucedani (ephialtes race), ‘Zygaena 124
phaeodactyla=lunaedactyla 127, 141

xii.
PAGE |

phaeorrhaea (chrysorrhoea), |

Nygmia O0 20 se 30) |
pharte, Hrebia .. 139
phegea, Syntomis .. 3, 125
pheretes, Plebeius, Albulina 140
phicomone, Colias .. 122, 139
philea =satyrion .. 143
philenor, Papilio 116
philodice, Hurymus, Colias. 149
phlaeas, Rumicia, Heodes 4, 5, 13,

30, 125, 130, 140
phoebe, Melitaea 3 139, 148 |
phocas (dorilis race,) Heodes . 108 |
Pieris (inae) .. 75, 116
pigra, Pygaera 61, 140
pinetata = variata .. -. 154 |
piniaria, Ellopia, Bupalus. . 5
piniperda, Panolis .. ‘ 61
pisi, Mamestra, Hadena no. KG
pitho (pronoé race), Krebia 3, 30
plagiata, Anaitis . 6, 42, 64, 77, 141
plantaginis, Parasemia, Nemeophila

59, 76, 140
platinea, Hadena oP .. 141
Platypterygidae 82
plecta, Noctua 142
plumbaria, Ortholitha 142
**plumbea (euphrosyne ab. h Bren.
this 4 A Sh: Di
plumigera, Ptilophora oI
pluto (alecto race), Erebia . 106
podalirius, Papilio 103, 123, 124,
139, 171
polonus (thetis ab.), Polyommatus 30
polychloros, Eugonia 58, 139, 167
polycommata, Tricopteryx.. 129
polymita, Polia 141
polytes, Papilio fe 147
polyxena, Zerynthia, Thais 29
pomona, Catopsilia .. : 95
popularis, Neuronia ae 141
populata, Lygris, Cidaria .. 141
populeti, Taeniocampa 717
populi, Amorpha 130, 148, 154
populi, Limenitis 1
porcellus, Theretra .. 76, 147
potatoria, Cosmotriche 6, 33
praeaustralis (megera race), Pararge 24
**praeaustralis (alceae race), Hryn-
nis .. 50 Sc O10 .. 106
prasinaria (fasciaria ab.), Hllopia
154, 167
Precis... : Bo a6 -. 145
primulae (festiva), Noctua.. 5
proboscidalis, Hypena 50) al)
procida (galathea race), Melanargia
123, 124
promutata = marginepunctata 141
pronoé, Hrebia fs 3, 30
pronuba, Triphaena.. 20, 29, 30, 140
prosapiaria, Hylaea, Ellopia 61
protea, Hadena +f Seren
pruinata, Pseudoterpna ..6, 125, 142
prunata, Lygyis, Cidaria .. 5, 141
pruni, Strymon 75

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
psittacata =siderata 77
Psodos 50 .. 146
Psychides : .-81, 82, 97
pterodactyla, Stenoptilia .. 141
pudorina=impudens 17
puerpera, Catocala .. 141
pumilata, Hupithecia 26
punctifera (arion ab.), Lycaena 108, 109
punctularia, Tephrosia .. 4, 143
pupillana, Semasia .. 141
purpuralis, Zygaena _ 3, 124, 125, 140
purpuraria, Lythria 30 141
purpurata, Rhyparia 103
purpurata, Arctia .. 125
pusaria, Cabera 5, 6
pusillata, Eupithecia Me bon) we)
pustulata (bajularia), Huchlora 64
putris, Axylia : .. 142
Pyratidae ies 131, 141
pyralina, Calymnia ao. OU
pyrenaica, Hepialus 83
pyrina (aesculi), Zeuzera .. 78
quadrangularis, Amicta ao, Oe
quadrifasciaria, Ochyria, Coremia
78, 142
Quadrifinae .. 17
quadripunctaria (hera), Callimor pha
124, 142
quadripunctata, Caradrina 140
quercifolia, Kutricha 104
quercinaria, Ennomos 78
quercts, Lasiocampa 140
quercts, Ruralis, Bithys 142
ramburi, Aegeria .. 140
ramosa (aurita ab.), Setina 125, 140
rapae, Pieris 4, 16, 20, 90, 146, 139
rectilinea, Hyppa .. ae s5. JUsiy)
reducta (obeliscata ab.), Larentia,
Thera ; .. 153
repandata, Boarmia 14
resinella, Rhyacionia 4 141
reticulata (saponariae), Neuria 76
revayana, Sarrothripus 92
rhadamanthus, Zygaena .. 125
rhamnata=transversata U1; 93
rhamni, Gonepteryx . 4, 21, 139
rhododactylus, Cnaemidophora 141
rhomboidaria (gemmaria), Boarmia
80, 125
rhomboidea=stigmatica a6 0G
Rhopalocera . . a4 si6 ES
richardsoni (vinculella), Tinea 84, 113
ridens, Asphalia a 61, 92
ripartii (admetus race) Polyom-
matus, Hirsutina 103, 104, 123, 124
rivata, Xanthorhoé, Larentia 5, 78, 89
rivularis (camilla), Limenitis 2,
59, 105, 127, 139
roboraria, Boarmia .. i .. 165
rippertaria, Lithina 141
roboris, Laeosopis .. -. 103
romanovi (discobolus ab. ) Par-
nassius .. 147
rosea (glariosa ab.), Noctua 76

SPECIAL
PAGE
rostralis, Hypena .. -. 130
rubi, Callophrys 5, 142
rubi, Lasiocampa .. 140
rubidata, Anticlea .. 78
rubiginata, Leptomeris, Acidalia, . 125
rubiginea, Dasycampa po 0
rufata (obliquaria), Chesias 77, 92
rufina =helvola 50 56 .. 140
rufimitrella, Adela . i 141
rumicis, Pharetra, Acronicta 142
rurea, Xylophasia .. O16 5, 6
russula = sannio 124, 125
gacraria, Sterrha 64
sagittata, Larentia .. 89
salicis, Leucoma f ss ..- 149
salmacis (medon ab.), Plebeius,
Aricia uy .. 64
sambucaria, Ourapteryx 129
sannio (russula), Diacrisia 6, 124, 125
sao, Pyrgus, Hesperia .2, 105, 140
saponariae = reticulata -. 76
satyrata, Hupithecia 93, 147
Satyridae bee 56 .. 146
satyrion (philea) (arcania race),
Coenonympha , 139, 143
saucia = margaritosa 76, 141
scabiosata, Hupithecia 93
schepdaeli (cardamines ab.), Eu-
chloé ad 29, 91
schmidtii (phlaeas ab. ), Rumicia.. 30
scipio, Hrebia ae -. 124, 139
scolopacina, Xylophasia .. 76
scota (semele race), Hipparchia 21,
, 23, 26
scotica (variata race), Thera,
Larentia .. 39, 40
secalis (oculea) (didyma), “Apamea
20, 129
segetum, Agrotis .. 142
selasellus, Crambus. . ae .. 141
selene, Brenthis ..30, 96, 142
semele, Bippereps 21, 22, 23, 24,
26, 64, 126, 139, 142
semiargus, pogo (Cyaniris) 140
senthes (semele race), Hipparchia
24, 26
sephyrus, Plebeius .. 2, 30
sepiaria, Tephrosia .. -. 141
serotinaria, Gnophos 509, 141
sertata, Lobophora, Acasis.. 89
sexstrigata (umbrosa), Noctua 76
sibilla, Limenitis 2 .2,,6,.;,30
siciliana (semele race), Hipparchia
21, 24,25, 26
sidae, Hesperia 29
siderata (psitticata), Cidaria 77
silaceata, Eustroma, Larentia 5, 89
similis =chrysorrhoea .. 20
simplana, Hedya 13
simplonia, Agrotis .. 141
simulans, Agrotis .. 141
sinapis, Leptosia 59, 110, 111, 125,
139, 142
sobrinata, Eupithecia is 93, 141
sociata, Larentia, Xanthorhoé .. 5

INDEX.

sociella, Aphomia
sophialis, Botys BY
sordida (anceps), Mamestra
sordidata =fureata ..
spadicea=ligula .. ae fe
spini, Strymon 103, 104, 125,
spheciformis, Aegeria
Sphingidae
statices, Adscita
statilinus, Satyrus ..
stellatarum, Sesia, Macroglossa 130,
140,
stigmatica (rhomboidea), Noctua ..
stoechadis, Zygaena ds ae
stragulata (variata ab.), Larentia,
Thera 89, 119, 120, 151, 152,
straminea, Conchylis, Kuxanthis ..
straminea, Leucania
striata (thetis ab.),
striata, Coscinia

76,
78,

76,

Polyommatus
103,

strigata (thymiaria), Hemithea 6,
strigata (vibicaria ab.), Rhodo-
strophia

strigillaria, Perconia, Aspilates
strigilis, Miana :
stygne, Erebia 105, 106, 122, 124,
subalpina (dorilis race), Heodes
subaudiata, Triphosa ;
subcalida (medon race), Plebeius,
Aricia é 109,
subnotata, Kupithecia 78,
substitutus (apollo race), Parnassius
succenturiata, Kupithecia ..

suffumata, Lampropteryx .. 5, 92,
suffusa = upsilon BY fe
suffusa (semele race), Hipparchia
suspecta = iners 5 Pe o6
sylvanus, Augiades .. 6,
sylvina, Hepialus 5:5

sylvina, Mesosemia. .
syringaria, Hygrochroa, Pericallia
tages, Nisoniades 4, 5, 6,
taraxaci, Caradrina.. tee

taraxaci, Lemonia .. iG :
dicignoniiraa eee 3h
telicanus, Syntarucus aig By 1),
fenebrata, Heliaca .. as

teres (Semele race), Hipparchia 23,
24, 25,
terrea, Caradrina .. 00
tersa (armoricanus race), Hesperia
tersata, Phibalapteryx, Horisme7s8,
tersior (onopordi race), Hesperia ..
testacea, Apumea, Luperina
thapsiella, Depressaria Ee
thaumas = flava 56 He 6,
theophrastus, Tarucus ab 8,
thetis, Polyommatus, Agriades 6, 7,
30, 59, 67, 116, 127, 140, 165,
thore, Brenthig ie 29,
thymiaria =strigata
Thysania ac
tigris, Amphicallia ..
tiliae, Mimas
Tinea sie sie

19, 42, 76,

xiv. SPECIAL INDEX; |

PAGE
tineana, Ancylus .. As of NLS
tipuliformis, Aegeria 78
titan, Ornithoptera .. 148
titea, Melanargia .. GI -. 147
tithonus, Epinephele .. (142, 165
tityus (bombyliformis), Hemaris .. 5
togata, Kupithecia .. : 78
tolana (cristana ab.), Peronea 96
Tortrices . 141
tosna, Suastus é =o}
trabealis, Agrophila.. 125
tragopogonis, Ampbipyra Ke 140
transalpina, Zygaena 3, 80, 105,
123, 124, 125, 140
transiens (sinapis race), Leptosia. . 111
transversata (rhamnata), Philereme
Cos: Oe
trapezina, Calymnia 2. 28
trepida, Notodonta .. ey 125
triangula (ausonia race), Antho-.
charis 3 std nF 90
Trifinae Bo Set)
trifolii (chenopodii), Hadena 141, 147
trifolii, Lasiocampa soos Of OO
trifolii, “ygaena.. oe , 140
trimacula, Derthisa, Hpisema 141
tripartita, Abrostola 141
triplasia, Abrostola .. 148
tritici, Agrotis 141
Troides ee .. 132
turcica (galathea race), Melanargia 124
turfosalis, Schrankia Cache
tyndarus, Hrebia .. ae 60, 139
typhae=arundinis .. ais oe 07
ubaldus, Azanus .. Saraa9
ulmifolia (quercifolia race), Eu-
tricha, Lasiocampa 104
umbra (marginata), Chariclea 77
umbratica, Cucullia 147
umbrosa = sexstrigata f 76
unangulata, Xanthorhoé, Eupbyia 142
uncula, Eustrotia, Hydrelia 77
unicolor (lutea ab.), Diacrisia
unicolor Gorampeling ab.), Cir- |
rhoedia ie DAO
unifasciana, Tortrix 148
unifasciata = bifasciata 158
upsilon (suffusa), Agrotis .. 141
urticae, Aglais 6, 20, 21, 58, 139,
143, 144, 156, 166, 167
urticata, Eurrhypara 171
valesina (paphia ab.), Dryas 19, 20, 29
v-argenteum, Plusia 141
varia, Melitaea th cag? 29, 139
variata, Larentia, Thera 39, 40,
61, $8, 89,.90, 92, 119, 120, 151,
152, 153, 154, 167, 168, 169
variegana, Peronea.. us oe. esi
vauaria, Halia 141
venata, Anaphe 158
venosata, Hupithecia 43 -. 141
verbasci, Cucullia ... ..4, 130, 142
verberata, Coenotephria .. 141
verhuellella, Perr ole, Psychoides
2 65, 68, 82, 83

PAGE
versicolora, Dimorpha, Endromis.. 76
**veris (argus race), Plebeius a0 110
vernaria, Geometra.. 11 na 147,
vespiformis (asiliformis), Aegeria.. 78
vibicaria, Rhodostrophia’ 102, 125, 141
villica, Arctia Os af 42, 130:
vinculella (richardsoni), Tinea 82,

84, $3, 113.
viningra, Aslauga ... a -- 160:
vinula,. Cerura ob vf. .. 140
virens, Leucania .. re .. 140
virescens, Charagris 80
virgaureae, Heodes 2, 103, 122, 124, 140
viridaria, Phytometra ce 5
viridaria, Amoebe, Larentia 5, 6
viridella, Adela Ny E 82, 83
vitalbata, Philabalapteryx, Horisme 78
vitellina, Leucania .. 140

vitiosata (variata ab.), Baventin
Thera axe ve .. 119, 120

vittata =lignata a Be Rarities:
vulgata, Hupithecia. . ie 5, 93
wahlbomiana, Sciaphila .. .. 141
w-album, Strymon .. bi 75, 104
xerampelina, Cirrhoedia .. faut20
Zeuzeridae ... oft iy sHinS 2
ziezac, Notodonta .. 76, 130, 140
Zygaena (idae) 48, 82, 85, 124, 129, 132
NEUROPTERA.
bioculata, Ephemera he «+ LOS
italicus, Ascalaphus ie -. 60
longicornis, Ascalaphus .. .. 125
Myrmeleon .. ae en li2,
pellucida, Hydropsyche ae dal fe
perla, Chrysopa .. ae .. 125
Phryganeidae af 56 a0)
prasinus, Chrysopa .. oo .. 125
ORTHOPTERA,
Avixenia 5 ow Cine 0
berenguieri, Barbitistes bis .. 103
crucigera, Ephippigera: ae .. 124
egena, Hmpusa As SG .. 104
Empusa a oc S10 .. 147
EKphippigera - . 56 at Bo ates
Forficulidae .. O10 OG .. 82
nivea, Panchlora .. os SOG
religiosa, Mantis .. ci oe als
scalaris, Stauroderus at .. 103
serricauda, Barbitistes Aes .. 104
virescens, Panchlora a0 Ee UZ9
PARANEUROPTERA.
Aeschna ce SY .. 104

annulatus, Cordulegaster We LO 4 25
caerulescens, Orthetrum 1038, 104, 125

cyanea, Aeschna .. ae .. 60
dubia, Leucorrhinia. mM Seeing 2:
flaveolum, Sympetrum .. eH:
forcipatus, Onychogomphus 104, 125
grandis, Aeschna .. .-- 148

haemorrhoidalis, Calopteryx 104, 125

SPECIAL INDEX. XV.

PAGE PAGE
juncea, Aeschna .. a .. 172 | melanoderes, Dysdercus .. .. 158
Lestes ie : Ne .. 60 | m-flavum, Monodesmus .. oo IPAS
mercuriale, Agrion . .. 105, 172 | najas, Gerris Se $0 Diy cndlis)
nymphula, Pyrrhosoma ie .. 125 | nebulosa, Aphalara.. Me yous Od
scoticum, Sympetrum SO .. 60 | nigricans, Carpocoris Ae .. 126
splendens, Calopteryx .. 104, 125 | pallida, Flata : a: .. 158
striolatum, Sympetrum .. .. 60) pandurus, Spilotethus oo .. 126
perplexus, Pilophorus se .. 136
RHYNCHOTA. personatus, Reduvius .. 105, 126
| Phonoctonus.. ; 50 .. 158
acuteangulatus, Gonocerus -- 126 | picturatus, Phonoctonus .. <3158
agilis, Stenocephalus ais .. 124 Pilophorus ar ie -. 136
Aphididae .. a -- 145 | queretis, Stomaphis. . 73, 137, 138
baccarum, Dolycoris | a -- 126 | syadicis, Trama ee ee 5
carnosa, Geoica aie 96 so UB remigis, Gerris ni i Me 5
clavatus, Pilophorus 8 -- 136 | sanguinolenta, Cercopis .. 59 1G
Coccidae 28 -- 48, 176 | caxatilis, Spilotethus as .. 126
donisthorpei, Ripersia oc so LAG Stomaphis .. ey ig _. 136
dumosa, Jalla 0 oh -- 126 | cubterranea, Ripersia ag eds
Dysdercus — .. = -- 158 | superstitiosus, Dysdercus .. soy US
equestris, Spilotethus BO -- 126 | theivora, Helopeltis a aiey ee
floccosa, Newsteadia ie so: 08) || eihaah. JakReayrinn 146
formicaria, Forda .. ie 55) 083 ; ah Fs i
formicina, Gesica .. ie 60 | Ue)
formosus, Phonoctonus .. so WE | NOT CLASSIFIED.
fosteri, Psylla ae als .. 88 | albinos, Cyphodeirus (Collem.) 74,
fraxina, Cicada ae A .. 126 138, 176
Fulgoridae .. : sie .. 96 | Amphisbaena (Rep.) ati eo)
iracundus, Harpactus 60 .. 126 | annulosa, Caecilia (Rep.) .. es Ue)
Lachninae .. ac .. 137 | aquatica, Podura (Collem.) sa WZ
lateralis, Campotopus oie .. 126 | **corticis, Coecilius (Psocid.) .. 148
Laternaria .. Be so Ulals Hiaeiidae! Bie aie 32, 46
lineata, Graphosoma 0 .. 126 fragilis, Anguis (Rep.) oe 74, 75
ikon ir Piezodorus ae .. 124 | gigas, Scolopendra .. u 95
longirostris, Stomaphis .. 136, 137 | hoffmanseggii, Platyarthrus (Crus. )
longirostris (=quercus), Rhyn- 74, 138
chocles .. ae fe .. 137 | Platyarthrus (Crus.) ee so
Macroceraea . . Sia a bo Lye

ae
hh

ep

. , f
okie 3

or

ae

Fie
yh
nb

SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. (21)

from chariclea, Steph., in the lowlands, chiefly by consisting of indi-
vidual forms transitional to vazquezi, Obth., Ht. Lép. Comp., IX., IL.
part, p. 89, fig. 2207 (May, 1914) [‘‘ Castile, in Spain ’’], and by pro-
ducing well characterised ones of the latter quite frequently. I will
deal more at length with all these points in the paper mentioned there.
I only wish to remark here that Réber’s catoleuca is not an Oriental
race, but that it is the second generation of the whole of southern
Europe. In Italy it stops short on the boundary of the Peninsular
subzone, and it is replaced in the Po Basin by nymotypical brassicae,
which extends northwards to the whole of Central and Northern
Hurope. My August specimens from Norrwegen, in Central Sweden, and
from St. Petersburg, are identical with those from Vienna and Northern
Italy. I conclude that, as Stephens by creating his name of chariclea,
restricted the specific one to the summer form, there is no use for
Rober’s lepidii, which he has simply given to the summer form in a
general way, because he considered the spring form to be the nymo-
typical one. One does meet commonly in Central Kurope, both indi-
vidually and locally, with a form which points to aestiva =catoleuca of
the south by its large size and very scanty dark sealing on the underside;
this is presumably not found in Sweden, but I see no way and no
reason to use the name of lepidii for it in particular, nor to give it any
other designation but that of trans. ad aestiva. As to the third genera-
tion of southern Kurope I have called tertia, I am not fully satisfied that
it is not perfectly identical with the second of northern Europe (which
is also the most usual in Central Europe), and consequently nothing
but nymotypical brassicae, L. In this species, too, Zeller’s names have
the right of priority and must be used: that of verna is the oldest given
to a southern form, and in consequence the entire race, as well as the
first generation, must be designated by it; the other is aestiva, given
to the second generation of Syracuse, collected ‘‘ from the end of May
to June 22nd”; this is nothing but catoleuca, Rober, identical with my
Syrian examples, as it is with Tuscan, Spanish, and others from the south
of Hurope, so that catoleuca falls before aestiva, which applies to the
very distinct second generation of the entire Mediterranean region.
Also the name of mertdionalis, proposed by Roeci for the southern
summer generation, with which he mixed up the second and the third as
one, falls before aestiva, Z. (R. Verity.)

Tribe : Aportidi.
Aporia crataeyi, Li. [‘* Sweden.’ }

(a) race meridionalis, Vrty., Rhop. Pal., p. 824, pl. LXVLI., f. 8.
January, 1911 [‘Syria’’].—C.It., up to 1800m.

(b) race crataegi, L., trans. ad minor, Vrty., Rhop. Pal., p. 119, pl.
XXVI., f£. 8-9 (October, 1907) [Vernet-les-Bains, Pyrénées
Or.” |.—C.It., from 500 (Mainarde Mts.) to 1300m. (Pian
di Gra in the Sibillini Mts. in the Marche).

(c) race augusta, Trti., trans. ad crataegi, L., (Vrty., H.R., 1921, p.
192)—Calabrian Coast Range, 900m.

Family : Papilionidae.
Tribe: Parnasstidi.
Parnassius mnemosyne, L. [** Habitat in Finlandia.’
(a) race costantinii, Trti., Soc. Ital. Scienze Nat., 1919, p. 162, and

(22) THE. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

1923, pl. B, fig. 1-6.—“ Mt. Cimone, 1600m., on boundary
between Modenese and Tuscan Apennines.”

(b) race fruhstorferi, Trti., Nat. Sic., 1909, p. 34, t. I., f. 1-2 (Mb.
Autore in the Abruzzi.”)—C.It., 1200-1600m.

(c) race aquilensis, Bryk. (Trti., U.c., 1919, p. 163).—‘* Gran Sasso
d'Italia, in the Abruzzi.”

(d) race calabrica, Trti., Ann. Museo Zool. Napoli, 1911, p. 12, and
Soc. It. Sc. Nat., 1915, t. VIL, f. 18-17, (‘‘ Aspromonte in
Calabria.””)—Calabria, 900-1700m.

Parnassius apollo, L. [‘* Frequent in Sweden.’ |

(a) race apenninus, Stich., Gen. Insect., 1907, p. 26, (“ Type”:
Verity’s figure in Rhop. Pal., pl. VIII., fig. 20).—* Altissimo
Mt., 1000m. in the Apuane Alps.”

(6) race emilianus, Trti., Atti. Soc. Ital. Scienze Nat., 1923, p. 31 of
extract, pl. A.—‘‘ Mt. Cimone, 1600m., on boundary between
Modenese and Pistoiese Apennines (Northern Tuscany).”

(c) race euappenninus, Vrty., B. Soc. Hint. It., XLY., p. 206 (1914).
— Sibillini Mts., 1800 to 2000m.”’

(d) race decoratissima, Vrty., E.R., 1919, p. 88.—* Pratofiorito
Mt., 1200m. above the Baths of Lucca, and Gran Sasso
d'Italia in the Abruzzi.”

(e) race ttalicus, Obthr., Et. Lép. Comp., II1., p. 116.-—“* Majella
Mt., 1500m., in the Abruzzi.”

(f) race pumilus, Stich., Berl. Ent. Zeit., 1906, p. 88 (locality of
‘types’? unknown).-—Aspromonte, 1200 to 1800m., in
Calabria.

Tribe: Zerynthiidi.
Zerynthia hypermnestra, Scop. [‘‘ Carniolia.’’]
(a) race cassandra, Hb., H.S., £. 910-913 (1823-1838) [no text to
typieal figure}. (= latiaris, Stichel in Wytsman’s Gen. Ins.,
p- 11 (1910), “ Mt. Cavo, 800m., near Rome.’’)—C.It., up to
1000m., in river beds. Stauder has found the species on the
Aspromonte in Calabria, but we do not know whether it
belongs to this race or to latevittata, Vrty., as in Sicily.
Note.—Stichel (l.c.) calls cassandra, Hb., a ‘“ nomen irritum,” and
replaces it by that of creusa, Meig., Syst. Bearb. Hur. Schmett., I., p.
161 (1829). I suppose he does this because there is no text to Hib-
ner’s figure. On this ground, however, most names of this author
would have to be discarded, and I do not think entomologists are quite
prepared to adopt this useless revolution in Nomenclature. Hiubner’s
figures represent most perfectly the race of Central Italy, as I have
pointed out in #.R., 1919, p. 88, where I also described and named
latevittata, the much darker form, usually called cassandra, quite
wrongly. Specimens from Florence and Marina di Pisa in my collec-
tion, Mt. Autore and Albani Mts., in Turati’s, are all quite identical. The
name of latiaris is thus nothing but a synonym. In Liguria there
exists a peculiar race described by Fruhstorfer under the name of
reverdini, in the Intern. Entom. Zeit. Guben., 1908, p. 58, from speci-
mens collected at ‘‘ Rapallo’’ by Reverdin; he says that it is considerably
larger than race creusa, Meigen, of Southern France, and also than
latiaris, and that the yellow ground-colour is unusually light in tone
and extensive, the black pattern being very reduced in extent.

