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A) | ss AS ge ": eu “| ‘Wey ue Ne ‘ . y sel dt ee TH ST TE TELS TTT te Pde pendent Vl belied RL LEAS s Nb Vy hed || Bh Lh ISP a pan fe AS. 1 Piya nant 4 WA { on ty | ald coher Lh ade ee tH on tu ae yy) yh} é wy wy wou, w ae Tor bk A Rh wy quee Me ey tT Pi nN Cary "s ve Urey YEE wy, Ma EL SIC tLM aaa gavea toyed fitveT A \ DIZ gH, ATT | Meee i tte we NeMee oy fy ttt ‘hh | uy 3 ed hl tad oy tae oe: aby || |[Vicrceueherre want tte K{ Vy yve Ve wee, ee x M 4 y - Die ad Veg. we = WS v wwe cE y Tehe ** nt OeN OW 6 WMC ey PN aA v evel OS tetas amt * Ly .§ Wage a J = Ni, sls thy aah Ti Ph {] ay ee eeyetuncess Ad ee tr prt {4 Tact Nog iw, ”! Naa Lae ry e< in? “6 Wr ny B4. LA 4m hie te Ph: . é o , 4° Mal Lage mon iiriee » ay adie) Saguree atQinu,. Osne ' seg h Ag | t Ni am apy sa | q rent Suita penises? lahat Ta | ~ rn SA, \ a 4 ae) Us 0 | ~' . r ‘ i reat yop Seer eeeuye WL T4er Fo Bh (ey eee = ae malt ieee Vig ON ie See YY 7a) eee Oe |) Ta we | oes | ee se Se I. | AAR ad “UE oN Sethe -Ug~ ‘Wren, Lore sate iF +. we we ’ : rane in Ns Uwe® nd |] eld Fer 4c Z AS | Este wt! Noire “9 a , a la Mindiad \ i 1 | “~ 7+ et . dj as? es Woe ao! CEE A a ww uy LA L. Pe ee t “ay j bo] : uf) ~ | S 3 PLN wilds wate we ‘ ss Cyt. VOC, $9 rr mee | Lak Al We é wee Lara ty UDR pa cofe bl) Tad A 3 ~sy Td Ad WE CeERRe ey Kiwi? . “ee MA qn fis. _ Spe A. Vv v4 melt &) ie My n eq) q .) Pe RRO RORY I y ey r \ v TA ~~ af. ~- lp Dethe |} &| oye w id od 4 \ hs J 5 Yes wy * 4 WETY wv Ue oe . Pua vege” Bucs eee es 5,8 “yu v yu ¥t~ wave sal Set aw ety PET EE Ty. TL 4 . ive il . ~~ ~ wy He eee tee Lo SATIN i ave Al < , ve gays iene yos St bid Hadise = : "we gt S: mM pAAde ty yt - wo 7 ¥ ' ns ws wevovtves rer’ 3 vet tee Seige yyy ie || CORAL fi iN ref i" me Vv v ~“ rv ey vw yet dl TAAL cast WWeyanese - See ase yy aA eyaiey I od vey yy Wee ( be wie nd Vu pow ye RAG Lass je de Mae Pa e wy* bby , ‘== kde ® NN M4 LA EL hl A i ws ei’ mT all hg JypBte¥ ys aatns A viii I's, syn iiceq® newer A aeaiill || ~~) bs 3 Vv y sy. we ae 3 "AG anne wre + gt ta ~W. vy, my . A w& wv ie be om te bie hes Ny werwe =e 4 hod , i we Ave, fay eer iy \y Won. 5 vw eed i eae att eee ttdhint tubal la] aot A Oellien res wey, ” Spe Pay yet Sg MBE Sri ee eal tts TTL TTT hae Age, 14 kt 7— yu eo | ‘\ yw | j ‘ ply wrees ae vw Teee | LARK ag J . ” atgta:’ gV'-. yl we Jule V ve wre? DIT TP a Cig te gue : ‘ ¥ es a id | snogealttnn? MS: ay) F hil we eT THY L A} ) Pee Veer ; srvqupllll | @-4 Vw wes reve | | Oe CUPPELLLTTE] Pan ING dstshy ffi AAAS ARE RRO i wel hell oth) Ny MMT) oO eed yy PA RAW EG rie ) LMI 9) i Ny iw hy a) VST n) Mii ate) he, i Len a MLS i Ny i ii Ny 1 a Hira Yi NAL A Pi CA ee He Se AAR MRA NFRD a) IAA ay Mee IE ty 4 AN AW Wb. tt Wy wu) ENT OMOLOGIST S RECORD JOURNAL OF VARIATION Epirep sy G. T. Beruune-Baker, F.z.8., F.L.S., F.E.S., Chairman. R. S. BaGNatt, F.R.S.E., F.L.S. EZ8.y Matcoum Burr, D.sc., F.L.S., F.E.S. Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.£.s. EK. A. Cockayne, M.a., F.E.S., F.R.C.P. Henry J. M.D., PRICE | F.Z.S. and TURNER, F.e.s., Editorial Secretary VOL. XXXVII. J. E. Counin, ¥.£.s. H. DonIsTHORPE, F.Z.S., J. H. Durrant, F.E.s. H. EK. Paag, r.z.s. ALFRED SICH, F.E.S. | W. H. ‘Tams, F.z.8. Rey. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.E.8. and r, aggQQBNUARY 10 DECEMBER, SS HATIONAL arse 12s. 6d. F.E.S. Special Index, (with every reference), 1s. 6d “« Behold! ye pilgrims of the earth behold! See all, but man, with unearned pleasure gay ; See her bright robes the butterfly unfold, Broke from her wintry tomb in prime of May ! What youthful bride can equal her array ? Who can with her for easy pleasure vie ? From mead to mead with gentle wing to stray, From flower to flower on balmy gales to fly, Is all she hath to do beneath the radiant sky.” i THomson.—‘ Castle of Indolence.’’ THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD JOURNAL OF VARIATION Eipivep BY G. T. Beraune-Baker, F.Z.8., J. BE. Cot.in; F.£.8. F.L.S8., F.E.8., Chairman. H. DonisTHORPE, F.Z.8., F.E.S. R. 8S. BaGnawu, F.L.S., F.E.S. J. H. Durrant, F.E.S. Maxucoum Burr, D.Ssc., F.Z.8., H. KH. Paan, F.£.8. F-05535, 8.8.8. ALFRED SICH, F.E.S. EK. A. CocKayNE, M.A., M.D., Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A,, F.E.S Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.£.8. W. H. Tams, F.E.8. F.E.S., F.R.C.P. P.Z.S. and ‘ Henny J. TURNER, F.£.5., Editorial Secretary. Subscription for Complete Vclume, post free (Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.) TEN SHILLINGS. TO BE FORWARDED TO The Hon. Treasurer, H. WW, ANDREWS, F.E.S., ‘© Woodside,’’ Victoria Road, Eltham, S.E.9.] JANUARY 5th, 1926. (WirH SpncraL INDEX, Price TWO SHILLINGS (ner). SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT! I! Watkins & Doncaster, (ESTABLISHED 1879.) 36, Strand, London, W.C.2. Beg to announce a Special Offer of Bound Volumes of the important Work ~MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD,” By Dr. A. Serrz. PRICES AFTER For OrpERsS RECEIVED BEFORE Dsxo, 81st, 1924, Dec. 31st WILL BE. Divn. I. Palearctica, Complete (Vols. I.-IV.) £27 Barer are ss » II. American Rhopalocera (Vol.5) .. £19 «ats eee Volumes IX. (Indo-Australian Rhopalocera) and XIII. (African Rho- palocera), are nearing completion. Reduced terms are offered to former Subscribers who wish to renew their Subscription if application is made at an early date. Send us your enquiries regarding any part or Section of this ‘work and we will send fullest particulars immediately. OUR NEW CATALOGUE of Collecting Apparatus, Books and Specimens sent POST FREE per return. Be Ae eh eae ig 9451 P.O. Box. No. TO ALL ENTOMOLOGISTS. Notice is hereby given that I am instructed to sell The Gollection of the late M. CHARLES OBERTHUR. (who died on June Ist, 1924, at Rennes, France.) This Famous Collection—one of the greatest and richest in tho world— comprises’ all the Families of the Macro- and Micro-lepidoptera of the whole Palaearctic and Exotic Faunas. In the interests of Science it will be sold in Complete Groups to Specialists. Of very Rare and hitherto Unobtainable Species, Single Specimens in Al quality and setting will be available. ; Will all those who intend purchasing kindly send to my address below the fullest information of their wishes in their particular speciality. Correspondence in English, French, German and Italian. CG. HOFER, Rennes (France), Imprimerie, Oberthur. Bexley] L. W. NEWMAN [Kent Has largest stock of fine set insects, Ova, Larvae and Pupae in Britain, write for Price Lists. Newman’s Relaxing Tins are now 3s. small, 5s. large. Refills 2s. and 3s. All post free. Vou. XXXVII. (new series). Prats I. Tt gen. (occasional) urder-side of hindwing, I.(murina) blackish: bluish gloss, 2. (australis) eae grey; pattern scarcely visible « v.limited white fascia. —_— —— -— - ee me a i i ii i a ei iia i a i (emilyflas) “> light Tawny; Prominent pattern; large ocelli. o_O eee ee le eel ee ke aeslivalis, neavly avin |; with any prominent we ee ee em we —- —-—-.- —---—-— — w— —-<--= 5 (murin just as im Tf; 1.e. Sprmg form F _— ew am see ea Oe ee ee ee ~~ Se] ee eee ee Bw eee del if eats Races oF C, paMPHILUS NEAR F'LoreNnce (p. 15). The Entomologist’s Record. rks d a) tr Pibe? ’, os.) . ; . & PSone Sa busaee : sal .; P = iG ditnab.. Agi. 4), Aa if pit \ sal ostdh hae fda on og eaedifa - Sistsintian : ehh ia uke Vos crettigt ft a ‘da REE SIT | ae: We ae : aa fee nt Pe rr iby s) ‘ * s ‘ . 2 Pe eres le PS pe vy y ' ; s “ \ 2 + ns j ‘ea 7 r _ CG | — >» r* ’ 5 ¢ AA Ly 3 = ' i , 1 = os he . i a i . ” a & oO & olonist. , gion \lsts R, See Org JOURNAL OF VARIATION. Vor, © xX VII. No.1. ; January 15rH, 1925. Editorial. January Ist, 1925. The sole financial responsibility of Mr. H. E. Pago, F.E.S., for this magazine, since the death of its revered founder, the late Mr. J. W. Tutt, is relinquished with the issue of the last number, December, 1924. Several of the associated editors and others have agreed to take up the responsibility for the future of the magazine, and have asked Mr. H. W. Andrews, F.E.S., to join them as Hon. Treasurer. It is trusted that all old subscribers will loyally continue not only to support the magazine in faithful remembrance of its founder and late editor, but will induce others to subscribe. It is also hoped that all will unite in furnishing entomological matter, particularly that relative to Variation, for the especial study of which the Record was primarily established. Although resigning his responsibility for the continuance of the magazine Mr. Page has kindly consented to join the associated editors and thus will still remain in touch with his colleagues of so many years. The Editors have asked Mr. H. W. T. Tams, of the British Museum Staff, to join them, and he has kindly consented to do so. In welcom- ing him to our staff, it is probably unnecessary to remind our readers of his many qualifications. He has had experience on the other side of the water, and since his advent to the British Museum he has struck out his own line and is working much on the structure of insects, which he finds an important aid. He is also Hon. Secretary of the British National Committee on Entomological Nomenclature, whilst his genial and ever ready assistance to students, who visit the Museum, has endeared him to the hearts of many. SUBSCRIPTIONS and all business matters should in future be sent to Mr. H. W. Anprews, F.E.S., ‘‘ Woodside,” Victoria Road, Eltham, London, 8.E. 9. The two supplements which have been running for the past two years will come to an end in January and February respectively. In their place there will be, as a supplement, a long paper by Captain Kenneth J. Hayward, ‘“ Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera at Aswan.” Our con- 2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. tributor spent some years at the Reservoir as engineer, and caught, bred, and observed the Lepidoptera very thoroughly. As another supplement, a shorter one, there will be a Lisr oF British Grometers, based on the revised arrangement and nomencla- clature of Mr. L. B. Prout, as given in Seitz’s Palaearctic Lepidoptera, with synonyms occurring in the “Entomologist List,’ Meyrick’s Handbook, and South’s Moth’s of the British Isles, II. This should prove of great use to British Lepidopterists, as it will contain the names of all aberrant forms and races which have been recognised. It is intended to keep in view the object for which the Record was established and expressed in its second title, The Journal of Variation. The following paragraph, which was drawn up some time ago, will explain the project. “THe British Nocru® anp THEIR Varieties.”’—For some time past a mass of references to the literature dealing with the British Noctue has been accumulating, and very shortly it is proposed to commence in the pages of the E’ntomologist’s Record a series of notes, summarising the results of the impetus given to the study of variation through the issue of the British Noctuae and their Varieties by our late editor. In the quarter of a century which has elapsed since the publication of those four most useful volumes a deal of study has been spent on this great family, and a number of important works have been published, most of them comprehensive and expensive, but all treating of variation as one of the main features of their subject matter. First of ail came Staudinger’s Catalog, iii. ed., in 1901, an encyclo- pedia of references, each of which when looked up usually affords many others. In 1907 the portions of Spuler’s Schmetterlinge Europas dealing with European Noctuae was completed. This work is really an expanded Staudinger, treating of the species confined only to the strictly European area. Then in 1916 the third volume of Seitz’ Gross-schmetterlinge was completed, and this deals with the Palearctic Noctue, and was written by the late Wm. Warren, of Tring. While since 1898 Sir Geo. Hampson has been compiling « series of volumes, and only recently completed The Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaena of the British Museum. Only quite reeently M. Jules Culot has completed his Noctuelles et Géometres d’ Europe with its splendid figures of many forms. Memoirs have also been issued on various separate groups of species, such as the Contributions to owr knowledge of the Noctuidae, by the late J. B. Smith, of the U.S. National Museum, and the most elaborate work of M. Oberthir in the Lépidoptérologie com- parée, published at Rennes. It is proposed to give the original descriptions of the various forms named and indicated by these authors, and to add any further forms which may have been announced in the literature of Entomology, or omitted in the above works. To do this is rather a herculean task, as many of such forms were originally differentiated by workers in more or less remote areas, and announced in magazines of limited and local circulation and, may be, not exclusively devoted to Entomo- logy. Thus correspondents would be rendering much aid if they would indicate where such records occur, and notes on the variation of any species would be very useful to incorporate. It is evident that as our space is limited much contraction will have to be made, but it is hoped that the matter will be concise and to the point, as a useful MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1924, 8} summary of the variation of each Noctuid species to aid the ordinary worker to classify the series of forms of any particular species in which he is interested, and to emphasise a stage in the advance of our study of variation.—H.J.T. In addition to the above there is much further matter in hand, with promises of several plates, and subscribers are asked to further the interests of the magazine in all ways in their power and opportunity. Myrmecophilous Notes for 1924. By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S., Ere. The greater part of my work with ants and myrmecophiles this year was taken up by my investigations into the habits of the tree-ant Acanthomyops (Donisthorpea) brunneus. A complete account of this has already been published in three of my last papers—Nos. 122, 123 and 124. The following notes and observations still remain, however, to be put on record. ForMIcIDAE. Myrmica laevinodis, Nyl.—In June, many old and hollow willow trees on Sunbury Island harboured colonies of this ant; the % % hunting all over the trunks, and as high as it was possible to see them up the branches. M. ruginodis, Nyl., M. laevinodis, Nyl., and M. scabrinodis, Nyl., were all common in Wicken and Burwell Fen in May. ‘The first named species does not appear to have been recorded from Cambridge- shire before. Acanthomyops (D.) niger, L., and A. (C.) wmbratus, Nyl.—Marriage flights of both these species occurred in Putney on the afternoon of September 5th. At 5 o’clock, summer time, in a road near my house, a deiilated 9 wmbratus was captured running on the path with a dead niger % in her jaws. She would not let go of her captive even after she had been placed in the killing bottle. This curious proceeding was first pointed out, I believe, by Mr. Crawley [Hnt. Rec., 27, 205 (1915)]; and as he, no doubt correctly suggested, it is to enable the umbratus 2 to more easily found her colony in a niger nest. I have twice before the present record noticed and published occurrences of this phenomenon | Hnt. Rec., 29, 49 (1917): 30, 24 (1918)]. On October 12th another marriage flight of 4. (D.) niger occurred at Putney at 3.80 p.m. Sparrows and starlings were ‘‘ hawking”’ the winged ants in'the air, and some of the former were jumping off the ground and catching the ants as they came out from the brick work of a wall. Marriage flights of Acanthomyops species were noticed in August— at Box Hill, on August 6th, several colonies of A. (C.) flavus were swarming in the station at 4.45 p.m. Formica rufa, L.—On September 7th, at Abbots Wood near East bourne, several nests of this ant were investigated and the following myrmecophiles noted :—Leptothorax acervorum, F., small colonies and a few specimens in every nest; Vhiasophila angulata, Hr.; Clythra 4 punctata, L., larval cases, a. naked larva being found af large and 4 .THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. unhurt in one nest; the little spider Thyreosthenius biovata, Camb., occurred in all; g¢ g ofthe Dipteron Ceratopogon myrmecophilus, Egg., were hovering over the hillocks; and a number of the small mite Laelapsis oophilus, free in the nests. Earlier in the year they would be found in the egg-masses of the ant. IntropucED Species. 4 Camponotus (Camponotus) herculeanus, L., subsp. pennsylvanicus, Retz.—On July 25th Mr. Saunt sent me a number of live ¢ 3, winged @ 2, and ¥8 8 of the above subspecies from a timber yard at Coventry, together with some large pieces of wood in which the ants had been found. I fixed the ants up in 2 ‘‘ Janet”’ nests, feeding them on flies, honey, ete. On October 7th Mr. Saunt again sent me a large colony of the same ant—this consisted of very many 22 and 8 8, two deiilated ¢ 2, anda few larvae. Having found that the old colony readily accepted 8 § from the new lot, I placed the ‘‘ Janet ” nest in a large zinc tray with a water trough all round it, and dumped all the new ants on to the tray. During the night the latter joined forces with the older colony, all the ants entering the nest through a hole which | had bored in the side. Subsequently they made other holes, which they excavated right through the plaster sides, with their mandibles. The ants were fed with raw meat, cake, fruit, honey, etc., and they usually come out at night to feed. The larvae have grown and the colony is domg well, but no eggs have been laid yet. From the above account two points stand out—(1) that both colonies must have sprung from a common stock, and (2) that the larvae had been bred in this country. It seems curious that this ant, which has frequently been found in this country in introduced timber, in timber yards (see British Ants, p. 348) and dockyards, etc., has not established itself at some time or other with us. I can only think that it is our wet winters which have prevented this. This ant occurs in Canada and extends to Texas and Louisiana. The 9 after the marriage flight gets rid of her wings and selects a hole, or the empty cocoon of a Longicorn beetle, ete., under the loose bark of a tree or stump, in which to found her colony. As we have seen, ¢ ¢ and winged ? 2 occurred in plenty, and there would seem nothing to preventa @, after her marriage flight, from flying to the nearest wood, or forest, and founding a colony. CoLEopTERa. Thiasophila inquilina, Mirk.—On July 3rd this insect was taken in the nest of 4. (D.) fuléginosus at Woking, which I have been visiting ever since August 27th, 1915, when the colony was first discovered in the act of taking possession of the birch tree they still inhabit [see Ent. Rec., 35, 3-5 (1923)]. This is the 86th species noted to date. Mickleham and Oxshott are the only two other records that I know of for this beetle in Surrey. Atheta brunnea, F. (depressa, Gr.).—Over a dozen specimens of this species were taken in company with Drusilla canaliculata, F., in the runs of A. (D).) fultginosus ina hedge-row at Wicken on May 2ist. Though not usually taken with ants, on this oceasion they were evidently quite at home with the fuliginosus. Moreover Rouget has MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1924. 5 taken it with the same ant in France [see André Rev. Mag. Zool. (5.3) 2, 210 (1874)}. Staphylinus latebricola, Gr. —On July 10th a fine specimen of this beetle was taken, right among the ants of a strong colony of Myrmica ruginodis, inhabiting a partly rotten log in the New Forest. This beetle no doubt preys on ants as does its near ally 8S. stercorarius, Ol. Other records of its capture with ants known to me are as follows :— Markel [Zeit. f. Entom. Germar, § (1844)] records it with Formica rufa in Germany ; it was captured by KE. W. Janson with ants on the Surrey Hills above Micklebham and Reigate [Hnt. Week. Intell., 2, 85-6 (1857)]; Blatch [Brit. Assn. Handbook, Birmingham, 298 (1886)] records it in nests of ants at Sutton Park and Bewdley; Fowler (Col. Brit. Isles, 2,251, (1888)] writes—sometimes in company with Formica rufa, Finally on August 4th, 1918, the late W. EK. Sharp captured a fine specimen at Crowthorne, which had emerged from a hole in the lawn, whence a number of winged A. (C.) wmbratus had been pouring [see Donisthorpe Hint. Rec., 31, 3 (1919)]. Hymenoptera PARASITIOCA. The following captures of Hymenoptera taken with ants have not been recorded before. I am indebted to Messrs. L. A. Box, and Claude Morley for their names. _ Conostigmus testaceipes, Kief.—Specimens. were taken in company with A. (D.) fuliginosus.at Weybridge, on August 18th and 20th, and September 8th, 1914. Conostiymus alutaceus, Thoms., with A. (D.) brunneus in Windsor Forest, September 3rd, 1924. Ceraphron spinifer, Kief., with A. (D.) fuliginosus at Weybridge, August 20th, 1914. Ceraphron abdominalis, Thoms., with F’. rufa at Westerham, Sep- tember 17th, 1921. Aclista scotica, Kieff., and Diapria aequata, Thoms., g , 2, with A. (D.) brunneus in Windsor Forest, September 8rd, 1924. Proctotrypes fuscipes, Hal., with A. (D.) fuliginosus at Weybridge, August 28th, 1914. Loxotropa subregonensis, Box, with A. (D.) fuliginosus at Weybridge, August 20th and September 7th, 1914. Gonatopus distinguendus, Kief. with A. (D.) niger at Cumnor, September 6th, 1923. Kleditoma psiloides, West with A. (D.) fuliginosus at Weybridge, August 20th, 1914. Bracon anthracinus, Nees, in the Woking fuliginosus nest, July 3rd, 1924. The 87th species of myrmecophile from this nest. Dirtera. Pseudacteon formicarum, Verr.—On July 3rd a colony of Myrmica ruginodis was found in the partly rotten stump of a tree in Windsor Forest. On breaking open the stump many of the % ¥ rushed out, and immediately'a number of this little fly put in an appearance and hovered over the ants. It will be remembered that Father Wasmann in a paper on P. formicarum [ Biol. Zentralb., 38, 317-29. (1918)| gave it as his opinion, that A. (D.) niger was the real host of this Dipteron. 6 . THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Recently Father Schmitz has described another species—P. lundbecki (Natwurh. Maandb., 18, 1388-42 (1924)] —and he suggests that perhaps some of the various specimens, taken by Donisthorpe with different species of ants in England, belong to the new species. The following is a list of the different occasions (and ants) when I have taken what I have believed to be P. formicarum. Host. LOCALITY. DATE. A. (D.) fuliginosus Wellington College 19.vi.09. FF’. sanguinea Bewdley 35 21.vii.09. A, (D.) niger Bewdley 21.vii.09. A. (C.) flavus ... Bewdley 21.vii.09. A, (D.) niger St. Helens, I. of W. 23.vili.09. A. (D.) fuliginosus Darenth Wood .. 24.ix.09. F.. sanguinea Weybridge 22.vii.11. A. (C.) umbratus Weybridge 22.vii.11. M. lobicornis Weybridge 22.vii.11. F’. sanguinea Woking 21.v.13. F. sanguinea... Weybridge 29.vii.13. A. (C.) flavus ... Weybridge 29.vii.18. Tapinoma erraticum Weybridge eet 29.vii.13. A. (D.) niger Shanklin, I. of W. 19.vili.13. A. (D.) niger Blackgang, I. of W. 26.viii.13. A. (D.) niger Weybridge 10.viil.14. A. (D.) alienus... Weybridge 20.viii.14. I’. sanguinea Woking .. 14.viii.20. M. ruginodis Windsor Forest.. 7.vi.24. Aphiochaeta aequalis, Wood.—Many specimens of the imago, and also puparia, of this little Phorid, were taken in two nests of A. (D.) brunneus in Windsor Forest on September 8rd. I am indebted to Mr. Collin for its identification. There is no doubt that this species is, to say the least of it, strongly attracted to ants’ nests. I have previously found it in numbers, and also the puparia, with 4. (D.) fuliginosus at Darenth Wood, 6.vi.09 and 2.iv.10; Wellington College, 17.iv.20; and Woking, 19.ii1.20 and 20.vi.20. Scatopse transversalis, L.—This little Dipteron occurred freely at Commander Walker’s fuliginosus nest at Tubney on July 16th. Mr. Kidwards tells me that the specimens I have previously taken in various nests of A. (D.) fuliginosus and have always recorded as a var. of S. transversalis (teste Verrall), as well as those taken with F’. rufa, are all the true S. transversalis, L. HeETEROPTERA. Pilophorus perplexus, D. & S.—On July 8rd I observed several small a sas larvae dodging about among the 8 8 from a colony of A. (D.) fuliginosus on an oak tree at Woking. These larvae were identical with those found with 4. (D.) brunneus. in Windsor Forest, and which eventually proved to be P. perplexus [see Ent. Rec., 36, 136 (1924)]. Mr. E, A. Butler, having also found young forms of a Pilophorus in company with d. (D.) niger on oaks at Tooting-Bec Common, LAKE MAGGIORE IN EARLY AUGUST OF 1923. 7 asked me to go there later and see if I could get the adult forms. This I did on July 30th, and again they proved to be P. perpleaus. APHIDIDAE, Stomaphis querciis, L.—On July 16th I found several examples of this rare Aphid on an oak tree at Tubney attended by ¥ % from a colony of A. (D.) fulivinosus inhabiting the tree. I have previously found it at Woking and Wimbledon Common, but always attended by the same ant. Cocorpar. Ripersia tomlini, Newst., and R. subterranea, Newst., occurred together in nests of A. (D.) niver situated under stones at Hastbourne on September 6th. This is a new county record for both species. A. tomlini was not, as is sometimes supposed, first described from British specimens, but from examples taken by Miss Tomlin in ants’ nests at Moulin Huet, Guernsey, in 1891. It was first captured in Britain by me on April 19th, 1901, in nests of A. (D.) niger on the Isle of Port- land [Hnt. Rec., 14, 40 (1902)]. CoLLEMBOLA. Cyphodeirus albinos, Nic., occurred in nests of A. (C.) flavus at ‘Hayburn Wake and Stanton Dale in Yorkshire on May 81st. ACARINA. Trachyuropoda excavata, Wasm.—On September 6th I captured a number of examples of this small mite in nests of A. (D.) niger at HKastbourne. CRUSTACEA, Platyarthrus hoffmanseggi, Brdt., was observed in nests of A. (D.) niger at Kastbourne on September 6th. Lake Maggiore in Early August of 1923. By 0. R. GOODMAN, F.E.S., F.Z.S. Having sampled the interesting Lepidoptera of the Pyrenees in July, 1922, my son and I decided that our next holiday must be spent in the Italian Lakes and the Engadine, conjuring up thoughts of Neptis lucilla, Heteropterus morpheus and Hrebia flavofasciata, localities for which had been very kindly given us by the Rev. G. Wheeler. Business, however, unfortunately detained us until the end of July so that the two first mentioned insects were practically in rags, and the last, entirely over. Leaving London on July 28th, travelling via Paris, we woke up at Lausanne, and the ladies of the party much enjoyed the lovely views obtained whilst passing up the Rhone Valley, and we pointed out to each other the favoured and famous localities of former years, such as the Cliffs of Vernayaz of Polyommatus amandus fame, the Tour de Batiaz for Melitaea deione var. berisalensis, and the noted Pfynwald. After passing through the Simplon Tunnel, we soon arrived at our 8 : THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. ~~~ destination, that jewel of the lake, Baveno, Italy, situated on the south shore opposite Pallanza. Our hotel (Beau Rivage), selected at random, proved excellent, and tea in the garden surrounded by oleanders and magnolias would have proved delightful, but for tbe presence of a small but voracious species of Musca, whose bite instantly brought blood, even through the blouses of the ladies. After an, evening walk by the side of the brilliant, blue, mountain-fringed lake, in which the far-famed Boromean Islands are seen at no great distance, we retired to bed. The next day we left by the early train to the little station of Fondo Toce, situated at the extreme §.W. corner of the lake and form- ing the point of access to the railway for Pallanza with which it is connected by a tramway. Fondo Toce had been mentioned by the Rev. G. Wheeler as a locality for H. morpheus, but may I say at once we did not come across “Te Miroir”’ here. However, we were soon amongst the butterflies, taking the path at the side of the Power Station that leads over the railway-bridge crossing the river, and thus to a serubby copse skirting the stream and the meadows beyond. The weather was very hot, but relieved by a breeze. Papiliv maehaon was present, but in no great quantity. Of the Pierids in addition to Pieris brassicae and P. rapae, there were one or two worn specimens of P. manni. Amongst the Argynnids, Brenthis selene and B. euphrosyne were fresh, evidently a second brood, a few Melitaea didyma and a small race of M. phoebe. By beating in the thicker parts of the copse a few fine gs of Satyrus dryas were disturbed. Both Coliat croceus and (. hAyale were in numbers careering over the meadows. A curious aberration of the former (C. croceus), which had a distinct black spot in the anal angle of both hindwings, was taken. The most interesting species noticed were :—First, a very large form of Plebeius argus (aegon) having great similarity to argyrognomon in both sexes. Upon examination at home I found that these nearly approached the species described by Dr. Chapman as ligurica, and I submitted them to Mr J, J. Lister who after microscopic examination and comparison with specimens of ligurica in the Henshaw Collection at Cambridge, expressed an opinion that they could not be ligurica, but certainly did not agree with the typical argus (aeyon). The second species of interest was our old friend Coenonympha pamphilus, clearly of the summer brood. In these, the upper sides were much more darkly marked on the margins and apical spot than is usual, and the underside hindwings were of a unicolorous deep plum brown with hardly any indication of the median bar. This form has been named marginata and comes out as a summer brood in Southern Europe. Amongst other commoner things the moths, one Theretra porcellus and numerous Huclidia glyphica were noted. After a truly Italian “al fresco”’ lunch at the station restaurant, during which the ladies were somewhat disturbed by the dozens of active lizards (Lacerta muralis) basking on the walls, we returned by the palm-planted Pallanza and crossed by steamer to Baveno to dinner. After a sight-seeing day at the Boromean Islands, inspecting the lovely gardens in which tropical trees and shrubs from all parts of ‘the world are growing with the utmost luxuriance, we traversed by steamer the whole length of this lovely lake, arriving at the comfort- LAKE MAGGIORE IN EARLY AUGUST OF 1923. 9 ‘able “ Hotel Belvedere,” situated half-way up the funicular railway ‘from Locarno to Madonne del Sasso. In the night we were treated to a heavy thunderstorm which ‘rendered the morning misty, but after lunch we ascended the funicular to the old Monastery of Madonne del Sasso, perched on a rock high above Locarno, and wandered amongst woods and vineyards along the mountain-side road to Brione. We had not proceeded far when one ‘of our desiderata appeared, Neptis lucilla, sailing majestically along the road and settling on a branch ont of reach, as so frequently does our humbler sibilla. He, however, succumbed to our blandishments, ‘but was found to be very worn, probably having been on the wing at least three weeks to a month. The other insects of interest were Papilio podalirius, quite fresh, and % number of Huvanessa antiopa and ‘Polygonia c-album var. hutchinsoni in perfect condition; Leptosia sinapis in both sexes ; HKpinephele jurtina and FE. tithonus quite typical, and afew S.dryas both sand ?s. The Hesperiids included Angiades sylvanus worn, and single specimens of Urbicola comma, and Hesperia sao; C. pamphtlus were also common with numbers of M. phoebe of a very light form, which had a tantalising habit of sitting in the road until one was just within reach. A few fresh Syntomis phegea and many Zygaena filipendulae (?) and Z. carniolica comprised the moths. August 2nd was devoted to an excursion to Reazzino of Melitaea britomartis fame in hopes of H. morpheus . . . this time rewarded. “The weather was very hot, as it can be here in August, but the meadows in the wide valley were full of flowers. The ladies lunched in the vineyards whilst we climbed the mountain side, by steps cut in the rock, to the village, and then mounted a steep path through field and grassy banks to a glade above the sluice of the water supply, at a ‘height of about 1000 feet above the valley. The slopes of a special species of grass on the ascent provided Scolitantides orion in numbers, -of very varying size, but all of the typical form and rather larger than specimens of var. ornata I had taken in the spring on the Riviera. The glade itself provided butterflies in great abundance and variety. First and foremost H. morpheus, mostly very worn, but very difficult ‘to follow on account of its dark colour and curious flipping method of flight. Of second interest, N. ducilla in fair numbers, but all the worse for wear. Of the Argynnids, A. cudippe type and var. cleodoxa ; A. aglaia and Dryas papnia were all worn, and Brenthis dia and B. selene, M. phoebe and Issoria lathonia were all fresh. ‘The Vanessids, ‘V. to, Pyrameis atalanta, EF. antiopa and Polyyonia c-album, were present and one specimen each of Hrebia neoridas and F. liyets just emerging, were flying with Satyrus hermione (major). Of the Lycae- nidae, Polyommatus tcarus, P. hylas 3 and ?, and Cupido minimus were present on the mountains, and the same large form of P. argus (aegon) as at Fondo Toce, in the fields. Single specimens of Nisoniades tages, Urbicola comma, Erynnis althaeae and Hesperia alveus (? armort- canus) were also taken. Our return was enlivened by the presence of a large dark green snake about four feet long crossing the path. On August 8rd we accepted our host’s offer to accommodate us for a day at his mountain Hotel at Bignasco without extra charge, and we ‘travelled by mountain railway to that summer resort through the beautiful Val Maggia, passing between the chestnut and silver-birch covered mountains, and the valley, mostly cultivated into vineyards, 10 {HE ENTOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. and what the Englishman described as “ the waving fields of macaroni.” My son and I had decided to alight at the half-way station of Riveo and we walked up the valley from that little village to our destination. The mostabundantinsects were Polyommatus (Agriades) coridon 3s only, and E/pinephele tithonus, collecting which caused serious damage to our nets amougst the buckthorn bushesin the river bed. P. machaon was common in the fields and in excellent condition. A curious dwarf specimen of Colias croceus was taken flying in company with many others of this species and QO. hyale. The other species taken were similar to those at Reazzino excluding EH. ligea, H. morpheus and N. lucilla, but in addition Heodes alciphron var., gordius g and 9°, H. dorilis, H. virgaureae g and 2, and Rumicia phlaeas. We found the ladies already in the plain, but comfortable, Hotel du Glacier, having held an animated conversation with the hotel porter in which neither understood a word of the other’s language. Bignasco, noted for its two beautiful bridges, is situated at the bifurcation of the Val Maggia into, on the east, the Val Broglio, drain- ing the snow-fields of Campo Lungo (the locality for Hrebia flavo- fasciata), and on the west, the Val Bavano, terminating in the huge Mt. Barodino with its two snow-fields and glacier gleaming in the sun. The afternoon being cloudy few insects were flying, but a very dwarfish Lycaenopsis argiolus was taken whilst we were strolling along the wild and beautiful Val Bavano. The proprietor of the Hotel was interested in our entomological pursuits having pleasant recollections of Lord Rothschild and Dr. Jordan’s visit some years ago. August 4th broke fine and bright and we were soon on the road up the Val Broglio, wishing we had time to proceed to Fusio and try our hand at H. flavofasciata ; however there were any number of insects flying in the meadows and woods above the gorge, and in the valley below the beautiful waterfall, the most noticeable of which were the Satyrids. S. dryas in both sexes, just out, and one very large ? S. hermione (major). Numbers of E. neoridas were flying slowly in the woods and two NV. lucilla, in the fields this time, in much better condition. At this higher altitude, D. paphia occurred in some numbers with two var. 2 valesina having very green undersides. eee Formicidae. A new genus, JV’. C. Crawley, B.A., F.E.S., F.R.M.S. New Races and Forms of Palearctic Grypocera, Roger Verity, M.D. Notes on a brood of Parasemia plantaginis, L,, and var. hospita, W.V., H. 4d. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.E.S. .. 5c oF 43 ve Notrs on Coutrctinc:—EHarly appearances in 1925, Wm. Fassnidge, M.A.; Collecting in Spain, O. Querci and Dr. E. Romei; Yellow forms of Pieris napi in Ireland, Thos. Greer. ee are Se se ae 3 ae ie CurRENt Notes aND SHorr Noricrs .. i wn oe oe oe Socierres :—South London Entomological Society SuppLemENT.—List of Varieties of British Geometers .. ae oe Ae we (L)-(4)- Communications Lave been received from or have been promised by Messrs. H. Donisthorpe, Dr. Verity, J. H. Durrant. Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. J. Turner, C. Craufurd, A. Sich, H. 'T. Burkill, H. P. Jones, K. J. Hayward, BE. Scott, H. J. R. Twig, D. W. Seth-Smith, and Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER 98, Drakefeli Road, New Cross, London, S.H.14. IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BACK VOLUMES OF > The Entomologist’s Record and Journal! of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXV.) CONTENTS OF Vol. i. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— 4] Differentiation of Aelitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collection—_ Partbenogenesis— Paper on ‘Tueniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)—~ Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the } Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymiec notes—-Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Lifehistories of Ayrotis pyrophila, Epwida lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus—_ Captures at light—Aberdeensbire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. CONTENTS OF VOL. Ii. * Merantsm snp Mrnanocuroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on] VaRIATION (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Tueniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys | prodremaria and A, betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, §. London—Generic nomen- }) elature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes |} on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifebistory of Gonophora ), derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. To-be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, “Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E. 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD JOURNAL OF VARIATION \ : EpireD BY : | | \ a + ee —— ae G. T. Beryounr-BakeEr, F.Z.S., J. KE. Coutin, F.E.8. F.L.S., F.E.S., Chairman. H. DoniIsTHORPE, F.Z.8., F.E.S. R. S. BAGNALL, F.LS., F.E.S. J. H. DurRRANT, F.E.S. Maucotrm Borr, D.sc., F.Z.S., H. E. Paas, F.£.8. F.L.8., F.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.E.8. Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, F.E.S. W. H. Tams, F.E.S. E. A. CocKayNE, M.A., M.D., Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.E.8., F.E.S., F.R.C.P. F.Z.8. and . | and Henry J. TURNER, F.&.-S., Editorial Secretary. Subscription for Complete Volume, post free (Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.) TEN SHILLINGS. 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List free on application to :— 1, RODEN STREET, HOLLOWAY, N.7. A REVIEW OF MR. PIERCE’S VOLUME. 49 A Review of Mr. Pierce's Volume on the Genitalia of the Tortricidae. By ALFRED SICH, F.E.S. All students of the Tortricina, but especially the British, owe a deep debt of gratitude to Mr. F. N. Pierce and to the Rev. J. W. Metcalfe, for the “pains they took in the preparation of the volume on the Genitalia of the Tortricidae. If we remember that our Tortricidae, or as I prefer to call them, Tortricina, to avoid confusion with the more restricted family Tortricidae, musters nearly 350 species, we can better appreciate the labour entailed in the preparation of the micro- gcopical mounts and in the detection and record of specific differences, mostly if not entirely original work. Then the figures of the mounts, with all their marvellous details, had to be most carefully drawn. We now have a work of great value to the scientific naturalist and of practical use to the collector, a volume to which he can appeal with strong probability of suecess for the identification of specithens, which, through the want of the more usual recognisable characters, baffle correct determination. I will mention one instance of this. When Mr. Huggins, in 1922, took a moth in a salt marsh no one was able to recognise it, and this was not surprising considering the situation in which it was caught and its colour, but when it was submitted to Mr. Pierce the genitalia proved it to be Cydia aspidiscana, Hb.,* and it was subsequently located as the salt marsh frequenting variety rubescana, Constant, of which little seems to be known. I have been studying Mr. Pierce’s text and Mr. Metcalfe’s drawings, and have found them of far greater interest than I imagined. I propose to mention here some of the observations I made during the perusal of the volume. Our British Tortricina, and I think we can say the same of the whole Palaearctic group, form a rather compact body. It is true that there are wide differences between such species as Cacoecta podana, Hemimene petiverella, and Phalonia roseana, but there is no doubt about them, they are all Tortricids. If in contrast we look at the huge group of species gathered under the title of Tineina we find there is more difference between, for example, a Gelechia and a Neptt- eula, than there is between a Noctua and a Papilio. Of all the classi- fications of the Tortricina that I know, that portrayed by Mr. EK. Meyrick in his most excellent volume, A Handbook of British Lept- doptera, attracts me more than any other. It is founded not on the British species alone, but on all the then known species of the group. Mr. Pierce boldly states that he founds his classification of the British species on the genitalia alone, and this fact forms one of the great features of the volume. Had he taken account of other structures or of biological factors, we should not have had such a clear issue. It is ' a satisfaction to note at how many points this special classification of the comparatively few British species comes into agreement with a world wide classification, based, almost entirely, on other characters. I propose, however, returning to this part of the subject later. Mr. Pierce’s first three groups represent the family Tortricidae (sensu strict.) or Tortricinae of some authors. Here the valvae of the males are wide, rather flat in appearance with more or less parallel margins. * Entom., Vol. LYII.. p. 13, 1924. Apri. 15rH, 1925. 50 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. They spread horizontally, not with the ends upcurved. The large genus Vortriv, which never appeared to be really homogeneous, has ‘been split up in a striking manner, some elements going to the Cacoecia-Pandemis group, and others are shown to belong to the Peronea. In the first Group the valvae are short and subtriangular, though a few are more elongate. Here we have the genus Archips with _piceana, L., as the type. This comprises the genus Cacoecia, but Mr. Pierce refuses admittance to five species and introduces Tortria diver- sana, Hb., which has no costal fold. Then follows Pandemis with type corylana, F. Into this genus Vortria dumetana, Tr., and Cacoecia lafauryana, Rag., are brought, neither of these have the notch in the antenna of the male. Of the latter species Mr. Pierce says, it shows affinity in the female with the genus Archips, but the coremata of the male point to the genus l’andemis, and therefore he places this species in Pandemis, but according to my view it should be placed at the lowest point in Archips. lts uncus also appears to be more akin to this genus than the other. I cannot now refer to Htibner’s diagnosis of Pandemis, but think one of the characters must be the notch in the antenna of | the male. Lafanryana, as far as I know, does not show the notch and therefore, if I am right in my surmise, it cannot belong to this genus of Hubner’s. Besides this it possesses a small costal fold. When an author erects a genus he must define it, or at least name some species as the type of it, or some one must fix the genus in this way later. When this is once done, we may or may not accept the genus, but we cannot force into it species which do not conform with its definition or with its type. I am glad that Mr. Pierce has revived a special genus for Cacoecia lecheana, L., which always seemed to stand rather alone, and its genitalia prove it to be so, at least among its British congeners. The genus Clepsis here contains rusticana, Tr., and Cacoecia costana, F., the former without and the latter with a costal fold. This feature does not possess the systematic value that was once assigned to it, but the-genitalia of these two species, judging from the figures, appear to be too widely divergent to be congeneric. For the absolutely pure col- lector, if such an one really now exists, the only interest in this first group lies in the difference between the uncus of Amelia palleana, Hb., and that of A. viburniana, F., which offers an easy means of recognis- ing doubtful specimens. For the student, whether he be systematist or morphologist, this group, like all the others, is full of interest. The fact that here species on the formation of the genitalia alone are removed from one genus and placed in another, irrespective of any other specialized developments, which they may exhibit, or lack, affords an illustration of the apparently wayward manner in which develop- ment usually progresses. There can, I suppose, be little doubt that Cacoecia, Pandemis, and certain species of the genus Tortria, had a common origin at a period not far distant, geologically speaking, for they are still close together, and Mr. Pierce gives us additional evidence of this by including them all in his group Archiysidii. They have progressed in the same major direction, but each species on its own line, some further than others. Cacoecia lafauryana bas the fold on the costa, and shows in its genitalia a high development in its hair scales, but it lacks the notch in the antenna, while Pandemis ribeana has the notch, but has not made much progress with its hair scales, no A REVIEW OF MR. PIERCE’S VOLUME. 61 further, in fact, than has Cacoecia crataeyana. ' Tortrix dumetana, with- out fold or notch, has developed a most beautiful example of Pandemic genitalia, even to the broad uncus. (acoecia unifasciana, U. costana, CO, semialbana, CO. lecheana have all drifted on their own lines further apart from the others. Before leaving this group | may refer to Tortria pronubana, which displays a remarkable symmetry, even for a lepi- dopteron, it might serve as a model for a free-hand drawing. _ The genitalia of most of the members of Group II., containing the Cnephasias, may be recognised by the wide, flat, elongate valves, in which the sacculus runs like a rod along the lower margin, while the Ovipositor is clothed with long, often bent, hairs instead of short bristles. Here we find a further portion of the genus Vortria and a few outlying genera. In the Tortricina there has always been a difficulty about the use of generic names, some authors employing one name, other writers a different one for the same group of species, while in some works we find several groups, perhaps not of easy definition, all under the same generic denomination. ‘This difficulty is not of course confined to the Tortricina, but seems to me more conspicuous here. In the work under consideration we are told that the generic names are worked out with the aid of Mr. C. H. Fernald’s The Genera of the Tortricidae and their Types. Although this author’s name is familiar to me, [ have not seen this work, but I trust it may be the means of bringing about a universal recognition of the rightful names to be employed. The conception and extent of a genus will always be a matter of opinion, while our knowledge remains in the present fragmentary con- dition. We are not all in the same agreement as to what value should be given to the different characters. Nevertheless there is no doubt that in nature groups of still very closely allied species now exist and will so exist for thousands of years, and it is convenient to have for each of them a name of universal acceptance. It is agreeable to note that our author uses the old name, Cnephasia for the virgaureana group, which in late lists has been swamped in the genus Tortria. By the way, he will be amused if he turns to Vol. IL., p. 364, of Die Schmet- terlinge der Schweiz, by K. Vorbrodt and J. Miiller-Rutz. It is really a most interesting work and indispensable to the student of Swiss lepidoptera, or to anyone studying the altitudes at which lepidoptera occur, but somehow the Cnephasias here escaped a special study. We have now a foundation on which to work at these hitherto little under- stood species, and we must not forget that the author has added one more to be dealt with. C. incertana and C. virgaureana are common, and it is remarkable how little we know of their earlier stages. It would not surprise me if it should be discovered that C. incertana, with its extensile ovipositor, lays its eggs low down in a rosette of leaves, such as we find several plants form, especially when growing in meadows. Here the larva on hatching would find itself at the base of a tender leaf, into which it would mine and perhaps pass the winter. On the other hand, those spscies with a floricomous ovipositor more probably place their eggs low down on the stalks of plants, such as docks and nettles, or even on the bark of hedge stems, and possibly cover them with scales from their wings or elsewhere. Under this protection they may pass the winter, and in early spring the larvae may hatch and wander off to adjacent plants, in the leaves of which 52 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. they probably mine in their early stages. I have bred CO. viryaureana from a larva I found mining in a leaf of Primula veris, and I believe I bred another from a mine in Plantago major. Tt 1s well known that many Tortrices mine in the early stages. I once found a larva mining under the bark of an oak twig, and of this I took great care, but it only produced the common Capua angustiorana. What we require now is the help of the collector. We want notes in our magazines on the habits and situations in which such species occur, as Cnephasia abra- sana, C. communana, and C’, genitalana. Notes on the better known species are also still desirable. The author includes Olindia ulmana in this group, and other writers place it here, that is at the end of the Tortricidae, but Mr. Meyrick allots it to the Phalontidae. I presume therefore that it has vein 2 of the forewing arising from the cell close to vein 3, which is a more primitive position than is occupied by this vein in any Cnephasia, or indeed in any other species included by the author in his first three groups. In these this vein arises from about the middle of the lower margin of the cell. It has, I think, some further primitive feature in its neuration which [ cannot now recall, but believe it is mentioned as a note in Dr. A. J. Turner’s paper on the nenration of the Cossidae (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, Parts I. and IL., 1918). Its genitalia do not appear to be akin to any of our Phaloniidae, but have a resemblance to those of Isotrias rectifasciana. This species also has a primitive feature in the strong median vein with the upper as well as the lower branch in the cell of the hindwing. ‘These two species must be placed somewhere in the list, but they are evidently on an older branch of the stem than are the Cnephasias, O. ulmana is now one of those isolated species that is difficult to place in a book or a list, which unfortunately we cannot write in the form of a tree with many branches. Our only hope with these forms lies in the possibility of the discovery of connecting links which will give some clue as to how they may have arisen. Ancestors they must have had, some of these may still exist, or it may be all have died out or have now devéloped beyond recognition, Group III.—The most conspicuous feature in this group is shown in the valvula, that is the middle part of the valva which lies between the costa and the sacculus, and here runs out into a blunt point at its margin. In some species the enormous erect socii are very striking, but these do not persist throughout the family. It consists of the old genus, Peronea, and strangely the last remnants of the genus Tortriw. That I. berqmanniana, with its gentle habits and delicate larva, remind- ing us of P. logiana and P. variegana, Schiff., should belong here is not surprising, but that Tortria viridana is also one of this family is astonishing. It is a more robust insect and never in any of its stages reminds us of a Peronea. From the figures and the text, however, we may draw the conclusion that a species very like 7’. viridana, but with vein 7 of the forewing still running to the costa, may have given rise to both branches of the Peroneas. The author seems inclined to bring those Peroneas with drooping socii into the genus Tortrix, but they and 7’. viridana are now too far apart for such treatment. It is inter- esting to note that in 7. bergymanniana the vein 7 of the forewing has fallen to the termen, in 7. forskaleana it stopped at the apex, while in the other Argyrotowa, Helectis, and Peronea, it still runs to the costa. This costal position of vein 7 I consider an early feature, where the A REVIEW OF MR. PIERCE’S VOLUME. 538 peripheral veins are separate. 7’. schalleriana and T. comparana, which I looked on as the same species, show some difference in the outline of the costa, the sacculus and the ostium plate, but whether these hold good in a long series we do not know. It would be interesting to test the point by breeding from parents of the two forms. Long ago that excellent field entomologist, the late William West of Greenwich, proved by breeding the moths from the egg that Leptomeris boscana was the summer brood of L. scabrana, which emerges in autumn and passes the winter as an imago, Mr. West told me he had recorded his successful experiment, and I read his account of it. It is possibly in one of the earlier volumes of the now defunct Zoologist. These earlier volumes of the various magazines are well worth reading in the winter evenings. Apparently the author was unaware of the above mentioned experi- ment, as he makes the instructive remark on L. scabrana: ‘‘ Appears to be a variety of this species (boscana). We can find no difference in the genitalia.’ (p. 21.). The two species, P. lipsiana and P. rufana, Schiff., always seemed to be a closely allied pair, but their genitalia show them to belong to different sections of the genus. P. /issurana, Pierce and Metcalfe, is quite distinct from P. ferruyana ; a glance at the uncus and socii is quite sufficient. From a remark made in Practical Hints (Vol. IIL, p. 41), it would seem to be a more variable species. The late Mr. Tutt there writes: ‘ Females of Peronea ferru- gana taken in March are well worth retaining for ova, the moths appearing in July being more given to variation than those of the autumnal emergence.’ I doubt if this hint was ever taken by anyone, but it would be interesting to discover whether the July moths that Mr. Tutt had in mind were P. fisswrana or really P. ferruyana which may of course have a small flight in July. With the exception of D. loeflinyiana this group is remarkably uniform. That species is possibly an older form that went on its own way before the Peroneas were developed. The larva and larval habits are still exceedingly close to those of T. viridana. These three Groups which we have been con- sidering are closely allied, the Peroneas being a little further apart from the other two. We will now discuss the position the author gives them with regard to the phylogeny of the whole of the Tortricina. Broadly speaking his classification of these three Groups does not differ essentially from that which has been already arrived at. It is true that his discoveries have almost demolished the genus Jortriw, as far as names go, unless there may be exotic species which are really congeneric with 7’. viridana. But in the face of the form the genitalia display in, for example, Vortria dumetana, no one can doubt that it is closely allied to Pandemis, nor is there any doubt that 7’. viridana itself, T. bergmanniana and T’. forskaleana must be placed among the Peroneas and do not naturally belong to the same group as the Cnephasias and their allies. (To be continued.) 54 * THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. New races and forms of Palaearctic Grypocera. By ROGER VERITY, M.D. (Continued from page 44.) Mrynnis alceae, Esp., form fulvocarens, mihi, and race tripolina, mihi.—On July 12th, 1928, Querci met, in the ‘enna Valley, 1200m., under the Pizzo Tre Vescovi, in the Sibillini Mts. of Central Italy, with a single individual of this species, which he failed to recognise at the time and which it took some attention to classify. The reason of this is that it entirely lacks every trace of fulvous on both surfaces, so that one can mistake it for an altheae, but it does not resemble any other alceae 1 have ever seen, because in the latter the fulvous is quite a constant specific character. In that specimen, now in my possession, the tone of colour is of a cold, pale, slate-gray both above and below with the usual pattern in darker grey and black. There remains to be seen whether it is a high-mountain race or simply an abnormal individual. ; The race alceae from North Africa is always referred to as australis, Z. Last spring Dr. Romei collected on the Garian plateau, 700m., south of Tripoli a large series, from May Ist to 7th. J have unfor- tunately not got any Algerian specimens to compare with it, but this raze is certainly quite distinct from nymotypical australis of Sicily. On an average, it is still smaller than the latter and it is quite different in colouring, because there is a marked contrast between the dark bands and the pale tawny ground-colour; the former stand out sharply upon it, partly in deep chestnut and toa greater extent in blackish ; their outlines are much sharper than is ever seen in Europe, so that a striking striate aspect ensues, running across the whole wing; the general tone is of a brighter and warmer fulvous. The underside is much lighter than is ever the case even in the most extreme australis, being of a bright, clear fulvous, with no mixture of black either on fore-or hindwing, whereas australis is always either of a chestnut tinge on that surface, or of a faded tawny tone, veiled with grey. Muschampia proto, Ochsenh. (nee Esper !), race nigrita, mibi, and race fulvosatura. mihi.—From Cuenca, in Nueva Castilla (Spain), 1200m., I possess a series of specimens, collected on July 7th, which surprise one by their very different features from the proto of Albarracin, although these two loealities are comparatively so near to each other. The date of capture and the colour of the underside suggest the I. gen., which at Albarracin emerges till about July 10th, whilst the second only begins at the very end of this month. In size they are the smallest proto I have seen, varying from 20 to 25mm. from tip to tip, whereas the other races vary from 25 to 80mm. A large couple from Armenia in my collection, resembling the female from Yakouren figured by Oberthtr, Vol. VI., fig. 1268, and quite identical with the Albarracin I. gen. arragonensis, Sag. measures 28 and 30mm., and thus gives the impression of being double the size of nigrita. The latter also has an unusually sharp apex and a straighter outermargin to both wings in the male. The upperside is of a deep black uniform tinge, with a shiny surface, which recalls P. sao, rather than the other proto races; these are usually veiled with white and only the females tend to uniform black- NEW RACES AND FORMS OF PALAEARCTIC GRYPOCERA. 55 ness, In niyrita even the series of submarginal whitish lunules shows so faintly, that at first sight it seems entirely abolished in most speci- mens. All the white spaces are reduced in extent. The underside of the hindwings has a faded and dirty appearance, being of a pale yellow tinge, mixed abundantly with black scales and slightly greenish in some cases. The couple of proto figured by Hiibner resembles nigrita by the uniform black upperside, but it is larger, the white spaces are more prominent and the underside is of a bright clear tawny. This might be the nymotypical race described by Ochsenheimer. The summer generation of Algeria, as figured by Oberthur, l. c., fig. 1266, from an August male of Sebdou, seems to need a name to designate it : size large ; the upperside is washed over with fulvous scaling, covering even the, usually, white spaces; the underside of the forewing is of a pale tawny, a black patch only subsisting in the middle ; that of the hindwing is of a warm tawny: IL. gen. fulvosatura, mihi. Oberthur, Lc., XIX, p. 119-22, fig. 4435-6 and 4441-2, describes and figures a giganti@ race from Azrou and the Great Atlas, in Morocco, which I propose calling gigas, mihi. Specimens from the Bouches du Rhone (10th to 25th of July) in my possession are evidently the second generation, but their features are identical with those of the III. gen. of Albarracin, so that Sagarra’s name of fenestrata can quite well be used for them. Hesperia alveus, Hiib., race accreta, mibi and race grandis, mihi. —Hiibner’s figures do not represent the average form in the variation of the species. The male, especially, is very small and it has a dull greenish underside, dusted with black scales, This form prevails particularly in bigh and cold mountain localities, but, as a rule, one meets with it individually mixed with transitions to the races I am about to point out. J have it from the Simplen village, from Dombresson ‘in the Jura, and from Gédre in the Hautes Pyrénées. Oberthiir’s figure 1856 represents one from Larche (Basses Alpes). His other male 1855 from the same locality is transitional to the following and so is the La Rippe (foot of Jura) one figured by Reverdin in B.S. Lép. Gen., IL, pl. 4, fig. 10. Oberthiir seems right in his conclusion that the Larche race and those similar to it can on the whole be called race alveus. In other regions, on the contrary, one meeis prevalently or exclusively with a form which contrasts markedly with Hiibner’s by its larger, and in some individuals very much larger size, and by the bright, clear yellow underside with white spaces standing out sharply on it. It is well represented by Oberthur’s figures 452-3, from the Pyrenees, but some of the specimens I possess from Gédre are larger and most of them have a pure yellow underside (less greenish, clearer and lighter). The latter I take as my ‘“ types,”’ naming them accreta. As stated, other specimens from the same neighbourhood, but collected the preceding year and evidently in some other locality are similar to nymotypical alveus. The females of accreta do not increase in size proportionately to the males, so that they do not, on the whole, contrast as much with Hiibner’s figure and with the females of his race in general, but some of them do correspond well with the male features. The race recorded by Oberthir, Vol. X1X, 3, p. 78 from the North of France (Vernon in the Kure) corres- ponds to accreta, according to his description. I possess two specimens 56 THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. from Dombresson which come very near accreta. I propose the name of grandis for the remarkable race figured by Oberthiur (figs. 1877-8) from Saint Martin de Vésubie (Maritime Alps Department) of very large size and dark-looking on the upperside, whilst the underside resembles accreta. But it is rather darker on the forewing and greener and dusted with black on the hindwings. That author states he has it also from Germany. Examples I have from Oulx (Susa Valley) and from Dronero (Piedmontese Maritime Alps) seem to belong to the same race. Form accreta spreads also to Central Spain, bué there it is found mixed with another form of the same large size and with bold white spaces above, but characterised on underside by its pale tone of colour. The forewings are pale gray, considerably variegated with white, and the hindwing has very pale green markings, in some cases looking rather dirty on account of a few black scales dusted over them, and broad white spaces. The general appearance of this form rather suggests a transition to the African and Andalusian numida, Obth., Vol. IV., fig. 484-6, and phot. plt. I, in vol. XVII, but I have only seen in one female, the little streak protruding in the cell from the central white space, as in onvpordi; whereas Reverdin gives it as the constant characteristic of mwmida in both sexes. This Spanish form is well worth designating as centralhispanide, mihi. Hesperia ryffelensis (Obth.), Rev., race albens, mihi.