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8 
The Entomologist's Record. Photo, E. A. Cockayne. 


Trera Hyprips. 


Hybrid prouti ¢1-5. 26-8 
Hybrid woodi ¢9-18. ¢19-24. 


ologist’ 
"a led 
o hs Feo 


tao 


JOURNAL OF VARIATION. 


Mole, XOXO EX Nos: 1. January 15TH, 1927. 


Hybridisation Experiments with Thera variata, Schiff., and T. 
obeliscata, Hb. (with Plate I. *). 


By EH. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.E.S. 


In my paper in the Record of March, 1926, I described my attempt 
to hybridise these two species in the autumn of 1925 and stated my 
intention to try again with the spring brood. With this object | went 
to the New Forest at Easter and beat about 850 Thera larvae from 
Douglas fir. Some were pupating before my return, and I found it 
impossible to separate those with pink legs from those with green ones 
owing to the lack of time, and so was unable to confirm my conclusion 
that the colour of the legs is a safe character, by whieh these two 
species can be differentiated. From the larvae with pink legs, which 
appeared to be more numerous, | expected to obtain obeliscata, and actually 
did breed rather more of this species than of variata. I had originally 
intended to cross the variata with videliscata from Oxshott, but beating 
there was most unsuccessful and I only got one larva. 

To avoid any risk of pairing between members of the same species, 
I separated my pupae roughly into males and females and rejected any 
imago, which had been with a member of the opposite sex of its own 
species for however short a time. Fortunately the sorting was satis- 
factory and very few were wasted for this reason. On April 25th, the 
first specimens of each emerged and the experiment was begun. To 
obtain pairings I had a number of boxes and into each I put two or 
three males of the one species with two or three females of the other. 
Imagines continued to emerge until May 27th, and, although parasites 
had destroyed more than half the larvae, there were quite enough for 
my purpose. On the whole variata appears to be a little later than 
obeliscata. By May 6th, 1 had many females of the latter but only 
three of the former, and the last imago of all was a variata. In order 
to make sure that I had not introduced a pair of the same species in 
any of the boxes the insects in each were examined at least twice and 
a final examination was made when they died. Altogether I used 38 


*Will appear in February number.—Hy.J.T. 


2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 


males and 26 females of obeliscata and 82 males and 21 females of 
variata, and from these I got two fertile pairings of variata 3 x obelis- 
cata 2 yielding 81 eggs, and five or six fertile pairings of obeliscata 3 xX 
variata 2 yielded 200 eggs, the latter being the cross I failed to obtaim 
last autumn. ‘The fertile eges were all laid singly or in rows of two or 
three on the needles of the spruce, and pairing took place quickly or 
not at all. One female obeliscata laid a full complement of eggs within 
the first three days, and placed them all on the needles, suggesting 
that she had paired, but all the eggs wereinfertile. The other infertile 
females of both species either laid no eggs, or laid comparatively few 
and after some days delay, and many of the eggs were laid on the sides 
or bottom of the box, or on the muslin cover. The larvae from the 
earliest pairing of each cross began to hatch on May 22nd, and at the 
start throve on spruce, but after the first and second instars they 
began to die. The larvae of the variata g X obeliscata 9 cross were 
the hardier and several rapidly outstripped the rest, but of the 
reciprocal cross only one larva grew with this rapidity. On June 28th 
I noted that on the whole the larvae of this hybrid were the larger, 
in spite of the fact that many of the smallest of the larvae of the other 
hybrid had died. 

On July 15th the first imago of each hybrid emerged, but many 
more variata J X vbeliscata 2 had pupated than obeliscata J xX 
variata 2 , and by August 1st, 22 of the former had emerged and only 
8 of the latter. In the end even the bigger larvae of both hybrids 
began to die and | lost two or three which were pupating. On 
September 21st the last imago, rariata g x obeliscata ? , emerged, 
and it was clear that the remaining larvae, which were obeliscata f X 
variata 2, intended to hibernate. Before the end of October they were 
all dead. 

There is no doubt that all the imagines bred are true hybrids. I 
have mentioned the care taken in the pairing, and to avoid any danger 
of introducing larvae of either parent species | bred neither obeliscata 
nor variata. There was little risk of bringing in larvae on the food- 
plant. The spruce was gathered from places where variata does not 
occur, and it is not a usual food of obeliscata, but nevertheless it was 
always examined for possible intruders, Luckily most of the larvae 
grew more quickly than wild larvae of obeliscata, and this made my 
precautions almost unnecessary. 

CHARACTERS OF THE HYBRID LARVAE.—In my former paper I pointed 
out that the larva of variata has green legs and that of obeliscata pink 
lees, An examination of the legs of the hybrid larvae in their last 
instar gave the following results:—variata g x obeliscata 9 —25 
pink: 10 pale pink: 1 green. Obeliscata § X variata 2? —20 pink: 
20 pale pink: 4 almost green: 1 green. ‘Those which I have called 
almost green showed a faint tinge of pink on every segment, but to the 
naked eye they appeared green. The Jeg colour of obeliscata is to a 
great extent dominant over that of variatau when obeliscata is the female 
parent, but when variata is the female parent, the influence of this 
species is little inferior to that of obeliscata. 

In my previous paper I showed that most larvae of obeliscata had 
7 setae on each side of the anal flap and some had 6, whereas in 
variata the majority had 5 and some had 6. In the case of the 
hybrids there was greater variation. Of 28 hybrid larvae, variata $ 


EXPERIMENTS WITH THERA VARIATA AND T. OBELISCATA, 8 


x obeliscata 2 , 81x had 7 on each side, four had 7 on one side and 6 
on the other, sixteen bad 6 on each side, and two had 6 on one side, 
and five on the other. Thus ten had more setae than any rariata I 
have examined, but only two bad fewer than any obeliscata, and none 
had the commonest number in variata, 5 on each side. These larvae 
resembled oheliscata nore than variata. Of 84 hybrid larvae, of 
obeliscata f xX variata 2, four had 7 setae on each side, three had 7 
on ove side and 6 on the other, nineteen had 6 on each side, five had 
6 on one side and 5 on the other, two had 5 on each side, and one had 
5 on one side and 4 on the other. Seven had more setae than | have 
found in any variata, eight bad fewer than I have found in any 
obeliscata, so that in this respect neither species appeared to have a 
predominating influence in this cross. The number of asymmetrical 
examples, fifteen out of sixty-two, is rather remarkable and did not 
seem to be due to injury. It was noticed in some living larvae and in 
others it was found in the cast skin of the larva after pupation. In 
one asyimetrical larva of obeliscata g xX variata 2 the third and 
fourth setae on the rigbt side were exactly at the same level, one just 
internal to the other, but in all the others the setae were spaced out 
fairly evenly along the edge of the anal flap. 

The results obtained by examining the setae and the colour of the 
legs agree. The influence of vbeliscata, when it is the female parent, 
is greater than that of rariata, but, when it is the male parent, it is 
about eqnal to that of variata. 

Cuakacreks oF tak pupA.—I found that Loth parent species had 
pupae varying from pale green to blackish green and was unable to 
distinguish any difference in the markings or in the structure of the 
cremaster. The pupae of both hybrids showed the same range of 
colour variation. 

CHARACTERS OF THE IMAGINES.—Hybrid Thera woodi, nov. bhybr. 
T. variata @ X T'. obeliscata 2, named after Mr. H Worsley- Wood. 

Hybrid Thera prouti, nov. hybr, 7. obeliscata 3 x T. variata 2, 
‘named after Mr. L. B. Prout, whose paper first drew attention to the 
occurrence of rarfata in England. 

Of hybrid woodt, 27 were bred, 19 males and 8 females. 

Of hybrid prouti, 28 were bred, 17 males and 6 females. 

It is a pity the different broods were not kept apart both from the 
point of view of the sex ratios and the colour variation, but the time 
required for this was greater than I could afford. The excess of males 
is noteworthy, and I do not think it was due to the death of feinale 
larvae. ‘The females on the whole emerged later than the males, but 
the first woodi to emerve was a female and the last to emerge» in the 
ease of both hybrids were males. Most of the big larvae which died 
were, to judge by their size, males and only one was undoubtedly 
female. It is well known that in some hybrids the sex ratio is 
abnormal; in some cases there are more males than females and in 
others all are males. 

THE MALES OF HYBRID wooup1.—These fall roughly into four groupses 

(a) Four very pale: general effect very smooth and uniform. ‘Two 
with much more grey than ferruginous both in median area and rest 
of forewing (Figs. 9 and 10): two with median area pale ferruginous 
and with ferrnginous tint in other parts of wing: one of the latter is 
less uniform than the other and is paler outside the postmedian and 


4 THK KNTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. 


between the antemedian and basal patch. The shade proximal to the 
antemedian is faintly indicated in all: the nervures in median area 
are slightly darkened. 

(6) Five rather uniform and lacking in pattern, but darker than 
the above and with a darker ferruginous median area and basal patch ; 
in four the ground colour of the rest of the wing is much more brown 
than grey: one is darker than the others and bas a browner median 
area and greyer ground colour (fig. 11): with one exception the shade 
proximal to the antemedian is very indistinct: nervures in median 
area are dark. 

(c) Seven very pale: pattern variegated like the better marked 
variata, but with pale ferruginous median area and brownish tint in 
ground colour; postmedian not indented: shade proximal to ante- 
median well marked: nervures in median area darkened. In five the 
wing between the postmedian and subterminal from the costa to the 
bend in the postmedian is much whiter than the rest of the ground 
colour, a character of variata (figs. 12-16). 

(/) Three with median area blackish brown: basal patch paler 
but with very dark edge and dark strips across it; paler lines distal to 
patch and on either side of median area: ground colour greyish brown. 
These are indistinguishable from some of the banded forms of 
obeliscata (the nymotypical form) (figs. 17 and 18.) 

Tue FremaLes oF HYBRID woop1.—(a) One is pale like the males in 
group (a), but the ground colour is almost pure grey and the grey 
shades proximal to the antemedian, and the grey subterminal are very 
distinct and darker than the pale ferruginous median area itself. The 
nervures in median area are darkened. (fig. 9.) 

(b) One is rather like the males in group (b) but the markings are 
more distinct. (fig. 22.) 

(c) Four are very like the males in group (c) and one is even more 
prettily variegated; the outline of the postmedian lacks the loops 
which indent that of variata: the nervures in the median area are 
darkened. (tigs. 20 and 21.) 

(7) Two are banded, but not so distinctly as the males: the ground 
colour is a darker brown and the median area is less clearly delimited 
by pale lines. (figs. 23 and 24.) 

Mates oF HYBRID pRouTI.—(a) Four very similar to group (a) of 
the reverse cross, but with brownish ground colour. (fig. 1.) 

(6) Six like group (b) of woodi: two with very red-brown ground 
colour (fig. 2): three with greyer ground like the darkest woodi. (fig 8.) 

(c) Seven a good deal darker and with one exception not so well 
marked as group (c) of woodi: one bas the median area narrow and 
broken in the way which is so common in juniperata. In the figure 
the median area is too dark. (fig. 4.) But for the more ferruginous 
median area it might easily be mistaken for the uncommon brown 
form of variata. 

All six females of prouti correspond with the males of group (c): 
none show much variation and resemble in pattern the obscurely 
marked variata race britannica; in five the ground colour is brown 
(figs. 6 and 7), and in one grey-brown (fig. 8.) 

The two hybrids have many points in common, and their colour 
and pattern show characters derived from both parents. The median 
area almost always has the ferruginous or brown colour of obeliscata, 


EXPERIMENTS WITH THERA VARIATA AND T. OBELISCATA. 3) 


The rest of the ground colour varies; in many it is as brown or nearly 
as brown as in obeliscata, but only in two is it nearly as grey as in 
variata. In none is it as pale reddish as in the common var. herrichi, 
and in none as grey as in variata. In the majority the pattern is more 
nearly that of obeliscata, although in some it is more like that of variata 
The outline of the postmedian is almost always that of obeliscata, and 
only in one is it as looped as in variata. The darkening of the 
nervures in the median area is well marked in most, and in this respect 
they are more like variata. The banded forms are almost identical 
with some obeliscata. The chief differences between the tw» hybrids 
are that prowti is the darker and lacks the branded and pale variegated 
forms. 

Taking all the hybrids together, there are several specimens which 
would attract little or no attention in a series of obeliscata, but none 
would be mistaken for variata, although one at least is more like this 
species. The effects attributable to each parent are less easy to assess 
exactly in the case of the imagines than in the larvae, but here too the . 
influence of obeliscata appears to be the greater especially when it is 
the female parent. Those most like obeliscata occur amongst the woodi 
and the one most like variata amongst the prouti. 

Owing to its much more restricted distribution on the continent 
Herr Hofer thinks it probable that obeliscata is the more recent species, 
or, to be more accurate, he regards it as a species in the making, but 
he expresses the view that crossing it with variata may lead to a more 
definite conclusion. This has now been done, but it would have been 
still more interesting to have seen to what extent segreeation of 
characters occurred in the second generation of the hybrids and 
whether obeliscata would have proved to be a true dominant. No 
attempt was made to do this, because I have found it impossible to 
keep Thera larvae alive through the winter, and I do not even know 
whether such secondary hybrids can be obtained. 

In the case of hybrids the species with the greater influence on the 
offspring is usually regarded as the older, and if this be accepted as 
true, obeliscata must be phylogenetically older than variata. The 
result is unexpected, but I am very doubtful if the argument is sound. 
It seems to me more probable that the recessive is the older form. 
Recessive characters must be common to both species, but dominant 
ones may be present only in one. If they have not been lost by the 
species lacking them they must have been newly acquired, and indicate 
that the species possessing them is the younger. 

Bowater describing his hybrid Cernra furcula f x bicuspis says 
that it shows a greater resemblance to furcula than to bicuspis and 
gives the following quotation from Harrison. ‘‘ The superior influence 
of the male is noted in practically all the hybrids I have reared, not 
only amongst the genus Nyssta and Lycia, but also in Ennomids and 
Larentiids likewise.” The hybrid woodi is an exception to this rule; 
for both on the larvae and imagines the female parent has the superior 
influence, 


6 ‘ THE KWKNYLOMOLOGIST’S KKCORD, 


The Ants (Formicidae), and some Myrmecophiles, of Sicily. 
By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S., ete. 
(Concluded from Vol. XXXVIII., p. 165.) 


- 


_ Strongylognathus destefanii, Emery.—Up to now only a single 
specimen (the type, a female) of this ant had been taken. I was 
fortunate enough to find three colonies, as well as a single 9. On 
April 6tb, I took a single deiilated 9, which was by itself under a 
stone at Taormina. On April 12th I discovered a strong mixed colony 
of S. destefanii and T'etramorium ferox v. diomedaea, at Taormina, 
It was situated under a stone on the hill side. but extended some 
distance both sides in the stony ground. I should say about 80% of 
the ¥ ¥ were Tetramoriium. The nest was very difficult to dig up, 
and much time and labour failed to disclose females of either species. 
Another similar mixed colony was found on the other side of 
Taormina on April 20th. The ants were under a small stone, but 
extended widely in the very stony hard ground. In this nest four 
specimens of the beetle Dichillus pertusus were present. Finally on 
April 22nd, I found a mixed colony of the Strongylognathus and Aphaeno- 
gaster semipolita! I cannot explain this, but the fact remains, and no 
amount of digging produced a single T’etramorium. 

Different forms of the genus Strongylognathus (of which there are 
four species, six subspecies, and two varieties, known) have occurred in 
Algeria, Tunis, Spain, France, Switzerland, Italy, Sicily, Caucasus, 
Urals, and Central Russia, and have always been found associating 
with forms of TZvtramorium caespitum. They possess sickle-shaped 
jaws similar to those of the true slave-makers Polyeryus, but have been 
called degenerate slave-makers, as they appear to have mostly lost the 
power of making slave raids. Unlike most parasitic ants the female of 
both host ana guest live side by side in the nest. The Tetramorium 
workers bring up males, females, and workers of the Strongylognathus, 
but only rear their own workers. Wasmann suggested that these 
mixed colonies were founded jointly by a female of each species, but 
Wheeler rather thinks that the Strongylognathus female enters a 
Tetramorium colony after it has already been established. This latter 
view is perhaps borne out by the finding of solitary Stronyylognathus 
feales. Such a female is probably waiting near a Jetramorium 
colony, for an opportunity to enter its nest. 

As the worker of Strongylognathus destefanii is undescribed, I have 
drawn up the following description of the same :— 

_ _& Yellow, shining, antennae, vertex of head, and gaster a little darker (more 
shining and of «a brighter yellow than in 8. huberi, EHmery,), with somewhat long 
erect hairs (slightly longer than in 8. huberi) on head and whole body. 

Heap: broader in comparison to its length than in huberi; mandibles long 
and strong, sharply pointed and very finely striated ; clypeus and frontal area smooth 
and shining ; rest of head almost smooth, with fairly large widely separated punctures, 
and with faint striae on cheeks and temples ; antennae rather long, scape slender, 
funiculus with a rather large, well-marked, 3-jointed club. 

THORAX: pronotum and mesonotum smooth and shining; sides of mesothorax 
and epinotwm longitudinally striate ; epinotum armed with two short, sharp teeth. 

PrrioLe with node high; post-petiole transverse (much more so than in huberi) 
and lower than petiole, both petiole and post-petiole broader than in hubert ; 


gaster apparently smooth and shining, but very finely transversely striate. 
Lone 3°5-3'8mm. 


ANTS AND MYRMECOPHILES OF SICILY. 7 


Subfamily DoricHopertinas. 

* Bothriomyrmex adriacus subsp. tonia var. sicula, Emery.—This 
form was described by Emery [Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sct. Nat. 56 17 
(1925)| in 1925 from two workers taken in Sicily (locality unknown) 
by de Stefani many years ago. 

On April 22nd I found a large and prosperous colony under a stone 
at ‘Taormina. 


* Tridomyrmex humilis, Mayr.—On March 21st, 1926, in Palermo, 
I found a number of workers of this introduced species running in 
small single files on the pavement of a road towards the outskirts of 
the town. They appeared to come out of a garden, and one % was 
observed to be carrying an Aphid. This is the first record for Sicily of 
this pest —the well-known “ Argentine Ant’’—which has been rapidly 
extending its range during the last twenty or thirty years and becom- 
ing cosmopolitan. In Madeira it has exterminated the local species. 
It has been introduced into New Orleans (where it now extends over 
fully 5000 square miles to the Gulf of Mexico), California, Cape ‘Town 
and Basutoland. MacDougal sent it to me to name from the Canary 
Isles in 1924, I received it from Guernsey in 1919, and Forel records 
it from Central France. In Britain —Carpenter recorded its occurrence 
in vast numbers in Belfast in 1900, where it caused the greatest 
inconvenience; Waterston sent it to we to name from Kdinburgh in 
1912; Fryer‘from Enfield in 1916; Theobald from Kastbourne in 1916, 
(here I understand two streets are uninhabitable on account of the 
presence of this species): Keys from Plymouth in 1923; in 1921 
Holkyard took it in a bot-house at Broadbottom, Cheshire ; in 1922 
Britten captured % ¥ in Canary bananas at Fallowfield, Manchester ; 
and in November 1926, I found it at Tring. 


Tapinoma nigerrimiun, Nyl.—This ant was abundant everywhere, 
nesting under stones, in bushes and rocks, and running on walls and 
in gardens, etc. A number of males was observed at Taormina on 
April 6th running on a rock, in the interstices of which the colony 
was situated ; and males and winged females were found in a large 
colony nesting under a stone on April 21st, A deiilated 9 was taken 
on April 6th which was walking along a dusty road. Various 
myrmecophiles were found with this ant—the beetles, Stenosis 
brentoides var. sieula, Sol., occurred in two nests at Mondello on Mareh 
17th, and again on April 22nd, at Taormina, Drusilla emnonins, Er., 
in a nest under a stone at Palermo on March 21st; and numerous 
examples of Anthicus 4-yuttatus, Rossi, were running in company witb 
workers of this ant in the xcelsior Palace Hotel garden at Taormina 
in March, looking so ant-like that I was frequently taken in. Young 
males of two spiders Micaria sp.?, and Phrurolithus sp.?, which were 
also very ant-like, were found at Mondello on March 17th running in 
company with 8 8 of 7. niyerrimum. The wost interesting find how- 
ever was an Aphid of the genius Paracletvs, new to science, which™ 
Professor F. V. Theobald bas named after me. On April 21st 
at Taormina I found a number of this new species, one winged form 
being present, ina nest of 7. niyerrtmuwmn under a stone, and when 
disturbed the ants hastened to carry away these Plant-lice into safety. 
On Apri] 24th at Mola it was found again in still greater numbers, 
with the same ant. Forel and other writers have stated that ants of 


8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


the genus Vapinoma do not keep Aphids, but this discovery proves 
that they do rear these insects, especially as the Genus Paracletus is 
the most truly myrmecophilous of all. 


Subfamily Formicinar. 


Plagiolepis (Plagiolepis) pygmaea, Latr.—This little species was 
abundant at Mondello, Taormina, etc., nesting under stones, and 
generally a number of queens was present in each nest. 

Acantholepis frauenfeldi, Mayr. 

* Acantholepis frauenfeldi, Mayr. var. nigra, Emery.—I found 
colonies of this variety at Taormina on April 6th, 7th, and 16th, etc., 
always under stones. Three or more, and on one occasion very many 
queens, were found in a single nest. 

Acanthomyops (Donisthorpea) niger, Li. 

Acanthomyops (Donisthorpea) alienus, Forst. 

Acanthomyops (Donisthorpea) brunneus var. nigro-brunneus, Donis. 
(alieno-brunneus, For., of Kmery’s list ?)—This dark form of brunneus, 
which I have named nigro-brunneus [Ent. Rec. 38 18 (1926)|, was 
found nesting under stones, and also, as does the true brunneus, in 
trees. At Palermo on March 16th, workers were observed running at 
the foot of a wall in a field, and on 21st a colony was found under a 
stone. In the Hotel garden a colony occurred in a hollow tree, and on 
March 28th my old Windsor friend the ant’s nest beetle, Huryusa 
stnuata, was taken running on a path in company with workers of this 
ant. Two more specimens of the Huryusa were found on April 2nd in 
the nest of this ant which was situated under a stone. 

At Taormina colonies were observed in the wood-mould in holes in 
olive trees, and on Isola Bella on April 26th another was seen inhabit- 
ing a hollow olive tree. 

Silvestri [ Boll. Lab. Zool. R. Scuola Agri. Portici 6 237-38 (1912)] 
records the capture of two myrmecophilous beetles—Homoeusa 
acuminata, Mirk., and Claviger nebrodensis, Rag., with A. (D.) brunneus 
at §. Guglielmo, near Castelbuono. The last named beetle which, like 
all the species of the genus Clavier, is blind, and is a true guest, 
being fed by its hosts, and also supplying them with a sweet secretion, 
was first taken in Sicily by Ragusa, who recorded and described it in 
1871 [Bull. Soc. Ent. Italiana 8 194-96 (1871)]. 

* Acanthomyops (Donisthorpea) brunneus, Latr. (Ragusa; Silvestri). 

Acanthomyops (Donisthorpea) emarginatus, Latr. 

Acanthomyops (Chthonolasius) flavus, F. 

Formica sanguinea, Latr. 

Formica fusca, L., var. glebaria, Nyl.—Many workers were seen 
running about on the rim of a fountain, and on a willow tree, ete., in 
the Excelsior Palace Hotel garden at Palermo in March. 

Camponotus (Camponotus) ligniperdus, Later. 

Camponotus (Camponotus) vagus, Scop. 

Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) sylvaticus ssp. pilicornis var. sicula, 
Emery. Stray soldiers and workers were taken in cart-tracks, drains, 
etc., and in spiders’ webs in the Hotel garden at Palermo in March. 
At Mondello on March 17th large colonies were found under stones 
containing many soldiers, and workers of all sizes. 

Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) aethiops, Latr. 


ANTS AND MYRMECOPHILES OF SICILY. 9 


Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) atlantis, Forel (pallens, Nyl.). 

Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) atlantis ssp. nylandert, Kmery.—This 
subspecies was found at T'aormina, Capo S. Andrea, and Mola, nesting 
under stones, and in walls, ete. Workers were seen running about on 
leaves, and hunting high up on olive trees, etc. Soldiers were always 
present in the nests and gynaecoid workers were noticed in several 
(Taormina 14th April, etc.). Very large and brightly coloured 
workers (¥ ¥ not 2{ 2{) were found in a nest at Mola on April 24th. 
In a nest under a large stone in a wall at Taormina (April 15th) the 
following myrmecophiles occurred—the Cricket Myrmecophila ochracea ; 
the beetles Coluocera formicaria, Oochrotus unicolor, and Merophysia 
formicaria var. sieula; the Fish-Insect Lepisma aurea; and the little 
Spring-tail Cyphodeirus albinos. Some aphids (Tetraneura ulmifoliae, 
Baker), occurred in another colony on April 18th. 

Camponotus (Myrmoscirus) rufoglaucus ssp. uicans, Emery.—On 
March 16th a number of workers was taken running on a wall, and a 
single deiilated female in a drain by the roadside on 20th at Palermo. 
At Mondello, on March 17th, a mixed colony of this ant and Aphaeno- 
gaster testaceo-pilosa var. sentpolita, was found under a stone. At Capo 
S. Andrea on April 9th, a very large colony containing a deilated 
female, soldiers, and workers, was found. 

Camponotus (Myrmentoma) gestroi, Kmery. 

Camponotus (Myrmentoma) lateralis, Ol.—Workers of this pretty ant 
were observed on walls, and running on the herbage, etc., at Taormina 
in April. 

* Camponotus (Myrmentoma) lateralis ssp. spissinodis, Forel.—A 
colony of this subspecies was found under a stone at Taormina on 
April 21st, a number of winged females being present in the nest. 

Camponotus (Myrmentoma) sichelt, Mayr. 

Camponotus (Colobopsis) truncatus, Spin. 

At the base of a rock at Taormina, on April 26th, I found a number 
of the larvae of the fly, Vermileo deyeer’, Macq., in their funnel- shaped 
pits which they construct, after the manner of the true “ant-lions” 
(Myrmeleon), to entrap ants. 

The large grey woodlouse Porcellionides myrmecophilus, Stein., 
taken on April 21st and 24th, was taken by Budde-Lund in Dalmatia 
in nests of Messor structor, and by Dollfus in ant’s nests at Lentini, 
Sicily. 

Since be first part of this paper was publehes Professor = Sis 


Tycheoides ane Koch., was taken with Pibiaen tn asta ila: at 
Taormina on April 17th; V'etraneuwra ulmifoliae, Baker, (uli, L.) with 
Tetramorium caespitum ssp., semilaeve, at Mola on April 24th; and 
Anuwraphis siciliensis, Theob. (a new species), with Cremastogaster 
sordidula, at Taormina on April 27. 

Mr. E. E. Green, has also seen the white globular objects, which 
were being carried by Cremastogaster laestrygyon % % on April 7th, and 
he suggests that they might possibly be immature coccids allied to 
Margarodes. 

P.S.—Mr. Green also tells me that the coccids I took in a nest of 
Camponotus sylvaticus, at Bordighera on February 18th, 1925, are 
Erriococcus bahiae, EKhrh., see Ent. lec. 88, 17 (1926). 


10 THE ENLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Note on Dr. Verity’s Method of Nomenclature. 
By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S. 


On page 121 ante my friend Dr, Verity refers to Boisduval as the 
author of Hirsutina rippertii, He says “ If, following Courvoisier, we 
fix on Boisduval as the author of rippertit because Freyer’s figure . . 
: is unreliable,” and he then follows with the conclusion that the 
nymotypical race is from Digne; in doing this he, unfortunately, 
ignores the Code altogether, for the original author of r/partii is Freyer, 
and this being so Boisduval cannot be the author of it. It should 
however, after Freyer’s spelling, be ripartii—then, I fear, I do not 
agree that the figure is unreliable. It is quite a good figure of that 
insect, the only thing is that the white of the stripe and of the irides 
of the ocellations is turned blackish-grey as so often happened with 
the old authors, and I am sorry to say with those of our day also, for 
in some of Oberthiir’s beautiful plates the white markings have already 
gone blackish. 

The point is that no one can transfer a published name of one 
author to another author, as my friend purposes. Ripartii, Freyer, 
must remain (being described and figured) riparti?, Freyer, and cannot 
be listed as rippertit, Boisduval. 

Again on the following page Dr. Verity names a form of /’. cortdon 
rufosplendens, ealling it a race and he says it is “characterised by the 
bright warm tawny underside of the hindwings in a large percentage 
of individuals.” I want to emphasise the statement ‘‘a large percentage,” 
it may I suppose be 80, 40, or 50% or possibly even inore, but this 
does not constitute a race, it is merely a very common variation. 

A race is generally accepied as a form, that replaces in a given 
area, the typical form. This is by no means the case with rvfo- 
splendens. Referring to Ll’. meleager, my friend describes superlunulata 
from a single specimen ; it is evidently a ‘sport,’ or unusual aberra- 
tion, and most of us, at least in Kngland, consider this constant 
naming of aberrations and pseudo-races, a really reprehensible practice. 
As long ago as 1916, Vol. XX VIIL., when dealing with the varieties of 
P. coridon, Dr. Chapman winds up his paper with these words * the 
terrible multiplication of vavietal names we suffer from, is an evil that 
ought in some way to be checked.” The great majority of British 
authors entirely agree with Dr. Chapman, whilst the Zoological Record 
has decided not to list them. 

It is getting more obvious as time goes on, that in this country, 
at least, this great multiplication of names is considered not only 
unnevessary, but also unscientific and | would appeal to Dr. Verity to 
help us to reduce the practice. 


A sub-species, a race, a local form or a form! What are they ? 
By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S. 
The continual wppearance of Dr. Verity's papers in this magazine, 
describing and naming what he considers new varieties, often on 


minute and variable differences and calling them races, when they 
generally are only a per centage of the species being dealt with, has for 


NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE. 11 


sometime been disturbing my peace of mind on these matters and leads 
me now to ask for, and if possible get, a discussion on what constitutes 
a sub-species, or a race, or a local form 

My own opinion is that a sub- species and a race are almost 
synonymous, if there be a distinction, the term race is very, very, little 
lower in the category than sub-species. 

A local form is a concept much lower in the category. 

A sub-species or a race, therefore, entirely replaces what is generally 
regarded as the typical race in a given area. 

A local form does not replace the stem, but flies in more or less 
abundance with it. I will cite a case in point—A. coridon-roystonensis, 
is neither a race nor a sub-species ; it fliesin a limited area with what 
we call the stem, or parent species and therefore cannot be treated as 
a race. 

The question also arises as to what is the difference between a 
Species and a sub-species. We call for instance P. coridon, a species 
or the parent species and we eall albicans, from Andalusia a sub-species, 
but many scientists will say they are sub-species of one concept. 

I have written this expressly to obtain the views of entomologists 
on this question, and I would ask that the matter should be seriously 
considered and I hope that many observers will give us their views. 


Notes on Nomenclature. 
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. 


Race.—This term has come to be used in two ways: one as an 
indefinite term often applied, in general remarks at meetings and in 
field notes in our magazines, to a group of individuals found in some 
particular locality, such as a field, a slope of downs, a portion of a hill- 
side, with a meaning more akin to an individual brood, the offspring 
of one pair, or of a number of pairs closely cohabiting ; the other 
use as marking a more or less definite grade in the conception of a 
species, subordinate to a subspecies. As Mr. Bethune-Baker has said, 
a subspecies is that which entirely replaces the species in any locality, 
and a local form does not replace the species but flies with it in more 
or less numbers. He has cited roystonensis as a local form, and I may 
add also one of the other forms flying in the same locality, tnequalis. 
Both these are recurrent forms;. were they only occasional forms they 
would both be termed aberrations. But the cortdon occurring in the 
Royston area characterised by the comparative abundance of royston- 
ensis, by the abundance of inequalis, by the great excess, in Most seasons, 
of females over males, and by the unusual abundance of varied 
aberrational forms is an example of one of the best characterised races 
which we have in this country. Strange to say it has escaped the 
nomenclator so far. 

Var.—The old term rar. (varietus) was used for generations to 
designate any and every divergence from the ordinary specifie fori” 
and became so abused in its use that at present one can only recognise 
it as a ‘‘term of ignorance” only indicating that the individual or 
individuals are not identical with the species, and affording such a 
limited amount of information as to grade as to be negligible. Thus 
our grades appear to be Species, subspecies, race, form, generation, 
aberration. 


12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Y)OTES ON COLLECTING, ‘etc. 


Acrius (Spainx) convoLyvuLt in GRAVESEND.—A living specimen 
(imago) of A. convolvuli, was brought to me on November 23rd last, 
it having flown into a window in this town. Is not this an extra- 
ordinarily late date for this insect to be on the wing ?—F. T. Grant, 
87, Old Road West, Gravesend. 


Morn ann Parror Pracur.—In the Daily Mail of November 23rd, 
appeared a paragraph from their Correspondent at Sydney, N.S.W., 
writing under date of October 22nd, reporting a plague of moths at 
Port Macquarie on so extensive a scale that the town was stated to 
have been almost black with them, but what strikes me as more curious 
is that simultaneously the town was visited by thousands of green 
parrots which the children are reported to have caught in hundreds on 
fences and fruit trees. This combination appears so remarkable that 
it may be worth recording.—G. C. Lemay, F.E.S. 

[In the Abstract of Proceedings of the South Londou Entomological 
Society for Jan. 9th, 1890, is the following extract of a letter bearing 
on the above, “ Mr. F. E. Strong, writing from Melbourne on Nov. 
14th last, stated that about three weeks prior to the date of his letter, 
Williamstown was invaded by a vast swarm of moths, which came 
into the houses and churches, and the sea was literally covered with 
their dead bodies. When these were washed up by the waves they 
formed a long line, over a mile in length, averaging about a foot in 
breadth and about four inches deep. They appeared to be all of one 
Species, The matter had been discussed in the Melbourne papers, but 
without any satisfactory explanation being arrived at.’””—Hy.J.T.) 


Suearinc 1x New Minion, Hants, Aurumn, 1926.—Results were 
not very good, but much better than during the summer. The follow- 
ing insects were taken :—6 Ayrotis segetum, 4 A. puta, 10 A. suffusa= 
ypsilon, 9 Noctua c-nigrum, 7 N. rubi, 68 N. wanthographa, 6 N. plecta, 
7 Apamnea secalis=didyma, 2 Aporophyla nigra, 738 Phlogophora meticu- 
losa, 1 Laphyyma exvigua (in fine condition), 2 Omphaloscelis lunosa, 7 
Amathes lychnidis, 1 Xanthia lutea, 1 X. fulvago, and 7 Cidaria 
(Dysstroma) truncata. It will be noted from the above list that many 
common insects are entirely missing and that many insects that are 
usually very common are scarce.—Linur. 8. A. Jones, ‘ Biskrah,” 
New Milton, Hants. 


Autumn nores From §. Devon.—Colias croceus (edusa) ; I saw only 
two, in mid-September. Leucania wnipuncta: a fine male taken at 
sugar on the evening of August 24th. JL. vitellina: one female at 
sugar, on September 21st, apparently just freshly emerged. Laphygma 
(Caradrina) exiqua: This species was of very fairly regular occurrence 
throughout September, with an average of two or three per night. 
The first was seen on September 8rd. On September 10th, I took 
eleven /.. ewigua and the following night seven turned up. All were 
at sugar. In one example the two stigmata on the left forewing upper- 
side are united to form a yellow streak, the right side being normal. 
I may add that | took a specimen at light at Bournemouth on October 
7th. Heliothis peltiyera: Only two turned up at sugar, a male on 


NOTES ON COLLECTING, 18 


September 18th, and a female on September 20th. H. armigera: I 
was fortunate enough to take three H. armigera all at sugar. The 
first appeared on September 3rd, a male apparently in an exhausted 
condition as it rested quietly on the patch in a manner quite different 
from that of the other two. It was also much paler than the later, 
freshly emerged ones. | therefore concluded it had flown a consider- 
able distance. ‘The second was taken on September 10th, apparently 
freshly emerged, and the third on September 18th, also in perfect 
condition, Cidaria (Orthonoma) obstipata (fluviata): two or three 
turned up at sugar on September 11th. One female laid eggs freely 
and at the present time (October 12th) most of the larvae have gone 
into the pupal stage. I also took a male at Bournemouth on October 
7th. Dianthoecia luteago race barrettii: larvae and pupae were exceed- 
ingly common in certain spots, sometimes as many as six or seven from 
a single plant, but more usually singly —H. B. D. Kerriewett, Caius 
College, Cambridge. 


HeLiopHoBus HISPIDUS AT BournemourH.—In a certain small area 
of sand-hills near Bournemouth there was an abundance of H. hispidus 
sitting on the marram grass among the dunes. ‘They appear to belong 
to a particularly large race and to have a broader white border than 
those | have seen from the Devonshire coast. They could also be 
picked up in the daytime under the gas lamps.—Isip. 


Lare Emercencss in 1926.—Dianthoecia carpophaga, commenced to 
emerge on June 17th, and finished July 24th. Dianthoecia conspersa, 
commenced to emerge June 26th, and finished Aug. 8rd, some pupae 
lying over. Nenria saponariae, commenced to emerged June 30th, 
finished July 14th, (usually well out by June 10th.). Agrophila 
trabealis (sulphuralis,) first and only emergence Aug. 2nd, remaining 
pupae lying over.—H. M. Edelsten, (F.E.8.), Hillside, Lindfield 
Sussex, 


GXYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 

A meeting of the Entomological Club was held on Tuesday, 
November 2nd, 1926. Mr. H. Willoughby Ellis in the chair. Owing 
to the Chairman leaving London for Sevenoaks, Kent, his London 
residence was not available for the meeting which was consequently 
held at the Junior Carlton Club, Pall Mall, 8.W.1. Members present 
in addition to the Chairman—Mr. Robert Adkin, Mr. H. St. J. K. 
Donisthorpe, Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Mr. Jas. E. Collin, Dr. 
Harry EHltringham, Mr. W. J. Kaye, Lord Rothschild, F.R.S. 
Visitors present—Dr. K. Jordan, Mr. R. W. Lloyd, Capt. N. D. Riley, 
Mr. G. C. Leman, Dr. Guy A. K: Marshall, F.R.S., Mr. W. Rait- 
Smith, Dr. E. A. Cockayne, Mr. EK. C. Bedwell, Dr. S. A. Neave, 
Mr. K. Ernest Green, Mr. Granville Proby. The eight members of the 
Club were present, this being the second occasion in the history of thew 
Club on which the whole membership was present. The members and 
visitors were received in the ante-room where conversazione was held. 
Dinner was served at 8 o’clock in the Parliamentary Library on the 
historic Round Table. At a late hour the party broke up after spending 
a most enjoyable evening. 


14 THK ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 


We would like to call our readers attention to the List of Geometers 
of the British Islands, whieh we have published. It includes all the 
named varieties and synonyiws up to the date of issue. Not only is it 
useful as a list of all such but itis also an index to the references of 
each species in Seitz, Meyrick and South as the most commonly used 
books for consultation on the British species. In addition, as the 
arrangement is new to our British collectors an index has been added 
to the List to facilitate reference. 

The Derbyshire Entomological Society bas recently issued a /ast 
of the Lepidoptera of Derbyshire, compiled by H. C. Hayward, M.A., 
F.E.S. It is a praiseworthy piece of work and will be of great use to 
all local workers and to visitors who spend a few leisure weeks in this 
beautiful county of dales. It is arranged on the system of Meyrick’s 
Handbook, which although based on one character and therefore mis- 
leading as to general relationships, and also shirks difficult species such 
as Apamea gueneei, Scoparia basistriyalis, etc., yet gives most useful, 
workable and reliable mechanical keys of species placed in the various 
genera. One wishes Lists like this to be of use to the beginner, who 
will have to use it with books like South’s Butterflies and Moths. It 
has been pointed out ad nansewn that minimus, astrarche and phlaeas 
(sic) ave in no way congeneric ; neither are argiolus and icarus, nor are 
they Lycacna. One does not like to criticise hardly this most useful 
work on distribution and recording, but one does feel that it is only by 
the careful editing of local lists and the comparison with the latest 
determinations, that stability can be attained in our nomenclature and 
systematics for the coming generation of students. We want them to 
start, where we older ones leave off, and not where we or our forefathers 
began. It is our duty to the future to give the new generation a fair 
start and not leave them to work it all out again with consequent 
delay of progress. 

Pars 83 of the Lepidopterorum Catalogus bas just come to hand. 
It lists the whole of the names which have been applied to the species 
in the genus Ziyaena found in the Palaearectic Region. The author is 
the well-known specialist of the “ Burnet” family, Dr. H. Burgeff. 
He lists 4 new species of bis own describing and divides the 74 species 
into 12 subgenera, using for these last the 4 names given in Hiibner’s 
Verz. and adding 8 of his own names. He quotes the date of Hiibner’s 
Verz. as 18222.” Sherborn, Prout and Durrant have put this 
portion of the list as issued in 1820, basing their views on contem- 
porary references and peculiarities of certain letters. When one turns 
to the varietal names, which have been used, one is appalled at the 
enormous number, most of them only having been used once or twice 
in literature. One can only hope that the future will prove that many 
are synonyms given by those, who rush into naming without adequate 
knowledge of what has already been done. 7%. purpuralis bas 24 pages 
of such, 4%. exulans has nearly 2 pages, 7%. achilleae has 4 pages, Z. 
meliloti bas 8 pages, 7. filipendulae has 8 pages, 7. trifolii has 8 pages, 
and Z. lonicerae has 24 pages. The author details all the uses of the 
various names. Tor instance the loti of Esper is treated as a synonym 
of achilleae with a ? and also as one of angelicae with a ?. Stephens 
loti is a synonym of lonicerae. Verity’s loti (nt. Rec.) one of trans- 
alpina, While Hubner's lutt (Sammi. 82.) is treated as a synonym of 


REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 15 


Z. meliloti, bis loti (Samml. 32) as a synonym of a form of Z. trans- 
alpina witb a ?, and his loti (Beitr.) as one of 7. elegans. The amount 
of work put into a Catalogue of this description is amazing, and one 
can only say that no student of any pretention can work without such 
at hand always. Errors there may be, for it is humanly impossible to 
personally verify every reference with the original, and printers have a 
knack of inverting numbers, and other idiosyncrasies which are very 
annoying. However the part is another instalment of a most useful 
and admirable series, and a great credit to the originator and publisher 
of the Catalogus, Dr. Junk, of Berlin. 


JIREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS, 


Tue Hureroprera or Hastern Norra America, with especial 
Reference to the Kaunas of Indiana and Florida. By W.S. Blatchley, 
LL.D. The Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis, pp. 1116, 12 
plts. and 215 text figures.—The present work is a book for practical 
field-naturalists written by a past-master in the outdoor study of “ other 
orders’ of the American fauna. A quarter of a century ago the author, 
Mr. W. 8. Blatchley, published a similarly grounded volume, The 
Coleoptera of Indiana; six years later he produced The Weevils of N. 
America; and six years ago The Orthoptera of North-eastern America. 
For more than forty years, he tells us, he has studied the Hemiptera, 
and to-day we have the results of his labours marshalled for the use 
of future students of the Order in this new work. The author claims 
that he has not written for the specialist, but for the tyro; he has used 
simple language for his characterisation of the families and genera with 
keys leading up to them. The species are diagnosed with clear and 
adequate descriptions in accord with the full and sufficient key-tables 
including every species in the area dealt with. ‘To the description of 
each species is appended a very interesting account of the life-history, 
habits, habitats, distribution, food of the immature stages and often 
literary references culled from previous writers or from the information 
of his correspondents as well as from his own field experiences. Thus 
the identification of a species 1s rendered the more certain than if the 
description alone were furnished, and renders the volume an 
eminently educational book. 

In the matter of illustration we confess we are greedy, for like Oliver 
Twist we “ask for more.” There are 1253 species dealt with and these 
are illustrated by 12 plates and 215 figures, many of these being 
composite and consisting of a large number of details of structure, to aid 
in the morphological differentiation of the various groups and genera 
or in the case of very closely allied species. Wherever one opens the 
book, one finds evidence of the practical knowledge of a field worker 
aided by skill in pourtraying the species as it lives and as it reposed in 
the cabinet of the collector. — 

The matter is admirably arranged and properly displayed on the 
1116 octavo pages, with an excellent Index by genera and a Biblio- 
eraphy of 23 pages with a reference to the general Catalogues of Van 
Duzee and of .H. M. Parshley for further consultation. 

The author is to be congratulated on the success of his persistent 


16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


and energetic work carried on for nearly half a century and we hope 
that the book will receive the support it deserves, published, as we 
privately understand, at the sole expense of the author, and costing in 
these times a not inconsiderable amount. No mean part of the 
appearance of the book is due to the care which the printer has shown 
in carrying out his technical share.—H.J.T. 


Novirates Macroneprpoprerotocicak.—A Catalogue of the Palae- 
arctic Macrolepidoptera not contained in, or newly described since, the 
publication of Seitz. By Otto Bang-Haas. I Band up to 1920. Dr, 
Staudinger and A. Bang-Haas. Dresden-Blasewitz.—This is the first 
attempt of the new generation of the ‘‘ Firma Staudinger ” to follow in 
the footsteps of the famous author of the three editions of the world- 
known and world-used Catalog, and a very praiseworthy and meritorious 
work it is. It is an honest endeavour to list, with references, the whole 
of the species and varieties (in a comprehensive sense), which have 
been discovered and described since the issue of the various parts of 
Seitz encyclopaedic work. This first volume covers to the year 1920. 
A second section will cover 1920-1925. A further part will deal with 
subsequent additions. An endeavour will be made to include many 
described forms omitted in Seitz, such as numerous forms described by 
Tutt in his British Butterflies I-IV. and British Noctuae, only some of 
which were included in that work. Of course ina work like the 
present it is an easy matter to point out omissions and errors in 
numerical references ; it is so absolutely necessary for the latter to be 
checked and checked again with the originals to secure correctness, a 
long, difficult and tedious matter almost impossible for one alone. 
Then, in the final proofs printers will often invert numbers and make 
such references absolutely hopeless. That a great advance has been 
made during the period from 1906 to 1920 is well shewn by the fact, 
that of machaon no less than 71 named forms have been added, to 
galathea 55 new forms, to napi, 58, to trifolii 50, to wrticae 57, ete. 
The enormous number of forms added to the species of the genus 
Parnassius have been so thoroughly dealt with in the Lepidopterorum 
Catalogus pars 27, recently published by Junk in Berlin, that one 
is referred to that work for them. The terms used by the author of 
each name, sub-species, race, form, generation, and ab. are used 
throughout, and where the grade is unknown, var. (the term of ignorance) 
is used. The classification is that of Seitz’ work, but for ready, easy 
reference the species are arranged alphabetically in their own genera. 
The species are emphasised by Clarendon letters; the date of description 
and the locality of each subspecies, form and race are added. It is 
essential that all workers in Lepidoptera should possess this work of 
reference, even if only as a matter of time-saving. To go through the 
4oological Record is a big task to the average worker with access to a 
good library, but to the student working away from such, it is an 
impossibility. The present work at the modest cost of 15s. is well 
worth the cost to the majority. One only complains that the whole 
period since 1906 could not be dealt with at once and save the 
handling of two or three volumes maybe, to find the species of our 
search. ‘Tbose who subscribe for Vol. I. are told that they will be able 
to obtain succeeding volumes at a reduced price.—H.J,T. 


Subscriptions for Voi. XXXVIII. (new series), 10 shillings, 
should be sent to Mr. H. W. Andrews, Hon. Treasurer, 6, Footscray 
Road, Eltham, S.E.9. (Bankers Payment forms supplied on application.) 


Applications for back numbers of the New Series (Vol. 37, etc.) should be 
-made to Mr. Andrews. 


Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers’ magazines should still be 
notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. 14. 


Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. W. ANDREWS 
6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.E.9, 


REYISED SCALE OF CHARGES FOR ADVERTISEMENTS. 


Leased. gs. d. 

Whole page .. Hehe a 4a) Quarter page .. SP a AUP AE) 

Half page es sat ay LO @ Highth page .. te. ac OO 
Small panel (4 page) .. hie Coss Od: 


Discount on Series :—5% for six insertions ; 10% for a year’s insertions. 
Apply to H. W. Anprews, Hon. Treasurer, 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.E.9. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should 
pe sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, S.H.14 


Duplicates.—Several hundred species of Coleoptera (carded) from Hants and Dorset, 
including several rare species from the New Forest, etc. 

Desiderata.—Scearce and local British Coleoptera (carded).—A. Ford, 42, Irving Road, 
Bournemouth, Hants. 

Duplicates.—British Lepidoptera, many species. 

Desiderata.—Back volumes of Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., and entomological magazines, 
bound or unbound.—Fredk. J. Killington, 177, Leigh Road, Eastleigh. 

Desiderata.—The Leicester Museum has no British Diptera and requires a typieal 
collection. Can any collectors help us? We offer European Butterflies in exchange..’— 
‘* Hntomologist,’’ Leicester Museum. 

Desiderata.—Ova or pupae of christyi, abruptaria v. brunnea, black consonaria and 
bidentata, extensaria, curzoni, jasionata, venosata (Shetl.) and other melanic Geometers 
and Noctuae. 

Duplicates.—Very many in first class condition, high-set only f. i. Herminia flavi- 
crinais, Andreas, Nych. dalmatina race andreasaria, Warnecke, about 30 species of rare 
Acidalias ; pupae of Eupithecia illuminata or cash.—Karl Andreas. Wiesbaden, Goethestr. 
23, Germany. 

Cuance or Appress.—H. Willoughby-Ellis, to Speldhurst Close, Sevenoaks, Kent. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen's Gate, South Kensington, SS: Wiel. 
8p.m. January 19th, Annual Meeting. February 2nd. 


The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
"Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m.. 
January 27th, Annual Meeting. February 10th.—Hon. Sec., Stanley Edwards 16, 
St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.E.3. 


The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London 
Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History 
Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street H.C. 2, first and 
third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec., J. P. 
Harpiman, C.B.E., B.A., 1, Chatsworth Road, Brondesbury, N.W.2. 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. ‘V'urnien, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, §8..14 

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send us communications IDENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by autbors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require Innusrrations are inserted on condition that the AurHor 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


aa Ee 


z= 


CONTENTS 


Hybridisation Experiments with T. variata and T. obeliscata, Dr. &. A. Cockayne, 

MA, FEELS. 3 i's oe uk 1 
Ants and some wirindontitthe of Sicily, na Deniochbent: F.Z. 8. BiH Sse we 6 
Note on Dr. Verity’s Method of Nomenclature, G. T. Bethune- nie F.L.S., F.E.S. 10 
A subspecies, a race, a local form or a form ! What are they? G. 7. Bethune-Baker, 


FLG.83, Fo .S. 3.2 ‘} - : Se a “fs se 4 b 10 
Notes on Bees clavars: H. J. Turner, F.E. b. - a al va 11 
Norgs on Coniectina.—A. convolvulit in ae Fk. T. Grant; Moth and Parrot 

Plague, G. C. Leman, F.H.S.; Sugaring in New Milton, Hanis, Lieut. S. A. 


Jones; Autumn Notes from S. evan: H. B. D. Kettlewell; H. hispidus at 
Bournemouth, Ibid.; Late emergences in 1926, H. £. Hdelsien, F.E.S oe 12 


Current Nores ata : ai me 13 
Revinws.—Heteroptera of B. N. iat! w. 's. Blatehles, 1 ID: Novitates 
Macrolepidopterologica, Otto Bang-Haas, H.J.7.. ie is aa sr 15 


SurpityemEentr.—Orthoptera of Hampshire, F. J. Killington, F.E.S.. .. pe . -(1)-(4) 


Communications have been received from or have been promised by Messrs. H. 
Donisthorpe, Dr. Verity, H. J. Turner, K. J. Hayward, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, C. J. 
Wainwright, A. H. Martineau, Dr. BR. A. Cockayne, W. H. Edwards, J. 8. Taylor, 
F. J. Killington, Lieut. E. B. Ashby, W. H. T. Tams, and Reports of Societies. 


All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, 
98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, §.E.14. 


IMPORTANT 
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. 


BACK VOLUMES OF 
The Entomologist’s Record 
and Journal of Variation. 


(Vols. I-XXXVI.) 
GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) 


Genus Acronycta und its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— 
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday colleetion— 
Parthenogenesis— Paupec on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the 
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—-Retrospect of a Lepidopterist 
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— 
Captures at light—A berdeenshire notes, etc., ete., 360 pp. 


CONTENTS OF VOL. II. 


MetanisM aNd Mrtanocnroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on 
VaRIaTION (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, T'aeniocampa opima 
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys 
prodromaria and dA. betularia—Melanism and 'Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- 
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen- 
clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes 
on Genus Zyomna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifebistory of Gonophora 
derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. 


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New Catalogue of Palaearctic Lepidoptera 
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(Including Formosa, South China, Arctic North-America) 

6566 names described up to the year 1920 and not contained in Seitz, 258 pages. Price, 
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Vou. XXXIX. (new series). Puate II. 


JO wa 
SS 
VE nam ee 
a> — 
ee 


eee ES Mott Piet DRE ee 

| RESIS KS 
=a Wap PRET sc 
3, f *y on = 


Fig. 4. 
Entomologist’s Record. del. F, Theobald. 


PARACLETUS DONISTHORPEI, sp. nov. 


Fig. 1.—A. Head and antenna of apterous 9 ; B. Apex of antenna; C. Rostrum; 
D. Hindtarsus. Fig. 2.—Antenna of alate ¢ of Paracletus cimiciformis. Fig. 
3.—Head and antenna of alate ¢ Paracletus donisthorpei. Fig. 4.—Ornamen- 
tation of body of alate ¢ P. donisthorpei. 


TWO NEW APHIDES FROM ANTS’ NESTS, 17 


Two new Aphides from Aunts’ Nests. (Plate 17.) 
By FRED. V. THEOBALD, M.A., V.M.H., F.E.S. 


1. Paracletus donisthorpet, sp. nov. 

Alate viviparous 2. Antennae not quite half the length of the 
body, of 6 segments; I. a little wider but much shorter than II.; III. 
from 2-24 times length of II. with many round and oval sensoria all 
over it; IV. from 14-12 of III., with many sensoria; V. about 3 of 
IV., with four sensoria and a large apical primary one; VI. small, a 
little more than 4 of V.; ‘nail’ very small; all the segments with 
minute hairs. Hyes large, with a large ocular process. Three marked 
stemmata. Head rounded in front, with a median line and many 
minute hairs. Pro-, Meso-, and Meta-notum dark, the pronotum 
slightly paler than others. Abdomen with dark median bars, the 
middle ones irregularly divided in the centre. Apex dusky. Cauda 
rounded. Legs long, dark, many minute hairs on tibiae. Body with 
minute hairs. Wings normal. Length, 8mm.; wing expanse, 
79mm. 

Apterous viviparous 9 .—Pale, minutely hairy; a small area in 
front of pronotum showing reticulate sculpturing: apex of rostrum 
dark. [Eyes large, many facetted, dark. Head convex, with a median 
line. Body oval; segments well defined. Antennae reaching to or 
just past 2nd coxae, finely hirsute, hairs very short, those on segment 
III. are + of its breadth; of 5 segments; [. and Il. about equal in 
length; III. long, longer than 1V.+V.; IV. a little more than half of 
III. and longer than V.; V. with very short, blunt ‘nail,’ which has 
one large and four small sensoria at its base. Rostrum reaches base 
of 3rd coxae, apical segment longer and narrower than the penultimate, 
with minute hairs. Legs moderately long, with very many short pale 
hairs, those on tibiae are 42 their breadth: Ist pair of legs a little 
shorter than 2nd; 2nd than 3rd. Cauda rounded andhairy. Length, 
2°9 to 3mm. 

Locatiry.—Taormina, Sicily, 20.1V.26. 

Osservations.—Described from several mature apterae and one 
alate female, taken by Mr. H. Donisthorpe in the nests of ants, 
Tapinoma nigerrima. Two apterae show faint traces of a notch each 
side of antennal segment III. It differs from Paracletus cimiciformis, 
Heyden, in the antennae of the apterous female having only five 
antennal segments and in the less reticulate sculpturing of the body 
and still more in the structure of the alate female antenna; the eyes 
of the apterae are also large and multifacetted. It approaches in the 
latter respect Mordwilko’s P. portskinskyi, but differs in the antennae 
being of five segments and the shorter antennal hairs; in portskinskyt 
those on segment III, are from £ to 2 its width, in donisthorpei they 
are +. It may be that it is only a variety of this species, which is very 
distinct from cimiciformis, the marked difference in the eyes of the 
apterae clearly demarking it and also the same with donisthorpei, 
Exactly what Mordwilko’s cimicitormis is I do not know, certainly not 
the species of Heyden’s that Del Guercio, Tullgren and myself have 
taken to be cimiciformis, for Mordwilko states that it is not sculptured 
and the antennal hairs are much longer. The name for this new 
species was first proposed by Mr. F. Laing. 

Fesruary 15TH, 1927. 


18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 


2. Anuraphis siciliensis, sp. nOv. 

Apterous viviparous 2 .—Pale, with two dusky areas on the pronotum 
and dark median bars behind, the first between the cornicles. Body 
rather elongate. Antennae same colour as body, apices of segments 
III. and all [V., V. and VI. dark, in one all JI]. dark. Cornicles, 
cauda and anal plate dark. Eyes black and red. Legs same colour as 
body ; femora, apices of tibiae and the tarsi darkened. Antennae not 
half the length of the body; segment I. a little longer than II.; III. 
about twice as long as IV.; IV. not quite as long as V.; base of VI. 
not quite equal to V.; flagellum equal to [V.+V.; all from III. to VI. 
imbricated, with a few short hairs. Abdomen with small rounded 
lateral papillae, rather darkened, very much smaller than in ranuneult 
(Kalt). The abdomen also shows six small irregular dark spots or 
eroups of 2-8 small spots each side. There is one pair of posterior 
median papillae and in one specimen a single one in front of them. 
Cornicles about half the length of antennal segment III., cylindrical 
or slightly contracted at base and apex, imbricate. Cauda small, more 
or less hidden beneath the body, posterior border rounded; spinose, 
with short hairs. Anal plate narrow, spinose, with a few long. hairs. 
Tibiae with many short hairs. Length, 1:2-1-8mm. 

Locatity-—Taormina, Sicily, 27.1V.26. 

Oxservations-—Described from three specimens taken by Mr. H. 
Donisthorpe in the nests of the ant, Cremastogaster sordidula, They 
resemble Aniraphis ranunculi in regard to the rounded lateral papillae, 
but they are much smaller than in ranunculi and the body quite a 
different shape. rom A. heraclei, Koch, they also differ in shape and 
the presence of a dark bar between the cornicles. The shape also 
separates it from Koch’s angelicae and farfarae. 

Amongst the other Aphides taken in Ants’ nests by Mr Donisthorpe 
in Sicily were Tetraneura ulmifoliae, Baker, and Tycheoides albicornis, 
Koch. 


Miscellaneous Notes from Argentina. VII. 
By KENNETH J. HAYWARD, F.E.S. 


Description OF THE LARVA OF 'T'HYREION OLIVoFUSA, Doanin.—(lmag- 
ines Nos. 6373. 6375 to 7. 6379-81.) A somewhat variable larva of 
which the more advanced form has been taken as typical and 
descriptions of the variations given. 

Length 28 to 30mm. Head shiny yellowish green. 

Colour green, covered throughout with fine white speckling, the 
alimentary channel showing bluish green and internal organs showing 
yellowish dorsally on the 9th segment. Segmental folds yellowish. A 
lateral line low down of minute white spots. Dorsally on each segment 
a pair of setae, greyish, from tiny white tubercles, a second similar 
pair anteriorly more widely spaced. The posterior pair more defined 
on the first and second abdominal and penultimate segment. 

This was by far the most usual colouring of a number examined, 
and was noted as specimen 1. (Cf. imago No. 6877.) 

Specimen 2, of which three were taken had the white tubercles 
slightly shaded laterally with biscuit colour and a darker line of 
shading above the lateral line mentioned. (Cf. imago No. 6376.) 


7a 


MISCELLANEOUS NOTES FROM ARGEN'INA,. 19 


Specimen numbered 8, which was not uncommon, had the dark 
shade above the lateral line tinged with dark reddish biscuit, which 
colour extended above the shade centrally on each segment. The 
alimentary channel is more defined and a dark dash begins to appear 
between the forward pair of tubercles on segments 5, 6 and 12, and 
all the tubercles are black in place of white. (Cf. imago No. 6379.) 

Specimens numbered 4, show a further advance in colouring. The 
lower lateral line is more defined and with a few definite black specks, 
the reddish suffusion of the upper portion of the lateral line less 
defined, the central patch of colour remaining as an isolated mark. 
The black dorsal tubercles increase in size, and the dark streak between 
those on the 5, 6 and 12, is more distinct. (Cf. imago No. 6375.) 

Specimens numbered 5, of which only two were taken, probably 
indicate the typical colouring. The length does not vary in any of the 
specimens mentioned. Colouring of these specimens numbered 5 
somewhat lighter green. Alimentary channel indistinct but the light 
yellowish colouring on the 9th segment still prominent. The lateral 
line well defined and with two black specks on each segment on this 
line. ‘The lateral stripe above this line appearing bluish grey and 
consisting of a broken black line on a bluish green ground. Above 
this line centrally on each segment and united with line a patch of 
biscuit colour. A central dorsal line appearing as a series of dashes, 
black on segments 5, 6 and 12, and greyish black elsewhere, due to the 
dash being lighter in its centre than at the edges. On the 2nd and 
8rd thoracic, a transverse line of four minute black spots, the tubercles 
mentioned above all more defined, those on the 5th, 6th, and 12th 
segments very prominent. (Cf. imago No. 6380.) 

A sixth specimen was very yellowish, but this may have been due to 
the imminence of pupation. (Cf. imago No. 6381.) 

These specimens were all separated with a view to noting dates of 
the expected changes of colour, it being naturally supposed that the 
coloration would alter in the order the insects are above numbered. 
Asa matter of fact no change of colour took place in any of the 
specimens and all pupated between noon on December 20th, and noon 
on December 21st. The method of pupation was to chew up a portion 
of the cardboard bottom of the pill box, and with this and a dead 
portion of the foodplant to form a small cavity. The pupae are light 
chestnut 1n colour and somewhat elongated. 

Foodplant Martynia montevidensis, Cham. Locally known as 
**Cuernos del Diable,’”’ (Devil’s horns), presumably from the shape of 
the seed pods. 

Found at Villa Ana on December 18th, 1925. 

Specimens pupated as stated on December 20th. Emerged on 
December 29th and 30th. 

Empty pupae cases sent to B.M. under number 6378. 

Specimens varied from dark green to some with very little green, 
but it was not possible to correlate colour variation of imagines with “a 
that of larvae. 

ADDITIONAL DESCRIPTIVE NOTE ON THE LARVA OF THYREION OLIVOFUSA, 
Doex.— 

Since writing my previous note on the larvae of this species, I have 
found more colour forms from larvae feeding on a fresh foodplant, 


p20, 
. aN 


20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 


namely Eupatorium hecatanthun, (DC) Back. (Compositae) locally 
called ‘ Tembetary.”’ 

The most distinctive of these forms is one where the larva is dark 
rose in colour, so exactly resembling the colour of the flower of this 
foodplant as‘ to be indistinguishable from it at any distance. "The 
larvae appear to feed on the flower heads of this plant. 

In view of the diversity of colours affected by this larva, I have added 
below a list of the tubercles. Previously I was unable to separate these 
with any certainty owing to their very small size, and the lack of the 
neccessary magnification. However by bleaching a specimen with 
black tubercles I am now able to give those on all segments except the 
last two abdominal the tubercles here being too small to deal with. 

First Thoracic segment, Anterior trapezoidal, Posterior trapezoidal, a 
secondary pair of tubercles more narrowly spaced between the posterior 
trapezoidals ; supraspiracular, a pair of secondary tubercles immediately 
over the spiracle one slightly above and larger than the other; prespir- 
acular with a secondary tubercle, smaller, nearer the spiracle and also 
prespiracular, a horizontal pair of marginal tubercles. 

Second thoracic segment, Anterior trapezoidal and a secondary pair 
of slightly smaller tubercles; «a well defined supraspiracular; a 
smaller secondary tubercle immediately below the supraspiracular and 
but faintly defined, postspiracular ; subspiracular low down, and 
marginal. ‘The third thoracic segment identical with the second. 

Abdominal segments, anterior and posterior trapezoidal, supraspira- 
cular (well defined and immediately over the spiracle), postpiracular, 
(on the seventh and eighth segments this tubercle becomes sub- 
spiracular, iv.) subspiracular (very small and directly beneath spiracle), 
a very small lateral and faintly defined marginal. The tubercles on 
segment 9 and the anal segment are too small to be distinguished 
with the power at my disposal. 


Suggestions on Nomenclature. 
By B. C. 8S. WARREN, F.E.S. 


Most readers of the Hntomologist’s Record, will heartily weleome 
the articles on Nomenclature in the January number, by Mr. Bethune- 
Baker and Mr. Turner. One hopes that these articles may be taken 
as a sign that the Editorial Staff of the Record is going to make a 
serious effort to bring about some real reform in these matters. 

In the spring of 1925, I bad a conversation with Mr. Bethune- 
Baker on the question of subspecies, in which I ventured to express 
my regret that in the revision of the International Code, whieh had 
just been finished by the British National Committee, the article (No. 
14) which, if accepted, will deprive names of a lower rank than a sub- 
species from any status in nomenclature, did not give any real 
definition of what was to be taken as constituting a subspecies. I 
pointed out that in writing my monograph of the Tribe Hesperiidi, 
which was published last November, I had been obliged to adopt some 
definite definition of the degrees of variation, and that any author of a 
systematic work nist do so, and that if only the National Committee 
would give them a lead in the matter, all workers would probably 


SUGGESTIONS ON NOMENCLATURE, 21 


follow the line they adopted. After our conversation, Mr. Bethune- 
Baker very kindly read over the MS. of that portion of my work 
dealing with this question, but at the time he could not agree with my 
point of view. Subsequently at one of the meetings of the 
Provisionary Committee on Nomenclature at the International 
Congress at Ziirich, I proposed that article 14 of the Code should 
define a subspecies on the lines, which I had adopted in my monograph, 
but the Committee decided that there were too many difficulties in 
the way of doing so. It was of course, then too late for me to alter my 
definitions, as my work had been finished for some time. It is therefore 
a pleasant surprise to see now that the definitions put forward by Mr. 
Bethune-Baker and supported by Mr. Turner, are practically those 
which I had been advocating, and have employed (see T'rans. Ent. Soc. 
1926, pp. 24 and 25) with the slight difference that I restricted the 
use of “form’’ to purely seasonal forms, as distinct from races 
occurring simultaneously with the type. 

The question raised by Mr. Bethune-Baker as to the difference 
between a species and a subspecies, of course, is too large a subject to 
deal with at all adequately in-a brief note like the present. I would, 
however, just point out that Mendelism gives a suggestion that the 
difference is to be found in connection with Reversion. 

There exist in nature, beyond all doubt (although some people 
maintain we cannot prove the fact), certain races, which have entirely 
superseded the parent form in a given locality. Some such races (7.e., 
subspecies) have been shown by Mendelian experiments to be capable 
of reverting to the parents, by the introduction of what is called the 
“complementary factor,’ which they are assumed to have lost in thecourse 
of evolution. The factor for the parent form is therefore still latent 
in the subspecies, but without the artificial re-introduction of the 
complementary factor it cannot be developed, and reversion would be 
impossible. 

The constitution of such a subspecies must then, as noted, contain 
the factor for the parent form minus the complementary factor and 
plus some newly evolved factor. If, in the further stages of evolution 
this subspecies lost the parent factor (which, as it had for generations 
been unable to assert itself, while other factors had been developing, 
would seem most likely to happen) it would then become a new 
species. In this new species neither the old parent factor nor its 
complementary factor would be inherent, it therefore could not revert 
naturally nor be made to do so artificially. ‘Tbe consideration of these 
facts, led me to adopt the principle of elimination of the type race, as 
being necessary to the subspecific standing of any race, and to assume 
that that standing coincided with the loss of the complementary factor; 
i.e., the inability to revert naturally. One can therefore assume the 
following degrees of difference: Species; a race which cannot revert, or 
be made to do so by accidental means ; subspecies, a race which cannot 
revert naturally, but can by accidental means; race (occurring with 
the type) a race which can revert naturally. To apply this test to 
a doubtful race, is obviously beyond the limits of practical possibility, 
at any rate in most cases, but it helps one to realise the importance of 
excluding any form from the rank of subspecies, if even only a very 
few individuals of the type can still be found among its members, for 
the presence of the few plainly shows that the complementary factor 
has not yet been completely eliminated. 


22 LTH KNLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 


Lastly, to mention another important point in Mr, Bethune-Baker's 
articles ;—the multiplication of names. Anyone turning over the pages 
of Bang-Haas’ new catalogue, will be appalled at the array of names 
listed, while not the least serious aspect of the matter is the great 
increase in late years of so-called ‘‘races’’ and “subspecies.” ‘The 
preposed alteration in the Code, will certainly have the effect of, so to 
speak, killing off aberrations and multiplying subspecies; and until 
some drastic control is installed on the publishing of new names 
this multiplication of them will never cease. Kncouraged by the fact 
that my previous suggestions seem to have found favour in the eyes of 
our Editorial Staff, | would again make a suggestion: the remedy for 
this trouble lies in the bands of the Editors of entomological journals. 
If all the Editors of all English entomological periodicals or other 
entomological publications, would unite in refusing to publish any new 
name, wnless it came up to some previously accepted standard, the desired 
result would be obtained. Not only this, but a further great advantage 
would also be obtained, namely, authors would be compelled to describe 
the insects they were naming in a full and accurate manner and to have 
a considerable personal knowledge of them, which strange though it 
may seem, is at present often not the case. There are plenty of 
objections which can be made to this proposal (which is of course set 
down here in outline) but as long as the matter is left in the hands of 
authors, and is controlled by nothing more than personal taste, there 
can be no hope of any improvement. It is however, most probable 
that if English entomologists adopted some such system, their example 
would very soon be followed in other countries. 

Bang-Haas estimates that the number of names given to varieties 
of Parnassius apollo is little short of 500! and points out that there 
were only 14 names (counting synonyms) listed in the Staudinger- 
Rebel catalogue of 1901! What use can be found in such a list? 
Some of the names may refer to forms worthy of names, but which ? 
Truly a case of ‘two grains of wheat hid in two bushels of chaff, you 
shall seek all day ere you find them, and” . . . . the unfortunate 
systematic worker will fervently agree with Shakespere as to the use of 
doing so. 


Species, Subspecies and Race. 
By P. P. GRAVES, F.E.S. 


May I make some observations on Mr. Bethune-Baker’s and Mr. 
Turner's papers on nomenclature which appeared in the last number 
of this journal in the hope that they may be of assistance to those who, 
one hopes, will ultimately legislate for the benefit of entomological 
(and other) systematists ? 

First as to a ‘species.’ Surely this is a collective concept, that of 
a group comprising a variety of differences, seasonal, aberrational, 
geographical and so forth, but presenting common characteristics, 
which separate it from another such collective group or species. 
Thus, when we speak of, say, the species P. semiargus, Rott, in general 
we include therein all its named variations constant and inconstant, 
such as montana, M-D., bellis, Frr,, helena, Stgr., antiochena, Led., and 


SPECIES, SUBSPECIES AND RACE. 23 


many more; when we speak in general of a very variable species such 
as Papilio eurypylus, L., we speak not merely of the first described 
form but of all the forms described. That is to say we refer to a 
collectivity of forms, which may be ‘subspecies’ or ‘races’ or what 
not, but include the ‘ typical’ form, ¢.e., the first described form with 
the rest. The ‘typical’ form is not necessarily the most primitive 
form, nor is it necessarily the ‘parent’ form. It is simply the first 
described form. In his second paper (Hnt. Rec., XXXIX. p. 11), Mr. 
Bethune-Baker speaks of P. coridon, Poda, as ‘a species or the parent 
species’ in its relation to albicans, but while P. coridon is the name we 
apply to a group of subspecies of which albicans, assuming it to be 
really co-specific with coridon, is a member, have we any evidence that 
the nominotypical coridon from Gratz, which Poda described, is the 
ancestor of albicans? It is surely just as probable that the common 
ancestor of coridon coridon and coridon albicans was different in 
appearance from either of these its descendants. If, as seems to me 
to be necessary, we regard a species as a group of subspecies more 
closely connected with one another than with other groups, then, for 
purposes of definition the use of trinomial nomenclature is necessary, 
and in the case already quoted we must use the name P. coridon 
coridon and not P. coridon only, when instituting any comparision 
between the nominotypical coridon of Gratz in Styria and subspecies 
such as olympica, Led., albicans, H.S., or syriaca, Tutt. I know that 
this is disliked by some entomologists to whom it appears a ‘vain 
repetition,’ but I personally feel that it is necessary in all cases when 
the ‘ typical’ subspecies of a species is contrasted or compared with 
any other subspecies. I do not see why the abbreviation P. c. coridon 
should not be used in cases when the specific name is repeated sub- 
specifically. Such a practice would save ink. 

I should personally use the term ‘ subspecies’ to describe a marked 
and constant variation in both sexes, which within a given geographical 
area or areas entirely or almost entirely takes the place of the ‘ typical’ 
form of the species. I introduce eertain qualifications into this 
suggested definition for the following reasons. Firstly the difference 
between one subspecies and another must attain a certain degree. 
Otherwise it might be permissible (to take a purely hypothetical case) 
to divide such an insect as Danaida chrysippus, L., occurring in two 
Deltaic provinces of Egypt into two subspecies, because the specimens 
from province A taken in two seasons had on an average 21 white 
spots within the black margin of the left hindwing while those from 
Province B average 20 such spots. Again, the difference must be 
constant. This is an especially important consideration in hot dry 
regions, ¢.y., the Mediterranean region of the Palaearctic zone, where 
exceptionally droughty seasons leave their mark temporarily on many 
species. Thus Herr Stauder in his most interesting ‘‘ Faunula Ilyro- 
Adriatica,” which has been appearing in the Zeitschrift fur Wissen- 
schaftliche Insekten Biologie, repeatedly draws attention to the existence 
of ‘ distress forms ’ (Kummerforme) as did Ribbe, on occasion, in his 
account of the Lepidoptera of Andalusia (ris, Suppl. 1910-12). It 
would be as improper to give subspecific, or even racial rank, to such 
manifestations of the well-known results of malnutrition as it would 
be to announce the discovery of ‘‘ Homo sapiens subsp. mediterraneus race 
famelicus new race,’ on the strength of investigations among a 


94 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


community of Near Eastern refugees. Finally I would not insist that 
the ‘ subspecies ’ must entirely exclude the ‘ type’ (typical subspecies) 
in a given area, because firstly, negative evidence is not absolutely 
conclusive and secondly, because the occurrence with the subspecies of 
a very small percentage of the type, while interesting as an indication 
of common ancestry, should not obscure the fact that a very large 
majority of the individuals composing the subspecies at any given time 
are very different from the type. To give a concrete example, some 
years ago I saw at Cairo a female of M. didyma, Esp., taken in the 
Eastern Desert behind Helouan, which scarcely differed at all from 
many German didyma. But so far as is known every other specimen 
of M. didyma (sensu lato) taken in the Desert East of Cairo and Helouan 
has had a facies differing greatly from that of M.didyma didyma but 
resembling that of M. didyma deserticola, Obth. It would be absurd to 
deny the Egyptian insect subspecific rank such as has been given tothe 
Algerian desert didyma on the ground that one M. didyma didyma had 
occurred in Egypt. 

I should apply the term ‘ race’ to a variation in one or both sexes 
from a subspecies of the collective species, which variation occurs 
constantly with the subspecies in considerable numbers in the same 
area. What is a subspecies in one geographical area is at times a 
‘race’ in another. In the former area it might be described con- 
jecturally as a species in the making; in the latter area it might be 
described with more confidence as a subspecies in the making. 

As regards seasonal variation it seems to me that by a seasonal form 
we should describe a variation which entirely, or almost entirely, takes 
the place of the parent subspecies or race in a particular area in a 
particular season, but the descendants of which always revert within 
that area to the form of the parent subspecies or race. The 
Mediterranean seasonal forms of H. phlaeas, L. are a good example of 
this. I should like to learn the opinion of more experienced entomo- 
logists as to the rank to be accorded and the name, if any, to be given 
to seasonal variations occurring with the parent subspecies or race 
constantly but not to the exclusion of the parent subspecies. 

In certain cases Dr. Verity seems to me to have unduly strained 
the meaning of the term ‘race.’ Here is an instance. In parts of 
Italy the IInd Gen. of N. tayes, L., is, he states, clarus, Caradja. 
Their descendants revert to N. tages tages. Nevertheless Dr. Verity 
gives the collective tages of this part of Peninsular Italy the racial name 
clarus, Car. I hope to deal shortly at:greater length with the seasonal 
variation in parts of the Near East of Hrynnis alceae, Esp. 1 will only 
here ask entomologists their opinion as to the following point. 

In Palestine, some of the 1st Gen. of alceae are alceae, the rest more 
or less australis, Zell. IInd and Illrd Gens. are pronounced australis, 
a specimen of what appears to be an exceptional 1 Vth Gen. is alceae or 
very like it. 

In the Constantinople region, Ist Gen. alceae are alceae, IInd Gen. 
mostly avstralis, some transitions thereto and never in my experience 
alceae. The I[Ird Gen. in autumn begin by being marked australis but 
in October and at the beginning of November a few stunted specimens 
appear annually which make some approach to alceae. These 
may be a partial [Vth Gen. though I prefer to regard them as laggards 
of the I1Ird Gen. Should the Palestine alceae be called s-sp.australis 


THE CLASSIFICATION OF VARIETIES. 25 


because a small proportion of the forma temp. australis actually do have 
alceae as descendants? The Constantinople alceae is obviously alceae 
with s.f. australis as a constant variation in its IInd Gen. Is one 
justified in speaking of s.f. (f.temp) australis in one case but of s-sp. 
australis in the other? Ido not see myself why australis should not 
be called a subspecies and a seasonal form s-sp. aut f. temp. as long as 
it is made clear that it is not both at once as the use of s-sp. et f. temp. 
would wrongly indicate. 

Finally what is the Latin equivalent of ‘race,’ a Teutonic word ? 
Should we use ‘racia’ and leave it at that, or ‘natio’ the nearest 
classical equivalent ? 


The Classification of Varieties and the application of the terms in 
present use. 
By W. H, T. TAMS, F\E.S. 


In the January number of this magazine Mr. G. T. Bethune- Baker 
has asked for a discussion of the terms applied to those forms which 
fall into the categories below the species category. 

Very few Lepidopterists appear to be familiar with, even if they 
know of, the introduction to Rothschild and Jordan’s “ Revision of the 
Sphingidae”’ (Novitates Zoologicae, Vol. IX. Supplement, 1903), and I 
would urge anyone interested in morphology or geographical distribu- 
tion, to make a thorough study of this introduction. For here we have 
laid down clearly and succinctly a fund of valuable information, which 
no systematist can afford to ignore. 

I may perhaps be allowed to quote a portion of this introduction in 
order, firstly to revive general interest therein, and secondly to utilise 
it in the present discussion. 

On page xliii the authors state: 

“ Since. Linné applied the term varietas to the forms which are not 
specifically different, we donot see any reason against the use of this 
very convenient word in the same sense for all the components of a 
species which differ from one another. We understand, therefore, under 
variety not a particular category of the components of a species, but 
employ the term for all the different Members of a species indis- 
criminately. The different categories of varieties must receive special 
terms in a precise classification, and special formulae must be employed 
for them in a precise nomenclature. 

“ We distinguish three categories of varieties, namely :— 

I. Individual variety.—The following terms are employed by us: 
(1) ab. = aberratio for individuals which stand outside the normal 
range of variation. 
(2) f. = forma io the case of di- and polymorphism. If a form 
occurs rarely, it may be termed f. ab., in contradistinction to 
f. norm. 
(3) g-f. or @-f., if the respective form belongs to one sex only. 
(4) f. loc. = forma alicuius loci, if, in the case of polymorphism, 
a form is restricted to one portion of the range of the 
respective variety or species. 
Il. Generatory variety.—This variety is seasonal i: Lepidoptera, and 
is designated as 
(5) f. t.=forma tempestatis. 


26 THE KN'TOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 


III. Geoyraphical variety or subspecies— This is the highest category 
of varieties. As the term varietas includes also other varieties, 
it cannot be employed as such for the geographical variety 
except in a precise nomenclature ; either a specifying attribute 
must be added (var. geogr.), or an abbreviation of another term 
chosen (subsp.). But we do not see that it is at all necessary 
te put any such abbreviation of a term before the subspecifle 
name. We can do without the encumbrance of the 
abbreviation—what we can do without is unnecessary; and 
what is an unnecessary encumbrance in nomenclature, 
common-sense compels us to drop—by 

(6) Simply mutually agreeing that a subspecies is designated by 
its name added to that of the species without any abbrevia- 
tion before the subspecific name. This means simplification 
of nomenclature, nothing else.” 

I hope those who read fthis will bear in mind that it was written 
practically a quarter of a century ago. It seems to me to be a very 
comprehensive set of categories, and, in the present state of my own 
knowledge, [ cannot improve on it. 

I do not study butterflies, so that anything I may say regarding the 
roystonensis question must be taken as the point of view of one who is 
mainly interested in the general considerations. I therefore ask: Can 
the above categories, without amplification, be regarded as sufficiently 
comprehensive for the proper grading of a variety like roystonensis? I 
may be wrong, but as I see it now, I say emphatically; Yes! The 
roystonensis Variety of coridon is an individual variety according to the 
above classification, and, in my opinion, falls quite satisfactorily under 
the term forma alicuius loci. The fact that it is only found at Royston 
has, in my opinion, no geographical significance whatever. Whether it 
is a rudimentary, or vestigial, variety 1 am unable to say. I regard 
that as one of the most difficult of the problems with which we are 
faced. In which direction is the evolutionary process taking place, or 
to put it another way, is a particular form developing or vanishing ? 


Notes on Nomenclature. 
By A. J. WIGHTMAN, F.E.S. 


On page 10 of the present volume Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker asks 
for a discussion on the meaning of the terms, subspecies, race, form, 
etc., and also raises the question as to what justifies the giving of 
distinctive names to insects which are merely forms of a species already 
named, while on the following page Mr. H. J. Turner has some 
notes on the same subject, which show how widely different are the 
interpretations these two authors place upon the term “race.” If we 
accept the doctrine of evolution, it follows, that species are in the 
making, daily and hourly, and what was yesterday a race, may to-day 
pass the crucial moment in its evolution, which makes it a subspecies, 
and so on. 

I doubt if any precise definition of the meaning of the terms in 
question will ever be acceptable to all workers using them, and in 
making, in the following notes, an attempt to define the difference 


NOTE ON VARIETAL NOMENCLATURE, 27 


between form, race, subspecies, etc., I claim to give no more than the 
meaning, which it seems to me the terms should convey. 


Variety.—Simply a specimen which does not agree with the type 
description of the species to which it belongs. 


Aperration.—A chance non-recurrent form, which from some 
abnormal cause has developed markings quite outside the normal trend 
of the variation in the species to which it belongs. Example. The 
insect figured by Edward Newman on page 387 of his British Butter- 
flies and Moths, as a variety of Dianthoecia capsincola. 


Form.—A recurrent colour, or pattern, variation from the first 
described form of the species (type). A form may occur rarely with 
the type, be equally common with the type or even replace the type in 
certain localities, but if a certain form is only found in a colony or 
group of colonies (region) and all the membexs of this colony, or 
colonies, have this special facies, then the colony becomes a race. 

Kxample of a form, Xanthia fulvago form flavescens, Esp. 


Racre.—A colony (or colonies) of an insect, the specific identity of 
which with a named species is not in doubt, but which from long 
isolation among special surroundings has developed such special 
characteristics, present in all members of this community to a greater, 
or lesser degree, as to constitute a race apart. 

Example, Acronicta ewphorbiae race myricae. | cannot see that 
coridon at Royston is a race, the typical form is plentiful, it is merely 
a prolific spot for forms scarce elsewhere. 

Supspecies.—The same as race, except that some doubt may exist, 
as to its specific identity with the species of which it appears to bea 
specialised race. Subspecies usually replace some widely distributed 
species in a special area, as for example, Ayrotis ashworthii which 
replaces the continental A. candelarum in these islands. 

As to the question of naming forms, | think it will be readily 
conceded by all, that when a species produces several distinct looking 
forms, such forms need distinctive names, but the giving of names 
to endless minor forms in very variable species, carries the system 
beyond the bounds of usefulness, and tends to cause a certain shyness 
among workers in the field of variation, towards the naming of new 
and distinct forms, which should be named. A hard and fast rule as 
to what degree of divergence from the typical form is necessary, before 
a name is justified, is, of course, impossible, but the matter will in the 
end adjust itself. Unnecessary names will be lost by reason of non- 
use, while those, which serve a useful purpose, will in time become as 
well known as those of the typical insects themselves. 


Note on Varietal Nomenclature. 
By GEORGE WHEELER, M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S. 


Having read the proof of the foregoing articles on this subject, I 
feel that there is not much more that can be usefully added, but there 
are just two points, more especially connected with Dr. Verity’s names, 
to which I should like to refer. It seems to me that it would be 
hopeless (even for the author, still more for anyone else) to memorise 
the names suggested for the various generations of endless species. 


a! 
28 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Surely the expression I. Gen., II. Gen., ete., are a sufficient distinction, 
at any rate in the majority of cases, even if in such a case as Araschnia 
levana and gen. II. prorsa, a special name might be desirable. 
Secondly Dr. Verity’s contention, that a name used for a form of one 
species is not available for a similar form in a nearly related species, 
seems to me most unreasonable. On the contrary, I consider that 
such a name ought automatically to be applied to all such variations, 
as has been done by Courvoisier for example in his paper on Lycaenid 
Variation. 1t may be remembered that I advocated this procedure in 
my paper read before the International Congress of Entomology at 
Oxford in 1912. On the other hand the name of one spectes ought 
never to be applied to a form of some other closely related species : 
ey., such names as lLycaena arion, f. alcon, or Coltas crocens, f. chryso- 
theme (both of which have been employed) ought never to be sanctioned. 


Nomenclature. 
By THOMAS GREER. 


Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s timely protest at the endless multiplic- 
ation of so-called racial and aberrational names is to be strongly 
commended. The definition of a race, as given by him; “a form 
that replaces in a given area the typical form,” is clear and explicit. 

How many of the legion of named races will conform with this 
definition 2 How many must sink to that of a recurrent aberration ? 

To quote instances at random from recent literature on the subject. 
In British Noctuae and their varieties, J. W. Tutt; Supplementary 
Notes by Mr. H. J. Turner, F.E.S. (Hntom. Record, Vol. XXXVIIL.) 

“ Thyatira batis, L., race indecorata, Barrett, n. race, Ireland” ;— 
the form indecorata occurs as a recurrent aberration in many parts of 
Ireland, but does not replace the type m any stated area. 

“ Cymatophora or, Scbiff., race gaelica, Kane”; perhaps the prefix, 
race, is a slip of the pen; as Kane described this form as an aberration 
from two examples only; one from Co. Cavan, and one from Scotland. 
On the other hand to be in strict keeping with this definition, why 
should not forms, which have been in the past designated as 
aberrations, be advanced to the dignity of races ? such for example 
Dianthoecia luteayo var. barrettii, Dbl. 


[None of our authorities consider a form which is “ recurrent ”’ to 
be an aberration. Referring to 7’. batis race indecorata, if it recurs im 
many parts of Ireland, as Barrett and others say, it is not an ‘“ aberra- 
tion’ but a recurrent ‘‘ form.’’ And the assembly, colony, group, of 
Irish batis characterised by having, toquote Barrett, ‘‘ the pink colouring 
of the back of the thorax and of the large spots paler or replaced by 
buff,” “ frequently,” Vol. I1I., p.191, forms a race. A representative 
series, of sufficient length from various parts of Ireland placed side by 
side with a similar series from say 8. of England would at once 
demonstrate the differentiation. A race cannot be illustrated by a 
single specimen. Of O. or race gaelica Barrett distinctly says “‘ In Ireland 
there is but little indication of either the pinkish or purplish tint of 
ground colour which is pale grey, but with very strongly accentuated 
stripes,” and he gives six areas in which it is spread. What Kane 


DR. ROGER VERITY AND NOMENCLATURE, 29 


called ab. gaelica (his one specimen) has, teste Barratt, been found to be 
characteristic of the Irish production of this species, 7.e., a good 
proportion of those so far captured are of this form. Parallel series of 
sufficient size would demonstrate the differentiation as before with 
batis. A race is a grade towards a subspecies and it may be more, or 
less strongly characterised. There is and can be, no definite limitation. 
—H.J.T.] 


Dr. Roger Verity and Nomenclature. 


‘Tf my work, which requires a considerable amount of time, of 
labour and of expense, is not appreciated and seems even to be 
considered by some as a sort of guilty proceeding, I certainly do not 
wish to inflict it on anybody. Fortunately I am comforted from such 
a distressing idea by the correspondence I receive continually about it, 
and I know some people appreciate it. My aim is to draw out as 
complete a picture as possible of the geographical variations of each 
Kuropean species, carrying on the work, which has been begun in the 
last twenty years by Fruhstorfer, Oberthir, Tutt, and others; and 
filling up gaps by new descriptions and names. I know I am making 
an effort from those, who wish to keep up with progress in knowledge, 
but I have gone through it myself to follow my predecessors. I have 
myself been indignant with Fruhstorfer, when he flooded us with 
descriptions and names, but time and facts have shewn it was not he, 
who was wrong, but I, in my ignorance and laziness. Gradually as I 
put together the necessary materials, I found he was perfectly right. 
Races are there, they are definite entities, not quite as sharply defined 
as species, but quite enough to recognise them from each other clearly 
and to establish the limits of their areas of distribution. That is the 
work we have before us. 

As to the question of “‘ names,” [ fully agree with my critics (your 
panel of editors) that it is high time to stop naming individual forms, 
except when there is a special reason to do so, and especially of giving 
a name on the strength of a single character. I have been one of the 
first to propose generic names for such forms (the same name for the 
corresponding forms of all the species of a genus). So, I do not think, 
on this line I can be convicted of having given many, and those I have 
given to races and generations are very few indeed as compared with 
the enormous numbers erected for individuals forms. See those given 
by Raynor in Fnt. Record, 1909, to forms of A. wrticae; and see the 
many of Tutt, not to speak of German authors. In Bergeff’s Catalogue 
of the Zyyaenae the amount of names given to individual forms has 
entirely swamped and spoilt the interesting picture it might have been 
of geographical variation. And what about Parnassius apollo ? 
When, however, it comes to races, I am sorry, but my conviction is 
that it is technically essential to name them, just as it has been found 
necessary to name species. ‘There are a score of reasons for it, but lw 
am sure you need not be told which they are. Those who do not wish 
to follow us in our exact analysis of Nature’s complexities can perfectly 
well ignore the more recent developments of Lepidopterology, but 
there seem to be plenty who do not mind a few names more or less 
and are interested in our writings.” —In uirr. 


80 THE WNPTOMOLOG Ist’S KECORD. 


Extracts. 


Race.—‘ A group of individuals having developed in the same 
surrounding and exhibiting certain local features simply due to their 
influence.” — Dr. Verriry. 

Species —‘‘ All the endless research into the nature of the species 
has been closed to-day by the removal of the sharp limits that had 
been set up between species and varieties on the one hand, and species 
and genera on the other.” ‘‘The word has no absolute meaning 
whatever, but is only a group name, or category of classification, 
with a purely relative value.” ‘I gave an analytic proof of this in my 
monograph on the sponge (1872), having made a very close study of 
variability in this small but highly instructive group, and shown the 
impossibility of making any dogmatic distinction of species. Accord- 
ing as the classifier takes his ideas of genus, species, and variety in a@ 
broader or in a narrower sense, he will find in the small group of the 
sponges either one genus with three species, or three genera with 238 
species, or 118 genera with 591 species.”—Hrnsr Harcxet. 


Nomenclature. 
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. 


Apropos of the discussion on points of Nomenclature initiated by 
my valued colleagué Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, I have reviewed some 
of the customs which have grown up of late, induced, no doubt, by 
the close and enthusiastic study of natural phenomena. An expression 
like Arctia caja caja has always seemed to me cumbrous, unnecessary 
and absurd. Arctia caja designates the species and the species as it 
appeared to Linneus, that is, as Dr. Verity calls it, the nymotypical 
form, The duplication of the name does not make caja any more or 
any less caja than it was before. But when one reads Arctia caja caja, 
L., it is undeubtedly wrong altogether. The first caja is correct as 
caja, L., but the second caja, L., is obviously incorrect, and should have 
the anthor’s name attached to it. But the whole thing is absurd. It 
is clear that, if in an article, other than the nymotypical form is being 
considered, they will be indicated by their form name, and the specific 
name in such conjunction would always be held to mean the nymo- 
typical form without being bolstered up by duplication. 

I take from a list of captures reported in Jris, p. 188, for 1926, the 
following :—HMuwoa exclamationis exclamationis, L.; Barathra brassicae 
brassicae, L.; Parastictis lateritia lateritia, Hutn.; Polia dissimilis 
dissimilis, Wnoch, ; Sideridis conigera econigera, F.; Amphipyra trago- 
pogonis tragopoyonis, Li. ; Mormonia neonympha neonympha, Esp., ete., 
etc., pages of it, one after the other. {* Look how scientific I am!!”’ 
saith the author, svtto voce. | 


OOTES, ON COLLECTING, ete 


EREBIA GORGE SUB-SP. RAMONDI AB. TRIOPES.— While examining the 
collection of M. Rondou at Gedre, Hautes Pyrénées, last August, I 
remarked that he had no ab, triopes amongst his series of 1. gorge sub. 
sp. ramondi. He informed me that it had never been taken in the 


CURRENT NOTES. 31 


Pyrénées. I told him that | had certainly taken one, if not two 
specimens, in July 1924. On examining my series I find I have two, 
both from the screes inside the Cirque de Gavarnie. One has all three 
apical spots very well marked and large, the largest being next the costa. 
The other has the costal spot very small, the other two spots being 
rather larger than the average spots in the short series I have from 
the Eastern Alps. In spite of the fact that sub. sp. ramondi differs so 
much from the gorge of Switzerland it is interesting to note that it 
follows the same line of variation.—P. Hare-THomas, F.E.S., The 
Grange, Goring-on-Thames. 


G)URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at Tring Park on 
Saturday November 20th, 1926, Lord Rothschild in the Chair.— 
Members present in addition to the Chairman.— Mr. H. St. John K. 
Donisthorpe, Prof. EK. B. Poulton, Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis, Mr. Jas. 
K. Collin, Dr. Harry Eltringham, Mr. W. J. Kaye. Visitors present— 
Dr. E. Hartert, Dr. K. Jordan, Capt. N. D. Riley, Dr.. Waterston, Dr. 
Imms, Com. J. J. Walker, R.N., Mr. Arrow, Mr. Blair, Mr. Graves, 
Mr. H. J. Turner, Mr. W. G. Sheldon, Mr. EK. Ernest Green; Mr. 
Edelsten, Mr. W. Rait-Smith, Dr. Herbert Smith, Major Austen. 

The party met at the Tring Museum at about 11 o’clock and the 
magnificent collections were open for inspection and were much 
appreciated throughout the visit. Several long series of Lepidoptera 
were taken out of cabinets and especially arranged on the tables for the 
visitors’ convenience, and many of the party inspected the portions of 
the collections in which they were most interested. Luncheon was 
served at one o’clock after which the Museum was again visited and 
the party dispersed at sunset after spending a most enjoyable day.— 

A meeting of the Entomological Club was held on December 2nd 
1926 at “ Caracas,” Ditton Hill, Surbiton, Mr. W. J. Kaye in the 
Chair. The members present in addition to the Chairman were Messrs. 
Robert Adkin, Horace Donisthorpe, H. Willoughby- Ellis, Jas. KH. Collin. 
and Dr. H. Eltringham. The Visitors present were, Dr. K. Jordan, 
Capt. N. D. Riley, Messrs. F. A. Oldaker, H. H. May, W. H. T. Tams, 
G. C. Leman, H. E. Andrewes, and E. Step. The meeting was called 
for 6 o’clock when the guests were received in the Drawing-Room bv 
Mr. and Mrs. Kaye and light refreshments were provided. ‘lhe Chair- 
man’s very interesting collections acquired by many years of personal 
work in Trinidad and elsewhere were on view, as were also his 
interesting series of British Lepidoptera. Supper was served at 8 
o’clock and a very enjoyable evening was spent, the guests dispersing 
about 11 o’clock.—H.W.-E. 

Another Catalogue of not quite so pretentious a character, but 
equally useful in its own sphere, is the Catalogue of Indian Insects, 
issued under the authority of the Government of India. Eleven parts 
have so far been published, each dealing with some one family. Of 
the Coleoptera, Malcolm Cameron, has dealt with the Staphylinidae, 
Kleine with the Brenthidae. In Lepidoptera, Bainbrigge Fletcher with 
fhe Lasiocampidae, the Amatidae (Syntomidae) and the Zygaenidae (sens. 


82 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. ; 


lat.). In the Diptera, Senior White with the Culicidae, Bombyliidae | 
and Jiypetidae, and otber specialists with their own section. No 
attempt is made to give every reference, but only a sufficiency to suggest 
further information for future workers, The arrangement is very 
convenient for use and each part has complete indexes of genera and 
species. 

We understand that Frohawk’s Putterflies, which some twelve 
months ago was published at £6 6s. Od. per copy, is now being sold as 
@ remainder at prices varying from 35s. to 2 guineas. We wonder 
where the author comes in when this method of business is adopted. 
In modern times remainders. of issues have often been put on the 
market, but rarely if ever at so short an interval. Some of us who 
want new books will in future “ wait and see” what happens. Those 
who originally subscribed must feel a bit sore. 

The Annalen of the Natural History Museum of Vienna for 1926, 
contains as its chief feature the second portion of a Monograph of the 
Sepsidae (Diptera) with 9 plates, by Dr. Oswald Duda. It deals with 
species of the Aethiopian Region; the previous issue contained the 
portion dealing with the Oriental, Polynesian and Neotropic Regions. © 

The Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Vienna has recently 
published its |erhandlungen, for the two years 1924-5, consisting of 
Proceedings and Memoirs of 500 pages with 49 figures and a map. 
Among the Memoirs are a Monograph of Orestia (Col.) by F. 
Heikertinger; observations on, Libellula by F. Prenn., the genus 
Leptogastria (Dipt.) and the Asilidae by F. Hermann; and in the Proceed- 
ingsconsiderations of race scoticaof Thera variata; ofthe Gnophos glaucin- 
aria group; of the Lepidopterous fauna of Lower Austria, of Gravosa, 
of the Tyrol, of N. West Sumatra, of the Dolomites, of Albarracin, of 
Microlepidoptera of Dalmatia and many lesser items in both 
Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Dr. Rebel was in the chair for 1926, 

The Entomologisches Jahrbuch, a Calendar for Insect-Collectors has 
now been issued for 85 years. The Editor is Prof, Oskar Krancher of 
Leipzig. Not only is there a calendar of work to be done in all orders 
for each month, but there are some twenty short articles by different 
authors, with numerous shorter hints. There is a literary supplement 
of the scope of new works in all orders of insects and a summary of 
the contents of the more important magazines. There is one plate 
and numerous figures. For the price, 2s. 6d., it is. really very cheap, 
as well as being a very useful companion. 

Volume XVIII. of the Bolletino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale 
e Agraria published at Portici (Naples), recently to hand, is in no way 
behind in the importance of the matter it contains and in the thorough 
manner in which that matter is presented. In the over 300 quarto 
pages there are five memoirs, two by Prof. Silvestri, one the Parasita- 
tion of an individual of Termes yilvus by a Dipteron, and the other 
describing a new genus of myrmecophilous Coleoptera; one by Sig. 
Grandi on the Biology and Morphology of some Hymenoptera ; one 
by Sig. Candura on the Tineid Sitotroga cerealella, the pest of grain; 
and the fifth by Sig. Russo dealing with the Scolytidae. All are 
profusely illustrated and each paper is indexed and complete in itself. 
The Scuola Superiore d’Agricoltura has fully kept up its world-wide 
reputation for real scientific investigation. 


Subsoriptions for Vol. XXXIX. (new series), 10 shillings, 
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Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. W. ANDREWS 
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REYISED SCALE OF CHARGES FOR ADVERTISEMENTS. 


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EXCHANGES. 


Subseribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should 
be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, 98, Drakefell Koad, New Cross, 8.H.14, 

Duplicates.—Several hundred species of Coleoptera (carded) from Hants and Dorset, 
including several rare species from the New Forest, etc. 

Desiderata.—Scarce and local British Coleoptera (carded).—A. Ford, 42, Irving Road, 
Bournemouth, Hants. 

Duplicates.—British Lepidoptera, many species. 

Desiderata.—Back volumes of Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., and entomological magazines, 
bound or unbound.—Fredk. J. Killington, 177, Leigh Road, Eastleigh. 

Desiderata.—The Leicester Museum has no British Diptera and requires a typieal 
collection. Can any collectors help us? We offer European Butterflies in exchange..’— 
“Entomologist,’’? Leicester Museum. 

Desiderata.—Ova or pupae of christyi, abruptaria v. brunnea, black consonaria and 
bidentata, extensaria, curzoni, jasionata, venosata (Shetl.) and other melanic Geometers 
and Noctuae. 

Duplicates.—Very many in first class condition, high-set only f. i. Herminia flavi- 
crinais, Andreas, Nych. dalmatina race andreasaria, Warnecke, about 30 species of rare 
Acidalias ; pupae of Eupithecia illuminata or cash.—Karl dndreas. Wiesbaden, Goethestr. 
23, Germany. 

CHANGE or Appress.—H. Willoughby-Hllis, to Speldhurst Close, Sevenoaks, Kent. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomologica! Society of London.—41, Queen's Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 
8 p.m. March 2nd. March 16th. 


The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth 'Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
February 24th, Lantern Evening. March 10th.—Hon. Sec., Stanley Mdwards 15, 
St. German’s Place, Blackheath, $.H.3. 


The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London 
Entomologieal and Natural History Society and the North London Natura! History 
Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street H.C. 2, first and 
third ‘Tuesdays in the month. at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. How. Sec., J. P. 
Harpiman, C.B.E., B.A., 1, Chatsworth Road, Brondesbury, N.W.2. 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returné@@'to 
Hy. J. Turner, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, §.E.14 

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws commumications IDENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors ai very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require InnusTRarions ave inserted on condition that the AurHor 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


CONTENTS 


Two new Aphides from Ants’ Nests, Fred. V. I'heobald, M.A., F.E.S. (plate II.). 
Miscellaneous Notes from the Argentine VII., K. J. Hayward, F.E.S. .. a4 18 
Suggestions on Nomenclature, B. C. S. Warren, F.E.S. Rie ie AS siecle 


Species, Subspecies and Race, P. P. Graves, F.H.S. .. NE ee Be a 22 
The Classification of Varieties, WV. H. T. Tams, F.E.S. bs a3 he ath 25 
Notes on Nomenclature, A. J. Wightman, F.E.S. ‘s ys ae ig oe 26 
Note on Varietal Nomenclature, Geo. Wheeler, M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S. “, re 27 
Nomenclature, Thos. Greer “P Pie $i se = Xe al a 28 
Dr. Roger Verity and Nomenclature ae We as we as i oe 29. 
Extracts ze A AS . ‘3 sia 3 aie 80 
Nomenclature, Hy. 7. Durner Hee Ss) 8 to bie : ~~ 30 
Nores on Cotiecrinc.—Erebia gorge ab. triopes, P. Haig. Ta Br. E.S. Ne 30 
Current Nores ve Be as te oh as at ie 31 
Suprrement.—British ere ae ok Ke is a aie a sia (25)- -(28) | 
Prats I. ” 


Communications bave been received from or have been promised by Messrs. 
Dr. Verity, H. J. Turner, K. J. Hayward, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, C. J. Wainwright, 
A. H. Martineau, W. H. Edwards, J. 8. Taylor, F. J. Killington, Lieut. E. B. Ashby, 
A. Sich, and Reports of Societies. 


All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, 
98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, 8.B.14. 


IMPORTANT 
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. 


BAGK VOLUMES OF 
The Entomologist’s Record 
and Journal of Variation. 


(Vols. I-XXXVI.) 
CONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) 


Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— 
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The* Doubleday collection — 
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of drgynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the 
Winter—Temperature and Yariation—Synonymic notes—-Retrospect of a Lepidopterist 
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— 
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, ete., ete., 360 pp. 


GONTENTS OF VOL. Il. 


MeLanisM AND Mrnanocnuroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on 
Variation (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima 
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys 
prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- 
thacias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generie nomen- 
clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes 
on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora 
derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. 


To be obtained from— 


Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E. 14 
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable 


upscriptions are now aque. 


OW 


CXXIX. (new series) No. 3 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 
JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


EpiIteD BY 

G. T. Beruone-Bakenr, +¥.2z.8., J. HE. Couuin, F.£.8. 
| F.L.S., F.E.8., Chairman. H. DonISTHORPEH, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 
| R. S. Banat, F.8.5.5., F.L.S. J. H. Durrant, F.E.8. 
Matcoum Burr, D.s8¢., F.Z.8., H. E. Paas, F.4.s. 
| F.L.8., F.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.=.S. 
Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, F.E.8. W. H. Tams, F.E.s. 
| E. A. Cockaynr, M.A., M.D., Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.E.S., 
F.E.S., F.R.C.P. V.Z.S8. and 

and 


Henry J. TURNER, F.x.s., 
alan orditorial Secretar 
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SOME SWISS MIOCRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 33 


Some Swiss Micro-Lepidoptera. 
By T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.Z.S. 