RRA E MNT 77k PL a dela UL CCT

SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. (23)

Reverdin has kindly sent me his three specimens and left me one for
my collection. They are similar to the cassandra individuals from
Florence of the largest size and with black pattern most reduced in
extent; the black band of hindwings strikes me especially as being
narrower and not as dark as in most cassandra from Central Italy.
(R. Verity.)

(6) race nemorensis, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 88.—C.It., in woods

(“ Forte dei Marmi, in the Proy. of Lucca, on coast ’’).

Tribe: Papilionidi.
Papilio machaon, Li. {‘* Sweden.”

(a) race emisphyrus, Vrty., H.R., May, 1919, p. 88 (‘Florence ’’).—
I. gen. emisphyrus, Vrty.; IL. gen. sphyroides, Vrty., Rhop.
Pal., p. 12, pl. IL., f. 6 (reprint of part 1 in 1908), (‘ Forte
dei Marmi, on Tuscan coast’’); LIL. gen. sphyroides, Vrty.—
C.It., up to 1300m.

(b) race meridionalis, Rocci., Soc. Lig. Sc. Nat., April, 1919, p. 11,
pl. L., f. 3 (“ Genoa in Liguria ’’); II. gen. sphyroides, Vrty. ;
JIL. gen. sphyroides, Vrty.—Southern It.

Note.—Although we have not seen extensive series from Southern
Italy, we think we can agree with Stauder (Mitt. Miinchener Ent. Ges.,
1922, p. 17) that the first generation is different from the one of
Central Italy. In Northern Italy, at low altitudes, form emisphyrus
exists alone; in the Alps, at high altitudes, it is replaced by race alpica,
Vrty. In Tuscany (and in Liguria according to Rocci) the darker
form, meridionalis, is always met with mixed with the lighter form,
emisphyrus, whereas in the province of Caserta and the Neapolitan
district, we have only found the former. A series of grades is thus
detectable leading from race bigenerata, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 88, with
its second generation aestivoides, Vrty., of Central Europe, to the fol-
lowing race characteristic of Sicily, and beyond it to the extreme
melanic urticensis, Rocci, peculiar to the small islands of Ustica.

(c) race sphyrus, Hb., E.S., f. 775-776 (1828) [no text to typical

figure.| —I. gen. sphyrus, Hb.; Il. (and III. ?) gen. aestivus,
Zeller, Isis, 1847, p. 216 [** Syracuse, in Sicily”’]; IV. (or
IIL. ?) gen. revertens, mibi.— On the Aspromonte Mass in
Southern Calabria, up to 950m.; according to Stauder, Zert.
wiss. Insektenbiol., 1915, p. 289.

Note.—At Delianova, 600m., this author met at the end of Septem-
ber and in October, with specimens very strongly resembling the first
generation. He supposes them to be the third generation, but both
by the date and by their features it seems more likely they should
constitute a fourth partial generation. It has been suggested that
Hiibner’s figure of sphyrus represents an aberration, with much more
blue scaling on band of hindwings than is ever normally found in
nature. This is quite a mistake, as several specimens of the first
generation from Palermo, in Sicily, and two from England in my
possession, agree perfectly in every detail with that figure. It is quite
remarkable that I should not have been able to detect any difference
between the first gencration from Sicily, called vernus by Zeller (/.c.),
and the English race, called britannicus by Spengel, so that both these
names would seem to fall before sphyrus, Hub. (R. Verity.)

Papilio alexanor, Esp. [‘* Nice, in Provence.’ |

’
(24) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD.

(a) race alecanor, Esp.—Aspromonte, 1200m., in Calabria, accord-
ing to Turati. Verity has made sure of the race by seeing
the specimen.

Iphiclides podalirius, LL. (Type: description of Raio, Hist. Ins., p. 111,
n. 3: ‘near the port of Leghorn in Tuscany.” Habitat in
‘southern Kurope and Africa,’”’ according to Linneus).

(a) race podalirius, L.—l. gen. podalirius, L.; Il. gen. zanclaeus, Z.,
Ists, 1847, p. 218 [‘‘ Messina, in Sicily’’]; IIL. gen. zanclaeus,
Z.—P.It., up to 13800m.

(6) race interjecta, Vrty., Rhop. Pal., p. 291., pl. L, f. 8 (January,
1911) {‘ Akbes, in Syria’’].—I. gen. interjecta, Vrty.; II.
gen. zanclaeus, Z.; Il]. gen. zanclaeus, Z.—Calabrian coast
range, 800m.

Division : Nymphalida.
Family ; Satyridae.
Subfamily : Hpinephilinae.
Tribe : Coenonymphidt.

Coenonympha tiphon, Rott. [‘ Landsberg on the Warte, in Germany’’}.
(a) race italica, Vrty., Soc. Ent. It., 1918, p. 222, pl. 1, f. 24-27.—
C.It., at very high altitudes (‘‘ Sibillini Mts., 1600m.”).

Coenonympha pamphilus, L. [ Sweden.” ]

(a) race emiaustralis, Vrty.—I. gen. emiaustralis, Vrty., with the
precocious group murina, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 121; II. gen.
aestivalis, Rocci, Soc. Lig. Sc. Nat., 19138, p. 5 (“ Northern
and Central Italy (Turin) ’’).—C.It., from 1000 to 1300m.

(6) race australis, Vrty.—I. gen. australis, Vrty., Soc. Ent. It., 1914,
p. 22, f. 88-39; II. gen. aestivalis, Rocci.—P.It., in damp
surroundings up to 1000.

(c) race emilyllus, Vrty.—I. gen. australis, Vrty.; II. gen.: early
emergence enilyllus, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 122, “ Florence,”
and late emergence aestivalis, Rocci.—P.It., in dry surround-
ings up to 1000m.

(d) race latenigrata, Vrty.—l. gen. australis, Vrty.; U1. gen. latent-
grata, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 122.—C.It., in hot and damp
surroundings on coast (‘‘ Casciana near Pisa,” Pertusola near
Spezia, Lago di Porta in the Prov. of Lucca).

(e) race lyllus, Lsp.—I. gen. sicula, Zeller, Isis, 1847, p. 146
[(‘“‘ Messina and Syracuse, in Sicily] ; II. gen. lyllus, Esp.,
Schmett., I., 2, pl. 122, f. 1 (1806) [** Portugal ”’] .—Stauder
records lyllus, Hsp., from the Aspromonte in Calabria (Polsi
and Gioia Tauro), and, although it will be well to have a
confirmation that it really is race lyllus, as in Sicily, it seems
highly probable it should be so, considering the races from
the far end of Calabria often are similar to the Sicilian ones.
Descriptions of the races and forms of pamphilus quoted above
have been given by Verity in this journal for 1916, p. 171,
and for 1919, p. 121.

Coenonympha arcania, L. [‘* Sweden.”’]

(a) race tenuelimbo, Vrty.—I. gen. tenuelimbo, Vrty., Soc. Hut. It.,
1914, p. 223, t. I. f. 28-80; II. gen. gracilis, Vrty., E.R.,
1919, p. 123, < Florence.!’—C.It., from sea coast (Querci-
anella, near Leghorn) up to 1300m.

" SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. (25)

Note.—In my original description of this race I stated that it was
widespread in Southern Europe, and I mentioned the Valais and
Barcelona as localities whence I had specimens, besides the ‘‘ types”’ I
figured from the Sibillini Mts. and Florence, in Central Italy. Subse-
quently I have found that, in fact, the race of Peninsular Italy is not,
on the whole, the most extreme by the narrowness of the marginal
band above; males in which it is as narrow as the one I have figured
are quite scarce; Swiss specimens exhibit it more frequently in this
sex. I must mention that on the 15th of July, 1913, I collected two
lageard females of the first generation at La Traversa, 1100m., on the
Futa Pass road (prov. of Florence), both of which exhibited the
characteristic of form Auwebneri, Obth., in having the hindwings broadly
fulvous at base above. It will be interesting to find out whether this
character, which we have never seen in other localities, is constant or
prevalent in that one, or in others similar to it, and whether it is thus
racial. Oberthiir, who gave the name in Et. Lép. Comp., LV., p. 25
(1910) to Hubner’s figure 240 (with no text), had only one male from
Roccaraso or Paleno, in the Abruzzi, and one from Mentone in Southern
France. My fig. 30, of tenuwelimbo represents one of my two females
of huebnert. (R. Verity.)

(b) race opposita, Vrty., Soc. Hnt. Ital., 1914, p. 224, pl. L, p. 31-

338=tyrrhena, Stauder, Zeit. wissensch. Insektenbiol., 1915, p.
1, pl. IL., p. 17; UL. gen. unknown.—Calabria, up to 1200m.
(‘« Piani de Carmelia, 1200m., on Aspromonte’’). Stauder’s
tyrrhena is described from Mt. Martinello, 1000m., in Cala-
bria, but he also includes specimens from the Sorrento
peninsula (Mt. Faito, 1100 to 1200m., and Mt. Pendolo
500m.). As he only had one Calabrian specimen, which he
considers his ‘‘ type,” it may be found out that the Sorrento
race 1s not, on the whole, as he thought, the same as the
Calabrian one; especially the Mt. Pendolo one, described as
smaller, may be a race tenuelimbo trans. ad opposita, Vrty.;
the name of tyrrhena may turn out usefal for the Mt. Faito
race, if it is only a further grade of transition.
Coenonympha corinna, Hb. [‘ No text to figure.’’|
(a) race elbana, Stgr.—l. gen. elbana, Ster., Vat.,1901, p. 66; II.
gen. altera, Vrty., Soc. Hint. It., 1917, p. 191.—Isle of Elba
up to 500m.

Note.—I must take this occasion to point out that Bonelli’s norax is
in no way simply a synonym of corinna, as it is considered by all authors.
Bonelli himself very rightly states, in his Appendix of 1825 to the
paper of March, 1824, that his insect is different from Hwbner’s figure,
and his own excellent figures clearly represent the very distinct second
generation of Sardinia, corresponding perfectly to altera, Vrty., of race
elbana, Stdgr.; IL. gen. norax, Bon., must, accordingly, come into use.
(R. Verity.)

Coenonympha dorus, Esp. [‘* Languedoc in Southern France.”
(a) race dorus, Ksp.—C.It., very locally, up to 1200m. (Assisi in
Umbria, according to Wheeler; Bolognola on the Sibillini
Mts., in Vrty. coll., found by Querci; Abruzzi, according to
Calberla) ; it has never been found in Tuscany.
Coenonympha iphis, Schiff. [* Vienna.’’ |
(a) race iphis, Schiff—Mt. Antore, 1400m., in the Abruzzi. Verity

(26) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

possesses specimens collected by Rostagno in this locality.
Calberla records it from ‘the Gran Sasso, on swampy
mountain meadows, in July.”

Tribe: E'pinephilidi.
Pyronia ida, Wisp. {** Pyrenees.’’ |

(a) race ida, Esp.—Isle of Elba up to 500m.

(6) race neapolitana, Obthr., Et. Lép. Comp., III. (1909), p. 392
and V. (1911), f. 677 and 682 (“ Pompei, near Naples,’’) =
arminti, Stauder, Zeit. wiss. Insekt., 1916, p. 62 (‘*Bed of
Buonamico, on Aspromonte, at various altitudes ”’).—P.1t., up
to 900m.

Pyronia tithonus, L. [* Germany.”’|

(a) race tithonus, L.—C.It., hot and damp localities on coast (Isle
of Elba up to 600m.; Forte dei Marmi, in the Prov. of
Lucca.)

(b) race transiens, Vrty., H'.R., 1919, p. 123.—C.It., in damp sur-
roundings, up to 700m.. (“Pian di Mugnone, in deep
gullies, near Florence.’’)

(c) race etrusca, Vrty., E.R., 1919, p. 123.—C.It., in cold and dry
surroundings, up to 1200m. (“ Mt. Conca, 400m., near
Florence.”’)

Hyponephele lycaon, Rott. |‘ Landsberg-on-the- Warthe, in Germany.’’]

(a) race analampra, Trti., Nat. Sic., 1909, p. 70, t. II., f. 18-19.
(Mt. Majella and Gran Sasso, in the Abruzzi.’’)—C.It., on
high mountains, 1200-1400m.

(brace anacansta,. Uri, sat, sic. 1909) sp. Wil tee tal to.
[‘‘Madonie Mts., in Sicily, and Algeria.”]|—-Mt. Cairo,
1500m., in the Prov. of Caserta.

Hyponephele Lupinus, Costa; (‘‘ Bosco di Guagnano, 44m., in the Forest
of Terra d’Otranto in the Proy. of Lecce.”’)

(a) race intermedia, Stgr., Stett. ent. Zeit., 1886, p. 251 |‘ Cau-
casus ’’?].—Northern part of C.It. (Mt. Fanna, 600m., near
Florence).

(6) race lipinus, Costa.—Forests of Terra d’Otranto (Lecce).

EHpinephele jurtina, L. [‘* Sweden.’’|

(a) race phormia, Fruhst., Int. Hut. Zeit. Guben., 14 Aug., 1909,
p- 117 [‘‘Meran in 8. Tyrol’’}.—C.It., at high altitudes,
1000-1300m.

(b) race prachispulla, Vrty., E.R., 1921, p. 210 (‘‘ Florence ”).—
C.It., up to 900m., and presumably Southern Italy.

(c) race emihispulla,* Vrty., E.R., 1919, p. 128.—* Poggio, in the
Isle of Elba, 450m.”

Subfamily: Hrebiinae.
Tribe: Oeneidt.
Genus: Hrebia.

Note.—We have adopted the classification of this genus worked out
by the late Dr. Chapman (Tr. Ent. Soc. London, 1898, pp. 207-288, pl.
V.-XVI.) according to the male appendages, although a grouping of
species based on a single set of characters does not satisfy one that it
really expresses natural relationship as fully as possible, and its author
was the first to make this remark.

SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. (27)

Group I.
Subgroup: a.
Hrebia ligea, Li. [‘* Sweden.’’|
(A) Subspecies ligea, L.
(a) race siscta, Fruhst., Soc. Hnt., 1909, p. 125.—C.It., from 800 to
1300m. (Tuscan Apennines, Sibillini Mts., and ‘“ Gran
Sasso,” in the Abruzzi.)
(B) Subspecies philomela, Hub. [‘ Prealps of Tyrol and Riesenge-
birge’’] =euryale, Esp. [* Riesengebirge, in Silesia.’’]
(a) race apenninicola, Vrty., Bull. Soc. Ent. France, Oct., 1911, p.
312, pl. I., f. 8-4.—Tusean Apennines, from 1800 to 1800m.
(‘Il Teso, in the Pistoiese.’’)
(6) race brutiorum, Trti., Ann. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli., Sept. 1911,
n. 18.—‘‘ Gran Sasso, in the Abruzzi,” according to Turati.
Note.—I deal with ligea and philomela as belonging to a single
species, because it seems to me their complicated and. perplexing
relationship is one of the cases which should be kept clearly apart from
the higher gerade of distinctness one calls ‘“ specific,” consisting in two
groups whose individuals are, without exception, perfectly distinct from
each other. The Hrebiae in question seem instead to be due to a phe-
nomenon similar to that of Nytha fagi, with its two fagi (=alcyone)
and major (=hermione), groups of races, and perhaps, to a certain
extent, also similar to Melitaea athalia, with the athalia and pseudo-
athalia groups. It seems as if one should conceive these two groups
as consisting in two diverging series of races, which spring from an
intermediate one and gradually get more and more distinct from each
other, till the extreme races afford a degree equal to the specific one,
so that they can inhabit the same grounds without intermixing. This,
I think, is the true sclution of the vevata questio about adyte, Hub.,
which some ascribe to ligea and others to philomela, whereas it is per-
fectly intermediate. The phenomenon mentioned above I propose
calling of ‘twin subspecies.” Itis a degree less than the one afforded
by such cases as Hveres argiades and F. aleetas, or Polyommatus icarus
and Ayriades thersites, which are ‘twin species,’ and in the second
“twin genera.” (R. Verity.)

Subgroup 0.
Hrebia epiphron, Knoch. |‘ Harz Mts., in Germany.” |
(a) race amplevittata, Vrty., H.R., 1921, p. 211.—Tuscan Apen-
nines and Apuane Alps (“ Mt. Sumbra, 1600m., in the Apuane
Alps,”’ and Alpe Tre Potenze, 1650m.).
(a) race cassiope, F., Mant., 42 [‘* Austria’’].—C.It., further south
than Tuscany, from 1600 to 2000m.

Group I.
Hrebia ceto, Hb. [‘* Glacier region in Switzerland.’’]
(a) race abetonica, Vrty., ’.R., 1919, p. 124.—Tuscan Apennines
(“« Mt. Majori, 1500m., and Abetone Pass ’’).
(b). race obscura, Ratzer, Mitth. Schiv., 1890, p. 222 [‘‘ Switzerland’’| .
— C.It., further south than Tuscany, from 1400 to 1700m.

Group III.
Erebia aethiops, Esp. [‘* Frankonia, in Germany.’’|

(28) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

(a) race apuana, Vrty., H.R., 1923, p. 185.-— Apuane Alps (Acqua
Bianca, 1300m., on Mt. Pisanino),” in the N.-W. of Tus-
cany, only just within the boundaries of this region.

Note.—Roeei (Memorie Soc. Knt. Ital., March, 1923, p. 7), describes

a very large race from the Ligurian Apennines (‘“‘ Val Brevenna in
the Alta Valle di Scrivia, 600 to 700m. ”), under the name of magna.

Group IV.
Subgroup a.
Erebia yorge, Esp. [‘ Region of Geneva.’’|

(a) race erynis, Esp. trans. ad carboncina, Vrty., E.R., 1921, p.

212.—Apuane Alps (‘‘ Mt. Pisanino, 1200m.”).

(6) race carboncina, Vrty., Soc. Ent. It., 1916, p.54.—C.It., further

south than Tuscany (‘ Fonte Pescolla, 2000m., in the
Sibillini Mts.’’).
Hrebia glacialis, Esp. [*‘ Southern peak of a glacier towards
Chamonix.”’|
(a) race pluto, Kisp., Hur. Schmett., Suppl. IL., p. 19, pl. 121. f. 1
(1805 ?) [‘Col de Chalenton, on path from Mt. Buet to
Faucigny”] or duponcheli, Obthr.—Gran Sasso in the
Abruzzi.

Note.—Calberla in ris, 1887, p. 185, states he found this species on
the Gran Sasso in the Abruzzi, from 1600 to 2200m., with its forms
alecto, Hb., and pluto, Esp. Staudinger, in his Cataloy, gives “‘ the
mountains of Central Italy” as a locality for pluto. My collection
contains one male collected by Dannehl, on the Gran Sasso, on July
24th, 1907. It is exactly similar to Esper’s figure by its rather small
size, elongated wings, tinge not saturated, but brownish, with a shiny
surface ; not the slightest trace of fulvous on either surface. I also
have a male from Mt. Lago, in Western Liguria, collected by Col.
Parvis ; this is larger, has broader wings, and is of a very deep black
on either side; it,no doubt, is race duponcheli, Obth. (Bull. Soc. Ent.
France, 1897, p. 290), described from the Basses Alpes, and it agrees
with specimens from Larche I possess; it is very likely the Abruzzi
race is the latter, but one cannot ascertain this without females which
exhibit the distinctive characters. Calberla has evidently found speci-
mens which are not pluto, but have eye-spots on forewings, as he calls
them alecto. This is the name which is generally used for this form
on the strength of Hubner’s fig. 528-9, but Turati has discussed this
subject thoroughly (Atti. Soc. It. Sc. Nat., LIII. (1914), and concluded
that Hitibner’s first figures of alecto, 515-6, represent a male of the
species usually called nerine, Frr., so that it should replace the latter.
Ksper’s name of persephone |< Mt. Vergy, near Faucigny ’’| seems to
be the one which should be used, for the form of glacialis, wrongly
called alecto. (R. Verity.)

Subgroup 6.
Hrebia tyndarus, Ksp. [‘*On the way of the Grindelwald, near Schei-
deck, in the Canton of Berne.”

(a) race tusca, Vrty., Soc. Hint. /t., 1914, p. 148 and p. 218, t. L., f
17-20.—Tuscan Apennines, from 1300 to 2000m. (‘ Abe-
tone Pass, 1300im.).

(6) race majellana, Frtihst., Soc. Ent., 1909, p. 184 (name given to

- SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM, (29)

Oberthiir’s description of the race from ‘‘ Majella Mt., in the
Abruzzi,” recorded by him under that of cleo, Hb.) (=
infrargentea, Vrty., W.R., 1919, p. 125 (“* Bolognola, 1200m.,
in Sibillini Mts.’’)-—C.It., further south than Tuscany, from
1400 to 2200m.

Group V.
Subgroup a.
Erebia neoridas, B. [‘* Dauphiné, Provence and Lozére.”’|
(a) race sibyllina, Vrty., Soc. Int. It., 1914, p. 236.—“ Sibillini
Mts., 1300 to 1400m.”’
(b) race etrusca, Vrty., The Kutomoloyist, 1904, p. 55, t. 1V., f. 6-8.
Apuane Alps (Mt. Matanna, 1400m.’’), and Alta Valle
Fioio, in the Abruzzi, whence Verity possesses specimens
collected by Rostagno.

Subgroup ec.
Erebia goante, Hsp. [** Thalalpen above Lucerne, in Switzerland.’’]
(a) race apenniniyena, Vrty., H.R., 1918, p. 124.—Ligurian
(Colle di Arpetto’’) and boundary of Tuscan Apennines
(Balzo alla Rosa, 1700m., where specimens were collected by
Costantini).
Erebia pirene, Hb. [No text to figure” (=pyrene, Ksp.—< Tyrol
and Swiss Alps”? =stygne, O.—‘ Tyrol and Swiss Alps.’’)]
(a) race etruriae, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 124 (‘‘ Abetone Pass’) (=
costantine,. “Urti., Atée Soc lt. Sc. Nat, 1919; p. 166: “Mt.
Cimone from 900 to 1800m.’’).—Tuscan Apeinines and
Apuane Alps, from 900 to 1800m.
(b) race riihli, Frihst., Soc. Mnt., 1909, p. 124 = pyrenaica, Rubl.,
Gross-schimett., p. 489 (1895) [‘* French Western Pyrenees ”’|
(nomen praeocc.).—Abruzzi, from 1600 to 1800m. (Castel del
Monte in Verity coll.).
(c) race tetrica, Vrty., M.R., 1928, p. 186.—* Sibillini Mts., at
1400m., in the Marche.”

Group VII.
Hrebia medusa, Schiff. [‘* Vienna.”’|
(a) race hyperapennina, Trti., Atti Suc. It. Sc. Nat., 1919, p. 165
(Mt. Cimone, 1500 to 1800m., on northern boundary of
Tuscany ’’).—lecorded from these mountains also by Calberla
and collected at the Abetone Pass by Verity, but hitherto not
observed further south,

Subfamily : Melanargtinae.

Melanargia arge, Sulz. (‘‘ Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.’’)
(a) race turatii, Rost., Soc. Zool. It., 1909, p. 283.—‘* Rome,
100m.”’
(b) race cocuzzana, Stauder, Zeitschr. wissensch. Insektenb., 1914,
p. 875, fig. 12-15.—““Mt. Coeuzzo” and 8. Fili, 500m., in
Calabria.
Note.-—Stauder evidently did not know of the existence of race
tuwratit, when he described his cocuzzana. The latter comes very near

(80) THE ENTOMOLOGISE’S RECORD.

the former, but, as the Calabrian race is not quite so extreme in
character as the nymotypical twratii of Rome, Stauder’s name need
not be sunk in synonymy.

(c) race arge, Sulz.—Neapolitan district (Sorrento, on sea shore ;
Formia, from sea shore to 100 m.; Spigno Saturnia, 1000m.
on Aurunci Mts.; Mt. Vulture, 900m., in Basilicata).

Melanargia russiae (Ksp.) Cyr. — [* Sebastianofka and Pensa in
southern Russia.” | (=specifically japyyia, Cyr.)

(a) race japygia, Cyr., Hnt. Neap., I., tav. II., f. 5 (1787).—Prov.
of Lecce and Benevento, up to 800m.

(b) race medioitalica, Vrty.. Soc. Hnt. It., 1918, p. 216, pl. 1.,
f. 12-18.—* Sibillini Mts., at 1400m., in the Marche.”

Note.— Kirby very rightly uses Esper’s name as the specific one.

There is no reason to neglect it.
Melanargia galathea, Lu. {Germany and more Southern Europe.”
Type Petiver’s figure in Mus., 38, n. 804, plt. L., fig. 3.]

(a). race monticola, Vrty., 17.R., 1919, p. 125.—C.It. in cold local-
ities (“* Firenzuola, m. 400’).

(6) race florentina, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 125.—Florence (“ Pian di
Nugnone, 100 to 800m”’).

(c) race sciritis, Frihst., Soc. Mnt., 1916, p. 88.—* Sabini Mts.,
near Rome.”

(d) race microprocida, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 125.—*: Benevento,”
160m., and S. Pietro Avellana in (Southern Italy).

(e) race galinthias, Fruhst., Arch. fiir Naturgesch., 1916, p. 21.—
‘“‘ Naples ” and Neapolitan Apennines, up to 500m.

(f) race calabra-procida, Vrty.—Herbst., E.R., 1921, p. 212.—“ 8.
Fili, 500m., on Coast Range of Calabria.”

(g) race calabra, Vrty., Soc. Hnt. It., 1913, p. 215, t. I., f. 9-11.—
‘« Aspromonte, from 700 to 1200 m., in Southern Calabria.”