—I possess from Olmutz, in Moravia, a form which I do not hesitate to refer to. this species and not to alvews, owing to the elongated shape of the wings, to the very small white spaces on the forewing and to the underside dull green tinge and other features. It differs however from all the ryjfelensis 1 have seen by the pale and the dull tone of the upperside, so that from the aspect of that surface one would think it a eacaliae, Rbr., and it is well worth recording and naming, especially as the distribution and variation of this newly discovered species are scatcely known at all. I can also contribute the information that I have collected ryfelensis, apparently quite similar to the nymotypical Zermatt race, in the Valley of Sulden, 1800m., on the Ortler in 8. Tyrol. It flew from August 8rd to 10th, 1920, in company with serratulae and with an H. bellieri, Obth., which also seems quite similar to the Zermatt one and which also it is interesting to reeord from the Ortler. Hesperia serratulae, Ramb., Faun. Andal., I, p. 318, pl. 8, fig. 9, race planorum, mihi, race fragilis, mihi, and form latealbata, mihi.—This species exhibits individual variations to a considerable extent, but local characteristics are quite prevalent enough to confer different aspects to series from different localities and to constitute well defined races. As they do not seem to have been worked out yet by any author, I will make the following attempt : Race serratulae, Rbr.—In high mountain localities one usually finds a form which is small, which has short, broad wings and which is of a deep black tone above. The white spaces vary considerably on both surfaces. The specimens I have from Gédre in the Pyreneas have large ones, and so have most of those I have collected at the Baths of Valdieri in the Maritime Alps. Instead, those from the NEW RACES AND FORMS OF PALAKARCTIC GRYPOCERA. 57 Ortler in S. Tyrol have very minute ones and might well be separated as a distinct race, also on account of their smaller size. This probably is race caecus, Preyer, described from the ‘Alps of Tyrol,” although his figure is very rough. As to the underside white spaces, Rambur figures a specimen in which they are very reduced, the central band of hindwing being interrupted as it is in H. carlinae. Reverdin, in Bull. Soc. Lép. Genéve, IL, pl. 4, fig. 6, figures a ‘‘ mountain form,” from the Schynige Platte, Oberland, with very broad continuous band- like spaces (form latealbata, mihi). The same author figures (fig. 13) as “plain form” from La Rippe, pied du Jura, a larger insect with wings narrower and more pointed, a less deep tone of black above, and of a warmer tone of green on the underside. My specimens from Friedland in Mecklenburg, exhibit all these features very distinctly and I notice the white spaces of the underside give a very characteristic impression of rows of regular oval white spots. This race I should call planorum. ‘I'he series collected by Querci in the Sibillini Mts, in Central’ Italy and at Albarracin in Central Spain are so variable that they contain both the forms described above, but the first prevails. A gigantic and highly differentiated race of planorwm from the Vouvans Forest in Vendée (N.W. of France) is figured by Oberthur (fig. 480-1) and by Reverdin (fig. 7) as race occidentalis, Lucas. Finally, the extreme opposite of this race is produced in the neighbourhood of Vienna; race fragilis, mibi, very small and frail, wings narrow, long and pointed, tone gray, rather than black, white spaces very variable on both surfaces, and unusually reduced in some cases. Hesperia carlinae, Rbr., Kaun. Andal., IL., p. 814 (footnote), pl. 8, fic. 11, race atrata, mihi.—On August 4th, 1924, I collected a series of this species, which was just emerging together with cacaliae at the foot of the great Fraa waterfall, 1400m., in the Formazza Valley, situated between the Rhone Valley and the Tessin. ‘This valley is beaten by glacier winds and all the butterflies belong to high alpine races: A. lineola race ludoviciae, Mabille, Urbicola comma race alpina, Bath, etc. So different however, were these carlinae from those I had collected at the Baths of Valdieri in the Maritime Alps that I failed to recognise the species on the field. At Valdieri the form figured by Rambur was prevalent (Oberthtr has figured it from Larche, Basses Alpes, fig. 499-501 and Reverdin, /. ¢., fig, 4, from Beérisal), but there occurred also the smaller Larche form of Oberthiir’s fig 1869-71 and occasionally also form olivacea, Obth., as in his fig. 498. The Val Formazza race is much smaller; the upperside and the underside of the forewing are of a deeper and colder black tone; the white spaces are much reduced in extent, being often on the verge of obliteration in the male and entirely so in most females except those nearer the costa of forewing ; the underside of hindwing is reddish only in one less ’ highly characterised male; in the others it is of a greenish black with ochre coloured scales only along the nervures, so that it has a sombre appearance very different from the clear reddish fulvous of the nymotypical form. Oberthtir’s figures 496-7 from La Grave (Hautes Alpes) are evidently a transition to my more extreme Formazza race atrata. (To be concluded.) 58 THE ENTOMOLOGIS’’S RECORD. IOTES ON COLLECTING, etc. Harty Spring Diprera.—The following notes are written, not so much as a record of species taken, but to give beginners and others, who may be inclined to take’ up the study of this order, some idea of the species that may be expected to occur in March and April. | hope that any subscribers who are Dipterists will contribute similar notes from time to time. Work the sallows and other early flowering shrubs; given a sunny day and a sheltered situation, many species may be obtained, especially Syrphidae and Anthomytidae. Look along sheltered footpaths in wooded districts for the two spring Bombyliidae, B. major, and B. discolor, hovering and visiting primroses, etc. (these two species also occur in gardens at early spring flowers). Do not neglect to search the tree trunks; many species like to bask there in the warmth of the afternoon sun. Sweep heather for hybernated Trypetids and Acalypterates. The following lists of species are taken from my diaries for March and the first three weeks of April, but are very incomplete as favourable days for collecting at week-ends, etc., are few and far between in our English Springs. STRATIOMYIIDAE :—Sargus cuprarius. Bomsyiupar :— Bombylius major, B. discolor, Erman :—Rhamphomyia cinerascens, Hilara pilosa. Syrpuwar :—Chilosia pulchripes, C. variabilis, C. grossa, C. albipila, C. praecox,. Platychirus discimanus, P. scutatus, P. albimanus, Melangyna 4-maculata, Melanostoma scalare, Syrphus torvus, S. ribesti, S. vitripennis, S. luniger, S. balteatus, S. lasiophthalmus, S. arcticus, S. barbifrons. Kristalis pertinaxy, FE’. arbustorum, Criorrhina ranunenli, Syritta pipiens, Musoripar :— Pollenia rudis, Musca corvina, Pyrellia cadaverina, Euphoria caesarion. AntTHoMYIIDAE ;—haonia lucorum, P. marmorata, P. variegata, Hylemyia variata, H. pullula, Chortophila bilberygi, Phorbia floccosa, PY muscaria, P. parva, P. neglecta, P. eaviqua, Fannia manicata, F. scalaris. Acatyprerata :—-Tephrochlamys rujiventris, Leria ruficauda, Elqgiva dorsalis, Sepedon spinipes, Tephritis vespertina.—H. W. Anprews, F.E.S. A NOVEL METHOD OF COLLECTING.—One of the family washing-days happening to coincide last May with one of my off-days from business, it oecurred to me, that as the day (17th) was sunny and warm, insects might be attracted to some large blankets hanging out in the garden to dry, especially as we are here on the borders of the country, with open fields and a wood behind us to the west and gardens on both sides. I therefore kept:an eye on both surfaces of the blankets during the time they were on the lines with the following result: Corgoprera : 2 Oxytelus nitidulus, 5 Homalinm florale, 3 Chaetoenema coneinna. Hemiptrera-Hereroprera: 1 Piesma maculata, 1 Monanthia cardui, 2 M.ampliata, 1 Anthocoris nemorum. Hymenoptera (Tenthredonidea): 1 Monophadnus albipes—in all 16 specimens belonging to 7 sections of 3 orders, and not a single uncommon species amongst the lot. It struck me as rather remarkable that there was no representative of the Jiptera. Most of the insects were on the shady side of the blankets ; probably the other surface was too hot for them. This method of OURRENYT NOYES. 59 collecting is analogous to the ‘‘lamp and sheet’’ method so effective nocturnally in the Fens, and in a richer district might be productive of better results, both in quantity and quality, especially in June or July, and I have no doubt that sheets would serve quite as well as blankets. Jn this connection I may mention that J have several times noticed the tendency of insécts to appear on one’s clothes and on waterproofs spread on the ground to sit on, whilst lunching in the country, especially during bright but cool weather, such as we generally get about Master and in September; evidently they come up from the surrounding herbage to enjoy the warmth reflected from the garments. —C. Nicuotson, 35, The Avenue, Hale End, E.4, March 19th, 19265. Ewtomotocy and tHE Law.—Can anyone give me particulars of the case which was decided by the identification of a fly found embedded in the paper in a legal document—I think possibly a will— the date of execution of which was a vital question ?—C. Nicnoson. GURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. A most comprehensive volume has been just come to hand entitled The Lepidoptera of New York and neighbouring States from the Cornell University Agricultural Experimental Station, Ithaca, New York. Such a mass of ordered information has probably never been put together in 729 pages before. The volume commences with the Jugatae (Micropteryyidae, etc.) and goes on to the Frenatae including all the families usually called Tinea, Tortrices, Pyrales, Saturniids, Bombyces, etc., the author promising to deal with the Noctuae, Geometers and Rhopalocera in a subsequent volume. So many bave worked at the more highly developed groups of Lepidoptera that it is really a great advance to find the more primitive groups dealt with in such an encyclopedic way. Every known species in the area is dealt with, and so far as possible, data on its life-history are given. To the keys of genera ard species especial attention has been paid, which is a new venture for American Lepidopterists. Where the author, Wm. T. M. Forbes, responsible for the work, felt that specialists on certain families could be called in, it has been done; Dr. Annette F. Brown is responsible for the Nepticulidae and the Lithocolletis, Carl Heinrich has dealt with the Coleophorids, and Mr. August Busck has collaborated on every single group of the Tineids. Conciseness without sacrifice of clearness has been the line taken, and appears to have been far more successful than is usual in such comprehensive works. All the latest lines of advance in our lepidopterological studies have been brought into use. In the classification we have divisions Jugatae and Frenatae, with and without general distribution of aculeae (spinules) on wing surface, arrangement of warts on larval segments, ete. The intro- ductory portion deals succinctly with the principles of taxonomy ; variation racial, seasonal, mendelian, aberrational, and _ sexual ; phylogeny; the facts of distribution and suggested causes; the structure of all the stages particularly with details that may be useful taxonomically including venation, genital parts, and setal arrangement; and structure in both larva and pupa. All these details are sufficiently illustrated by diagrams to the number of nearly 500, many being 60 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. composite. Practically the whole book is printed in small type, and the pages, being between small quarto and large octavo in size, space is afforded for the enormous amount of matter this book contains. In all cases where future work is needed to elucidate groups or species, it is pointed out, and.the family and generic characteristics have been most thoroughly dealt with. In concluding our remarks one must say that this book sets a line of excellence for future systematists, which it will be hard to excel. The Catalogue of Indian Insects is gradually being issued. Parts 4 and 5 dealing with the 7rypetidae (Dip.) and Nitidulidae (Col.) have just appeared. Each contains a very large amount of references, and workers must find these parts a great help to their studies. The whole is brought out under the auspices of the Government of India. Another very useful publication from the same source is the Annual List of Publications on Indian Entomology, which is compiled by the Imperial Entomologist at the Pusa Agricultural Research Institute. The list for 1923 consists of 60 quarto pages. The more important articles in iris for the past year have been, Dr. Wehrli, ‘‘ Nice—St. Martin Vésubie—Digne,” dealing with the Lepidoptera of the Alpes-Maritimes and the Basses Alpes; Prof. Strand, ‘ Lepidoptera of S. West Australia”; Dr. Kruger, ‘‘ The Morphidae of Columbia’’; H. Stauder, ‘The Syntomidae of Kastern Europe and Trans-Caucasia’”’; ete. The Annnal Report of the United States National Museum is a record of progress year by year, by means of which the American public know that they are getting full value for the funds devoted to the advance- ment of science. Therein one reads details of all specimens and objects added to the museum, particulars of the original investigations carried out or in progress, tbe list of articles and works published during the year, the condition of various departments and sections, in fact a full detailed account of the activities of the staff. What do our public know of the activities of our national museum or of its condition. N®% report is ever distributed, if made, of the wondrous work done in the British National Museum. ‘This is only known to the few, whom circumstances and chance put in the way of knowing. With a worthy report sent broadcast, as is done by the U.S. authorities, we should never have had a Director of the Museum during the war, sneeringly allude to the study of the micro-lepidoptera. Fascicuile 2 of Vol. V. of the Bulletin dela Société Lépidoptérologique de Grenéve has recently come to hand. Reports of the meetings during 1922 and 1923 occupy about 80 pages. There is a feeling obituary of the late M. Chas. Oberthur by Dr. Reverdin, a friend and colleague of many years, with an admirable portrait. Dr. Reverdin continues to report on his studies of the genus Hesperia, this time dealing with A. cribrellum, illustrating his account with some of M. Culot’s inimitable figures and a plate of structural details. M. Arnold Pictet diseusses parthenogenesis in the Lepidoptera, reviewing past recorded facts and comparing the more recent observations of M. Seiler, M. Picard and others, and his own protracted experiments. The author proves that contrary to the long held view that the 3rd generation of partheno- genetic layings produced only males, that in the case of Lymantria dispar both males and females were produced. ‘There is also a discussion on the substitution of the name phacorrhoea, Don., for SOCIETIES. 61 chrysorrhoea, Lin. We wish the Society well and congratulate its members on their admirably conducted Bulletin. We must congratulate Dr. Walter Horn for his strenuous, almost single-handed, work in keeping together his Deutsches Entomologische Museum at Berlin- Dahlem, and also in his success with the Entomolo- gische Mitteilungen, of which the first number of Vol. XIV. has recently come to hand, a number of more than 100 pages, with one plate of diagrams and text figures. There are thirteen original articles (Cole- optera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, etc.), and asummary of new literature. SOCIETIES. THe HnromonocicaL Sociwry or Lonpon. January 21st, 1925.—Annvuat Megtine. —Mr. K. E.. Green, President, in the chair. Councit’s Rerorr.—Dr. Neave read the Report of the Council, which was adopted on the motion of Mr. Stenton, seconded by Dr. Burr. TkEasuRER’s Report.—Mr. W. G. Sheldon read his Report, and gave some details of the very satisfactory financial position of the Society. The Report and Accounts were adopted, on the motion of Mr. Main, seconded by Dr. Scott. - The President announced that the Fellows nominated as Officers and Council for the ensuing year had been duly elected in accordance with the Bye-Laws. The President then read his Address on ‘‘ Some Hpisodes and Aspects of Insect Life in Ceylon,” and at its conclusion a vote of thanks to him, coupled with a request that it might be printed in the Proceedings, was moved by Mr. Willoughby-Ellis, seconded by Dr. Cockayne, and carried unanimously. A vote of thanks to the Officers for their services was then passed on the motion of Mr. Bethune-Baker, seconded by Mr. Bedwell, and Mr. W. G. Sheldon, Dr. 5S. A. Neave, and Mr. H. J. Turner briefly replied. February Ath, 1925.—Professor EK. B. Poulton, M.A., D.Sc., F.B.8., President, in the Chair. VICE- Pansrpents.—The President announced that he had nominated Professor W. Bateson, M.A., F.R.S., Mr. G. O. Champion, and Mr. K. E. Green, as Vice-Presidents for this year. Liprary.—Dr. 8. A. Neave announced that the Council had decided to discontinue the opening of the Library every Wednesday evening, and to revert to the old regulations in regard to the hours of the Library. Exxurertions.—Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited and made remarks upon, the second British macropterous example of the Orthopteron, Chorthippus parallelus, Zett. Mr. W. G. Sheldon, on behalf of Mr. W. G. Clutton, of Burnley, exhibited a number of Lepidoptera from Lancashire. Mr. H. M. Edelsten exhibited a photograph of a moth from Central Asia supposed to be Leucania brevilinea. Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., who illustrated his remarks with 62 THK KENLOMOLOGIST’S RWCORD. lantern slides, discussed ‘“‘ The butterfly and chrysalis as a symbol, the key to the understanding of certain Minoan beliefs.” He also exhibited some Anthiid beetles collected on the same tree with their ant-models in 8. Nigeria by Mr. F. D. Golding. Mr. C. S. Elton, a visitor, showed some lantern slides to demon- strate ‘‘ The distribution of insects exemplified by observations made on the recent Oxford University Expedition to Spitzbergen (1924).” Tae Souta Lonpon Enromonocican Society. November 27th, 1924.—Annuat Exuisition or Varietres.—There was a record attendance, over 150 members and friends were present. As an innovation the exhibits were not passed round but placed on side benches after description by the exhibitor, thus giving a longer time for those present to examine them. On behalf of Lord Rothschild, Dr. Jordan exhibited three examples of the Small Crested-Lark, to illustrate three of the local races of Algeria with specimens of the prevalent surface soils of the respective areas, which were resembled by the colour of the plumage ; a series to shew the variation in Lastocampa quercus, males with female coloration, females with male coloration, a pure yellow female, a sooty brown female and the rare ab. roboris; a long series of British Cosmotriche potatoria showing extreme variation as in L. quercts and a larva showing an extra proleg protruding from a spiracle; a long British series of Dianthoecia carpophaya showing every gradation between the dark inland race and the light sea coast ab. ochracea; the British series contained specimens of the larva at all stages, the pupa, imago set at rest and the parasites. The President, a small selection of Rhopalocera collected by Major Hingston whilst on the Mt. Everest expedition in 1924, including rare forms of Papilio, of Parnassius and three Aglats urticae forms, chinensis, ladakensts and casehmirensis. y Mr. W. J. Lucas, the uncommon Nedropteron, Drepanopterya phalaenoides taken at Witherslack in May last, with Drepana lacertula for comparison. On behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey, Mr. Talbot, along series of Phyciodes Species with mimetic patterns with the butterflies of other groups with which they associated and resembled. Mr. R. Adkin a series of mongrel Diacrisia mendica from the recrossing of the mongrel race mistwra with typical mendica ; aberrations of A. urticae approaching ab. polaris and ab. connexa; a Pyrameis atalanta with the red band twice broken; a specimen of the rare Maryaronia unionalis taken at ivy on October 13th, near Eastbourne ; and other aberrations. On behalf of Mr. R. A. Adkin, a sinistral shell of Helix aspersa taken in Hastbourne town in 1924; and the recently differentiated AL, heripensis, which occurred commonly on the Downs near Eastbourne. Messrs O. R. and A. de B. Goodman, local forms and races of most of the indigenous species of butterflies found by them in Corsica in early July, 1924; examples of the Satyrid species taken by them in late July at Digne in the same year. Out of 37 days hunting only 2 were marked by wet weather. Mr. Leeds, a long series of aberrations of Polyommatus eortdon SOCIETIES. 638 designated by Courvoisier’s terms and Tutt’s names combined ; aberrations of P. medon, P. icarus and Plebeius argus (aeyon) similarly designated ; and other aberrations of 1924. Col. Rattray, butterflies from Equatorial Africa showing mould which was already on them while alive when captured ; a series of aberrations of Plébeius aryus (aegon) undersides ; costa-juncta, unipuncta, approximata-juncta, etc. ; Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone, xanthic Aphantopus hyperantus and Epinephele tithonus, very dark and pale straw-coloured Purarge meyera, melanic Tephrosia crepuscularia, Heodes (Rumicia) phlaeas varying from yellowish to dark red ground, one with a forewing partially white, etc. Mr. Cox, A. wrticae ab. polaris, and pink tinged specimens, confluent Zyyaena trifolii, etc. Mr. GC. Craufurd, on behalf of Mr. F. Stevens a remarkable under- side of Ruralis betulae bred, in which some of the markings were totally absent, others emphasised or reduced, and the ground more uniform, giving it a quite different appearance and not recognisable as /. betulae. Mr. D. H. Pearson, a long series of extreme forms of Abraaas grossulariata, and a case of Rhopalocera from Ste. Baume, Provence, France. Mr. Jacques, bred specimens of //yloicus pinastri, one of a dirty cream colour the other suffused with black, ete. Mr. and Mrs. 8. G. Castle-Russell sent for exhibition aberrations taken in the season 1924, Melitaea aurinia (1) upper wings well suffused black, underside striated, (2) ditto but spotless underside with cream margin at base of hindwings, (8) ground light claret tint with pearly gray rays, hindwings nearly black, marginal spots white rays, below spotless, (4) fulvous ground, suffused black markings, absence of yellow, underside normal with four large black spots close to the inner margin ; Aphantopus hyperantus, an extreme ab. lanceolata, and one with large buff splashes on hindwings; a gynandromorph of Polyommatus icarus, L. forewing 3g, other wings 2, Andover; Cveno- nympha pamphilus, forewings cream white, hindwings normal. Rey. EK. KE. Frampton, an Orthopteron, the ‘‘ Shok-Shok.”’ from St. Vincent, which produces a sharp noise like two sticks struck together. Mr. H. Worsley-Wood, a very long series of Mellinia (Xanthia) ocellaris. Mr. A. W. Mera, the 2nd. brood of Boarmia roborarta from a melanic female; 5 larvae pupated and emerged, the rest are going over. J Capt. Crocker, for Mr, Percy Richards, varied series of A. wrticae, R. phlaeas and A. aglaia. Mr. Hy. J. Turner, Palaearctic Rhopalocera from the highlands of W. China, Papilio tamerlanus and 8 allied forms, Parnassins tmperator, and 3 other species, Amandia thaidina, with various species of Catocala. Mr. W. Rait-Smith, a number of fine aberrative specimens of British Rhopalocera, P. icarus, with red lunules replaced by yellow; P. coridon, with the rare ab. obsoletissima, A. hyperantus ab. obsoleta bred ; Epinephele jurtina, a gynandromorph, L. side g, R. side 2 ; Leptosia sinapis, & gynandromorph, a unique specimen, bred; Heodes phlaeas ‘ab, radiata and ab. alba ; ete. 64 THE WNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Mr. T. A. M. Nash, a Pyrameis cardui with blue centres to marginal spots. Mr. C. H. Williams, P. coridon aberrations and a black form of the male. Miss Anderson (John Innes Horticultural Institution), Ferns raised under critical conditions illustrating Mendelian Segregation. Mr. Tonge, a bleached g of Aryynnis aglaia, ab. obsoleta of P. medon, ab. obsoleta of P. coridon from Herts and Kent, ete. Mr. L. W. Newman, Abraxas grossulariata, extremes of the ab. varleyata; Pachys betularia, mostly caught, with a good percentage of intermediates; a nearly black Callimorpha dominula with hindwing banded; melanie Demas coryli, ete. Mr. EK. P. Sharp, long varied series of Cosmotriche potatoria from Kastbourne. Mr. W. G. Nash, leaden coloured P. coridon of both sexes, several ab. inequalis, P. medon ab. obsoleta and Deiopeia pulchella taken at Bedford in May last. Mr. Priest, a drawer of British Vanessids including 2 Huvanessa antiopa. Mr. I. J. Bedford, a water-colour drawing and two photographs of a var, of A. cydippe taken in KE. Sussex in 1922. December 11th, 1924.—Messrs. Hans Leonhardt, 45, Redcliffe Gardens S.W., and J. J. Grant, 37, Old Road West, Gravesend, were electéd members. The President read a note on the capture of the first Ornithoptera titan, and also on the custom of the native collectors to sew large specimens in folded leaves. Mr. Couchman exhibited an aberrant Hadena trifolii (chenopodit), and from Middlesex a specimen of Nonagria arundineta. Mr. Hy. J. Turner, a very long series of Thera (Larentia) variata and 7. obeliscata, with many local forms from Eneland, Scotland, Fiance and Austria, including a very fine series from the Oberthitr Collection, with the specimens of the rare ab. stragulata formerly in the collections ef M. Bellier and M. Guenée, these were kindly lent by M. René Oberthur. Drawings of the genitalia of both variata and obeliscata were exhibited, sent by Rev. C. R. N. Burrows. Opinions differed as to the sufficiency of these to show specific difference. The differences are considered by many to be individual only. Lonpon Natrurat History Sociery. Most of the exhibits of recent meetings bave been other than Entomological, but some interesting specimens of Lepidoptera have been shown from time to time, such as Bupalus piniaria including two of the white form from Limpsfield, Surrey, and Bomolocha fontis from the same district, shown by Mr. R. W. Robbins (October 21st), Oporabia dilutata and O. autumnata from Limpsfield, with the former approaching the latter species in a banded form, and also some of a dull colour from Epping Forest, shown by Mr. R. W. Robbins, (December 2nd). Hmmelia trabealis, Mamestra glauca, and Abraxas grossulariata with extra black spots on the hindwings, shown by Mr.: Riches (January 6th). : Subscriptions for Voi. XXXVII. (new series), 10 shillings, should be sent to Mr. H. W. Andrews, Hon. Treasurer, “* Woodside,”’ Victoria Road, Eitham, S.E. 9. ] [ Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers’ magazines should still be notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, 8.f. 14. Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. W. ANDREWS Woodside,” Victoria Road Eltham, $.6.9 ; REYISED SCALE OF CHARGES FOR ADVERTISEMENTS. 2s. a; Seek & Whole page .. ee arse 6 Quarter page .. Sree lini Half page ad sapett LOO Highth page .. Be LOO Small panel (4 page) .. Cero aet AO: Discount on Series :—5% for six insertions ; 10% for twelve insertions. Apply to H. W. Anprews, Hon. Treasurer, Woodside, Victoria Road, Eltham, S.B.9. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They shonld be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, 98, Drakefell ittoad, New Cross, 8.1.14, Desiderata.—English melanism, ova and pupae of English species. Duplicates.—The splendid Hamburg melanism Pal. or albingensis. Finest condition only.—Dr. V. Schultz, Soltau (Hann.), Germany. Desiderata.—Kuropean Butterflies must be set (any style), but good condition and locality essential. Duplicates.—British butterflies and moths and good vars. or cash.—W. G@. Pether, ‘¢ Thelma,’’ 4, Willow Bridge Road, London, N.1. Duplicates.—Several hundred species of Coleoptera (carded) from Hants and Dorset, including several rare species from the New Forest, etc. Desiderata.—Scarce and local British Coleoptera (carded).— A. Ford, 42, Irving Road, Bournemouth, Hants. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41], Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7. 8p.m. May 6th, June-3rd. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the rconth, at 7 p.m. April 23rd, Mr. O. R. Goodman, ‘‘ Collecting in Corsica.’? May 14th. — Hon. Sec., Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.H.3. The London Natura! History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street E.C.2, first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec., W. E. Guixae, F.Z.8., The House, Albion Brewery, Whitechapel Road, E.1. rn ra RE A RR LR ER a SS All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Turnen, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, §.H.14 We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send us communications IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require InnusrRarions are inserted on condition that the AuTHoR defrays the cost of the illustrations. CONTENTS. PAGE. A Review of Mr. Pierce’s Volume on the Genitalia of the Tortricidae, Alfred Sich, F.E.S. Be as 49 New Races and Forms of Palearctic Grypocera, Roger Verity, M.D. ve ee te Nores on Coxuecting:—Early Season Diptera, H. W. Andrews, F.E.S.; . A novel method of Collecting, C. Nicholson, F'.E.S.; Entomology and the F Law, Ad. se aie Ac i LP ae we os nip Ee 58 Current Notes anp Suorr Novices .. 3e ye Bi: me ae / 59 | Societies :—The Entomological Society; The South London Entomological Society ; The Londen Natural History Society. .. ag a = t 61 SuppLtemME.T.—Notes on Egyptian Rhopalocera observed at Reservoir, Aswan, K. J. Hayward, F.E.S. ae as .= (1)-(4) | Comm» ons have been received from or have been promised by Messrs. H. Donistho’ Jy. Verity, J. H. Durrant, Rev. C. R. N, Burrows, H. J. Turner, C. Craufurd, } A. Sich . T. Burkill, H. P. Jones, K. J. Hayward, E. Scott, H. J. R. Twig, D. W. Seth © ch, C. F. Curtis-Riley, and Reports of Societies. il communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER , Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, 8.E.14. IMPORTANT | TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. — BACK WO!LUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXV.) CONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Paper on ‘l'aeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— | Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—-Retrospect of a Lepidopterist | for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliopholbus hispidus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, ete., etc., 360 pp. CONTENTS OF VOL. II. MeLanism AND Metanocnroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on Variation (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen- clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifebistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— My. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E, 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD JOURNAL OF VARIATION | EipIvED BY : 3 G. T. Beruune-BakeEr, F.Z.S., J. KE. Contin, F.E.8. - F.L.S., F.E.S., Chairman. H. DoniIsTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S. : R. S. Bagnat, F.1.S., F.E.S. J. H. Durnant, F.E.S. i] 3 Matcoum Burr, D.sc., F.Z.S8., H. HE. Paas, F.£.S8. ; , q ¥F.L.S., F.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.E.S. { F. Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.E.S. W. H. Tams, F.E.S. j BE. A. CockayNE, M.A., M.D., Rey. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.E.S.! ’ . F.E.S., F.R.O.P. F.Z.8. and A 4 and | j Henry J. TURNER, F.z.s., i" Editorial Seoretary. { \ \ q Subscription for Complete Volume, post free (Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.) ‘ TEN SHILLINGS, : TO BE FORWARDED TO The Hon. Treasurer, Ha W. ANDREWS, F.E.S.. ‘‘ Woodside,’’ Victoria Road, Eltham, S.E.9. f MAY 15th, 1925. | Price ONE SHILLING (nw). Watkins & Doncaster, (ESTABLISHED 1879.) CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED by the Collector, at keenest Prices. Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full. Catalogue post free per return | 36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England. P.O. Box. No. 126. TELEPHONE—GERRARD 9451. INSECT — STAGES. For examining small pinned or carded insects under Dissecting or other Microscope. Adjustable in all directions. Two varieties for short or long pins. Particulars and Catalogue of Collecting Apparatus post free—ask for Catalogue ‘‘ C.R.” FLATTERS & GARNETT, Ltd., 308, OXFORD ROAD, MANCHESTER. ROSENBERG & CO. 25, CROMWELL PLACE, S.W.7. . (close to Natural History Museum). : Every description of Apparatus, Cabinets, Collectors’ Requisites, Books, British and Exotic Lepidoptera, living pupae, etc., at moderate pie Catalogue post free. New Supplementary List of Exotic Lepidoptera includes a large number of cheap and well-selected lots from all parts of the world. Hxap Orrick & Musrum:—57, Haverstock Hill, N.W.3. TELEPHONE: WESTERN 6776. : Well made 32 drawer mahogany and pine Cabinet, drawers 21 by 19 by 2 ins. 2 small Cabinets. Several thousand British Micro Lepidoptera, over 700 species at cheap rates. 2000 species of British Coleoptera (carded). 3,000 species of Tropical — Butterflies, including many rare Ornithoptera, Papilios, Morphos, ete. Several local Larvae, all ‘ wild,’ collected in Hants and Dorset. Particulars from— A. FORD, 42, Irving Road, Bournemouth. FF. G KENDREW, Manufacturers of ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS, etc. INTERCHANGEABLE SYSTEM, HIGH GRADE ALL SIZES AT LOWEST PRICES. List free on application to :— 14, RODEN STREET, HOLLOWAY, N.7. THE WATER-STRIDER. 65 Some Aspects of the General Ecology and Behaviour of the Water-Strider, Gerris rufoscutellatus, Latreille. By C. F. CURTIS RILEY, A.M., M.S., F.E.S. Assistant Professor of Zoology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. One of the most interesting of the water-striders is the beautiful, brownish yellow species, Gerris (Limnoporus) rufoscutellatus, Latreille. Its position in the scheme of classification is as follows: order, Hemiptera ; suborder, Heteroptera; family, Gerridae; and subfamily, Gerrinae. The writer first became familiar with this gerrid in the early summer of 1911. From that time ap to the late summer of 1919, observations and collections were made, and some experimental work was done on this species. However, these were of a rather desultory character, and they were not published, although a number of interesting facts were accumulated. Investigations on this species, from seyeral different aspects, were seriously begun in the summer of 1920. The writer has been working on the ecology, behaviour and life- history of Gerris rufoscutellatus for the past four years. Some prelim- inary investigation was done on this species as early as June, 1920. Observations and experiments have been continuel, intermittently, from that time up to the present. With reference to the experiments on life-history, it should be stated that as early as the sammer of 1922, six individuals were brought through the various instars to the adult stage. The life-history part of the writer’s investigations were practically completed in the summer of 1923, more than fifty indi- viduals having been brought to the adult stage. Many hundreds of water-striders were used in the life-history work. As these experiments progressed from instar to instar, each stage was represented by as many as one hundred normal young gerrids. These numbers were used in order to allow for the large mortality, which was expected from the experience of the previous summer, when many hundreds of nymphs died. In order to substantiate positively, in all of its details, the life- history work accomplished in the summer of 1923, similar investiga- tions were undertaken, on a still larger scale, during the summer of 1924, when about one hundred individual water-striders reached the adult condition. On February Ist, 1925, fifty-five of these adults were still alive. The life-history results have not yet been published because of the fact that the behaviour of the different instars is being studied, and it is desirable to incorporate the behaviour, ecology and life-history in one account that will be more or less complete. A large amount of data have been accumulated, and it is the expectation of the writer to publish this as soon as certain experiments are concluded, so that there may be in printed form reasonably complete information on the biology of this species of water-strider. Gerris rufoscutellatus is strongly positively phototactic in sunlight, which response makes it very difficult to keep this species alive in confinement. The gerrids continually jump against the side of the vessel toward the light, and this behaviour, when persisted in for a long time, results in many of them becoming waterlogged and even- tually drowned. Therefore, it was necessary to so arrange the aquaria May 15rx, 1925. 66 THK KNLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, containing the gerrids, that they were in diffuse daylight of moderate intensity. Thevessels were covered with mosquito netting, which slightly shaded the surface of the water. This arrangement of the containers assisted in modifying the persistent positive phototaxis of the water- striders. Each gerrid was confined in a separate vessel, which was six inches deep and five inches in diameter and half filled with tap water, Although the water was changed daily, it was found very difficult to keep the developing gerrids alive. One great difficulty was the formation of a bacterial scum on the surface of the water. This would get on to the tarsi and tibiae of the water-striders and not only impeded their movements, but also resulted in so modifying the surface- film that many individuals broke through, and were either water-logged or drowned. There was no evidence that this scum was the stimulus of any disease, but as the gerrids are extremely cleanly creatures, and are constantly cleaning their legs and bodies, they appeared to be unable to tolerate it or to thrive when it was present. Another difficulty was the fact that the water frequently became semisolid, having much the appearance and consistency of thin glycerine jelly. On many occasions, there would not be more than an inch of water above this jelly-like substance. ‘lo what this was due, the writer has not yet been able to determine. It may have been the result of bacterial slime, or it may have been due to some chemical change in the water. This jelly-like material killed hundreds of the nymphs. Occasionally, a young gerrid was killed by a fungal growth, usually on the ventral side of the body. These various difficulties proved to be genuine obstacles to the progress of the life-history experiments, and a tremendous amount of time was consumed merely in the technique of the work. They were modified to some extent by placing the gerrids in larger vessels, but larger vessels made it more inconvenient to keep the water-striders under close observation, owing to the fact that the creatures bad greater freedom of movement. Boiling all of the water used in the experiments and sterilizing all the containers proved to be of some assistance in reducing the effects of the bacterial slime. These methods were employed during the summer of 1924, and proved to be helpful. Very little is known concerning the general ‘“‘habits” and responses of the water-strider, Gerris rufoscutellatus, in its own environment. In fact, almost nothing is known in detail about this species. There is absolutely no information with respect to its behaviour under con- trolled conditions. Because of this paucity of information and also because this species is found in great abundance in the region round- about Winnipeg, Manitoba, it has seemed worth while to assemble these notes preliminary to the more extended paper, to which reference has been made, that will be published later. De la Torre-Bueno (1911, p. 249), a careful observer in the field, states that: “It (Gerrits rufoseu- tellatus) is a dweller in still waters of whose habits little is known beyond what is familiar of the other members of the genus, such as its carnivorous habits. Nothing is known of its life-history.” The statement with respect to the life-history of Gerris rufoseutellatus must now be slightly modified, since Drake (1922, p. 80), in an annotated list of the Heteroptera of the Cranberry Lake region, in the state of New York, has made a few incidental observations on this phase of the biology of the gerrid. He refers to the situations in THE WATER-STRIDER. 67 which the eggs are laid, to the time of hatching of the eggs and also to the appearance of the first adults. The usual habitat of Gerris rufoscutellatus is on the surface-film of small and medium sized temporary and permanent brooks. It is also found on small and medium sized creeks. Such streams, as have been mentioned, may be considered as its normal habitat. The water is generally clear, with the bed of the stream of silt, sand, gravel and rocks, and less frequently of mud. ‘The current is of medium or slow velocity, as this species of water-strider tends to be an inhabitant of sluggish waters. In the water are found such aquatic plants as Hlodea, Vallisneria, Limnobium, Ceratophyllum, Myriophyllum and Proserpinaca, In some of these waters are such plants as Callitriche and Chara. Frequently, near the banks and in the shallow water of riffles are found Alisma plantago and Sagittaria in great abundance. Not infrequently, this water-strider is present in great numbers among the two last named plants. This is the case should the riffles be impeded with rocks and driftwood, so that the current is moderated. Along the banks of streams of this character, there is usually an abundance of herbaceous and other vegetation from which insects drop, jump or fly into the water, and these are used as food by the gerrids. Streams, of the character that has been described, have been examined by the writer in the States of Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, New York and in the provinces of Manitoba and Ontario. On the surface of a large number of these streams Gerris rufoscutellatus has been found. In general, it may be stated that brooks and creeks, and in some instances rivers, have been examined within a radius of thirty miles of the following places: Ann Arbor, Michigan; Milwaukee. Wisconsin; Urbana, Lllinois; Winnipeg, Manitoba; and Kenora Ontario. In none of the regions mentioned in the United States is Gerris rufoscutellatus abundant. During some summers not more than a balf a dozen individuals were seen, while during other summers as many as twenty or thirty gerrids were observed. The species is widely distributed, but in the regions familiar to the writer, it has not been found to be abundant. Usually it has been observed singly and in pairs. It has also been seen in two’s and three’s, but never in large numbers. However, in the regions to which reference has been made, in Canada, this species is very abundant. Occasionally, on the surface of some of the brooks and creeks in the vicinity of Winnipeg, thousands of these gerrids may be observed, particularly during the months of June, July and August. During long, hot summers, hundreds of these water-striders may be found on standing and running waters in the Winnipeg region, almost any time between the middle of May and the beginning of September. One afternoon in the summer of 1928, the writer collected from the surface of one creek, three hundred and seventy-five individuals, indicating the great abundance of the species. ‘This creek, known locally as Cat Fish Creek, during the summer months, consists of a series of large, more or less isolated pools, with little or no current. While it is true that medium sized brooks and creeks form the optimum habitat of Gerris rufoscutellatus, it has been taken from the surface of rivers, the writer having collected it on the following: the Huron River, in the state of Michigan; the Milwaukee River, in the state of Wisconsin ; the Spoon, Vermilion, and Sangamon rivers, in 68 THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. the state of Illinois; and the Seneca River and Onondaga Creek, the latter being for all practical purposes a river, in the state of New York; and also from the La Salle, or Sale, Seine, Assiniboine and Red rivers, in the province of Manitoba; and the Winnipeg River, in the province of Ontario. Many observations of the waterstriders on the surface of these rivers indicate that they confine themselves, in the main, to the vicinity of the banks. It fact, it may safely be stated that this species of gerrid is not to be considered as an open water form. Even on the smaller brooks and creeks, they are generally found near the banks. It has already been stated that Gerris rufoscutellatus is an inhabitant of sluggish waters. Therefore, it should be present on the surface-film of pools, ponds and lakes, and such is found to be the case. The writer has captured this species of gerrid on many bodies of stand- ing water in the following regions: on the surface of Three Sister Lakes, near Ann Arbor, Michigan; on pools in the vicinity of Milwaukee, Wisconsin ; on many small and large pools, ponds, ox-bow ponds or bayous, on the drainage ditch and on the surface of Crystal Lake, all being in the region roundabout Urbana, Illinois; on the sur- face of pools, ponds, swamps and on Lakes Oneida and Onondage, in the neighbourhood of Syracuse, New York; and also. on the surface- film of pools, ponds—particularly two small ponds on the grounds of the University of Manitoba—and on Netley Lake and Lake Winnipeg, in the region of Winnipeg, Manitoba; and on the Lake of the Woods, near Keewatin and Kenora, Ontario. The list of standing and running bodies of water, which has been given, indicates to some extent the wide distribution of this species of gerrid. It is very common indeed all through southern Manitoba. In fact, there is no region, known to the writer, where Gerris rufoscutellatus is found in such large numbers as in this province. Its geographical distribution, on the North American Continent, is one of the most extensive of the aquatic Heteroptera. .A brief statement should be given concerning the ox-bow ponds and the drainage ditch that have been mentioned. The ponds or bayous are situated at points near the bends of someriver. The ones to which reference has been made were found along the course of the Vermilion and Sangamon rivers, in the state of Illinois. An ox-bow pond is the result of the cutting off of a meander. The neck of land between two loops or curves of a river becomes so narrow that eventually the stream cuts through it. The river then abandons its wide curve, which be- comes an ox-bow pond. These bayous are often very rich in aquatic insect life. Water-striders are abundant on the surface, for there is generally a good supply of drifting insects, entangled in the surface- film, which serves as food for the gerrids. Therefore, such bodies of water are found to be very suitable for these semiaquatic forms. The body of water known as the drainage ditch is a government project, and is for the purpose of draining the excess water from low land. In a general way, this drainage ditch follows the course of West Branch, which is a tributary of Salt Fork, one of the affluents of the Vermilion River. The creek known as West Branch has been dredged, the result being that the stream is changed in character. In the vicinity of Urbana, its current is very sluggish. The bed of the drain- age ditch is, in many places, of deep mud. It contains some sewage, and part of the year the water is turbid. The depth of the water varies THE WATER-STRIDER, 69 from two to fifteen feet, and the width of the creek is from about twelve to twenty five feet. Trees, grasses and herbaceous vegetation are found along the banks. Many soft-bodied insects reach the water from this vegetation and serve as food for the gerrids found on the surface film. The drainage ditch is an excellent breeding place for millions of mosquitoes, upon the pupae and adults of which the water- striders feed voraciously. Gerris rufoscutellatus is frequently observed, on the surface of both standing and running bodies of water, in shaded situations. This is particularly the case when the temperature is high, during the heated periods of June, July, and August. It is not an uncommon occurrence for the temperature to reach ninety-five to one hundred degrees ['ahren- heit in the vicinity of Urban, Illinois; and in the region of Winnipeg, Manitoba, the temperature, occasionally, may reach ninety-three to ninety-six degrees Fahrenheit during these months. From about eleven in the morning until about four in the afternoon, the open water on many streams, and standing bodies of water, is entirely free from these gerrids. If they are sought for diligently it will be found that they have not left their habitat, but that they are congregated in ‘‘con- cealed”’ situations. They will be discovered in such places as under the overhanging banks of brooks and creeks, where they are in the shade; in shaded areas near rocks and driftwood; in shaded regions made by aquatic and semiaquatic vegetation, such as Alisma plantago and Sayittaria; in the shade of trees and tree-roots, along the banks of streams and near the shores of ponds and lakes. They frequently remain quiet in these places for hours, the water surface being appar- ently deserted by these gerrids. It would seem that this form of behaviour was the result of a response to temperature, the water- striders moving into these shaded situations owing to a negative response to the hot rays of the summer sun. There is also the possi- bility that it may be the effect of a response to light, that is a nega- tively phototactic response. Experiments, under controlled conditions, are being conducted with the object of definitely proving this point. This much may be stated, that it has already been proved, in the laboratory, that Gerris rufoscutellatus is strongly positive to sunlight, moving rapidly toward the source of stimulation. In these experi- ments it was also found that, while the gerrids responded in a definite positive way to sunlight, when they wandered into the shade there was a tendency for them to remain there for some time, and that their activi- ties decreased, until, eventually, they became very quiet. Such was the result in many instances. This sort of behaviour was 1n great con- trast to their responses in sunlight, for when subjected to this form of stimulation they were extremely active. These points will be developed more fully in a later paper. De la Torre-Bueno (1911, p. 246) has noticed similar habitat response in the case of Gerris remigis, Say, a congener of Gerris rufoscutellatus. He states that: ‘ They congregate in groups in shady, slow-moving parts of streams, at the tree roots projecting from banks into the water, in the shadow of bridges, and in general in almost any place where they have some shelter from the burning rays of the summer sun.” Gerris rufoscutellatus is responsive to moving objects and shadcws. This form of behaviour is probably an adaptive response, and in certain instances may prove to be beneficial tothe species. In general, 70 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. the response to large objects and shadows is a negative one, the gerrids moving rapidly away from the source of stimulation. Objects appear to produce a more definite response than do shadows. However, in a number of instances this was difficult to determine, and in other instances there was little or no difference either in the definiteness or promptness of the response. Rapid movements are more likely to produce responses than are slow ones. Moving objects of various kinds have been observed to serve as stimuli to the gerrids. They have been seen to respond to the following: a frog jumping into the water; fish leaping from and falling back into ,a stream; a bird flying near the surface-film, swallows and kingfishers particularly ; branches of bushes and of trees tossing in the wind; pieces of driftwood and dead leaves drifting on the surface of a stream ; leaves falling on to the surface of the water; snakes falling from the branches of trees into a brook ; the swimming of a musk-rat near the shore of a lake; aquatic beetles, Aydrophilus and Dytiscus, emerging through the surface-film; and also the movements of the observer. All large moving objects do not call forth vigorous negative responses. hig i ae i PHYLLOCNISTIS SORHAGENIELLA, LUDERSs 97 A note on Phyllocnistis sorhageniella, Luders. (IV ith plate V.) By ALFRED SICH, F.E.S. The genus Phyllocnistis does not appear to be very well understood. The singular larva and the pupa show that it does not belong to the Lyonetiidae and has nothing to do with the genus Cemiostoma, Z. It belongs to the Gracilariidae and is not far from the genus Lithocolletis. Of the three species suffusella, Z., is the most common, though the typical form of this is rare. In this the wings are entirely suffused with pale yellow, hence the name. I have only seen three specimens. The usual form is white with a little dark cloud near the base of the forewing and another in the disc. This I called var. nubilella, I believe in a paper on P. suffusella I read before the City of London Entomo- logical Society in 1902. This was afterwards printed in the Trans- actions of that Society. I think I have seen specimens of this species without these clouds on the forewing. The larval mines occur on several species of Populus, but | have never found them on P. tremula, the aspen, Saligna, easily distinguished from the other two by the two dark lines running from the base to the middle of the forewing, is more local, as osiers are more or less confined to damp places. In Chiswick its favourite food was a Salix with a soft leaf, the margin of which was entire. I do not know the name. I never found the mine on Salix fragilis, though Nepticula mines were frequent. We now come to the third species, sorhagentella. Ever since [ wrote the paper on swffusella, more than twenty years ago, I have examined any aspen that I came across in England and on the Continent in the hope of finding this species, but all in vain tilllast summer. Last June I was in a most delightful little country place in the South Tyrol (now Alto Adige), which used to be known as Sand-in-Taufers, but being now politically in Italy is called Campo Tures. It lies on a plateau, 2.900 feet. Here, on June 15th, 1924, I came on a small aspen tree containing perhaps thirty mines. Unfortunately all the larvae had either pupated or had died in their mines, but I was able to find several leaves containing cocoons. A week later | was in the same spot, and walking farther up the hill-side saw many more aspens and thousands of mines. ‘There was one very large tree of which I could only see one side, but on that side there was scarcely a leaf unmined. Many leaves had two or three mines in them. All the smaller trees were nearly as badly attacked. The earlier larvae were able to pass probably through their stages successfully, but many of those that hatched later from the ege must haye died from starvation. I saw many which had in some way or other come to grief. What the second generation was to feed on one could not imagine. In the woods on the other side of the river the aspens only contained a few mines per tree, so that here the species would be able to maintain itself. As is so often the case when the larvae of a species are excessively abundant, the imagines here were very scarce. If one beat the trees, instead of a cloud of white specks appearing only one or two would be seen. The first imago was bred on June 27th, and between this date and July 7th others were bred, and I found the moths among the aspen trees, and also one at rest on a large Lombardy poplar growing at some distance from any aspen. There is no doubt that Populus tremula is the special food-plant of this Juty-Aveusr 157H, 1925. 98 THE KNTOMOLOGISYT’S RECORD. species. It will, however, feed on P. pyramidalis, as I found one mine certainly on this poplar. The mine is a gallery mine. The egg is laid on the upper or underside of the leaf, its position thus giving rise to an upper or underside mine. Both mines may be found in the same leaf. The mine begins at once as a whitish stripe, about 1mm. wide; as soon as the larva strikes a vein in the leaf it will cortinue mining close beside it to the mid-rib, then along the next vein, which it soon crosses. After running about 25mm. the mine becomes broader, showing that the larva has changed its skin. With a good lens the cast head may here be seen. This wider portion runs for about 40mm. At the end of this part the larva changes its skin for the second time, and com- mences its last and chief feeding stage, making a mine from 3mm. to 5mm. wide and about 170mm. long. The margins of this mine are irregular and often waved. Down the centre runs an often interrupted line of brown staining formed by the excremental juice of the larva. In the upperside mines this line is wider and mostly broken up into spots and streaks, but in the underside mines it is compressed into a very distinct thread-like line. The whole mine, when on the under- side of the leaf, is more distinct and restricted than the less defined mine of the upperside, where the cuticle seems more easily separated from the cells. The colour of the mine is whitish grey, contrasting so strongly with the green of the aspen leaf, that the mines may be seen from a distance of several yards. In most old mines the work done by the larva in its first two stages is invisible, having been obliterated by the work of the larva in the third feeding stage. The mine nearly always ends close to the edge of the leaf, and here the larva changes its skin for the third and last time. This being accomplished the larva, in its entirely new form, feeds no more, but commences at once to spin the cocoon, and while so doing draws the edge of the leaf over, forming a chamber 4-6nim. long, beneath the cuticle, in which it can pupate. Before the moth emerges the pupa shell is thrust partly out of the cocoon. The mine of sorhagenitella is easily distinguished from that of swffusella by the dark line that runs down the centre of the mine. The mine is also narrower and of less extent. What I could see of the cast Jarval heads and of the dead larvae in the mines, leads me to think that the larva in all its four stages is very similar to tbat of sujusella. I believe there is one good point of difference in the pupa. In that of suffusella there is, if I remember rightly, a pair of long strong setae, arising from the dorsum of the thorax or from the 2nd abdominal segment, and curving back- wards. In the pupae of sorhageniella that | examined, I saw some small weak setae, but with my strong lens I failed to find the stiff pair so conspicuous in suffusella. The imago of sorhageniélla 1s very similar to that of the last mentioned species, that I need only describe the pattern of the forewing and point out the differences. Forewings white, a nearly straight dark transverse bar at 2/8 (or a little more) extended inwardly on the dorsum and inwardly suffused with ochreous. This bar is preceded by an oblique dark costal streak, and followed by three shorter costal streaks. Opposite these three streaks is an elongate ochreous suffusion on the dorsum. A large terminal black dot emits three dark streaks into the apical fringes. In some specimens the fourth costal streak is joined to the apical dot which then may be said to send four streaks into the apical cilia. In — SOME PYRALIDS FROM SOUTHERN PALESTINE. 99 comparison with suffusella this species is smaller, and appears to me to be less brilliantly white, but the chief point of distinction lies in the presence of a fourth costal streak. If a good series of each species could be compared no doubt other points of difference would be discovered. Some Pyralids from Southern Palestine. By P. P. GRAVES, F.E.S. In one of several articles concerning collecting in various places during the Great War which appeared in the Entomologist’s Record in 1919, I referred to some captures of ‘ Micros” which had not then been determined (Hut. Record, 1919, p. 156). Most of the specimens of the Pyralidae, which I took, are now in the National Collection at South Kensington and have been determined by Mr. W. H. T. Tams and myself. Of the 28 species taken at Der-el-Belah and Umm-el- Kilab, almost all between the first week of September and the end of November 1917, quite a large proportion are not given in the Staudinger- Rebel Catalogue as inhabiting Syria or its southern extension Palestine. I therefore give a list of my captures, some of which are species which have hitherto only been taken in Palaearctic North Africa (Algeria, Tunis, Egypt, etc.). Before giving the list, however, | feel that | should write a brief description of the terrain in which these insects were found. The ground was dry burnt-up steppe, a few bushes of a species of Zizyphus being the only shrubs of any size. About a mile N.N.W. from my collecting ground was the oasis of Khan Yunus, where there was a certain amount of fruit and garden cultivation. Almost on the Egyptian border near Rafa and about 2 miles 8.E. of Umm-el-Kilab where I collected was a ruined garden where figs, pomegranates and tomatoes had been cultivated. The figs survived. Der-el-Belah was a small edition of Khan Yunus, a patch of oasis surrounded by sandy steppe. Near the sea, where I had no opportunity of collecting, were dunes covered with a flinty grass. Speaking generally the country though very bare was steppe, not true desert, being covered with a thin carpet of parched grass and low plants. ‘True desert, i.¢., country where vegetation was only occasional and there was no carpet of grass, began just across the Egyptian frontier at Rafa, some 24 miles due S. of the camp where I was during most of the autumn of 1917, before the advance into Palestine. Owing to my work in conneetion with the Turkish order of battle, | could seldom spare any time to leave camp and collect. Most of my captures were made at night when moths came sometimes quite frequently to light in the mess tents. The day temperature was usually high, the nights cool, but not cold until about November 18th, when the rainy season set in and moths practically ceased to appear. In the following list it will be noted that certain groups of the Pyralides, e.g., the Crambids, were very scantily represented. I have followed the order of the Staudinger-Rebel Catalogue of 1901, and give the reference number of those species mentioned in Part II. thereof in the list. All were taken at Umm-el-Kilab unless 100 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, otherwise mentioned. Months are givenin Roman numerals, days in Arabic numerals. All captures were made in 1917. Species not mentioned as occurring in Syria-Palestine in the Catalogue are marked with an asterisk. *1. Surattha endoleuca, Hmpsn. (Not in Catalogue). At Umm-el- Kilab and Der-el-Belah 5-18.X. Also taken by Major Austin at D.-el-Belah. *2. Ancylolomia paraetoniella, Trti. (Not in Catalogue) cf. Att. Soc. It., 1924. A specimen taken 18.X, which I took to be A. palpella and wrongly recorded as such (Hnt, Rec. 1919, p. 156) agrees exactly with Count Turati’s figure of his new species in his list of Cyrenaic Lepidoptera (loc. cit., Pl. V. fig. 12, 3. eee aes (Anerastia) ablutella, Z. (203) IX. Frequent, also at Der-el-Belah. 4, Ephestia jficulella, Gregs. (258) A damaged specimen 21.X, almost certainly of this species probably came from the fig-cardens at Khan Yunus. 5. Syria pilosella, Z. (314) Everywhere abundant at light from mid- IX to mid-XI. *6, Syria niveicosta, Hmpsn. (Not in Catalogue). Three specimens of this North African species were taken between 19.I[X. and 18.X. , *7. Hypogryphia uncinatella, Rag. (825). Another North African species of which two very recognisable specimens were taken 14, 15.1X. 8. Heterographis hellenica, Stgr. (841). One 14.1X. *9. H. harmoniella, Rag. (861). One 10.XI1..shghtly worn but quite recognisable. This is an Algerian species. 