Of the numerous lepidopterists who visit Switzerland every year 
very few pay any attention to the smaller Moths. It seems a pity that 
it should be so, as so many interesting species occur and their small 
bulk renders it particularly easy to carry a collection when travelling. 
The species noted in the present paper were collected during two 
visits in the summers of 1925 and 1926, but this does not form a 
complete list of the specimens taken, as press of other work between 
my return to England and my departure for India has prevented the 
sorting and naming of the major portion of the material collected in 
1926. Iam very greatly indebted to Mr. E. Meyrick for his kindness in 
looking over and identifying my captures. 

As all workers on Swiss Micro-lepidoptera must refer to Die 
Schmetterlinge der Schweiz, by K. Vorbrodt and J. Miiller-Rutz (Vol. IL, 
Berne, 1914), I have arranged the various species under the numbers 
given in their book. 

A few notes on some localities may be useful :—Villeneuve, near 
Montreux; Bérisal, elevation 5,000 feet, on the Simplon Road, South 
slope; Grimmialp, elevation 4,000 feet, in the Diemtigen Valley, 
Bernese Alps; Arolla, elevation 6,500-7,000 feet, on the south side of 
the Rhone Valley, above Sion; Evoléne, elevation 4,500 feet, below 
Arolla; Simplon Dorf, elevation 5,000 feet, on the Simplon Road, 
north slope; Chillon, near Montreux ; Uetliberg, elevation a little over 
2,000 feet, near Zurich; Les Avants, above Montreux (my collecting- 
ground was above Les Avants at nearly 4,000 feet elevation) ; Rochers 
de Naye, above Montreux, elevation about 7,000 feet ; Simplon Kulm, 
at the summit of the Simplon Pass; Kclépens, near Cossonaye, on the 
railway-line between Lausanne and Berne; Blonay, above Montreux, 
elevation about 2,000 feet; Les Pleiades, above Vevey, elevation 
about 4,500 feet; Martigny, in the Rhone Valley. 


1333. Acanthopsyche atra, L. Berisal: July 25th, 1926. Three males 
taken flying over the road. On the wing they looked more like 
small beetles than moths. 

1341. Scioptera plumistrella, Hb. Simplon Kulm, 6,500 feet: August 
2nd, 1926. 

1849. Epichnopteryx pulla, Esp. Simplon Kulm, 6,500 feet: August 
2nd, 1926. 

1858. Psychidea bombycella, Schiff. Grimmialp: June 24th and 80th, 

1925. 

1358. Fumea casta, Pall. Montreux. Cases containing pupae were 
abundant on stone walls at the end of May, 1926. Males 
emerged from June 3rd and females from about June 15th. 

1613. Peronea cristana, Fb. Villeneuve: June 2nd, 1926. 


1622. P. variegana, Schiff. Montreux: September 15th and 17th, 


1925. 
1688. Capua gnomana, Cl. Berisal: July 28th, 1926. 
1653. Tortriv dumicolana, Z. Montreux: June 18th, July 6th and 
9th, 1926. Common around ivy in the evening. 
1663. Pandemis cinnamomeana, Tr. Montreux: September 20th, 
Marcu 157TH, 1927 


84 THK ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


1925, one in the Hotel. Muller-Rutz gives June-July as 
the time of appearance. 

1674. Vortrix viridana, L. One very worn specimen in the Gorge du 
Chaudron, Montreux, on July 10th, 1926. 

1677. T. paleana, Hb. Grimmialp: June 27th and 80th, 1925. 

1683. Cnephasia osseana, Scop. Arolla: August 10th and 17th, 19265. 

1684. ©. argentana, Cl. Grimmialp: June 23rd to July 12th, 1926, 
common. Arolla: August 8rd to 13th, 1925, common. 
Berisal: August 15th and 16th, September 4th, 1926. 

1686 (pt.). C. chrysanthemana, Dup. Grimmialp; June 24th to July 
8th, 1925, common. 

1686 (pt.). C. virgawreana, Tr. Evoléne: July 29th, 1925. 

1687. C. penziana, Hb. Arolla; August 8th, common on trees; 
August 13th; August 28th (worn), 

1688. ©. canescana, Gn. Montreux: July 8th and 9th, 1926. 
Common on rouch stone walls but difficult to see. Accord- 
ing to Muller-Rutz, this species has only been found hitherto 
in the valleys of Valais. 

1703. Phalonia decimana, Schiff. Grimmialp: June 30th, 1926. 
Arolla, August 8th, 1925. 

1712. P. roseana, Hw. Grimmialp: July Ist, 1925. 

1715. P. pallidana, Z. Grimmialp: July 6th, 1925. 

1719. P. dubitana, Hb. Berisal: August 3rd, 1926. 

1720. P. posterana, Z. Simplon Dorf: July 27th, 1926. Berisal, 
July 20th and 21st, 1926. 

1738. Euxanthis angustana, Tr. Grimmialp: July 7th, 8th, and 14th, 
1925. Considered by Muller-Rutz as a scarce and local 
species. 

1753. Argyroploce corticana, Hb. Berisal: August 23rd, 1926. This 
seems an unusually high elevation (5000 ft.). 

1756. A. sauciana, Hb. Simplon Road, 6000 feet: August 9th, 1926. 

1777. A. bipunctana, Fb. Arolla: August 10th, 1925. 

1782. A. wnbrosana, Frr. Grimmialp: June 80th to July 14th, 1925, 
common. 

1783. A. lacunana, Dup. Grimmialp: June 23rd to July 3rd, 1925, 
common. 

1784. A. rivulana, Scop. Grimmialp: June 2#rd, 1925, 

1801. Ancylis lundana, Fb. Grimmialp: July 1st, 1925. 

1817. Bactra lanceolana, Hb. Grimmialp: June 30th, 1925. 

1827. Eucosma diniana, Gn. Arolla: August 12th, 14th and 17th, 
1925. 

9 EE. sordidana, Hb. Beaten from alder at Berisal in some 
numbers at the end of August and beginning of September, 
1926, 
{. cruciana, L. Arolla: August 17th, 1925, flying in numbers 
in the evening around Salia bushes ; August 22nd, 1925. 


— 
fe 2) 
co 
bo 
B& 


1875. EF. brunnichiana, Frél. Grimmialp: June 80th, 1925. 

1877. E. bimaculana, Don. (similana, Hb.). Berisal: August 27th, 
1926 ; September 4th, 1926, beaten from alder. 

1889. F. immundana, F.R. Grimmialp: June 25th, 1925. 

1897. EF. tedella, Cl. Grimmialp: June 22nd to 80th, 1925, common. 

1901. #. ophthalmicana, Hb. Montreux: September 18th, 1925, one, 


at light. A rarity in Switzerland according to Muller- 
Rutz. 


1905. 


1909. 


1912. 
1922. 


1943. 
1944. 


1951. 
1974. 
1976. 


1979. 
2016. 


2021. 


2027. 


2029. 


2082. 
2035. 
2050. 
2053. 
2059. 
2060. 


2073. 


SOME SWISS MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 35 


Hemimene quaestionana, Z. Grimmialp: July 8th, 1925. 
Arolla: August 10th, 1925. According to Muller-Rutz, this 
species is only known hitherto from Hastern Switzerland. 

H. ligulana, H.S. Arolla: August 11th, 1925. An Alpine 
species. 

H. plumbagana, Tr. Grimmialp: June 28rd, 1925. 

Cydia pomonella, L. Larvae common in apples at Montreux in 
September, 1925 and 1926. 

Laspeyresia fissana, Fr6l. Chillon: June 27th, 1926. 

L. discretana, Wk. Arolla: August 10th, 1925. Apparently 
not common in Switzerland. 

L. aurana, Fb. Grimmialp: July 7th and 16th, 1925, on 
umbelliferous flowers in the daytime. 

Glyphipteryx thrasonella, Scop. Grimmialp: July 2nd and 4th, 
1925. 

G. equitella, Scop. Abundant at Montreux throughout June, 
1926, flying around stone walls on which its foodplant 
(Sedum) was growing. This little species manipulates the 
exterior part of its forewing with its hind-feet, to display the 
metallic markings. 

G. fischeriella, Z. Grimmialp: June 29th and July 7th, 1925. 

Conopia muscaeformis, View. Berisal: July 21st, 1926. This 
specimen seems to agree with an example in the British 
Museum Collection named as muscaeformis by Le Cerf, and, 
according to Muller-Rutz, this species occurs not uncom- 
monly in Valais. Meyrick has noted this species as ‘“ pro- 
bably astatiformis,’ but this latter is not recorded from 
Switzerland, so far as I know. 

Platyptilia gonodactyla, Schiff. Grimmialp: June 29th and 
July Ist, 1925. Arolla: August 10th to 17th, 1925, 
common in the evening around a small patch of a Tussilago, 
Montreux: June 10th, 1926. 

Platyptilia cosmodactyla, Hb. Berisal: August 21st, 1926, bred 
from a larva found feeding on flower-heads of Geranium 
sylraticum, 

Stenoptilia coprodactyla, Z. Grimmuialp: June 28rd to July 8th, 
1925, common. Arolla: August 8th to 17th, 1925, common, 
Berisal: August 21st, 1926. Variable in size and coloration. 

S. bipunctidactyla, Hw. Uetliberg (Zurich: July 21st, 1925. 
Villeneuve: September 14th, 1925. 

S. pterodactyla, L. Evoléne: July 29th, 1926.  Berisal: 
August 21st, 1926. 

Oidaematophorus monodactylus, L. Arolla: August 28th, 1925. 
Montreux: June 9th, 1926. 

O. tephradactylus, Hb. Arolla: August 8th and 10th, 1925. 

Alucita tetradactyla, L. Grimmialp: June 23rd to 30th, 1925, 
common. Fayaux sur Vevey (about 3,000 feet): July 
13th, 1926. Berisal: August 4th to 19th, 1926, common. 

A. pentadactyla, L. Montreux: abundant in one or two places 
where Convolvulus arvensis was growing: first seen on June 
9th, and common until July 5th (and probably later). 

Ethmia sexpunetella, Hb. Montreux : June 18th, 1926. 
Apparently a rarity in Switzerland. 


OA, 
a 
86 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


2076. E. funerella, Fb. Les Avants: June 21st, 1926. Rare and 
local in Switzerland, according to Muller-Rutz. 

2082A. Depressaria assimilella, Tr. Villeneuve: October 8rd, 19265. 
Rochers de Naye: October 7th, 1925: perhaps carried up 
there in the train. Only recorded before from Basel, where 
one female was taken in June. 

2098. D. liturella, Hb. (hypericella, Tr.). Berisal: August 23rd, 
September 4th and 7th, 1926. 

2126. Borkhausenia psendospretella, Stt. Montreux: September 27th, 
October 2nd and 11th, 1925. 

2149. B. tinctella, Hb. Grimmialp: June 30th, 1925. 

2154. B. stipella, L. Grimmialp: June 30th, 1925. Arolla; August 
18th, 1925. 

2170. Endrosis lacteella, Schiff. Montreux; October 16th, 1925, 
September 12th, 1926. 

2183. Sophronia semicostella, Hb. Berisal: August 11th, 1926. 

2184. S. humerella, Schiff. Grimmialp: June 28rd, 1925. 

2194. Dichomeris limosellus, Schlag. Villeneuve: June 2nd, 1926. 

2912. Telphusa sequax, Hw. Grimmialp: July 2nd, 1926. 

2217. T. prowvimella, Hb. Berisal: August 15th, 1926. Usually a 
plains species, common from April to the beginning of July. 

2226. Gelechia pinguinella, Tr. Montreux: July 8th, 1926. 

2254. G. perpetuella, H.S. Arolla: August 17th, 28th and 29th, 
1925. Berisal: July 21st, 1926. An alpine species. 

2256. G. lonyicornis, Curtis (virgella, Wenner). Simplon Kulm, 6,500 
feet: August 2nd, 1926. 

2314. Stomopteryx vorticella, Seop. Grimmialp: July 6th, 1925. 

2335. Aristotelia superbella, Z.  Berisal: July 28rd, 1926. Only a 
single specimen, from Chur, has been recorded before from 
Switzerland. 

2357. Tebenna (Mompha) miscella, Schiff. Grimmialp: June 30th, 
1925. 

2367. Cosmopterya schmidiella, Frey. Eclépens: June 22nd, 1926. A 
rarity in Switzerland, according to Muller-Rutz. 

2399. Coleophora ornatipennella, Hb. Montreux: May 81st and June 
Ist, 1926. In hay-fields. 

2403. C. niveicostella, Z. Grimmialp: June 22nd, 1925. 

2472. Coriscium cuculipennellum, Hb. Montreux: September 26th, 
1925, at rest on a tree-trunk in the Gorge du Chauderon. 

2540. Lithocolletis populifoliella, Tr. Zurich : July 23rd, 1925, on & 

poplar-trunk, ; 

2549. Bucculatria frangulella, Goeze. Chillon: June 9th and 16th, 
1926. Abundant. 

2553. B. nigricomella, Z. Grimmialp: July Ist, 1925. 

2558. Phyllocnistis suffusella, Z. Montreux: June 10th, 1926. 

2588. HMlachista subnigrella, Dgl. Grimmialp: July 6th and 7th, 1925. 

2644. Mpermenia scurella, H.S. Grimmialp: June 28rd and 24th, 
1925. Berisal: July 21st and August 8rd, 1926. 

2658. Seythris amphonycella, H.G, Berisal: July 21st, August 14th 
and 15th, 1926. This is an alpine species and Berisal is 
apparently rather a low elevation at which to find it. 

2659. S. senescens, Stt. Grimmialp: June 24th, 19265. 

2669. S. scopolella, Hb. Montreux: July 10th, 1926. 


VARIATIONS AND RELATIONSHIP OF COENONYMPHA ARCANIA, ETO. 37 


2684. Hyponomenta padella, LL. Zurich: July 23rd and 24th, 1926, at 
light. 

2688. H. cognatellus, Hb. Montreux: abundant from June 5th, 1926. 

2701. Zelleria savifragae, Stt. Berisal: August 5th, 1926. 

2708. Argyresthia ephippella, Fb. Chillon: September 7th, 1925. 
Blonay sur Montreux (2,000 ft.) : September 15th, 1925. 

2710. A. semitestacella, Curtis. Chillon: 7th September 1925. 

2718. A. sorbiella, Tr. Evoléne: July 29th, 1925. 

2725. A.dilectella, Z. Arolla: August 1st and 13th, 1925. Apparently 
not a common species and not recorded previously from such 
an elevation. The foodplant, juniper, is common at Arolla. 

2737. Cerostoma sequella, Cl. Grimmialp: July 13th, 1925. Said to 
be scarce in Switzerland. 

2754. Plutella maculipennis, Curtis. Montreux: July 8th, 1926. 

2775. Tinea arcella, Fb. Berisal: August 5th, 1926. 

2788. T. pellionella, L. Grimmialp: July 7th, 1925. 

2802. Incurvaria flavimitrella, Hb. Chillon: May 30th, 1926. 

2811. I. rupella, Schiff. Grimmialp: July 8th, 1925. Les Pleiades: 
June 24th, 1926. 

2818. Nemophora pilulella, Hb. Les Pleiades: June 24th, 1926. 

2821. Nemotois metallicus, Poda. Martigny: June 11th, 1926. 

2830. Adela croesella, Scop. Chillon: June 2nd, 1926. 

2831. Nemotvis degeerella, L. Evoléne: July 29th, 1925. HKclepens: 
June 22nd, 1926. 

2836. Adela rufimitrella, Sc. Les Avants: June 12th and 21st, 1926. 
Locally common around flowers of (I believe) Cardamine 
pratensis. 

2893. Nepticula basalella, H.S. (tityrella, Stt.). Montreux: September 
13th, 1925. A single specimen, in the Hotel. 

2928. Micropteryx aureatella, Seop. Grimmialp: June 29th, and July 
9nd, 1925. Chillon : May 80th, and June Ist, 1926. 
Villeneuve : June 2nd, 1926. 

2929. M. ammanella, Hb. Chilion: June Ist, 16th, and 27th, 1926. 

2931. M. aruncella, Scop. Grimmialp: June 27th, 1925. 

2936. Hepialus sylvinus, L. Berisal: August 25th, 1926, one female. 

2939. H. hectus, L. Grimmialp :. July 13th, 1925, three males, 
disturbed from low vegetation in the evening. 


On the variations and relationship of Coenonympha arcania, L., and 
C. gardetta, De Prun.=philea, Hub.=satyrion, Esp. 


By ROGER VERITY, M.D. 


I must begin by pointing out the most unfortunate mistake made 
by the text-books of this century in bringing into general use the 
name of satyrion, Ksp., of about 1805 instead of that of philea given 
to it by Hubner in 1799 (or possibly 1798, as usually believed). 
Ochsenheimer in 1807 used satyrion because philea had been given by 
Linnaeus to a South American Pierid, but the authors of last century 
rightly disregarded this reason, as not valid, and quoted satyrion as a 
synonym of philea. One cannot understand why Riihlin 1895, followed 
by Staudinger in the third edition of his Catalog of 1901, suddenly 
took up satyrion and gave philea, Hb., as its synonym. The only 


38 THK KNLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


reason I can think of is that the description only appeared in 1805, 
but, as I have remarked in other cases, either one must admit that 
Hiibner’s figures are sufficient to validate his names or all of these 
must be abolished, with disastrous results in nomenclature. To make 
matters worse, Staudinger made use of the same name of philea, but 
in this case according to Freyer’s figures, for a different form of the 
insect, a less extreme grade of variation in the same direction. Rebel 
in his Lepidopterenfauna der Balkanlindes (Ann. naturhist. Hofmus., 
1904, p. 174) remarks that the name is Hubner’s and must be used 
according to his figure, and subsequently, in his 1910 edition of Berge’s 
Schmetterlingsbuch, p. 54, he gives the new name of epiphilea to Freyer’s 
form. What he does not note, however, is that satyrion is a synonym 
of philea, Hb. A return to this name now, after the other use made 
of it during a quarter of a century in a large number of text-books, 
through blind faith in Staudinger, would have led to considerable 
confusion and inconvenience. Fortunately another correction, which, 
if I am not mistaken, it is necessary to make to establish the nomen- 
clature in a perfectly correct way, serves also the purpose of obviating 
this new source of difficulties. It is that De Prunner in his Lepidoptera 
Pedemontana, p. 74, has, in 1798, named gardetta an insect, which 
Ghiliani seems unquestionably right in referring to philea, Hb. De 
Prunner says it is not rare in the Varaita Valley in June and from his 
description it is quite recognisable. The date of issue of Hubner’s 
figure is not certain, as mentioned above, but even were it 1798, a 
description has, ceteris paribus, precedence over a figure according to the 
accepted Rules of Nomenclature, and yardetta should stand instead of 
philea and satyrion. 

To avoid further confusion it must also be noted that Godart’s 
figures, quoted by Staudinger under philea, Freyer, represent, on the 
contrary, a very extreme form of philea, Hubner, and that Lang’s 
figure of darwiniana, wrongly accepted as such by Staudinger himself 
in 1901, is totally different from MHerrich Schiiffer’s because it is 
unmistakably drawn from an epiphilea specimen; the same may be 
said of Seitz’s figure of darwiniana. 

My reasons for dividing the insects we are dealing with into two 
groups and considering them two ‘‘exerges’’ of a single species will 
be seen by the following descriptions of the observations I have been 
able to make on the field. Their variations have puzzled Entomolo- 
gists for over a century: at all times some have split them into two 
and even three species, others have united them into one. It seems to 
me that, as in several other similar cases, the cause of this diversity of 
opinions lies in the fact there exists a third sort of relationship, which 
is neither specific nor racial, if by the term of “ race’’ one designates 
a group of individuals having developed in the same surroundings and 
exhibiting certain local features simply due to their influence. No 
effort has hitherto been made in classifying Lepidoptera to distinguish 
from these variations, of much more frequent occurrence, those which 
are due to stable hereditary causes. I have been criticised for having 
introduced the new term of ‘ exerges,’’ with, it has been said, a defini- 
tion agreeing exactly with that of “subspecies.” It may be so in the 
minds of some naturalists, but many others have used it indiserimin- 
ately for races, as defined above, and for other kinds of variations, so 
that it conveys nothing definite. That is why I have thought it 


VARIATIONS AND RELATIONSHIP OF COKNONYMPHA ARCANTA, ETC. 39 


necessary to draw the attention of Lepidopterists to the third sort of 
relationship, of which arcania and yardetta are an excellent example, 
by a new term with this definite meaning. 


Races of nymotypical exerge arcania, L. 

This exerge consists of a very compact group of races, as compared 
with those of exerge wardetta. They strike one at once as being true 
races, due simply to the effects of surroundings on individual develop- 
ment, whereas the variations of gardetta are complicated by a pheno- 
menon, which is presumably due to stable hereditary differences. 

The specimens I have from Central Kurope, including Geneva and 
Vienna, all seem to belong to exactly the same race, which differs very 
little also from my series from Norrwicken in Central Sweden. This is 
evidently the nymotypical form, as the species was first described in 
Fauna Svecica. It is slightly smaller and duller in colour than most 
Central Europe examples. Ifa name is used for the latter it must be 
Scopoli’s amyntas of 1763 from Carniolia or Fourcroy’s cephalus, given 
in 1785 to the Parisian insect, and thus Fruthstorfer’s saleviana 
(Entom., Zeitschr., 1910, p. 3), given to the race of Geneva, Arcine, 
etc., must fall as an absolute synonym. My race tenuelimbo of 
Peninsular Italy and Catalonia is rather larger and brighter; the 
white band-like space of underside is on an average broader and the 
ocelli a little larger; the name, however, was not a happy one, because 
the black marginal band of upperside is, on the whole, about the same 
as in Central Europe ; its II. gen. gracilis, Vrty., is remarkably small 
and frail. Oberthtr has named (Et. Lép. Comp., IV., p. 25) huebneri 
the form of Hubner’s figure 240, with a large fulvous patch in the 
middle of hindwing above ; it is an individual form, usually very rare, 
but frequent in certain localities, such as Samoussy (Aisne) and 
Andorre (teste René Oberthur in litt. to me). Querci has found that at 
Orihuela (Albarracin Sierra) a similar form, but with the underside of 
hindwings broadly fulvous, is prevalent: race clorinda, Sagarra (Bull. 
Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., 1924, p. 199). In the Maritime Alps two 
giant forms are met with, both with a very broad white band on under- 
side, but one (balestrei, Frhst., l.c.) has small ocelli and the other 
(macromma, Trti. and Vrty.), has very large ones; they seem to exist 
together in some localities and to be racial in others. The Calabrian 
race opposita, Vrty., aS in the case of other species, is a near ally of 
those of this region. We then come to the race with the white band 
considerably reduced: race insubrica, Frey,, bas been noted and des- 
cribed for many years on account of its large size and gaudy colour- 
ing, from the Tessin, 8. Tyrol and Upper Austria. There exists, how- 
ever, a race which cannot bear that name, because it lacks the 
characteristic giant size, although it has the same intensity of colour, 
the narrower white band, and the same prominent ocelli and pattern. 
To this belongs the race of Oulx, m. 1100, in the Susa Valley, and I 
have collected it also at Turin and in the Carnic Alps, at 8. Stefanos 
di Cadore, m. 900, and at Cima Sappada, m. 1400. The name of seyta, 
given by De Prunner to an insect of Turin, has been attributed to 
arcania, but it seems to me his quaint description affords no positive 
clue, and anyhow, his statement that it flies in the autumn would 
restrict it to the II. gen. I take my Carnic specimens of “typical ”’ 
and I name this race parvinsubrica. Othess from the Cargo, above 


A 0 i 
a ‘- rq 


40 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 


Trieste, m. 800, resemble it in size and general appearance, but the 
basal half of underside of hindwing, instead of being grey with a bluish 
gloss, is tawny and in some of them the band is of a rich yellow tone, 
instead of white: race tergestina, mihi. A further grade along the 
same line as parvinsubrica is afforded by my Gédre series of specimens 
from the Hautes Pyrénees; some of them are of a very dark tone on 
underside and also the upperside is then usually very saturated, so that 
they are of a warm reddish chestnut colour, instead of fulvous, on this 
surface: race maesta, mihi. 
(To be continued.) 


The Basses-Alps in May-June, 1926. 
By Lieut. E. B. ASHBY, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 


I left London early on May 16th, and arrived at Peyruis station in 
the afternoon of the following day. I stayed at the Hotel Barras, Les 
Mées, a village at a short distance from Peyruis until May 24th, in 
order that I might work the ground between Peyruis and St. Auban, 
along the right bank of the river Durance, which I found so profitable 
last year. When | arrived this year the Mistral, which had played 
such havoc with the vine and potato crop in South Provence, was still 
blowing, and somewhat hindered my collecting. During this week I 
found the following butterflies on the ground mentioned above. 

Zerynthia rumina race medesicaste, fairly common above the station 
at St. Auban in first rate order, and odd specimens at different spots 
along the line. Anthocharis tayis race bellezina just emerging and 
fairly common. Melitaea didyma, M. phoebe, M. cinwia, FEuchloé 
euphenoides, common and in fine condition. A few Pontia daplidice 
gen. I. bellidice, fresh. Anthocharis crameri (belia) was already going 
over. Glaucopsyche cyllarus, Powellia sertorius (sao), and Pararge 
maera. The “ burnet”’ moths taken were Zygaena lavandulae a few, 
Z. rhadamanihus just emerging and plentiful, 7. achilleae became 
plentiful later on, 7. trifolit an interesting form, and Z. lonicerae. I 
bred imagines of the last after my return home. From Digne larvae 
I reared a number of 5-spotted forms of what are apparently Z. 
filipendulae. 

There are several small section boxes along the line between St. 
Auban and Peyruis stations. These are riddled with entrances to 
bees’ nests and by careful attention I got a fine number of bees and 
other Hymenoptera, amongst them being bees of the genera Antho- 
phora and ‘halicodoma, with their attendant bee parasites. The 
Hymenopteron Chrysis iynita was especially noticeable on these section 
boxes. 

Near the railway cutting between St. Auban and Peyruis stations, 
on the St. Auban side, there is a piece of overhanging cliff near the 
railway, which is also riddled with bees’ nests and here I spent a 
considerable time with excellent results. The parasitic bees Coeltowys 
vectis and more commonly C. quadridentata were easily obtained. 
Except along the bank above the river Durance between St. Auban 
and Peyruis stations, I did not obtain any good results, and although 
I walked for some distance to the south of Les Mées village, and also 
to the hills west of the bridge over the river, I found both these 
localities comparatively unproductive at this time of the year. 


THE BASSES-ALPS IN MAY-JUNE, 41 


May 24th.—After a week of perhaps the most trying collecting 
weather I have ever experienced, I left Les Mées for Digne. I spent 
the afternoon en route on the hills above the station at St. Auban, 
which yielded some fresh specimens of the moth Coscinia striata, a 
couple of Anthocharis tayis, and near St. Auban Station a couple of Z. 
rumina race medesicaste. 

May 25th.—This afternoon and for several succeeding afternoons 
I collected with profit on the road leading just behind the station at 
Digne up to Les Courbons. At this time of the year, I found that 
insects in general continued later on the wing as this road gets the full 
afternoon glare of the sun. I found /. enphenotdes still plentiful and 
fresh: several specimens of Zyyaena lavandulae; the bee Violacea 
cyanascens ; the spring brood of Polyommatus (Agriades) aragonensis, of 
which males were abundant, but were going over at this date. Zyyaena 
achilleae were abundant and fresh. 

The morning of May 26th I spent on Mt. St. Vincent, where 
around the ruins of the monastery fresh Papilio podalirius were flying, 
a few H’rebia evias, and also a few A. crameri (belia) were taken, but it 
was too late to get this last species fresh. A. tayis race bellezina was 
also at this date at Digne scarce and showing signs of wear on the 
several hills where it flies. 

May 29th.—I climbed Mt. Cousson to-day ascending by its slopes 
that are reached by way of the grand gorge beyond the Baths. About 
24 miles up I found Mrebia evias flying in considerable numbers, but 
not in any colony like FH. epistygne. The best way of getting evias was 
to take them as they settled at the water, which crosses the path twice 
at some distance up. Here one could catch them easily and select the 
freshest specimens. The majority were in good condition. Besides 
these I found Brenthis euphrosyne, Heodes dorilis, and Hamearis lucina 
in good condition all nearly about the same height as I took the H. 
evias. 

May 30th.—I am indebted to General Cooke for information about 
Melitaea deione, which is fresh and common at this date at the right 
places near Digne. It seems to be confined to the hottest gullies, 
where it flies up and down, rarely settling, though it seems interested 
in the very small plants, which struggle to keep an existence in these 
arid spots. The form here appears to lack the black > shaped mark 
near the inner margin on the upperside of the fore-wings often 
characteristic of the Swiss races and in this way resembling the form 
found at Vernet and elsewhere in the Pyrenees. I was glad to get 
a small series of nice fresh specimens, but I was only just in time. 

May 31st.—A walk along the river bed of the Miroux brook which 
runs parallel with the Dourbes Road produced Plebeius argus (aegon), 
Polyommatus thersttes, G. cyllarus, Cupido sebrus, Scolitantides baton, 
and Hveres argiades race coretas, among other insects. In the after- 
noon I collected on some waste ground behind the Maison Yvan on 
the Dourbes Road, which produced M. aurinia var. provincialis and 
quite fresh specimens of M.athalia. Just below La Collette, I captured 
a perfect female of Lycaena iolas, at rest on a twig of Rosa canina, the 
only specimen I saw. 

June 1st.—A walk along the path above the right bank of the River 
Bléone, from the main bridge at Digne as far as the farm St. Bénoit 
yielded a general bag, especially the large black beetle Molytes ylabratus, 


42 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


which were fairly abundant, a fine female specimen of the clearwing 
Synanthedon (Sesia) sphegiformis ; and some fresh specimens of Brenthis 
euphrosyne. 

During the greater part of my stay at Digne this year the weather 
was dull, and though [ managed to bring back a thousand insects of 
seven orders including 100 moth larvae broom-feeders, I had to box 
nearly half of the imagines I took, which necessitated a great amount 
of searching. Aporia crataegi and Pararye maera were two of the most 
abundant butterflies everywhere at Digne, and were both in the finest 
condition. 

June 4th.—I climbed the Mt. Beaumont, the approach to which I 
described in my notes Mut. Rec., XX VIIL., p. 39. ‘Towards the summit 
P. machaon was quite common, with a sprinkling of A. tagis, but these 
were quite going over at this date. With the exception of a fine speci- 
men of the wasp Humenes coarctata, taken on the descent, I got nothing 
of much interest but a fresh specimen of the moth Hemaris tityus 
(bombyli/ormis), whose right pair of wings are both deformed in size; 
which fact however, did not in the least hinder its activity on the 
wing. 

June 5th.—I climbed the Mt. Cousson again to-day going nearly 
to the summit. Unfortunately the early bright morning did not last, 
and the greater part of the day was very dull. A day for collecting 
larvae, and I found the beetles Arima brevipennis, Illig., and Cebrio 
lepturoides, F., abundant in both sexes, over a wide area. 


(To be completed.) 


On Nomenclature. 
By ALFRED SICH, F.E.S. 

Entomology makes rapid progress and for the last six years I have 
been little in touch with modern thought. However I may perhaps be 
allowed to give expression to some of my ideas on the subject of 
nomenclature. In the first place to clear the ground, it is necessary to 
go back geologically speaking, a few years. If it were possible to view 
the lepidoptera existing on this earth two or three million years ago I 
doubt very much whether we could recognise one single specimen as 
identical with any now living species. ver since the lepidoptera first 
appeared, possibly in the Permian, or perhaps not till Jurassic times, 
they have been developing new species, new genera, new families. Some 
of these for various reasons became extinct no doubt, but the rest have 
carried on further development till the present day. Here eomes an 
important point, which occasionally seems to be lost sight of. ‘The 
lepidoptera of to-day are not at rest but still continuing their evolution. 
The species are either slowly dying out or gradually assuming features, 
which ultimately change them into new species. It follows then that 
among present day lepidoptera there must be some individuals which 
are just breaking away from a species, some which have already 
progressed half way towards a new species, and again others that have 
almost completed the whole span. As this process of development has 
so many and such indefinite stages it seems quite unnecessary to invent 
names for every rung of the ladder. In my own mind | am content 
with four: species, aberratio, forma, subspectes. 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 43 


I will take the term, species, as it is generally understood. Then 
any specimen which differs slightly or considerably from the type of 
the species may be termed an aberration. This may be rare or 
abundant and may be considered as the first breaking away from the 
old species towards the new. When an aberration has become so 
abundant as to equal or out-number the type but still flies with and 
breeds with the type, I call it a form. It may then be regarded as less 
or more than half way towards a new species. When a form has so 
completely taken the place of the type of a species that the type no 
longer exists with it in a given locality, | call it a subspecies. It may 
then be considered as furthest away from the old and nearest to a new 
species. Thus I state my present views in a simple and very bare 
manner. In nature the whole question is wonderfully and fearfully 
complicated. I will not dilate on the subject here but will add that 
some species seem able to retain their ancestral garment and yet adapt 
themselves to changed environment, thus we have Micropterya and 
other ancient species still with us. Some aberrations again do not seem 
to be attempts at new species but may be last remnants of the old 
species still appearing in the new species, as for instance, the ab. helice 
of Colias croceus. I like the term, race, but as now used it indicates 
what is really a subspecies. Form as above suggested means local 
form. Seasonal form, dimorphic and polymorphic forms are in a 
separate category. To my mind it requires a large amount of study in 
the field and possibly some experiments before we can attempt to decide 
the status of a lepidopteron, but there are no doubt many instances 
when we can come to a reasonable conclusion. It wouid be ridiculous 
to my mind for a collector to visit a locality, previously unknown to 
him, and then describe races and subspecies based simply on one 
season’s experience. In the earlier days of entomology many varieties 
received names because the specimens so named were then considered 
to be good species. In later years, there arose a craze for giving names 
to specimens which were well known to be merely slight variations of 
a known species. Vanity was no doubt a great incentive to this useless 
action as the author of the name could add the magic mihi. It 1s useful 
to make an intensive study of a particular species and work out and 
classify all its known aberrations which in a variable species run like 
chains in more than one direction. ‘T’o give names to every link in 
every chain, for example to every phase between a conspicuously spotted 
and a faintly spotted form, is unnecessary, inconvenient and sure to 
lead to confusion. In Staudinger and Rebel’s Catalog, we find most of 
the varieties that are listed are given a short diagnosis to assist the 
reader's memory. Sometimes we also find the words via nominanda. 
To the majority of the varietal names loosely coined during the last few 
years these two words surely apply. 


TenOTks “ON? COLLECTING, etc. 


Norrs on CoLEopTEeRA TAKEN IN 1926.—The following are the more 
interesting Coleoptera taken in the season just past. Unless otherwise 
stated all the localities mentioned are in Hampshire. 

Halyzia 16-guttata, L.—was beaten in numbers from a variety of 
trees from April onwards, at Hastleigh and in the New Forest. 
Homaloplia ruricola, F.—several on the wing on Farley Mount in 


ad 


44 THE WNTOMOLOGIST’S REOORD. 


July. Serica brunnea, L.—Not uncommon at sugar, Baddesley, in July. — 


Lacon murinus. L.—beaten from poplars on Farley Mount at the end of 
June. Mater sanguinolentus, Schr.—one taken from a pine stump on 
Beaulieu Heath in May. F. elonyatulus, F.—seven specimens beaten 
from bushes on I'arley Mount at the end of June. EF. balteatus, L.—taken 
under bark on pine stumps in April and May at Chandler’s Ford ; one 
specimen taken on the wing at Beaulieu Road in May. Corymbites 
quercus, Gyll.—a single specimen was beaten from oak in the Great 
Covert, Baddesley, May 15th. Campylus linearis, L.—was in great 
abundance on shrubs at Baddesley at the end of May and in June. 
Malachins aenens, Li.—swarwed on flowers in June, in the meadows 
by the R. Itchen, at Kastleigh. Haplocnemus impressus, Marsh—a single 
specimen was taken in my garden at Hastleigh, May 8th.  /’silothria 
nobilis, l.—oecurred in numbers on flowers in the quarries at Portland 
in August. Drilus jlavescens, Ross.—males were common on grass stems 
by roadsides at Hastleigh, in May and June; and were swept in numbers 
from grasson St. Catherine’s Hill, Winchester, inJuly. Prionuscoriartus, 
L.—My friend Mr. |}. M. Hobby gave me a fine specimen of this 
Longhorn taken by himself at Wordsley, Stafis, in August. Aromia 
moschata, L.—a specimen taken resting on a post at Shawford, July. 
Criocephalus polonicus, Mots.—This species was bred from pine stumps, 
emerging at tbe end of July, Chandler’s Ford. Several came to light 
late at night in the same month at Kastleich, whilst a large female was 
picked off a tarred fence at Portland in August. Callidium alni, L.— 
was obtained by beating hazels in the Great Covert, Baddesley, on May 
31st, and one was taken flying in the sunshine in a street in Kastleigh 
in June. Molorchus minor, L.—A fine male of this species was beaten 
from dead larch twigs, at Baddesley, May 31st; in June, my friend 
Mr. W. Fassnidge secured several females by beating shrubs at Farley 
Mount. § Toaxvtus meridianus, L.—was common in all the woods around 
Kastleigh, some of the females being practically black. Mr. A. H. 
Sperring sent me specimens taken in Hyden wood, near Portsmouth, 
June 16th. Pachyta cerambyciformis, Schr.—a single specimen was 
taken at Farley Mount in June by Mr, W. Fassnidge. Leptura fulva, 
De G.—This very local species occurs near Eastleigh, and is to be taken 
at flowers—thistles, yarrow and various Umbellifers are favourites— 
when the sun is shining. It was in good numbers in July, 1926, and 
was found to be breeding in posts by the railway. Leptura livida, F.— 
occurred in numbers in July at Umbellifers, Lee-on-the-Solent (Mr. B. 
M. Hobby). Strangalia melanura, L.—This species was swarming at 
bramble blossom on Farley Mount in June; on the 27th, when the sun 
was out, it would bave been possible to take several hundreds of both 
sexes. It also occurred at Kastleigh in the same month, but very 
sparingly. Grammoptera tabacicolor, De G.—fairly common at 
Kastleigh in June. G. analis, Pz.—One specimen of this somewhat 
rare species was beaten from oak in the Great Covert, Baddesley, May 
31st. Others may have been overlooked among the crowd of the 
common G, ruficornis, ., which continually fell into the beating tray. 
Pogonochaerus dentatus, Foure.—was beaten from oak, Baddesley, May 
31st (Mr. W. Fassnidge). Mesosa nubila, Ol.—The first specimen of 
this species was beaten from a dead aspen, in the Great Covert, 
Baddesley, on May 8th (Mr. W. Fassnidge). On the 16th I beat 
another from « dead oak bough, but further beating on this and 


1 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 45 


subsequent days failed to discover others. On Oct. 23rd, in the same 
woods, Mr. Fassnidge and myself spent some time splitting up fallen 
oak boughs, and discovered several specimens resting in cells, apparently 
awaiting the spring before they emerged. Odd specimens were taken 
later on various dates in the same way, but in January (1927) Mr. 
Fassnidge discovered some felled oaks in Hut Wood, near Southampton, 
and by breaking up the partially rotten boughs seeured a good series. 
A visit to the same trees on Jan. 9th, by Mr F'assnidge, Mr. P. Harwood 
and myself resulted in a bag of over a score of the beetles, and there 
can be no doubt that the species is a common one in this district, 
although considerable labour has to be expended in obtaining a series. 
Letopus nebulosus, L.—swarmed everywhere on oaks in June and July 
around Hastleigh; on one occasion 5 fell into the tray at once. 
Saperda populnea, L.—was bred from galls taken in January at 
Baddesley, Southampton and Winchester. The species responds to 
forcing, and numbers emerged indoors in March. A dipterous parasite, 
not unlike a housefly in appearance, is commonly found to have 
destroyed the beetle larva, and in the wild much havoe is wrought 
amongst the larvae by tits. Jetrops praeusta, L.—a few beaten from 
sallows in June, Baddesley. Stenostola ferrea, Schr.—two specimens 
were beaten in the Great Covert, Baddesley, in May. Donacia vulgaris, 
Zsch.—in good numbers at a clay-pit near Brambridge, end of May 
andinJune. Cryptocephalus aureolus, Suf.—swarmed on St. Catherines’ 
Hill, Winchester, in July. Some nice red forms occurred (in 1923, in 
the same locality, a specimen with almost black elytra was taken). 
Chrysomela didymata, Serib., and C. hyperici, Forst.—locally common 
around Eastleigh, June. Cassida nobilis, L.—was taken from dock on 
Netley beach, May 26th. A single specimen of Conopalpus testaceus, 
Ol., was beaten from oak, July 8rd, at Baddesley. Rhynchites 
interpunctatus, Steph.—one taken in bishopstoke Woods, near Kastleigh, 
April 6th, and a second at Baddesley on May 8th. Orthochaetes insiynis, 
Aub.—a single specimenon Chesil Beach, Portland, in August. T'ychius 
pygmaeus, Bris.—a few were obtained from Origanum vulgare, L., at 
Portland in August, but the species seemed very scarce.—F RrepxK. J. 
Kizureron, F.E.8., 177, Leigh Road, Hastleigh. 


Cottectineg Rererences.—Sprain.— hint. Rec., XIV., p. 10; XIV., 
p. 70, etc.; XVI., p. 85, etc.; XVIII, p. 57, ete; XIX.161; H.M.M. 
MX VIL, p. 288. ; XXXII, p.11.;, XXXIK., p. 54; XXXIX., p, 179, 
Chews ky, 73, XG; p,. 22 3 XLV... pe 52; ate. 

Anpatusia.. LHnt. Rec:, XXV. p. 220: Hnt. XXXV.,. p. 228. 

Apparracwn. Ent. Rec, XXVIL., p.178.; Ane. XL, p. 4.3; XLV., 
p. 110.; XLVL., p. 283, ete. 

Auerciras. HHnt., XLI., p. 2138. 

Broncuates. Hint. Rec., XXV., p. 70. 

Barcetona. Ent. XXXVIIL., p. 200, etc. ; XL, p. 301. 

Curnca. Ent. Record, XXYV., p. 35. 

Canrasrians. Hnt. Rec., XXVII., p. 124. 

aa Granga. Hint, Rec., XXJ. 34, eter; XXV. 33, 278; XXXIV. 
66. 

Giprattar. Ent. Rec., XXIII. 261; XXIV. 172; Ent. XVI. 240, 
O79 = Xa 214858. 4M XXLY,,b75; ete: X LEX 117, ete. 

Granapa. int. Rec., XXV. 223; Hnt. XXII. 160, etc. 


46 THE WNLTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Mauaca. Frnt. Rec., XXIII. 262, ete.; XXV. 228. 
Pagares. Ent. Rec., XXVIT. 121. 

Puente pe tos Fisrros. nt. Rec., XX VII. 189. 
Ronpa. Ent. Rec., XXV. 228; Hnt. XLI. 218. 
Tracacete. nt. Rec., XXV. 69. 


GuretHery. Ent. Record, XXV. 83; Ent, LVI. 157. 
Biarritz. Hnt. Record, XX. 179; XXII. 110. 

Portucan. nt. Record, XXI. 127; H.M.M., XVII. 181, etc. 
Vico. Ent. XXXI. 77. 


GXYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


At the invitation of the American Association of Economic 
Entomologists and the Entomological Society of America the Fourth 
International Congress of Entomology will take place at Ithaca, New 
York, presumably during the third week of August, 1928. A preliminary 
programme will be issued in the near future.—K.J. 

The annual “ Verrall’’ Supper, which is now more directly under 
the famous Entomological Club was held on Tuesday, January 18th, 
and the weather being favourable there was a very large gathering, 
some 140 guests being present. In the list of those present lying be- 
fore us, which want of space does not allow us to print, we note a 
considerable number of new names. We hope that support will be 
given by all those who can to this admirable institution, where old 
friends meet once again and new friendships arise. 

A circular with a preliminary programme has reached us of the 10th 
International Congress of Zoology which is announced to take place 
at Budapest, Hungary, from September 4th to 9th of the present year, 
under the Presidency of Dr. G. Horvath, Director of the Hungarian 
National Museum. The Congress had been arranged to take place in 
1916, but this being impossible it had to be postponed to the present 
year. A cordial invitation is given to all those interested in Zoological 
Science to attend this Congress. 

Two years ago we announced the publication of the first number 
of an annual report of the Hampshire Entomological Society. We 
have just received No. 2 of the Transactions of this Society, giving a 
short summary of their monthly doings during the past two years, and 
several of the papers read. Mr. B. A. C. Stowell discusses ‘‘ What are 
Species and How do they arise”; The Rey. J. E. Tarbat, deals with 
“ The Study of Variation ”’ ; Mr. Fassnidge gives an accede of his 
discovery of Synanthedon flaviventris in Britain, as well as ‘* Notes on 
the year 1925.” There is also a short summary of a paper on ‘ Two 
closely allied species until recently confused in Polyommatus coridon,” 
by ourself. Congratulations are due to all those connected with the 
Society for the enthusiasm they put into their leisure-hour study, and 
their unity of purpose in the mutual support of the Society, the meet- 
ings of which it must be an effort to attend from distant corners of the 
county. 

The last issued part of the Deut. Ent. Zeit., the Transactions of 
the German Entomological Society, Berlin, contains papers on 
Cerapterus (Coleoptera Paussidae), Riodinidae=Erycinidae (Lep.), the 


REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 47 


Ichneumonidae of the Dobrudscha, Olibrus larvae (Col.), Aphididae of 
the Philippines, Anthophora retusa and A. aestivalis (Hym.), New 
Neuropterous insects, the Sexual-armature in Lepidoptera, the 
Orthopterous Fauna of Siberia, etce., with one plate and numerous 
figures. 

The Zeit. fur wiss. Insekteubiol. for December contains a continua- 
tion of Stauder’s valuable “ Schmetter. fauna der Ilyro-adriatischen 
Festland,” a contribution to our knowledge of Tenthredinid mines, 
with articles on Lathrobinm and Rhynchites (Col.). The supplement 
has articles on the Bombyliidae (Dip.), the Simuliidae (Dip.), and the 
palaearctic Nemeobiinae (Rhop.). 


FREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 


Tue British Ants, Tuer Lire-arstory anp Crassirication.—By 
H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., etc. (Late Vice-President of the 
Entomological Society of London)—George Routledge and Sons, 
Limited, 2nd Edition, 1927.—The first edition of this work was 
reviewed eleven years ago in this magazine, and the remarks concluded 
with the words, ‘“‘ As a whole the work brings our knowledge of the 
British Ants up to a point, which leavés nothing to be added, and we 
can only wish for it that publicity, which Mr. Donisthorpe’s treatment 
of his subject deserves.” It has had the treatment it deserved and 
within ten years of its first publication an unexpected demand for its 
reissue has arisen. That was impossible without revision. In the ten 
years our knowledge had increased apace; two new species were added 
to the fauna and two new forms of old known species must be 
incorporated. New facts as to distribution in Britain it was essential to 
include. Wheeler in his ‘ Social Life among the insects”’ and Forel 
in his ‘“‘ Le Monde Social des Fourmis’”’ raised new points of view on 
the Life-history of Ants. Emery, Wasmann, Schmitz, Bondroit and 
others had added to our general knowledge of these Hymenoptera, so 
that a thorough revision was necessary if the book was to be brought 
up to the new high level of knowledge and usefulness. The author, 
one of the ablest field naturalists in the country, has kept in the fore- 
most rank, testing, criticising, experimenting on all the newly suggested 
lines as they appeared from these various authors during the whole of 
the ten years which has elapsed, and was well fitted for the task of 
revision. We are told that the synonymy and bibliography have been 
brought up to date and all new records, both British and foreign, have 
been added. ‘I'he Bibliography, without which no book of this class 
is worth obtaining, alone fills over 20 pages, and includes a list of Mr. 
Donisthorpe’s own contributions to myrmecological science. 

One of the most interesting sections deals with the phenomena 
under polymorphism, and its causes with the curious results attained. 
This phase of growth is made the more intelligible relatively, by a 
capital diagram. The author concludes his remarks on the habits of 
the ants with the summary that their “actions are guided by education, 
experience and memory.’ In a masterly way he treats of the habit of 
keeping ‘‘ guests,” summing up the records of their occurrence with each 
individual species. As many as nearly 70 species of inhabitants are 
recorded for several species. In fact many ants throughout the world 
seem to keep quite a “ Zoological garden ”’ on their own account, except 


48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


that many of the ‘‘ guests” are apparently voluntary and the benefit 
is mutual. The illustrations, photographic and diagrams, are not 
stinted and put in wherever they are needed to aid in identification, or 
to illustrate structure or habitat. The get up of the book, which’ is 
reset and rearranged throughout, is very attractive, printed with para- 
graphs, varied type and headings, so that one never gets tired in looking 
up information, and comparisons can the more readily be made. It is 
perhaps too much to hope that the third edition may be needed in 
another decade, for so exhaustive has been the study of this small 
group that one can assume that little remains to be discovered in their 
economy and habits, although much may be added to our knowledge 
of their distribution in hitherto unworked corners even of our British 
Islands. Author and publishers are to be congratulated on their 
successful efforts, and may the circulation of the book remunerate all 
concerned for their meritorious work.—H.J.T, 


B IT UARY. 
George T. Porritt, F.L.S., F.E.S. 


The lintomological Society of London is gradually losing from its 
ranks, men who, for the past fifty years or more have helped to make 
the Science of Entomology what it is to-day. In G.T. Porritt we lose 
a name familiar to all the older entomologists, as one of the most 
active collectors and students of the British insect fauna. In books 
and magazines of the “seventies’” and onwards for fifty years, 
he was referred to or contributing articles, notes, criticisms, and many 
were his personal friends and correspondents both old and young. 
Even to us within the last two years his suggestions, criticisms and 
offers of aid have been freely given in that helpful, friendly spirit 
which he always showed. Born in 1848, he had passed the allotted 
threescore years and ten, and only within the last year or so, did he 
feel that he must give up his frequent business visits to London, on 
account of his somewhat failing eyesight. For many years he had 
been a member of the South London Entomological Society, and if 
the dates of his visits to London allowed, he attended the bimonthly 
meetings. He was connected with the Naturalist (Yorkshire) as joimt 
editor at its commencement in 1875, and for many years was on the 
editorial staff of the Hnt. Mo. Mag. Since 1870 he had been a Fellow 
of the Entomological Society of London and had served on its Council, 
and he was also a Fellow of the Linnean Society. Of the famous 
Yorkshire Naturalist’s Union, he was a strong supporter from its 
inception in 1877, and had been its President. The Lepidopterists 
know him chiefly by his editorship of the Ray Society’s volumes on The 
Larvae of British Butterflies and Moths, the last five volumes of which 
he prepared for press after the death of the author, his friend Wm. 
Buckler. On the more scientific side he was much interested, wrote 
and read papers on Melanism, so many instances of which he met 
with in his home neighbourhood of Hudderstield and South-West. 
Yorkshire. All of us, who knew him, have pleasant memories of bim 
and we mourn his loss to ourselves as well as to Entomology.—H.J.T. 


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CONTENTS 


PAGE. 
Some Swiss Micro-Lepidoptera, 7. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.L.S., F.E.S., 


On the Variations of Coenonympha arcania and C. gardetta (satyrion), Roger Verity, 
M.D. ee ee oe ee oe ee - ee we ee “8 37 


a da rie te 


a od 


The Basses-Alpes in May-June, 1926, Lieut. EK. B, Ashby, F.Z.S., F.E.S... MY 40 


On Nomenclature, Alfred Sich, F.E.S. .. Ae as be wnt Bye ius 42 


Norxrs on Cottectinc.—Coleoptera in 1926, F. J. Killington, F.E.S.: Collecting 
References.—Spain, Hy.J.T. if ue =i bi us bis By 43 


Current Norrs.. bs HY » a Me uy, ne ah $F 46 
Revizw.—The British Ants, by H. Donisthorpe, Hy.J.T.  .. “Ie ve By 47 
Osituary,—G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., F.E.S., Hy.Jj.T. .. a oe es ye 48 
SuppLemEent.—Orthoptera of Hampshire, F. J. Killington, F.E.S. .. fe .. (5)-(3f, 


Communications have been received from or have been promised by Messrs. 
Dr. Verity, H. J. Turner, K. J. Hayward, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, C. J. Wainwright, 
A. H. Martineau, W. H. Edwards, J. 8. Taylor, F. J. Killington, Lieut. E. B. Ashby, 
A. Sich, and Reports of Societies. 


All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, 
98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, §8.E.14. 


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Parthenogenesis— Pauper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— — 


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DR. VERITY AND NOMENCLATURE. : 49 


Dr. Verity and Nomenclature. 
By G. T: BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.E.S, 


I want to reply to Dr. Verity’s note om nomenclature, ante p. 29 
principally to correct an impression (a false impression) that has been 
referred to by several readers, some verbally, but also by way of reply. 

Those who have followed the politics of this country and especially 
the foreign politics, will be well aware of the soubriquet of the late 
Lord Curzon in the House of Commons and in political cireles gener- 
ally, he was ‘a superior person.’’ He himself was well acquainted 
with the nick-name, and it is known that at times it even had some 
influence, if not on his action at least in his public utterances. | must 
admit that when I read Dr. Verity’s letter (and others felt it also) it 
produced in my mind the impression of a marked superiority over 
those who differed from him. Now I am sure this was not in Dr. 
Verity's mind when he wrote. | have the pleasure of his personal 
acquaintance and I hope of his friendship, for when [ was in Florence 
two or three years ago, I had more than one instance of his kindness 
and also of his forbearance and moderation in discussion and argument. 
I therefore want to say that | am sure the kind doctor did not intend 
to assume that attitude, though those, who did not know him person- 
ally, would probably think that he did. 

Turning now to Dr. Verity’s letter, there are two phrases in it that 


call for remark, viz., ‘“‘I fully agree . . . . thatit is high time 
to stop naming individual forms . . . . and especially on a 


’ 


single character,” and also ‘‘ When, however, it comes to races, | am 
sorry, but my conviction is it is technically necessary to name them.” 
I regret much this last sentence, because, first, Dr. Verity’s idea of a 
race is quite different from the consensus of opinion and weight of 
evidence here (I will deal with this later on) and secondly because he 
sets himself up as plaintiff and judge at the same time, and practically 
says I shall do as I think best, no matter what is the weight of 
scientific opinion on the other side. Now I say quite frankly | am 
glad to have Dr. Verity’s theories, we move forward by theorising and 
experimenting, but I am not glad to have his innumerable naming of 
small variations; it is not helping science. Then he says he agrees it 
is time to stop naming individual forms, but he continues doing so. 
I.cited a case in my note (ante p. 10) as also a case of a “race” that 
was not a race but a mere common variety. The gist of the matter is 
the fact that Dr, Verity’s concept of a “‘race”’ differs from the general 
concept. Mr. Tams (ante p. 25) has focussed the object right down to 
its point. He refers to Rothschild and Jordan’s Revision of the Sphin- 
gidae and particularly to its introduction. That book is so valuable 
that it is never off my table, and at the risk of repetition I will recapitu- 
late their diagnoses of the term varieties. I would like this to sink 
into the minds of us all. 
“ We distinguish three categories of varieties. 

I. Individual variety, the following terms are employed by us : 

(1) ab. =aberratio for individuals which stand outside the normal 

range of variation. 

(2) #.=forma in the case of di- and polymorphism. If a form 
occurs rarely, it may be termed, f. ab., in contra- 
distinction to f. norm. 

Aprit 157TH, 1927 


50 THE KNLOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 


(3) @-f, or 3 -f., if the respective form belongs to one sex only. 

(4) f. loc.=forma alicuius loci, if, in the case of polymorphism, 
a form is restricted to one portion of the range of the 
respective variety or species. 

II. Generatory variety, this variety 1s seasonal in Lepidoptera and is 
designated as 

(5) f.t.=forma tempestatis. 

Ill. Geowraphical variety or subspecies.—This is the highest category of 
varieties. As the term varietas includes also other 
varieties, it cannot be employed as such for the geo- 
graphical variety except in a precise nomenclature; 
either a specifying attribute must be added (var. yeoyr.) 
or an abbreviation of another term chosen (subsp.). 
But we do not see that it is at all necessary to put 
any such abbreviation of a term before the subspecifie 
name. We can do without the encumbrance of the 
abbreviation—what we can do without is unnecessary ; 
and what is an unnecessary tn nomenclature, common- 
sense compels us to drop—by (the italics are mine 

(6) G.T.B.B.) simply mutually agreeing that a sub- 
species is designated by its name added to that of the 
species without any abbreviation before the subspecifie 
name. This means simplification of nomenclature, 
nothing else.” 

I know of no definition of this subject as concise and as compre- 
hensive as this, and the consensus of scientific opinion in this country 
and largely elsewhere also agrees with it. 

It is here we part company with Dr. Verity, the word race being 
generally accepted as synomymous with sub-species. 

Dr. Verity names any insect slightly different that has a large 
percentage of the slightly different form. Ina case of this kind 20% 
to 80% is a large percentage, but it is not a race at all, it 1s merely 
a common variety, and the same would apply to a 75% abundance, 
though in this latter case the variety would be rapidly approaching to 
the status of a subspecies. In our previous volume, p. 122, Dr. Verity 
says ‘‘ ]t is surprising how the geographical variation of coridon has 
been neglected: it produces a number of obviously different races, 
when sufficiently large series are compared to neutralise the confusion 
created by individual differences.” The italics are mine, but this sentence 
shows my friend’s idea of races and also his method of study—he 
admits great variation and then would eliminate that variation from 
his mind and apparently see only the variety he wants to name, and 
having eliminated the other varieties, he calls the variety a race so as 
to fit it in to his theory, and he goes on in the following pages to name 
no less than fifteen forms of coridon many on almost single and 
minute and variable differences calling them races. | have very 
carefully gone through his paper, with a very large series of coridon 
before me from very many localities and | have no hesitation in saying 
that if the locality labels were taken off it would be impossible to sort 
out those varieties correctly, in fact, without the labels 1 do not believe 
Dr. Verity himself could. It is this method that makes us cross 
swords with the learned doctor, he eliminates all that does not suit him, 
he tells us so as I have quoted, and then proceeds to give us what he 


SOME SWISS BUTTERFLIES. 51 


calls a ‘“‘ complete picture of geographical variation ” this picture how- 
ever, as he tells us, eliminates very much, if not most, of the picture’s 
real surroundings ; then he closes with saying, ‘‘ Those who do not 
wish to follow us in our exact analysis of Nature’s complexities can 
perfectly well ignore the more recent developments of Lepidopterology, 
but there seem to be plenty, who do not mind a few names more or 
less and are interested in our writings.’’ I would ask Dr. Verity to 
exactly analyse that phrase and see where it leaves him and me, not to 
say us. 

A few names more or less is not the only consideration by any 
means, for what we say is, that the exact analysis is not there, we are 
given only part of the true picture, according to the artist’s own 
admission, for a quarter, or half, or perhaps three quarters of the 
picture has been ‘‘ neutralised,’’ not by ‘confusion,’ but by elimina- 
tion, and if the artist and the student of phenomena would try and 
realise this, I think it might make a modification and would certainly 
be better for the science in which we are all fellow workers and each one 
endeavouring to take his own individual part. 

Referring to our good Secretary's note on the method of names 
“in comparison’ I think with him, that if one is giving a list of 
captures or a locality list, it is only necessary to say Arctia caja, but 
if one is comparing that species with its varieties it is then advisable 
to use Arctia caja caja so as to differentiate from Arctia caja baja, (an 
imaginary name) or caja nigra or whatever it might be, and here I 
would say there should be no hyphen or comma or anything between 
caja baja. IL notice in my note (ante p. 11) | am made to use 4. 
coridon-roystonensis. I did not put the hyphen there and it should not 
be there, though I should like to say here that I should have written 
it as coridon f£. roystonensis. 


Some Swiss Butterflies in 1925 and 1926. 
By T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N.. F.L.S., F.E.S., F.Z.S. 


When we concluded, at the beginning of 1925, to take a spell of 
leave after fifteen years continuous service in India, my wife and I 
decided that a stay in Switzerland was best calculated to secure a happy 
holiday, as the bracing air and climate of the Alps would restore health, 
which necessarily gets run down in the Tropics even under the best 
conditions, whilst the abundant insect fauna would provide both 
occupation and enjoyment. Neither of us had ever been to Switzerland 
before and, after reading up all the papers on the subject which we 
could find in the older volumes of the Hnt. Record and after looking 
over a large pile of pamphlets sent to us by the Swiss Federal Railways, 
each extolling a different resort as the best of all, we found considerable 
difficulty in choosing where we should go first. However, we decided 
to select first a place at a moderate elevation and then to go on to a 
real alpine locality later on, and Grimmialp and Arolla caught our 
fancy as fulfilling these requirements, and | may add here that we did 
not regret either choice. 

Grimmialp seems to be very little known entomologically, if not 
unexplored altogether. It is not included at all in the lists of localities 
given by Wheeler or by Vorbrodt, and we were told there that no 


52) THE KNLOMOLOGIST’S+ RECORD. 


entomologist had visited it: previously; yet it is easily accessible ands 
provided some interesting captures. It 1s reached from Spiez by-rail: 
to Oey, on the Spiez-Montreux railway, and from Oey a good road*up: 
Diemtigen valley takes one after about eight miles to Grimmialp, 
situated at just over 4,000 feet at the entrance of four valleys and sets 
in: pleasant surroundings of alpine meadows, forests. and peaksi 
Scattered over the lovely meadows, whose fresh greenness: and) wealth: 
of flowers wre a joy to the eyes, are a few wooden chalets built in thes 
picturesque style of the Bernese Oberland. On a great natural terrace,. 
the Schwendenegg, formed by an ancient moraine, stands the comfortable 
and commodious Hotel, from which access is easy to numerous good: 
collecting-places in the valleys of the Filderich to the South-Hast; of: 
the Grimmi (or Senggi) to the South-West, of the Alp to the North- . 
West, and of the Diemtigen to the North-East. The slopes. onsall: 
sides are crowned by thick forests of conifers whose dark green contrasts: 
admirably with the lighter tints of the meadows lower down. Peaces 
and beauty are the key-notes of the scenery in all directions. 

We reached Grimmialp on June 28rd 1925 and stayed until July: 
16th. The breaking up of a long spell of fine weather unfortunately 
coincided with our arrival, so that at first’ the weather was wet and 
cold, with fresh snow on the surrounding hills, but it improved by thes 
end of June and: we enjoyed: many glorious. days, exploring the 
surroundings and finding numerous collecting-places, one of the best» 
of those being at the foot of the flowery slopes on either bank of the: 
Filderich stream just above the wooden foot-bridge in the direction ofy 
Gsiir. 

We left on July 17th for Zirich to attend the Entomological, 
Congress, during which two trips were made to the Uetliberg (about: 
2700 feet), where the best collecting ground seemed to be in the vicinity. 
of the railway station just below the summit. Here Apatura iris was 
fairly common and Limenitis rivularis (camilla) was also taken. 

On July 27th we left Ziirich, vid Bern, the Loetschberg, Brigue 
and Sion, and arrived the same evening at Evoléne, at about 4,500 feet 
in the Val d’Herens. The next two days were gloriously fine and 
yielded many interesting captures: but July 80th and 31st were wet 
and cold and little could be done. lWvoléne has already been described 
by Tutt in the Mut. Record (Vol. XVI., p. 146) so that it is unnecessary: 
to. say much about it here; but from the brief glimpses which we had: 
of ‘it, it seems quite a good locality for collecting and would repay a+ 
longer visit. 

Luckily the morning of August 1st was fine and we set out for» 
Arolla, distant some eight miles and about 2,000 feet above Evoléne,) 
and only accessible by a mule-track above Les Haudéres. As we rode» 
up this track, numerous Parnassins apollo and ‘other butterflies were 
flying around, but Evoléne had already provided a good series of these» 
and so we were able to admire them without any ulterior designs oni: 
their liberty. Arolla was reached in about three hours and a. brief) 
hunt in the afternoon in the pine-woods around the. Grand. Hotel 
revealed a veritable garden of wild flowers. and: a. wealth of ‘insect: 
life, of which a large proportion possessed all the charm of novelty. 
We stayed at Arolla during the whole of August 1925 and had many 
perfect days with a nob: excessive proportion of wet and snow.on the 
ground on two occasions (August 2nd and 12th); the snow-fall, . 


“SOME SWISS BUTTERFLIES. 53 


»however, was followed by bright. days and it was curious to note 
butterflies flying actively in the bright sunshine over the snowy ground 
sand vegetation. Arolla has been so excellently described by Tutt (Mut. 
Rec. XVII. 1-6) that I eannot add much to his description. In fine 
weather it is an ideal place for a holiday, its only draw-baek being that 
it is cold when wet and rather inaccessible. .A few of the butterflies 
which Tutt mentions were not met with by me but on the other hand 
-I came across many which ‘he does not record. A notable absentee 
was Pieris callidiee, which Tutt. found commonly in the Hotel grounds, 
but-of which I saw:no trace; probably it was over earlier than usual. 

We left Arolla on. September Ist and went down to Montreux- 
Clarens, where we 'found very excellent accomodation at the Hotel 
Liliana, and stayed there until October 26th, 1925, returning there 
ragain from May 27th to July 17th a::d from September 8th to.17th, 1926. 
Montreux itself is not a very good collecting-ground for butterflies. 
‘but forms an admirable centre for collecting-trips in its vicinity, as 
there-are many electric trams and railways to localities near by and on 
the hills above it, and frequent and convenient train services to more 
‘distant places such as Martigny and Kelépens. ‘Jt may ‘be useful to 
refer here to-some of these. Blonay (about 2,000 feet) is easily reached 
-by the grey tram which starts from the Clarens Quay ; taking this tram 
to Fontanivent or Brent, one follows'the path to the right just before 
the bridge at Brent, crosses:the bed of a-small stream, where there are 
usually many Pararye maera:on ithe stones, and passes through a small 
-kitchen-garden above the ‘right bank; here one is at the foot of «a 
flowery slope, with-sunny aspect , with a footpath leading up the slope 
to Blonay. This slope, especially tbe foot of it, is quite'a good 
collecting ground. rom Blonay.a rack-railway runs to the top of Les 
Pleiades, about 4,500 feet, where Hrebta medusa and Coenonympha iphis 
occurred -commonly—the former, indeed, abundantly—at the end of 
June, 1926. Limenitis populi also occurs in the woods.a little below 
ithe summit, but I did not see it there myself. There are several 
‘stations and halts on the way up and one day | got out at Fayaux (about 
-8,000 feet) collected around there and walked down, ‘but, except for 
one Lycaena arion, did not obtain anything ‘which J did-not:get at Les 
‘Pleiades or at Blonay. Mont Pelerin is reached by a funicular railway 
from Vevey; we only visited it once, on September 22nd, 1925, when 
it was too late in:the season, butit did not look very promising. Les 
Avants (about 3,500 feet is reached by ithe Montreux:Oberland irailway 
from which one gets :a splendid view of Montreux and the Lake of 
Geneva as the electric train climbs the hillsides; we went there on 
June 12th and 21st, 1926, striking up the steep road towards the Jaman, 
and collected chiefly in a-small valley exposed to the sun and:gay with 
Nareissus and .Glove-flowers. Here, in.a very restricted area thickly 
overgrown with Polygonum and dock, Heodes (Chrysophanus).am phidamas 
was quite common, as ‘was also Pamplila palaemon, whilst the 
delightful little Adela rufimitrella was visiting flowers of Cardamine 
pratensis. 

Caux (about:8,000 feet) ison the raeck-work railway to the Rochers 
de Nay (about 7,000 fest), which we also visited on October 7th 1925,; 
but :there had: been snow and !frost and all the local butterflies seemed 
to be quite over, the only species seen being Aglats urticae, Colias 
eroceus and ‘QC. ‘hyale, which had doubtless flown up from lower down. 


54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S REOORD. 


We visited Caux on June 29th, 1926 and went up the road, above Caux 
towards Jaman, to a height of about 4,000 feet. The fields were full 
of flowers and hawthorn was still in bloom in shady corners and red 
horse-chestnuts still in flower. There were, however, comparatively 
few butterflies about, although Erebia medusa was common and in fair 
condition and a few Coenanympha iphis were met with. 

Returning to the immediate neighbourhood of Montreux, the slobies 
above the Clarens gas-works produced a few local butterfiies, including 
the only specimen seen of Muchloé simplonia f. flavidior. The woods 
above Chillon are also a locality for Limenitis sibilla, Pararge achine, 
Coenonympha arcania and Erebia ligea. P. achine flies rather sluggishly 
in the woods, rather like A. hyperantus, often settling high up in trees, 
and there are more about than are seen on the wing, (. arcania seems 
to prefer woods to fields, looking on the wing not unlike a Theclid, and 
settling on leaves. 

Villeneuve is easily reached from Montreux by the tram. <A road 
towards Bouveret leads across an area of marshy ground where in June 
Melitaea aurelia, M.dictynna and Brenthis (Argynnis) inooccur commonly. 
On June 20th, 1926, two M. dictynna were seen feeding on a slug which 
had been squashed on the road. Another road leads from the railway 
station up the hill between vineyards and takes one into the Tiniére 
Valley, which is also a good collecting ground. 

Martigny is reached by an hour’s run in the train from Moutitic 
and is a famous hunting-ground. Passing through the town north- 
wards, a path leads through the hay-fields at the foot of the cliffs 
towards Vernayaz; it is not at first sight a very promising collecting- 
ground but many butterflies are to be found here; amongst others taken 
I may here specify Papilio podalirius, P. machaon, Pieris manni, 
Euvanessa antiopa, Melitaea didyma, M. berisali, M. cinwia, M. dictynna, 
Argynnis daphne, Erebia stygne, EF. evias, Chrysophanus alciphron ssp. 
gordius, C. phlaeas, Polyommatus thersites, Glaucopsyche cyllarus and 
Lycaenopsis aryiolus. A drawback to this locality is the strong wind 
which often blows up the Rhone Valley, but one can usually find 
sheltered corners. A path from the main road leads up to the Batiaz 
Tower, originally an old Roman outwork, and on the hill at the foot of 
the Tower Satyrus alcyone and S. statilinus occur commonly, only a 
few odd specimens being noticed elsewhere. 

St. Maurice is in the Rhone Valley a little nearer Montreux than 
is Martigny. We only went there once, on September 10th 1925, 
rather late in the season, and it was not a very good day, with a strong 
wind, but | took Melituea athalia, Ruralis betulae and a few other 
butterflies. 

KEclépens has become a regular Mecca for Lepidopterists although 
it is not mentioned in Wheeler’s book. It is near Cossonaye and is 
easily accessible from Montreux by a through train leaving about 10 
a.m. and arriving about 11.80, but from Lausanne there is a more 
convenient train leaving about 8 a.m. LEclépens also at first sight is 
not a very promising ground. It is a rather flat valley bordered to 
east and west by low hills, covered with mixed forest, whilst to the 
west of the railway station is a succession of flat marshy fields, which 
are said to form an excellent locality for ‘‘ Blues”’ and ‘“ Coppers.” 
Alongside the station is a quarry, where Satyrus briseis has been taken. 
The woods are the haunt of Apatura iris, A. ilia, Limenitis populi, L. 


SOME SWISS BUTTERFLIES. 55 


sibilla, Argynnis paphia and other wood-loving butterflies. The main 
industry of Kclépens seems to be centred in the tileworks and to the 
east of the station, just at the foot of the wooded hill, is a large pit 
from which is dug the clay used for tile-making ; it is to these pits that 
the Emperors are attracted and here they may be caught without much 
difficulty. I visited Kelépens on four occasions (June 22nd, July Ist, 
12th, and 14th, 1926) but the Apaturas were late in appearing and 
were not found before July 12th, although in 1925 they were said to 
have appeared on June 21st. A cold, wet May and June in 1926 
retarded all the summer emergences although, curiously enough, it 
did not seem to effect L. populi, which was already worn by 22nd June. 
Another place which was worth visiting was a small lane running along 
the north side of the marshy area to the west of the station; along 
this lane were growing many plants of Sambucus ebulus, in full flower 
on July 12th and 14th and extraordinarily attractive to butterflies, 
especially Thecla w-album, 7’, ilicis, 1’. acaciae race nostras and a fine 
local form (saleviana) of Coenonympha arcania. Yet another locality 
which should not be missed is the wooded ridge at the western end of 
the marsh ; here, in a very limited area, I came across Parnassius 
apollo f. nivatus, a very fine, large and white Jura form; here also 
Apatura tris and A. ilia occur commonly and, as the trees are small, 
can often be found within reach as they rest on them. A trip to 
Hclépens should certainly not be omitted from the itinerary of any 
lepidopterist visiting this part of Switzerland in July. 

Bérisal is situated at an elevation of 5,000 feet, in a loop of the 
Simplon Road, on the North slope and almost on top of the Brigue- 
Iselle Tunnel, and consists simply of the Hotel and its outbuildings, 
part being the third of the old Refuges which were provided for way- 
farers on the completion of the road over the Simplon Pass. Of these 
Refuges, the First was destroyed by fire and never re-built ; the Second, 
about three miles below Bérisal, and the Fifth, at about 6,300 feet, a 
little way below the Kaltwasser Gallery, are frequently referred to in 
Wheeler’s Butterflies of Switzerland; the Fourth is at Sothwald and 
the Sixth, almost completely carried away by an avalanche some thirty 
years ago, is at the Kulm a short distance before the Kulm Hotel. 
Bérisal is pleasantly situated amongst woods of mixed conifers, birch, 
sallow, alder, etc., and hay-fields which form a blaze of flowers until 
Aneust ; nestling on the slopes of flowery meadows bordered with forest 
against a background of snow-capped peaks, whilst the air is filled 
with a constant murmur of water-falls, its surroundings are truly a joy 
to the eye of all lovers of Nature, leaving an irresistible impression of 
restful loveliness, whilst the bracing air corrects any dolce far niente 
tendency. Down the Simplon Road, some 400 feet below the Hotel, 
is the Ganter Bridge, below which the road runs fairly flatly down to 
the Second Refuge. This stretch of narrow road, edged with steep 
slopes above and below, dusty and unattractive as it seems, forms a 
very prolific collecting-ground, and many butterflies, found here, do 
not occur above the Ganter Bridge. Above the Bridge eastwards runs 
the Ganter-tal, best reached from the Hotel by the lower of the two 
paths through the woods, and this valley, with its hay-fields and open 
spaces and permanent masses of snow in the bed of the Ganter stream, 
is also a good collecting-ground. The Simplon Road above Beérisal is 
not so productive but a walk up it for about three miles, to the nine- 


a 


56 THE ENLOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


teenth kilometre, brings one to the verge of the Kulm ground whieh 
produces many alpine species found (if at all) less commonly below 
6,000 feet. Bérisal is thus well situated for collecting, not only in its 
immediate vicinity, but at lower and higher altitudes. It is easily 
reached from Brigue, from which it is distant 18 kilometres (8 miles) 
by a Post Motor-coach leaving Brigue daily at 7 a.m.; on Saturdays 
in July and August there is an additional coach leaving Brigue about 
4.80 p.m. Itis very necessary to book seats in these coaches well 
beforehand, The above details, well-known to all who have visited 
Bérisal already, may perhaps be of use to those who have not been 
there; certainly we found it difficult to procure any information about 
Bérisal and how to get there from the Tourist Offices and Information 
Bureau in Montreux. 

We reached Bérisal on the evening of July 17th, 1926, with the 
intention of staying there for a month, but we found the place so 
attractive that we prolonged our stay until September 7th. Except 
for a dull spell—with, however, little rain—at the beginning of August, 
we enjoyed very fine weather and from August 12th until the end of 
our stay we had a constant succession of brilliantly fine days. June 
had been wet and cold and so the season was at least three weeks late 
in July, but fine weather in August tended to even things, so that by 
the beginning of September the season was probably about normal. 
July seems to be the accepted collecting-month for Bérisal and all the 
other nets had departed by the beginning of August. In an early or 
normal year August may be too late for many of the local species but 
in 1926 certainly August proved to be an excellent month for butter- 
flies, and I imagine that there are many worse collecting-grounds than 
Bérisal even in a normal August or September. 

Simplon Kulm (5,500 feet) is easily reached from Bérisal by the 
road (9 kilometres; 54 miles). Time and energy are saved by taking 
the morning cceach which leaves Bérisal at 8 a.m. and gets to the Kulm 
about 8.80. The Kulm is an open stretch of rolling hillside, elothed 
with grass and flowers and low bushes of Rhododendron ferrugimenm 
and overlooked by the snowy masses of the Kaltwasser Glacier and 
Monte Leone to the east and of the Fletschorn and other mountains to 
the west, whilst to the south rise rocky slopes and on the north one 
has a splendid panorama of the snow-clad peaks of the Bernese Alps. 
The open ground, on the hillside above the Kulm Hotel, especially in 
the numerous sheltered hollows and sun-bathed slopes, is carpetted 
with flowers and alive with butterflies. So numerous are these, indeed, 
that it often proves difficult to follow the flight of one individual and, 
on attempting to cateh a single example, one often finds five or six 
other butterflies in the net. Working from Beérisal, a good day’s pro- 
gramme is|to take the morning coach to the Kulm, strike uphill above 
the Hotel and to collect on the flowery slopes, working upwards to the 
stony slopes, alongside the patches of snow, where Krebia lappona 
occurs. On the flowery slopes Colias phicomone occurs in almost 
incredible numbers, whilst ©. palaeno is less common and mueh 
swifter on the wing. Frebia tyndarus, Melitaea varia and Brenthis 
pales are also very abundant, Lycaena glandon (orbitulus) is abundant, 
whilst L. optilete occurs in lesser numbers, and Hesperia cacaliae is 
common, especially along the banks of streams. Most of the forenoon 
can be devoted very profitably to these slopes above the Kulm Hotel ; 


A-STUDY OF CHINESE PYRALIDAE. ‘57 


then, walking down the road to the lower end of the Kaltwasser 
Gallery, one finds just above the road. some sunny slopes, starred with 
asters and other alpine flowers, which repay working. Here occur 
‘Parnassius delius, Lycaena alcon and a few other butterflies which do 
not seem to reach the slopes above the Kulm itself, whilst along the 
roadside at the foot of these slopes Polyommatis eros is fairly common. 
By this time, one’s boxes are generally overflowing but the walk down 
the road to the nineteenth kilometre will soon fill any vacant space. 
Along this stretch of road, on a hot afternoon, all wet patches by the 
roadside are extraordinarily attractive to Krebias and “ Blues,” a small 
patch the size of a plate often holding a dozen or a-score of butterflies, 
of half a dozen different species, all greedily imbibing the grateful 
moisture, whilst Hrebia ewryale basks in hundreds on the roadside rocks 
exposed to the afternoon sunshine. 

Simplon Dorf is a small village at about 5000 feet elevation on the 
southern slope of the Simplon Pass, and can be reached from Bérisal 
by the morning coaeh, (I only went there once, on July 22nd, 1925 in 
company with Commander Stanhope Forbes, when we struck along a 
rough path up the hillside above the village and worked towards the 
entrance of the Laquintal, but this hillside did not prove very produc- 
tive of butterflies, far less so than Bérisal at the same elevation on the 
North slope. A few Hrebia ceto occurred in one limited area and | took 
one fresh and nicely-marked female of Chrysophanus hippothoé f. 
euridice. 

I cannot hope that the above notes will be of much interest to those 
numerous collectors who know Switzerland but possibly they may be 
of use to those who—as in our own case on our arrival there— have 
not yet experienced the joys of seeing an extensive butterfly fauna 
under new skies and amongst lovely surroundings. My list of captures, 
I see, includes 140 species out of 200 found in Switzerland, and these 
I have arranged in the order used in Die Schmetterlinge der Schweiz, 
by Vorbrodt and Miler-Riitz (Bern: Vol. I.,.1911; Vol. Il, 1914), a 
beok which seems to’ be remarkably unknown to British collectors, 
although it is the latest complete work on the loval Lepidoptera and 
forms a most useful revision of Wheeler’s Butterflies of Switzerland, 
now, I believe, cut of print. ‘In using Die Schmetterlinge veference 
should be made to the numerous corrections and additions issued in 
the Mitteilungen of the Schweiz Entom. Gesellschaft. 

I am indebted to'‘Mr. B.'C.-S. Warren for very kindly identifying 
my Hesperiinae. 

(To be continued.) 


A»Study of Chinese Pyralidae and its Bearing on our Knowledge 
of Geographical Distribution. 


By L. B. PROUT, F.E.S., and G. TALBOT, F.E.S. 


Ueber Chinas ‘Pyraliden, Tortriciden, Tineiden. Nebst Kurze 
Betrachtungen, Zu'Denen Das Studium Dieser Fauna Veranlassung 
Gibt. By Aristide Caradja. Academia Romana Mem. Sect. Stiint. 
Ser. iii, Tom. iii, Mem. 7, Bucarest. 1926. 

Monsieur Caradja gives us, in this memoir, the results of his study 


58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


of the large collection of Pyralidae, Tortricidae and Tineidae, made by 
Hoene in various parts of China from the year 1917 to 1928. The 
first part of the memoir is occupied with a discussion of the bio- 
geographical aspects. ‘The second part is devoted to a systematic 
catalogue of the species composing the collection. 

Part 1 occupies 86 pages and constitutes an interesting and 
illuminating philosophical account of adaptation and general distribu- 
tion problems. The author considers (p. 8) each separate and local fauna 
fO possess its own peculiar factors operating to produce changes in the 
organism. He considers that apart from such factors as climate, light, 
electricity, nutrition etc., there exists something else unknown, a certain 
yenius loci, which operates considerably in causing the changes under- 
gone by the organism. We may be permitted to point out that this 
specific “ Kinwirkung ”’ would emerge from the interaction of the 
various factors which are proved to exist. After speaking of the 
struggle for existence of species he remarks that :—‘‘ Its individual life 
asserts itself to-day more in maintaining the position already attained, 
than in throwing out or producing exceptional forms. This struggle 
and this susceptibility must be recognised as most strongly operative on 
the fringes of two adjacent faunas. Here the species have to develop 
all their latent powers to retain their outposts, which can only be 
achieved through complete adaptation to their environment.” 

We do not see why variations should be suppressed by the intensifica- 
tion occasioned by a foreign influx on these fringes. We conclude that 
the struggle for existence is keenest on the fringes of a faunistic area, 
although there may not be a fauna to oppose it. There remain 
still the factors of flora and climate, soil and elevation, which will 
conduce to a similar struggle on the part of those organisms which may 
endeavour to extend their range. It does not follow that all species 
will not be at home in a new country. 

He admits that his material may be too limited to draw conclusions 
but would reply that ‘‘ Nature is as far as wecan perceive an indivisible 
harmonious whole. [rom whatever point of view we approach it, we 
have it before us in all its magmificance and grandeur,’ One may 
conclude therefore that any single group of animals in China would 
bear the stamp of its geographical environment. But this still implies 
all the individuals of the group and in case of Pyrales he has but a 
fraction of the whole. 

He remarks (p.13), in speaking of faunistic boundaries that there is 
an absolutely sharp limit of the Palaearctic fauna southwards and 
westwards. The heights of Mokan Shan which run south-west from 
the low-lands have already a purely sub-tropical fauna with quite an 
astonishingly little admixture of Palaearctic forms. Without large 
material from this area it is difficult to know which of the two faunas 
is actually dominant. ‘There are no lists of forms found in each place 
by which one can judge the value of certain conclusions drawn in a 
general way. 

He remarks that ‘an already settled specialised fauna is very 
resistant to the influx of foreign elements.’ We do not think that it 
is the author’s meaning that the creatures themselves are responsible 
for this resistance, but we must suppose that the ensemble of the con- 
ditions produces the resistance. 

‘The author explains at some length his theory of a land connection 


NOMENCLATURE. ERRORS I. 59 


between Burma (Cape Neerais) and Java by way of the Andamans, 
and emphasises the distinction between the faunas of Burma and the 
Malay Peninsula, He suggests that at some time the peninsula was 
not joined to Burma. 

The second part gives a list of 726 forms of which 825 are newly 
recorded for the Chinese fauna, 206 are endemic, and 91 are described 
as new to science. The distribution of each form is given, The 
number of specimens received is not stated, so that we do not know 
whether sufficient material was available on which to found races. 
The great help in identification given by Mr. W. H. T. Tams is 
acknowledged and Mr. Tams’ remarks are frequently introduced showing 
that he (Tams) was not always certain about the identification. In 
most of these cases the author has made new species or races, 

Two photographic plates illustrate 74 of the new forms. Some of 
these specimens appear to be worn and are impossible to recognise by 
the figure. It is a pity that dissections were not made of many of 
these obscure forms. 

It appears to us very doubtful if the wide generalisations made by 
the author can be founded on a collection of Pyralidae and T'ineidae. 
Very little comparatively is really known about these groups and many 
of their genera are in doubt. More important still, these groups are 
little-known faunistically, and therefore so is their distribution. It is 
doubtful whether a species from Japan is identical with a similar form 
from the Bismarck Is. or from Africa. What are we to say when a 
trained systematist like Sir G. Hampson included several species and 
genera in a single series under one specific name! Yet dissection has 
shown this to be the case. Therefore it seems to us unsafe to draw 
conclusions from such groups of insects. We suggest that the family 
of the Sphingidae would provide much safer material on which to base 
theories of geological and biological changes, and of distribution. 

Apart from these considerations, Mons. Caradja’s memoir provides 
food for thought and will be of assistance to future investigation on 
the origin of faunistic areas and the communities which compose them. 
The problems are difficult, and as Mons. Caradja shows, are bound up 
inseparably with geological and physiographical phenomena. 


Nomenclature. Errors I. 


Owing to various causes the specific names of our British Butter- 
flies and Moths are often mis-spelled. Perhaps the most universally 
used of British Catalogues has, been that of R. South based on 
Staudinger’s 1871 Catalog Kd. I1., and published under the auspices of 
our contemporary the Hutomologist in 1884. South’s Catalogue was a 
vast improvement on all lists published previously and not only 
brought British nomenclature up to date, but assimilated the names 
used in Britain with those in use generally throughout Europe. In 
the 40 years, which have elapsed since the issue of the list, much 
nomenclatorial and systematic work has been done. It has been shewn 
that many names used then are really new ones and the prior names 
have since been reintroduced by some authors. The prior spelling has 
been altered in some cases by printer’s errors, in other by errors in 
copying, often by adoption without consultation of the original author’s 
work, and often, we fear, by some reviser obsessed by an idea of the 


ot 


60 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


paramount importance of his knowledge of, Latin, and love. for, putting 
something right,.and afraid of offending the.eye of .some :non-ento- 
mological friend: erudite in classics. 

It is proposed, from time to time to note those names, which have 
suffered from) these various causes, and to quote the correct spelling 
‘from the original description of the species; at the. same time the 
correct, prior name will, be given, where the name used is not the 
original. 

For the uninitiated, it might, be pointed out here, that one of the 
great causes of the alteration of our names .was the change, which 
arose in the “sixties” of basing the Linnaean binomial system of 
nomenclature from the 10th edition ofthe Systema Naturae, 1758, 
instead of on the 12th, 1767, which had hithe:to been done. This 
necessitated, numerous changes in the names if the prior name was to 
stand. Some of these were pointed ont by W. F. Kirby in -his 
Synonymic Catalogue of 1871, but little notice was taken of his corree- 
tions until recently owing to the too-ultra conservative .tendencies of 
our modern authorities. 

edusa.—This was the:name used by Fabricius in his Mantissa 11. 
1787. It had been described. by Fourcroy, /ntomologia parisiensis, LI. 
1785, under the name croceus, which therefore must replaceit. ‘This 
was pointed out, by Kirby, Syn. Cat.,.1871, buteven Staudinger, strange 
to-say, ignored this correction, which is only now coming into use. 
(Immediately it was recognised that croceus was undoubtedly the old 
yname, some of those obsessed with .their classical learning wanted to 
alter it again, tor-crocea ! !]. 

sibylla.—This was described .by LLinneus in Sys. Nat., XII. -ed., 
1767, as:sibilla, which therefore.is the correct spelling. Staudinger, 
Cat., 1907, quotes sibylla with r, i.e, ‘“ rectified.” .But when a .name 
is once given it should not .be tampered with .or we ‘shall leave the 
nomenclature worse than before. [An .extraordinary .example of 
‘‘ rectification,’ so called, oceurs with the Noetuid Apamea nickerlii of 
Freyer, in Lep. Phalaenae. of the B,M., where.it-is spelled niecerli! ! and 
thus its patronymic origin from Nickerl the Bobemian-entomologist is 
completely effaced. -Another-exaimple of classical.super-obsession. | 

polychlorus.—This spelling one often meets with in M.S. and 
occasionally in print. It was spelt polychloros by Linnaeus, Sys. Nat., 
X. ed., 1758. 


«)URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


We have received during ‘the past year three parts of a,work on tbe 
pests of Russia (U.S.S,R.). No. 1 deals with the subject generally 
and.is termed Introduction, No.:2 treats of the Locust; .and No. 8 the 
Rodents. The articles:are mainly.in Russian, but there is assummary 
to.each in English. The text is well.illustrated with ‘black .and \white 
‘diagrams, tables, maps.and figures, and shows that much -solid, eon- 
tinuous, and useful.scientific work is-being earried.on. Among thelist 
of authors.and workers we note some well-known names, J. N.Filipjey, 
A. K. Mordvilko, V..°. Beldyrev, ete. The short summaries-show that 
economic work is being done very \thoroughly; the whole country is 
mapped out into administrative and experimental areas. 

The Ent. Tidskrift (Sweden) for the past year consists of about 260: 


REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 61 


pages with numerous’plates and figures. The matter is varied and 
contains among other articles, P. benanderon some Argyroploce species 
(Tort:), K. Anderon the larva of Pyrrhia ((‘hariclea) umbra, N. A. 
Kemner on the larvae of Staphylinidae, T. D. Alfken on a few Swedish 
bees, C. Aurivillius an obituary of J. Meves, and a very interesting and 
important article on pupal structures with many figures by D. Ljung- 
dahl. There seem to be many good workers in the Sve. ent a Stockholin 
by whom the Tidskrift is published. 

The Zool.-Botan. Gesellschaft in Wien have just brought out their 
Vorhandlungen for 1926, in which year they celebrated their 75th anni- 
versary under the Presidency of Dr. Anton’ Handlirsch the well known 
worker in the study of fossil insects. At the Annual Meeting Prof. R. 
Wettstem gave an interesting account of the’ Progress of Biology 
during the past 75 years. The Report contains a long paper on the 
Lepidoptera of Corsica, Herr Reisser dealing with the Macro-lepidoptera 
and Herr Kauty with the Micro-lepidoptera, and a shorter but’ well’ 
illustrated paper on the Biology of Lestes viridis (Odon.). 

The Jnsecten Borse, published by Messrs. Kernen at Frankfort-a- 
Main, now mothers the Hint. Zeit., the Soc. Hut. and the nt. Rund., so 
that a subscription to the weekly /ns. Borse includes the above three 
magazines alternately. The Hut. Zeit. is now octavo size, while the 
others retain their original large quarto. The /ns.- bérse contains little 
or nothing beyond advertisement, while the three magazines have 
none. 


FIREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 


British Bark-Breties, by Dr. J. W. Munro, Forestry Commission 
Bulletin; No. 8; 1926. 32-Text Figures. 10 Plates. pp. 57.—This 
work is divided into four Chapters and two Appendices as follows :— 

OHAPTER I. Generat Biorogy: Introductory; Bark-beetles 
proper; Ambrosia’ Beetles ; Life-history; Host-plants; Distribution ; 
Comparison of British and Continental Bark-beetles ; Fauna; Natural 
Enemies. 

OCHAPTER II. Importance iw Forestry: General ; Losses caused 
by Bark-beetles ; Prevention and Control of Bark-beetle Outbreaks. 

CHAPTER ‘III. Srructure anp Crasstrication: Structural and 
Morphological Characters; Classification and Identification. 

CHAPTER IV. Brier Account’ of GENERA AND SPECIES : 
Family Platypodidae;’ Family Scolytidae; Sub-family Scolytinae ; 
Sub-family Hylesininae; Sub-family Ipinae. 

APPENDIX I. List or Britis Bark-BEETLES ARRANGED ACCORD* 
Ine To Host’ Puants. 


APPENDIX II. Brerrocrapay: 


This paper is, on the whole, a very good production, being both 
conscientious and painstaking, and a worthy addition to our Coleop- 
terous literature. ‘The drawings and plates areexcellent. The account 
of the lifé-histories, the anatomy, both external and internal; and the 
tables to separate the genera and species, are most helpful. There are 
a few points which appear to require criticism, though ‘some of them 
are, perhaps, of minor importance. The chief defect, however, which 
to the mind of this reviewer isa serious one, is that no mention’ is 
made of so many of ‘the beetiés parasitic on Bark-beetles. It is true 


62 THK KNLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


they may be listed in Kleine’s paper cited by the author, but in a pub- 
lication of this kind which is chiefly written from the point of view of 
the effect of these insects on Forestry, it would be much more suitable 
that individual mention should be made of the known parasites of the 
different species. These we propose to enumerate briefly later; but 
first it might be as well to refer to one or two points which require 
modifying, ete. 

Ambrosia Beetles (p. 10). A very complete account of these beetles 
is given by Wheeler in 1907 and should be mentioned in any paper 
referring to them. 

The sentence (p. 16)—‘‘ The Cleridae are represented in Britain by 
two species, the Ant beetle, Clerus (Thanasimus) formicarius, L., and 
the rarer Clerus ru/ipes, Brahms ’’—is rather ambiguous. If this means 
that there are only two Clerids in Britain it is, of course, inaccurate. 
If, however, it only means that these are the only two which are para- 
sitie on bark-heetles it is probably correct, and our other Clerids (for 
example Tillus elonyatus parasitic on Ptilinus pectinicornis, T’. unifascia- 
tus parasitic on Lyctus brunneus, Corynetes coeruleus parasitic on Anobiwm 
domesticum) are not known to prey on bark-beetles. | should not, 
however, care to say they never do and never would do so. The state- 
ment that the two species of Clerus ‘‘ appear to be confined to coni- 
ferous woods ”’ is not the case (though a common error), at any rate, 
for C. formicarius. I took it in the borings of Agrilus biguttatus in 
oak bark, in an oak and beech wood, in Sherwood Forest, July 12th, 
1908 ; and in the borings.of Dryocoetes villosus in oak bark, in a wood 
chiefly oak and beech, in Windsor Forest on May 26th, 1926. In both 
cases no conifers occurred. 

With regard to the Hymenopterous enemies of the bark-beetles 
(p. 17) reference should be made to two papers by E. A. Elliott and 
Claude Morley (1907 and 1911). 

Scolytus rugulosus, Ratz. (p. 46) Laurel (Laurus nobilis) and 
Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) may be added to the host plants of this 
little species. On December 15th, 1900, 1 dug it out of dead stems of 
laurel at Reigate, where Dr. Chapman had previously found it; and 
on June 12th, 1907, it was not uncommon in Blackthorn twigs in 
Epping Forest. I have also beaten it off birch (at Leighton Buzzard on 
June 10th, 1906), but the fact does not prove that it was breeding in 
the tree. 

Hylostes cunicularius, Er, (p. 56). I should rather describe this 
species as—with a widely scattered distribution in Britain, than 
“widely distributed’? which might mean a continuous one. Also I 
regard it as a decidedly rare species. 

Hylastes angustatus, Hbst., and H. attenvatus, Er. (p. 57): I regard 
these two beetles as quite distinct species. I captured the former in 
Scots pine sea-breakers, at Bournemouth, on December 20th, 1897; 
and the specimens did not vary in any way. My specimens of H. 
attenuatus differ from the insects just mentioned in every particular as 
given by the late Dr. Sharp ( who introduced the species to our list in 
1920), Munro, Reitter, ete. It has undoubtedly spread of late years 
and | took a specimen in the bathroom of my house at Putney on 
May 15th, 1921; in August, 1923, I found it in abundance in Scots 
pine trunks at Padworth, in Berks; and in August and September, 
1926, it occurred in numbers in a Scots pine stump in Windsor Forest. 

Trypodendron quercus, Kich. (p. 60). I should not have thought that 


REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 63 


any experienced Coleopterist would mistake this species for 7’. domes- 
ticum, even in the field; and I personally regard it asa rarespecies, I 
have found 7. domesticum in many localities (on the last occasion in 
Windsor Forest, in beech on March 11th, 1926) ; but I have only once 
taken 7’. quercus, on April 16th, 1907, at Porlock, Somerset, when 
my friend Sir Thomas Beare and I dug a series, with great difficulty, out 
of very hard oak logs. We at once recognised that it was not 1’. 
domesticum. Apart from the differences in the club of the antennae 
(so ably figured by Munro), etc., 7. quercus is more robust, and is never 
so hight in colour as 7’. domesticum. 

Trypodendron lineatum, Ol. (p. 60), is said to be widely distributed in 
Britain. Personally, I only know of records from Scotland, Cumber- 
land, and Durham ; and have only taken it at Rannoch. Of course I 
may have missed other records, as my time has been so taken up with 
my ant work of late years. 

Dryocoetes alni, Georg. (p. 71) is said to have only been recorded 
“from the vicinity of Birmingham and Manchester and in Surrey.” 
This species was ‘‘ found in profusion by Mr. Perrins in an alder grove 
near Kidderminster; in a plantation of about an acre scarcely a tree 
was to be found which was not, or had not been, attacked.’’—Ashe 
(1922). Perrins very kindly took Beare and the writer to the locality 
near Kidderminster in 1921, and we found the species was present in 
abundance. 

Dryocoetes autographus, Ratz. (p. 71). The only English records 
are said to be from Northumberland and Yorkshire. Bagnall (1910) 
recorded it from Gibside and Westgate-in-Weardale, Durham. See 
also Fowler and Donisthorpe (1913). 

Some Coleopterous parasites on British Bark-Beetles not mentioned 
in Dr. Munro’s paper. 

Colydium elongatum, F. ‘This rare species, which is confined to the: 
New Forest in Britain is, according to Fowler, parasitic on Platypus 
cylindrus, F. It is not however solely a parasite of Platypus, as I have 
taken it in the burrows of Melasis buprestoides, L., and Scolytus 
intricatus, Ratz., and Bouskell took it with Dryocoetes villosus, F. 

Teredus nitidus, F., has only been found, with us, in Sherwood and 
Windsor Forests. According to Blatch, who rediscovered it at 
Sherwood in 1884, it is associated with Dryocoetes villosus. At 
Windsor, where I (1926) have taken 18 specimens of this scarce 
beetle, [ did not find it with Dryocoetes, but the trees where it occurred 
harboured Xestobium tessellatum, F., and Anobium domesticum, Fourc. On 
one occasion I took it in the burrows of the longicorn, Callidium 
variabile, L. 

Aulonium trisuleum, Geof. This fine species is parasitic on Scolytus 
destructor, Ol,, and S. multistriatus, Marsh. It was first discovered by 
Pool (1904) in Britain, who took it in the burrows of these beetles at 
Enfield, Edmonton, and Winchmore Hill. On August 12th, 1926, I 
took it in the burrows of Scolytus destructor in Windsor Park. This is 
the first time it has been found anywhere else besides Pool’s localities 
in Britain ; but it is not surprising considering the presence of the two 
great avenues of elms at Windsor, 

Aulonium ruficorne, Ol., is parasitic on [ps laricis, F., and was first 
taken in Britain in the borings of that bark-beetle by Beare, Crystal, 
and the writer in Dean Forest, on August 8rd, 1922. 

Nemosoma elongatum, L., is parasitic on Pteleobius vittatus, F. It 


64 THK KNLOMOLOGIST’S  RIENGORD. 


is a very rare and local beetle, but sometimes occurs in numbers when 
found. J. Collins (1923) discovered it at Water Eaton near Oxford in 
elm rails tenanted by P. vittatus. He kindly took me to this spot on> 
September 8rd, 1913, when the beetle was present in numbers. 

Laemophloeus ater, Ol., is parasitic on Phloeophthorus rhododactylus, 
Marsh, and may be found in numbers in the burrows of that insect in 
gorse ‘and broom. It is very local and rare. I once found it in 
numbers in dead broom stems in company with its host at Mildenhall, 
on May 17th, 1920. 

Laemophloeus clematidis, Kr., is a parasite on Xylocleptes bispinus, 
Duft., but is very rare in Britain I only, know of four localities— 
Gravesend, Dartford, Henley and Higham. I have never taken it, 
though I have found its host in numbers, at Boxhill, ete., and especially, 
at Bristol. 

Hypophloeus bicolor, Ol. T have little doubt, though I am not 
aware if it has been published before, that this beetle is a parasite on 
Seolytus destructor and S. mudltistriatus, I took it in company with 
Ailonium trisulcum in burrows of S. destructor at Windsor, and Pool 
took it with the same three beetles at Enfield. Itisa iaeal and, more 
or less, rare beetle. I have also taken it in Scolytus burrows in elm 
bark in Richmond Park, ete. 

Hypophloeus fravini, WKug., is parasitic on Ips seadentatus, Born. 
Over a dozen specimens were taken by Beare, Crystal and the writer, 
in the burrows of 7’. sewdentatus in large felled Scots pine in Dean 
Forest on August 3rd, 1922. 


PUBLICATIONS REFERRED TO. 

Ashe, G. H. ‘‘ Coleoptera in Worcestershire in 1921. Hint. Mow 
May. 58 108 (1922). 

Bagnall, R. 5. ‘Note on the occurrence of Dryocaetes antographus, 
Ratz., in the county of Durham.” = Fint. Record 22 262)(1910). 

Beare, Sir T. Hudson, and Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K.  “ Andoninm’ 
ruficorne,; Ol., and Hypophloius fravini, Kug., two species of 
Coleoptera new to the British List.” Ant. Mo. May. 58.193 
(1922). 

Blatch, W.G. “ Veredus nitidus, F., Rhynolus gracilis, Rosen., ete., 
in Sherwood Forest.” Mut. Mo. Mag. 24 86 (1884) ! 

Collins, J. ‘* Nemosoma elongatum, L., in the Oxford District.” Hnty 
Mo. Mag. 49 229 (1918). 

Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. “A few Notes on some Windsor Beetles.” 
Ent. Mo, Mag., 62.268-65 (1926). 

Elliott ,H. A., and Morley, Claude. ‘*On the Hymenopterous> 
Parasites of Coleoptera.” Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond. 1907 7-75, 
and Supplement l.c. 1911 452-96. 

Fowler, W. W., and Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. The Coleoptera of the 
British Islands. 6 (Supplement) 1918. 

Pool, C. J.C. “ Aulonium suleatum, Oliv. (trisulewmn, Poure.), a species 
of Colydiid Coleoptera new to Great Britain.”  Hnt. Record 16 
310 (1904). 

Sharp, D. “ Hylastes attenuatus, Kr., a British Insect.” Knt. Mo: 
May. 56 205 (1920). 

Wheeler, WV. M. ‘The Fungus-Growing Ants of North» Ameriea ”’ 
(Pt. 2 ‘*The Ambrosia Beetles” p. 786, Plt. 53) Bull. Amer: 
Mus. N.H. 28 669-807 (1907).— 

Horace DonistHorPE (FYZ.8., F.E.8:) 


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CONTENTS 


“PAGE, 


Dr. Verity and Nomenclature, G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.E.S. on 49 
Some Swiss Butterflies in 1925 and 1926, 7. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, R.N., F.L.S., 

F.Z.S., F.E.S... rk bt ule ay ee M We a ws 51 
A Study of Chinese Pyralidae, etc., and Geographical Distribution, L. B. Prout, 

F.E.S., and W. H. T. Tams .. aly ce Rie Ly Bs Si és 57 
Nomenclature. HrrorsI., Hy.J.T. .. un ae a BY se ow 59 | 
Current Notes “ih te ie MF ste nk oe i BG aa 60 | 
Revigws.—‘‘ British Bark-Beetles, by De. J. W. Munro,’’ H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., 


, 


f 
\Suprtemenr.—Orthoptera of Hampshire, F. J. Killington, F.E.S. .. .. Title (9)—(10) 
Surrrement.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. ore ot ate (29)-(32) 


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CONTRIBUTION TO LIFE-HISTORY OF SENTA MARITIMA. 65 


A Contribution to the Life-History of Senta maritima, Tausch, 
By E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.E.S. 


The food of the larva of this moth has been a puzzle to entomo- 
logists for many years. Barrett quotes Wilde and Hoffmann, who state 
that it feeds on other reed-frequenting insects, both larvae and pupae, 
and says ‘‘ This seems to be an extraordinary habit, but is confirmed 
by Schmidt. Doubtless the ordinary food is the reed-leaves.” Herr 
Leonhardt told me that in Hamburg the local collectors go to the reed 
beds when the water is frozen and take the larvae, which they bring to 
maturity on raw meat and fat. 

Mr. H. M, Edelsten told me last year that he believed the natural 
food was the delicate lining of the dead reeds. Mr. Edwin Sharp 
showed me his larvae at night eating dripping and passing frass, and 
this suggested to me a simple way of solving the problem. I collected 
larvae from a reed bed in Surrey, finding most of them inside the open 
ends of broken reeds. One was hiding in the empty cocoon of a large 
ichneumon fly in an old pupation chamber of Nonagria geminipuncta. 
I watched my larvae at night and thought I detected one eating the 
lining of a reed, and inside another reed I thought I could see a place 
where the lining had been eaten. This was inconclusive, so I adopted 
the method I had decided on at Kastbourne. Taking frass from half 
a dozen boxes, in each of which a single larva had been confined, I 
teased the bits out on separate slides and looked at them under the 
microscope. In every case the frass was composed of little pieces of 
the lining membrane, which showed the cellular structure clearly. In 
one bit of frass there were some thin short fibres, that looked like the 
woolly substance covering the lining of some stems, and there was a 
piece built of larger broader cells than the membranous lining I had 
mounted for comparison. To confirm the discovery I examined the 
contents of the alimentary canal of a larva, taken a day before and kept 
without food, and found similar bits of lining membrane in it. In 
every case the frass examined was produced from food eaten before 
capture. 