Subfamily: Satyrinae.

Note.—It is much to be regretted that the generic names, which
are now commonly in use in this subfamily, should have been intro-
duced quite wrongly. Thus the “‘ type-species ”’ of the genus Satyrus,
Latr., being maera, L., this name should be used, as by Kirby and
Bingham, for this species and for meyera and other near allies, which,
according to modern views, must be separated generically from aegeria,
the ‘‘type-species” of Pararye, Hiibner. I have no possibility of
verifying whether Bingham is right in using the name of Nytha,
Billberg, (the “ type-species”’ he states is hermione, Li.) for that section
of the genus usually called Satyrus, which most authors now agree
must be separated from the Hipparchia, as characterised by semele, L.
T use it here on his authority. This correction of the generic names
makes it necessary to change that of the tribe Satyridi into Nythidi,
to obviate hopeless confusion. (R. Verity.)

. Tribe: Parargid?.
Satyrus megera, Li. [‘* Austria and Denmark.”’|
(a) race praeaustralis, Vrty.—I. gen. praeaustralis, Vrty., H.R.,
1922, p. 214; II. gen. paeninsulitalica, Vrty.. H.l., 1928,
p- 24; III. gen. paeninsulitalica, Vrty.—P.I1t., up to 1300m.
(‘‘ Pian di Mugnone, m. 200, near Florence’’).

SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. (81)

(b) Secondary aberrative race tigeliiformis, Vrty.—I. gen. presum-
ably praeaustralis, Vrty.; Il. gen. tigelitformis, Vrty., Soc.
Ent. Ttal., 1911, p. 269; Ill. gen. tigelitformis, Vrty.—C.It.,
up to 700m., in extremely parched localities (‘‘ Piteglio,
m. 700, in Tuscan Apennines’; Quercianella, on coast,
south of Leghorn).

Note.—Stauder remarks that the specimens he collected on Mt.
Martinello in Calabria and on Mt. Faito on the Sorrento peninsula
come very near the Sicilian and the North African examples. He
evidently says this on account of the superficial resemblance of the
upperside, as these races had not been defined before my paper in
the Mnt. Rec., l.e., but this similarity is very unlikely. My specimens
from the Coast Range of Calabria quite belong to race praeaustralis.
Instead, it is very probable that in the southern parts of Calabria, as
in many other species, there exists the Sicilian race :—

(c) race australis, Zeller.—I. gen. australis, Zeller, Isis, 1847, p.

140 [‘* Messina’’|; II. gen. tigellyssa, Vrty., V.R., 19238, p, 27
[‘‘ Ficuzza’’]; ILL. gen. tiyellyssa, Vrty.
Satyrus maera, L. [‘* Sweden.’’|
(a) race appennina, Vrty.—I. gen. appennina, Vrty.; II. gen.
appennina, Vrty., Soc. Hnt. It.; 1911 jp. 269.—C.It., up to
1300m. (‘‘ Piteglio, m. 700, in Pistoiese Apennines’).
(b) race silymbria, Fribst., Intern. Hnt. Zeit. Gitben, September,
1909, p. 184.—Mt. Faito, on the Sorrento Peninsula, accord-
ing to Stauder, who says that a pair he collected of the I.
gen. is identical with the “types” of silymbria, collected by
himself at Spalato in Dalmatia.
(c) race herdonia, Fruhst., Int. Ent. Zeit. Giiben, September, 1909,
p. 188 [* Arcine in Savoy’’].—S. Fili, m. 1000, on the
Calabrian Coast Range. The specimens of the I. gen.
collected by Querei are quite similar to those of the Maritime
Alps and very different from appennina.

(/) race polsensis, Stauder, Zeit. wissenschaft. Insektenbiol., 1916,
p. 61.—In the river-bed of the Buonamico, at 1100m., on
Aspromonte in Southern Calabria.

Note.—This race of southern Calabria seems to be, according to
Stauder’s description, intermediate between the preceding of northern
Calabria and race sicula, Stdgr., of Sicily, as might have been expected.
Pararge aegeria, L. |‘*More Southern (australioris) Hurope and Mautri-
tania’. This habitat is what establishes the nymotypical subspecies,
as lately accepted generally, because, otherwise, Linnaeus’ first quota-
tion (Réaumur’s figures, pl. 27, fig. 16-17) would refer to a northern
race. |

(A) Subspecies aeyeria, Li. :—

(a) race aeyeria, L., Syst. Nat., ed. X., p. 478 (1758).—Piani di
Carmelia, m. 1200, on Aspromonte Mass in southern Calabria,
collected by Querci on July 21st, 1914.

(Bb) Subspecies vulyaris, Zeller, Isis, 1847, p. 148 :—

(a) race ttalica, Vrty.—I. gen. ttalica, Vrty., Soc. Hint. [t., 1915, p.
55, and H.l., 1916, p. 167 (‘‘ Florence”); IIL. gen. italica,
Vrty.; ILI. gen. ttalica, Vrty.—P.It., up to 1300 m.

(6) race canloenaeformis, Vrty.—I. gen. italica, Vrty.; Il. gen.

camoenaeformis, Vrty., .f., 1919, p. 127 ( Tuscany ’’); IIT.

(82) THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

gen. camoenaeformis, Vrty.—P.1t., in particularly hot and
rather damp surroundings (Isle of Elba at Pozzio, 400m. ;
Springs of Fiugegi, 700m., near Rome).

Note.—I have pointed out in the Hnt. Rec., 1919, p. 127, that the
bright fulvous characteristic form of ttalica is found at all seasons and
in all localities mixed with forms I have named eleyantiaeformis,
camocnaéformis and egestasiformis, that it is more frequent in the early
spring and in late autumn, and that camoenaeformis, the very dark form,
occurs more often in hot seasons and localities, but I have concluded
that none of these forms prevails enough to apply these names to
generations or races. I have since found that in the localities men-
tioned above camoenaeformis is quite constant and racial. From
Liguria and Tuscany to northern Calabria we have otherwise met with
the same forms. I have also discussed the name intermedia of various
authors and concluded it does not belong to Weismann, as stated
by Seitz, or exist in Liguria, nor does it apply to any form of Penin-
sular Italy, except southern Calabria, where, no doubt, a really
transitional form to subspecies aeyerta must exist, together with the
latter, as in Sicily. I have not yet been able to find out the first
description of intermedia, which Ruhl mentions in his Pal. Gros-
schmett, p. 581, without quoting its author; the locality of Naples he
gives evidently is drawn from Zeller, and apples to vulyaris,
which Ruhl mixes up with intermedia, so that the Rumanian
localities presumably refer to the latter. Calberla, followed by Ruhl,
says that Zeller in /s’s, 1847, p. 148, has named vulgaris the race of
Naples, transitional to aeyeria. This is quite a mistake. Zeller uses
that term to designate all the races from Germany to Naples (the
meaning of it would be a sufficient proof in itself) and to contrast them,
as a whole, to the aegeria of Sicily, which he calls meone, Hsp. This is
the very distinction I have made in late years and I think Zeller’s
name should be revived; Staudinger’s later name everides of 1871 can
remain for one of the German vilyaris races in particular, which
Zeller calls “ our aegeria ”’ to distinguish them from the vulgaris of
Naples, described by him as exhibiting characteristics transitional to
meone. I must insist on the point that the very bright fulvous of
italica is the only point of resemblance. eal transitions from vulyaris
to aegerta are alone found in Sicily, and presumably in southern
Calabria. (R. Verity.)

Tribe: Nythid?.
Enodia dryas, Scop. — [‘‘ Carniolia.’’ |}

(a) race julianus, Stauder, Soc. Adriatica Scienze Nat., 1911, p. 117,
pl. ILI, f. 1-2 (Gorizia, from Coglio to Udine).-—C.It., up to
300m. (Baths of Lucca; Rome, according to Rostagno).

Nytha cordula, F. [* Italy’? (Dr. Allioni).]

(a) race calabra, Costa, Mauna Reyno Napoli, t. 8, f. 1-2 (* King-
dom of Naples”) (=acteina, Obthr., Ht. Lép. Comp., UL,
p. 280. ‘‘ Majella, Roccaraso and Palena in the Abruzzi ’’).—
P.It., further south than Tuscany, from 1200 to 1800m.

Nytha statilinus, Hufn. [* Berlin.” }

(a) race apennina, Z., Isis, 1847, p. 184.—C.It. in some mountain

localities (‘at considerable altitudes above Foligno, in

SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. (33)

Umbria’’; Piteglio, 700m. in the Tuscan Apennines; Piano
Astore, 1200m., in Sibillini Mts.

(b) race intermedia, Vrty., Soc. Ent. [t., 1911, p. 270, and 1918,
p. 215.—C.It., up to 900m. (‘‘ Vallombrosa, 900m., near
Florence’’). This is the most broadspread race in this
region.

(c) race micromarituma, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 128.—C.It., up to
500m.,indamp surroundings and especially on coast (‘‘ Forte dei
Marmi, on sea shore, in the Prov. of Luccea;”’ Isle of Elba;
Mollarino valley, in the Mainarde Mts. (Caserta).

(d) race crassemaculosa, Vrty., Soc. Ent. It., 1916, p. 189 (December
1916), and #.R., 1919, p. 129.—*Tsland of Tino, on the Gulf
of Spezia, in hot, moist and shady locality.”

(e) race australis, Z., Isis, 1847, p. 184 (‘‘ type: Hsper’s figure,
pl. CV., f. 4; text in Supplement I., 1, p. 67: sent by the
King of Sicily.) —vestagnor, Vrty., HR, 1919) p: 128 =—
maritima, Rost., Soc. Zool. It., 1911, p. 71 (nomen
praeocc): ‘‘ Formia (Caserta) on sea shore.’’—Querci eol-
lected Rostagno’s ‘‘types”’ in the latter locality. We know
of no other, except Genzano, near Rome, Palermo in Sicily,
but presumably widespread in Southern Italy.

Nytha fagi, Scop., 1768. [‘‘Carniolia”’] (=hermione, L., 1764, ‘* Ger-
many” ; =aleyone, Schiff., 1776, ‘ Vienna’’).
(A) Subspecies fagi, Scop. :—

(a) race latevittata, Vrty., Soc. Ent. France, 1911, p. 312, pl. L., f.
7-9.—C.It., from 900m. to 1200m. (‘Alpe della Luna,
1000m.,” and Mt. Pratofiorito, 1000m., in the Prov. of Lucca ;
Sasso di Castro and Vallombrosa in ‘the Prov. of iloconcer:
Sibillini Mts.

(b) race genava, Fruh, [* Valais.”|—Aspromonte, 1200m., in
Calabria.

(B) Subspecies major, Esp. :—

(a) race alcyoneformis, Vrty., Soc. Hnt. France, 1911, p. 812, pl. L.,
f. 5-6.—C.It., from 500m. to 1000m. (‘Alpe della Luna,
1000m., in the Proy. of Lucca,’ and Mainarde Mts., from
500m. to 1000m., in the Prov. of Caserta.)

(b) race major, Ksp., Hur. Schmett., I., p. 116, pl. VIII. (no locality
given).—C.It., up to 1000m.

Note.—None of the original descriptions of fagi, hermone or alcyone
furnish any clue as to which of the two subspecies they were drawn
from; they all three apply to both. Esper was thus at liberty to
restrict them to either, and he did so by separating the larger one
under the name of major. As he was the first to distinguish them,
this name must be used and that of hermione, which had got into
current use for it, without any reason to support it, must be dropped.
In the Linnean Soc. Journ. Zool., 19138, p. 188, I have pointed out that
the Linnean specimen belongs to the smaller subspecies. Concerning
their relationship see my Note on page 27 on the similar case of Krebia
ligea and philomela. My series from the Aspromonte, in Calabria,
exactly resembles my specimens from Martigny in the Valais, panich if
take to be race yenava, Frihst. (R. Verity.)

(84) THE ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD.

Nytha circe, FE. [Type: figure of Roesel Insecten Belustingung, IV.,
pl. 27., f. 8-4, “ Germany.”’]
(a) race itala, Vrty., H.R.,.1919, p. 129 (« Florence.”)—P.It., up
to 1300m.

Tribe: Hipparchiidi.
Hipparchia neomiris,God. [“ Corsica.’’]
(a) race neomiris, God.—Isle of Elba, from 400m. to 700m.
Hipparchia semele, L. — [** Sweden.’’|

(a) race teres, Frihst., Intern. Entom. Zeit., 1908, p.10. [‘ Digne
in the Basses Alpes.’’}-C.It., in cold and damp surround-
ings, up to 1000m. (Mt. Prato Fiorito, 1000m., near Lucca ;
Mt. Conca, 400m., and other localities near Florence).

(6) race aristaeus, Bon., Mem. Acc. Torino, 1826 (paper read in
March, 1824), p. 177, t. 2, f. 1. [‘* Sardinia.” ] —Isle of Elba,
up to 700m., and Isle of Giglio (Verity coll.).

(c) race apenninigena, Vrty., E.R., 1928, p. 156.—C.It., at very
high altitudes, in alpine surroundings (“ Sibillini Mts., 1200m.,
in the Marche”’).

(d) race cadmus, Frihst., Intern. Entom. Zett., 1908, p. 10
[(‘* Klausen, in 8. Tyrol’’?].—Mt. Sumbra, 1200m., in Apuane
Alps (N.-W. of Tuscany).

(e) race paeninsulitaliae, Vrty., H.R., 1924, p. 24.—P.It., in hot
and dry surroundings, up to 1200m. (‘‘ Mt. Fanna, 600m.,
near Florence’ ; Aspromonte, 1200m., in Calabria).

Hipparchia briseis, L. [ Germany.’’]

(a) race deminuta, Fruhst., trans. ad meridionalis, Stgr., Stett. e. Z.,
1886, p. 242.—C.It., in hot and dry surroundings (Mt. Fanna,
600m. above Fiesole; Oricola, 800m., in the Abruzzi).

(b) race deminuta, Frihst., Intern. Entom. Zeit,, 1908, p. 194.—
C.It., in cold and dry surroundings (‘‘Consuma Pass, 1000m.,
in the Prov. of Florence [and Malser Heide, in 8. Tyrol]”’ ;
Mainarde Mts., 1500m., in the Prov. of Caserta).

(c) race deminuta, Fruhs., trans. ad interjecta, Vrty.—C.It., in low,
cold and damp surroundings (“ Mt. Conca,, 400m., near
Florence ’’).

(d) race interjecta, Vrty., E.R., 1919, p. 129 [‘*Charente, in
France ’’].—C.It., in alpine surroundings (Sibillini Mts.,
1200m., in the Prov. of Macerata).

Family: Libytheidae.
Libythea celtis, Laich. [‘* High road at Unteratzwang, between Brixen
and Botzen, in 8. Tyrol.’
(a) race celtis, Laich.—C.It., (Sibillini Mts., 1200m., in the
Marche ; Atina, 500m., in the Prov. of Caserta).

Family : Apaturidae.
Subfamily: Apaturinae
Tribe: Apaturidi.
Apatura ilia, Schiff. [‘* Vienna.”’]
(a) race eos, Rossi, Mant. Insect. Etruria, p. 9 (1794). No descrip-
tion ; following figures simply quoted. [Types: Figures of

SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. (35)

Ernst et Engramelle, Papillons d’ Europe, pl. 81, f. 63, a, b,
u; pl. 70, f. 86, a, and of Schaef., Ic. Insect. Ratisbonam, pl.
152, f..8. ‘ Regensburg, in Germany.’’].—I. gen. eos, Rossi ;
II. gen. eos, Rossi.—C.It., up to 200m., (Northern Tuscany
(Florence, beneoh Pietrasanta) ; Acquatraversa near Rome,
observed by Querci.) Local and erratic in appearance from
year to year. Usually along streams shaded by poplars and
willows,

Tribe: Charaxidi:
Charawes jasius, L. [‘ Barbaria (= Algiers), in Northern Africa.’’]

(a) race septentrionalis, Vrty.—I. gen. brevicauda, Vrty., E.R.,
1919, p. 179; Il. gen. septentrionalis, Vrty., Linn. Soc. Journ.
Foal. 1918, p. 180.—P.It., up to 500m. In Tuscany stray
individuals are met with anywhere (we know of three
observed near Florence), but its haunts, where it breeds
abundantly, are the brushwoods of the Maremma, along the
west coast, from Leghorn southwards. Common also round
Lucca and in the Isle of Elba. The second generation
emerges from August 10th to 20th.

Family : Nymphalidae.
Subfamily: Limenitinae.
Tribe: Limenitidi.
‘Limenitis camilla, L., 1764. [“Germany.”] (=sibilla, L., 1767
[Germany ”], et auctorium).

(a) race angustefasciata, Streckf., Berl. Ent. Zeit., 86, 8.B., p. IX.
[(‘‘Carniolia ”] (=steniotaenia, Honr.).—C.It., up to 500m.
(between Pisa and Leghorn; Rome; Atina (Caserta)). Hx-
tremely local.

Limenitis rivularis, Seop., 1763. [“‘ Carniolia’”’ (=camilla, auctorium
nec., L., =drusilla, Bestr., 1779).

(a) race atari Scop.—l. gen. primigenia, Vrty.; I. gen. rivula-
ris, Scop. ; Ll. gen. prodiga, Friihst., Ent. Zeit. Guben, 1909,
p- 94 [es Savoy, Saléve, Pralognan my .—C.It., up to 1300m.

Note.—The first generation differs markedly feor the successive
ones by its smaller size, more slender build, more elongated and pointed
wings, and by the white spaces being distinetly less extensive. On
account of this last character I have of late used the name of reducta,
Stdgr., to designate it, but I think it very unlikely that this name can
suit it well, having been created for an oriental race, so I now propose
that of primigenia, mihi, taking as “types” a series from Florence
in my collection. (R. Verity.)

(b) race herculeana, Stich., Seitz. Pal. Gr.-Sch., I., p. 183, t. 57

[‘* Gravona, in Dalmatia,” and Digne in Southern France] .—

I. gen. primigenia, Vrty.; II. gen. hercwleana, Stich.; III.

gen. prodiga, Friihst.—Prov. of Caserta (Formia on the sea
shore, and Atina, 500m., in Mainarde Mts.).

(36) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECOKD.

Subfamily: Vanessinae.
Tribe: Melitaetdt.
Melitaea aurinia, Rott. [Type: Description of Geoffroy, Abr. Insectes,
Ts pio << Pansy 4

(a) race aurunca, Trti., Ent. Zeit., 1910, p. 223.—F raine, 700m.,
and snow pits of Mt. Petrella, 1300m., in the Aurunci Mts.
(Caserta).

Note.—This little colony of the species, which survives in a spot
hundreds of miles away from its kind, and is not found along the main
chain of the Apennines, is most remarkable. ‘The nearest locality
known is the extreme west of Liguria. Specimens I possess, collected
by Turati in June, at Ceriana, 870m. above S. Remo, are quite similar
to some provincialis, B., from the coast of the Alpes Marit. depart., and
awrunca differs very little from these two. (R. Verity.)

Melitaea trivia, Schiff. [‘ Vienna.”’]

(a) race not identified because the J. gen. is unknown; II. gen.
nana, Stdegr., Cat..Lep. Eur., II. ed. (1871), p. 18. [Original
description: ‘‘minor’’; habitat: ‘Southern Huropean
Turkey, etc.”’; quotation: Esper, pl. 88, f. 5-6 (Sarepta) |] .—
Oricola, 800m. in the Abruzzi, in Rostagno coll.; Verity
possesses it from Genzano, 600m., near Rome.

(b) race not identified because the I. gen. is unknown; II. gen.
nana, Ster., trans. ad catapelia, Ster., Stett. e. Z., 1886, p.
231.—Paliano, 500m., in the Proy. of Rome.

(c) race catapelioides, Stauder.—l. gen. catapelioides, Stauder.,
Zeit. Wissensch. Insekten., 1918, p. 57; IL. gen. is unknown.
—Above “ Paola, from 400m. to 600m.,” and 8. Fili, 900m.,
in Calabria. According to Turati trivia exists also at S.
Lucca, above Reggio.

Melitaea didyma, Esp. [Fur. Schmett., 1., p. 865, pl. XLI., f. 3 (1777) :
“ Frankonia’).

Note.—The races and generations of Peninsular Italy, as drawn out
below, plus meridionalis, Stdgr., of Sicily, are obviously a series of
grades along a single line of variation; three of them, however, are
characterised by the considerable extent of grey suffusion in most of
the females, and each of these corresponds, otherwise, to one of the
grades just mentioned. These relationships can be visualised as fol-
lows (from left to right size increases, fulvous becomes more red, spots
become larger) : ;

I. gen. I. gen. I. gen. Tgen4 sil: gen. I]. gen. II. gen. II. gen.
romana, protea, neeraefor., patycosana. caldaria, bosphor. leopardi. romula,
meridto., palustris, apennintg.,

(a) race romana, Calb.—I. gen. romana, Calb., Iris, 1887, p. 182
(‘‘ Monterotondo, 165m., in the Prov. of Rome’’); II. gen.
caldaria, Vrty., Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Portici, 1920, p. 59
(*« Pian di Mugnone, 200m., near Florence ’’).—C.It., in very
dry and hot surrounding. '

(b) race protea, Vrty.—I. gen.: early (15, V. to 7, VI.) emergence
protea, Vrty., B. Soc. Knt. Ital., 1916, p. 183 (‘ Pian di
Mugnone, 200m., near Florence”’), and late (20, VI. to 20, VII.)
emergence romana, Calb.; II. gen.: early (VIII.) emergence

SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. (387)

caldaria, Vrty., and late (10 to 20, IX.) emergence romula,
Vrty., H.R., 1922, p. 12 (“‘ Genzano, 600m., near Rome ’’).
Note.—In the Pian di Mugnone (Florence) this bipartite emergence
of both generations has been so clearly and constantly observed every
year by Querci as to give the impression of four generations. It is
only by breeding one will be able to ascertain whether this is the case
or whether the groups emerge alternately. I have observed the same
phenomenon of a bipartite [. gen. in the Alps, above Lake Maggiore
(Pian Quagegié, 900m.): the I. emergence occurred till June 9th, and
exhibited the dark alpina, Stdgr., features ; on the 18th there began a
IL. with the features of suwbalpina, Vrty.; probably Frtihstorfer’s yeorgi
from the Tessin is the II. generation of this race and not a third one,
as he supposed, and it corresponds broadly in aspect to Esper’s nymo-
typical didyma of II. gen. of Central Europe, and to caldaria and
romula of tbe south. At Atina, 500m., in the Mainarde Mts.
(prov. of Caserta), a protea pointing to romana, emerges from
June 8th to July 14th, and also its Il. gen. has a simple emer-
gence of caldaria. In the same way at Poggio, 400m., in the Isle
of Hlba, there are two simple generations, but here the II. exhibits
different features, especially in the female; it is of the same
pale yellowish fulvous, with no black suffusion at the base, as
in caldaria, but the black spotting is not as variable, reduced in extent
and partly obliterated as in the latter; on the contrary, there are very
complete and regular series of rather large roundish spots of even size,
which recall a leopard-skin; the marginal band is narrow, but con-
tinuous, whilst in caldarta it is reduced to a series of dots, as in
deserticola, Obth., of Africa; size larger than most caldaria. This form
I propose naming leopardata. It is perfectly constant and racial at.
Elba. In Florence it occurs frequently amongst the nymotypical
caldaria. Instead, in the extremely parched locality of Quercianella,
near Leghorn, I bave only found the most extreme caldaria. In the
male sex the difference between caldaria and leopardata is much less
striking. In Florence the September emergence consists chiefly of
form romula, which in size, colouring and extent of pattern is inter-
mediate between the spring and the summer forms.—(R. Verity.)
(c) race palustris, Vrty.—I. gen. palustris, Vrty., E.R., 1919, p.
179 ; Il. gen. unknown.—C.It., in marshes, along the coast
(‘‘ Marina di Pisa’’).
_(d) race neeraeformis, Vrty.—Il. gen. necraeformis, Vrty., Soc. Ent.
Ital., 1918, p. 212; II. gen. unknown.—“ Delianuova, m.
800, on the Aspromonte (end of July)’ and S. Vili, m. 800,
on Calabrian Coast Range.
(e) race patycosana, Trti.—l. gen. patycosana, Trti., Ann. Mus.
Zool. Napoli, 1911, p. 18, and Nat. Sicil., 1919, p. 7, pl. I1.,
figs. 13-14 (December, 1920) (‘‘ Paola, on sea-coast of Northern
Calabria’”’); Il. gen. romula, Vrty.—Southern It., in warm
and damp surroundings.
Note.—F orm patycosana is the largest of the species in Europe; it
is also characterised by its very broad wings in both sexes (when they

The table on page 36 should be corrected as follows :—
II.gen. Il.gen. Il.gen. Il.gen. I. gen. I. gen. I. gen. I. gen. I. gen.
caldaria. bosphor. leopard. romula. romana. protea. neeraefor. subpatyc.
meridion. palustris. apenninig. patycos.