10. H. samaritanella, Z. (8362). Frequent and variable, X. XI. *11. H. ephedrella, H-S. (869). 21.X. One only. *12. Heterographis mabillella, Lucas. (Not in Catalogue). Yet Y another North African, of which I took a specimen on 14.1X. 13. H. convewella, Led. (877). One in good order 8.XJ. *14. Alispa angustella, Hb. (893). One taken 17.IX. This species occurs in Central Kurope and Dalmatia, but does not seem to have been taken in Syria-Palestine before. 15. Psorosa dahliella, Tr. (402) 12.X1- *16. P. nucleolella, Moeschl. (403) 14.1X. My one specimen is certainly not dahliella, having a perfectly recognisable and clear cut white submarginal line on the fore-wings. Mr. Tams believes it to be this species, which has been recorded from Asia Minor but not apparently from Syria. 17. Huzophera osseatella, Tr. (449) 1.X1. 18. Ilithyia sp. ? 3 specimens of an Jlithyia taken 14.21.[X. would pass for J. (Salebria) morosulis, a wide spread tropical species (Cat. [1.628) which one might expect in Palestine, were it not for the fact that the subterminal greyish line reaches the anal margin of the forewing almost at the tornus instead of well basad from the tornus. More material is required before this insect can be determined. *19. J. uberalis, Swinh. (Not in Catalogue). Onespecimen 1.XI. A Palaearctic desert and tropical species. REMARKS ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE ZYGAENAE. 101 20. I. divisella, Dup. (667). Abundant, IX-XI. 21. Ortholepis brephiella, Stgr. (613). Occasionally and also at Der- el-Belah 11.1X. to 1.X1. *22. O. zohrella, Obthr. (792). This Algerian species was very fre- quent from IX. to XI. 23. Hellula undalis, F, (1003). One very fresh 3, 14.1X. 24. Nomophila noctuella, Schiff. (1039). Frequent, IX. 25. Antiyastra catalaunalis, Dup. (1072) 5.X. One only. 26. Cynaeda dentalis, 8-D. (1089). Frequent at Der-el-Belah VIII. and also at Umm-el-Kilab. 27. Cornifrons uleeratalis, Led. (1274). Frequent, XI. 28. Noctuelia floralis, Hb. (1291). Der-el-Belah, VIII. Remarks on the evolution of the Zygaenae and an attempt to analyse and classify the variations of Z. lonicerae, Scheven, and of Z. trifolii, Esp., and other subspecies. By ROGER VERITY, M.D. This wonderfully complex group of Zygaenae is of the greatest interest. One feels that the various problems in connection with it he at the root of the mysteries of evolution and the origin of species, and that by solving them in a satisfactory way one might add a useful contribution to one’s knowledge of the latter. That is why I have devoted particular attention to these Zyyaenae and I have endeavoured to study them more minutely and exhaustively than it had hitherto been done. Some may have the impression that I have pushed analysis too far, but those who have the possibility of following me with adequate materials before their eyes will, I think, soon see that I have only been led to it by facts, and that it is necessary to set down things as they stand, complex as they may be, to attain a positive and true result. It is no use trying to simplify them and make them fit simple schematic views, or one reaches utterly incorrect results. Thus, to begin by the broadest question in connection with this species, that of the degree of distinctness between lonicerae and trifolii we find that all authors have persisted in keeping them separate from each other as two distinct species, but that all those who have gone into the subject thoroughly and expressed their impressions and views clearly, such as Barrett, Tutt and Oberthiir, have had to conclude that it is impossible to draw the line between them. Also the male genital appendages are perfectly identical. This curious contradiction is instructive, because it shows how the usual simple and categorical conception of specific distinctness or non-specific distinctness will not apply to this case: on the one hand lonicerae and trifolii cannot be separated completely into two species, and on the other they do not constitute together a sufficiently uniform and compact group to be considered a single species. It seems to me that this difficulty has arisen, not so much from facts as from the defeets of our mind, which is too absolute in its attempts to conceive them and classify them. If we remember the general law that “natura non facit saltus,”’ and we admit that between simple racial differences and complete specific distinctness there is a series of intermediate grades, such cases as that of the Zygaenae in question fall in, very naturally, amongst the latter, and a most inter- 102 THE KNLOMOLOGIST’S RWOORD. esting field is open to investigation. [ have on several occasions mentioned in these columns examples of the same sort amongst the Rhopalocera, such as that of Nytha fagi, Seop., and Erebia ligea, L. Kach of these consists of two groups, which have been considered for years as distinct species, although no one has been able to separate their variations in a satisfactory way. It seems as if one should con- ceive these two groups as consisting of two diverging series of races, which spring from an intermediate one and gradually get more and more distinct from each other, till the extreme races afford a degree equal to the specific one and they can inhabit the same grounds with- out intermixing. This phenomenon I have proposed calling ‘ twin subspecies,’’ and I have suggested it is a degree less than that of ‘twin species, such -as is afforded by Fveres argiades and EF. alcetas, or of “ twin genera,’ such as in Polyommatus icarus and Agriades thersites. There is also another phenomenon which seems to fall in as a degree of distinctness intermediate between the full specific and the racial one. There exist groups of insects which stand so near each other that in many cases their distinctive characters had not been noticed till quite recently, when the study of their genitalia, found to be constantly different, drew attention to other features visible to the naked eye, just as it happened in some twin species. The groups I refer to now, differ from the latter in that they never fly together on the same grounds and they usually entirely replace each other in the whole of their areas. Reverdin has in late years worked out two such cases thoroughly in Hesperia malvae and H. malvoides, and in Melitaea athalia and A. pseudathalia. The Zyyaenae afford several examples, which, no doubt, are exactly of the same sort. Z. scabtosae as compared with Z. romeo (including orion and nevadensis); Z. sarpedon as compared with Z, punctnm; Z. meliloti as compared with Z.charon; Z. rhadamanthus as compared with Z. oxytropis. These have been dealt with as distinct species in some cases and as varieties in others, according to the first superficial impression of the authors of last century. Here again it seems to me it is quite hopeless to try and fit them to this indefinite and artificial distinction. What is im- portant, because it leads to most interesting observations, is to recognise Clearly the existence of this phenomenon and to make out correctly what cases of variation are referable to it. They are not species, because, if they were, they would overlap and mix in inter- mediate regions, without interbreeding, as one sees in the case of “ twin species.” On the contrary, Reverdin has found that in such regions the genital characters by which M. athalia and M. pseudathalia can usually be separated quite distinctly, exhibit intermediate gradations in some individuals, whilst in the case of 7. rhadamanthus and Z. oxytropis a transitional race exists in the Maritime Alps, where they meet. We could thus conclude that such cases are subspecies, but on the other hand this term would be wrong if it were taken in the sense of simple race or variation produced by the effect of surround- ings, whereas we are now dealing with groups, which keep perfectly distinct from each other by hereditar y characters, often affecting even the structure of the genitalia and other organs. In this respect it would be more correct to consider them as species, but evidently in respect of reproduction they are not distinct enough to be sterile, or at least to produce sterile hybrids after a generation or REMARKS ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE ZYGAENAE. 108 two, so that they are not perfect species. They only keep distinct for the reason their soma react differently to surroundings and oblige them to live apart in different areas; where they meet they blend. One can presume that this sort of differentiation may not lead up to sterility. Instead, sterility must be at the root of the phenom. enon, which leads up to the production of twin species, which live together in the same surroundings and do not interbreed. It seems to me Obvious one should make a clear distinction between the two phenomena by restricting the term of species to the latter and calling the other by some such name as “‘ exergism” (from the Greek radical ecepy) or “exclusivism.” As the variations produced by it are neither Species nor races and the term ‘‘ subspecies’ is necessary in other cases, which must not be confused with this one, it seems to me there is nothing else but to designate them by the new term of ‘“exerges’’ or “exclusives.” Thus, for instance, one would say that species athalia consists in a nymotypical exerge or exclusive, in exerge pseudathalia and probably in others, such as exerge kenteana, which has a third type of genitalia; the latter affords an example of ‘seasonal exergism”’ in its race aureliaeformis, Vrty., which near Turin exists on the same grounds as psendoathalia, but cannot blend with it because they emerge at different times of the year. This existence of distinet hereditary morphological features without sterility has its counter part in many cases in which sterility exists without being accompanied by-any strikingly morphological difference ; such is the case of lonicerae and filipendulae, which so often fly together, but vary geographically 80 exactly the same that many entomologists have declared they can- not separate all specimens satisfactorily; such is the case of the Lycaenidi allied to coridon, Poda, of which there are in Spain three, if not four, species so similar to each other that no constant character has yet been detected to separate all individuals with certainty. Returning to the question of %. lonicerae and Z. trifolii there are further facts to observe that makes 1t still more interesting. In my paper on Z. filipendulae in Ent. Rec., 1921, p. 107, I have already mentioned the general law, according to which in Lepidoptera, the same variations reproduce themselves in successive subdivisions of a . group and are simply reduced in seale as the groups get smaller. Here we have a very striking example: trifolii, on the whole, stands to lonicerae as the purpuralis group of species, in the entire genus, stands to the opposite extreme of variation carnivlica and to the less extreme filipendulae. In trifolii the antennae are shorter and thicker, the point beyond their club is reduced or nearly abolished, the wings are shorter and broader, their apex more rounded, the red spots of fore- wing tend to blend, first on the underside and then on the upperside, first transversally and then even longitudinally, as the result of reduc- tion of the “primary pattern.” All this points to the structure and pattern of the purpuralis group. But within the limits of subspecies trifolii we again witness a repetition of the same variation: the nymotypical race of trifolii and its nearest allies exhibit the characters just described to their highest degree for this species, whereas race syracusia and its group already drift considerably away from them and point distinctly to lonicerae. Again, in the races of central Kurope, which on the whole belong to the nymotypical one, we often meet with individuals which are so distinctly different that they have been dis- 104 THE WNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. tinguished under the name of orobi by as early an author as Hubner ; these are nothing but a tendency to the syracusia characters, and through them to those of lontcerae and through these to /filipendulae. This persistence of variation along the same lines from the individuals to the larger groups is evidently a proof that it is due to an hereditary tendency to split up into two such groups, and thet it originates from the very nature of organic constitution, far from being due to the effects of surroundings, as the first and primary cause. It will also be noticed that one of these two groups (purpuralis as compared with filipendulee and trifolii as compared with lonicerae) is of a heavier and less robust structure and that it is correspondingly more sluggish. In my Introductory remarks to the List of Butterflies of Peninsular Italy, in Hnt. Rec., 1922, p. 199, I have pointed out the fact that most groups of Lepidoptéra produce some species, or genera, or even larger divisions, as the case may be, which seem to have a sluggish, ‘‘ anabolic ” strue- ture and constitution, recalling the female sex, as compared to others, which are active and “catabolic,” recalling the male sex. The first react less vigorously to surroundings and in permanent conditions they are more apt to be gradually modified in their structure, so as to become more suited to them; the second react actively and are either destroyed, if the strain is too great, or resist without modifying their organic balance. This hypothesis would explain how it is that the anabolic groups are more variable in the features of individuals and of local races : for instance in the larger sections, the Lastocampides and Bom- bycides as compared with the Sphingtdes; in the Nymphalida the Satyridae as compared with the Nymphalidae; or, in the latter family, the Melitaeidi as compared with the Vanessidi, ete. We thus see what fascinating suggestions can be drawn from an accurate study of the lowest groups of Lepidoptera, such as the Zyyaenides, with their simple patterns and uniform variations, evidently displaying in their simplest form the fundamental laws of variation. P (To be continued.) An Aberration of Ruralis betulae, male underside. (JVith Plate V/.). Mr. C. Craufurd exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Frank Stevens, at the Annual Exhibition of the South London Entomological Society, a most remarkable underside aberration of Ruralis betulae. The speci- men is a male and is as large as a normal female. It was bred from a larva taken at Chiddingfold with many others in the early summer of 1924. Of the long series bred all the others were typical. [Thanks are here recorded to the Council of the 8. Lond. Ento- mological Society for kind permission to use the figure which appeared in the recently issued ‘ Proceedings ’’ of that Society. | A. Grounp Cotour.—The general ground colour is duller than in most males, and there is less contrast of general shades than usual; hindwing of a warmer general coloration. ‘There is a total absence of red or orange-red in the marginal area, except that there is a dull red shade behind the anal angle black marking, where usually the red is most intense in the female. The black spot exactly in the anal angle is small and distinct as it AN ABERRATION OF RURALIS BETULAE. 105 is normally. The two portions of the interneural spaces with the tail, near which they are normally red, are black with a few scattered white scales along the centre, which represent the white outside edging to the usual red area. What, in all the specimens I have seen, is a very faint dusky shaded, narrow, indefinable band in the submarginal area of all the wings inside the usually red marginal band, is here a very irregular blackish band, diminished towards the inner margin of the forewing, darker in the hindwing but interrupted towards the anal angle by vein areas. The ground of the hindwing is more uniform in colour, which is just that of the central band of the normal hindwing of the male, but slightly less intense towards the base and inner marginal area. The ground colour of the forewing has two shades, which contrast, a narrow band from the base along the costa for about two-thirds, and then the whole area beyond to apex and anal angle is of the normal colour of the usual elongate inverted triangular character, except that it gets duller as it approaches the anal angle. ‘he rest of the area of the forewing, more than two-thirds of it, is paler in contrast, except near the anal angle where the two shades slide into each other. The inner marginal area of the forewing which is covered by the costa of the hindwing when the insect sits at ease, has a larger and more slatey-blue smoother area than is found in normal specimens, which often show but slight traces of the slatey-blue tinge in this area. The fringes are duller, i.c., the basal portion is more widely black, instead of the usual fine-hair black line. B. Marxines.—On the forewing the blackish brown discoidal line is well developed as in a normal female, i.¢., it.is somewhat larger than in the males and more determinate. The conspicuous, white, black-edged line from just below the costa, usually bordering on the outside the dull orange, elongate triangle, is totally absent, not the slightest trace remaining. The very faint white, black-edged line on the inner side of this triangle remains, with a few white scales and numerous black traces, separating the two shades of the ground colour detailed above for about one-third across the wing. Thus there is no elongated inverted triangle, suspended, as it were, below the costa, and one of the obtrusive recognition marks of the species is absent. On the hindwing the usually conspicuous, long, white, black-edged, wavy, transverse line from the costa towards the anal angle is totally absent, no trace even remaining. The usual inner white, black-edged border of the normal red band remains. ‘The very fine black hair-line edge is now a black line, broad at the top end and bending at right angles it runs parallel to the costa ending in a fine point about half way to the base. The white line is represented by a white (blue) cloud of the shape of an inverted right-angled triangle, whiter (bluer) at the outer edge, but very gradually diminishing to obsolescence basally. This triangular area appears really to be covered by scattered light scales diminishing in density basally. Thus there is no band on the hindwing, and what is probably the most conspicuous recognition mark of the species is totally absent. 106 HE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Where the black sransverse line of the hindwing crosses the end of the cell, the upper separation of the diverging veins there is developed a black blotch with a distinct white centre. A break in the line soinetimes occurs here in normal specimens and the continuation below is not in alignment. The upperside has what appears to be a faint bleaching towards the outer base of the forewings. Norn.—I have refrained from using any term to indicate the actual colour of this undersurface, for on consulting numerous “authorities,” I was confronted with a surprising want of agreement. Stephens says orange-ctawny ; Godart, fawn-yellow ; Newman, glowing fulvous grey approaching orange; Lang, reddish; Kirby, dull orange; Barrett, ereyish-fulvous; Tutt, 1896, rich orange tawny: Ruhl, more or less dull orange colour running to brownish or brown yellow ; South, ochreous, Samile more orange; Tutt, 1907, orange yellow; Seitz, ochreous.—Hy.J.T. Lissodema kirkae n.sp. A species of Coleoptera new to Science. By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.B.S., Ere. Dark brown, shining, antennae, legs, and palpi, yellow, club of antennae and femora, darker, eyes black. ; Head distinctly, but less closely punctured than in L. 4-pustulata, the puue- tures at the base near posterior border of thorax becoming confluent; antennae with very marked 3-jointed club, the last joint elongate, about as long as the two preceding joints taken together, these globular but about as Jong as broad ; eyes prominent. Zhorax subquadrate, strongly but less closely punctured than in L. 4-pustilata, the punctures not confluent; the sides are margined, and these are armed with four distinct teeth (which are considerably stronger and more prominent than those of L. 4-pustulata), the anterior pairs are blunt, situated close together and are smaller; the-posterior pairs are sharp and strong especially, the one situated at the posterior angles of the thorax, and are wider apart, but the distance between them is less than that from the posterior anterior tooth, thus leaving a space in the centre of the margined sides, which is almost straight. There are two shallow punctured depressions one on each side of the base of the thorax; the posterior margin of thorax is margined and semicircular. Scutellum with a number of punctures at the base. Hlytra elongate, parallel sided, slightly narrowed at apex, distinctly punctured, the punctures becoming confused and confluent on the disc, and not forming striae, nor distinct rows of punctures. Legs medium, slender. Long 3:8.mm. This insect is larger than either of our two known species and is abundantly distinct. From LL. 4-pustulata, Marsh, apart from the difference in size and colour, it may be known by its very differently shaped thorax, stronger teeth, different puncturation, ete. From L. cursor, Gyll., by its darker colour, four-toothed thorax on each side, which are widely separated in pairs, instead of five asin L. cursor, three of which are larger being equally distant from each other and situated in the middle of the sides of the thorax, where in L, kirkae there is a clear space. Besides our other two, there is only one other Kuropean species of Lissodema— L. rosti, Reitt. from Circassia, the description of which I have looked up, and which in no way agrees with our present insect. [am naming this beetle in honour of my secretary, Miss Florence J. Kirk, who was present at the time of the capture, and to whom I am so rauch indebted for help in my Entomological work. On June 25th last, I visited Windsor Forest for the purpose of THE WATER-STRIDER. _ 107 witnessing the felling of a partly decayed ash tree, which it was con- sidered, it was necessary to have cut down. After it had fallen, when examining the topmost branches, some of which were nearly dead and considerably bored by insects, I observed a small beetle, which came out of a boring in the bark, and promptly bottled it. As I could not recognise it as anything we posessed, I told my secretary it was certainly new to Britain, and we tried very hard to find more, but without success. Lissodema 4-pustulata occurred in some numbers in these branches, as also several examples of a Cis (alni’), not yet identified, and a number of a Thrips. Other species of Coleoptera I have found in this tree are —Euenemis eapucina, only found in the New Forest in Britain before, Plegaderus dissectus, Abraeus globosus, Xantholinus glaber, Quedius scitus, Homalium brevicorne, Huthia schaumi, Euplectus sanguineus, Inicmus rugosus, Sphindus dubtus, ete. Some Aspects of the General Ecology and Behaviour of the Water-Strider, Gerris rufoscutellatus, Latreille. 11. (With Plt. VIL). By C. F. CURTIS RILEY, A.M., M.S., F.E.S. Assistant Professor of Zoology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. There are several other points of interest in connection with the migrations of these gerrids to and from the artifieial ponds on the grounds of the University of Manitoba. During the remainder of the summer of 1921 the ponds were not permitted to become dry, for as the water evaporated fresh water was added from the Winnipeg 4vater system. Gerrids were on the surface of the ponds throughout the summer. There were many migrations to and from the ponds through- out this season. The migrations away from the ponds were not the result of the drying up of the water, and probably not the result of the lack of food, because there was generally a moderate supply of this in the form of drifting insects. The majority of the emigrations occurred at dusk and at night. There is no doubt about this, but the evidence is not so clear regarding the time, during the night, when these responses took place. Besides the instances to which reference has already been made, on a number of other occasions, gerrids have been seen to fly from the surface-film about dusk. But there were a great many emigrations that were not observed, despite the fact that the ponds were carefully watched for several hours on many different nights. A flash-light was used for the purpose of counting the gerrids on the surface of the ponds and also for identifying their position on the water. The observations were not continued throughout any one entire night. It is possible that many of these emigrations took place in the early morning, but this statement is not made categorically. The number of water-striders, on the surface of the ponds, was counted each even- ing just before dusk, and again each morning between eight and nine o'clock. In the evening, the gerrids on the surface of the water were captured, with as little disturbance as possible, and marked on the thorax with a small spot of white-paint, and then they were carefully replaced on the surface-film. This made it possible not only to know the number that flew away from the ponds, but also to detect the num- ber that migrated to them during the night. 108 THY KNTOMOLOGISY'’S RKOORD, The records in the field note books of the writer, indicate that on some evenings only two or three gerrids were on the surface of the ponds, and the next morning there might be as many as thirty indi- viduals present, twenty-seven or twenty-eight immigrants having reached the ponds during the night. Some nights only one or two migrants arrived, while on othernights fifteen to twenty visitors came, or even a larger number, Occasionally, the number of gerrids on the pond was depleted without others taking the place of those that bad emigrated. ‘Then again, no water-striders left the ponds during the night, but a number of new immigrants might be present the next morning. Some gerrids remained on the surface of the ponds for one day only, others for several days, and still others for two or three weoks, but the last were few. There were none that remained on these water bodies throughout the whole summer. The writer has previously suggested that there were probably other factors, besides the drying up of the water and the lack of food, that influenced the migrations of these gerrids. The statements that are now to be made refer more particularly to dusk and night migrations. Without entering into a detailed explanation, some of these factors will be enumerated here. Apparently there must be a certain amount of light during these migrations, This is in agreement with the fact that this species of gerrid is positively phototactic. There is no evidence that they migrate on dark nights. ‘There is usually moonlight or star- light. During the night many of the migrations occurred when there Was some moonlight. The gerrids have been known to migrate when the atmosphere was dry, but more often at times when there was a considerable amount of humidity. ‘They do not migrate during rains, but they may do so previously to such storms and after they are ended. They migrate both when the weather is clear and when it is partly cloudy, These migrations may take place when the air is still, but many occurred when there was some wind, At night it was not pos- sible to know whether the gerrids migrated with or against the wind, Insthe daytime they have been seen to fly against light winds and with stronger winds. Their responses to wind currents on the surface of the water have already been described. Migrations of Gers rufoscutellatus do occur during the daytime, but the experience of the writer is that by far the greater number take place at dusk or during the night. On numerous occasions, the dusk immigrations, to the larger of the two artificial ponds on the grounds of the University of Manitoba, have been witnessed, ‘These immigra- tions usually occurred when there was either a light or medium wind, and the gerrids flew against the wind. The directions from which the water-striders emigrated was generally from either the south-west or the north-east. The writer has frequently stood close to the water of the pond and counted, on some evenings, as many as thirty to fifty new arrivals in forty-five minutes. The gerrids were rather difficult to see at dusk, unless observed against the sky, which was often lighter than the immediate environment around the pond. However, they could easily be seen when they arrived at a point within one to three feet of the surface of the water. Many of the’gerrids alighted on the Surface-film with the wings outspread. The wings were not closed against the body until the creature reached the water. Others appa- rently closed the wings just before they alighted on the surface of the THE WATER-STRIDER. 109 water. Perhaps this was the consequence of vision, owing to the dusk and resulted, possibly, in a “ miscalculation,” if such a term may be employed, as to the distance away from the water. ‘The former ones alighted so quietly that they could not be heard. The latter ones could easily be heard as they plopped on to the surface-film. These slight plops of sound, frequently, followed each other at very short intervals. Many times, emigrations from this pond have been observed at dusk. Usually, there were fewer emigrations than there were immigrations. Occasionally, however, as many as twenty to thirty individuals have been seen to leave the pond in one and a half hours. It was necessary to observe the water-striders very closely, if they were to be seen as they rose from the surface-film. Generally, the gerrids flew from the water without making any audible sound. Sometimes a slight click was heard as they left the water, perhaps the result of spreading the wings. Frequently, after a gerrid had flown the distance of a foot or such a matter from the point where it left the surface-film, a slight buzzing sound could be heard. At ether times no sound of this character was audible. In the Winnipeg region, in the province of Manitoba, the writer has not been successful in finding Gerris rufoscutellatus in a hibernat- ing condition, The hibernation quarters have not been discovered ; neither has this species been observed leaving the surface of the water and entering its hibernation quarters in the fall; nor has it been seen leaving places of hibernation in the spring. Continued searching may result in finding the winter quarters of this species of water-strider, but since the writer began to give attention to this matter in the vicinity of Winnipeg four winters have passed without success. When it is recalled that many running and standing bodies of water, in the region round about Winnipeg, are, during the summer months, thickly popu- lated with Gerris rufoscutellatus, it is rather disconcerting that the gerrids of this species have not been found in the fall either entering into or already in their hibernation quarters. The writer has been much more successful in determining the places of hibernation of other species of water-striders, especially Gerris remigis, in latitudes farther to the south. In the vicinity of Urbana, in the state of [llinois, Gerris remiyis is very abundant on water bodies, particularly on the surface of streams. In fact its abundance is equal to that of Gerris rufoscutel- latus in the Winnipeg region. Gerris remigis has been seen to leave the water in the fall, to stride on to the land and to crawl into places of hibernation. Large numbers of individuals of this species have been found, many times, in a condition of hibernation in their winter quarters. For additional information on the hibernation of this species of water-strider, attention is directed to a paper by the writer (1921a, pp. 241, 247-253). In the spring, in the Winnipeg region, Gerris rufoscutellatus appears rather suddenly on many bodies of running and standing water. When these gerrids are first observed on the surface of ponds and streams, they are seen to be present in fairly large numbers. It is true that, in the beginning of some springs, a few early arrivals may first be seen before the full complement is found on the surface of the water. In warm springs, a few gerrids may be found in their aquatic habitats toward the end of April and during the first part of May. Usually, however, they are not present in numbers until the third or fourth week 110 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. in May, when they may be seen to be abundant on the surface of ponds and streams. In the fall, the gerrids disappear somewhat abruptiy from their usual haunts. Some falls, there is a slight visible decrease in numbers at the end of August and early in September, suggesting the flight of pioneer individuals. About the end of the first week of September many gerrids are observed to have left the surface of the water; and usually, by this time, they have practically all gone from their usual haunts. Occasionally, i in the fall, odd stragglers and some- times « pair of tardy individuals may be found, by careful searching, as late as the beginning of the second week of this month, but generally ,they have all disappeared from the surface of the water earlier than this. This disappearance frequently occurs while there is still an abundance of water-strider food on the surface of streams and ponds, and from a month or six weeks to two months before the winter ‘‘ freeze-up ’’ begins. The writer has been successful in finding hibernating gerrids of another species, Gerris remigis, in large numbers. Therefore, ib may prove of interest to compare some of the observations, in connection with hibernation, made on this species with the observations made on Gerris rufoscutellatus. ‘The most satisfactory work on the hibernation of Gerris remiyis was done in the region round about the city of Urbana, Champaign County, in the state of Illinois. Much searching for hibernating water-striders was done in the close proximity of many brooks, creeks, and rivers, and also of numerous marshes, pools, ponds, and lakes, in the territory extending over a radius within, approximately, thirty miles of Urbana. The region where this study was made is situated, at a rough estimation, six hundred and fifty miles to the south — and five hundred and seventy-five miles to the east of Winnipeg, according to map measurements. In the spring of the year, the members of this species, Gerris remiyis, - appear little by little on the surface of the streams in the vicinity of Urbana. These waters are not abruptly populated by the gerrids. They leaye their winter haunts by degrees, occasionally a few may be seen on brooks while the ice is still present on parts of such streams, and before the snow has entirely disappeared. As the weather becomes warmer and the season advances, more gerrids arouse from the lethargic condition assumed during the winter, and crawl from their hibernating quarters on to the surfaee of the water. The full comple- ment only slowly emerges from the hibernating haunts, and moves on to the surface of brooks, creeks, and rivers, when, eventually, these habitats are well populated with gerrids. The writer has taken about eight gerrids, Gerris remigis, from the surface of a brook near White Heath, approximately eighteen miles south-west of Urbana, as early as the third and fourth weeks in February, while thin ice was still on parts of the stream. Generally, these water-striders do not appear so early as this, but gradually begin to show themselves on the streams round about Urbana during the second and third weeks of March. By the end of March and the beginning of April more gerrids are noticed on the surface of the water. From the second week in April until the end ‘ of this month they continue to increase in numbers on the surface of streams. About the latter date, or a few days later, the gerrids have all emerged from their hibernating quarters, and they are observed to be abundant on the surface of the various bodies of water in the THE WATER-STRIDER. 111 vicinity. The writer has frequently seen these gerrids as they left their hibernation places and slowly crawled on to the surface of the water. They have been observed to emerge from large bunches of dead leaves _ situated in close proximity to the bank of the stream. In the fall the gerrids, Gerris remiyis, enter their hibernation quar- ters gradually. ‘They migrate from their aquatic habitats by degrees. They do not leave the streams suddenly, but they do so little by little, and gradually enter into their winter quarters. This emigration from the surface of the water extends over a considerable period of time, until all of the water-striders have deserted their summer haunts and settled down in their hibernation quarters for the winter. On a num- ber of occasions they have been seen as they congregated near the bank of a stream, preparatory to leaving the water for their winter quarters. They have also been noticed in the act of leaving the surface of the water and of entering into various hibernation places. During the middle of October these water-striders are observed to be congregated in larger groups than at any other time during the year. Toward the close of this month, on the smaller brooks and creeks, the groups crowd up near to the banks. From about the third week of October until the first of November, the gerrids, by degrees, leave these groups and gradually stride from the surface of the water on to the land. They then crawl into various different situations, as, for example, holes in the banks of streams, holes on the land filled with dead leaves, cavities under roots of trees, depressions under fallen trees, bunches of dead leaves and into many other such places. This migration from the surface of the water on to the land continues gradually from the middle of October until the first week of November, the latter date finding many of the gerrids in their winter hibernation quarters. Usually by the middle of November all the water-striders have left the surface of the streams. Not infrequently, however, they have been captured from small brooks and creeks as late as the last week of November. One fact that always impressed the writer was the slow, gradual migration from the aquatic habitats on to the land and then into winter quarters. Apterous water-striders, Gerris remigis, always hibernate in the im- mediate vicinity of their habitat. Some of the situations in which hibernating gerrids were found have already been enumerated. From the data available, apparently alate individuals of this species do not hibernate in close proximity to their own habitat. At different times, a total of seven hibernating alate gerrids have been found, and none of these were near bodies of water. Four individuals were in hibernating quarters situated from a quarter to a half mile from the nearest pond or stream. They were all isolated gerrids, each of them having been found as a solitary individual. One was hibernating among dead leaves, in the decaying trunk of a fallen tree; a second was discovered beneath a pile of brush consisting of branches cut from trees ; another individual was found underneath a large bunch of dead leaves; and still another had gone into winter quarters in a large hole, filled with leaves, in the side of a hill.. These four water-striders were all found in a forested area, in the vicinity of Urbana. The other three gerrids were captured in the region of Syracuse, in the state of New York. The situations in which they were hibernating will not be given in detail, except to state that they also were found in a forested area, at least one-eighth of a mile from any body of water. These winged byl THN WNROMOLOGIST’S RKOORD, individuals are strong fliers, as is indicated by the fact of hibernating so far from water. De la Torre-Bueno (1917, p. 203) has directed attention to the fact that alate forms of Gerris remigis are often observed far from water. A part of his statement follows :—‘‘ These winged adults are generally found solitary in the most unlikely places —-igolated little pools, springs, rock-holes, beach drift, far from the favourite haunis of this stream-loving bug.” Other hibernating gerrids that have been found by the writer, are Gerris marginatus, Gerris buenot, Kirkaldy, and Gerris conformis, Ubler. Gerris marginatus has been observed many times, during hibernation, not only in the vicinity of its habitat, but also at considerable distances from any body of water. Those that were found far from water were macropterous individuals, Only two or three individuals of this form have been found by the writer in close proximity to a body of water. Many of the apterous and brachypterous forms have been taken from their hibernation quarters in the immediate vicinity of a stream or pond. Gerris buenot has always been found in the macropterous form. Hibernating individuals have been captured at least four hundred yards away from any water. ‘They may hibernate in close proximity to their habitat, but the writer has not found them in such a situation. Three hibernating Gerris conformis were taken in a hibernating condition from interstices under the bark of decaying, fallen trees, situated ap- proximately a quarter of a mile from either standing or running water; they were all isolated gerrids. ‘These were macropterous individuals, and are the only members of this species taken while in winter quarters. In connexion with this discussion of migration and hibernation it is, perhaps, pertinent to recall certain remarks made by Kirkaldy (1899, p. 110), in referring to the family Gerridae in general. He makes the following statement :—‘ As has been previously remarked, many of the Gerridae conceal themselves—in fact ‘ hybernate’—under moss, stones, ete., often far from water, during the winter.”” In so far as any con- clusions can be drawn from the observations of the writer with respect tosthe method of disappearance from and return to aquatic habits, there appears to be some basis for the following statement :—The alate forms and species apparently, in the fall, migrate rather suddenly from the surface of water bodies ;“and in the spring, they appear in their accus- tomed haunts with a similar abruptness, On the contrary, the bra- chypterous and apterous forms and apterous species, in the fall, seem to disappear from the surface of ponds and streams by degrees; and in the spring, they show themselves on the surface of the water with equal slowness. All the above data, with reference to these three species of gerrids, refer to observations made in the region of Urbana. All these records, with respect to migration and hibernation, indi- cate that there is a strong tendency for alate water-striders to migrate by flight. In the late fall and in the winter, they have been found in a lethargic condition, in various kinds of hibernation quarters, at con- siderable distances from any body of water. The recorded findings of hibernating macropterous gerrids show by far the greater number to hibernate away from the vicinity of water; while the recorded findings of hibernating brachypterous and apterous water-striders indicate by far the greater number to hibernate in the immediate vicinity of their habitat. All of these varied data concerning the fall and spring hiber- nation responses of macropterous, brachypterous, and apterous gerrids, THE WATER-STRIDER, 1138 not only present the opportunity for comparison between the different forms, but also between the different species that have been enumerated, including Gerris rufoscutellatus. It is probable that these water-striders, Gerris rufoscutellatus, either hibernate, in the Winnipeg region, at considerable distances from any body of water, or that they migrate to localities further south before assuming the lethargic condition of hibernation. After considering the different and varied responses relating to hibernation, it is at the present time the opinion of the writer, that in the fall, in the Winnipeg region, Gerris rufoscutellatus migrates by flight from the vicinity of its summer habitat to points away from water. Hibernating individuals have been sought for carefully in many different situations in close proximity to bodies of water, that were abundantly populated during the summer, but none have been found. Further, the writer is inclined to believe that this species of water-strider, in the fall, not only leaves the vicinity of its summer habitat, but also that it probably migrates to localities farther to the south and there enters into hibernation quarters. Much time and energy has been expended in searching for these gerrids in the vicinity of Winnipeg, in the late fall, early winter, and early spring, for four successive seasons without success: while six hundred and fifty miles to the south, in the Urbana region, large numbers of hibernating Gerris remigis were found during the second winter after searching was begun. Assuming that they, Gerris rufoscu- tellatus, do migrate farther south, it is probable that in more southern localities, they hibernate at some distance from bodies of water. The writer has found in fourteen years but three hibernating individuals of Gervis rufoscutellatus. One was in a large cavity in a decaying fallen tree, situated at least half a mile from water. The other two were taken in a forested region from under piles of brush, almost four feet high, formed of branches cut from lumbered trees. They were a quarter of a mile from any body of water. The three gerrids were found far to the south of Winnipeg, in the vicinity of Urbana. The statements concerning the probable hibernating quarters, and the fall and spring migrations of Gerris rufoscutellatus, are not made categorically, for this species may yet be found to hibernate in the vicinity of Winnipeg. It is a long and tedious operation to discover the hibernation places of any species of water-strider in a region having such severe winters as are experienced in this latitude. Temperatures of minus fifteen to twenty-five degrees Fahrenheit are common; and temperatures of minus twenty-six to thirty-five degrees Fahrenheit are occasionally registered ; while temperatures of minus thirty-six to forty degrees Fahrenheit are not unknown. To the sojourner in more southern latitudes, accustomed to climatic conditions of a less rigorous character, the surprising fact is that insect life is able to withstand these low temperatures. On recalling the fact that it is not uncom- mon to experience temperatures of ninety to ninety-five degrees Fah- renheit in summer and temperatures of minus twenty-five to thirty-five degrees Fahrenheit in winter, it is at least an interesting truth that protoplasin, as exemplified by that in the bodies of water-striders, under the natural conditions of the environment, evinces such adapta- bility to climatic extremes. 114 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Literature Cirep. Cours, L. J. 1907. ‘An Experimental Study of the Image-Forming Powers of Various Types of Eyes.” Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Vol. XLII., No. 16, pp. 885-417. Drake, C. J. 1914. ‘The Food of Rana pipiens, Shreber.”” Ohio Nat., Vol. XLV., No. 5, pp. 257-269. Essenpere, C. 1915. <‘* The Habits of the Water-Strider, Gerris remigis [Orba| .” Jour. Animal Behav., Vol. V., No. 5, pp. 897-402. Houmes, 8. J. 1905. ‘The Reactions of Ranatra to Light.” Jour. Comp. Neur. and Psychol., Vol. XV., No. 4, pp. 805-3849. Kirkatpy, G. W. 1899. ‘A Guide to the Study of British Waterbugs (Aquatic Rhynchota).” Hntomologist, Vol. XXXII., pp. 151-154. Oszorn, H., and Drakes, C. J. 1922. “An Keological Study of the Hemiptera of the Cranberry Lake Region, New York.’ Tech. Pub. No, 16, N.Y. State Coll. Forestry, Syracuse University, Vol. XXIL., No. 5, pp. 5-86. Riney, C. F. C. 1920. ‘ Migratory Responses of Water-Striders During Severe Droughts.” Bull. Brooklyn Entom. Soc., Vol. XV., No. © pp: 1-10. 1921. “Distribution of the Large Water-Strider, Gerris remigis, Say, Throughout a River System.” Ecology, Vol. IL., No. 1, pp. 32-36. 1921a. ‘‘ Responses of the Large Water-strider, Gerris remigis, Say, to Contact and Light.” Ann. E'ntom. Soc. Amer., Vol. XIV., No. 4, pp. 231-289. Derta Torre-Bueno, J. R. 1911. “The Gerrids of the Atlantic States (Subfamily Gerrinae).” Trans. Amer. Entom. Soe., Vol. XXXVII., No. 8, pp. 243-252. ” 1917. ‘*Life-History and Habits of the Larger Water-Strider, Gerris remigis, Say (Hem.).” Hntom. News, Vol. XXVIIL., No. 5, pp. 201-208. 1917a. “ Life-History and Habits of the Margined Water-Strider, Gerris marginatus, Say (Hem.-Het.).” Hntom. News, Vol. XXVIII., No. 7, pp. 295-801. Wauirmany, C. O. 1899. ‘* Animal Behavior.” Biol. Lect. Marine Biol. Lab. Wood’s Holl, Mass., 1898, pp. 285-388. ADDENDUM, Hoffman (1924, pp. 427-2380)* has briefly discussed the life-history of Gerris rufoscutellatus. He rather tersely describes the eggs and instars; records the number of nymphal stages and the number of days of each instar; and successfully rears four individuals to the adult stuge. NOTES ON COLLECTING. 115 *Horruan, W. EH. 1924. “The Life-Histories of Three Species of Gerrids (Hete- roptera Geridae).”” Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., Vol. XVIL., No. 4, pp. 419-430. Puate VII. Fig. 1.—Map indicating regions where writer collected and studied water-striders. They were collected in aquatic habitats, from the following places : 1. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Gerris rufoscutellatus, Gerris buenoi, Gerris marginatus ; 2. Keewatin, 3. Kenora, Ontario, Gerris rufoscutellatus; 4. Mankato, Minnesota, Gerris rufoscutellatus, Gerris marginatus, Gerris buenot; 5. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gerris rufoscutellatus ; 6. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Gerris rnfoscutellatus ; 7. Urbana, Illinois, Gerris rufoscu- tellatus, Gerris maryinatus, Gerris buenoi, Gerris conformis, Gerris remigis ; 8, Syracuse, New York, Gerris buenoi, Gerris marginatus, Gerris remigis, Gerris rufoscutellatus. They were collected in hibernation quarters, from the following places: 4. Mankato, Minnesota, Gerris maryinatus ; 7. Urbana, Illionis, Gerris rufoscutellatus, Gerris marginatus, Gerris remigis, Gerris buenot, Gerris conformis, 8. Syracuse, New York, Gerris remigis, Gerris mar- ginatus ———— IGOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. A Frew Genera Norgs anp Records or CoLnoprera.—Cryptophagus pallidus, Strm., was found in abundance on the flowers of Salia pentandra, L., at Burwell Fen on May 14th. This is interesting because Reitter especially mentions that the nearly related C. dentatus, Hbst., is found under bark and in old wood, but that C. pallidus occurs in flowers of trees (Auf bliihenden Gestriiuch). As far as I know this is the first time it has been recorded from its proper habitat in Britain. Atomaria zetterstedti, Z.—I took this species in some numbers by beating ripe cottony seed heads of Willows on an island near Sunbury in June, 1924. It has not been found anywhere else before in Britain except in the Oxford district, where Mr. Collins first discovered it in numbers in seed heads of ? sallows. Magdalis carbonaria, L.—On June 25th, 19238, I beat this species off birch at Crowthorne; this is by far the most southern record in Britain, Chartley Moss, Staffs. and Sherwood Forest, Notts. (where I have taken it freely), being the only two English localities known to me south of Northumberland. Alphitophagus bifasciatus, Say.—On September 8rd 1924, I found about a dozen specimens of this granary beetle under a board in Burwell Fen. Not only is this a very strange place for the insect, but several specimens presented a marked variety—instead of two black fascia being present on the light elytra, the latter are all black with one yellow uninterrupted fascia across them at the base. I propose to call this aberration ab. unifasciatus, n.ab. Crypticus quisquilius, L., and Hypera fasiculata, Hbst.—Inland records. The former of these two insects I captured in the sand-pits at Freckenham on September 5th, 1922. It has occurred at Tubney, but is of course chiefly a coast-insect. The Hypera I found in the same 116 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. locality on May 13th, 1925. There is Hrodium, the food-plant of the heetle, growing in these sand-pits, but I have never heard of an inland record of this insect before in Britain. In the Hnt. Record, 32, 158, 199 (1920), I drew attention to the fact that a number of coast species. lived in the sand-pits at Freckenham. The list up to date is as follows :— Broscus cephalotes, L.; Harpalus serripes, Schon., H. anaxius, Duft.,. H. picipennis, Duft. (abundant); Amara lucida, Duft.; Microzoum tibiale, F.; Crypticus quisquilius, L.; Hypera fasciculata, Hbst.; and Philopedon geminatus, F. Cis jacquemarti, Mel.— During the winter a number of specimens of this Scotch beetle bred out from a piece of polyporus (formes fomen- tarius) taken from a standing beech tree in Windsor Forest. Unless Pool took this insect in the New Forest—I know he found another Scotch species there, C. lineatocribratus, but I cannot find his paper— it is the first record for England.— Horace DontsrHorpE. G)}URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. A Meeting of the Entomological Club was held at ‘‘ Durandesthorpe.” 19, Hazlewell Road, Putney, on July 17th, Mr. H. St. John K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., in the chair. The members present were Messrs. Robt. Adkin, F.E.S., J. E. Collin, F.E.S., H. Willoughby-Ellis, F.Z.S. and Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S. The visitors present were Messrs H. E. Andrews, F.E.S., W. J. Kay, F.E.S., F. Laing, F.E.S8., C. K. Ogden, Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. and Dr. Malcolm Burr, F.G.S. The guests were received by Mrs. Donisthorpe and tea was served, after which the chairman’s collections and recent entomological work were inspected. In the study were a number of rare Coleoptera taken this season, and a large drawer of varieties of the British Coccinellidae were on view, together with the collection of Myrmecophiles arranged to show their functions, hosts and life-histories, the results of many years study and work in the field. The resignation of Mr. T. W. Hall, F.E.S. (1898) owing to ill-health was accepted with much regret. To- fill the vacaney Mr. W. J. Kaye was proposed for membership and under the rules will offer himself for election at the next meeting of the Club. Supper was served at 8 o’clock and the guests dispersed at a late hour, after a most enjoyable evening had been spent.—H. W.-E. Don Candido Bolivar, son of the doyen Ignacio Bolivar, who bids. well to rival his father, is at present engaged in revising the Hwmasta- cidae and in this connection recently paid a short visit to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.).—M.B. The Moscow Entomological Society, which celebrated its tenth anniversary last summer, is now fused with the Russian Entomological: Society as the Moscow branch. Its special sphere is Economie Ento- mology and the members are always glad to enter into correspondence with economic entomologists throughout the world.—M.B. In the death of Mr. J. C. Stevens of the famous auction rooms of Covent Garden there passed away one who for many years has been indirectly connected with entomology. All the famous collections. which have been sold of late years passed under his hammer. He was. a man of robust health and his eighty-two years sat easy on him; he was in his usual chair above his audience only a few hours before he was taken with an attack of pneumonia, and passed away in less than. a week later. Subsoriptions for Vol. XXXVII. (new series), 10 shillings, should be sent to Mr. H. W. Andrews, Hon. 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Duplicates.—The splendid Hamburg melanism Pal. or albingensis. Finest condition only.— Dr. V. Schultz, Soltau (Hann.), Germany. Desiderata.—Kuropean Butterflies must be set (any style), but good condition and locality essential. Duplicates.—British butterflies and moths and good vars. or cash.—IV. G. Pether, Thelma,’’ 4, Willow Bridge Road, London, N.1. Dupiicates.—Several hundred species of Coleoptera (carded) from Hants and Dorset, including several rare species from the New Forest, etc. Desiderata.—Scarce and local British Coleoptera (carded).—A. Ford, 42, Irving Road, Bournemouth, Hants. Duplicates.—4 Valerianata, 7 Alchemillata, 3 Viminalis, 6 Protea, 1 Hastata, 6 Ocellatus. Bred specimens, black pins, data and locality. Desiderata.—Muralis, Orion, Myrmicae, Lutosa, or pupae of S. ligustri.—@. Nichclson, 26, Lancaster Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne, MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen's Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7- 8 p.m. October 7th. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Secoud and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. July 23rd, Exhibits. July 25th, Field Meeting at Horsley. August 13th, Exhibits. August 27th, Lantern Evening. September 6th, Field Meeting in Ashdown Forest. September 10th, Exbibits.—Hon. Sec., Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Black- heath, 8.E.3. The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street B.C. 2, first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec., W. E. Guxae, F.Z.S., The House, Albion Brewery, Whitechapel Road, E.1. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Turner, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, §.H.14 We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor to send us communications IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require InnusrraTions are inserted on condition that the AurHoR defrays the cost of the illustrations. CONTENTS. PAG A note on Phyllocnistis sorhagienella, Liid., Alfred Sich, F.L.S. (with plate) ttt Some Pyralids from Boyskigen Palestine, P. P. Graves, F.E.S. ate wa =F Remarks on the Evolution of the Zygaenae, Roger Verity, M.D. .. af: SE ee! An aberration of Ruralis betulae, C. Craufurd & H. J. Turner, F.E.S. (with plate) 10 Lissodema kirkae, n. bs A apeotee of Dalene new to Science, H. Donisthorpe, TA ipl AB . om ns ai a. L0G Some Aspects of the General ee ‘ii Beharibie of the Water- ‘Strider, Gerris rufoscutellatus, C. F. Curtis-Riley, A.M., M.S., F.E.S. (with plate) .. aaa Norrs on Conuectina:—A few general Notes and Records of Coleoptera, H. Donis- thorpe, F.Z.S. a ia iad as na ANS aie aS Current Norrs anp Ceca Notices .. me Ot ny ath santo ce SuprrLrements :—List of the Hymenoptera of Hampshire, H. P. Jones ei (5)—(8) Notes on the Rhopalocera of Aswan, Soudan, K. J. ) Hayward, F.E.S. ‘ aie (5)-(8) List of Varieties of British Genrialeti (H. J. T. Daren He (9)- (12) Communications bave been received from or have been promised by Messrs. H. relies Dr. Verity, J. H. Durrant, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. J. rae C. Craufurd, A. Sich, H. T. Burkill, H. P. Jones, K. J. Hayward, H. W. Andrews, B. C. 8. Warren, and Repo a of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Rditor, Hy. J. TURNER, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, §.E.14. IMPORTANT 7 TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS, BACK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record | : and Journal of Variation. (Vols, I-XXXV.) CONTENTS OF Vol. 1. (Most important only mentioned.) Genos Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and auwrelia—The Doubleday collection—)} Parthenogenesis— Paper on T'aeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many) Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for th Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—-Retrospect of a Lepidopteris for 1890—Lifehistories of dAyrotis pyrophila, Lpunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., ete., 360 pp. GCONTENTS OF VOL. II. Mrxianism AND Mrnanocuroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles o Variation (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opim —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasy prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Note on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophor derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertroge,” Gellatly Road, New Gross, London, 8.E. 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable VII. (n9w series) ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD JOURNAL OF VARIATION Epitep BY G. T. Beruone-Baxker, F.z.8., J. E. Coun, F.z.8. F.L.S., F.E.8., Chairman. H. DoniIsrTHORPE, F.Z.8., F.E.8. R. 8. BAGNALL, F.L,8., F.E.8. J. H. Durnant?, F.E.8. Maxtcorm Borr, D.se., F.Z.8., H. E. Paas, F.£.8. F.L.S., F.E.8. ALFRED SICH, F.E.S. Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, r.£.s. W. H. Tams, F.z.8. . E. A. Cockayne, M.A., M.D., Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.E.8. , F.E.8., F.R.C.P. F.Z.8. and and Henry J. TURNER, F.«.8., Wditorial Secretary. Subscription for Complete Volume, post free (Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, ete.) TEN SHILLINGS, TO BE FORWARDED TO The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. 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It contains a list of the titles of the current Literature on American Kntomology, articles by the leading authorities in the United States and Canada, and is a necessary journal of reference for working entomologists, : Valuable information for economic and systematic students. | res ; or ew Annual subscription price $2°50, Foreign (except Canadian) subscriptions $2.70. Single copies 30. cents. Address ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900, Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. ry tr ‘ 2 ' ' ; oe °: ’ ; Fe i i a 4 ‘ ") d a 5 t as) ; - “Sy ‘ 4 ; z “he * - * rab ype : Sy : ‘Gi ' ve, ‘ 4 Prk. : yee 4 * x P es ¥ ¢ F . : 4 ey 1 = $ j . * ar ~ = “ye ae NN: 's ue i Rey 4% bey = iy Wik ® (ans ae - F ‘ow Ly a . v my . >! See tees ’ : ; rae 4 ie is ‘ ; 7 ony >, i ae CL es Ly be , rs a y 1 a ; ; : ; bees, ’ : aay ' res. ‘ Ag 4 i 1 ae i Amo og «> ‘ ey } , ds an Af s Ma * ‘ F 1 oa a b j 2 o t 1 ie 4 ? Vou XXXVII. (new series). Pruate VIII. ‘jap ‘suns, TL *‘H'M sal ZLYIq ‘apuomod aqnry SES *¢ *sauuadyni /a107q *AVNNGINY C83 * psooayy 8,98,G0,0wojuT TWIAXXX “TOA KXPLANATION OF PLATE. aly Exenanation or Pratn. (VILL) (The specimens figured are in the Verity colle, except when otherwise stated.) Subspecies palustris: 1: race hibera, Vrty., g (Oviedo, Asturias) ; 9: do. 2; 8: do. form hiberuncula, Vrty., g (do.); 4: do.; 5: do, 2; 6: race palustris, Obth., J (Rennes); 7: do. 2 ; 8: race palustrella, Vrty., ¢ (Surrey); 9: do. ?; 10: Subspecies seriziati, Obth. g (Algeria, Turati coll.); 11: Subspecies trinacria, Vrty., J (Laupo in Sicily); 12: do. 2 (TLurati coll,). Babepeciee trifolit: 18: vace siciliac, Vrty., g (Sicily); 14: do.; 15: race australis, Obth., J (Batna in Maurit. Turati coll.) ; 16: do. (Asia Minor, ex. Stdgr. in Turati coll.); 17: do, @ (Tata Rana in Africa, Turati coll.) ; 18: do. (Sicily); 19: do. (Sicily, Rocci coll.) ; 20; race maynaustralis, Vety., J (Algeria, coll. by Faroult); 21: do. @ (do, Turati coll.); 22: race syracusia, Z. g (Barcelona); 25: II. en, seelindoyenita, Vrty. J (Catania, Plaja, in Sicily, coll. by Zickert, n Turati coll.); 24: race trifolii, Map., form minoides, Sélys., 2 (St. Oome, Gironde); 25: do. form glycirrhizae, Ub, g (Villemare, Gironde); 26: do. 2 (St. Come); 27: form trifolii, Kap. g (do.) ; 98: do. ? (do.); 29: do. form orobi, Hb. g (do.); 80: do. 2 (do.); 81: race subsyracusia, Vrty., J (Quiberon in Morbihan); 82: do. 9; 88: do.; 84: race decreta, Vety., J (Sussex); 85: do.; 86: do. 2; 87: do. form minvides, Sélys; 88: do. form bavalis, Sélys; 39: do. bybr. deereta x tutti, Rebel: grosvenori, Vrty., g; 40: do, form lonyicornibus, Vrty., g: 41: do. 95 43: race duponcheliana, Obth., 3 (Rognac, near Marseilles); 48: do, 2; 44: do, II. gen, dupon- chelliella, Vrty., 9; 45: do. 2; 46: race olbiana, Obth., g (Hyeres, Var.); 47: do. 2. Subspecies transferens; 48: race transferens, Vrty., g (Tring. Hert.) ; 49: do. 2; 50: race intermixta, Vrty., g (Orihuela, 1,700m, in Aragon); 51: do.; 52: do. 9; 58: do.; 54: race dimorphica, Vrty., g (8. Fili, 900m. in Calabria); 55: do. ?. Subspecies lonicerac: 56: race britanniae, Vrty., 3 (Warthill, Yorks.); 57: do. 9; 58: race apenninica, Kocei, J (Calestano, Parma, Rocci coll.); 59: do. 2 (Mt. Lipican, July 12th); 60: do. 2 (Mt. Mosca, 1,800m.); 61: race pauper, Vrty., g ented Jre Vescovi, 1,800m., Piceno); 62; do. 9; 68: trifolit orm centralitaliac, Vrty., g (Margno, m. 1,400, Piceno); 64: do. ; 65: do. 2; 66: do.; 67: race pauperetincta, Vrty., form autum- nalis, Vrty., g (Bolognola, 1,200m., Sibillini Mts.); 68: race pauperctincta, Vrty., 3 (do.); 69: do. 2; 70: race etruriac, Vrty., 3g (Mt. Senario, m. 700, Florence); 71: do. ?; 72: do., form nigra, Dz., g (Abetone Pass, m. 1,800, Tuscany) ; 73: do., form brevicornibus, Vrty., g (Kuta Pass road, m, 900, Tuscany); 74: do. 2; 76: race vivax, Vrty., d (Mainarde Mts., m. 500, Caserta); 76: do. 9; 77: do., form posticeobscurata, Vrty., g (do.); 78: race mayismaculata, Vrty., J (Geneva); 79: do. 9; 80: race lonicerae, Bch., g (Dresden); B1: do. 9; 82: race minuens, Vrty., g (Brandlberg) ; 83: do. 2; 84: race misera, Vrty., g (Sussex); 85: do.; 86: race glacici, Yrty., 9? (ormazza, 1,400m., Lepontine Alps); 87: race alpiumyigas, Vrty., ? (Klausen, 8. Tyrol); 88: trifolii form alpiumnana, Vrty., g (8. Tyrol); 89: do.; 90: do. ?. 