This proves conclusively that the usual food of big larvae is, the 
lining of the dead reeds, Phragmites arundo, as Mr. Edelsten shrewdly 
suspected. I was also lucky in seeing a larva, taken the week before, 
in the act of changing skin, its head snow white and the old skin still 
clinging to the posterior segments, and so proved that some larvae at 
least pass their last instar in the spring. an 

With regard to the observations of continental authors there 
is no doubt that they will eat larvae of their own species. Three of 
mine taken at Haster were eaten in this way. Mr. Sharp tells me 
they eat larvae of Chilo phragmitellus, and it is probable that they 
will eat those of Leucania straminea, but he thinks that this is due to 
thirst. In captivity they are fond of drinking droplets of water and it 
may ve necessary to them owing to the dry nature of their food. On 
April 24th, I found three pupation chambers. All were in rather large 
open-ended broken reeds, which had been closed by thin silk and chips 
of reed. About the length of a larva below this was another similar 
diaphragm, and the larva itself lay between this and the node. One 
larva was dead and black, the others were healthy and one pupated on 
April 25th. 

May 15rn, 1927. 


thts 


66 TH ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, 


Some Observations on Coccinellids and New Aberrations. 
By G. CURTIS LEMAN, F.E.S. 


Herr Leopold Mader of Vienna is publishing in parts a compre- 
hensive and interesting work on Palearctic Coccinellids in the Fnt. 
Anzieyer with plates, and has, meantime, sent me his preliminary 
separata on his new aberrations published in the same journal in 
1926, on both of which I wish to make some observations. 


A. Epilachna chrysomelina, L.—Weise (B.T. 1879) locates the spots 
on this species as follows: “1 und 2 am Grunde, 8 und 4 in der 
Mitte (4 an der Nath gew6bnlich weiter vorn), 5.an der Nath in 2 
Linge, und 6 am Aussenrande ein Stiick vor der Spitze,’=2, 2, 1, 1. 

His var. niyrescens has any of the following confluences: 4+6, or 
8+4+5, or 142, but in view of what follows I cannot help thinking 
that his confluence 4+6 should have read 445. At the same time 
Della Beffa (Rev. Cocc. It. 1918) and Mader both figure specimens with 
4+6. 

Be that as it may Weise then describes var. hieroylyphica, Sulz., as 
having the two confluences 4+6 and 8+5 forming two long bands 
(“ bilden 2 Langsbinden.’’). 

In UV Abeille Jour. Entom, XXVIIL..p. 6 (which contains a trans- 
lation into French of Weise B-T. 1885, of which [ know of no copy in 
England) we find Weise stating that the confluences 345 and 446 
form two separate bands (*8+5 et 4+6 formant deux bandes 
séparées (hieroglyphica, Sulz.)”’). 

Weise continuing in 1879 states that, where 3+5 and 4+6 
“‘bilden eine V-formige Zeichnung,”’ we have var. elaterti, Rossi, 
while if 142 are also confluent, we get his var. furva. 

I have not been able to see the original description of v. hieroglyphica, 
Sulz., but if /’ Abeille’s translation of Weise (1885) is correct (and | think 
we can well assume this) that this aberration has two separate bands, then 
the two confluences must be 4+5 and 3+6 to obtain the V form of 
v. elaterti, Rossi, the formula of which must be 8+6+5-+4 to form 
this V. 

In fact 4+643-++5, 1f correct per Weise, do not make two separate 
bands, but an X. 

While Mader numbers the spots on his diagram according to Weise, 
his plate for ab. hieroylyphica, Sulz., actually shows the two separate 
confluences of 8+6 and 4+5. 

Della Beffa follows the same procedure, but while his figure agrees 
with Mader’s, his text follows Weise ! 

Accepting Weise’s position of the spots with 5 at the suture and 6 
at the apex, the formulae for the above aberrations will be:— 

ab. nigrescens, Wse. (s. str.)—1, 2, 3, 4+ 6, 5. 
ab. hieroglyphica, Sulz.—1, 2,3+6, 4+5. 
ab. elaterti?, Rossi—1, 2, 83+6+5+4. 

ab. furva, Wse.—1+2, 84+6+5+4. 

In my view ab. niyrescens, Wse., should be limited to the above 
forinula, and the other two require new names :— 

1. ab. marrineri, m. nov. nom. 1, 2,3+4-+5, 6. 
2. ab. sulzeri, m. nov.nom. 1-+2, 8, 4, 5, 6. 
and the following are new aberrations :— 


NOTES ON SYNANTHEDON FORMICABFORMIS. 67 


ab. maderi, m. nov. ab. 1, 2, 3+6, 4, 5. 
ab. donisthorpei, m. nov. ab. 152, S405. 6: 
ab. beffai, m. nov. ab. 144, 2, 3, 5, 6. 
) FOSSli,im, nov, ab. 1,2, 8-6-5240 
ab. hawkesi, m. nov. ab. 1, 2, 8,4+5+6. 
ab. lestageil, m. nov. ab. 1+42,8+46+45, 4. 
ab. meieri, m. nov. ab. 142, 34+4+4+5-+6. 
10. ab. weisei, m. nov. ab. 142, 846, 4+5. 
I do not find any aberration with Weise’s formula of 1, 2, 3+5, 
4+-6, and the two latter forming an X recorded, nor do Della Bonn or 
Mader figure any such aberration. . 


ODI HH 
= 
Pie 


B. Synharmonia conylobata, L. 

(a) Mader in his separata proposes in a laudable attempt at group 
naming to give his ab. prunt three separate formulas: 1, 2, 8, 
44+5+5, 647, 8: 1, 2, 834+44+5-48%, 647, 8 and 1, 2, 34+4+5+85, 
6+7-+8, but his aberration cannot stand for such different formulas 
and he agrees with me that ab. pruni must be confined to the first 
named formula and to my naming the other two: 

ita. prune Mader: N.C 2,coy 2 OE BGs = ts. 
2. ab. maderi, m. nov. nom. 1, 2,3+4+5-+5, 647, 8. 
3. ab. donisthorpei,m.noy.nom. 1,2,84+4+5+45,6+7+8. 

(b) The same remarks apply to ab. importuna, Mader :— 
ab. importuna, Mader. 1+2;3+4,5+8, 6+7-+8. 
ab. walteri, m. nov. nom. 142,38 445458, 6+7, 8. 
ab. depolii, m. nov. nom. 1+2,34+445-+58, 6+7, 8. 
ab, marrineri, m. nov. nom. 1+2,3+445-+S, 647-48. 


C. Anatis ocellata, L.—Mader in his separata has also attempted 
group naming in a series of aberrations which cannot stand and his 
new aberrations will only stand for the following formulae and with 
this he also agrees ;— 

1. ab. 4-notata, Mader—1, 6. 

2. ab. 6-notata, Mader—1, 4, 7. 
3. ab. S8-notata, Mader—1, 2, 3, 6. 

4. ab. 10-notata, Mader—1, 2, 6, 8, 1 

5. ab. 12-notata, Mader—1, 2, 4, 6, ils 8. 
6. ab. 14-notata, Mader—1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8. 
7. ab: 16-notata, Mader—1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. 

In any event in his group 6 Mader had saclbolid ab. prava, Heyd., 
with formula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 

I propose to name the following new aberrations :— 

8. ab. maderi, m.n.ab. 1, 2, 4, 6. 

9. ab. donisthorpei, m. n. ab. i OB 
10. ab. marrineri, m. n. ab. 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 
14, ‘ab: hawkesi, m:n. ab. “1;.3,.7,:8, 9,1 
12. ab. caprai, m.n.ab. 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9. 


Fea CORN: 


Notes on Synanthedon formicaeformis, Esp., in South Hampshire. 
By Wm. FASSNIDGE, M.A., F.E.S. 
Although no mines of S. flaviventris have been found here so far 


this season, one interesting result of prolonged search for them has 
been the discovery of a very flourishing colony of S. formicaeformis at 


68 THE ENTOMOLOGISYT’S RECORD. 


New Milton. This colony presents certain features which have been 
considered worthy of record. In the first place the larvae were found 
feeding on Salix caprea, and in the second place they were behaving as 
genuine gall-makers, which does not appear to have been noted in 
England before, and about which considerable doubt seems to exist on 
the continent. 

With regard to the foodplant the authorities are agreed that the 
larva of this Aegeriid mines in various species of Salia, and nearly all 
the records give willows and osiers as the usual foodplant, with no 
mention whatever of any swelling of the twigs or stems. Buckler gives 
an excellent figure of the larva and of a mine which shows no trace of 
a swelling. There are records too, of larvae found in the cut stumps 
of willows and osiers, and between the living and dead wood of old 
willows. In Spuler’s Schmetterlinge und Raupen Europas we find the 
following note: ‘‘ According to Gross-Steyr and Sorhagen in goitrous 
outgrowths of younger stems and twigs of Salix caprea in sunny 
places ; that these growths can be caused by the larvae is improbable, 
for the latter are also present without there being any swelling or 
similar growth.” Hering, Bivlogie der Schmetterlinge, 1926, says: ‘8S. 
flaviventris is found in swellings and S. formicaeformis in goitrous 
outgrowths on Salix,” evidently repeating what earlier writers had 
said. But by far the most important continental work on the question 
of gall-making lepidoptera is: ‘‘ Révision Critique des espéces de 
Lépidoptéres Cécidogénes d’ Europe et du Bassin de la Méditerranée ” 
by J. de Joannis in Annales Soc. ent. de France, Vol. XCI (1922). This 
excellent article is a critical revision of a part only of a more general work 
on the plant galls of the same region, and the writer has given in itall 
additional knowledge up to 1922, together with some corrections and 
additions. Speaking of S. formicaeformis, after quoting all available 
information at considerable length he concludes; “the larva of S. 
formicaeformis is not a gall-maker, but only an occasional gall-eater,” 
and he deletes the insect from the list of gall making lepidoptera. It 
is the main purpose of this note to show that S. formicaeformis does 
cause galls on Salia caprea, and to reinstate 16 on the short list of 
lepidopterous gall-makers. 

The locality at New Milton where the insect occurs is a piece of 
rough, swampy ground on the outskirts of a wood, where possibly in 
the past, sand or gravel has been dug out. The whole expanse is now 
overgrown with sallow, birch, briars, buckthorn and bramble, except 
for the very wettest spots where grow stunted sallows among fleabane, 
rough long grasses and sedge. Where water stands are a few reeds and 
bulrushes among the sallows. The mines of the clearwing were found 
at heights from just above ground level to the top of the sallow bush. 
All the highest mines and a very large proportion of the lower ones 
that were in thin stems and twigs had been already in December pecked 
open by birds, and the larvae were no longer there. Those hidden by 
grass and sedge were invariably untouched, as were usually those in 
thicker stems. Mines occurred in stems of thickness varying from one 
sixth or even less to nearly one inch in diameter. The age of the stems 
where mines were found is estimated as varying from two to five years. 

The appearance of the swelling varies very considerably, chiefly 
perhaps according to the thickness of the stem, and possibly also to 
the number of larvae it contains. In thin twigs I have not been able 


NOTES ON SYNANTHEDON FORMICAEFORMIS. 69 


to distinguish it from the gall made by Saperda populnea or S. caprea, 
of which I have examined many hundreds, or that caused by S. 
flaviventris, of which J] have seen about a dozen. It can be assumed, I 
think, that normally only one larva is present in a mine, except some- 
times in the case of mines in thick stems. In stems near ground level 
and hidden more or less among long grass a peculiarly shaped swelling 
is often formed, for the diameter of the stem above the gall is greater 
than that below, and continues so for some little distance. Where 
mines are in the thickest stems there is sometimes very little swelling 
and the term gall would perhaps hardly be applicable. In nearly all 
cases the characteristic circular scar made by the young larva in its 
passage round the stem just under the bark, before it bores into the wood, 
can be plainly seen. It is possible that this method of boring first 
round the stem horizontally, which is the cause of what | have termed 
the characteristic circular scar, may be the direct cause of the swelling, 
for it would interfere with the flow of sap, and as mentioned below, it 
often causes the upper part of the stem to die off. Only very rarely 
were to be found the comparatively large, rough, gall-like excrescences, 
caused probably by the presence of several larvae, which are noted as 
‘‘ eoitrous outgrowths” by Sorhagen and others. Unfortunately these 
large excrescences are very easily discovered by birds, and the two or 
three found had been pecked almost to pieces and no larvae were left 
in them. All thinner twigs die off above the mine, having been more 


or less completely ringed by the larva; they are then easily broken off 


and fall to the ground. In several cases where such a break was seen, 
the mine containing the larva was found on the ground close by. This 
observation applies also to mines of S. pomolnaa occasionally, and of 
S. flaviventris perhaps commonly, and may save many larvae from their 
ereat enemy the tit. The number of mines collected by myself and my 
friend Mr. S. A Jones, of New Milton, was about sixty—not all of 
course contained larvae as was afterwards discovered— exclusive of 
mines broken open and attacked by birds. A moderate estimate of the 
number pecked open by birds would be at least double as many. Of 
course it does not follow that because the larvae of S. formicaeformis 
were found in these swellings, these latter were therefore caused by 
them, but we were unable to find any other possible cause, and up to 
the present, after prolonged search and examination of the galls on 
sallows during the last three winters, I have not found similar galls in 
any other locality, and at New Milton I could not find a gall of this 
kind that did not show by the frass that it either was or had been 
tenanted by a lepidopterous larva. 

A certain number of mines were opened either by accident or design, 
and out of about thirty larvae thus seen, only two were found in the 
stem just below the swelling, all the others being either in the gall, or 
just above it. In one large swelling three fully grown larvae were 
found, but it is possible that some workings may contain even more. 
The larva of an ichneumon, as yet unidentified, was found occasionally 
in the larval borings. It is curious that out of nine specimens of this 
ichneumon bred, there was not a single male. 

There is no great difficulty in breeding this Aegeriid under ordinary 
forcing conditions. In the forcing cage the larvae at once give proof 
of their presence by extruding a quantity of frass, so that any mines not 
containing a living larva can easily be distinguished. In the present 


ra 


70 THK KNLOMOLOGIS'’S RECORD. 


case insects began to emerge on March 13th 1927 and up to the end of | 
the month 13 had emerged at irregular intervals, 10 females and 8 
males. Curiously enough, on January 81st I found a weevil inthe 
cage, which had emerged from one of these mined stems of sallow. I 
recognised it at once as Cryptorhynchus lapathi, L., a species | had dug 
out in fair numbers from mines in alder stems, showing no trace of 
any swelling, in the dry bed of the of the Gave de Pau at Luz-St Sauveur 
in the Hautes-Pyrénées in August 1926. 

As I expect to be away from home during April, a number of mines 
were carefully examined on March 81st and the following observations 
made: some mines that showed no trace of fresh frass were found to 
be untenanted; in the few good mines opened were found one pupa 
which bad recently changed, two larvae not yet preparing to pupate 
and another spun up in its cocoon; in one swelling a small boring 
was observed showing fresh frass, and in it was found a non-lepidopterous 
larva about one quarter of an inch long, possibly that of C. lapathi, 
the weevil already mentioned. 


On the variations and relationship of Coenonympha arcania, L., 
and C, gardetta, De Prun.=philea, Hb.—satyrion, Esp. 


By ROGER VERITY, M.D. 
(Concluded from page 40.) 


Races of exerge gardetta, de Prun.=philea, Hitb.=satyrion, Esp.t 

The variations of exerge yardetta are quite different from those of 
exerge arcania, because they are much broader and more striking and 
it is easy to see they consist chiefly in a series of grades along a single 
line of variation, leading from forms scarcely discernible from arcania, 
such as nymotypical darwiniana, Stdgr., to the extreme nymotypical 
gardetta, so different looking that it has by Wheeler®* (Butt. Switz., p. 
118) even been suggested it might be a variety of C. iphis, Schiff. | 

My personal experience of them stands as follows: At the Passo 
di Colle, m. 1400, above Lake Maggiore, a race referable to darwiniana 
on account of the distinct yellow circles edged by a black ring, as in 
arcania, constantly present around the eye-spots on underside of hind- 
wings, but otherwise very similar in size and in general aspect to epiphilea 
(race philedarwiniana, mihi), emerged at the end of June in large 
numbers during very few days; by the 6th of Juiy all the individuals 
were very worn. ‘There then appeared on the wing some males of the 
much larger insubrica, exactly similar to those | bad collected two 
weeks earlier lower down on the same mountains; at the Passo di 
Colle they were, however, accompanied by individuals indistinguishable 
from them by their size and by the look of upperside, but which on the 
underside of hindwings were like philedarwiniana: broad white space 
including the first eye-spot and with its inner outline lacking the 
central projection towards cell (form insubridarwiniana, mihi). 


* The suggestion was not mine, but Tutt’s.—G.W. 

+ In 1871 Kirby pointed ont that philea, Hb., was prior to satyrion, Esp. In 
F. Moore’s annotated copy of Kirby’s Cat., which I possess, gardetta, de Prun. is 
held by F.M. to be philea, Hb.—H.J.T. 


VARIATIONS AND RELATIONSHIP OF COENONYMPHA ARCANIA, ETC. 71 


Amongst the philedarwiniana, I have collected another form of 
transition to arcania exactly similar to fig. 186-7 of Herrich-Schiffer, 
which is the “type” of Staudinger’s darwiniana, because he quotes it 
in his original description of 1871: it is a little larger than philedar- 
winiana, the eye-spots of underside are larger and have thicker rings ; 
the first, or costal one, stands a little further from the second and the 
white space is as narrow as in the parvinsubrica, in which it is narrowest, 
so that it only just falls short of being an arcania. What conclusions 
is one to draw from these observations ? At first one might think that 
two lots of individuals with different features emerging on the same 
erounds at a different time could only be two syecies, but the number 
of intermediate ones found in both lots must modify this view, suggested 
by Guenée and by Oberthiir. Several authors, without going as far 
as admitting three species, have maintained that arcania and satyrion 
are distinct and they then group darwinitana with the former as its 
mountain form. The facts described above prove biologically that, 
anyhow, this would be a mistake, because darwiniana in the Tessin acts 
as gardetta=satyrion does in other regions, when it meets with true 
arcania, and that it should be grouped with the former, in consequence. 
I see that Vorbrodt in his “ Schmetterlinge der Schweiz,” 1., p. 102, had 
already made this correction. He also states that satyrion must be a 
distinct species from arcan/a on the strength of the genitalia. ‘The more 
ot these questions [| examine the greater my conviction becomes, that 
genitalia are never a conclusive proof, because the sli, catabolic, exerge 
of a species can have markedly different ones from its heavy anabolic 
exerge, so that it is just as difficult to conclude from genitalia as it is 
from other characters. In this case it seems to me the facts observed 
on the field are contrary to admitting true specific distinctness. In the 
Carnie Alps ep/philea, Rebel, a form of gardetta=satyrion, emerged in 
large numbers from the end of June to the beginning of August (females 
abundant only from July 25th) in every sort of surroundings, from 
900m. upwards. At S. Stefano and at Cima Sappada I struck the two 
colonies of true arcania described above, flying amongst bushes, and 
around them epiphilea tlitted over the grass. This, asin Tessin, might 
seem again to suggest two species, but here, too, there was evidence 
to the contrary in that some of these epiphilea exhibited yellow 
and black rings around the eye-spots, so that they were exactly like my 
philedarwiniana of that region. In the other localities, where arcania 
did not exist, not a single specimen was found bearing this character, 
so that in the Carnic Alps it was obviously due to interbreeding. The 
frequency of these intermediate individuals here, as in Tessin, and the 
existence of these successive grades, which, also racially, lead gradually 
from extreme gardetta=satyrion to arcania are, it seems to me a proof 
that there is no sterility between them and thus no specific distinction. 
One can only suppose that the two possess distinct hereditary 
characters, which are kept up by the fact their different constitutions 
oblige them to inhabit different regions. As, however, the active 
catabolic one of arcania causes 1t to spread in every possible direction, 
it is continually pushing up the Alpine valleys and encroaching on the 
grounds of yardetta=satyrion, where it succeeds by its strong physio- 
logical reaction and vitality to fix itself and to survive in particularly 
sheltered and less unfavourable spots. The yardetta=satyrion consti- 
tution, at least as far as the philedarwiniana grade, seems to be the 


"2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 


anabolic one of the species: most of the vitality is concentrated in the 
reproductive organs; some females are so loaded with ova they can 
scarcely fly and the swarms of individuals one meets with show how 
actively they reproduce; the soma is thus sluggish, its physiological 
reaction weak, and it cannot face variable and unfavourable conditions, 
so that it has been obliged to gradually develop an organic balance 
exactly adjusted in each case to its surroundings, and it cannot wander 
away from them: the extreme yarde(ta=satyrion race is found in the 
colder and damper localities of the western Alps, of their northern 
watershed, and of the Carpathians; on the drier Dolomites epiphilea 
replaces it nearly entirely and on the still drier and more barren 
summits of the Tessin philedarwiniana and probably, in some localities, 
darwiniana in the exact, restricted, sense of this name, are racially 
fixed. [ have observed that the two latter are much more active than 
the two former and that they fly on stony slopes, settling on the stones 
and on bushes, whereas the others prefer grass and damp spots on the 
roads which pass through it, flitting lazily and heavily on their 
flimsy wings. I have already shown how several Palaearctic Lepidop- 
tera exhibit this phenomenon of having split into two groups, one 
catabolic and the other anabolic, usually inhabiting different regions 
and only blending along the boundary between the two, so that they 
are “exerges.”’ One can assume that the gardetta =satyrion exerge was 
evolved during the epochs of glaciation, which were too much even for 
the adaptability of true arcania, so that it was only by modifying its 
organic balance that it succeeded in surviving conditions similar to 
those now existing on the Alpine summits. During these epochs true 
arcania probably retired southward and the two fluctuated and replaced 
each other according to the alternate climates of the various epochs. 
It seems likely that arcanioides, Pier., of North Africa is also but a 
third exerge, which could perfectly interbreed with arcania, but which 
is organically modified so as to stand great heat and long periods of 
drought. Their relationship will have to be worked out in Southern 
Spain, if they really meet there, as stated by Ribbe and Seitz, but the 
latter’s expression that ‘“ stray ’’ specimens are known from it, seems 
hardly appropriate and their supposition that an insect such as 
arcanioides should get blown over from Africa every year seems rather 
fantastic. 

The following summary of forms and races of exerge yardetta will 
clear and complete the remarks | have made above about it: 

Group darwiniana, Stdgr.: Upperside markings as in the individuals 
of arcania with broadest black outer area of forewing; on underside 
apical eye-spot of forewing nearly always present, but on an average 
smaller than in arcania; on hindwings inner outline of white band- 
like space lacking the large point, whieh in arcania projects towards 
the cell and encroaches on it; eye-spots, on an average, of more equal 
size; first not set as far (inward) from the others; yellow circles paler ; 
black rings thinner :— 

Grade I: nymotypical darwiniana, Stdgr., as figured by Herr.- 
Schiiff., from the Valais (Vol. I., p. 85) : size, intensity of colour and 
general appearance as in parvinsubrica, but with the white band and 
the eye-spots as just described ; in that figure the band is also extremely 
narrow, but this is, no doubt, purely individual, as in some 
parvinsubrica. 


VARIATIONS AND RELATIONSHIP OF COKNONYMPHA AROCANIA, ETC. 73 


Grade I. bis: insubridarwiniana, Vrty.: very large size and bright 
colours, as in insubrica, but with outline of broad white band and eye- 
spot features characteristic of the darwiniana Group. | have stated 
my “‘type”’ emerged in company with insubrica, later than the philedar- 
winiana of the same locality, so that it may constitutionally be an 
arcania rather than a yardetta. 

The race Oberthiir describes (Ht. Lép. Comp., LV., p. 28) from 
Fusio and which he says is larger and brighter than the one of the 
French Basses-Alpes evidently consists of forms similar to the two 
just described. 

Grade I].: philedarwiniana, Vrty.: similar to epiphilea of the 
following Group by its smaller size and duller colouring than in the 
preceding and by the general features of underside, but distinguishable 
from it at a glance by the nearly constant presence of the apical eye- 
spot of forewing and by that of pale, but distinct, yellow rings around 
those of hindwing. A few specimens I have from the Simplon and 
others from the Basses-Alpes, seem to belong te a race identical with 
my ‘‘ typical” one from the Southern Tessin (Lake Maggiore). ‘This 
is probably also the darwiniana, which I'rtbstorfer says is prevalent at 
Klausen, in 8, Tyrol. 

Group gardetta, De Prun.: Size much smaller than in arcania ; 
frailer structure ; wings more flimsy; colouring much duller; tendency 
of black suffusion to invade the whole of forewing ; on underside, apical 
spot of forewing usually entirely obliterated or reduced to a minute dot ; 
eye-spots of hindwing small, all of about equal size and set at equal 
distances from each other; no trace of the yellow circles nor of the 
black rings around them, except, occasionally, a trace of yellow in some 
races; there usually is a broad, shaded, grey suffusion along outer- 
margin of forewing ; the white band-like space of hindwing is prolonged 
anteriorly along the costa, well beyond the first eye-spot, which if 
encloses broadly. 

Grade ILI.: epiphilea, Rebel: forewing still broadly fulvous in the 
majority of individuals, but of a dull, saturated tone, often partly 
suffused thinly with black scales. [ts author gives Switzerland, Tyrol 
and Carinthia as its habitat. He names orientalis a very similar form 
from Eastern Bosnia, which he had described and figured in the Ann. 
Naturh. Hofm., X1X., p. 174, pl. V., from a single specimen ; amongst 
niy Carnic specimens | have several exactly like his figure in all respects, 
except the double apical eye-spot, which surely, can only be aberrant. 
With it Frtuhstorfer (l.c., p.4) compares a race from Saratow and from 
Serbia, which he names chrysoaspida, but these two extraordinarily 
different localities and the vagueness of his description are very 
unsatisfactory. 

Grade IV.: philea, Hub.=satyrion, Esp. The former in his text 
of 1805 (where he renames it neoclides, without giving any reason) gives 
“the Alps of Tvrol and also the mountains of Savoy” as habitat; the 
latter gives ‘‘Bunden” and his original text ends with this word, 
which I take to mean the Grisons (Charpentier in his edition of 1830 
carried it on, adding more localities). Their ‘‘ types”’ thus were from 
the Eastern Alps, Hiibner’s is a male, entirely overshaded with black 
scaling on upperside, except a light suffusion of fulvous scales on the 
inner half of forewings ; Esper’s is a female with forewings entirely 
ochreous and hindwing only lightly overshaded with grey. The latter 


74 THE KNIOMOLOGIST’S KKCORD. 


form is prevalent in some localities and especially in the less damp 
Eastern Alps, whereas in others, and especially in the Western Alps, 
the females have a broad black margin to forewing and the bindwing 
is entirely dark. As a matter of fact, in these two races both sexes 
differ in that the first is less saturated with pigments, whilst the second 
gives the impression of being more heavily coloured and more melanie. 
This difference shows well even in the extreme individual form unicolor, 
Wheeler, produced by both. 

Grade IV. bis: gardetta, De Prunner. ‘The Piedmontese race I have 
collected in the Cottian Alps is the more richly pigmented one, just 
described, and to it applies this name more exactly. 


The Basses-Alpes in May-June, 1926. 


By Lieut. E. B. ASHBY, F.Z.S8., F.H.S. 
(Continued from page #2.) 


The Coleoptera which I obtained at Digne and district during this 
trip were Lytta vesicatoria, L., locally abundant on small trees up the 
Grand Gorge on the way to the Mt. Cousson; Anthawria cyanicornis, 
Fab. (=hunyarica, Scop.) ; Cicindela campestris, L.; Clytus arietis, L.; 
Rhagiwn inguisitor, Fabr. ; Saperda scalaris, L.; Ayapanthia cardui, Li; 
Philonthus cyanipennis, Fabr.;  Lampyris noctiluca, L., 2 3 Cantharis 
rufa, L.; Cantharis nigricans, Mull.; Clytus arcuatus, L.; Attelabus 
curculionoides, L.; Phyllopertha horticola, L.; Cantharis obscura, L.; 
Ampedus sanguinenus, L.; Cantharis lividus, L.; Byctiscus beruleti, F. ; 
Oedemera  flavescens, Li;  Oedemerastra podagrariae, L.; Anthaaxia 
mitidula, Li; Lacon murinus, Li; Hoplia farinosa, L.; Melanotus 
haemorrhoidalis, F.; Lachnaea sewpunctata, Scop. ; Henicopus ater, F.; 
Ptosima novem-maculata, Fab.; Harpalus ruficornis, F.;  Dascillus 
cervinus, Li.; Arinia brevipennis, Ulig., abundant; Hippodamia trede- 
cimpunctata, tie; Ocypus morto, G.-R.; Coccinella 11-punctata, Li; C. 
bipunctata, var.; Leptura sentellata, Fabr.;  Havosoma lusitanica, Le; 
Strophosomus lateralis, PIX. ; Molytes ylabratus, F.; Adimonia tanacett, 
L.; Cebrio lepturoides, F. 3 Henicopus pilosus, Scop., 2 only ; Pyllobius 
pyrt, L.;  Psilothrix cyaneus, Oliv.;  Jermestes undulatus, Brabm. ; 
Gastroidea polygoni, L.; Phyllodecta vitellinae, L.; Coccinella 10-pune- 
tata; Corymbites purpurenus ; Otiorrhynchus tenebricosus, Hbst. ; O. pictpes, 
F.; Phyllobius maculicornis, Germ. 

Leaving Digne on dune 7th I broke my journey, as I bave often 
wanted to do, at St. Maurice-en-Triéves, where there is an indifferent 
Terminus Hotel. There is excellent ground leading up into the woods 
from the station on the west side of the line, and one can collect in 
both directions. There was a wealth of flowers, but unfortunately the 
sun was hidden and the ground soppy, but I took G. cyllarus, C. min- 
imus, Pararye hiera, Leptosia sinapis and M. avrinia with a sprinkling 
of Geometers and other insects. I think this ground at St. Maurice- 
en-Triéves, of which there is plenty to the west of the railway station, 
would yield more profitable results in July and early August. 

The Hymenoptera taken during this trip included Crabro lituratus ; 
Kumenes coarctata, L.; Halictus sewfasciatus ; Coelivxys quadridentata ; 
Allantus perkinsi; Halictus scabiosae (zebrus), Rossi; Anthophora 
acervorum, Li; Meleeta luctuosa, Seop.; Anthidiun manicatum, Li; 


NOTE ON ANTIQUITY OF ORTHOPTEROUS. GROUPS. 75 


Bombus  ligustieus ; Chalicodonia muraria; Pedanaspis crassitarsis, 
Costa: Salius fuscus, 9, L.; Athalia glabricollis; Bombus sylvarum'; 
Tenthredopsts excisa ; Xylocopa cyanescens ; Proanthidium laterale, Latr. 
=4-lobum, Per, ; Odynerus parietum, L.; Teuthredopsis litterata, Geoftr. ; 
Allantus dahlii, Klug.: A. bifasetatus, Mull. : A. amaenus, Gravenhorst 
cingulum, Kl; Osmia kohli, Ducke; O,. tricornis, Latr.; Oryssidae + 
Oryssus abietinus, Scop. ; scarce in collections, life-history required to be 
described ; Psammochares fuscus, L.3  P. viaticus, Fabr.; Macrophya 
blanda, F.; Xylocopa cyanescens, Brallé.; Andrena morio; Nomada 
succincta ; Grorytes mystaceus; Osuna pilicornis ; Arye enodis ; Anthophora 
megilla; A. fulvitarsis var, scopipes, Spin.; Anthophora retusa, var. 
nigra. These were all taben in the environs of Digne. 
(To be concluded.) 


Note on the Antiquity of some Orthopterous Groups. 
By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.E.S. 


Although the fossil orthopterous and orthopteroid insects have been 
studied in some detail, there is an aspect of the geological side of 
Orthopterology which I have seldom noticed referred to, perhaps due 
to lack of familarity with recent literature. There are two points that 
have struck me as of extreme interest and I think they are worth 
putting on record in the hope of stimulating students to further 
investigation. 

Probably everyone, who has collected in Spain, is familiar with a 
numerous group of big, fat, sluggish grasshoppers, which are common 
in bushes all over the peninsula, called the Mphippigeridae; they are 
obese, with big, round heads, staring eyes, plump abdomen and no 
wings, while the elytra are reduced to mere stridulating instruments. 
There are probably about a hundred species, and if their distribution 
be plotted on the map, it covers an area shaped like a horseshoe with 
the centre about Gibraltar, the two arms extending westwards on the 
two sides of the Mediterranean ; the main mass extends to the Atlas on 
the south and to the Pyrenees on the north, whence they thin out 
towards the west; in Europe, two or three species reach the coast of 
Dalmatia, and one only, the advance guard of a perhaps extending group, 
reaches northern France, central Europe and as far east as the middle 
of Russia. There are several other groups by no means closely allied 
which have similar general characteristics, evidently a case of parallel 
development, such as the Bradyporidae of the Pontic fauna, the Zichyas 
of Central Asia, and the Hetrodidae of Africa, though the latter are 
fairly close to the K'phippigeridae. Apart from purely structural features, 
the HM phippigeridae have the peculiarity that both sexes chirp equally well, 
and that they stridulate with anger when handled, as well as from sheer 
jote de vivre. 

The most characteristic species in Spain is /. perezt, one of the 
largest and widest spread in the Iberian Peninsula. In the Balearic 
Islands, at least in Majorca, there is a species, F’. balearica, which is so 
closely allied that it is hardly more than a local form, distinguishable 
only by a slightly different shape of the pronotum. 

Now it is agreed among geologists that the Balearic Islands were 


76 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


separated from the mainland of southern Spain during the Oligocene 
Period, when great earth movements formed the Straits of Gibraltar and 
connected up southern Spain with the mainland of Europe. Conse- 
quently, the Balearic Ephippigers have been isolated from the main 
stock since the Oligocene and yet during this great lapse of time, they 
have only developed a trifling physical difference. Even if we admit 
that their isolated position has protected them from the intensity of the 
struggle for existence which has been keener on the mainland, we are 
compelled to ask how long it has taken to develop the four or five score 
of species, with several genera, and to conclude that the family itself 
must be of very ancient origin. 

The other case occurs among the earwigs. There is a small 
subfamily called the /sphalmeninae, with but a single genus comprising 
about half a dozen species. They are flightless creatures and flattened, 
probably living under stones; their abdomen is dilated posteriorly, 
sometimes remarkably so; in these characteristics they resemble several 
other groups, especially the Psalidae; a clear case of parallel develop- 
ment. But they are sharply distinguished by the marked narrowing of 
the prosternum posteriorly, and above all by the peculiar and complex 
development of the male genital armature. They are characteristic of 
the Andes, from Patagonia to Ecuador and are rare in collections. But 
there is one species, . peringueyi, from the Caledon River, Cape 
Colony. 

When I first referred this species to this genus Zacher wrote me 
that surely | must be mistaken, as | had acted upon external features 
only. I was then lucky enough to secure some material in alcobol and 
so able to examine the genitalia, and this completely vindicated my 
determination ; the armature was extremely close to the known arma- 
tures of the Andean forms and quite different from any other type 
known in the Dermaptera. The South African species is an undoubted 
EKsphalmenid and very closely related to the Andean species, the 
differences being not greater than specific. 

Now there is much evidence to show that the southern portion of 
Africa, the Falkland Islands and part of South America were part of 
one continent through vast ages of geological time, at least from the 
Lower Carboniferous to the end of the Trias, when it seems that they 
were separated. If that is so, ’. peringueyi has been separated from 
its congeners since the end of the Trias, during which vast interval of 
time it has developed only specific characters ; how great, then, must 
have been the lapse during which the subfamily developed its identity, 
and how ancient it must be, and how inconceivably old must be the 
splitting of the Proto—from the Hu-dermaptera and the evolution of 
the earwigs as a group. The Tertiary earwigs of Florissant, described 
and figured by Scudder, have apparently a decidedly archaic appearance, 
though the earwigs preserved so perfectly in Oligocene amber in the 
Baltic have a very up-to-date look. Yet the Msphalmeninae of the Trias 
must hardly have been different from those of to-day. 

Very numerous cases of like nature among the Orthoptera could 
doubtless be quoted; it seems certain that the existing distinctive 
sroups of the Orthoptera are extremely ancient. But so few are 
preserved in fossil form that it is only by a study of their geographical 
distribution that we can form a conception of their antiquity. 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 17 


Our general knowledge of the orthopterous fauna of the world has made 
great strides in recent years and it is not now premature to attempt 
generalisation on this fascinating, but so far much neglected, aspect of 
Orthopterology. 


YOTES ON COLLECTING, etc. 


REFERENCES FOR COLLECTING IN THE I.NGADINE AREA :— 

Eneapine :—Fint. Rec. XX VII. 168, ete. Hnt. Mo. May. XXXIV. 
25: XLIV. 288. Ent. XVIII. 307. 

Pontresina :—Hnt. Rec. XIX. 48: XX. 198: XXIV. 266: XXVI. 
228, etc. Hnt. Mo. Mag. XX XVII. 130, ete.: Hnt. VII. 77. 

St. Morirz :—Ent. Rec. XXIV. 87. 

Bernina Pass :—Fnt. Rec. XXIV. 88: XXVI. 248. 

Guarpa :—Hnt. Rec. XXI. 166. 

Ansuta Pass :—fint. Rec. XIX. 48: XXIV. 41. 

Matoya Pass :—EHnt. Rec. XIX. 42. 

Roseee Tuan :—Hnt. Rec. XIX. 43: XX. 194. 

Zernetz :—Hnt. Rec. XXI. 197. 

Suvretta THau:—Fnt. Rec. XIX. 44.—H.J.T. 


HisernatEeD Ponyeonra c-aLBumM.—It may be of interest to note 
that hibernated P. c.-album, have appeared in my garden to-day, March 
17th, and also Gonepterya rhamni.—Prrer Haia-THomas, F.E.S., The 
Grange, Goring-on-Thames. 


Micro-Lepiportera or THE British Isuus.—May I suggest that a 
new list of the so-called ‘‘ micros” would fill a long felt want and 
would probably pay for the trouble and expense.—(Lieut.) S. A. Jonzs, 
“ Biskra,’’ New Milton, Hants. 

[Much as we should welcome this project we doubt whether at 
the present time a dozen copies would be sold. The number of those 
who are interested in the “ micros” is almost negligible. It is very 
rarely that “micros” are exhibited in our societies except now and 
again a species which has demonstrated its power to be of economic 
importance.—Hy.J.T. | 


A HUMOROUS EXPERIMENT WITH PRoossstonaL CaTEeRPILLArs.—The 
Evening News in its issue of February 12th, describes an amusing experi- 
ment played upon the Colony of these insects at the Zoological Gardens, 
which is perhaps worth recording in a Jess ephemeral journal. On 
the occasion of one of their periodical route marches the experiment 
was made of linking up the head of the procession to the tail by means 
of the guiding silk thread laid by the leader, with the result that, 
although the leading caterpillar may have been somewhat surprised 
at finding himself unexpectedly at the rear of his column, he did not 
hesitate, but loyally followed on and so the caterpillars solemnly 
tramped round and round for a day-and-a-half. When tired they are 
stated to have simply curled up where they were, and on waking to have 
resumed their rotatory peregrination, and that though food was plenti- 
ful, apparently they ignored it. The end of this rotatory walk would 
obviously have proved disastrous had not one caterpillar fallen out 
from exhaustion, and in his fall carried away some of the guiding 
thread, with the result that, before he could resume his place, he had 


78 THE ENLOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 


automatically become the leader, and the rest following loyally after 
him down the thread, the vieious circle was broken. The writer 
pathetically adds how happy certain Politicians would be if only their 
followers were as faithful !—G.C.L. 


GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 

The Annual Appeal is being made for the Wicken Ken Fund, for 
the upkeep and supervision. There is no endowment to rely upon and 
the only regular income in the past has been from the sale of the sedge 
for litter. Owing to the decrease in horse traction the demand for 
sedge is very small and this source of income is fast failing, so that if 
the fen is to be kept in its normal natural condition further sources of 
income must be encouraged. If the fen be left without care, the whole 
character of the growth will soon become altered and with the change 
will come the consequent alteration in the fauna. What is now so 
interesting to the student and to the lover of nature under the 
uncommon local conditions prevailing will gradually pass away without 
possibility of renewal. Mr. W. G. Sheldon would be only too pleased 
to receive subscriptions sent to him at the Entomological Society’s 
oftices, 41, Queen’s Gate, 8. Kensington, 8. W.7. 

We should like to call attention to the two journals published by 
our correspondent and friend Dr. Walther Horn, of the Deutsches 
Entomologisches Institut, Berlin-Dahlem. The Hntomoloyisches 
Mitteilimyen is issued in 6 parts each year, the whole volume contain- 
ing about 450 pages with plates and text figures. The articles are not 
all in German, some. are in French, English and Italian. At the 
price of M8, eight shillings, this is extremely reasonable. The other 
journal Supplementa Hntomoloyica comes out at irregular intervals 
and consists of a series of monographs of various groups, from one to 
three numbers a year. Several numbers have dealt with the Fauna 
of Formosa and shortly several parts will treat of the insect fauna of 
Sumatra. The price of the parts are about M6 each with a discount 
to subseribers. of the Hunt. Mutt. One or two numbers of the latter in 
our library are of the utmost use for reference, and we are pleased to 
call attention to these publications. 

Capt. A. Pearman, ‘‘ Kgerton House,” Christchurch Street, Ipswich 
is anxious to get into touch with micro-lepidopterists in the eastern 
counties. Unfortunately we know of none in that area at the present 
time. Indeed there seem but few workers at this group now. 

We hope our subscribers are getting their copies regularly. It is 
rarely that the magazine is delayed issue more than a day or two. One 
of our American subscribers received only three numbers out of eleven 
sent him last year. Will our subscribers let us know of any such 
irregularity in receipt, within a reasonable time from the date of issue. 
Some time ago a number of copies were found deposited in the letter- 
box of an empty bouse with a considerable amount of correspondence, 
put there by a “ Weary Willie”’ specimen of a postman. 

In the Knt. News for March is an interesting review of Warren’s 
Monograph of the Hespertinae, which was recently issued by the Ent. 
Soc. of Lond. It is really a paeon of praise throughout, of the 
“excellence ” of the work, ‘‘ a remarkable paper, which seems to be 
the last word as to the Huropean species, and which also contains a 
great deal of information on the subject of the male genitalia and on 


REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 79 


the other species of the old world.” Of the plates the reviewer says 
“their unusual clearness and accuracy in reproduction, and the general 
set up of the plates, without crowding and well arranged, make it 
exceedingly pleasing to the eye, and in my opinion, truly artistic.” 

We should like to eall attention to one of our newer contemporaries, 
the Zeit. Osterreichischen Entom.-Vereines, Wien, which, established in 
1916, bas apparently come to stay. Hach monthly part contains 10 to 
12 pages and there are occasional piates (three this year already, two 
of which are coloured) and numerous half-tone figures. The matter is 
practically wholly lepidopterous and many forms new to the Palaearctic 
Fauna are described and the articles by some of the leading Austrian 
entomologists are of a high order. Among the contributors during the 
past year are Dr. Schaweda, Dr. Zerny, Dr. J. F. Berger, H. Neustatter, 
H. Kauty, Prof. H. Rebel, H. Reisser, Fritz Wagner, Jos. Nitsche, ete. 
The amount of information in the limited space is quite remarkable. 

It is announced that there will shortly be published a comprehensive 
work, The Butterflies of California, written by Dr. John Adams 
Comstock, Los Angeles, Cal. A great feature of the work is stated to 
be the coloured plates of which there are sixty-three. Every species, of 
both sexes where necessary, are figured, with many of the more 
obtainable varieties. The life-histories are fully described, where known, 
and there are many half-tone and line illustrations in explanation, 
The various plates sent out with the prospectus show that the work 
must prove very useful in identification. It is interesting to note in the 
fauna of the Western side of the Rocky Mts. that many species and 
forms of species occur which are not present in the vast plains and 
mountains of the Kastern United States, and also that the number of 
species recorded is considerably greater. 


FREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 


Foria Myrueconocica wt Termirotocica.—T his interesting little 
Magazine is of comparatively recent origin, the first part of Volume I. 
having been published in October, 1926; and the second and third 
part together in November and December, 1926. It is produced by 
Dr. Anton Krausse of Eberswalde, and printed at the Hussiten 
Druckerei, Bernom bei Berlin. The sub-editors are Dr. R. Brun, 
Prof. Dr. Ed. Bugnion, Prof. Dr. H. von Buttel-Reepen, Mons. Bruno 
Finzi, Prof. Dr. August Forel, Dr. N. A. Kemner, Herr R. Kleine, 
Herr Heinrich Kutter, Dr. Carlo Menozzi, Prof. Dr. A. Reichensperger, 
Dr. Santschi, Forstmeister Schulz, Dr. R. Staiger, Dr. G. Steiner, Dr. 
Heinrich Stitz, Prof. Dr. E. Strand, Dr. Graf Hermann Vitzthum, 
Dr. E. Wasmann, 8.J., Prof. Dr. W. M. Wheeler and Prof Dr. M. 
Wolff. The contents of Part 1 consist of :—‘‘ Ants of the Balearic 
Islands,’ by W. M. Wheeler; “ Deux nouvelles fourmis parasites de 
l’Argentine”’ by Santschi; ‘ Kénnen myrmekophile Brenthiden 
fliegen,” by R. Kleine ; ‘Kin neues Formicarium,” by Anton Krausse ; 
and ‘“ Unterirdische “ Grabkammern’ in einem Nest von Mormica 
pratensis,” by R. Staiger. 

As its name implies this publication is entirely devoted to Ants 
and Termites, and is indispensable to all students of those orders. 
The last number seen was published in February.—H.D. 


Brotogiz pER HymENopTEREN EINE NaAtTURGESCHICHTE DER Havr- 


80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


rLuGierR, by Dr. H. Bischoff, Custodian of the Zoological Museum of 
the University of Berlin. pp. 600, figs. 224. RM. 27.—This is 
another of those valuable works on natural history rather than 
systematics, of which we have had other excellent examples in the past 
few years, such as Butler’s ‘‘ Biology of the British Hemiptera- 
Heteroptera,” Hering’s “ Biologie der Schmetterlinge,” Forel’s “ Les 
Mondes Social des fourmis,”’ and Wheeler’s ‘ Social Life among the 
Insects.” Chap. I. Gives an account of the general structure of the 
Hymenoptera, a summary of the systematic arrangement, a short 
sketch of the phylogeny of the order, with notes on its distribution and 
the incidence of the lines of variability. Chap. Il. Movement and Rest. 
The mechanics of flight and the power of spring are correlated with the 
structure of legs and wings, with the modifications for special move- 
ments such as under-water progress and larval habits. The daily 
resting state, as well as the hibernation and aestivation, is considered. 
Chap. III. Feeding. A most interesting chapter on the structures and 
habits for the acquirement and assimilation of food in all stages and in 
the diverse sections of the order, the bees, the wasps, the ants, the gall- 
makers, the parasites, the wood-borers, the leaf-cutters, with sections _ 
on Trophallaxis, Myrmekophily, Gall-making, Honey-extracting, ete. 
Chap. IV. Treats of Respiration and Circulation, with discussion of 
special cases of these in the different stages, in the cocoon, in the case 
of internal feeders, etc. Chap. V. The nervous system and sensation. 
I'he sense of sight, orientation, the finding of prey both in the open 
and concealed, the appreciation of temperature, the structure and uses 
of the antennae, are all considered at length. Chap. VI. The special 
habits of the solitary aculeate Hymenoptera and their relative position 
in the order. Chap. VII. A similar consideration of the social Hymen- 
tera; only a few pages are devoted to the ants, which have been so 
ably and thoroughly dealt with by Forel and Wheeler. Chap. VIII. 
The egg and oviposition. Chap. |X. Anxiety of the female for its off- 
spring. This is a most interesting summary of the maternal prepara- 
tions for the future generation, dealing in detail with all sections of the 
order. Chap. X. Parasitism. Another fine chapter, which no-one 
interested in the subject could afford to miss. It is a collection of the 
facts of, perhaps, the most intricate relationships in the whole range 
of natural history. This chapter contains a list of Kuropean bee- 
parasites and their hosts. Chap. XI. The ordinary and special 
incidents in the life of the Hymenoptera, with sections on slave-making, 
the keeping of “ guests”’ by ants, polygyny, ete. Chap. XII. Sexual 
relationship. Primary sexual characters, secondary sexual characters, 
polymorphism, generation, parthenogenesis, pairing, protomdery, ete. 
Chap. XIII. The various stages and conditions of individual develop- 
ment, larvae, cocoons, pupae, etc. Chap. XIV. A few special items not 
included in the previous chapters such as Hygiene, Mimicry, the 
Strepsiptera, woodlice and other parasites. ‘I'he book concludes with 
a Bibliography mostly of continental works. We note that HMmery, 
Saunders and Donisthorpe’s works are omitted and also that Schultess. 
Morice has only one reference given and that a very ancient one. 
There is a capital index of 16 pages of 83 columns. This is 
a book which is of such intrinsic value to all world workers, that 
one would like to see it translated into English so that it could then 
reach the larger circulation it deserves. The pages are large and the 
printer’s part has been well done.—Hy.J.T. 


REYISED SCALE OF CHARGES FOR ADVERTISEMENTS. 


Sse ae s. d. 

Whole page .. Baad VA oy Quarter page .. ar a atet 

Half page He pedal IG Pit Highth page .. sh 4 LOnO 
Small panel (7, page) .. ae OSes OG 


Discount on Series :—5% for six insertions; 10% for a year’s insertions. 
Apply to H. W. Anprews, Hon. Treasurer, 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.H.9. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted frea of charge. They should 
be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turnzr, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, 8.H.14. 


Duplicates.—Several hundred species of Coleoptera (carded) from Hants and Dorset, 
including several rare species from the New Forest, etc. 

Desiderata.—Scarce and local British Coleoptera (carded).—d. Ford, 42, Irving Road, 
Bournemouth, Hants. 

Duplicates.— British Lepidoptera, many species. 

Desiderata.—Back volumes of Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., and entomological magazines, 
bound or unbound.—Fredk. J. Killington, 177, Leigh Road, Eastleigh. 

Desiderata.—British Coleoptera, especially Chrysomelidae. 

Duplicates.—West Virginia Coleoptera and Lepidoptera.—Paul N. Musgrave, 601, 
Walnut Avenue, Fairmount, West Virginia, U.S.A. 

Desiderata.—Ova. or pupae of christyi, abruptaria v. brunnea, black consonaria and 
bidentata, extensaria, curzoni, jasionata, venosata (Shetl.) and other melanie Geometers 
and Noctuae. 

Duplicates.—Very many in first class condition, high-set only {. i. Herminia flavi- 
crinais, Andreas, Nych. dalmatina race andreasaria, Warnecke, about 30 species of rare 
Acidalias ; pupae of Eupithecia illuminata or cash.—Karl Andreas. Wiesbaden, Goethestr. 
23, Germany. 

Entomologist in out of way part of world desires exchange entom. literature— 
especially current works on classification, anatomy, heredity, etc.—for papered insects 
from Argentine Chaco. Will give double rate for Camb. Nat. Hist. (Insects), Hudson’s 
Nat. in La Plata, and special for Ridgeway’s Colour Charts. Basis butterflies or moths 
20/- per 100 papers, coll. 35 butterflies all different 10/-, other orders by arrangement. Or 
will sell for cash to enable purchase. Lists to K. J. Hayward, Villa Ana, F.C.P.S.F., 
Argentine. 

Mr. M. R. Surrn, A. and M. College, is anxious to know where he can obtain any of 
Emery’s papers on North American ants; and also to know of any Europeans who would 
like to exchange separates and correspondence with bim concerning ants. 

Signor Aurrepo Fay, Calle Bandera 714, Santiago Chili, is willing to exchange first 
class Chilean Coleoptera, especially Carabus, sps., for striking Coleoptera from all parts of 
the World. 

Wanted.—To correspond with some Entomologist resident in Scotland, Ireland, or 
the Isle of Man who is interested in Noctuae and vars. with a view to exchange of species 
and forms.—d. J. Wightman, ‘‘ durago,’’? West Chiltington Common, Pillborough, Sussex. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—4i, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7. 
8 p.m. June lst. 

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
May 26th. June 9th.—Hon. See., Stanley Edwards 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, 
S.E.3. 

The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London 
Mntomologieal and Natural History Society and the North London Natura! History 
Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street H.C. 2, first and 
third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec., J. P. 
Harpimman, C.B.E., B.A., 1, Chatsworth Road, Brondesbury, N.W.2. 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. Tornur, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, 8.4.14 

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send us communications menifean 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that vequire IniusTRaTrons are inserted on condition that the AurHor 
. defrays the cost of the illustrations. 

For scale of charges for advertisements, apply to Hon. Treasurer, 6, Footscray Rowd, 
Hltham. 


CONTENTS 


7 
PAGE. 
A Contribution to the Life-history of Senta ania Tausch, H. A. hl) 
D.M., F.R.C.P., F.E.S. i : : 65 
Some observations on Coccinellids and New Rhensclneas G. C. Leman, F.E.S. .. 66 


Notes on Synanthedon formicaeformis, in 5. Hampshire, lm. Rasen M.A., 


The Variations and relationship of Coenonympha arcania ald C. buuisie plea 
=satyrion, Roger Verity, M.D. (concluded) ry Wr ; 70 


The Basses-Alpes in May-June, 1926, Liewt. E. B. Ashby, F.E.S. foaled iy 74 


Note on the Antiquity of some Orthopterous Groups, Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., F.E.S. 75 
Norzs on Contnecrinc.—The Engadine, H.J.T.; Hybernated P. c-album, P. Haig- 
Thomas, F.E.S.: Micro-Lepidoptera, Lt. S. A. Jones; A Humorous 


Experiment, G.C.L. .. a a : My: AG cM oe oh 77 
Corrent Notes iN he oe es 3h re He oe fi se 78 
Revinws na : ie se At ap nt Ba : oy ne 79 
SuprLeMENT.—A List of Insects of various orders taken at Reservoir Peay Beypt, 


Tide MBLOLIG IR iy Sa OL Denil Oa a Pe Vs Sauer meen Ce . (1)-(4) 


Communications have been received from or have been promised by Messrs. 
Dr. Verity, H. J. Turner, K. J. Hayward, T. Benet Fletcher, C. J. Wainwright, 
A. H. Martineau, W. H. Edwards, J. S. Taylor, Lieut. KH. B. Ashby, A. Sich, Dr. H. A. 
Cockayne, B. C. S. Warren, and Reports of Societies. 


All communieations should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, 
94, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, 8.E.14. 


iB: es IMPORTANT 
{O ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. 


BACK VOLUMES OF 
The Entomologist’s Record 
and Journal of Variation. 


(Vols. I-XXXVI.) 
GCONTENTS OF Voli. i. (Most important only mentioned.) 


Genos Acronycta and its allies. —Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— 
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and: aurelia—The Doubleday collection— 
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae —Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the 


Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist — 


for 1890—Lifehistories of Ayrotis pyrophila, Hpunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— 
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etic., etc., 360 pp. 


CONTENTS OF VOL. fi. 


MenanisM aND MenanocaroisM—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on 
Variation (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taentocampa opima 
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys 


prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- — 


thacius—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen- 
clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes 


on Genus ZyeHna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifebistory of Gonophora 


derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. 


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ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 
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NOTES ON THE SPANISH FORM OF HESPERIA CINARAE, 81 


Notes on the Spanish form of Hesperia cinarae, Rbr. 
By B. C. S. WARREN, F.E.S. 


In the summer of 1926 Signor O. Querci collected a fine series of 
H. cinarae in Spain, which fills a great blank in our knowledge of this 
species. When I was writing the account of cinarae for my ‘‘ Mono- 
graph of the Tribe Hesperiidi,” I was unable to find, or hear of any 
Spanish specimens, other than the one in the Chapman collection which 
I figured (l.c. pl. XLVIII. f. 3 and 5)., I noted at the same time 
(p. 185) that this one Spanish specimen differed a good deal from all 
eastern specimens, but of course as it was only a single example one could 
not be sure that it was typical of the species in Spain. Signor Querei’s 
captures have now given the required data. He and Signora Querci 
between them captured over a hundred specimens, which all agreed 
exactly with Dr. Chapman’s Tragacete specimen, and form a remarkable 
contrast when compared with eastern cinarae. I have pleasure in 
naming this fine southern subspecies after Signora Querci, for Signor 
Querci tells me that the great proportion of his specimens were taken 
by her between Valdecabras and Huelamo, when he was collecting 
elsewhere. 

Signora Querci first noticed the species on July 21st, a certain 
number were taken in August, and three small specimens between 
September lst and 5th. Signor Querci also took some specimens at 
Tragacete from July 13th-15th. ‘These dates show thatthe flight period 
of the species extends from mid-July to the end of August, or early 
September. 

S-sp. clorinda s-sp. nov.—Types in my collection, ¢ from 
Tragacete (figured 7’rans, Hnt. Soc. Lond. Vol. 74. 1926., pl. XLVILI. 
f.3and 5.) (T. A. Chapman), ? from Villacabras, Cuenca (C. Querci). 

The characteristics which distinguish this race from the type 
(eastern form) are: the bright yellow ground colour of the underside 
of the hindwings (invariably a very dull ochre in eastern European, or 
Asiatic specimens) and the clearly visible nervures of the same, outlined 
in a heht yellow and in consequence contrasting sharply with the 
ground colour. The bright shade of the ground colour also suffuses 
the costa and apex of the forewings underside. On the upperside the 
light markings of the hindwings are slightly buff, or cream in the ¢, 
and of a deep, almost ochre shade in the ?@. On the whole the 
colouring of s-sp. clorinda and the difference between it and cinarae 
is an exactly similar development to that which distinguishes s-sp. 
iberica from H. fritillun. In both cases the Spanish insects have 
developed an altogether richer and warmer colouring than their eastern 
and northern forms, and the effect is very much more striking than 
the description would lead one to suppose. [It may be well to point 
out here that Rambur’s name (einarae) though first used in his Maune 
de UV Andalousie, pl. 8, f. 4..5., and described in his Cat. Syst. des Lép. 
d. / Andl. (footnote p. 68), was applied to the eastern form and not tom 
the Spanish, his deseription of the colour of the underside of the hind- 
wing proves this clearly, but even if it did not do so his note in the 
Faune—* mais je ne décris qu’en note celles qui sont étrangéres & 
l’ Andalousie’’—definitely settles the point. He describes tessellum, 
cacaliae, carlinae, cirsti (typical fritillum), centaureae, and alveolus only in 

June 157TH, 1927. 


82 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


foot notes, while continuing the practice in the Cat, Syst. he describes 
melotis and cinarae also in footnotes. 

Signor Querci notes that in his series of s-sp. clorinda the gs yary 
in size only, and that the ? is much more variable both in size and 
markings. The ?s as a rule are darker on the upperside than the gs, 
owing to a dark superscaling partly obscuring the white markings of 
the hindwings, and a tendency to reduction in size of the white spots 
of the forewings. The underside of the bindwings in the @ is as a 
rule a brighter yellow than in the g, and the white spots are often a 
shining pure white never seen in the g. There also occurred several 
specimens of both sexes in which the inner edge of the central spot of 
the median band projects strongly towards the base of the wing (ab. 
extensa ab. noy.), such specimens resembling H. numida to a certain 
extent. The occurrence of this form of variation in cinarae is of con- 
siderable interest, for itis more than probable that it isa variation which is 
found in every species where the usual formation of the central spot 
exhibits a straight inner edge. In all cases when this extension of the 
central spot occurs, the affected specimen assumes a likeness, more or less 
pronounced, to some other species. So far no specimen of this ab. bas 
come to my notice among eastern cinarae. 

The distribution of s-sp. clorinda is still uncertain. All the known 
specimensso far come from Cuenca. Signor Querci however thinks that 
he got some specimens in the Sierra of Albarracin the year before, but 
as these specimens have all been sent to America and were not identi- 
fied at the time he cannot now say with certainty if they were cinarae 
or not. 


Some Swiss Butterflies in 1925 and 1926. 
By T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.Z.S. 
(Continued from page 57.) 


1. Papilio podalirius, L.—Martigny: June 11th, 1926, common but 
worn; June 26th, 1926, two, very fresh, apparently the second brocd. 
Keclépens: June 22nd, 1926, one worn female. The Martigny specimens 
presumably belong to the local Valais race valesiaca, Verity. Bérisal : 
August 22nd, 1926, seen. 

2. Papilio machaon, L.—Grimmialp: abundant from June 29th 
to July 14th, 1925; the earlier specimens belonged to the Spring brood, 
the first example of the second brood appearing on July 12th. Arolla: 
a Jarva, found on August 21st, 1925, pupated on August 81st and 
emerged (in a heated room) on March 29th, 1926; although this butterfly 
is often found on hill-tops—in India it occurs at 15,000 feet in Kashmir— 
Arolla seems to be an unusually high elevation to find it breeding. 
Martigny: June 11th, 1926, freshly emerged. Les Avants: June 12th, 
1926, freshly emerged. Bérisal: August Ist and 17th, 1926, seen. 

4. Parnassius apollo, L.—Grimmialp: July 11th and 18th, 1925, 
fairly common in the meadows bordering the Filderich stream. 
Kvoléne: July 28th and 29th 1925, abundant on the rocky slopes 
along the Mast side of the Valley. Arolla: August 8rd to 14th, 1925, 
fairly common around and just above the Kurbaus, occurring on the 
same ground as P delins bus less abundantly. Above Les Haudéres, 


SOME SWISS BUTTERFLIES. 83 


at about 5,000 feet: September Ist, 1925, common but worn. 
Villeneuve: September 14th, 1925, one, worn; June 2nd, 1926, one, 
fresh. Hclépens: July 12th and 14th, 1926, fairly common in a 
restricted area a little above the western end of the marsh; these 
Specimens, very large and white, belong to the Jura race nivatus. 
Bérisal : common along the road just below the Ganter Bridge and in 
the Ganter-tal from July 21st to September Ist, 1926; around Dérisal 
itself P. apollo seems decidedly scarce but it reappears again on the 
Simplon Road at about 6,000 feet, where it occurred commonly 
throughout August. 

5. P. delius, Esp.—Grimmialp: July 14th and 16th, 1925, a few 
examples some way up the Grimmi-tal; these are decidedly larger than 
the Arolla specimens. Arolla: abundant from August 8rd to 31st, but 
mostly worn by the latter date. Simplon Road: common on August 
2nd, 1926 on the slopes just below the Kaltwasser Gallery, at about 
6,400 feet; one on August 9th. 1926 at 6,000 feet, on the same ground 
on which 7. apollo was occurring; generally speaking, however, 
P. delius seems to occur here at a slightly higher elevation than 
P. apollo. 

6. P. mnemosyne, Linn.—Bérisal: abundant in the flowery 
meadows just above the Hotel on July 18th, 1926, and occurred there 
commonly until August lst. Also abundant a little way up the Ganter- 
tal. My last specimen, a male in good condition, was taken a little 
way above the Ganter Bridge, as late as August 16th. 

7. Aporia crataeyi, Linn.—Grimuialp: common from July 1st to 
11th, 1925. Martigny: June 11th, 1926, abundant, Beérisal: July 
18th, 1926, common. Simplon Kulm: August 2nd, 1926. Simplon 
Road, 6,000 feet: one worn male seen as late as August 26th. 

8. Pieris brassicae, Linn.—Grimmialp: July lst to 13th, 1925, 
common. Uetliberg: July 21st, one female Arolla: August 8rd to 
31st, 1925, common, a fresh male taken on the latter date, which looks 
as if more than one brood occurred here. The Arolla specimens are 
very large. Tutt notes that he did not find it at Arolla. Blonay: 
September 3rd and October 4th, 1925. Mont Pelerin: September 22nd, 
1925, common but mostly worn. Martigny: June 11th and September 
14th, 1926. Les Avants: June 21st, 1926. Simplon Road, 6,000 feet : 
September 3rd, 1926, one very fresh female. Villeneuve: September 
15th, 1925, a few about. 

9. P. rapae, Linn.—Grimmialp: common from July Ist to 12th, 
1925: males taken on July Ist and 4th are metra, whilst one on July 
12th is rapae. Hvoléne: July 28th, 1925. Arolla: common through- 
out August 1925, one at about 7,500 feet on August 28th. Montreux: 
common around Montreux during September and October, 1925; it 
seems to go on breeding as long as the weather is favourable, freshly 
emerged specimens occurring as late as October 4th, on which date 
females were ovipositing ; common again from May 28th to June 30th, 
1926, andin September. Bérisal: afew, July18th, August 15th, 1926. 
Simplon Road: one fresh female at 6,300 feet on August 13th, and” 
fresh specimens at 6,000 feet on August 26th. Martigny: September 
14th, 1926, abundant around the town. 

10. P. manni.—Martigny: June 11th and 26th, 1926, September 
8th, 1925, and September 14th, 1926, these later specimens belonging 
to the summer form, rossiz, Stef. ‘l'his species is common under the 


84 \ - PHE ENTOMOLOGIS®’S RECORD. 


cliffs towards Vernayaz but does not seem to occur around Martigny 
itself, where it is replaced by P. rapae. 

11. P. napi, Linn.—Grimmialp: the form bryoniae was abundant 
at the end of June and beginning of July, 1925.  Uetliberg: July 
19th and 21st, 1925. Montreux: common during September, 1925, 
and worn specimens occurred as late as October 21st; again on May 
28th,1926. Martigny: June 11th and 26th, 1926. Les Avants: June 
12th and 21st, 1926. Eclépens: July 12th, 1926, common; one 
female, with the markings almost entirely obsolete on hindwing 
beneath, seems to be leovigilda, Friihst. Bérisal: bryoniae common 
during the second half of July, 1926. Simplon Dorf: July 27th, 1926, 
bryoniae. Simplon Kulm, 6,500 feet: August 2nd, 1926, a few 
bryoniae. 

14. Huchloe simplonia, Frr._-Montreux: May 28th, 1926, one 
flavidior, \Vb., on the slope above the Clarens gas-works. 

15. F. cardamines, L4.—Grimmialp: common from June 30th to 
July 11th, 1926. Montreux: May 28th, 1926, three females. 
Martigny: June 11th, 1926, one male. Les Avants: June 12th and 
21st, 1926, many males but no females seen. Bérisal: July 18th, 
1926, one female ; a male seen on July 26th. 

17. Leucophasia sinapis, Linn.—Grimmialp: common at the 
beginning of July, 1925. Uetliberg: July 19th and 21st, 1925, 
common. Chillon: June Ist, 1926. Martigny, June 11th and 26th, 
1926. Les Avants: June 12th and 21st, 1926, common, worn by the 
latter date. Eclépens: July 1st, 12th and 14th, 1926, common. 
Bérisal: common from July 18th, 1926, until well into August, often 
seen on the hot, open road below the Ganter Bridge, an apparently 
unlikely locality. 

18. Colias palaeno, Linn.—Arolla: August 1st, 1925, several in 
the wood around the Kurhaus; not seen again until August 29th, 
when I took a fresh male. Simplon Kulm: one fresh female herrichi 
with yellow spots on the black border, on August 2nd, 1926, and two 
males on August 13th. Simplon Road, 6,000 feet: August 31st, one 
female herrichi without any yellow spots on the black border of 
forewing. 
© 19. ©. phicomone, Esp.—Grimmialp: common and fresh from 
June 80th to July 13th, 1925. Arolla: very abundant throughout the 
whole of August, 1925; noted on August 27th as mostly worn and in 
lessened numbers. Simplon Kulm: August 2nd and 13th, 1926, 
literally in thousands; I noted on several occasions females in cép. 
before their wings were dry. Bérisal: August 12th and 25th, a few; 
this species occurs at least as low down as the tenth kilometre on the 
Simplon Road (about 4,500 feet) but is not common at that elevation ; 
about 6,000 feet seems to be the altitude at and above which it oceurs 
really abundantly. 

20. ©. hyale, Linn.—Grimmialp. June 23rd to July 13th, 1925, 
common. Evoléne: July 28th, 1925. Arolla: August 6th, 1925, one 
on the moraine just below the Arolla glacier; Tutt notes that his 
Arolla specimens were very small, but my single example is a par- 
ticularly large one. Montreux: abundant throughout September and 
October, 1925; it seems to go on breeding very late, freshly-emerged 
examples occurring as late as October 21st; on October 22nd I took 
one aberration with black suffusion joining the discoidal spots of the 


SOME SWISS BUTTERFLIES. 85 


upperside of the forewings to the apical black patches ; again on May 
28th, 1926 (fresh females) and June 1st. Martigny: September 8th, 
1925, some fresh, others very worn; June 11th and 26th, 1926. St. 
Maurice: September 10th, 1925, one very fresh and another tattered. 
Les Avants: June 12th, 1926. Bérisal: July 21st to September Ist, 
1926, common. 

21. ©. croceus, Fourcroy.—Common around Montreux during the 
latter half of September and in October 1925, but far less common 
than C. hyale ; in September, 1926, however, both species seemed to be 
equally common ; a fresh female was taken on October 4th, 1925 ; one 
worn helice on October 22nd, 1925. Bérisal: one very large female on 
August 18th, 1926. Rothwald: one fresh female on August 13th, 1926. 

22. Gonepteryx rhamni, Linn.—Uetlibere : July 19th and 21st, 
1925, common and freshly emerged. Arolla: asolitary male on August 
80th, 1925; this seems an unusually high elevation (6,800 feet) for 
this species. Martigny: June 11th, 1926, several males seen, mostly 
worn but one fairly fresh; June 26th, several battered males seen. 
Montreux : common around Montreux during September and October, 
1925. 

24. Apatura iris, Linn.—Uetliberg: July 21st, 1925, one male 
and one female, LEclépens: July 12th and 14th, 1926, five males 
attracted to excrement in the clay-pits, 

25. A. ilia, Schiff_—Eclépens; July 12th and 14th, 1926, fourteen 
males, of which four are clytie, in the clay-pits and also amongst the 
trees on the hill-side at the west end of the marsh. 

26. Limenitisrivularis, Scop. (camilla, Schiff.).—Uetliberg: July 
21st, 1925, one. 

27. L. populi, Linn.—EKclépens: July 1st, 1926, one rather worn, 
along the road going up the hill through the forest, 

28. L. sibilla, Linn.—Kclépens: July 1st, 12th and 14th, 1926, 
common, but worn on the later dates. Chillon: July 5th, 1926, two, 
fresh. 

30. Vanessa io, Linn.—Evoléne: July 28th and 29th, 1925, several, 
fresh. Arolla: August 10th, 16th and 27th, fresh. Montreux, 
common in September, 1925 and 1926, and October, 1925. Simplon 
Road, 6,000 feet: August 31st, 1926, one. Beérisal: August 17th and 
27th, 1926. 

31. V. urticae, Linn.—Grimmialp: common at the end of June 
and beginning of July, 1925, fresh specimens emerging from June 30th. 
Arolla: August 21st, 1925, one only. This species was not seen at all 
around Montreux in September and October 1925. Les Avants: June 
12th, 1926, several fresh specimens seen; June 21st, 1926, worn. 
Blonay: June 28th, 1926, fresh. Bérisal: common from August 18th, 
1926; larve in numbers on nettle. 

32. V. polychloros, Linn.—Blonay: September 8rd, 1925, one, 
rather worn. EHelépens: July 14th, 1926, one, fresh, taken near the 
railway station, and another seen, attracted to excrement in the clay- 
pits. 

33. V.antiopa, Linn.—Blonay : September 5th, 1925, one, around 
a plum-tree with ripe fruit. Martigny: June 11th, 1926, two seen, 
very worn. 

34. Polygonia c-album, Linn.—Uetliberg: July 19th, 1925, one, 
fresh ; July 21st, one, worn. Common around Montreux from Sep- 


Pr 


86 THE ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. 


tember 14th to October 11th, 1925. Martigny: June 11th, 1926. 
Les Avants: June 12th, 1926. 

86. Pyrameis atalanta, Linn.—Grimmialp: June 30th, a worn 
female ovipositing on nettle. Arolla: August 18th, 1925, one, quite 
fresh, near a bed of nettles alongside the Post Office. Blonay: Sep- 
tember 9th, 1925, one. Villeneuve: October 8rd, 1925, one; 
September 15th, 1926, one. 

387. P. cardui, Linn,—Grimmialp: common on hill-tops from 
June 28rd to July Ist, 1925, but all were rather worn and doubtless 
immigrants, and after the latter date they seemed to disappear. 
Montreux: June 7th, 1926, two, worn. Martigny: June 26th, 1926, 
one seen, apparently in good condition. Caux: June 29th, 1926, 
rather worn. Bérisal: July 18th, 1926, abundant but worn, a 
migration flight in progress, the butterflies flying westwards over the 
meadow above the Hotel; this, however, is not necessarily the direction 
of the flight, as they were following the curve of the hillside; 
Commander Forbes noticed this flight on the same day at Simplon 
Kulm and told me that there the butterflies were flying South; by 
timing individuals crossing a line of hillside about sixty yards in length 
I estimated that from one hundred to one hundred and twenty indi- 
viduals crossed this line in an hour, so that there must have been 
thousands on the move. Fresh specimens appeared at Hérisal on 
August 24th and September Ist. Common and fresh around Montreux 
on September 9th and 10th, 1926. In 1925 I did not see a single 
example around Montreux in September or October, 

41. Melitaea aurinia, Rott., race merope, Pr.—Simplon Kulm: 
August 18th, 1926, a few high up the hillside at about 6700 feet. 

42. M. cinaia, Linn.—Martigny: June 11th, 1926, one, fresh, 

43. M. phoebe, Knoch.—Kvoléne: July 29th, 1925, one worn 
female. Bérisal: common from July 28rd, 1926, until the end of 
August. A pupa, found suspended on a rock, produced a female on 
September 5th. 

44. M. didyna, Ochs.—Evoléne: July 29th, 1925, common. 
Martigny : September 8th, 1925, one fresh male; June 26th, 1926, 
one male. Eclépens: June 22nd, 1926, onefemale. Bérisal : common 
throughout August, 1926. 

45. M. berisali, Rubl.—Martigny: June 11th and 26th, 1926, 
common ; September 8th, 1925, one fresh male of the second brood. 

46. M. athalia, Rott.—Evoléne: July 29th, 1925, two. St. 
Maurice: September 10th, 1925, two, fresh. 

47. M. aurelia, Nick.—Kvoléne: July 28th and 29th, 1925, 
common. Les Avants: June 12th, 1926, Villeneuve: June 20th, 
1926. 

49. M. parthenie, Bkh.—Blonay: September 15th, 1925, two, 
worn; June 28th, 1926. Eclépens: June 22nd, July 1st and 12th, 
1926, common. Bérisal: common from July 18th to end of August, 
1926. 

49 (part). M. varia, M.D.—Simplon Kulm: abundant and fairly 
fresh on August 2nd, less common and getting over on August 18th, 
1926. 

50. M. dictynna, Ksp.—Grimmialp: quite fresh on June 30th, 
1925, and occurred commonly until July 11th. Villeneuve: June 
14th, 1926, just appearing; June 20th, common. Martigny: June 


-_—~ 


SOME SWISS BUTTERFLIES. 87 


26th, 1926, common. Helépens: July 12th, 1926. Simplon Dorf: 
July 27th, 1926. Beérisal: July 18th to August 19th, 1926, a few 
only. 

53. Argynnis euphrosyne, Linn.—Grimmialp: common from June 
23rd to July 13th, 1925, but all rather worn. Arolla: August 10th, 
1925, one, rather worn; August 17th, one, very fresh. Villeneuve: 
June 2nd, 1926, worn. Martigny: June 11th, 1926. Les Avants: 
June 12th, 1926. Les Pleiades: June 24th, 1926. Bérisal: July 
20th, 1926, in fair state. Simplon Dorf: July 27th, 1926. Simplon 
Kulm: August 2nd, 1926, worn, silvery spots accentuated. Simplon 
Road: August 26th, 1926. 

54. A. pales, Schiff.—Arolla: abundant throughout August, 1925, 
and variable. Simplon Kulm: August 2nd and 18th, 1926, abundant. 
Bérisal: August 31st, 1926, a single specimen; surely a very low 
elevation, at just 5,000 feet. Simplon Road, 6,000 feet: August 31st, 
1926. 

56. A. dia, Linn.—Common around Montreux in September, 1925 
and 1926, but worn by the beginning of the month. One very worn 
specimen was still on the wing on October 21st, 1925. St Maurice: 
September 10th, 1925. 

57. A. amathusia Esp.—Grimmialp: common from June 30th 
to July 13th, 1925. LHvoléne: July 28th and 29th, 1925. Arolla: 
common throughout August, worn by the end of the month. 
Berisal: common from July 18th to the end of August, 1926. Simplon 
Dorf: July 27th, 1926, common. 

58. A. daphne, Schiff.—Martigny: June 26th, 1926, two, fresh. 

59. A. ino, Rott.—Evoléne : July 28th, 1926, common. 
Villeneuve: June 14th and 20th, 1926, common. 

60. A. lathonia, Linn.—Arolla: August 18th, 1925, one, fresh ; 
August 81st, one, worn. Montreux: common around Montreux in 
September and October, 1925 ; a fresh brood appeared at the beginning 
of September and another on October 21st. Blonay: June 28th, 1926, 
one fresh male; September 10th, 1926. Lclepens: July 12th, 1926, 
one fresh male. Bérisal: July 23rd, 1926, one worn female; August 
5th, one fresh male, and others until September 4th. Simplon Road, 
6,000 feet: August 31st, 1926. 

61. A. aglaia, Linn.—Martigny: June 26th, 1926. Hclépens: 
July 1st, 1926. Fayaux: July 18th, 1926. Bérisal: July 18th to 
August 13th, 1926, fairly common. Simplon Dorf: July 27th, 1926. 
Simplon Road, 6,000 feet: August 31st, 1926. 

62. A. nivbe, Linn.—Grimmialp: July 8th to 13th, 1925, common. 
Uetliberg: July 21st, 1925. Evoléne: July 28th and 29th, 1925. 
Arolla: common throughout August, 1925, a fresh male as late as 
August 31st. Fayaux: July 13th, 1926, one eris. Bérisal : common 
throughout August, 1926. Simplon Kulm, 6,700 feet: August 13th, 
1926, common. Simplon Road, 6,000 feet: August 26th, 1926, 
common all along the road from Beérisal; at 6,000 feet eris was much 
commoner than niobe but many intermediate forms occurred; August® 
81st, very common, but nearly all worn, mostly eris; September 3rd, 
abundant above 6,000 feet, mostly worn, a few in fair state, three or 
four eris to one niobe. It was so abundant along this road that it 
would be only a slight exaggeration to say that there was a niobe to 
every thistle-flower along the roadside ! 


88 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


- 68. A. eydippe (adippe), Linn.—Uetliberg: July 21st, 1926, 
common. Blonay: September 28rd, 1925, one worn male; October 
11th, 1925, one female; June 28th, 1926, one male. LEelépens: July 
12th, 1926. Villeneuve: September 15th, 1926, two, worn, including 
one cleodowa. 

64. A. paphia, Linn.—Blonay : September 5th and 9th, 1925, a 
few worn ; September 10th, 1926, a worn male and female in the same 
place as in the previous year. Kclépens: July 1st and 14th, 1926. 
Simplon Road above Bérisal, about 5.500 feet, one worn valesina on 
September 8rd, 1926; this is an unusual beigbt for this species, as 
Vorbrodt gives 1,200 metres as its extreme height at Airolo. 

67. Melanaryia yalathea, Linn.—Evoléne: July 28th and 29th, 
1925, common. LEKclépens: June 22nd, July 1st and 14th, 1926, 
common. Blonay: June 28th, 1926, abundant, freshly emerged. 
Chillon: July 5th, 1926. Fayaux: July 18th, 1926. Dérisal: abun- 
dant along the road below the Ganter Bridge from July 21st to 
September 4th, 1926, by which date it was, of course, very worn. 

68. Hrebia epiphron, Knoch, form cassiope, Fb.—Arolla: August 
12th, 1925, one. 

69. . melampus, Fuessly.—Grimmialp: July 1st to 16th, 1925, 
common. THvoléne: July 29th, 1925. Arolla: common throughout 
August, 1925, often found in tbe evening sitting on grass-stenis in 
little colonies. Bérisal: July 19th to end of August, 1926, common. 
Simplon Dorf: July 27th, 1926. Simplon Kulm: August 2nd, 1926. 
Simplon Road, 6000 feet: August 9th and 26th, 1926. 

73. H. wnestra, Ratz.—Arolla: August 6th to 28tb, 1925, fairly 
common, but usually only found singly. Bérisal: July 24th and 
August 28rd, 1926, single specimens only, and anotber on September 
8rd at about 5500 feet on the Simplon Road. Simplon Dorf: July 
27th, 1926. Simplon Kulm, 6700 feet: August 18th, 1926. 

74. Iv. pharte, Hb.—Grimmialp: July 8th, 1925, one only. 

75. Hh. manto, Esp.—Grimmialp: July 15th and 16th, 1925; 
perhaps overlooked before, but it seemed to be just appearing at the 
very end of our stay. 

76. KE. ceto, Hb.—Simplon Dorf: July 27th, 1926, a few in a 
very restricted locality on the hill above the village. Bérisal: found 
only in the Ganter-tal, where it occurred abundantly on July 24th, 
1926 in good or fair condition, and I took one female with the spots 
yellow. According to Wheeler, this species has a very brief flight, 
restricted to the first three weeks of July, but in 1926, worn females 
were on the wing up to August 25th. 

77. E. medusa, Fb.—Les Avants: June 21st, 1926, one only. 
Les Pleiades, June 24th and July 2nd, 1926, abundant, but getting 
over on the latter date. Above Caux, 4000 feet: June 29th, 1926, 
abundant and in good condition. 

78. E. oeme, Hb.—Grimmialp: June 28rd to July 16th, 1926, 
common. 

79. J. stygne, Ochs.—Martigny : June 11th and 26th, 1926. 

80. LH. evias, God.—Martigny : June 11th, 1926, fresh. 

82. H. glacialis, Ksp.—Arolla: August 6th, 1925, on the moraine 
below the Arolla glacier; rather worn. 

84. F. goante, Esp.—Arolla: common throughout August, 1926. 
Also common, but worn, along the road from Arolla to Les Haudéres 


—— 


SOME SWISS BUTTERFLIKS,. 89 


on September Ist, 1925. Bérisal: common on the rocky sides of the 
road below the Ganter Bridge from July 24th to September 4th, 1926. 
Simplon Road, 6000 feet: common from August 9th to September srd, 
1926 ; one specimen has small blind spots on the forewing. 

86. FE. aethiops, Esp.—Grimmialp: July 4th, one, fresh, and 
another on July 16th, 1925. Evoléne: July 28th and 29th, 1925, 
fresh. Blonay: one (worn), on September 5th, and another (very 
worn) on September 29th, 1925 ; one worn female on September 10th, 
1926. Bérisal: a few just below the Ganter Bridge, between Aucust 
6th and 18th, 1926, but not common. Simplon Road, 6000 feet : 
August 26th and September 8rd, 1926, worn. 

87. HB. euryale, sp.—Grimmialp: June 80th to July 14th, 1925, 
common; some are large and scarcely separable from /’. livea. 
Evoléne: July 28th and 29th, 1925. Arolla: August 5th to 18th, 
1925, a few. Blonay: September 5th, 1925, two, worn. Berisal : 
abundant along the roads from July 17th to September 4th, 1926. 
Simplon Dorf: July 27th, 1926, abundant. Simplon Road, 6000 
feet : abundant throughout August, its numbers diminishing towards 
the end of the month; at the beginning of August it was in almost 
incredible numbers, a dozen or more drinking at every damp patch by 
the roadside, whilst I saw quite fifty settled on one small rock in the 
afternoon sunshine; it occurs as high up the road as 6400 feet; one 
specimen, taken on August 9th, has white blotches on the right fore- 
wing and hindwing and on the left forewing. 

88. fh. livea, Linn.—Grimmialp: July 1st to 14th, 1925, common. 
Uetliberg: July 19th and 21st, 1925, common and unusually large. 
Chillon: July 5th, 1926, two, just emerging. Fayaux: July 13th, 
1926, common. 

89. 7. lappona, Esp.—Simplon Kulm: August 2nd, 1926, common 
at over 6700 feet up the hillside above the Hotel. Apparently over by 
August 13th. 

90. I. tyndarus, Esp.—Evoléne: July 28th, 1925, one, worn. 
Arolla: abundant throughout August, 1925. Bérisa!: abundant from 
July 18th to September 7th, 1926. Simplon Dorf: July 27th, 1926. 
Simplon Kulm: August 2nd and 13th, 1926, abundant and found up 
to 6700 feet. Simplon Road, 6000 feet: abundant throughout August 
and up to September 3rd. 

91. Oeneis aello, Hb.—Bérisal: July 26th, 1926, one worn female 
on the eleventh kilometre, below the Ganter Bridge. 

98. Satyrus alcyone, Schiff.—Martigny: September 8th, 1925, 
one ; September 14th, 1926, a few worn females, one taken on a rotting 
fallen pear. Bérisal: common on the tenth and eleventh kilometres 
of the Simplon Road from July 28rd until the end of August but 
mostly more or less worn after July. These specimens all belong 
apparently to the form genava, Fruhst. 

96. 8S. semele, Linn.—-Martigny: September 8th, 1925, a few worn 
axamples ; September 14th, 1926, mostly worn but one female in good 
state. Eclépens: July 14th, 1926, one male : apparently just appearing. 
Bérisal : common from July 23rd to the end of August, 1926, along 
the Simplon Road from the tenth kilometre to just ‘above Rothwald ; 
the first female was taken on August 9th ; one male ab. caeca, Tutt, on 
August 28rd. 

98. 8S. statilinus, Hufn.—Martigny: September 8th, 1925, one 


90 THK KNLTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. 


male; September 14th, 1926, common at the foot of the Batiaz Tower 
but mostly very worn, a few still in good state. These examples 
apparently belong to the form onosandrus, Fruhst. 

99. S. cordula, Fb.—Bérisal: common on the tenth and eleventh 
kilometres of the Simplon Road from July 23rd to the end of August, 
1926, but mostly worn after the end of July. 

101. Pararge aegeria, Linn.—Uetliberg: July 19th, 1925, one, 
worn. Blonay: September 9th, 1925, three, fairly fresh. Villeneuve: 
October 3rd, 1925, one, very worn. Montreux: October 18th, 1925, 
one large, fresh specimen taken in the Rue du Lac, Clarens. 
Martigny: June 11th, 1926, one. Les Avants: June 21st, 1926, one 
large female with pale-yellow spots. Eclépens: July 1st, 1926, one. 

102. P. megera, Linn.— Martigny : September 8th, 1925, common; 
June 11th, 1926, one fresh female ; September 14th, 1926, abundant, 
nearly all very worn but one fresh male. St. Maurice: September 10th, 
1925. Blonay: September 14th, 1925; September 23rd, 1925, one 
fresh female. Villeneuve: October 8rd, 1925. 

108. P. hiera, Fb.—Les Avants: June 12th and 21st, 1926. 
According to the text-books, this is a common species, but this was 
the only locality in which I came across it. 

104. P. maera, Linn.—Grimmialp: common from June 23rd to 
July 15th, 1925. LKvoléne: July 29th, 1925. Arolla: August 9th 
and 14th, 1925, not common ; the second specimen was taken at about 
7,500 feet. Martigny: September 8th, 1925, one worn female; June 
llth and 26th, 1926, common. Common around Montreux in 
September and October, 1925. Fayaux: July 13th, 1926, common. 
Bérisal : common from July 20th to the beginning of September from 
below the Ganter Bridge to over 6,000 feet on the Simplon Road. 

105. P. achine, Scop.—Uetliberg: July 19th, 1925, one, worn. 
Chillon: July 8rd and 5th, 1926. Eelépens: July 12th and 14th, 
1926, worn. Blonay: July 13th, 1926, a few along edges of woods, in 
good condition. 

106. Aphantopus hyperantus, Linn.—Grimmialp: July 18th, 1925, 
one, very small. Uetliberg: July 19th and 21st,common. Martigny: 
June 11th, 1926, abundant. Villeneuve: June 14th and 20th, 1926. 
Caux: June 29th, 1926. LHclépens: July 12th, 1926. 

107. FE pinephele jurtina, Linn.—Grimmialp: July 1st to 13th, 
1925, common. Evolene: July 29th, 1926. Common around Montreux 
during September and the first week of October, 1925; the first male 
appeared on June 7th, 1926. Villeneuve: June 20th, 1926. Eclépens: 
June 22nd, July 1st and 12th, 1926. Martigny: June 26th, 1926, one 
female. Bérisal: July 23rd to August 10th, 1926, not common but a 
few scattered individuals along the road below Ganter Bridge, and on 
August 29th a very battered female was basking with outspread wings 
on the leaves of an ash-tree by the Hotel. 

108. F. lycaon, Rott.—Evoléne: July 28th and 29th, 1926, 
common, Bérisal: males common from July 21st, females from August 
5th, until the first week in September, along the road below the Ganter 
Bridge. 

113. Coenonympha iphis, Schiff.—Blonay: June 28th, 1926. Caux: 
June 29th, 1926, conmon. Fayaux: July 13th, 1926. 

114. C. areania, Linn.—Uetliberg: July 21st, 1926, two. 
Chillon: July 8rd and 5th, 1926. Eclépens: July 12th and 14th, 


NOTES FROM THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS. 91 


1926, common and attracted to the flowers of Sambucus ebulus; these 
Kclépens specimens apparently belong to the form saleviana, Fruhst. 

115. C. satyrion, Esp.—Grimmialp: June 24th to July 12th, 
1925, common. Arolla: common throughout Aueust, 1925. Les 
Pleiades: July 2nd, 1926, race obscura, Riihl, common. Beérisal : 
common from July 23rd to the end of August, 1926, and occurring up 
the Simplon Road as far as the Kaltwasser Gallery (about 6,400 feet). 
Simplon Dorf: July 27th, 1926, common. 

116.) C. pamphilus, Linn.—Grimmialp: June 28rd to 29th, 1925, 
common. Kvoléne: July 29th, 1925. Les Pleiades: September 6th, 
1925; July 2nd, 1926. Common around Montreux in September, 
1925, and again on June Ist, 1926. Martigny : September 8th, 1925. 
Les Avanis: June 12th, 1926. [clépens: July 14th, 1926. Bérisal: 
August 22nd and 24th, 1926, a few on the tenth kilometre, below the 
Ganter Bridge; according to Vorbrodt, there is only one brood in the 
Alps, but these specimens were quite fresh and evidently belong to a 
second brood. 

119. Nemeobius lucina, Linn.—Martigny: June 11th, 1926. Les 
Avants: June 21st, 1926. Les Pleiades: June 24th, 1926. All rather 
worn. 

121. Vhecla w-album, Knoch.—Eclépens: July 12th and 14th, 
1926, common on flowers of Sambucus ebulus. 

122. 7. ilicis, Ksp.—eclépens: July 12th and 14th, 1926, 
in some numbers with 7. w-album. 

(To be concluded.) 


Notes from the Cape Verde Islands. 
By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.E.S. 


The Cape Verde Islands are little visited by entomologists, though 
Darwin’s account in the ‘‘ Voyage of the Beagle” is a classic. There 
is, as a matter of fact, little to attract the naturalist, for they are of 
astonishing sterility. But they are familiar enough to travellers, as 
British boats on the lines to South Africa and South America pass 
through them and often call at Sao Vincente, but seldom stop for more 
than an hour. Many years ago, in 1891, [ passed through for the first 
time, but was unable to go ashore, and had to be content with the splendid 
sight of two sperm whales swimming up the channel between two 
islands. In 1913] passed again and was particularly anxious to get 
ashore, as my curiosity had been aroused by their original appearance ; 
I had also noted that de Saussure had questioned the identity of a 
species of Sphingonotus recorded from the islands and fresh material 
was needed. I was told that the boat might stop for an hour only and 
that it was not possible to go ashore. ‘Then I conspired with the ship’s 
doctor, a most excellent man, capable of appreciating the interest of a 
scientific problem: he introduced me to the chief engineer and over the 
walnuts and the wine [| told the story of the misunderstood grasshopper. 
My eloquence was rewarded, for the worthy Scot became quite interested 
and the consequence was that he required two hours or more the next 
morning for sundry minor repairs and I got a full hour ashore. 

It was not much, however, for a collecting expedition, nor had I net 
or killing-bottle available, nor even a drop of spirit; nothing but a 


rd 


92 y THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


small tube and my fingers; moreover, the Oedipodidae are nimble 
creatures and difficult to catch at any time when stimulated to activity 
by a hot sun. But I enlisted the services of half a dozen little nigger 
boys and returned on board in triumph, with my tube crammed with 
kicking and lively grasshoppers. I never had occasion to work them 
out properly, but I remember that among them was a Sphingonotus 
with no black fascia to the wing, which I took to be S. caerulans, the 
commonest Kuropean species, one of the common red-winged Acrotylus 
and also the pretty yellow-winged species, A. longipes, Charp., the latter 
an African insect which extends its range to the extreme south of 
Europe. 

On neither of the return journeys did we stop, and so, when early 
in April I called on a Portugese vessel, | was very glad that we had more 
business to do, discharging cargo and taking coal, than do the British 
boats. We arrived in the evening of April 6th and I hurried ashore 
with my companion, Pavel Stepanoviteh Nazaroff, the well-known 
Russian traveller and naturalist. 1t was a race with darkness and the 
darkness won; it was impossible to do anything and we returned on 
board crestfallen in inky blackness. We were due to sail during the 
night, but owing to some contretemps fortunate for us, we were still in 
port the next morning and Pavel Stepanovitch and I were able to spend 
several hours ashore collecting Orthoptera. 

This was at the island of Sao Vincente, which owes its importance 
to its geographical situation, for it is asubmarine cable station and also 
a very important coaling station and the harbour, which is the drowned- 
out crater of the old volcano, is always full of shipping. The island 
consists of very rugged lavas with a sharp and jagged outline against the 
sky and is absolutely sterile. In the little town there are a few wind- 
stricken palms and other trees planted in soil imported at great cost. ‘To 
the south and east of the town there is a flat expanse of the detritus of 
the rocks and beyond that a range of dunes; this part is exposed to the 
prevailing wind from the north east which was blowing that day with 
uncomfortable vigour. ‘The sands are loose and shifting but the 
Portugese have planted tamarisks and otber shrubs to hold them, with 
considerable success. We wandered among the tamarisks and moved a 
fair number of Oedipodidae, their coloured wings flashing prettily in the 
sun when they flitted from spot to spot, but they harmonise so closely 
with the sand and voleanic ashes that they are difficult to see when 
settled. ‘he wind was so strong that it was far from easy to catch 
them with a heavy sweep-net and I was glad to enlist the spontaneous 
services of an inquisitive and jolly little nigger boy aged about ten, who 
crawled on his tummy and stalked them with considerable success. We 
never saw a glimpse of a red wing; the commonest was the Acrotylus 
longipes, Charp. This is a pretty little creature distributed widely in 
Africa and occurring in a few localities in the extreme south of Europe ; 
I had made its acquaintance in the ‘T'ranscaucasus and in Macedonia. 
There were two species of Sphingonotus, with pale blue wings, one with 
no black mark on the wings, like the common south-Kuropean 8. 
caerulans, L., but, in fact an apparently local form of S. rubescens, W1k., 
from the deserts of N. Africa, and one with a well-defined black fascia, 
which must be S. canariensis of Saussure, the species which I wanted 
but failed to get in 1913. But these species are extremely interesting, 
as they are very imperfectly known. 


NOTES FROM THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS. 93 


There was little other sign of insect-life save a few flies and consid- 
erable numbers of a small buff Micro-Lepidopteron; it was hopeless 
to try to catch and preserve specimens of so delicate a creature, armed 
as | was only with a heavy sweep-net, in that gale, and [| gave up the 
attempt. 

At one spot in the midst of the tamarisk grove we came upon a 
round, flat open space, like an eastern threshing-floor; that it could 
not be, as there is nothing there to thresh. Pavel Stepanovitch 
remarked that in the Kirghiz deserts he had seen similar phenomena 
where there is much salt in the soil, as he thoughtlessly jabbed holes in 
the level surface with his stick. At that moment I caught sight of a 
_ small round hole lined with tin, and it dawned upon me that we were 
trespassing upon golf links! There is a colony of British at the 
submarine cable station and as an inevitable consequence, the links. I 
trust they will pardon the inquisitive but perfectly innocent damage 
which we did to their dark brown “ green.” 

The forbidding reddish-brown mountains all round have a depressing 
effect, as they appear to be lifeless and probably are. A more cheerful 
effect is produced by the relief of a garden where the Portugese 
authorities, at great expense, have laid out a nursery, and also a hard 
tennis-court, evidently attributable to the staff of the cable. Here there 
were numbers of a small bird like a sparrow, while Egyptian vultures 
soared overhead, sharing with a sooty-necked crow the duties of public 
scavenger. We sat and rested under the precarious shade of a big 
tamarind and watched our little black-faced colleague chew great 
quantities of the bitter fruit, to the great benefit, no doubt, of his 
internal arrangements. 

Pavel Stepanovitch made the interesting observation that similar 
effects can be brought about from totally different materials when 
conditions are similiar. His first exclamation was that he felt himself 
back in Turkestan; there were the same naked, uninviting mountains, 
the dusty sand dunes, wind-battered tamarisks, the hazy sky. The only 
obvious difference is that there the people are Mahommedans, Sarts 
and Kirghiz, while here they are mulattoes and negroes. But the 
deserts of Turkestan are perhaps the most remote spots on earth from 
any sea, and the sand is derived from palaeozoic rocks, while here we 
have an oceanic island with sand formed from the lavas of young, 
though extinct, voleanoes; the tamarisks are of a different species, 
African instead of Asiatic, but the general resemblance is extraordinarily 
close. 

There are two advantages in being on board a Portugese vessel. In 
the first place, having local business, they stay longer and make an 
excursion ashore easier; in the second place they call at other islands 
where British vessels seldom or never put in. Two hours run from Sao 
Vincente brought us to Sao Thiago. We arrived early in the morning 
and anchored in a good-sized bay with cliffs of lava enclosing it; it 
was interesting to see one flow of lava resting on a horizontal surface 
of pale yellow sand, 30 there must have been at least two distinct 
periods of volcanic activity with a considerable interval between them. 
Sao Thiago is less lofty than Sao Vincente and enjoys greater moisture 5 
there is more vegetation ; tufts of rank grass can be seen on the cliffs, 
whereas those of the other island are absolutely barren. The town of 
Praia, the administrative and ecclesiastical centre of the archipelago, is 


94 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 


situated on a substantial elevation in the middle of the bay, with an 
extensive palm grove at the foot. The town is pleasantly laid out, well 
kept, with well-groomed gardens, where the presence of really green 
turf is evidence of the greater rainfall. Moreover, at Sao Martini, 
about half an hour’s drive into the interior, there are coffee plantations 
producing the best berry of any of Portugal’s numerous colonies. 
Unfortunately we were not able to hire a horse and trap, as it was 
market day and everyone was busy, and so were compelled to abandon 
our idea of visiting the plantations and to confine our ambitions to a 
walk outside the town. 

After passing another palm-grove and a negro village of stone buts 
roofed with palm leaves we came upon an open arid plain with a few 
scattered mimosa trees; the ground consisted only of stones and dust, 
but there was little animal life there apart from the few goats resting in the 
shade of the trees. Acrotylus lonyipes, Charp., is the common grass- 
hopper of the island, as it is at Sao Vincente, and we moved great 
numbers of them, their bright yellow wings flashing prettily in the 
sunshine. They are active and it was extremely difficult in that stiff 
breeze to catch any with the sweep-net. We followed up the dry bed 
of a desiccated watercourse, where an occasional blue flash revealed the 
presence of some Sphingonotus. I was able to catch one only; it was 
S. rubescens, W1k., subsp. 

So far we had seen no difference in the fauna between the two 
islands, but soon we flushed a bird that was obviously our first really 
Kthiopian representative. It was Halcyon leucocephala rv. acteon, and a 
very beautiful creature voo; its brilliant deep blue wings and tail glitter 
brightly in the sunshine, contrasting with the pale grey or dirty white 
bead and shoulders. As it perched on the top of a mimosa it showed 
the red-brown belly, and its profile was exactly that of a kingfisher. 
The beak is long, straight and sharp; it was orange-yellow in the first 
specimen we saw, but in another, which we took for the cockbird, it 
was bright red and disproportionately long, giving it a clumsy appear- 
ance. ‘There was nothing Kuropean about him as, indeed, it occurs 
only on Sio Thiago and on the Brava of the Cape Verde Islands. I 
turned over many stones in tbe hopes of finding some earwigs, but 
found nothing but quantities of a small black and a small brown beetle. 

Presently a tiny flash of pink caught my eye and | picked up a pair 
of Pyrgomorpha sp., a representative of an African genus that extends 
its range into the southern extremities of Kurope. I also found a 
nymph, so the season here begins several months earlier than in the 
Mediterranean countries. ‘Then | saw another kind of grasshopper, 
very numerous, but so active that | despaired of taking one. I caught 
a glimpse of pink, and thought it must be a Caloptenus; it was too 
slender for the common European species, but might be a local form, 
corresponding to the C. vulcanius of the Canary Islands; then I saw 
that the red was on the posterior femora, so | thought it must be an 
Epacromia. At length patience was rewarded and | took one, to find 
to my surprise that it was a male, too big for either of the genera 
mentioned. It wasa Catantops, C. avillaris, Thnbg., a typically African 
species already known from the Cape Verde Islands, but not existing 
in the Canaries. Altogether | took two males and a female. | saw 
also another large grasshopper, as big as Anacridium aegyptiun, but 
they sat on the highest twigs of the mimosas and the mass of tough, 


NOMENCLATURE. ERRORS II. 95 


woody branches and sharp strong thorns made it impossible to catch 
them; when disturbed they flew off actively to a distant tree. 
Although the Catantops occurred frequently enough on the stony hillsides 
generally, they seemed to prefer the neighbourhood of the mimosas, on 
which they frequently settled and probably found their nourishment. 

It is quite likely that search would reveal other species and in all 
probability they would have African affinities; very likely representa- 
tives of other groups are to be found in the vegetation of the plantation 
area, though these would be more likely to be imported species. | do 
not know the age of the islands but they are certainly quite young, 
geologically speaking ; as volcanoes they are dead, though the island 
of Fogo is not quite extinct and has been in eruption during the past 
hundred years, as in 1891 a ship’s captain told me that many years 
previously he had seen it showing signs of activity. They 
must be younger than the Canaries, although Teneriffe is still a quite 
active volcano, for the latter have developed a very rich and highly 
characteristic fauna and flora, It is doubtful whether there are any 
endemic species peculiar to the Cape Verdes, which must have been 
colonised from the African coast and by insects and other smaller 
creatures imported in plants. ‘The islands are essentially part of Africa ; 
the brown, naked rocks are quite un-Kuropean in appearance and the 
presence of lofty palms and the mulattoes and often very good-iooking 
creoles of Sao Vincente and the negroes of Sao Thiago speak for 
themselves. 

The birds, too, are mostly African ; apart from a swift and the kites 
hawking over the waters of the bay, the other birds we saw are not 
European ; the gorgeous kingfisher is certainly HMthiopian. and so must 
be the very variegated sparrow, quite different from any of our 
Huropean species of Passer; the crows, too, seem different, with sooty 
hoods like jackdaws, and a raven we saw was smaller than ours, with 
weaker beak, and a greyish spot on the side of the neck. 

It was tantalising not to be able to explore further, nor to visit the 
interesting island of Brava, but we must be thankful for mercies received 
and treasure the modest collection that we were able to make. 


Nomenclature. Errors II. 


Norr :—My colleague, W. H. T. Tams, points out that I am spell- 
ing the name of the author of the Sys. Nat. wrongly. That is so, vide 
title page of the Sys. 

adippe.—ecydippe. See Report of the British National Committee 
on Entomological Nomenclature, Trans. Hint. Soc. Lond, (1915) and 
Ent. Record, XXVIIL., p. 148 (1916). Many entomologists seem still 
ignorant of this authoritative decision. Frohawk’s book uses adippe ! 

latona: latonia: lathona.— Linnaeus described this species under the 
name lathonia, Sys. Nat., ed. X. p. 481 (1758). 

artemis: aurinea.—aurinia. Rottemburg, Naturforscher, VI., 5 
(1775) in considering Hufnagel’s V'abellen (1765) appeals to the work of 
Geoffroy, Histoire abregée, I1., 45 (1764). Both authors mix a number 
of species under the name cinaia, but the latter perceives that there are 


<a 


% 


96 THI KNYOMOLOGIST’S RMOORD., 


several forms, and separates out four of them without naming them, 
but clearly describing them. ‘To these descriptions Rottemburg adds 
names one of them being awrinia, with an 7, and not as some authors 
do aurinea, vide Frohawk, ete. Hiibner’s name artemis is of much 
later date, about 1808. 

plevippus: erippus.—archippus. ‘This was discussed at great 
length in Hut. Rec., V., 1-5, 1894. Linnaeus definitely says ‘‘ with a 
white fascia as in the next species (chrysippus) which it resembles.” 
Habitat N. America. ater Linn. adds China to this. The presump- 
tion is that ‘“‘ N. America’’ was erroneous, a most likely one. Fabricius 
redescribes it as archippus in 1798, nt. Sys. LIT. 49. Cramer in Pap. 
Ew. 1. 4, described and figured a form from §. America as ertppus. 
These two latter were subsequently found to be forms of the same species. 
In Linnaeus’ collection the American species is named archippus and 
the Asian species pleaippus, The pedant would go farther and insist 
on erippus (1779) and not archippus (1798) 

galatea.— Linnaeus wrote galathea Sys. Nat. ed. X. 474 (1758). 
Another ‘ r.”’ 

eyeria.— Linnaeus wrote aegeria Sys. Nat. ed. X. 473 (1758). 
Another “ r.” 

janiva—jurtina. Linnaeus described the female first under the 
name jurtina and subsequently the male with the name janira, Sys. 
Nat. ed. X., nos. 104 and 106 respectively (1758). The idiosyncrasies 
of our early entomologists on the question of the consideration of the 
female biassed their actions and they chose janiva g as the name. 
We have corrected this peculiarity and use the prior name jurtina.— 
Hy.J.T. 


GXURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


We are pleased to see that Mr, Donisthorpe’s name has been added 
to the staff of the new myrmecological magazine which was reviewed 
in the last number: Folia Myrmecologica et Termitologia, 

The South Eastern Union of Scientific Societies has just concluded 
a most successful Congress at Hastings. Only one paper dealt definitely 
with Entomology, viz., that of Mr. W. H. Thorpe, B.A. of the 
Zoological Laboratory, Cambridge, whose theme was “The Fauna of 
the Brackish Pools of the Essex Coast.” This was really an account 
of his study of the life of aquatic insects in relation to the differences 
of the medium in which they lived. Pools had been chosen whose 
salinity varied with the season, the weather, the amount of fresh-water 
or of sea-water which at regular periods reached them, etc. Records 
had been made of the salinity at all times, and lists of the species 
living in the various pools, their abundance, their comparative size 
and vigour, etc., were given. The work was as yet incomplete and in 
conclusion he could only point out, that there was great scope for the 
ecological work of careful observations on the most commonplace 
animal communities. What was desired was to study the interactions 
of the animals living together in communities and the influences upon 
them and the surroundings in which they lived. 

In our July number we shall publish Dr. Verity’s ‘‘ Explanation 
and Justification” with Mr. Bethune-Baker’s remarks thereon. 


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Duplicates.—Several hundred species of Coleoptera (carded) from Hants and Dorset, 
including several rare species from the New Forest, etc. 

Desiderata.—Searce and local British Coleoptera (carded).— 4. Lord, 42, Lrving Road, 
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Duplicates.—British Lepidoptera, many species. 

Desiderata.—Back volumes of Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., and entomological magazines, 
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Desiderata.—British Coleoptera, especially Chrysomelidae. 

Duplicates.—West Virginia Coleoptera and Lepidoptera.—Paul N. Musgrave, 601, 
Walnut Avenue, Fairmount, West Virginia, U.S.A. 

Desiderata.—Ova or pupae of christyi, abruptaria v. brunnea, black consonaria and 
bidentata, extensaria, curzoni, jasionata, venosata (Shetl.) and other melanic Geometers 
and Noctuae. 

Duplicates.—Very many in first class condition, high-set only f. i. Herminia flavi- 
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Acidalias ; pupae of Eupithecia iJluminata or cash.—Karl Andreas. Wiesbaden, Goethestr. 
23, Germany. 

Entomologist in out of way part of world desires exchange entom. literature— 
especially current works on classification, anatomy, heredity, etc.—for papered insects 
from Argentine Chaco. Will give double rate for Camb. Nat. Hist. (Insects), Hudson’s 
Nat. in La Plata, and special for Ridgeway’s Colour Charts. Basis butterflies or moths 
20/- per 100 papers, coll. 35 butterflies all different 10/-, other orders by arrangement. Or 
will sell for cash to enable purchase. Lists to K. J. Hayward, Villa Ana, F.C.P.S.F., 
Argentine. 

Mr. M. R. Suir, A. and M. College, is anxious to know where he can obtain any of 
Emery’s papers on North American ants; and also to know of any Europeans who would 
like to exchange separates and correspondence with him concerning ants. 

Signor Aurrepo Faz, Calle Bandera 714, Santiago Chili, is willing to exchange first 
class Chilean Coleoptera, especially Carabus, sps., for striking Coleoptera from all parts of 
the World. 

Wanted.—To correspond with some Entomologist resident in Scotland, Ireland, or 
the Isle of Man who is interested in Noctuae and vars. with a view to exchange of species 
and forms.—A. J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,’’? West Chiltington Common, Pillborough, Sussex. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7. 
8 p.m. October 6th. 

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
June 23rd. July 14th.—Hon. Sec., Stanley Edwards 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, 
8.E.3. 

The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London 
Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History 
Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street E.C. 2, first and 
third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec., J. P. 
Harpiman, C.B.E., b.A., 1, Chatsworth Road, Brondesbury, N.W.2. 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. Turner, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, 8.1.14 et 

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor lo send ws communications IDENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require Inuusrrations are inserted on condition that the AurHor 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 
a Ah Bankers Order payment forms, apply to Hon. Treasurer, 6, Footscray Road, 

Eltham 


- awe 


CONTENTS 


PAGE. 
Notes on the Spanish form of Hesperia cinarae, Rbr., B. C. S. Warren, F.E.S. .. 81 


Some Swiss Butterflies in 1925 and 1926, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.L.S., 4 
F.E.S,,\F:Z.8... .. 8am 


ne 
LOO. an 


Notes from the Cape Verde Islands, Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., F.E.S. 
Nomenclature, Errors Il., H.J.T. 
Current Notes am 8 ste Ne ae oe x Mii 96 


SuppLemEeNT.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. Ai ae Ae (33)-(36) 


3 
- 
Communications have been received from or have been promised by Messrs. 
Dr. Verity, H. J. Turner, K. J. Hayward, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, C. J. Wainwright, 
A. H. Martineau, W. H. Edwards, J. S. Taylor, Lieut. EH. B. Ashby, A. Sich, Dr. E. A. 
Cockayne, Dr. Malcolm Burr, G. T. Bethune-Baker, Signor Querci, Dr. Romei, and 
Reports of Societies. 


All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, 
98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, §.H.14. 


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The Entomologist’s Record. del, E. A. Cockayne. 


GYNANDROMORPH OF CoLiAS LESBIA. 


ABERRATION IN COLIAS LESBIA, 97 


Aberration in Colias lesbia. 
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. 


For some years past correspondents in South America have 
occasionally sent me specimens of Colias lesbia. Latterly Capt. 
Kenneth J. Hayward has sent on some very noticeable colour aberra- 
tions and among them a most remarkable gynandromorphous example 
in which the superficial characters of ¢ and ? are jumbled together 
in a most irregular and curious manner. At first the impression was 
that the three chief forms, the orange-yellow female and the greenish- 
white female, a most unlikely combination I am told, were represented. 
Specimens typical of the three forms were submitted to Dr. Cockayne 
with the gynandromorph, and he now reports as follows. 


“«Gynandromorphous specimens combining the colour and pattern of 
the yellow or orange male and white female have been described in 
several species of Colias and those recorded before 1915 are mentioned 
in my paper on Gynandromorphism and Kindred Problems. ‘The 
inheritance of the white colour in this genus has been investigated 
very thoroughly by Gerould, who has shown that though white is 
dominant to yellow the male even when homozygous for white still 
develops the yellow pigment. From the results of his earlier experi- 
ments Gerould believed that the homozygous whites were non-viable, 
but his later experiments have convinced him that this is not so. 

“In the egg the gynandromorphous lesbia was probably a hetero- 
zygous male, but at one or more cell divisions in a later stage of 
development one of the Z chromosomes was lost and its absence from 
part of the insect allowed female characters and white pigment to 
appear. The great irregularity in the distribution of the male and 
female parts suggests that several abnormal cell divisions took place. 
Using the symbol Z for the sex chromosome, A for the autosomal 
chromosome carrying the factor for white, and O for the other 
autosomal chromosomes, the male part of the gynandromorph ean be 
represented as ZZAO and the female as ZAO. 

‘I know of no example of Colias, which combines male parts with 
both white and yellow female parts as Mr. Turner at first believed to 
be the case in this insect, but such a combination is theoretically 
possible. If at some of the abnormal cell divisions a Z chromosome 
and at others both a Z chromosome and the autosomal chromosome 
carrying the factor for white were lost, the parts derived from them 
would be ZZAO, male, ZAO, white female, and ZO, yellow female. 
It is believed that loss of an autosomal chromosome is incompatible 
with life, but if it only happened in a cell, from which a portion of the 
wing was destined to develop, it could not be fatal, though it might 
prevent the development of the wing from taking place.” 

Cockayne, E. A. Journ. Genetics. 1915, V. 98-4. 

Gerould, J. H. The inheritance of white wing color, a sex-limited 
(sex-controlled) variation in yellow Pierid butterflies. Genetics. 1928, 
VIII, 495-551. 


Rober in Seitz (American Rhopalocera) describes the Argentine and 
Brazilian form as dark orange-yellow in the male, specimens shot 
Juty-Aueust. 


98 THE ENTOMOLOGIS1’ S RECORD. 


with violet reflections being not rare. The narrowness of the black- 
brown margin readily distinguishes the males from those of other species. 
In the females the ground-colour is said to be very variable on the 
upper surface, from orange-yellow like the male, through yellow, 
yellowish or white with grey dusting, greenish grey, even practically 
white. The last is called ab. heliceoides. 

A series of some eighty specimens lies before me. In some of the 
males the orange-yellow is very beautifully shot with violet, approach- 
ing in intensity that shown by species of the genus Meganostoma, 
particularly when exposed to bright sunlight. The ground of some 
males has lost the orange shade and is of various shades of yellow, but 
still retaining more or less of the purple reflection. One extra large 
male is of a beautiful delicate pink-tinged yellow, a colour which shows 
up well with the deep black outer margins from which deep black veins 
run a Certain distance into the dise of the wing. The delicate fringes 
of the same shade as the ground add to the beauty of the specimen. 
There are several dwarf males, measuring hardly half the expanse of 
an average-sized example. 

The ground colour of the orange females varies in the same way, 
but there seems only one specimen that one can say is an intermediate 
between the ‘‘ orange” and ‘“‘ white” forms, and on that there hangs 
a doubt, for it looks much weather-worn and there are traces of the 
orange in irregular clouds, and all is more rather than less ‘“ fuzzy.” 
ae of the orange females is very dusky, again a weather-worn look 
about it. 

Several of the white females have the lower wings almost marking- 
less, and they vary much in the amount of yellow spotting in the 
marginal band of the forewings, as well as in the shade of green in the 
ground. 


Descriprion OF THE GYNANDROMORPH. 


Urprrsme.—L. forewing greenish-white ? predominant. Below 
costa in upper part of cell and produced of irregular width half-way from 
thence to costa, a wide streak of 3 colour, and several short wide striae 
of the same orange colour inside the black marginal area and very 
slightly along inner margin. 

L. hindwing, wholly greenish-white ? . 

R. forewing, greenish-white ? predominant. The streaks of 
colour are in the same positions on the wing as on the L. forewing, 
but all much more extended distally, orange patches also occur in the 
wide dark outer margin but do not seem to be of the series of pale 
spots natural to the band. A wide streak of orange runs along the 
inner margin enclosing a small streak of greenish-white about the 
middle. 

R, hindwing is predominantly 3 with only three radiations of ? 
greenish-white from the base, that along the lower margin of the cell 
and that inside the body-hollow of the inner margin reaching nearly 
to the outer margin, the middle streak going only to the disc. 

Unversipr.—L. fore- and hindwing wholly ?. R. side wholly 3. 

' The result of Dr. Cockayne’s morphological examination follows 
this. 


DESCRIPTION OF GENITALIA OF A GYNANDROMORPH. 99 


Colias lesbia. Description of Genitalia of a Gynandromorph, 
(Plate I11,) 


By E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P. 


Normally tne tenth somite in the male consists of the uncus and 
possibly part of the tegumen and in the female of the ovipositor and rods. 
This somite in the gynandromorph is entirely female; the two halves of 
the ovipositor and their rods (Ov). are both present, but are asymmetri- 
cal and abnormal in shape. In the diagram they are drawn separately 
and with a magnification about double that of the other parts. The 
ninth somite in the gynandromorph is partly male and partly female. 
In the normal male it consists of a ring of chitin formed by the narrow 
saccus or vinculum ventrally and the broad tegumen or part of the 
tegumen dorsally. In Colias these are firmly welded together and, 
where the two halves of the saccus meet on the ventral surface, there 
is a large projection directed forwards, a lateral view of which is shown 
in the diagram. In the gynandromorph the sole representative of these 
structures is the ventral part of the saccus (S), which is very narrow 
and rather more developed on the left side. The projection forwards 
is much reduced in size and bent to the right. All the rest of the 
somite is female. In the normal female the dorsal part is a fairly 
narrow simple band of chitin, which becomes much wider and more 
complicated in structure ventrally. Anteriorly the chitinous belt is 
complete, but posteriorly there are two flaps which almost meet in the 
mid-ventral line and then curve sharply first outwards and then inwards 
where fusion takes place. A nearly complete circular opening, the 
ostium bursae, is formed in this way, and the funnel shaped beginning 
of the ductus bursae is attached by delicate membrane to its edges. 
On each side the chitin of the anterior part of the ring curves back and 
forms a lateral flap with its convexity pointing in a dorsal direction, 
and from the inner aspect of each flap and at right angles to its surface 
arises a short thin rod (R) ending ina knob. In the insect when at 
rest most of this somite lies hidden inside the eighth. In the gynand- 
romorph the dorsal part of the ninth somite is of the usual width on 
the right but becomes narrower on the left, and sweeps around to the 
ventral surface, where the thickened chitin ends near the mid-line 
and is attached by a delicate membrane to the saccus. Though this 
side is quite abnormal in structure the lateral flap is recognisable but 
its rod is missing. The somite is more normal on the right side but 
is much narrower ventrally than it ought to be. The ostium bursae is 
incomplete posteriorly and its inner side is formed by a piece of chitin 
arising from the tip and right side of the imperfect saccus. The lateral 
flap with its rod (RK), seen end on and indicated in the diagram by a 
small ring, is very nearly normal. To turn to the internal parts of this 
somite, there are two valves (V) both lying on the left side. The right 
valve is very small and simple in structure, the left one is much bigger 
though only about half the normal size. It has a posterior portion 
partially constricted off representing the posterior part of a normal 
valve and an anterior portion representing the anterior part of a normal 
valve with a slender process of very thick chitin attached to its inner 
surface, probably a rudimentary sacculus (Sa). This ought to have 
been drawn in dotted lines in the diagram, because it lies behind and 
internal to the valve, The third part of the valve consists of a large 


100 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


lobe attached ventrally and posteriorly with the inner part of its free 
border overlapping a portion of the right valve. In the diagram of a 
normal male the oblique line running up towards its extremity indicates 
the free border of a flap on its inner aspect, and the curious lobe on the 
valve of the gynandromorph probably corresponds with this. The 
aedaeagus (Ae) drawn separately is very short and broad and the long 
projection, which arises near the base on the concave side of the normal 
aedaeagus, is present in an aborted condition. The existence of two 
valves is not surprising. Even in halved gynandromorphs there are 
nearly always two, though as in this case the inner one is usually very 
much the smaller. 

From the ostium bursae run a ductus bursae and a bursal neck both 
properly formed, but the bursa copulatrix itself is imperfect In the 
normal female the first portion forms a large pear-shaped organ, and 
from the middle of its broad distal end there is a tube leading to a 
smaller globular portion. At the narrower and thicker proximal end 
is the heavily chitinised signum with a number of teeth at both 
extremities. ‘The bursa of the gynandromorph bas only half a signum 
(Si) and is flattened on its inner side. Tbe tube arises from a point 
near the inner side instead of from the middle of its distal extremity 
and the second portion of the bursa is flattened in the same way as the 
first. The bursa is really only a half bursa and is very like the one in 
the halved gynandromorph of Mronia hippia var. gaea, which I described 
and figured in the Trans. Ent. Soc. 1916, Pl. CLV. fig. Il. This also 
had only half a signum. The eighth and seventh somites of the 
gynandromorph Colias are female. 


EXXPLANATION OF PLATE. 


Ninth somite of gynandromorph of Colias lesbia. (Ventral view). 

Tenth somite of gynandromorph with about twice the magnification 
(Ventral view). 

Tenth and ninth somites of male. (Lateral view with magnification 
about half that of ninth somite of gynandromorph). 

Ninth somite of female. (Slightly oblique view of ventral surface. 
Magnification about two-thirds that of ninth somite of gynandro- 
morph). 

V. valve. Sa.sacculus. S.saccus. U.uncus, T.tegumen. Ae. 
aedaeagus. Ov. ovipositor. R. rod of ninth somite. O.B. ostium 
bursae. D.B. ductus bursae. B.C. bursa copulatrix. $i. signum. 


A few words of Explanation and Justification. 
By ROGERK VERITY, M.D. 


I am sorry to use some of the precious pages of this Journal of 
Variation where so many interesting facts await recording, in 
disquisitions, which in some cases exhibit a shade of pedantism, but, 
as I have recently been criticised in a very direct and personal manner, 
a few words of explanation from me on some points, which have not 
been fully grasped, seem necessary. JI am sorry I have given the 
impression of talking in a tone of “superiority’’ and I am grateful to 
my friend Mr. Bethune-Baker for having corrected this impression, 
through bis personal acquaintance of me. All I can claim is that 


A FEW WORDS OF EXPLANATION AND JUSTIFICATION, 101 


thirty years of work on a subject may give one a right to a certain 
amount of assurance in one’s statements, although, of course, errare 
humanum est and | have made mistakes, like all those who work have. 
What I do not understand is why I am made personally responsible 
for the use of terms and for methods of analysis of variation which 
have been introduced lone before my time and developed on a broad 
scale by some of the leading lepidopterists. Tutt, Bingham, Oberthiir, 
for instance, have used the term ‘race’’ all through their large and 
masterly works. That of “ forma alicuius loci”? would be a somewhat 
cumbersome substitute and, in most cases, it would not even be correct, 
because most races, as distinct from exerges and subspecies, consist in 
the predominance of a form, which is not confined to the region where 
it is racial and which does exist in other races, although in the latter 
it has a limited, or nearly no, influence in their aspect on account of its 
scarcity as an extreme individual variation. Let us take one of the 
first examples one finds in the Vol. I. of Tutt’s British Butterflies, p. 
158: in his Hand-book of 1896, be had described ab. flava of Urbicola 
comma as a very rare “aberration” in Britain; in his Brit. Butt. of 
1906, he raises it to the degree of “ var.” remarking that “at Mendel 
Pass, in Tyrol, it is quite a racial form, most of the specimens having 
the spots yellow, although some have them distinctly white.’’ Here, 
then, is a form found in most European localities, but so much more 
abundantly, although not exclusively, in some of the southern ones 
that it gives a series of specimens from there quite a different look from 
a series collected further north. This, according to Tutt, constitutes 
two races. Some of my races, which have been criticised, have been 
erected exactly on the same lines. I agree they are not as satisfactory 
as the races which consist of a form entirely peculiar to one region, 
but I see no reason to deny them a standing as good races, as the 
difference between these two sorts of cases is purely quantitative and 
one cannot draw the line anywhere. As far back as the eighties of 
last century Nicéville in his Butt. of India, p. 817 (quoted by Tutt, 
p. 350) expresses exactly the same view in connection with FR. phlaeas, 
saying that the Indian races blend in a complete gradation, but that 
“ this does not prevent the local races being distinct and capable of 
discrimination at their respective headquarters.” I have always found 
that this conception of races and this way of illustrating geographieal 
variation answers its purpose perfectly well and that is why I have 
always worked along these lines. I cannot make out what has made 
Mr. Bethune-Baker so indignant about the race of Ayriades coridon of 
the Susa Valley, which I have described and named rufosplendens on 
the strength of the remarkable tinge of the underside in as many as 
70% of the individuals. There are a great many races described, not 
by me, but by leading authorities, in which the forma alicuius loci is 
considerably scarcer than that and which, notwithstanding, are 
very striking when an adequate series of specimens is compared with 
series from other localities. It must also be observed that it would be 
a mistake to include exact statistical data in the original diagnosis of 
a race, as some of my critics suggest I should do, because the name by 
which one designates it is meant to cover all the localities where the 
features described are more prominent than other features, but from 
one spot to another their predominence usually varies to a marked 
extent and the series of ‘‘ co-types’”’ is unlikely to belong exactly to its 


102 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


highest degree. On the other hand I quite agree it is very advisable 
to mention roughly in what proportion the well characterised specimens 
are and with what other forms they are mixed, in order to convey an 
exact idea of the general aspect of the original series of specimens, and 
authors of local Catalogues should then complete our knowledge in 
connection with each region. If anybody can suggest a better way of 
describing geographical variation than that which bas been in use till 
now I will only be too pleased to adopt it, but what I resent vigorously 
is that secondary defects of the system should be taken as excuses to sit 
down and give up working at variation. Some entomologists candidly 
confess their reason for so doing is that they do not feel equal to 
facing the proportions this subject is now attaining. The answer to 
this is that one must look at things in a new light. In the past a 
man could boast of bearing in mind, more or less, all the variations of 
the butterflies of Europe. Now one must give up any pretence of this 
sort and, when one starts to work at a species, one must recur to the 
Catalogues, which are being published, and read up the literature 
about it. Even the few words one finds in general text-books are very 
often extremely misleading. Specialisation is bound to increase, as it 
is in all branches of human activity, following the laws of organic 
evolution. I have, over and over again, experienced a phenomenon, 
which it is important to remember before jumping to conclusions: 
when at first one examines series of specimens of a species, one is not 
particularly acquainted with, one often is quite blind to differences 
there may exist between them ; it is only after having done so several 
times, at intervals, that ones eyes gradually open and one is then quite 
surprised at not having detected sooner the characteristics of the 
various series. Ayriades coridon is one of the species which is very 
apt to play this trick on the observer and that explains how, in 
perfectly good faith and, possibly, with perfectly adequate materials 
before him in his large collection, Mr. Bethune-Baker can have made 
about its races the negative statement he publishes at p. 50. Only, he 
gets unnecessarily hot about it and actually speaks of crossing swords 
with me. To enliven the pages of this Journal for the general reader, 
althoueh I do not feel as pugnacious, I will strike back by recalling 
the fact that he has already shown a tendency to be too precipitate in 
his judgments when he described and named (1926, p. 84) ‘“‘ A new 
species of Zygaena from Spain” from dwarf individuals of the s econd 
generation of trifolti, which Sagarra, in agreement with my opinion, 
had already described and named in this sense. Burgeff has since 
gone into the matter and come to the same conclusion. My good 
friend accuses me of seeing races where they do not exist, but he has, 
anyhow, gone still further and has done it with a species. 1 must also 
remind him of the fact that when he came to Florence he sneered at 
the work I had done on the number of generations of the Pierids and 
on the features which distinguish them from eaeh other, whereas, after 
he had seen my collection, he had to admit it had been a revelation 
and that northern entomologists could have no idea of these seasonal 
variations in the south, because they did not possess series of specimens 
collected systematically during all the year in this region. This should 
have taught him that large series straight from their haunts reveal 
facts which it is otherwise impossible to see and, as he knows that an 
enormous amount of fresh materials passes before my eyes every year, 


REMARKS ON ‘‘ EXPLANATION AND JUSTIFICATION.” 103 


ne might have abstained from his irreverent insinuation that I forge 
races for the pleasure of describing them! What, however, absolutely 
astounds me is that he should find fault with me for saying that in 
describing a race one must single out its characteristics and “eliminate” 
the features and the individual variations, which run, more or less, all 
through the species in all its races, so that they have geographically 
no interest, but which combine in different ways with the locally 
predominant features and create “‘ confusion”’ by producing different 
effects in the various individuals. In a few individuals the local 
features may even be entirely absent, as I have noted in the comma 
and phlaeas examples, mentioned above, without its infirming the 
existence of the race, but one must, particularly in some cases, have 
sufficient specimens to prove it and to show if the race of the locality 
One is dealing with can be designated, on the whole, simply by one 
name or if it must be combined with the name of the minority of 
individuals. When the latter are not too numerous and prominent I 
use the expression of “ trans. ad.”’; when they are, and the race is very 
variable, I simply join the names of the leading forms by a hyphen. 
I have been so particular in working all this out in my List of 
Peninsular Italy and other works that I can only suppose those who 
have criticised me for inaccuracy in this very respect have not even 
taken the trouble to glance through them before formulating their 
judgment! [ fear there is a considerable amount of prejudice against 
me, like there has been in the past against Fruhstorfer and others, who 
have done a great deal of work. Iam glad I can end with a word of 
reassurance to those who seem so terrified by these developments and 
state that, in my experience, most of the geographical variations of 
the butterflies of Western Europe have now already been described 
and named and that the work which remains to be done consists 
chiefly in establishing their distribution and their relationship and in 
discovering the causes which produce them. If this end can be 
attained, the labour which has been devoted to recording them will 
be amply justified. With mutual confidence and mutual aid great 
deeds are done and great discoveries made ! 


Remarks on Dr. Verity’s ‘“‘ Explanation and Justification.” 
By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S. 


Dr. Verity’s explanation—I omit the word “justification ’—calls 
for some remarks from me, for I had not the least intention to make 
him “personally responsible for the use of terms and methods of 
analysis’ developed by Tutt, etc. Since the lamented death of my 
friend Tutt, we have advanced far and we have come to a more concrete 
and scientific basis of work. Were Tutt alive to-day he would certainly 
have advanced with the times and would have used the word “race” 
in a different way to how he did then. 

“ Forma alicuius loci” (for which we in England use the single word 
“form” or ‘f. loc.” and not infrequently the simple letter “f” 
though we need to be more accurate than this now) is not equivalent 
to the word race ; nearly all of Dr. Verity’s names, or at least a great 
many of them, come under f. loc. I do not now refer to Dr. Verity’s 


104 THE KENLOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. 


instances of Tutt’s example for the reason that they do not apply to- 
day in the advanced state of our knowledge. 

Then again I am quite unconscious of being indignant about the 
naming of A. coridon rufosplendens, 1 merely cited it, without any 
adjectives or other strong expression, or any feeling of any kind, as an 
example of a misconception as to what a race was. Again my friend 
says I was “ unnecessarily hot about the variations of A. coridon”’; his 
idea of heat is unusual, I expressed no feeling whatever in my remarks, 
but simply as I thought stated cold bare facts, which were intended to 
show how Dr. Verity eliminated some characteristics and so was able 
to magnify others; here perhaps I might say that I think I have 
specialised and studied the Lycaenidae, and among them coridon has 
had long attention, both structurally, in the field and in the cabinet, 
for many more years than has Dr. Verity and I am very far from not 
noting minute differences. 

An amusing incident is that Dr. Verity considers I have been 
precipitate in judgment when I described a small Zygaena as a new 
species under the name clorinda, and he says it is merely a dwarf form 
of trifolii and that others agree with him. J hada long correspondence 
with Querci on this very point and on every incident of its capture, so 
that I am able to judge the question, and as it is a group on which I 
have specialised for a good many years, and have genitalia preparations 
and scale and other preparations of most of the species, I claim the 
right of my own opinion. It may be a matter of opinion or it may be 
a matter of fact, but the fact remains that I have before me a fine 
series of trifolii and of clorinda taken in the same place at the same 
time, and that they differ both structurally and in general appearance. 
This is not the time and place to go into the differences which I 
enumerated sometime ago, but the facts at present support my view 
and I have no doubt in my own mind that they are quite distinct. 
There is one thing I might here draw attention to and that is that 
Dr. Verity’s idea of the value of structure is quite different from mine ; 
from casual remarks and a general inference of dealing with what he 
calls “ exerges,” it is evident that I put a greater value on structure 
than he does, and that marked differences in structure have little 
weight with him. I think Dr. Verity had better read very carefully 
again what I said about the elimination of variations and neutralising 
confusion, it bears a very different construction to that he puts upon 
it and it needs to be emphasised rather than otherwise. 

The two principle points, in the early part of my paper (ante p. 
49, etc.) and at the end, are left entirely untouched by my friend, and 
his idea of a ‘‘ complete picture of geographical variation ’”’ lacks both 
the foreground and the background leaving a very incomplete picture, 
in which very much is obscured or left to individual imagination, much 
in the manner of our present day futurist artists. 


Races and their Naming. 
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. 

It is a natural fact that most species exist, not generally distributed, 
but in colonies over more or less limited areas, determined by the 
presence of the food of their larvae primarily, but also by numerous 
other factors, climatal and natural. Such distribution, tending in 


: 


RACES AND THEIR NAMING. 105 


many cases to more or less isolation, must, with differences in local 
conditions, react upon the members of the colony and produce 
variations which in time will become fixed and genetic. 

It has been customary in the past, when the continued isolation 
has thus acted and produced special characteristics in colonies, to 
term them ‘ sub-species ’”’ and ‘‘ geographical races.” 

Naturally there exist varying degrees of the effects of such isolation. 
The extreme cases would be when every individual of the colony 
showed the special characters produced. Between a colony of the 
typical form and this extreme there exists every degree of characterisa- 
tion, from colonies in which only a small percentage of individuals 
have peculiar facies to colonies in which the bulk of the individuals 
are noticeably variant. 

It is obvious that in these two quite separable cases the same term 
of relationship is, to say the least, hardly applicable. One kind of 
colony is a near approach to a species, the other kind of colony is in 
every case but a step towards the colony in which every individual has 
the peculiar facies. 

In course of time there has sprung up a differentiation of the use 
of the two terms, ‘‘ subspecies’ and ‘“ geographical race”’ (or simply 
‘“race”’). The term “subspecies” has been invariably used for the 
perfectly characterised colony and never for the imperfectly differenti- 
ated colony; ‘“ geographical race”’ has been generally used for both 
categories of colonies; and the term “race ’”’ has been used predomin- 
antly to indicate those colonies which are incompletely differentiated. 
Particularly has this been so in our societies’ discussions, in our 
magazine articles, and in general conversations. 

Such a recognition having come into general use, and thus 
acknowledged to be convenient and intelligible it would appear to be 
quite inopportune to attempt to ignore it and go back to the previous 
confusion. It is a matter of growth, of evolution; as our knowledge 
of facts increased, so we must appreciate that knowledge by definition 
to further future advance. 

But the crux of the whole question has arisen on account of the 
extraordinary desire to name, which has come into fashion among 
naturalists. While one does not complain of names given to definite 
conceptions, of which subspecies are examples, there is a well-founded 
complaint against the naming of imperfect, indefinite conceptions, of 
which the colonies we have called “races ’’ ubove, are examples. 

Almost in every case these names indicate nothing in particular, 
they are not applicable to all the individuals, nor even to the bulk of 
them, they rarely have reference to any characteristic, they are largely 
irrelevant and give no information to those unfamiliar with the race, 
more or less useless for future workers, they are a burden to the 
memory and, in fact, a hindrance to future progress. Often such 
names are published in obscure journals or magazines and in years to 
come may compel a deal of trouble to unearth. Patronymics are an 
extreme example of such names; of the personal connections but few 
present individuals know and practically all future students will be 
ignorant ; it is pandering to the personal vanity or supposed personal 
vanity. And when this proclivity is extended to each of the generations 
of a species, which may, or may not, be differentiable, the practice 
loses all semblance of utility. 


a 


106 YH KWNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 


Tis here I, personally, criticise the action of Dr. Verity and others 
in giving names, of necessity, from the nature of the phenomena, 
irrelevant, to so many races and generations. For instance it would 
have been amply sufficient and immeasurably more informative and 
consequently more scientifically useful to have spoken of the races of 
the Polyommatus on the Riviera as the W. French Rivieran race, the 
E. Freneh Rivieran race, the W. Italian Rivieran race and the E. 
Italian Rivieran race, at the same time indicating the generations by 
I. gen., Il. gen. Reader and hearer would at ounce know to what form 
writer and speaker referred without tedious reference and waste of time. 
This is no innovation but simply confining ourselves to refer to any 
particular colony as ‘the Box Hill race,” “the Dover race,’ ‘“ the 
Pyrenean race,” etc., etc., and refrain from adding to our already over- 
burdened nomenclature and indexes. 

From the purely scientific reasons I have given, I submit that the 
present practice and method of naming races, exclusive of subspecies, 
is detrimental in its results and repellant in its influence on the future 
advancement of our beloved science. 


The Basses-Alpes in May-June, 1926. 
By Lieut. E. B. ASHBY, F.E.S., F.ZS. 
(Concluded from page 75.) 


The Rayncnora taken were Harpactor iracundus, Seop., Coriva 
geoffroyt, Leach; Corens denticulatus, Burm.; Capsus campestris, L. ; 
Camptopus lateralis, Germ. ; Piezodorus lituratus, Fab. ; Stenocephalus 
agilis, Scop. ; Graphosoma semi-punctata ; G, lineata; Homodemus m- 
flavum, Goeze.; Dolycoris bacearum, L.; Rhinocoris erythropus, L. ; 
Notonecta glauca: ‘fonocerus acutangulatus, Goeze.; Syromastes mar- 
ginatus, L.; Phytocoris obliquus, Costa; Stenotus binotatus, Fabr. ; 
Philaenus spumarius, Fall; Eurygaster maurus, L.; Picromerus nigridens, 
Fabr.; Carpocoris fuscispinus, and C. purpureipennis, D.G. 

I took the following specimens of Rhynchota at Digne, in May, 1925, 
and I must here express my cordial thanks to Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis 
for the trouble he has taken in determining the species, vtz.; Rhino- 
coris annulatus, L.; R. erythropus, L.; and Gonocerus acuteangulatus, 
Goeze. 


Hymenoprera.—F rom later research I find that I also took in 
addition the following species Allantus zonula, Klug.; Macrophya 
pallidilabris, Costa=cognata, Moss; Crabro lituratus ; Andrena hattor- 
fiana; Coelioxys vectis, Curt.; Dioays cincta, Jurine; Ammobatescarinatus, 
Ploz; Colletes fodiens; C. picistigma; Allantusmaryinellus ; Pimplarufata; 
Phobocampa obscurella; Barichnewnon angustator ; Pimpla instigator ; 
Alomyia debellator, Fab.; Macrophya annulata, Geoff. ; Acanthocryptus 
4-spinosus;  Microcryptus perspicillator ;  Lehnewnon  stramentarius ; 
Cryptus armatorius ; Polyblastus pratensis; Casinarta orbitalis ; Cratich- 
neumon annulator, and Hurylabus torvus. 

Thanks are entirely due tothe kind trouble, which Mr. H. 
Willoughby-Ellis has taken ; he has determined the following beetles, 
which I took at Digne in May, 1925, viz.; Haochomus nigromaculatus, 
Goeze,, var, flavipes; Bioplanes meridionalis, Muls.; and several specimens 
of a spotted form of Olibrus bisignatus, Men. ; and others. 


NOTES ON COLLECTING IN SPAIN. 107 


Amongst the Diergera which I took at Digne in May and June of 
this year were Mesembrina meridiana; Chrysotoxum arcuatum, Panz. ; 
Merodon clavipes, Fabr.; Tabanus ater, Fabr.; Sargus irridatus ; Lucilia 
caesar ; Chloromyia formosa, Scop.; Xylota sylvarun, Meig.; Hristalis 
nemorum, Li.; EH. pertinax, Scop.; Bombylius pictus, Panz.; B. medius, 
L.; Fallenia fasciata, Fabr.; Bibio leucopterus, Mg.; Machaerocera 
grandis, Rond. ; and others. 

In conclusion I must again express my thanks to those Naturalists 
both of the South Kensington Museum Staff and others who have so 
kindly assisted me to determine the species found on this trip. 


Notes of Collecting in Spain in 1925-26. 
By Dr. E. ROMEI. 


In the Ent. Rec., 1925, p. 26, | made a few remarks about our 
Spanish collecting. During the two past years we have made two 
other trips to Spain and we have visited Sierra Nevada, Moncayo, 
Cerdanya, Montseny Mass, Sierra Guadarrama and Serrania of Cuenca. 
A few remarks about what we have observed, may be not uninteresting 
to your readers. 

1. Zygaena (Hyala) sarpedon, Hb.—Rambur gave the name hispanica 
to the dull and transparent form which he collected in Andalusia along 
the coast-line (Cat. Sys. Lep. de l’Andalousie, 167). Oberthur (Lep. 
comp., LV., p. 454) remarks that a similar form lives also in Castile. 

In Serrania of Cuenca (Hastern Castile) we have met with a form 
of sarpedon as poorly scaled as the one described by Rambur. It flies 
in the environs of Cuenca during the month of July. 

In Sierra Nevada, at the level of 8,500 ft., above Guadix, we have 
found quite a different form of sarpedon from the hispanica of the 
lowest spots of Andalusia; this form is thickly scaled and bright red 
coloured as balearica, B., and carmencita, Ob. To call the attention to 
the natural phenomenon that the Andalusian sarpedon varies according 
to altitude I propose to name bethunei, the showiest race which 
emerges in June, in alpine surroundings, on the northern side of 
Sierra Nevada. 

The Spanish sarpedon varies everywhere ina considerable way. In 
my large series of hispanica from Cuenca, and variabilis, Beff., from 
Catalonia, I see a few specimens which are very like Hubner’s type 
figures, on the other hand the typical form never occurs in my series of 
more than one hundred individuals of bethuneti, the blue margin of the 
hindwings always being much thinner than in typical forms. 

All the males of bethunei differ in a striking way from those of 
hispanica, in which the basal zone of the hindwings is perfectly trans- 
parent, while in bethunet the red scaling of the hindwings is uniform. 
This differential character is not absolute in the female sex because in my 
series of 80 females of hispanica from Cuenca | see 8 specimens in 
which the hindwings are as uniformly scaled as in those of Guadix. 
The most peculiar difference between hispanica and bethunet is that it 
is difficult to differentiate sexes in the Sierra Nevada form, while the 
males of hispanica are always much duller than the females so that the 
sexes can be identified at first sight. 


ne 


108 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Bethunei differs from balearica by the extent of the apical spot of — 
the forewings which is small and round; exceptionally we have found — 
two aberrant specimens, one male and one female (Lord Rothschild’s 
collection Nos. 754-755) in which the red pattern of the forewings 
and apical spot are so extensive that they resemble loyselis as it is 
figured by Oberthiir, Mt. Lep., 1890, ff. 76, 77. Of course in the 
Andalusian individuals the red collar is missing, 

The race bethunei is allied to the most widespread French race 
which Oberthiir named carmencita, but the forewings are not so green 
as in France and the blue band of the hindwings is less extensive. 

Burgeff (Konunentar, No. 147) named the Catalan race, which really 
varies in a surprising way, variabilis. I possess some specimens from 
Catalonia which do not differ from Hiibner’s type figure, a few others 
are still darker than those of hispanica and trimaculata, Ksp., many are 
as bright as those of bethunei; however, I remark that the reddest 
Specimens from Northern Spain are more thickly scaled and that the 
red spots and dashes are more reduced than in bethwnei from Southern 
Spain at high level. 

2. Zygaena (Uhermophila) trifolii, Esp.—The sub-species we have 
collected, in June, 1925 and 1926, near Jerez del Marquesada, in Sierra 
Nevada, at the level of about 8600ft., varies in a considerable way by the 
extent of the blue band to the secondaries. Rambur sent to Lederer 
some specimens from Sierra Nevada by the name of avstralis (Ramb., 
in litt.) and Lederer published that name which remains to Andalusian 
tripolii. 

Oberthiir named the extreme variation of australis in which the 
hindwings are very dark, caerulescens. In speaking about the variation 
of the Spanish tr/folii it is indispensable to distinguish also the opposite 
variation to caerulescens in which the blue border of the secondaries is 
most reduced. This light form looks so different from the dark one, 
that reading Rambur’s papers it seems he was doubtful they may 
belong to the same species. 

Not to add a new name to literature we may apply the one of 
tenuelimbata, which Verity (/nt. Rec., 1921, p. 147) used for oneof the 
variations of /ilipendulae, to the lightest form of Andalusian trifolit. 
Rambur, on Pl. I of his Cat, Syst. Lep. And., figures the three forms of 
trifolii from Sierra Nevada: f. 5 is caerulescens, f. 6 represents the 
most frequent form australis and f. 7 is tennelimbata. 

In my series of about 800 trifolii from Sierra Nevada there is one 
female (Lord Rothschild’s coll., No. 774), in which the hindwings are 
so dark that the specimen resembles Oberthiir’s ff. 72, 78 (/t. Lep. 1890, 
Pl. 8) of seriziati. However, while in the seriziati the median spots are 
confluent, in my aberration they are sharply separated, but I have 
several trifolii from Andalusia (Lord Rothschild’s coll., Nos. 768 to 
769) in which the median spots are confluent but the secondaries are 
as light as in seriziati f. 71 (Obthr., Le.). 

The form caerulescens and the specimens of the most frequent form 
of australis are so peculiar to the Andalusian fauna that it is quite 
useless to compare them with the other named forms of HKuropean 
trifolii; instead the extreme form tenuelimbata is more allied to the 
form of trifolii from Central and Northern Spain. 

After having reunited all the tenuelimbata of my set I am comparing 


SOME SWISS BUTYERFLIES. 109 


them with my series of intricata, Sag., from Llobregat near Barcelona. 
Not even one individual from Andalusia is like any of Catalonia: the 
specimens of intricata are always more greenish, the red tinge is paler 
and the border of the secondaries is thinner. 

Trifolti from Serrania de Cuenca, in Castile, is intermediate between 
tenuelimbata and intricata ; the male specimens are as metallic blue as 
the Andalusian ones, while the females are as greenish as those from 
Llobregat. : 

3. Zygaena (Polymorpha) transalpina, Esp.—Is very scarce in Spain. 
Burgeff (Komm. 285) named the Northern Spanish race centricat- 
alonica. 

I find that transalpina is never recorded fromm Central Spain. We 
have collected some specimens of transalpina early in August, 1926, in 
the Serrania de Cuenca (Castile). The tinge of these individuals from 
Central Spain is the same as Catalan transalpina, the underside of the 
forewings is as widely suffused with red scaling as in the western races 
of this species; however, the two apical spots of the forewings are as 
sharply separated as in Italian specimens, and the blue margin of the 
hindwings is thinner than most named forms. 

The transalpina from Cuenca, which I propose to distinguish by the 
name of philippsi, is allied to provincialis, Ob. (Lép. Comp., 1904, ff. 
192, 193) but the size of the females is larger, the red spots are bigger 
and the red ring to the abdomen is always missing. 

Philippsi is also remarkable for its habitat, which is the most 
occidental in Europe. 

(T'o be concluded.) 


Some Swiss Butterflies in 1925 and 1926. 
By T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, RB.N., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S. 


(Concluded from page 91). 


123. T. acaciae, Fb.—Kclépens: July 12th and 14th, 1926, 
common on Sambucus flowers with the two preceding species. This is 
reputed a rare species in Switzerland, where the local race is nostras, 
Coury. 

125. Zephyrus betulae, Linn.—St. Maurice: September 10th, 
1925, one male, worn. Villeneuve: September 16th, 1925, one 
female, rather worn. Blonay: September 19th, 1925, one rather 
worn female; October 18th, 1925 (surely a very late date), one worn 
female. 

127. Callophrys rubi, Linn.—Grimmialp: July 16th, 1925, one 
worn male. Martigny: June 11th and 26th, 1926, common but 
mostly worn; flying around Rubus bushes and settling on the leaves 
with wings canted right over until they were nearly parallel with the 
surface of the leaf; also noted in some numbers sporting around beech. 
Les Avants: June 12th, 1926, one fresh ab. immaculata, Fuchs; June 
21st, 1926, a few seen, rather worn. 

128. Chrysophanus viryaureae, Linn.—Evoléne: July 29th, 1925, 
one fresh male. Arolla: abundant throughout August, 1925, the first 
females noted on August 8th; the males all worn, but some females 
fresh, by the end of the month. Bérisal: abundant from July 19th to 
September 4th, 1926, from about 4,500 to over 6,000 feet; the first 


110 HK KNTOMOLOGIS’’S RECORD. 


females were taken on August 12th; some females from 6,000 feet 
were very dark ; two males had the right hindwing white and a third | 
male has a white right forewing. 

129. C. hippothoé, Linn.—Grimmialp: June 29th to July 9th, 
1925, fairly common in one very restricted area at the foot of a flowery 
slope leading down to the Filderich stream; some already worn by 
July 1st; the local form here is hippothoé. Bérisal: July 19th to 
August 23rd, 1926, fairly common around Bérisal and in the Ganter- 
tal. Simplon Dorf: July 27th, 1926, one fresh female. Simplon 
Road: August 2nd, 1926, a few along the roadside a little below the 
Kaltwasser Gallery. All these Simplon specimens belong to the form 
evridice, Esp. (ewrybia, Ochs). 

131. C. alciphron, Rott., race gordius, Sulz.—Martigny: June 
26th, 1926, two males and one female under the cliffs towards Vernayaz. 
Bérisal: July 19th to September 4th, 1926; fairly common around 
Bérisal and along the road below the Ganter Bridge; attracted to 
flowers of wild thyme and thistle; the emergence seems to be irregular 
—or broods overlap—as quite fresh specimens were on the wing in the 
first week of September. Simplon Road, 6,000 feet: August 9th, 1926. 

182. C. phlaeas, Linn.—Martigny: September 8th, 1925, one, 
worn; June 26th, 1926, one, worn. Bérisal: August 30th to Septem- 
ber 4th, 1926, fairly common on thistle flowers on the slope above the 
roadside just below the Ganter Bridge; these specimens belong to the 
tailed form aestiva. 

188. C. tityrus, Poda (dorilis, Hufn.)—Martigny: September 8th, 
1925, one worn female; June 11th, 1926, one worn female. Blonay; 
September 38rd to 5th, 1925, three worn males; September 10th, 1926, 
a few worn examples of both sexes. 

CO. tityrus xv. subalpina, Speyer.—Arolla: August lst to 31st, 
1925, a few, worn by the end of the month. 

184. ©. amphidamas, Esp.—Les Avants: June 12th and 21st, 
1926, fairly common in a restricted area where dock and Polygonum 
were growing abundantly ; in very fresh condition on June 12th but 
getting worn on June 21st. 

189. Cupido minimus, Fuessly.—Grimmialp: June 28rd to July 
7th, 1925, common. Villeneuve: June 2nd, 1926. Martigny: June 
11th, 1926. Les Avants; June 12th and 21st, 1926. Bérisal: July 
18th to 81st, 1926, common. Simplon Kulm: August 2nd and 18th, 
1926. 

161. ©. sebrus, Bdvy.—Beérisal: July 24th, 1926, one female taken 
in the Ganter-tal. 

140. Lycaena idas, Linn. (argyrognomon, Bgstr.) Evoléne: July 
29th, 1925, common. Arolla: abundant throughout August, 1925. 
Martigny: September 8th, 1925, common: September 14th, 1926, a 
few, worn. Bérisal: abundant from July 18th to September 4th, 
1926: very variable in size and markings; the females, from the end 
of August onwards, including a large proportion of blue forms; very 
fond of flowers of Centawrea jacea, sometimes as Many as six or seven 
on a single flower-head and so intent on feeding that they were easily 
examined for aberrations; there seemed to be no regular broods, freshly 
emerged specimens occurring throughout the period of observation : 
abundant from below Bérisal to the Kulm, often sitting on the road in 


SOME SWISS BUTTERFLIES. 111 


large numbers on wet patches in company with other Blues and Hrebias. 
Simplon Dorf: July 27th, 1926, abundant. 

141. L. argus, Linn. (aegon, Schiff.).—Berisal July 21st to August 
19th, 1926, fairly common along the road below the Ganter Bridge, 
but far less common than L. idas and seemed to disappear before the 
end of August. 

142. L. sephyrus, Friv., race lycidas, Trapp.—Beérisal: July 23rd 
to September 1st, 1926, common along the road below the Ganter 
Bridge. Its headquarters are reputed to be in a field near the Second 
Refuge, some three miles below Bérisal, but I found it sufficiently 
common on the rather bare rocky slopes above the road for a short 
distance on either side of the eleventh kilometre post. So far as I 
could make out, there seem to be no regular broods, very Jocalized 
colonies, apparently breeding on the slopes above the roadside, hatching 
out a few fresh specimens at a time, so that a stretch of a few yards 
would produce a small series of fresh specimens for a few days whilst 
a week or so later another batch of fresh examples would occur along 
another patch of road, perhaps only a hundred yards away from the 
first stretch ; by working regularly along the productive area, one soon 
discovers where the species is appearing on any particular date. 
Vorbrodt gives the period of flight as from the end of May into August ; 
I took two very fresh males on August 18th and worn females occurred 
up to the end of the month. 

143. L. baton, Bestr.—Bérisal; August 18th and 30th, 1926, two 
males only, both taken just below the Ganter bridge. 

145. L. optilete, Knoch.—Simplon Road: August 2nd to 26th, 
1926, fairly common from about 6,000 feet up to the Kulm, where it 
goes up to 6,700 feet. Along the road it is found sitting on wet 
patches with other Blues. The local form is apparently cyparissus, 
Hb. 

146. L. glandon, Prunner (o7bitulus, Esp. nec Prunner).—Bérisal : 
July 24th to August 15th, 1926, common in the Ganter-tal and a few 
odd specimens on wet patches by the roadside below the Ganter Bridge. 
Simplon Kulm: August 2nd and 138th, 1926, abundant on the slopes 
(about 6,700 feet) above the Hotel. 

147. L. orbitulus, Pranner (pheretes, Hb.).—Arolla: August 5th, 
1925, one fresh male, on the rocky slopes above the Mont Collon Hotel. 
Simplon Road, 6,400 feet; August 2nd, 1926, one worn male on the 
slope above the road just below the Kaltwasser Gallery. 

148. L. medon, Esp. (astrarche, Bgstr.).—Grimmialp: June 24th 
to July 14th, 1926, common. Evoléne: July 28th and 29th, 1925. 
Arolla: abundant throughout August, 1925. Martigny: September 
8th, 1925. Montreux: common around Montreux during September 
1925 and up to October 22nd. Les Avants: June 21st, 1926. 
Eclépens: June 22nd and July 12th, 1926. Bérisal: July 20th to 
September 4tb, 1926, abundant. Simplon Road, 6,000 feet: August 
9th to September 8rd, 1926, abundant. Simplon Kulm: August 2nd 
and 13th, 1926. 

149. L. nicias, Meigen (donzelii, Bdv.).—-Arolla: August 16th to 
29th, 1925, common. Simplon Kulm: August 2nd and 138th, 1926. 
Simplon Road, 6,000 feet: August 9th to September 38rd, 1926, 
common on wet patches on the road. Bérisal: August 14th to 
September Ist, 1926, a few. 


112 THK KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, | 


150. LL. eumedon, Esp.—-Simplon: July 27th, 1926, common. — 
Bérisal: July 29th to 3lst, 1926, mostly taken in the evening resting 
on Geranium sylvaticum. Simplon Kulm: August 2nd, 1926. 
Simplon Road, 6,000 feet: August 9th and 26th, 1926, common. 

151. L. icarus, Rott.—Grimmialp: June 80th to July 12th, 1925, 
common. Arolla: August 27th, 1925, two males. Martigny : 
September 8th, 1925, common, worn; September 14th, 1926, one 
female only. St. Maurice: September 10th, 1925, one worn male. 
Abundant around Montreux during September, 1925, and occurred up 
to October 22nd, some quite fresh as late as October 18th; and again 
from May 28th to June 28th, 1926. LEclépens: July 12th, 1926. 
Bérisal: July 18th to 28rd and August 16th to September 2nd, 1926, 
common along the road below the Ganter Bridge. 

151(A) L. thersites, Cantener.—Blonay: fairly common in Septem- 
ber and October 1925: September 10th, 1926, one male. Martigny: 
June 11th and 26th, and September 14th, 1926. Les Avants: June 
21st, 1926. Bérisal: July 23rd to August 28th, 1926, fairly common 
along the road below the Ganter Bridge, where no L. icarus were flying 
during the first half of August. . 

152. 1. eros, Ochs.—Evoléne: July 28th, 1925, one male. 
Arolla: August 28th, 1925, one male. Simplon Road, 6400 feet: 
August 2nd and 13th, 1926, common at the foot of the slope above tbe 
road just below the Kaltwasser Gallery. Simplon Road, 6,000 feet: 
August 81st, 1926, one male. Berisal: August 17th, September 2nd 
and 4th, 1926, a few on the slope below the road about a mile below 
the Ganter Bridge. a 

158. L.hylas, Esp.—Grimmialp: July 1st to 16th, 1925, common. 
Arolla: August 5th to 31st, 1925, common; one female ab. metallica 
at over 7,500 feet on August 14th. Les Haudéres: September Ist, 
1925. Blonay: September 5th to October 6th, 1925, a few, mostly 
worn; June 28th, 1926, one fresh male. Martigny: June 11th and 
26th, 1926, worn. Eclépens: July 12th, 1926, afresh male. Beérisal : 
July 21st to September 2nd, 1926, abundant along the road below the 
Ganter Bridge. Villeneuve: September 15th, 1926, one worn male. 

156. L. escheri, Hb.—Bérisal: July 21st to September 2nd, 1926, 
common along the road below the Ganter Bridge. According to 
Vorbrodt, there is one brood in June-July but apparently there are 
small local colonies breeding and hatching out continuously until 
nearly the end of August. My series includes four male ab. punctulata, 
Wh., and one male with all the internal markings of the hindwing 
obsolete. 

157. 1. bellargus, Rott.—Grimmialp: July 8rd to 13th, 1925, not 
common. Les Pleiades: September 6th, 1925, one male. Martigny: 
September 8th, 1925, common but worn; June 26th, 1926; September 
14th, 1926, males worn. St. Maurice: September 10th, 1925, 
common, one female ab. ceronus. Common around Montreux in 
September and up the beginning of October 1925. Les Avants: June 
21st, 1926, one fresh male. Caux: June 29th, 1926, males worn. 
Fayaux: July 18th, 1926, one worn male. Bérisal: August 24th to 
September 4th, 1926, common along the road below the Ganter 
Bridge; one female, taken on August 80th, has the hindwings blue 
above and with the spots obsolescent beneath. 


SOME SWISS BUTTERFLIES. 113 


158. L. coridon, Poda.-—Grimmialp: July 4th to 12th, 1925, males 
common but nofemales. Evoléne: July 28th and 29th, 1925, common. 
Arolla: abundant throughout August, 1925. Martigny: September 
8th, 1925, worn. St. Maurice: September 10th, 1925, common. 
Common around Montreux during September, 1925, and worn males 
on the wing as late as October 21st. Bérisal: abundant from July 
21st to September 4th, on which latter date many were worn but some 
males, quite freshly emerged, seemed to indicate a new brood; occurs 
from below the Ganter Bridge all up the Simplon Road to the Kulm 
but not commonly above the Kaltwasser Gallery. 

159. LL. damon, Schiff—Evoléne: July 27th to 29th, 1925, 
common. Arolla: August 81st, 1925, a single worn male. Above 
Haudéres : September 1st, 1925,common, worn. Martigny: Septem- 
ber 8th, 1925. Blonay: September 9th, 1925, one worn male; 
September 10th, 1926, one worn female. Eclépens; July 14th, 1926, 
one fresh male. Bérisal: July 23rd to September 2nd, on which latter 
date several quite fresh specimens were found; the first female was 
taken on August 10th; abundant on the road below the Ganter Bridge 
especially at the lower end of the eleventh kilometre. 

162. L. semiargus, Rott.—Grimmialp: June 29th to July 14th, 
1925, common. Arolla: common throughout August, 1925. Com- 
mon around Montreux in September and October, 1925, a fresh brood 
emerging in the first week of October; May 28th, 1926, one worn 
feinale; June 9th, 1926, one female. Martigny: June 11th, 1926. 
Les Avants: June 21st, 1926. Les Pleiades: June 24th, 1926. 
Bérisal: common from July 24th to end of August, 1926, a fresh 
brood emerging about August 24th; found all along the Simplon 
Road up to the Kulm. Simplon Dorf: July 27th, 1926, common, 

168. L. cyllarus, Rott.—Martigny: June 11th, 1926, three worn 
males. 

164. L. aleon, Fb.—Bérisal: July 24th, 1926, one male up the 
Ganter-tal. Simplon Road, about 6400 feet: August 2nd, 1926, a 
worn male and a good female on the flowery slope above the road just 
below the Kaltwasser Gallery. 

167. L. arion, Linn.—Grimmialp: June 26th, to July 11th, 1925, 
common. Evoléne: July 28th, 1925. Fayaux: July 18th, 1926, 
worn. Bérisal: July 18th to 26th, 1926, common, and a few tattered 
examples still on the wing as late as August 25th. Simplon Road, 
6,400 feet: August 2nd, 1926, just below Kaltwasser Gallery. Simp- 
lon Dorf: July 27th, 1926, common. 

168. Cyaniris argiolus, Linn.—Martigny: June 11th, 1926, a few 
worn females, 

170. Pamphila palaemon, Pallas.—Arolla: August 3rd, 1925, one, 
worn; an unusually high record, nearly 2,000 feet above its normal 
habitat. Les Avants: June 21st, 1926, fairly common. 

171. WUhymelicus lineola, Ochs.—Evoléne: July 28th and 29th, 
1925. Arolla: August 81st, 1925, one worn male. Martigny: June 
26th, 1926, common in one hay-field. Bérisal: July 21st to the end 
of August 1926, common (often abundant) from below the Ganter 
Bridge to the Kulm. 

172. 7. thaumas, Hufn.—Grimmialp: July 11th to 17th, 1925, 
males common, no females taken. Eclépens: July 12th and 14th, 
1926. Beérisal: July 21st to the end of August, 1926, common around 


af 


114 THE BN'TOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 


and below Bérisal but not going much further up the Simplon Road. 
Blonay: September 10th, 1926, one, worn. 

174. Angiades comma, Linn.—Arolla: abundant from August 
1925. Evoléne: July 29th, 1925. Les Pleiades: September 6th, 
1925, one worn female. Bérisal: abundant from July 21st, to the 
beginning of September, 1926, going up the Simplon Road to over 6,000 
feet. 

175. A. sylranus, Esp,—Grimmialp: June 380th to July 11th, 
1925,common. Uetliberg: July 19th and 21st, 1925. Montreux: June 
1st, 1926. Martigny: June11th, 1926. Villeneuve: June 14th, 1926. 
Eelépens: June 22nd and July 12th, 1926. Bérisal: July 21st, 1926. 

176. Carcharodus lavaterae, EKsper.—Bérisal: July 31st, to 
September 24th, 1926: a few odd specimens on the slopes below the 
Ganter Bridge and in the lower end of the Ganter-tal. 

178. ©. altheae, Hb.—Blonay: October 6th, 1926, one fresh 
specimen. This certainly looks as if there were an extra late brood. 

180. Hesperia sertorius, Hoffm. (sao, Hb. nec Bgstr.)—Grimmialp : 
June 23rd and July 4th, 1925. Les Pleiades: July 2nd, 1926. 
Bérisal: July 28rd to the end of August 1926, common on the road 
below the Ganter Bridge and in the Ganter-tal. 

181. H. carthami, Hb.—Bérisal: July 21st to the end of August 
1926, common along the road below the Ganter Bridge and in the 
Ganter-tal. 

182. H. alveus, Hb.—Evoléne: July 29th, 1926. Grimmialp: 
July 1st to 13th, 1925, common. Arolla: abundant throughout 
August, 1925. Blonay: one fair specimen on October 6th and one 
quite fresh on October 21st, 1925. Les Pleiades: June 24th, 1926. 
Fayaux: July 18th, 1926. Eclépens: July 14th, 1926. Bérisal: 
abundant from July 28rd to September 4th, 1926, found from below 
the Ganter Bridge to about 6,400 feet on the Simplon Road. 

188. H. carlinae, Rmbr.—Grimmialp: July 15th, 1925, one. 
Evoléne: July 28th and 29th, 1925. Arolla: August 8rd to 15th, 
1925, probably common but not distinguished from H. alveus at the 
time of capture. Bérisal: July 21st to September 4th, 1926, common. 
Simplon Kulm, 6,400 feet: August 13th, 1925. Simplon Road, 6,000 
feet: September 8rd, 1926. 

184. H. onopordi, Rmbr.—Bérisal: September 2nd, 1926, one 
specimen on the road below the Ganter Bridge, at about 4,600 feet ; 
this is an unusually high elevation for this species. 

185. H. malvoides, Klwes.—Arolla: August 21st, 1925, one, fresh, 
Martigny: June 26th, 1926. Simplon Road, 6,000 feet: August 2nd 
and 9th, 1926, worn. 

186. H. serratulae, Rinbr.—Beérisal: August 16th, 1926, one on 
the road below the Ganter Bridge. 

187. H. cacaliae, Rmbr.—Simplon Kulm, about 6,700 feet : 
August 2nd, 1926, common alongside streams. Simplon Road, 6,000 
feet: August 9th, 1926; August 16th, 1926, common from about 6,000 
to 6,400 feet. 

189. H. malvae, Linn.—Villeneuve: June 2nd, 1926, common 
over one bank by the roadside a little way up the Tiniére Valley. 
Les Avants: June 12th, 1926. 

190. Nisoniades tages, Linn.—Grimmialp: June 27th to July 7th, 
1925,commonbutrather worn. Villeneuve: June2nd,1926, worn. Les 


SOME SWISS BUTTERFLIES. 115 


Avants: June 12th and 21st, 1926, abundant but mostly worn by the 
latter date. Les Pleiades: June 24th, 1926. Martigny: June 26th, 
1926. Caux: June 29th, 1926, very worn. Simplon Dorf: July 
27th, 1926. Bérisal: July 19th to August 1st, 1926, a few. 

Before finishing this paper, I may perhaps add a few remarks on 
some enemies of butterflies. Birds of course come into this category 
and every field-worker must often have noticed birds attacking butter- 
flies, although in my experience it is the hidden observer who is most 
likely to see this, as birds are remarkably shy of observation. I cannot 
add any direct observations, but certainly one /.ycaena coridon taken at 
Bérisal had a narrow triangular piece neatly taken out of each hind- 
wing which could only have been caused by a sharp-beaked bird. At 
Bérisal, especially on the rocks along the road below the Ganter Bridge, 
lizards are extremely numerous and undoubtedly levy a heavy toll on 
butterflies, as one often finds quite fresh specimens with large patches 
bitten out of the wings. Ants are also ruthless foes and often attack 
resting butterflies. One day at Bérisal I saw a female Parnassius 
apollo fluttering in the grass just above the road and, on catching it, 
found that it was swarming with ants which had attacked it and would 
undoubtedly have killed even such a large butterfly as this is; on 
another occasion I saw an Hrebia aethiops jerking itself violently up 
and down and this proved to have an ant firmly attached with its jaws 
dug into the club of one antenna. 

A good deal has been written by numerous observers (mostly 
botanists) on the relations between butterflies and flowers but accounts 
usually merely state that a particular butterfly (often unnamed) visits 
certain flowers. As regards cross-fertilization the point is that the 
butterfly should visit succesively flowers of one particular species. At 
Arolla I made a few notes on such cases. On August 17th, 1925, one 
individual of Colias phicomone was seen to visit a small blue Gentian, 
one plant after another. Another individual confined its attention 
strictly to a small yellow dandelion, which was also visited by Mrebia 
tyndarus, H}. melampus, . goante, Argynnis pales, Augiades conima and 
Hesperia alveus. I saw one E. tyndarus visit nine of these flowers in 
succession, passing over thistle-flowers, which were attracting other 
FE. tyndarus. Another FH. tyndarus, however, visited a butter-cup 
flower and then went to a dandelion. On August 18th, a Colias 
phicomone visited successively two buttercups and a _ dandelion ; 
another individual visited a dandelion, then settled on the ground for 
some minutes, then visited two buttercups and a red clover; the sun 
was clouded over and Colias was not flying freely. An Argynnis 
amathusia visited two dandelions successively. A male Argynnis pales 
visited thirty dandelions in succession ; after visiting the sixth, tenth, 
fourteenth, twenty-sixth and thirtieth dandelions, it settled moment- 
arily on a buttercup, evidently attracted by the similar yellow colour, 
but flew off again without feeding. On August 23rd I saw a female 

Jolias phicomone visiting red clover flowers ; it visited five in succession, 
then a white clover, then another red clover (which seemed very 
attractive as it was on it for at least fifteen minutes, busily probing it, 
and returned again and again), then another white clover, then two 
red clovers; the white flowers did not seem attractive, as it did not 
remain on them for any time, whereas it was feeding busily on red 


116 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


clover. The above notes are very brief, but the subject is interesting - 
and perhaps other lepidopterists will make further observations. 

I have written of the joys of collecting in Switzerland but one of 
the drawbacks lies in the large number of Tabanid Flies whose © 
persistent and bloodthirsty attentions often detract considerably from 
the charms of collecting other insects, and some protection for one’s 
legs is very necessary. Curiously enough, inquiry showed that the 
National Collection contained no Swiss specimens of Haematopota and — 
very few of Tabanus ; but there was little difficulty in helping to fill 
this gap! ; 


a 


THOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. 


AN UNUSUAL DATE AND PLACE OF EMERGENCE.—On Sunday, April 
3rd, | saw a specimen of Hipocrita (Euchelia) jacobaeae fluttering 
about the ground in the precincts of the Savoy Chapel, Strand. The 
specimen was apparently newly emerged, and over the average size. 
Of course it may possibly have escaped from a breeding-cage, as the 
locality and time of year are both abnormal for the species. The sun 
was shining.—Huserr EK. Paimurps (F.Z.8., F.E.8.), 12, Hereford 
Road, W.2. 


SYNANTHEDON FORMICAEFORMIS.—With reference to Mr. Fassnidge’s 
interesting article on gall-formation by the larvae of S. formicaeformis, © 
it may be worth recording the babits of this species in the osier 
plantations of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire. The willows in 
these plantations consist of a low woody stump, 6-12 inches in height, 
and in established plantations, as much across. The shoots or ‘“ rods” 
for basket-making are usually cut from the stump every year during 
the winter and spring, and in consequence any clearwing larvae which 
had tunnelled up the rod for more than an inch or so would be removed 
and probably destroyed. It is, however, relatively seldom that this 
occurs, for normally the larvae remain in the stump, making their 
tunnels a short distance below the surface, and under these conditions 
it is obviously unlikely that galls would be caused. 

Together with the S. formicaeformis are found larvae of the beetles 
Cryptorrhynchus lapathi commonly, and fairly frequently those of 
Aromia moschata. Occasionally larvae of Sphecia bembectiformis occur in 
the stumps but this species prefers to work in ‘‘rods”’ which are left 
for two or three years, as for instance, when required for the frame- 
work of baskets or for stakes. The attacks of these different insects 
cause the gradual death of the stump, and as soon as there is dead 
wood, it is invaded by another beetle Ptilinus pectinicornis, which in 
its turn is followed and preyed upon by Tillus elongatus, so an old 
osier-stump containing both living and dead wood forms an interesting 
entomological study. 

Finally, it may be added that S. formicaeformis seems to have a 
preference for Salia viminalis whereas S. triandra, which produces the 
better quality ‘ rods,” is far less susceptible.—J. C. F. Fryer, (M.A,, 
F.E.S.), Harpenden. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should 
be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, S.E.14. 

Duplicates.—Several hundred species of Coleoptera (carded) from Hants and Dorset, 
including several rare species from the New Forest, etc. 

Desiderata.—Scarce and local British Coleoptera (carded).—A. Ford, 42, Irving Road, 
Bournemouth, Hants. 

Duplicates.—British Lepidoptera, many species. 

Desiderata.—Back volumes of Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., and entomological magazines, 
bound or unbound.—Fredk. J. Killington, 177, Leigh Road, Eastleigh. 

Desiderata.—British Coleoptera, especially Chrysomelidae. 

Duplicates.—West Virginia Coleoptera and Lepidoptera.—Paul N. Musgrave, 601, 
Walnut Avenue, Fairmount, West Virginia, U.S.A. 

Desiderata.—Ova or pupae of christyi, abruptaria v. brunnea, black consonaria and 
bidentata, extensaria, curzoni, jasionata, venosata (Shetl.) and other melanic Geometers 
and Noctuae. 

Duplicates.—Very many in first class condition, high-set only f. i. Herminia fiavi- 
crinais, Andreas, Nych. dalmatina race andreasaria, Warnecke, about 30 species of rare 
Acidalias ; pupae of Eupithecia illuminata or cash.—Karl Andreas. Wiesbaden, Goethestr. 
23, Germany. 

Duplicates.—P. apollo nevadensis and rare Palaearctic Rhopalocera, also African 
Danaidae, Charaxes and Hypolimnas. 

Desiderata.—Many rarer and few common species Rhopalocera. European only.— 
W. G. Pether, 4, Willowbridge Road, London, N.1. 

Duplicates.—Fine bred prunaria grossulariata varieties and many other species. 

Desiderata.—Ova of truncata and citrata.—Rev. G. H. Raynor, The Lilacs, Brampton, 
Huntingdon. 

Entomologist in out of way part of world desires exchange entom. literature— 
especially current works on classification, anatomy, heredity, ete.—for papered insects 
from Argentine Chaco. Will give double rate for Camb. Nat. Hist. (Insects), Hudson’s 
Nat. in La Plata, and special for Ridgeway’s Colour Charts. Basis butterflies or moths 
20/- per 100 papers, coll. 35 butterflies all different 10/-, other orders by arrangement. Or 
will sell for cash to enable purchase. Lists to K. J. Hayward, Villa Ana, F.C.P.S.F., 
Argentine. 

Mr. M. R. Smrrg, A. and M. College, is anxious to know where he can obtain any of 
Emery’s papers on North American ants; and also to know of any Europeans who would 
like to exchange separates and correspondence with him concerning ants. 

Signor AurREDo Faz, Calle Bandera 714, Santiago Chili, is willing to exchange first 
class Chilean Coleoptera, especially Carabus, sps., for striking Coleoptera from all parts of 
the World. 

Wanted.—To correspond with some Entomologist resident in Scotland, Ireland, or 
the Isle of Man who is interested in Noctuae and wars. with a view to exchange of species 
and forms.—A. J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,’’ West Chiltington Common, Pillborough, Susse2:. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


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The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London 
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CONTENTS 


Aberration in C. lesbia Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. a 


C. lesbia. Description of Genitalia of a va oman ye Ja E. A. Cockayne, D.M. 
F.R.C.P. (pit. ITT.). te ; 


A few words of Explanatiou and Fustidcat on, Roger Verity, M.D. : 
Remarks on Dr. pene Bie tari and ieee ears G. T. Bethune-Baker, 


All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, 
98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, 8.E.14. 


PTB. DS pity we Fy Se, sO 
Races and their naming, Hy. J. T'urner, F.B.S. if aks my. se -.  1Oay 
The Basses Alpes in May-June, 1926, £. B. Ashby, F.E.S., F.Z.S. (concluded) .. 106 
Notes on Collecting in Spain in, 1925-26, Dr. HZ. Romei tt -. LOT 
Some Swiss Butterflies in 1925 and 1926, T. Bainbri de Fletcher 3 R. N., Fe. L.S., 4 

F.E.S., F.Z.S. (concluded) .. : : oy eke 
Nores on i a —An unusual aes and sins ai 7) a H. E. Pris, 

F.Z.S., : S. formicaeformis, J. C. F. Fryer, M.A., F.4.8.  .. : 116 5 
oa Hn eh Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. Ss ae =e (37)-(48) ; 

* 

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SAO THOME AND PRINCIPE. 117 


Sao Thome and Principé. 
By MALCOLM BURR, D.S8c., F.E.S. 


In the Gulf of Guinea, with Nigeria to the north and the Cameroons 
to the east, there is a series of small oceanic islands of volcanic origin. 
Nearest to the coast is Fernando Po, a Spanish possession ; next come 
Principé and Sao Thomé, both Portuguese, the latter lying on the 
equator, and the most remote and furthest out to sea the isolated 
Spanish rock of Anobon. 

Principé and Sao Thomé are as strange and picturesque as any spot 
on the earth; the skyline is formed of a series of serrate crests, great 
rounded bosses, and triangular fangs; at Principé these project beyond 
the forest and rise naked to the heaven; at Sao Thomé a dense 
vegetation covers them almost entirely. The alkaline rocks of which 
they are composed, mainly basalts and phonolites, are broken down by 
the heavy rains into a rich soil, so fertile, the local folk say, that if you 
lean on your walking-stick for a few minutes, it will take root and start 
sprouting. At Sao Thomé itself the annual rainfall is only about 40 
inches, which has to be supplemented by irrigation for the cocoa 
plantations, but at one corner of the island it rains throughout the 
year and the annual fall is nearly 120 inches. 

Such humidity in a tropical climate produces an astonishing 
exuberance of vegetation, but there is little of the original forest left; 
it has nearly all been replaced by the energy of the planters and is 
replaced by a solid mass of banana-trees, oil and cocoa palms, and 
fruits of every kind. It was most tantalising to spend just one hour 
collecting at both these islands, to know that within reach there was 
at least some area of unspoilt natural conditions and that at Sao Thome 
at least and most probably on Principé too, on the higher altitudes, 
there is a special alpine flora; there is the local conifer, Podocarpus 
manni, Hook., and at least ten peculiar species of plants, while others 
are common to the island of Fernando Po, the voleanic mountains of the 
Cameroons, Kilimandjaro and Nyassaland. In this reeking atmosphere 
the trees are covered with epiphytes; many of the trees have beards of 
the lichen, Usnea barbata, over a yard long and dead trunks rotting on 
the rank ground are covered with fungi, ferns and Peperomia; Begonias 
grow wild and the finest is the endemic Begonia baccata, Hook., which 
attains a height of fifteen or sixteen feet, with leaves over a yard long. 

I had an hour collecting at Principé on April 15th, and an hour on 
Sao Thomé the following day. Among the bananas and palms I 
found but little; it was in the few spots where some grassy and weedy 
vegetation enjoyed a little freedom that I picked up a few species of 
Orthoptera. Thus, on the path by the landing stage at Principé, in 
rank grass, there are two species of Xiphidium; one is very like X. 
fuscum, the commonest species in southern Kurope, but the other has 
abbreviated organs of flight and recalls our British X. dorsale. 

In the longer herbage at the edge of the trees there is Conocephalus 
sp., closely resembling the common European C. mandibularis, but 
adult specimens were few at this date. ‘The commonest grasshopper is 
the pretty green Oxya hyla, Serv., extremely like, but not at all related to 
Parapleurus alliaceus, Germ., which occurs in similar situations in 
southern and central Europe; the last time I had seen it was in the 

SerreMBer 15rxH, 1927. 


© 
118 {HE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


distant Caucasus, near the eastern shores of the Black Sea; with it a 
brown Euprepocnemis guineensis, Kr., hopping and flying clumsily in the 
wet grass like the south-Huropean 1’. plorans. Sweeping in the grass 
produced a small elongated 7'ettix, just like our familiar 7. subulatus, 
and the quaint little cricket Trigonidium cicindeloides, Ramb., with indigo 
elytra and buff femora, which extends almost all over Africa and Asia 
and is common on the northern shores of the Mediterranean. 

The thing that struck me most was the European aspect of the 
Orthoptera. ‘The only exotic touch was a cluster of ugly black apterous 
cockroaches under a rotten bunch of palm fruit. I was disappointed 
at first, as I hoped to make the acquaintance of new and unfamiliar 
forms or things, that I had so far known only in museums, but a little 
reflection told me that of course these familiar genera, if not species, 
were really Ethiopian, and extend their distribution to the southern 
extremities of Hurope which, after all, were part of the African continent 
until the great geographical disturbances of the Oligocene which 
transfered the south of Spain, most of the Mediterranean islands, Sicily 
and southern Italy to Kurope, where they have not developed new 
characters during the great lapse of time. To my inexperienced eye, at 
Principé even the butterflies had a decidedly Palaearctic appearance ; a 
Papilio was quite common that to me looked merely somewhat larger and 
decidedly blacker than P. machavn ; the blues looked familiar enough ; 
a Vanessa was like enough to Aglais urticae not to look very strange, 
and a Satyrid, I felt quite sure, was Aphantopus hyperantus. The 
birds, too, produced the same impression ; there was nothing suggestive 
of the Zoological Gardens; three white egrets flew across the bay and 
a purple heron; kites were hawking over the port. In the dark green 
waters a few huge, red, sea bream lazily rose to the refuse thrown from 
the ship; they must have run to 20 or more pounds; I saw no sharks 
and the only really strange-looking creature we noticed at Principé 
was a long narrow fish like an elastic pike that had been stretched to 
double its normal length; it was dark green above and white beneath, 
with a sharply marked boundary line between the two colours ; it had 
long sharp nasty-looking jaws, with which it snapped at rubbish 
floating by the sides of the vessel. Of reptiles we saw but one, a slender 
grey snake that looked like a coluber, but Pavel Stepanovitch was 
positive that it had a triangular head; we let it go, and it slipped down 
a hole that must have been made by an animal twice the size of a rat. 

At Sao Thomé the impression was different; true, the same 
Euprepocnemis was numerous and the same Conocephalus and Xiphidium, 
but an unfamiliar note was struck by another species of H'uprepoenemis, 
handsome in a livery of rich dark green and yellow. Sweeping some 
shrubs produced half a dozen very immature green mantids, but I was 
lucky enough to take an adult, a female, sitting waiting its prev on a 
bunch of ornamental daisies in a wonderful garden ; it closely resembles 
M., religiosa, but the wings are strongly tinted with crimson ; a striking 
difference is that, instead of the black spot on the inner face of the 
trochanters the whole of that surface of the segment is of a bright hedge- 
sparrow blue, tbe first time that | have noticed this colour in the 
Orthoptera. The lining of the femora bas also a conspicuous dark spot ; 
neither of these colours are visible in the ordinary position of the 
forelegs, that is, when they are more or less closed like the blade of 
a clasp-knife; to show them, the creature must extend and expand the 


atewws 


ee ee 


SAO THOME AND PRINUIPE. 119 


raptorial limbs; that they do this seems probable but I am not aware 
of any recorded observation on the point. Other species produced by 
sweeping grass were a Tettix, and a very small, fragile, pale buff cricket, 
Nemobius sp., which to me looked like a pale form of the variable and 
widely distributed N. saussurei, Burr, or N. tartarus, Sauss., which 
occurs through most of Asia and extends its range into eastern Kurope. 

The only opportunity I had of observing Orthoptera in any spot 
other than in the artificial forest was on the open yard of the head- 
quarters of the great and wealthy plantation of Boa Entrada, which 
covers some twenty square kilometres of cultivation; it was raining as 
seems usual here, but on the wet ground in the finer intervals I picked 
up a pair of Acrotylus patruelis, H.S., another species familiar to us in 
southern Europe, but of Ethiopian origin, and a single Oedipodid, 
only in the nymph stage; this was unfortunate, as it is likely to be an 
interesting species. 

Of course, in both islands the vegetation is of the most tropical, 
both in its amazirg exuberance and in kind; the bananas, the mango- 
trees, tamarinds, the Heveas and the loquats (Hriobotrya= Photinia), 
the sugar-canes, the coffee and cinchona, the cocoa-nuts (Cocos nucifera), 
the cocoa-palms and lofty oil-palms (Hlaeis yuineensis) and the graceful 
Eriodendrum towering above them, there is nothing suggestive of 
Europe in these, unless it be of the hothouses at Kew. The popula- 
tion, too, is mainly of African blacks, mostly from Angola, but in 
recent years there has been an influx from Mozambique; these are not 
so fine a people as the Angolans and may be distinguished by the 
ornamentation of their faces, consisting of rows of short parallel scars 
cut along the forehead and the cheeks. The birds too, at least at Sao 
Thomé, afford an exotic touch; I understand there are parrots there, 
which is quite likely, but we did not see them. I caught a glimpse of 
one sweet-voiced little creature, a small blackish bird with a white 
belly, about the size of a sparrow, with a long and slender curved beak ; 
another, which looked like a pied flycatcher crossed with a wagtail 
flew up on to a telephone-wire at the headquarters of the plantation we 
visited ; the most extraordinary feature was its immensely long tail, 
twice as long as the body or more, and it was not stiff, like most bird’s 
tails, but wavy and seemed to be forked; it streamed in the air like a 
pennant when the pretty little creature flew up from the ground. The 
butterflies, too, at Sao Thomé, produce a much more exotic impression ; 
we saw several very beautiful species, which I am sure I have often 
enough seen in collections and museums; they are probably common 
and familiar African forms, and there was certainly nothing Huropean 
in the appearance of any of them. 

Our visit to the islands was brief in the extreme and merely served 
to whet our palates; it is quite probable that insects in general and 
Orthoptera in particular of very great interest occur in the unspoilt 
regions and especially on the peaks; there is certainly one small 
apterous grasshopper, Parathericles elephantulus, Burr, described by me 
in 1899, one of that strange equatorial family the Mwmnastacidae, which 
is most probably peculiar to the island. As far as | am aware only 
one specimen exists in collections, the type, now in the Vienna Museum. 
It was disappointing not to see the virgin forest on the equator; the 
last I had seen was on the edge of the Arctic, in northern Siberia, and 


120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Pavel Stepanovitch was fresh from Chinese Turkestan and Tibet, so 
we were both well prepared for some striking impressions. However, 
it is better to be thankful for the brief moments ashore which were 
vouchsafed to us, and it were ungrateful indeed to grumble. 


Miscellaneous Notes from Argentina. VIII. 
By KENNETH J. HAYWARD, F.E.S. 


Tue Larva oF Catormra armicrRA, Hb.—Length 32 mm. 

Head olive brown, shiny, with blackish mouth parts. 

Body pale green with fine longitudinal pale yellowish-white lines. 
A dorsal stripe consisting of a fine double black line. Dorsally on the 
forward portion of the abdominal segments a yellowish patch. Upper 
lateral area darker, the longitudinal lines being fewer on a slightly 
darker ground. The lower lateral area yellowish with some inter- 
mingling of the ground colour. Prominent black tubercles with grey 
setae. These are most prominent as follows. On the thoracic 
segments the anterior trapezoidals, and both anterior and posterior 
trapezoidals on the abdominal segments. Between these trapezoidals 
is a darker shade. A supra- and smaller post-spiracular on each 
segment. On the last segment a secondary tubercle on the dark shade 
above the spiracle and the darker area between the trapezoidals very 
black and prominent. The trapezoidals shaded laterally with a pinkish 
flush. The larva light green beneath. 

Remained in the pupal state 15 days. 

Foodplant Mupatorium hecatanthum, (DC) Back. (Compositae). 
Locally known as ‘‘ Tempetary.” 

Imago and empty pupa case sent to B. M. Nat. Hist. under No. 
7082. 


THe Kec .anp Larva or Evupamus catiitus, Cram.—Whilst in 
the forest at Villa Ana on February 7th (1926), I noticed a specimen 
of this insect bebaving in a rather subdued manner, and watching it 
carefully concluded that it was ovipositing. After one or two fruitless 
searches | chanced on the foodplant and thereafter found the eggs in 
some abundance. Young larvae however defeated me for a time until 
I discovered their mode of living in a tiny tent made by eating partly 
around a section of the leaf and then turning it back on to the rest of 
the leaf and fixing it with a few strands of silk. The imagines were 
at that date very common, and as the larvae eventually hatched again 
in mid-March and there is a spring brood in September to October, 
the insect appears to have three distinct broods in this district. 

Keos.—The eges are laid singly on the leaves of thynchosia senna, 
Gill., usually.on the underside, though this is by no means a hard and 
fast rule. Once the foodplant has been located the eggs are easily 
spotted owing to their light colour on the green leaves. The eggs 
appear to be laid near the edge of the leaf, but whether this is always 
the case, 1 do not know. ‘The egg when first deposited is white in 
colour, round, of 1:10 mm. diameter, slightly flattened at the poles and 
ribbed between the poles bearing fourteen such ribs terminating at 
either pole on a slightly raised ring, which encloses a smooth surface, 
the surface of the egg outeurved between each rib. The eggs are 


MISCELLANEOUS NOTES FROM ARGENTINA. 114 


attached in place by means of the usual gummy substance. After 
laying, the egg rapidly becomes creamy in colour and by the end of the 
second day has become yellow. On the fourth day the centre of the 
egg becomes somewhat transparent, which process is continued very 
slowly till the eighth day, when the egg becomes much darker, the 
young larva emerging the 9th day. (This deseription for eggs of the 
February generation). 

Larva.—The young larva on emergence is about 2mm. long with a 
black head, the first thoracic segment being shiny, with an anterior 
band of jet black appearing like a collar, the remainder of 
the larva bright yellow. Commences feeding after about three 
hours, at first eating small holes through the leaf from above. 
Within the first day the young larva forms for itself a tent by 
eating inwards from the edge of the leaf for some distance and 
then bending the “ flap” over and fixing it to the surface of the leaf 
with a few silk threads. The bending process is much assisted by the 
fact that the cut portion of the leaf tends to bend over inwards, due to 
the withering process it naturally undergoes. This habit of forming a 
tent continues throughout the life of the larva, though in later stages, 
when larger accommodation is necessary, it often draws two or more 
leaves together. 

From the 7th to 9th day the larva undergoes its first change. Head 
dull black with an orange brown spot on either side above the mouth 
parts. First thoracic shiny, jet black on the dorsal area to just below 
the centre of the lateral area, the remainder of the segment deep orange 
yellow. Remainder of larva pale bluish green the alimentary canal 
showing bluish, a faintly defined upper lateral yellowish line, the larva 
closely covered with slightly raised yellowish speckling. 

About the 18th day the larva again changes. The head is now 
much increased in size, being quite disproportionate to the rest of the 
larva, ochreous in colour at first with the mouth parts black with a 
solid inverted V of yellow immediately above, and with four dark 
blackish patches, the upper two larger and placed so as to appear as large 
eyes, the lower pair more oval and on the cheeks ot the “false face.” 
In a very short time the colouring of the head changes slightly, the 
yellow V becoming light brown and the ochreous of the remainder of 
the head chocolate brown. First thoracic of a dull earth colour, shiny, 
a saddle of yellow forwards dorsally and the segmental fold between it 
and the head ochreous, remainder and also underside and legs maroon. 
Second and third thoracic and abdominal segments pale yellowish 
green, shading lighter towards the analend. A very fine central dorsal 
stripe of minute black spots, the whole body freely covered with similar 
spots. Commencing on the second thoracic and diminishing in size to 
the first abdominal and thereafter faintly indicated a yellow upper 
lateral line. The ground colour continues below this line over about 
half the lateral area then gradually merging into the greyish colour of 
the underside. Dorsally transverse on segment nine a raised shiny 
black ridge within the upper lateral lines. Forward of the 11th segment 
the body is circled by an indistinct double white hairline. The legs 
on both thoracic and abdominal segments except those on the first 
thoracic are yellow, the legs on the sixth abdominal with very 
developed hooks, Length of larva when entering this stage from 21 
to 23 mm. 


il 22 THE WNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 


The larvae under observation entered yet another stage before 
pupating, the period elapsing between the last two changes being forsome 
reason, possibly that of faulty feeding, very variable. The length now 
from 26 to 30 mm., the head yet larger but with the same markings. 
Head somewhat darker in colour, the V very dark brown, surface of 
head punctiform and the lower or ‘“cheek’’ spots having five small 
pimples on their edges, four on the inner edge, the upper one at the 
apex and the lower one just below the half way, the fifth pimple on 
the outer side in line with the lower on the inside. Segmental fold to 
first thoracic, black. First thoracic reddish with a black shiny collar 
over dorsum extending about half way down over lateral area. 
Remainder of larva at first greenish khaki, a colouring that later gives 
way to a pinkish, almost mauve, colouring as the larva draws near to 
the time for pupation. The larva is covered somewhat closely with 
small, irregular, slightly raised, black spots. The upper lateral line 
formerly yellow now deep red-orange. Prolegs on first thoracie deep 
red whilst those on the other two thoracic segments as also the thoracic 
underside, orange-red. Remainder of underside lighter orange. 
Dorsally on the fifth abdominal a yellowish orange flush. 

The orthodox tubercles as also the spiracles are very poorly defined 
and I was quite unable to find them with the magnifying power at my 
disposal, the larva examined being a spirit specimen after 24 hours 
immersion in 80% alcohol. 

The full period of the larval state varied considerably, as I have 
mentioned above, but the period for those specimens that first pupated 
was 88 days. The larva reached a final length of 40 mm., pupating 
on the side of the breeding cage in a pupa covered with whitish 
“bloom.” Emergence took place nine days after pupation, between 
nine o'clock and midday. Lack of time prevented my describing the 
pupa, a lapse which must be rectified next season. 

Specimens have been forwarded to B.M. Nat. Hist under the 
following numbers. Eggs No. 6911. Larva No. 7089. (Unfortunately 
this specimen has shrunk to about half its size in the spirit). Empty 
pupae cases No. 7038. Imagines No. 7035. TF oodplant. Rhynchosta 
senna, Gill. (Leguminosae), known locally as “Sen del zorro” (Fox 
senna). 


Zygaenae, Grypocera and Rhopalocera of the Cottian Alps compared 
with other races. 
By ROGERK VERITY, M.D. 
(Continued from Vol. XXXVIII., p. 176.) 
Coenonympha arcania exerge arcania, L., race parvinsubrica, Vrty.:— 


Oulx (end of June to mid-July, on the hedges of a shady path). 


Exerge gardetta, de Prun., = philea, Hb., = satyrion, Esp., race 
gardetta, de Prun.: Claviéres, on damp, grassy slopes ; Sestriéres, on 
peat-bog. 


Coenonympha iphis race bertolis, de Prun. :—Sestriéres, in company 
with preceding. De Prunner’s description unmistakably refers to this 
species and the locality is ‘“‘Castrum Delphinum.” His name thus 
has more than a century of priority over that of belisavia given in 1910 


by Oberthiir (Zt. Lép. Comp., IV., p. 17) to the same race from La 
Mi 1 } I 


ZYGAENAE, GRYPOCERA AND RHOPALOCERA 123 


Grave (Hautes Alpes). Also subalpina, Reutti., of Baden, and car- 
pathica, Horm., are based on descriptions, which afford no differential 
characters from bertolis. Considering the large number of striking 
races which have been neglected in other species, it is queer how this 
one has been favoured, whereas it varies geographically very little. 
The nymotypical race of Vienna is found as far south as Rome and 
bertolis is, more or less, that of all the mountain ranges of Western 
Kurope. Form anawayoras, Assm., is an intermediate one, often pre- 
valent in Central Kurope. Race anaxarete, Frhst., is a larger and less 
melanic form of bertolis, from the Moulinet, near Mentone, and eawom- 
matica, Rebel., is a prominently marked one of nymotypical iphis, 
from Istria, but it seems to occur individually also elsewhere, because 
I have a Vienna specimen answering Rebel’s description. 

Aphantopus hyperantus race rufilius, Frhst.:—Oulx, by the lake 
(July 23rd). Intermediate in size between the small nymotypical 
hyperantus of Sweden and the giant race maxima, Vrty., described from 
Turin, it is a little smaller than true rv/ilins of S. Tyrol, but quite like 
it by the warm, saturated tone of underside. 

Hyponephele lycaon race lycosuwra, Frhst.:—Oulx and Cesana (males 
from about the 7th of July: females from the 17th and a few still 
emerging at the beginning of August). | think I can safely refer this 
race to lycosura of the Maritime Alps, although Fruhstorfer’s descrip- 
tions are most confusing. The race of Oulx is similar to the one I 
have collected at the Baths of Valdieri in the Maritime Alps, from 
which it only differs in never producing the extreme permagnocellata, 
Trti. and Vrty., form of the female, with ocelli of a size never attained 
in any other race, except the Spanish macrophthalma, Frhst. -At Oulx, 
as well as at Valdieri, however, the ocelli are on an average larger than 
in the nymotypical dycaon of northern Germany; they, notwithstanding, 
never exhibit the minute white pupil seen in the latter and the base of 
the wing is in most females much more broadly patched with fulvous ; 
otherwise they both resemble very much nymotypical lycaon. The 
race I have from Zermatt and from Austria and which should be 
ephisius, Frhst., differs most strikingly from the latter by its much 
smaller size, frailer build, thinner scaling, lighter colouring on both 
surfaces and very broadly fulvous female, but Frtihstorfer’s description 
conveys nothing of the sort and Vorbrodt’s is more like it, but not 
complete. The “type” of ephisius is from Courmayeur; presumably 
Zermatt must have been included by mistake in its habitat ; its race is 
quite different and should be distinguished by another designation : 
degener, mihi. 

Epinephele jurtina race phormia, Frbst.:—Oulx and Cesana (males 
already abundant at the end of June; females appeared at the 
beginning of July, but the mass only in August and freshly emerged 
ones were still met with on the 16th). The race is the large and 
brightly coloured one of the warmer valleys of the Alps, often pro- 
ducing the broadly fulvous female, which has been credited with the 
name of hispulla, Esp., in all the catalogues of that region, although 
there has never existed a specimen like the real hispuila of Portugal 
amongst them. The name of subhispulla, Strand (Hntom. Zeitschr., 
XXV., p. 254, 1912) is perhaps the right one to use for them, although 
the ‘‘type”’ is from Holland and may be less marked. 


124 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Erebia ligea race unknown :—Monfol—1600m. above Oulx (one 
female on August 15th). 

Subspecies philomela race etobyma, Frhst.?:—Cesana (one fresh 
male on July 15th). It may belong to this race of the Maritime Alps, 
but it does not exhibit its broad red brown band nor its large eye-spots 
to their full extent, so that it points to the race of the Valais; this, 
however, occurs individually also in the Maritime Alps and it is im- 
possible to judge of the race from one specimen. 

K. epiphron vace cydamus, Frhst. :—Claviéres (males all worn, 
females emerging on July 29th); Sestriéres (one worn male on 
August 8th). This race agrees with the one of the Baths of Valdieri in 
the Maritime Alps and with Fruhstorfer’s description from the moun- 
tains near Mentone, 

FE. melampus race unknown :—One male above Oulx, with the 
following. 

F.. ceto race ceto, Hib. :—Along the mule-path from Jouvenceau to 
Notre Dame des Broussailles, 1400m., above Oulx (both sexes emerging 
on July 2nd). Similar to the nymotypical race of the Valais, and thus 
different from the three very distinct races which surround it: tyrsus, 
Frhst., in the Upper Aosta Valley, frenus, Frhst., at very high altitudes 
to the west, in France, and cetra, Frhst., to the south, in the Maritime 
Alps. With obscura, Ritz, from the Laquintal, ete., they make no less 
than five striking races in the Western Alps, and the series of specimens 
in my collection fully confirm their distinctness. 

E.. tyndarus race subcassioides, mihi :—Sestriéres, on peat-bog 
(both sexes emerging on August 8th); one fresh male at Oulx on 
Aueust 12th which resembles cleo, Hb., by the nearly uniformly grey 
underside of hindwings, with a bright silvery gloss, but of a much 
darker tone of grey, with markings less effaced, an insect of smaller 
size: paracleo, mihi. Reverdin in his interesting paper (Bull. Soe, 
Lépid. Geneve, I., June, 1908) on this species has pointed out that 
there exist two very distinct geographical forms, which are never found 
together; he states that even intermediate individuals are scarcely ever 
found. As compared with the generality of geographical variations in 
most species this remark is certainly worth making, because as a rule 
it is quite true that the local races. of tyndarus fall quite distinctly 
either in the nymotypical tyndarus group or in the cass/oides one, but 
intermediate individuals do occur and it will probably be found that 
even intermediate races are not too rare. ‘The one I have collected at 
the altitdue of 2035m., at Sestriéres, affords a good example to record, 
and Oberthir records ‘frequent transitions at Lanslebourg, in Savoy 
(Et. Lép. Comp., IL., p. 840). It is important to take note of their 
existence in connection with the question which will have to be settled 
as to whether the species has divided into two groups bearing different 
hereditary factors, or ‘‘exerges,”’ or whether its variations are all simple 
races, only differing in aspect owing to the effects of local conditions 
during individual development. [or the present this seems to be the 
case, because these transitions exist, because the two forms are dis- 
tributed together, though locally separate, in all the Alpine area 
(whilst exerges are seen to inhabit different areas, only blending on the 
boundary between them), and finally because the two constitute 
together one series of variations, of which tyndarus covers the lesser 
and cassioides the greater degrees of development of the ocelli and other 


ZYGAENAE, GRYPOCERA AND RHOPALOCERA. 125 


features. ‘Taken as a whole, the Sestriéres race gives the impression 
of being a casstoides of small size and with unusually small ocelli, but 
many individuals have the wings more rounded in shape, as in tyndarus 
proper, and the underside is always of the darkly sprinkled, and dull 
erey type. I have a specimen of the same sort from 1900m. on Mount 
Spinale, in the Trent district. No doubt it is racial also there, just as 
the other races aquitania, Frhst., described from the Col di Tenda, 
carmenta, Frhst., from Courmayeur, nymotypical cassioides, Hohenw., 
from Pasterze in Upper Carinthia, paracleo, Vrty., of Oulx, cleo, Hiib., 
from the Tyrol, murina, Rey., from the Moléson in the Fribourg canton, 
which are, more or less, successive grades leading from subcassioides to 
the most extreme cassioides type of structure and pattern, constitute 
local races by keeping remarkably true to their grade in each locality, 
but are found in such conditions dotted about over most of the Alpine 
region. 

F.. neoridas race epineoridas, Trti. :—Oulx (first male on Aug. 3rd 
and then soon abundant: first females on Aug. 15th, so that with 
those of N. statilinus and with P. megera, they were the last Rhopalocera 
to appear). This race is noteworthy, because it is a giant as compared 
with nicochares, Frhst., of the Maritime Alps, and to all the other 
races, in the same way that at the foot of the Susa Valley one finds 
the largest known race of /. aethiops: taurinorum, Vrty. It might 
seem rather strange that neoridas should produce its most flourishing 
race in the very locality where no other Mrebia, except tyndarus, seems 
capable of existing. The explanation probably is that these two species 
emerge and oviposit later than the others and are at the chrysalid and 
Imago stages during the long summer drought, which is a feature of 
the Susa Valley, whereas the next generation of the other Krebia, at 
that time, has already emerged from the ova and the very young larvae 
need sprouts of grass, which do not exist at Oulx till later in the season. 

Melanargia galathea race pedemontii, mihi. :—Oulx (males already 
abundant at the end of June; females from July 18th, and still 
emerging at the beginning of August). For some years after I had 
first seen the descriptions by Frubstorfer of numerous races of this 
species | confess I was considerably sceptic as to whether they were 
really distinct and their features could thus be fixed and defined. I 
set to work to procure series of specimens of each to ascertain the truth 
about them. ‘he result was what I usually have found it to be in 
similar cases of hasty criticism: the man who has done the work with 
the proper materials before him is perfectly right and it is only ignor- 
ance on the part of others that makes them doubt it, and hinders 
progress in the knowledge of facts by false preconceptions, sustained 
by a lazy tendency to shrink from the effort of facing new complexities. 
Having made this effort, | found that the characteristics pointed out by 
Friihstorfer are perfectly correct and that one can summarise the 
geographical] variation in the Alpine region as follows: In the Jura 
there is a race transitional between nymotypical yalathea of Germany 
and the dwarf pyymaea of the Geneva district; in the Valais, at low 
altitudes, one finds the much larger nerews with more elongated wings ; 
on the French watershed of the Western Alps race doris spreads from 
the Isére (Allevard) to the Basses Alpes (Digne). These races all 
belong to the nymotypical Group by the thin streaks and the light 
grey suffusion of underside. We next come to the large southern 


126 HE ENLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Group with broader black markings above and thicker streaks and — 


darker suffusion on underside, which consists of several races, all 
included, till Frithstorfer began distinguishing them, under the sweep- 
ing name of procida, Herbst. It seems hopeless to try and establish 
where the specimen originally so named came from, ‘ Italy” being 
the only locality mentioned. Friihstorfer supposes the little 
Island of Procida is the most likely, but it seems more reasonable to 
make use of the term for the dark individual form of any race in which 
it may occur. In the Alpes Maritimes and in the Var one meets with 
the superb race described by Oberthtir from la Turbie, figured as 
procida by Seitz, pl. 38, and named akis by Friihstorfer. On the 
southern watershed of the Simplon and in northern Tessin flies the 
handsome florina, which I have collected also at Vanzone, 700m., in 
the Anzasca Valley ; I notice one of its peculiarities is the elongated 
shape of the wings in the male, as in nereus. In southern Tessin it is 
replaced by the smaller and darker arogna, with shorter, rounder 
wings; I have found it at Premeno, 800m. above lake Maggiore and 
at Montevecchio, 450m. on the last hills of the Brianza, in Lombardy. 
Finally on the eastern watershed of the Western Alps I have from 
Oulx, from Turin and from the Baths of Valdieri a race, which stands 
nearest to aroyna, but which differs from it by its much greater sexual 
dimorphism: the males are rather smaller, the females, on an average, 
considerably larger; the females in many individuals exhibit a larger 
extent of blackish suffusion at the base of the wings, but, on the other 
hand, the marginal black band is very often broken by a complete row 
of white premarginal spaces ; this feature is very prominent also in 
the females of akis, making it contrast sharply with its male. In the 
Eastern Alps sakaria of the low valleys of S. 'yrol belongs to the 
nymotypical Group and, in fact, is very much like nerens ; the much 
smaller, but otherwise similar, race of high altitudes, which I have 
collected at the Mendola Pass and at Klobenstein, might be distin- 
guished by the name of microsakaria, mihi. Specimens I have from 
Vetriolo 1500m., above Levico, are identical with my microprocida of 
S. Italy (Hut. Rec., 1919, p. 125). From S. Stefano di Cadore, 900m., 
in the Carnic Alps, to the Carso, 800m. above Triest, I have constantly met 
with exactly the same race elvira, with very marked procida features, 
described from Gorizia. Irom Wippach eastward there exists the 
most melanic race of the species: tenebrosa, described from Laibach. 
(Fruhbstorfer’s descriptions of the races mentioned above are in the 
Ent. Zeit., 1910, p. 240; in Soc. Entom. XXXI. (1916) n. 7, p. 33, in 
the Archiv Naturg., 82 (1916), 2, p. 19 and 86 (1921), 9, p. 109.)* 

Satyrus meyera race vividior, Vrty.:—Oulx (the first males appeared 
on Aug. 17th, when I left the locaiity). No doubt the first generation 
megera, Li., had been on the wing at the end of the spring and the 
second only emerges when the summer period of dronght is over. The 
same phenomenon occurs in particularly hot and dry localities even 
further south, whereas there, in less dry ones, in which the grass is 
kept green by moisture in the soil, another generation is produced at 
the beginning of the summer, the first being then much earlier than 
at Oulx. 


*See: R. Verity, ‘‘ A Systematic Index of the races of Palaearctic Rhopalocera 
described by H. Friihstorfer’’ in the ‘‘ Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte,’’ 91 (1925), 
Abt. A.9. Heft. 


> 


NOTES OF COLLECTING IN SPAIN. 127 


Notes of Collecting in Spain in 1925-26. 
By Dr. E. ROMEI. 


Hesperia armoricanus, Ob.—This species which is so common and 
widespread in Italy, Catalonia and Asturias according to the data of 
our captures, and in most European countries according to Warren’s 
references (Mon. Tribe Hesp., p. 123), is instead very scarce in Serrania 
de Cuenca (Castile) where we collected some specimens from August 
18th to September 12th, 1926. 

The late emerging form from Cuenca, which I propose to distinguish 
by the name of petheri strikes one for its frail appearance. Above, less 
development of white spots in forewings and light areas in hindwings. 
Fringes hardly divided by darker nervures. Beneath, ground colour 
hindwings considerably lighter fulvous than in any Spanish specimen 
from Aragon and Asturias. Forewings ground colour much resembling 
Italian tersa, Vrty., being without rich brown shade of other Spanish 
races, so that white spots are in much less contrast. 

Generally much nearer to Italian than other Spanish forms but 
always smaller expanse specially owing to the reduced size of the body. 

Types in Wm. Pether’s collection in London. 

Adopaea lineola, O.—As in the case of H. armoricanus x. petheri, 
Romei, the lineola we have found near Jerez del Marquesado, in Sierra 
Nevada, strikes one for its frail build. It is no doubt the smallest 
known race of this species: males 21-28 mm., females 23-25 mm. 
Beside its dwarf size lineola from Sierra Nevada at the level of 3600ft, 
which I propose to name hemmingi, differs from the forms of other 
localities by the male androconia which are almost as sharply outlined 
as in semicolon, St. In the female sex the anal zone of the upperside of 
the hindwings is still less suffused with brown scaling than in the 
lightest females from Aragon and Castile. The fringes are whiter than 
in any other form of lineola. 

A. lineola varies in a graduated way from Northern Spain to 
Northern Africa. In Catalonia we have collected a big race in which 
the hindwings are largely suffused with brown scales; in Aragon and 
Castile two forms are mixed, one resembles the Catalan race, the other 
is a transition to Andalusian hemmingi; this last 1s a transition to the 
African semicolon, which is a true subspecies of Central Huropean 
lineola and to which hemming?t is an allied race. 

Aricia medon, Hiifn.— In the Mut. Rec., 1925, p. 25, we spoke about 
the phenomenon of two different forms living together at Albarracin. 
In 1925 we collected the dull form (medon)in alpine surroundings 
of Catalonia and the bright form (cramert) in the Catalan plain. During 
a trip which I made to Moncayo mass (Aragon) I collected medon at 
high level and crameri a little lower. Last year, in Serrania of Cuenca 
we have caught about 400 medon and 200 cramera living quite at the 
same spot and at the same time; the two forms might be easily 
distinguished even looking at specimens on the wing. Sexual 
dimorphism is remarkable in medon from Cuenea, while in cramert of 
the same spot males and females are identical on both sides. 

In Andalusia we have met only with crameri with some individuals 
very like the true crameri from Canary Is. We have made some trips 
up to 7000ft. attempting to get medon but we have not found it 


4 W 7 
128 THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. } 


although this insect does live certainly in Sierra Nevada according to 
Rambur and Oberthiir’s data. 

Ayriades thetis, Rott. —It seems to be very scarce in Spain. » We 
have collected a few specimens in Catalonia and Aragon, but they have 
not attracted our attention, being similar to the Italian ones. 

In Serrania of Cuenea thetis began to emerge late in August; it is 
a frail insect, its body is small the shape of the wings is rounded. 
Above it resembles the smallest specimens of the Italian summer brood, 
which Verity named etrusca, the fringes are sharply divided by black 
dashes in a more prominent way than in etrusca and also along the 
hindwings. 