(38) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

are set, the insect fits into a square rather than a rectangle) and by its
large black spots. The female sex has a usually light whitish ground
colour suffused with grey in the nymotypical form. The couple
fizured by Stauder in Zeit. wissensch. Insektenb., X. (1914), pl. IL,
is not of the most extreme form either in size or pattern and approaches
more palustris. A race similar to Turati’s Calabrian one has
been discovered by Querci this year in the Camaione Valley, a
narrow, damp gorge in the prov. of Lucca (Northern Tuscany).
It corresponds exactly to the “types” I have seen in Turati’s
collection in size, shape and pattern, but the ground colour is of a
clear yellowish fulvous and the spots stand out sharply on it, but
are not as large. The form of female with a grey suffusion over
the ground-colour is very scarce there, whereas 700 m. higher up on
the mountains one finds nearly exclusively the extremely melanic
apenninigena, which is also smaller. The Camaione race I propose
naming subpatycosana. On the sea-coast of the same province I
have found a less highly characterised subpatycosana, which points to
protea by its smaller size and less prominent markings. The end of
June and beginning of July seems to be the time of emergence of
patycosana, whereas protea is much earlier and palustris too. There
seems to be sufficient evidence to conclude that the damp surround-
ings, which produce patycosana or subpatycosana in the I. gen., always
produce romula in the If. and not caldaria: my September speci-
mens from the Camaione have a particularly large spotting and
in the female the ground-colour is of a particularly light whitish tone ;
at Forte dei Marmi they point to caldaria, just as the I. gen. points to
protea. I have collected romula also at Levanto, in Liguria, at the
end of August, on swampy grounds. The I. gen. of my typical series
of romula of the middle of August from Genzano (Rome) is only known
from two females, which seem dark patycosana, transitional to apen-
ninigena, (R. Verity.)

(f) race subpatycosana, Vrty.—I. gen. subpatycosana, Vrty.; LI.
gen. romula, Vrty.—C.It., locally damp surroundings (Cam-
aione Valley, 800m., in province of Lucca and Forte dei
Marmi, on coast).

(y) race apenninigena, Vrty.—I. gen. apenninigena, Vrty., hf.,
1919, p. 179 (Mt. Pratofiorito, m. 1000 and more, above
Lucea”); Il. gen. caldaria, Vrty.—C.lt., at high altitudes. A
single female of this species found in the Sibillini Mts. at
1200m. is a caldaria.

Note.—Dr. Rocci has sent me his specimens of this species from
Liguria to examine. Although they are too few to give a definite
judgment, these races seem similar to those of the Peninsula. At
Genoa at the beginning of July there is a subpatycosana pointing to
protea, with romula pointing to caldaria as IT. gen., just as on Tuscan coast,
at Forte dei Marmt, A: similar vomula is found also at Cella, in
Western Liguria. In the Val Bisagno, at 600m., a protea perfectly
similar to the Florentine one is produced. In the second half of
August at Casella Scrivia, m. 500, on pudding-stone, instead of the
usual limestone of this region, a race identical with my ‘“ co-types”’ of
bosphorana,.Culot, Soc. Lép. Geneve, 1., 2, p. 166. (December, 1906)
[* south: shore of Bosphorus”’], was discovered by Rocci and nanied
roccit by: Turati, Nat. Sicil., 1919 (December, 1920); it 1s on an
average still smaller than caldaria and it differs from it by having very

SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. (39)

complete and uniform series of black spots, although they are extremely
minute, and by having a continuous marginal band; this form is not
unfrequent individually amongst the caldaria, but Culot’s and Rocci’s
series are very uniform and no tendency to reach the more extreme
caldaria is perceptible. Frihstorfer, Archiv. fiir. Naturgesch, 1917, n.
6, p. 13 (October, 1919), has named euwtitania a series of July from
Peeli of giant size, but ochre-yellow and with very limited black
spotting on the hindwing, similar to Seitz’ figures of pekinensis and
turanica. This may be a I. gen. second emergence of patycosana ;
anyhow, it seems to be a local form of the latter. Curiously enough
race marsilia, Fruh., described from Marseilles, has not been found
in Liguria, whereas Col. Parvis has found in Piedmont (Monferrato) a
race identical with the cotypes in Turati’s coll. It stands by its
features before romana, on a different line of variation from romula.—
(R. Verity.)

Melitaea cinvia, Li. [‘* Botanical Garden of Uppsala in Sweden.’’]

(a) race australis, Vrty., H.R., 1916, p. 128.—P.It , up to 1200m.
(The II. gen. has never been found in this region.)

Melitaea phoebe, Knoch. [** Vienna.’’]

(a) race tnsca, Vrty.—I. gen. tusca, Vrty., HR., 1919, p. 182; IT.
gen. pauper, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 182.—P.It., in very dry
surroundings during the development of the II. gen., up to
600m. (‘Pian di Muenone,” 100 to 300m. near Florence).

(b) race emipanper, Vety.—l. gen. unknown; II. gen. empauper,
Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 182 (=rostagnot, Trti., Nat. Sic., 1919,
p. 2, pl. I1., f. 10-12, published August, 1920).—P.It., in
surroundings which keep damp all the summer during the
development of the II. gen., up to 1800m. (‘* Camaione
valley, 8300m., near Lucca”’).

(c) race phoebina, Trti.—l. gen. phoebina, Trti., Nat. Sic., 1919, p.
20, pl. Il., f. 4-5, published in August, 1920; II. gen.
unknown.—‘‘ On the Aspromonte, above 1400m., in Calabria,
in May,” and §.’Fili, m. 900, on Calabrian Coast Range.

Melitaea athalia, Rott. [Type: Description of Geoffroy, Hist. Abr,
Insectes, I1., p. 45: ‘ Paris.’

Note-—We agree with Reverdin that itis very doubtful whether
the group of southern races he has separated under the name of
pseudathalia, on account of their male appendages, which resemble
very much those of J. dejone, H.-G., really stands to athalia as a dis-
tinct species. Various facts he has observed seem to point much more
to two divergent series, constituting what I have called ‘“twin-
subspecies,” because in the zone where their habitats meet (S. of
France, St. Gall, 8. Tyrol, Gorizia, Feltre, Trieste), in some cases in-
termediate individuals have been found, whereas in others they have
been found together on the same grounds, and keeping perfectly dis-
tinct. Specimens, from the Verity collection, of all the Italian races
from the Alps to Sicily have been submitted to Reverdin and he has
pronounced them: all to be pseudathalia, except the peculiar little
aureliaeformis, Vrty., Soc, Ent. Ital. (December), 1915, p.186, and Fint.
Ree., 1919, p. 198 (figured by Reverdin), from the Venaria Park of
Turin, which flies with pserdathalia and has appendages of athalia, but
modified as in the Asiatic kenteana and pointing distantly to parthente,
whilst to the naked eye its aspect is identical (except perhaps for the

(40) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

blacker hair of the palpi) with the awrelia, Nick., of Mt. Musine (Turin),

recognised genitalically by Reverdin.

Subspecies pseudathalia, Reverdin, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1920, p.
319, and Soc. Lép. Genéve, 1922, p. 24, pl. 1-2: ‘* Southern and
part of Eastern France, Italy, most of Switzerland, Spain.”

(a) race tenuicula, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 198.—C.It., at high
altitudes, in alpine surroundings, up to 1800m. (‘ Piano:
Astore, 1200m., in Sibillini Mts,’’). .

(b) race tenuis, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 198.—C.It., up to 13800m.
(‘‘ Pian di Mugnone, m. 200, near Florence’’). This is the
most widespread race over the whole hinterland ; it maintains
a very uniform aspect even in localities where other species
produce races different from each other.

(c) race submaxima, Vrty.—lI. gen. submaaima, Vrty.; LU. gen.
tenuis, Vrty. 26, It., in damp localities alone the coast (OE
dei Marmi in prov. ‘of Lucca Ee

Note.—Broadly speaking the following race maxima may be said to
extend all along the coast from Genoa to Calabria, but to be more
accurate one must note that the race of Tuscany, and perhaps that of
Liguria, is not as large, not of such a warm saturated fulvous and not
so heavily marked with black as the most extreme maxima, which pre-
dominate in Calabria and in the Isle of Elba, and it should be
distinguished by the name of submaxima, mihi. At Fortedei Marmi
I have constantly observed every year a second generation from about
August 20th to September 10th, which exhibits the same features as
race tenuis, Showing maxima and tenuis, different as they are, are only
produced by the effect of surroundings on individual development.—
(R. Verity.)

(d) race maaima, Trti., Ann. Museo Zool. Napoli, 1911, p. 19.—
P.It. up to 500m. (‘‘ Paola,” on sea shore, in Calabria; Poggio
500m. in the Isle of Elba).

- (e) race obscura-maxima, Vrty.-Trti., E.R., 1921, p. 213.—“S.
Fili, 500m., on Coast Range of Calabria.”

(7) race obscura, Vrty., E.R., 1919, p. 194.—‘ Altipiano di Car-
melia on Aspromonte, 1200m., in Calabria.”

Melitaea varia, Meyer-Dur. [‘‘ Bundtner Hochalpen in Switzerland.’’}

(a) race varissima, Vrty., Soc. Ent. [t., 1913, p. 210.—C.It. at high
altitudes from 1200 to 1800m. (‘ Sibillini Mts., in the
Marche’; Gran Sasso in the Abruzzi, according to Standfuss
and Calberla).

Note.—Verity has three males collected by Col. Parvis in Western
Liguria in July, 1903; they are labelled ‘‘ Bordighera,’’ but they so
exactly resemble the varia of the Vallasco, in Maritime Alps, that they
must come from a higher altitude in the mountains above that town.

Tribe: Argynnidi.
Brenthis pales, Schiff. [‘* Vienna.’’]
(a) race medioitalica, Trti., Ann. Museo Zool. Napoli, 1911, p. 21.
—‘ Gran S-esso” and Majella in the Abruzzi at 1500m.
Note.—Specimens in the Verity coll., collected by Col. Parvis on
Mt. Lega and Mt. Capelet in Western Liguria, belong to race brogotarus,
Frih., Int. Ent. Zeit. Guben, 1909, p. 182, described from the Col di
Tenda in Maritime Alps.—(R. Verity.)

SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. (41)

Brenthis dia, L. [‘* Austria.”]

(a) race laetior, Vrty.—I. gen. laetior, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 194;
II. gen. flavens, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 194; ILI. gen. flarens,
Vrty.—C.lt., up to 1000m.

Brenthis hecate, Schiff. [** Vienna.’’]

(a) race florida, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 195.—* Florence, from 150
to 600m.’ This is the only locality we know for this species
in the region we are dealing with.

Brenthis daphne, Schiff. [ Vienna.’’]

(a) race tenuitermaculosa, Vrty., H.R., 1922, p. 14 (‘* Florence ’’).
—C.It., from coast (Forte dei Marmi) up to 1000m. Very
local and chiefly in the gullies of streams.

(6) race nikator, Fruhst., Int. e. Zeit. Guben, 1909, p. 1138
(‘‘ Klausen in 8. Tyrol ”’}.—Calabria up to 1000m.

Brenthis euphrosyne, L. [** Sweden.’’]
(a) race apennina, Stgr., Cat., 1901, p. 85 («« Apennines ’’).—P.It.,
from 500 to 1800m.

Tssoria lathonia, i. [‘* Sweden.’’|
(a) race florens, Vrty.—l. gen. lathonia, L.; II. gen. florens, Vrty.,
E.R., 1916, p. 180; III. gen. florens, Vrty.—P.It. up to
1000m. (‘‘ Vallombrosa and Florence ”’).
(b) race emiflorens, Vrty.—l. gen. lathonia, L.; II. gen. emiflorens,
Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 195; III. gen. emiflorens, Vrty.—P.It.,
up to 1300m. (‘‘ Baths of Lucca ”’).

Argynnis aglaia, Li. [“* Sweden.’
(a) race appenninicola, Vrty., Soc. Hnt. It., 1914, p. 218, t. L.,
f. 4-5.—P.It., from 700 to 1300m. (‘‘ Abetone Pass, 1300m.,
in Northern Tuscany ’’).
Argynnis niobe, Li, {‘* Kurope”’ ; no quotation. |
(a) race appenninica, Vrty.—Soc. Ent. It., 1914, p. 213—C.It.,
from 1000 to 1400m. (‘‘ Abetone pass, 18300m., in Northern
Tuscany’).
(6) race rubida, Vrty., trans. ad appenninica, Vrty.—Calabrian
Coast Range, 800m.
(c) race rubida, Vrty., Sec. Hnt. It., 1913, p. 214, t. I., f. 8.—
‘“« Aspromonte, 1200m., in Calabria.”

Argynnis cydippe, Li. (1761) (=adippe, L. (1767)). [** Sweden.”
(a) race clarens, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 196.—P.It., up to 1400m.
(‘‘ Florence ’’).

Note.—-In the Linnean Soc.’s Journ., Zool., 1918, p. 182, I have
pointed out the fact that there exists no clue in Linneus’s descriptions
or quotings as to what species he had before him when he described
his cydippe, and that the specimen left by him with this name in his
own handwriting is a niobe corresponding exactly to hisdescription. I
had suggested to correct the name on this account, but some English
entomologists have opposed it, maintaining that specimens are not
reliable and that only data drawn from literature should be considered,
so that in this case one can let things stand as Rottemburg and other
early writers made them out. All have agreed, however, that the
older name of cydippe must be used instead of adippe. (R. Verity.)

(42) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Argyronome (Dryas) pandora, Schiff. [* Vienna.’’|

(a) race pandora, Schiff.—Isle of Hlba, up to 600m.; Prov. of
Caserta (Formia on sea shore, Aurunci Mts., 600m., and
Atina, 500m.).

Argyronome (Dryas) paphia, L. [‘* Sweden.”’}

(a) race magnata, Vrty., E.R., 1919, p. 196 [* Les Boutardiéres
(Maine et Loire) in France’’|.—P.It. at high altitudes, in
alpine surroundings (Sibillini Mts. in the Marche).

(b) race magnifica, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 196.—P.It., up to
1300m. (‘‘ Florence ”’).

(c) race anargyra, Stgr., Cat., 1871, p. 22 (“S. Europe; W. Asia”)
and Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., 1871, p. 63 [Greece, Sardinia,
Cors., Spain] (see #.f., 1919, p. 197).—Isle of Elba, up to

Om.

Note.-—The name of Dryas, drawn from Htibner’s Tentamen and
adopted by Scudder and other authors for the two last species as
separated from the Argynnis proper, cannot stand, because it was given
by Scopoli to a Satyridi and the Rules of Nomenclature allow no
genus to bear a name already in use in any way. Hubner’s other
name of Aryyronome from Verz. bek. Schmett. (1816) would seem to be
the right one.

Tribe: Vanessidt.
Pyrameis cardui, Li. [‘* Sweden.’’}

(a) race carduelis, Cram., Pap. Hwot., t. XXVI., f. EH, F. [Cape
of Good Hope’”}.—I. gen. carduelis, Cram.; Il. gen.
carduelis Cram.—P.It., in damp surroundings, up to 1300m.

(6) race wniversa, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 197.—I. gen. universa,
Vrty.; Il. gen. wniversa, Vrty.—P.It., up to 13800m. (“ Flor-
ence ’’).

(c) race inops, Vrty., E.R., 1919, p. 198 [* Sicily and Algeria ’’].
—I. gen. inops, Vrty.; II. gen. inops, Vrty.—P.It., in dry
surroundings, up to 1800m.

Pyrameis atalanta, L. (‘‘ Sweden.’’)

(a) race atalanta, L.—P.It., up to 1300m.

(b) race minutior, mihi.—P.It., in arid localities (“« Quercianella,
near Leghorn ’’).

Note.—-Stichel (Berl. Ent. Zeit., 1900, p. 124 and in Seit’s Gross-
Schmett, p. 199) describes as italica the race he supposes to exist in
Southern Italy as far north as the Albani Mts. and the Abruzzi, with
a transitional one further north. All this is most surprising, for no
such thing exists. All we can say is that from Tuscany to Sicily, in
very arid localities, very small individuals, with the fracta, Tutt, band-
character, predominate, and that individuals with a faded whitish area
on the underside of the hindwings do occur much more often than in
northern countries. Usually, however. there is in Italy only a very
slight tendency to vary more in the direction of these extreme forms,
and we have never seen a single specimen with the blue spots on hind-
wing, described by Stichel. I have observed facts which seem to
suggest an occasional partial second generation.—(R. Verity.)

Vanessa io, L. [‘* Sweden.’’]

(a) race io, L.—P.It., up to 18300m. We detect no difference
between the Italian races and a series from Norrwicken in

SHASONAL POLYMORPHISM. (43)

Central Sweden, in Verity coll. Commonly seen in the
mountains nearby, never in the plains, but near Florence
broods of larvae are frequent in May, although the butterfly
has only been observed in four or five instances during tens
of year’s collecting by Stefanelli and ourselves.

Kuvanessa antiopa, L. [*‘ Sweden.’’]
(a) race major, Hisp., Schmett. Hur, 1., p. 324, t. XXIX., £. 5
[“‘ Frankonia”’] =creta, Vrty., H.R.,1916, p.101 (“ Tuscany’’).
P.It., up to 1300m.
Aglais urticae, L. [‘‘ Sweden.’’|
(a) race turcica, Stgr., Cat., 1871, p. 16. [Southern Balkans,
As. Min.”].—P.It., up to 1500m. Widespread and abundant
in the mountains from 800m. upwards. The butterfly has
never been observed anywhere in the plain, but on two
occasions a brood of larvae has been found in Florence in
May. In Italy the species seems to have a single generation.

Eugonia polychloros, Li. [** Sweden.”’]

(a) race pulchrior, Vrty., H.R., 1916, p. 101 (“ Florence ’’). —P.It.,
up to 1400m., producing also more or less frequently form
polychloros, Li., or form rubens, Vrty., E.R., 1919, p. 199
[‘‘ Lanusei, in Sardinia’’], according to surroundings. This
species only has one generation, according to modern writers,
and it may be so also in this region, but some March indi-
viduals seem surprisingly fresh to have emerged in June.

Polygonia c-album, Li. [‘ Sweden.’’}
(a) race c-album, L.—I. gen. hutchinsoni, Robson, Young Nat.,
1881, p. 110 [‘‘ England’); IL. gen. c-albwm, L.—P.It., up
to 1800m.

Polygonia egea, Cr. {‘‘ Constantinople and Smyrna.’’]

(a) race egea, Or.—I. gen. egea, Cr; II. gen. t-album, Esp.,
Schmett Hur., Suppl. Vol. I., p. 14, t. XCV.,f. 4 [* Mont-
pellier, in 8. France’’].—P.It., up to 1800m.

Note.—In Ent. Rec., 1919, p. 201, I have stated that individuals
very like Cramer’s figure do occur in Italy, contrary to Stichel’s
opinion in Seitz that they do not exist anywhere. The usual form is
the one figured by Esper as vaw-albwin and, if the former is frequent in
the East, the Western race should bear the latter name [‘' Provence,
in S. France”]. Some April individuals are so fresh-looking that it
does not seem possible they can have hybernated.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Page 3: Hrynnis alceae,Ksp.—Alter this paragraph as follows :

(a) race australis, Z.—I. gen. praeaustralis, Vrty., E.R., 1924,
p. 106 [‘‘Monreale, 800m., near Palermo] ; II. gen. australis,
Z.; IL. gen. australis, Z.—Southern Calabria.

{b) race magnaustralis, Vrty.—I. gen. alceae, Esp.; II. gen.
magnaustralis, Vrty., H.R., 1924, p. 106 (‘ Tuscany’’) ; III.
gen. griseofulva, Vrty., H.R., 1924, p. 106 (“Pian di
Mugnone, near Florence ’’).—Central and probably the whole
of P.It., up to 1300 m.

(44) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Page 8: Erynnis altheae, Hb,—Alter: II. gen. australiformis, Vrty.,
into II. gen. fulvipinnulis, Vrty.. H.R., 1924, p. 106
(“ Tuscany ”).
Page 4: Hesperia armoricanus, Obth,—Alter: Ll. gen. fulvoinspersa,
Vrty., into: ILI. gen. and add II. gen. tersa, Vrty., H.R., 1924,
p. 107 (‘‘ Camaione Valley, 400m., near Lueca’’). ;
In very hot localities one meets, not unfrequently, with form
fabressei, Obth., Mt. Lep. Comp., IV. p. 412, fig. 518-520 (1910)
(‘Sierra Alta, in Castile”], but we have never found it to prevail.
In the second half of October in Florence, there occurs in favourable
years an emergence of individuals similar to the spring generation, but
whether they reproduce and thus constitute a IV partial generation,
or not, remains to be established.
Page 4: Hesperia onopordi, Rbr.—Alter I]. gen. fulvotincta, Vrty..,
into III. gen. and add If. gen. terstor, Vrty., H.R., 1924,
p. 106 (“ Camaione Valley, 400m., near Lucca ”’).
Page 5: Urbicola comma, l.—Alter this paragraph as follows :
(a) race aurata, Vrty., H.R., 1924, p. 107.—* Abetone Pass, at
1800m., on northern boundary of Tuscany, on very arid stony
. ground.”
(6) race apennina, Rost., . . . .
(c) race orae, Vrty., H.R., 1924, p. 107.—On coast of C.It.
(“ Pertusola, on Gulf of Spezia, and Quercianella, near Leg-
horn,” Levanto) at a few hundred yards from shore.
(d) race alpina, Bath,

Page 5: Heodes virgaureae, L.—Cancel: Boscolungo
from localities of race apennina, Calb., and add:
(b) race quercit, Trti., Atti. Soc. It. Sc. Nat., 1923, p. 42.—
« Sibillini Mts.”
(c) raceemilianus, Trti.,/.c. [‘‘Hmilian Apennines’’] .—Boscolungo,
1800m., on northern boundary of Tuscany.

Page 6: Loweta dorilis, Hifn.—Alter: I. gen. italorwm, Vrty., into :
I. gen. ttalaveris, Vrty., H.R., 1924, p. 108 (“* Pian di Mugnone,
near Florence ”’).

Page 6: Lycaena arion, L.—Add:

(b) race australpina, Vrty., H.R., 1924, p. 109.—C.It., at high
altitudes, in alpine surroundings (‘ Bolognola, 1200m. in
Sibillini Mtg.’ and presumably Palena and Roccaraso in the
Abruzzi).

(c) race taras, Frhst., Soc. Hntom., 1915, p. 68.—“ Aurunci Mis.
(Valle del Petrella, 1400 m.) in the prov. of Caserta.”

Page 6: Lycaena euphemus, Hiib. and Note to Genus Lycaena on page
18.—The confirmation of the existence of this species in the
Sibillini Mts. in this Note has turned out to bea mistake. Querci
collected (July 10th to 24th) at 1700m., under the Pizzo Tre
Vescovi some females and referred them on the field to
euphemus, but males were subsequently found and they all
turned out to be L. alcon, Schiff., although this race is so
different in the female from any other (Verity possesses an
unusual blue female from Dusseldorf which is transitional to
them) that it needs some attention to recognise the species,

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LIST OF THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA, (17)

Apamea ophiogramma.—N.F., H.F.C.; Ringwood, N.; Shawford,
f.c., R.; Romsey, Pe.; Winton, c., Ht.

Miana strigilis.—C. ev.

Miana fasciuncula.—Gen. dist., f. ¢.

Miana literosa.—Ch. Fd., r., R.; Romsey, Pe.; Winton, occ., Ht.,
Eee ortsdownc..eb.. Heel. Were nek. Gx

Miana bicoloria.—Gen. dist., c., sometimes abt. ; More on the coast
than inland, Ht.; I.W., Freshw., c., M.; c. and variable, 7.W.G.

Xylophasia rurea.—Gen. dist., more or less c.

Xylophasia lithoxylea.—Gen. dist., more or less c.

Aylophasia sublustris—N.F., Pe., E.R., XVII. 171; Ch. Fd., r., A.;
Winton, occ., M.; Ptsmth., c., sometimes abt., B.; Portsdown, f. c.,
H.; Alton, oce., S.; Monxton, f.c., H.; I.W., St. Lawrence, B. ;
Sandown, Freshw., Shanklin; c. some seasons, 1.W.G.

Xylophasia monoglypha.—Abt. ev.

Xylophasia hepatica.—N.F., sometimes abt., T.; r., B.; Ch. Fd.,
Weal Cs iris: (SOlONsIC. Hck. \Vintoneoccs. Menvkite eb tsmthewtrc.) Ba:
Alton, S.; Gen. dist. in Nth., H.; I.W., well dist., f. ¢., 1.W.G.

Xylophasia scolopacina.—Ringwood, N.; Ch. Fd., 1 sp., A.; sc., R.;
Pamber, c., H.

Dipterygia scabriuscula.—N. F., oce., T., J.; Ringwood, N.; Bnmth.,
Ct.; Bassett, c., A.; Ch. Fd., f.c.,R.; Winton, f.c., Ht. ; Marchwood,
Hikes etsmih, cs B.; Havant, 1 ispsebus) Pamber, Bere, ¢:, HH. :
Sth. of Newbury, SI.; I.W., Freshw., Hnt., 1904, p. 298.

Cloantha polyodon.—1 sp., 1855, M.B.I., I. 282; Occurs, V.

Aporophyla lutulenta.—Bunmth., r.. R.; Bassett, r., A.; Ch. Fd.,
se., R., A.; Winton, 2 sp., Ht.; Harewood, Monxton, Silchester, c.,
H.; I.W.; Freshw., c., M., T., etc.; St. Helens, f. c., B.; Sandown,
Bembridge, Vent., Yarmouth, 1.1V.G.

Aporophyla nigra.—N.¥., Ht., M.; Ringwood, N.; Boscombe, sc.,
R.; Christch., Dt.; Bassett, f. c., A.; Soton, occ., M.; Fareham, 1 sp.,
H.; J.W., St. Helens, f. c., B.; Sandown, Carisbrooke, Vent.,
Yarmouth, Shanklin, in some numbers, J. /V.G.