118 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. Remarks on the evolution of the Zygaenae and an attempt to analyse and classify the variations of Z. lonicerae, Scheven, and of Z. trifolii, Esp., and other subspecies. (Vith Plate VIII.) By ROGER VERITY, M.D. (Continued from page 104.) bd To better define what I designate as catabolic and anabolic consti- tutions, 1 must recall the latest discoveries of Physiology in the Vertebrates. It has been established that both their minutest features of structure and their behaviour are due to the proportion between the secretions of their endocrine’ glands, whieh are thus the cause of individual and racial differences. In dogs, the catabolic greyhound is a typical example of a thyro-centric (predominance of thyroid-gland), and the anabolic bull-dog of a pituitary-centered. All have been struck by the resemblance of certain men to these types, showing that the same combination of glands can reproduce them in the most different kind of species. In mankind the Caucasian race owes its superiority and adaptability, which have made it predominant, to a particular concentration and balance of hormones in its blood; the Mongolian is subthyroid; the Negro subadrenal. ‘We are thus perfectly justified in assuming that similar phenomena take place also in the invertebrates, with the difference, that the latter are much more sensitive to surroundings and in consequence more markedly modified ya by them. Returning to the species we are dealing with bere, we must note _in connection with the last remarks that subspecies lonicerae, although it does produce a series of variations parallel to those described in trifolii, produces them on a distinctly lesser scale, presumably because it is the active catabolic division of the species. Both individually and geographically it varies less broadly, and sexual dimorphism is less marked, because the female always keeps to a higher grade, nearer the male, Instead, in trifolii, and especially in its nymotypical race, sex anabolism adds itself to such a degree to that of the subspecies in some females, that most of their vitality is obviously absorbed by the genital function, and the somatic development is weak; the wings show signs of atrophy, their dark primary pattern is reduced and the red spots are consequently broadly confluent (forms glycirrhizae, Hb., and minotdes, Sélys.) ; even males of these forms are not infrequent in those strongly anabolic races whereas neither sex ever produces them in the comparatively more catabolic ones of the syracusia southern group, which in pattern, and to a slighter degree, also in other characters, points to lonicerae, There is another generai remark to make about these subspecies of Zygaenae and that is that there exists, besides trifolii and lonicerae, a third group of races, which I think can only be dealt with as a third subspecies, although not quite equivalent to those two, because it is distinctly more closely connected to trifolti than to lonicerae. Still, Tutt in his Brit. Lepidopt., Vol. 1., already considered palustris, Obth., a subspecies of the former as compared with its other simple races. Now we know one more race. I shall describe from the south of Europe hibera of Spain, whieh I think should be grouped with palustris; and this broader group has acquired a REMARKS ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE ZYGAENAE. 119 more distinct aspect. The impression one has is that subspecies palustris is due to a repetition of the process by which lonicerae has separated from trifolii, but iu a more feeble way, the catabolic factors having been thrown out and thus greatly diminished by the first division. What gives this impression is, that the races I group as subspecies palustris, exhibit a mixture of the trifolii and of the lonicerae features: the antennae and wings are on an average intermediate in Jength; they are thicker than in lonicerae, but they often have, especially in hibera, a sharper point than is usual in trifolii ; the wings are not as elongated as in lonicerae, and are in fact distinctly broad, but the apex is sharper than in trifolii; the sheen on the dark pattern is very vivid, the scaling being rather thicker than in most trifolii. These intermediate mixed characteristics are quite constant enough to make of palustris a separate entity, so that, although it stands between trifolii and lonicerae, it is not merely a grade of transition beween the two. We shall see that real transitions occur very frequently, especially in Britain, but that they are much more variable and do not pass through palustris; they consist in series of individuals gradually passing from one subspecies to the other. If we take up again the examples of divisions in catabolic and anabolie groups, we invariably find that, besides the extreme opposite ones, there exist others not transitional, but intermediate, which seem to suggest successive divisions: thus between the Lasiocampides and Bombycides extreme anabolism and the Sphingides catabolism we find the Saturniides and the Hndromides as two intermediate grades; between the Satyridae and the Nymphalidae we find the Apaturidae ; between the Melitaeidi and the Vanessidi we find the Aryynnidi. Whether all this can be worked out into # general law, which can cast light on the origin of variation will have to be looked into more thoroughly, but anyhow the case of palustris is evidently not an isolated example of its kind. It will be noticed that these intermediate groups always stand nearer to the anabolic than to the catabolic extreme ones, so that it looks as if the former had residues of potential energy left in it after the first division, and went on throwing out catabolic groups, till this was quite exhausted on that plane of organic vitality and structure, or perhaps in each case on planes already slightly less deep than the preceding case. The same process, presumably, then repeated itself in later epochs on planes still less deep, following the general law of evolution, according to which differentiation, specialisation and division of labour, as a result of co-operation and symbiosis, first affected the different parts of the cell structure, then passed on to cell aggregates or tissues, then to tissue aggregates or organs, then to organ aggregates or individuals, and finally to individual aggregates or societies. It seems logical to presume that this process of differentiation of successively broader (less minute) components and, thus, less deep planes of the organisms also applies to the factors of divisions which lead to the living species. We can perhaps also infer from many observable facts that when the catabolic division has separated off with most of the somatic vitality, the anabolic division is left exposed to the effects of surroundings by its lowered power.of reaction, and it will then exhibit broad individual, seasonal and geographical variations, till it evolves a new barrier of vital reaction on a plane less 120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. deep than that of the preceding ; but no such balance can last, because life means perpetual change and every action must be followed by a reaction ; thus a new division in comparatively anabolic and catabolic groups must again follow. In this way we see the Satyridae split into the Epinephilinae, Frebiinae and other anabolic subfamilies as compared with the catabolic Satyrinae, and so on. It is during the periods, in which anabolic groups are particularly sensitive to surroundings, that special adaptations may take place by the acquisition of hereditary changes of structure, presumably by a selection of the individuals most guited. During the catabolic stage of great activity of the soma the group spreads as broadly as it can, in surroundings as varied as its powers of reaction will allow it to bear, whilst the germinal plasm, isolated from external influences by this protection, can perfect its structures by further, more minute differentiation on a new plane. It is thus prepared to meet some of the new and more varied surroundings into which the somatic activity has carried it, and to which it becomes exposed when the latter gives way under the strain, and must in its turn be relieved and protected by more permanent structural adaptation, if the organism is to survive in the new conditions. These alternate anabolic and catabolic phases explain, it seems to me, the reappearance of features characteristic of some groups in a few species or even in individuals, which are usually females, of other groups more evolved than they are. They also explain how most groups are so broadly spread on the face of the earth and even single species may have such vast habitats. According to this hypothesis, in England, owing perhaps to insularity and other causes, the lonicerae-trifolii Zygaenae would be at the present moment at a stage very unstable and variable, in which catabolic groups tend to separate from the mass, and strongly anabolic groups are thus left as a result. The continental races of Central Europe, which are most extreme in loniverae structure and features and exhibit them very constantly, presumably separated at a very early date in the life of the species, on a plane deep enough to make an exerge of them, with an hereditary tendency to reproduce them constantly in all normal individuals (stunted aberrations, on the con- trary, like alpiumnana, Vrty., can in any case exhibit a trifolii structure). What favoured and fixed ‘this division was, that the catabolic group thrived in drier surroundings than trifolii can stand, so that the two groups keep separate from each other. In Peninsular Italy, which is very dry, lonicerae behaves like several species and races of Lepidoptera of Central Europe, being limited there to mountain localities, evidently more similar to conditions in the latter region. As to trifolit, it scarcely exists at all in Italy; it only bursts out individually in the lonicerae race pauper, Vrty., which very high altitudes have greatly weakened, and in Alpine surroundings very unusual for Peninsular Italy. We shall see a trifolii-like structure is exhibited also by the male of race dimorphica, Vrty., inhabiting damp spots on the Coast Range of Calabria. On the other hand the lonicerae in general in Peninsular Italy, are rarely of the most highly characterised type and usually point slightly to trifolii form syracusia, especially in the male sex. In the Hispano-African region and in Sicily no races are produced which can be referred to subspecies lonicerae ; trifolii exists REMARKS ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE ZYGAENAE. 121 in swampy localities and it shows a tendency to split again on the plan of races in two groups; the australis structure and variability of pattern corresponds to the more extreme anabolic races of Central Europe; the greater stability and the structure of race syracusia evidently tends slightly more to lonicerae catabolism. I have already mentioned that palustris is also represented in Spain by hibera, Vrty. ; in Sicily trinacria is a near ally and in Africa seriziati approaches it considerably too; they are all much more catabolic than nymotypical palustris of the north, being more active, not confined to swamps and behaving much as lonicerae. As a matter of fact, all the southern trifolii are less highly characterised than those of Central Europe and they point distantly to lonicerae in build; in some cases, such as race intermixta, Vrty., of the mountains of Spain, they even approach it markedly; presumably the hotter climate activates the vitality of the -goma and partly counteracts the anabolic tendency, just as some surroundings of Italy, not quite suitable to lonicerae, lower, on the con- trary, its vitality and give it an aspect pointing to trifolii. A proof of the effects of surroundings on the features of the soma independently of hereditary germ-plasm tendency, is afforded by the German second generation gracilis of trifolii, which strongly approaches lonicerae simply owing to the summer heat and drought on the Loreley rock, whilst the first generation is quite a nymotypical trifolii. These observations lead us to the important conclusion that stimuli, such as beat, from the surroundings, activating the soma, produce in the usually anabolic trifolii the same characters as those which are hereditary in the catabolic lonicerae and in prevalently catabolic Zygaenae species. In the same way, but inversely in lonicerae and in the latter, unsuitable surroundings and other causes, lowering to the vitality, are often seen to produce individually or locally, the same characters as those of trifolii and of the anabolic species of Zygaenae. On the whole these anabolic characters are, very probably, simply a lower stage of development, which the catabolic species surpass when they are still in the chrysalis; this is suggested both by the stunted antennae and wings and by the existence of the ‘“ nervural pattern,”’ alone or accompanied by an incomplete “ transverse pattern” (see my article on 7%. filipendulae), because in ontogeny, and presumably in phylogeny, the “ nervural” patterv always precedes the ‘‘ transverse ” one, whether it afterwards disappears or not. There is also a reason to believe it in the fact, proved by experiments, that the distribution of the pigment in the wings and its gradation of colouring can be accelerated or retarded by heat or cold without affecting the develop- ment of the insect, so that when the latter emerges and dries its wings the wing-pattern can be at different stages ; many individual variations are caused. by this phenomenon and allied species with patterns similar to each other probably differ, in some respects, because they emerge when their pigment is at different stages of distribution and colour. (To be continued). 122 THE KNLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. A Review of Mr. Pierce’s Volume on the Genitalia of the Tortricidae. By ALFRED SICH, F.E.S. (Continued from page 53). In the first contribution of this paper there are two errors, both on page 58. Firstly, what | meant to say about Peronea lipsiana and P. rufana was not that they seemed to be a closely allied pair, but that in them the socii appear to be remarkable because, according to the figures: on plate ix. they cross each other. The two species that always seemed to be a closely allied pair are P. permutana aud P. variegana, but as we see from the figures they belong to different sections of the genus. Secondly, I think I wrote that (with regard to these first three families) ‘“we will not now discuss the position the author gives them with regard to the phylogeny of the whole of the Tortricina.” This discus- sion would take up too much space here. The Phaloniidae :—The species belonging to this family differ from all our other Tortricina in having vein 2 of the forewing arising from the cell close to vein 8. This group contains some singular moths, and the author, by his researches, has shown us that many are more curious than we had im»gined. It is here that we meet with the most strange forms of genitalia, and apparently without cause a species will show a type entirely different from those of its neighbours. The moths themselves are mostly quiet insects, and have to be searched for in their particular haunts. Some, however, are more active. It is pleasant to see the brilliant Huwanthis aeneana flying briskly in the full sunshine, or to watch F’. zoegana in its more quiet flight at sundown. Mr. Waters, who haply rediscovered Phalonia gilvicomana last year, says, ‘The moths fly freely towards sunset, often rather high.” (Hnt. Mon. Mag., Vol. LXI., p. 18). In this Group the costa of the valva is strongly upcurved, and the valva being short and elongated upwards, it appears to take a vertical direction. In many species the saccus is divided and the socii take the form of two small horns. In general ‘appearance many show a fanciful resemblance to a minute bat in flight. The most striking feature in the author’s arrangement of this family is the position he gives to Commophila aeneana and the five following species, thereby separating affinitana, Dgls., and others, and his genus Phalonia from his genera Aethes, Cochylis, and others. All these appear to be more or less closely allied. If he had placed Commophila and the other five species directly after Clysia and then followed on with atri- capitana, Steph., affinitana, and all the others, I for one should have considered it more satisfactory. Sparganothis pilleriana can scarcely belong to this family, though the male organs show some resemblance: to it, while those of the female seem more akin to those of the Cne- phasias. Though the gnathos appears to be absent | prefer the posi- tion assigned to it by Mr. Meyrick in the neighbourhood of the genus Capua. That author suggests that Hysterosia inopiana indicates the line of ancestral connection with the typical Jortricidae (Handbook, p. 559), and our author notes that some species of this group form connecting links with the Cnephastidii (p. 24). The genitalia of inoptana and the three following species certainly show Cnephasiid affinities. In Clysia ambigquella and (Huxanthis) angustana, which appear to be congeneric, REVIEW OF PIERCE’S VOLUME. 123 the vesica has such a curious swollen appearance that almost suggests disease. Phalonia atricapitana exhibits one of those sudden departures from its allies that we meet with especially in this family. The female structure is as strange as that of the male. P. nana, which from its wide distribution must be one of the older species of the family, has habits so different from most of the other Phalonias that I expected some departure in its genitalia, but on the whole it is fairly typical. The two closely allied species, badiana, Hb., and cnicana, Dbld., show, like their wing markings, slight but definite differences. Dipoltella, Hb., rutilana, Hb., and aleella, Schulz., though so different in their wing markings from the rest of the group, are also fairly typical except for the extraordinary forms of the bursa in the females; but even this is an especial characteristic of this family. Phtheochroa rugosana 1s in many ways a curious insect, with its scale tufts and unusual food-plant, and its genitalia are also remarkable, perhaps the numerous hairs and long scales are more responsible for its odd appearance than is the actual shape of the valves. There is, however, no doubt about the strangeness of the genitalia in both sexes of hamana, L., and zoegana, L. We cannot but wonder why such forms were developed, and it would be most interesting -to accomplish the almost impossible feat of seeing them in use. | have seen many Tor- trices paired, and in every case the sexes face opposite directions and the female partly covers the male with her wings. As far as [ am aware, either from observation or from record, the male genitalia are alone employed during copulation and never thrust out in the face of a pursuer, nor used for combing out wet fringes of the wings. If we knew they were ever made use of in any other than the one essential purpose, we might better understand the curious development found in certain species. The species the author gathers under Aethes differ slightly among themselves in the neuration of the forewing, but are all nearly alike in that of the hindwing. The author shows that Wilkinson was quite right in separating Chlidonia subbaumanniana from C. baumanniana, though many lepidopterists bad their doubts about the specific distinct- ness of these two species. Wilkinson’s book on the Tortricina is now out of date, but is really interesting, as it contains some historical items concerning the British species and the collectors of those days. Lozopera beatricella, with its highly developed genitalia, would appear to be a vigorous species quite able to hold its own. It is strange that it was not discovered till a few years ago. Phalonia degrayana is peculiar in its food-plants, in some of its very restricted haunts it prefers the seed heads of plantain and in others the yellow snapdragon, but its genitalia are astonishing, departing so widely as they do from those species usually associated with it. Its long uncus and simple valvae do not seem to belong to a species of this fainily, though it does show some affinity in its strong transtilla and in the aedoeagus. This species apparently shows some ancestral characters and has probably remained little changed in its chosen county. It probably at one time ranged over a greater area, but may have been unable to maintain itself in the competition with other more successful species. In the author’s genus 16 (without a name) the position of the costa of the valve is most peculiar. It is almost sepa- rated from the valve and stands vertically above it, but in rwpicola, 124 THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RWCORD. Curtis, the costa returns to a more usual position along the top of the valve. The high tegumen and deeply emarginate valves give to both Phalonia roseana, Haw., and P. flaviciliana, Wilk., a strange aspect. The frail little moths comprising the author’s genus 18, are only separable on comparison, and he now offers us a further character to aid in their separation. From the synonymy he gives us we learn that we must substitute some other names for those we have hitherto made use of. In considering the genitalia of this family one point becomes quite clear, this is that the Phaloniidae have a much greater affinity to the Vortricidae, the author's first three groups, than they have to the Epiblemidae, which are contained in the author’s last five groups. This family appears to represent the most primitive forms of the Tortricina now extant. (To be continued.) Elater rufipennis, Stephens, a distinct’Species. (/’late 1X.) By H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S. Dr. Joy having told me that he had taken a red Flater in Windsor Forest, which did not agree with any species he possessed, I went with him, on January 16th last, to the tree—a fallen beech—where he had found it before. We dug out of the softer wood about a dozen more specimens; and a number of larvae were also found, which we put back. After my return from Bordighera, I again visited the tree, on May 11th; but the perfect insect was very scarce, and only two larvae were seen. This would appear to show that after the tree had been dug into and the softer parts exposed, birds must have got at and devoured a number. | have recently made a careful study of this beetle, and I consider that it is the Klater rufipennis, Steph. ; which is a good and distinct species. In 1858, G. R. Waterhouse in his catalogue of British Coleoptera gives EHlater rufipennis, Steph., as a synonym of the #. sanguineus, L., and.all the British Catalogues since have followed him, except that of Beare and Donisthorpe (1904), which gives—rufipennis, Steph., sanguineus, Brit. Cat.” The European Catalogue (1906) does not men- tion the name rufipennis at all. Fowler [IV. 89 (1890)] gives rufipennis, Steph., as a synonym of sanywineus, L., although he describes the latter insect as having the thorax with an impressed central line traceable throughout, whereas Stephens [Mand. 3 256 (1880)] distinctly says that ru/ipennis bas the thorax obsoletely channelled behind ! Candéz in his monograph on the Klateridae (1857) evidently includes both species under sanguineus, L., as he says the thorax is channelled, or at least behind. du Buysson (1896) queries ru/ipennis, Steph., as a synonym of sanguineus, Li. In the Stepbensian collection there are five specimens standing under the name rufipennis, of which one is praeustus, F., one lythropterus, Germ. and the other three agree with his description of ru/ipennis, and with the Windsor insect. The insect described by Stephens as the sanguineus, L., is E. lythropterus, Germ. ELATER RUFIPENNIS A DISTINCT SPECIES. 125 I have examined the specimens of Hater in the Linnean Collection, but unfortunately the insect which bears a label sanyuineus (which I am informed is in Linné’s own handwriting) is a specimen of F. sanguinolentus, Schr. This label must have been taken from another insect at some time or other. There is however a red Elater, without label, which appears to have the thorax channelled throughout, and is probably the type. Being rather dirty and dusty, it is difficult to be sure of the colour of pubescence, length of channel in thorax, etc. The original description of F. sanyuineus is very brief; it might apply to several species (but not to sangwinolentus) ; and it makes no mention of a channel on the thorax. It is however accepted that it has this channel [Reitter. Fauna Germ. 3 238 (1911) says it has a long channel and he does not mention rufipennis at all], and the specimens in the general collection of Coleoptera in the British Museum under FE. sanguineus, all have it. In the British Collection of Coleop- tera there are five specimens under sanguineus, L., four of which have the thorax very distinctly channelled throughout (one being labelled from Salisbury), and the fifth, which has the thorax only obsoletely channelled behind, is undoubtedly rufipennis, Steph., and the same as the Windsor insect. There are three specimens labelled “sp?” from the New Forest, which are probably also the rujipennis, Steph. E. sanguineus, apart from the channel, has a somewhat flatter and distinctly duller thorax than ru/fipennis. The latter insect comes nearest to H. pomonae, Steph., but, itis of a more blood red colour, is larger on the average, and the antennae are very differently shaped—I give drawings of the antennae of both g and ? F. rufipennis and g and 2? F. pomonae, for which I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. W. H. T. Tams. Of course the serrations of the antennae are stronger in the males of both, and probably of all species, than in the females, but the shape of the serration in both g and @? rufipennis differs in the same degree from the shape of the serration in the 3 and ¢ of pomonae. Both EF. rufipennis and E. sanguineus are very rare insects in Britain (especially the latter, which I believe has not been taken for over 60 years or so). Fowler gives the New Forest for sanywineus, which probably refers to rufipennis, and Stephens for the latter gives, New Forest, West of England, and Bagley Wood, Oxon. I have published several lists of my papers, notes, books, etc., on Ants and Myrmecophiles, the number of which now totals 127. It has been suggested to me that I should publish a list of my writings on Coleoptera and General Entomology. The following is the list of my non-myrmecophilous series, of which this paper is No. 234 1. ‘* Creophilus maxillosus, Steph., var. ciliaris, Steph.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 26. 271 (1890.) 2. “ Stilicus fragilis at Shirley.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 28. 161 (1892.) 3. ‘ Rare Coleoptera in 1893.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 29. 63 (1893.) 4, “ Humicrus rufus near Shirley.” Ent. Mo. Magy. 29. 136 (1893.) 126 Or 16. THE KNYOMOLOGISY’S RECORD, * Coleoptera in 1894.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 31. 99 (1895.) . “Ten days in the New Forest.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 84. 194 (1895.) . “ Notes on a paper on the Coleoptera of the Vale of Belvoir,” by the Poet, the Rev. G. Crabbe, 1795.” Trans. Leicester Lit. Phil. Soc. 4. 198-200 (1896.) . “ Harpalus obscurus, F., in Dorsetshire.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 32. 281 (1896.) . “The Coleoptera of Weymouth and Neighbourhood.” Trans. Leicester Lit. and Phil. Soc. &. 3830-837 (1897.) . “ Notes on a few days’ collecting at Wallasey (Liverpool), and in the Valley of the Dee above Llangollen.” (with T. H. Beare). Knt. Ree. 9. 49-51 (1897.) . “The Coleoptera of a London Granary.” int. Rec. 9: T7 (1897.) . * Paper as a Pabulum for the larva of Tiresias serra, F., with some notes on the Larva and its Pupation.” Ent. Rec. 9. 162 (1897.) . © Ptinus brunneus, Duft., captured in Surrey.” Ent. Rec. 9. 260 (1897.) . © Asemum striatum, L., a Southern Insect.” ’ Ent. Rec. 9. 276 (1897.) . “The Coleoptera of Wicken Fen and District.” Ent. Rec. 40. 87 (1898). “ Hylastes anyustatus, Herbst., from Bournemouth.” Ent. Rec. 10. 87 (1898.) . “A plan for Maturing Beetles.” Ent. Ree. 10. 88 (1898.) . Quedins kraatzit, Bris., a species new to Britain.” nt. Rec. 10. 196 (1898.) . “ Notes on the British Longicornes.” Ent. Rec. 10. 219-28, 246-49, 269-71, 299-08 (1898.) . * The Fourth International Congress of Zoology.” Ent. Rec. 10. 224 (1898.) . * Parasites in Wasps’ Nests.” | Ent. Rec. 10. 8307 (1898.) . “All that is known of Metoecus paradoxus, L.” Trans. Leicester Lit. Phil, Soc. §. 183-86 (1899.) . ‘Melanie forms of Carabidae in the New Forest, including Carabus nitens ab. niger, Semenow, an aberration new to the British List.” Ent. Ree. 114. 71 (1899.) . “ Notes on the additions to the British List of Coleoptera since Canon Fowler’s Coleoptera of the British Isles.” Ent. Rec. 14. 187-38, 159-61, 184-86, 216-17 (1899.) nS? Phe'( ‘oleoptera of Suffolk,” by C. Morley. (Review.) Ent. Rec. 11. 196 (1899.) . “Notes from the New Forest.” int. Ree. 11. 210 (1899.) . “Coleoptera in the New Forest in June.” Hnt. Rec. 11. 248 (1899.) 28. 29. 80. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41, » 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. ELATER RUFIPENNIS A DISTINCT SPECIES. Lay. ‘“‘ Deserition of the Larva of Quedius kraatzti, Bris.” Ent. Rec. 11. 266 (1899.) ‘“* Coleoptera at Wicken in 1899.” Ent. Rec. 14. 339 (1899.) “ Rare Coleoptera in 1899.” Ent. Rec. 11. 340 (1899.) *‘ Notes on the Dinoderus substriatus of British Collections.” Ent. Rec. 42. 16-18 (1900.) “ Anthonomus rufus, Schoen, an addition to the British List.” Ent. Rec. 12. 159 (1900.) “Coleoptera at Chiddingfold.” Ent. Rec. 12. 288 (1900.) Coleoptera of the Rochester District,’ by J. J. Walker. (Review.) Ent. Rec. 12. 262 (1900.) ‘«‘ Notes on the Copulation of Hydrophilus piceus, L.” Ent. Ree. 12. 291 (1900.) “* Notes pour la classification des Coleoptéres,’ by A. Lameere. (Review.) Ent. Rec. 12. 322 (1900.) “The Cry of Acherontia atropos.” Ent. Rec. 12. 3850 (1900.) “Gases of Protective Resemblance, Mimicry, etc., in the British Coleoptera.” Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon., 1901. 3845-77. “ The Coleoptera of the Victorian History of Hampshire,” by J.J. Walker. (Review.) Ent. Ree. 18. 102 (1901.) “ Trimium brevicorne, Reich. from Chiddingfold,” Ent. Rec. 18. 182 (1901.) “A successful hunt for Lytta vesicatoria, L.” Ent. Rec, 18, 251 (1901.) “The Variation and Distribution of the Genus Aphodius, Iliger.” by EF. Bouskell.. (Review.) Ent. Rec. 13. 271 (1901.) “ Tracing Velleius dilatatus, F., to its haunts.” Ent. Rec. 13. 830 (1901.) ‘“‘ New Forest Notes in 1901.” Ent. Rec. 13. 829 (1901.) “The Council of the Entomological Society of London.’ (With W. J. Kaye.) Ent. Ree. 14. 21 (1902.) “ Coécinella 11-punctata var. confluens n. var.” Ent. Ree. 14, 99 (1902.) « Change of colour during life in Coptocycla bistripunctata, Herbst.” Ent. Rec. 14. 100 (1902.) “The Coleoptera of the Victorian History of Cumberland.” by F. H. Day. (Review.) Ent. Rec. 14. 184 (1902.) “Protective resemblance in Beetles.” Ent. Rec. 14. 186 (1902.) ‘A few notes on Coleoptera in the West Coast of Ireland.” Ent. Rec. 14. 239 (1902.) 128 THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD. 51. ‘A List of the Beetles of Iretand,”’ by Rev. W. F. Johnson and J. N. Halbert. (Review.) Ent. Rec. 14. 251 (1902.) 52. ‘ Dibolia cynoglossi, Koch, a British Insect.” Ent. Rec, 14. 265 (1902.) 58. ‘ Quedius obliteratus, Kr.” Ent. Rec, 14. 266 (1902.) 54. ** Dorcatoma chrysomelina, Sturm., ete., in Leicestershire.” Ent. Rec. 14. 267 (1902.) 55. “ Larinus carlinae, Ol., and other Coleoptera in the Hastings District.” int. Rec. 14. 268 (1902.) 56. ‘* Quedius cruentus var. virens, Rottbg.”’ Ent. Rec. 14. 297 (1902.) 57. “ Coleoptera of South Kerry.” Trish Nat. 12. 59-65 (1903.) 58. “ Quedius obliteratus, Kr., and Quedius suturalis, Kies. Fint. Rec. 15. 17 (1903.) 59. “ Capture of Meloé brevicollis, Pz., and M. cicatricosus, Leach in April, 1908. Ent. Rec. 15. 152 (1903.) 60. ‘ Monohamus titilator, F., and Cerambyx heros, Scop., taken alive in Eneland.” Fint. Ree. 15. 153 (1903.) (To be continued.) Some Observations on Dr. R. Verity’s recent Article on Palaearctic Grypocera. By.B. C. 8S. WARREN, F.E.S. In the April and May numbers of this Magazine, Dr. Verity ° describes numerous new races of various species of the genus Hesperia, A few further notes on his article, however, seem to be necessary, as some of the statements in it are not quite in agreement with the facts recorded by general observations, or the data I have collected on the subject, from many sources. I do not propose, at present, to discuss the many points in connec- tion with Dr. Verity’s new races, which would seem to call for notice; but merely to draw attention to those which are actually incorrect, and which would become a source of future trouble if they were left as they stand. ‘'T’o ensure that I have understood Dr. Verity’s notes correctly, I have corresponded with him on the subject, and am much obliged to him for his detailed answers, which have thrown much light on some rather puzzling points in his descriptions. Hesperia alveus.—Dr. Verity describes three races of this species. It is with two of them, his accreta and centralhispaniae, that I am at present concerned. I was particularly interested in these two sub- species, having eighteen months ago, illustrated, and drawn up detailed descriptions of them, in the preparation of a monograph of the Huropean Hesperia. He applies the name accreta, to the magnificent subspecies of the SOME OBSERVATIONS ON VERITY’S RECENT ARTICLE. 129 Pyrenees, but later states that accreta spreads to central Spain and occurs there with the form he names centralhispaniae. This is obscur- ing the true position. Spanish alvews does not constitute two distinet races. There is one subspecies occurring all over Spain, and one in the Pyrenees, the former very variable, the latter very constant (in its superficial facies). Dr. Verity, under the impression that nwmida (which is confined to Africa) occurred in Andalusia, did not recognise that Spanish alvews is distributed all over Spain, from Andalusia to the Pyrenees, and that the two forms he knew occurring together in central Spain were only the two extremes of one and the same sub- species, which is distinctly different from the Pyrenean subspecies. Of course certain specimens of either subspecies can approach the other closely, which is a common occurrence among all forms of Hesperids. Dr. Verity’s accreta has to be restricted to the Pyrenees, his “ types” coming from Gédre. This leaves his centralhispaniae to cover the Spanish subspecies. In his description of centralhispaniae he states that the underside of the hindwing is a ‘“‘ very pale green.” This, doubtless, is because Dr. Verity, in giving two names to these Spanish alveus, took the extreme colour, as opposed to the brightish yellow of his accreta, for the type of centralhispaniae. As a matter of fact, it is impossible to define two such forms in Spanish alveus, for the ground colour of the underside of the hindwing is so variable that the two extremes could be connected by imperceptible degrees. One could not say where one shade of colour ended and the other began. It must be remembered also that this ground colour is of very uneven density, and mottled lighter and darker, not at all like the even coloration of Central European alveus, or even Pyrenean alveus, The most usual form is a pale yellowish-buff shade (somewhat like, but paler than, the colour typieal of H.carthami). This varies to buff, and a fairly bright yellow (resembling accreta of the Pyrenees), or becomes a little paler, passing from a yellowish-white with a grey look, to a greenish-white (centralhispaniae). All these grades probably occur together, but the yellowish-white shades seem to be the most usual; and I should say the true greenish tinge was more aberrational than racial. In spite of the somewhat misleading statement in regard to colour, in the original description, it is best to accept “centralhispaniae”’ as covering the whole Spanish form of the insect; rather than restrict it literally to the green-tinged aberrations, and put forward another name for the inseet in general. Such a course would obscure the common entity of all Spanish alvews, as would the addition of another name for the brightest yellow specimens which Dr. Verity took for accreta, All forms of centralhispaniae resemble H. carthami to a greater or lesser extent, especially in the features of the hindwing; 7.e., the great extent of clear white on the upperside; and on the underside, the mottled ground colour, the more or less strong outlining in a dark shade, of the white markings; and the markings at the anal angle. The Pyrenean subspecies is very suggestive of foulquiert, and in consequence differs in many features from the carthami-like Spanish insects; being also usually the larger of the two. It is interesting to note that the largest centralhispaniae come from the South of the country, and some of the smallest from quite the North. In both cases | have known collectors mistake specimens of these two subspecies for the two previously mentioned species. ( 180 THE KNTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. I must add that Dr, Verity is mistaken in saying that the 9s of acereta do not, on the whole, correspond with the gs; he probably had no great number of the ¢s to judge from, Normally the ?3 agree perfectly with the ¢s in all respects. Typical alvews occurs in the lower levels of the Pyrenees, but acereta replaces it entirely in the higher zones, probably from about 8000 ft. There are many points of great interest attaching to this Pyrenean form, especially regarding anatomical questions, but these cannot be entered into here ; I only want to prevent its being confused with other forms of alveus ; and equally to establish the fact that centralhispaniae stands for one, variable subspecies, occurring all over Spain. H. alveus race ryfelensis.—There remains little doubt that ry/elensis is not a distinct species, but merely a race of alveus. All recent work seems to point to this conclusion. It is, however, a remarkable race, and by no means of frequent occurrence in the Alps, many specimens are called ry/elensis, which have no real claim to the name. This is because of the unfortunate fact, that Oberthiir’s 8 figures (Lepidop. Comp., Vol. LV., p. liv., figs. 470-471) through some mistake, are not ryfelensis | His other figures (Vol. VII, pl. excii., figs. 1859-64) are better, but some are decided transitions to alveus (figs. 1860-68), T have verified the above statements by having been able to examine and photograph some of Mons. Oberthiir’s own specimens of ry/elensis, which were kindly lent to me by Prof. Reverdin. The photographs will I hope be published later. In true ry/felens?s, the characteristic reduction of the white mark- ings is us great on the underside as on the upper, which gives the insect a remarkable and readily recognised appearance, which is very striking on the underside. Many supposed ry//elensts are only small alvens with reduced markings on the upperside, and normal or almost normal markings, on the underside. ‘To this category belongs alticola, Rebel, from the Stilfserjock, which were referred to by Dr. Verity. I have seen many of these small Stelvio specimens in collections (there are some in the British Museum collection), and they are not true ryjelensis ; indeed to my mind they are not worthy of a name, as there is no definable difference between them and alve us, the reduction both in size and markings having no constant development. Such specimens occur in every alpine locality where alvevs is found. True ryffelensis however, so far as is known, is a decidedly local insect in the Alps: the name remains unaffected by Prof Rebel's name, H, foulquiert.—In connection with ry/elensis. Dr. Verity mentions & specimen of bellier’, which he says he captured on the Ortler. This record is based on Oberthiir’s record of the capture of bdelliert at Zermatt. There is no doubt that this record of Oberthiir’s is a mistake of identification, and that neither foulquiert nor tts form belltiert are found anywhere in Switzerland. Aberrations of alveus ave, however, often found, which are so similar to foulgudert that they could easily be mistaken for it. Considering this, it seems probable, on account of the loeality, ‘that Dr. Verity's belli’ from the Ortler may only be a similar aberration. H, fritillum.—Dr, Verity describes two forms of this insect, as being two broods. So far as all authentic records go, fritillum is a single- brooded spectes ; occurring from mid-July to September according to the locality. Dr. Verity tells me that he described these forms because NOTES ON COLLECTING. 131 Sig. Querci had seen some specimens of Oberthiir’s race herrichii and concluded they were the first brood, and that because he did not capture fritillwm last year at Albarracin until mid-July (having arrived there in June), he assumed, without further proof, that the July specimens must be the second brood! So far only two authentic May /fritillum are known ; they were taken at Digne by V. Cott. The latter, however, never found any more, all other May specimens which I have had the chance to examine have proved to be some otber species! I may add that the herrichii form occurs at Digne, and in the other localities, in August, with the type. Without considering in detail the races of fritillum which Dr. Verity mentions, I may say that all the Spanish specimens which I have seen, belong to iberica, Gr.-Gr. Oberthiir’s fabressei, a slightly less deeply coloured form, might apply to those specimens which occur in southern France and which might be called transitions totberica, I should, however, merely consider them as aberrations. Ii) OTES ON COLLECTING, etc. The following record might be worth publishing. I observed Polyyonia c-album in my garden here, two days ago, August 11th. I first noticed it flying round the garden, and it then settled on the garden hedge and allowed me to approach within a foot or two of it.— J. C. Woopwarp (Commander R.N.), Training Ship Cornwall, Purfleet, Essex. G|URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. Two Meetings of the Entomological Club were held at Oxford during the week-end July 4th to July 6th. Glorious weather prevailed and Oxford was looking at its best. The Members present were Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Dr. Harry Eltringham, F.Z.8., Messrs. Robt. Adkin, F.E.S., Jas. HE. Bree? F.E.S., Horace Donisthorpe, F.E.8., and H. Willoughby-Ellis, The guests were Dr. F. A. Dixey, F.R.S., Dr. J. W. Munro, F.E.S., Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, C.M.G., Commander J. J. Walker, F.E.S., Dr. R. Hanitsch, Messrs. EH. Bolton-King, F.E.S., E. B. Ford, F.E.8., Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S,, HE. G. R. Waters, F.E.S., A. W. Pickard- Cambridge, F.E.8., W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., and W. H. T. Tams, F.0.8. Accommodation was provided at Wykeham House, the residence of Professor E. B. Poulton, and in rooms in Wadham College by kind permission of the Bursar. The Members and Visitors met at the Hope Department, University Museum, during the afternoon of July 4th, and the collections were inspected and tea was dispensed by Mrs. Poulton in the new Annexe. A meeting of the Club was held at Jesus College in the evening, Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., in_ the Chair. Members and visitors were entertained to dinner in the Hall of the College at 8 o’clock and a most enjoyable evening was spent. On July 5th, the Hope Department was again open for inspection, while some availed themselves of the opportunity to visit interesting places in Oxford. A collecting excursion was organised and joined by several of the party. Luncheon was provided at Wykeham House and Wadham College, after which the whole of the party joined in a 132 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. boating excursion on the River Cherwell, and a picnic tea was provided on the banks of the river. A meeting of the Club was held in the evening at Wadham College, Dr. Harry Eltringham in the Chair, and the company was entertained to Dinner in the College Hall (by kind permission of the Bursar, Dr. F. A. Dixey, F.R.S.), after which the business meeting of the Club was held in the beautiful gardens of the College. Mr. W. J. Kaye was elected a member of the Club and after the meeting, retirement was made to the Smoking Room, and a most enjoyable evening was spent. On the morning of the 6th, the Hope Department was again visited after which members and visitors dispersed, concluding a most interesting visit. —H.W.-E. Messrs. Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubener and Co. and George Routledge and Co. are shortly publishing a re-edition of ‘‘ British Ants: their Life-history and Classification,” by H. Donisthorpe, F.E.S., F.Z.S. This will be followed by a book on the British Myrmecophilous Fauna by the same author. Mr. Donisthorpe will be grateful to anyone ~ who will call his attention to any papers, notes or records on British ants and myrmecophiles that may have appeared since 1915 (excluding those which have appeared in the Ent. Record, the Hnt., and the Ent. Mo. May. all of which have been extracted already). Will other magazines please copy. ; SOCIETIES. Tue Sours Lonpon Enromonocicat Society. February 12th.—Mr. R. D. Cox of Streatham and Mr. S. F. P. Blyth of Chiselhurst were elected members. Exuisition oF Exotic [nsecrs.—Mr. H. Moore, large Coleoptera to show the remarkable development of processes on the head and thorax and gradations of the same in one species. Mr. Cheeseman, Ornithoptera urvillianus and O. darstus. Mr. Tonge, a large Psychid case from a salt-lake area near Calcutta. Mr. Ashby, bred examples of the Saturniid Philosamia cecropia. »Mr. Edwards, numerous large species of 8. American Coleoptera to show the fantastic frontal appendages of the males. Mr. Blenkarn, Longicorn beetles mainly from W. Africa, and specimens of a recently discovered new British species from Charmouth, Trechus micros. ! Mr. Turner, numerous species of brilliant Heterocera from Indo- Malay, Hrasmia pulchella, Amesia sanguiflua, Callamesia midama, Celerena andamana, ete. Mr. Andrews, a Saturnia pyrt taken in Palestine. Mr. O. R. Goodman, examples of five out of the six groups of the genus Parnassius in the Palaearctic Region. Mr. Enefer, a brood of young of the spider (Lycosa narbonensis) from S. France, etc. Mr. A. de B. Goodman, some Thibetan butterflies. Mr. Dannatt, numerous species of Morpho with the rare females. Mr. Grosvenor, various butterflies from the Indian fauna to show shape and structure in relation to powers of flight. Remarks were made as to the habits of Leptocircus by Dr. Cockayne. Mr. R. Adkin, examples of species taken at sugar in his garden at Eastbourne particularly noting the proportion of Miana strigilis and its ab. aethiops. Subscriptions for Vol. XXXVII. (new series), 10 shiilings, should be sent to Mr. H. W. Andrews, Hon. Treasurer, * Woodside,”’ ‘Victoria Road, Elziham, S.E. 9. | Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers’ magazines should still be notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, §.E. 14. Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. W. ANDREWS ** Woodside,” Victoria Road Eltham, §..9. REYISED SCALE OF CHARGES FOR ADVERTISEMENTS. Gust. ad: sd. Whole page .. td eae Quarter page .. 2 cael Ly NS: Half page a weet ONO Highth page .. ain LOGO Small panel (4, page) .. ee ose Ode Discount on Series :—5% for six insertions; 109% for twelve insertions. Apply to H. W. Anpruws, Hon. Treasurer, Woodside, Victoria Road, Eltham, S.E.9. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, S.H.14. Desiderata.— English melanism, ova and pupae of English species. Duplicates.—The splendid Hamburg melanism Pal. or albingensis. Finest coudition only.—Dr. V. Schultz, Soltau (Hann.), Germany. Desideruta.—Kuropean Butterflies must be set (any style), but good condition and locality essential. ; Duplicates.— British butterflies and moths and good vars. or cash.—IV. G. Pether, ‘Thelma,’ 4, Willow Bridge Road, London, N.1. Duplicates.—Several hundred species of Coleoptera (carded) from Hants and Dorset including several rare species from the New Forest, etc. Desiderata.— Scarce and local British Coleoptera (carded).—A. Ford, 42, Irving Road, Bournemouth, Hants. Duplicates.—4 Valerianuta, 7 Alchemillata, 3 Viminalis, 6 Protea, 1 Hastata, 6 Ocellatus. Bred specimens, black pins, data and locality. ? Desiderata.—Muralis, Orion, Myrmicae, Lu'osa, or pupae of 8. ligustri.—@. Nicholson, 26, Lancaster Street, Newcustle-on-Vyne MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomologica! Society of London.—41, Queen's Gate, South Kensington, $.W. 7. 8p.m. October 7th. The South Lendon Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. September 24th, Exhibition of Orders other than Lepidoptera. October 8th, Lantern evening.—Hon. Sec., Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.E.3. Th> London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London Entom logical and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street E.C.2, first and third Tnesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec., W. E. Gurs3, F.Z.S., The House, Albion Brewery, Whitechapel Road, E.1. Cuaner or Appress.—Dr. G. T. Randell, to Parkfield Park Crescent, Llauelly, Carmarthenshire. a All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Turn, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, $.B.14 We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send us communications IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the tine of sending in MS. Articles that require Innusrrarions are inserted on condition that the AuTHoR defrays the cost of the illustrations. CONTENTS. Explanation of Plate VIII. lh er oS A ee : Ee saieey! li hy Remarks on the Evolution of the Zygaenae, Roger Verity, M.D... ae ve) RB A Review of Mr. Pierce's Volume on the Genitalia of the Tortricidae, Alfred Sich, F.H.S. .. ae a ste Rs at ues, UE Elater rufipennis, a distinct species, H. Donisthorpe, F.E.S.,-F.Z.S. (plate IX.) .. 124 Some Observations on Dr. R, Verity’s recent Article on Palaearctic Grypocera, B. OC. S. Warren, F.E.S. 5 are ei 4. a Sa : 128 Norres on Coninorimna. tiv ws ar we ae or Fic oy BL Current Norms anp Suorr Notices .. ae sie 3 % we ing wBL Socrerms :—South London Entomological Society. 4 132 Suprrmment :—Notes on the Rhopalocera of Aswan, K. J. Hayward, ORC Raa Aa = x3 sn thy eS as i aie (9)- (12). a ee Communications have been received from or have been promised by Messrs. H. Donisthorpe, Dr. Verity, J. H. Durrant, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. J. Turner, A. Sich, H. P. Jones, K. J. Hayward, H. W. Andrews, Lt. E. B. Ashby, J. W. Saunt, Lt. Gol. W. Bowater, and Reports of Societies. ‘ All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, 8.8.14. : IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BACK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record : and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXV.) CONTENTS OF Vol. 1. (Most important only mentioned.) Grnus deronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 8 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Pauper on ‘aeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymiec notes—-Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, ete., etc., 360 pp. CONTENTS OF VOL. II. MrrnanisM AND Mrnanocurorsm—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on VARIATION (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, §. London—Generic nomen- clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, ete., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E. 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD JOURNAL OF VARIATION EpiTED BY G. T. Burxnunn-Baxer, 1.z.8., J. EK. Conny, ¥.£.8. F.L.S., F.E.8., Chairman. H. DonistHorpe, F.2Z.8., F.E.8. R. 8. BaGnau, F.L.S., F.E.8. J. H. Dormant, F.z.s. Matcoum Burr, D.s0., F.z.8., H. E. Paag, F.¥£.s. F.L.8., F.E.8. ALFRED SICH, F.E.S. Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, F.4.s. W. H. Tams, F.E.s. E. A. Cockayne, M.Ai, M.D., Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.E.S. F.E.S., F.R.C.P. F.Z.8. and and Henry J. TURNER, rF.e.s., Editorial Secretary. Subscription for Complete Volume, post free (Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.) TEN SHILLINGS, | TO BE FORWARDED TO ce | 3. The Hon. Treasurer, Ha W. 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Puate X. The Entomologist’s Record. Photo. R. Hancock. A new Hysriv. Furcura 36 x Bicuspis 9°. A NEW HYBRID, FUROULA-BICUSPIS. 188 A new Hybrid, Furcula-Bicuspis. (With plate X). By Brevet Colonel W. BOWATER, M.C., F.E.S. At a meeting of our Entomological section in January, 1922, Professor Beckwith Whitehouse showed four cocoons of Cerura bicuspis, of Tilgate Forest origin, which he had obtained from «# friend. He gave two to our President, Mr. G. 'T. Bethune-Baker, one to my co-secretary, Mr. Grant, and one to me. During the following June, three of the moths emerged ; one pupa was ichneumoned. I'he cocoon which J had myself, produced a female on June 12th. On the following day, Professor Whitehouse and I took her alive to the old locality where he and Mr. Leslie Burt had so successfully assembled bicuspis a few years before. We tried without success in this instance, however. I left the female with Mr. Burt, asking him to try her again the following night. On reaching home, he put her in a breeding cage containing various pupae. “In the morning he found that a male furcula, which had emerged during the night, had paired with the bicuspis female, and they were still in cop. Forty ova were laid; and twenty of these, and the fernale parent, were posted to me, In due course, the ova hatched except two. The larvae apparently did not eat their eggshells, and my batch refused birch and alder, and fed up on sallow. Mr. Burt’s fed up on birch. . The larvae, in my opinion, were distinctly more like bicuspis than furcula, but unfortunately none was preserved. Several died in the first few days, and several more in the Srd instar, in spite of unremitt- ing attention. Finally eight spun up, the first on August 20th, and the last on September 10th. Mr. Burt managed to get 10 pupae. During the winter, | bought 24 furcula pupae, in the hope that the bybrid might be induced to pair with furcula, On June 20th, 1928, the first “ furcuspis’’ (a male) of my batch emerged ; then four females on 24th, 25th, and July 8rd; then one male July 4th, and another July 7th, total seven. I tried to pair the female hybrid with furcula males, and vice versa, but without result except infertile eggs, but the hybrid females and the furcula females all laid infertile eggs a few days after emergence, even if no attempt had been made to pair them. A male and female of Mr. Burt’s batch emerged about June 22nd, and one more soon BEM WATCd, but by an accident the rest were unfor~ tunately destroyed. On June 5th, 1924, the te one of my batch emerged, having lain over @ year. | have submitted all the specimens, including the original bicuspis to Professor J. W. Heslop Harrison, and he replies that he has no doubt that they are genuine hybrids, and points out that there is a tone difference marking them off from fuwreula. The hybrids show more resemblance to furcula than bicuspis, but this is to be expected. Quoting Professor Harrison :—‘ The superior influence of the male is noted in practically all of the hybrids I have reared, not only amongst the genus Nyssia and Lycia, but also in Knnomids and Larentiids like- wise.” Octoper 15ru, 1925. 184 YHE HNLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, Plate X shows two males (figures 1 and 2), and two females (figures 8 and 4). The males are slightly affected by ‘* grease.” On comparing the eleven hybrids with a series of furcula and a series of bicuspis, it is seen that most of the hybrids have the head, the hairs fringing the body, and the anal tuft snowy white as is character- istic of bicuspis. Only one of the hybrids has the markings edged with orange as is usual in fureula, but this specimen (fig. 4) is particularly like bieuspis in general aspect. Description of a New Species of “ Lithocolletis ” (Lep. Tin.). 4175:1 Phyllorycter joannisella, sp.n. By the late LOND WALSINGHAM, (Edited by Jno, Harruny Durrant; by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Antennae white, very faintly annulate. Palpi white. Head white posteriorly, golden yellow in front, face white. Thoraw golden yellow, with white spots on the tegulae, Forewings bright golden, with shining white markings ; a narrow streak from the middle of the base extends to half the wing-length, slightly in the direction of the costa, meeting at its outer extremity an outwardly oblique costal streak, narrowly connected with the base along the margin, also con- nected at an acute angle with a rather longer, wider streak arising from the middle of the dorsum, before whieh another broad dorsal streak, somewhat less oblique, arises at about one-fourth from the base, running into the basal streak on the fold; before the tornus is a white dorsal patch, and a costal spot, opposite to it, is succeeded by two others toward the apex, and one at the apex—one other dorsal streak is placed between the last two costal streaks; cilia correspond- ing in colour to the streaks at their base—thus alternately white and golden yellow, Mvp. al. 10mm. Hindwings pale grey; cilia the same, with a slight yellowish tinge. dbdomen shining, pale brownish cingreous. Legs whitish. Type g (8885 Wlsm, Det. 1898), Mus. Joannis, 828. Hab. France: Arpitcun: La Louvese, slightly above 1100m., 22.V1I.1895 (J. de Joannis). Unique. [Wlsm. 1898.] The nearest ally to this beautiful and distinct species is 4175 Phyllorycter (= Lithocolletis) tangerensis Stn., from which it differs in the wider space between the first and second dorsal streaks, in the absence of a dark spot and dividing line in the cilia at the apex, and in the first costal streak being further removed from the base. It has so much the appearance of Aryyresthia abdominalis Z., that I had in the first instance associated it in error with that genus. Two specimens from Soalheira (Portugal) (4275-6 Wlsm. Det. 1904) are extremely similar, but I am inclined to think that they represent still another species of the group attached to plants allied to Genista. [Wusm. VII. 1906.| [This distinet species was described by Lord Walsingham so long ago as [X.1898, and figured by me 14.X.1898. It has remained all these years unpublished. | am pleased to take the opportunity of making known a beautiful species named after its discoverer, M. l’Abbé J. de Joannis, the old friend of Wlsm. & Drnt.—Drnr. 16,X.19265.] REMARKS ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE ZYGAENAE. 135 Remarks on the evolution of the Zygaenae and an attempt to analyse and classify the variations of Z. lonicerae, Scheven, and of Z. trifolii, Esp., and other subspecies. (With Plate VIII.) By ROGER VERITY, M.D. (Continued from p. 124.) If one considers the structural features in conjunction with the extent of the area of distribution, and with the kind of climate (lati- tude and altitude) inhabited by the various species, one can make some remarks and draw some inferences regarding the Zygaenae, which are of considerable interest from a general standpoint of evolution. To begin with it must be noted that the true Zyyaenae are exclusively Palaearctic and that very few have reached Hustern Asia, and none have reached America, so that not only the genus must be a typically Palaearctic one, that is to say a result of the influence of the Glacial Epoch, but most species must be comparatively recent, on account of their limited habitats. Before that Epoch, when that zone had a tropical flora and fauna, as shown by the fossils, it 1s to be supposed it was inhabited by genera such as those which now represent the Zygaenae in the tropics, such, for instance, as the Zutulba of Africa or the Kpizyyaena of Southern Asia. When the Glacial Period set in, the more catabolic species must have resisted till they passed to an anabolic stage and transformed organically, so as to be exactly suited to the new surroundings. 7. eaulans, still in existence in isolated colonies near the glaciers, from Scotland to the Pyrenees and the Abruzzi, and hence to Central Asia, is evidently one of tbe most highly anabolic species, and perhaps the only one which has remained un- changed since that Ipoch, unless, possibly, mayiana, contaminei, anthyl- lidis, and corsica, are nearly as old. When a more temperate climate followed on the glacial one, the various groups of Zygaenae presumably survived in their more catabolic species, and the heat stimulus gradually increased their vitality till they burst out at intervals into the numerous localised exerges and species we know, organically suited to the various surroundings, and thus they sunk once more, to a greater or lesser extent, into anabolic states. The following are broadspread in Kurope and Asia, but are never found in the lowlands of the hottest countries, so-that this fact, in conjunction with the fact that they each represent one of the chief groups of the Zygaenae which possess a nervural pat- tern and are thus completely Palaearctic in type, makes one believe they may be the nearest allies of the ancestors of these groups: pur- puralis, true scabiosae, and meliloti (the two latter are also remarkable on account of their thin antennae, so that they differ in this respect from all the other species, and they recall the Mpizyyaenae, thus sug- gesting a primitive type). Near these may also stand cynarae and achilleae, although they have evolved races inhabiting hot localities, and they probably have not undergone the glacial influences as fully as the preceding. The others, on the contrary, are always replaced in hot regions by exerges or by allied, but distinct, species, as though their organic balance had been established for certain climates, and it could not stretch functionally further than a certain limit, beyond which an organic change seems to have become necessary to establish the balance on a new centre; anabolic exerges or allied species have thus been thrown out, strictly limited to special surroundings. Thus 136 THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. the purpuralis group produced brizae and zuleima, and more recently the twin species erythrus and rubicundus; zuleima was probably evolved as an active catabolic species when N. Africa became temperate, but Europe was still under ice and snow during most of the year; now Africa has become too hot and dry for the organi¢c balance of any purpuralis, and zuleima, its representative there, is on the verge of extinction, already sunk as it is in a weakly anabolic state ; brizae can probably be considered the twin species of purpuralis, standing to it as lonicerae stands to filipendulae by the reduction of the red pattern on the outer part of the wing, but, as it is never found in high mountains or in the north, it must have separated under the influence of the return of temperate climates. The little group of Zygaenae, which seems to have evolved from contaminei, NOW surviving only at high altitudes in the Pyrenees, is most interesting, because it reproduces on a small scale some of the broadest variations of the genus, from dystrepta, resembling purpuralis, through the five spotted punctum, dalmatina and sarpedon, to the six spotted favonia, resembling filipendulae. It looks as if favonia, with its twin species loyselis, had been thrown out first, under the high catabolic strain, with which their ancestor was facing the return of temperate climate in N. Africa; the remaining an anabolic, and consequently, very sensitive group, then divided into the two exerges sarpedon and punctum with their numerous individual and_ local variations ; sarpedon seems a push on the same line as favonia, but not too deep. Z. scabiosae gives the impression of not baving had much capacity of adaptation, when heat and drought increased beyond certain limits; in Spain it bas only survived in high mountains, where its weak anabolic exerge nevadensis is on the verge of extinction ; in Italy too, romeo (including orion) is a highly modified anabolic exerge, as shown by its stumpy antennae and wings (not a species, because in N. Italy it blends with true scabiosae). The group consisting of achilleae and cynarae, which are un- questionably closely connected, gives the impression of being a highly anabolic one, both by its structure and by the great sensitiveness to surroundings it exhibits: not only does achilleae produce a large number of extremely different races, but we have observed, in the same locality near Florence, quite a change in the average aspect of the species in two successive years, one of which was dry and hot, the other cold and damp. The very small, thinly scaled and pale race of some Alpine localities (Susa Valley) and the similar one recorded lately from Scotland, may be its oldest Glacial form, but they are more likely to be recent degenerates ; those of Central Europe would then be, as in other species, in a phase perhaps more catabolic iban any other ; with the increase of heat, a tendency to split into two types becomes striking: in dry localities the dark primary pattern becomes very reduced, and the red spots tend to blend into a pwrpuralis-like aspect, which in phoenicea actually reaches the extreme degree of rubicundus; in damp localities the red spois tend to become very small and on the Rivieraa five-spotted form similar to orien is produced commonly by races ligurica aud waynert. An interesting fact is that these two races bave an extraordinary resemblance to race twratii of cynarae, so that it is about impossible to separate all the individuals of the two species ; considering cynarae in its six-spotted exerge centaureae resembles REMARKS ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE ZYGAENAE. 