Along the margin of the hindwings there are often a series of black 
spots as in the African punctifera, Ob.; the form rubro-maculata, Ob., 
olten occurs. This Castilian race of thetis, which I propose to name 
langhami, is nothing else than a dwarf race* of the Algerian punetifera 
to which it is like also on underside which is brown with big and 
prominent black dots tidily outlined by a pure white ring; the orange 
lunules are yellowish and rather small. In my set there is an aberrant 
female in which the lunules, above, are exceptionally extensive and 
confluent. This abnormal female may perbaps be referred to the 
individual form aifacariensis, Ribbé. 

The names used by Tutt and Muschamp to designate the small 
specimens which may occur everywhere can not be applied to this race 
from Central Spain which shows several peculiar characters and, save 
the constantly small size, is similar to the African thetis. 

Agriades coridon, Poda.—In the Hnt. Rec., 1925, p. 87, we explained 
our views about this insect. Now I have to confirm thatalsoin Serrania 
de Cuenca distinct forms are living together and that we have found 
not even one transitional specimen. At Cuenca, during the months of 
July and August, 1926, we have seen on the wings an immense number 
of the thetis-like insect which Verity named caelestissima. Mr, Turner 
writes us that the individuals from Cuenca are exactly like Dr. 
Chapman’s lilacina and should be called bytbhatname. In the big puzzle 
of coridon I will not enter in to the litigious question of nomenclature ; 
T will give my data. Lord Rothschild, Mr. Bethune-Baker and Mr. 
Hemming bave so big a set of coridon- like specimens from Cuenca that 
I trust that in a short time British entomologists will speak about the 
problem. 

Besides several thousand specimens of the small and showy form 
(caelestissima or lilacina ?) we have collected several hundred individuals 
of the large and grey form which we named (/.R., 1.c.), arrayonensis 
and 55 individuals of the most curidon type-like form, which look equal 

to the other 19 specimens we collected, in 1924, ‘at ‘Tramacastilla 
(Aragon) and which, in our paper, we named caerulescens. 

The three different forms are well represented at Cuenca by a 
suitable number of specimens of each. We have separated the males 
with no difficulty while for the female sex we have some doubtful speci- 
mens. One must bear in mind however that it is not an easy task to 
separate the female sex of coridon and thetis in the spots where these 
two species live together. 

In a trip to Montarco, 10 miles from Madrid, we made together 


*Why name it then ?—E.A.C. 


NOTES OF COLLECTING IN SPAIN. f 129 


with Prof. Candido Bolivar of the University of Madrid, we collected 
the most interesting race of the subspecies (or species ?) albicans. The 
coridon-like form from Montarco is much smaller than albicans from 
Andalusia of which I have specimens caught by Mr. René Oberthir at 
Huejar, in 1870, and at Sierra de Alfakar, in 1879, they are also 
smaller than the smallest arragonensis from Sierra de Albarragin and 
Serrania de Cuenca. The brown pattern of the upperside is very 
reduced, the blue shading above is almost missing so that the fresh male 
looks to be a white butterfly. The female upperside is most character- 
istic because the brown tinge instead of being uniform, is interrupted 
by light and whitish spaces between the nervures. 

The underside is clearer than in any other race and the orange 
_lunules are very pale and reduced. I propose to name bolivari the 
race we have collected at Montarco early in July, 1926. 

In 1925 we made a big collecting of coridon-like forms in Catalonia. 
In Catalan plain (Vallvidrera, S. Pere de Vilamajor, S. Antony and 
Llinas) an insect hispana-like emerges almost without interruption 
from May to October; some small specimens of the summer emergence 
are very like Herrich-Schaffer’s type figure of hispana. 

On the Eastern side of Montseny mass, 2000 to 4000ft., we met 
with true coridon only ; at Seva, on the western side of Montseny and at 
Ribas, in Low Cerdanya we found coridon and hispana living together 
just as it occurs above Florence (Hnt. Rec., 1917, p. 241). Atleast we 
have separated, at first glance, both sexes of two different Agriades. 

In High Cerdanya (Puigmal Molina) we have found a small form 
of coridon and no hispana. 

We are always interested in the coridon enigma, but we have to 
recognise that we have not been able to reach a definite result. 

I can summarise the data as follow, from my knowledge: In the 
high Apennines of Central Italy, Pyrenees mass and Cantabrian Mts, 
we have collected a pale-blue coridon-like insect sibyllina, Vrty., minute- 
punctata, Vrty., and asturiensis, Sag., which seems to be intermediate 
between true coridon and the thetis-like form of Central Spain but more 
allied to this last by the small size and the underside general pattern. 

On the mountains above Florence, in Montseny mass (Catalonia) 
and in alpine surrounding in Aragon and Castile we have caught the 
coridon-type-like form (apennina, Z. in Italy), narbunensis, Vrty., on 
Monitseny and what I name caerulescens in Central Spain. 

Inthe Tuscan and Catalan plains we found nothing else than hispana, 
H.8., while at middle altitude we meet hispana and coridon living 
together during summer. 

In alpine surroundings of Sierra Alta (Aragon) only the thetis-like 
form (caelestissima, Vrty. ?, lilaciua, Tutt ?); Ido not know how to name 
that magnificient insect. 

Near Albarracin (Aragon) the large and grey form which we named 
arragonensts, Gerh. 

At Tramacastilla and in the environs of Cuenca, coridon, arragonensis 
and caelestissima live together and they are three quite different insects. 

I conclude by saying that it is impossible that the above forms 
strikingly dissimilar and often living together can belong to the same 
species. I trust that in the future this will be proved either by dissec- 
tion of genitalia or by breeding from ova. We regret not to be able 
to make these investigations. 


130 HE KNTOMOLOGIS?’S RECORD. 


SSCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. ‘ 


4 

Fuient or Nepris Lucia, 'as.—In a garden here I have had the — 
pleasure of watching the flight of this species for the last three weeks. 
There are several bushes of a cultivated Spiraea belonging to the © 


japonica section and near some bushes of Deutzia; these latter are in 


flower. While the sun is out N. lucilla flutters continuously around 
and over these bushes, generally keeping from two to five feet above 


the ground. Ihave not seen it sail like a Limenitis but 16 often 


spreads its wings out, as if about to settle and bask in the sun, then on 


it goes without alighting. While on the wing it appears a purely * 


black and white butterfly and it is only on the very rare occasions 


when it settles that one sees the beautiful colour of the underside. — 


Like other butterflies when they meet they will fly around each other — 
but they soon return to their up and down flight around and over the 
bushes. ‘They appeared in the fourth week in May and were still on 
the wing when we left Levico in the fourth week of June. I presume 
that this species is single-brooded and that emergence is spread over @ 


long period from May to the end of July. This garden lies about : 


1700 feet above sea-level and the weather was very hot.—A.rFrep Sica 
(F.H.8.), Levico, June, 1927. 


Fatt or a Burrerrry.—On June 15th, 1927, I was sitting under 
a lime about 6 p.m. and noticed a 2 Pieris brassicae flying under the 
same tree above my head. It was evidently seeking a resting place for 
the night. After preliminary fluttering she selected a faded group of 
flowers. What exactly happened then I did not see but the next 
moment, straight down came the butterfly, with wings closed, still 
clinging to the flowers. She fell thus about six feet then opened her 
wings and flew off and the flowers fell at my feet. I may remind the 
reader that the blossoms of the lime are attached by their common 
stalk to the middle of a comparatively long and wide bract. In this 
instance the bract came down with the flowers and acted as a 
parachute, or rather kept, the whole combination in a perpendicular 
state, as the weight of the flowers plus that of the butterfly made the 
fall rapid. ‘The closed wings of the insect appeared to cut the air like 
a knife and it may have required a special effort on the butterfly’s part 
to open her wings during the fall. I have before seen butterflies settle 
on a flower that fell off with their weight, but then the insect 
immediately spread its wings and flew off and did not experience a real 
fall as that I have attempted to describe.—Atrrep Sicu (F.E.S.), 
Levico. 1927. 


2) URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


Cuance or Avpress—Will all correspondents please note that 

after September 24th, my new permanent address will be 
‘“ Laremar,” West Drive, Cueam (near Surron, Surrey). 

It is possible that the October number may be late as the marking 
of the proofs must await the arrangement of books and records for 
reference if necessary.—Hy. J. Turner. 

We understand that early in the new year there will be started a 


CURRENT NOTES. ilill 


supplement to Vol. I. of Seitz “ Palaearctic Rhopalocera.’’ In the 18 
years since Vol |. was published there has accumulated a vast amount 
of additional matter which needs collecting and collating. 

The Fourth International Congress of Entomology, Ithaca, U.S.A., 
August, 1928. The Organising Committee is collecting funds for the 
assistance of a certain number of Kuropean members of the Congress 
who cannot afford the expenses of the voyage and who do not receive 
a grant from other sources. Hntomologists, who wish to attend the 
Congress and to take advantage of this scheme are asked to apply 
for further particulars as early as possible to Dr. Karl Jordan, Zoological 
Museum, Tring (Herts.).—K.J. 

We are pleased to announce that arrangements have been made 
‘to publish as a supplement in October, November and Decem- 
ber a revision of “‘ A Brief Review of the Indigenous Coccidae of the 
British Islands,” by E. Krnest Green, F'.1.8., F.Z.5., a past President 
of the Entomological Society of London. By kind permission of the 
Council of the South London Entomological Society, in whose 
Proceedings the paper originally appeared, we shall be able to repro- 
duce the four plates containing Mr. Green’s excellent drawings of 
details. The supplement on British Noctuae will also be continued as 
the MS. is completed. 

In the passing of G. C. Champion (1851-1927) the students of 
Coleoptera lose one of the most accomplished devotees of the order, 
and the Entomological Society one of its oldest members. He joined 
that body in 1871 and the following year helped to found the popular 
South London Society, of which at the time of his death he was an 
honorary member. On several occasions he was Vice-President of the 
Entomological Society and for 80 years he was responsible for the 
Library. Nearly four years he spent in the wilds of Central America 
collecting and studying the Fauna of that then practically unknown 
area, under the auspices of Col. Godman and Mr. Salvin who eventually 
published the famous Biologia Centrali Americana from the results of 
the various expeditions organised by them. On his return Champion 
was largely in charge of the material collected and did much in 
furthering the publication of the Biologia, subsequently joining the 
staff of the British Museum, when the collections were deposited at 
South Kensington. He was a keen collector of British Coleoptera and 
contributed regularly from 1868 to the Ent. Mo. Mag., eventually 
joining the staff of its editors and finally, in 1910, became its editor- 
in-chief. He was A.L.S. (Associate of the Linnean Society) a coveted 
and honourable distinction, bestowed only upon a few, for meritorious 
service in the pursuit of natural science. He was a great personal 
friend of the late Dr. T. A. Chapman and often they spent continental 
holidays together, the results of which were published in the 7Z'rans. 
Ent. Soc. Lond. and other periodicals. Lately he had interested him- 
self particularly in the Coleoptera of the Himalayas, the material being 
sent to him by his son, Mr. H. G. Champion.—H.J.T. 

It is still impossible under the pressure on our limited space to give 
Reports of Societies, even assummaries. A great number of most inter- 
esting matters are dealt with at both the Entomological Society of 
London and at the South London Entomological Society of which we 
can only wish we could publish accounts. The latter Society has just 


Ld 
1382 THK KWNLOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 4q 
issued its Annual Proceedings for 1926 of 170 pages with eleven plates. 
We hope to issue a review later on. 


A Meeting of the Entomological Club was held at ‘‘ Hodeslea,”’ 
Eastbourne, on June 25th, 1927, Mr. Robert Adkin in the chair. 
Members present—Mr. Robert Adkin, Mr. H. Donisthorpe, Professor 
E. B. Poulton, Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis, Mr. W. J. Kaye. Visitors 
present—Dr. E. A. Cockayne, Capt. N. D. Riley, Mr. W. H. T. Tams, 
Mr. E. Step, Mr. A. E. Tonge. The guests arrived during the morning 
and were received by Mr. and Mrs, Adkin at ‘ Hodeslea,” when 
luncheon was served. In the afternoon the party visited the Downs ~ 
and Beachy Head. The Club Meeting took place at 6 o’clock, when 
supper was served. The host extended his invitation for the week-end 
to those who were able to remain and accommodation was provided at 
«“ Hodeslea.”” On Sunday morning, an Entomological excursion by 
motor-car was made to Vert Woods near Laughton. The weather was 
rather dull and cold and few insects were collected, Acidalia immorata, 
however, was flying in its old haunts. During the afternoon and 
evening Mr. Adkin’s large collections of British Lepidoptera and his 
Library were inspected with much pleasure. On Monday morning the » 
party dispersed after having had a most enjoyable Meeting. 


It might be interesting to Readers to know that the Entomological 
Club Collections have now been secured and are deposited temporarily 
in the Meeting Room of the Entomological Society of London, 41, 
Queen’s Gate, and are available for inspection to Fellows of the 
Entomological Society of London by applying for the keys to the 
Assistant Librarian.—H.W-E. 


Two Meetings of the Entomological Club were held at Oxford, July 
16th-18th at the invitation of Professor Poulton and Dr. Harry 
Eltringham. Members present—Professor E. B. Poulton, Dr. 
Eltringham, Messrs. Robt. Adkin, H. Donisthorpe, H. Willoughby- 
Ellis, Jas. K. Collin, W. J. Kaye. Visitors present—Dr. Hugh Scott, 
Dr. C. A. Wiggins, Dr. Hanitsch, Prof. E. G. Waters, Commander J. 
J. Walker, Dr. F. A. Dixey, Messrs. E. 8. Goodrich, L. W. Grensted, 
W. A. Lamborn, W. H. T. Tams, H. J. Turner, H. L. Andrewes, H. 
J. Wainwright. On Saturday afternoon the guests met at the Museum 
where they were received by Professor Poulton and Dr. Harry 
Eltringham and during a pleasant Entomological Conversazione tea was 
dispensed by Mrs. Poulton. In the evening a Meeting of the Club was 
held at Jesus College, Professor EK. B. Poulton in the Chair. Accomo- 
dation was provided at Wadham College for Members and guests who 
were able to stay the week-end. On Sunday morning various 
Entomological excursions were organised. The weather was somewhat 
dull but several interesting captures were made. After luncheon at 
Wadham College, the annual picnic was arranged in boats on the River 
Cherwell, and as the weather greatly improved, a very enjoyable time 
was spent. In the evening a Meeting of the Entomological Club was 
held at Wadham College, Dr. Harry Eltringham in the chair, after 
which the usual business meeting of the Club was conducted. The 
guests retired at a late hour after spending a very enjoyable evening. 
Several of the party remained to work at the Museum during Monday 
morning and the whole party dispersed before luncheon.—H.W-E. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should 


be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 


Duplicates.—Several hundred species of Coleoptera (carded) from Hants and Dorset, 


including several rare species from the New Forest, etc. 


Desiderata.— Scarce and local British Coleoptera (carded).—d4. Ford, 42, Irving Road, 
Bournemouth, Hants. 

Duplicates.—British Lepidoptera, many species. 

Desiderata.—Back volumes of Trans. Hint. Soc. Lond., and entomologica] magazines, 


bound or unbound.—Fredk. J. Killington, 177, Leigh Road, Eastleigh. 


Desiderata.—British Coleoptera, especially Chrysomelidae. 

Duplicates.— West Virginia Coleoptera and Lepidoptera.—Paul N. Musgrave, 601, 
Walnut Avenue, Fairmount, West Virginia, U.S.A. 

Desiderata.—Ova or pupae of christyi, abruptaria v. brunnea, black consonaria and 
bidentata, extensaria, curzoni, jasionata, venosata (Shetl.) and other melanie Geometers 


and Noctuae. 


: 


Duplicates.—Very many in first class condition, high-set only f. i. Herminia flavi- 
crinais, Andreas, Nych. dalmatina race andreasaria, Warnecke, about 30 species of rare 
Acidalias ; pupae of Eupithecia illuminata or cash.—Karl Andreas. Wiesbaden, Goethestr. 
23, Germany. 

Duplicates.—P. apollo nevadensis and rare Palaearetic Rhopalocera, also African 
Danaidae, Charaxes and Hypolimnas. 

Desiderata.—Many rarer and few common species Rhopalocera. European only.— 
W. G. Pether, 4, Willowbridge Road, London, N.1. . 

Duplicates.—Fine bred prunaria grossulariata varieties and many other species. , 

Desiderata.—Ova of truncata and citrata.—Rev. G. H. Raynor, The Lilacs, Brampton, 
Huntingdon. 

Entomologist in out of way part of world desires exchange entom. literature— 
especially current works on classification, anatomy, heredity, etc.—for papered insects 
from Argentine Chaco. Will give double rate for Camb. Nat. Hist. (Insects), Hudson’s 
Nat. in La Plata, and special for Ridgeway’s Colour Charts. Basis butterflies or moths 
20/- per 100 papers, coll. 35 butterflies all different 10/-, other orders by arrangement. Or 
will sell for cash to enable purchase. Lists to K. J. Hayward, Villa Ana, F.C.P.S.F., 
Argentine. 

Mr. M. R. Smrru, A. and M. College, is anxious to know where he can obtain any of 
Hmery’s papers on North American ants; and also to know of any Kuropeans who would 
like to exchange separates and correspondence with him concerning ants. 

Signor ALrrepo Faz, Calle Bandera 714, Santiago Chili, is willing to exchange first 
class Chilean Coleoptera, especially Carabus, sps., for striking Coleoptera from all parts of 
the World. 

Wanted.—To correspond with some Entomologist resident in Scotland, Ireland, or 
the Isle of Man who is interested in Noctuae and vars. with a view to exchange of species 
and forms.—d. J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,’’ West Chiltington Common, Pillborough, Sussex. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 
8 p.m. October 5th, 19th. 

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
September 22nd. October 13th.—Hon. See., Stanley Edwards 15, St. German’s Place, 
Blackheath, S.E.3. 

The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London 
Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History 
Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street H.C. 2, first and 
third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec., J. P. 
Harpiman, C.B.E., B.A., 1, Chatsworth Road, Brondesbury, N.W.2. 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. ae 


We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send us communications 1puNTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 
Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 


the time of sending in MS. 


Articles that require InnusrRaTions are inserted on condition that the AurHor 
defrays the cost of the fllustrations. 
For Bankers Order payment forms, apply to Hon. Treasurer, 6, Footscray Road 


‘Eltham. 


CONTENTS 
Sao Thomé and Principé, Malcolm Burr, D.Se., F.E.S. oe oe oe 4 
Miscellaneous Notes from Argentina VIII., K. J. Hayward, F.E.S. ue ae 120 
Zygaenae, Grypocera and Rhopalocera of the Cottian Alps, R. Verity, M.D. (cont.) 129 
Notes on Collecting in Spain in, 1925-26, Dr. E. Romei ae 2 old a va 
Scimntiric Nores.—Flight of Neptis lucilla, 4. Sich, F.E.S.; Fall of a Butterfly, : 


TRG RN SA ed alot eo OE MR eel n't. a 
Current Nores we A bats at sf ve ab ‘& ss a 131 


Suprptement.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. a oe ae (49)-(56) 


Cuance or Appress.—Hy. J. Turner (from Sept. 22nd), from 98, Drakefell Road, New. 
Cross, 8.£.14, to ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam: C. B. Williams, from Ministry of 
Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt, to Research Institute, Amani, Tanga, Tanganyika. - 


Communications have been received from or have been promised by Messrs. 
Dr. Verity, H. J. Turner, K. J. Hayward, C. J. Wainwright, A. H. Martineau, W. Hy 
Edwards, J. S. Taylor, Lieut. E. B. Ashby, A. Sich, Dr. Malcolm Burr, G. T. Bethune- | 
Baker, Signor Querci, Dr. Romei, EZ, KE. Green, and Reports of Societies. 


All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, 
‘* Latemar,’? West Drive, Cheam. 


IMPORTANT 
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. 


BAGK VOLUMES OF 
The Entomologist’s Record 
and Journal of Variation. 


(Vols. I-XXXVI.) 
CONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) 


Genus Acronyctu und its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— 
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and auwrelia—The Doubleday collection— 
Parthenogenesis— Paper on T'aeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the 
Winter—TLemperature and Variation—Synonymie notes—-Retrospect of a Lepidopterist 
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— 
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. 


CONTENTS OF VOL. Il. 


Menanism aNd MexaNnocnrotsM—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on 
VartaTIon (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima 
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys 
prodromaria and A, betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- 
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen- 
clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes 
on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifebistory of Gonophora 
derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. 


To be obtained from— 


Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E, 14 
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable 


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FIELD NOTES FROM ANGOLA. 133 


Field Notes from Angola. 
By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.E.S. 


I. Loanpa. First Ivpresstons. 


Our boat, the good ship “ Nyassa,” once German but now 
Portuguese, put in at Loanda, the capital of the Portuguese colony of 
Angola, on April 19th, 1927, and we were able to get a couple of days 
ashore and make excursions to the high ground outside the town. 

Loanda is one of the older cities of Africa, and the houses are 
substantially built in the Portuguese style, with upstair rooms opening 
on to a balcony that surrounds the patio; I had hoped that the strong 
illumination and the flowers in this courtyard would attract insects, 
but was disappointed, though at the same time relieved to find no need 
for applied entomology in the bedrooms. 

The country outside is a gently undulating, green plain, my first 
view of the characteristic scenery of the great savannahs of Africa. 
The scattered and bushy trees gave the impression of an English park, 
but, of course, the few Huphorbias and the numerous baobabs gave a 
distinctive appearance. The latter tree, Adamsonia digitalis, looks like 
gigantic seakale; the smooth bulbous trunk is very pale, and in the 
distance looks white, while the top is tufty and green; from several of 
them there hung great pods, about a foot long, green, heavy, hard and 
woody, and, I believe, quite useless. The bark is valuable for paper- 
making. 

The grass is rank and long; we are approaching the end of the 
rainy season and everything is fresh, green and moist. Orthoptera are 
numerous but about half the specimens are not yet mature. Two or 
three species similar to Stenobothrus are common; one is a very elegant 
little fellow, somewhat recalling Omocestus rufipes, with pale white band 
on antennae and black markings on the body, and about the 
commonest; another prominent fellow is big for this group, pale buff 
in colour, like some south European forms of Ch. pulvinatus, with 
distinctive orange posterior tibiae and orange-red lining to posterior 
femora. One of my first captures was a handsome Phaneropterid of 
the size of an Acrometopa, but quite different; the elytra are rounded 
at the tips and have wide and even reticulation in the male, evidently 
forming a fine sounding-board; the ovipositor is gently curved and 
long for this group. A small Phaneroptera, probably Ph. nana, was 
common in the grass. Other species with a familiar appearance were 
a grey Hpacromia, in appearance and habits resembling the common 
E. strepens, dashing vigorously to light in the town and even on the 
ship at some considerable distance from the shore; it is of a grey 
colour, with no red. Another good-looking Truxalid is Paracinema 
tricolor, or something very like it; it is an African species that extends 
its range to the southern extremities of Europe. A small Truxalid 
with ensiform antennae recalled Ochrilidia, while one of the 
commonest was, to my eye and memory, indistinguishable from dAcrida 
turrita ; a female came clumsily dashing to light in the town in the 
evening. 

The Oedipodidae were feebly represented in this grass country; I 
found one or two of what seems to be an Aerotylus with pale blue 
wings, and one handsome fellow, with pronotum keeled and ribbed and 

Ocrozer 15TH, 1927. 


va 


134 THK KNLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


acute posteriorly, with wings crimson at the base and a well-marked 
black fascia. 

There was little stridulation, perhaps owing to the lowering sky, 
sprinkling drizzle and feel of thunder in the air, which usually 
encourages some Locustids to song, but not the Acridians who prefer 
the sunshine. However I heard one note that seemed reminiscent of 
Chorthippus parallelus and traced it down to a blade of grass which 
seemed somewhat thicker about the middle. This thickening was a 
brownish grasshopper of extreme elongation (probably, a Mesopsis sp.), 
the head and ensiform antennae were that of Acrida, and the last 
abdominal segment is produced into a long point, as in immature 
Acrida; the colour is greyish brown and the wings are smoky and 
considerably shorter than the body; its appearance closely resembles 
Acrida but the legs are short, including the hinder pair, and there is a 
small compressed tubercle on the prosternum suggestive of Acridid 
and not Truxalid affinities. I took two males and a female and also a 
larva which is pale green. 

In the Acridians, two big locusts, Cyrtacanthacris, one pair of a 
marbled and banded grey uniform; the spines of the posterior tibiae 
are striking, being white, then bright red and then tipped with black; 
the other species is mainly green, banded with black and yellow; in 
this cxse the spines of the posterior tibiae are tipped with black. 
Another Acridian with a flattened head and pronotum looked like a fully- 
winged Podismid, but the strangest of all was a species recalling 
Paracaloptenis, with wings shorter than the body and pronotum banded 
with black and pale; this was not very numerous and I took only a 
couple of females and a single male; it is the latter which is remarkable 
owing to the very unusual form of the antennae, in which eight of the 
segments have a triangular flattened lobe, increasing in size to @ 
Maximum and then rapidly reducing ; the effect is that the antennae 
are strongly crenate, a phenomenon I have not before seen in the 
Orthoptera. 

The Conocephalids were represented by two, or perhaps ieee 
species of Xiphidtwn; one, which was the commonest, recalls our X. 
dorsale with its abbreviated wings, but the apex of the abdomen is 
bright orange, making it rather conspicuous in the grass; it seems to 
bethesame species that I took at Principéand Sao Thomé ; [associate with 
it a female with fully developed wings and elytra and, for this genus, 
a moderately long ovipositor. Another species, also fairly common, 
was greyish, with a relatively short ovipositor. 

Crickets were in evidence towards dusk, and their chirping 
resounded, but I was not able to see any; I heard notes distinctive of 
Gryllus and of Gryllotalpa, but the only Gryllids I saw or took were a 
few Occanthus just like our familiar south European O. pellucens. 

Of Blattids I saw but two, a yellowish brown fellow, apparently a 
Phyllodromiid ; if so, it was living up to its name for I found it when 
sweeping thick shrubs covered with creepers like bryony, and a whole 
flock of white butterflies, marbled witb green underneath, were playing 
up and down by it and occasionally settling. 

Mantids were represented by two species resembling Ameles, one 
with bluntly pointed eyes and fully developed wings, the other with 
rounded eyes and elytra reduced to mere rudimentary flaps, so that at 
first I took it for a larva; adult specimens were not by any means 


FIELD NOTES FROM ANGOLA. 135 


numerous, but I took a pair of Hmpusa; these quaint creatures are fully 
developed as early as May in the south of Europe, while the Mantids 
proper do not reach maturity till the late summer. I saw one 
immature green one, seemingly Mantis. 

‘While picking up the Hmpusa among long grass, with a few dead 
twigs around, I was delighted to see one of the thinnest of the twigs 
move; I touched it and it froze; it was a Phasmid of extreme tenuity 
and delicacy which would certainly have escaped my eye if it had 
remained motionless. 

In two afternoons I had taken twenty-five species of Orthoptera, 
not a very large number when we think of the wealth of the Ethiopian 
fauna. What struck me most was the absence of any species of 
strikingly exotic form; the slender Phasmid of course must be a 
typically African species, and very likely has a restricted range, but we 
have Phasmids, and very thin ones too, in southern Europe. The 
grasshopper with the crenate antennae was strange too, but apart from 
this feature, it had nothing very foreign in its appearance. The derida, 
Stenobothrus, Hpacromia, Phaneropteraand some of the Xiphidiwm all had 
a very homely appearance; the big Phaneroptera, it is true, is a 
distinctive form, but no more exotic in appearance than our 4 crometopa, 
and the Ameles and Hmpusa are quite familiar to collectors in the 
Mediterranean. The most exotic species were the two handsome 
Cyrtacanthacris. 

But if the Orthoptera did not strike one as being a foreign 
assemblage, other orders did. Butterflies were not very numerous but 
were different from anything | have seen in any part of Europe; they 
seemed vaguely familiar from museums and collections, but the various 
Pierids, including an out-size orange-tip, and some Vanessids gave 
quite an exotic touch to the scene, as did a strange beetle, with elytra 
flattened and strongly broadened out, brown, tipped with black, so that 
it looked like a moth’when settled on a shrub; I have seen him in 
collections but he provided the longed-for local colour, as did a pretty and 
delicate Homopteron pale grey speckled with black, with light blue 
wings and long extended snout. But I have no doubt we shall get 
plenty of local colour before long and may even get tired of it. At 
Loanda it was chiefly supplied by the niggers and the baobabs. 

It was interesting to note that a fairly extensive insect fauna flew 
on board to light; we were moored at a good distance from the shore, 
quite a mile, but the vessel was brilliantly illuminated. Numerous 
creatures were attracted and sat prominently on the fresh white paint. 
Of Orthoptera, an Hpacromia did not surpise me, as I was accustomed 
to him as a night-flyer in the Caucasus, though one hardly associates 
the grasshoppers with nocturnal habits: the Locustids, of course, are 
largely vespertine or nocturnal, but I hardly expected to find Xiphidium 
addicted to long night flights, yet I took three on the boat after dark ; 
all three were females, closely resembling X. fuscwm, and this fact 
further encourages me to think that it is the female of the brachypterous 
male with the orange-tipped abdomen. Other visitors were a number 
of small ants with wings and a few Pentatomid and other Rhynchota, 
but no beetles nor Hymenoptera. 

In a previous letter I have referred to the brilliant pale blue 
coloration of the interior, and usually concealed, surface of the trochan- 
ters of the fore-limbs in Mantis. The same phenomenon is fairly 


186 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


general in the praying-insects; in the HKmpusa taken at Loanda they 
are red near the base, dotted with white spots; these die out as the red 
passes into deep indigo, shading off to black, but with the same bright 
blue of the hedge-sparrow tint showing clearly at the sides. 

There were few insects around the bright lamps in the streets and 
gardens in the town at night, nor was there as much stridulation as 
I expected; there was one that to my ear was indistinguishable 
from the chirp of our familiar Locusta viridissima and on two trees 
another very distinctive and to me quite unfamiliar voice; it was a 
single metallic note, repeated at short periodic intervals; it was 
impossible to locate the performer at night in thick foliage of a big 
tree, and doubtless a very active customer. I hope that with luck and 
patience I may be able to identify it and run it down to the musician 
which may be a familiar creature, but in this the element of chance 
plays a great part; it took me many years to identify the common 
Phaneroptera of Europe with its gentle, and to many people inaudible, 
tss tss tss, to be heard in south Europe among the trees on dark still 
evenings. 

Of other forms of animal life we did not see much; small lizards 
were common among the grass and Pavel Stepanovich saw a large 
Agama. Birds were not numerous; the commonest was a crow with 
white neck and belly, but on one tree we watched a bird that looked 
like a whitethroat but as big as a thrush feeding its young as big as 
itself. Gulls with black backs and wings hawked around the boat, and 
a flock of cranes or storks was visible through the fog of an advancing 
storm. 

(To be continued.) 


Notes of Collecting in Spain in 1925-26. 
By Dr. E. ROMEI. 
(Concluded from page 129.) 


Srrymon spins, Schiff.—The race from Serrania of Cuenca, during 
the month of July, can be referred to bo/illi, Sag., the white lines and 
red spots of the underside being as reduced in extent as in bofilli from 
Aragon. However the form /ynceus, F., is more frequently found at 
Cuenca than at Albarracin. 

Amongst the spini we have collected at Cuenca, we have found two 
aberrations which are now in Wm. Pether’s collection in London. 
Mr. Pether has sent me the description of them which I may publish 
here : 

ab. fusca-extensa (subtus), Pether. Blue patch entirely suffused 
with black scales. 

ab. albo-extensa (subtus), Pether. White lines crossing hind- 
wings developed outward into broad band, extending beyond the 
antemarginal black and orange spots and blue patch at usual angle. 
In this beautiful aberration the white band of the underside of the 
hindwings is more extensive and the red spots more reduced than in 
the ab. albosparsa as it is figured by Oberthur (Lep. comp. IV, f. 401). 

Zeryntuia RumiINA, L.—In May, 1925, I collected a few specimens at 
high level, 4000 up to 5000ft., in Sierra Nevada. Expanse under 


" NOTES OF COLLECTING IN SPAIN. 187 


average 38-42 mm. Ground colour between type and castiliana, Ruhl, 
much deeper than medesicaste, Ill. Black spots prominently red 
centered as in medesicaste but differing from this form in having all 
black markings well developed ; this black being well powdered with 
scales of a clearer white rather than of a blueish tint as in the type 
form. 

Red submarginal spots in hind-wings differ from castiliana in being 
completely backed by a solid black band. Castiliana have this black 
band distinctly divided by yellow of ground colour each side of black 
veins. 

Quoting the specimens of the type series in Wm. Pether’s collection, 
the tone of red marking varies as follows ; very deep (Nos. 559 and 
690), shaded with lighter (No. 691), much paler (No. 558). 

I propose to distinguish by the name ‘of petheri this form from 
alpine surroundings in Sierra Nevada. ‘Two specimens sent to Mr. 
Pether by Bang-Haas as nana (a commercial name) ex Malaga exactly 
agree with pethert except in the smaller development, in size, of the 
red spots. 

Cornonympua IpHioipEs, St.—Dr. Otto Bang-Haas has notified to us 
that the type specimen in Staudinger’s collection was caught at S. 
Idelfonso. Jt seems that the nymotypical form is widespread all over 
Castile, because our iphioides from Cuenca do not differ from those of 
Western Castile we have seen in the Museum of Madrid. 

Instead the specimens of tiphioides we collected in July, 1924, near 
Sierra Alta (Teruel) in Aragon, differ in a constant way from the 
Castilian ones. Not even one of my large series from Aragon is like 
any individual from Castile so that I propose to name pearsoni the 
subspecies from Sierra Alta above Orihuela del Tremedal. 

Pearsoni is always much smaller than nymotypical ¢phioides ; the 
whole underside is thickly suffused with brown scaling, the yellow 
ring around the ocelli is thinner, the silver line of the underside of the 
hind-wings, which is well marked in Castilian specimens is either faint 
or missing in Aragon. The ocelli of the underside of the hindwings 
are not so regularly disposed as in nymotypical iphioides ; they are set 
almost as in amynthus, Poda (1761) =c7phis, S.V. (1775). 

According to my opinion pearsont from Aragon is a transition 
between tphivides from Castile and amynthus from Central Europe. 

Erepia zapatert, Ob.—I have long series from Aragon and Castile. 
The Castilian specimens look duller than those from Aragon, but I 
think this is due to the fact that the individuals from Sierra Alta 
were caught in 1924 while the ones from the Province of Cuenca are 
two years younger, having been collected in 1926. 

K. zapateri is very abundant in the Serrania of Cuenca at the level 
of 4200ft., above Tragacete ; lower, at the level of about 3500ft., the 
species is much scarcer and the apical ocelli have a tendency to be 
reduced. This tendency is so marked that in some extreme forms the 
lowest spot of the left wing is missing. I propose to name castiliana 
the most common form of the Serrania of Cuenca at low altitude in 
which the apical spots are either very small or partially missing. 

Among the individuals from Sierra Alta, whence came Oberthur’s 
type, we observe the opposite tendency. Mr. Pether has sent me the 
description of some aberrations. 

ab. excessa, Pether.—First and second apical spot followed by a 


138 THE KNTOMOLOGIS' S RECORD. 


third which is smaller, not white centered. On underside there is also 
an extra (blind) black spot corresponding in position with fourth above. 

ab. lutescens, Pether.—Brownish-yellow area in _ fore-wings 
replaced by very pale buff above and below. 

ab. argenteopunctata, Pether.—Area of black apical spots 
replaced by translucent silvery, faintly tinged with black and white 
centered, above and below. 

Hreparcuia uippotyrr, Esp.—l propose to name williamsi the true 
subspecies we have caught at Puerto del Lobo, 5000ft., in Sierra 
Nevada. The underside of the hindwings, which is of an almost 
uniform tinge in Eastern forms, is instead nicely variegated in 
Andalusia. Every Andalusian specimen differs in a striking way both 
from Russian types and other Oriental forms. Esper and Hubner 
figured Eastern individuals, while Herrich-Schiiffer represents williamst 
perfectly. 


A Note on a curious aberration of Euxoa segetis, Schiff. (segetum), 
and on the so-called ab. subgothica of Euxoa tritici, L. 


By W. PARKINSON CURTIS, F.E.S. 


In the summer of 1907 I was collecting for an extended period in the 
Isle of Purbeck, and on July 1st I captured a very pale specimen (No. 
18523 coll. mihi) of Euwxoa segetis, Schiff. I bad on the preceding June 
captured an /vuaoa in company with Muaoa cinerea ab. tephrina, Stgr., 
which in the field I had referred to Muaoa cinerea, without hesitation. 
That specimen has occupied several positions in my collection since 
and I have always felt very uneasy about its determination. On the 
division of the spoils for the 1907 season No. 18523 fell to my brother’s 
share and the other No. 5810 coll. mihi, to mine. Having recently 
acquired the whole of my brother’s collection, which included fine series 
of many of the British Agrotids I have been incorporating that collection 
with my own. This led me toa further examination of No, 5310 and to 
still further dissatisfaction with its determination. A few days ago I 
had an opportunity of submitting it to a joint critical examination by 
Mr. W. H. T. Tams and myself and to a careful comparison with the 
species of Huvoa in the National Collection. We both came to the 
conclusion that it was an undersized and unusually sparsely marked 
specimen of F. segetis, Schiff, a g with a curious feature of great 
reduction in the development of the reniform stigma. There is no 
specimen as small, nor any exactly like it in the National Collection, but 
there are two that beara resemblance. Oneaspecimen from Cyprus and 
the other, which, but for its larger size, is strikingly like it from a 
Central Asiatic locality ex the Leech Collection. Herein lies the special 
interest of No. 18523, which is normal in size, but is as near true ab. 
pallida, Stgr. as possible and pallida is a Central Asiatic form. It 
piques my curiosity that the only two notable abs. of Muwoa seyetis, 
which have fallen to my hunting should have been Central Asiatic in 
facies and captured within a couple of hundred yards of one another 
with an interval of three weeks between the captures. What were the 
weather conditions in the winter of 1906/1907 that produced a Central 
Asiatic appearance in two insects in Southern England? The slight 


NOTE ON A CURIOUS ABERRATION. 139 


notes that I have of that winter shew, that in Poole Harbour there was 
a rather unusual abundance in the Autumn of waders and wildfowl, 
which we usually associate with cold weatber further North, and my 
recollection is that sport was rather unusually good that winter. 
Recollection is not much to go on, but in this case it is sharpened by 
the fact that in the October, whilst out in my gunning punt, I got the 
full benefit of the recoil of a heavy stanchion gun in the mouth owing 
to slack gun ropes, and the damage to my front teeth was visible and 
permanent. Anyone with a like experience will bear me out in the 
statement, that a smaek in the mouth of that description is a vivid 
memory aid superior even to Pelmanism. ‘The following is a short 
description of the specimen and as it is probably not likely to be 
repeated it is not worth while giving it a name. 

Sex g. Exp. 32 mm. measured from the right apex to the centre 
of the thorax and out to the left apex. Normal segetis measured thus 
run from 42 to46 mm. The general tone of colour is greyish putty- 
colour much the tone that would be obtained by mixing raw sienna, 
lampblack and yellow ochre with a good body of flake white. The 
thoracic hairs are a colder tone, the abdomen matches the fore-wings. 
The pectus is clothed with nearly white hairs. The forewings are a 
little glossy and but for a few sparse and ill-defined sepia patches of 
scaling of very smallarea devoid of any marking basad from the antemedial 
line. The antemedial line is well-defined, but is visually not double. 
It is just possible with a lens to trace a few scales here and there 
proximad shewing the course of the normal limit of the inside of the 
double line. 

What there is of the claviform is entirely detached from the 
antemedial line, it consists of a very small area barely darker than the 
ground with just a sensation of a definition in sepia scales above and 
below. ‘The orbicular is very small, only just marked and has part of 
an annulus distad consisting of 6 single sepia scales at wide intervals. 

There is no central shade. There is a dark mark on the costa 
above and just before the reniform followed by a second where the 
postmedial line rises; the reniform consists of a small almost circular 
area of the ground colour barely enclosed ; with a small patch of sepia 
brown scales above and a larger pateh below, but the whole marking is 
quite insignificant. 

The postmedial is a single festooned line following the normal 
course, of sepia brown scales sharply defined but exceedingly tenuous. 
The apical dark marks on the costa are scarcely visible. 

Of the subterminal line and the terminal shade there is barely a 
trace, but the usual interneural black incisions on the termen are 
quite conspicuous. 

The hindwings are bluish pearly white very slightly semihyaline 
and glossy; the principal nervures are defined in very pale brown. 
The termen is defined with a very narrow but firm brown line and there 
are a few brown scales in the apical area. ‘The specimen is a little 
worn. 

Locality Purbeck, Dorset. Date 8.V1.1907. Captor W. Parkinson 
Curtis. 

The same cause, viz., the said acquisition of Agrotids above referred to 
led me to consider the named aberrations of Huwxoa tritici, L., and also 
led me to the conclusion that the very general use of ab. subgothica, 


140 THK ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 


Haw., as a name for any aberration of tritici is wrong and here I must 
confess that I lay the blame for the confusion on the late J. W. Tutt. 
My conclusions in the matter leave me a little bewildered as to why 
such an able and careful worker should have ensnared himself and 
others by an a priort argument, when he could have had access to 
Haworth’s type. 

I am presuming that the specimen standing in the National 
Collection as Haworth’s type is in fact the type and I know not the 
slightest reason for supposing that the authenticity of that specimen 
leaves any room for doubt at all. 

Haworth’s type is the North American species jaculifera, Gn. It is 
very unlike tritici, and it is not an HKuaoa but a Feltia as Sir G. F. 
Hampson has treated it in his Cat, Phal. Lep. IV., p. 845. The only 
thing that I do disagree with Sir G. F. Hampson over in his 
treatment of the species is that he states ‘the British localities of the 
older authors are erroneous.’ 

The older authors very circumstantially state the place of capture 
and captor of at least one specimen and why should they not be believed ? 
Other American insects occur in this country. I have seen lanais 
archippus on the wing once at Swanage and once at Poole Quay at a 
time when Canadian and American hay was being freely brought into 
the port. 

At the time W. Raddon is stated to have captured subgothica at 
Barnstaple the West of England ports had a thriving trade with 
America and large fleets of small wind jammers— Poole had for example. 
Accidental importation was a very likely possibility and it is not long 
ago that an American Amatid was caught flying down the High Street 
of Marlborough, Wilts. Personally I am a little chary of contradicting 
others about locality records without exceptionally good grounds for it. 
I have had too many of my own records contradicted by some 
pragmatical pundit and have had the trouble of ramming an incontro- 
vertible fact down a reluctant throat. 

Staudinger in his Cat. Pal. Lep. I., p. 150, No. 1875 gives the 
synonymy :— 
subgothica, Haw., Lep. Brit., p. 224. 

As above stated this is subgothica=jaculifera the American species. 
subgothica, Steph., II., p. 126, pl. 22 £.3. 

This figure and the letterpress leave not the slightest doubt that the 
insect referred to is Haworth’s species. 
subgothica, Tutt., Brit. Noct., I1., p. 48. 

This from Tutt’s own letterpress refers to an ab. of tritici since he 
specificially argues that the early authors bad confounded the ab. with 
which he was dealing with the American species which he suggests 
should be subgothica, Grote, and states the American authors to be in 
error. 
subgothica, Barr., Brit. Lep., U1. sp. 851, pl. 1838, £.2. 

sarrett’s plate and letterpress both relate to true subgothica, Haw., 
and he states that latterly British authors have ignored this species as 
British. 

Humphreys and Westwood, British Moths, L., p. 128, pl. 24, fig. 1, 
is true subgothica and they quote Haworth; Curtis; Stephens /.c.; and 
Wood’s Indea Hnt., pl. 9, f. 149. The copy of Humphreys and 
Westwood, which is before me is a very good figure, but a little pale ; 


NOTE ON SOME SOUTH AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 141 


it however shows the rosy tone of jaculifera, which has the rich 
ruddiness of Agrotis ditrapezium or A. brunnea. All these authors save 
Tutt dwell on the high development of the claviform, or as the early 
authors called it, the teliform stigma. As a matter of fact in true 
subgothica the interneural space between vein 1 and the cell and vein 2 is 
almost wholly dark (at any rate basad) cut across very strikingly by 
the pale basal and antemedial lines. I have seen many tritici, (my 
own series is over a 100), and I have never seen one with anything 
approaching this marking. Culot’s figure referred to below certainly 
does not show it. 

Hampson, op. cit., pp. 293 and 345 ignores all reference to Tutt’s 
British Noctuae. 

Unfortunately the result of Tutt’s treatment of subgothica, Haw., 
is that Staudinger, in his turn following Tutt, has led Culot astray in 
his beautiful work Vol. 1, p. 77, pl. 12, fig. 11 pl. 12, fig. 13, where he 
figures specimens of tritict as subgothica, Haw., which they are not, nor 
are they at all like it. 

The only way to get the matter cleared for the future is to give a 
new name to suwbgothica, Tutt, and I propose the name pseudogothica for 
it, since until it is rechristened, the aberration of tritici will still be 
sometimes called svbgothica and the confusion will grow. 

The synonymy will then stand as follows—I’. subyothica, Haw. ; 
Curtis ; Steph; Wood; Humphrey and Westwood ; Hampson ; 
Packd.; Saunders.=jaculifera, Gn.; Smith.=tricosa, Lintner. F. tritict 
ab. psendogothica, mihi.=subgothica, Tutt ; Stdgr.; Culot. 


A Note on some South African Lepidoptera of Economic Importance 
with especial reference to the Eastern Transvaal. 


By J. SNEYD TAYLOR, M.A., D.I.C. (Cotton Entomologist, Union Department 
of Agriculture.) 


Among the minor pests of cotton in the Eastern Transvaal are a number 
of leaf-feeding Lepidopterous larvae. Perhaps the most important of 
these is Cosmophila auragotides, Hbn. (formerly erosa, Hbn.) (Noctuidae), 
which occasionally does serious damage as in the season 1925-26, 
when in one field, which came under the writer's notice, practically 
every plant was defoliated. At the same time hundreds of adults were 
to be seen on the wing, flying about in the sunshine. The larva of 
C. aurayoides, feeds openly upon the leaves and pupation takes place 
in a loose cocoon among the leaves or bracts. In April and May 1926, 
larvae of this species were heavily parasitised by a species of Chalcid, 
the adults of which emerged from the pupae of the former. A species 
of Tachinid was also obtained. These parasites probably account for 
the comparative scarcity of C. awragoides during the past season, 1926- 
27. 

Another leaf-feeder is Xanthodes graellsi, Feisth., which has been 
more plentiful during the past season than C. aurayoides. As is the 
case with the latter species the larva of X. graellsi, feeds openly upon 
the leaves and is easily recognised by the presence of a large and 
conspicuous scarlet spot on the anal end. Pupation takes place in an 
earthern cocoon in the soil and during the summer months the adult 


142 THER ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


emerges after a pupal period of about eighteen days. Hibernation 
takes place in the larval stage within the cocoon in the soil. Larvae 
which entered the soil in May 1926, formed cocoons but did not 
pupate until the middle of the Folowhtip October. The adults emerged 
early in November. A species of Tachinid was obtained from larvae 
of X. graellsi this year. 

Larvae of Laphygma exigua, Hbn. (Noctuidae), were found by the 
writer attacking cotton foliage in January of this year. This species 
has previously been recorded on cotton in S. Africa and Egypt. The 
larvae were found forming thin webs on the undersides of the leaves 
and then eating their way through, with the exception of the upper 
epidermis, which in many cases was left intact. Pupation took place 
in the earth and adults emerged after about eighteen days. The 
larvae occurred in scattered patches throughout the field in which they 
were found, and in these patches the damage due to them was consider- 
able. One larva was found with six small ova adhering to its dorsal 
surface; on the following day these hatched and the resulting larvae 
proceeded to eat their way into the host. By the evening of the next 
day they had spun cocoons under the remains of their host and six 
days later adults of a small species of Braconid emerged. L. eaiqua 
is commonly known as the “ Lesser Army Worm” and, as the name 
implies, the larvae are gregarious in habit. 

The larva of Tarache nitidula, F. (Noctuidae), also attacks the 
leaves of cotton, but has not been found in large numbers by the 
writer. In behaviour this species is very similar to \. graedisi and, as 
with the latter, pupation takes place in the soil. 

A pest which wrought great havoc towards the close of the season 
just over was the “Army” or ‘‘ Mystery Worm,” the larva of Laphygma 
exempta, Walk. This species derives its common name from its gregar- 
ious nature; the larvae occur in enormous numbers and may be seen 
on the field for miles at a stretch, eating their way through the grass 
and leaving bare ground behind them. Outbreaks occur every few 
years and there was a severe one during the past season. As well as 
grasses, various cereal crops are attacked such as maize, caffir-corn, 
oats, wheat, millet and teff. At the beginning of March numerous 
adults were seen on the wing. These were quickly succeeded by the 
appearance of legions of the larvae on the field. Many fields of young 
maize were stripped bare. Cotton was not attacked. Experimental 
plots of cotton alongside others of millet which were eaten out were 
left untouched as were also plots of cow-peas. Volounter cotton plants 
in maize fields where the maize was all devoured were also left 
unscathed. A subsequent outbreak occurred but on a smaller scale. 
The larvae of this generation were found to be heavily parasitised and 
two species of Ichneumonidae have been obtained from them up to date. 
Larvae of L. exigua, the ‘* Lesser Army Worm,” are often mistaken 
for those of L. exempta, owing to their somewhat similar habits. The 
species are easily distinguished, however, by means of their mandibles ; 
those of the latter are but slightly indented, while the mandibles of 
L. exiyua are sharply toothed. 

The control measures advocated for ‘* Army Worm ”’ are scattering 
poison bait in front of the advancing larvae, or ploughing two or three 
furrows across the line of advance and heavily baiting them. 


” 


as ae Seay ae 


NOTE ON SOME SOUTH AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 143 


The “ Army Worm” combined with the recent prolonged drought 
has rendered the problem of winter food for cattle a very serious one. 

Of Citrus pests there are several belonging to the Lepidoptera, the 
most important of which is Agryroploce leucotreta, Meyr. | Knarmonia 
batrachopa, Meyr. (I.)|, (Tortricidae), the “ False Codling Moth.” As 
well as in the Union this species also occurs in Rhodesia and in various 
parts of Central, East and West Africa (I1.). 

Navel oranges are the most susceptible to attack but other varieties 
of Citrus also suffer. In addition to citrus the larva of A. lencotreta 
is found in the fruits of guava, pomegranate, apricot, peach, plum, 
persimmon, olive, walnut and oak, as well as in a number of wild 
fruits (II.). The larva has also been recorded as attacking cotton 
bolls in Nigeria and Uganda, but there is, as yet, no record otf it as a 
cotton pest in South Africa, although it will readily feed upon cotton 
bolls in captivity. Attacked fruit becomes mouldy and rotten, spores 
being enabled to enter by means of the larval burrows. Heys are laid 
upon the fruit and on hatching the young larva makes its way in, 
frequently at the navel end of the orange. Usually only one larva 
occurs in a single fruit, although two are sometimes found. When 
full fed the larva leaves the orange and constructs an earthen cocoon 
upon the soil surface. Occasionally the cocoon is formed within the 
fruit. The larva may remain as such within the cocoon for nearly 
three weeks before pupation takes place, after which it may bea month 
before the adult emerges (II.). From some larvae placed out of doors 
in tins containing earth during May of this year adults were obtained 
after periods of from twenty-eight to forty-one days. There are three 
generations during the season, which somewhat overlap one another 
and hibernation takes place as a pupa (II.). The adult is an incon- 
spicuous moth and is not often seen during the day. 

Apart from the usual clean cultural methods and picking up of all 
dropped fruits and burying them, baiting experiments for the control 
of the adult are being carried out. These consist of (1) foliage bait, a 
treacle (or sugar) and arsenical mixture applied to the leaves of the 
trees by means of a hand syringe, (2) bunch bait, bunches of Kucalyp- 
tus or other twigs dipped in the same mixture and suspended in the 
trees, and (3) fermented and unfermented treacle and arsenical baits 
placed in the containers, which are hung on or beside the trees, 
similarly a pollard and arsenical mixture. The variety of insects taken 
in these tin containers is large. 

Papilio demoleus, L., is another but not so serious citrus pest. This 
large and striking looking butterfly is very common throughout the 
country and is often to be seen in gardens flitting about among the 
flowers. ges are laid upon the young shoots and leaves of citrus 
trees upon which the larvae feed. Pupation takes place on the trees or 
upon neighbouring plants. Older trees are not usually seriously 
affected but young trees may be entirely defoliated. When irritated 
the larva everts a long osmeterium which has a somewhat alarming 
effect upon the uninitiated. The writer was once solemnly assured 
that it was a poison fang ! 

Adults of the Noctuid, Sphingomorpha chlorea, Craim., which pierce and 
suck fruits, cause considerable losses to citrus as well as other fruit 
growers. Control measures take the form of fermented baits. 

Owing to the delicate nature of the trees in general great care has 


144 YHEH KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


to be taken in dealing with citrus pests. Forms of control adopted for - 
similar pests on other plants might cause irrevocable injury. This 
renders the task of the entomologist doubly difficult. 


REFERENCES, 


(I.) Gunn, D. The False Codling Moth (Aryyroploce leucotreta, 
Meyr.). Union of S. Afr. Dept. Agric. Sci. Bull. 21, Pretoria, 
1921, p. 4. 

(IL) Gunn, D. The False Codling Moth (Agryroploce leucotreta, 
Meyr.). Farmer’s Gazette, 8. Africa, December 24th, 1925. 


On the use of Names in the Study of Variation. 
By ROGER VERITY, M.D. 


Mr. Turner has successfully stated in a few lines the upshot of the 
discussions which have been carried on in these pages during the last 
few months. ‘There is nothing new about it. It is the old question, 
which has remained unsolved ever since the times of Father Linneus, 
unsolved as a general principal, but invariably solving itself in practice 
in the same way. Every time a naturalist devotes particular attention 
to variation in a group of animals or plants, analyses it more 
thoroughly, restricts old names and erects new ones, there is a chorus 
of protests raised by those, who had the same materials before their 
eyes, but who had not taken the trouble to work them out. The 
saddest case amongst lepidopterists was that of poor Rambur, who was 
so laughed to scorn by his contemporaries for his discovery of several 
species of Grypocera, that they drove him frantic and he died of liver 
trouble as a result. Seventy years elapsed before it was realised that 
he was perfectly right, and now one wonders how so many clever 
entomologists can have been so foolishly blind and so stubborn in this 
respect. Again and again the same thing repeats itself, but usually a 
few years are sufficient to see the new names taken up into current use 
and lately also the old names, which during last century one was only 
acquainted with as useless synonyms, are being revived by revisors. A 
glance of this sort on past events is the most eloquent proof that 
names are not so much of a plague as some want to make them out. 
In one way it might seem as if 1t stood to reason that they constitute 
an additional effort with which we tax our brains artificially, besides 
the facts we have to remember. In practice, however, one finds that 
they turn out to be, not only useful, but necessary implements to 
assist memory. Man’s brains have evolved so far in the sense of 
developing the power of speech and memory connected with it, that it 
has become a natural instinct to name every fact and every object he 
finds it necessary to recall. The first thing a child or an ignorant 
person asks about anything new they seeis: Whatisitcalled? They 
often do not care to know anything more about it. In the same way, 
in every branch of human activity, most extraordinary words drawn 
from ancient or from foreign languages are invented for every instru- 
ment and for every phenomenon and are made use of technically 
All this goes to show how names are not a useless artificial strain we 
put our brains to, but are a help we need if we wish to remember facts. 


7 


ON 'HE USE OF NAMES. 145 


We also have the counterpart proof of this in the way a large number 
of excellent descriptions are utterly lost, when they are represented by 
no name; one never sees them quoted on any account by later authors. 
Riibl affords a good example in his Pal. Grossschmett.; he has described 
a large number of seasonal and geographical variations, but all those 
he has not named are ignored by Staudinger and by all others, whereas 
those he gave a name to are by this time well known. Some of the 
former have subsequently been named by others, who are credited for 
their discovery. ‘This is only one case out of scores. There is nothing 
surprising about it. In our days of specialisation and minute analysis 
we are compelled to work with the help of catalogues. Is it possible in 
these to record a variation as: ‘‘ the Var. described from such-and-such 
a place by Mr. so-and-so’? I doubt a catalogue under this form 
having much success. And, yet, if names were not to be given any 
more, the only alternative would be to stop working at variation, 
considering our knowledge quite sufficient. An extraordinary piece of 
presumption! ‘There are also synthetic tables, which could not be 
drawn out, without a short way of designating each form. There are 
collectors, most of whom do not even consider varieties, if they cannot 
label them with a name, so that they do not collect them or pay a 
price for them, encouraging professional collectors to look out for them 
and discover new ones. In short, names are a necessity in so many 
ways that to try and stop developments on this line would not only be 
hopeless, but to my mind, absolutely a mistaken attempt, unless a 
better method of working out and designating variation were invented. 

Where, on the contrary, warnings can never be too strong is in 
respect of the judgment required when describing and naming 
individual forms, which are infinite in number, and which, anyhow, 
should only be named once for all the species of a genus or even, in 
some cases, of larger groups. I cannot agree with Mr. Turner about 
seasonal variations, which are incomparably fewer and at the same 
time very important, because they are the most suitable by which to 
work out the causes that produce them. It has not yet been sufficiently 
grasped that the number of generations produced every year is perfectly 
definite, even in the south of Europe, for each species and that each 
generation has interesting characteristics. These, however, vary and 
replace each other in some cases, according to the altitude, the latitude 
and the nature of the surroundings, so that it is most necessary to 
have a short way of designating them in tables of variation and in 
local catalogues. Besides, if some years ago what was then supposed 
to be a single summer generation of some species had been simply called 
“TT generation” and the September one had been called “ [II genera- 
tion”’ the most dreadful confusion would now exist in literature when 
referring to them, because it has been found that there are two summer 
ones and that the September generation is the IV, so that at different 
times the same description would have been designated by different 
figures. Instead, by restricting the original name and by erecting a new 
one it is possible to make corrections of this sort quite clearly. Letters 
and numbers have always been found to be most unsatisfactory in 
designating variations and sooner or later they invariably have been 
replaced by names, ever since Geoffroi and others described several 
species and Rottemburg got the credit of their discovery by giving them 
names, in the place of the «, £, y, etc., designations used by the former. 


146 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S. RECORD. 


In answer to Mr. Turner’s particular remark about myself | might add_ 


that the practice of naming seasonal variations has been going on for 
the last century, so that there was no reason to leave a certain number 
of generations with characteristic features without names, when many 
others had them. I have had to give several, because it is I who have 
been fortunate enough, after a great many years observations, to fill 
rather a serious gap in our knowledge of the commonest diurnal species 
in this respect. Now, however, I believe there are in Kurope very few 
more names of this sort to be given. 

As to races, it is quite impossible to make rules and to establish 
theoretically, which should be named and which should not. It has 
happened over and over again that characters which for years had been 
considered most irrelevant and which Staudinger, for instance, had 
condemned in his Catalog by a disdainful ‘‘ Via nominanda,” have 
turned out actually to be specific. HKyeryone knows that species are 
often so like each other that it needs a speeialist to separate them and 
that, instead, most conspicuous individual differences can be produced 
by the slightest change in surroundings during the chrysalis stage. 
How, then, can we trust our judgment.as to whether a character is 
irrelevant or not? Our only chance of working out facts as completely 
as possible is to record carefully all variations which we find to be 
prevalent in some loealities; the day will come when their exact value 
and position can be determined. Any work done in this sense will be 
anything but useless. My experience makes me always more confident 
that extremely interesting results will be obtained in a very near future. 


The first has already been to make one realise the important difference. 


between exerges, and subspecies in general, and simple races and the 
necessity of setting to work to separate them. It is next becoming 
obvious to those who have devoted enough attention to this subject 
that even races are far from being indefinite and innumerable, as it 
had always been thought. A few species, such as Parnassius apollo, L., 
but very few, do vary geographically to an extraordinary extent and so 
erratically, that it seems hopeless to try and make out any law of 
variation from them, but, as a rule, the number and the distribution of 
the races of each species correspond to certain regions, or to local 
conditions within the latter, which can usually be made ont to be 
altitude and moisture, so that four races can be expected in each region 
in sensitive species. In this Journal of 1922, p. 177, I have, in 
the Introduction to my Catalogue of Peninsular Italy, given a rough 
sketch of the zones in which Kurope can be divided in connection with 
the distribution of species and their races. I will in future develop 
this interesting subject more fuily. What I want to point out 
here is, that in the last few years nota single new race has been found 
in Peninsular Italy, whereas, before, so many came to my notice that, 
no doubt, some entomologists must have thought me crazy on account 
of the number of descriptions and names I published, when that region 
had not yet been fully worked out. Now, whatever new localities we 
explore, we find the same races turn up. No better proof could be 
given of how definite races are, notwithstanding the very different 
surroundings one meets with in such a large region. The Iberic 
Peninsula is confirming the same fact: during two years Querci and 
Romei found quite a number of new races to record to complete what 
was known about it, although it was already much better known than 


CURRENT NOTES. 147 


Peninsular Italy, when we took it up; on the third year collecting in 
several regions of Spain scarcely produced anything new and this year 
Querci writes to me from Portugal that he has found the races 
described by Fabricius, Esper, Hiibner and others, and races similar to 
Spanish ones, but extremely few novelties. I think we can conclude 
from such eloquent facts, that very soon the European races of butter- 
flies will be known fairly completely, and that the work done during 
the first quarter of this century has carried Lepidopterology a stage 
further than it had reached during last century. A catalogue of the 
seasonal and geographical variations would already show a considerable 
advance on Staudinger’s of 1901. This, however, should not be our 
only aim, but the means of attaining much broader results in our 
search for truth, because, as Bates cleverly expressed it, the wings of 
butterflies are tablets on which nature has written her secrets. Let us 
not, through prejudices and lack of energy, shut our eyes to the Light 
that is sent to us. 


[This letter has been printed with many misgivings. The real 
point as issue has been camouflaged by an excess of argument in 
favour of designating certain phases of natural phenomena the existence 
of which is not questioned. “Tis the method of designating these phases 
of variation that is under discussion and it is considered by many of 
us that to treat these indefinite conceptions by naming them by the 
same method as we do definite conceptions is not only wrong, but 
confusing and unscientific, and adds excessively to our overburdened 
nomenclature and hinders rather than aids future developments of the 
study of these phases of variation. 

Races, which are indefinite, compared with subspecies, can be much 
more conveniently called by the locality just as one does in conversa- 
tion and discussion, e.g., The Dover race, the Simplon race, etc., ete., 
and in this way can be catalogued just as well and with much better 
indication than a name such as thompsont, alpina, ete., etc. HKqually 
well can a catalogue contain I. gen., IJ. gen., etc., and such a designa- 
tion is infinitely better from a practical point of view, than an irrelative 
name such as one often gets in these cases. ‘These are ‘‘ short ways 
of designating them”’ and quite available and suitable for use ‘‘in 
tables of variation and in local catalogues.” I may add that those 
responsible for the Zooloyical Record are refusing to accept all racial 
names apart from subspecies. Thus entomologists are beginning to 
recognise that such names are too indeterminate to be treated as 
nomenclature.—H.J.T. | 


G{URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS. 


A Meeting of the Entomological Club was held at ‘‘ Durandesthorpe,’ 
19, Hazlewell Road, Putney, on August 17th, 1927, Mr. H. Donisthorpe 
in the Chair. 

Members present in addition to .the Chairman—Messrs. H. 
Willoughby-Ellis, Jas. EK. Collin, W. J. Kaye. Visitors—Dr. Karl 
Jordan, Rev. C. EH. Tottenham, Messrs. F. Laing, G. C. Leman, W. H. 
T. Tams, G. J. Arrow, Hy. J. Turner, E. Step, K..G. Blair, P. Harwood. 

The guests were received in the drawing-room where tea and light 


? 


148 THK KWNLTOMOLOGIST’S RKUORD. 


refreshments were provided. During the evening the Host’s collections 
were inspected, one of the features being the exhibition of 161 species 
of Coleoptera captured by him in Windsor Forest, of which 15 were 
new to Britain, 12 rediscovered after a long interval of time, and the 
rest consisted of the rarer species, some of which have heretofore only 
been taken in the New Forest. Supper was served at 8 o’clock, the 
menu being decorated with figures which will illustrate the Host’s 
forthcoming book on Myrmecophiles. The guests dispersed at a late 
hour after spending a most enjoyable evening.—H.W.-E. 

The Supplement on the British Coccidae is postponed to the new 
volume owing to the author having to describe several new species to 
Britain which he wishes to include in his Revision. The four plates 
are already in hand and may be given in this volume if the author 
agrees. 

: One of our subscribers writes, “‘ May I suggest that our Editor 
gives us a bit more English and not so much of the Foreign matter, 
during 1928, All of us are not experts, in fact, I am of opinion it 
would meet the views of the bigger proportion of your subscribers.”’ 
It is always the case that those who want English articles are among 
those who never contribute themselves. That is they are all take and 
no give, they want everybody’s brains and experiences but have no sense 
of mutual confidence and aid. Again, I fear if the Editor were to 
contribute too much, although it might be English matter, a good 
many subscribers would soon be sick of the magazine. May I point 
out that the magazine was established as a “Journal of Variation ”’ 
and that in the study of this, it is necessary to record and consider the 
varieties of British species, not as occurring in Britain alone, but also as 
found in other areas, where conditions of existence and surroundings 
differ. For example our Pararge aegeria, one of our most interesting 
species, when obtained on the continent, differs immensely in colour 
and facies, and the forms there prevailing in different climatic and 
geographical conditions probably afford clues as to the influences, which 
may produce certain very aberrational forms in our more northern 
clime. I will only refer to the breakaway from our close insular view 
of entomological subjects, to a broader outlook of our beloved study. 
Tutt’s wonderful work on the British Butterflies would never have been 
a tithe so thorough had he not passed on to a wider purview. 

Authors of papers involving extensive numerical observations, are 
requested to consult the recommendations of the British Association 
Committee on Biological Measurements 1927, obtainable from the 
British Association, Burlington House, W.1., price 6d. L 

Arrangements have been made whereby original data, too extensive 
for complete publication may be deposited at the British Museum 
(Natural History) or with the Royal Society of Edinburgh and so be 
made available for future workers. Authors desirous of depositing 
data whether zoological or botanical, in this manner should communi- 
cate with either the Keeper of Zoology, Natural History Museum, 
S.W.7., or the General Secretary, The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 22 
George Street, Edinburgh, enclosing full bibliographic reference to the 
publication in which the results are summarised. 

Mr. Donisthorpe’s new book ‘ The Guests of British Ants” has just 
appeared and will be reviewed in the November number, 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should 
be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turnmr, ‘* Latemar,’’? West Drive, Cheam. 

Duplicates.—Several hundred species of Coleoptera (carded) from Hants and Dorset, 
including several rare species from the New Forest, etc. ; 

Desiderata.—Scarce and local British Coleoptera (carded).—A. Ford, 42, Irving Road, 
Bournemouth, Hants. } 

Duplicates.—British Lepidoptera, many species. 

Desiderata.—Back volumes of Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., and entomological magazines, 
bound or unbound.—Fredk. J. Killington, 177, Leigh Road, Eastleigh. 

Desiderata.—British Coleoptera, especially Chrysomelidae. 

Duplicates.—West Virginia Coleoptera and Lepidoptera.—Paul N. Musgrave, 601, 
Walnut Avenue, Fairmount, West Virginia, U.S.A. ~ 

Desiderata.—Ova or pupae of christyi, abruptaria v. brunnea, black consonaria and 
bidentata, extensaria, curzoni, jasionata, venosata (Shetl.) and other melanic Geometers 
and Noctuae. 

Duplicates.—Very many in first class condition, high-set only f. i. Herminia flavi- 
erinais, Andreas, Nych. dalmatina race andreasaria, Warnecke, about 30 species of rare 
Acidalias ; pupae of Hupithecia illuminata or cash.—Karl Andreas. Wiesbaden, Goethestr. 
238, Germany. 

Duplicates.—P. apollo nevadensis and rare Palaearctic Rhopalocera, also African 
Danaidae, Charaxes and Hypolimnas. i 

Desiderata.—Many rarer and few common species Rhopalocera. European only.— 
W. G. Pether, 4, Willowbridge Road, London, N.1 4 

Duplicates.—Fine bred prunaria grossulariata varieties and many other species. 

Desiderata.—Ova of truncata and citrata.—Rev. G. H. Raynor, The Lilacs, Brampton, 
Huntingdon. 

' Entomologist in out of way part of world desires exchange entom. literature— 
especially current works on classification, anatomy, heredity, ete.—for papered insects 
from Argentine Chaco. Will give doubie rate for Camb. Nat. Hist. (Insects), Hudson’s 
Nat. in La Plata, and special for Ridgeway’s Colour Charts. Basis butterflies or moths 
20/- per 100 papers, coll. 35 butterflies all different 10/-, other orders by arrangement. Or 
will sell for cash to enable purchase. Lists to K. J. Hayward, Villa Ana, F.C.P.S.F., 
Argentine. 

Mr. M. R. Surru, A. and M. College, is anxious to know where he can obtain any of 
Emery’s papers on North American ants; and also to know of any Europeans who would 
like to exchange separates and correspondence with him concerning ants. 

Signor Aurrepo Faz, Calle Bandera 714, Santiago Chili, is willing to exchange first 
class Chilean Coleoptera, especially Carabus, sps., for striking Coleoptera from all parts of 
the World. 
| Wanted.—To correspond with some Entomologist resident in Scotland, Ireland, or 
the Isle of Man who is interested in Noctuae and vars. with a view to exchange of species 
and forms.—d. J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,’’ West Chiltington Common, Pillborough, Sussex. 


MEETINGS Of SOCIETIES. 


Entomological! Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7. 
8p.m. October 19th. November 2nd, 16th. 

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
October 27th. November 10th, 24th.—Hon. Sec., Stanley Edwards 15, St. German’s 
Place, Blackheath, S.E.3. 

The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London 
Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History 
Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street H.C. 2, first and 
third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec., J. P. 
Harpiman, C.B.E., B.A., 1, Chatsworth Road, Brondesbury, N.W.2. 

Al) MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned t6™ 
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘Latemar,’’? West Drive, Cheam. 

1 We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications IDENTICAL 
with flhose they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require InnusTRaTions are inserted on condition that the AurHor 
defrays the cost of the illustiations. 

Bor Bankers Order payment forms, apply to Hon. Treasurer, 6, Footscray Road 

itham. 


" 


CONTENTS 


Field Notes from Angola, I. Loanda, Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., F.E.S. .. oF s) an 


Notes on Collecting in Spain in, 1925-26, Dr. E. Romei Bi: ah BS "137 
A Note on a curious aberration of Euxoa ene keseecont) W. Parkinson-Curtis, ad 
F.E.S. - a os . . 


A Note on some §. African Lepidoptera of Economic Importance with especial 
reference to the Hastern Transvaal, J. Sneyd Taylor, M.A., D.I.C. .. 41 


On the Use of Names in the Study of Variation, Roger Verity, M.D. Ss a 144° 
Current Notes Av ete Sie a sie “- a te Ne is 14 
SuppLemrent.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. es ty fe (57)-(60) 


Cuance or Appress.—Hy. J. Turner (from Sept. 22nd), from 98, Drakefell Road, New! 
Cross, 8.H.14, to ‘‘ Latemar,’? West Drive, Cheam: G. T. Bethune-Baker, 9, Eversfield: 
Road, Eastbourne. 


: 

Communications have been received from or have been promised by Messrs. 
Dr. Verity, H. J. Turner, K. J. Hayward, C. J. Wainwright, A. H. Martineau, W. H, 
Edwards, J. S. Taylor, A. Sich, Dr. Malcolm Burr, G. T. Bethune-Baker, Signor Quceaty 
OPA De Green, P. P. Graves, H. E. Page, and Reports of Societies. 


All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, 
‘“« Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 


IMPORTANT 
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. 


BACK VOLUMES OF 
The Entomologist’s Record 
and Journal of Variation. 


(Vols. I-XXXVI.) 
CONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) 


Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— 
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— 
Parthenogenesis— Pauper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the 
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist 
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— 
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. 


CONTENTS OF VOL. II. 


MeLanisM AND Menanocnroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on 
VartaTion (many)—How to breed dAgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima 
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thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen- 
clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes 
on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora 
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AN ENDOWMENT FOR WICKEN FEN. 149 


An Endowment for Wicken Fen. 
By W. G. SHELDON, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 


The custodians of Wicken Fen, the National Trust for Places of 
Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, have made an appeal to the 
public, and especially to naturalists and nature lovers, for an endowment 
that will enable them to keep this unique portion of the old Fen country 
in its pristine condition ; and as a member of the Executive, and there- 
fore fully acquainted with its aims and requirements, I am writing to call 
the attention of entomologists to this appeal, and to ask them to help 
it as generously as possible. 

The Nature Reserve of Wicken Fen has peculiar claims upon them, 
for it was founded very largely by the generosity of two entomologists, 
the late G. H. Verrall, and the late N. Charles Rothschild. 

At the time the main portion of the Fen was left to the nation, in 
1912, the donor, Verrall, did not consider it necessary to endow it 
because in those days the principal crop, the sedge, was valuable for 
forage, litter, and thatching; but at the present time, mainly owing to 
the motor so largely superseding the horse, and the old picturesque 
thatched houses of the district being rapidly destroyed in favour of 
hideous yellow brick and slated abominations, the sedge is no longer 
saleable in quantity, and the amount that can be sold only realises 
prices that will not cover the cost of the labour involved in getting it. 

In order to keep the Fen in its present or recent condition, that is 
to say to preserve its unique flora and fauna, it is necessary to cut the 
sedge every fourth year, and to prevent the entire area from becoming 
a thicket of Buckthorn, Guelder Rose, Sallow, and other similar 
growth, these shrubs must not only be cut down periodically, but they 
must be eradicated by grubbing up the roots. In addition to this the 
numerous dykes require clearing out every few years: when it is 
taken into consideration that all this work must be carried out over an 
area of 618 acres, it will be understood that a large annual expenditure 
must be made on upkeep. 

Other causes that have largely added to the responsibilities of the 
custodians during recent years are the increased cost of labour, and 
the rates levied by the Ouse Drainage Board. This latter item is 
an exceptionally exasperating charge, because the Fen, unlike the 
surrounding agricultural land, does not require draining, in fact drain- 
ing would be fatal to the greater and the more interesting portions of 
its flora and fauna. 

The result of all this is that the National Trust has been compelled 
for some years to reinforce the finance from its own very scanty 
resources to the extent of several hundreds of pounds per annum. It 
is unable to continue to do so, and unless the endowment it asks for is 
forthcoming the Fen cannot be kept in a condition that will preserve 
its amenities. 

The custodians are aware that there have been justified criticisms 


that sufficient growth has not been cut during the last few years, but 
tbe reason for this is simply the inadequate finance available. 


It is the policy of the National Trust that in regard to any 
property they acquire, the wishes of the donors should be especially 
studied, and that it should be kept in a manner to accord with them so 
* Novemser 157a, 1927. ° 


Pad 


150 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


far as they can be ascertained or surmised, and they hold, in the case 
of Wicken Fen, that as it is an area so largely given by entomologists 
for the purposes of entomology, it must be held to be primarily an 
entomological reserve, and that especial facilities should be afforded to 
entomologists for inspection and study, and that they should be allowed 
to collect specimens in it, to an extent that is reasonable. 

Many entomologists have during the last ten years very generously 
supported a fund collected by myself to assist the upkeep of the Fen, 
and | assure them that this help has been keenly appreciated by the 
custodians. 

Wicken Fen is well known to most British entomologists, but there 
are some who apparently do not know even where it is; to these I 
would say it is situated midway between Ely and Newmarket. The 
nearest railway station is Soham, about three miles away. Accom- 
modation for visitors can be obtained in Wicken village, where several 
inns and numerous private houses offer comfortable, if in some instances 
rather primitive, apartments. 

Although usually spoken of as Wicken Fen, the area under the 
administration of the National Trust comprises in addition, Edmonds’ 
Fen, Burwell Fen, and Adventurers’ Fen. 

The custodians became possessed of the first small portions in 1899. 
In 1912, Verrall bequeathed 289 acres: altogether the Hon. N. C, 
Rothschild and his executors gave 134 acres. In i926, the Rev. E. 
Milner-White gave 36 acres, and numerous other small plots have 
been purchased or given to make up the total area of 618 acres. 

The whole is managed under the Executive and Estates Committee 
of the National Trust, by a local Committee amongst whom are many 
entomologists, including two members nominated by the Entomological 
Society of London, and seven other Fellows of that Body. 

The insect fauna of the Fen and the immediate vicinity is very 
rich, it being held that it contains at least 4,000 species, including 737 
species of Lepidoptera. The great importance of the Fen is that it has 
never been drained or cultivated and thus it constitutes a bit of the real 
old Fenland, which until comparatively recently comprised hundreds 
of thousands of acres in the East of England. 

Amongst the Lepidoptera may be mentioned Papilio machaon, 
Hydrilla palustris (in Britain almost peculiar to Wicken), Macrogaster 
castaneae, Arsilonche albovenosa, Senta maritima, Nascia cilialis, Laspeu- 
resia ovobana, Aristotelia quaestionella, Meliana flaniuea, Cidaria sagit- 
tata, Tapinostola hellmani, and Bankia argentula. 

Amongst the Birds the glory of Wicken is the Montagu’s Harrier. 
The history of this fine bird at Wicken is a striking instance of the 
value of protection. Up to about 1900 from time immemorial it had 
bred constantly in the Fen; after this date, however, the persecution 
was so effectual that only at intervals was an odd pair known to nest. 
Soon after the National Trust took possession, however, and quiet and 
security obtained, first one pair, and in a few years two pairs, bred 
regularly, and they bave continued to do so until the present time. 


Amongst other birds that frequent the Fen are the Grasshopper Warbler . 


which is plentiful, Garganey, Quail, Water Rail, Snipe, Redshank, 
Mallard, Reed Bunting, Shorteared Owl, Sedge and Reed Warblers, 
and numerous other small birds. 

In former times Savis Warbler, the Bittern, Shoveller, Avocet, Ruff, 


FIELD NOTES FROM ANGOLA. 151 


and many other water birds frequented the Fen, and most of these 
may be expected to return to it now sanctuary is available. 

The custodians appeal for a sum of £10,000. A gift of £20 carries 
with it Life Membership of the Trust, whilst one of £100 entitles the 
giver to Honorary Membership. 

Donations should be forwarded to the Secretary, the National Trust, 
7, Buckingham Palace Gardens, London, 8.W.1. 


Field Notes from Angola. 
By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.E.S. 


II. Amsorm. 


Amboim is a small town nearly fifty miles inland, but the few 
bungalows at the little bay which serves as its port, about half way 
between Loanda and Lobito are usually referred to by the same name, 
It is marked by a prominent bluff, geologically of the same age as our 
familiar gault, where a recent exposure due to a fall of cliff shows the 
almost vertical bedding. Just beyond is a flat bay, about a couple of 
miles across, beyond which a high crest of steep-faced hills covered 
with woods looked attractive. 

Our boat stopped long enough to make a comfortable trip ashore 
possible. The long rank grass and low shrubby plants just above 
the beach looked very promising. I did not, however, find a great 
variety; Paracinema tricolor is numerous, or what I take to be this 
species. It is a great inconvenience in an unfamiliar region not to 
know the names of the creatures; one feels the insistent need of some 
sort of label, and in many a case I shall have to invent one. When, 
however, I see what seems to be a familiar genus or species, and I 
know that it ranges through Africa, I cannot resist calling it by the 
familiar name. Most names used in these notes will be of this 
character, and they must not be taken as serious determinations until 
the material has been worked out, as I hope it will by Mr. Uvaroy. In 
the meanwhile, | must use some descriptive form of label for purposes 
of reference. 

The most prominent species was a kind of HKuprepocnemis, which 
occurred in swarms in the long grass; the female is so big and clumsy 
that she is very conspicuous, especially when half a dozen or so rise 
with each step as you walk, and fly off a few yards and settle again ; 
while the sun was still fairly high they were so active that it was a 
long time before I caught one; sometimes when startled they would 
slip down the grass on which they were sitting and wriggle away 
among the roots, where it was impossible to get them, or else they 
would fly off on the approach of the net. Later on in the evening 
when the sun was lower they were more sluggish and it was not 
difficult to catch them. 

Other Orthoptera were some, whose acquaintance I had already 
made at Loanda, the little Xiphidiwn with abbreviated wings in the male 
and orange tip to the abdomen ; the females were just like those of X. 
fuscum, with no sign of orange and with fully developed organs of 
flight. They are very different, and the flying powers of the female 
inake her very mobile, far more so of course than the male, yet I feel 


152 THE ENTOMOLOG Isit’s RECORD. 


sure that they are the sexes of one species, for I have taken plenty of 
them by now, together, and not found a female with abbreviated organs 
of flight nor male with long ones; that is to say, among the green 
Xiphidiums, for there is another species, with well-developed organs of 
flight in both sexes, and a shorter ovipositor than the one referred to ; 
besides, the colour is a brownish grey. 

What I take to be Phaneroptera nana is common enough, and I 
picked up a male of the larger relative referred to in the previous 
‘‘ Notes,” a fine handsome fellow, with very ample and widely reticulated 
elytra and long spidery legs, which are often much darker in colour 
than the rest of the body. I found also a single specimen of a larger 
species of Phaneroptera. 

The pale-blue winged Acrotylus was there on the sandy places, but 
not in any numbers, but what J take to be Ochrilidia was common 
enough in the grass. A day-flying cockroach was a novelty to me. 

The event of the day, however, was the capture of a fine Hetrodid. 
I saw him settled on the toy of a mimosa; he was sluggish in his 
movements, and on my approach simply dropped to fall, not to the 
ground as he had anticipated, but into my net. Readers of the Fut. 
Record may possibly remember the account of the habits and appear- 
ance of a big, fat. corpulent, wingless, entertaining grasshopper, which 
I wrote from Macedonia in 1916 and’ 1917; I cannot now recall 
whether it was Bradyporus, Callimenus or Dinarchus: it does not 
matter which, as these names are either synonymous or represent 
creatures so closely allied that it is indifferent which we use for the 
present purpose. These are very big, as big as a good-sized mouse, 
very obese, sluggish Locustids, with great rounded heads, very spiny 
legs, long pronotum under which are tucked away the elytra, reduced 
to mere short musical instruments. They are remarkable, have a 
penetrating stridulation, live in colonies in shrubs, generally among 
thorns, seem to be peaceable bovine sort of creatures, using their 
powerful mandibles for chewing grass and herbage; when handled, 
they often chirp to show their anger and also squirt out from the folds 
in the abdominal segments and on the pronotum a_ bright 
yellow fluid in considerable amounts; this is rather startling, but the 
fluid seems to be harmless, and [ let it run freely over my hand with- 
out experiencing the slightest effect ; the Bradyporidae consist of but 
a few species which occur only in the countries around the Black Sea. 
Further, both sexes stridulate. 

A group that is somewhat similar in habits and appearance is the 
E’phippigeridae, whose main home is Spain and Morocco; these have 
very similar habits, the same corpulent body, big rounded heads, the 
same stridulating apparatus with the pronotum produced posteriorly to 
act as a sounding-board ;' I do not know if they squirt a yellow fluid, 
but think it probable; another point in common is that both groups 
chirp to express anger and the remarkable fact that both sexes chirp 
equally well. Yet these two families are not considered related and 
are not placed near each other in the systematic works. 

The Hetrodidae is another small family which performs in Africa 
the same functions that the above-mentioned ones do in the Iberian 
and Pontic areas respectively. They are generally placed at the end of 
the series of Locustid families remote from the. Bradyporidae, yet to 
outward appearance and in habits they strongly resemble them. They 


_ FIELD NOTES FROM ANGOLA. 155 


are nearer to the E'phippigeridae, and in his Prodromus Brunner placed 
in the Hetrodidae some genera, which have since been removed to the 
Ephippigeridae. 

Is this striking series of points of resemblance in appearance and 
habits due to parallel development? or does it indicate a closer 
relationship than the actual structure leads us to consider ? 

I was familiar with the Hetrodidae in collections, but had never 
before seen them alive and it was a delight to come across them in 
nature. The first thing that struck me was the astonishing resem- 
blance to my old Balkan friend Bradyporus, The only obvious 
difference was the somewhat lesser size, the very short ovipositor and 
the long spidery legs, And their habits are the same. [| suspected 
the presence of a colony and soon found three or four more on the 
mimosa. A few yards further there was a patch of flat clayey mud 
with no vegetation but clumps of a low-growing, juicy plant. Here I 
saw several ; they were chirping, not very insistently nor loudly; the 
note recalls that of Bradyporus, but was less loud; I saw one standing 
out on the naked mud, and then | noticed a difference ; Bradyporus 
is a squat fellow with short legs, but this Hetrodid has long limbs and 
out on the mud he made full use of his height, as though to inspire 
fear and stood on tip-toe, so to speak. In this spot they were so 
numerous that | counted sixteen without moving from where | stood. 

I quickly filled my large killing-bottle to the brim and then had to 
wait until they were dead and empty them into the leather case and 
carry the bottle in my hand; I became so blasé and tired of stooping 
to pick them up that I refused to take any unless I could sit down 
comfortably and pick up at least four without moving from the spot. 
The bottle was crammed full a second time, and then I put half a 
dozen or so alive into the net and carried them on board alive, to kill 
as soon as there was accommodation for them in the bottle. Altogether 
I had fifty. 

There were three distinctly different forms. The smallest were 
black, with a pale border round the pronotum, red head and face and 
red base to the legs, I take it these were immature. ‘The commonest 
form was a size larger and the prevailing colour a purplish red-brown, 
the pronotum sometimes tending to greyish and the formidable spines 
of the thorax black; the third form is decidedly larger and the 
dominant colour is light green, the abdomen shading to reddish, and 
the thoracic spines brown at the base. The red and black type of 
coloration is characteristic of some members of the family in the adult 
stage, cf. Mugaster yuyont and FM. spinulosus. 

Had I taken them separately I should have regarded them as three 
distinct species, but I could find no really distinctive character other 
than size and colour, and as they all occurred together, | think it is 
probable that they are all one species. It is instructive, for instance, 
that the only immature specimens were of the red and black colouring 
and that there were only three, two males and a female, of the large 
green form, though some of the others showed a tendency towards 
green. 

I walked about two miles on and back again, but found no more 
except in this colony until dusk. Then, walking through a field on 
my way back to the boat, a chorus of Locustid music resounded 
all around; I could not spare time to stop to collect, but was able to 


<F 


154 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


catch one of the singers. It was my Hetrodid, one of the big green 
ones. They are therefore extremely numerous, and like Bradyporus, 
are vespertine in habits. Like Bradyporus, too, they squirt out a 
yellow fluid freely when handled, but I could detect no smell, nor did 
the fluid affect the skin. 

The Portugese, who were inquisitive to see my captures, at once 
exclaimed, ‘‘ Grilidos!”’ and ‘ cigarros.”’ The latter name, of course, 
has nothing to do with tobacco, but in Portuguese the letter L of the 
other Latin languages becomes an R, so it is the Lusitanian form of 
*‘cigale.”’ But if they are not smokable, they are at least eatable, for 
the niggers relish them. I do not think I should, although I am fairly 
free from prejudice, but after emptying the corpulent bellies of about 
fifty | was able to testify to the amount of meat in them, but the 
Operation effectively spoilt any incipient appetite for them that curiosity 
and philosophy may have inspired. 

In handling them for stuffing, [ took hold by the hard and spiny 
thorax; when the work was done my finger tips were stained as though 
with nicotine, tender from the prickles, and slightly swollen and 
numbed. They were so free with their yellow juice that they required 
drying in the sun and wind before packing, and the blotting paper put 
in the bottle to absorb it was saturated and the bottle inside flowing 
with it. They seemed to suffer no ill effect from the discharge, and it 
was a wet job emptying those that had not squirted. I have been 
informed that it is their blood; this is hard to understand, for if it 
performs a vital function for them, how can they afford to discharge it 
so freely? Besides, animal blood is based on iron, and there is no 
compound of iron that produces a pale yellow colour. There is some 
red matter inside the insect, which stained the wool and paper, and this 
may well be a genuine blood. 


Zygaenae, Grypocera and Rhopalocera of the Cottian Alps. 
By ROGER VERITY, M.D. 
(Continued from page 126.) 


Satyrus maera race herdonia, Frhst—Oulx (males from end of 
June; females from July 6th to the middle of the month); Cesana 
(both sexes still fresh on July 24th); Claviéres. The races of this 
species divide into two chief Groups; the adrasta, Hb. Group, with 
underside of forewing fulvous and that of hindwing of a silvery gray, 
on which the markings stand out sharply, and the maera, L. Group, 
with the former mahogany red and the latter of a dark brownish gray, 
with soft markings, visible, but not prominent; the first also has much 
more fulvous on upperside, on an average. The adrasta Group 
subdivides well into three lots of races: One ineludes nymotypical 
adrasta, Hb., with its II gen. maja, Fuchs, of smaller size; it inhabits 
the whole of France and it does not seem to vary froin Vendée to the 
Rhine and to the Riviera; it is the most extreme form in the adrasta 
direction of variation and it differs from all the other races by the 
peculiar brightness of the fulvous; it probably is the oldest and less 
highly differentiated one of the species, because it resembles the allied 
species megera in a striking way and because it develops the character- 


ZYGAENAE, GRYPOCERA AND RHOPALOOERA. 155 


istics of the female sex to their highest degree; race nevadensis, Obth., 
of Spain and Morocco, is a smaller form of it. The second Subgroup 
consists in a series of races, which inhabit the Alps and which 
constitute a gradual transition from Group adrasta to Group iaera, 
although they belong to the former rather than to the latter, as we 
shall see. The third Subgroup does not differ from the second except 
by its average lesser size; it inhabits Peninsular Italy (apennina, Vrty., 
and polsensis, Stauder), Sicily (sicula, Stdgr.), and the Balkans 
(silymbria, Frhst.). In the Alps I make out three primary races, 
strikingly different from each other, and these then vary locally to a 
lesser extent, producing some secondary races. Race herdonia, Frbst., 
described from Arcine, in Savoy, spreads from the Jura as far east as 
the Simplon, and southward to the Maritime Alps, besides an isolated 
colony of it on the Coast Range of Northern Calabria. It thus is the 
race of the Western Alps and it betrays its proximity to adrasta by the 
extent of fulvyous on upperside and by the usually light gray tone of 
underside, but even individually it never reaches in either sex the 
brightness and the extent those features have in the French adrasta 
and most individuals are considerably less fulvous, so that 'ribstorfer 
was quite right in distinguishing the race and in pointing out that it isa 
mistake to record adrasta from this region. In the nt. Rec. of 1919, 
p. 127, I have proposed avoiding this mistake by calling adrastaeformis 
the extensively fulvous individuals, occuring in races other than 
adrasta and persistently recorded under this name. In the herdonia 
region there exists a form which stands opposite to the form just 
described by the reduced extent of fulvous and by its dark tone “ of a red- 
brown or chestnut brown” hue, as Frubhstorfer describes it from 
Zermatt and the Simplon; he called it lewcocinia in the Mnt. Zeit., 
1908, p. 128 and leneocinia in the Int. Mut. Zeit. Guben, 1909, p. 138. 
This form prevails in some localities and presumably in the damper 
ones, so that it constitutes quite a secondary race, especially in the 
eastern portion of the herdonia region ; such is the case where | have 
collected if in the Formazza Valley, at 1500 m., and at Macugnaga, 
1400 m., and at Vanzone, 700 m., in the Anzasca Valley; its first 
generation was on the wing at the end of June and the second one 
during the second half of August; the latter is considerably smaller 
and it has comparatively larger eye-spots, not too rarely accompanied 
by additional ones (form triops, Fuchs), whilst the androconial scales 
differ as described by Ball in megera, II gen. filipluma, so that it should 
be distinguished by the name of postleucocinia, mibi. In the same 
way, in the logalities where form herdonia is prevalent there exists in 
some cases a second generation distinguished by the features described 
above; I name it postherdonia to avoid confusion, bus it scarcely 
differs from appennina, Vrty., of which I have specimens collected by 
myself on August 4th and 8th, 1912, at Acqui, 200 m., and at 
Ponzone, 600 m., in the hills of Central Piedmont. The second of the 
three primary races of the Alps inhabits the Tessin, where I have 
collected it from July the 2nd to the 7th at the Passo di Colle,” 
1400 m., above Lake Maggiore, and on the Mottarone, on the opposite 
side, above Stresa: it is on an average strikingly larger than any other 
race of the species; it is saturated in tone of colouring, the fulvous 
being of a bright, reddish hue and the dark scaling of a deep tone, 
so that the pattern stands out more sharply on both surfaces than 


156 THE KENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


in the other races; the extent of the fulvous is about the same 
as in leucocinia; the underside of hindwings is of a more vivid 
bluish grey, on which, besides the streaks and rings, there stand out 
bands of diffused scaling, darker and broader than they usually are in 
herdonia: race superlata, mibi, with II. gen. postsuperlata, mibi. 
The third primary race is that of the Hastern Alps; I possess series 
of specimens collected from South Tyrol to the Julian Alps and in all 
this region it seems to keep perfectly constant in aspect (except for a 
dwarf secondary race | have found on July 21st, 1920, at the Mendola 
Pass, 1800 m.). This race, which I should call orientalpina, with 
its smaller Il. gen. postorientalpina, constitutes a connecting link 
between Group adrasta and Group maera, both geographically and 
morphologically. To the north it presumably blends gradually with 
race ordona, Frhst., of southern Germany and Lower Austria. By the 
upperside features one would join it to the latter, because the fulvous 
is very limited in extent: in the male there is only a thin ring around 
the apical ocellus and, usually, two very small patches at the back of 
it; in the female the band is very narrow and it is broken on the ner- 
vures and there is no trace of the patch between it and the cell, The 
underside features bring it nearer to herdonta; the fulvous of forewing 
is redder than in the latter, but not at all of the mahogany red of 
ordona and nymotypical maera; the grey of hindwing is usually more 
thickly covered with dark scaling than it ever is in herdonia, but it 
never reaches the uniform dark brownish grey look it bas in ordona 
and in maera. I take as “typical” of orientalpina the series of 
specimens | have collected in the Carnic Alps, at Sappada, 1300 m., 
in the Upper Cadore. I think the small (40mm. between apices 
instead of 45, as in preceding) Mendola Pass form, which is 
no doubt the same as the ‘very diminutive’? one described 
from the top of the Stelvio, of July 13th, by Wheeler, quoting 
Rowland-Brown, is worth distinguishing as parvorientalpina. 
South of the Julian Alps the species abruptly changes aspect 
entirely and it turns into race silymbria, Frhst., which spreads over 
most of the Balkans. On the Carso, above Trieste, where I have 
collected it on August 22nd and 29th, 1926, and at Portorose, in Istria, 
in the first half of September, its II. generation consists chiefly in a 
small form postsilymbria, mihi, but some individuals are quite as 
large as the first. This race very much resembles postherdonia and 
appennina, but it is duller on underside and more dusted with grey and 
it is on an average larger than the latter in both generations, though 
much more variable and never as large as herdonia. The I. gen. of 
appennina, Vrty., is a little larger than II. nymotypical one, but never 
as large as some silymbria, so that it is the smallest European race; I 
had named it vulgaris in the Linnaean Soc. Journ. XXXIL, p. 186 
(1913), but this is a long forgotten name of Zeller for an aeyeria sub- 
species, so I replace mine by that of anteappennina, noting the 
extent of fulvous in it is considerably greater than my description of 
vulgaris conveys. The geographical variations of this species in Europe 
are thus seen to consist in a series of grades: adrasta, herdonia, 
leucocinia, superlata, orientalpina, ordona, maera and montana, Hormuz., 
of the high mountains of the Bukowina, with some smaller parallel 
races in the south: nevadensis to adrasta and appennina, polsensis, 
sicula and silymbria to herdonia. 


MISCELLANEOUS NOTES FROM ARGENTINA. 157 


S. hiera vace hiera, Fabr.:—Oulx (early June). My specimens of 
the Pyrenees, of the Baths of Valdieri, of Oulx, of Martigny, of S. 
Tyrol and of the Carnie Alps are all alike. Some I collected at the 
Passo di Colle, 1400 m., above Lake Maggiore, are, on the contrary, 
larger and they have much larger and paler fulvous patches on the 
forewing and broader rings around the ocelli of hindwings; I take 
them to ve the same as Frihstorfer’s calidia of the Petit-Salave. 
Examples [ have from Hungary are still larger, but the fulvous is of a 
rich reddish tone and they distantly recail maera by the unusually 
elongated shape of forewing in the male and by the lighter grey under- 
side of hindwing: race pannonia, mihi. 

(T'o be continued.) 


Miscellaneous Notes from Argentina. IX. 
By KENNETH J. HAYWARD, F.E.S. 


Descrierion OF THE LARVA OF Mantis THRaso, Hb., (a “ sKrppwR”’) (Imago 
No. 6891).—Length 26-27 mm. Slightly tapering to either end. 

Diameter greatest at first abdominal, approximately 5mm. 

Head dull biscuit, roughened, moving parts blackish, the mouth 
shaded beneath and laterally with brown. 

Dorsal area pale greyish-green, edged with pale greenish-yellow 
upper lateral stripe. Lateral area yellowish green, the upper half 
darker. The dorsal area closely covered with small greyish spots, the 
lateral with yellowish white spots. Beneath pale green. 

Deseribed from a larva found in the forest at Villa Ana on February 
15th, 1926. This larva was lying along the mid-rib of the foodplant, 
head to stem, and with the opposite leaf drawn over and arranged edge 
to edge with the leaf on which was the larva, being fastened by a few 
silk threads at about its centre, and forming a very compact tent. 
After feeding for a few hours in the breeding cage, the larva pupated 
on the roof of same, attaching its pupa by means of a silk pad and 

irdle. 
: Pupa very pale emerald green, 19 mm., in length, non-angulated, 
suspended as stated above, and covered with a whitish blooin that 
comes away on contact. 

Spiracles showing dark green. At the head end four tiny black 
spots, two just behind the antennae bases, the other pair on either side 
of the mouth parts. 

A double pair of similar spots dorsally on the last segment. Four 
days before emergence two brown patches appear near the wing bases, 
this colour spreading the following day over the whole of the wing cases, 
and becoming darker steadily is almost black the day before emergence. 
Imago emerged the 10th day after pupation between the hours of eight 
and ten a.m. 

Foodplant. Fogara hyemale (St. Hill.) Eng. (Rutaceae), Appar- 
ently bas no local name. 

Imago sent to B.M. under No. 6891. 

Empty pupa case sent to B.M. under No. 6892. 


158 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Larva anp pura or Hamearis chilensis, Fldr. (Rhopalocera), No. 7066.— — 
Length 17 mm. 

Head deep brown with fine white speckling and a few grey hairs. 

First thoracic with a pair of round brown projections chocolate 
brown at their base and shading to light yellowish brown, 
crowned with several fairly long hairs, and projecting forwards. 
Ground colour of the segment brown with a wide yellowish stripe on 
either side of the brown central dorsal area. Abdominal segments 8 to 
10 flattened dorsally, this flat portion being brownish. All legs 
blackish. Remainder of larva light green above and a somewhat dirty 
yellowish green beneath, the whole covered with a great number of 
small black specks. 

A fringe of greyish hairs all round the lower lateral area 
commencing on the first thoracic and continuing right round the anal 
end. ‘These hairs start from a row of lateral tubercles numbering five 
per segment, and a row of much smaller marginal tubercles. Below, 
especially on the legless segments are a few further hairs. Spiracles 
greyish buff. Tubercles other than those mentioned above are not 
distinguishable. 

Feeds on several species of Cytisus. 

Pupa. Length 11 mm. 

Colour grey, wing-vases olive grey, a dotted dorsal stripe and a 
certain amount of spotting especially along the edge of the dorsal area 
of this same olive grey. The minute black spotting of the larval state 
reproduced as slightly raised spots of the ground colour. The pair of 
projections on the first thoracic segment reproduced and just behind 
each a slightly raised brown spot with a black mark immediately 
behind. Spiracles brownish. Tubercle markings not distinguishable. 

Pupates in a very light net composed of a few strands of a fine grey 
silk, the cremaster attached to a silk pad, and with an almost invisible 
girdle. 

Duration of the pupal state 12 days. (March brood), 

Described from several specimens from Villa Ana. March 18th, 
1926. 

Larva in spirit sent to the B.M. under No. 7067. 

Empty pupae cases No. 7068 and imagines No. 7066. 


Description OF TH LARVA OF ANvicaRSIA GEMMataLis, Hb. ([magines 
No. 6949).— Length 17-18 mm. A thin looper caterpillar somewhat 
variable in coloration. 

Head lemon, shiny, clotbed with short brown hairs, mouth parts 
brownish. 

sody light greenish-yellow. 

Two thin undulating whitish dorsal stripes, the dorsal area edged 
with a similarly coloured but thicker line accompanied outwardly with 
a much thinner whitish parallel line. On the thicker of these lines 
bordering the dorsal area on each segment, two pairs of white-ringed 
white tubercles with short brown setae, the posterior pair more 
widely spaced. A lower lateral line of white running obliquely 
downwards from front to back of each segment and broken at the 
segmental folds. Just above this line on the first three abdominals a 
small black tubercle with black seta, Spiracles light brown edged 
with darker brown. Prolegs blackish. Abdominal legs with light 


THE MORE LOCAL BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND. 159 


brown pads. Underside same colour as the lateral area. A wide 
yellowish-white central stripe beneath on the thoracic and first three 
abdominal segments. Common on afalfa, propably causing a certain 
percentage of the damage credited to Colias lesbia. Pupates in dry 
earth or leaves, spinning these loosely together, and becomes a dark 
brown slender pupa. It remains nine or ten days in this stage before 
emerging. 

Described from specimens swept from afalfa (Trifolium) at Villa 
Ana in February, 1926. Emergence commenced ai just after six in 
the evening and continued till 7.20. 

Imagines vary very considerably from well-marked to almost 
uniformly grey specimens. 

Imagines sent to the B.M. under No. 6949. 

Empty pupae cases to B.M. under No. 6950. 

Other specimens of this larva have been examined where the head 
would better be described as sage green and the general body colouring 
as dark green, specimens of this colouring appearing at first sight to 
be distinct from the more typical specimens above described. 


The More Local Butterflies of Switzerland. 
By P. HAIG-THOMAS, F.E.S. 


Having been fortunate enough to capture most of the more local 
Swiss butterflies, and my experiences having differed somewhat from 
those of the numerous entomologists, who have trodden these paths 
before me, must be my excuse for the publication of the following 
notes from my diary. 

Arriving at Aigle on the morning of May 7th, I put up at the Hotel 
Beau Site, most conveniently situated opposite the station. This day 
was spent on the banks of the Gryonne and near St. Triphon, when the 
following insects were observed. Papilio podalirins (worn), P. machaon, 
Pieris brassicae, P. rapae, P. napi, Leptosia sinapis, Huchloé cardamines, 
Colias hyale, Gonepteryx rhanni (byb.) Heodes dorilis, Polyommatus 
icarus, P. semiargus, P. thersites, P. thetis (bellarqus), Glaucopsyche 
cyllarus, Cupido sebrus, Hamearis lucina (worn), Callophrys rubi (worn), 
Brenthis euphrosyne, B. dia (worn), Issoria lathonia, Melitaea cinxia, M. 
aurinia, Pararge aegeria, P. megera, Coenonympha pamphilus and 
Erebia medusa just emerging. 

On May 8th under the cliffs at Vernayaz Pieris mannii was 
common. A series of Cyclopides palaemon, 18 Scolitantides orion, and 
afew g Erebia evias were also taken. The wind becoming very bad 
I returned to the Gryonne and besides several more (’, palaemon the new 
insects observed were Plebeius aryyrognomon and Augiades sylvanus. S. 
orion was common under the cliffs at Vernayaz all through May; as 
there is only one record of it having been captured here in Mr. 
Wheeler’s book, it would appear to have only just established itself in 
this locality. On the 9th, KH. medusa was full out and very abundant 
near St. Triphon ; Melitaea parthenie also made its first appearance, The 
10th and 11th were cold and wet, but almost 2 dozen larvae of Ruralis 
betulae were beaten on blackthorn near the Gryonne. 8S. baton and 
Pararge maera appeared under the cliffs at Vernayaz on the 12th. On 
the 13th I took the only Anthocharis simplonia vy. flavicolor (very worn), I 


160 THK KNTOMOLOGIS’T’S RECORD, 


saw on or near the Gryonne, in spite of the abundance of its food- 
plant, Biscutella, which was in full flower. On the 14th at Sion M. 


dictynna 3 and 9 were well out, also M. aurelia and one 3 Polyom- — 


matus amandus was netted. On 15th, 16th, and 17th A. simplonia vy. — 


flavicolor was not uncommon near Vernayaz and at Hvionnez, and a 
long series was taken including a fine dark g ab. on the 17th. 
Parnassius nmemosyne also emerged at Vernayaz and Melitaea athalia 
and Plebeius medon (astrarche)) were out at St. Triphon. Hveres coretas 
was not rare at Sion on the 18th when I was lucky enough to take 10 
females, some however past their best. J/. awrelia and P. amandus 
were on this day quite common; three male Polyommatus eschert and 


| 
j 
f 


Aporia crataegi were also netted. On the 21st at La Batiaz there was © 
very little flying owing to the cold wind and want of sun, Polyommatus 


hylas however made its first appearance. 

On the 22nd J moved my quarters to the Hotel Victoria at Brigue. 
On the 23rd in spite of the strong cold wind Hesperia onopordi, H. 
serratulae, Pararge hiera, BH. evias, P. icarus, Rumicia phlaeas and one 
@ Colias phicomone were taken near the 2nd Refuge on the Simplon 


Pass. I should imagine this must be almost the earliest record for * 


this last named insect. On the 29th I went to Kandersteg for the 
day. ‘There had been a fall of snow the day before but by 11 oclock it 
had all melted on the low ground. I secured thirteen Hesperia 
andromedae 3s and 9s and aseries of Pararye hiera; A. simplonia was 
very abundant and there were a few P. napi f. bryoniae around a marsh. 
Lalso observed P. machaon, E. cardamines, H. serratulae, and Nisoniades 
tayes, but no Lycaenids, all over 3000 ft. altitude. 