Aporophyla australis.—I.W., Ht., etc.; Freshw., f. ¢., Pe., T.;
Sandown, #.R., VIII. 220; A fairly plentiful species on the downs,
ete., 1. W.G.

Epunda lichenea.—Christch., oce., M.; Sth. of Newbury, SI].; L.W.,
Hewett, W.B.1., I. 285; St. Helens, larvae occ., 1. W.G.

Polia flavicincta.— Winton, r., W.L., 1891; Occurs, V.; I.W.,
Shanklin, 1 sp., [.WV.G.

Polia chiimOccurs, V.; Christch., H.F.C.; Southsea, Hk.

Brachionycha sphinv.—N.F., n. c., M., B.; Ringwood, N.; Soton,
Pose dee Ae ae Chin hdeweveseh.Ae ae RomseysehensWitonen ray a7.
1891 ; Portsdown, n. c., B.; Pamber, oce., H.; 1.W., Whippingham,
TLW.G.

Miselia oxyacanthae.—Gen. dist., ¢.; var. capucina, oce.

Agriopis aprilina.—Gen. dist., c.

Huplexia lucipara.—e. nearly ev.

Phlogophora meticulosa.— Abt. ev.

Mormo maura.—e. nearly ev.

Naenta typica.—e. nearly ev.

Helotropha leucostigma.—Oceurs, V.;.Christch., Dt. ; Havant, 1 sp.,
H.; LW., Sandown, 1 sp., 7.W.G.

(18) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD.

Hydroecia nictitans.—Gen. dist. and c. in damp places; var. paludis,
usually more c. than type.

Hydroecia micacea.—N.F., n. c., B.; Ringwood, N.; Soton, r., F.;
Bassett, c., A.; Ch. Fd., n. c., R.; Romsey, Pe.; Winton, oce., Ht. ;
Fareham) cf: To; Ptsmth.; nie. B. ;- Havant, ¢), KE.) -Akton, ¢:;S.;
Monxton, f. c., H.; Sth.‘of Newbury, Sl.; I.W., f. c., 1.W.G.

Hydroecia petasitis—Occurs throughout, V.; Hastleigh, 1 larva,
1921, F.; Romsey, 1 sp. by Dr. Buckell, Pe.

Ochria ochracea.—N.F., c., Ht.; Ringwood, N.; Soton, f. ¢., F.,
M.; Ch. Fd., c., Ry, ‘A.; Hursley, oec:, M.; Hastleigh; oce., K.;
Romsey, Pe.; Ptsmth., n.c., B.; Heckfield, 1 sp., T.; Havant, n. «.,
K.; Alton, 8:; Monxton, 1 sp., H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; 1.W:,
sometimes c., I. W.G.

Nonagria spargantt.—Milford, 1. sp., Pe.; I.W., Freshw., r., Pe.,
M.; Nr. Brading, a fair number, J.W.A:.N.S.

Nonagria typhae.—Loce. c. nearly ev.

Nonagria geminipuncta.—OChristch., c., T., R.; Soton, Romsey,
Nursling, Shawford, loc. c., F.; Eastleigh, Winton, c., K.; Havant,
loc. c., H.; I. W., Freshw., c., M.; Sandown, Brading, J.W.G.

Ooenobia rufa-—N.¥., f. e:, M.3 Ch: Kd., Ac; Pismith., nie% sBe:
Shortheath, nr. Kingsley, abt., 1921, S.; I.W., Sandown, vy. loc.,
1.W.G.; Freshw., Pe.

Senta maritima.—Boscombe, R.; Ringwood, N.; Ptsmth. salterns,
1 sp., B.; Havant, n. c., T., Es; 1.W., Freshw., Pe., T.; Sandown, ih
fair numbers, considerable variation, J.W.G.

Tapinostola fulva.—N.F., occ., M.; Ringwood, N.; Soton, n. c.,
F.; Ch: Fd., c., R., A.; Romsey, Pe.; Ptsmth., n. c., B.; Havant;
loc. c., H.; Alton, c., 1920, S.; Andover, Silchester, H.; Sth. of
Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Sandown, J.W.G.

Tapinostola hellnanni.—\.W., Sandown district, 2 sp., 1.W.G.

Calamia lutosa.—Christch., Dt.; 1.W., Freshw., 1 sp., F.R., V. 268;
The Culvers, 1 sp., Freshw., Shanklin, 1 sp., /.W.G.

Calamia phragmitidis.—Christch., Dt.; I.W., Sandown, E.R.,
VIII. 174; Sandown, Shanklin, Luccombe, ab. rufescens also occurs,
T.W:N:H.S.

Leucania pallens.—Abt. ev.

Leucania l-album.—I.W., Sandown, 1 sp., E.R., (901, p. 332.

Leucania favicolor.—Ptsmth., Hayling, 8 or 9 sp., B., Ps.; I.W.,
Sandown, 1 sp., 1895, Freshw., 1 sp., J. W.G.

Leucania impura.—e. ev.

Leucania straminea.—Ringwood, N.; Soton, r., F.; Romsey, Pe. ;
Winton, r., Ht.; Ptsmth., n. c., B.; Havant, loc. abt:, K.; Alton, S. ;
I.W., Freshw., c., T.; Sandown, occ., 1.W.G.

Leucania impudens.—N.F., oec., T., M.; loc. c., B.; Ringwood, N.;
Novon, OCCi eta ALe (Ch Hid-sate Gs hae ametsnah hese (cemelae

Leucania obsoleta.—I1.W., a few in marshes nr. Sandown, I./V.G.

Leucania littoralis—Boscombe, f. c., R.; Bnmth., ¢., V., Dt.;
Ptsmth., c., B.; Hayling, abt., T., E.; I.W., c., V.; St. Helens, abt.,
AW, 1B

Leucania conma.—Gen. dist., usually c.

Leucania putrescens.—Boscombe, v. r., R.; /.R:, XIII. 369.

Leucania unipuncta.—N.F., 1 sp. at sugar, Church Place Enc.,
Oct. 8, 1896, by Rev. G. Hughes of Woolston, Hnt., 1896; M.B.1.,

LIST OF THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA. (19)

I. 311; 1 sp., Hnt., XL:, 19138; I.W., Sandown, 1 sp., #.R., 1907,
p. 803.

Leucania vitellina.—Oce. sp., chiefly on or near coast: Christch.,
occ., R., Dt.; Ringwood, N.; Brockt., 1 sp., /.R., 1V. 337; Havant,
1 sp., 1922, K.; I.W., Freshw., oce., Ht. #.R.; Sandown, 1 sp., L.f.,
X. 232; Sandown, Freshw., Bembridge, occ., 1.W.G.

Leucania albipuncta.—Boscombe, r., R.; Ptsmth., Hayling, v. r.,
B.; I.W., Freshw., some numbers, V.; Sandown, occ., H.R., LV. 278,
etc. ; Freshw., f. c:, E.R., V., 1.W.G.

Leucania lithargyria.—Gen. dist., more or less ¢.

Leucania conigera.—Gen. dist., c.

Leucania turca.—N.F., used to be abt., V.; c. at intervals, Ht. ;
loc., J., M., T., Hk.; Bassett, 1 sp., A.; Ptsmth., loc. r., B.; Havant,
1 sp., HE.

Grammesia trigrammica.—Gen. dist., ¢.; var. bilinea, occ. with the
type.

Stilbia anomala.—N.F., loc. f. c., B., A.; Bassett, r., A. ; Baddesley,
r., F.; Oh. Fd., loc..c., R.; I.W., St. George’s Down, I.W.N.H.S.

Caradrina morpheus,—Gen. dist., f. ¢.

Caradrina alsines.—N.F., E.R., 1X. 92; Ringwood, N.; Bassett,
A.; Ch. Fd., c. some yrs., R.; Winton, f. c., Ht.; Ptsmth. salterns,
f.c., B.; Havant, f.c., E.; Gen. dist. in Nth., H.; Sth. of Newbury,
Sl.; I.W., A.; Sandown, Luccombe, nr. Shanklin, n.'c., 7.W.G.

Caradrina taraxacit.—Gen. dist., more or less c.

Caradrina ambigua.—N.F., 2 sp., H.R., XI. 26; Ringwood, N. ;
Boscombe, n. ¢., oe Christch., Dt.; Bassett., r., A.; Southsea, Hk. ;
Hayling, n. ¢., ai W., Ereshw: - some numbers, T., Pe., H.R., V.
268 ; Sandown, = ee E. R VIII. 200, etc.

Caradrina quadripinétata.—Gen. dist.; f. ¢:

Caradrina exiywa.—-Boscombe, v. r., R.; Christch., Dt.; Ch. Fd.,
1 sp., A.; Romsey, 8 sp., Pe.; Ptsmth., 2 or 8 at light, B.; Ptsmth,
1 sp., 1914, Ps.; Swanwick, 1 sp., A.; Havant, 2 sp., 1920, 1922, EH. ;
I.W., Freshw., £.R.; A full account of its occurrence in I.W. is given
in I.W.G., p. 407.

Petilampa arcuosa.—Ringwood, N.; Christch., Dt.; Soton, ¢., F.;
Ch. Fd., f. c., B., A.; Winton, r:, Ht.; Ptsmth, f.c., B-; Purbrook,c.,
T., Ps.; Fareham, 1 sp., H.; Alton, 1 sp., S.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl. ;
I.W., Freshw., c., T.; Bembridge, Sandown, 1 sp., 1.W.G.

Acosmetia caliyinosa.—N.F., v. loc., n. c., M., Ht., A.; Stubby
Copse, 1 sp., H.R, 11. 188; A few localities nr. Brockt., V.; I.W.,
loc. r., A.; Hint., 1920, p. 20; About 20 taken, 1909, 1.W.N.H.S.

Rusina tenebrosa.—Gen. dist. in woody places, ¢

Amphipyra pyramidea.—Gen. dist. in all large woods, ¢.

Amphipyra tragopogonis.—c. nearly ev.

Panolis grisco-variegata (piniperda).—Gen. dist. among firs, often c.

Pachnobia leucographa.—N.F., r., M.; 1 sp., B.; Liss, f.'c., Ps. ;
Burghclere, 1 sp., Sl.; I.W., r. and gee LW:G.

Pachnobia rubricosa.—N.F., f. ¢., T., M., B.; Ringwood, N.; Soton,
f. ci, F:, A.; Ch.'Fd.,'f..c¢., R., A.; Winton, n.c., Ht.; Fareham, n. €.,
T., H.; Portsdown, ¢., B.; Harewood, Pamber, H.; Sth. of Newbury,
S1. ;31.W., Sandown, Cowes, Shanklin, /.W.G.

Taentocampa gothica.—c. ev.

Taeniocampa niniosa.—N.F., f.c.,M., B.; Ringwood, N.; Holmsley

’
(20) HH ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

{ci Re: Sotonsns c. Hoy Ae Chi-Wds i cy han Mt..3) Pismihy ¢59b.5
Fareham, n.c., T. H.; Pamber, H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; 1.W., n.c.,
Parkhurst, Bembridge, East Cowes, I.W.G.

Taeniocampa pulverulenta.—c. ev.

Taeniocampa stabilis.—Abt. ev.

Taeniocampa populeti.cN.F., Ringwood, N.; Ch. Fd., r., RB.;
Romsey, Pe.; Portsdown, sc., B.; Havant, c., E.; I.W., Shanklin,
neice J2WeG,.

Taeniocampa incerta.—c. nearly ev., very variable.

Taeniocampa munda.—e. nearly ev., very variable.

Taeniocampa gracilis.—Gen. dist., not usually c.; Larvae of var.
rufa c. in N.F., on bog myrtle.

Dicycla 00.—N.F., H.F.C., ete. ; v. loc., Ht.; some yrs. abt., rare
in N. F. since 1871, V.; Pamber, 2 sp., 1916, H.

Calymnia pyralina.—Christch., Dt.; Alton, 1 sp., S.; Hants,
MeBeiy il, pase; LW Bembridee nr, TW. G.

Cais Gea Ringwood, N.; Bnmth., f. c., Ct.; Bassett,
1 sp., ms Ch. Fd., Pexecas Eastleigh, Oce., K.. Romsey, Po :
Piamthy Bei eee f. C., Pst: Fareham, H. ; Haeane Cay.
Alton, ¢., ce Monxton, H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sy laws Sandown,
St. Lawrence, Freshw., Bembridge, Kast Cowes, LW.G.

sens difinis.— Ringwood, N.; Bnumth., Ct. ; ae tlerees

i eortsdowur reels) TW... Pannen ee Bembridge,
Bast Cowes, L.W.G.

Calymnia trapezina.—Abt. ev. in woods.

Dyschorista suspecta.—N.F., among birch, Ht.; c. in 1896, Hayling,
MBA., 11.,.p. 73 Ch. Fd;, one, or: two only, R.; Portsdown, r., B.;
I.W., Sandown, 1 sp., 7. W. iG

Dyschorista _fissipuncta.—Christch., ¢., R.; Shawford, c., R.;
Winton, c., M., Ht.; Ptsmth., c., B.; Havant, c., E.; 1.W., Cowes,
I.W.G.

Plastenis retusa.—N.F., f. c., B.; Soton, f. c., F.; Ch. Fd., se., R.;
Fareham, f. c., B.; Horndean, f. c., B.; Westbourne, Sheepwash, c.,
Ps.; Basingstoke, f. c., M.; Nth. Hants, Ht.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.;
I.W., old records only.

Plastenis subtusa.—Christch., H.F.C.; Ch. Fd., se., R.; Romsey,
Pe. ; Winton, r.; Ht.; Havant, 1 sp., E.; 1.W., Freshw., 'E. Eten Vie
253.

Cirrhoedia xerampelina.—N.F.,loc.¢., J.; Rinegood N.; Lymington,
several, Hnt., LI. 9; Bishopstoke, 1 sp., K.; Romsey, Pe. ; Fareham,
1 sp., T.; Meon Valley, H.F.C.; Amport, occ., M.; Harewood, 1 sp.,
Pamber, occ., H.; Nth. Hants, Ht.

Omphaloscelis lunosa.—Gen.-dist., more or less ec.

Amathes lota.— Gen. dist., ¢.

Amathes macilenta.— Gen. dist. c.

Amathes circellavis.—Gen. dist., more or less c.

Amathes helvola (rufina).—N.F., f.¢., J.. M., B.; Ringwood, N.;
Sotonc:, Hy Aj; Chykds fc; hi Al Romsey Pes Wanton, icy yEt..:
Botley, f. ¢., T.; Horndean, sc., B.; Southsea, Hk.; Harewood,
Pamber, Hyden Wood, abt., H.; Sth. of Newbury, S].; I.W., Sandown,
a few, Yarmouth, f. c., /.W.G.

Amathes l lychnidis (pistacina). —Gen. dist., abt.

Amathes litura.—N.F., ¢., M., B.; Ringwood, N.; Christeb., Dt.;

LIST OF THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA. (21)

Soton, sc., F.; Bassett, f. c., A.; Ch. Fd., f. c., R., A.; Romsey, Pe. ;
Winton, Ht.; Horndean, f. c.,B.; Hyden Wood, c., T.; Alton, 1 sp., —
S.; Gen. dist. in Nth., H., Sl.; I.W., Freshw., J.W.G.

Cirrhia citrago.—-Ringwood, N.; Hassett, r., A.; Ch. Fd., 1 sp.
only, ‘‘ miles from lime,” R.; Fareham, n.c., T.: Horndean, r., B.;
Alton, f. c., S.; Monxton, Longparish, H.; I.W., Niton, 1 sp., J. W.G.

Ochria aurago.—Soton, 1 sp., F.R., XIV. 846; Hursley, Ch. Fd.,
Farley Mt., n. c., R.; Crab Wood, r., Ht.; Fareham, 1 sp., T.; Horn-
dean, r., B.; Hyden Wood, Rowlands Castle, n. c., Ps.; Alton, f. c.,
S.; Harewood, sometimes c., Silchester, 1 sp., H.; I.W., old records
only.

Fae lutea (flavago).—Gen. dist., c.

Xanthia fulvago.— Gen. dist., c.; I.W., infrequent, 7.W.G.

Mellinia ygilvago.—Rinegwood, N.; Bassett, 1 sp., A.; Ch. Fd., v. r.,
R. ;, Havant, f..c., E.; Monxton, f. c., H.; 1.W., H.F.C.; Sandown,
2 sp., 1.W.G.

Xantholeuca croceago.—N.F., n. c., M., Ht.; Ringwood, N.; nr.
Lymington, J.; Fareham, occ., T., H.; Harewood, oce., H.; Sth. of
Newbury, r., Sl.; I.W., Parkhurst, I. W.G.

Orrhodia erythrocephala.—Boscombe, I sp., 1902, R.; N.F., Ht.,
M.B.I., Il. 24.

Orrhodia vaccinii.—. ev.

Orrhodia ligula (spadicea).—Gen. dist., usually c.

Dasycampa rubiyinea.—N.F., r., B., M., Hk., J.; Christch, Dt., R. ;
Romsey, 3 sp., Pe.; Nth. Hants, 1 sp., Ht.; I.W., M.B.I., Il. 27;
Rare, /.W.G.

Hupsilia satellitia.—C. ev.

lithophane semibrunnea.—Christch., r., R.; Soton, r.j F.; Ch. Fd.,
4, R., A.; Romsey, ec. some yrs., Pe.; Crab Wood, r., Ht.; Botley,
oee:, T.; Horndean, n.c:, B.; Hevant, 2>sp:, H.; Alton; lysp.. 8);
Monxton, 2 sp., Harewood, 1 sp., H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.W.,
old records only.

Lithophane socia.—N.F., f. ¢., M., T., Hk., J.; Ringwood, N.;
Christch., n. c., R.; Soton, f.c., F., A.; Ch. Fd., n.c., R., A.; Rom-
sey, c., Pe.; Eastleigh, oce., K.; Crab Wood, Ht.; I.W., old records
only.

Graptolitha ornithopus.—Gen. dist. in Sth., c.; Apparently se. in
Nth. and in I.W.

Xylocampa areola.—C., ev.

Calocampa exoleta.—N.F., f. c., Ht., M., T.; Ringwood, N.;
Boscombe; 15 Ra; Soton, t.,EAae Ch. Kd. ses, eee Wintonae.. EL.
Horndean, n.c., B.; Fareham, 1 sp., H.; Swanwick, occ., A.; Head-
ley Park, 1 larva, S.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Freshw., occ., #.R.,
IV. 237, ete.; Shanklin, Sandown, Freshw., in fair numbers, J.W.G.

Calocampa vetusta.—N.F., n. c., M.; Ch. Fd., sc., R.; Horndean,
n.¢., B.; Fareham, | sp., T.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.\W., Freshw.,
occ., Pe., R.; Sandown, Vent., Whippinghamm, c., 1.1V.G.

Cucullia verbascit.—Gen. dist., n. c.; No record for N.F.

Cucullia scrophulaviae.—Romsey, sc., larvae singly on water betony,
R., Pe. ; a doubtful record.

Cucullia lychnitis.—Bnmth., v. plentiful, £.R., XI. 194 ; Soton, sc.,
F.; Shawford, Winton, r. and loc., Ht., R., M.; Winton, loc. c., A.;

(22) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RUCORKD.

Waterlooville, Hk.; Ditcham, c., B.; Clanfield, sometimes c., Ps. ;
Alton, 8.; Sth. of Newbury, SI.

Cucullia asteris—Ch. Fd., uncertain, A., f. c., R.; Romsey, Pe. ;
Hayling, n. c., H.; 1.W., Freshw., Pe. cs

Cucullia wnbratica.—Gen. dist., n.¢.; N.F., Milford, f. c., 1912,
Ct.; No other record for N.F.

Cucullia chamomillae.—-Christcb., sc., R., Dt.; Ch. Fd., r., BR. ;
Winton, 1 sp., W.L. 1875; Swanwick, A.; Ptsmth., n.c., B.; Fareham,
1 sp., T.; Pamber, 1 sp., H.; Sth. of Newbury, SI.; I.W., loc. r., A.

Cucullia gnaphalii.imHants, Ht., Barrett.

Cucullia absinthit.—I.W., Ht., M.B.I., IJ. 48 ; Old records of larvae;
Not seen for many years,

Anarta myrtilli.—Gen. dist. on heaths and commons, more or less c.

Heliaca tenebrata.—Gen. dist. in grassy places, more or less c.; I. W.,
St. Boniface Down, Bembridge, I.W.G.

Pyrrhia wunbra.—Higheliffe, c., A.; Winton, f.c., M., Ht.; Michel-
mersh, f.c., M.; Ptsmth., larvae abt., Ps.; Hayling, c., B.; Nore
Hill, S.; Pamber, 2 sp., 1916, H.; Sth. of Newbury, SI.; I.W., San-
down, c., H.R., V. 274; Vent., Niton, Freshw., Gurnard, Shanklin,
I.W.G.

Heliothis dipsacea,—N.F., loc. c., M., T., K., etc.; Damerham, 1 sp.,
Ct.; Crab Wood, occ., Ht.; Fawley Down, 1 sp., F.; Hayling, r., B.;
Monxton, 1 sp., H.; I.W., Whippingham, 1 sp., 1.W.G.; St. Lawrence,
1 1B)

Heliothis peltiyera.—Fareham, 1 sp., T.; Ptsmth., Hayling, Sheep-
wash, r., larvae f: c., 1920, se. in 1921, B., Ps:; I.W., Vent., 4 sp.,
C.; Freshw., occ., H.R., V. 268, 275, Pe., etc.; Hnt., 1906, p. 288.
Sandown, occ., 1.W.G.

Heliothis armigera—I.W., Vent., 1 sp:., C.; Freshw., 1 sp., T.;
Freshw., occ., H.R., LII1., 288, V. 268, 275, M.B.1., I]. 52; Sandown,
ee Ges

Acontia luctuosa.—Fdge., 2 sp., Ct.; Boscombe, R.; Winton, occ.,
F.; Romsey, Pe.; Ch, Fd., sc., R.; Crab Wood, Hursley, f. c., Ht. ;
Fareham, occ., T., H.; Portsdown, occ., I’., Ps.; Monxton, Longparish,
H.; I.W., Vent., Hk., V.; Freshw., 1 sp., A.; Pelham Woods, San-
down, Brading, Bembridge, J.W.G.

Thalpochares ostrina,—I.W., 2 sp., 1858, 1 sp., 1859; on the Culvers,
MB, U1 55:

Thalpochares parva.—I.W., M.B.I., 11. 56; Freshw., V.

Thalpochares paula—I.W., Freshw., 1872, M.B.1., Il. 56, V.

Hapalotis fasciana.—N.F., n. ¢.. T.; abt., V.; ¢., Ht., J.; Soton,
ch VAG Ch. Wd: nc. "R. A Horndean, se, Ba; |Basmestoke: ni ic.,
M.; Alice Holt, loc. c., 1920, S.; Pamber, c., 1920, H.; I.W., Freshw.,
Bembridge, [.1V.G.; Liphook, f.e.

Hydrelia wneula.—N.F., n. ¢., A.; Ly., Beaulieu, nr. Brockt., c.,
V.; Soton, c., F., K.; Shortheath, 8.; Woolmer, loc. abt., E.; Brams-
bury Common, 2 sp., H.

Rivula sericealis.—N.¥., f. c., V.; Soton, Eastleigh, c., F.; Ch. Fd.,
n. .¢., R.; Fareham, n.‘c., T., Hi; Pismth.,” Purbrook, f: c¢:, B.;
Havant, n. c., E.; Alton, abt., S.; Woolmer, c, E.; Harewood,
Pamber, H.; I.W., Sandown, Yarmouth, Shanklin, /.W.G.

Prothymnia viridaria.—C. on heaths ey.

Scoliopterya libatria.—C, ev.

LIST OF THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA. (28)

Plusia moneta.—Gen. dist. in gardens, larvae f. c.

Plusia chrysitis.—Gen dist., f. ¢.

Plusia chryson.—Between Winton and Kingsworthy, H.F.C.;
Monxton, 1 sp. 1908, H.; Has been taken in some plenty on Bramsbury
Common, H.

Plusia festucae—N.F., f. ¢., sometimes comes ‘to sugar, J.; Ring-
wood, N.; Soton, r. Johnson: Romsey, f. c., Pe., Dr. Buckell;
Winton, occ., Ht.; Shaw ford, Romsey, + Res Portsdown, Ilo, (Gay IBS 8
Fareham, 1 Sp., T.: L.W.., Freshw., Isp eae VE e229) eb radimes al
sp., Culver, 2 sp., L.W.G.

Plusia tota.—N.¥F., 0. c., B.j3 Ch. Fd., r., B.; Romsey, Pe.; Win-
ton, occ., R.; Portsdown, sc., Ps.; Alton, S.; Gen. dist. in Nth., H.,
Sl.; I.W., uncommon, /.W.G.

Plusia ppalielanaee—— NN Ringwood, N.; Damerham, 1 sp., Ct.;
Ch. Fd., A.; Alton, S.; Pamber, ¢c., Monxton, c., Longparish, H. ;
Sth. of Newbury, SL. ; LW. , old records only.

Plusia ni —Romsey, 2 sp. , Pe.

Plusia yamma,—Abt. ev.

Abrostola triplasia.—Romsey, Pe. ; Winton, se Jolin. 5 harobana: 1
Oa Ars LEUSVVUNELY TH, Cay 1B8 Cicia, dist. in Nth. H e SI. : Wes: old
records only.

Abrostola tripartita.—Ringwood, N.; Fdge., Ct.; Soton, r., F., A.;
Ch. Fd., sc., R., A.; Romsey, Pe. ; Winton, f. c., Ht.; Southsea, Hk. ;
Portsdown, n. c., B.; Gen. dist. in Nth., H., SI.; I.W., Shanklin,
Sandown, J.W.G.