137 filipendulae, whilst achilleae resembles purpuralis, this convergence of such different types is very remarkable and more surprising than the parallel case of the five-spotted filipendulae converging with lonicerae ; I think there can be no doubt that the five-spotted forms are in these cases the most recent. In fact achilleae may be a branch of the fravini group, which, spreading westward, has undergone a more Glacial climate and acquired a more Palaearctic aspect. The intermediate Z, armena suggests it, whilst the Persian 7%. ecki looks like the eastern parallel of wagneri, so that the western branch achilleae seems to be reproducing on a lower racial scale the differentiations, which have lead in the past to specific distinction. The two following groups are connected in a remarkable way by Z, ledereri of Asia Minor, which stands nearest to meliloti, especially by the shape of its antennae, but which certainly also comes very near filipendulae. In meliloti the more robust and less variable five- spotted form, which spreads from Central Europe to KE. Asia is presumably the oldest one and niphona is an exerge of it, whilst in 8.E. Europe the dryness has sunk this species into the anabolic exerge charon, whose lowered vitality makes it very sensitive to surroundings and variable individually and locally ; in Spain it actually does not exist, but, judging from scabiosae, it seems probable it existed there and it has become extinct. The group filipendulae, angelicae, lonicerac is one of the most ant ide in its variation and difficult to make conjectures about; it gives the impression of being at the present day in an unstable state of fluctuation and transformation, especially in the races which are, presumably the last produced. The races which by their aspects and by their habitats seem to be the most Glacial, are found in filipendulae : mannii of Alpine glaciers, arctica from 68° N. lat.; with these must be mentioned the extremely interesting ‘‘seasonal exerge”’ tutti, Rebel. =hippocrepidis, Steph., of England, which emerges at a colder and damper season than filipendulae and which interbreeds frequently in nature with trifolit. On the other hand the very temperate climate of the Mediterranean shores seems to suit filipendulae so well that it has developed there the large and robust exerge stoechadis; this constructive tendency, its strong tendency to melanism in many localities, its great individual and geographical variability all point to anabolism; presumably between this ‘ flourishing anabolic’ stage and the poorer forms, which existed during the height of the Glacial period, a catabolic stage has intervened, now represented by the slim and not very variable races of Central Europe. In Central and Southern Spain, where several Zyygaenae are lacking, filipendulae is reduced to small races of stoechadis, evidently weaklings, and what is interesting is that in such conditions the five-spotted form entirely replaces the six-spotted one, except in a few females, that this is quite independent of melanism, and thus obviously not due to it, and that it has very limited individual variations in race gemina, Burgeff., of dry localities. It would seem to be a fourth stage in the evolution of the species, returned to catabolism, after the third stoechadis one, so as to meet very hot and dry surroundings, As to lonicerae, it strongly gives one the impression of possessing a peculiarity of morphological adaption to surroundings rarely observable in other species: the study of this phenomenon is the chief object of this article. On the whole it needs more moisture 138 THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD, than /ilipendulae, but the catabolic nymotypical subspecies lonicerae needs less than the anabolical trifolii; the former is more suited to cold, so that it spreads further north and higher in the mountains; the latter seems to have been evolved to stand more heat, so that it thrives even in the lowlands of Spain and Africa, whereas in our days lonicerae, in the south of Kurope, is confined to mountains and even there its structure already approaches the trifoliione. It is noteworthy that there is no glacial form, as there is in filipendulae. The utmost stimulants of surroundings for true lonicerae are the warm valleys of the Alps and the Pyrenees, where it is at the stage of giantism; @ further increase of heat and decrease of dampness could evidently not be stood by that point of organic balance, so that southward races have been evolved with new centres approaching more those of trifolii, less sensitive to heat and thus less liable to be over stimulated by it. These geographical variations thus suggest alternate phases of catabolism and anabolism and seem to justify the hypothesis that these species undergo the same process through the effects of changes of climate with time. Possibly the return of a temperate climate, when the height of the Glacial Epoch was over, was a powerful stimulus, which produced changes on a far broader and deeper scale, so that twin species, such as lonicerae and filipendulae then separated, just as now the former tends to separate in subspecies trifolii and lonicerae; a second weaker push in the same direction may have produced the intermediate anyelicae as a catabolic division, restricted at the present day to a limited area, where surroundings resemble those of the epoch which produced it. (To be continued). Elater rufipennis, Stephens, a distinct Species. (Plate 1X.) By H. DONISTHORPH, F.Z.S., F.E.S. - (Continued jrom page 106.) { , 61. “ Synonymical note on Lathrobium atripalpe and L. punctatum, of the British List.” - Ent. Rec. 15. 180 (1903.) 62. “Coleoptera in Pamber Forest.” Hint. Mo. Magy. 39. 205 (1903.) 63. “Coleoptera in Cumberland in June.” Ent. Rec. 15. 262 (1903.) ry 64. “ Epicometis squalida, Scop., at Weymouth.” Kint. Rec, 15. 264 (1908.) 65. “ Aphanisticus emarginatus, F.; a species of Coleoptera new to Britain.” Ent. Rec. 15. 265 (19038.) 66. “ Scymnus limonii, n.sp.—A Species New to Science.” Fint. Rec. 15. 287 (1903.) 67. “ Forficula lesnei, Finot, at Bradfield.” Ent. Rec. 16. 881 (19038.) 68. “ Labia minor, L., in October.” Ent. Rec. 16. 831 (1908.) 69. “ Frederick Bates, F.E.S., ete.’’ Obituary. Ent. Rec. 15. 347-49 (1908.) 88. 89. 90. oh. 92. 93. ELATER RUFIPENNIS A DISTINCT SPECIES. 139 “Ten Years’ Captures of New British Beetles.” Trans. Leicester Lit. Phil, Soc. 8. 1385-43 (1904.) . “The Coleoptera of Cambridgeshire.” British Association Handbook to the Natural History of Cambridgeshire, 155-60 (1904.) . * Cataloque,of British Coleoptera.” (with T. H. Beare.) 51 pages (1904.) . © Omalium septentrionis, Th., in Kent.” Ent. Rec. 16. 149 (1904.) . “ Peritelus yriseus, Ol., in Surrey.” Ent. Rec. 16. 150 (1904.) 5. “Experimental Proof of the Distastefulness, or otherwise, of certain Coleoptera.” Ent. Rec. 16. 150 (1904.) . “ Bembidium adustum and other Coleoptera at Tewkesbury.”’ Fint. Rec. 16. 206 (1904.) . Tachys parvulus, Dj., in the New Forest.” Ent. Rec. 16. 245 (1904.) . “A few notes on Water Beetles in 1904.” Ent, Rec. 16. 245 (1904.) . “Rare or Doubtful British Coleoptera.’ (with T. H. Beare.) Ent. Rec. 16. 289 (1904.) . Otis bilamellatus, Wood, at Shirley.” Ent. Rec. 16. 800 (1904.) . © Derytomus melanophthalmus, Pk.” Ent. Rec. 16. 824 (1904.) . Coleoptera in the New Forest in 1904.” Ent. Rec. 16. 825 (1904.) . **Re-occurrence of Quedins kraatzii in 1904.” Ent. Rec. 17. 18 (1905.) . * Symbiotes latus, at Palmers Green.” Ent. Rec. 17. 18 (1905.) . “ Coleoptera at Market Bosworth.” FKint, Rec. 17. 18 (1905.) . “ Orchestes sparsus, Fabr., in the New Forest.” Ent. Rec. 17. 45 (1905.) . “Remarks on Mr. Newbery’s final Article on some Doubtful or very Rare British Coleoptera.” (with T. H. Beare.) Ent. Rec. 17. 20-22, 42-45 (1905.) ‘“‘Oaypoda sericea, Heer—a Species of Coleoptera New to Britain.” Ent. Rec. 17. 67 (1905.) ‘Coleoptera in the Isle of Wight.” Ent. Rec. 17. 68-70 (1905.) Melanophthalma transversalis, Gyll., a species new to Britain.” Ent. Rec. 17. 103 (1905.) * Nebria gyllenhali, Sch., var. rufescens, Stroem., a British Variety.” ; Ent. Rec. 17. 108 (1905.) “ Ocalea latipennis, Shp., in Surrey.” Ent. Rec. 17. 103 (1905.) “‘ Notes on some interesting captures in a London granary.” Ent. Rec. 17. 106 (1905.) 140 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 94. “The Coleoptera of the Victorian History of the County of Warwick,” by H. W. Ellis. (Review.) Knt. Rec. 17. 165 (1905.) 95. ‘* Gramoptera holomelina, Pool, a good Species.” Ent. Rec. 17. 182 (1905). 96. ‘ The food-plant of Dibolia cynoglossi, Koch.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 44. 256 (1905.) 97. ‘‘ Coleoptera in 1905.” Ent. Rec. 17. 291 (1905.) 98. “ Ptinus latro, F., in London.” Ent. Rec. 17. 333 (1905.) 99. “On a flight of Rhizotroyus solstitialis, L.” Ent. Rec. 17. 833 (1905.) 100. ‘ The Coleoptera of the Isle of Wight.” Trans. Leicester Lit. Phil. Soc. 10. 3-23 (1906.) 101. “ Megacronus formosus, Gr., as British.”’ Ent. Mo. Mag. 42. 40 (1906.) 102. “ Cubocephalus nigriventris, Thoms., parasitic on Tetropium.” Bint. Mo. Mag. 42. 41 (1906.) 103, “ Ptinus pusillus, Stm., a species of Coleoptera new to Britain.” Ent. Rec. 18. 45 (1906.) 104. ** Dromius agilis ab. bimaculatus, Dej., a new ab. to Britain.” Ent. Rec. 18. 75 (1906.) 105. ‘‘ Hydrochus nitidicollis, Muls., a species new to Britain.” Ent. Rec. 18. 183 (1906.) 106. ‘‘ Coleoptera at Yelverton.” Ent. Rec. 18. 134 (1906). 107. ‘‘ Trap for Coleoptera.” Hint. Rec. 18. 186 (1906.) 108. ‘* Donacia obscura in the Norfolk Broads.” Ent. Ree. 18. 214 (1906.) 109. ‘‘ Two excursions to North Wales for Coleoptera.” 3 Ent. Rec. 18. 241 (1906.) 110. *‘ Coleoptera at Woodhay, Newbury.” Ent. Rec. 18. 268 (1906.) 111. Mononychus pseudacori, F., in the Isle of Wight.” Ent. Rec. 18. 824 (1906.) 112. “ Henoticus serratus, Gyll., at Newbury.” Hint. Rec. 18. 825 (1906.) 113. ‘“ Distasteful Carabids.”’ Ent. Rec. 18. 325 (1906.) 114. “ Cis dentatus, Mellié, a species of Coleoptera new to Britain.’ Ent. Rec. 19. 136 (1907.) 115. ‘“‘ Coleoptera in Sherwood Forest.” Ent. Rec. 19. 190 (1907.) 116. “A Fortnight in the Highlands.” Ent. Rec. 19. 229 (1907.) 117. “ Xestophantes brevitarsis and X. potentillae.” Ent. Rec. 19. 260 (1907.) 118. ‘‘ Cephalonomia formiciformis.” Ent. Rec. 19. 260 (1907.) 119. “ Ocypus cyaneus, Payk., in Scotland.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 48. 275 (1907.) 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. ELATER RUFIPENNIS A DISTINCT SPECIES. 141 “Coleoptera at Deal and St. Margarets Bay durin August and September, 1907.” (with T. H. Beare.) Ent. Rec. 19. 292 (1907.) “Coleoptera in the Handbook of Richmond Park.” pp. 39-41 (1908). “ Bruchus afinis, Frohl., a British Insect.”’ Ent. Mo. Mag. 44. 40 (1908.) “ Anisotoma brunnea, Stm., from the Isle of Wight.” Ent. Mo. May. 44. 60 (1908.) « Xantholinus distans, Rey., near Dumfries.” Ent. Rec. 20. 184 (1908.) « Hydrobius fuscipes, L., ab. chalconatus, Steph., at Tottenham.” Ent. Rec. 20. 184 (1908.) “Two New Localities for Bledius femoralis, Gyll.” Ent. Rec. 20. 185 (1908.) «Coleoptera at Kew.” Bull. R. Bot. Gard., Kew, 3. 119-21 (1908). “A few Notes on Cryptocephali.” Ent. Rec., 20. 208 (1908.) « Rhytidosomus ylobulus, Hbst., at Darenth.”’ Ent. Rec. 20. 215 (1908). “ Notozus panzert, F., in Sherwood Forest.” Ent. Rec. 20. 215 (1908). “Coleoptera, etc., in the Isle of Wight.” Ent. Rec. 20. 229 (1908.) “ Agrilus biguttatus, F., etc., in Sherwood Forest.” Ent. Rec. 20. 287 (1908). «A few additions to the Coleoptera of the Isle of Wight.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 44. 255 (1908.) “ Olophrum assimile, Pk., an addition to the British List.” Ent. Rec. 20. 255 (1908.) “ Clambus punctulum, Beck, a British Species.”’ Ent. Rec. 20. 293 (1908.) ‘«« Supplement to the Coleoptera of the Isle of Wight.” Morey’s Guide to the Natural History of the Isle of Wight, pp- 387-394 (1909.) “ Trichopteryx intermedia, Gillm., var. thomsoni, F. B. Ericson ; a British Species.” Ent. Rec. 24. 58 (1909). ‘A Coleopteron New to Science—Anaspis hudsoni, nov. spec.” Ent. Rec. 24. 60 (1909.) « Adrastus limbatus of British Collections.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 45. 110 (1909.) “ Coccinella 10-punctata, L., ab. confluens, Haworth, at Darenth.” Ent. Rec. 24. 136 (1909.) “On Breeding Phytodecta pallida, L., from the larva.” Ent. Rec. 24. 208 (1909.) “ Troygophloeus subtilis, Kr., in Durham.” Ent. Ree. 24. 231 (1909.) ** Wicken Fen re-visited.”’ Ent. Rec. 24. 281 (1909.) ‘*The Genus Apion.” Ent. Rec. 21. 281 (1909.) 142 THK WNTOMOLOGIST’S RBOCORD, 145. ' Chaetocnema arida, Foud., a species of Coleoptera new to Britain.” Ent. Ree, 24. 259 (1909.) 146, “Collecting in the Isle cf Wight with some additions to the Fauna,” Hint. Ree, 24. 272 (1909.) 147. “ Further additions to the Isle of Wight list of Coleoptera.’ EM’nt. Mo. Mag. 46, 82 (1910.) 148. “ Ptinella britannica, Matt., in a Mole’s Nest.” Kint, Rec, 22. 116 (1910.) 149. ‘ Recording Coleoptera.” Kint. Rec. 22. 116 (1910.) 160. * A Note on T'ychtius haematopus, Gyll., ete.” Mnt. Mo, Mag. 46. 118 (1910.) 151. ‘A suggestion for future records of Coleoptera.” int. Mo, May. 46. 118 (1910.) 152. “ Olophrum nicholsoni, n.s., a species of Coleoptera new to Science.” KMnt. Rec, 22. 189 (1910.) 158. “ Coleoptera at Braemar in June.” Knt. Ree, 22. 202 (1910.) 154. * The First International Congress of Entomology at Brussels.” K'nt. Rec, 22. 228 (1910.) (T'o be continued.) SScIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. A Nore on tan Generics or GramMmesia tRiakRAMMICA.—In June, 1924, Mr. H. Worsley Wood sent me a large number of very young larvae of Grammesia trigrammica, the offspring of an extremely fine melanic female, var. obscura, Tutt, taken at Polegate. After feeding continuously for six months the survivors pupated and thirteen speci- mens emerged. ‘Twelve were quite typical pale ones and one had a darker ground colour. HKyen this dark specimen must be regarded as a modification of the type, and differed much from the lightest obscura, We had expected that about half would be melanic, thinking that the melanic form of this species would prove to be a dominant like the melanie forms of T'riphaena comes, and that the female parent would be heterozygous. ‘The number bred is small, but sufficient to make it highly probable that var. obscura is a simple recessive to the type.— li. A, Cockayne (M.D., M.A.), 116, Westbourne Terrace, W. 2. In the Zeit. f. wiss. Ins.-biol. for June, 'T. Ksaki contributes an article summarising the observations of various writers, Wallace, Skertchley, Dean, ete., on the mimicry shown by the Aallima-species. He quotes Dean’s remark, ‘* The fact that a butterfly looks strikingly like a given dead leaf, is no adequate proof that it was evolved in mimicry—it must be proven a mimic in all details,” Sevence XVI, 882, ete., 1902. The writer then gives a series of personal and quoted field observations on the habit of the Aallima-species, with the remark- able dead leat-like undersides, of settling among the bright green-leaf foliage of various shrubs, and not necessarily in close proximity to the dead fungus spangled leaves, which they so much resemble below. NOLES ON COLLECTING, 148 This article would seem to suggest that the resemblance was a case of “mimicry out-mimicked.” It does not seem that the Kallinia is any the less protected by its habit of sitting among the bright fresh foliage and being thus conspicuous by its dead leaf appearance, The wealth of tropical vegetation would necessarily produce a large quota of dead leaves with which pursuers would be more or less familiar. ‘The rapid flight, and sudden pitch of the Kallima, changing the brilliant flash-like appearance in flight to a motionless dead-leaf appearance, would be quite sufficient to give adequate protection,—Hy.J.1. moles PON, "CODpDEOTING., “ete: Spaww.—Hnt. Record, XJV. 70, etc: XV. 86, ete: XVI. 85, ete., June: XXI. 84, etc., June-July: XXV. 38, etc., July; XXII. 26%, etc., May. H.M. M., XXXII. 11, June: XXXIX. 64, Oct: Knt., LVI. 6%, ete. Anpa.usia.— Ent. Record, XXV. 220, March. Mnt. XXXV, 228. Avparsacin.— Mant. Record, XXVIII. 178. Mnt. XLII. 4, July- August: XLV. 110, July-August: XLVI. 283, ete., May-June. Axenomas.—lMnt., XLI. 218, April. Barcenona.—I/nt., XX XVIII. 250, May-June: XLI. 801, April. Cintra,—lMnt. Record, XXII. 158, April. Cunnoa.—Munt. Record, XXV. 35, August. La Gransa.— nt. Record, XXI. 84, ete., June-July: XXV. 38, July: 278, June: XXXIV. 66. Gisravrar.—lMnt. Record, XXIII. 261, April: XXIV, 172: KH. M. M., XXIV. 175, ete.: XLIX. 117, etc.: Hnt., XVI. 240, ete.: XL. 214, ete. Granapa.—lHnt. Record, XXV. 228, March. /nt., XXII. 160, etc. Pasanus.——HMnt. Record, XXVIL. 121., July-August. Ronpa.— nt. Record, XXV. 2238, April.—H. J. T. CocoinwiLipar any Vesuvius.—In the issue of The Times of August Y1st, 1925, is an interesting account of a descent into the crater of Vesuvius, by a correspondent, who records the presence of Ladybirds in this unpleasantly warm spot, After reaching the bottom and traversing the first zone of lava (two years old), the correspondent reached the second zone of lava (eight months old), still warm to the touch, where ‘ wicked-looking vents breathe out hot air, and offered a dry stick or some paper, lick it up greedily in fire.” Progressing inwards he finds cakes of lava ejected but the day before, and adds: « There is life even in this burnt place. Dozens of red ladybirds close their pretty shell-like wings and settle upon the party as if glad of company ; nor is it easy to shake them off. But no other living forms are visible in the scene of desolation. The incandescent vapour foam- ing now overhead, bas turned a glorious orange that fills the heart with joy.” It may have the same effect on Ladybirds, but this crater seems to be an unpleasantly warm spot for a joy-ride. Such a torri place does not appear to offer much attraction to a Coccinellid.—G. C. Leman, F.E.S. Arsouna mixta IN Pecxnam.—lI feel gure it will interest some of your readers to know that I have taken a male specimen of Aeschna 144 THK ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. mixta in a Peckham garden. The specimen was caught by my wife on August 15th, as she thought it was a different dragonfly to any in my collection. I verified the name from British Dragonflies, by W. J. Lucas, to make sure it was not an immature specimen of Aeschna cyanea.—Brrnarp 0, Coca, 2, Allenby Road, Forest Hill, 5.1K. 28, September 9th, 1925. {URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at ‘ Hodeslea,” EKastbourne, on September 19th, 1925, by the invitation of Mr. Robert Adkin. 'The members present were:—Messrs. Robert Adkin, Horace Donisthorpe, H. Willoughby-Kllis, James HE. Collin, and W. J. Kaye. The visitors—Dr. S. A. Neave, Messrs. T. H. L. Grosvenor, H. J. Turner, A. KH. Tonge, Edward Step, A. L. Rayward, I’. Playwright, and Kk. A. Adkin. Apologies for absence were received from Professor Poulton and Dr. Harry Eltringham (members of the Club). The guests were received in the morning by Mr. and Mrs. Adkin, and luncheon was provided, after which an entomological excursion was made to ‘lhe Downs and Beachy Head. In the afternoon a meeting of the HMntomological Club was held, Mr. Robert Adkin in the chair, and supper was served at 630. Mr. Robert Adkin’s fine collection of Lepidoptera and comprehensive Library of scientific books were in- spected with very great interest. A number of the guests returned to London by the evening train, but those who were able to accept the hospitality of the Host and Hostess remained at ‘“ Hodeslea’’ for the week end. On Sunday an Entomological excursion was organised to Abbot's Wood, and notwithstanding the somewhat inclement weather some good species of Coleoprera were captured. The remaining guests returned to London by the early train on Monday morning, after a most successful and enjoyable meeting. —H.W.EH. sy error, the July number of this magazine was numbered 6-7, instead of 7-8. The June number was 6, and the September number 9. In No. 18, Vol. IL., of our contemporary L’ Amateny de Papillons, P. Chetien writes a very delightful article ‘La Legende de Graellsia (Saturnia) isabellae,” the history of the very striking Saturniid, which has quite recently been discovered in France, when hitherto it had only been taken in restricted areas in Spain, whence we have a series collected by the late Dr. Chapman. In the Zeit. f. wiss. Ins.-biol., for the present year, Dr. M. Hering of the Berlin Zoological Museum, has a series of articles on the mines, made by inseets of various orders in the leaves of trees or herbs. ‘I'he same author has a long ‘ Contribution to the knowledge of the Zygaenidae”’ (sens. lat.) in the August issue of Jris in continuation of his previous articles in the Deut. Hnt. Zeit... and in the Arch. f. Naturgesch,, 1922. Parts I.-I1. of the Trans. Mut. Soc. Lond. have recently been issued and contain, as usual, a valuable contribution of original work, of 840 pages and 16 pages of proceedings with 45 plates illustrating the 12 papers printed. ‘len papers deal with Lepidoptera, one with Rhynchota and one with insects in general. Dr. Eltringham contributes five papers dealing with various more or less obscure organs in the Lepidop- tera, Abdominal Brushes in Noctuids, Abdominal Glands in Heliconius, OURRUNT NOTES. 145 Ocelli in P. yanima, ete. Mr, Bethune-Baker treats of the Scent-sacs in [thodogastria (Arctiinae), Major P,. P, Graves gives an excellent critical account of the Rhopalocera of Palestine based upon his own long personal acquaintance of the fauna of the Mastern Mediterranean area. ‘I'his paper has a coloured plate of new forms. Capt. Riley has a Revision of the genus Artitropa (Hesperiidae). Mr. Li. B. Prout describes a number of new Geometridae from Madagasear. We have received several publications either edited or written by T. Bainbrigge Fletcher the Imperial Kntomologist of Pusa, India. 4 parts of the great Catalogue of Indian Insects, pt. 6, Staphylinidae, by Malcolm Cameron, pt. 7, Lasiocampidae, pt. 8, Amatidae (Syntomidae), pt. 9, Zyyaenidae, all by 'T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, and the Leport of the hifth Entomological Meeting, held at Pusa in 1928, a volume of over 400 pages and 87 plates, several of which are coloured, Sixty-one of the papers read are printed with summaries of the discussions. One of the most interesting papers is that by Y. R. Rao describing and figuring an extraordinary adjunct of the genitalia of certain Anthomyiid flies of the genus Atheriyona (Rice-flies), consisting of a very peculiar bristle with a trifoliate tip, which the male flourishes before the face of the female in paying court to her. The Depart. Agric. India bas issued as a Memoir (VIII. 12), a 40 page pamphlet dealing with the “Nim” Mealy Scale (Pulvinaria maxima), a devatating pest on the commonest shade tree of the country. There is one coloured and four other plates with numerous test figures. ' The London Naturalist appears this year with a minimum of Entomology, and that only incidentally in a “ Retrospect’’ of the first secretary of the Society some 60 years ago. The fifty-fith Ann. Rep. of the Knt. Soc. of Ontario, for 1924, is somewhat smaller than usual. It contains Reports of the Branches, Reports on the Insects of the Year, and some twenty of the thirty-one papers read at the annual meeting beld on November 27th and 28th, 1925. [Illustrations are confined to one article. ~The Report of the Hayling Island Mosquito Control has recently come to hand. It is w very useful account of the ordinary mosquitoes and of the work of the Control. The Hon. Director and the moving spirit of the Establishment is Mr. J. T. Marshall, M.A., F.E.S. We note that M. Lbomme, the Kditor of the French Entomological Journal L’ Amateur de Papillon, has been awarded the Constant prize by the Entomological Society of Irance for his work, the Catalogue des Lepidopteres de F'rance, which is being issued as a supplement to that journal. We offer him our sincere congratulations. The Societé Kntomologica Italiana since its removal to Genoa seems to have been quite resuscitated from its almost collapse of a few years ago. It now regularly issues its Dollettino and its Memoires ; the former giving an account of the proceedings at the ordinary meetings and the latter containing special monographs of insect groups, or faunistic papers of more than local interest. The Entomological News for July contains a coloured plate of several new aberrant forms of Rhopalocera of the United States, including an almost wholly black form of Papilio eurymedon, a Junonia cocnia lack- ing the ‘‘eye”’ of the fore-wing, Pieris napi with the spot on the fore- wing much enlarged and produced, etc. ‘Can Insects survive Freezing,’ is an interesting article in the 146 THR WNLOMOLOGIST’S RWOORD, Can. Ent. for July. The question is answered thus: ‘‘ Not all insects can endure freezing, nor can insects withstand it throughout the year, but in certain groups normally exposed to low temperature, there are insects that can freeze without dying.” The Can. Hnt. for August has an article on “ Entomology in the Fables of John Gay,” and reproduces the four fables in extenso in verse, “lhe Lady and the Wasp,” “The Butterfly and the Snail,” “The Turkey and the Ant” and “The Man and the Flea,” The Bull. Soc. Hnt. Belg. for June contains an obituary of Prof. Dr, Carlo Emery, the great Italian myrmecologist, by Dr. A. Forel. sSsOcIETIES. Tas Sourn Lonpnon Envomonoaicat Sooty. February 26th, 1925.—Mr, T’. H. L. Grosvenor, F.1.8., President, in the chair. Mr. Walter Dannatt, Guibal Road, Burnt Ash, 8.l., was elected a member. There was an exhibition of lantern slides by Messrs. W. J. Lucas, A. E. Tonge, A. Glegg, and A. W. Dennis. March 12th.—The President in the chair. Mr. A. A. W. Buekstone exhibited a remarkable Xanthorhoé jluctuata from Herne Bay, very uniformly mottled, the pattern being much suppressed. Mr. Hy. J. Turner, Zyyaena fausta race junceae from Vernet, and 4. hilaris race felix from Tripoli; Papilio thoas race braziliensts, the sexually dimorphie P’. heetorides, and the tailless P. polystichus from Mr. Lindeman at Rio; and several Noctuidae from Tripoli, Mr. 'T. H. L. Grosvenor, polymorphic females of Papilio polytes and P. mennon and the artstolochia-Papilios they mimic, with the rare Pymayo. Mr. Ki. J. Bunnett, stems of cow-parsley showing pupal chamber of Depressaria heracleana; the very local Cis bilamellatus ; and partial life-histories of Cionus~ scrophulariae and Saperda populnea, with a social chamber of an Anaphe sp. Mr. Dannatt, //eliothis peltivera taken in a house at Blackheath ; a silvery form of Plusia chrysitis from Wicken ; Pyramets trammeana from Hawaii, and pupal chambers of Dicranura bicuspis. Mr. Hawkins, a series of Amorpha populi including gynandromorphs, asymmetrical forms, ab. pallida, ete. One larva underwent four moults, the rest three. Mr. R. Adkin, some artificially produced aberrations of butterflies, Melitaea aurinia, Pyrameis atalanta and Vanessa to. REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. Reeorr or tae Sxconp Impertmant HMnromonogicaAL CONFERENCE Jung, 1925. (published by H.M. Stationery Office, price 9d.).—This Report is well worth perusal by all entomologists, who take an interest REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS, 147 in the economic side of Entomology. In addition to the leading economic entomologists of this country, twenty-one official delegates from various parts of the Empire were present, and at a number of meetings held from June 9th to 18th, a wide range of subjects dealing with different aspects of economic entomology were discussed. ‘The papers read and subsequent discussions are summarised in Appendix IJ. of the Report. At the final meeting a series of nineteen resolutions were passed (pp. 12-16). Three of these, Nos. 4, 17, and 18, are specially noted in the covering letter sent by Earl Buxton, the Chairman of the Conference, to the Secretary of State for the Colonies. No, 4 recom- mended that large planting companies and groups of farmers should be encouraged to engage permanent entomologists in their own employment. It had been brought out in the paper and discussion on “The Aims and Organisatiou of Economic Entomology” (p. 16), that the Government officials are apt to be called in too late, when pests are well established, and also that advice given free of charge was often apt to be disregarded. Resolution No. 17, dealt with the 'T’se-tse- fly problem, and urged that action should be taken on the lines contemplated in the recent Report of the Kast African Commission. Resolution No. 18, while thanking the Entomological Staff of the British Museum (Natural History), drew attention to the paucity of the permanent staff and the overcrowded state of the available accom- modation at the Museum. ‘This last resolution will be readily endorsed by other entomologists, but it is to be observed that in his letter of acknowledgment, while the Colonial Secretary is ‘‘in complete agree- ment”’’ with resolution No. 4, and ‘hopes to avail himself” of resolution No. 17, he is only able to “ take note of’ resolution No, 18. Among the remaining resolutions, No. 8 urges the desirability of periodical meetings of entomological and other scientific workers in each of the Dominions and Colonies; and No. 1 records the appreci- ation of the Conference of the working of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, concerning which a most interesting memorandum by the Director (Dr. Marshall) is to be found in Appendix Ia. This institution and its work is practically unknown to the general public, and not nearly as well known as it should be among entomologists, It was established in 1913 with the object of collecting and disseminating information with regard to injurious insects and it has more than justified its existence, although severely hampered in its early operations by the Great War. It has three objects (a) The publication of information regarding insect pests. (b) The identification and distribution of collections of pests. (c) The breeding and dispersal of beneficial parasites. In regard to the first of these objects the Bureau issues a monthly Review of Applied Entomology in two series: A dealing with insects injurious to plants, and B dealing with insects harmful to man and domestic animals. These reviews contain abstracts of articles collected from periodicals in various languages from all parts of the world. In 1918—its first year—1087 abstracts were published and in 1924 no - less than 2471‘: the average for the last five years being 2309 involv- 148 THK KNLOMOLOGIST S RECORD. ing the searching of about 1200 periodicals. The Bureau also publishes an illustrated quarterly The Bulletin of Entomological Re- search dealing with technical and taxonomical papers on economic entomology. ‘These publications are published at 12/- 5/- and 15/- per annum respectively. The Bureau has also undertaken the publication of the ‘ Insecta” part of the Zoological Record and has practically cleared off the arrears that had occurred since the death of the late Dr. Sharp. In this connection it is proposed as an experiment to publish a certain number of copies in sections so that systematists can obtain the part bearing on their particular order without going to the expense of the whole volume. For other publications I would refer readers to the Report Appendix ‘la, and would only add that the Bureau has a valuable and extensive library of reference and other works at its offices, 41, Queen’s Gate. The second object of the Bureau, viz., the identification of insects, has grown in like manner, ‘‘ during the last five years very nearly a quarter of a million insects have passed through the hands of the staff ‘ compared with the previous five years the material received has nearly doubled and the identifications issued have considerably more than doubled’’ (Report p. 19). Named specimens of blood- sucking and other insects of economic importance have been distributed among some forty scientific institutions at home and overseas, and some 67,000 specimens including types of 9038 species new to science presented to the British Museum (Nat. History), where this section of the Bureau is housed. The third branch of the Bureau’s activities, the export of beneficial parasites, is of later birth than the others, but a certain amount of work has been done and is noted in the director’s memor- andum (p. 20 of the Report). Here, however, the question of expense comes in, and a big advance in this direction would involve a larger outlay than can be afforded on the present estimates, for all the work of the Bureau is carried out on the modest sum—for these days —of £18,000 per annum. This is made up from contributions of varying amounts from the Dominions and Colonies, in curiously uneven proportions, judging from the table given on p.21. The Imperial Government gives £1000 as its share, which may be compared with the “large sums amounting to about half a million sterling, placed at the disposal of the United States Bureau of Entomology ”’ (Report p. 11). The above brief summary may help to give some idea of the work of the Bureau, described by the chairman of the Conference as “a clearing house, through which may be made known to all those engaged in entomology, the results of work in this subject, which is being carried out in other parts of the world, and, further, as a central institution to which entomologists may send insects for identification, and to which they can look for advice and assistance in dealing with their problems.” (Report p. 4).—H.W.A. Subscriptions for Vol. XXXVII. (new series), 10 shillings, should be sent to Mr. H. W. Andrews, Hon. Treasurer, ** Woodside,’’ Victoria Road, Eltham, S.E. 9. Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers’ magazines should still be notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, 8.E. 14. Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. W. ANDREWS ‘* Woodside,” Victoria Road Eltham, $..9. 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Pether, “Thelma,” 4, Willow Bridge Road, London, N.1. : Duplicates.—Several hundred species of Coleoptera (carded) from Hants and Dorset, including ceveral rare species from the New Forest, etc. Desiderata.— Scarce and local British Coleoptera (carded).—A. Ford, 42, Irving Road, Bournemouth, Hants. i ee ee MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen's Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7. 8 p.m. October 21st, November 4th, 18th. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia ‘Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. September 24th, Exhibition of Orders other than Lepidoptera. October 22nd, Exhibits. November 12th, W. J. Lucas, B.A., ‘‘ The Orders of British Insects.’’? (Lantern.)—Hon. 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Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AuTHOR defrays the cost of the illustrations. vote, CONTENTS. | A new Hybrid, furcula- bicuspis, Col. W. Bowater, F.E.S. (one plt.) ae «- =: 188 Description of a new species of Lithocolletis, L. joannisella, the late Lor Walsingham (J. H. Durrant).. 55 ae ne ae 53 a -. 134 135 — 53 a ; 138 Screntiric Norrs:—A note on the Genetics of G. trigrammica, Dr. E. A. Cockayne, M.A.; Mimicry by Kallima species, HyJ.T. Kis ere ee a Notes on Connecting :—Spain, Hy.J.T.; Coccinnellidae and Vesuvius, G. C. ae. Leman, F.E.S.; Aeschna mixta in Peckham, B. C. Coggin. .. a Bee Sil. 8: Current Norges anp SHorr Noricrs Remarks on the Evolution of the Zygaenae, Roger Verity, M.D. Elater rufipennis, ete., H. Donisthorpe, F.E.S... 142 — “56, St ae Ms Se ae ssiqenol 4) Societies :—The South London Entomological Society. Ae 146 Review :—Report of the Second Imperial Entomological Conference, H. W. 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W. NEWMAN [Kent Has largest stock of fine set insects, Ova, Larvae and Pupae in Britain, write for Price Lists. Newman’s Relaxing Tins are now 3s. small, 5s. large. Refills 2s. end 3s. All post free. Notice is herebv given to all Entomolo- gists that I have returned to Rennes to — continue the Sale of this Collection. M. C. Hofer, Rennes, Imprimerie Oberthiir, France. HIPPODAMIA. VARIEGATA AND ITS ABBRRATIONS. 149 Hippodamia variegata, Goeze, and its aberrations. By G. B. CG. LEMAN, F.E.S. 1. With reference to my ab. seutellopunctata, (formula: 4) de- scribed in Mint. Iec., XXXIV, No. 2, p. 25 (1922), my friend Mons. Lestage has drawn my attention to a similar aberration described by Dr. G. Della Beffa in 1913 under the name ab. seutellaris, and as this latter has priority, my name sinks as a synonym I have, only after much difficulty and through the courtesy of Dr. G. Della Beffa, obtained a copy of his work (with plates), “ Revisione dei Coccinellidi Italiani, Parte prima. Epilachninae—Coccinellinae,” published in separata form in 1913, in which his ab. scutellaris is figured on PI. II., fig. 86. 2. ab. beffae, n.ab. _ This aberration. included by Dr. G. Della Beffa in his group of var. abbreviata, Ws., has the formula of : 1, 3+4, 4+5, 6. It combines the two separate confluences found in ab. abbreviata, Ws. (1,8, 4+ 5, 6, 4) and ab. donisthorpei, Leman (1, 344, 4, 5, 6). It may be noted that ab. abbreviata, Ws, (B-T. 1879), has the distinct formula 1, 8, 4+-5, 6, 4. I have named this aberration after Dr. G. Della Beffa, as a slight acknowledgment of his great work on Italian Coccinellids. 8. ab. lestayei, nov. nom. I find the name of ab. trianyularis given by me to the aberration with formula of 1, 2, 3+4, ad 2 (in irregular blotch) in Hut. Rec., XXXVI; No. 1, p. 12 (1924) is also pre-occupied by Dr. G. Della Beffa for his aberration with formula 1, 2, 3, 44+5-+6 (inirregular blotch), 4. Ihave therefore given my aberration the above new name after my friend, Mon. Lestage, whose work on Belgian Coccinellids is well known. Ab. triangularis, Beffa, appears to be, however, a synonym of ab. turemenica, Zoubk. 4. Dr. G. Della Beffa in his same work describes the following four new aberrations, and as his work does not appear to be readily obtain- able, it may be of interest to quote them here briefly :— (a) ab, rayusae, Beffa. Formula—2, 4, 6, 4. (b) var. 8-punctata, Beffa. Formula—1, 4465, 6. (c) ab. piedmontana, Beffa. Formula— 2, 3, 4, 6, 4. (d) ab. portae, Beffa. Formula—(1+3- 45) +( (24+3-+4), 4 5. Dr. G. Della Beffa has also kindly sent me his asked on “ Anomalie cromatiche osservate nello studio dei Coccinellidi” (24 figures), originally published in 1914 in the Rivista Coleotterologica Italiana, Anno XII, N. 8-12, which includes descriptions and figures (2-4) of three abnormal specimens of this species. Fig, 2 shows on left elytra an additional spot near the suture between spots 5 and 6. Otherwise this specimen conforms to formula of ab, similis, Sehr. (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 4). Fig. 3 shows on both elytron an additional spot near the margin a little brighter than spot 5. Otherwise this specimen also conforms to the formula of ab. similis, Schr. Tig. 4 shows again on the left elytra only an additional spot near the suture just below where the 4 spot would be if same were present, Otherwise this specimen conforms to the formula of ab. 6-punetata. Fabr. (4, 5, 6). Novemper 15rn, 1925. 150 THE ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. fhe yellow-spotted P. apollo from the Sierra Nevada, Spain. By ORAZIO QUERCI. Some time after the military disaster of Caporetto, Dr. Romei, who had remained longer at the front in the protection of the retreat of the Italian army, returned to Florence and came to pay a visit to my family. Volume VIII. of Oberthir’s Etudes de Lénidopterologie com- parée was on my table, and Dr. Romei, while speaking with me about the war, observed the figure of Parnassius apollo race nevadensis. At that time he knew nothing of entomology, and I related to him that the nevadensis was an interesting butterfly, which for many years no collector had been able to get again. Very few, and not perfect, speci- mens were in the collections, so that none might say surely if the apollo from the Sierra Nevada is either yellow or red. Dr. Romei told me that he would be pleased to solve the question, and J replied: ‘‘My boy, when we have won the war you shall go to Sierra Nevada to collect the apollo.” Italy won the war but, as a trip to Andalusia is not an easy task, we have been obliged to wait for seven years to carry out our purpose. In February, 1925, Dr. Romei went to Northern Africa with my daughter; the two young people made a nice collection from all over Tripolitania, and returned home in May. My son-in-law had decided to go to Andalusia, at any rate; he left Italy at once because he feared to arrive in Southern Spain too late in the season. Dr. Romei arrived at Granada on May 15th, and he began to work out the toilsome paths of the Sierra Nevada to discover a spot where one might presume to find the apollo. From Granada he went to Guejar Sierra, Jerez, Aldeire, Cadiar, Orgiva, Trevelez ; several times he reached 8000ft.-9000ft., as in Puerto del Lobo, Oreajo de Treve- lez and at the sources of the Rio Guadix and Rio Trevelez. The season was so cold and damp that my son-in-law was always obliged to carry his mantle and waterproof, because almost every day he was cayght by a storm. During the first month the collecting was discouraging; no more than three or four lepidoptera were seen daily, the rain often prevented . Dr. Romei from going into the country. Notwithstanding the adverse conditions my son-in-law would not renounce his enterprise and, at last, on June 27th, 1925, he saw on the wing the first individual of P, apollo. The spot where the apollo is living is a desolate land very far from any village; not even a shrub is on the ground, only some poor stems of grass and a few plants of Sedum lived amongst the white stones. Dr. Romei although living in a dirty hut on the high mountain was obliged to walk three hours every day to arrive at the spot. Owing to the cloudy sky and the strong wind, the capture of the apollo was an easy matter from June 27th to July 4th ; after this time, until July 10th, the sky was cloudless, and it was so hot that my son- in-law, although accustomed to the African “ ghibli,” was scorched by the sun. The apollo from the Sierra Nevada differs from all the other races of the same species by the colour of the ocelli, which is always yellow- orange; not even one red specimen is in our long series. The males having some yellow spots on the forewings, as in the pseudonomion- ae MISCELLANEOUS NOTES FROM ARGENTINA. 151 like form, are very rare. Some males are like the Oberthtir’s type, which I have handled at Vernet-les-Bains, when, last July, I paid a visit to Mr. René Oberthiir} some other males have the antemarginal row of black crescents much more marked and the white pupils of the ocelli are smaller than in the type form. I think that the female of this race of apollo was till now quite unknown ; it is very variable, and in our series of females we have observed many individuals having some yellow spots also on the fore- wings; the hindwings are still more variable, because the ocelli and anal spots are often largely suffused with yellow-orange colour. On the whole the female sex is very dark. The region of the Sierra Nevada, where Dr. Romei collected this year from May 15th to July 11th, bas a very poor fauna; Dr. Romei remained there to catch because the clever Spanish botanist, Dr. Fount Quer, had found there a quite peculiar flora and many botanical novelties. Not only the Rhopalocera but also the Heterocera have been scarce in that country ; my son-in-law was collecting every night by lamplight, but the nocturnal captures have not been successful. At any rate we have till now neither set nor studied our Andalusian Lepidoptera, and we cannot say whether, besides the apollo, we have in our stock many other interesting things. Miscellaneous Notes from Argentina. I. By KENNETH J. HAYWARD, F.E.S. The object of these notes is to record from time to time any obser- vations that have been made bearing on. the insect fauna of South America, especially that part comprising Northern Argentina to the Kast. The notes are as stated in the title, miscellaneous notes and nothing more. ‘They are simply an attempt to bring together in one place, and without undue delay, notes that would otherwise be seattered, if indeed ever published. The writer is one whose time and opportunities are limited, but whose work has again taken him into the backwoods of the world, in a place where every insect is a potential new species, and even the commonest are of interest. Having introduced these notes one cannot now do better than intro- duce the locality they will cover in the main, the Argentine Chaco. Geographically this area is partly in the northern territory of the Province of Santa Ié and partly the southern portion of the Chaco proper, but to the Argentine all is “ Kl Chaco.” There is no natural division and no outstanding natural feature, other than the Rio Parana, that forms the Hastern boundary and separates these provinces from ‘Corrientes. Civilization has scarce penetrated, and the few colonies that have grown up round the tannin factories, and in the few small tracts of agricultural land, are little else than villages. Of these four or five will figure constantly in these notes. [ew maps will show them, and it may be of interest to give the reader an idea of their posi- tion. Commencing with Villa Ana—the writer’s present home— located approximately 28°30’ S. Lat. 59°35’ West, we have to the north some 35 kilometres a larger town, Villa Guillermina, 30 kilometres to the south-east Tartagal, and about 110 kilometres further south la 152 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Gallareta and the now abandoned Santa Felicia. The first four of these are tannin factories of the Forestal Company. This Company has also two large estancias, one just north of La Gallareta, and the other, an area approximately 480,000 acres, at La Aurora, to the north- east of Villa Guillermina. There is a small village known as Ocampo, about 25 kilometres east, and to the north of this the villages of San Antonio and Las Toscas, all centres.of cultivated land. The area is served by the Ferro-Carril de Santa Fé, and there are a few small towns along its route, and one giant amongst the pygmies in Vera, a town in the neighbourhood of La Gallareta. Of the remaining places that are likely to be mentioned few will be other than temporary wood cutting stations, or loading points. The land itself is absolutely flat. There are naturally differences in levels, but they are so small and so gradual — that they escape one’s notice. The soil is heavy and for the most part. clayey, and without one particle of stone deposit. At about 20 feet there is a substratum of sand, and one encounters back filtration from the Rio Parana. The soil I speak of here is that of the forests and I cannot say anything of the soil around the agricultural districts, as of this 1 have no experience. After rain, water lies on the surface for long periods and the forests are in places transformed into little better than swamps. The forest area may be roughly divided up into three types. [Firstly the canadas and esterros, low lying tracts containing lakes or.river beds, dry or wet according to the time that has elapsed since the last rain, covered with coarse grass or reeds, difficult and un- pleasant to traverse on foot when dry, and impossible when wet, and not of great interest entomologically, but of the greatest to any orni- thologist, harbouring as they do a more wonderful collection of bird life than it has ever been my luck to previously encounter. Secondly, the forest proper. And lastly, the forest edges, in which one must include the forest glades and the rough grazing areas around the villages. This last area is for the most part covered with coarse grasses and weeds that from March till September wear a garb of brown, and awaking with the spring rains burst into flower about November, and from then till the end of February are a blaze of every colour, and swarm with insect life. The forest proper is in its virginity, dense with the undergrowth of ages; but in the nearer parts, where the quebracho tree has been cleared and carted to the factories to extract the tannin, there are numerous tracks large and small, and much of the undergrowth has been burnt or cut away. None of the trees are large as forest trees go, the forest edge reminding one strongly of the outskirts of the New Forest. It was my intention to give a list of the forest trees, but now that I have reached the point where it is necessary to do so I realise its im- possibility in such notes as these. The list that lies before me contains the local names of no less than 125 trees, and this list includes only those that are useful for their woods. There are many hundreds of smaller bushes, and it is on these that the greater number of larvae will be found to feed. Most of the trees are hardwoods, and Jet it suffice to mention only those that are commonest. Everywhere one sees quebracho colorado (Schinopsis lorentzii, Engl.), quebracho blanco (Aspidosperma quebracho, Schlecht), Urunday (A. astroutum, Esp.), Ibira- pita (Peltophonum vogelianum, Benth.), Algarrobo blanco (Prosopis alba, Gr.), Algarrobo macha (P. prosopis, Kunt.), Cedro (Cedrela fesilas, ) ee MISCELLANEOUS NOTES FROM ARGENTINA. 1538 Espinillo blanco (Acacia aroma), Espina corona (Gleditschia amorphoides), Guayacan negro, and blanco (Leguminosae), and the fruit-bearing yellow and white laurel (L. hediondo and C. preta), Nangapirt (A. pitanga). A few of the pink flowered Lapacho (7. florescens, Benth.), worth travelling far to see when in flower in late August. In the open plains the useless but shade giving Ombu (Phytolacca dioica, L.), and many species of Acacia. Most of the trees and bushes are spine-bearing, and the life of a net is short, to say nothing of the joys of chasing a coveted specimen through such undergrowth. One of the commonest bushes in the immediate neighbourhood of Villa Ana is a Ramnacia, Coronillo (Scutia buvifolia, Reiss.). A larva which I have not at the moment identified strips large quantities of the bush twice yearly. Amongst the cultivated trees are a few species of Conifers, and one or two im- ported English Oaks, the usual fruit trees and vines, and all the village streets are lined with Paraiso (Melia azadirachta, L.), a tree remini- scent of the East, whence it has been imported in large quantities. A speciesof Palm that I do not identify is found commonly round Tarta- gal and Golondrina, and locally elsewhere, anf the gardens contain several species of ornamental palms. In writing this note on the trees I would add that my source of information for the generic and specific names has been limited to certain notes, for the reliability of which I cannot vouch. Of the land and water flowers and grasses I will say nothing here. Their name is legion, and they must prove their entomological value before we can bother about them. Many are probably still unnamed, and without the possibilities of reference to works on Argentine flora, and such books are few, I have many times to put ‘ unknown”’ to the food-plant of an insect and await with patience the day I can clear up the mystery through some lucky reference to book or botanist. Another factor that should find brief reference in this introduction is weather. Spring officially commences on September 21st, Summer, December 21st, Autumn, March 21st, and Winter, June 21st. In effect one must consider Spring as commencing immediately after the September rains, when everything again takes on the green freshness that the comparative cold of winter has turned to brown. Winter at this spot is fairly mild, with a few days of frost when the thermometer drops to possibly one or two degrees below freezing-point on the ground, and when the wind blows cold and biting from the south. In summer the temperature may rise to 110°F., but rarely goes above 104°F. There is a fairly distinct cyclic movement about the summer temperature. It rises gradually from day to day till it reaches a comparatively high level, and remains about this point for a day or two till a thunderstorm, more usually than not of terrific pro- portions, breaks, and with it the heat, which, falling probably to about the 80° mark again commences to climb till another storm comes to relieve us. I have recently started keeping certain meteorological records, whereby it will later be possible to say something about the average monthly temperature, rainfall, etc., figures that at the moment are pure guesswork. As for rain, in the time 1 have been in this spot very little has fallen, but October till January, or later, appear to be months of potential rainfall, whilst practically none falls in the winter months. Since the country is so flat the winds are often of great strength, with prevailing northerly or southerly direction. Winds s 154 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. from the east or west seem, in my experience, to be uncommon. The relative humidity per cent. of the air varies very greatly and very rapidly, and I have readings from 20% to 90%, though readings below 30% are rare and appear only to occur in the dry winter season. It should be added that all the insects mentioned in the following notes are forwarded to the British Natural History Museum at South Kensington, and there absorbed in the National Collection. In concluding this introductory note I would like to place on record my sincere thanks to the Staff of the Entomological Section of the Natural History Museum for their unfailing and very real assistance in identifying the insects sent them, and for advice freely given. Only those cut off from all sources of reference to libraries or collections can realise how valuable this assistance proves, and when one knows, as the writer does, how busy these gentlemen are, the fact that they find time to do all this, gives one the greatest encouragement. (To be continued.) Remarks on the evolution of the Zygaenae and an attempt to analyse and classify the variations of Z. lonicerae, Scheven, and of Z. trifolii, Esp., and other subspecies. (With Plate VIII.) By ROGER VERITY, M.D. (Continued from p. 138.) Z. transalpina and 4%. ephialtes, with the onental dorycnii, seem to constitute another little group, which has developed from a common ancestor more recently than the preceding ones, so that its species have not undergone the same amount of cold. The Alpine race of transalpina is probably the oldest, which separated from dorycnti as a catabolic offshoot ; it spread westward all over the south of Europe, but its power of adaptation was limited, as in the case of the other less ancient species, so that increasing heat restricted it in Spain, to a few high mountains, whilst northward it attempted to spread, but it degenerated into weakly anabolic astragali and occidentalis; on tke contrary in the warm coast climate of 5. France and Italy it settled down into maritima, and other races, certainly anabolic, because they are very variable and sensitive to surroundings and bulky in structure, and localised to the particular spots that suit them; in the drier surroundings of mountains and of the hinterland the slimmer and less variable intermedia holds its ground by being more catabolic, and at high altitudes it degenerates into the dwarf altitudinaria. At the extreme southern limit of the species (S. Italy) overstimulation produces such an increase of the dark primary pattern that even the hindwing is often entirely darkened over, whilst in some localities the red secondary pattern is in many individuals so retarded that it only reaches the yellow degree of oxydation, a phenomenon not observed racially in any other Zyqaena, except ephialtes. On the contrary at the extreme northern limits of the species (N. France) the primary pattern is often very reduced by the depressing effect of cold, and the red spots spread into large patches. As to ephialtes it stands apart from the rest of the genus by the nearly total obliteration of the secondary pattern in the large majority of its races; it resembles. lavandulae by the specific entire blackening of the hindwing and its. REMARKS ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE ZYGAENAE. 155 variations consist of a few very definite and distinct forme, which interbreed freely, but never, as a rule, produce transitions ; they must thus be due to various definite hereditary factors constantly transmitted in the germ plasm, some dominant and some recessive, which probably appear or not in the soma, according to Mendelian laws, and according to the effect of surroundings. These facts and the features of the wing-pattern, recalling exactly those of the distant genus Syntomis suggest that the red forms peucedant and athamanthae, similar to dorycnit and to other Zygaenae, are the oldest of the species now living and originated by the Glacial Epoch, whilst the abnormal-looking forms with no secondary pattern are a comparatively recent reversion, due to the return of the temperate climate, to a type of pattern existing in the genus which turned during the Glacial Epoch into the Zyyaenae. The group consisting of rhadamanthus with oaytropis and yraslini, and of lavandulae, is probably closely connected with anthyllidis ; the latter would be the most catabolic of the lot, with longer antennae and very limited variability ; the others are distinctly anabolic, by their structure, their restricted habitats and their variability, but lavandulae is less So than the others ; one can presume that anthyllidis in an early cold period and the other species in a later warmer one were broadly spread, and that they are dwindling because they were highly special- ised to certain conditions which are now failing; the facility with which lonicerae turns into trifolii justifies the assumption that anthyllidis may bave turned into rhadamanthus, the parallelism being obvious in some respects. To the frawvini and to the carniolica eroups most of the remarks made about achilleae apply perfectly; like it, they are specifically anabolic, so that they produce a vast amount of races and exerges, only they resist hotter and dryer climates and they exhibit no race with Glacial features. 7%. mayiana, an ally of eaulans, may be a remnant of the ancestor of carniolica during the Glacial Mpoch, but the impression one has is that this group has originated in a way more similar to the one | am suggesting for the following. The cambysea, the curiert and the fansta groups differ from the rest of the Zygaenue, except fravini and carniolica, by their clean-cut wing-pattern, evidently consisting in the “ transverse pattern ’’ only, recalling roughly the Arctia one and that of many tropical genera. They thus seem to have undergone the effects of the Glacial Period to a lesser degree than the others; this may have happened if they never spread to the regions where it was at its height and they kept to the southern portion of the territory it affected. North Africa was at one time like the north of Kurope is now, and it must then have been richly populated with Zygaenae, which the drought has destroyed or driven northward. Z. iynifera and Z. laeta were probably at their best at that time and joined through Africa; now the former only survives as an isolated colony in Central Spain, whereas the rest of its group is all in W. Asia,and laeta has only pushed itself as far W. as Austria. 4. fausta and hilaris no doubt have also spread in Europe from Africa through Spain, and stop short at the Alps, like a large number of the Lepidoptera of African origin. According to this assumption these groups would be the nearest allies of tbe oldest Zyyaenue which inhabited the Palaearctic region before the Glacial Period reached its climax, and then produced more highly specialised ones, characterised 156 VHW WNYOMOLOGISY'S RKCORD, by the development of the “nervular pattern,” either in prevalenee, as in the purpwralis and scabiosae prowps, or in conjunction with prevalent ‘transverse pattern” as in the others. The enviet group would be most similar to the ancestors of the purpuralis one, the fravint group to that of achilleae. It must however be born in mind that the Glacial Period has not heen continuous; paleaontologists have detected four Interglacial Periods of temperate climate and these complicate very much the interpretation of the distribution of species and exerges. Let us now pass to the second part of the subject of this paper and analyse the geographical variations of the species in question, attempting to group them so as to show thcir relationships. The following synthetie table will, I think, help to visualise it. he names enclosed in brackets are those of forms, which are not known to be predominant in any locality, so thar they are not racial, like the rest. In this Table the races, which are so exactly intermediate between trifolii and lonicerae that they cannot be aseribed to either, are placed in the middle under the name of Subspecies transferens, Vrty. rom it diverges a series of three grades of trifolii structure to the left and a similar one of donicerae structure to the right, so that from left to right one passes gradually from the most highly characterised trifolit to the most highly characterised lonicerae, The races I have grouped as Subspecies palustris, Obthr., seriziat’, Obthr., and trinacria, Verty., are, to my mind, on the whole a third line of variation, which probably also springs from the trans/erens subspecies, and which exhibits, broadly spenking, grades parallel to the two other lines and similar variations also in other respects than structure, so that their positions should be parallel to them on a different plane. As this cannot be materially shown on the single plane of the paper, | have endeavoured to do go by placing them below the other Subspecies and repeating the corres- ponding figures of the grades and the lettering of the transverse series. Very probably they constitute three lines of variations or Subspecies, parallel to the three others, but the last word on this point [ leave to future investigation, when their early stages and other features have been worked out, It will he noticed that in each line of variation, or Subspecies, the races, divided into grades from the point of view of structure, fall into very natural groups also from those of pattern and colouring and from that of geographical distribution: gerade or group Il, inhabits the south of Murope and Africa, grade ILL. inhabits central and northern Murope. In each of the columns corresponding to a Grade or Group, as described above, | have placed the races so that, broadly speaking, the dark pattern increases, in the average of individuals, from the bottom to the top of the ‘Table and the extent of the red one decreases im proportion. loa Subsp. @i/ol/i the range of variation is much broader in this respect than in lonicerae and their resemblance in’ the same horizontal line is only comparative. The following features are also worthy of notice and show that the various Groups vary to a certain extent in the same way. In A: Wing pattern very variable individually and locally ; tendency of red spots to be large and irregular in shape; in Subsp. ZYGAENAKE, REMARKS ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE ‘eraovulay “dsqng ; 1} BIZ1198 ‘sragsnyed -dsqng — I ‘dsqug a a ‘Tl pa) = at At ‘TI sv.ysrod WW pyjausnjpod -g f DULIDULP re) YOWV.L9S a plagri | —_—_—_—S wwe eee Es = ne a ee a a SE SR NE A RS avery woh) b ] . VpOfrt7 DppINIBUS~ DU agouo Ly phe aa oa prsnov.lisqns syppwar.to [mrererme “J femnon.a®, a Ti | me oe : my pyyesnd ny MUvpIs BOVI} isn len ey t] SU) D.L9SND oneal coh + [sypmungny IDUUUD JUL sUaiafsUuv.y ‘bagi ah a [‘gauabopundsas 3 “TT PLS «| DALISVUll - od z J ; : : D}ILIEP BVI] pisnovalis e081] [wppayayowuodnp *8 “TT ‘Saga ar [puvwuunrd)p *j é 1 “< pupryjayouodnp avi] y hee tog “brbwnadjp aov1] : ["pD}UydLpUa *¥ ) 2020076 Segre Siena vnenieaa DIVUULIPUL wadnvd avi) punyjayouodnp - 9 Pit vpounasadnvd AVIUN-YI BVI] : : avypwors j avr.in.lya ; sobibunid)o gos ri gsnvubout a ppDUrtH4vwo}zn) ‘edie pisnov.uis : : DUD)S : [wpnown.wagry *T) snovyd.cowerp p.iaguy avi) - of punrg)o ) e . (an.420707) (puns) (aprwwn7e1g) (avyr9) (wisnov.lis) (2270f0.17) Tl hr wi Hl! eal ‘Ul <= —_.