On the 25th I went to Sierre to see if the Colutea arborescens was in 
flower, but it was only just coming out. Here the first Parnassius 
apollo was taken and in the Plyn-wald Melitaea dictynna gs and 2s 
and Carcharodus lavatherae were seen. P. apollo was out at the Ganter 
Bridge on the Simplon Pass on the 27th and Plebeius aegon at Sion on 
the 28th. ‘his afternoon I took the train to Locarno arriving late. 
The morning of the 29th was spent at Reazzino and was fine until 12 
o'clock when a heavy storm broke over the lake. Melitaea britomartis 
was locally common, but almost all were very worn. ‘The species 
must have been on the wing nearly a month. Vorbrodt gives the end 
of April as the date for the emergence of the first brood. Brenthis 
selene was very common but very worn. Argynnis niobe f. eris, 
Melanargia galathea and Hpinephele jurtina were also captured for the 
first time. Brenthis dia, 2nd brood, was common and fresh. I 
returned to Brigue in the afternoon and on the following day went 
back to Aigle, stopping at Martigny on the way and and taking a fine 
series of Melitaea deione sub.-sp. berisali gs and a few Qs; also Il took 
a beautifully fresh 9 of Limenitis populi on the way to the cliffs at 
Vernayaz. Here Melitaea phoebe, Aphantopus hyperantus and Hesperia 
carthami had also emerged. 

On June lst Brenthis ino, Coenonympha iphis and P. amandus 
were common near St. Triphon. On June 2nd J/. deione sub.-sp. 
berisali 3s were getting worn at La Batiaz, the 9 s were commoner but 
not abundant. Brenthis daphne and Heodes alciphron sub.-sp. gordius 
were also taken. 

On June 8rd near Caux Heodes amphidamas was past its best. Of 
over thirty captured only twelve were keepable; two Hesperia 


THE MORE LOCAL BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND. 161 


andromedae, male Hrebia oeme and M. aurinia (the first) were also 
taken. 

On June 5th Coenonympha tiphon appeared in the marshy fields 
below the railway between Aigle and St. Triphon. On this day only 
seven were taken, but a few days later it became common over a 
considerable area. This locality is quite two miles from the previously 
known Aigie locality near the golf course and as it is less than a mile 
from the late Mr. Fison’s House at Champéry, it would appear as if 
the insect had only lately established itself in this spot. Curiously 
enough [| did not observe it above the railway line, where the conditions 
were identical. P. amanda also, which, I understand, used to be some- 
what restricted in this locality, was very plentiful on both sides of the 
line. The 6th and 7th were spent near Caux; the weather was bad 
and very few H. amphidamas were seen, all those taken being badly 
worn. On the 7th 4 more H. andromedae, a series of g MH, oeme, also a 
few ©. palaemon, FH. medusa, Coenonympha satyrion, Aglais urticae, 
Pyrameis atalanta and Polyommatus eumedon were captured. On. the 
10th and 12th I took a few Jolana iolas at Sierre, also Satyrus aleyone 
and Strymon ilicis. M. detone sub.-sp. berisali was already worn 
although here it should have been at least a fortnight later than at 
La Batiaz. 

On June 11th Argynnis cydippe, A. aglaia, Lycaena arion and 
Pararge achine were out at Aigle. June 15th was spent at Hclepens 
where insects were much later than in the Rhone Valley. In spite of 
the elder bushes being well out, none of the Theclids put in an 
appearance. Three L. populi, a few Coenonympha arcania, Limenitis 
camilla and Hesperia alveus ab. jurassica, Warr., were taken. 

On June 16th I took the early train to Brigue and walked up to the 
2nd Refuge and up to the Ganter Bridge. Plebetus zephyrus sub.-sp. 
lycidas was well out, many of both sexes being worn; there were also 
a few gs and one @ of M. aurelia, Melitaea varia, M. phoebe, M,. 
athalia, M. dictynna, P. apollo, Polyommatus eros, P. ewnedon, P. eschert, 
P. hylas, and a fine underside aberration of the last with white spots on 
the underside of the hindwings like those of Plebetus donzelii were all 
taken. Hrebia evias was very worn even at this height. At and above 
Berisal P. mnemosyne 3s swarmed. On the 17th | took an early train 
to Iselle and walked back to Brigue over the Pass, going up the 
Laquinthal as far as the Hrebia christi ground, LHrebia ceto and C. 
arcania £. darwiniana were common above Gondo. 

At the entrance to the Laquinthal Cupido minima race alsoides was 
plentiful on the road. There was nothing flying in the Laquinthal 
except a few worn P, hieva and one or two fresh EL. evias and P. napi ft. 
bryoniae. Unfortunately after leaving Simplon village the sun went in 
and it began to rain and continued to do so most of the way back to 
Brigue. 

On June 19th I took an early train to Zermatt and walked down 
to Stalden and Oeneis aello, H. evias, A. simplonia, Polyommatus eros, 
Plebeius pheretes and many commoner insects were taken. 


(To be concluded.) 


162 THH BNLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


J)YOTES. ON COBLEC TING, che 


Conias croceus (gpusa) at Cuicnester.—A solitary Colias croceus 
(edusa), was seen flying in the fields in front of my house early in ~ 
August last. It is the only occurrence here this season (of which I 
have heard) of this butterfly.—Joseen AnpErson, Chichester. 

{Numerous solitary examples were reported in the spring and the 
above is possibly one of the offspring of these. Mr. L. W. Newman 
has a female f. helice sent him from which he has bred a large number 
of males, females and f. helice, in true mendelian proportions:-—Hy.J.T.] 


GQ} URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


May all concerned be urged to return proofs to me at ‘* Latemar,” 
West Drive, Cheam, as soon as possible after receipt; at least a day 
is lost in transit both ways and the publication thus may be delayed 
considerably, particularly when, as occasionally occurs, a second proof 
is required. 

We hear that a further number of the Bulletin of the Hill Museum 
is in the press and will be issued in the early months of 1928 if not 
earlier, 

A letter from another subscriber has reached me indirectly, and 
from the encouraging and helpful nature of its contents I venture to 
print the salient points of it, with my comments in brackets. It runs 
as follows.—‘‘ I have been carefully reading up the notes on Noctuae 
published at intervals in the Kntomologist’s Record, which are intended 
to bring Tutt’s Noctwae up to date. Now I feel that this will be of 
very great value to the present and coming generation of lepidopterists 
and will probably hold the field for many years as the standard for 
reference, and in making the following suggestions, I do so, not as a 
critic but as a would-be helper, who being isolated in the provinces sees 
things from a rather different angle to the London resident. 

‘«‘] think the value of the work would be greatly increased if the 
author would give his opinion as to the standing of some of the forms. 
[I am doing this now, although in many eases it is impossible to 
compare specimens and the B.M. probably have not the form in 
question.| Mark with an * those forms known to occur in Britain. 
{The localities are now given in all cases.) In those species which 
Tutt from lack of material failed to deal with adequately ask through 
the Hnt. Record for the loan of extreme forms and name such. [This 
I shall be pleased to do. Further, I shall be pleased if those who are 
especially interested in certain groups will look over my notes.] 
Unless this is done, we shall have someone with the Verity complex 
take the job in hand and name almost every insect he can beg, borrow, 
or steal in the really variable species. {Strand went through Hampson’s 
Lep, Phalaenae and every form described but not thought by the author 
worthy of a name duly received a cognomen.} Personally I do not 
think the naming of races except in very exceptional cases is warranted. 
It usually turns out that a race=a colony in which some form rare 
elsewhere occurs in greater numbers than usual, and this proportion 


CURRENT NOTES. 1638 


varies in different years. But I do think that names are required 
for forms, which are so different from the type description as to cause 
a tyro to imagine he had another species. Tutt undoubtedly depended 
too much on his own collection. Take, for instance, the genus 
Nonagria. He makes geminipuncta the most variable species and 
ignores Webb’s statement that sparganii is the most variable. But 
sparyganit has a distinct facies in all its localities and there are at least 
eight distinct forms. Cannae produces 6 or 7 forms but lacks the 
wonderful intermediates of sparyaniti. As far as I can see, geminipuncta 
is the most constant member of the genus except newrica.”’ [We shall 
avail ourselves, most certainly, of the writer’s special knowledge. | 

Another correspondent writes, ‘‘ Are you contemplating the issue of 
a complete list of the British Lepidoptera (Pt. I. Geometrae already 
completed) in due course? If so, may I suggest that the Butterflies, 
Sphinges, Bombyces and so-called Cuspidates might form the next 
instalment; then the Noctuae and then the Micros (so-called).” This 
is a tall order and I fear with what one has in hand a somewhat laborious 
task, particularly for one alone. The amount of research required is 
enormous and help is not forthcoming to anything like what is needed. 
Then as my friend the late G. T. Porritt pointed out the textual 
reference for each name should also be added in such lists; at the same 
time he quite appreciated the fact that the list might never then have 
been published. Above all comes the financial side. Our correspondent 
would be appalled if he knew how many (!) had purchased copies of the 
List of Geometers. Science is a labour of love. Nor does it pay even 
out-of-pocket expenses. 

A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at Speldhurst Close, 
Sevenoaks, on Saturday, September 17th, 1927, Mr. H. Willoughby- 
Ellis in the Chair. Members present in addition to the Chairman :— 
Messrs. Robert Adkin, Horace Donisthorpe, Jas. Ii. Collin, W. J. Kaye. 
Visitors present :—Professor E. Wace Carlier, Rev. C. Ei. Tottenham, 
Dr. K. A. Cockayne, Capt. N. D. Riley, Messrs. F. W. Frohawk, G. C. 
Leman, K.. C. Bedwell, W.G. Sheldon, W. H. T. Tams, K. G. Blair. 
Arrangements were made for the members and guests to arrive during 
the morning to allow as much time as possible for a long day, and 
invitations were also extended to those who could remain to spend the 
week-end at Speldhurst Close. Luncheon was provided at 1 o’clock, 
and all hopes of an Entomological Iixcursion in the afternoon were 
frustrated by the rain which had fallen heavily in the early part of the 
day. It was, however, possible to make a tour of the grounds and 
woods of Speldhurst Close soon after luncheon and on return tea was 
served at 4.30. Later Mr. H. Willoughby-Fllis’s large collections of 
various orders of insects were inspected ; the Geological and Oological 
collections were also on view. Special interest was shown in the 
extensive collection of British Coleoptera and the varieties of Lepi- 
doptera, particularly the Sestidae, Sphinyidae and Lycaenidae. Mv. 
Donisthorpe brought for exhibition specimens of Atheta nidicola, 
J. S. Johansen, and Gnathonecus buyssont, Anzat, two species of Coleop- 
tera new to Britain taken by him in a hawk’s nest in Windsor Forest 
on July 5th last, both of which species had only recently been described 
on the Continent. During the afternoon a business meeting of the 
Club was held and supper was served at 7.30. After a long and 
pleasant evening the guests dispersed at a late hour. On Sunday an 


a ee 
- pA 4 


Excursion was made to Idle Hill Woods, but owing to weather condi- — 
tions insects were extremely scarce and very little collecting could be 
done. It was announced that the next meeting of the Club would take 
place at Tring on 15th October, Lord Rothschild in the Chair.— 
H.W.-E. 

We have in Dr. Verity’s paper another instance of redundant 
names and naming. There are several cases where he has given 
names to specimens that he himself says scarcely differ from other 
named forms, yet he has the temerity to name them. Taking into 
consideration Dr. Verity’s well known desire to see very minute differ- 
ences there can be no doubt, from his own remarks, that the differences 
are insignificant, yet he gives them a name with the magnetic miaI 
following. British investigators do not think this adds to the dignity 
of science. | refrain from saying anything stronger than this. 

This however is not the main point of my criticism. I suppose 
through lack of knowledge of the rules of Nomenclature, he is creating 
pure synonyms. In the Jowrn. Lin. Soc., May, 1918, Dr. Verity gave 
the name vulgaris to a form of Pararge maera; now he finds that 
Zeller eave the name vulgaris to a form of P. aeyeria, and he therefore © 
changes his vulgaris to anteappenina, thus creating a pure synonym. 
He seems to be unaware that it is correct to use the same varietal 
name for each species of the same genus, therefore it is correct to have 
maera vulgaris, megera vulgaris, hiera vulgaris, and so on. Thus his 
anteappenina is a pure synonym of his vulgaris. Dr. Verity has done 
this before and I have already pointed it out to him, both by letter, 
and in this magazine [ believe. It is this sort of thing repeated that 
brings our science some disrepute, for Kimtomologists are far the 
ereatest offenders in this particular.—G.T.B.-B. 


164 THE WNLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


FREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 


Tue Guests or Britisa Ants, THEIR Hasits anp Lire Histortes.— 
By H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, F.E.S., F.Z.S. Published by Messrs. 
Routledge, 18s. net.—We are more than glad to welcome, from this 
talented author, another important volume which is complementary to 
the new and revised edition of the same writer’s “ British Ants.” 

This volume brings our knowledge of the science of myrmecophily 
up todate and at the same time gives the student all the author's 
discoveries, observations and experiments. It is well illustrated, 
containing, as it does, 16 plates and 55 figures in the text, It deals 
with the myrmecophiles in all Orders ranging from the Coleoptera, 
Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, etc., down to the Lacertilia. 

The biological divisions of the regular ant-guests as originally 
proposed by Wasmann have been adopted, viz., Myrmecoxenes, Synoe- 
ketes, Synechthrans, Ecto- and Endo-parasites. 

No student of Entomology can consider himself well equipped with- 
out this volume at hand, which in its 228 pages+12 pp. bibliography 
and exhaustive index, is a veritable goldmine of information, much 
of it new.—H.E.P. 


é up: cates and. Dosiierata, Gacereed ea of charge. They should 
A f ‘‘ Laten ar,” West Drive, Cheam. 

Duplicates. —Several hundred species of Coleoptera. (carded) from Hants and erect, 
luding several rare species from the New Forest, ete. 


Desiderata.— Scarce and local Betis Coleoptera (carded).—4A. Ford, 42, Irving Road, 
urnemouth, Hants. — 


Duplicates. —British Lépldepiers. many species. 


Desiderata.—Back volumes of Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond,, and entomological magazines, 
und or unbound.—Fredk. J. Killington, 177, Leigh Road, Eastleigh. 


Desiderata.—British Coleoptera, especially Chrysomelidae. 


Duplicates.—West Virginia Coleoptera and Lepidoptera.—Paul N. Musgrave, 601, 
Walnut Avenue, Fairmount, West Virginia, U.S.A. 


Desiderata.—Ova or pupae of christyi, abruptaria v. brunnea, black consonaria and ~ 
identata, extensaria, curzoni, jasionata, venosata (Shetl.) and other melanic Geometers 
nd Noctuae. 


_ _ Duplicates.—Very many in first class condition, high-set only f. i. Herminia flavi- 

crinais, Andreas, Nych. dalmatina race andreasaria, Warnecke, Haak 30 species of rare 
‘Acidalias ; ; pupae of Hupithecia illuminata or cash.— Karl Andreas. Wiesbaden, Goethestr. 
23, Germany. 


_ Duplicates.—P. apollo nevadensis and rare Palaearctic Rhopalocera, also African 
naidae, Charaxes and Hypolimnas. 


Desiderata.—Many rarer and few common species Rhopalocera. European only.— 
. G. Pether, 4, Willowbridge Roud, London, N.1. 


Duplicates.—Fine bred prunaria grossulariata varieties and many other species. 


Desiderata.—Ova of truncata and citrata.—Rev. G. H. Raynor, The Lilaes, Brampton, 
pe Tuntingdon. 


Mr. M. R. Surrs, A. and.M. College, is anxious to know where he can obtain any of | 
Emery’s papers on North American ants; and also to know of any Huropeins who would 
like to exchange separates and correspondence with him concerning antes. 


Signor AtrrEDOo Faz, Calle Bandera 714, Santiago Chili, is willing to exchange first 
class Chilean Coleoptera, especially Carabus, sps., for piriking Coleoptera from all parts of 
he World 


: Winted, —To correspond with some Entomologist resident in Scotland, Ireland, or 
he Isle of Man who is interested in Noctuae and vars. with a view to exchange of species 
und forms.—d. J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,’’ West Chiltington Common, Pillborough, Sussex. 


if 


: MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, 8.W. 7.’ 
m, November 16th. December 7th. 


The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
November 24th. December 8th.—Hon. Sec., Stanley Edwards 15, St. German’s . 
ace, Blackheath, 8.E.3. : 


The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London 
tomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural . History 
iety) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street H.C. 2, first and 
‘d Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p-m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec., Aba Pes 
RDIMAN, C.B.E., b.A., 1, Chatsworth Road, Brondesbury, N.W.2. 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS caturnede. 
J. Turnun, ‘‘Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. ~ 

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor lo send ws communications IDENTICAL 

h those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 

me of sending in MS. 

Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AurHor 

s the cost of the illustrations. 

Yr Bankers Order payment forms, apply to Hon. Treasurer, 6, Footscray Road 


af San 


fhe More local Butterflies of Switzerland, P. Haig-Thomas, F.E.S. 


"Field Notes from reas IL. pote ia D. Se. ; RE, B30 
ence Grypocera and Rhopalocera of the Cottian Alpe Roger Verity, M. 


‘ 


Miscellaneous Notes from Argentina, 1X., Kenneth J Hayward, F.U.S. 


Norrs on Conixecrinc.—Colias eroceus at Chichester, J. Anderson... 


Current Notes a Se af ee os ‘is v. x 
Reyrew.— Guests of British Ants, by H. Donisthorpe, F.E.S., F.Z.S., H.E.P. ; 
SuprLemenr.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. ae mc s (61)- 6 


CHANGES or ApprESs.— Harold Powell, F.E.S., to Pharmacie du Croissant, Meknés- Meding 
Marocco: C. J. Brooks, 11, Carlton Mansions, West End Road, N.W.6. 


Communications have been received from or have been promised by Messrs 
Dr. Verity, H. J. Turner, K. J. Hayward, C. J. Wainwright, A. H. Martineau, W. 
Edwards, J. 8. Taylor, A. Sich, Dr. Malcolm Burr, G. T. Bethune-Baker, Signor a 
E, E. Green, P. P. Graves, H. E. Page, and Reports of Societies. “ 


- All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNS 
A Latemar,” West Drive, Cheam. ih 


; IMPORTANT f 
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. 


BACK VOLUMES OF 
The Entomologist’s Record 4 
and Journal of Variation 


(Vols. I-XXXVI.) 


CONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) 


Genus dcronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured pla 
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collectio 
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (man 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for 
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymie notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopteris 
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispid " 
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. a 


ae 
GONTENTS OF VOL. II. o 


Menanism AND Mrtanocnroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles © 
Vartation (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taentocampa opim 
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Anphiia 
prodromaria and A, betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Di 
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomer 
clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Leptdoptera—Notesy) 
on Genus ZyGaNAa ‘(Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophe 
derasa, etc., ete., 312 pp. E ae 
To be obtained from— 


Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.B. 1 
to whom Oheques and Postal Orders should be made payable eat 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 
JOURNAL OF VARIATION: 


EDITED BY 
G. T. BrrHune-Baker, F.Z.S., J. E. Contin, F.£.8. pe 
a F.L.8., F.E.8S., Chairman. H. DonIsTHORPE, F.2Z.S., F.H.S.— 
a R. 8. BaGnatu, F.R.S.E., F.L.8. J. H. Durant, F.E.s. 
Maucoztm Burr, D.SO., F.Z.8., H. E. Paas, F.E.s. b 
| F.L.S., F.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.2.8. 
Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, F.£.5. W. H. Tams, F.E.8. 
E. A. CockayNe, M.A., M.D., Rey. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.E.S., . 
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THE MORE LOCAL BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND. 165 


The More Local Butterflies of Switzerland. 
By P. HAIG-THOMAS, F.E.S. 
(Concluded from page 161.) 


June 16th. At and above Bérisal Parnassins mnemosyne males 
swarmed. 

June 17th. I took the early train to Iselle and walked back to 
Brigue over the Pass, going up the Laquinthal as far as the Hrebia 
christi ground. FE. ceto and Coenonympha arcania f. darwiniana were 
common above Gondo. At the entrance to the Laquinthal Cupido 
minimus f. alsoides was plentiful on the road. There was nothing 
flying in the Laquinthal except a few worn Pararge hiera and one or 
two fresh Hrebia evias and Pieris napi f. bryoniae. Unfortunately after 
leaving Simplon village the sun went in and it began to rain and 
continued to do so most of the way back to Brigue. 

On June 19th I took the early train to Zermatt and walked down 
to Stalden. Four Oecenets aéllo, EH. evias, Anthocharis simplonia, 
Polyommatus eros g and 2, Plebeius pheretes and many commoner 
insects were taken. 

Returning to England on June 20th [| left again on July 1st arriving 
on July 2nd at Weesen and on this day and the following morning in 
spite of the indifferent weather Lycaena arcas and L. euphemus were 
common (the latter rather worn) flying and settling on the sanguisorba 
flowers, especially on the railway bank at the edge of the marsh. Very 
little else was observed except the most common insects and these were 
a good deal worn. In the afternoon of the 8rd we moved on to 
Pontresina., 

July 4th was spent in the Rosegthal. Melitaea maturna f. wolfens- 
bergert was very common although many males were badly worn. 
Brenthis thore males and females were well out, some of the former 
being past their best. The females were never common. Among the 
many insects noticed this day were Mrebia gorge ab. triopes, EK’. lappona, 
FE. tyndarus, HE. mnestra, E. pharte, and FE. epiphron f. nelamus and FE. 
euryale in swarms. 

On the 5th, after taking a few more B. thore iu the lower part of 
the Rosegthal, I climbed up to 8,900 ft. above the Tscherva Glacier. 
At this height I took one male Hrebia alecto race glacialis just out and 
lower down several male and female Oeneis aéllo in good condition. On 
the way down the Rosegthal Colias palaeno and a fresh male 
Lycaena alcon were added to the list. 

On July 6th seventeen males and one female Hrebia flavofasciata f. 
warreni, Vrty., were taken between 7200-7700 ft., to the left and above 
the Tscherva Glacier, all in_ perfect. condition. Melitaea 
merope and M. cynthia were worn, Brenthis pales, Melitaea varia, O. aello, 
and Plebeius orbitulus=glandon occurred on the same ground. 

July 7th. A fine series of males and two females of LH’. flavofasciata 
r. thiemei were taken on the Schaffberg. They were found in three 
separate localities 7000-7900 ft. altitude. At a later date two other 
localities were found on this mountain at the same level. The form 
thiemei was not as fresh here as warrent wag above the Tscherva Glacier, 
although fresh specimens were obtainable at both these localities up to 
July 15th, the last day I visited the ground. Heodes virgaureae and 
E. melampus were just emerging and a perfectly fresh male HL’, evias was 

DecempBer 157H, 1927. 


166 THE ENTOMOLOGISYT’S RECORD. 


also netted. Plebsius donzelii appeared on the 8th, Heodes viryaureae 
and Erebia goante on the 9th. The weather now became more a 
and there was very little seen for several days. 

On the 14th, I took the train to Preda and walked up the ‘Ss. 
Western slopes of the Piz Palpuogna. The weather was indifferent 
and inclined to rain. Melitaea asteria was found at 7,700 ft. and a 
fair series of males and two females were taken. Some of the males 
were getting worn. I also took a few O. aéllo, M. cynthia, B. pales, 
and one M. varia at 8,500 ft., but not near the M. asteria locality. P. 
orbitulus, P. optilete and M. aurinia f. merope were also common. 

On the 16th, on the same ground I took two Krebia manto (inter- 
mediate between f. pyrrhula and typical) and only four M. asteria, but 
it rained all the time. 

On the 18th, I walked over the Albula Pass from Preda to Ponte. 
Shortly after leaving Preda there was an abundance of the common 
Erebias. FF. alecto race glacialis were fine and fresh above the 
Weissenstein Inn. J/. asteria was common, but mostly worn, in the 
Pass and at two places on the Ponte side of the Pass above and below 
the little lake. In this latter locality a pair of fresh /. manto f. 
pyrrhula were netted and others very worn were seen. The south side 
of the Pass was almost bare. I was at least a week too late for this 
locality. 

The afternoon of the 21st and the morning of the 22nd, were spent 
on the top of the Stelvio on the steep screes on the eastern side. There 
was yery little seen and a very cold wind blowing. Eight F. alecto 
and seven of the race glacialis were captured all on the same ground, 
both males and females of each. /’. alecto varied from a specimen 
with a single black spot to one with two large spots with white centres 
ontheforewings. Collecting here was made more difficult by the fact that 
apart from the ordinary loose stones found on these secrees, they were 
covered with old pieces of barbed wire, sardine tins, etc., which had 
collected here owing to the fact that the trenches, held by the Austrians 
from the beginning of the war till November 18th, 1918, were only a 
few feet higher up on the ridge. 

On the 24th J arrived at Simplon Kulm Hotel and walked down to the 
7th Refuge. J tooka fresh but crippled male /. christi and a worn male, 
and also a nice series of females of Hrebia mnestra, which sex I have 
always found scarce. 

On the 25th I walked down to the 2nd Refuge on the old Roman road 
at the bottom of the valley and back to the Kulm Hotel, by the main road. 
Insects were abundant and fresh at the junction with the Ganterthal, and 
the following species were taken :—VP. apollo, P. delius, Aporia crataegt, 
Pieris brassicae, P. rapae, P. napi f. bryoniae, Rumieia phlaeas, Heodes 
virgaureae, H, hippothoé, H. alciphron £. gordius, Lycaena arion, Cupido 
minimus, Polyommatus semiargus, P. eumedon, P. damon, P. coridon, 
Plebeius donzelii, P. sephyrus sub-sp. lycidas, P. arqgyrognomon, P. aegon 
(argus), Colias phicomone, C. hyale, Melanargia galathea, Hrebia epiphron 
sub-sp. cassiope, H. melampus, E. mnestra, E, tyndarus, EF. goante, EF. 
aethiops, Satyrus cordula, S.  aleyone, Hipparchia  semele, 
EKpinephele lycaon, EH. gurtina, Melitaea aurelia, M. athalia, M. dictynna, 
M. phoebe, Brenthis pales, B. amathusia, Dryas paphia, Adopaea flavus, 
A, lineola, Powellia carthami, Hesperia cacaliae, Cyclopides palaemon, 


NOMENCLATURE, DR. VERITY, ETO. 167 


On the way back one 3 Frebia pronoé f. pitho below the 5th Refuge 
on the road. 

July 30th and 81st was spent on the Rochers de Naye, H. manto of 
both sexes was very common and fresh, and @ Erebia oeme was still 
fresh at the top. FH. pronoé £. pitho very dark was taken on the Caux 
side of the mountain at 4700 ft. with a few F. ligea still fresh at the 
edge of the timber. 

On August 1st at Eclepens, a very hot day, I took a short series of 
P apollo f. psendonomion still in good condition. Satyrus dryas was 
just coming ont, also Epinephele tithonus, Lycaena areas and L. 
euphemus were fresh and common in the bog and one very worn 
Strymon pruni was also taken and released. 

On August 4th at the Pont de Nant above Bex the same dark form 
of f. pitho was common and from 4100 ft. upwards the females were 
common and very fresh, H. manto were abundant but worn. <A few 
E. ligea still fresh and many alpine insects abundant. This locality 
would well repay a visit earlier in the year. 

This season I was fortunate enough to take 161 species of Swiss 
butterflies without counting subspecies or variations, in spite of missing 
the best ten days in June. My thanks are due to the Rev. G. Wheeler 
and Mr. B. C. S. Warren without whose advice I should have had but 
little success. The weather till the middle of July was good and the 
season a very early one. 


Nomenclature, Dr. Verity, etc. 
By P. P. GRAVES, F.E.S. 


May I express my disagreement with certain of Mr. G. T. Bethune- 
Baker’s criticisms of Dr. Verity’s nomenclature published in the Fnt. 
Record, Vol. XXXIX, p. 164. To begin with it appears to me that 
while certain criticisms may be advanced against some of Dr. Verity's 
names, the suggestion that he has been carried away by the “ magnetic ” 
mihi is not calculated to keep the discussion on the scientific and 
impersonal plane, where the interests of entomology demand that it 
should be maintained. ) 

However, Mr. Bethune-Baker’s main point of attack is the creation 
of ‘a pure synonym’ by Dr. Verity in the case of Pararge maera. 
Dr. Verity has substituted P. maera anteappennina for P. maera vulyaris 
on the ground that the subspecific name vilyaris had already been given 
by Zeller to a geographical race of Pararge aegeria. This race 
Dr. Verity believes, apparently with good reason, to be the Central 
European subspecies of P. aegeria, which Staudinger afterwards named 
egerides. Mr, Bethune-Baker writes ‘‘ He seems to be unaware that 
it is correct to use the same varietal name for each species of the same 
genus, therefore it is correct to have maera vulgaris, megera vulgaris, 
hiera vulgaris and so on.” 

This pronouncement cannot be reconciled with the Report of the 
British National Committee on Entomological Nomenclature of which 
Mr. Bethune-Baker was Chairman. Art. 11 of the proposed Rules of 
this Report, which is based upon the International Code says “ Specific 
and subspecific names are subject to the same rules and from a 
nomenclatural standpoint they are co-ordinate, that is, they are of the 


168 THE WNYOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 


same value.’ Act. 14 of the same report defines a subspecies as a 
‘ceographical . . . . variation.’ Article 28 lays down that a 
specific name is to be rejected as a homonym ‘ when it forms part of 
the same combination of generic and specific names that has been 
previously used in the original description of another species, (Primary 
homonym).’ Further in the ‘Recommendations’ appended to the 
rules we read (loc. cit. p. IX R.) At Article 14.—The name of a 
subspecies cannot be used in the genus either for another species or 
for the subspecies of another species.’ 

In the present case Mr. Bethune-Baker quite obviously considers 
P. maera congeneric with P. aegeria. Dr. Verity’s ‘race’ names are 
applied to geographical varieties ond therefore answer to what are 
termed subspecific names in the Report. Zeller’s vulyaris is used by 
Verity for the northern subspecies of P. aegeria which Staudinger named 
egerides, not for any lower grade of variation. Dr. Verity’s name 
P. maera vulgaris was originally given by him to a particalar yeo- 
graphical ‘race’ or group of races of P. maera. The two therefore 
come in the same category of ‘subspecies ’ according to Art. 14 and it 
inevitably follows that the two names cannot be used for two subspecies 
of Pararge. Dr. Verity places P. maera in another genus, but this 
does not affect the argument. Mr. Bethune-Baker in spite of Arts. 
11, 14 and 28 and the ‘Recommendation’ at Art. 14 apparently 
refuses to admit rules and recommendations of the Report which he 
siened, which is, in my opinion, most regrettable. 

As to Dr. Verity’s nomenclature I regret that he should have given 
a name to a form of P. maera which, he admits, scarcely differs from 
his appennina and I feel that, on occasion, he has been too prone to 
fix transitional forms with a name instead of using the elastic formula 
trans. ad. There are dangers in this course. Again I wish he would 
tell us more often when he describes a ‘ race’ to how large a proportion 
of individuals from the area whence the race is described his description 
applies. 

Still, we have all of us made mistakes or are liable to make mistakes 
of this kind. The fact remains that Dr. Verity has made an extra- 
ordinarily valuable contribution to our knowledge of the variation of 
the European Rhopalocera. I do not know all the races which he 
has named and described, but in the case of nearly all these races, 
which I do know, I have found that his names correspond to facts of 
geographical variation. Here may I add, without I trust, hurting any 
susceptibilities, that it is singular that British Lepidopterists should 
have waited for Dr. Verity to point out the differences between certain 
British Rhopalocera and the Continental forms thereof and to give 
names to these British geographical variations. Among these 
are British P. coridon insularis, Vrty., which differs widely from 
FP. coridon coridon of Styria, British Pyronia tithonus britannicus, which 
is very different from the typical tithonus of Germany, North British 
and Irish P. napi, andmany more. I find it bard to believe that British 
entomologists did not recognize these differences, but I find it still 
harder to understand why they did not name them. 

One result of their silence has been that Continental entomologists 
are ignorant in many cases of the existence of these geographical 
races. Only a few weeks ago a Viennese entomologist of distinction, 
to whom I had sent some British P. thetis and P. icarus, expressed 


A NEW GENUS AND A NEW SPECIES. 169 


his interest and surprise that these should differ markedly from 
Austrian specimens of these species. I am driven to the conclusion 
that the ‘onomatophilia’ imputed to Dr. Verity is less dangerous by 
far than ‘onomatophobia.’ Over-refinement in differentiation of 
geographical varieties is surely less harmful than the failure to register 
in nomenclature the existence of such varieties. 


A Note on the so-called ab. subgothica, Haw., of Euxoa tritici, L. 
By A. J. WIGHTMAN, F.E.S. 


On pages 138-141 ante, Mr. W. Parkinson Curtis contributes a 
note on subyothica, Haw., and points out, that Haworth’s type specimen 
of his subgothica is still in existence, and is in fact a British taken 
specimen of the American species now known as feltia jaculifera, Gn. 
(as noted by Sir G. F. Hampson in his Cat. Phal. Lep. IV., p. 345), 
and that the figure and description in Humphreys and Westwood’s 
British Moths 1., p. 128, pl. 24, fig. 1., of subgothica also refer to [eltia 
jaculifera, Gn., but he asserts that swbgothica, Brit. Noc. p. 46, Vol. II. 
= a form of Hu.xoa tritici, and suggests, that to save further confusion, 
this form shall be renamed pseudoygothica. 

But the subgothica of Tutt, Brit. Nor. Vol. IL., p. 51 (not 46) is 
subgethica, Haw., and as Mr. Parkinson Curtis has himself shown, both 
ak descriptions quoted there refer to the American species I’. jaculifera, 

n. 

It follows then that swbgothica, Haw., Tutt Brit. Noc. IL, p. 51, is 
not a form of F’. tritici at all, and cannot be named pseudogothica or any- 
thing else, the name simply requires to be removed from the list of 
FE. tritict forms. 


A New Genus and a New Species of Pyralidae. 
By Sir G. F. HAMPSON, Barr. 
(Published by Permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


[Norr.—In view of the fact that Mr. William Fassnidge took in 
August, 1925, at Auzat, Ariége, two specimens of the new species here 
described, it was thought advisable to publish these descriptions at 
once. The manuscript of a partially completed revision of the Pyralid 
subfamily ‘‘ Anerastianae”’ was left in the British Museum when Sir 
George Hampson retired in 1920. I should like to point out that the 
subfamily to which these moths belong should be called Phycitinae, the 
closely related subfamily with aborted proboscis being’properly entitled to 
the name Anerastiinae. Sir George Hampson made the change as a 
result of the application of his principle of citing as the type of a genusw” 
the first species in that genus agreeing with the generic definition. This 
principle is not in accordance with generally accepted views, and [ 
therefore adhere to the old arrangement in stating that this moth 
belongs to the subfamily Phycitinae.—W. H. T. Tams.] 


170 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Genus. Rapresrra, nov. 

Type R., albistrigella, Hmpsn. 

Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, moderately scaled, the 
2nd joint reaching to about vertex of head, the 8rd long; maxillary 
palpi filiform; frons smooth; eyes large, round; antennae of 
male somewhat laminate and almost simple; fore and mid tibiae 
smoothly scaled, the hind tibiae slightly fringed with hair above. 
Forewing long and narrow, the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved; 
vein 2 from long before angle of cell, oblique; 3 and 5 separate, 4 
absent ; 6 from below upper angle of cell; 8-9 stalked; 10-11 from 
cell. Hindwing with the cell more than half the length of wing; 
veins 8 and 5 from angle of cell, 4 absent ; the discocellulars curved ; 
6-7 shortly stalked ; 8 strongly anastomising with 7. 


RapIESstRA ALBISTRIGELLA. 


Euzopherades albistrigella, Hmpsn. J. Bomb., Nat. dist. Soe. 
Xvili., p. 262, plt. H, f. 13 (1908). Ceylon. 


RabdIesTRA CAPRICOLA, D. Sp. 


3. Head and thorax ochreous white irrorated with blackish, the 
antennae ochreous white, the frons tinged with brown, the palpi brown, 
white at base; abdomen ochreous white; pectus, legs and ventral 
surface of abdomen ochreous white mixed with dark brown. Forewing 
white irrorated with black-brown, the inner area tinged with brown, 
some black at base of costa; antemedial line black defined on inner 
side by white, slightly oblique and sinuous, less distinct on inner area ; 
two strong black discoidal points, the lower rather elongate; a 
triangular patch of blackish suffusion from lower angle of cell to the 
subterminal line where it extends from below the costa to the sub- 
median fold, subterminal line white defined on inner side by blackish, 
incurved from below costa to vein 5 whence it is slightly angled out- 
wards, then again incuryved, the terminal area mostly suffused with 
blackish ; some black points on medial part of termen. Hindwing 
white faintly finged with brown, the costal area towards apex and the 
termen browner; cilia white with a brown line through them. 

Italy, Capri. (C.S. Brown). @ type. Hap. 80, mill. 


Field Notes from Angola. 
By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.E.S. 


Ill. Lostrro. 


(Nore :—The previous letter referred to ‘‘ Amboim’”’; this should 
be corrected to “ Benguella Velha.”” The town of Amboim is about 80 
kilometres from the coast, and the village of Benguella Velha serves as 
its port and is consequently frequently referred to as Porto Amboim or 
simply Amboim, especially by shipping people, whence the miscon- 
ception). 

Lobito Bay is one of the few real harbours on the great length of 
the western coast of Africa, It is a small bay across which the strong 
southerly current is building up a sandpit at the rate of a metre a 
year; in some twenty or thirty years it will close up the bay and 


FIELD NOTES FROM ANGOLA, ial 


convert it into a lagoon unless dredging operations are maintained ; 
there is thus formed a splendid harbour with deep water where ocean- 
going vessels can moor alongside the wharf instead of lying in the 
roadstead at a considerable distance from the shore. Lobito is now a 
port of growing importance, the terminus of the Benguella Railway, 
which is rapidly approaching the Congo frontier and will eventually 
link up with the main systems of the continent. About thirty years 
ago the distinguished war correspondent, Mr. H. W. Nevinson, was the 
first to step directly ashore from the first big ship that put in there, 
although in previous years Portuguese gunboats and slave-trading dhows 
had made use of it; the latter used to puzzle our pursuing sailors 
engaged in the suppression of the slave-trade, for they used to slip in 
through the well-concealed entrance, take down their mast, and lie 
perfectly hidden. 

Scope for entomology was very limited during our stay at this 
pleasant breezy spot ; formalities in connection with our weapons and 
clearing our extensive baggage through the Customs -took up all our 
time. Only when sitting enjoying the refreshing sea-breeze on the 
verandah at night did I get any chance of collecting, and a fair variety 
of insects flew to light. .The most conspicuous was a small, blackish 
hawk-moth. The sands around were humming with the chirp of 
crickets and it seemed to me that some must be actually below high-water 
mark. I took a number which closely resemble our common domestic 
cricket Gryllus domesticus, L., but the wings are abortive and the elytra 
somewhat reduced in both sexes. ‘This species was common, though 
difficult to find in the sands, but also came into the kitchen. This 
tendency towards domestication is interesting, for the original home of 
the domestic cricket is, ] believe, not definitely known, though it probably 
came from Africa. I took one specimen of a black species, somewhat 
smaller than G. campestris, L., and with a small head. A more 
interesting one which flew to light was quite new to me, remarkable for 
the wide reticulation of the elytra and the very small head. ‘The only 
other orthopteron which I took at Lobito was an Acridian recalling 
Euprepocnemis, which had the temerity to select my chair to hop on to; 
it had the elytra and wings mutilated, torn off about the middle. This 
was probably done by a lizard when the creature was settled, for if it 
had been snapped by a bird upon the wing, it does not seem likely that 
all four organs would have been snipped off. 

It was disappointing to have no opportunity of collecting in the 
neighbourhood, either on the coastal plain or in the Cretaceous hills 
behind, which looked tempting. We had some compensation in 
watching the northward migration of a seabird that flew like a shear- 
water; they are rather large, and black, with white throat and neck 
glistening in the morning sun, as they sped northwards in small flocks 
during the cool of the early morning, driven up, no.doubt, by the 
increasing cool weather coming up from the Antarctic. One day an 
ibis flew past, and we used to watch the dolphins playing and the fin 
of an occasional shark, which taught us to keep very close inshore® 
among the breakers when enjoying our morning and evening dip. 

On the marshes outside the town, as we passed in the train on our 
way to the interior, we saw a big flock of flamingo; near Benguella 
there is a most attractive looking plain, wild, and covered with scrub, 
where I am sure most interesting insects are to be found. ‘’he most 


172 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


prominent plant is a tall xerophyte recalling the agave; the withered 
stem grows up to some six or seven feet and the top is crowned by a 
cluster of thick, spiny leaves and the whole surmounted by a candelabra 
of spikes of scarlet flowers: this striking plant grows on the plain, and 
I am sure is accompanied by excellent material for the collector. 

But we had to rush by without stopping and soon were climbing a 
narrow gorge of gneiss, mounting rapidly by a rack, and at dawn next 
morning we found ourselves crossing a lofty plateau of granite which 
is almost waterless. It was green enough when we passed, for the 
rainy season had just recently closed, but it is rapidly burnt up, and is 
uninhabited ; there is little game, except kudu, klipspringer and such 
antelopes as can exist for some time without water. 


(To be continued.) 


Zygaenae, Grypocera and Rhopalocera of the Cottian Alps compared 
with other races. 


By ROGER VERITY, M.D. 
(Continued from page 157.) 


Nytha actaea exerge ferula, F. (=cordula,* F.) race orsiera, De 
Prunner, Lep. Ped., p. 73 (1798) :—Oulx (males: July 4th to 31st ; 
females: July 23rd to August 7th). Fruhstorfer has pointed out (Int. 
Ent. Zeit. Guben, 1909, p. 88) that the name of ferula stands before 
that of cordula in Fabricius ; it must thus be substituted for it, in the 
same way that jurtina has been recognised precedence over janira in 
Linnaeus. Fabricius only gives ‘Italy ’’ as habitat of his two insects, 
so that there is no possibility of using his names for any race in 
particular. De Prunner’s name of ovsiera, based on a description, which 
is unmistakably the male of fernda, from the mountains of Piedmont, 
seems to be the one, which should be revived and used for the broad- 
spread race of the Western Alps, including their French watershed, 
except in certain localities, mostly at the highest altitudes reached by 
the species, where it turns into a smaller insect, pointing by some 
features to nymotypical actaea and named actaeina by Oberthtir (Ht. 
Lép. Comp. III., p. 280) from specimens of ‘* Le Monétier-de-Briangon ” 
1500m., in the Cottian Alps (be also included the Abruzzi race, but 
this is quite incorrect and, anyhow, it already had the name of calabra, 
Costa). At the Baths of Valdieri, 1875m., in the Maritime Alps, indi- 
vidual variation is extremely broad and it includes a few actaeina 
amongst a majority of orsiera. In the lower and drier locality of Oulx 
I did not meet with a single specimen of the former, so that the average 
size of the race is a little greater. In both localities the females 


* I have looked this up carefully in the literature cited. 

Fab. Ent. Sys. Emend. III. (1), (1893). 

p- 225, no. 705. actaea, Esp. plt. 85. 4 [=cordula var. bryce]. Russia. 

p. 225, no. 707. ferula, g and ?!! [¢ actaea ¢ cordula]. Italy. 

p- 226, no. 708. cordula. [¢ cordula]. Italy. 

i.e., the name ferula must be substituted for the name cordula which falls 
(cf. the Linnaean jurtina in place of janira). 

This was pointed out by Werneburg, Beitr. ‘ur Schm.-kunde, I. pp. 393, 394, 
497 (1864).—H.J.T. 


ZYGAENAEB, GRYPOCERA AND RHOPALOOERA. 1738 


exhibit broad fulvous patches, more or less broken and partly veiled 
over with brown ; extreme examples with no fulvous and rather smaller 
ocelli (form mariformis, mihi) are rare and go is the opposite form 
with a sharp, brighter and continuous band, usually known as peas, 
Hub. I have never met with one in which they are as sharp and 
broad as in the latter’s original figure (no text), but it must be noted 
that it is also of an unusually small size, so that probably it comes 
from a locality where there exists a peculiar race, such, for instance, as 
the one }’ruhstorfer has described (Int. Knt. Zeit. Guben, 1908, p. 351) 
from Tasch, near Zermatt, under the name of milada, of small size, 
recalling actaea in many males by the absence of the hinder ocellus, 
and with broadly fulvous females, very light coloured on underside, 
The race of the Kastern Alps is distinctly different from those of the 
Western ones, but no author, to my knowledge, has described it. 
Fruhstorfer (l.c., 1909, p. 88) only says 75% of the females have four 
white spots on forewing and that their underside is of a bright reddish 
brown in his specimens from Klausen; he applies to this race 
Hiibner’s name of hippodice (figs 718-9); these figures certainly 
resemble it, except on underside of hindwing, but Herrich-Schiiffer 
(Schmett. Hur., I., p. 78) had reasons to believe they were drawn from 
a specimen of Southern Russia, so that name had better be left alone 
and the new one of orientalpium used to designate the following 
description drawn from my specimens of the Schnalsertal, of the Isarco 
Valley and of Tschan, in Val Venosta: size, on the whole, smaller 
than at Oulx; wings often more elongated, narrower, with a more 
pointed apex and a straighter outer margin; underside of male usually 
of a warmer brownish tone than in orsiera, with softer streaks and 
often with no white spaces; when they exist, the central band-like one 
is narrow and they are dusted with black, so that they never have the 
extent, the sharpness and the clear silvery-white tone of many western 
individuals ; on upperside of female the fulvous is considerably less 
and reduced to rings round the two eye-spots; these rings are often 
very thin and even totally obliterated ; on underside of hindwing the 
pattern is less sharp than it usually is in the West and the whole wing 
has a more uniform and warmer reddish-brown tone. Between the 
habitats of orsiera and of orientalpiwm, in the Anzasca Valley, at the 
foot of Mt. Rosa, I have found, at Vanzone, 700m., what may well be 
described as the most flourishing race of the species: it is larger than 
any other, it is highly saturated in colour in both sexes and its ocelli 
are remarkably larger, giving it a handsome appearance ; the fulvous 
on upperside of female is invariably reduced to a thin ring around the 
two eye-spots ; the white of underside varies very little too and can 
be described in both sexes as about equivalent to what it is in the 
individuals of orientalptum in which it is most developed ; the tone of 
that surface is of a deep black in the male and of a warm chestnut in 
the female: race conspicua, mihi. I deal with fernla=cordula as an 
‘‘exerge ” of actaca, because it seems to me they afford a very typical 
example of that sort of relationship and, as in other similar cases, they 
are neither specifically distinct from each other nor simple races of the 
same species ; this explains how it is that during over a century 
entomologists have disagreed about it; the reason was they had to 
choose between two solutions neither of which fitted facts. On the 
one hand they certainly exhibit constant distinguishing features 


174 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


(including differences in the genitalia, shown by Fruhstorfer in Soe. 
Ent. 1910, and in Hunt. Zeit. 1908, respectively), which must be due to 
different hereditary factors; on the other hand they inhabit distinet 
areas, excluding gach other completely, and, on the boundary line 
between them, races have been observed (acraeina and milada) belong- 
ing to ferula, but pointing to actaea in some individuals. Wheeler 
(Butt. Switz., p. 109) concludes they must be two species on the 
strength of the one record, from Digne, by Nicholson, of their having 
been found on the same grounds, but the importance of this remark is 
greatly diminished* by the fact they flew at different seasons, so that 
they probably are in that case ‘‘ seasonal exerges,’’ such as I have 
recorded from Turin in Melitaea athalia (or kenteana) and psendoathalia, 
and from Hngland in Zygaena filipendulae and tutti.+ I have a male 
actaea from Septémes, near Marseilles, which has on both surfaces of 
forewing two ocelli, with white pupils, and, between them, two white 
dots, as in ferula: ab. ferulaeformis, mihi. It can, however, only 
be an aberration, because on underside of hindwings it has two little 
blind ocelli in the same internervular spaces. I must take this occasion 
to record the very striking race of exerge actaea of the Cévennes du 
Gard (Mt. Aigoual), which has no white on underside of hindwing ; 
the capillary streaks, which cover them, are also unusually thick, 
increasing still more their dark and uniform appearance and recalling 
some orientalpiwm, so that it makes one suspect the proximity of the 
ferula region may, in this case, have something to do with its origin : 
race aiyoualensis, Foulgr., in Lhomm’s Cat. Lép. Fr., p. 36. 

N. statilinus race micronosandrus, mibhi.—Oulx (from August 
12th). Similar by the large size of the eye-spots and by the underside 
pattern to onosandrus, Frhst., but much smaller in most individuals 
and often with a grayish suffusion over the hindwing on upperside of 
male; by these two features it is quite like apennina, Z., of the smallest 
description and the comparatively high altitude and the dryness of 
Oulx, no doubt, accounts for them. Race onosandrus, Frhst., is 
described from §. Tyrol and the Brenta Group, but the Valais is 
included in its habitat; it thus is broadly spread as the most usual 
Alpine race. On the French watershed it is replaced, at Digne, 
Grenoble, Arcachon (I have it also from Lyons), by the very different 
enryanax, Frhst., as figured by Esper under the name of arachna, whieh 
cannot, however, stand for it, because it was erected originally by 


* The more I work at this subject the greater my conviction becomes that the 
term ‘‘ exerge’’’ is necessary to designate relationship of this sort. Mr, Turner’s 
and Mr. Warren’s definitions of ‘‘ snbspecies’’ would include it, but some of our 
best workers insist on using this term for the very much more frequent kind of 
relationship which should, in that case, be called ‘‘ races,” as I have done. 
Besides Mr. Warren himself, in practice, calls subspecies, a certain number of the 
most highly differentiated races, which, to my mind, do not correspond to his own 
definition. I think it is only carried out by a very small number of large groups, 
such as malvae and malvoides, which really only just fall short of being specifically 
distinct. As we thus do not seem able to agree on the use of the word ‘* subspecies’? 
and present literature is quite as confused as that of the past in thls respect, I 
conclude we should leave things as they are and consider ‘‘ subspecies’? and 
‘‘yace’’ as more or less equivalent, or the former as a more highly differentiated 
race, and use the term ‘‘ exerge ’’ for the other phenomenon, in which hereditary 
factors infervene.—R.V. 


+ To my mind the importance is mostly due to the fact. The view expressed 
by Dr. Verity is to me quite incomprehensible. —G.W. 


CURRENT NOTES. 175 


Schiffermiiller for the Vienna insect. Further south, on the Riviera, 
there flies the handsome fidiaeformis, Vrty., described from Grasse ; it 
belongs to the same Group of races as micromaritima, Vrty., and 
australis, Esp., of the coast of Peninsular Italy, whereas the two former 
are more closely connected witb those of Central Europe. In the Po 
Basin one meets with a race intermediate between these two groups 
and precisely between onosandrus and intermedia, Vrty., of the hinter- 
land of Peninsular Italy: it is larger than the former and less white 
on underside, but its underside, variegated white and black, individual 
form still recalls it more than any individual of intermedia ever does 
and its totebrunnea, Vrty., form is of a richer chestnut tinge than in 
the latter ; both these forms are also more thickly suffused with dark 
capillary streaks: race padi, mihi. In its more highly characterised 
form I have it from Capriolo, 200m., near Brescia, but at the foot of 
the Susa Valley, near Turin, one meets with a similar one, mixed with 
transitions to onosandrus and I have even an euryanax, found amongst 
them. 

Hipparchia semele race cadmus, Frhst.:—Oulx (males from July 
4th; females only appeared on August [3th, and then emerged 
suddenly in a mass, together with a few laggard males). 


(To be continued.) 


JF OTKES ON COLLECTING, ete. 


ABUNDANCE oF Common Larvar.—In contrast with last autumn 
(1926) the present season has provided a more normal supply of larvae. 
Euplexia lucipara has been exceptionally common and has riddled my 
ferns and played considerable havoc with Japanese Anemones, ably 
assisted by Mamestra persicariae and Hadena oleracea.  Mamestra 
brassicae has, as usual, devastated my large plant of Atropos belladonna 
(a species rarely eaten by lepidopterous larvae). and there have been a 
few Spilosoma menthastri- and Diacrisia lubricipeda; but these 
“Hirmines”’ have been comparatively scarce for several years, 8. 
menthastri being rather the commoner, contrary to general experience. 
—C. Nicuorson (F.E.8.), 85, The Avenue, Hale End, H.4. October 17th, 
1927. 


PonyGonia c-ALBUM IN Berks, Etc.—On October 8th I took speci- 
mens of this species a few miles W. of Reading. It seems only a 
question of time before it reappears in the London District. In this 
connection | should like to ask what, if any, is the explanation of the 
present rarity of Huyonia polychloros in Surrey. I remember that 26 
years ago it was not rare in the district around Dorking. I have 
frequently visted this area in the last four years in May, June and 
August, but have never once seen a specimen fresh or hibernated.— 
P. P. Graves (F.E.S.), 5, Hereford Square, 5.W.7. 


A Remarkasty Late Recorp.—On October 9th this year my son 
was chamois hunting on the south side of the Bréche de Roland, above 
the Cirque de Gavarnie (Pyrenees, about 8,500-9,000 ft.), when he 
came across several freshly emerged Krebias flying over and settling 
on the shale slopes. Unfortunately he was unable to catch one in his 
hat. But from his description and also on account of the fact that he 


176 THU KENTOMOLOGIS?’S RECORD. 


caught a perfectly fresh g of LH. lefebvrei rather small and very black 
(f. astur) on this identical ground in the middle of August, 1926, I — 
have no doubt that the fresh Erebias seen this year in October were 
K. lefebvrei f. astur. This must be an exceptionally late date. All the 
more so on account of there having been quite a heavy fall of snow in 
the middle of September. He saw several of the insects settled and 
was satisfied that they were quite fresh.—P. Haic-THomas (F.E.S.), 
The Grange, Goring-on-Thames. 


GY URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 

Will some of our subscribers give us notes on their season’s captures 
and breeding. We hear that it has been an extraordinary year for 
aberrations. At the head of the list comes a very fine black [Papilio 
machaon bred by Mr. 8. G. Castle-Russell. Larvae of the more 
uncommon species have been reported in number, among them 
Cucullia ynaphalii. In the copse we searched last year unsuccessfully 
for Synanthedon flaviventris, at least a dozen larval galls have been 
reported by Mr. Wm. Fassnidge. To the last named has also fallen 
the luck to capture an example of the extremely rare Myelois cirrigerella, 
which, I believe, has not been met with in this country since Mr. 
Kdward Meyrick discovered it at Marlborough in 1874. 

The South London Entomological Society registered another great 
success in 1ts Annual Exhibition held on October 27th. Two hundred 
and forty-one signed the attendance book, about half of whom were 
members, and some fifty brought exhibits. It has really become the 
great entomological social meeting of the year, when country members 
and friends renew their touch with the Society. We would like to see 
the refreshment fund better patronised as the cost is rather a drain on 
the funds of the Society. Up to the present quite a few enthusiastic 
friends have helped to defray the cost, but it seems hardly fair to 
expect this to occur year after year. 

We much regret to announces the passing of our old and valued 
friend and correspondent Mr. D. H. Pearson of Nottingham, after two 
serious operations the latter of which proved unsuccessful. A man of 
strong physique, a lover of the mountains, one who knew the flowers 
and insects of the Alps and Pyrenees, we shall miss his genial converse 
and welcome correspondence. He was a Fellow of the Entomological 
Society of London, and a member of the 8. London Society, to the 
annual exhibition of which he usually brought a drawer of choice 
specimens of Lepidoptera. 

We regret also to record the death of Mr. Stanley Blenkarn, a well- 
known member of the South London Society, who was killed in a motor 
accident only three days after exhibiting at the Society’s exhibition. 
He was an ardent coleopterist, and especially keen on the more local 
species of the British Islands. 

The death is also reported of Prof. Berlese the talented Italian 
entomologist and the author of that great work “ Gli Insetti.” It will 
be a loss to the small band of illustrious entomologists of Italy, who 
have of late years brought the scientific investigations of their country 
to the stage of world-wide importance. Coming so soon after the 
tragic death of Prof. Bezzi it is most unfortunate. 

Tue Newssoy’s Srory.—The most sporting event I ever saw, writes 
a sportsman, was a caterpillar crossing Piccadilly. 


CURRENT NOTES. ey 


Lumme! Listen jist a minute, 
I kin tell yer wat’s the sport. 
Dogs an’ ’orses isn’t in it 
Wiv a grub—them ’airy sort ! 
Wy, the cop in Piccadilly 
Sent the shovers inter fits 
While that caterpillar filly 
Done the crossin’ at the Ritz. 


Gosh! She squirmed among the buses 
Jest as dainty as could be, 
Till the cop was drahned in cusses, 
’Oldin’ hup the line, yer see ! 
Flyin’ stunts an’ Channel swimmin’ ! 
Sporty stuff, a bloke admits, 
But me heyes was fairly brimmin’ . 
Watchin’ Grubby reach the Ritz! A. W. 


The above lines appearee in the Daily Chronicle of September 19th 
last following a short article in the Mveniny News a few days before. 
I have, however, been unable to trace the article with a view to getting 
into touch with the writer, to ascertain if possible what the caterpillar 
was. Perhaps some reader can throw light on it.—C.N. 

A speaker at a Bradford Textile Society meeting said: ‘It used to 
take two sheep to clothe a woman. Now a silkworm could do it.” 
This cutting speaks for itself !—C.N. 

The following Fellows of the Entomological Society of London 
have been nominated by the Council as Officers and Council for the 
Session 1928-1929. President :—J. EK. Collin. Treasurer —W. G. 
Sheldon, F.Z.S. Secretaries :—S. A. Neave, M.A., D.Sce., F.Z.S., N. D. 
Riley, F.Z.8. Librarian:—H. J. Turner. Council :—R. Adkin, P. A. 
Buxton, M.A., EK. A. Cockayne, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., H. M. Edelsten, 
H. Eltringham, M.A., D.Se., Capt. A. F. Hemming, C.B.E., F.Z.S., 
R. W. Llovd, Prof. R. Stewart MacDougall, M.A., D.Sec., F.R.S.E., 
G..-A. K. Marshall; C:M.G2--D.Se:; F.R.8..'J: ‘W. “Munro; D.Se., 
W. H. T. Tams, A. HE. Tonge . 

Major Graves has, unintentionally, entirely misrepresented me, ante 
p. 167, et seg. I have gone back on nothing in what I signed as 
Chairman of the British National Committee on Nomenclature. Art. 
14 says that ‘a name of lower rank than that of subspecies has no 
status of nomenclatorial value.’”’ In the article I criticised Dr. Verity 
was dealing with ‘“exerges,” that is a lower rank than ‘‘ subspecies,” 
and my criticism is valid. I am far from being inappreciative of 
Dr. Verity’s work and comparative study of the various forms of 
European Rhopalocera ; it is a valuable analysis. What we have to 
guard against in his work is the quite uncertain value of what he calls 
‘“‘Races’’ and “ Exerges’’; they are nearly all of very varying degrees 
of abundance or rarity, and very few of his names can rank as of | 
subspecific value.—G.T.B,-B. 


178 


THE ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD, 


CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXIX. 


By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. . 


PAGE 
Aberrations 25, 27, 49, 66, 97, 137 
‘« Aberration in C. leshia,”’ 19) J. 


Turner .. A 


Aberrations, in Coccinelliday 66 ; 
C. lesbia, 97; of EH. tritici + " 138 
Abundance of, H. hispidus at 
Bournemouth, 13; A. niobe, 87; 
Extreme, common larvae 175; £. 
euryale, 89; P. argyrognomon 110 
Additional named forms since the 
appearanee of Seitz’ work. esta! 1) 
Analysis of hybird Thera offspring 38 
‘« Antiquity, Note on the, of some 
Orthopterous Grown r - Dire, 
Burr 4 75 
** Ants, The, and some Myrmeco- 
philes of Sicily,’? H. Donisthorpe 6 
Aphides with ants in Bes list 


Or tt 9 
«« Army-worm, The? 142 
Autumn Notes, New ree: Dis S. 

Devon é 12 


‘« Basses- Alpes, The, in May- June, 
1926,’ Lt. I. B. Ashby . . 41, 74, 106 


‘British Noctuae ’ 162 
Care in selection for breeding Su 
Catalogue of Zygaena, review .. 14 


‘« Chinese. A Study of, Pyralidae, ” 

L. B. Prout, and G. Talbot “nero 
Choice of flowers by butterflies .. 115 
‘* Classification, The, of Varieties,’’ 


Wo Hest: Dams « 25 
“« Coccinellids, Some Observations 

on,” G. Curtis Leman .. 66 
‘« Coleoptera, taken in 1926, HF, i: 

Killington, 43; List of Digne .. 74 


Collecting, Notes on, 12730; 43577; 
162, 175; ‘‘ Notes of, in Spain,”’ 
Dr. E. Romei 107,127, 1386 
Collecting References 4) 45, 77 
Confusion in the application of the 


name satyrion .. 38 
Congress of the 8. E. Union of Sci. 
Societies, Hastings ; 96 


Current Notes and Short Notices 13, 

31, 46, 61, 78, 96, 130, 147, 162, 176 
Cuttings from the press... 176 
Description of, larvae of hybrid 

Thera, 2; pupae of ditto, 3; 

imagines of ditto, 3; worker of 

S. destefanii, 6; P. donisthorpei, 

17; A. siciliensis 17; Larva of 

T. olivofusa, 18; H. cinarae sub- 

sp. clorinda, 81; races of C. 

arcania, 39, 122 ; racesof C. gh 

rion, 70; ditto ab. extensa, 82 

gynandromor ph of C. lesbia, 98; 

‘genitalia of ditto,’’? Dr. Cock. 

ayne, 99; Z. sarpedon x. bethunet, 


PAGE 
Z. trifolii r. tenuelimbata, Z. 
transalpina r. philippsi, 107-109 ; 

C. armigera larva, 120; larva of 
KE. catillus, 120; larva of E. 
thraso, 157; races of E. tyndarus, 
124; races of M. galathea, 125; 
H. americanus ry. petheri, A. 
lineola ry. hemmingi, A. thetis r. 
langhami, A. coridon rx. bolivari, 
127; aberrations from Spain, 
136; E. segetis ab., 139; races of 
P. maera, 154; larva of 4. 
gemmatalis, 158; larva of H. 
chilensis 158; races of S. actaea, 
172; race of S. staiilinus, 174; new 
genus and new species of Pyrale 169 
Difference between race and sub- 


species : ae Se pea Ls | 
Diptera, List of, of the Basses- 
Alpes. 1 eti3% 107 
ff iioaieted of Names, ” ‘By. a 
Tupnprs a~. 30 
** Economic importance "of s. 
formicaeformis,’? J.C. F. Fryer 116 
Endowment of Wicken Fen is (149 
Enemies of butterflies a Haas: 


English matter versus Foreign .. 148 
Entomological Club, Report of the, 
13, 31; 132,47, e%ed 


Erebia gorge ab. triopes in the 
Pyrenees .. 30 
‘* Hrrors in Nomenclature, ” Hy. J. 
Tornepy = 59, 95 
Errors in spelling of “entomological 
names . A 43. wal 
Exerge of C. gardetta ae bo ae 
Excessive naming .. Ne 10, 27 


‘« Rxerges’’ or groups of races 38, 101 
‘“« Explanation and Justification, A 
few words,’’ Dr. R. Verity, 100; 
‘‘Remaaks on ditto,’ G. T 


Bethune Baker .. as, aes 
‘“« Extracts,’’ Ernest Hatckel cep Sa 
Fall of a butterfly .. 130 
‘x\Horm 2? £Q, 11,215 25, 97, 50, 103 


‘« Field Notes from Angola, ” Dr. M. 

Burr : 133, 151, 170 
Food of S. maritima yee ta 
“Flight of N. lucilla,” A. Sich |. 130 
Gall making of Sesiids (Aegeriids) 68 
Generations .. 24, 25, 28, 50, 145 


Geographical Distribution _ of 
Chinese Pyralidae 3 Bee ge 31" 

‘« Gynandromorphism,’’ Dr. Coc- 
kayne ae ioe 


Gynandromorphs of C. lesbia <3 OM 
Habits of, larvae of S. maritima .. 65 
Hemiptera .. as 
Hybernated P. c- album. Aida (i 


CONTENTS, 179 
PAGE PAGE 
Hybrid, Thera 1; Cerura .. A 5 139 ; the socalled ab. subgothica 
‘« Hybridisation Experiments with of A. tritici, A. J. Wightman .. 169 

T. variataand T, obeliscata,’’ Dr. Obituary, J. T. Porritt, F.L.S., 

E. A. Cockayne - 1 F.E.S., 48; G. C. Champion, 
Migration Notes on P. cardui 86 ABS HORS. Weis. Hi. 
Hymenoptera, List of, of Basses Pearson, F.H.S.176; S. Blenkarn, 

Alpes, 74, 106; Biologie der 80 | F.E.S., 176; Prof. Berlese ~ .. 176 
International Congress, of Entomo- Orthoptera 75, 91, 117, 133, 151, 170 

logists, Ithaca, 46, 131: of | Plague of Moths and Parrot pee 1D 

Zoologists, Budapest .. -. 46 Processional caterpillars, A humour- 
Larvae of, 7’hera hybirds, 1; S. ous experiment with 77 

maritima, 65; Argentine Lepi- ‘* Races and their naming,” Hy. ‘i 

doptera ; Fe ; 120, L57 Turner F 104 
Late, capture of A. convolvuli, 12; | ** Race’? 10, ing 21, 23, 27, 28, 28, 

emergences in 1926 : 13 30, 56, 101, 146 
Lepidoptera taken at, Aigle, list of | Races of C. arcania, 39, 122; C. 

159; Simplon.. 166 | satyrion, 70; E, tyndarus, 124; 

‘+ Life- ‘history, A Contribution to M. galathea, 125; P. maera, 155; 

the, of S. maritima,’’ Dr. E. A. S. actaea, 172; S. statilinus, .. 174 

Cockayne “a 65 | Rambur, Note on 144 
‘Local Butterflies of Switzerland, Rare species, P. sephyrus r. . lycidas 111 

The more’”’ P. Haig-Thomas .. 159 | Redundant naming 164 
‘¢ Micro-Lepidoptera, Some Swiss,”’ Reviews, ‘‘ Heteroptera of C. N. 

T. B. Fletcher 33 | America,’”’? 15; #‘* Novitates 
Migration notes on P. cardui 86 | Macrolepidopterologicae,” Gye 
‘¢ Miscellaneous Notes from the | ‘« British Ants,’’ 47; ‘ British 

Argentine,’’ K. J. Hayward 18, Bark  Beetles,’’? 61; ‘‘ Folia 

120, 157 Myrmecologica,’’? 79; ‘‘ Biologie 
‘‘New, Two, Apides from Ants | de Hymenopteren,’’ 79; ‘* Guests 

Nests,’? F. V. Theobald, 17; of British Ants” .. 164 

Coccinellid aberrations, 66 ; | Rhynchota, List of, of Basses Alpes 106 

Races of C. areania, 39, 70, 122; Rules of Nomenclature L6G. Lan 

sub-sp. of H. cinerae, 81; Lepi- Russian Entomology 60 

doptera from Spain, 107, 127; ‘* Sao Thomé and Peupines ‘ae. M. 

race of H. tyndarus, 124; aberra- Burr ; 117 

tions of Rhopalocera from Spain, Scientific Notes Soe Lat} 

136; races of P. maera, 154: Seasonal forms me 24, 43 

races of S. actaea, 172; races of S, ‘*Some Swiss Butterflies in 1925- 

statilinus, 174; genus and new 26,’’ T. B. Fletcher, -.51, 82, 109 

species of Pyrale a 169 | ‘South African Lepidoptera of 
Nomenclature 10, 11, 20, 22, 25, 26, Economic Importance, Some ”’ 

27, 28, 29, 30, 42, 49, 59, 95, 100, J. S. Taylor ; 141 

103, 104, 144, 167; 177 South London Annual Exhibition 176 
‘‘Nomenclature, Dr.  Verity’s ‘* Species ”’ 30, 43 

Method of,”’ G. T. Bethune-Baker, ‘* Species, Subspecies and. Race,’’ 

10; ‘‘ Notes on,’’ Hy J. Turner, | P. P. Graves - as Pia oe 

11; ‘‘ Suggestions on,’’ B. C. 8. Spreading of P. c-album, 

Warren, F.E.S., 20; ‘‘ Notes ‘* Subspecies ’’ 10, 11, 20, « 22, 26,27, 50 

on,” A. J. Wightman, 26; ‘* Subspecies, A., a race, a local form 

‘« Note on Varietal,’’ G, Wheeler, or a form! What are they, ”’? 

27; Thomas Green, 28; Dr. G. T. Bethune-Baker .. 10 

Roger Verity, 29; Hy J. Turner, | ‘*Sugaring at New Milton,’’ Lt. S. 

B03 °'* Dr. Verity and,” G. 2: A. Jones . 12 

Bethune-Baker, 49; ‘‘ of races,’’ Systematics in British Lepidoptera 14 

Hy.J.T., 147; ‘and Dr. Verity,” Thera hybrids nts 1 

P. P. Graves, 167; G.T.B.-B. .. 177 | Unusual, An, place and “date of 


Notes on, Collecting 12, 30, 43, 77, 
116; ‘‘S. formicaeformis in 8. 
Hants,’’ W. Fassnidge, 67; ‘‘ the 
Spanish form of H. cinarae,”’ 
B. C. S. Warren, 81; a curious 
aberration of H. tritici, W. P. 
Curtis, 138; the socalled ab. 
subgothica of tritici, W. P. Curtis, 


emergence (H, jacobaeae), 

‘*Use of Names, On the, in fie 
Study of Variation,’ Dr. R. 
Verity 144 

** Variety, On ‘the, and relationship 
of Coenonympha arcania and C, 
gardetta,”’ Dr, R. Ricks 37, 

“Variety ”’ fe ili 


116 


70 
27 


180 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. 

PAGE PAGE 
Verrall, The, Supper ae .. 46 | Zygaenae, Grypocera and Rhopalo- 
Wicken Fen Fund .. Sy Abies hed cera of the Cottian alps, Dr. R. 


Locauities :—Albula, 166; 


Angola, 133, 151, 170; Amboim, 151; 
Blonay, 33, etc., 53 ; 


159; Bérisal, 33, etc., 55; 


Arolla, 33, etc., 52; 


Verity 122, 154,172 
PAGE 
Alps, Southern, 39, 70; 
Argentine, 18. 120, 157; Aigle, 
Basses Alpes, 40, 74, 


106; Brigue, 160; Caux, 53, 160; China, 57; Cape Verde Islands, 91; 
Cottian Alps, 122, 154, 172; Digne, 41; Evoleéne, 33, etc.; Eclépens, 33, 


etc., 54; Engadine, 77; Grimmialp, 33, etc. ; 
Lobito, 170; 


Loanda, 133; Laquinthal, 


161; 
New Milton, 12; Pontresina district, 165 ; 


Les Avants, 33, etc. ; 
Martigny, 33, ete., 54; 
Rochers de Naye, 33, etc; 


Rhine Valley, 159; Sicily, 6; Simplon, 33, etc., 56, 82, 161, 166; Sb. 
Auban, 40; Spain, 107,136; Sao Thomé and Principé, 117; Switzerland, 


33, etc., 51, etc., 159, 165; Sierre, 160 ; Transvaol East, 141; 


33, etc.; Villeneuve, 33, ete., 54; Vevey (Lies Plaiades), 33, etc., 53; 
Vernayaz, 159; Wicken Fen .. se ae be 31 3. sere leee 
LIST HOF CONTRIBULORS. 
PAGE PAGE 
Ashby, Lt. E. B., F.Z.8., F.E.S. Hampson, Sir. G. -. 169 
40, 74, 106 | Jones, Lt. S.A. Oe 
Anderson, J. Be Me .. 162 | Kettlewe!l, H. B. D. pe cab (Fs 
Bethune-Baker, G. T., F.L.S., Killington, F. J., F.E.S. .. 45 
BER Si x 10, 49, 103, 164 | Leman, G. C., F.E.S. 155665, 7% 
Burr? Dr. M.; F.E.S: 75; (91, 117 Prout, 0s B., F.E.S. af te Dil 
UE Bp eh al7(0) Phillips, H. E., E4-S., EES! eee 
Cockayne, E. A., Dr., F.E.S.1,65, 98 | Page, H. K., F.B.S. se .. 164 
Donisthorpe, H., F.Z.S., F.E.S. Romei, Dr. E. 107, 127, 136 
6,61, 79 | Sich, Alfred, F.E.S ce 42, 130 
Edelsten, H. M., F.E.S. 13 Sheldon, WiniGraseele ASS F.E.S. .. 149 
Ellis, H. W., F, Z. 8.. F.E.S. 13, 31, Theobald, We BOE See S217 
32 ba 16s: |) Lams Weebl. Benes. ee G8 
Fletcher, T. B., F.L.S., F.E.S. 33, Talbot, G., F.E. S. 57 
49, 51, 82, 109 | Taylor, J. S., M.A.. 141 
Fassnidge, Wm., F.E.S. si) Of) |) hummer er. if iil, 12, 16, 30, 45, 
Fryer, 8.C.F., M. Ah ECHS. 106 47, 48, 59, 77, 80, 95, 97, 104, 
Grant, F. T. ‘ Le 131, 162 
Graves, P. P., F.E. S. 22, 167 | Verity, Dr. R. 29, 37, 70, 100, 122, 
Greer, Thos. : 2c ie ee 144, 154, 172 
Hayward, K. J., F. E. S., 18, 120, 157 | Warren, B.S. C., F.E.S. 20, 81 
(Haeckel, Ernest) : 30 | Wightman, A. J., F.E.S. .. 26, 169 
Haig-Thomas, P., F. BE. Ss. 31, 77, 159, 165 ' Wheeler, Rev. G., M.A., F.E.S. .. 27 


Uetliberg, 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, dc. (Notice to Binder). 
to face PAGE 
Pur. I. Thera Hybrids : : bette 2! 
Pur. II. Paracletus donisthorpei, sp. nov. (Aphid) A: 
Puu. III. Gynandromorph of Colias lesbia. : ek = < 
Pur. IV. British Coccidae (1.) Coccidae Supp. (1) 


SUPPLEMENTS. 
List of Orthoptera of Hampshire, F. J. Killington, F.E.S. os (1)-(9) 
The British Noctuae and their Varieties, Hy. J. Turner, F. E.S. ‘(cont.) (25)-(68) 
List of Insects of various orders taken at Aswan, Eaypt, during 1919-1912, 
Capt. K. J. Hayward, F.E.8. .. (1)-(4) 
Review of British Coccidae (revised), E. E. Green, F.Z. S., F.E.S. “(to be cont. ) (1)-(4) 


List of the Orthoptera 


of Hampshire and the 
Isle of VVight. 


By hredk, J NIL LING TONG FES. 


List of the Orthoptera of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. 
By FREDK. J. KILLINGTON, F.E.S. 


In the following paper only such species as breed in this country, 
either in the open or under artificial conditions, are noticed. In a 
seaboard county such as Hampshire, our list of Orthoptera could be 
considerably extended if we included the many casual visitors that 
enter such a port as Southampton. Omitting these casuals, the 
British species at present number thirty-nine, all of which possibly 
exist in this county ; in the present paper thirty-four are noted. The 
five species I have been unable to find Hampshire records for, are as 
follows :— 


Sub-order FORFICULODEA (Karwigs). 


Anisolabis annulipes, H. Lucas, which should be sought for in 
situations similar to those chosen by the common cockroach ; Prolabia 
arachidis, Yersin, which is found under the same artificial conditions ; 
Apterygida albipennis, Megerle, a wingless species, which is apparently 
very local in the South of England, but is sometimes taken in numbers 
where it occurs by beating and sweeping. 


- Sub-order BLATTODEA (Cockroaches). 


Periplaneta americana, Linn., the largest of our cockroaches. 
W. J. Lucas (brit. Orth., p. 102), gives the following list of adopted 
haunts: houses, breweries, bakehouses, warehouses, docks, sugar- 
refineries, rubber and dye works, nurseries, hot-houses, etc. 


Sub-order LOCUSTODEA (Long-horned Grasshoppers). 


Metrioptera roeselii, Hagenbach, a brown and green species, with 
very vestigial wings and abbreviated elytra, that has been taken—in 
this country—chiefly near the coast. It appears to be very local, but 
should occur in Hampshire. 


The orthopterous fauna of the county has been well worked out 
along a line running from Bournemouth, via Southampton, to Alton 
but the districts around Andover and Petersfield still need attention. 

I have to thank several friends for supplying me with lists of 
localities, or for sending me specimens for identification: S. W. Dale, 
W. Fassnidge, B. M. Hobby, H. P. Jones, W. J. Lucas, G. T. Porritt, 
A. H. Sperring and E. A. C. Stowell. 

The following abbreviations have been used : 

Vict. Hist.= The Victoria History of Hampshire, 1900. 

Nat. Hist. I. of W.= a4 Guide to the Natural History of the Isle of 
Wight, 1909. 

Brit. Orth. = British Orthoptera, by W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.K.S., 1919. 

Entom.= The Entomologist. ; 

E.M.M.=TVhe Eutomologist’s Monthly Magazine. 

Ent. Rec.= The Entomologist’s Record aud Journal of Variation. 


(2) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Suborder FORFICULODEA (Karwigs). 


Labidura riparia, Pallas.—This fine species was first taken in 
England in 1808, on the beach near Christchurch, by the Rev. W. 
Bingley. It was then lost sight of, and, in fact, came to be regarded 
as extinct as far as the British Isles were concerned. It was 
rediscovered, however, in 1865, near Hengistbury Head, and since 
then has been taken by a number of entomologists in the same locality,* 
sometimes in fair numbers. Except for a locality in the Isle of Wight, 
the neighbourhood of Bournemouth appears to be the only place in 
the British Isles, where the insect has been taken}. Most of the 
captures have been made in the summer months, but it seems likely 
that the species persists through the winter in both the adult and 
nymphal stages ; adults and nymphs of various sizes are to be found 
in August. Writing of the species in France, Chopard (Orthoptéres et 
Dermaptéres, Paris, 1922) records it as occurring ‘“ Sous les débris et 
les pierres, au bord de la mer. ‘Toute l’année.” W. J. Lucas (Brit. 
Orth., p. 23), describing its habits, writes: ‘‘In the British habitat 
the requisite condition for the presenee of L. riparia seems to be a 
slide of loose soft sand with some stones, preferably flat ones (some 4 
or 5 inches across), lying on its surface.” 

Burr (Vict. Hist.) states that L. riparia is found at ‘“ Christchurch, 
Bonchurch and Hengistbury Head, and very likely is far less rare than 
generally supposed.” 


Labia minor, Leach.—This interesting little earwig is undoubtedly 
more widely distributed in Hampshire than the records indicate. It 
flies readily, especially on warm evenings, over dung-heaps, in gardens, 
etc., sometimes occurring in considerable swarms. Jt may be taken 
from April to November, and almost certainly passes the winter as an 
adult. 

Brockenhurst (W. J. Lucas); Southampton (B. M. Hobby) ; 
Bitterne Park, Southampton, Eastleigh}, one in a ride in a wood at 
Baddesley (F. J. Killington). Common in early summer (Jct. Hist.). 

I. of Wight: Newport, in May; also beneath heaps of garden 
refuse in Sept. Probably common throughout the island (Nat. Hist. 
I. of W.). 


Farficula auricularia, Linn.—This very abundant insect is, without 
doubt, to be found everywhere in the county in every. month of the 
year. A list of all the localities in which it has been taken is 
unnecessary: I have noted it in the New Forest, at Southampton, 
Kastleigh, Romsey, Hayling Island, Winchester and Odiham. 

I. of Wight: Abundant everywhere (Nat. Hist, I. of W.). 


*W. J. Lucas gives details of the captures of this insect from the year 1808 to 
1918 in his British Orthoptera, and since the publication of this work in 1919, has 
kept our knowledge of the insect up to date in his annual notes on the Orthoptera 
in the Entomologist. 


+Casuals have appeared elsewhere (e.g., Liverpool), introduced, no doubt, from 
abroad. 

tL. minor swarmed in my garden in Eastleigh in July, 1926, flying over the 
flower-beds on warm evenings (F.J.K.). 


ORTHOPTERA OF HAMPSHIRE AND THE ISLE OF WIGHT. (3) 


3 Var. forcipata, Steph.—Found occasionally with the type. I. 
have seen this form in the New Forest, and at Eastleigh. 
I. of Wight: On the cliffs at Freshwater (P. M. Bright). 


Forficula lesnei, Finot.—A local species that will probably be 
discovered in a number of Hampshire localities, although I have at 
present only one record for the mainland. Burr (Vict. Hist.) states 
that it is ‘‘ much rarer than the Common Earwig, but probably more 
widely distributed than generally supposed.’”’ It is to be obtained by 
sweeping and beating, while Porritt found it on ‘sugared posts ”’ 
(Brit. Orth., pp. 56, 57). 

Bournemouth (Hntom., XXXIII., p. 76). 

I. of Wight: Bonehurch (Antom., XXXIIL., p. 76); Freshwater 
Bay, Undercliff and Blackgang, Niton and St. Catherine’s Point (Nat. 
Hist. I. of W.); Ventnor and Compton (Brit. Orth.). The species 
appears to be fairly common and well-distributed in the island. 


Suborder BLATTODEA (Cockroaches). 


Eetobius lapponicus, Linn.—A common little cockroach that may 
be found in low vegetation, or that may sometimes be beaten from 
bushes and trees. J have also, on one or two occasions taken it on 
the wing in the New Forest. It has often, also, been taken at night 
on ‘sugar.’ Adults are to be found throughout the summer months ; 
immature specimens are common in winter amongst dead leaves, under 
clumps of heather, ete. 

New Forest, very common; Baddesley, in woods, and at Kmer 
Bog; in woods at Chandler’s Ford ; Fisher’s Pond, amongst vegetation 
fringing the water (F. J. Killington) ; Lord’s Wood, Southampton, 
four nymphs on Feb. 9th, 1924 (W. Fassnidge); Pamber Forest 
(Brit. Orth.). 

I. of Wight: Parkhurst Forest (Nat. Hist. I of W.). 


F. perspicillaris, Herbst. (=Tlivida, Fabr.)—A less common insect 
than our other two native cockroaches. It is considered by some 
authors to be only a pale variety of the preceding species. 

Bournemouth (#.M.M., 1911, p. 187); New Forest (Vict. Hist.) 

Var. pallidus, Steph._—New Forest (Stephens). 


FE. panzeri, Steph.—This little cockroach appears to favour localities 
near the sea, although it is sometimes found inland. It has been 
taken by sweeping and beating; under stones, seaweed, etc. ; under 
bark and in rotten wood; it is also a visitor to the lepidopterist’s 
“sugar patch.’’ Adults seem to be taken most frequently in August. 

Parley Heath and near Bournemouth (Brit. Orth.): Boscombe 
(Vict. Hist.); Christchurch (G. T. Porritt); New Forest, common 
(F. J. Killington) ; Hayling Island (Vict. Hist.). 

I. of Wight: Blackgang Chine, Alum Bay, Totland Bay, Yarmouth, 
Compton Bay, St. Catherine’s Point and Parkhurst Forest (Nat. Hist. 
Tof W.): 

Var. nigripes, Steph.—This variety has been recorded from 
Bournemouth, Boscombe, near Christchurch, and the New Forest. 


Blattella yermanica, Linn.—An imported species that will probably 


(4) THE KNTOMOLOGIS'T’S RECORD. 


be found well-distributed throughout the county, living under artificial 


conditions of warmth. In the Vict. Hist., the species is spoken of as. 


very abundant in many hotels and restaurants, but published records 
of definite localities seem rare. I have had adults in the winter, and 
no doubt breeding is continuous. 


Portsmouth, Central Hotel (Brit. Orth.) ; Southampton, large: 


numbers of the cockroach in all stages were brought to me from a 
house a few years ago (F. J. Killington). 

I. of Wight: Shanklin, one in a house, another in a grocery store 
(Nat. Hist. I. of W.). 


Blatta orientalis, Linn.—The common cockroach undoubtedly 


exists in houses, shops, bakehouses, etc., throughout the county. The 


adult may be feund throughout the year. At the end of the eighteenth 
century it was probably still an uncommon insect in Hampshire, as 
Gilbert White (1790) refers to it as an unusual insect at Selborne. 
In the same district it is now very common, and Mr. E. A. C. Stowell 


informs me that it continues in his house at Alton in spite of his. 


efforts. 

Eastleigh and Southampton, common (I. J. Killington) ; Alton, 
very common (EH. A. C. Stowell); numerous in kitchens and cellars 
throughout county (Vict. Hist.). 

I. of Wight: Plentiful at Newport and elsewhere (Nat, Hist I. of W.). 


Periplaneta australasiae, Fabr.—This insect is most likely to be. 


found in heated greenhouses in this county. 
Brockenhurst, 1906, a nymph amongst bananas ; Bishop’s Waltham, 


at Swanmore Park Gardens, established and numerous (brit. Orth.) 5 


one found in a greenhouse in Meon Valley (E. A. C. Stowell). 


Leucophaea surinamensis, Linn.—Found in similar situations to 
preceding species. The only record for the county that I can find is 
of a specimen taken on Christmas Day, 1908, in a hothouse at Bishop- 
stoke, by Mr. G. T. Lyle (Brit. Orth.). 


Suborder GRYLLODEA (Crickets). 
Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, Linn.—The mole-cricket is probably well 


distributed throughout the county, and more common than it appears. 


to be from the records. It favours moist meadows, river and canal 
banks, and damp spots generally. There is an interesting account of 
its habits in Gilbert White’s famous letters (No. XLVIII.), and the 
insect appears to have been common at Selborne in his time. 


Brockenhurst (Hntom., XXXYV., p. 223); New Forest, common. 


when searched for (G. T. Porritt) ; not uncommon in the New Forest, 
but difficult to obtain, in their special localities, by digging (H. P. 


Jones)* ; Beaulieu Heath, one in 1919 (B. M. Hobby) ; Southampton: 
and Netley (Brit. Orth.) ; Southampton, a specimen taken in 1925. 


was shown to me (F. J. Killington) ; Calshot, one in 1905 (8. W. 
Dale); Twyford, one seen on a chalky road leading to the downs, 


August, 1928 (F. J. Killington) ; Winchester, occasionally seen in the 


district (G. M. A. Hewitt). 


*See also Brit. Orth., p. 128. 


ORTHOPTERA OF HAMPSHIRE AND THE ISLE OF WIGHT. (5) 


I. of Wight: Newport, in gardens ; specimens obtained by digging 
on banks of Medina at Shide (Nat. Hist. I. of W.). 


Nemobius sylvestris, Fabr.—This species was first discovered as 
British by J. C. Dale, who took it amongst dead leaves in a gravel-pit 
near Lyndhurst. It seems to have a preference for dry banks, and 
may be taken in numbers in such situations in August. Nymphs may 
be found in winter and in spring and early summer, while it seems 
likely that some adults, if not all, can survive the winter. A careful 
lookout should be kept for this species in our other mixed woods as it 
seems unreasonable to suppose that the insect is confined to the New 
Forest on the mainland. 

New Forest, common (H. P. Jones, F. J. Killington, G. T. Porritt). 
See also Brit. Orth., p. 182. 

I. of Wight: “ Has occurred commonly for the last ten years or 
more at Bordwood, near Sandown; also noticed in Parkhurst Forest 
(Poole); swept in Parkhurst Forest, August, 1907; also on previous 
oveasions (Morey). These are the first authentic records of the wood- 
ericket from any British locality outside the New Forest” (Nat. Hist. I. 
of W.). 


Gryllus campestris, Linn.—The field-cricket is apparently a rare 
and local insect at the present time. In Gilbert White’s time the 
species was frequent in the neighbourhood of Selborne (see letter xlvi.). 
He states at the beginning of his letter: ‘There is a steep abrupt 
pasture field interspersed with furze close to the back of this village, 
well known by the name of the Short Lithe, consisting of a rocky dry 
soil, and inclining to the afternoon sun. This spot abounds with the 
Gryllus campestris, or field-ericket; which, though frequent in these 
parts, is by no means a common insect in many other counties.”” Mr. 
HK. A. C. Stowell informs me that the spot described by Gilbert White 
appears to be a wood at the present time. 

Christchurch (H.)/.M., 1911, p. 188): Pokesdown, a nymph taken 
by Major Robertson (W. J. Lucas) ; recorded from the New Forest by 
Stephens (Vict. Hist.). 


Gryllus domesticus, Linn.—The well-known house-cricket is 
probably much less common to-day than in the past, a decrease that 
is undoubtedly due to improved construction of bakehouses and such- 
like places. They ave, however, still to be found in numbers in certain 
old dwelling houses, and in the jess up-to-date bakehouses, in stables, 
and sometimes in rubbish dumps out of doors. Occasionally they 
are found on the wing during the summer months. Gilbert White 
(Nat. Hist. of Selborne, letter xlvii.), ‘‘observed them to fly, when it 
became dusk, out of the windows, and over the neighbouring roofs.” 
He adds: ‘‘ When they increase to a great degree, as they did once in 
the house where I am now writing, they become noisome pests, flying 
into the candles, and dashing into people’s faces.’””’ Mr. W. Fassnidge 
has given me two interesting Hampshire records of house-crickets 
found out of doors: be took a specimen at the foot of a street-lamp in 
Southampton, evidently attracted by the light; and another in early 
July, 1924, at Baddesley, at his ‘‘ sugar patch,” where its activity was 
such that he experienced great difficulty in effecting a capture. 


(6) THE KNTOMOLOGIS?’S RECORD. 


Common in the older bakehouses and in stables, Southampton and — 


Kastleigh (F. J. Killington); Baddesley, one at “sugar” (W. 
Fassnidge); Winchester (Brit. Orth.); Alton, common in 1923 
(fi. A. C. Stowell); Selborne, common in Gilbert White’s time. 

I. of Wight: ‘Frequent in bakehouses, but less common than 
formerly, owing to the improved ovens which have been introduced 
(Poole) ; occasionally in houses at Newport (Morey).” (Nat. Hist. I. 
of W.). 


Suborder LOCUSTODEA (Long-borned Grasshoppers). 


Pholidoptera griseoaptera, De Geer.—A common _ grasshopper, 
probably well distributed throughout the county, to be taken amongst 
coarse vegetation, low brambles, ete., in wood-clearings and hedges, 
It has been taken at “sugar” in the New Forest (W. J. Lucas). 
Imagines occur from July to October. 

New Forest, common (H. P. Jones) ; Fordingbridge (W. J. Lucas) ; 
Southampton, Hastleigh, and Winchester, common (F. J. Killington) ; 
Aldershot (brit. Orth.). 

I. of Wight : Yarmouth (HE. A. C. Stowell) ; Sandown, and abundant 
at Freshwater, Compton Farm, Blackgang, Undercliff (Nat. Hist., 1. of 
W.); Parkhurst Forest (brit. Orth.). 


Metrioptera albopunctata, Goeze.—Found almost entirely near the 
coast, where it may be taken amongst tall grass, brambles, and in 
clumps of such plants as rest-harrow. It has been taken at “sugar” 
(Brit. Orth., p. 160). Imagines oceur from late July to October. 

Coast near Milton, and near Mudeford, Barton, Hayling Island, 
Southsea and Southampton (Brit. Orth.). 

I. of Wight: Numerous at Compton Bay, Blackgang, and the 
Undercliff (Nat. Hist. 1. of VS). 


M. brachyptera, Linn.—A common species in favourable localities, 
moist heathy ground such as is common around the bogs in the New 
Forest. The adults are to be found from late July to October. 

Bournemouth (G. T. Porritt) ; in numbers (1903) at St. Catherine’s 
Hill at the back of Christchurch (Brit. Orth.) ; New Forest, common 
in boggy spots, near ponds on Southampton Common, and at Chandler's 
Ford (F. J. Killington) ; near Hurn (W. J. Lucas). 

I can find no records of the species for the Isle of Wight. 


Tettigonia verrucivora, Linn.—A very rare species that favours 
clearings in woods, and dry barren places. Imagines occur from early 
July to October. The brown variety, bingleti, Curtis, is said to have 
been first taken at Goodwin’s Croft, near Christchurch, and given to 
the Rev. W. Bingley. A female in J. C. Dale’s collection was captured 
by the side of a barley field near Christchurch, 30.VII.1818, and a 
male in the same place, 14. VIII.1818 (Curtis, British Entomology), A 
female (colour not mentioned) was taken by J. C. Dale in the New 
Forest, 3.VII.1844, and a specimen of var. bingleti, taken in the Forest 
in Sept. 1891, is mentioned by H. Bath (Brit. Orth.). 


Phasgonura viridissina, Linn.—Apparently well distributed in the 
southern part of the county, where it is to be found in coarse vegetation, 


—_ 


ORTHOPTERA OF HAMPSHIRE AND THE ISLE OF WIGHT. (7): 


brambles and bushes in open sunny spots, such as cliff-sides, clearings 
in woods, hedgerows, etc. It has occurred at “sugar.” Imagines from 
late July to October. 

Pokesdown, Christchurch and Lymington (Brit. Orth.) ; South- 
ampton Common and Hastleigh, occasional specimens (F. J. Killington) ; 
South Stoneham, a male in long grass (Hntom., LIII., p. 128) ; 
Portsmouth, in bushes near the shore, in numbers in 1925 
(A. H. Sperring). 

{. of Wight: Sandown, several in 1922 (S. W. Dale) ; Parkhurst 
Forest, Freshwater, cliffs at Compton Bay and inland, Blackgang and 
the Undercliff, White Cliff Bay, Ventnor (Brit. Orth.) ; abundant in 
the Island (Nat. Hist. I, of W.). There is a specimen in the Dale 
Collection at Oxford, taken at Freshwater in 1865 (#.M.M., LXL., p. 
247). 


Conocephalus dorsalis, Latr.—A marsh-loving species, found both 
on the coast (salt- marshes and sandhills), and inland. It appears to 
be a local and uncommon insect. Adults are found chiefly in August 
and in September. 

Denny Bog in the New Forest, and near Hengistbury Head (W. J. 
Lucas) ; Baddesley, one in a swampy spot in a wood, in 1924 (W. 
Fassnidge). 

I. of Wight: Numerous in the marsh extending from Yarmouth to 
Freshwater, and Rookley Wilderness (Nat. Hist. 1. of W.) ; Freshwater, 
1865 (E.M.M., LX1., p. 247). 


Meconema thalassinum, De Geer.—A very common species that can 
usually be obtained in numbers by beating trees in woods. Imagines 
occur from early August to November, and frequently are found at 
“ sugar.” 

Common in the New Forest and in woods around Hastleigh (F. J. 
Killington) ; Alton, common, visits the “sugar patch” (KE. A. C. 
Stowell). 

I. of Wight : Common at Bordwood, near Sandown ; also on street 
lamps in Shanklin; Newport and Marvel Copse (Nat. Hist. I. of W.). 


Leptophyes punctatissima, Bose.—A common woodland insect that 
may be taken in numbers from the end of July to November by beating. 
It sometimes visits ‘‘ sugar.” 

New Forest, common (H. P. Jones); one at foot of cliffs near 
Mudeford (/’ntom. LIII., p. 129) ; in woods at Baddesley, Bishopstoke, 
and around Winchester (I. J. Killington); Hayling Island, Lords 
Wood, Southampton, and Aldershot (brit. Orth.). 

I. of Wight: Common: Freshwater, Freshwater Bay, Compton 
Bay, Blackgang, Undercliff, Parkhurst Forest and Yarmouth (Nat. 
Hist. I. of W.). 


Suborder ACRIDIODEA (Short-horned Grasshoppers.) 


Tetria subulatus, Linn.—This little species is probably far more 
common than it has appeared to be. It should be looked for in marshy 
spots, by the sides of ponds and streams, from August until May (this 
and the next species are the only two hibernating British grasshoppers). 


(8) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


It may be taken by searching amongst reeds and moss, or may be 
swept; in sunshine it will give itself away by flying. 

Coast near Milton; Marlborough Deeps in the New Forest 
(W. J. Lucas) ; Holmsley and Barton (Brit. Orth.) ; New Forest, local 
(H. P. Jones); by Fisher’s Pond near Kastleigh, margins of ponds at 
Chandler’s Ford, in a marsh at Bishopstoke (F. J. Killington). 

Var. stylifer, Lucas.—Taken with the type in the New Forest 
(W. J. Lucas) ; Fisher’s Pond (IF. J. Killington). 


T. bipunctatus, Linn.—Much more common than its congener, and 
found in drier spots. Olearings and rides in woods, hillsides and heaths 
are favoured places. Imagines from August to May. 

Near Christchurch, and coast near Milford (W. J. Lucas); New 
Forest, common (H. P. Jones); common in many spots around 
Southampton, Eastleigh and Winchester (F. J. Killington) ; Hayling 
Island, Barton, Aldershot, Pamber (Brit. Orth.) ; on Parley Heath, in 
1820 (F.M.M. LXL., p. 250). 

I. of Wight: Parkhurst Forest, Marvel, Undercliff (Nat. Hist. 1. 
of W.); Compton Bay (Brit. Orth.). 


Gomphocerus rufus, Linn.—-Not a common species, but probably 
will be discovered in various parts of the county. It should be looked 
for in clearings in woods, on the slopes of the downs, and dry places 
generally. The mature insect is usually obtained in August and 
September. The only record J have been able to find is an old one, 
and refers to specimens taken by J. C. Dale in the New Forest (Brit. 
Orth.). Some of these specimens are now in the Dale Collection in 
the Hope Department of the Natural History Museum at Oxford, and 
are dated 1827 and 1880 (K.M.M. LXL, p. 248). 


G. maculatus, Thunb.—A well-distributed and common insect to be 
found on heaths, downs, waste ground, and in rides and clearings. 
in woods. Imagines are found in June and continue until the end of 
October. 

Bournemouth, Need’s Ore, near Christchurch, Southsea and Hayling 
Island (Brit. Orth.); Brockenhurst, New Forest, Southampton 
Common, Netley, Chandler’s Ford, Bishopstoke, Farley Mount, and on 
the downs at Shawford and Winchester (F. J. Killington); Dur Hill 
Down (W. J. Lucas); on the heaths around Bordon and Headley 
(E. A. C. Stowell). 

I. of Wight: Yarmouth and Parkhurst (Brit. Orth.) ; Afton Down, 
Undercliff, Blackgang, St. Catherine’s Point (Nat. Hist. J. of W.); 
Freshwater, 1824 (#.M.M, LXL., p. 247). 


Mecostethus yrossus, Linn.—This fine species is not uncommon in & 
large number of the bogs in the New Forest. Mature specimens may 
be taken at the end of July, but are more common in August and 
September. ‘The species flies readily and is difficult to capture without 
a net. I can find no record of its capture in the county outside the 
New Forest, unless J. C. Dale’s Parley Heath specimens (Brit. Orth.), 
were taken in Hampshire. 


ORTHOPTERA OF HAMPSHIRE AND THE ISLE OF WIGHT. (9) 


Stenobothrus lineatus, Panzer.—This is one of the less common 
species. It appears to prefer dry grassy spots, slopes of downs (a 
favourite habitat), clearings in woods and cliffsides. Imagines are 
taken from the middle of July until the end of October, but it is at its 
best in August and September. There are very few localities recorded 
for the county, and none, apparently, for the Isle of Wight. 

Bournemouth (Brit. Orth.) ; New Forest (Burr records it in the 
Viet. Hist., but | have not heard of its being taken there by anyone else) ; 
one taken in a clearing in Hiltingbury Wood, Chandler’s Ford; not 
uncommon on Farley Mount; and in numbers on the downs near 
Winchester and Twyford (F. J. Killington). 


Omocestus rufipes, Zett.—This species is probably to be found in 
dry spots throughout the county, although it is not so common az the 
next species. Heaths, rides and clearings in woods, and downs, are 
the places favoured by the insect. It oecurs from June to October. 

Bournemouth (Vict. Hist.); New Forest, in many places (W. J. 
Lucas), common (H. P. Jones) ; not uncommon in Bishopstoke Woods, 
and woods at Chandler’s Ford, and occasionally on the Winchester 
Downs and on Farley Mount (EF. J. Killington). 


O. viridulus, Linn.—This is one of our common grasshoppers, and 
occurs in both dry and moist spots. lmagines are found from Juue 
until October. 

New Forest and Hengistbury Head (W. J. Lucas) ; Brockenhurst, 
Southampton, Eastleigh (in woods, and in wet meadows by the R. 
Itchen) ; Winchester (F. J. Killington) ; Alton (EK. A. C. Stowell). 

I. of Wight: Yarmouth (W. J. Lucas); Parkhurst Forest, Haven 
Street Woods, and Newport (Nat. Hist. I. of W.). 


Stauroderus bicolor, Charp.—The commonest British grasshopper. 
It is to be found in gardéns and parks in towns, on waste ground, 
heaths, downs, in meadows, woods, etc., but appears to favour dry 
situations. It occurs as an imago from June until November. 

Bournemouth, New Forest, Hurst Castle, near Lymington, coast 
near Milton and Mudeford, Whale Island Portsmouth, Hayling Island 
(Brit. Orth.) ; Southampton, Eastleigh, Winchester, abundant (F. J. 
Killington) ; Alton (EK. A. C. Stowell). There are many other records, 
but it is unnecessary to give themas the species is undoubtedly common 
everywhere. 

I. of Wight; Yarmouth and Sandown (Brit. Orth.). Burr (Nat. 
Hist. I. of W.), merely states: ‘‘ Our commonest British grasshopper,” 
evidently considering it widely distributed and common in the island. 


Chorthippus elegans, Charp.—This is a somewhat local species, and 
has been found in swampy places, salt marshes, on sandhills, ete. 
August and September are the best months for the adult grasshoppers. 

New Forest, rather local (H. P. Jones) ; Holmsley (W. J. Lucas) ; 
Cracknore Hard, Southampton Water (W. Fassnidge) ; Aldershot (brit. 
Orth.). 

Lot Wight: Freshwater, Freshwater Bay (in dry grass near the 

front), Parkhurst Forest, and Ventnor (Nat. Hist. I. of W.). 


(10) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


C. parallelus, Zett.—A cominon species which may be taken in dry 
and moist situations from the beginning of July to the end of October. 

Bournemouth and Hengistbury Head (Brit. Orth.) ; New Forest 
(H. P. Jones) ; Brockenhurst, Southampton, Eastleigh, Farley Mount, 
Shawford and Winchester (F. J. Killington); Alton (KE. A. C. Stowell). 

I. of Wight: Yarmouth and Cowes (W. J. Lucas); a very common 
grasshopper (Nat. Hist. I. of W.). 

Var. montanus, Charp.—This is a macropterous form and is 
exceedingly rare in this country. A specimen was taken in the New 
Forest, 17th October, 1924, by W. J. Lucas, who describes and figures 
it in the Lntomologist, LVILL., p. 86. Mr. Lucas’ specimen is only the 
second recorded British var. montanus. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (25) 


Orig. Descrie.—‘ Collar and prothorax ruddy brown; patagia 
crested grey, edged with dark brown ; posterior portion of thorax grey ; 
abdomen smoky brown; base of legs clothed with rosy hairs ; 
primaries, ground colour light purple brown, suffused at base and 
terminal portion of the wing with light whitish green and crossed by 
a broad median band of the same colour; the basal green portion of 
the wing is bordered by an indistinct ceminate, outwardly oblique, 
subbasal line angled inwardly on submedian fold and filled with light 
green ; at a short distance beyond a geminate t.a. line filled with ruddy 
brown runs parallel to subbasal line, onter line of the two being broadly 
black ; median area with small round black spot in celland wavy black 
median shade exterior tospot; t.p. line geminate almost perpendicular, 
slightly outcurved opposite cell, incurved on submedian fold ; inner 
line deep black, space between ruddy brown; at a point beyond t-p. 
line equal to distance between subbasal and t.a. lines, a perpendicular, 
lunulate, pale green line, the area beyond this being almost entirely 
whitish green ; below apex of wing a slight black curved line, continued 
indistinctly as a greenish shade edged with dusky to anal angle, often 
entirely absent; terminal black line slightly lunulate; fringes rosy 
grey. Secondaries dark smoky grey, lighter along outer margin, with 
traces of black subbasal line and lighter median band.’ Vancouver 
Island. 

Barnes says in Contrib., I. iv. (1912), ‘green basal area of 
improvisa 18 more limited than in fasciata and of a decided apple green 
shade; the broad suffusion of greenish in outer portion of wing 
bordered inwardly by geminate line is almost lacking in iprovisa, 
being confined to an apical patch continued as a waved line.” ‘The 
t.a. line in fasciata is much less oblique and the angle is not prominent 
as in tprovisa.” 

In Contrib., l.c., B. and McD. say.—‘ We would call attention 
to the differences in the course of the t.a. line as well as the markings 
of the terminal area between this and the preceding species [improvisa] . 
The green of the latter species is grey-green, not apple green as in 
improvisa.” 

The figure of fasciata (Contrib.), bas the forewing much lighter 
than that of improvisa, especially the terminal area. It is somewhat 
larger and broader winged, and the central fascia is very light uniformly 
throughout, not shaded on the costa as in tmprovisa. The thorax is 
also much lighter. 

An examination of the B.M. series of tearli, tiprovisa, and fasciata 
shows the first of medium size, the second the smallest and the last 
the largest; this last is also of the brightest green shade quite light 
green unclouded by dark marking across the middle of the central ~ 
band, but scarcely apparent in tearli. The marking and colour are the 
same practically in all three, varying slightly in emphasis and contour 
in the one and depth in the other. 


ab. uwndosa, Wile., Trans. Ent. S. Lond. 282 (1911). Japan. 