Euclidia mi.—Gen. dist., c.

Euclidia ylyphica.—Gen. dist., c.; I.W., loc., Gurnard Bay only,
T.W.G.

Catephia alchymista.—I-W., M.B.I., 11. 78; Bembridge, 1 sp., 1858,
LW.G.

Catocala fraxtnt.—Alton, 1 sp., S.; 1.W., M.B.I., Il. 79; Occ.
single sp., 1.V.G.

Catocala nupta.—Gen., dist., ¢.

Catocala sponsa.—N.F., ¢., ". B.; Wurst Hill, ¢., M.; Ringwood,
Nes burley, bike Ren Ch “Vd Wes rab Wood, Ampfield, r., Ht. ;
Sheepwash, Horndean, nick B.; ca Sandown, J.W.G.

Catocala Pron en e CasSOMe my cS lunes. ae Hill, often
abt., M.; Ringwood, N.; Burley, Hk., R.: Ch. Fad., Re; Crab
Wood, Ampfield, r., Ht.: Sheepwash, n. c., B.; Harewood, Pamber,
c. some yrs., H.; I.W., Hampstead, r., 2. W ‘G

Toxocampa pastinum.—N.F., Ringwood, N.; Fdge., Ct ; Soton, loc.
f.c., F.; Winton, loc. c., Ht.; Fareham, 1 sp., H.; Swanwick, r., A. ;
Purbrook, n. c., T., B.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.W.; Freshw., c., Pe.,
T.; Ryde, n. c., B.; Yarmouth, Parkhurst, Haven Street, /.IV.G.

Laspeyria flenula—N.F., n.c., M., V.; Ringwood, N.; Soton, r.,
F’.; Ch. Fd., r., R.; Romsey, Pe.; Ptsmth., Ditcham, n.c., B.; Sheep-
De. Rs W ickham, 1 sp., T.; Abbotstone Down, 1 sp., S.; Sil-
chester, 1 Sp., H.; LW. 2 Sandown, Bembridge, 1. W.G.; Liphook, 1 sp.

Zaneloynatha Pistpennalie Neu): sce bee Chnistehyake = So0ton),
r., F.; Lordswood, n. ¢., M.; Ch. Fd., n.c., R.; Sheepwash, sc., Ps. ;
Alton, S.; c. in all woods in Nth., H.;: I.W., Sandown, Shanklin,
I.W.G. ;

Zancloynatha grisealts.—_N.¥., sc., B.; Ch. Fd.; n. c., R.; Soton,
fcaek. Te Wervohanklin= tc. WeGs

(24) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Zanclognatha emortualis.—Occurs, H.F.C.

Madopa salicalis—Ocecurs, H.F.C.; Petersfield, Barrett.

Herminia cribrumalis (cribralis)—Bogs ur. Ly., V.; M.B.J., I. 90;
Baddesley Common, f. c., F.

Pechipogon barbalis.—Gen. dist. in woods, c. _

Bomolocha fontis.—N.F., loc., B.; occ., M.; Soton, 1 sp., F.;
Wickham, 1 sp., T.; Woolmer, loc. c., E.; Pamber, c., Bere, c., H.

Hypena proboscidalis.—C. ev.

Hypena rostralis.—N.F., f. c., M.; n.c., V.; Soton, f. c., F.; Ch.
Bdiz nce Rc harchamyce Ia) Pismbihe mic. bss Havant. yer. Me:
Alton, oce., S.; Harewood, c., H.; Aldershot, c., Sn.; I.W., Brading,
Culver, Newport, /.1V.G.

Hypenodes taenialis (albistrigalis).—Ly., f. c., H.R., V. 227; Soton,
r., F.; Ch. Fd., n.c., R.; I.W., Sandown, H.F.C.; Parkhurst, Bem-
bridge, [.W.G.

Hypenodes costaestriyalis.—N.F., abt., V., a few, E.R., IX., 92.;
Soton, c., F.; Ch. Fd., f. c., R.; Alton, c., 8.; 1.W., Sandown, v. oce.,
Bembridge, /.1W.G.

Lhomoliges turfosalis.—N.F., c., H.R., 1X. 92, T.; Soton, abt., F.;
Shortheath, c., 8.

Brephos parthenias,—C. ev. among birch; I.W., East Cowes, J.1V.G.

Brephos notha.—Titchfield, Pamber, H.F.C.; I.W., East Cowes,
IW.G.

Pseudoterpna pruinata.—Gen. dist. on heaths and commons, more
or less c.

Geomctra papilionaria. —Gen. dist., not often c.

Geometra vernaria,— Gen. dist., c. on chalk.

Huchloris pustulata.—In all oak woods, usually se.

Nemoria viridata.—N.¥F., loc. ¢., A., T., M., Ht.; Ringwood, N. ;
Beaulieu, Brockt:: V:; Soton, loc. c., F.; Ch. Fd., c:., R.; Sth. of
Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Vent., /.W.G. | ;

Todis lactearia.—Gen. dist., c.

Hemithea strigata.—C. ev.

Hyria muricata.—N.F., .c., Ht.; loc. n. c¢., A.; Burley, f. c.,
R.; Ringwood, N.; Beaulieu, f. c., R., F.; Fdge., Ct.

Acidalia virgularia.—Gen. dist. in gardens, usually ec.

Acidalia straminata.—N.F., occ., M.; loc. ¢., T., A.;. Ly., V.;
Ringwood, N., H.F.C.; Beaulieu, r., F.,R.; Bomth., H.F.C.; Fdge., Ct.;
Headley Park, S.; Pamber, occ., H.

Acidalia interjectaria,—Bassett, A.; Ch. Fd., f. ¢., R.; Southsea,
Hk.; Ptsmth., r.. B.; Alton, 1 sp., 8.; I.W., loc., A.; Freshw., freely,
M.; Sandown, c., 1.W.G.

Acidalia humiliata.—I.W., Cliffs, B., T., ete., 1 sp., C.; Only
known British locality at Freshw., 1.W.G.

Acidalia holosericata,—Occurs, H.F.C.

Acidalia subsericeata.—N.F., Ringwood, N.; Ch. Fd., f. c., Ht.; St.
Catherine’s Hill, loc. c., F.; Portsdown, loc. c., Ps., T.; Pamber, c.,
H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.W., n.c., A.; Nr. Sandown, Carisbrooke,
ILW.G.

Acidalia inornata.—N.¥., occ., M., A. ; Ringwood, N. ; Soton, r., F.;
Chiomds 1s c. Rs Horndean se. Bs yren mesh Alton) li spsoe:
I.W., Sandown, #.R., VILL. 174; Blackpan Common, 1 sp., /.W.G.

Acidalia aversata.—C. ev., var. spoliata occurs freely.

LIST OF THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA. (25)

Acidalia degeneraria.—I.W., Sandown, 1 sp., #.R., XLV. 274.

Acidalia bisetata.—Gen. dist., c.

Acidalia dimidiata.—N.F., Hk.; Ringwood, N.; Soton, f.c¢., F.,
AG Che Ndi: ce, ke Ae Winton ee: Hits; Portsdown, Purbrook,’¢
Ps., B.; Havant, c., H.; Alton, S.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.W.,
Sandown, c., J. WV.G.

Acidalia trigeminata.—Gen. dist., n. c.; I.W., old records only.

Acidalia ornata.—Chalk districts, f. c.; I.W., f. ¢., V.

Acidalia remutaria.—e. ev. in woods; I.W., Sandown, J.W.G.

Actdalia tmmutata.—N.F., loc., A.; Ringwood, N.; Baddesley, c.,
I’.; Winton, IV.L. 1891; Alton, Kingsley, c., 1920, 8.; I-W.,
between Sandown and Shanklin, 1 sp., 1.V.G.

Acidalia marginepunctata.—N.F., Ringwood, N.; Sway, Ct. ; Soton,
n.c¢., A.; Romsey, Pe.; Winton, W./.., 1891 ; Portsdown, Hayling,c
Psa;) Havant, io; Wareham, no. c!, 05; 1Ws A, V., Han.; TLE 204 ;
St. Lawrence, f. c., B.; Shanklin, Sandown, Niton, Yarmouth, Vent.,
c:, L.IV.G.

Acidalia enutaria.—N.¥., c., J., T., B.; Ringwood, N.; Bogs, Ly.,
Brockt., V.; Romsey, Pe.; Cosham, c., T., Ps.; Gt. Salterns, sc.,
Ealing Wc. oRs Wea eee tect) iin ahs Ile) Varmoutis Ve. Acs
Freshw., c., M.; St. Helens, 7.W.G.

_ Acidalia imitaria.—N.F., Ringwood, N.; Fdge., Ct.; Soton, n. c.,
iB} peeenss Clie oides nt cs ha tA sehomseys meas Winton, t- Caribe:
Portsdown, f. c., Ps., %.; Havant, f.-c:, E.; Alton, 1 sp., S.; Gen.
dist. in Nth., H., Sl.; I.W., Sandown, f. c., /.1V.G.

Acidalia ochr ite Ee ecombe: 1 sp. by Rew E. H. Todd, 1900, R. ;
MWe AWB NUkas BRAS 12 a Nails 341.

Ania emaryinata.—N.F., Pe., H.HR., 1X. 1892; Ringwood, N.; Ch.
Id., i. c¢., R., A.; Romsey, Pe.; Crab Wood, W.L., 1875; Ptsmth.,
Gt. Salterns, f. c., Ps., B.; Headley Park, S.; Pamber, c., H.; Sth. of
Newbury, SI.; I. W., Sandown, r., Horringford, 1 sp., /.W.G.

Timandra ucees —Gen. dist., usually c.

Ephyra porata..—N.F., n. c., B.; Ringwood, N.; Fdge., f. ¢., Ct. ;
Bassett, A.; Soton, sc., F.; Ch. Fd., f. ¢., R.; Romsey, Pe.; Crab
Wood, n. c., Ht.; Rowlands Castle, sc., Ps.; Gen. dist. in Nth., H.,
SI. ; I.W., Sandown, oce., Bembridge, 7.W.G.

aS punctaria.—N.F., f. c., M.; Ringwood, N.; Sway, Ct.;
Dolton aiaiceek. As > Wastleii~ mech Chev Hd: fic. 7, vAe;
Romsey, Pe. ; Cra Wwieod: Ampfield, f.c., Ht.; Fareham, Harewood,
c., Pamber, oles Wood, Hyden Wood, H Sth. of Newbury, SI. ;
LW., Centurion’s Copse, Saude. T:W:G.

Ephyra linearia.—N.F., c., M., T., F., ete. ; Fdge., Ct. ; Ch. Fd.,sc.,
R., K.; Romsey, Pe.; Winton, c., Ht.; Rowland’s Castle, Hyden
Wood, Finchdean, c., Ps:, B.; Selborne, c., S.; Doles Wood, H.; Sth.
of Newbury, les Te W., Calbourne, I.W.G.

Ephyra annulata. —c. ev. where maple abounds.

Ephyra orbicularia.—N.F., f. c., M., A.; Ly., f.c., Ht.; Soton, r.,
F.; Crab Wood, ocec., Ht.; I.W., old records only-

Ephyra pendularia.—N.F.,c., M., Ht., A.; Ringwood, N.; Soton,
e., F., M., A.; Ch. Fd., n.c:., R., K.; Romsey; Pe; Winton, W.L.,
1891 ; Westbourne, Gon Hyden "Wood, sc., Ps.,.B.; Fareham, H.;
Pamber, Vics Harewood, H:

Sterrha sacraria.—Oce. immigrant sp. on ie coast ; No very recent
record.

’
(26) |THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD,

Ortholitha plumbaria.—e. nearly ev. among gorse and broom.

Ortholitha cervinata. —N.F., Ringwood, N.; Fdge., Ct.; Ch. Fd.,
c., A.; n. c., R.; Romsey, Pe.; Portsdown, Bedhampton, e., Ps.;
Fareham, n. c., T.:; Alton, f. c., S.; Andover, c., Pamber, H.; Sth. of
Newbury, SI.; J. W., Sandown, Cowes, Shanklin, /.W.G.

Ortholitha linitata.— ¢. nearly ev. .

Ortholitha bipunctaria.—e. ev. on chalk. 5

Mesotype virgata.—N.F., Ringwood, N.; Shawford, n. c. R.;
Romsey, Pe.; Winton, log. c,, F., M., T.; St. Catherine’s, Twyford
Downs, loc. c., Ht.; Hayling, c., Ps.; 1.W., St. Lawrence, n. c., B. ;
Freshw., A.; Bembridge, Freshw., /.W.G.

Minoa murinata.—N.F., n. c., M.; Ringwood, N.; Brockt.,
Rhamnor, R.; Edge., Ct.; Bassett, n. c...A.; Winton, f. c., Ht. ;
Fareham, n.c., T.; Rowlands Castle, f.c., Ps., B.; Alice Holt,r., S. ;
Pamber, c., T., H.; Doles Wood, H.; Nr. Basingstoke, A.; I.W., old
records only.

Odezia atrata.—N.F., loc., sometimes abt., M., T., Ht., A.; Ring-
wood, N.; Brockt., Ct. ; Ampfield, occ., W.L., 1891; 1.W., Parkhurst,
DAWG

Anaitis plagiata.—Gen. dist., usually c.

Chesias spartiata. N.I., Ringwood, N.; Soton, c., F., A.; Tast-
leigh, c., K.; Ch. Fd., f. c., R., A.; Romsey, Pe.; Sheepwash, Horn-
dean, c., Ps., B.; Tadley, f. c., H.; I.W., Shanklin, Cowes, /.W.G. —

Chesias rufata.—Soton, 1 sp., M., f. ¢. but very local, F.; Sheep-
wash, 2 sp., B.; Oakhanger, 8S.

Lobophora polycommata.—Occurs, V., M.B.1., Il. 152; Ringwood,
N.; Little Park, Hk.

Lobophora carpinata.—N.F., f. c., A., M., B.; Ringwood, N.; Soton,
fesC;, tien Ay Ch. Wd fcr, Rey A. Crab. Wood, 2.<sp., Elt.se etsmatlans
f. c., Ps.; Alton, n.c., S.; Harewood, Pamber, H.; Sth. of Newbury,
Sl.

Lobophora viretata.—N.F., r., A.; Ringwood, N.; Boscombe, R.,
Diss Soton, sc My i. AA: Chrlid rk. sWanionsen..cs wee Rerts-
dowm,-sc<' Ps..; Hareham, n. c., 2k, Hy; Alton. f.c,.0S.-: » Pamber
Oakley, H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Ht.; Vent., C.; Shanklin,
Freshw., 1 sp., Carisbrooke, /.W.G.

Lobophora halterata.—N.F., Pe,; Brockt., W.R., II., 185; Ring-
wood, N.; Soton, loc. A.; loc., f.c., F.; Crab Wood, 1 sp., Sweeting ;
Hyden.. Wood, .sc., Ps., B.;. Alton, c., 1920; 8.; 1.W., old and
and doubtful records only.

Lobophora sexalisata,—N.F., f. c., Ht., A.; Ringwood. N.; Matley
Bog, ce My) Nii nije... Baa ootoms, sc, iors fcc). she AG sec Oeaanide.
f. ¢., A.; 1 sp., R.; Ovington, c., Shortheath, S.; Pamber, 1 sp., H. ;
Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; 1.W., Sandown, J.1V.G.

Cheimatobia brumata.—v. C. ev.

Cheimatobia boreata.—Ch. Fd., v. c. among birch, R., T.; Headley
Park, bred, 8.

Triphosa dubitata.—N.F., c., M., B.; Eastleigh, occ., K.; Ch. Fd.,
A.; Hursley, Farley, c., R.; Romsey, Pe.; Winton, ¢., Ht.; Ports-
down, H.; Finchdean, c., Ps., B.; Alton, ¢., S.; Andover, f.c., H.;
Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Sandown, 1 sp., Culver, 1 sp., J.W.G. |

I’ucosmia certata,—N.F., Ringwood, N.; Christch., Dt.; Winton,
‘‘ Meads,” IW.L., 1875; Havant, E.; Alton, a colony in my garden, 8.;
I.W., old records only.

LIST OF THE MAORO-LEPIDOPTERA. (27)

Eucosmia undulata.—N.F., f. c., M., Ht.; Ringwood, N.; Wood
Fidley, f. c., R.; Christch., Dt.; Soton, f.c., M., F., A.; Hastleigh,
n.c., K.; Ch. Fd., n. c., R.; Winton, n.c., Ht.; Westbourne, Sheep-
wash, sc., Ps., B.; Havant, E.; Pamber, 1 sp., H.; Sth. of Newbury,
Sl.; LW., Sandown, 1 sp., Bembridge, 1.W.G.

Scotosia vetulata.—N.F., M.; Eastleigh, c., F. ; Winton, loc. c., Ht.;
Portsdown, Finchdean, f. c., Ps., B.; Havant, E.; Alton, Ovington,
f. c., S.; Andover, f. c., H.; Stb. of Newbury, SI.

Scotosia rhamnata.—Kastleigh, f.c., F.; Hursley, Ch. Fd., r., R.,
A.; Winton, c., Ht., M.; Portsdown, abt., Ps., H.; Finchdean,c., Ps.;
Alton, c., §.; Andover, f. c., H.

Hustroma silaceata.—N.F., sc., B.; Ringwood, N.; Soton, f.c., F.,
Agee Chahideycs, Re. Ac: Auypheldsar tse Narelram. nt ced. iE:
Hyden Wood, c., Ps., B.; Hampage Wood, n. c., S.; Pamber, Doles
Wood, H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Shanklin, Yarmouth, Cowes,
IW .G.

Lygris prunata.—N.F., Ringwood, N.; Fdge., v. ¢., 1909, Ct.;
Romsey, Pe.; Alton, n. c., S.; I.W., r., Newport, Niton, 2 sp.,
LWGe

Lygris testata.—c. nearly ev.; r. in N.F.

Lygris populata.—Occurs, V. ;

Lygris associataa—N.F., Ringwood, N.; Soton dist., c., F., K., M.,
AvaaChe Wd) mec: Re vRomsey, Be. + Wanton, 25. Wie el8oa:
Fareham, n. c., T.; Andover, H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.W.,
Sandown, Bembridge, Shanklin, /.1V.G.

Cidaria pyraliata.—Gen. dist., more or less ¢.

Cidaria fulvata.—Gen. dist., usually ec.

Cidaria corylata.—N.F., Ringwood, N.; Soton dist., ¢., F., K., M.,
A.; Ch. Fd., n. c., R.; Romsey, Pe.; Crab Wcod, c., Ht.; Hyden
Wood, ¢., Ps:, B.; Alton, n. ¢:, S:; Woods in Nth,, f.c.,H., SI. ; I. W.,
old records only.

Cidaria truncata.—e. ev. and very variable.

Cidaria citrata (immanata).—N.F., f.¢., Ringwood, N.; Fdge., Ct. ;
Ch. Fd.,n.c., R.; Romsey, Pe.; Winton, c., Ht.; Portsdown, Sheepwash,

Gnoks., Biz Alice Holt,°Ss+ Gen: "disty ame Nihy, He, Si >) EW.
Parkhurst, Cowes, Shanklin, /.1W.G.

Cidaria siderata.—N. F., c., T., M., Ht.; Ringwood, N.; Ch. Fd.,
r., R.; Romsey, Pe.; Havant, H.; Pamber, Longparish, H.; Sth. of
Newbury, Sl.; I.W., old records only.

Cidaria..niata:—N.F., occ. M.; Ringwood, N.; Soton, r., F.;
Kastleigh, oce., K. ; ; Romsey, Pe. ; Hursley, r. , R.; Winton, oce., Ht. ;
Fareham, sc., Ps.; orersheld: (5 Pa: Alton, if C., 'S.: dover Pam
ber, H.; Sth. of Newbury, S1.; iL Ww, old-records only.

Thera variata.—N.F., v. Ieee AS Weoodtorde - Wootton, 1915, Ct.;
Ch. Fd., loc. c. among spruce, R.; Soton, loc.c., I*.; Tisted, Headley
Park, S.; See Hnt., XLV. 241.

lies obeliscata. gt ey. among pines.

_ Thera cognata (simuleta).—- Occurs, ¥.
-. Thera firmata.—f. c. ev. among Scots’ pine; I.W., old records only.

Thera juniperata.—Occurs, V.; Dean Downs, Pe.; Abbotstone
Down, abt., S. ~

Lampropterya suffumata.—N.F., Brockt., R.; Denny, F.; Ch. Fd.,
sc., R.; Fareham, n.c., T.; Hayling, n.c., B., K.; Alton, 8S. ; Harewood,
Bere, H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.

(28) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Coremia quadrifasciaria.—Occurs, Ht.; M.L./., Il. 180; Sth. of
Newbury, Si.; I.W., Landslip, /.1V.N.H.S.

Coremia unidentaria.—e. ev.

Coremia ferrugata.—c. ev.

Coremia designata. —Gen. dist., usually c.; I.W., Shanklin, San-
down, /.W.G.

Amoebe olivata.—I.W., St. Lawrence, f. c., B.; Pelham Woods,
Vent., 1 sp., J.W.G.

Amoebe viridaria.—e. ey., often abt.

Malenydris multistrigaria.—N.F., ¢., B.; Ringwood, N.; Soton,
abt., F.; Bassett, A.; Hythe, T.; Ch. Fd., n.c., R., A.; Winton, c.,
Ht.; Horndean, n. c, Ps., B.; Harewood, Pamber, H.; Sth. of
Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Sandown, 1 sp., [.W.G.

Malenydris didymata.—e. ev.

Oporabia dilutata.—Gen. dist. in woods, c.

Xanthorhoé montanata.—-Abt. ev., F.

Xanthorhoé fluctuata.—Abt. ev., F.

Xanthorhoé galiata.—Winton, f. c., Ht.; Portsdown, Hayling, c.,
Ps., T., B.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Sandown, c., Vent., 1.W.G.;
Freshw., Pe.

Xanthorhoé rivata.—N.}"., Ringwood, N.; Soton district, gen. c.,
M.; Romsey, Pe.; Winton, c., Ht.; Portsdown, c., Ps., B.; Long-
parish, c., H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.W., A.; Sandown, Freshw.,
Luccombe, J.W.G.

Xanthorhoé sociata,—Abt. ev.

Xanthorhoé tristata.—Sway, Ct.; Bassett, c., M.; Hastleigh, f.c., K.

Xanthorhoé unangulata.—N.F., Ly., n. c., Ht.; Ringwood, N.;
Bnmth., n. c., M.; Christch., Dt.; Ch. Fd.,n.c., R., A. ; Romsey, Pe. ;
Silkstead, W.L., 1875; Purbrook, se., Ps., B.; Alton, n. c., S.; Nth.
of Basingstoke, Tadley, Silchester, Pamber, etc., H.; Sth.of Newbury,
Sl.; I.W., Sandown, loc. c., 1.W.G.

Huphyia picata.—N.F., Ringwood, N.; Christch., Dt., R.; Ch. Fd.,
r., R.; Horndean, 1 sp., B.; Nth. of Basingstoke, f. c., H. ; Sth. of
Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Sandown, Shanklin, Brading, /.W.G.

Eulype hastata.—Formerly v. r. in Hants, according to old records ;
N.F., Ringwood, N.; Soton, c., F., A.; Hursley, Lordswood, f. c., M. ;
Kastleigh, c., K.; Ch. Fd., f. c., R., A.; Dean Downs, Pe.; Winton,
f. c., Ht.; Hyden Wood, Westbourne, B., Ps. ; Fareham, c., T.; Alton,
loc. c., 5.; Harewood, v. c., Pamber, c., H.; Andover, SI.

Mesoleuca albicillata.—Gen. dist. in woods, n.c.; I.W., Sandown,
L.W.G.

Mesoleuca bicolorata.—N.F., Ringwood, N.; Fdge., f.c., Ct.; Soton
district, n.c., M., A., F., K.; Romsey, Pe.; Ampfield, 1 sp., Ht.;
Portsdown, n. c., B.; Havant, f. c., E.; Alton, r., S.; Pamber,
Monxton, occ., H.; I.W., Sandown, Brading, /.V.G.

Melanthia procellata.—e. ev. among clematis.

Perizoma affinitata—N.F., Ringwood, N.; Christch., Dt.; Ch. Fd.,
sc., R., A.; Chalton Downs, f. ¢., Ps.,.B.; Alton, S.; LW.,c¢., 1.W.G.

Perizoma alchemillata.—N.F., Ringwood, N.; Christch., r., R., Dt.;
Holmsley, R.; Baddesley, r., F., Shawford, f.c., R.; Ch. Fd., n. c¢.,
A., R.; Chalton Down, 1 sp., B.; Little Park, Hk.; Pamber, H. ;
Sth. of Newbury, Sl. ; I.W., Sandown, larvae sometimes abt., J.W.G.

Perizoma flavofasciata (decolorata).—N.F., Ringwood, N., Christch.,

LIST OF THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA. (29)

Dt.; Soton, loc. c., F.; Ch. Fd., loc. c., R., A.; Winton, r., Sweeting ;
Havant, K.; Alton, 8.; Harewood, H.; I.W., Shanklin, Sandown,
I.W.G.

Perizoma albulata.—N.F., Ringwood, N.; Soton, Eastleigh, loc. c.,
Bea Ch. ides feet iss Winton, fc..iates: - Ovington, S.; Woolmer, loe.
Ce E.: Sth. of Newbury, SI. ; L.W., Ce Shanklin Down, Bonchurch,
ILW.G

Perizoma bifasciata.—N.F., n. c., M.; Ch. Fd., sc., R.; Winton,
1 doubtful sp., V.L., 1875; Hayling, Dr. Hay; I.W., Sandown, larvae
usually abt., 7.W.G.