—-- SS sugaoysuvay —— ‘avasoluoy “dsqug ‘dsqng "TTpoytay “dsqng 158 THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. trifolii they are more or less confluent in the majority of individuals: of some races and especially in the female sex; marginal band of, hind- wing usually narrow and often very mueh so. In B: Very small size; racially mostly from the British Islands; produced on the Continent chiefly in the II. generation and in late emergences. In C: Scaling rather thin ; colouring not very saturated in tone and more or less of a crimson hue; spots of forewing confluent only in the females of duponchelliana and then not more than in KHsper’s. fic. 5 of trifolii; marginal band of hindwing less broad than in the other southern races, which follow. In D: Sealing thick ; colours saturated and bright; spots of fore- wing never confluent in either sex; marginal band of hindwing usually broad and in some cases very much so. In E: In male, antennae very thick down to their roots; general build of insect heavy; spots of forewing very small; marginal band of hindwing very broad. In females, lonicerae-like features, contrast- ing with those of male and producing a very pronounced sexual dimorphism. Having thus dealt in a general way with the characters of the — Subspecies and with their presumable relationship let us examiue in detail the races they produce and their variations, (T'o be continued.) Elater rufipennis, Stephens, a distinct Species. (Plate /X.) By H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S. (Continued from page 142.) 155. “The Sacred Scarab.” Marvels of the Universe. 3. 98-102 (1911.) 156. “ Anisotoma alyirica, Rye, as a British Insect.” Ent. Rec. 28. 44 (1911.) 15% “Tutt as 1 knew him.” Ent. Rec. 23. 112 (1911). 158. “ Mycetoporus forticornis, Fauv., in the Oxford District.” Hint. Rec. 23. 24 (1911.) 159. “ Notes on Liodes brunnea, Sturm., and L. alyirica, Rye.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 47. 256 (1911.) 160. “ Anaspis hudsoni, Donisthorpe, ? bred.” Ent. Rec. 28. 300 (1911.) 161. “ Lesteva luctuosa, Fauv., a species of Coleoptera new to Britain.” Ent. Rec. 28. 801 (1911.) 162. ‘‘ Coleoptera in the Highlands in June, 1911.” Ent. Kec. 28. 809 (1911.) 163. “ Enya fairmairei, Reiche; a Beetle new to Britain.” Ent. Rec. 24. 1 (1912.) 164. ‘Coleoptera on the Isle of Kigg.” Ent, Rec. 24. 13 (1912.) 165. ‘ Catops montivayus, Herr, a British Insect.” Ent. Rec. 24. 71 (1912.) 166. “New British Proctotrupidae.” Entom. 45. 100 (1912.) . “The Original Capture of Hydrochus nitidicollis in Britain.’ . “A note on Cryptocephalus bipunctatus, L., ete. ELATER RUFIPENNIS A DISTINCT SPECIES. 159 . ‘© Strophosomus curvipes, Bedel., captured near Bournemouth in Sto} Ent. Mo. Mag. 48. 197 (1912.) . The Coleoptera of the British Isles. Supplement. with W. W. Fowler. Vol. 6. 1-351 (1913.) . “ Neuraphes nigrescens, Reitt., a species of Coleoptera new to Britain,” - Ent. Rec, 25. 191 (1913.) . * Ois dentatus, Mellie, not a British Insect.” Ent. Rec. 28. 155-6 (1916.) . * Psylliodes cyanoptera, Il., ab. tricolor, Weise, an aberration new y y } 5] b] to Britain; gnd some notes on the species as British.” Ent. Mo. May. 52. 204 (1916.) . “The Water Beetles of Wood Walton Fen.” Ent. Rec. 29. 52-54 (1917.) . A few Notes on Rhynchites.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 58. 85 (1917.) . “ Hlater praeustus, F.” Trish Naturalist, 27. 99-100 (1917). ? int. Mo. Mag. 58. 112 (1917.) ”? Ent. Mo. Mag. 58. 128 (1917.) . “Coleoptera in the Worthing District.” Ent. Rec. 29. 226-28 (1917). . “Tcehneumons versus Apanteles.” Ent. Rec. 29. 231 (1917). . “ Attitudes of Wasps and Psocids in copulation.” Ent. Rec, 29. 231-32 (1917.) . * Dates and Record.’’ Ent. Rec. 29. 235-36 (1917). . Oryptophayus loevendali, Ganglb. in Richmond Park.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 8%. 14-15 (1918.) . “Coleoptera at Barton Mills.” Ent. Rec. 30. 28-29 (1918.) . ** Caenocara subglohosa, Muls., a species of Coleoptera new to Britain.” E'nt. Mo. May. 54. 55-56 (1918.) . © Hlater sanguinolentus, Schr., retaken on Wimbledon Common.”’ Ent. Ree. 30. 105 (1918.) . “On the Subspecies and Aberrations of Coccinella 11-punctata, L.”’ Ent. Rec. 80. 121-128, 1918 (with plate.) . “On Gynarchy in Coleoptera.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 44. 225 (1918.) . “A Fortnight in the New Forest.” Ent. Rec. 30. 170-73 (1918). . “The Red Admiral (in Soho) in London.” Kint. Rec. 30. 176 (1918.) . ‘ Hereward Chune Dollman, F.E.S.” Obituary. Ent. Ree. 31. 39-40 (1919.) . “ Wasps attacking Flies.” Trish Naturalist, 28. 107 (1919.) . ‘ Further localities for Platypus cylindrus, F.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 58. 282 (1919.) 160 192. 193. 194, 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 907. 208, 209. 210 0 212. 213. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. “ A New County Record for Zeuyophora flavicollis, Marsh.” Ent. Rec. 31. 185-6 (1919.) ‘« A few Entomological Notes from Putney, for 1919.” Ent. Rec. 32. 87-8 (1920.) ‘“ A new locality for Dryophilus anobioides, Cherr., and some other Coleoptera from Freckenham and Barton Mills.” Ent. Rec. 32. 153-4 (1920.) “ Platyrhinus latirostris, F., near Bristol and its larva.” With Plate. Ent. Rec. 32. 157-8 (1920.) “ Kipuraea bickhardi, Dev., a British Insect.” Ent. Rec. 82. 167 (1920). ‘ “ Tiresias serra, F., and its larva.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 56. 206-9 (1920.) “The Phoresy of Antherophagus.” Ent. Rec. 32. 181-7 (1906.) “Coleoptera at Freckenham and Barton Mills again.” Ent. Rec. 32. 199-100 (1920.) “ Distribution of British Beetles. Some Notes on Recent Extensions of Range,” I. The Vasculum, 6. 82-7 (1920.) “ Distribution of British Beetles,’’ II. The Vasculum. 6. 65-72 (1920.) ** Bruchus rufipes, Hbst., ab. apicatus, Rey., a British Insect with some notes on the Type-form, and other aberrations. Ent. Mo. Mag. 8. 81-84 (1921.) “ Cionus woodi, a species of Coleoptera new to Science; with a table, and some remarks on the British Species of Cionus.” Ent. Rec. 88. 64-67 (1921.) “ Addendum and a Correction.” int. Rec. 83. 76 (1921.) “ A New Record for Hriosoma lanigerum.” Kint. Rec. 83. 77 (1921.) “Entomological Notes from Putney, in 1920.” Ent. Rec. 38. 116-118 (1921.) “* Gymnetron squamicolle, Reitter, a Beetle new to the Britannic List.” Trish Nat. 80. 185 (1921.) ‘** Baris scolopaeea, Germ., in Sussex.”’ Hint. Mo. Mag. 57. 158 (1921.) ‘“‘ Hntomological Notes from Putney, 1921.” Ent. Ree. 34, 94-95 (1922.) “‘ A few notes on Coleoptera in 1921.” Ki’nt. Mo. Mag. 58. 52-5 (1922.) Nebria iberica, Oliveira, a British Species.” Kint. Mo. Mag. 58. 92-8 (1922.) * Aulonium ruficorne, Ob., and Hypophloeus frawini, Klug., two -species of Coleoptera new to the British List.” (With T. H. Beare.) Ent. Mo. Mag. 58. 198 (1922.) “A few Days’ Hunt for Coleoptera in the Forest of Dean.” (With T. H. Beare.) Ent. Mo. Mag. 58. 194 (1922.) 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 295. 2286. 22:7. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232 233 234. 235 ELATER RUFIPENNIS A DISTINCT SPECIES. 161 ‘* Notes on a few species of Diptera bred from the larval stage.” Ent. Rec. 34. 189 (1922.) ‘* Some Casual Notes on Coleoptera in 1922.” Ent. Rec, 34. 202-3 (1922.) “ Lepidoptera, attacked by birds,”’ Ent. Rec, 34. 219 (1922.) “« Leptura rubra in Norfolk.” Ent. Rec. 84. 219-20, (1922.) “ Hntomological notes from Putney for 1922.” Ent. Rec. 35. 64-65 (1923.) “The Rev. Canon W. W. Fowler.”” Obituary Notice. Nature. (1923.) “ A Biology of the British Hemiptera-Heteroptera.” By HE. A. Butler. Review. Ent. Rec. 35. 103 (1923.) “ Oxypoda niyrocincta, Rey., a species of Coleoptera new to the British List.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 60. 198 (1924.) “ Taphrorychus villifrons, Duf., a species of Coleoptera new to the British List,” Ent. Rec. 86. 118 (1924.) “A Note on Cionus woodi, Donis.” Ent. Rec. 36. 60 (1924.) “ Fuplectus decipiens, Raffr., a species of Coleoptera new to the British List.” Ent. Kec. 86. 150-51 (1924.) “ Entomology at Wembley.” Ent. Ree. 36. 170 (1924.) ** Priobinm eichoffi, Seidl., a species of Coleoptera new to Britain.”’ Ent. Mo. Mag. 61. 11 (1925.) « A Remarkable Flight of Insects at Light.” Ent. Mo. May. 61. 162 (1925.) “ Lissodema kirkae, n.sp., a species of Coleoptera new to Science.”’ Ent. Rec. 87. 106 (1925.) ‘““ A few General Notes and Records of Coleoptera.” Ent, Rec. 87. 115-116 (1925.) “« Dryophthorus corticalis, Pk., a genus and species of Coleoptera new to Britain.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 64. 182 (1925.) “ Smicronyx seriepilosus, Tourn., a species of Coleoptera new to the British List.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 61. 196 (1925.) “ Agrilus sinuatus, Ol., in Surrey.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 61 206 (1925.) *¢ Cis coluber, Ab., a species of Coleoptera new to Britain.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 61 197 (1925.) “ Flater rufipennis, Steph., a distinct species,’ with plate and a list of papers to date. Ent. Rec, 37. 124-138 (1925.) “Insects in the nest of the Grey Squirrel.” Ent. Rec. 87. 163 (1925.) 162 YHK KNLTOMOLOGISt’S RECORD. FAOTES ON COLLECTING, etc. Some WarwicksHirE TentHrepinian. (Continued from p. 95).— TENTHREDININAE—NeEmatini.—Cladius pectinicornis, Fourc.—generally distributed. Trichiocampus viminalis, all.—Stoke, common, TT. ulmi, L.—Stoke, 22.v.1919, H. Cooke; 12.v.1921. VU. eradiatus, Htg.— Bubbenhall, 25.iv.1920,3. Ryton, 4.vi.1922,g9. Stoke, 80.vii.1923, 3,55 8. viii.1923, 3, So, 8, 2 3 12-vili1928, ¢ ..- Pmaophoruspadan L.—Stoke, common. P. tener, Zadd.—Stoke, 29.v.1919, ? ; 5.vi.1921, 9; 16.vi.1921, 9; 26.v.1923,3. Brandon 12.v.1921,¢9. var. tristis, - Zadd.—Stoke, 29.v.1919, gf ; 16.vii.1921, ¢. Frankton, 4.vi.1922, ?. Hemichroa alni, L.—Frankton, 4.vi.1922, 9. H. crocea, Geoff. —Stoke, 20.v.1920, ¢@. Leptocerus luridiventris, Fall.—*Coombe 1924. Rev. F. D. Morice. Dineura stilata, Klug.—Stoke, 2.vi.1923, ?. Huura ater, Jur.—Stoke, 20.v.1918. Pontania scotaspis, Forst. —Stoke, 28.iv.1921. P. leucosticta, Htg.—Coombe, 8.vi.1922. P. proxima, Lep, (capreae, L.)—Stoke, common, P. salicis, Christ. (viminalis, L.)—*Stoke, 12.ix.1928,, g, 92 ; 3.x.1923, 9,9. P. pedunculi, Htg.—Stoke, common. P. femoralis, Cam.—*Ryton, 20.v.1924. Pteronidea ribesii, Scop.—Common. P. pavidus, Lep. —Stoke, 10.ix.1917; 21.v.1918; 27.v.1918; 20.viii.1920. P. nigricornis, Lep.—*Stoke, 7.vili.1919. P. myosotidis, .—Bubbenhall, 2ix.1917, 2; Hy; Cooke... Stoke) £0.10:1917, ° 3s, “7h ae tihialis, Newm.—*Stoke, 17.x.1920, 9; 12.iv.1921, 9. es melanaspis, | Htg.—Stoke, 28.v.1917 ; 5.vi.1919 ; 9.vi.1919 ; 10.vi.1919,. 3, 9. P. curtispina, Thms.—Stoke, 13.vii.1920, ?, B1.vui.1920, o50;3 . 28.vi1.1920;¢%,. '*Brinklow 2a fiyslO 20 oe *Coleshill 6.iv.1920, 9, 2 ; 26.v.1920, 2. P. oliyospilus, Férst.— Bubbenhall, 14.iv.1920, ?. Brinklow, 22.v.1921, 9. Frankton, 7.vi.1923, 9. P. hypowanthus, Forst.—Stoke, 9.vili-1920, 2 ; 15.viii. 1920, 9 ; *23.vili.1923, 29. P. pelyspilus, Forst.—Stoke, 7.iv.1920, &. Coombe, 15.viii.1920, g. P. virescens, Htg.—Bubbenhall, 16.v. 1921, ¢@, F. Pepper. P. flavescens, Steph.—Wyken, 20.v.1924. Aniauronematus vittatus, Lep.—*Coombe, 26. iv. 1923, 9. Nematus (Croesus) septentrionalis, L.—Bubbenhall, 6.iv.1920, g ; *14.iv.1920, 3 ; 17.1v.1920 3. Stretton 18.iv.1923, 9. N. latipes, Vill.—Stoke, 1916, 1917, Hastrop. *Bubbenhall, 3.v.1928, 9, 92. Huolcocneme (Nematus) lucida, Pz.—Bubbenhall, 15.iv.1928, gf: 11.v.1919, @. Hl. caeruleocarpa, Htg.—*Coventry, 18.vii.1921, ¢. FF. Pepper. Pachynematus flaviventris, Htg. (diaphanus, Evers.) —Binley, 2.viii.1916, g- P. clitellatus, Lep—Wyken, 80.v.1920, @. Coombe, 15. viii. 1920, g. Allesley. 31.vii.1920, ¢. P. obductus, Htg.—Stoke, 2.vii. 1918, 2. Lyyaeonematus compressicornis, '.—*Cubbington, 11.iv. 1920, 3,3, 2. *Bubbenhall, 27.iv.1923. 1. laricis, Htg.—Coombe, 5.V1.1928, 2. Pristiphora crassicornis, Htg.—Stoke 1916, 2 ; 19.viii. 1923, 3, ¢, 3, h. Coleshill, 23.vi.1917, 2. P. pallidiventris, Fall. —Stoke, 20.v.1917, g ; l.vii. 1917, 9 ; 14.vii.1917,9. P. viridana, Knw.—Frankton, 17.vi.1923, ?. TENTHREDININAE— Hopiocampini.— Phyllutoma aceris, MacLachlan.— Coventry, Mr. J. J. Ward has bred it. Caliroa aethiops, F.—Stoke, 22.v.1919. Coombe, 10.vi.1923, g. Hoplocampa testudinea, Htg.— Stoke, 3.v.1921. H. pectoralis, Thms.—Stoke, 5.vi.1924. \ NOTES ON COLLECTING. 163 TENTHREDININAE—BLENNOcCAMPINI.—Periclista melanocephala, F.— *Coombe, 28.iv.1928,9. Ardis bipunctata, Kl.—Wyken, 5.vi.1922,?. A, sulcata, Cam.—Brinklow, 18.v.1924. Stoke, 30.v.1924 ; 3.vi.1924. Tomostethus fuliginosus, Sehr.—Binley, 4.viii.1916, 9, gf. Ryton, 5.vill.1917, 2. Stoke, 17.vii.1920, g. Allesley, 31.vil.1920, 9. Bubbenhall, 7.vi.1919, 9. TZ. luteiventris, Kl.—Brandon, 17.vi. 1917, ¢@. Bubbenhall, i.viii.1918, ¢. Kenilworth, 3.vi.1923, : Monophadnus albipes, Gmel.—Bubbenhall, 19.v.1918, 9; wauvatgic: ‘a0:y.1918, 9, Corley, 29.v.1920, 9... Stoke, liv. 1921, 29. Binley, 22.v.1922. M. geniculatus, Htg.—Bubbenhall, 5.v. 1918, 9. Coombe, 3.vi.1922, 9. Ryton, 25.iv.1921, g ; 6.vi.1922, 9. HMenusa dohrni, Fischb—Bubbenhall, 1.1x.1919, 2. Stoke, 27.v. 1922, 9. F. pumila, Klug.—Frankton, 17.vi.1923, 92. (To be concluded.)—J. W. Saunt, (A.L.8.), ‘ Epperstone,” Bull’s Head Lane, Stoke, Coventry. Insgots IN THE NEST OF THE Gey Squirrex.—On October 14th I found a large nest in the hollow of a felled ash tree in Windsor Forest. It was made of long grass stems, etc., and was very bulky. Having carefully sorted it out and sieved it all, I took the following species of insects :—Ceratophyllus wickhami, Baker, abundant (this is the flea parasitic on the North American Grey Squirrel and its first record as being found in Britain): Microglossa suturalis, Sahl., Homalinm deplanatum, Gyll., and H. concinnum, Marsh., in some numbers: Dendrophilus punctatus, Il. ; Hister merdarius, Hoff.; and the puparium of a Dipteron which Mr. Edwards was unable to identify. - lam indebted to Mr. Waterston for the name of the flea. It is curious that it has not been taken in Britain before-—Horacew DonistHorPE (24.5.2: 1,E.8.). Manpuca (AcHERONTIA) ATROvos at CuicHEsTER.—A fine Manduca (Acherontia) atropos was taken here on May 25th of this year.—Josepu AnpeErson, Chichester. G URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. The continued pressure of more important matter on our space has caused our Reports of Societies to get woefully behind, and we fear that, for a time at least, we shall have to either omit these altogether or to give a precis of the more important items contained i them only as “* Current Notes.” There should be another record Exhibition of the South London Entomological Society on the evening of November 26th (Thursday). The Meeting this year will take the form of a Conversazione, and will commence at 6.380 p.m., the chair being taken by the President at 7 o’clock, when the exhibits will commence. It is particularly stated in the circular that ‘‘ No exhibits will be passed round.”’ Will all those intending to exhibit send in particulars of their exhibits and the space they wish allotted to them in good time, so that sufficient table space can be provided. This arrangement will be much more satisfactory 164 THK KNTOMOLOGIST’S RKCORD. / than in late years, as practically the whole time can, be spent in. view- ing and discussing the exhibits. It is announced that the ‘* Genera Insectorum”’ instituted and con- ducted, with the aid of a Committee of experts, by Mr. P. Wytsman, who died in March, 1925, is to be continued at the same address. The H.M. Stationery Office publishes each month a list of the free Lectures, Tours, and Special Exhibitions in all the chief Metropolitan Museums, with full particulars as to subjects, lectures, dates, times, , etc. These take place on every day of the week, morning and after- noon, including Sundays. The price of the pamphlet is four pence (net). SOCIETIES. Tae Sourn Lonpon Enromonoagican Soorery. March 26th.—The President in the Chair, Mr. A. Simmons, 42, Loughboro Road, W. Bridgford, Notts., and Mr. J. S. Taylor, 24, Winchester Avenue, N.W.6. were elected members. Mr. H. Main exhibited the Coleoptera, Drilus flavescens, bred: from a larva found in a snail-shell in September, 1924. Messrs. A. A. W. Buckstone, A. E. Tonge, T. L. Grosvenor, 8, Abbot, etc., melanic forms of British Lepidoptera, and Mr, O. R. Goodman, melanie forms of European Rhopalocera with dark forms produced by temperature treatment, to illustrate the paper read subsequently. Mr. R. Adkin read a paper ‘ Melanism,”’ which he illustrated with a number of lantern-slides, and a considerable discussion took place. April 9th.—The President in the Chair. Mr. D. H. Kimmins, 16, Montrave Road, Penge, was elected a member. ; Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited a series of a small race of Urbicola comma from Shere, a series from Mickleham with dark and more prominent markings and some extremely pale small examples from Horsley and Betchworth, probably due to a very dry season. Mr. O. R. Goodman, long series of Polyommatus thersites from Digne. Mr. K. G. Blair, a specimen of Prodenia litura (littoralis) reared from a larva found among tomatoes purchased at a fruiterers. Mr, A. Moore, specimens of Humaeus atala received from his friend Mr. Blatchley in Florida, U.S.A., who while taking them had met Mr. G. B. Pearson, a fellow member of the 8. London Society. Mr. Grosvenor, nearly twenty species of Indian Papilio and remarked on the scarcity of females of most species compared with the males. The reverse was the case, however, with the species of the Ornithoptera section. Subscriptions for Vol. KXXVII. (new series), 10 shillings, should be sent to Mr. H. W. Andrews, Hon. Treasurer, ‘* Woodside,’’ Victoria Road, Eltham, S.E. 9. = Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers’ magazines should still be notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, “‘ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, 8.EH. 14. Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. W. AnpDREWws ‘* Woodside,” Victoria Road Eltham, 8.E.9. REYISED SCALE OF CHARGES FOR ADVERTISEMENTS. Ech Aas) Oe 8. d. Whole page .. pee A DH las Quarter page .. ee 76 Half page ata voi ls LOO Highth page .. ae L0)-O Small panel (,j, page) .. A OSE AOG s Discount on Series :—5% for six insertions ; 10% for twelve insertions. Apply to H. W. Anprews, Hon. Treasurer, Woodside, Victoria Road, Eltham, 8.E.9. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to “et Hy. J. Turner, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, 8.E.14. Desiderata.—English melanism, ova and pupae of English species. Duplicates.—The splendid Hamburg melanism Pal. or albingensis. Finest condition only.—Dr. V. Schultz, Soltaw (Hamn.), Germany. Desiderata.—European Butterflies must be set (any style), but good condition and locality essential. Duplicates.— British butterflies and moths and good vars. or cash.—W. G. Pether, “ Thelma,’’ 4, Willow Bridge Road, Loudon, N.1. Duplicates.—Several hundred species of Coleoptera (carded) from Hants and Dorset, including several rare species from the New Forest, ete. - Desiderata.—Searce and local British Coleoptera (carded).—A. Ford, 42, Irving Road, Bournemouth, Hants. Desiderata.—The Leicester Museum has no British Diptera and requires a typical collection. Can any collectors help us? We offer European Butterflies in exchange. .’— ‘* Entomologist,’”’ Leicester Museum. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen's Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7. 8 p-m. November 18th. December 2nd. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. September 24th, Exhibition of Orders other than Lepidoptera. November 26th, Annual Exhibition at 7 p.m. December 10th, Paper, Dr. A. B. Rendle, F.R.S., ‘‘ Pitcher Plants,’’ with lantern.—Hon. Sec., Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Black- heath, S.E.3. Ths London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History Society) now meets in Hal] 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street E.C.2, first and third T'nesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec., W. EH. Guraa, F.Z.S., The House, Albion Brewery, Whitechapel Road, E.1. CuancEs oF Appress.—J. W. Saunt, A.L.S., to ‘‘ Epperstone,’’ Bull’s Head Lane, Stoke, Coventry. S. G. Castle-Russell to ‘‘ The Elms,’”’ Eastrop, Basingstoke. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Tornin, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, §.H.14 We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send us communications IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require InLusTRaTIons are inserted on condition that the AurHoR defrays the cost of the illustrations. CONTENTS. H. variegata, Goeze, and its aberrations, G. B. C. Leman, F.H.S. .. aa Peper tie Se The yellow-spotted P. apollo from the Sierra Nevada, Orazio Querct. 3 oo og Miscellaneous Notes from the Argentina, I., Kenneth J. Hayward, F.E.S... sh ig! Us)i Remarks on the Evolution of the Zygaenae, Roger Verity, M.D. .. a ete! st! Elater rufipennis, Stephs., etc., H. Donisthorpe, F.L.S.,F.E.S. .. 56 sc- LORS Nores on Connectine:—Some Warwickshire Tenthredinidae, J. W. Saunt, A.L.S.; Insects in the nest of the Grey Squirrel, H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S.; M. atropos at Chichester, Joseph Anderson. .. we ae .<> , GES Current Norges anp SHorr Novices .. 3 35 fe oa Ae 3 Oe SoctmT1es :—The South London Entomological Society. ae KB ee sa ly cept ee SuprLement :—List of Varieties of British Geometers (H.J.T.) ee AP (13)-(16) Communications have been received from or have been promised by Messrs. H. Donisthorpe, Dr. Verity, J. H. Durrant, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. ‘J. Turner, A. Sich, H. P. Jones, K. J. Hayward, Lt. E. B. Ashby, Wm. Fassnidge, 8. G. Castle-Russell, © and Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, 8.H.14. ‘ IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BAGK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXV.) CONTENTS CF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— Pa. aenogenesis— Paper on Yaeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many lel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the ter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—-Retrospect of a Lepidopterist 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— jures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. SONTENTS OF VOL, II. * MeLanisM AND MeELANocHrorsM—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on ‘,trarron (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima ollecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- ‘ ectas—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8S. London—Generic nomen- © .bure and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., ete., 312 pp. ‘to be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E. 14 ‘0 whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable oo ~ hi XVI No. 12. -¥ | | | EDITED BY G. T. BerxHune-BakeEr, F.Z.S., J. E. Coutin, ¥.£.s F.L.8., F.E.S., Chairman. H. DoNISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S. R.7S. BaGNaLt, F.L.S., F.E.S. J. H. DurRant, F.E.S. Matcoum - Burr, D.8c., F.Z.S8., H. E. Paas, F.£.s. B.1.S., F.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.n.S. Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, F.£.8. W. H. Tams, F.E.s. E. A. CocKAYNE, M.A., M.D., Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.E.S., F.E.S., F.R.C.P. F:Z.8. and and F J Henry J. TURNER, F.E.S., STF, Editorial Secretary. a '< ‘ xi JAN 47 109° x: ig Subsoniy? for Complete Volume, post free 710 N AL M yes qo géicluding all DOUBLE NUMBERS, ete.) Si, ego TEN SHILLINGS. TO BE FORWARDED TO The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S., “‘ Woodside,’’ Victoria Road, Eltham, 8.H.9. DECEMBER 15th, 19265. Price ONE SHILLING (nuz). SPECIAL NOTICE ‘“Macro-Lepidoptera of the World,” By Dr. A. SEITZ. WATKINS & DONCASTER 36, Strand, London, W.C.2., Eng. (P.C. Box 126) Beg to announce that Vol. 13 (African Rhopalocera) of the above Work is now ready. Figures and describes the Butterflies of the whole of Africa south of the Sahara, and has 613 pages of Text and 80 Coloured Plates. Prices:—In 2 handsome Volumes, bound hali Calf -.. Js £5 0 0 or In 52 parts, paper Covers ate “e a3 £716 0 PROSPECTUS ON APPLICATION. - Special terms are offered to former Subscribers who desire to complete their Sets. General Price List of Apparatus, Books, Cabinets, ete., sent on request. TELEPHONE: Gerrard 9451, ROSENBERG & CO. 25, CROMWELL PLACE, S.W.7. (close to Natural History Museum). Every description of Apparatus, Cabinets, Collectors’ Requisites, Books, British and fxotic Lepidoptera, living pupae, ete., at moderate prices. Catalogue post free. New Supplementary List of Exotic Lepidoptera includes a large number of cheap and well-selected lots from all parts of the world. Hap Orricr & Musrum:—57, Haverstock Hill, N.W.3. TrLePHONE: WESTERN 6776. ‘* Proceedings of London Entomological Society,” 25 years, bound 10s. per vol.; 20 years unbound, 7s. 6d. 30 vols. ‘‘ Entomologist,’’ bound, 3s. 6d. each. ‘* Entomolo-— gist’s Weekly Intelligencer,’’ 8 vols., 3s. each. Ent. Annuals, Is. each. Barrett’s British Lepidoptera, 6 vols.. 7s. 6d. each. Seitz, ‘* Palaearctic Lepidoptera,” complete, bound, £18. Morris, ‘‘ British Moths,’’ 4 vols, 30s. Ditto, in 5 vols., 30s. Stephens, ‘* British Lepidoptera,’’ complete, 40s. Kirby, ‘‘ European Butterflies and Moths,”’ 12s.6d. Merrin’s ‘‘ Lepidopterist’s Calendar,” 3s. Scorer’s ‘‘ Entomologist’s Log Book,’ 6s. And many others. Particulars from A. FORD, 42, Irving Road, Bournemouth. — KF. G KENDREW, Manufacturers of ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS, etc. INTERCHANGEABLE SYSTEM, HIGH GRADE ALL SIZES AT LOWEST PRICES. List free on application to :— 1, RODEN STREET, HOLLOWAY, N.7. Bexley] L. W. NEWMAN [Kent Has largest stock of fine set insects, Ova, Larvae and Pupae in Britain, write for Price Lists. Newman’s Relaxing Tins are now 3s. small, 5s. large. Refills 2s. end 3s. All post free. TWO NEW CICINDELINAE. 165 Two new Cicindelinae from Ceylon. Described by Dr. WALTHER HORN, Berlin-Dahlem. Collyris planifrontoides (n.sp.). C, planifrons m. affinis differt labro longiore; fronte antica mediaque latiore; pronoto longiore, parte crassiore postica fere eadem, sed parte attenuata anteriore longiore et plerumque in forma colli angusti angustata; ultimo palporum maxillarium maris articulo paullo minus dilatato. Colore valde differente: corpore supra sub- tusque cyanescenter nigrescente; 2 primis antennarum articulis pedibusque obscure metallescentibus; 8 ultimis antennarum articulis testaceis hinc inde brunnescentibus; 4 tibiis anterioribus plerumque maxima ex parte brunnescentibus; elytris sine vestigio fasciae medi- anae.—Long. 83-94 mm. (sine labro). 1g 2, Anuradhapura 7.X11.1916; 19, Wellawaya XI.1905. The flat excavation of the front between the eyes at once distin- euishes this new species from C. subtilis, Chd., linearis, Schm.-G., parvula, Chd., variitarsis, Chd., ete. Anterior part of the frons between the eyes slightly carinate, posterior almost flat. The last joint of the maxillary palpi of 9 is almost cylindrical, of 3 largely dilated to the distal (apical) end, as in C. planifrons. The anterior part of the pronotum is generally very distinctly attenuated, but one female shows the whole pronotum almost conical (though equally as long as in the other females). The posterior lateral angle of the elytra is broadly rounded (gf @); puncturation of elytra about like that of C. parvila, Chd., and subsp, maindroni (only perhaps a little less confluent) ; the meta-episterna are glabrous. The 2 dental processes at the posterior border of the 7th abdominal sternite of @ are parallel and separated one from the other. Of C. planifrons, m., I only now know the antennae and hind tarsi of the male: the first 6 segments of its antennae are mostly yellowish and the first 3 seoments of the hind tarsus are yellow, the last 2 being blackish. Cicindela henryi (n.sp.). Inter C. dormeri, m. et watarhouset, m.; diftert (g 2) ab illo (g 2) statura magis elongata (fere ut in hac specie) ; pronoto longiore ; elytrorum humeris (praecipue 9?) speculoque discoidali @ minus nitentibus (fere opacis speculoque interdum deficiente), margine (praesertim @ ) angustius laete-colorato, apice paullo longius angustato, sutura opaca, disco minus velutino, macula media perparum magis antice lateraliterque posita; meta-episternis abdomineque (hujus disco sparsim) piloso.— g differt a C. waterhouset g labro obscure aeneo ; maxima pronoti latitudine nec pone medium nec ante basim collocata; antennis brevioribus ; mandibulis et praecipue dente ante-apicali forma ordinaria (nec deformata!).—¢ differt a C. waterhousei Q@ et C. wileyi 2 labro aeneo obscuro; pronoto in medio et postice angustiore (magis parellelo) ; elytrorum humeris speculoque discoidali subopacis ; a C. waterhousei @ extremo elytrorum apice minus late rotundato; a C. wileyi 9 extremo elytrorum apice minus arcuato-prolongato spinaque breviore.—Long. 8-9 mm. (sine labro), 13,29, Horawupotana 8.-14.X.1924. Unlike C. dormeri, m., ete., the humeral and marginal areas of the elytra are not of a lighter colour or more shining in the @ than in the DecemBer 157, 1925. 166 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. g, both sexes having the shoulder and margin semi-opaque ; there is at the shoulder only a kind of a lighter metallic maculation, as in CU, viridilabris subsp. labroaenea, m. At the moment I do not know the male of C. wileyi. ‘The male of the new species differs from the female, outside of the usual sexual differences, almost only in having the elytra slightly more tapering at the apex and slightly more dilated in the middle, The two new species were (except the 2 of Collyris planifrontoides from Wellawaya) in a small lot of Ceylanese Cicindelinae sent by Mr. G. M. Henry for identification to Dr. G. A. K. Marshall, who has forwarded them tome, As there are also some other interesting species with exact localities in this ‘small collection, | give here the recorded data : I. There are from Woodside (Urugalla) : Collyris plicaticollis, Chd. (12-28.1V.).—Collyris punctatella, m. (19.1V.).—Collyris planifrons, m. (18.1V.).—Derocrania yibbiceps, Chd, (21,1V.),—Derocrania nietnert, Mtsch., (9-19.1V. and 16.1X.).—Deroerania concinna, Chd, (4.1V. and 19.1X.).—Derocrania seitiscabra, Walk, (21-26.1V.), Il. There are from Horawupotana (Horowapotam): T'vricondyla coriacea, Ohd. (11-18.X.).—Derocrania scitiscabra, Walk. (14-16.X.).— Cicindela viridilabris race labioaenea, m. (14.X.),—Cicindela corticata, Putz. (8-17.X.). Ill. From single localities are: Collyris saunderst race laetior, m., from Deniyaya (19.1X.) and from Anuradhapura (9,X11.).—Derocrania concinna, Chd. from Lady Horton (29. VIL.).— Derocrania scitiscabra from Badulla (14.LV.).—Citcindela lacunosa race laeticolor, m., from 'Trinco- malee (8.X.).—Cicindela sumatrensis from Colombo (26.X., at light).—- Cicindela dormeri, va., from Lady Horton (25. VII.),—Cicindela distingu- enda race lunatula, m., from Klephant Pass (2.1.). Two Species of Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) new to Britain. By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.8., F.H.S., ete. Phloeopora teres, Gr. (corticalis, Kr., nec Gr.) Phloeopora teres, Gravenhorst. Coleoptera Microptera. Brunsvicensia 79 (1802). “ Aleochara teres, gracilis, nitidissima, nigerrima, elytiis pices centibus ; pedibus testaceis.” This species differs from the corticalis, Gr., which is on the British list, in that the fine hairs on the thorax are directed from the apex to the base throughout; whereas in the former insect the hairs are directed outwards in part. Both species have the head and thorax shining, which separates them from the rest of the genus. I am indebted to Dr. M. Cameron for the name. I captured one specimen under oak bark in Windsor Forest on July 9th, 1925; and a second on October 14th, 1925. The insect appears to be rare in Germany. It seems probable that this beetle will be found mixed in British collections under LP. corticalis, Gr. Aleochara crassicornis, Lac. A. crassicornis, Lacordaire, Haune Mntomologique des Hnvirons de Paris 1 581 (18865). SALE OF THE HARPER-CREWE COLLECTION, 167 When hunting for beetles in decayed fungi in Windsor Forest on October 1st, 1925, I captured an Aleochara with red elytra super- ficially like a small A. fuscipes, Gr, As I was unable to name it, I sent it to Major Sainte Claire Deville, who has now returned it to me as A. crassicornis, Lac., & species which has not been taken in Britain before. ‘The Kuropean catalogue gives Kurope for its distribution, and Reitter says it is not rare in Germany. In the former work it is placed in the subgenus Aleochara and next to A. curtula, Goeze (=/fuscipes, Gr.); but in the latter it is considered to belong to the subgenus Polychara. Sale of the Harpur-Crewe Collection. By 8S. G. CASTLE-RUSSELL, F.E.S. The first portion of this collection formed by the late Sir Vauncey Harpur-Crewe during the last 55 years, was offered for sale on October 25th Jast. Before the lots were offered Mr. Clive Stevens made some - graceful references with regard to the relations between his father, the late Mr. Henry Stevens, and the buyers, and expressed the hope that these pleasant relations would continue, now that he had taken the vacant place in the rostrum, ‘I'he writer has attended the sales for many years past, and cannot recall a single incident that indicated the least friction between Mr. Stevens and his clients, who invariably ‘accorded him the greatest consideration and personal regard, and it will be some time before we become accustomed to his absence. It was undoubtedly a compliment to us all that he, the head of the Firm, almost invariably conducted the sales, for it must be realised that they are not, owing to the limited values obtained, of the most profitable nature. Mr. Stevens may rest assured, that his late father was highly appreciated by us all, and will always be remembered with feelings of pleasure. Many well known Entomologists attended the sale. As the Auctioneer pointed out, this sale varied from the general run, inas- much as no series of types were included, and the majority of the insects consisted of aberrations. It also differed in the way it was arranged, as instead of being in Cabinets, the insects, Butterflies and Moths of various species were contained in store boxes and no attempt whatever had been made to classify and arrange them. It is impossible to deal separately with each lot and I will endeavour to select those that excited the most interest. Lot 10. A fine Dryas paphia var. with spots united in pairs, in good condition, realised £4 10s. 14. An Apatura iris male, without white bands, fine condition, but without label, brought £1 15s., the poor price being due to the want of data. 16. A really nice Kuchloé cardamines var. with only the middle half of the orange tips, made £7 10s. 19. Three striking vars of D, paphia and two nearly black Limenitis sibilla all in poor condition fetched £4. The next dozen lots consisting of good moths and vars, of the same, realising each from &s. to 16s. 168 THE ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. 80. A damaged, but very striking var. of Aryynnis aglaia was bought for £2. Bred Manduca atropos averaged 5s. each and Laelia coenosa 20s. per pair. 42. A L. sibilla var. with bands obscured, in good condition, was cheap at 18s. and the lot also contained some good things in the moth line. 50. Hight Phibalapterya polygrammata—Vaughan coll., brought £2 5s. 51. Five Aegeria scoliaeformis, 24s. 60. Aphantopus hyperantus var. lanceolata, in fine condition, brought the very good price of £3. 72, 73 and 74. Three Vanessa io without ocelli 18s., 21s. and £4. Vars. of Aglais wrticae fetched in lots 8s., 60s., 5s., 87s. 6d. and 10s. 84. A nice Pontia daplidice—Folkestone, 1908, £1 12s. 6d. 89. A white var. of Mpinephele tithonus in rather poor condition, 9s. 91. A black form of Adscita statices, 10s. 92 & 98. Hylophila bicolorana without silver lines and a fine black var. of Palimpsestis or, 16s. 96. 3 hybrid zonaria-hirtaria, 5s. 97. 3 hybrid hirtaria-zonaria, 10s. 111. A var. of Abraxas qrassulariata figured in the eee 8 fecord, Vol. IV., p. 149—B. T. Hodges, £5. 136. A whitish var. of eon porcellus, 50s. 141 & 142, 2 Crymodes exulis (assimilis), 27s. 6d. and 20s. each. 144. Catocala electa—Brighton, £8 5s. 146. A fine var. of Pyrameis atalanta with broad red band on fore- wings, £2 7s. 6d. 147. A rich brown var. of Coenonympha pamphilus and one pale buff, 18s. 151. Lymantria dispar, gynandromorph, L. side g, R. side ?, 10s. 152. A var. of Chrysophanus dispar with black streak in right fore- y wing, C. A. Sladen Coll., £10. 154. Arctia caja—forewings brown—hindwings deep yellow, New Forest, 1898, £11. 172. Dryas paphia—Male richly marked with black, £5 10s. Female, ditto, New Forest, 1901, £6 10s. 174. This lot was one of the prizes in the Collection. A D. paphia gynandromorph being ab. valezina on right side, ordinary male on left side—in good condition, A first and only bid of £15 was made and accepted. It was from the W. F. Urwick Collection when it was sold for £18. The writer knows of four other similar specimens. 189. A beautiful light var. of Melanaryia galathea in prime condition, in the writer’s view the gem of the collection, made £12 5s. 190. A var. of P. atalanta figured in the Kntomoloyist, August, 1878, from the Stevens’ Collection, £10. 191. Colias edusa, left side g, right ?. in good condition, Steven’s Collection, went cheaply for £5. 192. M. galathea, figured in the HMutomologist, 1X., p. 198, 35s. 194. M. galathea, dark var., and V. io without ocelli on hindwings, £1 12s. 6d. V. to without ocelli have collapsed from the bigh 197. 198. 199, 206. 210. 211. 212. 222. 225. 226. 229. 238, O57. SALE OF THE HARPER-OREWE COLLECTION. 169 prices formerly obtained owing to the many forms produced by temperature experiments. Ei. jurtina, 2, & fine white var. bred, with pupa-case, £9. — .™ T. quercis, right side 3, left 9, 10s., a cheap lot. “A Pararge megera, 3, very light —dark ‘markings obsolete, Steven’s Collection, seemed overvalued at £5 10s.—but vars. of this species are rare. A black var. L. sibilla in fair condition, 35s. A dark 3 PD. paphia, £2 10s. A dark g D. paphia, with small spots, £2 10s. A richly marked ditto 2 , £6 15s. A Gonepteryx rhamni, with white hindwings, 50s. A very pale male Huchloe cardamines, Bond and Webb collections, £3 5s. A remarkable underside 1. atalanta, Dover-Webb coll., £4 10s. A cream coloured Brenthis selene, £2 5s. Plusia festucae with united silver spots, and a fine black var. of P. gamma with others, 28s. A, caja with dark forewings and black blotches and streaks on golden hindwings, £2. 260-271. Beautiful varieties of A. yrossulariata. 10s., 14s., and 20s. 272. 274. - 284, 285. 804. 805. 815. 816. 317. 318. 823. 825. 826. 827. 828. each, O, hyale var. figured by Barrett—T. Ii. Robson coll., £2 5s, Polyommatus icarus underside var., Robson coll., £6. A pale var. of C. nupta—Tutt coll., £2 5s, C. sponsa, £2 5s. Haworth’s specimen of C. chryseis 3 , £2 5s. Haworth’s specimen of Heodes viryaureac, J and? , £2 7s. 6d. G, rhamni—Gynandromorph. New I orest, 1888, £2 10s. C. edusa—forewings ab. helice, Brigg’s coll., £3 Argynnis niobe—New Forest, 1868, Mntomologist, LV., p. 851, and XXIX., p. 192., £3 5s. P. adonis=thetis black var., Folkestone, 1892, W. J. Austin, £5. I}. tithonus — white var, chipped, £1 10s. G, rhamni—left J right ? , H. Goss, £4. D. paphia, male var.-—streaked, £4 5s. A very pretty B. selene var. in fine condition. Goss, H. Sussex, striated on margins of all upperside wings with absence of spots in middle areas, £3 15s. A beautiful M. cinwia, underside perfect, H. Goss, Isle of Wight, £2 10s. . Zygaena filipendulae v. chrysanthemi, New Forest, 1890, H. Goss, £2 5s. . Adopaea actaeon gynandromorph with lot 841, including Ophiodes lunavis, Norwich, F. D. Wheeler, 20/5/78, 22s. . C. dispar 3 repaired, £1 15s. . CU, dispar fg, £5 5s. . Hybrid neustria x castrensis, 12s, . M. qalathea with left hindwing duplicated, 50s. . A. caja, forewings entirely cream, Waterhouse coll., £9 10s. . A. hyperantus ab. obsoleta, a perfect specimen entirely spotless and and a Urapterya sambucaria var. went cheaply for 8s. A nice Rumicia phlaeas var. with streaked upper wings fig. Entomologist, V. 19, p. 191, I. A. Cooper coll., £5 15s. 170 THE ENTOMOLOGISL’S RECORD, 869. A remarkable dark var. of R. phlaeas, C. G. Barrett, £10 10s, 878. Callimorpha dominula—black var., Burney coll., £5 5s. 844. C. dispar, male, large and perfect, Burney coll., £11. 875. — do. female £11. 876. do. male var., left forewing shaded golden, F. O. Morris coll., £10. 877. C. dispar, female var., fig. Morris, £6. 878. Polygonia c-album var., Farn. coll., fig. Frohawk, £8 15s. 8838. . cardamines var., streaked orange on underside, Mason Ooll., £2 5s. 897. 4. aglaia dark var., nearly all black, £1 12s. (damaged), 400-401. Three bred vars. ot A. wrticae and a B. selene var. chocolate brown, £4 10s. The total of the Sale realised roughly a little under £500 which did not come up to expectations ; very many of the specimens, however, were in poor condition. ‘The remaining portion of the Collection will be sold on November 24th, when the well known and much figured wholly black and wholly white vars. of W. galathea will be offered. Two Myrmecological Notes. By W. C. CRAWLEY, B.A., F.E.S8. I. Sours Amerioan Ants rmpeorteD Into Enatanp.— Among some ants kindly sent me by Mr. H. Britten were the following :— Holcoponera striatula, Mayr., var. obscura, Em., &. Brachymyrmex heeri, For., var. aphidicola, For., 8. Both these species were found by Mr. H. Britten, Jun., in a hot- house at York, the former on August 19th, and the latter on October 19th this year. II. Furraer LiGhr ON TEMPORARY SOCIAL PARASITISM IN THE GENUS Lastus.—Although it is well established that the ? 9 of the wnbratus group found new colonies by the aid of ¥ ¥ of the niger group, there is One point that has not been cleared up. Two years after the accept- ance of a @ by the host workers, the eggs laid by the ? come to maturity. There is therefore a period (which, considering the long life of ants of this genus, should last more than a year) during which the colony consists of more or less equal numbers of both species. Never- theless it is a rarity to find such colonies in nature. A_ possible explanation has occurred to me from the behaviour of the host species in one or two instances. In the very first case observed (1896-1900) it was significant that when the colony died, owing to the nest having become too dry, not a sign of any of the host ¥ ¥ could be found, though when last seen by me there were several hundreds, but there were hundreds of dead § ¥ of the parasite species. One may rule out the possibility that the pugnacious 1. niger ¥ ¥ had been devoured by the timid wnbratus, and even if this had been possible, there would have been traces left. On the other hand the nest was in a box from which it was possible for ants to eseape. In September, 1928, I picked up in a Kensington street a deiilated @ of L. wnbratus. This ant carried a dead ¥8 of the host species, which she kneaded in the usual ACALLA RETICULATA. LTE way to obtain the odour of that species. I succeeded in getting her accepted by a colony of L. niger s.sp. alienus, and this summer the first ‘wnbratus 8 % hatched. The nest contained at least 800 % % of alienus, and until the wvbratus 8 % numbered about 50 they carried on as before. ‘Then, however, they began to become restless, found a crevice from which they could escape from the box, wandered long distances and seldom returned. By September there was only about a dozen left, and I removed the nest to a box from which they could not escape. Nevertheless they continued wandering about the box outside the nest until the cold weather drove them in, when they associated with the umbratus as formerly. The habits of host species undergo certain changes owing to the presence of the parasite (¢.y., the killiug of their own 2 ? and J g by Tetramorium caespitun, when they have accepted a 2 of Anergates atratulus, and I have observed something similiar in Lasius), and, though further observation is required, I suggest that it is possible that in nature the host % % desert the nest as soon as the parasitic % ¥ reach sufficient numbers to carry on without them. Acalla reticulata, Strom.—contaminana, Hub.—Its History and its Variation. By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S. (Continued from vol, xrxii., page 96.) (Norn.—This article was written and commenced publishing when there was a dearth of matter some five years ago. Matter coming in freely, its publication was suspended and forgotten (although in type).—Hy.J.T.| It is thought that the following description relates to a form of contaminana. H.S. definitely says it is the ciliana, Hiib. and the opinion of such an authority must be considered. Zetterstedt. Tortrix cinereana. Zett. Ins. Lap., p. 978 [1840]. “ Alis anticis griseo-cinereis, atomis fuscis, fascia obliqua maculaque costali pone medium, hepaticis ; posticis cinereis. 2.” «“ 9 Simillima laevigana, Treit., seu variana, Fabr., sed alarum fascia media obscura determinatiori, et alis posticis totis cinereis, nec dimidiatim flavis, ab illa distincta.”’ ‘©A T. dumetana, Fischer, Micro., 4, p. 35, pl. 20, fig. 4, cui etiam valde similis, fascia alarum anticarum media in medio, nec antice, coarctata, fascia basali nulla, et alis posticis cinereis, nec griseis, facile dignota. Fascia media hepatica in medio ita coarctata est, ut cum macula costali quasi 3 maculas in triangulum depositas formet.” However, Wocke (Stettiner ¢. Zeit., 1862, p. 45), after seeing a specimen of this Lapland insect determined by Prof. Boheman as cinereana, LZett., does not even mention contaminana as an ally. Both these authorities must have been quite conversant with the contaminana forms and would undoubtedly have mentioned them in this connection were there any similarities, especially would Wocke have noted the sharp curved apex had there been one in ctnereana. Staudinger (Wocke) gives cinereana (mis-spelt cinerana) as a good species in the genus Dichelia, Cat., ed. IIL., 1901. > 172 THK ENTOMOLOGIS?’S RECORD, Westwood and Humphreys. Brit. Moths, p. 166, pl. 97, figs. 7-9. [1849.] Figures very fair considering. The three forms. Very general, not clear enough to show the “spot.” Teras contaminana. Her. Schif., Sys. Bearb., iv., 158. [1849.} Of Hiib., fig. 142, H.S. says, “ Forewing too stumpy, marginal line not brought out.” Of Dup., fig. 244. 10, he says ‘ Good.” Of Wood, figs. 1107-1109, he says ‘‘ Recognisable.”’ “Outer half of the fringe white, at least for 1 moderate distance from the apex. Intermediates of both varieties are uncommon. I have them of both in the two sexes.” “Var. 1. Ochre yellow with rust yellow or violet brown markings which unite into a band, which starts from the middle of the costa and tends towards the anal angle, then a spot on the costa before the apex of the wing, which by union with the former mostly encloses a bright spot on the costa and then often forms a broad band extending to the inner margin. ‘The rest of the forewings reticulated with dark. Hindwings pale yellow grey.” =ciliana, Hib. 171. of which H.-S. says is a ‘ bad”’ figure of this form. ‘ The wing is too long.” ‘Var. 2. Violet brown, only the costa rust yellow, interrupted by the dark ends of the nervures.” =dimidiana, Frol. 27. H.-S. says Hub. figs. 299-300 are “good.” The synonymy in Herrich Schaeffer is as follows :—Teras contami- nana, Hib. 142. Her. Schif., Sys. Bearb., Synonymic List, iv. 10. [1856 ?] =ameriana, W.V. =centrana, Fab. var. ciliana, Hib. 171. =cinereana, Zett., Ins. Lap., 978. var. dimidiana, Froel. Htb. 299, 800. =rhombana, Wood. 1109. =rosana, W.V. H.8., Sys. Bearb., vol. vi., pl. 7, fig, 25. = Enlarged fig. of antenna joints. [1856.} Lederer. Teras (Peronea) contaminana. Led. Class. Hur. Tort., (Wien. Ent. Mon.) [1859.] =centrana, Fab., Ent. Sys., no, 188 ? var. ciliana, Hub. 171. =Treit. x. (8), p. 260. var. dimidiana, Htib., 299-800. (non Tr.*) Wilkinson. British Tortrices [1859], p. 150. Treats of Dict. contaminana recognising ciliana and rhombana as varieties. He is the first to note the following characters of the species—Head: slightly ochreous, or dusky yellow. Face: some colour, slightly darker. Byes: intense purple-brown, with a velvety appearance. Palpi : above and at the sides pale ferruginous, beneath straw coloured at base, pale ferruginous at apex. Antennae: fuscous, with the basal and a few succeeding joints above ferruginous, basal joint beneath straw coloured. Thorax and patagia: pale ochreous, with ferruginous tint ; the former with a simple carinated crest on the vertex. Reticulation: following the venation of the wing. Tufts: in fine specimens a few whitish minute tufts of elevated scales in the centre of the wing (Cf. Froel. En. Tort. Wart.). Basal streak: angulated in the middle. [* domesticana ? H.-8.] NOTES ON COLLKOTING. 178 The nearest approach to a description of the peculiar form mentioned by Mr. A. Sich, Mnt. [ecord, vol. xxix., p. 69, is given by Stainton in the Manual in form (8), below. Stainton. Pictyopteryx contaminana, Stain. Manual, vol. ii., p. 227. {1859.| The three following forms are given without names attached. ‘ Very variable,” (1) Forewing straw colour, reticulated with brown, with a broad brown costal fascia uniting with the costal spot and forming a Y-like mark, “ (2) or the forewings are reddish ochreous, reticulated with reddish brown, with the central fascia and the central spot indistinctly darker. “ (3) or the forewings are reddish ochreous, with a black spot on the fold near the base, and # large black cloud on the inner margin near the middle.” Herrich-Schaeffer. eras contaminana. H.-S. Corr.-blatt, vol. i., p. 89. ~{1860, | “The fulvana of the W.V. belongs along with rosana to contami- nana,” There is nothing in the W.V. to indicate this remark, but H.8. no doubt based his note upon the specimen in the Schiffermiiller collec- tion to which he had access. The W.V. says, p. 128: “6. Tortrices ferruginae. On Lonicerse periclymeni. Specklilien W.” Tengstrom. Lep. Kn, enn, p. 829 (1869), includes Teras con- taminana in his Catalogue as occurring in Alandia and Abo. (l'o be concluded.) TCA OTES ON COLLECTING, etc. Some Warwicksuine Tenrunnpoiniwan (Concluded from p. 163).— TeNTHREDININAK-—S#Lanvruni.—Athalia lugens, K\l.—Coleshill, 29.vi. 1922, 2. A. ylabricollis, Thoms.—Stoke, 10.viii.1917, 9 ; 20.vii. 1921, 2; 8.viii.1921, 9. Frankton, 4.vi.1922, 9. A. lineolata, Lep.—Common. Selandria serva, ¥.—Common. S, siaii, Vollenh. —Stoke, 28.vi.1918, 9. S. stramineipes, Kl.—Stoke, 24.vi.1920, 9. Coombe, 29.v.1921, 2. Packington, 4.vi.1921, 9. Ryton, 10.vii.1921, 2. Coleshill, 26.v.1928, 2. Stoneleigh, 14.vii.1928, oy) “o S. worio, F.—Ryton, 5.viii. 1917, ¢@. Vhrinax macula, Kl.—Brandon, 29.v.1922, 2. Stromboceros delicatulus, Fall.—Brandon, 7.viii. 1917, 2. Strongylogaster cingulatus, ¥.— Coventry, 5.vi.1919, 9. Coombe, 9.v.1920,-¢, og. Corley, 29.v.1920, 9. Packington, 4.vi.1921, 2. Ryton, 10.vii.1921, 9. Kenilworth, 8.vi.1928, ¢. Mupria abdominalis, ¥.—Stoke, 26.vii. 1921, 9. MM. excisa, Thoms.—Binley, 27.v.1916, 9. WV. kluyi, Steph. —Whitley, 26.iv.1922, 2, F'. Pepper. /. liturata, Gmel.—-Brinklow, 24.v.1919, gf. MK. immersa, Klug.—Bubbenhall, 1.v.1917, ¢g. Kinphytus togatus, Pz.—Brandon, 21.vi.1919, 9 ; 11.vi.1922, ¢ ; §.vili.1928, ¢, 2. Coombe, 21.viii.1928, 9, 9. KH. cinetus, L.— Binley, 2.viii.1916, 2. Coombe, 15.vili.1920, ¢. Stoke, 1.v.1917, 9 ; 26.v.1920, 9 ; 21.v.1921, 9 ; 6.v.1928, 3. FH. caleeatus, Kl.— 174 THE ENYOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Ryton, 5.vi.1921. *Stoke, 12.iv.1921, 9, 9 ; 18.viii.1922, 2 ; 20.v. 1923, 2. E. serotinus, Muller.—Binley, 4.x.1917, 3, 2, 2, @. Waverley Wood, 15.x.1917, 2. EH. tener, Fall.—Coleshill, 29.vi.1922, 2. Coombe, 21.v,1923, g. LH. pallipes, Spin.—Common some years, larvae feeding on pansy. /7. carpini, Htg.—Brinklow, 18.v.1924. Ametastegia (Uaxonus) ylabrata, Fall— Common. A. equiseti, Fall._— Bubbenhall, 22.vii.1919, ?. ‘TENTHREDINAE—Doxerini.— Dolerus madidus, Kl.—*Stoke, 20.v. 1918, g. Bubbenhall, 7.vi.1919, 2; 14.v.1922, 9, F. Pepper. D. ferrugatus, Lep.—Bubbenhall, 18.v.1918, 2. D. aericeps, Thoms.— Kenilworth, 3.ix.1916, ¢. Coombe, 18.vii.1918, 2. Stoke, 12.vii. 1923, 0,0 « Stoneleigh, .14.vii.1928, 3, do, 25.2» D. dubiis, 1. —Brinklow, 30.iv.1921, ?, Aldridge. D. gonager, F.—Generally distributed. /)- haematodes, Schr.—Generally distributed. D. nitens, Zadd.—Corley, 29.v.1920, 2. Coombe, 80.iv.1916, @. D. anthra- cinus, Ryton, 7.v.1922, 9. D. picipes, Kl.—Generally distributed. D. nigratus, Mull.—Generally distributed. 1. aeneus, Htg.—Generally distributed. Loderus palmatus, Kl.—Bubbenhall, 11.vi.1917, ¢. Wyken, 22.v.1921, 9, 9, 2. L.vestigialis, K1.—Wyken,1.vi.1916, 3. TeNTHREDININAE—T'ENTHREDININI.—Rhogogaster viridis, L.-—Stoke, 1.vii.1916, @. Coleshill, 23.vi1917, g. Bubbenhall, 6.vi.1919, ?. Packington, 4.vi.1921, @. Kenilworth 3.v.1928, ¢, ¢. R. fulvipes, Scop.—Wolvey, 29.v.1917, 3, od, FY. Coombe, DL VA928. P98 . Stoke, 5.vi.1923. R. aueupariae, Kl.— Wyken, 14.v.1916, g, 3, 2, 2. Corley, 26.v.1917, 2. Stoke, T.v.1917, 5, %.. Ryton, 8:1v.1921, of 2 3.1. VA ae ere dopsis litterata, Geoff.—Bretford, 2.vi.1918, ¢@. Stoke, 30.v. 1921, 3 ; 7.vi.1921, g. Kenilworth, 3.vi.1928, 3. Coombe, 10.vi. 1923, g. Var. varia, 2? , Gmel.—Bretford, 2.vi.1918. Var. thoracica, ?, Geoffr.—Coventry, 1915. Stoke, 6.vi.1920, H. Cooke. I have about ten other forms of the genus “ Tenthredopsis,” named at different times, but owing to the uncertain and ill-defined nature of the specific ? characters I think it advisable not to attempt to enumerate them at present. Pachyprotasis rapae, L.—Stoke, 16.vii.1917, 2. Coventry, 26.vH.1919, ¢, 2. Bubbenhall, 18.v.1919, g. Coombe, 26.v.1917, ?. Allesley, 28.vi.1923, Dr. Newton, a curious 2 with two tarsi on the right hind tibia, see #. M. M. LIX. P. 287. Macrophyia rufipes, L.—Bubbenhall, 7.vi.1919, @. Stretton, 6.vi.1922, @. EF. Pepper. M. 12punctata, L.—Allesley, 28.vi.1928, Dr. Newton. M. annulata, Geoff.— Wyken, 4.vi.1917, g. M. albicincta, Schr.—Coombe, 21.v. 1923, ¢g. Stoke, 2.v:1921 ; 10.v:1921,..9,: 9 ; 26.v.1922, 9, 9: 2.v.1923, 9. JM. ribis, Schr.—Cubbington, 7.viii.1918, @. Coombe, 9.v.1920; 15.viii.1920, g, 92. Allantus scrophulariae, L.—Binley, 5.vili.1916, 2. Coombe, 5.viii.1918, g; 7.viii.1918. Brandon, 24.vili.1919. A> arcuatus, Forst—Common, Var. nitidior, Kniv.— Common. A. perkinsit, Morice.—Bubbenhall, 9.viii.1919, g , H. Cooke. Brinklow, 2.viii.1920, 9, 2. Brandon, 24.viii.1919, 2. Tenthre- della temula, Secop.—Bubbenhall, 10.vi.1917, 9. Ryton, 5.vili.1919; 6.v1.1920, 3, ¢, 2, 2. Brinklow, 2.vi.1918, g. Frankton, 4.vi 1922, 9. Allesley, 23.vi.1923, Dr. Newton. 7. mesomela, L.— Common. 1'.livida,L.—Common. @, var. dubia, Strom.—Common. T. atra, L.—Coombe, 1.vi.1916; 26.v.1918. Ryton, 10.vi.1917 6.vi.1920. Stoke, 10.vi.1920. 7. colon, Kl.—Ryton, 6.vi.1920, 2 .— J. W. Saunz, A.L:S., ‘“Epperstone,” Bull’s Head Lane, Stoke, Coventry. CURRENT NOTES. 175 Recorps rrom Drrsysaire in 1925. Leprmoprera.—The follow- ing list of Lepidoptera obtained in this part of Derbyshire during 1925 you may find of sufficient interest for insertion in The Record, The list does not include a number of Micro-Lepidoptera yet unidentified. Taeniocampa gothica, Tephrosia bistortata, 1’. crepus- cularia, Drepana lacertinaria, Cabera pusaria, Barathra brassicae, Spilosoma lubricipeda, Plusia gamma, P. pulchrina, Hepialus lupulina, H. humuli, H. sylvina, Abrawas sylvata, A. grossulariata, Caradrina quadripunctata, Mupithecia subfulvata, Arctia caja, Leucania pallens, Xylophasia monoylypha, Cidaria fulvata, Crocallis elinguaria, Triphaena pronuba, Xanthorhoé fluctuata, Noctua (Segetia) wanthographa, Polia chi, Apamea secalis, Hydroecia (Gortyna) micacea, Miselia oxwyacanthae, Amathes (Orthosia) lychnidis, Mamestra trifolii, Cheimabache fagella.— K. E. Krywoop, 81, Park Avenue, Shirebrook, Derbyshire. «}URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. A Meeting of the Entomological Club took place at Lancaster Place, on November 8rd, Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis being the host of the evening. There were present beside the host, who was in the chair, the following members of the Club: Robert Adkin, F.I.S., Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., H. St. John K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.5., F.E.S., James E. Collin, F.E.S., Dr. H. Eltringham, M.A., F.Z.S., and W. J. Kaye, F.E.S. The visitors were, K. G. Blair, F.E.S., Dr. E. Coekayne, M.A., F.E.S., J.C. F. Fryer, M.A., F.E.S., E. E. Green, nen. wr. Kh. Jordan, £.1.S., G.-C: Léman, F.B.S., Dr. G. A. K. Marshall, C.M.G., F.R.S., The Rt. Hon. Lord Rothschild, F.R.S., Capt. N. D. Riley, F.E.S., W. Rait-Smith, F.E.S., H. J. Turner, F.E.S. The attendance of members at this meeting apparently constitutes a record in the Club. If the member elect, who was also present, is included, the full membership of eight was represented. For an approach to this we have to refer to Mr. Verrall’s meeting on January 22nd, 1907, when seven members were present out of the total ember- ship of eight. Prior to this we have to go back as far as May 17th, 1865, at Mr. Sheppard’s meeting when eight members were present out of a then permissible membership of nine. The Meetings of the Entomological Society continue to be very well attended. Many London, Suburban and even some Country members make it almost a rule to attend. The exhibits are usually of great interest and frequently illustrated by lantern slides. Among the more important communications and exhibits this year before the summer recess have been, Mr. J. C. F. Fryer’s account of the measures adopted by the Ministry of Agriculture to prevent the introduction of Coccid pests into the British Isles, Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton’s account of recent methods of controlling tsetse-flies in E. Africa, the President’s notes on the researches in the phenomena of Mimicry in Central Africa by Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter, Dr. Van Sommeren, etc., Mr. F. W. Edwards’ remarkable marine Chironomid sent from Samoa by Dr. P. A. Buxton, and Mr. N. D. Riley’s elucidation of the seasonal forms of Henetesia sps., African Satyrids. Interesting demonstrations were made, of the scent glands in Heliconius by Dr. Eltringham, of the dispersal of inseets to Spitzbergen by Mr. C. 8. Elton, insect life of the 176 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. high alpine snows by Dr. Handschin, the scent sacs in Rhodogastria by Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, etc. In the London Natural History Society, Ornithology has usually been the chief subject at recent meetings with Plant Galls and Botany from time to time. On the Bacot Memorial evening, however, the Entomologists listened with delight to Mr. Hugh Main, who lectured on “ Photography as a help to Entomology,” illustrating his remarks by a large series of lantern slides. Mr. Pether in May, read a paper on ‘‘ Luminosity in Nature,’’ dealing largely with insects. Mr. J. C. Robbins recently exhibited bred Sawflies, Pteronidea spiraeae, from Limpsfield, and on October 6th, showed moths and cocoons of Acronicta aceris with Dipterous parasites, Compsilura concinnata bred from the larvae. On November 17th, Mr. R. W. Robbins discussed the ‘“‘ Fritillaries,” and on December 15th, Mr. A. W. Mera will read a paper on ‘‘ The Increase in Melanism in the last Half-Century.” SOCIETIES. Tue SourH Lonpon EnromonocicaL Socirery. September 10th_—Mr. Chas. Jarvis, 12, Claylands Road, Clapham, was elected a member. Mr. R. Adkin exhibited living larvae of Tortria pronubana, of the two forms of Lycaenopsis argiolus and of Pachetra leucophaea. Mr. O. R. Goodman, a bred series of Aylais urticae, from Lewes larvae, pointing out two very dark examples in strong contrast to the remainder, which were unusually light. Mr. Enefer, f and Q Asilus crabroniformis (Dip)*, Carisbrooke, Aeschna cyanea, Bembridge, and the large water bug Belostoma grisea, Lake Fox, Illinois, U.S.A. Mr. Vredenberg, a box of striking forms of Orthoptera from Zululand. Mr. Priest, a box of his 1925 captures, including Towocampa pasti- nun from Box Hill. Mr. H. Moore, a series of the Nymphalids Limenitis archippus and of /.. floridensis, and the Danaids with which they are associated, Anosia plexippus (archippus) and Danaida berenice respectively, and made remarks on the exhibit. Mr. R. Adkin gave an account of the Meeting of the British Association at Southampton, and of the meeting of the delegates of the Corresponding Societies of the B.A. FREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. EK very-pay Dornes or Insects. Evelyn Cheesman, F.Z.8., F.E.S. pp: 240. Figs. 158. 7s.6d. net. G.C. Harrap & Co., Ltd.—This is a really good book, far above the average of works written for the many; the product of the combined efforts of several talented naturalists. The author is a writer whose knowledge of natural history is very extensive and thoroughly practical, and the scientific facts are consequently REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS, : 177 correct and are tersely put. The publishers appear to be keenly alive to the value of illustration, a sine gud non in every book on natural history, which is to prove useful and attractively scientific. But this is not all, for the unusual quantity of illustrations, about 160 to 240 pages of letter-press, is remarkable, and they have been chosen with much success. When we say that more than half that number have been contributed by Hugh Main, it is a guarantee of capital execution and excellent applicability. Mr. Main’s illustrations have largely been made in the field among natural surroundings and not, as is often done, rigged up in the home study with more or less artificiality and ignorance of field-work. The “ Male cricket at mouth of burrow,” for instance, was photographed in France in the country-side sacred to the illustrious Fabre. Other illustrations have been contributed by Dr. Shirley and are very efficient for their purpose. There are also a number of simple sketches of hidden structures, and to illustrate habits which would be obscured by surroundings in a photograph, ‘The headings of the eighteen chapters tell their, purport succinctly, indicating that the subject matter not only deals with facts as they are, but also with the scientific principles underlying those facts. ‘How Insects Grow”; ‘* Why Insects Vary”’; “The Meaning of Colour”; “The Meaning of Pattern ”’ ; “‘ How Insects get their Colour’’; and so forth, concluding with a chapter on ‘Social Insects’’ - Caterpillars of some moths, Aphids, Gall-flies, Bees, Ants and their slave-keeping, Humble-bees, Wasps, and ‘Termites, with remarks on the benefit to the community, attained by the social habit, rather than by the intensive protection to the individual. Dare we point out that the illustration on p. 73 is put in upside down ? It is, we believe, the one and only slip, which probably the mass of the readers will not notice; so few beasties rest upside down as this one habitually does when not feeding. The book is well printed and the general get-up is attractively satisfactory.—Hy.J.T. CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXVII. By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. PAGE PAGE Aberrations, Notable, of :—P. cori- ‘* Ancient Naturalists,’ .. 