Figurr.—l.c., plt. 30. 

ab. basalts, Wile., Trans, Knt. S. Lond, 282 (1911). Japan. 

Ficurr.—l.c., plt. 30. 

In looking over the B.M. collection I note that C. basalis, Wilem. 
from Formosa appears to be a small derived form of C. or, with all 


(26) THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


the usual markings of that species clearly cut and generally light ground, 
the sharp markings in strong contrast. A pretty form. 

(', undosa, Wilem., is in the same category. Both were described 
from single females, 


ab. marginata, Warnk., Int. Ent. Zeit. V. 241 (1911). 

Figure.—Hasebk. Int. Mnt. Zeit., VIIL., plt. 8, fig. 3 (1914). 

Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ The basal and median areas are of the black 
coloration characteristic of ab. albingensis, Warn., with light spots. 
The black colour extends out somewhat beyond the median area, but 
it ceases just before the black arrowheads and from there the colour 
of the-outer area is pale grey as in the type form. The grey and black 
colorations are sharply separated from one another, and do not extend 
into one another; the black colour is much more pronounced on the 
margin than in the median and basal areas. . 

«The aberration is a very striking one and deserves a name. 

‘‘ Bred from larva at Hamburg.” 


| ab, albingoradiata, Bunge., Int. Ent. Zeit., V. 287 (1911). 

Figurk.—Hasebrk., /nt. Ent. Zeit, VIL, plt. 8, £. 4 (1914). 

Ortc. Descrrep.—t The thorax and the base of the wing are deep 
black.. From here to the outer margin the colour is a little paler. The 
spots are pure white. Between the veins which lead to the outer 
margin are found seven white longitudinal streaks ; the lowest between 
the submedian and the median veins, is the longest and broadest, and 
begins 4mm. from the thorax ; from this one upwards to the costa the 
streaks are always shorter and narrower; the third begins under the 
reniform and the 4th to the 6th close behind this. The body and 
hindwings are dark grey. This form differs very distinctly from the 
forms known up to the present.” Near Hamburg. 


ab. discolor, Warr., l.c., IL. 827 (1912). 

Figure.—l.c., plt. 56a. 

Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ Has both wings dull brown grey, with the 
markings blurred, the stigmata usually plain.” 


ab. roberti, A. Ruhm., Hnt. Zeit. XX VII. 80 (1912). 

Oric. Drscrie.—‘ From a pupa of Hamburg origin of C. or, ab. 
albingensis, Warn. 1 bred on 14.1V.1913, a remarkably aberrant 
specimen. It measures 30mm. there is wanting the reniform stigma 
as well as the orbicular, so that the specimen appears completely black. 
Since this aberration has up to now not been recognised, | name it, in 
honour of Herr Robert Ruhmann, ab. roberti.” 


ab. suffusa (of ampliata), Warr., l.c. II, 329 (1912). 

Ficure.—l.c., plt. 56a. 

Orig. Descrie.—‘ The whole forewing is clouded with dark grey 
Japan only.” 


ab. angustimedia (of ampliata), Warr., l.c. 
Figur«.—l.c., plt. 56b. 
Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ Smaller than typical ampliata.” 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND ‘!HEIR VARIETIES. (27) 


Cay. albinyosubcaeca, Bunge., Int. Ent. Zeit. VIL. 85, 306 (1918). 
Fieure.—l.c., plt. 8. f. 5 
OriG. Dzscrie, —* With | no trace of the white spot on the forewing. 
Taken near Hamburg on May 16th and May 18th, 1911.” 


ab. permarginata, Hasebk., Int. Mint. Zeit, VII. 58 (1914). 

Fieure.— Hasebk., l.c. 

Orie. Descrip.— At the first glance one thinks that it is_ the 
melanic ab. maryinata, but in that form only the upperside of the fore- 
wing has the pale outer margin, whereas in this form the underside 
of all four wings also has a sharply defined pale outermarginal banding. 
It is remarkable that in this underside aberration the veins are in no 
way darkened. It was bred from a larva at Hamburg by Herr 
Lilienthal.” 


ab. albinyoflavimacula, Hasebk., Int. Hint. Zeit. X., 97 (1916). 
Orie. Descrip.—* With brown yellow instead of the usual white 
spots. Bred at Hamburg,” f.z., an albingensis with yellow stigmata. 


ab. costaeniyrata, Kujan., Int. Ent. Zeit. X. 141,148 (1917). 
Onte. Descrre.—‘ This belongs to the typical form, with the usual 

well-known ashy-grey ground colour, the normal transverse markings 
and pale spots, in which the veins of the forewing show black powder- 
ing, which are not everywhere equally broad and contrasting with the 
interneural spaces which are alongside the veins. Thus is formed an 
impression of pale longitudinal zones between the veins, similar to a 
ground colour of white longitudinal streaks which are the characteristic 
of the form albingoradiata, Bunge. This form is an initial stage 
of the albinyensis form. Bred at Hambure. 

foie albingoradiata form is a further develop: nent towards the albin- 
gensis form.” 


ab. confluens, Closs., Int. Hint. Zeit. XI, 84 (1917). 
‘Orte. Descrie.—‘‘ The pale spots run together.” 


race hibernica, nov. r. : 

Orig. Descrip.—Kane states, Mnt. XXVII., 125 (1894). “All 
Irish specimens are characterised by (a) absence of rose or purplish 
tint, (b) ground colour of a paler grey than the generality of British 
speciniens, (c) stigmata inconspicuous not being thrown into relief by 
a fuscous ground colour as in most Scotch and English specimens, 
(d) the fasciae on either side of the stigmata are strongly marked.”’ 

This seems a well characterised ‘geographical race, hence | am 
naming it. 


race norweyica, Strand., Arch, Math. Naturv. V. 25, Nr. 9, p. 22 
(1903). 

Orie. Descriep.—‘ The Norwegian examples of this species appear 
fo afford a constant difference from those of the central European area. 
The hindwings are paler, unicolorous, or with extremely indistinct 
darker border area. The reniform is mostly accompanied its whole 
length by a black streak. Both stigmata usually very indistinct, seldom 
yellowish, mostly filled in with pale grayish. ‘The markings as a rule 


(28) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECOKD, 


less distinct. The size does not differ in the Norwegian examples, 
they mostly measure 37-39mm.”’ The author considers it a geo- 
graphical variety, 7.e., a race (or subspecies.) 

ab. tangens, Strand. [I have been unable to get the original 
description of this form of which I have only just recently known.— 
H.J.2.] 


4. Genus: Asphalia, Hb. (1822) = Polyploca, Hb. (1822) = Palimp- 
sestis, Hb. (1822)=Cymatophora, Treit. (1825) =Ceratopacha, Steph. 
(1829). 


Butler says “ The genus Polyploca was founded by Hiibner for the 
reception of the single species P. wanthocvrvos=ridens, Fb.; it only 
differs from Palimpsestis, subsequently described by the same author, 
in the narrower primaries of all the species.” 

Polyploca, Hb. (1822), seems to be the accepted genus name at the 
present time for diluta, Schiff., flavicornis, L., and ridens, Fb. 


Asphalia diluta, Schiff. 


Orie. Descriep.—Schiff. Sys. Verz. Wien. 87 (1776). 

The watered grey (‘‘ graugewasserte ”’) Noctua. 

Tutt gave the expanded description of Fabricius, Mant. I. p. 165 
(1787), and cited Fab. as the author. Fab. himself cites Schiff. in 
Ent. Sys, emend. II. (2). 86 (1894). 

The species has been variously named—Ernst, abietis (1785) > 
Fabricius, wndata (1787) ; Borkbausen, bistrigata (1790) and fasciculosa 
(1790). 

The bipuncta of Duponchel, Hist. Nat. VI. 171. plt. 84 (1826) has 
been frequently cited as diluta. But D. himself expressly states that 
it is not diluta and in bis Cat. 101 (1840) makes it synonymous with 
duplavis. 


Tutt. Br. Noct. I. 5 (1891); Barrett (Lep. B.J. III. 204. plt. 118 
(1896) ; Stdgr. Cat. ed. 3. no. 2849 (1901) ; Spuler. Schm. Fur. I. 835 
plt. 78 (1908) : South. 1.8.1. II. 91. plt. 89 (1907): Warr. (Seitz). 
Mace. Lep. Pal. Bomb, II. 829. plt. 49b. 56b (1912). 


The forms to be considered are :— 

ab. nubilata, Rob. & Gard. List of Br. Lep. 18 (1885). 

ab. variegata, Splr.  Schn.-Fur. I. 885 (1908). 

ab. latimedia, Warr. (Seitz). Gr.-Schm. Pal. II. 830. plt. 56b (1912). 


Tutt deals with ab. nubilata, R. & G@. Brit. Noct. 1. 5. 

Barrett (l.c.) points out the crest of black scales on the back of. the 
8rd segment of the abdomen and also the fascicles of white hair-scales 
projecting backwards from the last segment of the thorax. 


ab, variegata, Splr, le. 

Orie. Descrip.—‘ Examples of those with grey ground colour, may 
also have narrow brown transverse lines, of which also the outer and 
inner margins are bordered yellowish white, the inner of which expands. 
in the middle of the basal area to a large spot.” 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (29) 


ab, latimedia, Warr, l.c. 

Fieurns,—l.c. plt. 56b (1912). 

Ore. Descrip.—‘‘ In the darker grey examples the narrow pale 
median area becomes as dark as the bands, whieh are not filled in with 
brown, forming a broad dark median fascia edged by pale lines.” 
Herculesbad. In the figure there are traces of the normal light area 
remaining around the discoidal and on the inner marginal area below. 


The next forms were omitted from the list. 


ab. asemata, Dann., Ent. Zeit. XXXIX. 12 (1925). 
Orie. Descoriep.—‘‘ A dark grey specimen without markings,”’ rare in 
8. Tyrol among other forms. 


While the last part was in the press Herr Reisser of Vienna 
described another form of this species which has occurred in some 
numbers in Brunswick and Schleswig- Holstein. 

form hartwiegi, Reiss., Zeit. Oster, Ent. Ver. VEL. 15 (1927). 

Fieurrs.—l.c., plt. ILIL., figs, 1-2 9 @. 

Orig. Descrie.—‘ The males of this form: are slightly larger and 
are in general of a paler grey, mostly slightly tinged with yellowish, 
very seldom somewhat darker. The two dark brown transverse bands 
stand out sharp and distinct, the basal one on the outer side, from the 
costa to the inner margin, is defined by a firm black or dark brown 
line, the inner margin of the outer transverse band is also. mostly 
clearly defined ina similar manner. The latter band, equally as strong, 
is also very well defined towards the marginal area, the outer, slightly 
toothed, yellowish marginal line in most specimens is well defined and 
distinctly emphasised. The white central dot at the end of the cell is 
wanting as a rule or is poorly developed. The grey ground colour of 
the forewings of the females as a rule makes a greater contrast than 
in other female forms, so that the transverse bands stand out more 
firmly and sharply from the ground colour. The ground colour of the 
hindwing has also a somewhat yellowish tinge; the basal blackish 
scaling of the pale middle fascia is usually more clearly and sharply 
emphasised, and appears as a direct continuation of the broad red- 
brown first transverse band of the forewing. ‘The fringes of the latter 
are mostly yellow-grey, in a few specimens running to ochreous; the 
grey transverse band is more distinctly emphasised than in ordinary 
females.” 

The figures show the distinctions very well. 


Asphalia (Polyploca) flavicornis, Li. 

Orie. Descrrep.—lLinn. Sys. Nat. ed. X., 518 (1758). 

Tutt gave Sys, Nat. ed. XII. (1767). The description is a verbatim 
copy of ed. X. (1758). 

The name cinerea was used by Hiifnagel, Rottemburg, Aurivillius 
and Spuler; Juteicornis, by Haworth; and sulphureo-maculata by 
Retzius and Villers. 

The name cinerea, Huf. 1766 was advocated by Aurivillius and others 
for flavicornis, L., because the XIIth. ed. of Sys. Nat., 1767, was. cited 
as the original, instead of the Xth. ed. 1758. 


oF 


(30) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Tutt. Br. Noct. I. 5 (1891), IV. 82 (1892): Barrett, Lep. Br. Isles. 
III. 207, plt. 118 (1896): Stdgr. Cat. ed. 3, no. 2852 (1901); Splr. 
Schm. Eur. 1. 885, plt. 78 (1903): South, Moths B.1. 1. 92, plt. 89 
(1907): Warr. (Seitz.) Mac.-lep. Pal. Bomb. 11. 330, plt. 49h (1902) : 
Houlbert Lép. comp. XVIII. (2), 2140, figs. 56-57 (1921). 


Barrett’s figures on plt. 118 are :—fig. 2, 8. of England, greenish 
grey: fig. 2a Yorkshire, pale slate grey: 2b, 2¢, Cannock Chase, 
mixed Yorkshire and Scotch form with long orbicular stigma: 2d, 
Scotland, darker and more shaggy. 


Of the variation. 

Seriba, Beitr. I]. 210 (1798) says that the orbicular stigma is 
either “ pale yellow, dense yellow, greenish or whitish.” 

Barrett, Lep. Br. 1. IL. says, ‘ Variable in ground colour, and in 
depth of markings. In the 8. of England the ground colour is usually 
greenish grey; pale slate grey in the eastern counties; in Scotland 
more shaggy in appearance with dark greenish-grey or blackish-grey 
ground colour, and the markings greatly intensified; in the Midlands 
all these characters become mixed together, except that of the distinct 
orbicular stigma.” 

Houlbert notes Lép. comp. XVIII (2), 214, that, ‘‘ This species, in 
England, is subject to certain variations as much in its coloration, 
which goes from grey to olive green, as in the details of the designs 
on its wings.” 


The following is a list of the described forms, which do, or may, 
belong to this species. 

race finmarchica, Scbhoyen., Ent. Tidsk. [1. 121, plt. 1 (1881) Lapland. 

race scotica, Tutt., Ent, XXI. 47 (1888) Scotland. 

race galbanus, Tutt., Br. Noct. I. 6 (1891) 5. England. 

ab. rosea, Tutt., Br. Noct. I. 6 (1891). 

ab. haverkampfi, Lamb., Ann. S. ent. Bely. XLVILI. 187, plt. 1 
(1904). 

ab. fuscomaculata, Closs., Int. Ent. Zeit. XI. 84 (1917). 

race anglica, Houlb., Lép. comp. XVIII (2). 214, fig. 57 (1921). 
Britain (?) 

ab. interrupta, Houlb., l.c., p, 215. 

ab. nigrescens, Houlb., dc. 

ab. medionigra, HOf., Verh. z.-b. Wien. LX XIII. (198) (1928). 

ab. obsoleta, Masl., Pols. Pism, Hut. LI. ibs ke fig. (1923). 

ab. conjluens, Masl. l.c. 


Tutt treats of four forms (1) The pale yellow-green southern form 
galbanus : (2) The dark grey form with strongly emphasised markings, 
scotica: (3) The forewings richly suffused with purplish, rosea: and 
(4) The Scandinavian race, finmarchica. 

Browne Cat. Dobr. Coll. 4, treats finmarchica, Schoy. and scotica, 
Tutt, as the same. 

Schéyen’s figures of /inmarchica shew g and 2. The male is 
darker than the Scottish form and has only the orbicular stigma 
marked, and most of the markings other than the transverse ones are 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (81) 


not in evidence. The female is slightly lighter than the male with no 
traces of stigmata and the minor markings quite suppressed. 


ab. haverkampfi, Lamb., Ann. S. ent. Bely. XUVIIL. 187 (1904). 

Ficure.—l.c., plt. 1. 

Oric. Descrre.—‘‘ Forewings of a silvery grey, uniform, very bright, 
with the costa whitish. In typical specimens the forewings are of a 
deep cinereous grey, powdered with yellowish and greenish : of all the 
typical markings there remains only the black subterminal line. 
Stigmata very distinct, especially the orbicular, which is small, whitish, 
and absolutely circular, finely bordered with black and with a_ black 
central dot. Lowerwings of a pale grey with the marginal border 
deeper ; the median lines are quite wanting. Below, the wings of a 
uniform pale grey, without trace of lines.” Forest of Soignes. 

The figure is that of a large specimen ; the only markings on the 
forewings are the orbicular and reniform, the latter smaller than usual 
and the former larger and more conspicuous, and a very black waved 
submarginal line, very conspicuous. ‘The remaining portion of the 
wing quite uniform in coloration with the veining indicated. 


ab. fuscomaculata, Closs., Int. Hnt. Zeit. XI. 84 (1917) 
Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ Smoky suffused. The transverse band very 
prominent. The spots filled in with dark brown. Strasburg.” 


race anglica, Houlb., Lép. comp. XVIII (2), 214 (1921) Britain. 

Picure.—i:c., £. 57. 

Orica. Descrie.—‘‘ The forewings are narrow, elongate, with their 
outer margin regularly curved, but very oblique; the coloration, on 
the whole, is grey or of a greenish grey, with five sinuous transverse 
lines; the first of these lines near the base of the wing is incomplete 
and bent back at its two ends; the three which come next are entire, 
but the two outer of them unite into one before reaching the costa ; 
finally the fifth, sometimes doubled, divergent and approaching the 
apical angle, is well marked very nearly to two thirds of the disc. ‘T'wo 
other sinuous bands, but much less clear, follow the outer margin, the 
darkest terminates exactly in the apical angle. [In the middle area, 
the costal margin, as far as half the disc, is of a greenish grey more 
or less marked and sometimes even forms a spot which crosses the 
transverse lines of the first group.” 

“ The hindwings are of a fallow grey, duller along the outer margin, 
the fringe is uniformly of a clear fallow. Below the coloration is 
greyish fallow, with brown double bands but incomplete on both wings. 
Head, thorax and abdomen of a dull grey.” 

“The eight examples were from the Goldthwaite coll. only one 
bearing the label Perth.” 

This would appear to be the scotica of Staudinger except that it 
has not the yellowish stigmata, but has yellowish grey hindwings and 
clear yellow fringes. 


ab. interrupta, Houlb., l.c. 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ The wings are of a greenish grey with a small 
prolongation of the discoidal orbicular spot cutting through the two 
outer lines of the first group.” 


(32) THE FPNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


This seems a very trivial aberration, which may occur in all the 
forms. 


— 


ab. wigrescens, Houlb., l.c., p. 215 (1921). 

Ficure.—l.c., plt. CDLXXXIX., f. 4081. 

Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ This curious aberration is distinguished at the | 
first glance by the three wide bands which cross the forewings; one | 
can see that the three bands correspond to the three groups of sinuous 
lines mentioned in the description of anglica and which are also existent — 
in flavicornis. Jf we suppose these lines, enlarged and becoming fused, 
we readily conceive the origin of the three bands.” | 

«The basal colour of the forewings otherwise is chocolate brown ; 
the white rectangular band is apparent on nearly half the costal margin, 
the fringe is of a reddish grey, crossed by brown lines formed by the 
prolongation of the veins. The lowerwings are of a uniform brown 
with a plain frmge. Similarly below the coloration is uniforux wrth 
vague indications of doubled but very incomplete brown bands, as in 
race anglica.”’ This is a unique specimen from the Harper sale. 

“ Perthshire,” ~ 

According to the figure this is a most remarkable aberration. 


ab. medionigra, Hof., Verh. z.-b. Wien. LX XIII. (193) (1928). 

Orie. Drsorip.— “ Has the central area of the fore-wing broadly 
black darkened, so that the greenish orbicular and reniform stigmata 
stand out from it sharply.” Near Vienna. 


ab, obsoleta, Maslow. ; Pols. Pism, Ent. Il. 181 (1928). 

Fieure.—l.c., f. 13 (a very poor one). 

Orie. Descem.—‘* Alae anticae maculis obsolescentibus.’’ The 
two stigmata almost wholly obsolete. 


ab. confluens, Maslow. ; l.c., p. 128 (19238). 

Fieurs.—di.c., f. 5 (a very poor one). 

Orie. Descrie.—* Alarum maculae in unam oblongam confluentes.”’ 
The two stigmata united with one another. 


Asphalia (Polyploca) ridens, ¥. 

Houlbert, Léy. comp. XVIII (2), 199 (1921) creates a new genus, 
Parwelina, for ridens and a form singularis which he describes as a new 
species from Digne. 

He points out that the position of ridens has always constituted a 
difficulty and says that ‘“‘ Given the character of the eyes, of which the 
cornea is quite visibly ciliated, it belongs, undoubtedly, to the Poly- 
plocini. In this group it represents such a special stem that it seemed 
necessary to make it the type of a new genus. We have chosen the 
name Parmacina on account of the resemblance of the forewings to 
certain lichens.” : 

This species is the chrysoceras of Beckwith (Linn. T'rans. 1798) ; 
the flavicornis of Schiffermitller (1775) ; the putris of Rottemberg (1776) 
and ‘ La téte rouge’’ of Ernst. and Engram. (1788). 


Tutt Brit. Noc. I. 6 (1891): Barrett. Lep. Bi. IL, 211, plb. 119 
(1896): Stdgr. Cat. ed. 3, 260, no. 2853 1901): Spuler. Schm. Hur. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (33) 


I. 886, plt. 78 (1908): South. 7.B./. II. 98, plts. 88-89 (1907) : 
Warren (Seitz.) Pal, Bomb. Il. 3880, plts. 49, 56ce (1912): Houlb. 
(Obthr.) Lép. Comp, XVUI (2), 201, figs. (1921). 


Of the variation Barrett says, ‘‘ Always variable in ground colour 
and markings, but especially the latter, which, changing from their 
general sharpness and distinctness, become, in some specimens 
altogether softened and obscured.” ‘This variation appears to be 
normal and constant and by no means local or climatal, the same 
extreme or medium being found in the most widely distant localities.” 

The following is a list of the forms to be considered. 

ab. erythrocephala, Esp., Schm, Abld. 1V. (1), 809, plt. 121 (1786). 

r. wanthoceros, Hb., Samm. Noct. 205 (1602). 

ab. interrupta, Tutt, Hnt. XXI., 47 (1888). 

ab. interrupta-ochrea, Tutt, Brit. Noct. I., 7 (1891). 

ab. interrupta-alba, Tutt, le. 

ab. nigricans, Splr., Schm. Hur. L., 386 (1908). 

ab. variegata, Splr., Le. 

ab. concinna, Warr. (Seitz.), Pal. Bomb. IL. 830, plt. 56e (1912). 

ab. serenoides (Gn.) Houlb., Lép. comp. XVIII. (2), 204,  plt. 
CDLXXXIX.,, fig. 4030 (1921). 

r. (ab.) singularis, Houlb., U.c. 206, plt. CDLXXXIX., fig. 4029 
(1921). 


Tutt deals with erythrocephala, Esp., vanthoceros, Hb., interrupta, 
interrupta-ochrea and interrupta-alba. 

Houlbert says ‘‘As for the variety erythrocephala, Ksp., most 
authors do not distinguish it from the type ridens, F., and we think 
that it is a prudent opinion.” Lép. comp. XVIII. (2), 208. 

Houlbert also notes that the ab. interrupta, Tutt, appears to him 
‘as an ordinary ridens in which the dark central band of the forewing 
is interrupted by a greyish space more accentuated than usual.” Lép. 
comp. XVIII. (2), 204. 

Houlbert remarks that the form wanthoceros, Hb., ‘appears to be 
the most emphasised melanistic variation which one knows to-day.”’ J.c. 

Browne (Cat. Dobrée-Fox) makes wauthoceros, Hb., as a synonym 
of ridens, F., but this cannot be as the former gives a general brown 
impression while videns gives an impression of blackness. The former 
is uniformly dark with a minimum of lighter clouding. 


ab. nigricans, Splr., Schm. Eur. I., 886 (1908). 
Orie. Descrmp.—‘ Examples suffused with black up to the whitish 
remainders of the transverse and basal lines.” 


ab. rarvieyata, Splr., Sch. Hur. L., 836 (1908). 

Orie. Descrie.—‘ Similarly dark specimens, but with whitish 
stigmata and very broad whitish markings spotted over the middle 
area.’ 


ab. concinna, Warr. (Seitz.), Pal. Bomb. IL, 880 (1912). 

Ficurr.—l.c., plt. 56c. 

Oric. Descrirp.—‘ The basal area and the whole space beyond the 
median fascia to termen is pale bluish green; the extreme base with 


(34) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 


: 


; 


some olive and fuscous scales; the median area olive fuscous, with the ~ 


two lines and the veins black, the stigmata marked with pale green 
scales; the subterminal line sagittate, interrupted on vein 5; the 
terminal line lunulate and the fringe white intersected by black wedge- 
shaped marks beyond the veins; hindwing white with termen narrowly 
grey.” 

An English aberration. 


ab. serenoides (Gn.), Houlb., Lép. comp. XVIII. (2), 204. (1921). 

Fieure.—plt. CDLXXXIX., fig. 40380. 

Orie. Descrie.—‘* This form is distinguished from typical ridens by 
the more extended coloration of the white spots on the forewings; as 
a result the brown transverse bands across the middle of the wings, 
and the two spots of the discoidal area are much more pronounced than 
in the type.” 

A specimen obtained by Guenée from Doubleday and labelled in 
his collection as serenoides (M.S.) without a published description. 


ab. (race) singularis, Houlb., Lép. comp. XVITL. (2), 206 (1921). 

Ficure.—plt. CDLXXXIX., fig. 4029. 

Orie. Descrie.—‘ General size and facies of ridens, but it is 
distinguished very clearly by its coloration which is of an ashy-grey 
and notan olivaceous green. Themarkings on the wholeappear to be the 
same as those of ridens, but much more simplified ; one does not find 
the brown and white transverse lines, and only that portion of the wing 
near fringes show any well-marked spots. At the base of the fringes 
there exists a series of very small spots ocellated with white which are 
never seen in ridens.” Taken near Digne by M. Culot. 

The description and the figure are certainly of a form of ridens, 
which we have assumed it to be. 


2. Family :—Bryophilidae, Gn.=Sub-family Metachrostinae, Warr. 
Genus :—Bryophila, Tr. (1825) = Metachrostis, Hb. (1822). 


Warren in Seitz says, Pal. Gr.-sch. III. 18. ‘“ Until quite recently 
the genus has gone by the name of Bryophila, Tr.; but the older name 
of Metachrostis, Hb., revived by Meyrick in his Handbook, appears 
quite unassailable and I have therefore called the subfamily 
Metachrostinae.”’ 

Hampson (Lep. Phal. VIL.) did not accept Metachrostis, Hb., as he 
assumed the date of the Verz. to be 1827. But this date has now been 
shown to be most improbable. 


Bryophila, Tr.= Metachrostis, Hb., perla, Schiff. 


Orie. Desorre.—Schiff. Wien. Verz., p. 70 (1775). 

There is no real description. The ‘‘ Perlenfarbene Eulen (the pearl 
coloured Noctua) N. perla” is placed in the group of ‘“ Noctuae 
variegatae”’ with ylandifera, degener (=algae), aprilina and ligustri. 

Tutt gave Fabricius (Mant. II. 178) as the original describer (1789) 
no doubt because his was the first description. 

Both Borkhausen (Fur. Schm. IV.) and Ernst (Pap. d’Kur. V1.) 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (35) 


called it glandifera in error, and Scriba (Beitr. III., 262) gave it the 
name of lithophila (1793) when he described the larva. 

Hufnagel, ‘‘ Berl. Mag.” 1766, called the species domestica and this 
name was used by several authors. Its use was discussed by 
Rottemburg (Naturf. 1776), Zeller (Jsis 1844) and Werneberg (Beitr. 
1864). 


Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 7 (1891): Barrett Lep. Br. Isles. VI. 210, plt. 
250 (1900) : Stdgr. Cat. ed. 3, no. 1600 (1901): South Moths. B.I. I. 
200, plt. 103 (1907) : Hamps. Lep. Phal. VII. 625 (1908) : Splr. Schn. 
Eur. I. 184, plt. 81 (1908): Warr. (Seitz.) Pal. Noct. III. 21, plts. 4f, 
4 (1909). 


Tutt gave three forms ab. distincta, ab. suffusa, and ab. flavescens, 
which he had described and named in 1888 (Hntomologist XXI. 49), 
and in Brit. Noct, [V. addenda, also dealt with race pyrenaea, Obthr. 

It is generally agreed that the Iutescens, Fuchs, is the flavescens, 
Tutt. It has been overlooked that Tutt published his description in 
1888 prior to Fuchs; hence his name must take precedence. 

sub-sp. perloides, Gn., Noct. V. 29 (1852). 

form pyrenaea, Obthr., Et. Hnt. VIII. 48, plt. L, fig. 13 (1884). 
Pyrenees. 

ab. flavescens, Tutt, Hnt. XXI. 49 (1888). 

ab. suffusa, Tutt, Ent. lc. 

ab. distincta, Tutt, Hint. lc. 

ab. lutescens, Fuchs, Jahr. Nass, XLII. 208 (1889). 

ab. robusta, Favre, Mac.-lep. Valais. 127 (1899). 

form perlina, Stdgr., Cat. Lep. Pal. 167 (1901). Aragon, Castile. 

race rosina, Culot., Noc. et G. I. 133, plt. 24, f. 17 (1909). 

ab. grisea, Vrbrdt., Mitt. Schw. e, Gess. V. 12, 458 (1917). 

form grisea, Dufrn., Lamb, (Rev. Mens.) XXV. 32 (1925). 

race confinis, Dannehl., Hint. Zeit. XX XIX. 148 (1926). 


“The variation of ground colour is from pale yellowish white to 
bright red yellow”’ (Spuler). ‘ The Pyrenean race is still darker than 
any British specimens and the hindwings are wholly dark also” 
(Warren in Seitz). 

Ishould have said, variesfrom a slightly soiled white (very rarely pure 
white) to bright red yellow. 


subsp. perloides, Gn., Noct. V. 29 (1852). 

Fieures.—Ramb. Cat. Lep. And., plt. 7, f. 4 (small dark brown 
perla): plt. 18, f. 1 (similar, lighter ground, contrast of grey-brown 
and dark brown) (1858): Warr. (Seitz.) Pal. Noct. IL, plt. 4g. 

Orie, Descrrep.—‘ Intermediate between par of glandifera and perla, 
but nearer to the last. A little larger than perla, 23mm. Forewings 
proportionately longer and less prolonged at the apex, strongly 
powdered, either with yellowish or grey, but then rather greenish than 
bluish. Lines well marked. ‘Lhe extra basal unites below to the half- 
line, the elbowed line curved above as in glandifera. The two ordinary 
stigmata contiguous and the reniform smaller and duller as in the last 
named. Fringes marked with a double series of black dots. Lower- 
wings duller, not being divided at the marginal line by white spots as 


(36) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. 


in perla ; below whitish, with the discal spot, the subterminal line and 
the margin clearly marked. Base of the pterygodes marked with a 
black dot. Palpi more curved and more ascending than in perla.” 
Andalusia. 

Guenée distinctly says that it differs from perla, the markings being 
almost those of ylandifera, and from glandifera by its smaller size, its 
shape and facies, which are undoubtedly those of perla. 

Warien (Seitz) suggests that pyrenaea, Obthr., is dark perloides and 
perlina, Stdgr., a pale perloides. 


ab. lutescens, Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. XLII. 208 (1889). 

Figures.— Warr. (Seitz.) Pal. Noct. II1., plt. 4g. Milliére gave an 
excellent figure in Ann. Soc. Cannes 1879, plt. 7, fig. 18. 

Orig. Desorie.—‘‘ The forewings bright clay-yellow or clay-brownish 
suffused. Not always of equally dense suffusion. Sometimes only 
portions suffused with yellow. Sometimes head and thorax also 
suffused yellow.” <A long dissertation on the various abs. under this 
name then follows. 

This, as stated above, is the flavescens, Tutt (1888). 


ab. robusta, Favre, Mac.-lep, Valais. 127 (1899). 

Orig. Descrre.— Larger and more robust, lines stronger marked, 
above all the elbowed line which is very complete and distinctly more 
toothed. The two median stigmata are covered with blackish. Hind- 
wings discolored with blackish, with a blackish terminal band, only 
marked with two whitish points at the anal angle.” Here and there 
with the type in the high Alps of Valais. : 


perlina, Stdgr., Cat, Lep. Pal. ed. III. 167 (1901). 

Orig, Drscrip.—‘‘ Minor, al. ant. saepius lutescenti-vel rufo- 
inspersis, nonnunquam multo pallidioribus.” 

Warren (Seitz.) says that perlina is a pale perloides (III. 21). 
Spuler identifies it with perloides (1. 184). 


rosina (Obthr.) Culot. Noct. e. G. I. (1), 134 (1909). 

Ficure.—l.c., plt. 24, f. 17. 

Oric. Drescrip.—‘ A beautiful rosy form ; an extreme of the British 
delicate rosy race.’’ Montlouis. 

Warren (Seitz.) suggests that perlina and pyrenaea are pale and 
dark forms respectively of perloides, Gn., which is a perla and not a 
ylandifera. 


ab. grisea, Vorbrodt., Mitt. schw. ent. Gess. V. 12, p. 458 (1917). 

Ortc. Descrie.—‘‘ The forewings darkened dusky grey brown, so 
that only a part of the pale ground towards the basal spot and on the 
outer third of the marginal area is all that remains; the hindwing 
is also marking-less grey-brown with darker discoidal and a few 
marginal dots.” Switzerland. 


form. grisea, Dufrn., Lambillionea (Rev. Mens.) XXV. 82 (1925). 

Orie. Descrie.—“ Characterised by the upper side of the hindwings 
being entirely deep grey, to such an extent that the external lines have 
disappeared. The cellular point alone is only slightly visible. The 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (87) 


fine cream white edge is crossed by very deep grey nervures. Fringes 
cream-white. The markings on the forewings are strongly emphasised 
and extended ; ordinary lines black, wings not powdered with black as 
in the ab. suffusa, Tutt. Below, all the wings are greyer than in the 
type, ordinary markings well emphasised.’ Frameries, Belgium. 

The name grisea having been used for a quite different form by 
Vorbrodt cannot stand for this form, which may aptly be called 
subgrisea. 


race consinis, Dann., Hnt. Zeit. XX XIX. 148 (1926). 

Oric. Drsorie.—‘ Ground colour pale grey-green, rarely with a trace 
of yellowish, marking very fine and mostly somewhat washed-out grey, 
not black ; usually mostly with a delicate pale grey zone area. Hind- 
wings with a wide marginal darkening, base pale grey, the discoidal 
spot lunular, standing out strongly. Much the appearance of a small 
muralis-par.” Hanover. 

It is quite impossible to comment on some of these forms without 
specimens or figures. 


Bryophila (Metachrostis) algae, Fb. 


Only two specimens of this species were reported to have been taken 
many years ago and the species has never been noted since, so that it 
seems unnecessary to go into its variation here. 


Bryophila (Metachrostis) muralis, Forster. 


Orie. Descrie.—Forster Novae Species Insectorwn, p. 74 (1771). 

For many years known by Schiffermuller’s name glandifera, in 
W.V. 70 (1775), under which Hubner figured it. It was also called 
lichenes by Fabricius, Donovan and Duponchel, and lichenis by Wsper, 
Borkhausen, De Villers and Haworth. 


Tutt. nt. XXJ. 48 (1887) and B.N. 1. 9-10 (1891) : Barr. Lep. Br. 
I. VI. 207 (1900) : Stdgr. Cat, II. ed. 167 (1901): Splr. Sehm. Hur. 
I. 184 (1905): South M.6./. 1. 200 (1907): Hamp. Lep, Phal. VII. 
624 (1908): Warr. (Seitz.) Pal. III. 21 (1912). 


The following is a list of the described forms. 

ab. par. Hb., Noct. 516 (1808-18). 

ab. liguris, Mill., Ann. Soc. Sci. nat. etc., Cannes. VII. 8, plt. 8 
(1878) Liguria. 

race impar, Warr. Ent. Mo. Mag. XXI. 22 (1884) Cambridgeshire. 

ab. viridis, Tutt, Hnt. XXI. 48 (1887) and Brit. Noct. I. 9-10. 

ab. flavescens, Tutt, l.c. 

ab. pallida, Tutt, l.c. 

ab. obscura, Tutt, l.c. 

ab. dispar, Vrty., Bull. Soc. ent. It. XXXI. 74, plt. L. 27 (1904). 

ab. ghilliant, Perlini., Faun. Lep. ewclu. It. I. 4 (1906). 

ab. aurolichenea (Obthr.) Culot., Noct. et. Geon. I. (1) 182, plt. 1V., 
f. 10 (1909) England. 

ab. argillacea (Obthr.) Culot., d.c., f£. 11, Genoa Museum. 

ab. scoriatula, Trti., Nat. Sic. XXIII. 266 (1919) Sicily. 

ab. brunnea, Porritt., #.M.M. LIX. 87 (1923) 8. Devon. 


(38) THE ENTOMOLOGIS?T’S RECOKD. 


Tutt treats of six forms. (1) The grey scarcely green, without — 
dark markings, par. (2) The very rich green, viridis. (3) With 
yellowish shade instead of green, like fading, flavescens. (4) The pale 
whitish grey, pallida. (5) The dull brownish grey with markings 
obscure, obscura. (6) Thickly covered with black scales and with 
displaced and obscured, or absent markings, impar. This last form 
Tutt discusses at length in Brit. Noct. [V., Supp. p. 88, after consulta- 
tion with Warren and inspection of dozens of the form. In Mr. 
Warren’s communication to Tutt he points out no less than 5 sub-vars. 
ofthis form. Seel.c.,p.87. (a) nearly like muralis. (b) corresponding 
to muralis, ab. pallida, (c) dark blue-grey, thickly covered with black 
scales. (d) grassy green ground. (e) dull brownish green. Kane, in 
his plate in the F'nt. 1901, figures two forms of the Cork race of impar 
with very different ground, one very dark and the other very light. 


Barrett says (l.c., VI. 206) “ Variation very great in the shade of 
eround colour . . . . complicated by a tendency to fading, even 
during life.” ‘ There is also irregularity in the distinctness of the 
black markings.”’ These markings may be “ thick,” ‘‘ changed to olive- 
brown,” ‘slender or partially suppressed,” ete. ‘It is difficult to do 
justice to the endless variations of a species like this.”’ 


ab. liqguris, Mill. Ann. Soc. Sect. nat. etc., Cannes, VII. 8, plt. 8 (1878) 

Fiegure.—l.c., fig. 8. 

Orie. Derscrip.— “The forewings are not so wide at the outer 
margin as in ordinary glandifera, and its colour is generally more 
(accusée) definite. The green of the forewings is dull and almost black 
on the costa; the ordinary reniform and orbicular spots, on this 
obscure ground, would not be distinguished, if they were not emphasised 
on the margins by a fine and very black marginal line. The lower- 
wings (festonnées) on the fringes, are uniformly obscure. The thorax 
and abdomen are of a dull green, which recalls the colour of the fore- 
wings. Below, all four wings are obscure and the discal spot is present 
on each of them.” Liguria. 

«This new aberration of glandifera is possibly not a simple variety 
of the type, both by reason of its large expanse, and on account of its 
time of appearance at the beginning of July, when the type glandifera 
and its variety par do not show themselves on our littoral before the 
first days of August. I have taken here on a wall, the var. par, on 
August 16th, in quite good condition.” 

Warren (Seitz. III. 21) treats this form as typical. The figure of 
Milliére is no doubt of an aberrant form. 


race dispar, Vrty., Bull. Soc. ent. It. XXXI. 74 (1904). 

Figs.—l.c., Alc. Lep. ined. 0 non ane. fig., plt. I. 27. 

Oric. Descrip.—‘ There already exist two forms of Bb. muralis 
called by their authors par, Hiib., and impar, Warr.; I propose the 
name of dispar for a third form hitherto unknown, but quite distinct, 
which [ collected at Migliorini. I[t has the inner surface of the fore- 
wings covered by a thick shading of green scales, whilst the numerous 
little black lines of the type have (except the central undulated line) 
completely disappeared, or been replaced by green a little darker than 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (39) 


the ground. The hindwings are lighter than in the majority of 
typical specimens.” 
The figure, uncolored, is not clear enough to comment upon. 


ab, ghilliani, Perlini., Wn. Lep, ewclu. It. I, 4 (1906). 

Fie.—l.c. 

Orta. Descrie.—‘‘ Differs from the type form by the reddish colour- 
ing instead of the green ; the black patterns are very marked as in the 
best characterised specimens of the species. Only one of the few 
specimens observed by me at Palazzolo in Brescia shows a slight 
reddish suffusion on the hindwings, while the bands at the edges are 
much more marked than in the type ; the tone of the wings is darker, 
At first sight this ab. seems a different species, and the accomplished 
entomologist Count Turati, to whom I submitted the first specimen, 
held it to be such, had not the capture of a 2 in cop. with a normal 
male dissipated all doubt.’”’ Italy. 

Vorbrodt, Schm. Schw. I. 8309 says “A normally marked specimen 
of whitish ground colour from Sion (Valais) quite agrees with the 
figures of ghilliani, Perl.” 


ab. aurolichenea, (Obthr.) Culot. NV. et G. I (1). 182 (1909). 

Figure.—l.c., plt. 24, f. 10. 

Orie. Descrre.—‘‘ The general tone of the upper side of the fore- 
wings is of a golden-yellow slightly ochraceous, with the ordinary 
markings well marked, the fine clear white markings stand out against 
the black markings which lie below. The hindwings, above are 
blackish, more intensified towards the margin.”’ England, 

Tutt’s ab. flavescens is of a ‘ yellowish shade’’ comparable to 
“faded specimens,”’ quite different from the beautiful rich ‘“ jaune 
d’or”’ of the Dawlish bred specimens. 


ab. argillacea (Obthr.) Culot N. et. G. I. (1), 182 (1909). 

Fieure.—l.c., plt. 24, f. 11. 

Orie. Descrip.—‘ It is very remarkable for its reddish coloration 
and I thought it well to give it a name to distinguish it for that reason ; 
I have chosen the name argillacea which well characterises its 
coloration.” Museum at Genoa, 


ab. scoriatula, Trti., Nat. Sci. XXIII. 266 (sep. 66) (1919). 
Fieure.—l.c., p. 65 (very indistinct, evidently very suffused dark). 
Orie. Desorie.— This is really a smoky black form of par, but 
in a way resembles impar ; the black markings are emphasised on a 
dark ground and there is also a dusky area at the base which is not 
noticeable in the forms from Cambridge and Cork.” Catania, Sicily. 
Turati (/.c.) also calls attention to ‘‘ A form of muralis with well 
marked black spots, but of a bright green colour, by Costa in plt. XTIL., 
fig. 2. Fn. del Regno di Nap., attributing it to par, Hb. Guenée 
thinks that this form might be kept separate, because according to the 
figure of the larva also given by Costa (/.c.) he would regard it as 
rather different from our glandifera=muralis (Noct. V. 80) and so while 
he indicates under A the var. par, he notes this one of Costa’s under 
B without a special name. If the ground were not so bright a green, 
it might almost be identified with the present scoriatula were the 


(40) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, | 
markings more suffused together generally, but this is on the contrary © 
quite covered with small black scales on a smoky grey ground almost — 
imperceptibly tending to olive.” Da Costa says it is from Spain. 

The figure of Da Costa’s is a good one and the markings and 
abundant speckling are quite clear and distinct and in no way suffused. 
It cannot be identified in any way with the figure of scoriatula. 


ab. brunnea, Porritt., Ent. Mo. Mag. LIX. 87 (1928). 

Orie, Descrie.—< Ground-colour deep orange brown to dark olive- 
brown, with the markings typical.” ‘These brown forms have only 
been found at Stareross on the 8. Devon coast.” ‘The shade and 
depth of brown colour varies considerably in different specimens, but 
the name brunnea may well include them all.” 

Years ago the late Mr. Jiiger and I took numbers of this and other 
forms at Star Cross and Dawlish. 


6. Genus :—Diphthera, Hb. (1806)= Moma, Hb. (1822): Daseo- 
chaeta, Warr. 1909 (Hamp. for alpium, 1909). 


In the Tent. of Htbner orion is given as sole type of Diphthera, 
Hubner changed this to Moma in the Verz., 1922. The genus was not 
described in the former but a short diagnosis of Moma was in the Verz., 
hence the use of the latter genus-name, added to the fact that the Tent. 
has not been universally accepted. Warren (Seitz.) described the 
genus Daseochaeta for viridis, and Hampson, Lep. Phal.., included 
alpium and other species closely allied to viridis init. Several authors, 
including Guenée, Duponchel, South and Culot spell it iphtera, citing 
Tr., Hb., ete., in error. 


Moma, Hb., orion, Esp. (1786) = Diphthera, Hb. (1806), alpium, 
Osbeck (1778). 


Orta. Descrrp.—In the Appendix to Brit. Noct. IV. 88, Tutt 
points out that Sven Lampa, in an article in Knt. Tidsikr. (1885), uses 
the prior name alpinum, Osbeck., Gétheb. Wet. Sam, Handl. West. 
Afd. 1. 52, plt. 1 (larva and imago), in which obscure magazine that 
author described and illustrated this species under that name (1778). 
I have made an exhaustive search as to this and it is one of the most 
intricate investigations one could undertake. Owing to the remarkable 
similarity of several species of green coloration and variegated 
markings, added to the fact of the green fading to yellow, and also in 
ignorance of the early stages, the earlier authorities were hopelessly in 
confusion, even Linnaeus citing wrong authorities and mixing species 
and Hiibner figuring orion over the name aprilina. The quite distinet 
species, ludisicu, orion (alpium), aprilina, lichenis (muralis), and ligustri 
are in the tangle. 

The following is a very good sample of the tangle:—Sepp. Besch. 
Wond. Gods. Vol. I., in 1762, described the whole life-history of this 
species and gave excellent figures, calling it the ‘“ Vlinder de Orion,” 
but in the list of species identified it with the ludifica of Linnaeus, Sys. 
Nat. X. 514. In the text he refers to Rosel., Zns. Belust. III. 238, plt. 
89, which is a figure of aprilina, L. Subsequently in the corrigenda 
to Vol. IV., Sepp corrects orion to aprilina. His larva is hairy (vrion) 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (41) 


while that of true aprilina is naked. His larva was that of the spring 
species, his name that of the autumn species. 

Goeze called it ludifica-minor, Ent, Beitr. ILI. (3). 145. 

There seems no doubt that the early writers more or less confused 
orion and aprilina until it was definitely recognised that orion was a 
spring emergence and aprilina an autumn one. 

Tutt goes on to remark, ‘“‘ This change well illustrates the futility 
of agitating at present for a fixed specific nomenclature. In the 
present condition of our knowledge, and whilst the order of priority is 
to be maintained, the works of authors, which are practically unknown 
outside their own country, must be, and will have in future to be taken 
into account, and this will necessitate constant change, which will be 
eradually lessened as years go on until a fixed specific nomenclature 
can be successfully dealt with.” After more than a quarter of a 
century since these words were written we can still say much the same, 
but with the end nearer in view, and even quite within the life-time of 
the present generation. 


Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 11 (1891): Barrett Lep, Br. Is. II]. 214, plt. 
119 (1896): Stdgr. Cat. ed. 3, no. 1069 (1901): Splr. Schm. Eur. I. 
135, plt. 31, f. 82 (1908): South Moths br. Is. I. 189, plt. 100 (1907) : 
Hamp. Lep. Ph. VIII. 30, fig. 7 (1909): Warr. (Seitz.) Pal. Gr.-S. III. 
11, plt. 2c (1909). 


Of the variation Barrett says, “very constant in colour and 
markings, except that in some specimens the black sections of the 
central stripe of the forewings are more slender and rather more widely 
separated from each other’ . . . “whilein others small additional 
black streaks present themselves in series representing two more 
transverse lines.”’ 

Warren (S.) says, ‘‘The examples of alpiumn from Japan are as 
large as Kuropean, those from Corea decidedly smaller.” 


List of described forms which do, or may, belong to this species. 

race runica, Haw., Lep. Brit. 200 (1806) [? Schiff. Verz. 70 (1775)]. 

race murrhina, Graes., Berl. ent. Zt. 314 (1888). 

ab. rosea, Tutt, Brit. Noct. I. 11 (1891). 

ab. glauca, Trti., Ann. Mus. Un, Nap. ILI. sep., p. 25 (1911). 

ab. desiynata, Trti., Att. Soc. It, Sc. Nat. LVIII. 45 (1919). 

To this list may be added the following varieties, subspecies or 
species. 

fallax, H.-8., Aussereur. Schm. 80, f. 211 (1858), Canada, Atlantic 
States : Hamp. Lep. Phal. VILLI. 38, fig. 9. 

vigens,* Walk., Cat. Noct. XXXII. 616 (1865), Sikkim. 

pallida,* Moore, P. Zool. S, 46, plt. VI. 6 (1867), W. China: 
Hamp., l.c. 24, fig. 4: Warr. (Seitz.) Pal. III. 11, plt. 26. 

laevis, Warr. (Seitz.), Pal. Gr. Schm. III. 11 (1909). 
minor, Warr. (Seitz.) l.c. 

viridis, Leech, P. Zool. S. 502, plt. LI. 6 (1889), Japan: Warr. 
L.c., plt. 26. 

vivida,* Leech, Trans. Hut. S. 187, plt. CXXIII. 20 (1900), W. 
China: Warr. lc. , pit. 26. 

metaphaea, Hamp., l.c., p. 28, plt. CXXIII. 19 (1909), W. China. 


(42) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


brevipennis, Hamp., l.c., p. 27, plt. CXXIII. 21 (1909), Thibet, 
Sikkim. 

fasciata,* Moore, P.Z.S. 408 (1888), Sikkim: Butlr. Jd. Het. VII., 
pl. 122. 

For those marked * Warren has created the genus Liphtherocome. 

Agriopodes (Moma) (Diphthera) fallax is a representative species in 
the near Nearctic region, which in general colour and disposition of 
markings suggests alpium as a near connection. 

All the others listed are 5S. Hastern Palaearctic representatives, 
which in varying degrees very closely resemble alpium, An examina- 
tion of Warr. (Seitz) and Hamp. figures will suggest to students that 
they must all be geographical races of that species. They have the 
same general arrangement of marking with slight alteration in position, 
differences in emphasis, slight suppression of or addition to marking, 
paling of ground colour, variation in amount of white and in the shade 
of green: they form a very close association. 

All are placed by Hampson in his genus Daseochaeta including also 
alpium, but Warren splits this genus into three, Daseochaeta, Diphthero- 
come and Diphthera. 

Tutt considered three forms (1) The type of Esper with two long- 
itudinal streaks of white, and a double zigzag transverse line through 
the stigmata. (2) The much lighter British form with a single trans- 
verse zigzag line runica. (8) The form rosea with rosy, not white, 
longitudinal lines. 


race murrhina, Graes., Berl. ent. Zeit. 314 (1888). 

Figure.—Warr. (Seitz) III. plt. IL. 2c. 

Orie. Descrip.—‘ Expanse of wing only 30 mm. It is also some- 
what smaller than the type form, the green ground is also paler than 
the latter. The white longitudinal streaks of the forewings are broader 
and run together more closely to the outer black transverse streak, by 
which the green ground colour appears very compact. But these long- 
itudinal streaks are never so pure white as in orion but always and 
particularly on the disc tinted with pale blue. All the black markings 
are delicately laid on; the two black spots on the marginal area, which 
stand between veins 1 and 2 and 4 and 6 and which are always present 
in orion, are wanting. In their place are found two large brown spots 
which extend from the outer transverse streak to the margin, and the 
ground colour, which on the outer portion usually there exists numer- 
ous white-grey spots, very uniform. Tbe marginal area has therefore 
in r. murrhina a quite different appearance. 

“The hindwings are not dark grey as in orion, but pale yellow- 
srey and margined with a darker marginal area. Bred from oak in 
numbers.” Chabarofka, Amur. 


ab. glauca, Trti., Ann. Mus. Un. Nap. ILI. (1911) sep. p. 25. 

Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ An interesting aberrational form of alpiwn, 
Osbeck, in which the black transverse lines almost entirely disappear ; 
the antemarginal markings are wanting, both those in the fringes and 
those at the base, the green (a little rubbed from the condition of the 
specimen) is extended in rays on both sides forming a narrow ante- 
marginal and a median band. The intercostal areas remain white as 
do the fringes of all four wings entircly. The hindwings are of an 


. 


‘| 
l 


THE BTITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIWS. (48) 


almost uniform light grey with a single black line in the anal angle.” 
Camaldoli, Italy. 


ab. designata, Trti,, Att. Soc. It. Sc. Nat. LVIII. 45 (1919). 

Fieure.—l.c., plt. 8, fig. 7. 

Orie, Drsorie.—*‘ It has a large green space on the disc of the fore- 
wings, streaked with white without being interrupted by the black dots 
and stigmata, which are here limited to a simple hieroglyphic between 
the orbicular and reniform. From that point all the black markings 
along the costa are entirely wanting, as well as the little lines and 
dots, which together with the marks interior to the orbicular and 
reniform form the transverse median band. The next transverse line 
and the distal one remain well accentuated, and thus enclose a large 
green area, striped and spotted with white, in the middle of which 
there is nothing but the above mentioned black hieroglyphic in the 
cell, between the stigmata.’’ Sestola, Modena, Italy. 

A very fine form, All the tranverse black markings absent except 
those touching the cell and an indefinite small smear below the white 
elongate band. Only the well developed black submarginal marking 
and the basal band remain on the beautiful green, white-streaked 
ground. 


7. Genus: Diloba, Bdv. 1840= Episema, Och. 1816 (1825). 


In 1816 Ochsenheimer (Schm. Hur. IV. 65) placed caeruleocephala 
and other species in the genus Episema, which he fully described in 
1825 (l.c., V(1). IIL.) In 1822? Hubner placed it with another 
species in Disphragis (Verz. 194). In 1840 Boisduval (Ind. Meth. 88) 
took out caeruleocephala and erected the genus Diloba for it alone. 

Warren (Seitz. Pal. Grs.-schi. IL. 382) says of the Genus Diloba, 
« This genus, which repeatedly has been thrown about between Bomby- 
cidae and Noctuidae, does not with certainty belong here,” 7.e., united 
with the Cymatophoridae. ‘‘ After having for some time been referred 
to the Acronictinae and placed close to Bryophila by Staudinger and 
Rebel, we do not find it among the Acronictinae in Hampson’s new 
Catalogue.” ‘Its whole habitus is Bombycoid, the body heavy, head 
large, frons heavily clothed with hair and adorned in the middle by a 
crest of hair; palpi strong and porrect, antennae of g very long and 
strongly bipectinate, provided at base with two tufts of hair as in 
Notodontidae; thorax long, smooth hair; abdomen of 2 very thick 
and heavy.” 


Diloba, Bdv., caeruleocephala, L. 


Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 12 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. Is. III. 175, plt. 115, 
2 (1896): Stdgr. Cat. ed. 3. 168 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 185, plt. 
81 (1905): South Moths Br. Is. I. 265, plt. 127 (1907) : Warr. (Seitz.) 
Pal. Gr. Sch. Il. 882, plt. 497 (1912): Hamp. Cat. Phal. XIII. 594 
(1913). 


Tutt says (B.N. I.), “ remarkable for the endless variation exhibited 
by the stigmata.” 


The forms to be considered as belonging to this species are :— 


(44) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


race armena, Stdgr., Cat. ed. 2, 76 (1871), Armenia, Syria. 

ab. bipartita, Strand., Arch. Math. Naturv. XXV., nr. 9, p. 18 
(1908). 

ab. orbimaculata, Strnd., 

ab. separata, Schultz., a “E nt. XXUL 51 (1907). 

ab, tnfumata, Schwne. Verh. z.-b. Ges. LX VIII. (150) (1915). 


Tutt only treats of the Syrian race armena. 


ab. bipartita, Strnd. Arch. Math. Natwrv. XXY. no. 9, p. 13(1908). 
Orie, Descrip.—‘ The two large 8-like spots, which as a rule run 
together are distinctly separate.” 


ab. orbimaculata, Strnd. l. ¢. 

Orie. Desorie.—‘‘ The two large stigmata as usual run together 
but towards the base, between them and the transverse line, there is a 
third stigma, round and small, but coloured as the others and sharply 
defined.”’ 


ab. separata, Schultz., Soc. Wnt. XXII., 51 (1907) 

Orig. Descrie.—* With the locality label ‘‘ Scharud Persiens,” I 
obtained a form of D. caeruleocephala, which differs from the typical 
form by the singular appearance of the greenish-white inner dark 
powdered stigmata on the forewings. While in typical specimens of 
this species the stigmata run together into a large blotch, in this speci- 
men the reniform and orbicular are clearly separated from each other 
by the ground colour, standing quite isolated on the dark ground and 
are very reduced in size compared with typically marked examples. 
This separation of the stigmata occurs commonly among European 
D. caeruleocephala, and similar specimens have been bred by inyself 
and by other collectors as well as captured. Whether this form be a 
constant variety in Persia or only an aberration must be left for future 
investigation. I diagnose it as ab, et var. separata, al. ant. maculis 
disjuncta.”’ 

This form appears to be the bipartita of Strand with a difference of 
colour of the stigmata. 


ab. infumata, Schwng. Verh. z.-b. Ges. LXVILI. (150) (1915). 

Orie. Descriep.—‘ Has the fore- and hindwings, thorax and abdo- 
men darkened brown-black and the usual grey-white spots of the fore- 
wings yellowish.” 


8, Genus: Demas, Steph. (1828)= Colocasia, Ochs. (1816). [Hb. 
(1822 ?)). 


Demas was introduced by Stephens to avoid Colocasia which was 
used in botany. 


Demas (Colocasia) coryli, L. 
Tutt did not deal with this species. 
Oric. Descrie,—Linn. Sys. Nat. ed. X., 503 (1788). 
«PB. elinguis, alis antice griseo nebulosis ; postice caerulescenti 
glaucis, thorace variegato, antennis flavis.” The figures referred to 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (45) 


are Albin Jns. plt. 90: Résel. ns. belust, 1(2), plt. 58: Wilk. butt., 
31, pl. 3. 


Barr. Lep. Brit. Is. IL. 828, plt. 82 (1895): Stdgr. Cat. ed. IIT. 131 
(1901): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 136, plt. 81. 8 (1903): South. Moths. Br. 
Is. I. 190, plt. 100. 2 (1907): Warr. (Seitz) Pal. Gr. Schm. IIT. 11, 
plt. 2c (1909). 


Barrett says of the variation (.c.) ‘‘ Variable in ground colour, the 
grey or whitish often tinged with brown or purplish; more so in the 
colour and intensity of the broad central band, which occasionally is 
no darker than the rest of the forewings, and indeed hardly indicated, 
but varies through every shade of brown or purplish-brown to deep 
dark chocolate, and in the darker specimens spreads so towards the 
base as to give the effect of forewings half red-brown, half whitish- 
grey.” 

Huene says (Berl. ent. Zt., 809 (1901) “ This species has but little 
tendency to vary; but when such a tendency does occur, it mostly 
only affects the ashy-grey outer half of the forewings, in which case 
the usually distinct, sharply toothed elbow-line darkly shaded on the 
inner side, becomes especially obsolescent, only a few pale spots remain- 
ing over as traces. But the dark nut-brown colour of the basal half 
remains almost always constant, and is, as Esper III. 254, says, in the 
male of a darker brown than in the female. Further the right-hand 
figures, Plt. 50, figs. 4 and 5, show this distinction clearly.” 


The following is a list of the forms of this species. 

race mus, Obthr. Ht. X. 17, plt. II. 4 (1884), FE. Asia. 

race , Graes., Berl. ent. Zt. 810 (1888), Amur. 

ab. avellanae, Huene, Berl. ent. Zt. 809 (1901). 

ab, medioniyra, Vrbdt., Schm, Schw. I. 237 (1911). 

ab. uniformis, Trti., Nuov. forme Lep. TV. 63 (1918). 

ab. wubrosisstma, Trti., lc. 

ab. wauters, Dufrn., Lamb.= Rev, mens. XXV. 31 (1925). 

ab. alba, Derenne., Lamb.= Rev. mens. XX VI. 42 (1926). 

There is a form in the B.M. coll. named bistriya, much smaller, of 
uniform ground mouse colour with numerous incomplete and irregular 
strigae. 

Demas propinquilinea, Grote. This species at once reminds us of 
D. coryli, although it is larger; it has similar facies, texture and shape ; 
it is common in the Atlantic States. 

Fic.—Holland. Moth Book, plt. XIX. 3. 

Smith and Dyar Contrib. N. Am. Noct. Acronicta (1898), say of 
Demas propinquilinea,. ‘This larva presents no good distinguishing 
characters from the Kuropean D. coryli.” 


race mus, Obthr. Et. X. 17 (1884). 

Ficurr.—t.c., plt. II. 4. 

Orie. Descrip.—‘ Size of caeruleocephala ; entirely grey, the fore- 
wings with a more silvery tone than the hindwings, the latter with a 
slightly browner appearance. The forewings are crossed by three 
waved lines, of which one, the subterminal, is rather a continued shade 
than a line properly so called. Adjoining the first, in the cell there 


(46) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


lies the orbicular spot only indicated by a blackish contour mark ; 
the cell is closed by a double mark. The thorax is the same grey 
colour as the wings.”’ KE. Asia, Sidemi. 

Ernst and Engramelle, Pap. d’ Eur. IV. 178, f. 210e, give a female 
form, in which the usually dark basal and central area of the forewing 
is of a lighter clear grey than the rest of the wing, which is normally 
coloured. This figure probably falls under mus, Obthr. 


In the Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 8310, Graeser describes, but does not 
name, series which were bred from the Amur. They would seem to 
fall under mus by the description, except that they are described as 
“ unicolorous blue-gray,’’ while us is described as ‘‘ more silvery-grey.” 

“The specimens differ from those of Europe by their bluish-grey 
colour: for the marginal half of the forewing is not whitish as in the 
usual form, but suffused with bluish-grey, by which the elbowed line 
becomes very indistinct, and in many particularly dark specimens is 
almost wholly obsolete, in such examples the basal area is not as usual 
brownish, but grey colour, whereby the wing appears almost 
unicolorous blue-grey.” 


ab. avellanae, Huene., Berl. ent. Zeit. XLVI. 3809 (1901). 

Orie. Descrirp.—' A male from Estland, which is lying before me 
now, not only has this distinction (i.e., dark basal half and light outer 
half of forewing) a very striking and normal one, obsolescent, but it is 
coloured uniformly grey from the base to the outer margin. The nut- 
brown of the basal half is completely absent.” 

From the description this appears to be uncommonly like mus of 
Obthr. 


ab, medioniyra, Vorbrodt., Schm.-Schw. I. 237 (1911). 
Orie. Descrirp.—‘ In Dombresson with the typical form there occur 
specimens, which have a dark black brown central area.” 


ab. umbrosissima, Trti. Nuov. forme Lep. LV. 63 (1918). 

Oric. Dresorie.— The species assumes another form in Sardinia 
with examples of almost a centimetre more from apex to apex. This 
form, which I name wmbrosissima, has a great increase of the median 
brown fascia, which takes the shape of a very dark triangle, and yet 
leaving a little of the ashy-grey of the base and of the proximal part 
of the costa, cutting off with its distal side almost half the wing with 
a straight line which constitutes a prolongation of the proximal brown 
edge of the reniform, going from the costa direct to end near the 
inner margin at the brown point which lies between the waved sub- 
marginal line and the end of transverse distal line.” 


ab. uniformis, Trti., Nuov. forme Lep. TV. 68 (1918). 

Oric. Descrir.—*‘ This form has no more light colour than a little 
white mark represented by the distal part of the reniform spot, which. 
appears inside the outer transverse line, the line which almost 
envelopes the brown proximal edge of the stigma itself, continuing 
sufficiently distinctly to its termination on the inner margin. There 
stands out, however, the little brown circle of the orbicular stigma with 
the little black dot in the centre. The undulated submarginal line is 


THK BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (47) 


scarcely represented. It recalls also to some extent, by the uniformity 
of its colour the mus, Obthr., from the Amur, but its colour is different, 
since in mvs it is blue-grey.” Italy. 


ab. wauters, Dufrn. Rev. Mens. XXV. 31 (1925). 

Oric. Descrre.—“ Much smaller than the type, almost one-third 
less in expanse. The light parts are not pearl-grey tinted with brown, 
but very reddish beyond the elbowed line up to the fringes. The 
median area is light brown, very limited, the lines and spots as in the 
typical form.” Anvers (Antwerp.) 


ab, alba, Derenne. Rev. Mens. XX VI. 42 (1926). 

Oric. Desorrp.—‘ Capite et abdomine griseo albis. Alis quatuor 
cum fimbria griseo albidoque divisé. Anticis insuper area media ad 
basim griseo alba nec rufobrunnea, plag& vero marginali fuscogrisea. 
Posticis autem pallidioribus nec subrufis.”’ 

‘In this aberrant example there still exists a trace of the red- 
brown at the base of the wings, but the band does not exist and is 
replaced by a grey- white tint leaving the sinuous lines bordering the 
typical band as well as the orbicular in black, the terminal space is 
deep grey not brownish; the fringe is chequered grey and whitish. 
The forewings are sensibly lighter than in the type and show no trace 
of reddish. Head and abdomen are greyish-white.”’ Jorét de Soignes, 
Belgium. 


9. Genus: Acronicta, Ochs. (1816)=Apatela, Hb. (1806): 
Arctomyscis, Hb. (1822) : Pharetra, Hb. (1822), Hyboma, Hb, (1822) : 
Triaena, Hb. (1822): Jocheaera, Hb. (1822): Acronycta Tr. (1825) 
[= Craniophora, Snell. (1872)]. 


The species of Acronicta are all so nearly related, that it is only on 
more or less superficial characters that they can be classified. 
Hampson, Lep. Phal. 1909, places 128 species in Acronicta, including 
all but one of our British representatives, and that one, ligustri, he 
places with 8 others in Craniophora. Of these, 87 and 5 species, 
are Palaearctic, 7 and 3 are Indo-Malayan, 79 are American and 1 
Ethopian respectively. 

Staudinger, Cat. 1901, numbers 86 Palaearctic species, 88 in 
Acronicta and 8 in Craniophora, with ligustri in the latter. 

Warren (Seitz.) 1909, has 49 Palaearctic species, 43 including 
ligustri in Acronicta and auricoma, euphorbiae, rumicis and menyanthidis 
in Chamaepora. 

So far back as 18386 Curtis, Brit. Hint. 186, remarked, “It is a 
curious fact that in the present genus [Acronicta sens. lat.| the larvae 
are of more value in separating than in uniting the species.” ‘‘ There 
is not perhaps a more natural genus than Acronicta of Ochsenheimer 
if we look at the perfect insects ; yet when we refer to the larvae we 
shall not find more than two that have any affinity beyond the number » 
of their feet.”’ 

Chapman (lhe Genus Acronicta, 4, 1898) placed auricoma, myricae 
(euphorbiac), menyanthidis, rumieis and venosa in the genus Vimeinia, 
remarking that they ‘‘are very closely related and hardly admit of 
subdivision, although venosa, on the ground of the coloration of the 


(48) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'’S RECORD. 


imago, may be so separated for convenience.” Subsequent authors 
have definitely separated venosa from this group. 

Chapman's second group Cuspidia contains psi, tridens, strigosa, 
alni, megacephala, leporina and aceris. Of this he notes that it is ‘ not 
sO homogeneous as the first and may be subdivided,” if fancy so dictates, 
into subgenera, of which each species, except the first two, will represent 
one. Such division might be desirable if one were dealing with the 
Acronyctidae of the whole world. 

Chapman’s third group contains ligustri only, Bisuleia, which 
cannot stand as Snellen in 1872 had erected the genus Craniophora for 
ligustri alone. 

Subsequently in 1895 W. Caspari II. (Jahrb. Nass. Ver. 48, p. 129) 
comes to practically the same results, making 7 groups. (1) alni, (2) 
leporina, (8) strigosa, pst, tridens, cuspis, (4) menyanthidis, auricoma, 
euphorbiae, abscondita, rumicis, (5) megacephala, (6) acerts, (7) ligustri. 
Venosa he omits. His investigations were based on the larva, the 
larval habits, food plant, pupal habits, oviposition, ete. 

In 1898 in one of a series of admirable essays on the Noctuidae, 
Smith and Dyar, Contrib. Acronicta, divided the American species into 
five groups. A. Gp. americana to which our aceris and leporina belong. 
B. Gp. lobeliae to which our pst, tridens, striyosa and alni belong. C. 
Gp. persuasia. D. Gp. hamamelis. KE. Gp. auricoma to which our 
auricoma, riunicis, euphorbiae (myricae) and menyanthidis belong. 

Of A. leporina, they say, Contrib., 41. ‘This is the only species 
of Acronicta common to Kurope and N. America, and our larvae are 
absolutely like those compared from Europe.” Further they say, “ In 
its pattern of maculation alni resembles superans and connecta at 
least as much as, if not more than, it does our fuwneralis. It has not 
only the longitudinal shade of superans, but also the broad shade bands 
extending from the costa behind the orbicular to meet it. So the 
vestiture of aln? is much more roughened than it is in the American 
species, and in this particular it is also much closer to our connecta.”’ 

Of the genital structure Sm. and Dyar., Contrib. Acronicta, say 
‘«“ While at first sight there may seem a close resemblance between 
these Kuropean (pst, tridens, cuspis, strigosa and alni) and some 
American forms, yet they are really quite remote from each other. 
Variation has been much greater, and specialization more active in 
America; hence our species have diverged more and in a greater num- 
ber of directions.” 

In structure ‘‘ tridens is most nearly like lithospila ; psi, and tridens 
do not lack the superior. process, but do not have the scoop-shaped 
clasper distinctively developed ; strigosa is the Kuropean representative 
of our connecta, but is smaller, more slightly built, and more brightly 
coloured. The g claspers are those of connecta, but on a much 
smaller, more compact plan; enphorbiae in sexual structure is almost 
identical with sperata, and the species resemble each other very closely ; 
auricoma and rumicis represent the form found in impressa, our 
species standing almost midway between the two European forms in 
structure and resembling both superficially; ‘“ We have nothing 
resembling menyanthidis, in which both finger and thumb are long, 
slender and curved, the thumb distinctly longer and a little 
upeurved.” 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (49) 


They conclude by pointing out that, ‘ ligustri has sexual structures 
totally unlike anything else in the genus and should be excluded from 
it even on superficial characters’’; and that ‘‘megacephala is also 
unique and utterly unlike anything represented in the American fauna. 
There is nothing to contradict its reference to Acronicta, however, 
though I am at a loss as to how the structure could have been derived 
from anything known to me.’ 

Prerce in 1909, Genitalia of Brit. Noctuidae, p. 24, said, “As a 
whole the group are clearly generic, with the exception of megacephala 
and ligustri. Ligustri belougs to a separate genus, megacephala is 
entirely different, and I should be inclined to make a separate genus 
for it, were it not for the fact that Dr. Chapman considers in other 
respects it belongs here. We are therefore bound to conclude that 
it is a strong example of one of those curious sports that will be met 
with throughout the Order Lepidoptera.” 


Acronicta, Ochs. (1816) [= Bisuleia, Chap. (1893) | =Craniophora, 
Snell. (1872) ligustri, Schiff.-Fab. 


Tutt gave Fabricius, Mant. I., 172 (1787) as the author, but 
Schiffermuller, !erz. 70 (1775), sufficiently indicated the species by the 
name ligustrt ; larva on Liyustrum vulgare, belonging to a group of 5 
species with pubescent larvae, with few hairs almost long, the imavines 
with crests, greenish or silvery- grey wings, with black lines or streaks 
and white spots. The other four are glandifera (muralis), perla, 
aprilina and deyener (alni) all quite distinctive from ligustri. Hence 
it should be ligustri, Schiff. Eb. himself gives Schiff. as the author. 
Ent. Sys. L11. (2) 102 (1794). 

Some early writers confused ligustri (atropos minor as it was named 
by some) with larvae on Ligustrwn, with Hadena brassicae with larvae 
on Lactuca. Hence Herrich-Schatfer. Sys. Bearb. IV., 182, places 
ligustri in dAcronicta (for reference) because it has always been so placed, 
but says it is a Hadenid, and on p. 278, treats of it in the genus 
Phlogophora with luctpara, etc. 


Tutt Br. Noct. I. 12 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. I. Il. 270, plt. 128 
(1896): Stdgr. Cat. 184 (1901): Splr. Sch. Hur, I. 140, pl. 31 (1908) : 
South Moths, Br. I. I. 198, plt. 108 (1907): Hamp. Lep. Ph. VILL. 57, 
fig. 16 (1909): Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. Ill. 14, plt. 86, 4d (1909) : 
Tutt Ant. XXI. 81 (1888): Hunt. Record I. 84 (1890). 

Hiibner’s figure, Noct. 21, is very dark olive-brown with very little 
white, apical patch light but mottled with dark colour, orbicular not 
marked out white, markings usually white are dark but lighter than 
the ground. 

Freyer’s figure, Beitr. IL]. 142, has the area from anal angle to apex 
and one third of costa greenish-white variegated with brown lines and 
spots; the light narrow transverse band from one third of costa to 
middle of inner margin slightly green. 

Duponchel’s figure, Hist. Nat. V1., plt. 89, is a very good typical 
floure slightly green. 


Of the variation Barrett says, ‘‘ Appears to be in a great degree 
climatal ; the more northern and western districts [Brit. Isles} produc- 


(50) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


ing forms in which the ground colour is of a deeper olive-green, or — 
deep olive-brown, or even almost purplish black; the transverse Imes— 
double and the other dark markings intensified; broken black clouds — 
lying between the nervures ; the white markings obliterated, or only 
existing as faint dashes between the double transverse lines, at the 
edge of the stigmata. and in small scallops along the hind margin, 
and the usual Jarge ovate blotch obliterated ; the hindwings and under- 
side also darker. Almost every intermediate shade of variation also 
occurs, or the white markings are replaced by yellow, and in many the 
white ring of the orbicular stigma is very distinet.”’ 

Treitschke says, Schm. Kur. V. (1) 22. ‘* Aberrations occur so 
commonly, that almost no specimen is like another.” 

In the Dobrée Coll. there is a specimen in which the stigmata are 
almost entirely obliterated. 

Ernst. and Kngramelle, Pap. d’Hur., plt. 225, f. 820f, figure a fine 
light aberration, the only dark portions being a narrow fascia across 
the disc between the stigmata, the transverse lines and a dark clouding 
from the inner margin near the inner angle to a point below the apex. 


The forms to be considered are :— 

ligustri, Schiff., Verz. 70 (1775): Fab. Mane. IL. 172 (1787). 

form coronula, Haw., Lep. Brit. 179 (1809). 

form sundevalli, Lampa., Mnt. Tidsk, 50 (1885). 

ab. olivacea (Dobr.) Tutt, Ant. XXI. 81 (1888): Br. Noct. I. 18 
(1890). 

ab. nigra, Tutt, lc. 

ab. tront, Huene., Berl. e. Zeit. 8310 (1901). 

ab. effusior, Dann., Hnt. Zeit. XXIX. 6 (1925). 

ab. roseoradiata, Dann., l.c., 120. 

ab. viburni, Dann., l.c. 

Tutt discussed coronula with only a white lunule, swndevalli the 
olive-brown form, olivacea the daik olive-green form and nigra the 
wholly black form. He said b.N. IV., 89, that swndevalli was the 
same as coronula. 


Brown, Descr. Cat. Dobr. Coll. 1909 says, ab. sundevalli, Lamp. 
(1885) =olivacea, Dobrée.-Tutt (1891). “ A form in which the white 
markings are replaced by olive-green, and which is equally common 
with the type in Kast Yorkshire.” (Dobrée) See Barr., plt. 123, f. 3. 

Curiously Hampson says that sundevalli is olive-brown while Warren- 
Seitz says it is entirely dark olive-green.”’ 


ab. troni, Huene., Berl. e. Zeit. 310 (1901). 

Orie. Descrie.—* 1 have obtained from the neighbourhood of 
Reval a specimen caught in June, which is not only a handsome 
aberration, but also affords me an evidence of the probability, that very 
pale liyustyi can have in reality a transitory similarity with dark 
ludifica, but that also only on the forewings. ‘The ground colour of 
this aberration is not even brown, but white, with the normal black 
markings. ‘The spots of the ground colour in the typical ligustri 
coloured the deepest and darkest brown are in this specimen marked 
only with light grey-brown. ‘These are, that of the area between the 
stigmata and a little downwards from here, then that of the inner 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (51) 


anele and that of the underpart of the apex of the wing resting on the 
marginal line sending out a tooth towards the reniform. There are 
also present grey-brown scales scattered here and there and indeed 
particularly at the base of the forewing. The hindwings are uniform 
eray-brown.” 

The figure in Ernst and Engram. (ante) is suggested by the above 
description. 


form effusior, Dann. Ent. Zeit. XXXIX. 6 (1925). 

Oric. Descrrep.—‘‘ The examples marked as ab. and v. sundevalli, 
Lampa, include in size and general appearance all the forms differing 
from the typical ones by darkening of the white areas and suffusion of 
olive tone over the black. But there are found to be included speci- 
mens, in which pronounced rose and pale green tones are developed, 
the deep black in the typical form is varied to pale grey and olive 
grey, and the white markings, especially towards the apex of the fore- 
wings are intensified. In some way an extreme sundevalli-form, but 
which in many years is the prevalent form in the South Tyrol, and 
especially on account of its strong white appears extraordinarily varie- 
gated; it is a local race, which should not be included in the wide 
significance of v. sundevalli, and for which | propose the name 
effusior.” 

The orig. descrip. of form sundevalli, Lampa, is a comprehensive 
one, viz., ‘ Forewings devoid of white scales,” and thus would include 
all green, brown and black forms without white coloration. 


ab. roseoradiata, Dann., Ent. Zeit., XX XIX. 120 (1925). 

Orig. Descrie.—‘‘ Very noticeable the form appears, in which the 
rose suffusion is changed in colour to a rose-brown or violet, but also 
intensified in such a way, that there are along the veins three strongly 
coloured streaks, lying lengthways from the wing base to the outer 
margin. This very conspicuous form of such an extraordinarily 
variable species is very rare, and out of the many hundreds captured 
and bred examples I have met with only one male example. | name 
it roseoradiata,” 


ab. viburni, Dann., Ent. Zeit., XX XIX. 120 (1925). 

Orie. Descrrp.— ‘There are examples in the swndevalli group, 
which are also unicolorous mouse-grey. A smaller amount of olive- 
green and rose-red infusion becomes unrecognisable in this smooth 
ground and only a narrow dark transverse band is apparent. The 
large white spot lying in the outer area is only noticeable as a little 
paler than the ground. The thorax and abdomen are mouse-grey : 
the usual strongly marked black and white streaks and marks are 
absent. This form, which is not rare among the generally very 
variegated summer form, I call ab. viburni ; it is obviously an extreme, 
the opposite of effustior.” 


Acronicta, Ochs. (1816) = Apatela, Hb. (1806) [= Arctomyscis, Hb. 
(1822) = Cuspidia, Chap. (1898) | aceris, L. : 


Tutt quotes the Linn. description in Sys. Nat. XJI.ed. The 
original description is in the X. ed. and is the same but not amplified 
as in the former, 


(52) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Tutt. Brit. Noc. I. 18 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. 7. IIT. 281, pl. 120m 
(1896) : Stder. Cat. 131 (T901) : Splr. Schu. Hu. I. 186, plt. 31, 10 
(1908) : South M/. Br. 7. I. 192, plt. 100, 5 (1907): Hamp. Lep. #Ph. 
VIII. 116 (1909): Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 18, plt. 2fg (1909): 
Tutt Hnt. XXT. 52 (1888). 

Hiibner’s figs. Noct. 18-14, in my copy are dark, probably from 
deterioration ; leporina on the same plate is utterly spoiled. 


Of the variation Barrett says, III. 230, ‘‘ Usually rather constant 
in colour and markings, varying only a little in tint of the grey 
mottling; the hind marginal space is, however, often darker or paler 
than the rest, and a dark grey band outside the second line is not 
unfrequent.”’ 

«A rare variety is nearly unicolorous blackish-grey, or dark brown- 
grey, and in this the white second line is sometimes obscured.” = infus- 
cata, Haw. Lep. Brit. 177: Hb. Noct. f. 14. 


The forms to be considered are :— 

aceris, Linn., Sys. Nat. X. ed. 514 (1758). 

f, candelisequa, Ksp., Schum. Abbild. TV. (2), 89, plt. 191 (1795). 

f. infuscata, Haw., Lep. Brit. 177 (1809): Warr.-Seitz. ILI., plt. 2f. 

f. candelisequa, Gn., Noct. V. 48 (1853). 

r. intermedia, Tutt, Brit. Noet. I, 14 (1891): South M.B.I. L., plt. 
100. 

r. judaea, Stder., Cat. II]. ed. 131 (1901), Palestine. 

ab. asignata, Hirschke., Verh. Gess. Wien. LX. 413 (1910). 

ab. elineata, Dufr., Rev. Mens. XXV. 82 (1925). 

Tutt considered aceris the grey form; candelisequa, Esp., the 
suffused brown form and candelisequa, Gn. (nec. Esp.) =intermedia the 
grey form with yellow infusion. 


race judaea, Ster., Cat. Lep. Pal. 181 (1901). 
Orig. Descrre.— Pallidior, al. ant. griseo-albicantibus.” This is 
the palest form. 


ab. asiynata, Hirschke, Verh. Gess. Wien. LX. 413 (1910). 

Orig. Descrie.—‘‘ A female collected at Luzerdorf near Vienna. 
On the upperside of the forewing any trace of marking is wanting, 
and on the upperside of the hindwing the curved line is absent. The 
curved lines on the underside of all the wings only slightly marked.” 


ab. elineata, Dufr., Rev. Mens., XXV. 32 (1925). 

Orie, Descrie.— The disappearance of the black mark under the 
sub-median fold which crosses the outer line; the usual lines and 
markings are thinner than in the type. The wings finely powdered 
with blackish.” Frameries, Belgium. 


Acronicta, Ochs. (1816) = Apatela, Hb. (1806) [= Cuspidia, Chap. 
* (1893) | leporina, Th 


Orie. Descrip.—Tutt gives the In. Suec., 1761, of Linn. for the 
original description. It should have been Sys. Nat., X. ed., 510-11 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (538) 


1758, which after ‘“ Noctua” has “‘seticornis” in the deseription Tutt 
quotes. 


Tutt. Hint. XXT. 51 (1888) ; Brit. Noct. I. 14 (1891): Dyar. Cat. 
Lep. N. Am. 100 (1893): Barr. Lep. Br. J. ILL. 224. pl. 120 (1896): 
Stder. Cat. IIL. ed. 131 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur. 1. 136. ah 31 (1903): 
South. Moth. Br. I. 1, 191. plt. 100 (1907): Hamp. Lep. Phal. VIII. 
161. fig. (1909): Warr. (Seitz) Pal. Noct. IIL. 14. plt. 8a (1909). 


Variation.—According to Barrett, l.c, the typical white form is 
usually found in the southern counties only, while the form more or 
less suffused with grey atoms occurs chiefly in the east, west and north. 
“In the Kastern counties the darker forms appear almost to exclude 
the type.” ‘Along with the darkening of the ground colour the 
transverse lines are usually blacker, more distinct and more complete.” 

Treit. says, Schm. V. (1), 7, that Hb. fiz. 16 isa 2 bradyporina. 
Really it is a typical ? leporina, white not grey in my copy of Hiibner’s 
Noctuae. 

Hiibner’s figure 570 571 named bradyporina is a white form, 7.e., 
the type leporina, 

The figure of Stephens, /d/. III., plt. 26, is of a very darkly suffused 
form with the markings much further intensified, Outside the outer 
line the ground is darkest, the outer line being emphasised by wide 
black edging. It differs from all figures of bradyporina=yrisea which 
I have examined. 

The figure of bradyporina=yrisea in H.S., 686, is white partially 
suffused with grey atoms; a bandlike area inside the outer line and an 
irregular area along the outer margin remaining pure white. 

Newman, rit. Moths, 251, figures leporina, white ; bradyporina, 
dark uniform grey; semtvirga, with an exterior band. 


The List of forms to be considered are :— 

leporina, L., Sys. Nat. X. ed. 510-11 (1758). 

f. bradyporina, Hb., Noct. 570-1 (1818). 

f. bradyporina, Tr., Schm. Hur. V. (1), 9 (1825). 

ab. rosea (Engr.), (Gn.), Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 15 (1891). 

ab. bimacula, Maas., Stett. ent. Zeit. XXXII. 27 (1871). 

r. vulpina, Grote., Can. Mut. XV. 8 (1888). 

ab. sanctae, H. Kdw., Hnt. Ann. III. 185 (1888). 

race cineracea, Graes., Berl. ent. Zt. XXXII. 310 (1888). 

race leporella, Stder., Stett, e. Zt. XLIX. 245 (1888). 

ab, semivirga, Tutt., Brit. Noct. 1. 15 (1891): Mt. XXI. 51 (1888). 

race canadensts, Sm. and Dyr., Pr. U.S. Nat. M. XX1. 57 (1898). (?) 

ab. moesta, Dyar, Can. Hut. XXXVI, 29 (1904). 

ab. melanocephala, Mansb., Hut. XX XVIII. 289, figs. (1905). 

f. yrisea, Cochr., Hnt. Record. XVIIL. 101 (1906). 

ab. niyra, Tutt, Mnt. Record. XVIII. 149 (1906). 

ab. melaleuca, Culot. Noct. e. G. I. (1). 18. plt. 1. figs. 5-6; plt. 2. 
f. 2 (1909). 

ab. leucoglaea, Stich. Zt. Wiss. Ins. XIII. 290. plt. 1. fig. 7 (1917). 


Hampson considers, l.c., that the American forms sanctae, vulpina 
and moesta are all leporina forms. 


(54) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Tutt treated of bradyporina, Tr., the grey powdered form ; semivirga 
the banded white form ; rosea the rosy form; and bradyporina, Hb. 
570-571 Sleporina type. 

Considerable confusion existed as to the significance of these and 
other names and Prout, Hnt. Record, XVIII. 147 (1906), revised Tutt’s 
account of the variation in leporina. 

He pointed out (1) that the name bradyporina, Hb. figs 570, 571 
was a synonym of leporina for the figures were of pure white examples 
like figs. 15 and 216, and not grey. (2) Hence the name bradyporina 
was not available for Treitschke* and that the name grisea, Coch., 
might well be used for the grey form described by tbat author. 
(3). That Mansbridge’s ab. melanocephala is an extreme of the brady- 
portna, Tr. = grisea, Coch., particularly characterised by its black thorax. 

(4) That the description of Treitsehke’s form emphasised the 
darker dusting behind the second line in numerous examples, 
suggesting Tutt’s semivirga form of the white leporina. 


ab. bimacula, Maas., Stett. e. 7t. XXXII. 27 (1871). 

Iic.—Hampson’s figure of leporina, Lep. Phal. VIII. 161, is really 
that of the extreme markingless form bimacula, Maas. 

Orie. Descrie.—‘ Wholly white, with two black spots in the middle 
of the forewing.”’ 

Prout says, l.c., ab. bimacula, Maas., is only “ slightly more extreme 
than the type.” (tota alba, punctis duobus nigris). 


race vulpina, Grote., Can. nt. XY. 8 (1883). 

Fic.—Sm. and Dyr. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus, XX1., plt. XL, figs. 1-2. 
leporina (American). 

Orie. Descrip.—* The wings are not ‘ d’un blanc grisdtre saupoudré 
de fins atomes noirs,’ but of a creamy yellowish-white not irrorate. 
The secondaries are not of a ‘blane sale,’ but pure immaculate white. 
The markings are as in leporina; a black basal dash, the t. a, line 
consisting of three black spots, a small ringed orbicular sometimes 
wanting; a small lunate black reniform. ‘'T. p. line fragmentary but 
without the dash at internal angle, ‘en T.’ of lepusculina, or at most 
the smallest remmant of it. The markings of these three are alike, 
but vulpina is slight.’ New York. 

Hampson, Dyar and others identify this as leporina. There is 
complete identity of the larvae. 


race sanctae, H. Kdw., Hut. Amer. I]. 185 (1888). 

Orie. Descrir.— Pure clean white, with all the markings reduced 
to mere spots or dashes. There isa very minute black dash at the 
base of the primaries, hardly visible without a lens, three black spots 
on costa, one at basal third, the other two near together beyond the 
middle-one in middle of wing, and a faint one behind the cell. The 
submarginal line is indicated by three spots, one on internal margin, 
one near the middle of vein 3, and a smaller one near the apex, close 
to which are two very indistinct dots. ‘lhe marginal line is composed 
of minute black dots, and there is also a black dot in the middle of the 
internal margin. Fringe clear glossy white. Secondaries silvery 


“Invalid, as *‘ not containing the type of the conception,’’—(Wlsm. and Drnt.) 


THE BTITISH NOCTUAEK AND THEIR VARIETIKS. (55) 


white, glossy, shining, the marginal line barely visible. Fringe clear 
white. Head, thorax, breast, palpi, outer side of coxae, femora and 
tibiae clear white, as is also the underside of the abdomen. Shaft of 
antennae white, pectinations black. Tarsi white banded with black. 
Interior of lees blackish. Upperside of abdomen black, covered with 
long white hairs, and with white band, indicating the separation of the 
segments. 

“Tt has at first sight a good deal of the appearance of the European 
A. leporina,”’ 

Hampson, Dyar, etc., recognise this as the American leporina. 


race leporella, Stdgr., Stett. ¢. Zt. XLIX. 245 (1888). 

Fig.—Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. plt. 8.a. 9 ¢. 

Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ The specimens measure 40mm., and have white, 
wholly light grey suffused forewings, without markings anywhere 
standing out sharply black such as they always do more or less in 
leporina. In the basal part stands a dusky brown longitudinal streak 
and the first cross line is only indicated by a pair of brownish crochets. 
Beyond is the outer cross line, bent almost completely S-shaped, dull 
black-brown, without forming sharp teeth as is always the case with 
var. bradyporina (where it usually stands out clearly). Bradyporina is 
mostly much darker, more coarsely powdered black gray, than leporella. 
The discal spot at the end of the cell is only indicated by extremely 
dull brownish. On the white underside only this with the black 
marginal spots before the fringes are indicated blackish.” EK. Siberia. 
Thibet, Japan. 

Prout says, Hnt. Record. XVIII. 147, that cineracea, Graes., is 
synonymous with leporella. But in cineracea the wavy line is con- 
tinuous the whole width of the wing whereas in the present form it is 
only represented by obsolescent fragments. 


race cineracea, Graes. Berl. e. Zt. XXXII. 310. (1888.) 

Orie. Descriep.—‘‘ The ground colour of the forewing is a dull grey- 
white, but without the dark powdering of the var. bradyporina, Tr. 
The very distinct black markings in the typical form are in var. cineracea 
only indicated by fine, brownish spots and streaks, and the waved line 
of the marginal area, which in leporina is usually indicated by a few 
black spots only, is visible in cineracea the whole width of the wing and 
forms a continuous brownish line. The outer portion of the marginal 
area forming the waved line is coloured somewhat darker. The short 
black band of spots, which in the typical form reach to the middle cell 
at the closure, is not present in the form from Amur-land, it is indicated 
here by an almost invisible yellowish tinge, while the cross-veins 
become indicated by a fine, brown, waved streak. The black spots of 
the border are much less distinct and almost wholly obliterated in 
many specimens.” Amur. 

Prout says, that leporella, Stgr. and cineracea, Graes. are synonyms. 
(alis anticis cinereo-albidis, indistincte signatis.) 


race canadensts, Sm. and Dyr., Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus, XXI. 57 (1898). 

Fic.—Hamp. Lep. Phal. VILL., plt. 126, 10. 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Ground colour very much darker and having the 
secondaries more powdery. ‘he maculation is the same, as both my 
specimens are 9s. The difference is very decided.” British Columbia. 


(56) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 


race moesta, Dyar, Can. Hnt. XXXVI. 29 (1904). 

Orie. Desorie.—-‘' Dark grey fully as dark as canadensis, Smith and 
Dyar, which it much resembles, but the basal lime is broken and the 
transverse posterior line is dentate as in leporina,”’ British Columbia. 

Hampson treats this as a leporina, but canadensis as a separate 
species and far removed from leporina. 


ab. melanocephala, Mansbr. Wnt. XX XVIII. 289. (1905). 

Fie.—l.c., f.1. 

Oric. Descrir.— Differs from the type as follows :—‘‘ Forewings in 
both sexes strikingly suffused with fuscous, and with all the normal 
markings intensified. Thorax black; abdomen blackish, not so dark 
as the thorax; hindwings as in the type.’’ The Liverpool district, 
North Cheshire and §. Lancashire. 

Herr Gillmer remarks, Soc. Hnt. XXX. 48. (1906), on the above 
aberration as follows. 

“ab. melanocephala bas a completely black coloured thorax and 
blackish, abdomen, ab. bradyporina a smutty white mixed with blaek 
grey thorax, and a deeper grey abdomen. 

ab, melanocephala has strongly dark brown powdered forewings and 
sharply emphasised noctuid markings, in ab. bradyporina the forewings 
are the same but the markings are variable. 

ab. melanocephala is not darkly powdered in the marginal area of the 
forewings, ab. bradyporina is furnished with dark band-like powdering. 

In ab. melanocephala the hindwings are pure white (usually with 
darkened veins, the hindwings in ab. bradyporina have emphasised, 
mostly brown powdered veins.) 

The ab. melanocephala agrees well with Tutt’s semivirga, the grey 
form.” 

This last remark is quite incorrect. Hvena cursory glance at the 
figure of melanocephala and the figure of semivirya no. 3 in Newman 
will show complete dissimilarity. 


ab. nigra, Tutt. (Willsdon) Mut. Record. XVIIL. 149 (1906) [Ene. 
XXXIX. 97. (1906).] 

Fie.—Ent. Lc. 

Orig. Descrirp.—‘ The forewings of the insect are glossy black, 
with white fringes. ‘The black markings of the typical insect are for 
the most part discernable, and they are partly relieved by a faint white 
edging. The hindwings are somewhat suffused towards the inner and 
outer margins, and the nervures are strong and dark. ‘The thorax is 
quite black, the abdomen decidedly dark.” Bred from an Essex larva. 


f, grisea, Cochr. Wnt. Rec. XVIII. 101. (1906.) 

Vie.—Hut. XXX VIII. 289. fig. 2. 

Orica. Desorre.— A grey form very much suffused with searcely 
any traee of the white colour which characterises the type, the colour 
of the anterior wings of a dark uniform grey, the black markings of 
necessity less pronounced.” 

This, as pointed out by Prout, Mnt. Record. XVIII. 147, is the 
bradyporina of Treit. But the name bradyporina was first published 
by Hitbner for the white form leporina. Noctuae, 16, and therefore 
could not be used as it was a synonym of leporina. Hence Miss 
Cochrane's name yrisea must replace 'lreitschke’s name bradyportna. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETINS. (57) 


ab. melaleuca, (Obthr) Culot. Noct. et G.d’? Fur. (1). 19. (1909.) 

Fies.—l.c. plt. 2. f. 2. 

Orie. Descriep.—-‘‘ An exaggeration of ab. bradyporina, Tr., the 
ground of the upper wings above is entirely of a very deep grey, with 
the ordinary black markings unmodified ; the fringes and the interior 
wavy line contiguous to the black submarginal line are the only parts 
remaining white.” Osnabruck. 

A very conspicuous form by its white wavy line. 

Sub-sp. leucogaea, Stich., Zt. wiss. Insek. XIII. 290 (1917). 

Fies.—l.c., plt. 1, f. 7. 

Orie. Descrie.—‘ Closest to bradyporina, both zigzag lines of the 
forewings, but particularly the distal one, very sharp and continuous ; 
basal and distal areas greyer, central area of almost whiter ground 
colour, so that it forms a broad white band. Claviform extended 
backwards.’ Sweden. 


To those interested the following references might be useful. 

Apatela leporina, L.—Smith and Dyar Contrib. Acron. (Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. 1898), 59, plt. XI. 1, 2. 

Apatela cretica, S. and D.—1.c. 58, plt. XI. 8, 4. 

Apatela populi, Riley.—l.c. 61, plt. XI. 7. 

Apatela lepusculina, Gn.—l.c. 68, plts. I. 1, XI. 8. 

These appear to be very gradual steps in the degree of amount of 
marking ; their separation as species is mainly on slight differences of 
degree in genitalia as in the marking. 


Acronicta, Ochs. (1816) [Apatela, Hb. (1806): Arctomyscis, Hb. 
(1822) : Cuspidia, Chap, (1893)] megacephala, Schiff. 


The authority is given by Tutt as Fabricius, Mant. 1787. There 
is no doubt that this is the megacephala of Schiffermiller, Verz. 67. 
See the older authors up to Illiger’s revision of the Verz. 1801. Tutt 
used the first displayed description. 


Tutt Brit. Noct. J. 15 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. Is. III. 238, plt. 120 
(1896): Stdgr. Cat. 131 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 187, plt. 31 
(1903) : South Moth. Br. Is. I. 198, plt. 101 (1907) : Hamp. Lep. Phal. 
VIII. 149 (1909): Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 15, plt. 86 (1909). 


Of the variation Barrett says, l.c. 234, “ Usually very constant in 
colour and markings, but there is occasional variation in the intensity 
of the dark colouring of the forewings, and in the size and distinctness 
of the large ovate pale blotch.” Chapman reported, ‘‘1 have them of 
three tints, (1) black and white, (2) ochreous, (8) tending to pink.” 
(Tutt U.c. 15). 


The following is a list of the named forms.— 
megacephala, Schiff., Verz. 67 (1775). 

(2) race tuvanica, Stdgr. Stett. e. Zt. 88 (1888). 
f. ochrea, Tutt., Brit. Noct. 1. 15 (1891). 

f. rosea, Tutt, l.c. 

ab. grumi, Alpb., Rom. Mem, IX. 8-4 (1897). 


ae 


(58) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECOKD. 


ab. igdyrensis, Teich., Korrespond.-blatt Nat.-f. Ver. Riga, 44, p. 


17 (1901); 
ab. nigra, Shaw., Wnt. Record XIV. 108 (1902). 
race pulla, Strnd., Arch. Nat.-v. Christ. XXV. no. 9, p. 9 (1908). 
ab. aethiopa, Krul., Soc. Ent. XXI. 49 (1906). 
ab. warpachouskyi, Krul., Soe. Ent, XXIII. 123 (1908). 
ab. albidior, Wagn., Zeit. Oestr. Ent. Ver. VIII. 21 (1928). 


Tutt treats of (1) the black and white megacephala, (2) the pale 
turanica, (3) the ochreous tinged ochrea, and (4) the pinkish tinged 
rosea. 

Brown considering the form turanica, Des. Cat. Dobrée Coll.,” p. 9, 
says, “ Formerly considered by Dr. Staudinger to be a distinct species. 
Mr. Dobrée pointed out that it was nothing more than a light coloured 
form of this species, suffused with pale brownish-grey. In Dr. 
Staudinger’s 1901 Cat., however, it appears as a variety of A. rumicis.” 
Hampson and Warr.-Seitz also treat it as a form of rumicis, 


ab. grumi, Alph., om. Mem. IX. 8-4 (1897). 

Oric. Descriv.—Differt alis anticis angustioribus, spatio inter 
strigem postbasalem et umbram mediam albido alisque posticis ubique 
candidis. 

“The only ¢ which I have before me and which has just come 
from north of the Thian-Chan is perhaps only a var. of megacephala, 
but it may turn out a separate species. In the arrangement of the 
markings and in the coloration of the forewings grumi shows only a 
slight differenve, except that the light space inside the elbow is absent 
(which rarely happens in meyacephala) the wing being here of the same 
coloration as the rest of the ground, while a long lighter shade 
traverses the whole wing between the extrabasal and the transverse 
median shade. ‘This clear space contains almost in the middle, but 
nearer the extrabasal, the small very round orbicular, very clearly 
circled with grey and never soiled with grayish in the centre, which is 
always the case (more or less) in meyacephala. What is still more 
characteristic is that the posterior wings are entirely white on both 


sides without any markings. Also the general appearance of the insect © 


appears, on account of the more elongated forewings and less wide on 
the posterior margin, than in megacephala, to be a true species, the cut 
of the wings being rather that of A. pst. Finally as a last distinctive 
character I will note the 2nd joint of the palpi, is, seen from below, of 
a pure white and that its hairiness almost completely hides the 
terminal joint. Dr. Staudinger says that he believes it is only a 
variety of the very variable megacephala.”’ 


ab. igdyrensis, Teich., Korrespond.-blatt Nat. f. Ver. Riga. XUIV. 
17 (1901). | 

Ortc. Descrre.— This very remarkable variety I caught and bred 
in Igdyr near Ararat. The larva is extraordinarily like that of mega- 
cephala and lives with Smerinthus kindermanni on willow. While our 
typical megacephala is very dark, the var. igdyrensis has the pale colour 
of aceris with a trace of yellowish, ‘The marking is the same only 
obsolescent, whereby the outer transverse line is sharply expressed and 
shows fine, clear, black teeth. The hindwings are almost white with 


| 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (59) 


nearly clear marginal area. The underside is nearly without marking. 
The forewings show only a very slight central mark and the hindwings 
have black discal points.” 


ab. nigra, Shaw., Hnt. Record, XIV. 103 (1902). 

Orie. Descrip.— A fine form of this insect is found at Manchester 
together with the type. The forewings are totally black, with excep- 
tion of the outer margin which has a slight white fringe, and the 
orbicular stigma which is slightly paler than the ground colour. Body 
black ; hindwings as in the type.” 

Rebel points out, Berge’s Schm.-buch. Ed. 9 (1909), that aethiona, 
Krul., and nigra, Shaw, are synonymous. 


race pulla, Strnd., Arch. Naturv. Christ. XXV. no. 9, p. 9 (1903). 

Orie. Descrip.—* The Norwegian examples before me are all very 
consistently dark coloured ; most of the markings are only exceptionally 
of definite white, and of reddish suffusion there is not a trace present. 
In the darkest specimens the head, neck and thorax are black with 
a little mixture of grey ; the whole forewings are so suffused with black, 
that the pale markings, which are not white, but grayish, either have 
wholly disappeared, or are only indistinctly present. The first trans- 
verse line is only slightly represented on the costa, while the second 
only in its upper half as well as on the inner margin is recognisable by 
a grayish wisp. Of the stigmata only the orbicular is distinctly visible. 
The black marginal area with a few indeterminate, grayish, uncon- 
nected wisps represent the elbowed line.’ This form I name 
pulla ; it occurred near Christiania. 


ab. aethiopa, Krul., Soc. Hnt. XXI. 50 (1906). 

Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ Forewings are coal-black with slight traces of 
the usual markings. The light place between the reniform and the 
outer transverse line is not emphasised. The thorax is black; the 
abdomen much darker than usual.” Wiatka and Moscow. (See ab. 
nigra, ante). 


race warpachowskyi, Krul., Soc. Ent, XXIII. 123 (1908). 

Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ The examples of A. megacephala from KE. Russia 
diverge much from the forms of Central Kurope. It well deserves an 
individual name as a distinct local race, which, as it appears, stands 
nearer to the var. igdyrensis, Teich, than to the typical form. 

“The forewings are more white-gray with finer black markings 
broken up raggedly in places. The spot between the reniform stigma 
and the outer transverse line is very much fainter, often almost wholly 
white. Sometimes the whole of the central area is distinctly paler 
than the general ground colour, and only the hindmargin appears more 
dusky coloured. ‘Thus the transverse lines show up more distinctly on 
the whitish ground than in the case of typical examples. The body 
parts are also much paler than in German examples. The larva 
ordinarily lives in July and August on the willow and poplar and the 
not uncommon imago flies from mid-May to July. 

“J name this variety after the renowned well-known Russian 
ichthyologist Herrn. N. A. Warpachowsky— var. warpachowsky?.” 


(60) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


ab. albidior, Wagn., Zeit. Oestr. Ent. Ver. VIIL. 21 (1923). 

Fia.—l.c. 

Orica. Desorre.—‘t The specimen tends in its appearance strongly 
towards aceris, L.: the early date of appearance so characteristic of 
megacephala, the abdomen laterally somewhat compressed, and com- 
pared with aceris much more slender, and extending out farther beyond 
the anal angle of the hindwing, and also the clearly emphasised 
irregular blotch at the inner angle of the forewing form an indubitable 
feature for the attachment to megacephala. Also the very well-marked 
large, spot-like pale area beyond the end of the middle cell, well con- 
cealed in the pale whitish gray ground, but always recognisable in 
megacephala. Further in confirmation of this there lies before me 
copious material of both species from the Schwingen collection of 
Vienna wherein is an intermediate to this form, thus the attachment 
of this form to megacephala requires no further documentary evidence. 
In the books it is stated that the black basal streak is a characteristic 
of aceris as well as of megacephala, only in the latter normally it is 
hidden more or less in the much darker ground colour.” 


Acronicta, Ochs. (1816) [Apatela, Hb. (1806) : Hyboma, Hb. (1822) : 
Cuspidia, Chap. (1893)] strigosa, Schiff. 


Tutt gave Fabricius as his was the first displayed description, 
Mantissa, 142 (1787). Most of the older authors are agreed that this 
is the species denoted in Schiff. W. Verz. 88 (1775). Esper, Schm. Abb. 
IV.(2), plt. 127, 4 (1786), figured the species under the name favillacea, 
which name Borkhausen used,, IV. 217 (1792), and later, IV. 652, 
copies Fab. species striyosa as unknown to him. Engramelle, Pap. 
d’ Eur. VI. 5, fig. 285 (1788), describes and figures it under Hsper’s 
name. Esper’s figure is poor and toolarge. Hubner’s fig. 2, favillacea 
fully emphasises this name by its olivaceous colour. 


Tutt; Brit. Nect. 1. 16 (1891),1V. 89, (1892) - Barr... ep. einen 
III. 241, plt. 121 (1896): Stdgr. Cat. ed. 3, 182 (1901): Splr. Schm. 
Eur. I. 187, plt. 81 (19038): South Moth. Br. I. 1. 194, plt. 100 (1907) : 
Hamp. Lep. Phal. VIII. 64 (1909): Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 16, 
plt. 8e (1909). 