Perizoma taeniata.—Portchester, [nt., 1912, p. 82.:

Camptogramma bilineata.—Abt. ev.

Hydriomena furcata (sordidata).—c. ev, among sallows; I.W.,
Shanklin, Cowes, Sandown, J.W.G.

Hydriomena impluviata (trifasciata)—N.F., c., M., Ht., A.; Fdge.,
fice Cie. Soto, ft. c¢.. Ae Kev ChaiWd:. fey Ray Rambersc. cla.
I.W., Sandown, J.W.G.

Hydriomena ruberata.—N.F., r., B.; Ringwood, N.; Bassett, r., A.;
Soton, r., F.; Purbrook, Southwick, sc., Ps., B.

Anticlea cucullata.—Wootton, 1 sp., R.; Romsey, 1 sp., Pe. ;
Winton, v. r., W.L., 1891; Emsworth, Mr. Christy takes it, H.

Anticlea badiata.—c. nearly ev.

Anticlea berberata.—Romsey, Pe.; Winton, not uncommon in our
lanes, Hits, Wer. 1891.

Anticlea rubidata.—Gen. dist., V.; N.F., Ringwood, N.; Sway, Ct.;
SOUOMy Tals Co, Hee Clone IN ies eae 3 - Romsey, Pe. ; ; Winton, ¢c., Ht. ; Port-
chester, n. G., T.: Portsdown, Sheepwash, Oey Leh BBS " Andover, HE:
TEWesesil- W.G.

Destin nigrofasciaria. Gan dist., rarely c.; I.W., Brading, 1 sp.,
I.W.G.

Euchoeca obliterata —N.F., n. c., M., Ht., N., etc.; Soton, ¢c., F.;
Ch. Fd., n. c., R.; Fareham, n. c., T.; Sheepwash, sc., Ps.; Headley
Park, S.; Pamber, v. c., H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.

Asthena candidata.—Gen. dist., ¢.

Asthena luteata.—Gen. dist. among maple, sometimes c.; Soton, c.
among alder, F.

Asthene testaceata (sylvata).—Crab Wood, W.L., 1875; Occurs, V.;
Portchester, Hnt., 1912, p. 32.

Eupithecia ollonmeatin. —c. ey., especially in gardens.

Eupithecia pulchellata. _N.E,, 6c, TS ial, 2 SOOM, tte Cay Hg ks 8 (Ohta
Fd., v.c., R.; Sheepwash, Rowlands Castle, ete., f.c., Ps., B.; Havant,
C., E..: I. vie, ‘Bord wood, St. Boniface Down, Sihouleien. I, W.N.A.S.

E uopiiiheede linariata.—c., V.; Ch. Fd., n. c., R., A.; Bursledon, A. ;
Winton, c., F.; Silkstead, W.L., 1875; Clanfield, f. c., Ps.; Horndean,
Nec sab:

Eupithecia irriqguata,—N.F., loc. n. c., M., A.; Brockt., Rhamnor,
oce., R.; Denny, Holmsley, F.; NE. only, V.; Crab W ood, Ht.

Beystihor a pusillata.—N.F., e D.;. ELt.; Broekt., 5 8 lng 186k,
c. some yrs., R.; Westbourne, c., Ps.; Havant, £, ¢., B: ; Tisted, c., S.;
1.W., old records only.

KE upithecia indiyata,—Occurs, V.; Ch. Fd.,n.c., R., A. ; Sarisbury,
1 sp., T.; I.W., old records only.

iSarntlbenic insigniata (consiynata).—Hayling, M.B.I., 11. 227.

(30) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Hupithecia venosata.—N.F., sc., B.; Soton, f.c., F.; Ch. Fd., f.°c.,
R., A.; Winton, c., Ht., K., F.; Fareham, c., T.; Portsdown, Broad-
halfpenny Down, c., Ps., B.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Sandown,
etc., 1.W.G.

Eupithecia pimpinellata.—Occurs, V.; St. Catherine’s Down, r., R.;
Shawford, r.. R.; Farley Mt., W.L., 1875; I.W., Culver, Brading
Down, elie, LW. @.

iBanvdabeata ewpallidata. —Westbourne, R.; Ch. Fd.,¢., R., A. ; 1.W.,
old and doubtful records only.

Hupithecia assimilata.—Occurs, V.; Boscombe, R.; Soton, sc., F.;
Ch. Fd., n. c., R:, A.; I.W., Sandown, ¢c., Yarmouth, /.W.G.

Hupithecta absinthiata.—N.F., c., B.; Wootton, Ct. ; Christch., Dt. ;
Soton, c., M., F., A.; Ch. Fd., Farley Mt. c., R., A.; Winton, f. c.,
Ht.; Fareham, c., 2. ; Southsea, Hk.» -Pismth foc.) Ba awe,
Sandown, c., Yarmouth, J. W.G

Hupithecia goossensiata (minutata).—N.F., f. ¢., B., Ht.; Ch. Fd.,
se., R., A.; Hyden Wood, n. c., B.; I.W., old and doubtful records
only.

Hupithecia denotata (campaniulata).—Portsdown, 1 sp., Ps.; Alton,
one locality, c., S.; I.W., loc. (Meyrick’s Handbook), 7.1V.G.

KMupithecia albipunctata.—Bassett, c., M., A.! Soton, F.; Ch. Fd.,
co Ra Aes Winton! t..c. Wel, 189i =- Westbourne: ee Ose
IB ERL 2 Alton! San Wie igandonnt loc., Shanklin J.W.G

Bratanars spills ne ev.

Fupithecia trisignaria.—Ch. Fd., r., A.; I.W., Swainston, Row-
ridge, 7.W.N.H.S.

Hupithecia lariciata.—Abt., V.; Holmsley, R.; Bnmth., n.c., M. ;
Boscombe, r., R.; Soton, f. c., F.; Ch. Fd., r., R.; Crab Wood,
f.c., W.L., 1891; Westbourne, sc., Ps., B.; Horndean, c., Ps.; Little
Park, Hk.

Hupithecia eastigata.—Kdge., Ct.; Boscombe, R., Dt.; Soton, f. ¢.,
F.; Ch. Fd., f. ¢., R., A.; Winton, f.c., Ht.; n.c., M.; Hyden Wood,
f. c., Ps.,B.; Sth. of Newbury, SI.; I.W., Sandown, Yarmouth, = W.G.

Hupithecta subnotata.—Boscombe, R.; Soton, A.; Ch. Fd., se., B.,
A.; Winton, W.L., 1875; Portsdown, Hayling, Gt. sateen Pees
IPs, 16% 8 dls Wa, Sandown, c., Shanklin, /.WV.G.

Bupithecia satyrata, — Farley Mt., Hursley, fe Cs R.; Winton, sc.,
F., A. ; Portsdown, sc., Ps., B.

Hupithecia succenturiata.—Bumth., se., R., Dt.; Ch., Fd., se., B.,
A.; Ditcham, r., B.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Sandown, loc.,
Bordwood, J.1V.G.

Huptithecia subfulvata.—Christch., Dt.; Bassett, A.; Ch. Fd., se.,
R., A.; Hursley, c., M.; Winton, occ., Ht.; Fareham, c., T.; Ports-
down, Hayling, Horndean, f. c., Ps.; Havant, c., E.; Sth. of Newbury,
Sl]; I.W., Sandown, Shanklin, 1.W.G.

Hupithecia scabiosata.—Soton, r., F.; Shawford, Hursley, r., RB. ;
Winton, A.; St. Catherine’s Down, c., F.

Hupithecia haworthiata (isogrammaria).—Shawford, f. c., R.; Win-
ton, c., M., Ht.; Fareham, c., T.; Portsdown, abt., B., Ps.; Alton, c.,
See W., A,; Sandown, Brading, I.W.G.

apeiecns ellenticeranig. NN, f. c., Ht.; Boscombe, R.

Hupithecita plumbeolata.—Ch. Fd., c. some yrs., R., A.; Aldershot,
1 sp., Sn.; Basingstoke, A.; I.W., Bordwood, I.W.G.

LIST OF THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA. (31)

Eupithecia tenwiata.—N.F., n. c., B.; Ch. Fd., f. ¢., R.

EFupithecia inturbata (subciliata).—Alton, larvae abt., 1920, 8.

Eupithecia innotata.—I.W., Sandown, 1 bred, #/.R., 1904, p. 336.

EKupithecia fraxinata.—Occurs, V., Ht.; Winton, r., F.

Hupithecia nanata.—c. ev. on heather, F.

Eupithecia abbreviata.—N.F., c., T., M., Ht.; Soton, c., F., A.; Ch.
Fd., f. c., R.; Crab Wood, W.L., 1875; Horndean, Rowlands Castle,
Sheepwash, Catisfield, etc., c., Ps., B.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.W.,
Sandown, /.W.G.

Hupithecia dodoneata.—N.¥., n.c., M., B., A.; loc., Ht.; Brockt.,
he Dennvceste bomthie is. Dt. Ovum, Me. tis ©hwhideens ace.
R., A.; Crab Wood, Ht.; Wickham, sc., Rowlands Castle, f. c., Ps., B. ;
I.W., Cowes, Shanklin, 1.W.G.

Eupitheeia exiguata.—Bassett, A.; Ch. Fd., sc., R.; Crab Wood,
oce., Ht.; I.W., Sandown, [.W.G.

EHupithecta sobrinata.—Farley, f. c., R.; Winton, A.; Chalton,.
Finchdean, abt., Ps., B.; Abbotstone Down, 8.; I.W., Shanklin,
several, 1.W.N.H.S.

Gymmnoscelis pumilata.—N.F., c., T., M.; Beaulieu, ¢., F.; Soton,
c., F.; Ch. Fd.,c., R.; Winton, n. c., Ht.; Southsea, Hk.; Ports-
down, Westbourne, etc., abt., Ps., B.; Headley Park, c., 8.; IW.,
Sandown, Shanklin, J.1V.G.

Hucymatoye togata.—N.F., f.c., Ht., M.B.1., Il. 251; Ly., H.R.,
IX. 211.

Chloroclystis coronata.—N.F., c., M.; Soton, sc., F.; Ch. Fd., n.c.,
R., A.; Winton, f. c., Ht.; Portsdown, Finchdean, c., Ps., B.; Alton,
f.c., S.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Sandown, I.W.G.

Chloroclystis rectangulata.—N.F., n. c., M.; Fdge., n. c., Ct.; Soton,.
fs Wy Ans, Oh Hd fic). A.) Wintont cs Eth: Btsmths lave
ling, f.c., Ps. B.; Havant, H.; Alton, 8.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl. ;
I.W., Shanklin, J.W.N.A.S.

Collia sparsata. —N. EK, MBL, WW. 2645 lay... Il: 183 7Ch:
Fd., f. c., R. ; Romsey, Pe.; Pamber, H.

Pelurga comitata.—Occurs, V,; Bumith., 1 sp., 1920, S.; Romsey,
Pe. ; I.W., Sandown, c., Shanklin, I.W.G.

Phibalapteryx vitalbata.—c. ev. among clematis, F.

Phibalapteryx tersata.—c. ev. among clematis, F.

Ooenocalpe vittata.—N.F., Ringwood, c., T., N.; Brockt., Hk. ;
Christch., S., Dt.; Soton, 1 sp., F.; Ch. Fd., sc., R.; Romsey, Pe. ;
Winton, water meadows, n. c., W.L., 1891; Cosham, f. c.,
Purbrook, sc., Ps. B.; Woolmer, c., E.; Shortheath swamp, S. ;.
Andover, Thruxton, V.; I.W., Freshw., Bembridge, Brading, /.W.G.

Percnoptilota fluviata. —N.F., Ringwood, N.; Brockt., 1899, Ct. ;
lives losp., Ve Christch., Dt. Soto, sp. Che ihid ai spi. An:
Cosham, 1 sp., T.; I.W., Sandown, 1 sp., Shanklin, 4 sp., other older
records also, 1.W.G.; Freshw., Pe.

Abraxas sylvata.—Winton, 1 sp., 1890, W.L., 1891; Hambledon,
H.F.C.; Alton, loc., S.; I.W., Vent., C.; Pelham Woods, f. ¢., Park-
hurst, 1.W.G.

Abraxas grossulartata.—e. ev.

Lomasptlis maryinata.—Gen, dist., ¢c.

Ligdia adustata. —c. ev. among spindle, F.

(32) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Aleucis pictaria.—N.F., c., M., T., Ht.; Ringwood, N.; Bassett, r.,
A.; Winton, Ht.; Finchdean, f.c., Ps., B.

Bapta bimaculata.—Gen. dist., loc., usually c.; I.W., rare, Bord-
wood, 1 sp., [.W.G.

Bapta temerata.—Gen. dist., f. c.; I.W., Shanklin, loc. ¢., 1.1V.G.

Cabera pusaria.—Abt. ev.

Cabera exanthemata.—e. ev.; I.W., Sandown, ¢., 1. W.G.

Numeria pulveraria.—Well dist. but somewhat se. |

Ellopia prosapiaria.—Gen. dist. among fir, usually c.

Metrocampa margaritaria.—f. e. in all woods, F.

Itnnomos autwmnnaria,— Ch. Fd., r., R.; Fareham, f. c., T., H.;
Southsea, Hk.; Ptsmth., both sexes f.c. at light, Ps. B.; Hayling,
Dr. Hay.

Ennomos quercinaria.—N.F., c., F., M., Hk.; Soton, n. c., F.;
Eastleigh, f. c., K.; Ch. Fd., sc., R.; Winton, c., Ht.; Southwick, f.c.,
Ps., B.; Alton, S.; Andover, H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I,W.,
Shanklin, Sandown, Cowes, n. ¢c., I. WV.G.

Ennomos alniaria.—N.F., f. c., M.; Ringwood, N.; Bumth.,c., Ct.,
Hikys-Sotons fc.) Hig sn Ae iOhtid tach ohe ale > 7 Hastlelehns mance
K.; Remsey, Pe.; Winton, f.c., Ht.; Bedhampton, Emsworth, sc.,
Ps., B.; Alton, n. c., S.; Andover, c., H.; I.W., f. c., Shanklin, San-
down, Cowes, /.W.G.

Ennomos fuscantaria.—N.F., Ringwood, N.; Soton, c., F., V.;
Eastleigh, n. c., K.; Winton, Ht.; Southwick, Ptsmth., se., Ps., B.;
Fareham, n. c., T.; Andover, H.; I.W., Cowes, Shanklin, J.W.G.

Ennomos erosavia.—N.F¥., f. c., M., B.; v. r., T.; Ringwood, N.;
Soton, sc., F., A.; Ch. Fd., sc., R., A.; Kastleigh, occ., K.; Romsey,
Pe.; Winton, Ht.; Ptsmth., n.c., B.; Horndean, 1 sp., Ps.; Hare-
wood, H.; I.W., old records only.

Selenia bilunaria.—Gen. dist., c.; var. juliavia N.F., M.

Selenia lunaria.—Brockt., 1 sp., T.; Soton, 1 sp., F.; Sth. of New-
bury, Sl.

Selenia tetralunaria.—N.F., n.c., M., A.; ¢., Ht.; Ringwood, N.;
Soton, r., F., A.; Ch. Fd., se., R.; Eastleigh, n.¢., K.; Romsey, Pe.;
Crab Wood, 1 sp., Ht.; Westbourne, f.c., B., Ps.; Hampage Wood,
1sp,5.; Pamber, 2 sp., H.; Sth. of Newbury, SI.

Hyyrochroa syringaria.—N.F., f. c., M., F.; Ringwood, N.; Hordle,
Ct.; Soton, c., F., K.; Ch. Fd., f. c., R.; Romsey, Pe.; Ampfield, n.c.,
Ht.; Westbourne, sc. B., Ps.; Alice Holt, 1 sp.,S.; Gen. dist. in Nth.,
H., Sl. ; I.W., Newport, Sandown, Cowes, n. c., 1.W.G.

Gonodontis bidentata.—Gen. dist. but n. c.; I.W., ¢., 1.W.G.

Himera pennaria.—Gen. c. in woods, F’.

Crocallis elinguaria.—Gen. dist., usually ec.

Angerona prunaria.—Many localities, especially N.F., V.; N.F., r.,
Aves Chethde az. 0X @rabeWood et.csicligen Harahan m7 es eluuelins
Southwick, se., Purbrook, f. c., Ps., B.; Havant, n. c., K.; Hayling,
1 sp., Dr. Hay; Selborne, Alice Holt, 8.; Pamber, c., H.; IW.,
Bembridge, Freshw., [.W.G.

Ourapteryx sambucaria.—e. ev.; an occ. second brood occurs, F.

Hurymene dolabraria.—N.F., oce., M., B.; Ringwood, N.; Fdge.,
se Cas Sotons sche.) Bassett-maics vACewaCla iG iaiee (Ch kues Ace
Hursley, occ., M.; Crab Wood, n. ¢., Ht.; Fareham, oce., T., H. ;
Horndean, Rowlands Castle, sc., B., Ps.; Alton, §.; Harewood,

LIST OF THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA. (383)

Pamber, Doles Wood, H.; Andover, Sl.; I.W., Ninham, Sandown,
Cowes, J.W.G.

Opisthograptis luteolata.—abt. ev.

Epione apiciaria.—N.F., sc., B.; Ringwood, N.; Soton, sc. and
loc., F.; Bassett, f. c., A.; Ch. Fd., n.c., R., A.; Hastleigh, n. c., K.;
Romsey, Pe. ; Winton, 1 sp., Sweeting; Fareham, n.c., T.; Ptsmth.
district, loc., n. ¢., Ps., B.; Pamber, c., Monxton, H.; Sth. of New-
bury, SI. ; LW., “Caan. Ent., 1889, p. 236; Sandown, Shanklin,
Niton, J. WV. G.

Epione parallellaria.—Occurs, H.F.C.; one or 2 sp. nr, Kmery
Down, V.

Hpione advenaria.—Loc. abt. in woods throughout; N.F., n.¢., A.;
Chashidantceshys he sACt al a Wkeebanicnurs table spt le aaGr

Venilia maculata.—A bt. in all woods.

Semiothisa notata.—Occurs, V.; N.F., Ringwood, N.; Bnmth., se
Ct.; Fareham, 2 sp., H.; I.W., Sandown, 1.W.G..

Semiothisa alternata.—N.F., f. c., M.; ¢., H.; n.c., T.; Ringwood,
N.; Bnmth., Damerham, 1 sp., Ct.; Soton, loc..c., F., A.; Ch. Fad.,
@., R., A.; Romsey, Pe.; Wickham, n.c., T.; Havant, r., B.; 1.W.,
M.B.1., I. 288; old records only for I1.W.

Semiothisa litumata.—More or less c. ev. among Scots pine.

Hybernia rupicapraria.—e. ey.

Hybernia leucophaearia.—e. in all woods, sometimes abt., very
variable.

Hybernia anvantiaria.—e. ev. in woods, and at light; IW, old
records only.

Hybernia marginarta. — G. ev.

Aybernia defoliaria.—e. ev. in woods nad gardens; very variable.

Anisopteryx aescularia.—Gen. dist., more or less c.; Soton district,
Shee a TAs

Phigalia pedaria.—Gen. dist., usually ce.

Apocheima hispidaria.—Most uncertain in appearance and vy. loc. ;
N.F., occ., M., Ht.; Ringwood, N.; Ch. Fd., sc., occ. abt., R.; Soton,
usually r., sometimes c., F., K.; Rowlands Castle, Horndean, occ., ¢.,
Ish, 1B. 2 Islenaaly Gos Ie Peranlosye. Gay Jals

Lycia hirtaria. —N.F., Ringwood, N.; 5 Canam. , Dt.; Bassett, 1 sp.,
A.; Finchdean, Soachmicle S@umesas Slava Gon 155 5 Pamiber! Ibo been
Pikent Jale

Pachys strataria.—Gen. dist. in woods, rarely c.; males f. c. ev. at
light.

2 Pachys betularia.—Gen. dist., c.; ab. doubledayaria about 20% and
increasing ; intermediate forms v. r.

Hemerophila abruptaria.—Gen. dist., somewhat sec.; I.W., c.,
PWG.

«° Boarmia cinctaria.—N.F., loc. c., T., B., M., ete. ; Ringwood, N. ;
Brockt., ¢., R., ete: ;-Ly., V., etc. ; Ampfield, oce., Ht. ; Pamber, Alton,
Sits he:, baa

Boarmia yemmarta.—e, ev. : Bat

Boar:nia abietaria.—N.F., loc. c., M., Ht., etce.; Eastleigh, f. c.,
K.; Chalton Downs, Finchdean, abt., Ps., B.; Rowlands Castle, Hk. ;
Woolmer, c., E. ;. I.W., old-records only.

. Boarmia repandata.—Gen. oe c.; ab. conversaria f. c.

Boarmia roboravia.—N.F., c., T., M., A.; Burley, Hk. ; ee

(384) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

N.; Soton, c., M., F., K.; Ch. Fd., f. ¢., R., A.; Crab Wood, Ampfield,
f. c., Ht.; Horndean, Rowlands Castle, f. c., Ps., B.; Woolmer, c., E.;
Pamber, C., H.; LW., Cowes, I.W.G.

Bot. mae naaoni ana LN F., c., T., B.; Ringwood, N.; Soton
district, c., F., K., M.; Ch. Fd., f. ¢., R., A-; Winton, Ht. ; South:
wick, Westbourne, c., Ps., B.; Alice Holt, c., S.; Pamber, ¢c., H.;
I.W., Cowes, I.W.G.

Mleora angularia,—N.F., v. r., V., H.F.C.; Not seen since 1872, so
far as can be ascertained.

Cleora lichenaria.—Gen. dist. in all larger woods, but rarely ec. ;
Jhon Og Jl WG

Cleora jubata (ylabrarvia).—N.F., f. c., T., M., Ht., ete. ; Ringwood,
N.; Holmsley, f. c., R.; Denny, r., Soton, loc., f.c., F.; Ch. Fd, se
R., A.; Woolmer, f. c., E.

Tephrosia bistortata.— e. ev. in woods. Double brooded.

Tephrosia crepuscularia,—e. ev. in woods; rare in I.W.

Tephrosia luridata.—N.F., f. c., M., B.; Ringwood, N.; Soton, f. c.,
F.; Ch. Fd., se., R., f. ¢:, A.; Winton, r., Ht.; Rowlands Castle,
Horndean, Sheepwash, n.c., B., Ps.; Shansted, Hk.; Harewood,
Pamber, H.; I.W., nr. Shanklin, Parkhurst, /.1V.N.A.S.

Tephrosia consonaria.—Loe. ¢. in nearly all larger woods, irregular
in appearance ; I.W., Cowes, loc., Freshw., J. W.G.

Tephrosia punctularta.—Loce. abt. throughout.

Pachycnema hippocastanaria.—C, on heaths nearly ev.

Gnophos obscurata.—N.F., ec. (heath form), T., M.; Ringwood, N. ;
Brockt., Hike; Burley,ai) c5 RB. Sotouy, x.,) 25 Che Hdlgce tami
Winton, c., V.; Portsdown, sc., Ps.; I.W.,c., 1. W.G., V., A.; Freshw.,
., Ht cPRe.

Ematurga atomaria.—Abt. nearly ev. on heaths, v. variable.

Bupalus piniaria.—Form flavescens of 3 ; c. in all pine woods ;
occ. white typical forms of g occur.

Selidosema plumaria (ericetaria).—N.F., c., M., K., T., ete.; less ec.
than formerly, A.; Brockt., Hk.; Ringwood, N.; Hayling, n. ¢., Ps.,
B. ; Woolmer, c., E.; 1.W., M1. B. di, ioe 826; nr. Ringwood, c., 5.; St.
(Biome, co 1909, 'L.W.N.H. S.

Tes doenanas vauaria.—©. ev. in gardens.

Lozoyramma petvaria.—Gen. dist., abt.

Chiasmia clathrata.—Gen. dist., more or less c. ; melanic forms and
vars. occur rarely.

Scodiona fayaria.—N.F., c., T., M., etc.; Ringwood, N.; Christeh.,
Dt.; Baddesley, r., F.; Ampfield, f. c., Ht.; Alton, S.; Woolmer,
Oe, lac

Aspilates gilvaria.—Hambledon, H.I'.C.; Formerly in a lane at
Southwick, Ps.; I.W., Cowes, J.W.G.

Aspilates ochrearia.—N.F., Ringwood, N.; Fdge., Ct.; Christch.,
Dt.; Higheliffe, A.; Ch. Fd., sc., R.: - Romsey, Pe. ; Fp es Tc, eke
H.; Portsdown, Hayling, C., Ps., . E.: SE AW goes ; Freshw., G., MW: ;
Gurnard: 18 2 St. Lawrence, Ce B.

Perconia pono tilaada ae ent! dist. on heaths, usually ce.

ZYGAENIDAE, ETC.
Zygaena viciae (meliloti).—N.F. only., v. loc., c. some yrs., M., D.,
F., etc.; Burley, Hk.; A few localities, in S.E. nr. New Copse and
Brockt., V.

LIST OF THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA, (35)

Zygaena trifolii.—Loe. c. throughout; prefers low-lying localities ;
ab. confluens c., ab, lutescens occ.; 1 chocolate-coloured sp. Hamble,
1917, Garner ; six-spotted sp. oceur.

Zygaena lonicerae,—This species is with difficulty separated from
the preceding; Gen. dist. and c.; prefers downs, and seems to be v.
invariable; I. W., no record.