15 don, 21, 62, 64; P. napi, 48; Annual, Meeting of Ent. Soc. Lond:; C. parallellus, 61; P. megera, 61; Exhibition of the $. Lond. 635), A. hyperantus, 635° HH: Ent. Soc., 62; Meeting of the 8. phlaeas, 63; E. tithonus, 63; R. Lond. Ent. Soc. .. Ae 80, 96 betulae, 63; H. pinastri, 63; Ants, Introduced, 4; and Coleop- C. pamphilus, 63; P. icarus, 63; tera, 4; and Hymenoptera, 5; P. cardui, 64; C. dominula, 64; and Diptera, 5; and Heteroptera, D. coryli, 64; N. neurica, 64; 6; and Aphids, 7; and Coccids 7 A. caja, 80, 96; C. bilineata, 80 ; A. reticulata= 4. contaminauna and P. thetis, 84; C.arcania, 84; E. its variation, Hy. J. Turner .. 171 jurtina, 96; R. betulae, 105; in A. subrosea on the Continent, Dr. the Harper-Crewe collection .. 167 V. Schultz at a: PaaS American Ants imported into Bibliography of Water-Striders, Britain, Two, W. C. Crawley 170 Gerris a 114 A. mixta at Peckham ae .. 143 | Butterflies at Cortina i in June, 1924, Anabolic Constitutions in Zygae- Es Scott, Horde. Twigg, and nids Ae re AA ne LS DAES Smith se 81 178 INDEX. PAGE PAGE Captures at Godalming at electric Heteroptera with ants ‘ light in September, H. D. B. Hibernation, a of Psychid, 18; Kettlewell . ayant of Gerrids . 109 Catabolic Constitutions in 1 Zygae- Hippodamia var iegata; ‘and its nids 118 aberrations, @. B. C. Leman 149 Climatic Variation and Moth Hybrids, Supposed, P. coridon- Flight 34 3 yey ea hylas, O. R. Goodman, ete., 21; Coccids with ants .. 5s ile 6 furcula-bicuspis, A new, JW. Coleoptera with ants f hah stay! Bowater : 133 Collecting Notes, in Spain, O. Hymenoptera with ants + ite Querci, 46; Diptera =. 79 | Imperial Bureau of Entomology .. 147 Corrections .. 19, 48, 76, 144, 149 | Insects in the nest of the Grey Crossing of race of D. mendica .. 62 Squirrel, H. Donisthorpe 163 Curious procedure of A. wmbratus.. 3 | International Congress of Ento- Current Notes, 13, 29, 47, 59, 79, mology a aha 13;/ (47 95, 116, 131, 144, 163 | Isle of Man V. urticae, G. T. Description of, JT. variata race Porritt. 11 britannica, 25; Myrmetaerus n.g., Killing of host ant ‘by parasite ant 29 33; M. microcellatus, 33; C. Lake Maggiore in early a aie of elegans var. dalmatica, 34; M. 1923, O. R. Goodman Wf moravia, 34; B.. meridionalis Late emergence of P. gamma 28 sub.-sp. gibbus, 35; race colom- Law, Entomology and the.. 59 bana of S. revayana, 77; R. Light, Captures at electric. . ec betulae ab., 104; L. kirkae, 106; el of specimens in Canton Ticino, TL. joannisella, 134; new abs. of ; Officers and Council of Ent. Coccinellids, 149; Chaco Forest Bee Lond., 14; Officers and region, 151; Two new Cicindelae, Council of S. Lond. Ent. Soe., 165; Twospecies of Eee ne 14; writings on Coleoptera by H. new to Britain 166 Donisthorpe, .. 125, 138 Diptera with Ants .. 5 | L. kirkae. A species of Coleoptera Discussion of P. coridon races in new to Science, H. Donisthorpe.. 106 Spain, 26; P. sao races, 27; P. L. luctuatainN. Kent, B.D Grant, medon, races, 27; C. pamphilus 26 V5 (Oe PH ae ea = 12 Distribution of S. telicanus, H.J.T. 12 Ldentitics for Gerrids ve Le Divergence of Character, R. Adkin 11 | Marriage flights of ants ~~. 3, 28 Early appearance, of H. leuco- M. atropos in Shoreham, Sussex, | phaearia, 28; Notes on, in 1925, 13; at Chichester ; 163 45; Spring Diptera ae 58 Melanic, C. dominula, 64 ; D. coryli, Editorial, Hy. J. Turner .. 1 64; British Lepidoptera. . 164 Elater rujipennis, a distinct species, Migration of G. rufoscutellatus 92, 108 H. Donisthorpe .. 124, 139, 158 | Mimicry in Phyciodes, 32; sie fe Entomological Club, 29, 118, 131, 32; Kallima ‘ 142 144, 175 Mines of Phyllocnistes sps. 97 Evolution of the Zygaenae, Some Mongrel races of D. mendica 62 Remarks on the, Dr. R. Verity Mt. Everest Lepidoptera 62 101, 118, 135, 154 Myrmecological Notes, Two, W. C. Exergism in Zygaenid races 103 Crawley .. 170 Explanation of Plt. VIII - 117 | Myrmecopbilous Notes for 1924, Feeding habits of Gerrids .. sot oil H. Donisthorpe 3 Food of, G. rufoscutellatus 71, 87 | New Races and forms of Palncarohie Food-plants, Unusual, of D. vinula 28 Grypocera, Roger Verity 41, 54, 72 Formicidae, HV. General Notes C. Crawley oa KO) and Records of Coleoptera, H. Donisthorpe 115 Genetics of G. trigrammica, HE. A. Cockayne . oF Sc »- 142 Grimaldi, the Clown, an Ento- mologist, ED Side : Soe kt) Grouping of the Zygaenae 136, 155 Gynandromorph of P. icarus, 63 ; L. sinapis, 63; EH. jurtina Ber ees Habits of, Palestine Psychid, 17; G. rufoscutellatus ate sa. tals) Hawking of ants by birds .. acinae New, species to Britain, C. luctuata, 12; race of C. variata, Hy.J.T., 25; Saw-flies, to Britain, P. spiraeae and P. similis, 31; beetle to Britain, L. turcicus, 32; Four, European ants, Dr. Soudek, 33; Pseudopodomyrma n.g., 40; P. clarki, 40; forms of O. autwmnata in Sweden, 47;- Spanish Hes- periidae, 76, 77; race of S. revayana race columbana, 77; Coleopteron L. kirkae, 106; ab. unifasciatus of A. bifasciatus, 179 PAGE 107 INDEX. PAGE 115; Lithocolletis, 134; aberra- Eastern Nat.,’? 30; ‘‘N. H. of tions of Coccinellids, 149; Two, Brit. Butterflies,’ by F. W. Cicindelidae from Ceylon, Dr. Frohawk, 30: ‘‘ Ent. Tidskrift,” Walther Horn, 165; Two, Staphy- 47; Pierce’s Volume on the linidae new to Britain, 4H. ‘Genitalia of the Tortricidae,’’ Donisthorpe * ot 6G 49; ‘* Lepidoptera of New York Notes on, Collecting, 12. 28,45, State,” 59;.‘‘Ann. Rep. U.S. 58, °78, 93, 115, 131, 143. 162; Nat. Mus.,’’ 60; ‘‘ Bull. Soc. Psychides, Rev. C. R.N. Burrows, Lep. de Genéye,’’ 60; ‘‘ Revue 17; Short, of collecting in Spain, Mens. Namuroise,’’ 95; ‘‘ Report O. Querci, 26; C. pamphilus, 26 ; of the 2nd Imperial Entom. H. lycaon, 27; Further, on P. Conference,’ 146; ‘‘ Every-day coridon, ete., 37; a brood of P. Doings of Insects” plantaginus, 44; Spanish Lepi- Responses of G. rufoscutellatus, 67; doptera, 76; P. sorhageniella, A to wind ; 89, to rain 90, Sich 97 | Russian Ent. Soc... Novel method of Collecting, A, C. | Sale ofthe Harper-Crewe Coliection, Nicholson .. 58 S. G. Castle- Russell Obituary of, Chas. Oberthiir, 14; Scarcity of one sex of Papilio butter- C. C. Griffiths, 29; C. E. Ragusa, flies B0eerror. G. Gribodo, SOs mALEG. Scientific Notes and Observations Butler, 95; J. C. Stevens 116 Nee2eeego. Observations, on Dr. Verity’s article Second brood, B. roboraria, 63; on Palaearctic Grynenerss A. grossulariata He B.C. S. Warren . .. 128 | S. gigas in Perthshire Palestine Psychids .. 17 | Societies: Ent. Soc. Lond., 31, 61, Parasitism in the Genus Lasius, 175; S. London Ent. Soc., 62, 132, Social, W. C. Crawley 170 146, 164, 176; London N. H. ar P. coridon= 4?species : 37 64, 96, Pupae, 2 forms of Psychid.. 18 | Some Warwickshire Tenthredini- Races of, P. coridon, 26, 37; P. dae, ete., J. W. Saunt 93, medon, 27; P. sao, 27; C. pam- Some Pyralids from 8. Palestine, philus, 26; EH. lavatherae. 41; P. P. Graves A E.mar rubii, 42; E. staudert, 43; Sparrow eating distasteful ‘Butter- E. altheae, 44; E. alceae, 54; M. fly, teen» Ae proto, 54; H. alveus, 55; H. Supplements. . ryfelensis, 56; H. serratulae 56; Table of, Butterfly Distribution, 15; H. carlinae, 57; fritillum, Seasonal forms of C. pamphilus (Rigas & pid na UBGrcw se Teratological specimen of L. testata cacaliae 76; Hesperiidae, ‘128 ; | Twin, species, subspecies, genera eeeenidae, 156; Small, of U. Variation in, British Noctuae, 2; comma A . 164 CG. dilutata, 47; C. autumnata, Rare species, N. lucilla, rs H. 47; L. quercus, 62 ; C. potatoria, morpheus, 7; D. phalaenoides, 62; D. carpophaga, 62; JM. aur- 831; BP. gilvicomma, 32; H. inia, 63; 1’. variata Ls palustris, 32; M. atropos, 48; ‘‘ Verrall ’? Supper, The E. antiopa, 48; D. cynoglossi, Vesuvius, Coccinellidae and : 48; C. parallellus (macrop.), 61; Water-strider, G. rufoscutellatus, ~ M. unionalis, 62; C. titan, 64; Some Aspects of the General P. callidice, 82; P. apollo ab. Ecology and Behaviour of the, nevadensis, 150; P. litura .. 164 C. F. C. Riley .65, 86, Records from Derbyshire In 1925, Yellow forms of P. napi in 1 Ireland K. E. Keywood 175 | Yellow-spotted P. apollo, O. Querct Reviews of ‘‘ Proc. 8S. Lond. Ent. and N. H. Soc.’’ 1923-4,15; “8S. Locairies :—Argentine, 151; Bignasco, 10; Catalonia, 26, 46; Cortina, 81; Chaco Forest, 151 ; Derbyshire, 175; Godalming, 13; Italy, 41, 54, 72; Lake Maggiore, 7; Locarno, 9; Palestine, Shy CHS Reazzino, 9; Spain, WG 128. cao. Sierra Nevada, 150; Ticino, 11; Tripoli, 26, 79 : Val Broglio, 10; Winnipeg, 109; Warwickshire, 93, 162, yee Windsor a3 180 INDEX. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. PAGE PAGE Adkin. R., BSEHIS. 22 11.) beman"G. Bi*6 Bai Soe. .. 149 Andrews, H. W., F.E.S. eB! 79, 146 | Massey, H., F.E.S.. we $0.28 Anderson, J., 163 | Nicholson, C., F.E.S * 58, 659 Burrows, Rev. C. R. N., F, ‘E. S. 16, 7 |p RorrithG. bre Se eS LEE Bowater, Col. ne 28, 133 | Pierce, F. N., F.B.S. 2 eniad Castle-Russell, S. Cty F, K.S. cord Morr Querci, Cutts .. 26, 37, 46, 150 Crawley, W. C., F. ELS. 28, 40, 170 | Romei, Dr. E. 4 26, 46 Cockayne, Dr. E. AN? M.A., EF. E. Ss. Riley, C. F. C., F.E. 8. 6B, 86, 107 44, 142 | Soudek, Dr. S. ; ; 33 Coggin, B.C., Ls ats ese Loi (SCD, sas aH Se by 49, 97 Donisthorpe, H., F.Z.S., F.E.S. Schultz, IDYAR AY bi as 79 3, 106, 115, 124, 138, 158, 163, 166 Scott, EK. v AS oa repute! Durrant, J. H., F. E. Bs a 134" | Smiths Weise... a 81 Fassnidge, Wnm., F.E. bf 46 | Saunt, J. W. 5 93, 162, 173 Goodman, O. R., F.Z. a F.E.S. 7, 21 || Turner, Hy. J. 1, 12, 19, 21, 25, 26, Grant, F. T.. 12 27, 28, 77, 98, 104, 142) 143) 170 eivG Grimshaw, Ei a $8 .. 28 || Twigg, H. J. R. ne 81 Green, T., ae sis a -. 46 Verity, Dr. R., 41; 54, 72, 76, 101, Graves, Maj. P. P., F.E.S. see MY 118, 135, 154 Hayward, K.J.,F.H.S. .. a lode || AWiyBe We cele eyes EN Ease wana peo cles} Horn, Dr. W., 5 ofa . 0 166 || Warren, B. C.S.. Eb Eisen 77, 128 Kettlewell, il i., Ete 13, 28 | Woodward, J. C., F.E.S. .. JePIsL Keywood, id ie .- 175 | Walsingham, Ld. (late) .. i cnlod Leman, G. C., F.E.S. if Bary fe fs} BISL: OF ILLUSTRATIONS; dé: (Notice to Binder), to face paar ledhiy LP Races of C. pamphilus near Florence. . ee “ye Pan melts) Plt. Il. Genitalia of supposed hybrid Polyommatus, ‘ete. Be ais oil ee Plt. III. Clasps and Androconia of supposed hybrid RPLrpmowe etc.* + ape BltsalVer New. European Ants .. : Bi tel Pitaeey Mine and Wing-Markings of Phyllocnistis sorbageniella ae ok OIG Plt. VI. An Aberration of Ruralis betulae 7 : .. 104 Plt. VII. Distribution of Gerris rufoscutellatus in N. America oe, Le Plt. VIII. Forms and Races of Zygaena trifolii-lonicerae-palustris .. Peri k 7) Plt. (IX. Antennae of Elater rufipennis ae ae Ae < .. 124 Plis cx: A new hybrid. Fureulaxbicuspis .. se os fe .. 133 SUPPLEMENTS. List of Races of Rhopalocera of Peninsular Italy, Roger Verity, completion List of Macro-lepidoptera of Hampshire, W’m. Fassnidge, completion .. ie List of Varieties of British Geometers, H/.J.17'. AN rh ae -+pp- (1)-(16) List of Hymenoptera of Hampshire, H. P. Jones .. 34 Bi -. pp. (1)-(12) Notes on the Lepidoptera of Aswan, K. J. Hayward... ae .. pp. (1)-(16) {tia eco i GEOMETERS of the British Islands The Named VARIETIES and_ the Synonyms in general use. CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE NOMENCLATURE AND ARRANGEMENT OF L. B. Prout in Serrz’ Macro-LeprpoprEra (PaALAEARCTIC GEOMETERS) WITH page references to Seitz, Meyrick, and South. COMPILED BY Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S., for the P'ntomologist’s Record. Brephidae. Brephinae. BREPHOS, Zinck. PARTHENIAS, LL. ab. indigena, Lamobl. Prout. | ab. nigra, 7'vtt. ab. nigrobasalis, Splr. ab. luteata, Hennin. ab. passetii, Th.-Mg. ab, sajana, Prout. ab. mulierenla, J.S. ab. brunnea, Closs. 1,253.97. [obseura, norHa, Hb. 1.253.98. r. touranginii, Berce. ab, laeta, Rb. Geometridae. Oenochrominae. ALSOPHILA, Hb. {Anisopteryx, Steph. : Erannis, Ho. | 3.252.294, | amSoULARIA, Schiff. ab. astrigaria, Hdl. ab. brunnea, Hann. | r. urzhumaria, Arultk. rv. Japonensis Warr. |; APLASTA, Hb. _ononariA, Juess. [rubicapraria, Hb.| 6.252.101. ab. rubraria, Prout. blanca, Ribbe. sudataria, Flb. berytaria, Ho. trifasciaria, Staud. ab. monotaria, Staud. ab. squamata, Staud. a.g. faecaturia, Hb. tiie: 9 i} - -&Ds il. “ab. ab. | | | ODEZIA, Bdv. [Tanagra, Dup. : aptria, Hb.] | ArraTa, L. {chaerophyllata, L.] 7.251.147. (2) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. ab. nigerrima, T’h.-Mg. ab. dalmatina, Staud. r, pyrenaica, Gmppb, Hemitheinae. PSEUDOTERPNA, Hob. PRUINATA, Hufn. [cytisaria, Schiff. ] 13.250.101. ab, agrestaria, Dup. ab. fasciata, Prout. ab. grisescens, Hann. ab. candidata, Stand. ab. nigrolineata, Schwing. ab, albolineata. F. Way. r. holosatica, . Wagn. r. virellata, Aral. HIPPARCHUS, Leach. | Geo- metra, T’reit. (L.): Terpne, Hb.) PAPILIONARIA, L. 17.250.102. ab. herbacearia, Mén. ab. cuneata, Burr. ab. subeaerulescens, Burr. ab. deleta, Burr. ab. subobsoleta, Burr. ab. alba, Gillm. is COMIBAENA, Hb. [Euchloris, Hb. : Phorodesma, Bav.] pustutata, Hufn. [bajularia, Schiff.] 19.248.104. ab. stigmatisata, Staud. HEMITHEA, Hb.| Dup. [{Nemoria, agstivaRiA, Hb. [strigata, Miill. : thymiaria, Schiff. | 28.247.107. ab. alboundulata, Hed. CHLORISSA, Steph. [Nemoria, Hb.] | viripata, L. 24.248 106. ab. caerulescens, Burr. ab. concavilinea, Burr. ab. olivaceo-marginata, Burr. ab, rufotincta, Burr. ab. mathewi, Bnks. ab, rosearia, Culot. r. melinaria, H.-S. r. insignata, Stdgr. KUCHLORIS, Hb. [Phorodesma, Badv. SMARAGDARIA, I’), 27.249.105. ab. obsoleta, Burr. ab. alinea, Burr. ab. immaculata, Thnbg. ab. unilinea, Burr. ab. caeruleo-viridis, Burr. ab. viridis, Burr. r. gigantea, Mill. r. castiliaria, Stdgr. r. prasinaria, Hv. (?) r. mongolica, Stdyr. THALERA, Ho. FIMBRIALIS, Scop, [thymiaria, L. | ab. albaria, Hsp. ab. obsoleta, Skala. ab. moscovita, Gmpbg. r. chlorosaria, Graes, r. magnata, Huchs. HEMISTOLA, Warr. [Geometra, Bdv.: Kuchloris, Hb.] CHRYSOPRASARIA, [vernaria, Hb.) 830.249.1083. ab. dentigera, Prout. r. lissas, Prout. E'sp. IODIS, Hb. [Euchloris, Thalera, fb.| Hb.: LaoTKaRIA, L, [aeruginaria, Hob. : vernaria, L.] 32.249.105. r. norbertaria, Réssl. GEOMETERS OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS. Acidalinae. CALOTHYSANIS, Hb. [Timan- dra, Dup.| amata, L, [amataria, L.| 47.246.134. ab. roseata, Hirschie. ab. bipartita, Prout. ab. latistriga, Rb. ab. deleta, Fd. ab. nigra, Fb. ab. effusaria, [lem, ab. suffumata, Prout. r. grisearia, Petersen. r. comptaria, Walk. SCOPULA, Schrnk. [Kois, Hb.: Acidalia, Tr.: Leptomeris, Hb.) (PYLARGH, H.-S.) TeRNATA, Schrnk. [fumata, Steph.] 55.244.131. ab. simplaria, Pr. r. perfumata, Reut. (ACIDALIA, 7.) [Leptomeris, Hb.} mmorata, L, 56.248.126. ab. serenata, 7’rti. ab. albomarginata, Habich. ab. fuscomarginata, A. Hof. r. porosa, [Krultk. Hufn. [rubricata, §8.243.130. RUBIGINATA, Schiff. | ab. scotica, Bubk. ab. brunneomarginata, Schaw. ab, obscurata, Skal. r. ochraceata, Stdyr. r. halimodendrata, Hirsch. \ MANGINEPUNG ATA, Goeze [promu- tata, Gn ¥ incanata, Haw.: immutaria, Hb.| 63.241.125. ab. griseofasciata, T7ti. ab. pastoraria, Joan. (3) ab. mundata, Prout. ab, orphnaeata, Fuchs. ab. argillacea, Prout. r. britonaria, Obthr. r. subatrata, Fh’. Way. FLostactata, Haw. [remutata (aria, Hb.) Schiff.: lactasa, Haw.| 66.241.124. ab. conjunctiva, Prout. ab. sublactata, Haw. ab. extirpata, Fuchs. ab. anastomosaria, Preis. ab. undularia, Heilw. r. claudata, Prout. mmutata, L. [sylvestraria, Hb.| 70.241.124. ab. myrtillata, Dadd. ab. atra, Fbl. r. syriacata, Neubgr. vircuLata, Schiff. |strigaria, Hb.| - ab. nigerrima, Rd. ab. albicans, Prout. r. parallelaria, Warr. nicropunotata, Hufn. [strigilaria, Hb.| 74.2438. 127. r. subcandidata, Walk. yeu emorTaRiaA, Hb, [subroseata, Agee} 75.242.128. miTaRia, Hb. 76.242.129. ab. kesslitzi, Hirschke. ab rosea, 7'rti. ornata, Scop. ([paludata, L.] 79.242.123. r. subornata, Prout. ab, paucisignata, Krausse. STERRHA, Hb. [Acidalia, 7’7.] (PTYCHOPODA, Curt.) ocHrata, Scop. [ochrearia, Hb. : perochraria, Dbldy.| r. sicula, Zell. 90.240.132. r. albida, Ribbe. r. cantiata, Prowt. (4) (PTYCHOPODA, Curt.) [Hyria, | Steph: : Kois, Hb.] MURICATA, Flufn. Bork. | ab. lutescens, Prout. ab. totarubra, Lambil. ab. maidorni, Hann. [auroraria, 99.235.109. pimipiata, Hufu. — {seutulata, Schiff] 99.239.121, ab. delictata, Prout. r. roseata, 7'rt7. EBURNATA, Wocke. |contiguaria, Fb. 105.235.109, ab. obseura, /uchs. ab. fuscalata, Fuchs. ab. dirutaria, Fuchs. ab. pallidaria, Fuchs. SERIATA, Hb.: Schrank. — [virgularia, incanata, Schiff] ab. enbicularia, Peyer. ab. obscura, Mill. ab. caleearia, Zell, r, australis, Zell. r. canteneraria, Bdv, r. minuseularia, Ribbe. SUBSERICKEATA, //aw. 116.237.117. ab. obseura, Rol. r. yhancuniata, Anaqgs. rx. asbestaria, Zell, r. diaphanaria, Buy.- Haas. SYLVESTRARIA, Hb. |straminata, Tr. : marginepunctata, Steph. | 117.236.118. ab. graciliata, Mann. r. circellata, Gn. |obsoletaria, Westw.] HERBARIATA, Li), a.g. aestiva, Huchs. r. adherbariata, Stdgr. BISELATA, Hufn. [bisetata, Rott.] 126.240.121. ab. fimbriolata, Steph. ab. infuscata, Provt. r. extincta, Stdgr. 112°236.112. 123.235.111. | FUSCOVENOSA, THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. TRIGEMINATA, Haw. [sceutularia, Hb.) 128.239.122. Rustrcata, Schiff, — 181.285.110. r. mustelata, Ainbr. r. vulpinaria, H.-S. pinurarw, Hb. 182.237.116. ab, praeustaria, Lah. ab. subfasciata, Prowt, r. holosericata, Dup. Gtze. — fossea Haw. : interjectaria, Bde : dilutaria, Led.] 188.287.114. ab. anastomosaria, Preiss. HUMILIATA, Hufn. Schiff.) [osseata, 132.237.115 DEGENERARIA, [1b. 134.238.118. ab. depravata, Stdyr. ab. floridaria, Piing. r. erschoffi, ('/i, r. meridiaria, Mill, mnorNava, Haw. 136.238.119. ab. agrostemmata, Gwen. ab. amoenata, Muchs. aversata, 1. 137.238.120. ab. lividata, Clk. ab, remutata, L, Stdgr.] ab. fuliginata, Haw. ab. effuseata, Galvag. ab. atrata, Fuchs. [suffumata, Lmbl.| ab. aurata, Muchs. ab. latefasciata, Vor.-M.D. ab. diluta, Hann. ab. aurata-diluta, Hann. ab. dilutata, Preiss. [spoliata, EMARGINATA, 1, 138.239.1338. ab. mosquensis, Hey've. COSYMBIA, Hb. - Zonosoma, Ld.: Kphyra, Dup.] [Cyclophora, Steph. : Leucoph- thalmia, Hb.] OBSERVED AT ae ra ~ RESERVOIR, ASWAN Ce f. Ain : , ' 7 t BY | ae HAYWARD, FES. _ dene “: (Reprinted from The Entomologist’s Record, 1925-6. } ERRATA, ETC. page (14) line 6 from bottom, for melanpyya read melanopyya. », (15) line 11, for Nadasia read Nadiasa. » » line 28, read “ and the clusters about 1:1mm x -6mm.” I. Notes on Egyptian Rhopalocera observed at Reservoir Aswan. October, 1919, to April, 1923, 3y KENNETH J. HAYWARD, F.E.5S. Inznopucrory Norm.—My collecting has been almost entirely confined to the immediate area of Reservoir, with the exception of occasional odd days at Maadi (near Cairo.) The period covered by these notes dates from my return to the country in October, 1919, with the exdéption of mid-September to mid-November, 1920, and June September, 1921, during which periods I was on leave. I have been unable to trace any record of previous resident collectors in the district, and consequently presume that I am the first person to examine it. ‘The topographical situation of Reservoir is interesting from an entomological standpoint, particularly as regards its isolation, and the comparatively recent date of its cultivation. - Situated 600 miles South of Cairo, and 180 North of Wadi Halfa, it represents the fullstop to the line of Egyptian Nile-valley cultivation. The gross area of the colony is about 70 acres, roughly divided up into 80 acres of rock and otherwise un-cultivable land on which nothing grows, 5 acres of enclosed grounds—gardens and houses, 15 acres of terraces, etc., covered with trees and bushes, and the remainder under cultivation. It is divided from Aswan by some six miles of desert, but its Western boundary, the Nile, here a mile wide, is dotted with small islands throughout its length to Aswan, and as these islands have for the greater part some plant life, and the prevailing wind is from tbe North, much insect life probably finds its way into the Colony by this route. Beyond this Western boundary lies the sandy Libyan desert the nearest cultivation being at Kurkur*, where there is a small patch of scrub and some vegetation. Hast again is arid desert stretching to the Red Sea, with scattered patches of wild vegetation near the coast. South, the first real cultivation is reached at about 80 miles. Between this and the Dam there is a little river-bank cultivation during flood when the reservoir is empty, but this only on low berms and mud banks. The remainder of this Southern area is composed of massive granite hills and sand. ‘There is a narrow strip of cultivated land on the West bank directly opposite the colony, about a hundred yards deep and running North for perhaps half-a-mile. The colony has now been laid out and under cultivation for about seventeen years. Previous to this there were only a few date and dom palms and a few sycamore fig-trees on the site. The climate is very dry, and the temperature is high. * Distant some 40 miles. (2) THE BWNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. In the following table I have given the approximate mean maximum sun and shade temperatures, the minimum temperature, and relative humidity, for the twelve months. Approx. Approx. Approx. Approx. Sun Teme. SHape 'l'emp. Min, 'Tume. Run. Hom. January ae, LES 74:0 49:0 46 February ce 1880 79-0 515 42, March ... 144:0 87:0 57:0 36 April ie LO4'O 98:0 65°5 31 May oie 2R/GOO 103-0 72:0 33 June ‘eae SOB 107-0 76°5 31 July ... 164:0 108-0 77.5 30 August ae 2620 105-0 TCO 31 September ws tal LO 1038-0 73°5 32 October ee LOU 98:0 68-0 35 November Re hich a) 87:0 60-0 40 December iy ee 0) 77:0 52-0 45 As regards cultivation, the main crop is berseem, and a small amount of barley is also grown in the winter. The usual Heyptian garden produce and flowers are produced in the gardens; and amongst the commonest trees are lebbak (Albizzia lébbek), sycamore-fig (Micus sycamorus), various date and other palms, and Citrus trees, oleander, several species of acacia, a few Kucalyptus, and many others. Colocynth, (Citrullus colocynthus), dead sea fruit (Calotropus procera), and coarse grasses grow wild wherever they can find moisture. Rhopalocera begin to emerge about the end of February, but some species are on the wing all the year. Moths are most plentiful from February till April, in June, and again in September, October, and November. I took at Reservoir in all 16 species of Rhopalocera and 168 of moths. Considering the small area and isolated position of the colony this number appears large, but as time passes more species will probably find their way in and stay to breed. Aswan must be considered the link between Egypt and the Sudan, for more than one species found in the latter reaches as far North, whilst several of the species common in Lower Keypt just reach Aswan. BistiograpnHy.—For comparative purposes, the following papers should be examined. For the area South, round Khartoum and the Nile Valley to the equator, see those marked with *. The rest of the References are for Kgypt, North, including the publication of the Entomological Section of the Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo—especially No. 5, and “The Bulletins of the Egyptian ntomo- logical Society” from 1906. 1823. Latreille, P. A. ‘ Description des Insectes*de la Nubie, recueillis » par M. F. Cailliaud.” 1 plt. 1825-7. Audouin, J. V. ‘Explication sommaire des Planches d’Insectes de l’ouvrage de la commission d’ Egypte.” 1828. Ehrenberg, C.G. ‘ Reise in Aegypten, Libyen, Nubien und Dongola.” I, 153, ete. NOTES ON EGYPTIAN RHOPALOCERA. (3) 1829-45. Klug, EF. (Ehrenberg, C. G.) ‘“Icones Descriptiones Insectorum ” (Symbolae Physicae), I-III. plts. VI.-IX., XX., XXIX., XL., XLVIITL. 1837. Bugnion, C. ‘“ Description de quatres nouvelles Species de Lépidoptéres de la Syrie et de l’Egypte.” Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., 439., plt. 16. 1867. Zeller, P..C. ‘ Kinige von Herrn Pickard-Cambridge, besonders in Aegypten and Palistina, gesammelte, Microlepidoptera.” Stett. ent. Zeit, XX VIII., 365. 1870. Walker, F. “A List of the Butterflies (Lepidoptera) collected by J. K. Lord, Esq., in Egypt, along the African shore of the Red Sea, and in Arwbia ; with deseriptions of the species new to Science,” Hnt., V., pp. 48, 128, 151. 1876. Butler, A. G. “A Revision of the Lepidopterous Genus Teracolus with descriptions of new species.” Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 126. (Consul Petherick’s ‘ White Nile.’’) 1877. Robinson-Douglas, W. D. “ Entomological Notes of a Tour in Egypt and Syria,” Mnt. Mo. Mag., XIV. 135. 1886.* Manders, Col. N. ‘‘ Entomological Field Notes at Suakim.” Ent. Mo. Mag., XXII. 277. 1887-9. Trimen, Roland. ‘‘ South African Butterflies.” 3 vols. 1894. Bethune-Baker, G. T. ‘Notes on some Lepidoptera received from the neighbourhood of Alexandria,” ‘rans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 88., pit. I. 1895. Demaison. ‘‘ Notes sur les Lépidoptéres d’Egypte,” Bull, Soc. ent. krance., LIX. 1897. Sharp, Miss E. M. B. “A list of the Levidopterous Insects, collected on the Red Sea, in the neighbourhood of Suakim, by Mr. Alfred J. Cholmley.” Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 775, etc, 1901. Aurivillius, Chr. “ Results of the Swedish Zoological Expedition to Kgypt and the White Nile, under the direction of L. A. Jigerskold.” Pt. I. Lepidoptera. 1901. Rothschild, Hon. N. C. ‘‘ Lepidoptera from Egypt and the Sudan.” Nov. Zool., VIII. 426, ete. 1901.* Butler, A. G. ‘*On some Butterflies from the White Nile collected by Capt. H. N. Dunn, of the Egyptian army.” Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond., 25. 1903.* Dixey, F. A. ‘* On Lepidoptera from the White Nile collected by Mr. W. L. 8S. Loat, F.Z.S.; together with further Notes on the Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies.’ Zrans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 141, ete. 1905. Rothschild, Hon. N. C., and Warren, W. ‘ Lepidoptera from the Soudan.” Nov. Zool., XII. 21, ete. 1905. Graves, P. P. ‘“ Notes on Collecting in Egypt, 1903 and 1904.” Ent. Record, XVII. 147, ete. 1905. Cambridge, Rev. O. P. ‘ Notes on Collecting in Egypt.” Ent. Record, XVII. 210. 1907. Graves, P. P. ‘“ Notes on Egyptian and Syrian Butterflies.” Ent. Record, XIX. 65. 1907. Graves, P. P. “Notes on Collecting in Egypt in May and June.” Hnt. Record, XIX. 210. 1908, etc. Seitz. ‘‘ Macro-lep. Pal: Reg.” J[.-LV. (4) 1909." 1909. 1910. 1910." 1910, 1910. 1912. 1912." 1912, ~ 1918," L915, 1915, 1915. 1918, 1919. 1922, 1928-4. THN WNTOMOLOGIS'S RWGORD, Longstafl, GQ. Be Trans. Hut, Soe, Lond, (XXXIL Proe.). Guyot. Bull. Soe, ent. Maypte. Andrés, =“ Schmetterlingslebon in der Mariout wiiste bei Alexanderen.” — /’auna ewotiea, I. Longstafl, G. B, «Three Weeks in the Sudan.” Hint. Mo, May., XLVI. 119, ete., 194, ete. Hampson, GQ. New African Moths,’ Annals and Mag. N.H,, Ser. 8, V. 485, ete. Jackson, Miss D, J,“ Some Notes on the Egyptian Lepidop- tera.’ Mnt, Record, XXII. 17 Andrés, “ Verzeichniss der bis jetzt in Aegypten beobachteton Schmetterlinge,” Bull, Soe, ent. Maypte. Longstaff, GQ. B. “ Butterfly Hunting in many lands.” p. 892, ete. Rebel, Dr. “ Beitrag zur Lepidopterenfauna Unter- Aegyptens.” Iris, XXVI,, p. 65, ete. Longstaf, G. B, © The Butterflies of the White Nile ; a study in Geographical Distribution,” T'rans, Mt. Soe, Lond., 11, ete,, pli. LI, Graves, P,P. ‘ A List of the Butterflies of Kgypt.” Bull, Soe, ent. Myypte. Graves, P,P, “* Keyptian Butterflies.” Mnt. Record, XX VII, 128, Manders, Col, N. ‘The Butterflies of Lower Kgypt.” Hnt. Record, XXVI Is GO. Graves, P. P, “Some new forms of Lycaenidae from HNgypt.” Knt., LI. 92, 97, 184. Graves, P. P. Collecting in various places in 1916-1918.” Mint. Record, XXXI. 6 (167). Mace, H, ‘ Buttertlies on the Nile.” Trans. nt. Soe. Lond,, 240, ote, Andrés, and Seitz, A, ‘ Die Lepidopteren Fauna Aegyptens ” Senckenbergiana, Bnd, V.-V1. NOTES ON. EGYPTIAN RHOPALOOERA. (5) | Rhopalocera. [Arranged according to Seitz, ‘‘ Macrolep. Pal. Region,’ Vol. 1.] Family 2, Pieridae. Genus VI., Pieris, Schrnk. P. rapae, L.—This insect is never common. I have taken a few of the spring brood, form metra, Steph. I first saw it on April 17th, 1920, a few further specimens that month and up till May 20th, when they became commoner till the 27th, disappearing after that date. A second brood emerged on June 25th, and were on the wing till the end of the first week of July, with one or two damaged stragglers up till the end of the month. A single freshly emerged specimen on August 15th. In 1921 it again made its first appearance on April 17th, when some half dozen were on the wing. I was absent from June 8th, till October, and saw nothing further of the species. One of my males has gray apical blotches and no discal spot above. Common at Maadi in April and May, 1920. Genus VII., Leucochloé, Rob. L. daplidice, L.—Another somewhat scarce insect. I first took it on one of the islands on April 16th, 1920. There was a single specimen flying on June 13th, and a pair on June 26th. Thereafter occasional specimens appeared until July 20th, when it disappeared except for one or two much damaged individuals at long intervals. I have one specimen perhaps referable to the gen. vern. bellidice, O. (that taken on April 16th, 1920), and one specimen of the ab. raphani, Ksp. taken on July 7th, 1920. I did not see the species in 1921, but it perhaps appeared when [ was on leave. Common at Maadi in April and May, 1920. Genus XIX., Catopsilia, Hbn,. CO. florella, F.—Taken on the following dates :—November 9th, 1919, July 8rd, 1920, and in 1921 on January 10th, March 29th, a series at the end of October, and on December 81st. In 1922 on January 1st, and later dates. The specimens taken prior to October, 1921, were all taken on the East bank and have the appearance of being immigrants. ‘Those taken in October were taken on the patch of vegetation on the West bank and had certainly bred there as they were fresh specimens and further specimens kept appearing. I took about half a dozen specimens and left the rest to carry on the breed. There were possibly thirty or more in all. The two taken at the end of the year were worn, but differed in no way from the locally bred specimens. In 1922 C. florella appeared with regularity in a corner of my (6) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, garden about every 21st, to 24th, day. Usually only a single specimen, but freshly emerged. It had apparently bred there but I could not trace its foodplant. In the males the size of the brown markings on the costa and outer margin vary, as does the discal spot on the forewing. In one specimen all these markings are reduced to such an extent as to be hardly notice- able. The group of disco-cellular spots on the hindwing below also vary, my series including the following combinations :—Three separate spots, three united spots, and two separate spots, in addition to the usual (two spots united). In the females the sparrow-hawk marking varies in extent and intensity of colour. yenus XXII., Colias, F. C. croceus, Fourer. (edusa, L.).—A very common species. Occa- sional specimens appear in December and January, and in 1922 the first emergence took place on January 18th, but the more usual date is about February 21st. The early broods have a somewhat redder head and costa and beneath much more bluish green than the later broods and are referable to the gen. vern. vernalis, Vty. These early broods are always small and only a few specimens are to be seen about until mid-April, when they become common. They appear to be continuous brooded after this date until September. There is a noticeable increase in numbers during the first week of August and it is during this month that the species is commonest, and most repays close examination. After September only stray specimens come out and most of those on the wing will be found to be worn specimens of the summer broods. At the end of 1919, I found the white aberrations flying in the proportion of perhaps a half per cent. My first ab. helice in 1920 was taken on April 20th, when | got two, and then again on June 10th, after which date it rapidly became common, flying in about the same proportion as ab. pallida. In Augtst the proportion of white aberrations to the yellow specimens probably rose as high as three, or even three and a half per cent, and I examined over 200 during the first three weeks, although my collecting times were much restricted by work. Ab. helicina is rare and I have taken only three specimens, on June 18th, 1920, a beautiful pale lemon coloured specimen that I at first mistook for florella, July 11th, 1920, and the other in October, 1919. In 1920 a very hot spell of weather that occurred (max. shade temp. for period 121 deg. F., max. temp. in sun 177 deg. F.) in August killed off all butterflies except a very few of the ‘ blues,’ and as | went away shortly afterwards, I saw no more of the insect for that year. 1921 was remarkable for the comparative searcity of croceus.at Reservoir. I saw it only on Jan, 28rd (9), Jan. 29th (¢% ¢), April Brd (g), and some dozen specimens ineluding one ab. helice in October, some of which lingered on till December. I was of course away from June till September. I have on two occasions taken the female in my moth trap at light, whither it probably flew on being disturbed from its resting place. (June 22nd,1920, October 6th, 1920.) The following is a summary of the species as represented in my collection—all taken at Reservoir. NOTES ON EGYPTIAN RHOPALOCERA. (7) croceus, Fourer. gen. vern. vernalis, Vty.—Not uncommon, I have examined a good number of 3 g of this generation, and have noticed that the discal spot on the upperside of the forewing is, in a large percentage of cases, covered with yellow scales, and is much reduced in size, the reduction tending to make the spot lunule-shaped. I have not observed this occurrence in the later generations. croceus, Fourer, gen. aest.—Common. One ¢ is of a more orange- yellow than usual, the discal spot on the forewing is reduced as is also the black marginal band of the hindwing above, and the nervures are not distinguishable on this band, which is dusted with yellow some- what approaching ab. velata. One 9 has all the spots on the marginal band reduced in size, and beneath is the bluish-green of myrmidone, Esp. Another 9 has an enlarged and pear-shaped disco-cellular spot on the hindwing beneath. croceus, Fourer. gen. aut, autumnalis, Roc.—Abundant. ab. deannulata, Roc.—One female. ab. bimaculata, Vrty.—One male. ab. velata, Rag.—One male | think referable to this ab. ab. minor, Failla.—Two males. ab. atrotasciata, Roc.—One male. One female. ab. semiobsoleta, Roc.—One (also referable to ab. bimaculata, Vrty.) Another taken January 15th, 1922, amongst vernalis. ab. suffusa, Tutt.—I think one of my females might come under this heading, being very heavily dusted with black scaling over the - base of the forewing above. ab. obsoleta, Tutt.—One female with the spots in the marginal band very much reduced. In other specimens this is also the case to @ slightly less marked extent. ab. aubuissoni, Cdj.—I have a very worn female of which the fore- wings above were evidently a primrose, or light yellow, and the hind- wings those of the white aberrations. ab. cremonae, B-H.—Four primrose males, one taken on January 15th, amongst vernalis, Vrty. ab. pallida, Tutt.—A long series. The disco-cellular spot on the hindwing above varies from orange to pale yellow-green and is in some specimens ringed with white. One specimen is a bluish green beneath resembling the colour of myrmidone, Esp. One specimen has a black dash above the black discal spot on the forewing above. ‘This dash joins the spot at the centre ‘~~’. Onespecimen is also ab. deannulata, Roc. and ab. bimaculata, Vrty. Three are referable to ab. obsoleta, Tutt., whilst one of these has the disco-cellular spot on the hindwing above reduced to a pale mark merging into the ground colour. ab. helice, Hbn.—A long series showing all shades of colouring between ab. pallida and ab. helicina. The disco-cellular spot on the hindwing above varies as in pallida (see above) and in one specimen is much enlarged and bright orange. In this specimen the spot on the forewing is also bigger than usual. Two specimens are ab, bimaculata, Vrty. One specimen has the disco-cellular spot on the hindwing above merging into the ground colour as in ab. pallida above, and another has the white blotches in the black marginal band on both wings much enlarged, and occurring in every cell from the inner and anal angles to the costa. ab. helicina, Ob.—I obtained three specimens which are noted in the text above. (8) THK WNTOMOLOGIST’S RKOORD, ab. faillae, Stef.—Would most probably be turned up if all males were systematically examined, as [ have seen specimens approaching very closely to this aberration, notably one amongst some vernalis taken on February 5th, 1922. In this specimen however the yellow veins do not quite unite with the yellow ground colour in the apical area. In size my males range from 82mm. to 69mm, and females from 42mm. to 62mm. {It may be interesting to note here, that I took a @ at Bruton in Somerset in May, 1922, which had a wing expanse of 67mm. | Kamily 8, Danaidae, Genus 1, Danais, Ltr. D. chrysippus, L.—Common all the year and is continuous brooded from November till June, and I am inclined to think for the remain- ing period also. Krom April till November the broods are entirely chrysippus but from December till March a fair percentage of the ab. eratippus, Fldr., and other dark specimens are included. ‘The maximum number of dark specimens are bred in January, the coldest month, and the percentage decreases with the rise of temperature. As many as 85% of a January brood are sometimes dark, and all my own experience points to the fact that cold has a considerable bearing on the coloration of this insect. Specimens vary in size from males of 102mm. to dwarf males and females of 45mm. to47mm. |emales are usually very slightly smaller than the males, and the average span for all insects is about 78mm. Specimens in my collection can be divided into three groups :— (a) specimens corresponding to type, (b) the aberration cratippus, Fldr. (c) specimens entirely dark, (ab. avantha, Hay.) The following is a summary of the species as occurring at Reservoir. chrysippus, L. -Very common, showing minor variation chiefly in the white markings in the apical area. ab, cratippus, hldr.—Common during the winter and varying as does chrysippus. T have never taken this ab. during the hot weather months, ab. avantha, Hay.—A new aberration described in the /’nt., LY., p. 178, 1922. Bred sparingly during the coldest part of the winter. This insect has the ground colour entirely dark brown. ab. aleippus, I’.—L bred one specimen on February 24th, 1922, from wild larvae—a batch showing a strong tendency to white aberra- tions. ab. aleippoides, Moore.—I bred a large number of specimens in February, 1922, and a few at other dates, and once caught a specimen, in which the insect showed slight white scaling along the nervules and nervures about the discal area. ab. candidata, Hay.—A remarkable aberration described in Muxt., LY., p. 178, 1922, in which the ground colour is a pale whitish-buff, the dark brown of the costal area being replaced by gray, the black and white apical and marginal markings typical. The type and another specimen were bred in January, 1922, a third specimen was seen on the wing about the same time. As the two bred specimens NOTES ON EGYPTIAN RHOPALOOERA. (9) were from wild larvae, it is possible that all three may have come from the same parent. Amongst other aberrations I mention the following. (1). A male ab. cratippus taken at Maadi in which the width of the oblique white line of the apex above and below (measured along the nervures) is 8mm. at the costa increasing evenly to 12mm. in cell 5. ; (2). Dwarf specimens of both sexes of less than 50mm. wing expanse. (8). A curious pathological specimen taken at Reservoir on January 15th, 1922. In this specimen the left hindwing is toothed in the form of a tail between R5 and R6. There are no white markings on the black marginal band of the hindwing, and-only a few pinpoints show on this band on the forewing, and the oblique white apical line is also very much reduced. (See Knt., LY. p, 178, and fig.) (4). Specimens (which occur very rarely) having chocolate coloured patches'superimposed on the dark brown of the costal area, usually in the basal area ; and radiating outwards from the base rather than in uneven ‘ blotches.’ (5). Specimens in which the dark brown colour of the costal area appears in streaks or patches on the black of the apical area either (or both) before or after the white oblique line. I have specimens of both chrysippus and cratippus, in which the dark brown colouring of the forewing above is mottled or spotty in appearance, the ground colour appearing beneath it. 6) Specimens—usually malformed—sometimes occur, in which the black colouring becomes a smoky grey. I believe this is mainly due to lack of sufficient or suitable food in the larval stage. These mainly occurred when I was experimenting with foodplants other than Caloptropis procera on which ehrysippus here feeds. I tried certain experiments in 1922 to see to what extent chrysippus could adapt its pupa to surrounding colours. When attached to the underside of the C. procera leaves it is, in my experience, invariably of a somewhat dark green, and when attached to the stalk of the plant, or to the dead leaves that usually lie at the foot of the stalk, it is always of a greyish-buff, the colour of the bark or dead leaves. In both cases it is highly procryptic and I have never found a brown pupa on a leaf, or vice versa. The inside of my breeding cage is plain pitch pine, having a colour slightly more reddish than the procera stalk or the dead leaves. ‘This colour it is able to imitate very closely, the pupa being tinged with a sort of flesh pink at first. However, I have found that 4% assume the green pupa when confined to the cage. This error may of course be repeated in the wild state, but my observations do not point that way. I papered the inside of the breeding cage with various coloured papers. Chrysippus chose green and stuck to it when the small portion of the cage left unpapered was full up. (I had 1000 larvae in it.) Green it could manage, but reds, blues, bright yellows, violets, etc., were too much for him and he studiously avoided them, When pupating on the green paper the pupae were green; when compelled to pupate on a coloured paper the pupa was still green, (10) THK KENLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. The hour of emergence varies very greatly. On three February days with the climatic and temperature conditions for the 24 hours cycle practically identical, the emergences took place as follows. First day at 12.0 noon, the following day at 10.80 a.m., and the next day at12.80p.m. Generally speaking the emergence took place in my breed- cage, which was a large gauze meat safe hanging right in the open, at 12.30 p.m. in December and January ; noon in February ; 11.80 a.m. in March ; and about 8.80, to 9.80, in the summer months. In all I have to date bred, or examined, over 6000 specimens of chrysippus, and nearly all my aberrations came from the last 500 bred in the early part of February this year (1922), Chrysippus is very much preyed upon by a parasite that I believe to be Chalets brevicornis, Klug. (A specimen of this parasite sent to the Entomological section of the Ministry of Agriculture was doubtfully identified as such). On one occasion I took a female carrying a dead male, death having evidently occurred whilst in cop., and the female being unable to get rid of her dead spouse, bad perforce to carry his corpse around with her. The male was quite dry so that death had in all probability taken place two days before the capture was made. ‘This insect was taken at 11.80 a.m. during the hot weather. Family 6, Nymphalidae. Sub-family ‘ D,’ Vanessinae. Genus V., Hypolimnas, Hbn. H, misippus, L.—A very rare migrant. I first took it on June 20th, 1920, a male now in the collection of the Ministry of Agricul- ture, Cairo. I have since taken further specimens of both sexes, the males much less damaged than would be expected of a species which soon tears itself to bits. Its habit of sitting on a coign of vantage and durting out at all other butterflies that approached it was noted. Genus VII., Pyrameis, Hbn. P. cardui, L.—Odd specimens from December till April amongst which an occasional fresh emergence is to be seen. It becomes more plentiful in May and June, the main brood emerging about the end of July. The species is then common till the end of November. As elsewhere a very level species not given to overmuch variation. It has twice come to light in my moth trap, on November 10th, 1920, and December 6th, 1920. The following are very minor aberrations observed. 1, The marginal row of spots on the hindwing above, very much reduced. 2. The marginal spots heavily ocellated with light blue. (This is noticeable to a very small extent in a good number of specimens, but is very marked in the aberration mentioned.) 8. A specimen with a small ocellated spot beneath the third (the white) spot on the apex of the forewing beneath, and the ground colour above of a deeper red than usual. NOTES ON EGYPTIAN RHOPALOCERA. (11) Family 8, Lycaenidae. Genus XXIII., Virachola, Moore. V. livia, Klug.—Feeds here on the pomegranate, and as there are not a great many trees, is not very common. (I have never found it on dates, but have examined dates that appear to have suffered from its ravages.) I found the species common on Kitchener’s (Sirdar’s) Island where the foodplant is more plentiful. My notes for 1920 will serve to illustrate its times of appearance :— Bred 2 @ ? and caught 4 9 ? June 27th. Onwards a few males and females daily till June 80th. A few bred in captivity after this date. A further brood flying from July 27th till August 10th. A third very small brood on August 27th till 29th. The June and July broods about equal in number, perhaps a dozen in the August lot. Females preponderated in the June brood in the proportion of 3 to 1, in the July brood 2 to 1, and in the August brood males and females were about equal in numbers. My specimens vary only in size, males ranging from 22mm, to 8lmm., and females from 25mm. to 34mm. I have been unable to trace any as occurring in the early spring. Best obtained by either breeding from infected fruit or by collecting the pupae. Fruit infected has a small hole bored in it and a lump of frass exuding therefrom. Fruit, in which is a plain hole without frass, is unoccupied, the larva having left to pupate. I used to collect the fruit and stand the stems in water giving the larvae dead leaves to pupate in. The pupae are not difficult to find, being placed under loose bark or attached to the bark in crevices and at the foot of the tree amongst the dead leaves, etc. On occasions, when disturbed, the pupa in some way emits a squeak, not unlike the noise made by freshly emerged V. io, L., when annoyed. Genus XXVI., Lampides, Hb. (Polyommatus, Latr.) L. baeticus, L.—Always common everywhere, and is continuous brooded all the year, though the winter broods are very small. Varies considerably in size, being on the whole larger in the spring broods. My males range from 20mm. to 86mm., and the females from 25mm. to 36mm. They vary in colouring and marking but little, and from many thousands examined I have only one aberration of note, a male, above, normal, beneath, forewing having the outer marginal lines merged into a broad marginal band of light greyish brown, the line of white crescents appearing very faintly. Costa and basal area slightly tinged with light brown. The remainder of the wing a bluish grey, the nervures showing slightly brownish. Hindwing of the same light brown, and except for the line of crescents in the marginal band which appear faintly, almost entirely devoid of the usual white markings, The silver-green lower border to the spots at the anal angle almost suppressed, the black spots and inner border typical. Genus XXIX., Syntarucus, Btlr. (Tarucus, Moore.) S. telicanus, Lang.—Almost a plague from February till November, and common in December and January. Continuous brooded all the year. The females are usually well marked and very blue above, I (12) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, examined many thousands, and at times one can entrap from 20 to 80 in the net with a single sweep. ‘The undersides vary slightly in depth of colour, but otherwise they show no aberration, I have two males with white patches on their wings above, the first with a round white patch on the fore- and hindwing on the right side, theother the central area of the forewing on the left side more or less white. This species also has twice come to light in my moth trap, on June 20th, 1920, and on April 7th, 1921. Gonus XXIX., 7Zarucus, Moore. 1. mediterraneas, B-B.—Vory local even in the gardens hore, and [ have only taken it at four spots, three of which are patches of a coarse grass. Though I have taken specimens in January, its first real brood uppoars to be in March, and I have noticed broods in late May, late June, late July, and in September. Probably it is continuous brooded throughout the summer. The females are well marked and in most the blue basal area of the forewings is very bright. I have taken no aberrations amongst the five or six hundred I have examined. Genus XXX., Azanus, Moore. A, eleusis, Doman.—Common on one of the islands in the cataract, but except for a few straying specimens, | have not seen it elsewhere. It possibly appears on other islands that | have not examined. Mareh till November, I have always found it uncommon in June and July. No variations have occurred amongst the considerable number that L have examined, A. ubaldus, Cr.——A species of Azanis, identified for me as A. ubaldus Cr., by the Entomological Section of the Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo. Verified at the Brit. Mus, Nat. Hist., South Kensington, Taken sparsely around acacia, The earhest date on which | have seen it is June 12th, and it flies till about November 20th, but is easily killed off by cold. T have found it rare till August. Probably the best spot for it is the patch of vegetation on the west bank along- side the North Canal. Genus XXXI., Zizeeria, Chap. (Zizera, Moore.) Z. lysimon, Hbn., f. hkarsandra, Moore.—Specimens wero identified by the Ent. Sect. of the Min. of Agriculture, Cairo, as /arsandra, Moore, I cannot say if all Keyptian lysimon can be referred to this aberration which was described from a single female and is mentioned by Seitz, Macrolep. Pal. Fauna., Vol. I., p. 295, as a “ pale female form.” Always common and appears to be continuous-brooded all the year. Above it shows no variation. Beneath it varies in depth of colour and in size, etc., of the spots, the latter usually being much reduced in the female. My underside aberrations are as follows :— ab. mora, Swin.—'T wo specimens. ab. 1. Male. Ground colour beneath rather darker than usual, discal lunules brown and very prominent, marginal row of spots represented by one or two minute black specks that are only noticeable on close inspection, remainder of usual underside spottings absent. NOTES ON EGYPTIAN RHOPALOCERA. (13) ab. 2. Two males. Both wings uniform brown showing usual lighter markings very faintly, discal lunule on forewing brown, on the hindwings scarcely discernible. Black marginal spots on the forewing represented by the upper flve spots only, a faint trace of the basal spots on the hindwing in one specimen, markings absent from the hindwing in the other. - ab. 8. Male. Upper five spots of marginal row of the forewing elongated and rather pearshaped. Lower spot very much reduced. ab. 4. Two females. All the underside spots and markings prominent. ‘The spots of the marginal row on the forewing enlarged, in the one specimen the third from the top outwardly, the remainder inwardly, in the other specimen the third and fourth outwardly, the others inwardly. ab. 5. Female. The black spots beneath prominent, the forewing having on the left side thrée, on the right side four, small additional black spots between the discal lunule and the marginal row of spots. Genus. XXXII., Chilades, Moore. C, trochilus, Frr.—Common on certain islands and along the Nile banks, Is apt to be overlooked. First emerges the first week of March, but is not common till May. Vary little and are of good size (on the whole a good deal bigger than my Cyprian examples.) I have examined between 1800 and 1500 specimens and bave only one aberration which I herewith describe. - C. trochilus, Frr., ab. albolunulata, ab. nov.—g. The ground colour of the crescent on the hindwings both above and below white. In all respects otherwise as in type. Described from one ¢ in coll. auct. taken at Reservoir near Aswan, ‘Upper Egypt, May 20th, 1920. Section Grypocera. Sub-family 8, Pamphilinae. Genus XXXVII., Gegenes, Hbn. G. nostradamus, F.—Common in October and November, 1919, and a few about in December. One at light in the moth trap (!) on February 19th, 1920, and one on berseem on February 20th. I[ next saw it singly on June 8rd, 11th, 14th, and 27th. Common from the second week of July till November. I saw only one or two specimens in 1921 prior to going away and it was not common on my return in October. I found it common at Maadi in April, May, September, and November—the only months | have been there. Genus XXXIX., Parnara, Moore. P, mathias, F.—Not taken at Aswan. I found it common at Maadi in April, May, September, and November. P. zelleri, Led.—Not taken at Aswan. I saw two specimens at Maadi in May, 1920, and captured one of them. (14) tHE KENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. II. A short note on the Bombyces and Sphinges, etc., of the Aswan district of Egypt. By KENNETH J. HAYWARD, F.E.S. Norr.—The following insects collected’ between September, 1919, and March, 1922, are now in the Natural History Museum, South Kensington. Only nine certain local insects of this group could be found. A tenth Hippotion celerio, L., is most probably somewhere in the district, but must be somewhat uncommon. Deilephila nerii is a pest on the Oleander, and during one season, natives had to be employed to collect the larvae in baskets, and throw them into the Nile! Every bush was stripped bare. Phalaenae. {The Bombyces, Sphinges, etc., are arranged after Seitz, ‘‘ Macrolep. Pal. Fauna.’* Vol. 2.) Bombyces, Family 4, Arctiidae. Sub-family 1, Nolinae. Genus V., Celama, Walk. C. squalida, Stgr.—Common from February till October and varies but little. Sub-family 4, Micrarctiinae. Genus XXXIII., Utetheisa, Hbn. U. pulchella, L.—Emerges about the beginning of the third week of March, a few appearing before this date, and the insect being again scarce from about March 20th. An occasional specimen may appear at any time and one or two usually come out in October and November. In 1920 thousands emerged in the March brood and the place was alive with them whilst I saw less than two dozen specimens in the 1921 brood. In the great emergence of 1920 I examined many hundreds securing two ab. pallida, Spul., one ab. melampyga, Spul., and one dwarf of 25 mm. referable to ab. tenvella, Seitz. I was led to hope that so many thousands would yield me some striking aberrations, but beyond the specimens above mentioned and a fine range of upperside markings I was to be disappointed. The species does not seem to vary to the extent one would expect in an insect so marked. NOTES ON EGYPTIAN RHOPALOCERA. (15) The species is of good size here, the average being from 40 mm. to to 41 mm., and my largest specimen is 45 mm. ‘The forewing above varies in marking and colouring, spots becoming confluent, etc., and in some cases one or other of the colours will predominate, usually the red, the black tending to diminish. Beneath, the specimens generally are unusually heavily and darkly marked for U. pulchella. Family 5, Lymantriidae. Sub-family 1, Areolatae. Genus V., Orgyia, O. O. dubia, Tausch.—I have only seen two specimens at Reservoir, a male and a female, both taken at the end of November, 1921, and both were taken at light. Family 7, Lasiocampidae. Genus X., Nadasia, Walk. N. undata, Klug.—Common all the year. Plays havoc with the acacia trees, but I have not found it breeding on the East bank as yet. The males vary little, but the females vary in colour from dark to light grey and light brown. A few specimens of this insect from Reservoir are now in the B. M. series, I was preparing to work out the life-history of this insect and that of Varagama acaciae, Klg., which follows, but pressure of work caused me to postpone my observations till my return from leave. Having however resigned in the meantime, I give the few following facts in case they may be of interest, The eggs are laid in large clusters on the slender outside twigs of acacia and are at first of a light peagreen colour, oval, and about 11 mm. X 6mm. During the heat of the day the larvae congregate on or near the main trunk where it is more shaded. A very large number of those on the outside branches drop off the tree and make their way to the trunk along the ground. The pupa is enclosed in a spun cocoon of 13:0 to 16:0 mm. length and about 4-0 mm. diameter, rounded at each end. This case is rarely attached to the branches or trunk of the tree, and is more usually found under flat stones under or close to the tree. The cocoon sometimes has bits of dirt, dead leaves, etc., spun into it, rendering it difficult to locate. From January-March its imagines emerged between 4°20 p.m. and 4°45 p.m. Genus XXIL., Tarayama, Klug. T. acaciae, Klug.—I overlooked this handsome moth till the autumn of 1921, when I found an old pupa case, which led me to search further acaciae with the result that I found eggs, pupae, and caterpillars in large numbers. The moth I have only once seen wild, a newly emerged ¢ drying its wings. It appears at present to be confined to the West bank as | have only found three pupae on the Kast. The larvae are so similar to the bark of acacia in colouring that often the most careful search will fail to reveal a specimen that is eventually (16) 'THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. found by being touched. Whilst the pupae are generally attached to twigs and are conspicuous from their whiteness, they are in some cases attached to the trunk—usually in the fork of a branch, and are so. covered over with bits of bark as to appear part of the tree. All my specimens are bred. The males vary little, the females considerably, chiefly in the intensity and extent of the brownish grey suffusion over the discal area. This may be absent entirely (except along the costa), or entirely cover this area, giving the wing the appearance of having a dark ground colour and light markings. I have one specimen in which the whole of the forewing is of a rich brown, only the glossy white outer edge of the median band appearing light. The hindwings are also somewhat tinged with brownish, shading from the outer margin towards the base. The moth is common in all stages from September till March (and probably all the year), on acaciae. | have bred a few from larvae, and about 200 from wild pupae. The female I have found, lays on an average about 850 eggs (my actual figure is 347), laying them in clusters of an average of 12 eggs per cluster. Although I have on occasions found as many as 27 and as few as 1 egg per cluster, in 90% the numbers were between 8 and 16. A long series of this moth that I brought home in papers are now in the National Collection at S. Kensington, together with a few specimens of the egg, etc. Family 14, Saturniidae. Genus III., Samia, Hbn. S. pryert, Btl.—(Introduced by the Ministry of Agriculture from India but not acclimatised). I have bred this species in the open (with difficulty) on castor-oil plant. After pupating however it must be kept in an artificially moistened air, and even if all precautions are taken to prevent the pupae getting too dry, only a very small percentage of moths emerge in a perfect condition. The slightest temperature changes are harmful, and the insect is killed by the cold winters unless special care is taken. This moth was introduced with a view to starting a silk industry. It does not seem probable that it will ever be a success in Southern Egypt owing to the low relative humidity per cent. Sphinges, Sub-family 1, Acherontiinae. Genus II., Herse, Oken. H. convolvuli, L.—March till September. Never very common. My specimens are very finely marked. Sub-family 4, PAilampelinae. Genus XXVII., Deile;:hila, Led. D. nerii, L.--Abundant from February till November, and common in December and January. I have taken the larva during every week of the year but it is not common in Decemberand January. Asin the case of Danais chrysippus, L., | have found that winter bred specimens are on the whole much darker than hot weather broods. The larvae of this species sometimes becomes a plague, stripping the Oleander bushes ESE OF THE Tlymenoptera OF Hampshire and_ the Isle of VVight COMPILED BY ight Ne (Reprinted from “ The Entomologist’s Record.’’) LONDON 1925-6. The Hymenoptera-Aculeata of Hampshire. By HUGH P. JONES. Of the 354 species at present known with certainty to inhabit the county, 31 belong to the Ants, 116 to the Fossores, 22 to the true Wasps, and 185 to the Bees. Doubtless a good many more of the last group remain to be discovered ; certain genera of which (notably the Andrenidae) have so far received but little attention in Hampshire from Hymenopterists. [| have been careful to exclude any doubtful record, and most of the species in the following list that have not actually come under my own observation in South Hants, are recorded as having been received from the New Forest within recent years by Dr. R. C. L. Perkins. The classification of the Ants is that adopted by Mr. Donisthorpe in his fine monograph on the British species. Otherwise, allowing for recent necessary changes in nomenclature, I have mainly followed Saunders’ 1902 Catalogue. An asterisk in front of a particular record indicates that the species was first described as British from Hampshire. Heterocyna-lormiciIDAE—ANTS. PonrrinaE.—Ponera coarctata, Latr.—New Forest (Hamm). I. of Wight: Ventnor (Dale) ; Sandown (Fowler). P. punctatissima, Roger.—Portsmouth (Donisthorpe and Pool). An originally introduced species found mainly indoors. Myrmroinak.—Myrmecina graminicola, Latr.—Hurst Castle (Dale) ; Woodhay (Harwood). I of Wight: Blackgang Chine (Curtis) ; Luccombe and Shanklin (Iredk. Smith); St. Helens and Sandown (Donisthorpe). Formicoxenus nitidulus, Nyl.—-New Forest (Waterhouse) ; Bournemouth (Jackson). In nests of Formica rufa, and not uncommon. Anergates atratulus, Schenck.—New Forest (Crawley and Donisthorpe). In nests of Tetramorium caespitum. Monomorium pharaonis, L.— Winchester (Wakefield) ; Bournemouth (Barnes). I. of Wight: Ventnor (F. Smith coll.). An originally ' introduced species, and found indoors. Solenopsis fugaw, Latr.—I. of Wight; Sandown (Fowler); Black- gang (Donisthorpe). In nests of other species. Myrmica laevinodis, Nyl., M. ruginodis, Nyl., M. sulcinodis, Nyl., M. scabrinodis, Nyl., M. lobicornis, Nyl., and intermediate forms all occur, most of them very commonly. (2) THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, M. scabrinodis var. sabuleti, Meinert.—New Forest (Donisthorpe). I. of Wight; Landslip, near Shanklin (Donisthorpe). Stenamma westwoodi, West.—New Forest (D. Sharp, Camb. Mus. coll.) ; Portsmouth (Reading, Brit. Mus. coll). I. of Wight; Black- gang Chine (Curtis); Freshwater (Dale); Parkhurst Forest (Donisthorpe). Leptothorax acervorum, F.—New Forest (Dale); Eastleigh (F. J. Killington); Bournemouth (Iarren White); Harewood Forest (Harwood). I. of Wight: Parkhurst Forest (J. Taylor). Aldridge Hill enclosure in the New Forest is a good locality for this species, which oceurs under the bark of old stumps. Well distributed and not uncommon, L. nylanderi, Foérst.—Dibden (Crawley); Ryde, I. of Wight (Donisthorpe). I,, tuberum, F.—New Forest (Dale); Hayling Is. (Saunders). I. of Wight: Landslip (Lewis) ; Ventnor (Saunders), */,, interruptus, Schenck.—New Forest, where it was first discovered in Kingland by Crawley and Donisthorpe, 28. vii, 12. Tetramorium — caespitum, L.—New Forest (Donisthorpe) ; Bournemouth (Ff. Smith); Hayling Is. (Saunders); Fleet (K. A. Sutler). I. of Wight: Sandown, Shanklin and Luecombe Chines, the Undercliff, and Ventnor (Ff. Smith) ; Landslip (Fowler) ; Blackgang Chine (Donisthorpe), Not uncommon on sand, and evidently well distributed. DoLioHopERINAK.—T'apinoma erraticum, Latr.— New Forest (Hamm) : Bournemouth (Dale); Harford Bridge Flats (HK. A. Butler). I find this tiny black ant common in gravel pits on Setley plain, nr. Lymington, and elsewhere in South Hants. I. of Wight: Parkhurst Forest (I, A. Butler). JAMPONOTINAR.— Donisthorpea (Lasius) fuliginosa, Latr.—Somewhat local, but otherwise common, occurring mostly on trees. [X nigra, L.—Abundant everywhere, nesting often under bark of old stumps. D. aliena, Fiérst.—New Forest (J. J. F. X. King); Bournemouth (Rothney); Hayling Is. (Saunders); I leet (H. A. Butler). I. of Wight: Blackgang, the Landslip, Shanklin and Sandown (Donisthorpe) ; St. Helens (A. H. Hamm), D). flava, .