There is very little variation and that small in this very local 
species. Barrett reports a nearly black example. 


The forms to be considered are :— 

strigosa, Schiff., W. Verz. 88 (1775). 

race bryophiloides, Horm., Ent. Nacht. XVII. 145 (1891). 

ab. casparii, Stein., Jris. X. 898 (1897). 

race adaucta, Warr.-Seitz., Pal. Noct. III. 16, plt. 3e (1909). 

ab. nigrescens (Barr.), l.c. 

Tutt dealt with the form bryophiloides, smaller, more slender, 
narrower wings. Warr.-Seitz figures it plt. 3e. 


ab. casparti, Stein., Zris. X. 898 (1897). 
Fic.—l.c., plt. 2, f. 6. 
Orie. Descrie.—* While this species has a ground colour for the- 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (61) 


most part ashy-gray, these three bred specimens are of a dark slatey- 
gray. This colour is found in normal examples only on the inner 
margin, in the neighbourhood of the three, deep black, arrow-likestreaks, 
in a very restricted area, but in these abnormal examples this is distri- 
buted equally over the whole wing. The specimens thereby have a 
quite distinctive appearance.” Wiesbaden. 

Warren says that this is only a bryophiloides form. 

In the figure the black basal streak and the psi mark stand out very 
strongly. 


race adaucta, Warr.-Seitz., Pal. Noct. II. 16 (1909). 

Fie.—l.c. plt. 8e. 

Oxia. Descrip.—‘ Japanese specimens are considerably larger than 
European and much darker; the stigmata more strongly indicated, 
and the black dashes thicker.” 


ab. nigrescens (Barr.), Lep. Brit. Is. 11]. 24 (1896). 

Oric. Descriv.—‘ Nearly black except the reniform stigma, which 
is yellow.” Of this specimen Dr. Cockayne writes me, ‘This was 
worthy of a name; nearly black with the exception of whitish orbicular 
and reniform.” I have named it nigrescens. 


Acronicta, Ochs. (1816) [ Apatela, Hb. (1806): Jocheaera, Hb. (1822) : 
Cuspidia, Chap. (18938)| alni, L. 


Kisper, Fabricius, Gmelin, Hubner (Verz.) cite Schiff. W. Verz. 70. 
H.4 deyener to alni. But, as [higer points out, Verz. n. ausg. I. 189 
(1801), had Schiff. known the species he would assuredly have placed 
it with psi, etc., in Fam. B. from both its larva and its imago. 


Putt. Ba Wotts to. (189l)-~- Bart. :Léep, by. JTL 286;; pli. 12 
(1896): Stder. Cat. [[led. 182 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur, I. 187. plt. 
31 (1903) : South, Moth B.I. 1, 193. plt. 100 (1907): Hamp. Lep. Phal. 
VIII. 123 (1909): Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 18. plt. 2g. (1909). 


Barrett sums up the variation, l.c., “‘ Hardly vaiiable except in an 
occasional extension of the blackish clouding to the hind margin, and 
in some degree over the pale portions of the forewings.” 

Tutt points out that the hindwings of this species are very variable, 
from pure white to banded, with dark nervures, with outer angle patch, 
a row of transverse spots on the nervures, discoidal lunule, fringes 
marked with fuscous, ete. 

Since writing the above I have met with, in Llliyer’s Mag. I. 225. 
(1802), an extract from a letter of Schiffermiuller to Nhger commenting 
on the new edition of the Verzeichniss which he (Illiger) had recently 
(1802) published. Schiffermitller states that, while the l’erz. (1775) 
was in the press, he received the cast skin of a larva from Linz, and a 
figure of it from Saxony with the imago. It was inserted in haste and 
its position was not checked, hence the error. 

Culot’s figure is very brown; Hsper’s is too hard and wooden ; 
IKingramelle has the lighter figure brown, the darker figure with contrast 
of black and white; Hiibner, 8, has a delicate olive shade in the apical 
area; South, the ? is slightly whiter on forewing, and hindwing too. 


(62) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


The forms to note are :— 

alni, L., Sys. Nat. XIled. 845 (1767). 

ab. suffusa, Tutt, B. Noct. I. 16 (1891). 

ab. obsoleta, Tutt, l.c. 

ab. steinerti, Casp., Soc. Hunt. XIII. 3 (1898). 

ab. carola, Phil., Soc. Ent. XIII. 50 (1898). 

ab. eothina, Dann., Ent. Zt. XX XIX. 119 (1925). 

Tutt deals with 1. sufusa the two pale patches suffused with dark 
blackish grey; %. obsoleta in which the orbicular stigma is entirely 
obliterated. 


ab. steinerti, Caspari, Soc. Hnt. XIII. 38. (1898). 

Fie.—Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. III. plt. 2g. 

Oric. Desorie.— The ground colour of the forewing, is of a rough 
brown, never as in other alni, does it shew white. The black parts, 
the arrow spots, which are in alni conspicuously deep black and lie in 
a surrounding of dark brown scaling, run into one another extending a 
little into the rough brown ground. The distorted reniform stigma is 
quite indistinct, almost unrecognisable, the orbicular is the same. The 
iringes of the forewing alternately black and white, are here brown and 
black. The thorax above is almost earth-brown, while it is usually 
especially snow-white. The lower wings are almost snow-white‘”’ 
Wiesbaden. 

Rebel, Berge Schm. buch, says that steinerti, Casp,=suffusa, Tutt. 
Warren keeps them distinct. 


ab. carola, Philipps. Soc. Ent. XIII. 50 (1898). 

Fies.—Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. IL]. plt. 2g. 

Orc. Descrie.— From my friend Herr W. Caspari II, in 
Wiesbaden, I obtained, with a number of typical A. alni, a male and 
a female with remarkably black forewings. The arrow marks, which 
in alni are sharply emphasised are here almost wholly obliterated by 
the black markings, The reniform is very indistinct and the orbicular 
black. The thorax is equally strongly black shaded. The hindwings 
are normal with black margins. The specimens came from one 
brood.” 

Apparently the nearly black specimen mentioned by Barrett would 
be this form. Dr. Cockayne has a black speciman which agrees with 
this description. 


ab. eothina, Dann. Hint. Zeit. XX XIX. 119. (1925). 

Orig. Descrie.—‘* Among a great number (of a/ni) caught in the 
Drautal, etc., a few were distinguished by a rosy tone, otherwise pretty 
dark specimens, too much so to be considered as being designated by 
the name carola, Phil. On numerous occasions, by examining many 
of the typical forms I obtained a number of examples in which so much 
of this colour develops to a dark rose, as to encroach upon the amount 
of the darkened portion of the wing. The black markings become 
more cencentrated and stand out; in all examples the orbicular is 
wanting. Only asmall percentage (about 5) of these extreme specimens 
are from the bred material ; there are intermediates.” 


Nore :—To differentiate the imagines of psi and tridens has always 


THK BRITISH NOCTUAK AND THEIR VARIETIES. (63) 


been a difficulty with unsatisfactory results on all attempts. Tutt in 
B. Noct. 1 17-19, states all the points but refrains from summing up. 

In 1906, however, Dr. Chapman, in a paper read before the City of 
London Entomological Society and published in their Transactions for 
that year with two plates, rediscussed the differentiation, and asserted, 
“There is no one character that always holds good, although it may 
furnish a correct conclusion in a large proportion of cases. A combin- 
ation of characters, no doubt, will fail less frequently ; nevertheless, it 
will fail sufficiently often to prevent entire dependence on it.”’ 

He continues, ‘It is, notwithstanding, unquestionable that if the 
specimen be a male, an examination of the ancillary appendages leaves 
no shadow of doubt as to which species the specimen belongs.’ “ In 
these ancillary appendages tridens has 3 branches to the inner spine of 
the clasps, while psi has only 2.” He expresses hesitancy in the 
determination of all females, particularly in the case of dark examples. 


In 1918 I summed up, nt. Record. p. 98-95, what had hitherto 
been done, after consultation with Dr. Chapman, who added that ‘‘ males 
with dark hindwings are always ps?, white males with white hindwings 
are sure to be tridens, Also that the bidens form of psi never occurs in 
tridens, nor does the pink form of tridens ever occur in pst.” 

Of course it is well known that the larvae are easily separable. 


Acronicta, Ochs. (1816): [Apatela, Hb. (1806): Triaena, Hb. 
(1822) : Cuspidia, Chap. (1898)] tridens, Schiff. 


Tutt gives Fab. Mant. II. (1787), as the author. Schiffermiller 
Verz. (1775), differentiated the larvae of psi and tridens introducing the 
latter name and should be cited at the author. 


uth H.. bO (188s) > BrNoct. I. 19 (1891): Barr: Ley. Br. Is. 
II]. 265, plt. 122 (1896): Stdgr. Cat. I[led. 182 (1901): Splr. Sch. 
Eur. I. 187, plt. 81 (1908): South Moth. Br. Is. I. 195. plt. 100 
(1907): Hamp. Lep. Ph. VIII. 108 (1909): Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. 
III. 16, plt. 3f (1909). 


Of the variation Barrett says, ‘“‘ Not very variable. I reshly reared 
Specimens often have almost a pinkish hue, which usually fades leaving 
merely the warm yellowish under-shade.”’ 


The forms to be considered are :— 

tridens, Schiff., Verz. 67 (1775). 

virga, Tutt, Ent. 50 (1888): Brit. Noct. I. 20 (1891). 

bidens, Tutt, Brit. Noct. I. 20 (1891). 

quinquedentata, Tutt, l.e. 

rosea, Tutt, l.c. 

juncta, Tutt, lc. 

increta, Btlr., Ann. M.N.H. 5(1), 78 (1878). 

kargalika, Moore, Ann. M.N.H. 5(1), 232 (1878). 

asignata, Splr., Schm. Hur. I. 187 (1910). 

intermedia, Warr.-Seitz., Pal. Noct. III. 16 (1909). 

variegata (Hamp.), Strand., Arch. Natury. UXXXI. A. 11, p. 157 
(1915). 


(64) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Tutt deals with—1. The slightly banded form figured by Newman, 
Brit. Moths, 248, ab. virga; 2. The rosy tinged form, ab. rosea; 8. 
The form with the curtailed psi mark, bidens; 4. With the basal mark 
produced with two bifurcations, guinguedentata; 5. Witb the orbicular 
and reniform united, jwncta. 


race increta, Btlr. dun. M.N.H. 5 (1). 78 (1878). 

Orie Descorie.— g. closely allied to 4. tridens, but noticeably 
larger, the primaries much darker and shining, the fringe shorter, less 
distinctly black-spotted ; secondaries similar.” Expanse 1 in. 10 lines. 
Yokobama. 


race kargalika, Moore., Ann. M.N.H. 5 (1). 232. (1878). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘ Female. Forewing pale silvery brownish grey ; 
reniform and orbicular marks whitish, contiguous, brown-bordered; a 
contiguous subbasal transverse recurved line, a discal transverse 
lunular line crossed near posterior angle by a short streak; some short 
costal marks and a streak on cilia between each vein brown; hindwing 
glossy grayish white, outer borders and veins pale grayish brown. 
Thorax and abdomen dark giay. Antennae gray. Underside grayish 
white: forewing with grayish brown costal streaks and hind margin, 
hindwing with brown basal streak and discocellular spot. Palpi 
brown at sides. Legs gray, femora tipped with black; tibiae 
longitudinally streaked and tarsi banded with black.” Kargalika, 
Yarkund. P 

“Most nearly allied to A. tridens but differs in being darker; the 
markings are somewhat similar; but the basal longitudinal streak is 
shorter, thus giving a wider interspace between the two transverse lines.” 


ab. asignata, Splr. Schin. Hur. 1, 187. (1910). 
Orie, Descrirp.— The black longitudinal arrow in the marginal 
area absent.” 


race intermedia, Warr.—Seitz, Pal. Noct. III. 16. (1909). 

Oric. Descrie.—* Like tridens, but consistently larger, with more 
uniformly dark grey forewings ; the stigmata united by a black dash ; 
the tibiae and anal segments of abdomen laterally streaked with 
black.” ‘Japan, Corea and W. China, and is surely distinct from 
tridens.” 

Warr. describes this as a species, but refers it to Butler’s increta 
(praeocc.). He subsequently refers the large Japanese tridens to inter- 
media (=<inereta). 


ab. variegata (Hamp.), Strand. Lep. Ph. VII. 108 (1909): Arch. 
naturg. LXXXI. A. 11, p. 157 (1915). 

Orig. Descrip.— Forewing more variegated with white; hindwing 
of male white, the veins slightly tinged with brown towards termen.” 
Britain. 

Hampson described this form but refrained from naming it. Strand 
subsequently went through the Lep. Phal. and named all the deserip- 
tions which had no name attached. 


’ 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES, (65) 


Acronicta, Ochs. (1816) : Apatela, Hb. (1806) : Triaena, Hb, (1822): 
Cuspidia, Chap. (1898) psi, L. 


Tutt Ent. 50 (1888): Ent. Rec. I. 20 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. Is. 
III. 250, plt. 122 (1896): Stdgr. Cat. IIled. 182 (1901): Splr. Schm. 
Eur, J. 188, plt. 181 (1908): South Moths Br. Is. I. 195, plt. 100 
(1907): Hamp. Lep. Ph. VIII. 106, fig. (1909): Warr.-Seitz. Pal, 
Noct. III. 15, plt. 8d (1909). 


Barrett remarks that this species is ‘‘ very much more variable in 
ground colour than the last, from a whiter-grey to a deep slate-grey or 
grey-black, but the markings are always distinctly deeper black, and in 
the vast majority of instances, the ground colour, whether darker or 
paler, is uniform.’ ‘ The blackest specimens are obtainable in the 
outskirts of London.” 


The forms to be dealt with are :— 
psi, L., Sys. Nat. Xed. 514 (1758). 
ab. cuspis, Steph., Id. II]. 89 (1829). 
A. Guen., Noct. V. 48 (1854). 
B. Guen., lc. 
ab. bivirgae, Tutt, Hnt. XXI. 50 (1888). 
ab. suffusa, Tutt, lc. 
ab. virga, Tutt, Brit. Noct. I. 21 (1891). 
ab. juncta, Tutt, lc. 
ab. rosea, Tutt, l.c. 
ab. bidens, Chap., B.N., l.c. 
race altaica, Stdgr., Cat. I1led. 182 (1901). 
ab. ? Bndrmn., Soc. nt. XXI1. 64 (1916). 


Tutt considers the forms—1. the slightly banded form, virya; 2. 
the orbicular and reniform joined, jnncta; 8. dark submarginal and 
basal bands, bivirgae; 4. the whole ground darkened, suffusa; 5. 
Stephens’ form evspis ; 6. suffused with rose, rosea; 7. the basal dagger 
with only two wings, bidens; 8. Guenée’s var. A; 9. Guenée’s var. B 
(he does not discuss the last two). 


race altaica, Stdgr., Cat. led. 1382 (1901). 
Orie. Descrip.—‘ Multo pallidior al. ant. cinereo albis.”’ Altai, 
E. Siberia. Much paler ; forewings white tinged with fuscous grey. 


ab. ? Bindermann, Soc. Ent. XXI. 64 (1916). 

Orie. Descrirp.—‘ A 2mm. wide dark brown band passes before the 
hind margin of the forewings from the costa, goes through the strongly 
emphasised arrow mark and goes to the hind margin. The orbicular 
and reniform stigmata are also crossed by a 1mm. wide band, which 
begins on the costa and goes as far as the middle of the wing. The 
black arrow mark at the base is broader and points out two black dots 
in the middle area which extend toward the outer margin. The pale 
grey colour of the forewing is supplanted by clear white grey colour. 
Hindwings and underside normal, I found 14 larvae in October on 
birch trees in Hohenweiden not far from Ropzig near Halle. I could 


(66) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RWCORD. 


find no different characteristics either in the full fed larva or in the 
pupa.” 


Whether this has been named | do not know. 


Tutt quotes the two descriptions A and B, given by Guenée (Noct. 
V. 43), but makes no comment. The form ‘‘A” is the form in the 
Guenée coll. from the centre of France, and would appear to be 
characterised by much whiter less powdered ground. “B” is a form 
from the United States and. is recognised by Smith (Cat. Noct. 86) in 
1898 as the vecidentalis, G. and R. This Smith and Dyar (Contrib. 
Mon. Noct. 79) in 1898 confirm, and figure it plt. IL., fig. 8. 


Acronicta, Ochs. (1816): Apatela, Hb. (1806) : Pharetra, Hb. (1822) : 
Viminia, Chap. (1893): Chamaepora, Warr.-Seitz (1909) auricoma, 
Schiff. 


Tutt gives Fab., Mant. 11. 174, as the author, Fab. himself gives 
Schiff. Verz. 67. Llliger, Borkhausen, Brahm and Esper all concur. 


Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 22 (1891): Smith Cat. Noct. B. Am. 41 (1893) ; 
Barr. Lep. Br. Is. III. 257, plt. 121 (1896): Stdgr. Cat. I[led. 133 
(1901): Splr. Schm. Hur, I. 188, plt. 81 (1903): South, Moths Br. Is. 
I, 196, plt. 103 (1907): Hamp. Lep. Phal. VILL. 132 (1909): Warr.- 
Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 16, plt. 8f. (1909). 


Of the variation Barrett says, ‘“‘ Shghtly variable in the depth of 
ground colour and in the distinctness of the markings, some specimen 
being pale and sharply marked, others much obscured with dark grey.” 

He also says that the species is an “ exceedingly local species in the 
extreme south of England.” ‘Found throughout Central Europe.” 
“ Also widely distributed in North America, extending to the Hudson’s 
Bay Territory, and bearing the names impressa, fasciata and verrillii.” 
Hampson, J.c. VIII. 141, identifies these three as one and the same, 
the species Acronicta impressa, Walk. 


The forms for consideration are :— 
auricoma, Schiff., Verz. 67 (1775). 
ab, lapathi, Schrank. Hn, Boica, I1(2). 808 (1802). 
ab, similis, Haw., Lep. Brit. 180 (1806). 
ab. menyanthidis, Haw., Le. 
ab. pepli, Hb., Noct. 614 (1818). 
race alpina, Frr., New. Beitr, VIL, 42, plt 6238 (1851). 
sub-sp. impressa, Walk., Cat. B.M, IX. 61 (1856). 
f. fascrata, Walk., l.c. 62. 
f. verrillii, Grote & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. ILL. 178, plt. II. 
(1870). 
race pyhaevaarae. Hoffm., Stett. Hut. Zeit. 126 (1893). 
vern. gen. vernalis, Frings., Soc. Ent. XX. 78 (1905). 


Tutt deals with the forms—1. with darker forewings, similis ; 
2. paler with a strongly developed psi-mark, menyanthidis ; and 8. more 
obseure dusted with black atoms, pepli. 

Smith and Dyar, Contributions: Acronicta, p. 159 (1898), Plts. I. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES, (67) 


VIII. XIII. XLV. XVIII. XXIL., treat impressa, Walk., brumosa, Grote 
(nec. Walk., nec. Gn.), fasciata, Walk., verrillii, Grote, tmotata, 
Morrison, as one and the same species. They say that in structure 
impressa stands almost midway between auricoma and rumicis, and 
superficially resembles both. 

Butler definitely says that fasciata (1856) is impressa (1856), and 
Grote identifies fasciata (1856) as his brumosa (1852). 

Grote, Jr. N. Yrk. Ent. S., 1896, IV. 81, says that auricoma, 
Kuropean, and impressa, American, are representative species. 

It is curious that Spuler describes Tutt’s similis as ‘‘ Paler, purer 
grey.” 


race lapathi, Schrank., fn. Boica, I1(2), 808 (1802). 

Orica. Descrie.— The upper wing ashy grey, clouded with a light 
brown shade; a black shaded longitudinal streak on the surface ending 
in a lunule.” 

Larva= Résel (/ns. Belust. I. et. 2, pap. noct.) tab. 44. 


race alpina, Frr., Neu. Beitr. VIL. 42, plt. 623 (1851). 

Fies.—l.c. 

Orig. Desorie.—‘ Larva. It has quite the ground colour and shape 
of A. anricoma, only it is distinctly plumper and larger. The chief 
difference is this, that this larva has on the surface of the backof each 
of segments 1-4 two rust-red warts and on segments 5-10 two bluish 
white ones, then on the two last segments rust-red spots again. The 
warts on the sides are however red. A. auricoma has on the surface 
of the back only rust-red warts, and in the other species there occur 
twelve white warts never seen in any auwicoma larva in our neighbour- 
hood. I found these larvae at the same time as that of euphrasiae on 
Gentiana asclepiadea. The larvae were found in August.” 

“The imagines appeared in April and May of the next year. The 
insect is so like awricoma, that it might easily be taken for it, but it 
is somewhat larger, and the practised eye of the expert finds the 
ground colour somewhat duller, the markings not so sharp, and best 
of all the stigmata somewhat duller and more indistinctly formed, 
than is usual in awricoma. The underside is also much whiter and 
paler, and on the hindwings lacks the dark shaded band, which in 
auricoma Shows clearly.” The Alps. 


Sub.-sp. impressa, Walk., Cat. B.M. IX. 61 (1856). 

Fies.—Smith and Dyar Contrib. Noct., plt. I., fig. 12, plt. XIIL., 
fiys. 4 and 5. 

Orig. Descrip.—* Whitish. Thorax speckled with black. Fore- 
wings rather narrow, thickly speckled with black ; the specks in some 
parts confiuent, and forming three large diffused black spots. Hind- 
wings cinereous, whitish towards the base.” 


f, fasciata, Walk., l.c. 62 (1856). 

Orig. Descrm.—‘‘ Cinereous varied with black. Abdomen hairy 
Forewing with some broad short black streaks in the disc, with soine 
slightly undulating black bands, and with two incomplete black discal 
ringlets ; ciliae with black dots. Hindwings pale brown, sometimes 
whitish towards the base.” 


(68) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 


Both these occurred in the same locality St. Martin’s Falls, Albany 
River, Hudson’s Bay, 


f. verrillii, Grote and Rob., 7’r. Am. Ent. Soc, III. 78 (1870). 

Fies.—l.c., plt. II., fig. 82. 

Oric. Descriep.—‘ Primaries pure grey, all the markings black and 
distinct. Transverse anterior widely geminate. Inferiorly between 
the basal and transverse anterior line is a black shaded streak. Above — 
the submedian vein across tne median space the wing is rather broadly 
shaded with black to the median shade. Orbicular small spherical, 
distinct and neatly ringed with black, with a black central dot. Reni- 
form well sized, of the normal shape, clouded with blackish. Trans- 
verse posterior of the usual shape, rather deeply scalloped between the 
nervules. A regular subterminal series of black marks preceeded by 
white scales. A neat terminal series of black dots. Fringes inter- 
rupted with black opposite the terminal black dots and subterminal 
marks.” 

Smaller and darker than awricoma, without the black dash at the 
internal angle. 

See what is said of these three above. 


race pyhaevaarae, Hoffm., Stett. ent. Zeit. 126 (1893). 

Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ N. Finland. It is in colour in comparison with 
auricoma as is the var. montivaga to euphorbiae, but is much smaller 
than the typical form. 27-80mm. in expanse, against 80-85mm. in 
German examples. While all the latter show a brownish-grey as 
ground colour, which Heinemann gave especially as the distinguishing 
characteristic of menyanthidis the var. pyhaevaarae has a decided ashy- 
grey ground of upperwing, as well as the hairing of the thorax. The 
black cross and longitudinal lines of the forewing, which in the typical 
auricoma are always sharp and distinct, are in this var. obliterated and 
expanded cloud-like, in a few examples covering so far almost the whole 
wing, so that it appears then deep black-grey and looks very like the 
dark menyanthidis var. salicis, Curt.” 

Warr.-Seitz identities pyhaevaarae as Hiibner’s pepli. 


f. vernalis, Frings, Soc. Fut. XX. 78 (1905). 

Orie. Descrie.— Here in Lonn Acronicta auricoma flies in two 
generations. The first emerges from hybernating pupae in April and 
May, the second towards the end of July. Most likely the species 
would occur so in the whole of central Europe, at least in warmer land 
areas. While this second generation here agrees with the descriptions 
and figures in entomological works, the spring generation constantly 
differs in quite a marked way. The ground colour of this insect is 
dark and uniform brown grey, the toothed-line on the inside not lined 
pale or scarcely lined, whereas the imagines of the summer genera- 
tion show a pale clear grey as ground colour, like that of ps?, mostly 
with a quite broad and distinetly white margined toothed line, of which 
the points are far stronger emphasised than in the spring generation. 
Of the darker browner suffusion, which covers the whole of the wing 
in the last named imagines, one finds here only a trace which lies on 
the basal side of the waved line. The colour distinction of the two 
generations is quite apparent at a glance, far more than it is with the 
two species psi and tridens.” 


Von. XXXIX. (new series). Prats IV. 


Tne Entomologist’s Record. del. E. E. Green 


Fic. 1. Aspidiotus zonatus, adult male, x75. oe 
» 2. Leg of Lecanitum hesperidum, x 220. 


» 3. Stages of a female Diaspid :—(a) egg; (b) newly hatched larva ; 
(c) nymph, dorsal view ; (d) adult female, ventral view. All con- 
siderably enlarged. 


[Supplement to ‘‘ Notes on Lepidoptera observed at Reservoir Aswan.”’] 


A List of Insects of various orders taken at Reservoir Aswan, Egypt, 
During 1919-1922. 
By K. J. HAYWARD, F.E.S. 


On my return to my duties at Reservoir near Aswan after the war, 
I devoted myself to the study of the Lepidoptera of that district, the 
results of which have appeared under the title of “ Notes on Egyptian 
Lepidoptera observed at Reservoir Aswan between October 1919 and 
April 1922,” published as a supplement to the Hntomologist’s Record 
and Journal of Variation during 1925 and 1926. 

As latterly | began to exhaust the possibilities of this Order, | 
commenced a general collection of insects, accumulating roughly some- 
thing over 300 species in the small area at my disposal. 

This collection, no longer existing in its entirety, and some of the 
species being Kgyptian records, it appears profitable to publish a list of 
those species which were identified. 

For most of the identifications | have to thank the Staff of the 
Kntomological Section of the Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo, especially 
the late Mr. G. Storey, whilst Mr. W. E. China and the late Mr. H. 
Campion of the B.M. Staff examined respectively certain of the 
Rhynehota and Odonata, and Mr. B. P. Uvarov many of the 
Orthoptera. 

Specimens of many of the species enumerated went to the collection 
of the Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo, but my personal collection was 
brought back to England in 1922, and unfortunately suffered very 
great damage in transit. The residve of the wreck was handed over 
to the British Museum, and the specimens are now in that collection. 
The following lists have been compiled from my notebooks. 

The area from which the collection was made was described in the 
opening pages of my notes on the Lepidoptera (see above), and it will 
suffice to say here that the total cultivated or plant-bearing area would 
not have exceeded 70 acres, this small “oasis” being completely 
surrounded by sandy or rocky desert on the East, West, and South, 
and having a narrow belt of similar desert dividing it on the North 
from the tail end of Egyptian cultivation at Aswan. The Nile with 
its numerous islands borders it on the Hast, and the presence of these 
islands coupled with the prevailing wind from the North provides 
practically the only path for insect life into the colony. 

Cultivation consists almost entirely of ‘‘ berseen” (afalfa), with the 
usual garden products, whilst the uncultivated parts are covered 
sparsely with a coarse grass, with patches of Colocynth (Citrullus 
colocynthus), and a wost valuable plant from the point of view of the 
Kntomologist—Calotropus procera, R.Br. (dead sea fruit). Palms, 
sycamore, fig, acaciae, a little tamarisk, nerium, and lebbak (Albizziz 
lébbek) with a few other common Egyptian bushes and one or two 
eucalyptus form the tree life, and there are now a fair number of citrus. 
Cotton was not grown except for one small experimental patch during 
the period of these notes. 

Temperatures, which run high, were given fully in the above 
mentioned notes on the Lepidoptera and need not be repeated. 

CoLLEMBoia.— everal species were taken but were not identified. 


(2) LHE BLNLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Orruoprera.—Out of about 25 species taken, most were identified. 

Blattidae.—blatta orientalis, L., and leriplaneta americana, L. 
Common in houses everywhere. 

Mantidae.—Sphodromantis viridis, Forsk. (bivculata, Burm.). 
Common all the year. Two unidentified Mantids were also taken. 

Gryllidae.—Gryllotalpa vulaaris, Latr., and Gryllus domestieus, L. 

Tettigidae.—Paratettia meridionalis, Ramb. Common. 

Acridtidae.—Acridella nasuta, L., Tryvalis unguiculata, Ramb., 
Oxycoryphus compressicornis, Latr., Acrotylus insubricus, Seop., A. 
patruelis, Sturm., Sphinyonotus pubescens, Walk., and S. caerulans, L., 
Thisotcetrus littoralis, Ramb., common, Chrotoganus luqubris, Blanch., 
very common, Pyrgomorpha grylloides, Latr., Acridinm aegyptium, L., 
uncommon, Schistocerca peregrina, Oliv., occasionally in swarms., 
Pachytylus danicus, L., Epacromia thalassina, F., and Muprepocnemis 
plorans, Chapp. One or two unidentified species, 

lor an interesting note on the occurrence of S. peregrina in 
HKigypt, see the ‘ Report of the great invasion of locusts in Egypt in 
1915,” Egypt. Govt. press, Cairo, 1916. 

Nevroptera. |s.].] —Whilst Odonata did not run to many species, they 
were very numerous, and one of my pleasantest memories is the sight of 
hundreds of these insects chasing up and down the small irrigation 
channels at sunset, their wings and bodies glinting in the golden 
half-light. In all, about 25-30 species were captured, and the following 
were those determined. 

Mallophaga.—None were preserved, though occasionally observed. 
Preservation of these insects with careful record of their hosts would 
have been of great interest, since Reservoir is one of the halting place 
of birds on migration to and from more Northern climes. 

Termitidae.— Psammotermes hybostoma, Desn. 

Gomphidae.—Mesogomphus pumilio, Ramb. 

Aeschnidae.— Hemianax ephippiger, Burm., common. 

Libellulidae.—Orthetrum trinacria, Selys., Crocothenus erythraea, 
Brullé., Brachythemis leucosticta, Burm., and Tvrithemis annulata, 
Beauy. 

Ephemeridae.—Several not identified. 

Myrmeleonidae.—Creagris cinerascens, Navas., Myrmeleon tenellus, 
Klug., and Myrmeleon sp. (numbered H572). 

Chrysopidae.—Chrysopa vulgaris, Schn., abundant. 

Hemrprera.—Most of the Heteroptera captured have been identified. 

Pentatomidae.—LKusarcocoris inconspicuus, H.-8., Nezara  heegeri, 
Fieb., N. viridula, L., N. viridula var. torquata, Fabr., Aspongopus 
viduatus, F., A. viduatus var. unicolor, H.-8., Geotomus elongatus, H.-8., 
and Cydnus nilosulus, Klug. 

Coreidae.—Liorhyssus hyalinus, Fabr. 

Lygraeidae.—Lyygaeus pandarus, Scop., L. pandarus var, militarts, 
Habr., L. (sub-gen. Cosmopleurus) fulvipes, Dall., Oxycarenus hyalini- 
pennis, Costa., Sp. near Dincella and pb. nov. (No. H671), and a 
Lygaeid sp. (No. H6386). 

Reduviidae.—Ploiaria grassator, Puton, Coranus aeqgyptius, Fabr., 
Nabis capsiformes, Germ. 

Capsidae.—Taponia hippophaes, Fieb., T'yraquellus reutert, Pop., 
and a Capsid sp. (No. H690). 


—* 


LIST OF INSECTS TAKEN AT RESERVOIR ASWAN. (3) 


Membracidae.—Sp. incert. (No, H738). 

Aphididae.—Aphis gossypii, Glov., and several unidentified species. 

Coccidae.— Aspidiotus aurantii, Maskell., Asterolecanium pustulans, 
Ckrl., Incerya purchasi, Maskell., and unidentified species. 

IxopomEa.—Rhipicephalus sanguineus, specimens from the domestic 
cab. 

Tricnoprera.—BSix unidentified species numbered H800, H579 (1726 
in the coll. Ent. Sect. Min. Agric. Cairo) H580 (occurs in February) 
H581 (occurs in March) H687, and H735. 

Leprrpoprera.—These, with the exception of the Pyrales, which it 
is hoped to deal with later, have been already enumerated in 
previous notes ‘see above). I took 16 species of Rhopalocera and 168 
moths, of which latter about 60 were Pyralidae. 

CotreoptrRra.—A bout 100 species were taken but unfortunately only 
a small percentage were dealt with, and many of the remainder were 
destroyed, 

Carabidae.— Bembidium varium, Oliv. 

Dytiscidae.—NMunectus sticticus, L. 

Staphylinidae,—Oaytelus nitidulus, Grav. 

Hydrophilidae.—Ochthebius sericeus, Muls. 

Coccinellidae,—Scynmus syriacus, Mars., Coccinella 11-punctata, L., 
Epilachna chrysomelina, F., Maochomus migromaculatus, Goeze., HE. 
nigromaculatus var. nigripennis, Er., Chilomenes vicina, Muls., C. vicina 
var. subsignata, Pic., C. vicina var. nilotica, Muls. 

Mycetophagidae.—Typhaea fumata. 

Dermestidae.— Attagenus dispar, and another unidentified sp. 

Buprestidae.—Sphenoptera  trispinosa, Klug., Acmaeodera  polita, 
Klug., Steraspis squamosa, Klug., common on rose bushes. 

Anthicidae.—Anthicus crinitus, Laf. 

Meloidae.—Zonabris apicipennis, Reiche., 7. sanguinolenta, Ol. 

Lenebrionidae.—Pimelia yrandis, Klug., P. nilotica, Sén., P. 
angulata, F.. Zophosis complanata, Sol., 7. plana, F., 4. abbreviata, 
Sol., Hrodius puncticollis, Sol., Himatismus vartegatus, F., Ocnera 
hispida, Forsk., Blaps polychresta, Forsk., Prionotheca coronata, Ol., 
Tribolium confusum, Jacq., 1’. ferruginewn, common in dry farinaceous 
foodstuffs, Opatroides punctulatus, Brullé., Alphitobius piceus, OL. 

Curculiouidae.— Hypera variabilis, Herbst., Coniatus tamarisei, F 
Calandra oryzae, L. 

Aphodiidae.—Rhyssemus orientalis, Muls. 

Copridae.—Scarabaeus sacer, L., common, Catharsius pithecius, F., 
Onthophayus sp. (No. H618). 

Dynastidae.—Pentodon dispar, Baudi., P. variolosa var. punctatus, 
Fairm. 

Cetontidae.—Tropinota squalida, Scop. 

Drierera.—Of about forty to fifty species taken of the larger flies, 
ouly the following were determined. 

Tipulidae.—Trimicra pilipes, F., April. 

Psychodidae.—Phlebotumus papatasst, Scop. 

Culicidae.—Theobaldia spathipalpis, Rond., Culea pipiens, L., 
common most of the year, (. pallidocephalus, Theo. 

Tabanidae.—Tabanus ditaeniatus, Macq. 

Bombyliidae.— Anthrax circe, Klug. 

Syrphidae.—FHristalis taeniops, Wied., i’. tenax, L., Syritta spinigera, 


>) 


(4) THE ENTOMOLOGISYT’S RECORD. 


Lw., Syrphus corollae, F., Sphaerophoria menthrasti, L., S. sp. 
(No. H538), T'ropida sp. (No. H540). 

Phoridae.—One bred but not identified (No. H629). 

Trypetidae.—Ceratitis capitata, Wied., Dacus longistylus, abundant 
on Calotropis procera. 

Drosophilidae.— Drosophila melanogaster, Mg. 

Anthomytidae.—Three Anthomyiid species bearing my numbers 
H549 (2243 coll. Min. Agric.), H550 (777 coll. Min. Agric.), and H551. 

Muscidae.—Musca domestica, only too abundant, Lucilia sericata, 
Mg., Muscina stabulans, Fin. 

Tachinidae.—T wo species not determined numbered H547 and 
H548. 

Sarcophagidae.—Sarcophaga faculata, Pand., three Sarcophaga spp. 
numbered H827, H544, and H545. 

Hippoboscidae.— Hippoboscia camelina, Leach., H. equina, L. 

HymEnoptERA.—-66 species, mainly bees, were taken. Ants were 
not searched for to any great extent, but many species occur. The 
following were identified. 

Chalcididae.—Chalcis brevicornis, Klug., bred freely from Danais 
chrysippus, Li., (Lep.), Chalets sp. (No. H819). 

On Calotropus procera in February | took sparsely an insect that 
the late G. Storey thought warranted the erection of a new family 
lying between Chalcididae and Braconidae. These specimens were 
numbered H521. The species was taken from the flower heads of the 
‘“* Dead Sea fruit.’”’ The insect would undoubtedly be found again by 
search in the Aswan district. Whether any of my specimens survive 
in either of the collections previously named, I cannot say. I fear 
they were amongst the insects destroyed in transit. 

Ichneumonidae.— Bassus laetatorius, F., February. 

Chrysididae.— Philoctetes defleaus, Abeille., Hedychrum coelestinum, 
Spin., Chrysis stilboides, Spin., UC. albipilis, Spin., Stilbum splendidum, 
By 


Formicidae.—Camponotus maculatis, F., Myrmecocystus viaticus, F., 
Aphaenogaster arenaria, F. 

Mutillidae—Mutilla interrupta, Ol., Dasylabris arabica, Ol. 

Scoltidae.— Myzine zonata, Guér., Dielis collaris, F., Scolia maura, 
F., S. erythrocephala, F., 8. mendica, Klug. 

Pompilidae.—Pompilus dispar, Dahlb., P. fusens, Li. 

Sphegidae.—Ammophila tydei, Guill., Sphea aegyptius, Lep., Philan- 
thus trianqgulum, F., Cerceris capito, Let., Bembex mediterranea, Hdl. 

Eumenidae—Humenes maxillosa, ¥., BE. eswens, F., FE. pomiformis, 
Rossi. 

Vespidae.— Polistes gallica, L., Vespa orientalis, F. 

Colletidae.—Colletes sp. (No. H525 and No. 862 in coll. Min. Agric). 

Apidae.—Sphecodes spinulosus, v. Hagens., Nylocopa aestuans, L., 
common, Megachile nasidens, Fr., M. flavipes, Spin., M. aryentata, F., 
Andrena sp. (No. H507), A. bipartita, Lep., Anthophora byssina, Klug., 
Melitta leporina, Klug., Halictus. tumulorum, L., Halietus sp. (No. 
H515), Nomioides variegata, Oliv., Ceratina callosa, F., Apts mellifica, 
L. var. fasciata, Latr., the Egyptian Honey-bee. 


A Brief Review of the Indigenous Coccidae of the British Islands, 
with Emendations and Additions. 


By E. ERNEST GREEN, F.E.S., F.Z.S. 


[Since the earlier publication of this review (Proc. S. Lond. Ent. 
and N.H.S., 1922) so many species have been added to tbe British list 
that it has been thought advisable to republish the original article, 
together with such emendations and additions as have been rendered 
necessary. | 


It is not my intention to give a detailed account of our British 
Coccidae. Such an account is already available in Newstead’s 
admirable Monograph, in two volumes, published by the Ray Society. 
My present object is, rather, to attract the attention of our field 
naturalists to this interesting but relatively neglected family of insects. 
That the subject is by no means exhausted is evidenced by the fact 
that within the past eight years, | have been able to add approximately 
thirty species to the British list, more than half of which were new to 
science. 

Newstead’s ‘‘Monograph of the British Coccidae’’ describes 90 
distinct species, to which there have since been added another 87, so 
that the list now stands at 127. Rather more than half of these (to be 
exact, 67) have been found only in glass-houses and must be regarded 
as aliens introduced with foreign plants. In the present paper I 
propose to ignore these aliens and to review (very briefly) the superficial 
characters of such species as are to be found in the open. 

But, first, I will attempt to explain how you may recognise a 
Coccid when you have found it. This is not quite so simple as, at 
first sight, it might appear to be. To the uninitiated, the employment 
of a compound microscope will be necessary for the purpose. 

It would be difficult to mention any single superficial character 
that would be applicable to all the different subfamilies and genera of 
Coccidae. Their external form and appearance are so diverse that they 
would never be supposed to bear any close relationship to each other, 
What, for instance could be more different than Aspidiotus hederae—a 
minute, limbless, yellow speck, covered by a separate scale, and Orthezia 
urticae—an active species with conspicuous cushions and lamellae of 
compact white wax. But discussion of the various modifications of 
form must be deferred until we come to a consideration of the 
individual species. 

Oocctdae may be distinguished from their nearest allies (the 
Aphididae and Aleurodidae) by the following characters :— - 

The females are invariably apterous, The body is not sharply 
divided into the three usual divisions—head, thorax, and abdomen. 
In fact, it is often difficult exactly to determine the line of division 
between these parts. The eyes, when present, are simple, never 
compound. The external mouth parts consist of a short tubular labium 


(2) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


functioning as a guide for the four long slender filaments which 
represent the maxillae and mandibles. 

The adult males may be apterous or provided with a single pair of 
wings, usually supplemented by a pair of hooked halteres which engage 
with the wings (fig. 1). The alate condition is by far the more usual. 
The wings have two simple nervures only. ‘The head is more or less 
clearly differentiated from the rest of the body, but is devoid of any 
vestige of mouth parts. The eyes may be either compound or simple 
(usually the latter). 

In both sexes the limbs (when present) terminate in a single claw 
and the tarsi are, normally, one jointed (fig. 2). 

The females pass through from four to five stages, and the males 
from five to six, viz.:—Memale. Egg: 1st stage nymph (or larva) ; 
2nd stage nymph; [8rd stage nymph]; adult. Male, Keg; Ist 
stage nymph; [2nd stage nymph] ; pre-pupa; pupa; adult. (The 
atage included in square brackets is the one that is suppressed in the 
degenerate forms in which the number of moults is restricted. A few 
species are ovoviviparous, in which case the ege stage is passed within 
the body of the parent insect). 

Coccidae are to be found in every conceivable situation; on the 
foliage, stems and roots of plants. There are many gall-making 
species, but none of these have been recorded from the British Isles. 

It will be convenient to adopt the arrangement given in Newstead’s 
Monograph, commencing with the subfamily Diaspinae. Four genera 
only come within our category. They all agree with each other, and 
are distinguished from members of other subfamilies, in the possession 
of a separate covering scale composed partly of cast skins (exuviae) of 
the previous moults, supplemented by a secretionary appendix. The 
females undergo three moults only; the first, from the egg stage 
(fig.8 a), disclosing the young larva; the second disclosing the nymph ; 
the third, the adult insect. The males undergo an additional moult, a 
pre-pupal and a pupal stage being interposed between the larval and 
adult stages. ‘Tbe adult female is without either limbs or antennae, 
and the anal orifice is without a setiferous ring. The larva (8 6), asin 
all Coccidae, is active, possessing well developed limbs and antennae; 
but, having once settled down to feed it remains on the same spot for 
the ‘‘ term of its natural life.”’ After the next moult it loses its limbs 
(3 c), remaining attached to to the plant by the rostral filaments only. 
It is, at first, completely covered by the larval exuviae; but, as the 
nymph increases in size, this covering becomes inadequate and is 
supplemented by an extension (the appendix) secreted from special 
organs on the compound terminal segment (the pygidium) of the body. 
Similarly, at the next moult, the adult female (3 ¢) is sufficiently 
protected, for the time, by the exuviae of the previous two stages. 
Accompanying the subsequent growth of the insect the covering is 
completed by a further extension of the secretionary appendix. The 
eggs are deposited beneath this composite scale. The adult male (fig. 1) 
is provided with four large ocelli, two on the upper and two on the 
undersurface of the head. Its abdomen ends in a long, slender point, 
the penial sheath. There are no caudal filaments. The four genera 
of Diaspinae, represented in this country, are Aspidiotus, Lepidosaphes 
(= Mytilaspis), Diaspis, and Chionaspis. They may be distinguished 
by the following characters of the covering scales :— 


BRIEF REVIEW OF THE INDIGENOUS COCCIDAR. (3) 


Aspidiotus.—Seale of female (fig. 4a) more or less circular; the 
larval and nymphal exuviae superimposed and completely surrounded 
by the secretionary appendix. Scale of male similarly constructed, 
but including the larval exuviae only (fig. 4 b). 

Lepidosaphes.—Seale of female (fig. 4 f) elongate, mussel-shaped ; 
the larval and nymphal exuviae overlapping, situated at or beyond 
the anterior extremity of the secretionary appendix. Male scale 
similarly constructed (fig. 4 ¢). 

Diuaspis.—Seale of female (fig. 4.¢) more or less circular; the 
exuviae usually overlapping, surrounded by the secretionary appendix. 
Male scale (fig. 4 “/) of a different character ; elongate and more or less 
distinctly tricarinate, the larval exuviae situated at the anterior 
extremity. 

Chionaspis.—Seale of female (fig. 4 h) elongate or pyriform: the 
exuviae overlapping, situated at or beyond the anterior extremity of the 
secretionary appendix. Male scale (fig. 4 9) elongate, tricarinate. 


We have five species of Aspidivtus occurring in the open :— 


A. ostreaeformis, Curtis. The so-called ‘‘ oyster-shell scale,’ on the 
stems and branches of birch, horse-chestnut, poplar, apple, 
plum, and various fruit trees. Scale very inconspicuous, 
blackish or dull brown, assimilated in colour to the bark upon 
which it rests, often with the superficial fibres of the bark in- 
corporated into the surface of the scale. 


A. bavaricus, Lindinger. On Calluna vulyaris and Erica cinerea. 
Scale brown, of the exact tint of the bark of the heather. 


A. zonatus, Frauenfeldt. On oak. Seale dull greyish ochreous, on the 
terminal branches of the tree. Male scales pale, translucent 
ochreous ; on the undersurface of the leaves. 


A. britannicus, Newstead. On holly, bay and box. Male and female 
scales brown or brownish ochreous: on the twigs and foliage. 


A. hederae (Vallot). On Ancuba. Scale conspicuous, white, the exuviae 
pale yellow; on both surfaces of the foliage. This is an alien 
that has, within recent years, adapted itself to our climate. I 
have records of considerable damage to Aucuba plants in 
Devonshire and the Isle of Wight. 


The genus liaspis provides two species only :— 

D. rosae (Bouché). On cultivated and wild roses and on brambles 
(Rubus spp.). Female scale conspicuous, white, exuviae reddish, 
Male scales white, strongly tricarinate. Often very abundant 
on the stems of cultivated roses, especially those in sheltered 
positions, against walls, etc. 

D. carueli, Targ. On Juniperus sp. (Royal Gardens Kew) and upon a 
variety of Cupressus lawsoniana (in a nursery garden at 
Ottershaw, Surrey). Scale inconspicuous, whitish, concealed” 
amongst the crowded leaflets of the plant. Though the species 
has not yet been recorded from the wild Juniperus communis, it 
very probably occurs upon our native plant. The inconspicuous 
chaff-like scales are so well concealed that they might be over- 
looked very easily. 


(4) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


The genus Chionaspis is represented by a single species :— 


C. salicis (Linn.). Principally on sallow, willow, and ash, but 
occurring, not uncommonly, upon alder, broom, dogwood, lilac, 
elm, and several other trees. Scale of female white, but often 
obseured by a superficial deposit of algae from the bark of the 
trees to which it is attached. The tricarinate male scales are 
sometimes clustered so thickly upon the stems as to give the tree 
the appearence of having been whitewashed. 


The genus Lepidosaphes, which has precedence of the better known 
name Mytilasp/s, is similarly represented by the single species— 


L. ulmi, (Linn.). A pest of orchard and other trees, well known to 
gardeners and fruit growers as the ‘‘ mussel scale,” and 
generally referred to, in text books, by the name of Mytilaspis 
pomorum, Its popular name is a good description of its 
appearance, for the scale is very like a miniature mussel shell, 
of a reddish brown colour. 


L. ulmi-candidus, Newstead, is a variety with a milk white scale, 
occurring on Crataegus. 


We now come to the subfamily Leeaniiae with numerous genera, of 
which nine occur wild in this country. They are of very diverse 
appearance, but may be distinguished by the following characters. 
Females with the posterior extremity more or less deeply cleft, with a 
definite setiferous anal ring; anal orifice covered dorsally by a pair of 
triangular binged plates. Adult males with from four to eight ocelli; 
halteres often wanting; penial sheath moderately long and slender ; 
usually with a pair of long caudal filaments. The male pupa is 
covered by a characteristic puparium, usually composed of translucent 
wax, and symmetrically divided into definite plates (fig. 5 d/). Limbs 
and antennae generally present in all stages of the female insect, but. 
sometimes vestigial or (rarely) absent in the adult. 

Genus Lecanium. Adult female naked. Most of our British 
species are strongly convex and the skin of the dorsum becomes densely 
chitinous and rigid, to form a protective covering for the eggs. Seven 
species come within our category. 


L. persicae (Fab.) (fig. 5 b). This is one of our commonest species and 
infests a large number of garden and wild plants, amongst 
which may be mentioned peach, rose, Cotoneaster, Robinia, Nibes, 
broom, hawthorn, etc. The adult female is of a reddish brown 
colour, strongly convex, slightly longer than broad, with rugose 
sides, from 8 mm. to 5 mm. in diameter. ‘The old females are 
mere shells, covering a mass of pale pink eggs. They are 
sometimes densely crowded upon the stems and branches of 
plants grown in sheltered situations, such as peach and rose 
trees trained against the wall. Newstead distinguishes two 
forms—typical persicae and var. sarvothanni; but I must confess 
that I find it difficult to separate them. There is, however, a 
question whether typical persicae occurs in this country. If a 
varietal name is necessary, it seems to me that robiniae of 
Douglas bas preference over sarvthamni of the same author. 


The Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation. 


WOL. XXXIX. (new series) (1927.) 


Swe pats 3s VNDER XY 


By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. 


Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera. The other orders arranged by Species. 
Genera, Species, etc., new to Britain are marked with an asterisk, those new 
to Biiovice with two asterisies 


COLEOPTE Re PAGE PAGE 

Agrilus biguttatus .. .. 62 | Halyzia 16-guttata .. Bi ae 4S 
Anobium domesticum a 62, 63 | Haplocnemus impressus .. ee: | 
Anthicus 4-guttatus ee .. 7 | Homaloplia ruricola ie Spe ee 8 
Arima brevipennis .. at .. 42 | Homoeusa acuminata Be Areal) 
Aromia moschata .. pars 44, 116 | Hylastes angustatus ae gees 
Atheta nidicola a Ne pais attenuatus a a 62, 64 
Aulonium ruficorne.. sa 63, 64 cunicularius ©; Ns se Oe 
suleatum (trisuleum) .. 63, 64 | Hylesiinae .. wo OL 
Bioplanes meridionalis .. .. 106 | Hypophloeus bicolor 3. TpaG4 
Brenthidae .. By a au ol fraxini ete : 30 5) (ek! 
Callidium alni be ae .. 44 | Ipinae ae ad =e eG: 
variabile .. me MG ne Gon el psularicisn mre st me Asien (oh: 
Campylus linearis .. 56 .. 44 sexdentatus ae Be cows (x! 
Cassida nobilis Ue ae .. 45 | Lacon murinus ie ee ate «| 
Cebrio lepturoides .. ts .. 42 | Laemophloeus ater .. Ae tee Gd. 
Cerapterus .. Ae .. 46 clematidis . an ef Ni OF 
Chrysomela didymata Be .. 45 | Lathrobium’.. Pe Sc ferme 
hyperici .. is .. 45 | Leiopus nebulosus .. as .. 45 
Claviger nebrodensis ae .. 8 | Leptura fulva 5a a Saye e | 
Clerus (idae) .. 56 Se Oe livida 36 an ne we 4d 
formicarius Bi Be .. 62 | Lyctus brunneus .. an Bis fy OF 
rufipes Malachius aeneus .. fl Bee 
**Coccinella (20 new abs.) 66, 67 | Melasis buprestoides Sh so UB} 
Coluocera formicaria we .. 9 | Merophysia formicaria .. Sade 
Colydium elongatum Hie «2. 103 v. sicula ~.. aie ve 5: 
Conopalpus testaceus Sic .- 45 | Mesosa nubila SC sis ayetg ee 
Corynetes coeruleus we .. §2 | Molorchus minor .. ae cad 
querctis' .. x .. 44 | Molytes glabratus .. ots poe 
Criocephalus polonicus Sib .. 44 | Nemosoma elongatum Aoi) 6 Gers cils 
Cryptocephalus aureolus .. .. 45 | Olibrus ae ais a Bee 2) 
Cryptorrhynchus lapathi .. 70, 116 bisignatus .. =e 3 .. 106 
Dichillus pertusus .. a .. 6 | Oochrotus unicolor . “ byt oat 
Donacia vulgaris .. as .. 45 | Orestes Be Ae sim o 
Drilus flavescens  .. he .. 44 | Orthochaetes insignis S; eben: 13 
Drusilla memnonius an .. 7 | Pachyta cerambyciformis .. .. 44 
Dryocoetes alni sé a. .. 63 | Paussidae .. -. 46 
autographus s0 .. 63, 64 | Phloeophthorus thododactylus sic) 104 
villosus .. of oP 62, 63 | Platypodidae : eee Oe 
Elater balteatus  .. ai .. 44 | Platypus cylindrus .. oe -. 63 
elongatulus an mi .. 44'| Pogonochaerus dentatus .. ie 44 
Sanguinolentus .. me .. 44 | Prionuscoriarius .. ae .. 44 
Euryusa sinuata .. .. 8 | Psilothrix nobilis .. af ann 44 
Exochomus nigromaculatus .. 106 | Pteleobius vittatus .. = 63, 64 
v. flavipes .. = ae -. 106 | Ptilinus pectinicornis fe PaO, LG 
Gnathoncus buyssoni OO .. 163 unifasciatus a ae eas 
Grammoptera analis “3 .. 44 | Rhynchytes .. a ae Be Ne 
ruficornis .. aC Ao Sat! interpunctatus .. AB -. 48 


tabacicolor An ae ee 44 | Rhyncolus gracilis .. we See 


ii. SPECIAL 
PAGE 
Saperda caprea ote AC sey flett) 
populnea .. 45, 69 
Scolytidae (tus) 32, 61 | 
destructor .. 63, 64 
intricatus . ee OS 
multistriatus 63, 64 
rugulosus .. oe 102 
Serica brunnea air baa 
Staphylinidae 31, €1 
Stenosis brentoides .. 56 I 
v. sicula Stee ate ney ae 
Stenostola ferrea .. a mean 
Strangalia melanura sis) Sap 
Teredus nitidus 63, 64 
Tetrops praeusta -. 45 
Tillus elongatus 62, 116 
Toxotus meridianus ieee 
Trypodendron lineatum 63 
domesticum TOT 
querciis nfs 62, 63 
Tychius pygmaeus .. an Whoo 
Xestobium tessellatum 63 
Xylocleptes bispinus : 64 
Coleoptera, List of, at Digne 74 
DIPTERA. 
Asilidae Se iby: 
Bombyliidae . . 32, 47 
Culicidae ae Sy 
degeeri, Vermileo 9 
Haematopota oe 116 
Leptogastria 32 
Sepsidae ae Ne 32 
Simuliidae .. $e ais 47 
Tabanus 116 
Trypetidae 32 
Diptera, List of, in the Basses- Alpes 107 
HYMENOPTERA. 
adriaticus, Bothriomyrmex 7 
aethiops, Camponotus 8 
aestivalis, Anthophora Hae 
alieno-brunneo=nigro-brunneus.. 8 
alienus, Acanthomyops 8 
atlantis, Camponotus at ) 
brunneus, Acanthomyops . 8 
caespitum, Tetramorium .. 6e49 
coarctata, Kumenes ea 42 
cyanescens, Violacea ; 41 
destefanii, Strongylognathus 6 | 
diomedaea (ferox var.), Tetra- | 
morium se aie ba Ge| 
Dolichoderinae 7 
emarginatus, Acanthomyops 8 | 
ferox, Tetramorium 6) 
flavus, Acanthomyops Be Ne 
Formicinae (idae) .. a ee ete 
frauenfeldi, Acantholepis .. cs, 
fusca, Formica 8 
gestroi, Camponotus om 9 
glebaria (fusca var.), Formica 8 
huberi, Strongylognathus .. 6 
humilis, Iridomyrmex eine 
Ichneumonidae 47, 142 | 
ignita, Chrysis -- 40 | 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

ionia (adriaticus subsp.), Bothrio- 
myrmex 2 

laestrygon, Cremastogaster 

lateralis, Camponotus 

ligniperdus, Camponotus 

micans (rufoglaucus var. ) Cam- 
ponotus 5 

niger, ‘Acanthomyops ae 

nigerrimum, Tapinoma .. Tata 

nigra (frauenfeldi Hae? Acantho- 
lepis ; 

nylanderi (atlantis var.), Campo- 
notus ; 

nigrobrunneus 
Acanthomyops 

pallens =atlantis a 

pailidula, Aphaenogaster .. 

pilicornis yee AE ) Cam. 
ponotus = Pp 

Polyergus ws 

pratensis, Formica .. 

pygmaea, Plagiolepis 

quadridentata, Coelioxys 

retusa, Anthophora : 

rufoglaucus, Camponotus .. 

sanguinea, Formica fie Ae 

semilaeve (caespitum var.), Tetra- 
morium ys Bie BA 

semipolita (testaceo-pilosa var.), 
Aphenogaster x sic 6, 

sicheli, Camponotus 

sicula (adriaticus var.), Bothrio- 
myrmex 


(brunneus_ var.), 


~1 
ooo Ne) D “oo moo) 


isa 
mamuoumvramwvvoss lo oe 2) ~ oo =) DONIODOMD 


sicula (sylvaticus var.), Campo: 
notus z ae 
sordidula, Cremastogaster. . el! 


spissinodis (lateralis ee, I Cam- 
ponotus .. =e ; 

Strongylognathus 

structor, Messor 


sylvaticus, Camponotus 8, 
Tapinoma .. “6 
testaceo-pilosa, Aphenogaster 
Tetramorium : i 
truncatus, Camponotus 
vagus, Camponotus. . 
vectis, Coelioxys : 40 
Hymenoptera, List of, at Digne 74 
in the Basses-Alpes 106 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
acaciae, Strymon, Thecla .. 55, 109 
achilleae, Zygaena .. 5 14, 41 
achine, Pararge ..54, 90, 101 
acraeina (actaea r.), Satyrus . 174 
actaea, Satyrus a = acpi 
actaeina (actaea r.), Satyrus mane lip 
adippe =cydippe ..88, 95, 161 
adrasta (maera f.), Pararge 154, 155, 156 
adrastaeformis (maera ab.), Pararge 155 
aegeria, Pararge 90, 96, 148, 156, 
164, 167, 168 
aegon =argus, Plebeius 41, 111, 160 
aéllo, Oeneis.. . 89, 161, 165, 166 
aestiva (phlaeas f.), Rumicia J PLLO 


SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 
aethiops, Erebia 89, 115, 125 
aglaia, Argynnis : 87, 161 
Agriades (Polyommatus) . Soll!) 
aigoualensis (actaea 7.), Satyrus .. 174 
akis (galathea race), Melanargia .. 126 
albicans (coridon subsp.), Poly- 
ommatus .. Mole zo. loo 
albistrigella, Radiestra . 170 


**albo-extensa (spini ab.), Strymon 136 
albosparsa (spini ab.), Strymon .. 136 
alceae, Krynnis Bok ek Ben” 43) 
alciphron, Heodes 54, 110, 160 
alcon, Lycaena 57, 113, 165 
alecyone, Satyrus 54, 89, 161 
alecto, Krebia 165, 166 
alfacariensis (thetis ab.), Polyom. 
matus 128 
alsoides (minimus f. )s Cupido 161, 165 
altheae, Spilothrus (Carcharodus) 114 
alveolus, Hesperia .. Se SOL: 
alveus, Hesperia 114, 115, 161 
amandus, Polyommatus -. 160 
amathusia, Brenthis Slee Ld 
Amatidae (Syntomidae) 31 
ammanella, Micropteryx .. 37 
amphidamas, Heodes 53, 110, 160, 161 
amphonycella, Scythris 36 
amyntas (arcania race), Coenonym- 
pha : ; : seu eke 
amynthus = iphis : is seni 
anaxagoras (iphis f.), Coenonympha 123 
anaxarete (iphis race), Coenonym- 
pha Oe Ae lB 
andromedae, Hesperia 160, 161 
Anerastiinae . : Ba diey) 
angelicae, Zygaena Ae 14 
angustana, Kuxanthis Mae Ey! 
**anteappennina (maera race), 
Pararge 156, 167 
anteappennina = vulgaris 164, 167 
antiochena (eeinlaren r.), foe bn 
matus ; 22 
antiopa, Euvanessa.. ac 54, 85 
apennina (hispana /.), Polyommatus 129 
apollo, Parnassius 22, 29, 52, 55, 
82, 83, 115, 146, 160, 161, 167 
appennina (maera r.), Pararge 155, 

156, 168 
aquitania (tyndarus r.), Hrebia 125 
arachna (statilinus r.), Nytha 174 
aragonensis, Polyommatus 4] 
arcania, Coenonympha 37, 38, 39, 

54, 55, 70, 71, 72, 73, 90, 122, 

161, 165 
arcanioides, Coenonympha “en jy 
arcas, Lycaena 165, 167 
arcella, Tinea é Saw OT | 
archippus, Danais .. ae 96, 140 
argentana, Cnephasia ; 34 
**argenteopunctata ae ab.) 

Erebia - a4 138 
argiades, Everes 4] 
argiolus, Lycaenopsis fe “14, 54, 2 
argus (aegon), Plebeius 41, 111, 160 
argyrognomon, Plebeius 110, 111, 159 


PAGE 
Argyroploce .. ais 0 veal 
arion, Lycaena 28, 53, 113, 159, 161 
armigera, Heliothis, Chloridea 13, 120 
armoricanus, Hesperia 127 
arogna (galathea r.), Melanargia . 126 
arragonensis (coridon r.), Polyom- 
matus, Agriades .. 128, 129 
artemis =aurinia eae 
aruncella, Micropteryx See | 
ashworthii, Agrotis .. 6x0 ane fi 
assimilella, Depressaria 36 
astatiformis, Conopia 35 
asteria, Melitaea ot ra OG 
astrarche=medon .. 14,111, 160 
astur (lefebvrei r.), Erebia.. 176 
asturiensis (hispana r.), Polyomma. 
tus, Agriades : ead 
atalanta, Pyrameis . 86, 161 
athalia, Melitaea 41, 54, 86, 160, 174 
atra, Acanthopsy che 33 
auragoides, Cosmophila 141 
aurana Laspeyresia. . 35 
aureatella, Micropteryx .. Sri ke Nt) 
aurelia, Melitaea 54, 86, 160, 161 
aurinia, Melitaea 41, 74, 86, 95, 
96, 161, 165, 166 
aurorina, Colias : 177 
australis (alceae subsp.), Erynnis 24, 25 
australis (statilinus r.), Nytha 175 
australis (trifolii r.), Zygaena 108 


r.), ZAygaena 

107, 
balestrei (arcania 7.), Coenonympha 
barrettii (luteago 7.),° Dianthoecia 
13, 


balearica (sarpedon 


basalella (tityrella), Nepticula 
basistrigalis, Scoparia 


batis, Thyatira d 28, 
baton, Scolitantides. . ‘a 111, 
batrachopa = leucotreta 

belia = crameri 40, 


belisarius (iphis r.), Coenonympha 
bellargus=thetis 
bellezina (tagis r.), Anthocharis 40, 
beilidice (daplidice gen. I.), Pontia 
bellis (semiargus r.), Polyommatus 
bembeciformis, Sphecia uy 
berisali (deione subsp.) Melitaea 
54, 86, 160, 
bertolis(iphis 7.), Coenonympha 122, 
**bethunei (sarpedon r.), ep 
107, 
betulae, Ruralis, Zephyrus 54, 109, 
bicuspis, Cerura.. 
bimaculana (similana), Eucosma. . 
bipunctana, Argyroploce 
bipunctidactyla, Stenoptilia 
bofilli (spini 7.), Strymon .. 
**bolivari (coridon r.), 
matus, Agriades .. 
bombycella, Psychidea 
bombyliformis = tityus 
brassicae, Barathra, Mamestra 30, 
brassicae, Pieris Sr ab 83, 
briseis, Satyrus se oe ate 


Polyom- 


iv. 
PAGE 
britannica (variata r.), Thera 4 
britannicus (tithonus r.), Santas 
phele 3! E cia LDS 
britomartis, Melitaea. Semel y) 
brunnea (Agrotis), Noctua. . . 141 
brunnichiana, Eucosma .. 4 34 
bryoniae (napi f.), Pieris 84, 160, 
161, 165 
cacaliae, Hesperia - 00, OL,, LL4 
cadmus (semele r.), Hipparchia .. 175 
caeca (semele ab.), Hipparchia 89 
caelestissima (coridon f.), Polyom- 
matus, Agriades .. shi, agli 28,129 
caerulescens (hispana f.), Polyom- 
matus, Agriades .. -. 128, 129 
caerulescens (trifolii f.), AaPENe 108 
caja, Arctia .. 50 
calabra (actaea r.), Nytha, Satyrus 172 
c-album, Polygonia. . . 77, 85, 175 
callidia (hiera Mn), Pararge. . Saye 
callidice, Pontia te eS 
camilla=rivularis .. ;.52, 85, 161 
candelarum, Agrotis =i Be 
canescens, Cnephasia 34 
cannae, Nonagria 163 
**capricola, Radiestra 170 
capsincola, Dianthoecia .. SS) Pei 
cardamines, Euchloé 84, 160 
cardui, Pyrameis .. 86 
carlinae, Hesperia .. 81, 114 
carmencita (sarpedon r.), Yygaena 
, 108 
carmenta (tyndarus r.), Erebia 125 
carpathica (iphis r.), Coenonympha 123 
carpophaga, Dianthoecia .. Seeley 
carthami, Hesperia. . 4160 
cassioides (tyndarus r.), Erebia 124, 125 
cassiope (epiphron r.), Erebia 88 
casta, Fumea : 33 
castiliana (rumina r.), Zerynthia, 
Thais 137 
**castiliana (zapateri 3) Erebia.. 137 
catillus, Eudamus .. 3 120 
centuureae, Hesperia : Sees | 
centricatalonica (transalpina r.), 
Zygaena oe ao Se 0) 
cephalus (arcaniar.),Coenonympha 39 
cerealella, Sitotroga 32 
ceronus (thetis ab.), Polyommatus, 
Agriades 112 
ceto, Erebia . 517, 88, 124, 161, 165 
cetra (ceto r.), ’ Erebia . 124 
chilensis, Hamearis 158 
chlorea, Sphingomorpha .. 3545 
cbristi, Erebia ..161, 165, 166 
chrysanthemana, Cnephasia 34 
chrysippus, Danaida Tchhwi2 os oO 
chrysoaspida (arcania 7r.), Coeno- 
nympha aS ie SON) 2G 
cinarae, Hesperia 81, 82 
cinerea, Euxoa ae lee 
cinnamomeana, Pandemis.. 33 
cinxia, Melitaea 40, 54, 86, 95 
cirrigerella, Myelois . 176 
cirsii=fritillum xe ae ei! 


| 


SPECIAL INDEX. 


clarus (tages gen. II.), Nisoniades 

cleo (tyndarus r.), Erebia .. 

cleodoxa (cydippe f.), Argynnis .. 

clorinda, Zygaena 

clorinda (arcania r.), Coenonympha 
**clorinda (cinarae a ) Hes- 


peria 81, 
_ clytie (ilia f.), "Apatura ih: 
c-nigrum, Noctua : 
| cognatellus, Hyponomeuta 
| Colias.. SUF fe 99, 


comma, Urbicola Augiades 101, 114, 
conigera, Sideridis, Leucania 


| conspersa, Dianthoecia 


**conspicua (actaea r.), Satyrus .. 


| convolvuli, Agrius 


coprodactyla, Stenoptilia .. a 
cordula (ferula), Satyrus 90, 172, 
coretas (argiades 7.), Everes 41, 
coridon, Polyommatus, Agriades 
10, 11, 23, 26, 46, 50, 101, 102, 
104, 113, 115, 128, 129, 
corticana, Argyroploce : 
cosmodactyla, Platyptilia .. 
cramera (medon r.), Plebeius 
crameri (belia), Anthocharis _— 40, 
crataegi, Aporia . 42, 83, 
cristana, Peronea .. sie Ae 
croceus, Colias 12, 28, 43, 53, 60, 
85, 
croesella, Adela : 
cruciana, Eucosma.. 4 sie 
cuculipennellum, Coriscium 
cydamus (epiphron r.), Erebia 
cydippe (adippe), Argynnis 88, 95, 
eyllarus, Glaucopsyche 40, 41, 54, 


74, 

cyparissus optilete f.), Polyom- 
matus ; ae ne 5 
cynthia, Melitaea 165, 
damon, Polyommatus a ae 
daphne, Brenthis nae One 
daplidice, Pontia a 
darwiniana (arcania see “Coeno- 


nympha_ 38, 70, 71, 72, & ma 
decimana, Phalonia ; 
degeerellu, Nemotois A 
**degener (lycaon r.), Epinephele 
deione, Melitaea .. 41, 160, 
delius, Parnassius .. 57, 
demoleus, Papilio 

deserticola vet subsp.), Meli- 

taea we 


dia, Brenthis als 87, 
dictynna, Melitaea .. 54, 86, 160, 
didyma, Melitaea 24, 40, 54, 


didyma=secalis . 
dilectella, Argyresthia 
diniana, Eucosma . 
discretana, Laspeyresia 
dissimilis, Polia, Hadena .. 
ditrapezium, Agrotis, Noctua 
donzelii=nicias, Plebeius 111, 161, 
dorilis (tityrus), Heodes 41, 
doris (galathea r.), Melanargia 


PAGE 


24 
125 
88 
104 


SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 
dryas, Satyrus E16? 
dubitana, Phalonia.. 34 
dumicolana, Tortrix ; a qu Lee) 
edusa = croceus .12, 60, 162 
egerides (aegeria 7.), Pararge 167 
elegans, Zygaena oo) le} 
elvira (galathea r.), Melanargia 126 
ephippella, Argyresthia Foon! 
ephisius (lycaon r.), Epinephele .. 123 
epiphilea (arcania r.), Coeno- 

nympha 38) 70; 71, 72; 73 
epineoridas (neoridas r.), Erebia .. 125 
epiphron, Erebia 88, 124, 165 
epistygne, Hrebia 56 a, 4 
equitella, alleles 35 
Erebia 125 
erippus = archippus . . - 796 
eris (niobe /.), Argynnis ee oO 
eros, Polyommatus 57, “ie ei 165 
erosa = auragoides 141 
Erycinidae=Riodinidae .. 46 
escheri, Polyommatus 112, 160, 161 
etobyma (ligea 7.), Erebia . 124 
etrusca (thetis 7.), Polyommatus . .. 128 
eumedon, Polyommatus 112, 161 
euphemus, Lycaena 165, 167 
euphenoides, Euchloé 40, 41 
euphorbiae, Acronicta Se GEN 27 
euphrosyne, Brenthis ..41, 42, 87 
euridice = eurybia (hippothoé f.), 

Heodes .. ae ot 57, 110 
euryale, Erebia & .-07, 89, 165 
euryanax (statilinus 7.), Nytha 174, 175 
eurypylus, Papilio .. ie BeeetaS 
Euxoa 138 
evias, Erebia ‘41, 54, 88, 159, 160, 

161, 165 
**excessa (zapateri ab.), Krebia .. 137 
exclamationis, Agrotis, Huxoa 30 
exempta, Laphygma 142 
exigua, Laphygma . S 12, 142 
exommatica (iphis ab.), “Coeno. 

nympha .. .. 123 
**extensa (cinarae ab. ), Hesperia v.82 
exulans, Zygaena a8 14 
Feltia ee .. 140 
ferula (cordula), Satyrus 1729 178 
fidiaeformis (actaea 7.), Nytha 175 
filipluma (megera r.), Pararge .. 155 
filipendulae, Zygaena 14, 40, 108, 174 
fischeriella, Glyphipteryx .. 30 
**ferulaeformis (actaea ab.),Satyrus 174 
fissana, Laspeyresia : PL) 
flava (comma /.), Urbicola 101 
flava (thaumas), Adopaea .. 115 
flavescens (fulvago f.), Xanthia 27 
flavidior (simplonia f.), Antho- 

charis, Euchloé.. 54, 84, 159, 160 
flavimitrella, Incurvaria 37 
flaviventris, Synanthedon 46, 67, 

68, 69, 176 

flavofasciata, Erebia -. 165 
florina (galathea T.)5 Melanargia » 126 
2-18 


fluviata =obstipata .. 


v. 
PAGE 
formicaeformis, Synanthedon 67, 

68, 69, 116 
frangulella, Bucculatrix YSD536 
frenus (ceto 7.), Erebia 124 
fritillum (cirsii), Hesperia .. 81 
fulvago, Xanthia O27 
funerella, Ethmia, Anesuchia 36 
furcula, Cerura SOs 2) 
**fusca = extensa (spini ab.), 

Thecla, Strymon .. e P36 
gaea (hippia ab.), Eronia. . elO0 
gaelica (or 7.), Cymatophora 28, 29 
galathea, Melanargia 16, 88, 96, 

125, 160 
gardetta (philea) =satyrion 37, 38, 

39, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 122 
geminipuncta, Nonagria 65, 163 
gemmatalis, Anticarsia Heo ltits: 
genava (alcyone f.), Satyrus IUItS9 
glacialis (alecto r.), Hrebia 88, 165, 166 
glandon=orbitulus 56, 111, 165, 166 
glaucinaria, Gnophos 1 32 
gnaphalii, Cucullia.. 176 
gnomana, Capua .. a3 Apion 6} 
goante, Hrebia 88, 115, 166 
gonodactyla, Platyptilia 35 
gordius (alciphron subsp.), Heodes 

54, 110, 160 
gorge, Hrebia ..30, 31, 165 
gracilis (arcania gen. aE! be Coeno- 
nympha ... Se : Eis ie) 
graellsia, Xanthodes 141, 142 
Grypocera 5¢ ae .. 144 
guenéei, Apamea.. ve 14 
hectus, Hepialus c Sot O 
helena (semiargusr.), Polyommatus 22 
helice (croceus f.), Colias . 43, 85, 162 
heliceoides (lesbia f.), Colias 98 
*themmingi (lineola r.), Adopaea 127 
herdonia (maera r.), Pararge 154, 
155, 156 
herrichi (variata ab.), Thera 5 
herrichi (palaeno f.),’Colias Bo ek! 
Hesperiinae .. 55 57, 78 
hiera, Pararge 79, 90, 157, 160, 161, 
164, 165, 167 
hippia, EKronia j 100 
hippodice (actaea r.), " Satyrus 173 
hippolyte, Hipparchia -. 138 
hippothoé, Heodes . 3p 57, 110 
hispana, Polyommatus, Agriades 124 
hispanica (sarpedon r.), Zygaena 
107, 108 
hispidus, Heliophobus SBS 
hispulla (jurtina r.), Epinephele .. 123 
huebneri (arcaniar.), Coenonympha 39 
humerella, Sophronia : 151136 
hyale, Colias ..03, 84, (85 
hylas, Polyommatus 112, 160‘ 161 
hyperantus,. Aphantopus 54, 90, 
118, 123, 160 
hypericella = liturella 36 
iberica, (fritillum subsp.), Hesperia 81 
icarus, Polyommatus 14, 112, 160, 168 
idas =argyrognomon ee LOS LU 


vi, SPECIAL 


PAGE 
ilia, Apatura 3% ..54, 55, 85 
ilicis, Strymon, Thecla 55, 85, 91, 161 
immaculata (rubi ab.), Callophrys 109 
immorata, Acidalia . 132 
immundana, Eucosmia .. »+| 84 
indecorata (batis r.), Thyatira .. 28 
inaequalis (coridon I), Polyomma- 


tus .. vs : ve score gel! 
ino, Brenthis we ..04, 87, 16C 
insubrica (arcania r.), Coenonym- 

pha Ac oe --39, 70, 73 


**insubridarwiniana (arcania r.), 
Coenonympha .. ose 70, 73 
insularis (coridon r.), Polyommatus 168 
intermedia (statilinus 7.), Nytha .. 175 
intricata (trifolii r. )» Zygaena .. 109 


io, Vanessa .. : aa -. 85 
iolas, Lycaena és ae 41, 161 
iphioides, Coenonympha .. 137 


iphis, Coenonympha 53, 54, 70, 90, 
122, 123, 137, 160 


iris, Apatura aye EI 54, 55, 85 
jacobaeae, Hipocrita a6 seu Llé 
jaculifera, Feltia .. 140, 141, 169 
janira =jurtina se aes | 96,472 
juniperata, Thera .. a Aa: 


jurassica (alveus ab.), Hesperia .. 161 
jurtina (janira), Epinephele 90, 96, 
123, 160, 172 


kenteana (athalia 7.), Melitaea .. 174 
lacteella, Endrosis ,. at piers (DO 
lacunana, Argyroploce nF sie ge 
lanceolana, Bactra .. ve .. 34 
**langhami (thetis r.), Polyomma- 
tus ,. HG aS: .. 128 
lappona, Erebia dc . 56, 89, 165 
Lasiocampidae at ean oe 
lateritia, Parastichtis st «i oO 
lathonia, Issoria. .. ae 87, 95 
lavandulae, Zygaena a 40, 41 
lavatherae, Carcharodus .. 114, 160 
lefebvrei, Erebia .. ove 
leovigilda (napi ab.), Pieris” 84 
lesbia, Colias Ae ees 100, 159 
leucocinia (maera 7.), Pararge 155, 156 
leucotreta, Argyroploce .. 143, 144 
levana, Araschnia .. dé wee 
ligea, Erebia .. 64, 89, 124, 167 
ligulana, Hemimene 35 
lilacina (coridon f.), Polyommatus 
128, 129 
Limenitis .. are 130 
limosella, Dichomeris “i 36 


lineola, Adopaea, Thymelicus 113, 127 
liturella (hypericella), Depressaria 36 


longicornis (virgella), Gelechia .. 36 
lonicerae, Zygaena .. at 14, 40 
loti, Zygaena 5 14, 165 
loyselis (sarpedon r. he Zygaena .. 108 
lubricipeda, Diacrisia st se 
lucilla, Neptis re ae ws eLaO 
lueina, Hamearis .. df 41, 91 
lucipara, Euplexia .. at <i db 
lundana, Ancylis .. és seeps | 


lunosa, Omphaloscelis ae won ae 


INDEX. 
PAGE 
lutea, Xanthia - 12 
luteago, Dianthoecia td Lea 28 
**lutescens (zapateri ab.), Erebia 138 
Lycaena (idae) ais 14, 104, 163 
lycaon, Epinephele, Hyponephele 
» 123 
lychnidis, Amathes.. os - aeipie 
Lycia .. 5 
lycidas (sephyrus subsp.). ‘Plebeius 
, 161 
lycosura (lycaon r.), Epinephele., 123 
lynceus (spini f.), Strymon 136 
machaon, Papilio 16, 42, 54, 82, 
118, 160, 176 
macromma (arcania *%.), Coeno- 
nympha .. 39 
macrophthalma (lycaon Te ) Epine- 
phele 4 -- 123 
eecataenaae Plutella 37 
maera, Pararge 40, 42, 53, 90, 154, 
156, 157, 159, 164, 167, 168 
**maesta (arcania dig Coeno. 
nympha .. ae wre a 
maja (maera r.), Satyrus ; .. 154 
malvae, Hesperia .. wf} dds gga 
malvoides, Hesperia oe pele 
manni, Pieris sie . 64, 83, 159 
manto, Erebia ve 88, 166, 167 
**mariformis (actaea 7.), Satyrus 173 
maritima, Senta ore axityae 
maturna, Melitaea .. 165 
maxima (hyperantus r.),, ‘Aphan- 
topus 123 
medesicaste (rumina i); Zerynthia, 
Thais é . 40, 415 od 
medon (astrarche), Plebeins 88, 111, 
127, 160 
medusa, Erebia 538, 54, 88, 159, 161 
Meganostoma 98 
megera, Pararge 90, 125, 126, 154, 
155, 164 
melampus, Erebia .. 88,115, 124, 165 
meleager, Polyommatus 10 
meliloti, Zygaena .. va 14, 15 
melotis, Hesperia ats «ih ie 
menthastri, Spilosoma prey i 
merope (aurinia r.), Melitaea 86, 165 
metallica (hylas f.), Polyoumatus 112 
metallicus, Nemotois vebiee 
meticulosa, Phlogopbora .. 12 
metra (rapae gen. II.), Pieris 83 
micromaritima  (statilinus  7.), 
Nytha Py ( 
qeeacionpas? ics (statilinus Tr) 
Nytha ae te lyf’! 
microprocida (galathea es ), “Melan- 
argia Se <4 ee « 126 
Micropteryx .. ~- 43 
**microsakaria (galathea | r -.), Me- 
lanargia .. wep PLAS 
milada (actaea r.), Satyrus” 173, 174 
minimus, Cupido 14, 74, 110, 161, 165 
minutepunctata (hispana f.), Agri- 
ades, Polyommatus ap na 
miscella, Tebenna .. 36 


SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 
mnemosyne, Parnassius 83, 160, 
161, 165 
mnestra, Erebia 88, 165, 166 
monodactylus, Oidaematophorus.. 35 
montana (maera f.), Pararge 156 
montana (semiargus 1.), fo 
matus oC ye 
Morphotenaris 177 
murina (tyndarus r. ), Erebia 125 
muscaeformis, Conopia SoD 
myricae (euphorbiae ira) Acronicta 27 
nana (rumina r.), Zerynthia, Thais 137 
napi, Pieris 16, 84, 160, 161, 165, 168 
narbonensis (hispana r.), Polyom- 
matus Y a So. AS) 
nelamus (epiphron f.), Erebia 165 
Nemeobiinae. . 47 
neoelides = philea (satyrion) 73 
neonympha, Mormonia, Catocala.. 30 
neoridas, Erebia : aie Sed 45 
nereus (galathea r.),Melanargia 125, 126 
neurica, Nonagria .. Se .. 163 
nevadensis (maera r.), Pararge 155, 156 
nicias = donzelii bc Siero Li LT 
nickerlii, Apamea the 60 
nicochares (neoridas r.), Erebia 125 
nigra, Aporophyla .. ar 12 
nigricomella, Bucculatrix .. 5S ald 
niobe, Argynnis 87, 160 
nitidula, Tarache Ke mee 4 
nivatus (apollo f.), Parnassius 55, 83 
niveicostella, Coleophora eo 
Noctuidae aH 141, 142 
Nonagria Se de Salles) 
nostras (acaciae 7.), Strymon 55 
numida, Hesperia bic 82 
Nyssia 3/0 sity ped 
obeliscata, Thera Dat pt? 35, oid) 
obscura (ceto r.), Erebia 124 
obscura (satyrion r.), Coenonympha 91 
Reece Cidaria 13 
oeme, Erebia . 88, 161, 165, 167 
oleracea, Hadena 175 
olivofusa, Thyreion.. 18 
olympica (coridon r.), Polyom- 
matus are ste Such p23) 
onopordi, Hesperia .. . 114, 160 
onosandrus (statilinus 7.), Satyrus 
90, 174, 175 
ophthalmicana, Eucosmia . aga 
opposita (arcaniar.), Coenonympha ah) 
optilete, Polyommatus 56, 111, 166 
or, Cymatophora 28 
orbitulus (glandon), Polyommatus 
56, 111, 165, 166 
orbitulus = pheretes 111 
ordona (maera r.), Pararge . 156 
orientalis(arcanla r.), Coenonympha 73 
**orientalpina (maera r.), Pararge 156 
**orientalpium (actaea r.), Satyrus 
ae 174 
orion, Scolitantides.. 159 
ornatipennella, Coleophora 36 
orsieri (actaea r.), Nytha, Satyrus 
172, 173 


osseana, Cnephasia. . 
padella, Hyponomeuta 
**padi (statilinus r.), Nytha 
palaemon, Pamphila 53, 113, 159, 
palaeno, Colias ea n84; 
paleana, Tortrix .. at qe 
pales, Brenthis 56, 87, 115, 165, 
pallida (segetis ab,), Agrotis 
pallidana, Phalonia.. 
pamphilus, Coenonympha 
**pannonia (hiera r.), Pararge 


paphia, Dryas 55, 
Papilio 

pada (tyndaras \s Erebia 124, 
Pararge 

Parnassius 


Ta), 


parthenie, Melitaea.. 
**parvorientalpina 
Pararge ats 
**parvinsubrica (arcania r. ), Coeno- 
nympha 39, 40s i aties 
**pearsoni (iphioides r.), Coeno- 
nympha .. 3 aE 
peas (actaea f.), Nytha 
**pedemontii (galathea r.), 
argia A 3 
pellionella, Tinea 
peltigera, Heliothis .. 
pentadactyla, Alucita 
penziana, Cnephasia 
permagnocellata (lycaon r. i ’Epine- 
phele : F oF 
perpetuella, Gelechia : 
persicariae, Mamestra 
**petheri (armoricanus r.), Hesperia 
**petheri (rumina. r.), sey hak 
Thais ae 
pharte, Krebia a ae 88, 
pheretes=orbitulus .. 111, 
pheretes, Plebeius nie he 
phicomone, Colias 56, 84, 115, 
philea (satyrion), Coenonympha 37, 


(maera 


Melan- 


philea = gardetta 10, 11,:72; 
**philedarwiniana (arcania_ r.), 
Coenonympha 10; aks 12, 


**philippsi (transalpina r.), fake 
na .. 
philomela (ligea subsp. iy Erebia 


phlaeas, Rumicia 14, 24, 54, 101, 
102, 110, 
phoebe, Melitaea 40, 86, 160, 


phormia (jurtina r.), Epinephele . 
phragmitellus, Chilo ae 
Phycitinae .. i 
pilulella, Nemophora 
pinguinella, Gelechia 
pitho (pronoé r.), Erebia 
plecta, Noctua bs 
plexippus=archippus 
plumbagana, Hemimene 
plumistrella, Scioptera 


podalirius, Papilio .. ..41, 54, 


polsensis (maera 7.), Pararge 155, 
polychloros, Hugonia . .60, 85, 
Polyommatus 4g is 


viii. 

PAGE 
pomonella, Cydia .. ssn a0 
populi, Limenitis 53, 54, "55, 85, 

160, 161 
populifoliella, Lithocolletis 36 
posterana, Phalonia tenet 
**postherdonia (maera sy 106). 
Pararge 155, 156 
**postleucocinia (maera gen. Tis); 
Pararge -. 155 
**postorientalpina (maera gen. IHN 
Pararge qanl56 
**postsilymbria (maera gen. INE) 
Pararge i. 156 
**postsuperlata (maera gen. TT. hs 
Pararge ... 156 
procida (galathea Yr. ); "Melanargia.. 126 
pronoé, Erebia 167 
prorsa (levana gen. cay Araschnia 28 
**prouti hyb. Thera Sas Oo 
provincialis (aurinia subsp.). Meli. 
taea Sica wcll 
provincialis " (transalpina T)\5 
Zygaena 3 .. 109 
proximella, Telphusa. 36 
pruni, Strymon 167 
pseudathalia, Melitaen <7 .. 174 
**pnseudogothica, (subgothica) 141, 169 
pseudonomion (apollo f.), Parnas- 
sius fet elon, 
pseudospretella, Borkhausenia 36 
pterodactyla, Stenoptilia 35 
pulla, Epicnopteryx 2¢ sey oo 
punctifera (thetis ab.), Polyomma- 
tus... . 128 
punctulata (escheri ab. I Polyomma- 
tus .. : propel 
purpuralis, Zygaena 14 
puta, Agrotis 12 
pygmaea (galathea r+), Melanargia 125 
Pyralidae : 58, 59 
pyrrhula (manto ie) " Brebia_ 166, 169 
quaestionana, Hemimene .. Settoo 
**Raciestra .. st L70 
ramondi (gorge subsp. Ne Erebia 30 
rapae, Pieris . 83 
reticulata (saponariae), Neuria 13 
rhadamanthus, Zygaena - wa 40 
rhamni, Gonepteryx 77, 865 
Riodinidae = Erycinidae ae ela6 
ripartii—rippertii, Hirsutina 10 
rivulana, Argyroploce wet jot 
rivularis (camilla), Limenitis 52, 85, 161 
roseana, Phalonia fe oe 
rossi (manni gen. IT.), Pieris 83 
roystonensis (coridon /.), Polyom- 
matus As Penta elt Oe ln le Ay 50 
rubi, Callophrys 109 
rubi, Noctua.. an 12 
rubromaculata (thetis ab.), Poly- 
ommatus, Agriades ve ~« 128 
rufilius poberaoae r.), Aphan- 
topus : Ac 123 
rufimitrella, Adela te F 37, 53 
rufosplendens Crate f.), Polyom- 
0, 101, 104 


matus 


SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 


rumina, Zerynthia, Thais..40, 41, 
rupella, Incurvaria .. F 
sagartia, Colias 

sakaria (galathea r.), Melanargia.. 
saleviana (arcania T.), Coenonym- 


pha.. ..39, 55, 
sao =sertorius a3 40, 
saponariae = reticulata fi 
sarpedon, Zygaena .. ste ae 
satyrion, Coenonympha 37, 38, 


(AUF Ae 
satyrion=gardetta .. 
sauciana, Argyroploce 
saxifrague, Zelleria.. 
schmidiella, Cosmopteryx .. 
scopoliella, Scythris a 
scotica (variata r.), Thera.. 
scurella, Epermenia : ‘ 
scyta (arcania r.), Cocnonympha.. 
sebrus, Cupido as , at, 
secalis (didyma), Apamea .. 
segetis (segetum), Euxoa, Agrotis 

12, 138, 


72, 73, 91, 122, 
70, 71, 72, 


selene, Brenthis 
semele, Hipparchia. . 
semiargus. Polyommatus .. 
semicolon (lineola r.), Adopaea 
semicostella, Sophronia 
semitestacella, Argyresthia 


89, 
22) 


senescens, Scythris. . Bt 
sephyrus, Plebeius .. app oS 
sequax, Telphusa .. 55 oe 
sequella, Cerostoma ae i 
seriziati, Zygaena ‘hs 
serratulae, Hesperia scr plas 
sertorius (sao), Powellia .. 40, 


Sesiidae = Aegeriidae es 44 
sexpunctella, Ethmia 31: se 
sibilla, Limenitis 54, 55, 60, 
sibyllina (coridon r.), Polyommatus 
sicula (maera r.), Pararge.. : 
silymbria (maera r.), Pararge 155, 
similana=bimaculana 5 
simplonia, Euchloé 54, 84, 159, 
160, 161, 
sinapis, Leptosia me 74, 
sorbiella, Argyresthia SK < 
sordidana, Eucosmia a 
sparganii, Nonagria : 
sphegiformis, Synanthedon 
Sphingidae 47, 49, 163, 
spini, Strymon : 
statilinus, Satyrus, Nytha ste 89, 


90, 125, 
stipella, Borkhausenia as ote 
straminea, Leucania oe ate 
striata, Coscinia , ay 

54, 


stygne, Erebia 

subalpina (dorilis r. ie " Heodes 
subalpina (iphis 7.), Coenonympha 
**subeassioides (tyndarus  1.), 


Erebia : 124, 
subgothica = jaculifera 138, 139, 
140, 141, 


subhispulla (jurtina r.), Epinephele 


18 


“aT 
126 


123 


SPECIAL INDEX. 


subnigrella, E lachista le 
suffusa=ypsilon, Agrotis .. 
suffusella, Phyllocnistis 
sulphuralis = trabealis ate 
superbella, Aristotelia 
**superlata (maera r.), Pararge 
superlunulata cegpaesy r.), Poly- 
ommatus .. es Ke 
sylvanus, Augiades .. soy olds 
sylvinus, Hepialus .. at 
Syntomiidae = Amatidae 
syriaca (coridon r.), Polyommatus 
tages, Nisoniades 24, 114, 
tagis, Anthocharis .. ..40, nih 
taurinorum (aethiops 7.), Hrebia .. 
tedella, Hucosmia 
tenebrosa (galathea 7.), Melanargia 1 
**tenuelimbata (trifoliir.), Zygaena 


» 


tenuelimbo (arcania 17.), Coeno- 
nympha .. BE ae ae 
tephradactylus, Oidaematophorus 
tephrina (cinerea ab.), Huxoa, 
Agrotis 3c 
Teracolus 


**tergestina (arcania r Re Coeno- 
nympha oe : oe 
tersa (armoricanus r.), Hesperia an 
tessellum, Hesperia. . Bis 35, 
tetradactyla, Alucita 
thaumas=linea=flava . at 
Thera ‘ a d, 
thersites, Polyommatus ..41, 54, 
thetis, Polyommatus 112, 128, 129, 
thiemei (flavofasciata i tes Erebia .. 
thore, Brenthis 
thraso, Eantis on 
thrasonella, Glyphipteryx .. 
tinctella, Borkhausenia es 
Tineidae ‘ ee 58, 
tiphon, Coenonympha . 
tithonus, Epinephele Se LOt, 
tityrella —basalella is ae 
tityrus (dorilis), Heodes y 
tityus (bombyliformis), Hemaris .. 
Tortricidae .. ate Se 58, 
totibrunnea (statilinus r.), Nytha.. 
trabealis (sulphuralis), Agrophila .. 
tragopogonis, Amphipyra .. Ns 
transalpina, Zygaena Sew alls 
trifolii, Zygaena 14, 16, 40, 102, 
104, 108, 
trimaculata (sarpedon ab.),Zygaena 
triopes (gorge ab.), Erebia.. vs 
triops (maera f.), Pararge .. 
tritici, Agrotis, Huxoa 138, 139, 141, 
truncata, Dysstroma, Cidaria 
tutti, Zygaena é 
tyndarus, Krebia 56, 89, 115. 124, 
125, 
tyrsus (ceto r.), Hrebia 3 
-umbra, Pyrrhia, Chariclea.. 
umbrosana, Argyroploce 
unipuncta, Leucania ae 
% upsilon (suffusa), Agrotis .. 


PAGE 
urticae, Aglais 16, 29, 53, 85, 118, 161 
valesiaca (podalirius r.), Papilio .. 82 
valesina (paphia f.), Dryas 88 
Vanessa 5c aE hic seerdds 
varia, Melitaea 56, 86, 161, 165, 166 
variabilis (sarpedon r.), Zygaena 

; 107, 108 
variata, Thera wt2 34. ore pe 
variegana, Peronea.. : Sano) 
viridana, Tortrix 34 
vitellina, Leucania .. ae Haael'D 
virgaureae, Heodes .. 109, 165, 166 
virgaureana, Cnephasia one Oe 
virgella =longicornis 36 
vividior (megera r.), Pararge 126 
vorticella, Stomopteryx Jeo 
vulgaris (aegeria swbsp.), Pararge 

156, 164, 167 
vulgaris (hiera r.), Pararge .. 167 
vulgaris (maera 7.), Pararge 156, 

164, 167, 168 
w-album, Strymon .. eel te Ono 
warreni (flavofasciata 7.), Hrebia 165 
**williamsi (hippolyte 7.), Hippar- 

chia Biante) 
wolfensbergeri (maturna f) Meli- 

taea - : : »eli6o 
**woodi hub. Thera eope Te Hee) 
xanthographa, Noctua Sen pile 
zapateri, Krebia ote ve BY, 
Zygaena (idae) 14, 31, 102, 104 

| Lepidoptera, List of, at St. Tryphon 159 
Lepidoptera, List of, in the Fens.. 150 
Lepidoptera, List of, inthe Simplon 166 

ORTHOPTERA. 
Acrida ae aie cet oaerlige 
Acrometopa .. AG 2» 138; 485 
Acrotylus ‘ 92, 133, 152 
aegyptium, Anacridium ane we! 

| Agama : 136 
alliaceus, Parapleurus ape LUT) 
Ameles ; se IIR YASS SBT 
axillaris, Catantops.. i 94 
balearica, Ephippigera : 75 
Bradyporidae(us) 75, 152, 153, 154 
caerulans, Sphingonotus 92 
Callimenus 152 
Caloptenus ‘ 94 

campestris, Gryllus 171 
canariensis, Sphingonotus.. 92 
Catantops < 94. 

| cicindeloides, Trigonidium ellis 

Conocephalus ee sppeage LIE Efe sd ete) 
Cyrtacanthacris .. .. 134, 135 
Dinarchus .. : as Soe tay- 
domesticus, Gryllus ne ealfial 
dorsale, Xiphidium 117, 134 
elephantulus, Parathericles =» LS 
Empusa oA are 56) ale Yip lB %e' 
Epacromia .. 94, 133, 135 
Ephippigeridae 75, 152, 153 
Esphalmeninae se a. 8G 
Eumastacidae ae seg 
Euprepocnemis 118, 151, 171 


“eS 7%, ae 
YJ 
xs SPECIAL INDEX. 

PAGE PAGE 
fuscum, Xiphidium..- roth 135, 151 | tricolor, Paracinema an oie (ROL 
Gryllotalpa : .. 134 | turrita, Acrida st oh -- 133 
Gryllus .. 134 | viridissima, Locusta 136 
gueneensis, uprepoenemus . 118  vuleanius, Caloptenus c 94 
guyoni, Eugaster 153 | Xiphidium bs Be a Bb: 134, 135, 151 
Hetrodidae "5, 152, 153 | Zichyas 15 
hyla, Oxya : ID GS) 
longipes, Acrotylus .. 92, 94 | RHYNCHOTA. 
mandibularis, Conocephalus . 117 | albicornis, Tycheoides 93.18 
Mantis se me .. 136 | angelicae, Anuraphis ite reds 
Mesopsis : .. 134 | Aphididae c Ms 9, 47 
nana, Phaneroptera 133, 152 | bahiae, Eriococcus .. Pe alt’, 
Nemobius . .. 119 | **donisthorpei, Paracletus. . oi nl 
ochracea, Myrmecophila .. 9 | cimiciformis, Paracletus .. Dealy 
Ochrilidia E 133, 152 farfarae, Anuraphis. . 18 
Oecanthus .. 134 | heraclei, Anuraphis.. 18 
Oedipodidae .. a2 92, 133 | Margarodes .. 9 
Paracaloptenus : ots .. 134 | Paracletus 7 
parallelus, Chorthippus .. 134 | portskinskyi, Paracletus 17 
patruelis, Acrotylus.. .. 119 | ranunculi, Anuraphis eae 
pellucens, Oecanthus . 134 | **siciliensis, Anuraphis oes 
perezi, Ephippigera. . 75 | ulmaefoliae, Tetraneura .. Opeds 
peringueyi, Ponies we 76 | Rhynchota, List of, in the Basses 
Phaneroptera £133) 135; 136, 1525 Alpes -. 106 
lorans, Eupre ocnemus 11 
LAE Staats nae NOT CLASSIFIED. 
pulvinatus, Chorthippus . 133 | albinos, Cyphodeirus (Collembola) 9 
Pyrgomorpha .. 4) aurea, Lepisma (Fish insect) 9 
religiosa, Mantis aid .. 118 | gilvus, Termes (Neuroptera) 32 
rubescens, Sphingonotus .. 92, 94 | Libellula(Paraneuroptera).. -- 32 
rufipes, Omocestus .. .. 133 | Micaria (Spider) .. ote Gers 
saussurei, Nemobius .. 119 | Myrmeleon (Ant lion) on Be, 
Sphingonotus a 91,92, 94  myrmecophilus, Porcellionides 
spinulosus, Kugaster Sn ge} (Wood-louse) a BS te) 
Stenobothrus 133, 135 | Phrurolithus (Spider) oe She ofl 
strepens, Epacromia .. 133 | viridis, Lestes (Paraneuroptera) 61 
subulatus, Tettix .. ae Bp ta fs} 
tartarus, Nemobius.. .. 119 | Supplements are not indexed. 

Tettix 118, 119 


Sa esiderata it inserted free of f char Be. They should 
t est Jrive, Cheam, | pe Sa 

: Jever undred s species of. Coleoptera (carded) from Hants and Dome 
: elu ag several rare species from the New Forest, ete. 

esiderata. —Scarce and local British Coleoptera (carded).—A. Ford, 42, I rving Road, | 
ie ees 


' ite: —Back volumes of Trans. Ent. Soe. oar ., und entomologieal maeHn ines: 
ee and or unbound.—Fredk. J. Killington, 177, Leigh Road, lastleigh. 


Desiderata. —British Coleoptera, sapbsalit Chrysomelidae. 


: Se epablicates West Virginia Coleoptera and Lepidoptera.—Paul N. Musgrave, 601, 
Walnut :!venue, Fairmount, West Virginia, U.S.A. am 


_ Desiderata.—Ova or pupae of christyi, abruptaria v. brunnea, black consonaria and ; 
identata, extensaria, curzoni, jasionata, venosata (Sheti.) and other melanic Geometers 
and Noctuae. a: 


_ Duplicates. —Very many in first class pendition; high-set only f. i. Herminia flavi- 
-erinais, Andreas, Nych. dalmatina race andreasaria, Warnecke, aboub t 30 species of rare 
idalias ; ; pupae of Kupithecia jiluminata or cash. Karl Andreas. W ieshaden, Goethestr. 
, Germany. 


Duplicates. —P. apollo neyadensis and rare Palnenkone Rbopalocera, also Africans te 
_ Danaidae, Charaxes and Hypolimnas. 
- Desiderata. —Many rarer and few common species Rhopalocera. vores only.— 
W. G. Pether, 4, Willowbridge Roud, London, N.1. 

Duplicates. —Fine bred prunaria grossulariata varieties and many ofhier species. = 
: Desiderata.—Ova of truncata and citrata.— Rev. G. H. Raynor, The Lilacs, Br rampton, ee 
Huntingdon. ise 
 Duplicates.—Strangalia aurulenta (Col.), Tenthredinidae and Aculeates. Eee 


Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list 
ent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. f 
Mr. M. R. Surru, A. and M. College, is anxious to know where he can obtain any of = 
Mery’s papers on North American ants; and also to know of any Europeans who would: 
- jike to exchange separates and correspondence with him concerning ants. 
at - Signor AurrEpo Faz, Calle Bandera 714, Santiago Chili, is willing to exchange first 
~elass Chilean Coleoptera, especially Carabus, sps., for striking Coleoptera from all parts of 
the World. 
Wanted.—To correspond with some Entomologist resident in Scotland, Ireland, or 
e Isle of Man who is interested in Noctuae and vars. with a view to exchange of species 
nd forms.—4d. J. ‘ightman, * durago,”’ West Chiltington Common, Pulborough, Sussex. 


MEETINGS Of SOCIETIES. 2 


_ Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7. 
m. November 16th. December 7th. 

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
ambers, London Bridge. Secoud and Fourth Thursdays ia the month, at 7 p.m. 
vember 24th. December 8th.—Hon. Sec., Stanley Edwards 15, St. German’s 
ce, Blackheath, 8.1.3. 

_The*London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London 
tomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History 
Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street E.C.2, first and 
bird Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. See., do P. 

A ARDIMAN, C. Bee: Bok. 3; Chatsworth Road, Brondesbury, N.W.2. 


Stak 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER sould be sent and all pe returned to 

. J, Torner, ‘‘Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 

_ We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor to send ws communications IDENTICAL —__ 
those they are sending to other magazines. Se 
Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
€ of sending in MS. 

rticles that Tau ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AurHor 


‘ 


CONTENTS. zs 


The More local Butterflies of Switzerland, P. Haig- Thomas, F. E. 8. a " ae 
Nomenclature, Dr. Verity, etc., P. P. Graves, F. E.S. ates rife oye rit 
A Note on the so-called ab. subgothica, Haw., A. J. Wightman, F:B.S2. 

A New Genus and a New Species of Pyralidae, Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart. .. 
Field Notes from Angola, III. Lobito, Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., F.E.S. Bi 
Zygaenae, Grypocera and Rhopalocera of the Cottian Alps, Roger Verity, M.D. 


Nores on CoLueccrina. —Abundance of common Larvae, C. Nicholson, F. E.S. 
P. c-album in Berks, P. P. Graves, F.E.S.; A roma Late Record, P. 


Haig-Thomas, F.E.S,. oe ae ; a «a wiess 
Current Nores Es as a 4 on in a2 an aie cons 
- Inpex. ‘ 29 : a é. $; 4 
Beaker _ British Nootaae! Hy. J. Tur ner, P. E.S. Fe (65)-(6 :) 
British Coccidae, E, E. Green, F.Z.S. F.E. S., ‘Plate IV. .. «  (L)+(4) 
- Tire Pace ror 1927. = 


. 
‘CHANGE or Appress.—John E. Eastwood from 14, Chichester Terrace, Brighton, _ C 
Middleham, Ringmer, Lewes, Sussex. “ 


a 

Communications have been received from or have been promised by Messrs. 
Dr. Verity, H. J. Turner, K. J. Hayward, C. J. Wainwright, A. H. Martineau, W. H. 
Edwards, Lt. E. B. Ashby, Dr. Malcolm Burr, G. T. Bethune-Baker, Signor Querei, 
E. E. Green, P. P. Graves, W. Hawker-Smith, and Reports of Societies. cH 


All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. be 
** Latemar,”’ West Drive, Cheam. 


IMPORTANT 
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. 


BACK VOLUMES OF 
The Entomologist’s Record 
| and Journal of Variation. 


(Vols. I-XXXVI.) 


CONTENTS OF Vol. 1. (Most important only mentioned.) ~ 


Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— 
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection- 
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints pe . 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the 
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—-Retrospect of a Lepidopterist 
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hisptdus— 
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. + 


CONTENTS OF VOL. HI. fetes 


MetanisM AND MenaNnocaroismM—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on 


Vanrration (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima 
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys 
prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- 
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nom 
clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—No : 
on Genus ZycmNA (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of” Gonophor 
derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. : 


To be obtained from— 


Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8, 
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payabl e 


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