Zygaena filipendulae.—Gen. dist. on downs, ete., ¢.; ab. flava occ.
at Winton, Ht., V.; ab. Azppocrepidis at Portsdown, c., Ps., B.; at
Netley, c., RB.

Adscita statices.—N.F., Church Place, f. c., Harris, A. ; Holmsley,
Ct.; Soton, loc. abt., F.; Eastleigh, f. c., se. lately, D., K.; Ch. Fd.,
e., R., A.; Ampfield, Ht; Winton, £. c., M.; Pismth.j v. loe.,:B. ;
Petersfield, loc. c., B.; Kingsclere, Sl.; 1.W., Shanklin, Hk.

Adscita geryon.—Winton, loc. abt., F., Ht., M., T., ete.

Cochlidion limacodes.—N.F., oce., M., T.; Ringwood, N.; Rbhamnor,
oce., H.R., VIII. 812; Wootton, Ct.; abt. in some parts of N.F., V.;
Soton district, sc., F., K., A.; Ch. Fd., sc., R.; Fareham, H.; Botley,
f. c., Garner; Ptsmth., oce., B. ; ae H.

Heterogena asella.—N.F., oce., M.; f.c¢., Ht., ; Ringwood, N.;
Chesbide ses, ehvs

Coes cosss.—Gen. dist. but n.¢.; at sugar, B. alc leec els W. «5
plentiful, 7.1V.G.

Aeuzera pyrina.—Soton, occ., M., K., F.; Winton, Ht.; Fareham,
oce., I’; Ptsmth., n. c.,.B.; Southsea, Hk.; Andover, Pamber, H. ;
TW.., f.-¢.,; 1.W.G.

Trochilium apiformis.—Christeb., H.F.C., Dt.; Ch. Fd., f. ¢., R.;
Bedhampton, e., Ps.; Petersfield, c., B.

Trochilium crabronifurmis.—Soton, Romsey, c., F.; Eastleigh, n. ¢.,
Ke; Wantoneeoce, Mo Sis Crossy & ¢.oHit. E.; : Alton, C., S: Liss,
Petersfield, abt., Ps., K.; Sth. of Newbury, Si. : I.W., Shanklin, feces
larvae in trunks of poplars, Sandown, [reshw., iis W.G.

Sctapteron tabanifurmis. —1 sp. nr. Cosham, 1908, B.

Aegeria (Sesia) s 1 sp., V.; Soton, loe: f. ¢., six
colonies, F.; Romsey, v. r., R.; Basingstoke, occ., M.; Pamber, f. co
Fe gl Wisy disp: <f WG:

Aeyeria (Sesia) andrenaeformis.— Winton Downs, v.r., F.; Brough-
ton Downs, v. r., F.; Farley Mt., n. c., F.; Ptsmth., loc. f. ¢., B. ;
Petersfield, Ps. ; Rowlands Castle, v. r., HE ; Alton, S.

Aeyeria (Sesia) tipuliformis.—N.F., Ringwood, N.; Bnmth., Dt., Ct.;
Fdge., Ct.; Soton district, f. c. m gardens, F., K., ete.; Ch. Fd., se
R.; Romsey, c., F.; Winton, c., Ht.; 1.W., Shanklin, c., Newport,
Sandown, /.1V.G

Aegeria (Sesia) vespiforiis.—Loe. ce. in oak woods; probably c.
wherever oaks are regularly felled ; 1.W., 1 sp., 1.W.G.

Aegeria (Sesia) myopaeforimis.—Orehards and Been V5 ELC. ;
Havant, B.; Andover, H.

Aeyeria (Sesia) culiciformis.—Soton district, abt. where birch is
upemlarly cut, Fi, K., etc.? Pismbph., c= Bi, Ps.; Havant, ¢., .E- ;
Pamber, occ., H: Sth. of Newbury, SI.

Aeyerta (Sesia) formicaeformis.— Basingstoke, oec., M.

Aeyeria (Sesia) ichnewnoniformis. —N.F., H.F.C. ; Shawford, se., R.;
I.W., coast, ¢., V.; Freshw., &.R., [IV. 278; Sandown, Freshw.,
Undercliff, r., /.W.G.

(36) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Aeyeria (Sesia) muscaeformis.—1 sp. Twyford, cannot account for it,
K. :
Aeyeria (Sesia) chrysidiformis.—Used to be taken at Hayling, I fear
now gone, B.

Hepialus humuli.—e. ev.

Hepialus sylvina.—Gen. dist., n. c.

Hepialus fusconebulosa.—Ch. Fd., loc. f. c., R., T.; ab. carnus f. c.,
R.; Crab Wood, 1 sp., Ht.; Alton, occe., S., F.; Selborne, H.E.C. ;
Andover, H.; I.W., rare, Bembridge, 1855 and 1857, Shanklin, 1 sp.,
L.W.G.

Hepialus lupulina.—e. ev.

Hepialus hecta.—loc. c. ev. in damp woods.

PyRaLipINa.

Cledeobia angustalis—N.F., ¢., T.; Denny Heath, Cr.; Bninth.,
Ch. Fd., Shawford, f. c., R. ; Portsdown, occ., Ps. ; I W., Osborne,
f. c., R.; Sandown, ELEC. ; Brading, Cr Sonal ona, ib W.G.

Aglossa “aprngRuanen NIN Beaulieu Road, Cree Clare Hides tnaice ives
Southsea, Hk.; c. ev., H.; I-W., Shanklin, Sandown, /.W.G.

Aylossa cuprealis.—Occurs, H.F.C.

Pyralis costalis.—Soton, ¢c., F.; Ch. Fd.,n. c, R.; Fareham, c.,
T., H.; Southsea, Hk. ; Havant, c., H.; Alton, S.; Pamber, Harewood,
Hee We ic. 1, WG.

Pyralis glaucinalis.—N.F., V.; Ly., Cr.; Soton, ¢., F.; Ch. Fd.,
f.c., R.; Fareham, H.; Havant,c., K.; I.W., between Sandown and
Shanklin, J.W.N.H.S.

Pyralis farinalis—Soton, n.e., F.; Ch. Fd., sc., R.; Southsea, Hk. ;
Havant, c., E.; Alton, 8.; Gen. dist.,H.; I.W., Sandown, Bembridge,
Shanklin, J.17.G.

Scoparia ambigualis.—N.F., c , Cr.; Soton, c., F.; Ch. Fd., c., BR. ;
Fareham, c., T.; Havant, ¢., EH.; probably c. ev.; J.W., Shanklin,
1 sp., old records also, I.WV.G.

Scoparia basistrigalis—N.F., n.c., V.; Denny, sc., Cr. ; Soton, r.,
F.; Ch. Fd., n.c., R.; I.W., nr. Shanklin, nr. ee TW AENGS:

Soapamiie: pence! —Oceurs, Ves 9 Che Hdiers, sien Oras irlavant wataeers
K,; I.W., Sandown, Yarmouth, is W.G.

“Saanenin zelleri._—Little Park, Hk.

Scoparia dubitalis.—A bt. ev., especially on chalk, V.; Soton, r., F.;
Ch. Fd.; c, R:; Winton, Cr.; Titble Park, Hk.; I.W., Brading, etc.,
I.W.G., race ingratella, abt. Samionn Ereshw., V.

Dipleurina crataegella.—Occurs, V.; N. irk Ea. Ce Gisele Wier
Old records only.

Witlesia pallida._N.F., bogs, V.; Ly., H.l'.C.; Bnmth,, v. ¢., H.R.,
VIII. 270; I.W., nr. Sandown, I.1V.N.H.S.

Eudoria lineola.—Ocecurs, H.F.C.; I1.W., Sandown, J.W.G. .

Eudoria frequentella (mercurella).—N.F., ¢., Cr.; Ch. Fd., n. ¢., R.;
Havant, f. c., KH. ; I.W., Sandown, /.W.G. ~ :

'. Hudoria resinea.—N.F., V2; Ly., 1.W., Vent., H.E.C., Stainton’s
Manual. :

Eudoria truncicolella.—N.F., ¢., V., Cr. ; Ly., TLE. 6. Soton, c.,
Bits Chr bdsivecos Ray.

ion: ta anyusted. LN; |thepettie (Oe, se Saton: iy Ch F, Cr. ;Ch. .Fd.,
sc., R.; I.W., Sandown, n. r. _ Yanmorntiy, [I.W.G.

LIST OF THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA. (37)

Nomophila noctuella.—v. c. ev., V.; N.F., Hk., Cr.; Soton, ¢., F. ;
Ch. Fd., c. some yrs., R. ; Fareham, Cs T.; Alton, S.: EIDE RG Oh.
K.; I.W., often abt., 1.W.G a

hOvontca dentalis.—se., H. F. C.

Pyrausta aurata. —Soton, n,¢., F.; Farley Mt., f. ¢:, ‘R.;:*Winton,
f.c., F.; Portsdown, n. ¢., Hk., Ps. ; TW , Shanklin, V.; Brading,
Vent., 1.W.G.

Pyrausta purpuralis.—Gen. dist., c.; I.W., Shanklin, V.

Pyrausta ostrinalis.—Gen. dist., more or less ¢.

Herbula cespitalis.——Gen. dist., usually abt.

Ennychia cingulata.—N.F. ELF.C. ; Shawiord, Iai Gk tet, LW. , abt.,
Cr. ; Afton Down, abt., V.; Freshw., Cre:

Ennychia wigrata. LEN: EF. H.F. C.; ‘Shawford, Hursley, n. c., R.;
Winton, loc. abt., F.; Alton, loc. c., S.

Ennychia oetomaculata, —Fastleigh, Isp., Ke NB Hen Ce1Oecurs,
V.

poe icha flammealis.—Gen. dist., chiefly in woods, usually c. ;
I.W., Sandown, Ryde, I.W.G.

Eurrhypara urticata,—C. 6v.

Scopula (Hhammhapara) lutealis.—Soton, f.c¢., F.; Ch. Fd., n. ¢., R.;
Portsdown, c., H., T.; Little Park, Hk. ; - Alton, S.; Andover, c.; HL;
I.W., Chillerton Down, LW.N.H.S.

Scopula (Burrhypava) olivalis —Soton, Romsey, Shawford, f. c., F;
Ch. Fd., n. c., R.; Fareham, c., T.; Alton, S.; Havant, c., E.; LW.,
Sandon abt., WG.

Scopula (Hurrhypara) prunalis.—N.F., abt., V.; Soton, £:/c., (F.;
Che Ha nae Res) Marehamiies le Tittle _ Park, Hk.; Alton, S.;
Havant, ¢., E.; LW., Sandown, a. pest, LW.G

Seopulee (Eurrhypara) arian ana. Bo: Vv: Soton, c., F.;. Ch.
Md nije. bh. Karehamd.) mec. 00. - Havant, él 10),3 L.W., @; V.3
Sandown, sometimes abt., Yarmouth, I.W:G.

Botys nubilalis.—Occurs, H.F.C.; I.W., Sandown, V., Stainton ;
apparently now extinct, I.1V.G.

Botys pandalis.—N.F., Cr. ; abt., V.; Soton, r., F.; Ch. Fd., n.c.,
R.; Winton, n. c., F.; Hambledon, H.F.C.; I.W., old records only.

Botys flavalis—Farley Mt., v. c., R.; Portsdown, Ps.; Downs
in eNthe ic Hes Hartleya (Droxtords: bak.C.- 1aWe Ora, Freshw.,
e., T., V.; High Down, Hk.; Brading Down, v. c., I.W.G.

Botys hyalinalis.—Soton, f.¢., F.; Ch. Fd., sc., R.; Alton, I sp.,

ae ruralis.—Abt, ev.
Botys fuscalis.—Soton,n.c., F.; Ch. Fd., Hursley, v. c., »R.; ; Ovington,

Sa; Wisiv. cs Vee Shanklin.se:; ‘Yarmouth, Cr lWVAGe

Botys jasinalis 1 Wi Vent., H.E.C.: Freshw., V. ; Nr. Bembridge,
I.W.G. ee

Ebulea (Botys) crocealis—N.F., loc. ¢., T.; Ch. Fd., n, ¢., B.;
Eastleigh, Fisher’s Pond, loc. c., F.; Horndean, Hk. ; Hayant, loes.c:;
E.; Alton, Ovington, loc. GAUSS LW, Sandown, Ue WG :

Ebulea ‘(Botys) senbaneclin. TR: a Vas Christch., Rs Baddesley,
n. ¢., F.; Bassett, A., Cr.; Ch. Fd., one. LW., old records ‘only.

Ebulea (Botys) sambcalin Soton, C., F: Ch. Fd. wa. c:, B.;
Eastleigh, f.c., K., F.; Havant, c., E.: Alton, oce., 8.3 Gen. aiaee H.
EWE Cx. Sindlomis, Shanklin, LWiG. WR ee

(38) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Ebulea (Botys) stachydalis—Ch. Fd., r., R.; Soton) 2 spss F.;
I.W., Sandown, 1.W.G.

Spilodes sticticalis.—Has been recorded, (Baker’s list and: H-F.C.),
but is doubtful ; I1.W., Sandown, 2 sp., old records also, /.W.G.

. Spilodes palealis—Nr. Bnmth., R.; I.W., Sandown;- v.. loc.,
Shanklin, old records also, 1.W.G.; Vent., 1 sp., A. ;

Spilodes verticalis—N.F., n.c., V.;.Ch. Fd., r., A.; Winton, -nic.,
F.; Farley, f.c., R.; Portsdown, c., T., Ps. ; Havant, oce.; FE); Hare-
wood, c., H.; I.W., St. Helens, n. c., V.; Sandown, #.R., [V. 278.

Psammotis pulveralis.—I.W., 1 sp., 1869, [.W.G.

Pionea forficalis.—Abt. ey. ; I.W., Shanklin, Sandown, 7:W.G.

Orobena extimalis.—Ch. Fd., r., R., A.; Longparish, 1 sp., H.; L-W.,
Sandown, H.F.C.; other old records for I.W.

Orobena straminalis—N.F., H.F.C., Hk.; Ch. Fd., oce., Ri;
Fareham, 1 sp., H.; Havant, loc., E.; I.W., Sandown) not seen: for
many years ; Bembridge, old record, I.W.G.

Perinephele lancealis—N.F., Wood Fidley, ete., Cr.; Holmsley, R.;
Soton, loc. f. c., F.; Ch. Fd., loc. c., R.; Pamber, Harewood, c.,-H. ;
J.W., Parkhurst, old records only, /.W.G.

Margarodes untonalis.—Havant, 1 sp., HE.

Diasenia literata,—N.F., old records; Ly., H.F.C.; Christch., R.

_Stenia punctalis.—I.W., Vent., H.F.C.; Freshw., V., H.R., IV. 210,
eté.; Sandown, 1.W.G.

Cataclysta lemnata.—N.F., Hk.; Havant, abt., E.; 1.W., Freshw.,
S.; Sandown, J.W.G.

Paraponya stratiotata,—Ch. Fd., f. ¢., R.; Horndean; ¢., T.;
Havant, c., H.; I.W., Sandown, I:W:G.

Hydrocampa nymphaeata.—Gen. dist. in bogs and marshes, c¢.

Hydrocampa stagnata.—N,F., Hk.; Matley Bog, v, loc., Cr.; Soton,
v. c., F.; Romsey, F.; Ch. Fd.j n. c., R. ; Hastleich, '¢.,, K-2 Alice
Holt, Kingsley, c.,S.; [.W., Sandown, Brading, 1.W.G. ~

PrEROPHORI.

. Adactylus (Adistis) bennettit—Christch., n. ce, H.F.C. ; Gh. Fd., lsp.,
R.; Hamble River, .c., A.; Cosham, 1 sp., Ps.; Hayling, abt., H., V. ;
I.W. Freshw., c., T.; Yarmouth, c., 8.

_, Adkinia, zophodactyla,—Bnmth., R.; Ch. Fd., se., R.; Hayling,
often abt., 1.W., Vent., Tutt, Brit. Lep., V- 384.

Adkinia bipunctidactyla.—N.F., srockt., Rufus Stone., Bnmth.,

Tutt, Brit. Lep., V. 3858. Ch. Fd., ¢., R.; Soton, loo. e., F.; Fareham,
T.; I.W., Vent., Yarmouth, Freshw.
. Stenoptilia pterodactyla (fuscus).—Soton, ¢., F.; Ch. Fd., ¢., R.;
Eastleigh, c., K.; Winton, c., E>; Fareham; c:; T:3 Havant, o, E.;
Little Park, Hk.; I.W., Brading, Ryde, Bordwood, J.W.G., Freshw.,
Tutt., Brit. Lep., V. 884.

Marasmarcha linaedactyla (phaeodactyla).—Hythe, A. ; Winton, e.,
F.; I.W., coast, Vent., Tutt, Brit. Lep. V. 404. .

Amblyptilia cosmodactyla (acanthodactyla).—Alton, H.F:C.; N.F.,
Bnmth., Portsea, 1.W., Vent., Tutt, Brit. Lep., V.297 ; Ryde, Sandown,
I.W.G.

Eucnaemidophorus rhododactyla.—Oceurs, H.F.C. (a doubtful
record).

LIST OF THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA. (39)

Gillmeria. (Platypttlia) pallidactyla (bertrami).—Bumth., R.; Soton,
los. c., .F. ;. Eastleigh, loc. c, K.: Ch. Fd., sce., R.; Winton, foc, K. ;
Portsdown, as ae Aldershot, Ispeyonte: it W., Vent., Tutt, Br. Lep.,
VY. 250.

Gillmeria (Platyptilia) ochrodactyla.—N.F., E.R., XXIV. 171;
Boscombe, R.; Occurs, H.F.C.; These records probably all refer to the
preceding species;, See Tutt, Br. Lep., V. 235.

Platyptilia gonodactyla.—Soton, r., F.; Hastleigh, oce., K.; Ch.
Fd), so, R.i 1.W:, Coast, c.,,V.; Vent., n.c., Tutt, Br. Lep., V. 218;
Sandown, J.W.G.

Capperia (Oxyptilus) heterodactyla (teucrit)—N.F., Hk., Tutt;
Boscombe, R.; Hayling, f.c., V.

aiid parvidactyla.— Winton, loc. c., F., K., Cr.; Fawley Down,

; I.W., Coast, abt., V.; Vent., Tutt, Br. bic. We 434: Sandown,
7 - G.

Wheeleria (Aciptilia) megadactyla (spilodactyla)—I.W., Cr.;
Freshw., c., T., etc. ; Chalk Downs, loc. abt., V.

Wheeleria (Aciptilia) niveidactyla (baliodactyla).—Bnmth., R.; I.W..,
c., Ent., XVL. 270; Brading Down, I.W.G.

Merrifieldia (Aciptiiaa) tridactyla (tetradactyla).—Farley, n. ¢., R. ;
Winton,.f. ¢.,.H\,; L.W.., C.

Buckleria (Aciptilia) Aen: = N.E:, lay, Putt, Br. Lep,, Vi 516 ;
Nr. Whitley Wood, Hnt., 1911, p. 368; Bnmth., Bialiben VILL. 270;
Woolmer, V.

Oidaematophorus lithodactyla.—Bnmth. coast, H.F.C.; Ch. Fd., se.,
R. ; River Ltehen, c., F., K.; Fisher’s Pond, c., K.; I.W., Sandown,
I.W.G., Yarmouth, Hnt., 1889, p. 236.

E'mmelina (Pterophorus) monodactyla.—Abt. probably ev.

Leioptilus tephradactyla.—Occurs, H.F.C.

Leioptilus carphodactyla.—I.W., Sandown, 2 sp., 1907, in fair
numbers 1908, J.W.G@.

Ovendenia (Letoptilus) septodactyla (Llieniyianus).—Vent., H.E.C.,
Staintows Manual.

Adaina (Leioptilus) microdactyla.—Oceurs, H.F.C.; [.W., Coast, V. ;
Sandown, Bembridge, .W.a.

Hellinsia (Letoptilus) osteodactyla.—Coast, H.F.C.; Portsdown,
WSs es:

Porrittia (Aciptilia) galactodactyla.—n. ¢., H.F.C.; Soton, f. ¢., F.;
Ch. Fd., f.; Mottisfont, A.; Eastleigh, Fisher’s Pond, loe, ¢., F., K.;
Winton) tice te wetsng the loescomheed) ~ Allon) loca CoH). uals WN.
Seaview, A. .

Alucita (Aciptilia) pentadactyla.—e. probably ev.

_ Orneodes (Alucita) hexadactyla.—yv. ¢. ev.

CramBI.

Chilo phragmitellus.—Christch., H.F.C.; Havant, c., H., T.; 1.W.,
Brading Marshes, 1.W.G.

Schoenobius forficellus—N.F., c. in bogs, V.; Denny Bog, Cr. ;
CGhvistch., H:F.C, ; Ch; Fd., f. c., B.; Fisher’s Pond, Ce hess ai:
Brading, 1.W.G.

Schoenobius gigantellus.—Christch., H.F.C.; 1.W., Brading, 1 sp.,
LEVER G Ri:

Calamotropha paludella.—Occurs, H.F.C.

(40) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Platytes cerussellus.—Hayling, I.W., v. abt., V.; Culver, I.W.G.

Crambus alpinellus.—Hayling, V.; I-W., St. Helens; loc. -e:,
T.W.N.H.S., Cr. wel i |

Grants falsellus. —Oceurs, H.E.G., Ving I.W., Sandown, 1 8p
LE WEG:

Crambus pratellus.—c. Bene ev.

Crambus dumetellus.—Ly., H.F.C., Stainton ; Soton, v. r., F.; Ewes
old records only.

Crambus sylvellus.—N.F., loc. abt. in bogs, V.; Ly., H.F.C.;
Beaulieu, c., R., Cr. ; Ch. Fd., Va JB

Crambus hamellus,—N.F. , freely nr. liye) Vins Bewalion Ra iesCr.;
Matley, sc., R.; Ch. Fd., sc., R.

Cranatnis acon OND LEN, c., T., Cr.; Soton, abt., F.; Ch. Fd. | c.,
R., Cr. ; abt. in damp places, V.

Crambus uliginosellus.:—N.F., abt. in bogs V. R.; Beaulieu Rd., Cr: ;
Boscombe, Ch. Fd., c., R.; Woolmer, c., E.

Crambus pinellus.—N.F., V.; Wood Fidley, Cr.; Baddesley, f. c.,
Hye SOLO Vance PAT qs Chashices f. Ce RR SmWis Sandown, LW.G.

Crambus latistrius: —N.F., Ly., V., HLE.C., Jase ¢ Minstead, 1 sp., Cr. ;
Ch. Fd.,c., R.; Hayling, abt., V.; 1 W., Sandown, locsers LW.G.

Crambus porlellus. 6, nearly eV. ; var. varringténellus, in N.F.

Crambus selasellus.—N.F., Hk.; Ly., H.F.C.; Matley, R. ; Christch.,
oj as B Shoals Tay CH, Olng Nth Avo Ga. ito, Ole. '8 Hayling, ey » Bs I.W.,
Sandown, loc., Brading, 1.W.G.

Crambus tristellus.—c. nearly ev.

Crambus fascelinellus.—I.W., Yarmouth, 1 sp., Stainton; abt. in
one locality in Hants in 1886, not seen since, H.F.C.

Crambus inquinatellus.—e. nearly ev.

Crambus contaminellus.—I.W., St. Helens, [.W.N.H.S., Cr.

Crambus geniculeus.—Abt. ev., V.; Ch. Fd., f. c., R.; Soton, e., F.;
Havant, c., E.; I.W., Ryde, Bembridge, abt., Freshw., c., Shanklin,
TW.G.

Crambus culmellus.—Abt. ev.

Crambus chrysonuchellus.—Mottisfont, Cr.; Farley Mt., n. c., F.;
Portsdown, n. c., T.; Havant, n. c., E.; I.W., loc. abt., V.; Downs
above Steephill Castle, f. c., Freshw. Downs, f. c.,'J.W.G.

Crambus hortuellus.—e. nearly ev.

Kromene ocellea,—N.F., 1 sp., 1899, A.

Anerastia lotella. Soon, c. on sandhills, R- Hythe, A.;
Hayling Sandhills, c., E.; I.W., St. Helens, Cr. |

Llithyia ER Wanlicn pore W., ‘Bembridge, LW. Gs Vent., loc. c.,
Freshw., r., A.

Maloehia cribrum.—N.F., Beaulieu, H.F.C.; Christch! EH. ;
Solon isc Muh Cha Hideisnwecesn Ey: - Rastleigh, eel Gay JEG, 8 Havant, Cx
He Ws old records only.

bFlonoeacon sinuella.—N.F., Beaulieu Rd., Cr.; Portsdown, Ps. ;
I.W., Sandown, abt., V.; Vent., abt., Limpet Bun, L.W.G.

Homoeosoma i Aiba —Hayling, I.W., Shanklin’ V.; Sandown,
L.W.G.

Homoeosoma binaevella.—Ch. Fd., sc., R.; 1.W., Sandown, /.W.G.

Hlomoeosoma senectonis—-I.W., Cr.

Ephestia elutella.—Occurs, V., H.F.C., Ch. Fd., n.¢., R.; LW., St.
Helens, J.W.N.H.S.

Vou. XXXVI. Puate I.

The Entomologists’ Record.

Somatic Mosaics.

Vou. XXXVI. Puatr IT.

The Hntomologist’s Record.

TreratToLocicaL Lees in LEPIDOPTERA.
I, Apocheima hispidaria. 6 & 7. Lycia hirtaria.
2&3. Lasiocampa trifolii. 8 & 9. L. trifolii.
4&5. A. hispidaria.

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