—Abundant everywhere, but nests are usually small and underground. D. umbrata, Nyl.—Bournemouth (F. Smith); Lymington (Donisthorpe) ; Hayling Is. (Saunders); Fleet (I. A. Butler). I. of Wight: Landslip (Fowler); Sandown (Donisthorpe); Luccombe Chine (J. Taylor); Blackgang Chine (Bedwell); Shide (Morey) ; Bonchurech (Morice). D, mivta, Nyl.—Tbe Landslip, I. of Wight (Dale coll). Formica rufa, L.—Extremely common (in the New Forest I have had four nests in sight at a time) in planted pine, or ‘ mixed ”’ woods. I’, pratensis, Retz/-—Bournemouth (I*. Smith), and probably more generally distributed (Donisthorpe). I, ewsecta, Nyl.—New Forest (Bradley) ; Bournemouth (I. Smith) ; THE HYMENOPTERA-ACULEATA OF HAMPSHIRE, (3) Boscombe and Ringwood (Farren White) ; Parkhurst Forest, I. of Wight (EK. A. Butler). F. sanguinea, Latr.—New Forest (F. Smith) ; Cove, Hawley, and Blackwater (F. Smith) ; Selborne (Dale coll.) ; Fleet (HE. A. Butler). F. fusca, L.—Common almost everywhere. The var. glebaria, Nyl., is recorded from Bournemouth, and Hayling Is. (Saunders coll.) ; New Forest (Crawley) and I. of Wight. Var. rubescens For., from New Forest (Donisthorpe) and Landslip, I. of Wight (Donisthorpe), F’, picea, Nyl.—Matley Bog, New Forest (Arnold and Piffard) ; Bournemouth (F. Smith). I. of Wight (?) [F. Smith coll.]. FossoreEs. Morituar.—Mutilla europaea, L.—Well distributed, and not uncommon. Perhaps most often met with in the New Forest where I have taken it, amongst other places, as follows: Aldridge Hill enclosure (including a pair in copula); Rhinefield (males fairly common on bramble blossom, etc.) ; Perry Wood, Irons Hill, near Brockenhurst ; Matley Bog; Holmsley and Wootten enclosures ; Norley Wood. The male appears very black in flight, and in my experience is more often met with than the female. Bournemouth (Harwood, and others) ; Southampton district; Sway; Milton (H. P. Jones). M. rufipes, Latr—Most often found on the coast, where it frequents the rough weedy ground at the foot of the’ broken sandy cliffs, which stretch between Milford and Bournemouth. Barton- on-Sea, Highcliffe, and New Forest (H. P. Jones); Bournemouth ; Hayling Is. ; Sandown, I. of Wight (Saunders). Myrmosa melanocephala, Fab.—Milford (Jones); New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins). Looally common. Methoca ichneumonides, Latr.—Fairly common in the New Forest. I. of Wight—Blackgang Chine and Sandown—is given by Saunders. Tipaupar.—Tiphia femorata, Fab.—Blackwater (I. Smith). T. minuta, V. de L.—New Forest ; common (R. C, L. Perkins). Sapyemarn.—Sapyya quinque-punctata, Fab.—Lymington in garden (H. P. Jones). PompiLipaE = PsammMocHaRIpAn.—* Psammochares (Pompilus) (sub- genus Wesmaelinus) sanguineolentus, Fab.—Hmery Down, New Forest (D. Sharp). Ps. unicolor, Spin.—New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins) ; Steephill, Ventnor, [. of Wight (Rothney). Ps. bicolor, Lep.—Common in the New Forest where | have taken it at Balmer Lawn (Brockenhurst), Setley and Royden, Beaulieu, ete. Bournemouth (Saunders) ; Sway (Jones). Ps. rufipes, L.—New Forest ; fairly common. (Jones) ; Hayling Is. Bournemouth ; I. of Wight (Saunders). Ps. cinctellus, Spin.—Not uncommon in the New Forest. Hawley (Dale) ; Sway, etc., (Jones). Ps. plumbeus, Fab.—Common on Coast, and inland at Setley (Jones), and New Forest generally. (4) THK WKNTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. Ps. niger, ’ab,—Very common inland, and occurs on the coast at Milford, Highcliffe, ete. Ps, viaticus, L.—This fine distinct species is common every where on sandy banks inland, and by the sea, Ps, consobrinus, Dblb.—Sandhills on the west of Hayling Is. (Saunders). Ps. minutulus, Dhlb.—New Forest ; common (H. P. Jones). Ps. spissus, Schiédte.—New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins) ; Perry Wood, Brockenhurst (H, P, Jones), and probably fairly generally distributed. Ps, chalybeatus, Schiddte.—New Forest (Perkins) ; Bournemouth (Saunders). | have taken it at Sway and Setley. Ps. gibbus, Fab\—Common on sandy banks by woods, on heaths, ete. Ps. unguicularis, Thoms.—New Forest ; both sexes in abundance at flowers of spurge (H. P. Jones). Bournemouth; Hayling Is. (Saunders). Ps. wesmaeli, Thoms.—Bournemouth (Saunders); New Forest (Perkins). Ps. pectinipes, V. de L.—New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins); Perry Wood, Brockenhurst; fairly common (H. P. Jones) ; Bournemouth (Saunders). Salius juscus, L.—Abundant everywhere, and very variable in size, some females being comparatively enormous. S, affinis, V. de L.—Not uncommon, New Forest (Perkins) ; Bournemouth (Saunders). S. ewvaltatus, Fab.—New Forest, but not very common. I. of Wight (Saunders), S. notatulus, Saund.—New Forest (Perkins); Bournemouth (Saunders). S. obtusiventris, Schiddte.-—New Forest (Perkins) ; Bournemouth (Dale) ; Ventnor, I. of Wight (Rothney). S. pusillus, Sebiddte.—Not uncommon in the New Forest. S. parvulus, Dahlb.—Generally distributed, and often very abundant. Calicuryus hyalinatus, Fab.—Fairly common in New Forest. Sandown, I. of Wight (Marshall). Pseudagenia carbonaria, Scop.—Lyndhurst, New Forest (C. Morley). Agenia hircana, Fab.—New Forest (Saunders). A. varieyata, L.—New Forest (Dale); Steep-hill, Ventnor, I. of Wight (Rothney). Hypsiceraeus (Ceropales) maculata, Fab.—Quite common, if rather local. In the New Forest I bave taken it, amongst other places, on the railway banks at Wood Fidley. C. variegatus, Fab.—New Forest (R. ©. L. Perkins) ; Parley Copse (Rudd). SpHeGipak.—Astatus boops, Schr.—Setley (H. P. Jones); New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins). Common where it oceurs. A, stigma, Panz.—New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins); Hayling Is. (F. Smith). Tachytes unicolor, Panz.—Hayling Is., Sandown Bay and Ventnor, I. of Wight (Rothney). T. pectinipes, L.—Common about sandy patches on heaths. THE HYMENOPTERA-ACULEATA OF HAMPSHIRE. (5) Trypoxylon figulus, LL.—Everywhere abundant. T. clavicerum, Lep.—Common, and well distributed. T’. attenuatum, Smith.—Milford and New Forest; Matley Bog, etc. (H. P. Jones). Sphea (Ammophila) sabulosa, L.—Very common ; usually on sandy banks in or near woods. Less frequently seen on heaths than the next. é S.(A.) campestris, Latr.—Well distributed, and abundant on the New Forest heaths. Psammophila hirsuta, Scop.—In some seasons extremely common in gravel pits at Setley, and elsewhere in the New Forest. Also occurs on the coast at Milford, etc. I. of Wight (Saunders). Ps. lutaria, Fab.—Saunders gives Hayling Is., and coast of Hampshire. J have, so far, only found hirsuta on coast between Milford and Bournemouth. Spilumena troglodytes, V. de L.—New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins). Stigmus solskyi, Moraw.—Not uncommon, and well distributed. Pemphredon lugubris, Latr.—Extremely common. P. shuckardi, Moraw.—Common. P. wesmaeli, Moraw.—Not uncommon ; Lymington and New Forest. P, lethifer, Schuck.—Very common. Ceratophorus morio, V.de L.—Quite common, and well distributed in my experience, Occurs frequently in gardens at Lymington and Brockenhurst. - Diodontus minutus, Fab.—Sand-banks on heaths generally. D. luperus, Schuck.—New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins) ; Hayling Is. (Saunders). D. tristis, VY. de L.—Common, and well distributed. Passaloecus corniger, Sehuck.—New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins). P. insignis, V. de L.—New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins) ; Lymington (H. P. Jones). I. of Wight (Saunders), Fairly common. P. gracilis, Curtis—New Forest (Perkins); Lymington. (H. P. Jones). No doubt common and well distributed. P. monilicornis, Dhlb.—New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins). Psen (Mimesa) shuckardi, Wesm.—Not uncommon in the New Forest (Jones). Parley Heath (Dale). I. of Wight. Ps. equestris, Fab.— Balmer Lawn, Brockenhurst (H. P. Jones), and no doubt fairly generally distributed. Ps, bicolor, Fab.—Very common in sandy places. Ps. unicolor, VY. de L.—New Forest (G. Arnold and others) ; Parley Heath (Dale). Fairly common in South Hants., and possibly more generally distributed. Ps. dahlbomi, Wesm.—New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins). Psenulus pallipes, Panz.—Common, and well distributed. Pss. (Miscophus) concolor, Dhlb.—Brockenhurst, New Forest (G. Arnold). Harpactus tumidus, Panz.—New Forest ; common (R. C. L. Perkins). Gorytes mystaceus, L.—Abundant in woods on Unibelliferae, Huphor- biae, etc. Geropales (Hoplisus) laticinctus, Lep.—Brockenhurst (Arnold vide Piffard). I have recently taken this fine species at Royden, near Boldre, in the New Forest. It frequents rough brambly ground in wood- (6) HE KNLOMOLOGIS’’S RECORD. clearings, and is probably not very rare, but overlooked. Shuckard recorded g and @ from the New Forest in the past. G. (H1.) bicinetus, Rossii—New Forest (Curtis). I once saw what 1 am fairly certain was this species on a bramble leaf at Lymington. Nysson spinosus, Fab.—Common in woods during spring at flowers of Spurge (Muphorbia), a plant peculiarly attractive to Aculeates, N. interruptus, Fab.--Bournemouth and N. Forest (Dale), N. dimidiatus, Jur.— Hayling Is. (Saunders). New Forest? Didineis lunicornis, Fab.—New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins). Mellinus arvensis, L.—Often in extraordinary abundance in sandy situations both inland and by the sea. M. sabulosus, Wab,—Christehureh (Dossetor); I. of Wight (Saunders), | have only found the preceding species on the coast between Lymington and Bournemouth. Philanthus triangulum, Fab.—-Heron Court. Sandown Bay, I. of Wight, in abundance (F. Smith), I have no recent records of this fine species. Cerceris ornata, Schaeff.—Common on heaths. C'. arenaria, L.—Widely distributed, but apparently local in the New Forest. [| have only recently found it there, burrowing into grassy paths near the cricket pitch in front of the Balmer Lawn Hotel, Brockenhurst. C. interrupta, Panz.—Local, but common enough on most of the New Forest Heaths. Parley Heath (Dale). OC. labiata, Fab.—Quite common, although rather local. Often very abundant in the gravel pits on Setley Plain, near Lymington. Owvybelus uniglumis, L.—Common in sandy situations everywhere. O. mandibularis, Dhlb.—New Forest; not uncommon (R. C. L, Perkins) ; Bournemouth and Hayling Is. (Saunders). O, argentatus, Curt. (mucronatus, Fab.).—Sandhills on Hayling Is. (Saunders). Crabro clavipes, 4.— Common almost everywhere. ©. leucostomus, L.—Abundant. Cyniyritus, Lep. (pubescens, Shuck).—New Forest (C. Morley). C. cetratus, Shuck.— Brockenhurst, New Forest ; Lymington (H, P. Jones). No doubt generally distributed, as it is not really a rare species. 3 C. capitosus, Shuck.—Not uncommon; New Forest, etc. C. podagricus, V, de L.—New Forest, etc. (H. P. Jones). CO. styrius, Kohl.—New Forest (Champion). O. aphidum, Lep.—New Forest (R. C. L, Perkins) ; Herne (Dale). Apparently scarce and local. C. gonager, Lep.—Not uncommon, New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins) ; Lymington in garden (H. P. Jones). C, palmarius, Schreb.—New Forest (D. Sharp, and others, teste Perkins) ; Herne (Dale). C. varius, Lep,—Common, New Forest, etc. I. of Wight, CO. ovalis, Lep. (anvius, Wesm).—New Forest (G. Arnold). C. wesmaeli, V. de L.—Common in many places. C. elongatulus, V. de L.—Abundant,. C, quadrimaculatus, Dhlb.—Loeal, but very common where it occurs, mainly in the neighbourhood of woods, C. dimidiatus, Fab.—New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins). HE HYMENOPTERA-ACULEATA OF HAMPSHIRE. (7) QO. signatus, Panz.—New Forest ; local, but not uncommon. ('. vagabundus, Panz.—Common, and well distributed. 0. cavifrons, Thoms.—Abundant on the coast between Milford and Highcliffe, but rather scarce inland. The presence also of an allied species is suspected in former area. O. chrysostomus, Lep.—Very common. CO. vagus, L.—Common in woods and gardens. *Q, larvatus, Wesm:—New Forest (F. D. Morice). C. cribrarius, L.—Fairly common on heaths. }, peltarius, L.—Not very common, and much more local than the last species. C, scutellatus, Schr.—New Forest ; local, but not uncommon. CU. interruptus, De. G.—Very common in South Hants, particularly in gardens. ). lituratus, Panz.—An abundant woodland species in the New Forest, the males swarming on Umbelliferae. C. albilabris, Fab.—Common, and well spread. CO. panzeri, V. de L.—Locally abundant. New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins) ; I. of Wight (I°. Smith). Entomognathus brevis, V. de L.—Common, and generally distributed. Oo DietoprrrA=TrRvue Wasps. _ Vespa crabro, L.—Common, On warm autumn evenings in the New Forest the males and neuters often commandeer the Lepidopterist’s sugar patches. V’. vulgaris, L.—Common. V. yermanica, Fab.—Common; more so in cultivated areas than vulgaris. V. rufa, L.—Abundant in Forest districts, and hardly less so in fields and gardens. V’. sylvestris, Secop.—Common in woods. V. norvegica, Fab.—Not very common. I have only found it in numbers at Royden in the New Forest. * Polistes yallicus, L.—Chandler’s Ford (R. B. Robertson). Odynerus spinipes, L.—Common in most woods; particularly abundant in the New Forest enclosures. O. melanocephalus, Gmel.—New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins) ; Royden, near Boldre (H. P. Jones). Scarce and local in South Hants., but no doubt much overlooked. I. of Wight (Saunders). O. laevipes, Shuck.—New Forest occasionally (D,. Sharp teste Perkins) ; Several at Royden in 1922 (H. P. Jones) flying over the same ground on which H, laticinctus occurs. O, reniformis, Gmel.—New Forest ; local, but not very uacommon (H. P. Jones). O. callosus, Thoms.—Abundant everywhere. VO. parietum, L.-—Widely distributed, but very much less common than the last. O, pictus, Curt.—Not generally common. Occurs in gardens at Lymington and Brockenhurst. I. of Wight (F. Smith). O. trimarginatus, Zett.—Common at Lymington, and all along the coast. Inland at Brockenhurst, and many other places. (8) THE ENTOMOLOGIS®’S RECORD. O. trifasciatus, Oliv.—Not very common, but probably widely distributed inland. New Forest (Sharp, Perkins, and others). Brockenhurst (H. P. Jones). O. parietinus, L.—Very common in woods and gardens. O. antilope, Panz.—Common at Lymington, and in most other parts of South Hants. I frequently come across the females burrowing into the well-known banks surrounding the New Forest enclosures. O. crassicornis, Panz.— Wood Fidley, New Forest (H. P. Jones). Has also been taken in the New Forest by G. Arnold. O. gracilis, Brullé.—Locally common in woods. O. sinuatus, Fab.— Rather local, but otherwise common. Eumenes coarctata, Latr.—The well known ‘ Potter wasp” is common throughout South Hants., but occurs only on heaths. Ihave taken it at Setley in the New Forest up to the end of September. ANTHOPHILA= Bess. ~ Colletes glutinans, Cav. (suecincta, L.)—Common on all heaths. C. fodiens, Kirby.—Fairly common ; chiefly near the sea, Highcliffe (Jones); Bournemouth (Saunders) ; Hayling Is. (Saunders). C. picistigma, Thoms.—I find it common near the beach at Barton- on-Sea. Chewton (8. 8. Saunders). No doubt occurs on most of the coast between Lymington and Bournemouth. C. daviesana, Smith.—Common. Hyleus (Prosopis) palustris, Perk.—New Forest (C. Morley). H. cornuta, Smith.—Cove Common (F. Smith). The original specimen is now in the possession of Dr. R. C. L. Perkins. H. spilota, Forst. (masoni, Saund.)—Hayling Is. (Saunders). H. dilatata, Kirb.—Blackwater (Smith); Bournemouth (Dale). Frequent in the New Forest, and no doubt generally distributed. H. communis, Nyl.—Very common. H. signata, Panz.—Lymington (Jones) and probably elsewhere. H.hyalinata, Smith.— Abundant. H. confusa, Nyl—New Forest; common (R. C. L. Perkins). Perhaps generally distributed. H. minuta, Fab. (=brevicornis, Nyl.)—Not uncommon in many localities. H, pictipes, Nyl.—New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins); Hayling Is. (Saunders). Sphecodes gibbus, L.—Very common on heaths. S. reticulatus, Thoms.—Common locally in New Forest. I. of Wight (Saunders). S. monilicornis, K. (subquadratus, Smith).— Generally distributed, and usually common. S. rubicundus, V. Hag.—New Forest (Arnold and Sharp, teste, Perkins). S. spinulosus, V. Hag.—New Forest (G. Arnold). S. puncticeps, Thoms.—Locally common in the New Forest. Bournemouth (Saunders). S. longulus, V. Hag.—New Forest (G. Arnold). S. pellucidus, Sm. (pilifrons, Thoms.).—Common, and generally distributed. THE HYMENOPTERA-ACULEATA OF HAMPSHIRE. (9) S. similis, Wesm.—Locally abundant. S. ferruginatus, Schenck.—New Forest (G. Arnold). S. hyalinatus, Schenck.—New Forest (G. Arnold). S. dimidiatus, V. Hag.—Common. S. affinis, V. Hag—Common. With the exception of S. spinulosus, S. rubicundus, and S. ferruginatus, | have taken. all the above Sphecodes on Setley heath,’south of Brockenhurst. Aalictus rubicundus, Christ.—Hxtremely common. H. maculatus, Smith.—Blackwater (F. Smith), H. xanthopus, Kicb.—Common in I. of Wight (Ventnor, ete.), but I have no certain record for the mainland. H. leucozonius, Schr.—Very common. H. zonulus, Smith. —Quite common, and well distributed. H. quadrinotatus, Kirb.—Common. H. laevigatus, Kirb,—Often very common in the New Forest (H. P. Jones) ; Ventnor, I, of Wight (Saunders). i. prasinus, Smith. —Locally common. in New Forest area, A tealceatus, Scop. (cylindricus, Fab)-Very common, ~~ H. albipes, Kirb.—Abundant. H. malachurus, Kirb.n—Common in I. of Wight. Doubtfully recorded from mainland. H. pauvillus, Schenck.—New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins). H. fulvicornis, Kirb.—Common. [H. freyyessneri, Alfk. (=sub- fasciatus, Nyl., nec Saunders) I have not found this latter in Hants. | ‘gle villosulus, Kirb.—Abundant. sh 3 brevicornis, Schr.—Coast at Southbourne (i, Saunders). H. puncticollis, Mor.—New Forest (G. Arnold). H. breviceps, Saund.—New Torest (G. Arnold); Hayling Is. (Saunders). H, punctatissimus, Schenck.—Quite common, if rather local. H. nitidiusculus, Kicb.—Well. distributed, but less common than the next species. H., minutus, Kirb.—Common. A, minutissimus, Kirb.—Plentiful in the New Forest. A, tumulorum, li.—Very common. *H. flavipes, Fab.—New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins). Probably not uncommon ; see Hnt. Mo. Mag., 1922. *H. subauratus, Rossi. (yranineus, Smith.)\—Cove Common. (F. Smith). I should say that Dr. Perkins casts somedoubton this record. H. smeathmanellus, Kirb.—Common and well distributed.’ H. morio, Fab.—Abundant everywhere ; undoubtedly the common- est in Hants of the ‘‘ green” species. H. leucopus, Kirb.—Common, but much more local than the last. Andrena albicans, Kirb.—As elsewhere, extremely abundant, and often appears in extraordinary numbers on lawns. A. carbonaria, L. (pilipes, Fab.).—Common on heaths inland, and sandy banks by the sea. A. tibialis, Kirb. (atriceps, Kirb.).—Not very common (at least, in S. Hants). A. bimaculata, Kirb. —Lymington district (H. P. Jones); Bourne- mouth (Saunders). A. rosae, Panz. (Ist brood eximia, Smith)—New Forest; not . (10) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, uncommon, although many records undoubtedly apply to the next species. A. trimmerana, Kirb, (1st brood spinigera, Kirb.)—The spring form sptrigera is abundant at sallows in the New Forest, but the second brood is less easy to trace; it, however, apparently outnumbers eatiia, A. jacobi, Perk. (rosae, var. trimmerana of Saunders).— Common ; particularly in the villages. A ylorea, Fab.— Well distributed, and not uncommon in 8, Hants. A, thoracica, Fab.—Abundant on heaths, ete; frequently nests in same situations as carbonara. A. nitida, Foure.—Common in fields and gardens, but seems rarely, if ever, to occur on heaths with A. thoracica. At Lymington in some seasons almost every dandelion contains a specimen of this very band. some bee. A. ctneraria, L.—I have taken it commonly at Ventnor in the I. of Wight, but do not remember seeing it on the mainland. A. fulva, Sehr.—Well distributed, but usually searce in S. Hants (This species in England seems most abundant in the midland counties). Common at Southampton (Wm. Fassnidge). A. clarkella, Wirb.—Abundant in early spring about Sallows, ete. A. nigroaenea, Kirb.—Common everywhere inland, and by the sea. A, gwynana, Karb.—Very common, A. angustior, Kirb.—South Hants generally. A. praecow, Scop.—Common and widely distributed. 4. helvola, L.—Common in New Forest. A. apteata, Smith, (lappontca, Zett.)—New Forest (KH. B. Nevinson). 1. fucata, Smith,—Often extremely common in the New Forest. 4. nigriceps, Kirb.—Bournemouth (Saunders) and New Forest. A, simillima, Smith.—Bournemouth (Smith), Formerly abundant in I. of Wight, and probably still oceurs there (R. C. L. Perkins), A, tridentata, Kirb.—Loeally common in New Forest (H, P. Jones) ; Christchurch (I. Smith) ; Bournemouth (Saunders). A. fuscipes, Kirb,—A typical Hampshire species; occurs in myriads on all heaths, A. denticulata, Kirb.— Common in $. Hants, and no doubt in the county generally. ; A. flavipes, Pang. (/uleierus, Kirb.)—Extremely common both! inland and by the sea. A, ferov, Smith.— New Forest (D. Sharp, C. Reuss and others). A. bucephala, Steph.—Common about hedge banks in Brockenhurst village, and found singly elsewhere in New I orest (H. P. Jones). A, hattorfiana, hab.— Ventnor, |. of Wight (Rothney). A. cetii, Sehr.—Loeal, but often xbundant in wood clearings and drives on scabious, ete. A, marginata, Fab. (cingulata, Fab.)—Common at flowers of Veronica chamaedrys. v A. barbilabris, Kirb, (albicrus, Kirb.)—Well distributed, but not very common. A. argentata, Smith.—South Hants generally, and locally abun- dant in the New Forest. A. chrysosceles, Kirb.—A very common woodland species ; often swarms at the flowers of Spurge. THE HYMENOPTERA-ACULEATA OF HAMPSHIRE, (11) A, tarsata, Nyl. (analis, Panz.)—In woods. Common and well al distributed. A. coitana, Kirb.—Abundant in woods. A. fulvago, Christ.—Blackwater (Smith); Freshwater, I. of Wight (F. §. Saunders). 2 A. humilis, Imboff.—Locally common; burrows in paths near woods. , A. labialis, Kirb.— Very common in forest districts. A. minutula, Kirb,—Common. A. spreta, Pérez.— New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins) ; Lymington (G. Arnold). Ds A. saundersella, Perk. (nana of Saunders).—Very common. A. proxima, Kirb,—Blackwater (F. Smith). A. dorsata, Kirb.—South Hants generally, and probably through- out county. A. similis, Smith.—Very common in the New Forest area. A, wilkella, Kirb.—Well distributed, but much scarcer in 8. Hants than the last. A. ovatula, Kirb. (afzeliella, Kirb.)—Abundant. a Macropis labiata, Fab.—Many records from the New Forest where it is common at Beaulieu (EK. B. Nevinson and others), and no doubt also occurs in north of county. Cilissa haemorrhoidalis, Fab.—Bournemouth (Saunders). ha C. tricincta, Kirb. (leporina, Panz.)—New Forest heaths; Hayling Is., and Bournemouth (Saunders). Dasypoda hirtipes, Latr.—South Hants generally, but I have found it scarce in the New Forest of late. Panurgus calcaratus, Scop.— Locally abundant, particularly on the coast between Milford and Bournemouth. P. ursinus, Gmel.—New Forest, etc. Locally common. Dufourea vulgaris, Schenck.—New Forest (G. Arnold). Nomada obtusifrons, Nyl.-—Fairly common in the New Forest. NN. roberjeotiana, Panz.—New Forest heaths, and quite common. N. rufipes, Fab. (solidayinis, Panz).—Swarms on all heaths with -~ Andrena fuscipes. NV. fucata, Panz.—Sandown, I. of Wight (Saunders). N. sexfasciata, Panz.—New Forest (Dale). J find it not uncommon in some seasons at Setley, near Lymington. eA N. goodeniana, Kirb. (succincta, Panz.)—Abundant everywhere. N, lineola, Panz.—Setley occasionally, and elsewhere in the New Forest, but apparently uncommon in §. Hants. N, marshamella, Kirb, (alternata, Kirb.)—Very common. ‘sir N. flavopicta, Kirb. (jacobaeae, Panz.)—New Forest; scarce and (~~ local. Bournemouth (Dale). N. lathburiana, Kirb.—I. of Wight (Dale). N. alboguttata, H. Sehf.—New Forest; not uncommon (H. P. Jones): Bournemouth (Saunders). Probably occurs throughout 8. Hants. N. ruficornis, L.—Abundant everywhere (and variable !). N, bifida, Thoms.—Common and wel! distributed. , N. leucopthalma, Kirb. (borealis, Zett.)—Often extremely abundant. -—~ Abounds with the two preceding species and M. yuodeniana at Sallows. (12) THE KN'TOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 4 N. hillana, Kirb. (ochrostoma, Kirb.)—New Forest ; fairly common. I. of Wight (Saunders). N. armata, H. Schf.—Ventnor, I. of Wight (Rothney). N. germanica, Panz. (ferruginata, Kirb.)—Locally very common “ about the burrows of Andrena hunvilis. N. fabriciana, L.—Well distributed, and usually abundant. N. flavoyuttata, Kirb,—Abundant in woods, where it frequents the flowers of Spurge. N. furva, Panz.—Common, but much less in evidence than the last. Epeolus notatus, Chr. (productus, Thoms.)—New Forest (D. Sharp,'~ teste Perkins). Uncommon, in my experience, south of Brockenhurst. E. cruciyer, Panz. (rujipes, Thoms.)—Very common around thee burrows of Colletes succincta which notatus does not appear to affect. Chelostoma jlorisomne, L.—Abundant ; particularly in gardens. C. campanularum, Kirb.—New Forest; fairly common (R. C. L. Perkins). Coeliovys vectis, Curt.—Milford (H. P. Jones); Sandown, I. of Wight (Saunders). C. quadridentata, L.—Uncommon. New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins). C. rufescens, Lep.—New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins). _ C, elongata, Lep.—Very common ; abundant in gardens. C. inermis, K. (acwninata, Nyl.)—Milford and New Forest (H. P. & Jones). Not uncommon. *C. afra, Nyl.—Burley, New Forest (Chawner, teste Morice). Megachile maritima, Kirb.— Quite abundant on the coast. M, willughbiella, Kirb.—Not uncommon, and well distributed. M, circumcincta, Lep.—New Forest: fairly common. Lymington and Sway (H. P. Jones). (AL. ericetorum, Lep.—New Forest (Pelerin, Walcott coll.). A very old and perhaps doubtful record). M. ligniseca, Kirb.—Very common in the new Forest, and often found on thistles. A large colony (if one may so describe it) of this fine “leafcutter” has existed for years in the decayed maple trunk in — Boldre churchyard. M., centuncularis, L.—Everywhere abundant. M. versicolor, Smith.—Not uncommon. New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins) ; Bournemouth (F. Smith). M. argentata, Fab.—Hayling Is; common. Sandown I. of Wight (Dale). Osmia rufa, L.—Abundant. : QO. pilicornis, Smith—Very common in the New Forest, and possibly wooded localities throughout the county. O. wanthomelana, Kirb.—I. of Wight (Rothney) ; Sandown (Dale). O. caerulescens, L.—Well distributed, and fairly common. QO, fulviventris, Panz.—Quite common. QO. bicolor, Schrank.— Parley Heath (Dale). Should occur not uncommonly on the chalk. Southampton district. ? (Fassnidge). O. aurulenta, Panz.—I. of Wight (Rothney). New Forest ? QO. leucomelana, Kirb.—Hawley (F. Smith). New Forest ? QO. spinulosa, Kirby.—Luccombe Chine, I. of Wight (Saunders). Stelis aterrima, Panz.—New Forest, and common in gardens at Lymington (H. P. Jones) THE HYMENOPTERA-ACULEATA OF HAMPSHIRE. (13) S. phoeoptera, Kirb.—New Forest; not uncommon (R. C. L. Perkins). S. ornatula, Kl. (octo-maculata, Smith).—New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins). Anthidium manicatum, L.—Common ; particularly in gardens. The mention of this species in White’s Selborne is probably the earliest record for the county ! Kucera longicurnis, L.—Setley, and elsewhere in New Forest (H. P. Jones). Locally common. Melecta luctuosa, Scop.—New Forest, near Lyndhurst (E. B. Nevinson). M. armata, Panz.—Very common; occurring with either of the two following. Anthophora retusa, I4.—Locally abundant; in the New Forest, in my experience, it outnumbers A. pilipes. A. pilipes, Fab.—Common and widely distributed. A. furcata, Panz. —Fairly common in woods. A, quadrimaculata, Panz.—New Forest; Parley Heath ; Bourne- mouth (Dale). Saropoda bimaculata, Panz.—Swarms on most heaths. Psithyrus rupestris, Fab—Abundant; the males, in common with those of other Psithyri, abound on the thistles in the New Forest drives, Ps. vestalis. Foure.—Very common ; particularly in woods. Ps. barbutellus, Kirb.—Less abundant than the two last, but more often found in gardens. Ps. campestris, Panz.—Widely distributed, but uncommon, and often distinctly scarce in the New Forest. Ps. quadricolor, Lep.—Common, and well distributed. Bombus lapidarius, L.—Abundant everywhere. B. terrestris, L.—Common, but much less so than the next species. B. lucorum, L.—Occurs everywhere in profusion, but perhaps found in the greatest abundance on heaths. B. pratorum, L.—Common in fields and gardens. B. jonellus, Kirb.—Abundant on heaths, and well distributed. b. ruderatus, Fab.—Not very common. B. hortorwn, L.—EKxtremely common everywhere (particularly in gardens), and swarms at Rhododendron flowers. B. subterraneus, i. (latreillellus, Kirb.)—New Forest (R. C. L. Perkins). Unacoramon in §. Hants in my experience, although undoubtedly much overlooked. B. ruderarius, Mill. (derhamellus, Kirb.)—Very common. B. sylvarum, L.—Loceal, but common where it occurs. BL. agrorum, Fab.—Everywhere abundant. B. helferanus, Seidl.—Hardly less common than the last in woods, etc. B. muscorum, L.—Apparently local. Woods and meadows by the Lymington River, near Boldre (H. P. Jones). Apis mellifica, L.—Perhaps more often found wild in Hants, than elsewhere in England. AppEnpuM.—Crabro palmipes, L.—Locally abundant. (Inadver- tently omitted from the list.) Woriehcan e Ot ae ns Ae) 7% a. 2 y Gal apap a el: vllpniris it penalada’ ‘Baldi ug! ‘sb Bring peta 4 wg 4H! at my . dee oH’ si tt ik ana wale Tir ni wale eh) Phi) % AV fat ivy} wee pig: ; ity Pdi ie oe Ci rad lee i A 000 \ , uy 7 ‘ Mite iia f ey 7 ‘ a CO BOS Hy wy ‘ r ¥iiz wit) Tir seh Yy _— r MO} : ‘ Phil Le : Cjaet eT a } co of J Peel iu Wi eu ,a0o \ ‘ { ‘ ae ‘ : ‘ y oh } Livi} ‘ ‘vty : § ! : hi {Fe Hid Yi 1} : f RA a hiee bly cee Gh ‘ ’ ' f eve - Vira fire i ‘ | he 1 bras oy. . oiy Pra io i Vil ni Sabet hed Gop maint Wi a Tea jw gure pota's Goniss tng « 8 "7 rad fe ar ney Thal re foe Oe bed ene One) PPO n wie i bil ren he a i 5 it ae 4 oe uWrraied ‘ + u“ Hye} & 4 we ry et La este aes, i i aL Ree ita ato, pat "i oie Poa Fah hws Bh ee hriviat)< NAD N Pat LF tik THiairt rove ‘T eet ot th A at. wi IP ui Vit aT ay a) re |, ri i i | ial USE eh iG aii a4 bd: Ashe ue dost ak. HU One Pate ri hal A iat ae ; ites MITT ROMERO ELAN GARY & ontom: . iL. iinet grid, Tatidins ehh ih ive i 1 ee ' +, ‘ fi OSHA Ava aaa * . hal TL BP ry 1 . Hie Vey ny »at i? 4 44 eet an 4 “4 f ’ ‘ 3 \ ATiglitiiy| i ot . OM neice Pri RS fri ee etngal) eh ‘ hiner ty ‘iia (tt Li e one Lao ia grail] iy : ns’ Car iM if ool wh r ‘| ipa ‘tut We Pie a hates tt eine Vig Veuve al h WV Ne ii ‘ 7 . : EE) tO RACE - ODES ral hie mali PACATEA herd Wy) lb tae a Winall TES OTR ro ae ieee HU Seto MON sas P ‘ i OY EVE 41 fs fl yh tS rh a Litt oaee I ‘ite tii ate a 7 Tih ye 7 cl ‘ thy het ‘ Py tA } FE OUO YE iD A aa OU Or secon Sarr j ! i , O09 Pee mS aay We Lebiyil nig LBA iy (ed be at phil ‘ Ny sae Shain 6 hei (aimed Raila | mm ae ee aan (cto gti haan ag 1 eae & — St st A ers Oe a een linge et h ly. v.> FORMER, FES: List of Geometers of the British Isles with their named Varieties. [Reprinted from The Entomologist’s Record, Vols. XXX VII.-VI1IL.| | CorRIGENDA. erossulariata, p. (17). The following should not have been classed as ‘‘ manufactured ” forms. They were either captured wild, or bred from wild larvae, or from pairings of wild parents. See. #.M.M. (1920) pp. 99-102: (1921) pp. 128-135. Albo-varleyata, nigro-varleyata, sparsata-varleyata, lutea-varleyata, - sparsata-hazeleighensis, lunulata, raynori, aureo-fasciata, oderofeltia, mixta, vauata, melan-apicata. GEOMKETERS OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS. PENDULARIA, Clch. ab. griseolata, Stdyr. ab, depulsa, Pastel. ab. decoraria, Newm. [subroseata, | Wdfd.| — {janthinaria, [b/.| ab. subochreata, Wdfd. ab, radiata, Delah. ab. nigrostriata, Lutz. ab. obsoletaria, Lambl. ab. linearia, Lambl, ab. unicoloria, Lambl. ab, brunnearia, Lanibl. ab. flavescens, Prout. ab, impictaria, Meves. ab, orbiculoides, Wilfd, hyb. pendulo-orbicula, 7'vtt. orBicuLaRiA, Hb, 143.244.1839. ab. mamurcensis, Lambl. hyb. orbiculo-pendula, J'utt. hyb. brightoni, 7'vtt. byb, headi, 7'wtt. ANNULATA, Schulze. fomicronaria, Schiff. 145.246.1388. ab. obsoleta, Riding. ab. biobsoleta, Riding. g. ae. aestiva, Prout, Haw.| porata, I. focellaria, 146.245.1385. ab. visperaria, Muchs. ab. ribearia, Lambl. ab, punctularia, ambl. ab. linearia, Lambl. ab. marginaria, Lambl. ab. venata, Prout. punoraria, LL, 148.245.1836. ab. naevata, Bastel. ab. foliata, Muchs. ab. radiomarginata, Joannis. ab, subangularia, Haw. ab, infuscata, Rent. ab. arcufera, Reut. ab. communifasciata, Don. ab. cingulata, Muchs. ab. pulcherrimata, M'uchs. ab. demptaria, Muchs. ab. venata, Prout. ab. ochreifusa, Prout. uinkAriA, Hb, [trilinearia, Brkh.] mM 149.245.187. 142.245.1389. | PURPURARIA, /,, (5) ab. nigrosparsaria, Muchs. ab. fasciata, Prout. ab. infuscata, Prout. ab. demptaria, Prout. ab. approximans, Prout, ab. trilineata, Schwrd. g. ae. strabonaria, Zell. Larentiinae. | RHODOMETRA, Meyr. [Sterrha, Hb.) SACRARIA, L. 1§8.282.141. ab. labda, Crm. {sarothamnaria, h.- Brn.| ab. sanguinaria, sp. ab. aucta, Krausse. ab, excaecaria, Muchs, ab. desertorum, Stand. ab. minervae, (is/l. LYTHRIA, Hb. 155.282.142. ab. conjunctiva, Prout. ab. abstinentaria, Muchs. r. lutearia, Vill. r. ruginaria, Costa. r, deceptonia, Vill. LARENTIA, ‘7'. [Plerocymia, Hb.: Kubolia, Dip.| otavariA, Haw. [cervinata, Schiff. | 157.227.148. r. pallidata, Stdyr. r. datinaria, Obthr. r. fumosata, 7'rt7. ORTHOLITHA, Hb. [Kubolia, Dup.: Xanthorhoé, Hb.} mucronata, Scop. [plumbaria, Mb. : palumbaria, Schiff. | 158.227.148. ab. umbrifera, Prout. ab. nigrescens, Ckll. (6) (ab. obscuraria, Rothk.) ab. luridata, Mufn. ab. extradentata, Prout. ab. pallidaria, Lambl. ab, approximata, Prout. ab, griseolineata, Prii/. carNopopiaTa, J,. {limitata, Scop.: mensuraria, Schiff. | 159.227.144 monodii, 7'h.-Mq. unicolor, 7’h.-My. defasciata, dl. obscurior, Hein. fumata, Nitsche. violacearia, Lambl. ab. medioprieta, Ribbe. ab. plurimelinoata, Stand, r. sibirica, /3.-Ls. r, grisescens, Horme, ab. ab. ab. ab. ab. ab, MOENIATA, Scop. 159.228.145. ab, diniensis, Neubry. r. lantoscana, Wehrli. BIPUNCTARIA, Schiff. 168.228.1465. ab. fasciata, Prout. (ab. herborti, Seitz.) ab. obliterata, Prout. ab. reversa, Prout. ab. grisescens, Neubyr. ab. gachtaria, Mr. ab. nigra, B.-Hs. ab. nigrifasciaria, T'rti. ab. octodurensis, Havre. ab. pallidior, 7'h.-Mieg, ab. erichi, Schwra. ab, unipunctaria, Osthldr. ab. albida, Chl. ab. confluens, Wehrli. ab. tangens, Wehrli. r. maritima, See, r, sandalica, Schawrd. r. pallidata, Vorb.-M.D, r. jurassica, Osthldr, MESOTYPEH, Hb, Hb. (Cataclysme, vireata, Hufn, [lineolata, Schif.] 166,.207.146. ab. impunctata, Petersen. ab. diluta, Galvagni. | LITHOSTEGE, THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. MINOA, 7’r. [Asthena, /7/d.] [euphorbiata, 167.224.1146. MURINATA, Scop. Schiff. | ab. italicata, Mill. ab. aterrima, Stand. ab. lactearia, Stand, r. amylaria, Lah, r. cyparissaria, Mann. r, monochroaria, H.-S. Hb. [Kucestia, Hb. | aRIswata, Schiff. [nivearia, Stain, | 172.200.148. ab. duplicaria, Hb. ab, abafii, Uhryk. ab. obscurata, Stdyr. ab. brunnescens, Skala. ANAITIS, Dup. puaGiata, LL. 177.200.149. ab. tangens, W. Hrit, ab. fasciata, Garbsk, (conflua, Hoffin.) ab. ruberata, bl. ab. suffusa, Prout. ab. kautzi, Schwrd. Lids BWEFORMATA, (72. CARSIA, Hb. patupata, lhnby. 179.201.150. ab. obscurata, Schéy. r. labradoriensis, Sonu. r.imbutata, 17, CHESIAS, Ho. LEGATELLA, Hbst. | r. capriata, Prout. Schiff. [spartiata, 180.199.1560. rurata, bh, [obliquaria, Schiff] 180.200.161. r. occidentalis, Delah. GEOMETERS OF THE r. cinereata, Stdyr. r. plumbeata, Stdyr. r. linogrisearia, Const. r. isabella, Schwrd. ACASIS, Dup. [Lobophora, Curt.: Trichopteryx, Ho.] viretatTa, Hb. 181. 180. 158. NOTHOPTERYX, Prout. [Lobo- | | cHRISTYI, Prout. phora, Curt. ] [Trichopteryx, Hb.| poLycommata, Schiff. 183. 181. 152. ab. prospicua, Prout. ab. albinia, J'ystr. Bkh. OARPINATA, (lobulata, Hb.| 184. 180. 158. | ab. fasciata, Prowt. ab. unifasciata, Rbl. r. obscurata, Sp.-Schn. LOBOPHORA, Curt. HALTERATA, Hufn. Schiff. | 185. 182. 156. ab. rudolphii, Lampa. ab. zonata, T’hnbg. MYSTICOPTERA, Meyr. [Lobo- phora, Curt.| sexaLaTa, Retz. [sexalisata, Hb.]} 185. 181. 156. OPEROPHTERA, Hb. [Cheima- tobia, Steph. | FaGaTA, Scharf. [boreata, Hb.] 198. 222. 157. ab, fasciata, Petersen. BRUMaTA, L. 194. 222. 156. ab. huenei, Prout. ab. unicolor, Lamobl. r. myrtillivora, Hoffm. r, myricaria, Uooke, {hexapterata, | | piuutata, Schiff. | OERVINALIS, Scop. BRITISH ISLANDS. (7) OPORINIA, Hb. [Oporabia, Steph: Epirrita, Hb.] 195. 224. 188. obscurata, Stdgr. melana, Prout. fimbriata, Haw. pallida, Prout. tectata, H'uchs. coarctata, Prout. latifasciata, Prowt. precursaria, (reqs. ab. ab. ab. ab. ab. ab. ab. ab. 195. —. 188. ab. oblita, Allen. ab. latifasciata, Prout. 196. 224. 189. sandbergi, Lampa. approximaria, Weav. schneideri, Lampa. intermedia, Clark. ab. unicinctata, Strand. ab. latifasciata, Vrddt. ab. schimae, Schwrd. r. guenéata, Prout. r. tunkunata, B.-Hs. r. filigrammaria, H.-S. autumnata, Bork. ab. ab. ab. ab. 190. TRIPHOSA, Steph. |Hydriomena, Hb.] pupirata, L. 197. 215. 158. ab. cinereata, Steph. ab. fasciata, Schwing. ab. punctigera, Strand, CALOCALPE, Ab. Steph. | [Eucosmia, [certata, Hb. : cervinata, 1/b.| 199. 201. 159. ab. griseata, Bastelb. ab. rubescens, dl. ab. infuscata, Rol. ab. variegata, Schwing. ab. unicoloraria, Schwing. ab. atra, Kiefr. r. hawelkae, Schwrd. r. simplonica, Wack. (8) THN WNLOMOLOGIST'’S RUCORD, unpubata, LL. 201. 201. 160. ab. culoti, Bryk. ab. malaisei, Bryk. ab. nordstroemi, Bryk. ab. quinqueundulata, Bryk, ab. septemlineata, Bryk. ab, divisa, Heinr. ab. octolineata, Bryk. ab, paucilineata, /jdd. ab. subfasciata, Reut. r. sajana, Bryk. r. bluff, Bryk. PHILERMKE, Steph. | Hb. — [Scotosia, veruvata, Schiff. 204. 222. 161. r. vetustata, Stdgr. TRANSVERSATA, /dufn. [rbamnata, Schiff. | 205. 202. 162. ab. mediofasciata, Bubk. ab. hastedonensis, /ambl. ab, depicturata, Nplt. r. japanaria, Leech. r. terror, Schaw. EUSTROMA, Hb. [Lygris, Hob. : Cidaria, 7’r.| rEviouLATA, Schiff. 207, 208. 168. ab. ovulata, Borgm. ab.costimaculata, Prout. LYGRIS. Hb. [Kustroma, Hb. : Cidaria, 7'r.] {Hydriomena, /1/.| L. |ribesiaria, Bav.] 211. 208. 164. ab. digna, 7'h.-M. [ochraceata, Lambl, | ab. schwederi, J'etch. ab, constricta, Strand. r. annexa, Schima, r. arctica, Strand. PRUNATA, restata, 1. 211. 204. 165. ab, citrinata, Meves. ab, fuscata, Meves. r. achatinata, /d, r. insulicola, Stdgr, r. achatinellaria, Obthr. POPULATA, /.. 211. 204. 166. ab. dotata, 1. ab. lutea, Strnd. ab. circumscripta, Strnd, ab. rufescens, Gmpbg. ab, musauaria, Jr, ab, fuscata, Prout. ab. binderi, Marschr. ab. trifurca, Hann. ab. tangens, Hann, ab, triangulata, Hann. ab, rubrovittata, Hann. ab, rubrior, Hann. ab, ruberrima, //ann. ab. schumanni, Hann. mELLINATA, /'), [associata, Bork. 212. 204. 167. pyrauiata, Schiff. [populata, Clrek. | 218. 211. 168 ab. deleta, Strnd. ab. aurantio-deleta, Schwrd. ab, johansoni, Lampa. CIDARIA, Tr. [Hydriomena, Ho. : Melanthia, )up.| | Mesoleuca, : Coremia, Dup.] (orpanrta, 7'r.) runvata, érst. 215, 211. 169. ab. lineata, Wehr. ab. degenerata, Prout, r. distinctata, Stdyr. (LYNCOMETRA, Prout.) oortiata, L. 216. 209. 208. ab. coarctata, Prout. (PLEMYRIA, Hb.) Hufn. [rubiginata, 216, 205. 204. BICOLORATA, Schiff. | ab. parvula, Retz. ab. guttata, Huene. GEOMETERS OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS. (9) ab. scotina, Bubae. Firmata, Hb, 219. 230. 176. ab. brunneomarginata, Schaw. r. ulicata, Ror, ab. obscurata, Shula. ab. bipunctata, Hann. ab. diadelphata, Stand. (CHLOROCLYSTA, /b.) ab. peralbata, Stand. siteRaTA, Hufn. [psittacata, Hb. | ab. fumosa, Provt. {plumbata, 220. 212. 178. Newm.| ab. phaiolata, Schwrd, ab. completa, Rol. ab. rosarium, Sta. miata, L. 220. 212. 174. r. maritima, Strand. ab, clara, T'h.-My. r. dahurica, Stdyr. r. plumbata, Curt. (DYSSTROMA, Hb.) truNcATA, Hufn. [russata, Bork. (THERA, Steph.) 221. avo iaih . ab. centumnotata, Schultz. vaRIATA, Schiff. 216. 210. 175. ab. saturata, Steph. ab. nigrofasciata, (ruipby. ab. perfuscata, Haw. (medionigricans, Reut.) ab. schneideri, Sndby. ab. stragulata, Hb. [vitiosata, ab. rufescens, Strém. [comma- Frr.] notata, Haw.| ab. reducta, Héfer. ab. mixta, Prout. - ab, obscura, Héfer. ab. nigerrimata, Fuchs. ab. albonigrata, Hofer. ab, olivescens, Warr. ab. interrupta, Schaw. ab. albata, Clot. ab. costimaculata, Hé/fer. ab. nigro-albata, Cudor. ab, dissoluta, Héfer. ab. fumata, Lange. ab. grisescens, Héfer. r. cembrae, Witt. conoinnaTa, Steph. 221. —. 170. r. britannica, Tn. ciTrata, LL. 22h. Qh3: VF1. openiscata, Hb. 217. 210. 175. ab. punctumnotata, Haw. ab. immanata, Haw. ab. tristrigaria, Don. oni pa ab. mediolucens, [dssl. ab. simpliciata, Wall. ab. thingvallata, Stdyr. ab. obliterata, B. White. : ab. scotica, Styr. ab. griseonotata, Lanyv. ab. reducta, Héfer. ab. unicolorata, Srdgr. ab: herndhi.) Bofux ab. nigerrima, Schwri. ab. ferruginea, Prout. ab. tysfjordensis, Sand, COGNATA, Thnbg. {simulata, Hb.: ab. tricolorata, C'udot. coniferata, Ourt.] ab. omicronata, Dow. “aed 217.110.176. ab, nigricans, Prout. ab. griseata, Muchs. ab. amoenata, Step/. ab, perversa, Hirschke. abi itulvata Gulor: ab. nigrofasciata, Hoffinn. shit passeraria, Bin r. geneata, Hvisth. ab. insolida, Prout. ab. fusca, Prout. JUNERATA, 1, 218. 210. 177. r. krassnojarscensis, /wehs.. ab. divisa, Strnd. r. acutata, Gn. r. scotica, B. White. r. pythonissata, Mill, (10) (XAN'THORHOK, Hd.) munirata, [/h, 222. 230, 180. ab. algidata, Stdyr. ab. infuseata, Prout. ab, strigata, Pack. r. hethlandica, Prout. r. labradorensis, Pack. r, pauperrimata, Chr, riuoruata, 1. 928, 281, 194, ab. ochreata, Prout. ab. costovata, /7aw. ab. immaculata, 7'utt. ab. abstersata, /7.-8. r. thules, Prout. r. sempionaria, Nite. MONTANATA, Schi/#. 226, 280. 198. ab. fuscomarginata, Stdgr, ab. continuata, Arudik. ab. degenerata, Prout. ab. costimaculata, bd. ab. limbaria, /7b. ab, unicolor, (dd. ab, albicans, Strand. r. Iberica, Stdyr, rv. lapponica, Stdgr. r, shetlandica, Het, quaprirasiata, Cl, 226. 280. 179. ab. thedenii, Lampa, ab. brunneofasciata, //of/m. absteduplicata, /einr. ab. dissolutaria, Petersen. r. ignobilis, Btlr. r. tannuensis, /’rout. spaprowarta, Schi/. |ferrugata, Stdyr.| 226, 229, 182. ab. confixaria, /7.-S. ab. griseocamparia, Vrbdet, ab. emutata, Wagn. ab. georgi, Messi. ab. deletata, /uchs. r. livinaria, Lah. r. tromsoensis, /uchs. [alpinata, Hofim.| FerRuGATA, Clerck. 227. 229. 181. ab. unidentaria, Haw. ab. obscura, Dahlstrm. ab. violacearia, Vorbdt, THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RHCORD. ab. hoyeri, Prii/. ab. coarctata, Prout. r. bilbainensis, /'uchs. r. inclinataria, Walk. (OCHYRIA, [1.) pestanata, [ufn. [| propugnata, Schif).| 227. 229. 188, ab. coarctata, Prout, ab, interrupta, Hann. ab. bindereri, Stand, ab. hefneri, Staud. ab. inversa, lorbrodt. ab. suffusa, Hann. r, islandicaria, Stdgr. (ORTHONAMA, Ib.) opstipata, Ib, [fluviata, 7b. : gommata, //b,| 228, 220, 258. ab. marginata, Math. ab. & obsoleta, Math. ab. interrupta, Schwrd, ab. 9 olivacea, Math. uianata, /7/b, {vittata, Bork.] 228. 226. 257, ab. nigrofascia, /obl. (CALOSTIGIA, /d.) [Malenydris, Hb.: Amoebe, Hb.] onivata, Schif. 229, 281. 184. ab. desolivata, Schwrd. ab, semisuffusa, Chrll. pHoriniraRiA, noch. — [viridaria, Ib.) 229. 282. 185. ab. constricta, Prout, ab. rosea Culot, sanioata, Hb, 281. 281. 186. ab. nigrotaeniata, Schwrd. r. probaria, /7.-S. r, ablutaria, Bde. [ruficinctaria, Gn. | r. ochracearia, Stdgr. GEOMETERS OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS. muLtistricaRiA, Haw, 231.228.186. ab. nubilata, 7'ute. ab. virgata, Tutt. r. olbiaria, Mill. pipymata, L. 231. 228. 187. ab. ochroleucata, Auriv. ab. nigrofasciata, [bl. ab. nigra, Prout. ab. cuneigera, Balf. r. hethlandica, Rdl. (LAMPROPTERYX, Steph.) surrumata, Schiff. 232. 214.178. ab. piceata, Steph. ab. porrittii, Robs. and “%. r. defumata, Stich. orreciata, Metclf. (ENTEPHRIA, /d.) cagsiata, Schiff. ab. annosata, Zett. ab. infrequentata, Haw. ab. nigricans, Prout. (ab. heth- landicaria, B.- Hs.) ab. constricta, Prout. ab. epixantha, Stich. ab. divisa, Lange. ab, atrata, Lange. ab. paradoxa, Lange. ab. lacteofasciata, Lange. ab, insignata, Schwrd. ab. prospicuata, Prout. [gelata, Var. A. Gn.} r. calcarata, Vorb. and M-R. r. norvegica, Strand. r. glaciata, Germ. [gelata, Gn.] r. impallescens, Chr. r. inventaraia, (rote. FLavioinctaTa, Hb, 235. 215. 192. ab. grossi, Hoffm. and Klos. ab. hilariata, Schwing. ab. flavopriva, Schwrd. r. ruficinctaria, (Gn. 235. 215. 191. (11) (COBNOTEPHRIA, Prout.) BERBERATA, Schiff. 243. 216. 218. ab. elutata, Favre. ab. semifasciata, Prout. ab. hellwegeri, Rb. ab. schultziaria, Heider, ab. constricta, Vorbt. ab. carolinata, Culot. ab. sineliturata, Culot. ab. grisescens, Wehrl. DERIVvATA, Schiff. [nigrofasciaria, Goeze. | 243, 216. 219. ab. ludovicata, Mill. sacitrata, Ib, 248. 211. 172. ab. interrupta, Hirschke. (HUPHYIA, Hb.) cuoutaTa, Hufn. 246. 217. 216. ab. circulata, Ad. ab. anerythreia, /b/. unanecuLara, Haw. 247. 217. 199. ab. angustifasciata, Prout. ab. triangulata, Wagn. r. gracilaria, B.-Hs. r. luctuosaria, Obthr. r. cineraria, Btlr. prcata, Hb, 247. 212. 200. ab. albofasciata, Gauck. ab. lacteomarginata, Rayn. Luotuata, Schiff. Stdgr.] ab. denigrata, Gillm. ab. wendlandti, Muchs. r. albidior, Alph. r. borealis, Petersen. r. obductata, Méschl. [lugubrata, Bae eee BILINEATA, LL. 248. 220. 212. ab. dumetata, Schr. ab. infuscata, Gmpbg. ab. illineata, Prout. ab. fuscofasciata, Meves. ab. insignata, Kautz. ab. brunneata, Kautz. ab. coffeata, Kautz. (12) ab, andemica, Nantes, ab. pbaeotaeniata, Naute. ab. bubaceki, Aaute. ab. stygiata, Naute. ab. margaritata, Nantes. ab, uniformis, Nauta. ab. virgata, Hawkins. r. testaceolata, Stdyr. r, subgriseata, Stdgr, r. hibernica, Prout, Kane. | . atlantica, Stdyr. . bohatsehi, Ain. . pallida, Prout. . Isolata, Aane. . balearica, Schwrd. linfuscata, a a Se Te a roLyarammata, Bork, 249.221.256. ab. fasciata, Hann. ab. triangulata, //einr, r, conjunctarin, ed. sipAowata, Schiff, 250, 214. 162. ab. insulata, Haw. ab. deflavata, Stdgr. r. umbrosaria, Motsch. r. oblongata, Gin. r, angustaria, Leech. coryLata, Thnby, 261. 214. 169. ab. ruptata, /7/b. ab. glauecata, eves. ab. albocrenata, Curt. r. fabrefactaria, Obthr. r. eranitalis, Btlr, RuBIDATA, Schif/, 252, 216, 218. r, fumata, ‘Hv. (MESOLEUCA, Hb.) ALBIOMLATA, L. ab, suffusa, Carrington. ab. philippsi, Closs. ab. vestata, Dadd. r. casta, Dtlr, (MELANTIIA, Dup.) PROCELLATA, Schiff, 2568, 220, 204. ab. infumata, (2b, 258. 217, 202. THE WNPTOMOLOGI sts RHOOKE, ab. fasciata, //o//m, and Klos. ab. extrema, Schwrd. ab. infuseata, Prout. r. inquinata, Btlr. (KULYPH, Hb.) Hastata, 1. 254. 205. 201. ab. laxata, Wrudik. ab. demolita, Prout. ab. albopunctata, Lange. ab, moestata, Nolek, ab. nigrita, (bd. ab, hofgreni, Lampa, ab. undulata, Strand, ab. furcifasciata, Walk, ab. infumata, Prout. ab, islandica, Giurpby. ab. clara, Prout. ab, semifusea, Wagn. r. chinensis, Leech. r. gothicata, Gin. r. subhastata, Nolck. [hastulata, HH1b.| r. hecate, Btlr. r. thulearia, /7.-S. r. nigrescens, Chrrld. (HPIRRHOK, /1b.) TRISTATA, L., 256. 205. 198. ab, kerteszi, Aign. ab. nigrata, Abd. ab, pseudoluctuata, Vorbe. ab. continuata, Huechs, ganiata, Schiff). 257. 206. 195. ab. chalybeata, 7d. ab. unilobata, Haw. ab, emina, Schawerda, ab. quadriannulata, Haw, r. orientata, Stdyr. rivata, [Hb, 257. 206. 196. r. inexpectata, Arulik. ALTPRNATA, Miill, [sociata, Bork, : subtristata, /7aw.] 257. 206. 197. ab, degenerata, Haw, ab. cingulata, Vengstr, GEOMETERS OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS. ab. eulampa, Aautz. r, obscurata, South. r. islandica, Prout. r. dubiosata, Alph. (PERIZOMA, Hb.) [Emmelesia, Steph. |} TAENIATA, Steph. ab. latefasciata, Strand. ab, angustifasciata, Strand. r. saxea, Wileman. AFFINITATA, Steph. r, rivinata, Wisch.-R. [turbaria, Steph. | r. magistraria, Trti.-Vrty. ALoHemiLiata, L, [rivulata, Schiff. | 260. 219. 206. ab. unicolorata, Lange. r. peterseni, Prout. piractaTa, Haw. 261. 218, 209. ab. unifasciata, Haw. r. euphrasiata, Jill. MINoRATA, 1'r, 261. 218. 209. ab. monticola, Strand. r. ericetata, Steph. r. norvegica, Prout. BLANDIATA, Schiff. [adaequata, Bork.| 262. 218. 210. ab. coarctata, Prout. ab. costimaculata, Wagn. r. perfasciata, Prout. ALBULATA, Schiff. ab. griseata, Stdyr. ab. thules, Weir. ab. hebudium, Weir. [niveata, Steph.| y. subfasciaria, Boh. r. dissoluta, Strand. FLavorasciaTA, Jhnbg. [decolorata, Hb.] 262. 219. 207. | (HYDRIOMENA, Hb.) petes, Steph.| 268. 212, 218. 258, 218, 211. | 260. 219. 205. | 262. 220. 208. [Ypsi- | (13) Furcata, Thnbg. [elutata, Hb.] ab, cinereata, Prout. ab. sordidata, Ib. ab. obliterata, Prout. ab. fuscoundata, Stdgqr. ab. testaceata, Prout. ab. obscura, Peyer. [infuscata, Stdyr.| ab. tricolorata, Schr. [albofas- ciata, Prout: leucotaenia, Schwrd.| ab. irrorata, Splr. ab. constricta, Strand. ab. nexifasciata, Btlr. ab. lucifasciata, Meves. ab, monetata, Meves. ab. stragulata, Cudot. ab. roseoolivacea, Schwrd. corrunata, Ib, [trifasciata, Bork. : impluviata, Hb.) 263.2138.214. ~ ab. literata, Don. ab, obsoletaria, Schille. [infus- cata, Prout. | ab. semifuscata, /’rout. ab. beryllata, Dadd. ab. lineata, Heinr. ab. arctica, Pana. ab. constricta, Strand, r, sanfilensis, Staud. RUBERATA, /'rr. 268. 218. 215. ab. variegata, Prout. ab. grisescens, Huene, (HAROPHILA, Gmpby.) BADIATA, Schiff. 264. 215. 217. ab. pallida, Lamobl. ab. rectifasciaria, [ambl. ab. alpestris, Newbery. ab. subbadiata, Strand. PELURGA, Hb. _comirata, L. [chenopodiata, Hb.} 264. 221. 254, ab. ferruginascens, Krulik. ab. plurimelineata, Stauder. ab. moldavinata, Carad. ab. argentata, Meves. (14) ab, fumata, Nitsche. ab. zonata, Wallgrn. VENUSIA, Curt. OAMBRIOA, Curt. 266. 225. 190. ab. pygmaea, J'engstr. ab. latefasciata, Strand. ab. seitularia, Walk. ab. webbi, Prout. ab, erutaria, Bilv. ab. bradyi, Prout. ab. suffusa, Prout. ab, lofthousei, Prout. HYDRELIA, Hb.[Asthena, Hb. : Huchoeea, Hb.} rwstacnata, Don, [sylvata, Schi//.| 268. 228, 221. ab. goodwini, Buis, ab. intermedia, Bris. ab. reducta, Hanne, FLAMMEOLARIA, [lufn. Schiff. | 269. 223. 220. ab. confluens, Hom. and Klos. EUCHOEOA, Hb. Badv. | | Kupisteria, NEBULATA, Scop. fobliterata, Hufn.: heparata, Schi//.| . 270, 228. 219. ab. senilaria, Wagn, DISCOLOXIA, Warr. [Asthena, Hb.: Kuchoeca, Hb.} 271, 223. 222. BLOMERI, (Jur. ASTHENA, Hb. auBuLata, Hufn. [eandidata, Schif. | 272. 224, 220. r. amurensis, Stdgr. [luteata, — THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RBOORD. HUPITHECIA, Cw. [Tephro- clystia, Hb.) 275,192. 246. TeNUIATA, Hb. ab, niveipicta, Bastelb, r. cinerae, (reqs. inturBATA, /1b, [subeiliata, Dbldy.} 275. 198. 246. HAWworTHiaTA, Dbldy. [isogram- maria, //.-S.| 275. 192. 242. | pLumBKoLata, Haw, 275. 191. 244. pint, Retz. (togata, 1b.: strobilata, Bork. | 276. 198. 251. ab. constricta, Prout. r. debrunneata, Stdyr. r. gigantea, Stdgr. LINARIATA, /b, 276. 190. 224. PULCHELLATA, Steph.276. 190. 228. ab. iberica, Dietze. ab. reducta, Bastelb. r. hebudium, Sheld. r. pyreneata, Mab. r. digitaliaria, Dietze, mriauata, [/b. 277. 194. 226. r. eriguata, Ltimbr. r, mauretanica, Dietze, exiauaTa, /1b, 277, 194. 248. insigniatva, /7/b. [consignata, Bork. | 278. 195. 226. VALERIANATA, //b. 278. 188. 248. paLustrariA, bldy. [pygmeata, FHb.} 278. 192. 244. ab. grabei, Cornel. ab. pseudozibellinata, Dietze. _ venosara, Jb. [insignata, Hb.] 279. 186. 227, ab. bandanae, G'regs. r. fumosae, Greys. r, ochracae, Gregson. GEOMETERS OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS. CENTAUREATA, Schiff. [oblongata, Thnbg.| 281. 189. 222. ab. obscura, Dietz. ab. punctata, Hann. ab. centralisata, Stdyr. ab. albidior, Heinr. tTrisienariA, H.-S, 282. 192. 236. HELVETICARIA, Bdv. 283. 195. 239. r. anglicata, Mill. r. intricata, Zell. r. arceuthata, Mir, r. robusta, Dietze. oavoniaTa, Pup, [pernotata, Gn.] 284. 191. —. ab. klosi, Dietze. r. robertata, Rouge. satyrata, Hb, 284. 189. 239. ab. strandi, Huchs. ab. nigrofasciaria, Dietze. ab. transversa, Dietze. ab. bistrigata, Dietze. ab. caeca, Dietze. r. fagicolaria, Robs. and G. . callunaria, Dbldy. . curzoni, (reqs. . Subatrata, Stdgr. . limbopunctata, Dietze. . concolor, Dietze. . rivosulata, Dietze. rt Ps ors rs bs tripunoraria, /7.-S. [albipunctata, Haw. | 285. 188. 232, ab, angelicata, Barr. aBsintHArA, Clrek. [minutata, Schiff. ] 285. 187. 231. ab. obscura, Dietze. r. lunata, Dietze. cgoossensiATA, Mab. [minutata, Dbldy.| 285. 187. 231. r. knautiata, Greqs. EXPALLIDATA, Dbldy. 285. 186. 230. assimitata, Dbldy. 286. 187. 230. | r. grisescens, Dietze. (15) vuLeata, Haw. 286. 188. 232. - xr. atropicta, Dietze. r. montium, Dietze. penotata, Hb, EES 3} ab. solidaginis, Huchs. r.atraria, H.-S, {ferreata, Muchs. | r, jasioneata, Crewe. r. livida, Dietze. r. difficilis, Dietze. [campanulata, oastTiaata, Hb. 287. 190. 237. ab. obscurissima, Prout. r. ugsuriensis, Dietze. rorerata, Vill, {intermedia, Dietze. | 288. 189. 241. ab. dietzei, Prout. r. subfulvata, Haw, r, oxydata, 7'r. r. cognata, Steph. succenturiata, L. 228. 190. 240. ab. disparata, Hb. r. exalbidata, Stdgr. suBumBRATA, Schif. [scabiosata, Bork. | 289. 197. 242. ab. aequistrigata, Stdqr. r. limbofasciata, /tetze. supnorata, /7b. [simpliciata, Haw. } 289. 197. 287. r. collustrata, Dietze. pistinctarta, H.-S, [constrictata, “in. | 291. 193. 229. rv. sextiata, Mill. iINDIGATA, Hb. 272. 198. 226. ab. tristrigata, Miuchs, r. turfosata, Draudt. PIMPINELLATA, /1b. [denotata, Gin. ] 292. 188. 228. ab. ochraceata, [uchs. . altaicata, Gn. . cinerascens, T’ngstr. . lantoseata, Mill. . elongata, Dietze. . assimilis, Dietze. '. limbosignata, Dietze. RoR RRS 286. 187. 232. © (16) eExTensaRiA, Hrr. 298. 197. 238. r. sydyi, Stdgr. r. occidua, Prout. r. leuca, Dietze. - nanata, Hb. 298. 195. 247. r. pauxillaria, Bdv, r. gelidata, Méschl. innorata, Hufn. 298. 195. 246. . fraxinata, Crewe. . suspectata, Dietze. . tamarisciata, Mr. . grisescens, Petersen. . perturbatrix, Dietze. . uliata, Stdgr. *, corroborata, Dietze. . omniparens, Dietze. . paupera, Dietze. r, presignata, Bohatsch. . parallelaria, Bohatsch. RS ee ees, eS 6es) Ss es Ss vircaurEAtTA, Dbldy. {pimpinellata, Gn.| 294. 191. 235. r, aestiva, Dietze. r. altenaria, Stdqr. ABBREVIATA, Steph. 295. 194. 248. r. hirschkei, Bastlb. DODONEATA, Gn. 295. 194. 248. r. quercifoliata, B.-Hs. r. meridionalis, Mab. soprinata, Hb. [pusillata, Schi/.] 296. 195. 249. ab. albiplaga, Spite. ab. nigricata, Vorbrdt. r. graeseriata, Ratzer. r. anglicata, H.-S. [stevensata, Webb. | r. scoriata, Stdgr. LarRiorata, bir, 296, 191. 236. TANTILLARIA, Bade. [subumbrata, Hb.: pusillata, 1b.) 297. 193. 225. r. piceata, Prout. r. calabrica, Dietze. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. GYMNOSCELIS, Mab. puminata, [1b, 298. 188. 250. r. parvularia, H.-S, r. tempestivata, Zell. r. insulariata, Stain. r. postgenitata, Dietze. CHLOROCLYSTIS, Hb. coronata, Hb. 298. 182. 251. ab. lanceolata, Vorb.-M.A. REoTANGULATA, L. 299. 182. 252. ab. subaerata, Hb. ab. cydoniata, Bork, ab. nigrosericeata, Haw. r. griseata, Stdgr. pEBILiaTA, Hb, 299. 188. 258. ab. nigropunctata, Chant. r. grisescens, Dietze. COLLIX, Gn. 800. 199. 254. sparsata, H'r. COENOCALPE, Hb. [Phibaiap- teryx, Steph.] [Hydriomena, Hb.| Lapipata, Hb, 800. 221. 255. r. millierata, Stdgr. HORISME, Hb. [Phibalapteryx, Steph.| [Hydriomena, Hb.: Kucymatoge, Hb.| viraLBata, Schiff. 301. 198. 256. r. conspicuata, Hirschke. r. variegata, Stdgr. r. detersa, Piing. TeRSATA, Schiff, 301. 198. 257. g.a, tersulata, Stdgr. r. testaceata, Hb. r. laurinata, Schwrd. r. tetricata, Gn. r. chinensis, Leech. The Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation. VOL. XXXVII. (new series) (1925.) mE EC Lud) Wott NE EOD OR ; By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera. The other orders arranged by Species. Genera, Species, ete., new to Britain ave marked with an asterisk, those new to Science with tavo aeter "ishs, ARACHNIDS. PAGE Daes Cicindelinae . de oe 165; 166 } : © | Gincindela corticata 166 biovata, Thyreosthenius 4 osnad distinguenda var. lunatula .. 166 excavata, ‘T'rachyuropoda .. Mr 7 Mateneti hint ‘ 165. 166 narbonensis, Lycosa a8 Sanlpe **henryi - of (is it 165 oophilus, Laelapsis . . a oteadde pill iiudcnonea ii "166 lacunosa var, laeticolor be .. 166 COLEOPTERA. repanda .. hs Ss “BB Abraeus globosus_ .. os SO 00F eumatrensis .- + -- 166 Adrastus limbatus .. ot psd ia viridilabris .. .- -. 166 Aphanisticus emarginatus . . .. 138 waterhousei .- . os 165 Agrilus biguttatus .. bi ea wileyi “ ‘ -+ 165, 166 ‘‘ginuatus .. ap .. 161 | Cionus ‘ ae ae -- 160 Aleochara (Polychara) An LG? serophulariae - + 146 *crassicornis ui .. 166 -woodi . . -. 160, 161 curtula.. ‘3 * .. 167. | Cis coluber ws 4 Soe ail fuscipes .. .. 167 alni .- .- -- 107 **Alphitophagus bifasciatus HOTT bilamellatus . -- 139, 146 ab. unifasciatus .. a 2OuEES dentatus .. . -. 140, 159 Amara lucida ts a8 SOUTE jacquimonti ‘+ .- -- 116 Anaspis hudsoni_.. vy sao! 188 lineato-cribratus .. ni oe eLG Anisotoma algirica .. Hy .. 158 | Clambus punctulum a -. 141 brunnea .. 44 a _. 141 | Clythra 4-punctata .. We wae Antherophagus Ri ed .. 160 | Coccinella (idae) .. 86, 116, 143 Anthonomus rufus .. He sat 45, 11-punctata .- .. -. 159 Aphanisticus emarginatus. . f) 188 ab. confluens .. «. 127, 141 Aphodius... ‘ Eat _. 127 | Collyris linearis —.. os -. 165 Apion.. ‘ re in al | parvula.. Me ot .. 165 Asemum striatum .. 4 O26 \ planifrons “ “+ -. 165, 166 Atheta brunnea (depressa): St 4 planifrontoides .. -- 165, 166 Atomaria zetterstedtii fF J OCELS plicaticollis “ . -- 166 Aulonium ruficorne 14 .. 160 punctatella . . .. 166 Baris scolopacea.. rs _. 160 saundersi race Jaetior .. -. 166 Bembidion (um) adustum .. BD ST) subtilis .. «+ 165 Blaps mucronata .. on vliNEH variitarsis swb.-sp. ‘maindroni .. 165 Bledius femoralis .. Fa .. 141 | Coptocyala bistripunctatus. . ee LAN Broscus cephalotes . . fp _. 116 | Creophilus maxillosus var: ciliaris 125 Bruchus affinis Te We Ae quisquilius ‘- -. 115, 116 rufipes ab. apicatus by .. 160 | Cryptocephalus —.. -. 141 Caenocara aye tere fi) .. 159 bipunctatus ‘ -- 159 Carabidae .. uf _. 126 | Cryptophagus pallidus ae eye ME Carabus nitens ab. niger Ly 22/126 dentatus .. .- -. 115 Catops montivagus . .. 158 loevendali . .- : -- 159 Cephalonomia formiciformis .. 140 | Cubocephalus nigriventris . -. 140 Cerambyx heros... tt: .. 128 | Dendrophilus: punctatus .. seelfes Chaetocnema.arida.. pi .. 142 | Deronaria concinna.. oe =< LOG concinna «». +. ve 1. 58 gibbiceps .. “ a «+ 166 il. nietneri .. Be i scitiscabra. . Ke Dibolia cynoglossi .. Donacia obscura Doreatoma chrysomelina .. Dorytomus melanophthalmus Drilus flavescens ., Dromius agilis ab. bimaculatus Drusilla caniculata .. Dryophilus anobioides or Dryophthorus corticalis Dytiseus Blater (idae).. .. lythropterus es pomonne ee ee praeustus .. rufipennis ., ' panguineus sanguinolentus Mndomyehus coceineus Hpuraea bickhardi .. Kipicometis squalida Hivyx, fuirmairei = .. Mucnemis capucina,. rugosus .. a0 Kumicrus rufus Kuplectus decipiens sanguineus Wuthia sehaumi Grammoptera holomelina . Gymnetron squamicolle Harpalus anxius obseurus picipennis .. serripes ’ Henoticus serratus .. Hippodamia variegata var. abbreviata **ab. betfae .. ws ab, donisthorpei .. **ab. lestagei ab. piedmontana . ab, portae .. ab. vragusae ab. seutellaris ab. soutellopunctata ab. similis : ay ab. triangularis (turemenica) ab. 6-punetiata var, 8-punctata Hister merdarius Homalium brevicorne deplanatum florale a Hydrochus nitidicollis Hydrophilus piceus Hydrobius fuscipes ab. chalconotus Hylastes angustatus Hypera fasciculata .. Hypophloeus fraxini Laemophloeus turcicus Larinus carlinae Lathrobium atripalpe te 124, SPRCIAT 48, 128, Dinoderus substriatus axe PAGH 166 166 140 127 140 128 + 189 124, 124, 125, » 14, 124, 125, 164 140 4 160 161 70 125 124 125 159 161 125 159 48 160 ‘188 158 107 107 . 125 149, 140, 116, . 128 161 107 LO7 140 160 116 126 116 116 140 150 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 163 107 1638 58 159 70 127 141 126 116 160 32 138 INDEX. punctatum a Leptura rubra Lestiva luctuosa Liodes algirica brunnea.. Lissodema 4- pustulata cursor kirkae rosti , Lytta vesicatoria Magdalis carbonaria Megacronus formosus Melanophthalma transversalis Meloé brevicollis cicatricosus Metoecus paradoxus Microglossa suturalis Mierozoum tibiale Monohamus titilator Mononychus pseudacori Mycetoporus forticornis Nebria gyllenhali var. rufescens .. iberien Neuraphes nigrescens Notozus panzeri Ocalea latipennis Olophrum assimile .. nicholsoni Omalium septentrionis Orchestes sparsus Oxypus cyaneus Oxypoda nigrocineta Oxytelus nitidulus .. sericen Peritelus griseus B hilopedon geminatus . en *Phloeopora (Aleochara) teres (cor- ticalis) ; es Phytodecta pallida ae Platypus eylindrus .. Platyrbinus lutirostris Plegaderus dissectus Priobium eichoffi Psylliodes cyanoptera ab. tricolor, Ptinella britannica .. Ptinus brunneus latro pusillus Pyropterus aflinis Quedius cruentus var. kraa tail 2 obliteratus. . is seitus suturalis Rhizotrogus solstitialis Khynehites Khytidosomus globulus Saperda populner **Seymnus limonii Smicronyx seriepilosus Sphindus dubius Staphylinidae we Staphylinus latebricola stercorarius ae Stilicus fragilis ve virens 126, 1 127, 139 ic GL 107 145, 166 ite we te 126 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE Strophosomus curvipes. .. «. 159 Symbiotes latus .. “fe «. 139 Tachys parvulus Ban l39 Taphrorychus villifrons ota Thiasophila oe 3 inguilina .. erat Tiresias serra 126, 160 Trechus micros : 132 Be wopverys i intermedia var. thom- soni J . 141 Tricondyla coriacea . 166 | Trimium brevicorne Be) Trogophloeus subtilis J LAL Tychius haematopus .. 142 Velleius dilatatus spoiled) Xantholinus distans sola: glaber sre, LOZ, Xestophantes brevitarsis . 140 | potentillae.. .. 140 Xixuthrus heros oa, ok Zeugophora flavicollis . 160 DIPTERA. abdominalis, Tipula 86 Acalypterata 58 Aedes : 86 aequalis, Aphiochaeta 6 albimanus, Platychirus 58 albipila, Chilosia See Uls) Anthomyiides (dae). . 58, 79 arbustorum, Eristalis Sr paits: arcticus, Syrphus 58 Atherigona : 145 balteatus, Syrphus .. 58 barbifrons, Syrphus 58 bastardi, Eristalis 86 billbergi, Hylemyia.. 58 Bombyliidae . . 58 cadaverina, Pyrallia 58 caesar, Lucilius 86 caesarion, Kuphoria 58 calcitrans, Stomoxys 86 canadensis, Aedes 86 pe ae bale 48 Chironomus . 86 Chionea : 86 chortophile, Hylemyia 58 cinerascens, Rhamphomyia 58 compactus, Eristalis 86 concinnata, Compsilura 176 corvina, Musca 58 crabroniformis, Asilus 176 Culex .. A : 86 cuprarius, Sargus 58 Dasyllis cit 86 discimanus, Platychirus 58 discolor, Bombylius 58 domestica, Musca 86 dorsalis, Elgiva 58 Kmpidae bc aC Sree, Hristalis at ae BD 0 86 exigua, Phorbia 58 Fannia 48 PAGE fasciata, Exoprosopa iis 86 floccosa, Phorbia ay reg tites formicarum, Pseudacteon .. sy anto° Gastrophilus.. Panes grossa. Chilosia 58 Hippobosea .. 48 Hylephila .. . 79 lasiophtbalmus, Syrphus 3¢ 58 lucens, Lipara k 96 Lucilia 48 lucorum, Phaonia 58 lundbecki, Pseudacteon 6 luniger, Syrphus 58 major, Bombylius asta marmorata, Phaonia i 58 manicata, Fannia He remmeite melanogaster, Drosophila .. . 45 Melophagus .. Se rmmay 42) Musca (idue).. Se 8, 98 muscaria, Phorbia .. roeiaetits) Mycetophilidae 32 myrmecophilus, Ceratopogon 4 neglecta, Phorbia oe 58 obliqua, Allograpta . . 86 obtusa, Hylephila 79 Oestrus 48 Ornithomyia 48 parva, Phorbia - 58 personata, Hylephila, Chortophila 79 pertinax, Hristalis .. 58 pilosa, Hilara 58 pipiens, Syritta 58 politum, Mesogramma 56 praecox, Chilosia 58 pulchripes, Chilosia 58 pullula, Hylemyia .. 58 quadrimaculata, Melanogyna 58 eae rt Criorrhina 58 ruficauda, Leria 58 rufiventris, Vephrochlamys- 58 ribesii, Syrphus 58 rudis, Pollenia 58 sagittaria, Physocephala 86 scalare, Melanostoma 58 sealaris, Fannia 58 scutatus, Platychirus 58 sipho, Psilopus 86 solstitialis, Urophora 96 spinipes, Sepedon 58 sponsa, Hylephila .. 79 Stratiomyiidae 1.0088 Syrphidae (us) 58, 86 Tabanidae Abe .. 86 Tipulidae .. a6 86 torvus, Syrphus 58 transversalis, Scatopse 6 Trypetidae be 60 variabilis, Chilosia . 58 variata, Hylemyia .. 58 variegata, Phaonia .. 58 vertebratus, Promachus 86 vespertina, Tephritis 58 vitripennis, Syrphus 58 iv. SPECIAL INDEX, PAGH HYMENOPTERA. abdominalis, Ceraphron .. eer: Acanthomyops : ¥ wie Le acervorum, Leptothorax AF nD aequata, Diapria .. ie UMD albipes, Monophadnus ae 58 alienus (niger swb-sp.), Lasius 6, 36, Ae alutaceus, Opnaptien pA Andrenidae .. ats s 79 anthracinus, Bracon | se Mie Apanteles .. ” swe lO9 aphidicola (heeri var.), Brachy- myrmex ae tr yg tO Arginae aia aa sored atratulus, Anergates 171 Blennocampini : 163 Bombus Ar A ns » 8G Bothriomyrmex ye a 36, 130i brunneus, Acanthomyops .. 8,5, 6 brunneus, Myrmica sii ssn bulgarica (elegans var.), Cardio. condyla .. ss ak sited caespitum, Tetramorium .. 84, 7d Cephidue .. . Rapp teeenaae panne Te aan - “AX, setae a